Annual Report of the State Mineralogist for the Year Ending ...

California State Mining Bureau · 1886 · Historical

Annual Report of the State Mineralogist for the Year Ending ... by California State Mining Bureau (1886). Full text and reference in the Mountain Man Mining…

Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: archive.org.

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:Alif0Rnia State Mining Bureau.

Henry G. Hanks, State Miberalogist.

Sixth Ajstnuai. Report

5Tate Mineralogist.

Fa.Iit I.

KoFt THB YBAFt Ending June 1, ISSe.

Sacramento:

STATE OFFICE J, J. AYERa, 8UPT. fflATE FRWmUG.

Library "S

Of The

Leland Stanford Junior

University.

r

To his Excellency George Stoneman, Governor of California:

Sir: I have the honor herewith to submit the sixth annual report of the State Mineralogist, and report of progress of the California State Mining Bureau, for the year ending June 1, 1886, prepared in accordance with the Act of Legislature, approved April 16, 1880.

Permit me to express my thanks to you and to other State officials for courtesies extended to me, and for the interest you have taken in the State Mining Bureau.

I have the honor, sir, to remain very respectfully,

Henry G. Hanks,

State Mineralogist.

f

Report.

History Of The State Mining Bureau.

A very full history of the California State Mining Bureau, from its com- mencement in 1880 to the fifteenth of May, 1885, may be found in the five annual reports which precede this. The history includes a relation of the many difficulties met with in the establishment of the institution, which it will not be necessary to repeat here.

The Board of Trustees appointed by Governor Stoneman, in accordance with an Act of the Legislature (Assembly Bill No. 78, which passed the Assembly February 11, 1885, and the Senate March 5, 1885), organized April 18, 1885.

The following gentlemen constitute the Board: William Irelan, Jr., S. Heydenfeldt, Jr., J. Z. Davis, Walter E. Dean, and George Hearst. William Irelan, Jr., was elected Chairman, and S. Heydenfeldt, Jr., Secretary.

The Act providing for a Board of Trustees is published in full in the fifth annual report of this office.

Immediately on the return of the State Mineralogist from the New Orleans Exposition, preparation was made for removal to the fine fireproof building recently erected by the Society of California Pioneers. The building is situated on Fourth Street, near Market, on the property donated to that society by James Lick.

The removal, which was made during an unusually rainy season, was nevertheless finished without serious loss from breakage, and the entire time, up to the date of this report, has been employed in placing the museum in order.

The collection of seven thousand catalogued specimens, and many not yet entered, is arranged in cases, and classified into seven principal groups, as follows: Minerals, Ores, Rocks, Fossils, Shells, Ethnology, and Sun- dries. The whole should now be rearranged into geographical divisions. This, by my calculation, would require the entire time of an industrious man for one year, as I have planned to do it. From this may be inferred the estimate I place on the magnitude and importance of the State Museum at the present time.

While the exhibition of the State minerals at New Orleans was worth far more than the cost necessitated by twice packing and thrice removing the specimens, it set back the work of the Mining Bureau for six months. The removal to the new building, and arrangement of the museum, occu- pied three months more. The specimens are now all in place, and I am pleased to state that no serious loss, or material injury from breakage, or otherwise, has been sustained.

present condition of the state mining bureau.

f The condition of the inBtitution is most satisfactory. TYi S\,aXfc JO possession of a very extensive museum, whicli lias coatW. a. X.yvS' e,crc£i- pared with its actual value.

It would have been impossible to make so large and varied a collection, even if many times the money expended had been at the disposal of the State Mineralogist, were it not that prospectors were willing to send to the State Mining Bureau many fine and interesting specimens in return for information extended to them. The State is greatly indebted to Wells, Fargo & Co., and the several steamship companies, for free transportation.

The museum is one of which the people should be proud.

Mr. Joseph Wasson, to whom the State of California owes a just debt of gratitude, gave the future of the State Mining Bureau much thought, and nobly made the foundation broad and ample. But the institution has grown more rapidly than even he expected, and while it is at the present time in a healthy and prosperous condition, its future should be made the subject of careful legislation.

The institution has been carried through many difiiculties, and has been placed in a safe and suitable building, and the financial management transferred to a Board of Trustees, who will care for it in the future. There is money enough to keep it alive until the meeting of the next Legislature. The museum is still growing, and will continue to do so. It is to be hoped that the next Legislature will make suflScient provision for its support.

From the experience I have made during a period of six years while holding the office of State Mineralogist, it is my opinion that the State Museum should be entirely separated from the office of State Mineralogist, and all the responsibility of that department removed from him. He should be provided with the necessary assistants and money (which need not be a large sum). The money for the support of his office, which is really the most important branch of the State Mining Bureau, should be entirely under his control, and he should be allowed to manage his depart- ment according to his'own judgment, without interference from the Board of Trustees, he bearing the responsibility.

Donations.

Many valuable specimens have been presented to the museum during the past year, and I regret that, owing to reasons mentioned elsewhere, it has been impossible to present in this report a full list of the names of those who have thus enriched the State Museum by their generous dona- tions. I take this occasion to acknowledge, generally, the receipt of many valuable gifts which have been placed in the museum cases when it has been possible to do so. Others will be arranged and catalogued in due time.

Correspondence.

This department has grown in proportion to the advance of the institu- tion, and to that extent that it is now fully the work of one individual dur- ing business hours to care for it properly. I am sorry to say that the numerous letters received by the State Mining Bureau have not always been answered as promptly as they should have been — addressed as they were to an important institution in one of the most important States of the American Union. I can only offer as an excuse the utter impossibility of doing better, for reasons too often repeated in the reports of this office. The State Mining Bureau numbers among its correspondents scientific societies, State and foreign governments, and noted individuals', besides many citi- ens of the PaciGc Coast, wishing information as to the natural resources of California. When it has been possible to do bo, ptocuTable information iias been given. The reputation of California as a mmiaVTOxamXaXfe

is so widespread, and so much is expected of the Mining Bureau and the State Mineralogist, that it is a matter of regret that his work has been impeded for want of needed assistance in this department.

Chemical Work.

Since Mr. Edward Booth, the very efficient chemist employed during the first year of the Mining Bureau, was discharged for want of funds, nearly all the chemical work has been done in the private laboratory of the State Mineralogist, maintained at his own expense. The work has been considerable, but not in proportion to the requirements of the office. Some of the results will appear elsewhere in this report.

Library.

t

Very few volumes have been added to the library. Since the adminis- tration of the Board of Trustees a few valuable works have been purchased and a few acquired by donation.

Visitors.

The number of visitors to the museum has gradually increased. Since the removal to the new rooms the increase has been very noticeable.

Publications.

The reports of this office, although below my standard, are much in demand, showing the interest taken by the world in our affairs. These reports should be made fuller and better with each issue; but this cannot be done until the State Mineralogist is furnished with more assistance and money with which to visit the localities in the State where valuable min- erals are found. No matter how industrious he may be in collecting and arranging matter for his publications, unless he has clerical assistance to carefully revise the work, annoying and discreditable errors will be found when it is too late to correct them in the too hastily prepared reports. For these reasons the publications are not without certain crudities. If the most valuable parts of each volume were carefully revised, provided with maps and engravings, reprinted in one, and published officially, a volume would be so produced which might be given a wide circulation, to the advantage of the State.

Sacramento State Collection Of Minerals.

There is at the Capitol, in the State Library, in rooms wanted for books, a large and valuable collection of minerals, which was purchased many years ago bjr the State at au expenditure of a considerable sum of money. It is my opinion that this collection should be joined to the one now in the Pioneer Building in San Francisco, to which it would form a fine supple- ment. Repeated efforts have been made to efiect this union, but always with opposition. Still it seems to be the proper thing to join them.

State Maps.

Condderahle work has been done and much data coWecfci nSs. to the publication of a preliminary geological map oi the

map in sections, on a scale of one centimeter to the mile, on which it was intended to mark the exact locality of all valuable minerals found in the State. It is to be hoped that this work will be continued. An appropria- tion of several thousand dollars would not be too much for this alone.

Catalogue. '

A portion of the third volume of the museum catalogue has been printed, which brings the numbers up to seven thousand. When the entries num- ber nine thousand this volume will be put into book form by the State Printer.

Origin Op The Name California.

In preparing a history of the geological surveys and explorations of Cali- fornia, I frequently met with the statement that the name of our State was derived from a Spanish romance, published first in 1521. This was ignored or contradicted by other authors. I became very much interested in this subject, and wrote to the Librarian of the British Museum, asking him if there was such a work in his library. In due time a reply came from G. K. Fortescue, the Librarian, informing me that there was, and that in Chapter 157 the name California appears. Mr. Fortescue kindly offered to have the chapter copied for me, which I accepted, and received the chapter in Spanish, which follows this. I then applied to Mr. Camilo Martin, Consul for Spain, who made for me a literal translation, in which he aimed to reproduce in English the quaint idiom of the original.

In his first letter, Mr. Fortescue gave me certain references, which led to my finding in the Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, April 30, 1862, a paper on this same subject, by Edward Everett Hale, in which he quotes a few lines from the romance.

As the commander of the expedition sent out by Cortez did not discover Lower California until 1534, and as the romance was so popular that it passed rapidly through a number of editions, it is reasonable to infer that the name California had its origin in the fertile brain of the author. Mr. Hale seems to have been the first to discover and publish these facts.

Las Sebgas del muy esforzado Caballero Esplandian, hijo del excelente Bey Amadis de Gaula. — Madrid, 1521.

Capitulo Clvii.

Del espantoso y no pensado socorro con que la reina Calafia en favor de los turcos al puerto de

Constantinopla llegd.

Quiero agora que sepals una cosa la mas extrafia que nunca por escriptura ni por memo- ria de gente en ningun caso hallar se pudo, por donde el dia siguiente fu6 la ciudad en punto de ser perdita, y c6mo de alii donde le vino el peliro le vino la salud. Sabed que & la diestra mano de las Indias hubo una isla, Uamada California, muy Uegada & la parte del Paraiso Terrenal, la cual f u6 poblada de mujeres negras, sin que algun varon entre ellas hubiese, que casi como las amazonas era su estilo de vivir. Estras eran de valientes cuer- pos y esforzados y ardientes corazones y de grandes fuerzas ; la insula en si la mas f uerte de riscos y bravas efias que en el mundo se hallaba; las sus armas eran todas de oro, y tambien las guarniciones de las bestias tieras, en que, despu6s de las haber amansado, cabalgaban ; que en toda la isla no habia otro metal alguno. Moraban en cuevas muy bien labradas ; tenian navios muchos, en que salian d otras partes d hacer sus cabalgadas, y los hombres que prendian llevdbanlos consigo, ddndoles las muertes que adelante biris. Y algunas veces que teinan paces con sus contrarios, mezcldbanse can toda segu- ranza unas con otros, y habian ayuntamientos carnales, de donde se seguia quedar muchas dellas prefiadas, y si j)arian varon, luego era muerto. La causa dello, segun se sabia, era porque en sus pensamientos tenien tirme de apocar los varones en tan pequefio niimero, que sin trabajo los pudiesen sefiorear, con todas sus tierras, y guardar aquellos que enten- aiesen que cumplia para que la generacion no pereciese. -En esta isla, Oalifornia iiamada, habia muchos gritos, per la grande asperezade la tierra yporlasinfinitas salvajinas que en ella habitaban, los cualea eiv mxiiia. %.T\fc AftV-- ao eran hallados; y en et tiempo que tenian hijos, iban eataa Touetea eow aT\A&ft\o

los tomar, cubiertas todas de muy gruesos cueros, y traianlos h sus cuevas, y alii los criaban. Y siendo ya igualados, cebdbanlos en aquellos hombres y en los nifios gue parian, tantas veces y con tales artes. que muy bien conocian h ellas, y no les hacian ningun mal. Cualquiera varon que en la isla entrase, luego por ellos era muerto y comido ; y aunque hartos estuviesen, no delaban por eso de los tomar y alzarlos arriba, volando por el aire, y cuando se enojaban ae los traer, dejdbanlos caer donde luego eran muertos. Pues al tiempo que aquellos grandes hombres de los paganos partieron con aquellas tan grandes flota!s como la historia vos ha ya contado, reinaba en aquella isla California una reina muy grande de cuerpo, muy hermosa para entre ellas, en floreciente edad, deseosa en su pensamiento de acabar grandes cosas, valiente en esfuerzo y ardid de su bravo cor- azon, mas que otra ninguna de las que antes della aquel seflorio mandaron. Y oyendo decir c6mo toda la mayor parte del mundo se movia en aquel viaje contra los cristianos, no sabiendo ella que cosa era cristianos, ni teniendo noticia de otras tierras, sino aquellas que sus vecinas estaban, deseando ver el mundo y sus diversas generaciones, pensando que con la gran fortaleza suya y de las suyas, que de todo le que se ganase habria por fuerza d por grado la mayor parte, hablo con todas aquellas que en guerra diestras estaban, aue seria bueno que, entrando en sus muy grandes flotas, siguiesen aquel viaje que aquellos grandes principes y altos hombres seguian ; animdndolas y esforzdndolas, poniendoles ofelante las muy grandes .honras y provechos que de tal camino seguirseles podrian, sobre todo con muy grande fama que por toda el mundo dellas seria sonada, que estando asl en aquella isla. haciendo no otra cosa sino la que sus antecesores hicieron, no era sino estar como sepultadas en vida, como muertas viviendo, pasando sus dias sin fama, sin gloria, como los animales brutos hacien.

Tantas cosas les dijo aquella muy esforzada reina Calafia, que no soiamente niovi6 & sus gentes & consentir eh el tal camino, mas ellas, con mayor deseo que sus famas por muchas partes divulgadas fuesen, le daban priesa que entrase en la mar luego, poroue se hallesan en las afrentas, juntas con aquellos tan grandes hombres. La Reina, que la voluntad de las suyas vido, sin mas dUatar. mand6 bastecer su grande flota de viandas y de armas todas de oro, y de todo lo demas necesario, y mand6 reparar la mayor fusta de las suyas, hecha & manera de una red de gruesa madera, y hizo en ella meter hasta quinientos.grifos, que, como ya se vos dijo, desde pequefios mand6 criar y cebar en los hombres; y haciendo alll meter las bestias en que cabalgaban, que de diversas maneras eran, y todas las mas escogidas mujeres y major armadas que tenia en la flota, dejando tal recaudo en la isla con que segura quedase, y meti6se ella las otras en la mar; y di6se tanta priesa, que lleg6 i las flotas de los paganos aquella noche que se os dijo del combate; con que todos ellos hubieron muy gran j)lacer, y luego fu6 visitada de aquellos grandes sefiores, haciendole may grande acatamiento. Ella quiso saber en qu6 estado estaba su hecho, rogdndoles mucho aue por extenso se lo contasen, y oida la relacion dello, dijo : " Vosotros habies combatiao esta ciudad con vuestras grandes gentes, y no la pudlstes tomar; pues yo con las mias, si & vosotros pluguiere, quiero el dia siguiente probar mis f uerzas 6, que bastardn, si quisieredes estar & mi consejo. Todos aquellos grandes sefiores le dijeron que como per ella fuese sefialado, que asi lo mandarian cumplir.

" Pues enviad luego & todos los otros capitanes que por ninguna manera salgan mafiana ellos ni los sujos de sus estancias, hasta gue por mi les sea mandado, y verbis un combate el mas extrafio que hasta hoy nunca vistes, ni de que jamds oistes hablar." Esto fu6 Inego hecho saber al gran soldan de Liquia y al soldan de Halapa, que tenia cargo de todas las huestes que estaban en la tierra; los cuales asl lo mandaron a todas sur gentes, maravillfindose mucho & qu6 podria acudir el pensamiente y obra de aquella reina.

Translation.

The Exploits of the very valiant Knight Esplandian, son of the excellent King Amadis of Gaul.-[Madrid, 1521.1

Chapter CLVII.

The marvelous and not thought of succor with wfich the Queen Catafia came to the Port of Con-

stantinople in favor of the Turks.

I wish you now to know a thin§ the most strange which ever either in writing or in people's memory could be found, by which the city was the following day on the point of being lost, and how from there where the danger came, salvation came to it. Know then that to the right hand of the Indies, there was an island called California, very near the part of the terrestrial Paradise, and which was inhabited by black women, without there being among them even one man, that their style of living was almost like that of the Amazons. They were of robust bodies and valiant and ardent hearts and of great strength ; the island itself was the strongest that could be found in the world through its steep and wild rocks ; their arms were all of gold and also the harness of the wild beasts on which they rode after taming them, as there was no other metal in the whole island ; they dwelled in well-finished caves ; they had many ships in which they went to other parts to obtain booty, and the men whom they made prisoners they took along, killing them in the way you snail hear further on. And sometimes, when they were at peace with their adversa- ries, they used to mingle with them with entire confidence ; if any of them gave birth to a SOD, he was put to death at once. The reason for it, as it was known, was because in their tbougbts they were resolved to lessen the men to so small a liumbex able U) master them without much trouble, with all their lands, would understand that it was convenient to do so that the race migYit no.

In this island, called California, there were a great many griffins, the like, on account ' of the ruggedness of the land and the very many wild beasts therein contained, were not -- found in any other part of the world : and when they had little ones, these women would w go covered with thick skins to catch them by tricks, and they would bring them to their -. caves and there rear them ; and when they were accustomed to them, they would feed them with those men and with the male children they bore, so often and with such cun- ning that they very well learned to know them, and never did them any harm. Any man who landed on the island was at once killed and eaten by them; and though they might be glutted they would not the less take them and lift them up. flying through the air, and when tired of carrying them, they would let them fall, wnere they would be killed at once. Well, at the time when those great men of the pagans departed with those large fleets, as history has already told you, there reigned m said Island California a Queen very tall of stature, very handsome for one of them, of blooming age, desiring in her thoughts to do great deeds, valiant in spirit, and in cunning of her fearless heart, more so than any of the others that before her reigned in that seigniory. And having heard how the greatest part of the world was moving in that expedition against the Christians, she, not knowing what beings were the Christians, nor having any knowledge of other countries except those which were next to hers, wishing to see tne world and its different races, thinking that with her great valor and that of her adherents all that would be gained she would have, by force or by cunning, the largest share of, she spoke with aU those that were skillful in war, telling them that it would be well that, going in their great fleets, they should follow the same road that those great princes and eminent men were taking, inciting and encouraging them by laying before them the very great honor and gain that might result to them from that undertaking ; above all, the great fame that would resound in the whole world about them ; that remaining in the island as they were doing nothing but what their ancestors had done, would be only to be buried in life, like living dead, passing their days without fame and without glory, like wild animals.

So many things said to them by that very valiant Queen Calafia, that she not only moved her people to consent to the undertaking, but they, with their great desire that their fame should be published in many parts, hurried her to put to sea at once, so as to haj)pen to be in the danger iointly with those great men. The Queen, who saw the deter- mmation of her people, ordered her great fleet to be supplied with provisions, and with arms all of gold and with all other necessaries ; and she ordered the repairing of her largest vessel, made like a grate of thick timbers, and she had put into ner up to five hundred griffins, which, as you have been told, she had raised from tender age and fed with the flesh of men, and having therein also put the animals on which they rode, and which were of different kinds ; also, the best chosen and best armed women which were ' in the fleet, and, leaving such garrison in the island as to be secure, she put to sea with the others, and she hurried so much that she joined the fleets of the pagans the night of the combat, of which you have been told, which caused them all very great pleasure, and then she was visited by those great lords, who showed her great reverence. She wanted to know in what state was their enterprise, begging them to relate it to her minutely ; and having heard the report from them, she said : " You have fought this city with your many people and could not take it ; well, I with mine, if it is agreeable to you, will, on the following day, try the reach of my power, if you will accept my advice." All those great lords answered her, that whatever was by her indicated, they would order it executed. " Then notify at once all the other commanders that to-morrow, on no account, they nor theirs leave their quarters, until it is so ordered by me, and you shall see a fight the most strange never seen before this day, and of which you never have heard spoken." This was th6n made known to the great Sultan of Liquia and the Sultan of Halapa, who had charge of all the armies which were on land, and who thus ordered their people, wonder- ing much what could be the thought and deed of that Queen.

General Condition Of Mining In California.

California is just emerging from a condition of things that will be remembered for many years to come with regret and astonishment, and which will pass to history as one of those periodic manias which come over mankind like a calamity and shake the very foundations of society.

If the majority of the people of the Pacific Coast should be informed that instead of having been engaged in mining, they have simply been gambling, and have in the most foolish manner possible, given up their money to a comparatively few unscrupulous and dishonest sharpers, they would be slow to admit the fact, yet perhaps in the annals of history, there has never been such a wholesale transfer of money from a multitude of pockets to a few, without consideration, under the deceptive but fascinating name of mining. Stock gambling is in no sense mining. It is a eiLcwsXi who have lost their savings in this way, to say sadly /' 1 mNCiXfe

money in mines and lost it," which most of them did not, but bought worthless stocks instead. To recount the most successful deceptions that have been practiced to induce those who had money to invest it in stocks, would fill many pages and leave much more to be said. Still honest gold and silver mining presents the best field for the investment of capital of any business in California, for the following reasons:

Gold is becoming scarce, and consequently its purchasing power is greater than it has been for many years. The market for gold is in no way dependent on the population of the Pacific Coast; while a large popu- lation is essential to render manufacturing successful. We can produce gold with perfect confidence that the market of the world will gladly take all we are willing to spare, and in return will manufacture for us cheaper than we can hope or desire to do for ourselves.

Mines can now be worked in California at a much less cost than during tht delirium of the first gold excitement, for the reason that transportation, provisions, labor, and fuel are cheaper; and every ounce of gold obtained ifi practically of double value. These facts are well known to intelligent miners in the State, and our mines are being better worked than ever before. New quartz veins are being taken up wherever they can be found ; and there are indications of a new era in mining, which, it is to be hoped, will cause renewed prosperity in the State, even if we cannot utilize our vast deposits of placer gold.

Mining Economies.

Within a few years railroad lines have been extended and settlements advanced. Ores that could only be worked if they would yield from twenty-five to fifty dollars per ton are now found to be rich, as they can be mined and milled at a very reduced expense. Dump piles, formerly considered worthless, are now valued at many thousands of dollars. Tail- ings, allowed to go to waste in former years, are now being prospected and assayed. The concentration of these tailings will furnish employ- ment for many men in the near future.

When on a large scale gold quartz has been crushed in quartz mills, a sandy powder passes through the screens and over the amalgamating cop- per plates. Theoretically the gold contained in the quartz remains attached to the mercury; what flows away (which is nearly all that passes the screens) is known among miners as tailings. If the operation of milling was as perfect in practice as in theory, the tailings would be worthless but this is not the case; not only does a considerable quantity of gold escape, but mercury also. The sulphurets, which are nearly always auriferous, are not decomposed in the operation, and carry their precious contents with them to the beds of the streams below the mills, or to the reservoirs, which the most prudent of superintendents or managers provide for the reception of the tailings. The ordinary quartz mill saves only jree gold, and even a portion of that escapes, owing to defective milling, and the sometimes peculiar condition of the gold, which has been before refer- red to in these reports. Mercury is used in the batteries, and on the plates, but, notwithstanding the skill acquired by the amalgamators, and the experience of many years in California, a considerable portion escapes, taking gold with it that had already become amalgamated. To prevent this well known loss many ingenious inventors have spent years of their liveB and much money in the construction of macYimeft awd \xv tVve lan.- niDg of processes, many of which have been patented, ax\ oi centration has reached a point approaching perfection, xxt. NSSS.

room for improvement. There is a great future in California for the con- centration of tailings and low grade ores which were wasted, during the time of excitement, when it was found to be more profitable to extract gold and silver from the pockets of the credulous than from the mines. In this connection it is interesting to note that companies are now engaged, with large capital, in working the lead slags of Laurium in Greece, and other ancient mines in Spain, and with great profit.

The following newspaper extracts have a special bearing on this sub- ject:

In cleaning up in quartz mills a lot of scraps of iron are always found, consisting of fragments from shoes, dies, shovels, picks, hammers, and drills; and these lumps are knocked about in the mortar until numerous particles of gold are driven into their inter- stices. A lot of such scraps collected in the Jeflferson Mill, in Yuba County, supposed to weigh half a ton, after being broken up with sledges, were digested in warm sulphuric acia until the surface had been eaten awajr and tne gold liberated, and the yield thus obtained was $3,000. The shoes and dies, being too large to be broken up or digested in acid, were boiled half an hour in water, and then when the iron was repeatedly struck with a hammer, the particles of gold dropped out.

The Pennsylvania Company have run a lot of tailings, formerly considered worthless, through one of Wheeler & Randall's grinding pans, and cleaned up eighty-four ounces oi amalgam, worth $5 per oz.

In some comments yesterday on the new drift of mining industries, the more extreme instances of the working of low grade ores were not cited. In Calaveras County during the last two years more than eighty thousand tons of quartz rock have been worked by one mill, the yield of which rock was less than two dollars a ton. And yet this mine was worked at a profit — the yield per ton ranging from one dollar and eighty cents up to about one dollar and ninety-five cents. The assays show that the rock carried more gold. But this is all that could be saved by any process now known. Of course, when the yield per ton is so small, there must be many advantages of working. The quartz must be abundant, and there must be no long land transportation. It would appear from these and other facts that low grade gold quartz can be worked with as much advantage now in California as in Australia, or in any other part of the world. These facts are of special importance iust now, while fresh attention has been turned to gold quartz mining in California. Gold bearing ledges will not hereafter be neglected because of low grade ores. Nothing comes amiss now in that way from two-dollar ore in good situations up to twenty-dollar quartz in more remote and less accessible districts.

The value of the gold in the tailings not only of the quartz mines, but the hydraulic mines, is something enormous. It is considered by the most practical miners in California that at least one half the gold in placer min- ing is lost — or, rather, not saved. The loss of mercury may be reckoned by hundreds, if not thousands, of tons. This can to a great extent be recovered by reworking and concentration. This subject is well worthy the attention of laborers and capitalists.

Importance Of Gold And Gold Mining.

It cannot be denied that the love of gold is widespread, intense, and universal. It is vain to argue that gold is not an absolute necessity — to say that we cannot eat or wear it; that it is heavy and cumbersome — for we learn both in ancient and modem history that from the earliest ages mankind would sacrifice almost everything else for gold, and would even risk their lives to obtain it. The producers of all other staples, and the manufacturers of all articles of use and luxury, will gladly transport them from the ends of the earth and lay them at the feet of the miner in exchange for his yellow gold.

During a golden age, such as that through which we have just passed, real and personal property increase enormouBly . "WiWvomX, -cskjX.

known as millionaires. The country that produces, holds, or utilizes the most gold, makes the greatest progress, and advances most rapidly in civil- ization and power. The discovery of gold in California stimulated com- merce and manufactures and general progress more than any event in modem history, and its effect was felt over the whole civilized world. With- out it the Pacific railroads would not so soon have been built, nor would the advancement of the Pacific Coast have been so rapid.

There has never perhaps been a period when labor has been so well paid and the world progressed as during the recent golden age, for in all former gold excitements the precious metal was extracted by slave or convict labor, and enriched kings instead of the people. While it is true that the thirst for gold brings in its train many evils, it must also be admitted that it is productive of much good. It begins to be realized by the world generally what a powerful lever or motor gold is to commerce, manufactures, and trade; that on the product of distant gold fields depends the rise and fall of prices, including salaries, in countries not producing gold, and whether trade and manufactures shall thrive or languish. In the United States the importance of our gold production is too often wholly disregarded, or but slightlv considered.

Gold is true wealth. It cannot be destroyed by fire or by the action of ordinary chemical agents, and will always command its bullion value in whatever state or condition it may be. It is not only wealth in itself, but is the accepted measure of all other values. There is no other description of real property that can be so readily turned to account as gold. It seeks no market; on the contrary, all branches of trade and commerce seek it.

In digging for gold, the most desired of all products, natural or artificial, the miner becomes a consumer of all other products, and has at the same time the power to purchase them, conditions which render trade or barter most active. In the exchange of commodities — the business of the mer- chant — nothing is produced ; the world is accommodated, but actual wealth is not increased. So with the manufacturer. He adds to the value of the crude material, but adds nothing to the actual wealth of the world. The agriculturist also produces what is consumed as food, and must be repro- duced from the same source. But the real wealth of the world is derived from its crude products, generally dependent upon mining. The checking of gold mining, then, in our State, becomes a very serious matter, and affects not only California, but the United States and the world. Since it can be shown that our great and exceptional prosperity for many years was owing to the advantage we derived from our prolific gold fields, is it not more than possible that we have made a great mistake in crippling the most important producers, the gold miners?

The failure of any legitimate harvest is felt far beyond the area of its production. Thus the sudden cessation of the cotton crop in the Southern States, during the civil war, was the cause of great and widespread desti- tution among the mill operatives of Great Britain. In the same way the decrease of the gold crop of California not only places the people of our State at great disadvantage, but is felt in the general depression of business and the stringency of the money market in the country at large.

When the supply of gold diminishes suddenly, there follows a series of financial crises, so calamitous and far reaching that the most distant lands BufiPer in common with us. It can be shown thiat the present shrinkage in values, which is distressing the laboring classes at home and abroad, is the direct result of this decrease of gold, and is only a repetitioiv of what has occurred many times in history under similar conditioiift.

general stringency of the times, the uneasiness of capital, the clashing between laborer and employer, the uprising of the many against the few, the stagnation of trade the world over, the apparent overproduction of manu- factures and crude material, each would give a different answer, and prob- ablv none of them would be the full solution of the question. The primary ana immediate cause is the scarcity of gold. Other minor influences are generally local, and nearly all of them hinge on the former.

The best thinkers and financiers of Europe assume that the production of gold is less than the requirements, and gold coinage is nearly suspended.

Assuming, therefore, the fall of prices to be caused by the diminished gold production, we must admit that if this were gradual, it would occa- sion no serious distress. It is the sudden diminution that causes the dis- turbance. Our people have the same elements of prosperity, but cannot divert the property they possess, or exchange to mutual advantage as when gold was plentiful. It is claimed that gold is hoarded in bank and Government treasuries. If this was so, the very necessity of the case would cause it to be brought out and used. The real truth is that it is scarce, and becoming more so, and unless new and prolific gold fields are discovered, the present depressed condition of trade will continue until prices adjust themselves to the increased value of gold.

Because the management of our gold and silver mines has too often been unwise and extravagant, and because in the days of our plenty we have disregarded small things, it should not be charged that the business itself is detective. On the contrary, its excellence is proved by its frequent suc- cess, even under admitted mismanagement.

Gold mining is a legitimate, honorable, and interesting occupation, and, when properly conducted, as safe as any that can be mentioned. The Government of Victoria, in Australia, already realizes how important to the Colonies and the mother country is the continued production of gold, and has enacted laws to assist the prospectors in discovering and working new gold fields; while California, with less wisdom and foresight, discourages mining. It should be the policy of our State, as of other countries, to turn her vast mineral resources to the best account. Instead of crippling the gold miner, he should be encouraged and afforded special facilities for his work. Instead of treating him as a public enemy, he should be regarded as a useful and important agent in maintaining the wealth of the country. Instead of stopping the work of those who injure without malice a small portion of the agricultural lands of the State, we should rather consider the vast importance of the gold yield, and seek some remedy or formulate some plan, whereby the miner may continue his work and the farmer at the same time be protected.

Bimetalism.

While it cannot be denied that gold is the king of metals, and that all values are measured directly or indirectly by it, silver and other inferior metals should not be scorned. From present indications CaUfornia will become a large silver-producing State. Having had a period of gold pro- duction, a new era of silver begins to dawn upon us. It is known that at various times in the world's history, after an unusual output of gold, when that metal became scarce some inferior metal was substituted for it. Sil- ver was at first taken for this purpose, but copper, and even iron, were also used for money. To this extent bimetalism is admissible and possible, but any attempt to establish and to long maintaiii a xed Nlwa between any two or more metals, must result in iailxxTe, idea of sustaining a double standard is an atoeraLiiy .

siaTidard implies something having a fixed ox permanent value. While any one substance may be accepted as the measure of the comparative value of many or all others, if a double standard was possible, it would be equally possible to have a quadruple or multiple standard. There must be one standard, or none.

Any act of Legislature to create and maintain a double standard would be no less ridiculous than the deed of Xerxes, who lashed the Hellespont because it destroyed his bridge, or of Cyrus, who punished the river Gyndes.

So difficult has been the settlement of this question in times past — for it is as old as history — that the Chinese were compelled to substitute copper for gold as a measure of values. The standard, whatever its substance may be, is fioced only in name, for it fluctuates in obedience to the univer- sal law of supply and demand; but as a standard it remains stationary, while everything measured by it fluctuates in proportion. This was shown in the case of United States currency during and immediately following the civil war, when paper was created a legal tender and assumed to be a standard. This was a fallacy, for while gold was said to fluctuate, it was in fact the currency that did so. In California, where we had no currency, the price of gold remained as nearly the same as it could, compared with other articles of commerce, and there was no change in the value of gold in other countries.

If it should be thought wise to make silver the standard, values would adjust themselves, and with an increased circulating medium, trade and commerce would prosper or seem to prosper as before. There would be no gold in circulation ; if we wanted that metal we should have to buy it as we do any other commodity. Unless other nations also accepted the silver standard, our silver coin would be at a discount in all countries which retained the gold standard.

The acceptance by the United States of a silver standard would be a benefit to our State, for it would stimulate silver mining and lead to the opening of many mines now idle, whatever effect it might eventually have on trade and commerce.

We have the satisfaction of knowing that there are in our State prac- tically inexhaustible reserves of the precious metals, which we can draw upon if we desire. That our people should not fully avail themselves of these advantages seems incredible.

Difficulties Attending Manufacturing In California.

Another reason for encouraging mining in California is the difficulty which manufacturers experience in disposing of their products, owing to competition with the East and Europe, and to the small population of the State and Pacific Coast. If the miners cease to be producers they must embark in some other business or leave the State. If the former, there is no avenue open but agriculture, manufactures, or commerce, all of which are already full, not to say overdone. If there is no gold produced for exchange with other centers, it will prove a check to enterprise on this coast. The sudden cessation of the former golden income to our mer- chants, manufacturers, mechanics, and farmers, cannot but be felt in every department of industry.

Upon agriculture alone the former prosperity of our State cannot at

present be maintained. In course of time, when our population becomes

Jaier, and prices have sunk to a level with those in older States*, when we

form habits of economy, frugality, and providence*, YjYietvY? dL\e,QNet

of our State, the general prosperity will equal that of others; but now, without gold, we have no special advantage over our sister States, save in climate.

Population of California and the Pacific Coast, as compared with other centers:

California, in 1880 864,69i

Oregon - 174,768

Washington Territory 75,116

Nevada , 62,266

Arizona 40,440

Total Pacific Coast - 1,217,284

New York and neighboring cities:

New York 1,206,299

Brooklyn... 566,663

Newark : 136,508

Jersey City 120,722

Patterson 51,031

Hoboken 30,999

.Elizabeth 28,229

Total 2,140,451

It will be seen by the above figures that New York and the cities in its vicinity contain nearly twice as many people as the entire Pacific Coast.

How would New York prosper if it depended solely on its own inhabit- ants for a market? How can California support large manufactories with so small a market, and against the competition of eastern dealers, who have far greater advantages and facilities, and produce manufactured goods cheaper than we can?

Building Stones And Building Materials In

California.

I have had occasion in all my reports to allude to the building materials already found and likely to be found, and the increasing use of them in the State. The subject is of such importance that I cannot refrain from again calling attention to it, to sum up recent discoveries made and to give general information, which I trust will be interesting and instructive to citizens of the State who have not the opportunity or the leisure to study the large number of reference works which treat on this subject.

History Of Building In Ancient And Modern Times, With Some Account

Of The Materials Used In Construction.

The question as to what shall replace the perishable structures now so generally built in the State, and especially in the city of San Francisco, is one that should engage the serious and immediate attention of our people. To those who have not well considered this subject, the solution would seem to be simply the selection of some accessible stone and its immediate use in buildings, but such hasty action might pTO\e aiv ttot, Jh the history of the world very serious miBtakea Yvave \)eexv "Ocva rejection of building stones, to the injury of individ\xa\ a\id Q-omrnxstrnXAa.

There are certain conditions which render stones suitable and durable in one locality, but short-lived and nearly worthless in others.

This was strikingly illustrated in the selection of stone for the construc- tion of the Parliament Houses in London.

In their native beds these stones had withstood climatic influences for centuries, and two fine buildings, Southwell Minster and York Minster, both of the same material, and both many years old, were still in a ood state of preservation. But when the same stone was laid in the magnifi- cent walls of the palace, in the smoky, acid, foggy atmosphere of London, decay early commenced, and a system of patching, painting, scraping, and cleaning was found necessary, which has been continued at intervals, to the disappointment and chagrin of the good people of the world's greatest city. The obelisk which stood for thirty centuries, more or less, in the dry atmosphere of Egypt, crumbled in a few years in New York. If it had been set up in Arizona, or on the Colorado Desert of California, and protected from wind-driven sands, its deeply sculptured hieroglyphics would, without much doubt, have remained legible for a thousana years more. The desirable qualities which characterize a really good building stone are : First, durability. Second, beauty. Third, ease with which it can be cut into suitable forms for use. And, Fourth, proximity to the cities where the stone is required.

The advantages of stone over other building material may be summed up as follows: beauty, durability, and safety from fire and ordinary earth- quakes, the latter an important consideration in California, and one we may not ignore.

In the one item of insurance alone, should fireproof buildings replace those of wood, millions of dollars would be retained in the country, while the cost of the Fire Department system would be reduced to a minimum.

The construction of good buildings gives employment to mechanics and workingmen, who are thereby enabled to support their families, and to live in comfort. Another consideration which is often overlooked is loss of capi- tal employed in the construction of perishable buildings which become worthless in a few years. The ro6ks most generally used as building mate- rial are: granite, syenite, porphyry, diorite or greenstone, lavas, including basalt and trsLchyte; freestones or sandstones, and limestones, including tufa, travertine, and dolomite, slates, serpentines, etc.; all these are found in Cal- ifornia and most of them are abundant.

The crust of the earth, as far as known to man, is composed principally of seven minerals, to the extent of nineteen twentieths, as follows:

L Quartz.

2. Talc or steatite.

3. Serpentine.

4. Hornblende and augite (varieties of pyroxene).

5. Feldspar, several varieties.

6. Mica.

7. Carbonate of lime.

When two or more minerals are mechanically mixed they form rocks, as generally understood. Some minerals occur in such large masses that they also are classified as rocks. The crystalline rocks as granite, syenite, gneiss, etc., are complex, and contain nearly, if not all the elements which enter into the composition of volcanic, plutonic, sedimentary, and meta- morphic rocks, including the metals, gola, silver, lead, tin, iron, etc. Tbejr decompose to sand, kaolin, and alkalies, wMcYv foircv com-

and argillaceous rocks, are built up of the ruins of older crystalline rocks, and, if we are not mistaken, return to their former condition and become crystalline rocks again.

In California building stones abound. It was a wise remark made by some writer unknown to me, but frequently quoted, that " Time seldom spares what it does not take time to create." This aptly applies to the art of building, an art greatly conducive to the comfort, prosperity, and happi- ness of mankind.

Wood was extensively employed in building ancient cities. These tem- porary houses were replaced first by brick, and then by those constructed of marble and other building stones. Wood was largely used in Rome. Up to the time of Augustus brick was the common building material, but the upper part of the better class of dwelling houses still continued to be of wood. From the reign of Augustus better materials were generally intro- duced, and after the great fire in Nero's time, a volcanic rock i\ow called peperino " came into quite common use. Nero did not allow the wooden upper structures to be renewed, and made the streets wider and straighter. Peperino is a volcanic ash, cemented by carbonate of lime or silica. It is very light, and for that reason suitable for a certain class of buildings. It was extensively used in the ancient cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii. This rock, or one of a similar character, is abundant in California.

Specimens from ancient Rome may be seen in the State Museum, num- bered 6437, and others.

During the splendor of the Empire magnificent and costly buildings, both public and private, were erected in Rome; each Emperor vieirig with his predecessor in their construction. After the time of Augustus, the then known world was ransacked for new and elegant marble. It was early discovered that certain volcanic tufas or ash, called Pozzuolana, when mixed with the proper proportion of lime, became a hard and durable cement.

The discovery of the cementing properties of this material seems to have been accidental. At Baise, on the coast of Italy — which was a celebrated watering place and resort of the wealthy Romans in ancient times — it was thought desirable to increase the coolness of the situation by building the summer villas on masonry, extending beyond the shore, and surrounded by the waters of the bay. In experiments for this purpose, made with different cements or mortar, a kind of earth now known to be of volcanic origin, was discovered at Puteoli, to which the name of Pulvis Puteolanus was given, afterwards corrupted to Pozzuolana, by which it is still known.

It is claimed by historians, that to the discovery of this cement, Rome owes, in great measure, the massive and stately character of her public works and buildings, and that without it, the magnificent bridges, aque- ducts, and roads, would ere this have fallen into decay.

California is known to be rich in volcanic materials, and it is not unlikely that Pozzuolana may yet be found among them. Such a discovery by the State Mining Bureau would be worth more to California than the whole cost of the institution since its inception. The fact that our State is specially subject to earthquakes, must pe admitted. It is also known that it is possible to construct buildings that will resist all but the most violent shocks. Since the weakest part of modern buildings is the cement or mortar with which they are put together, it is evident we must improve the quality of that, in order to insure their durability. It has been observed in many old Roman structures, that the mortar outlasts the stones themselves, and that where the latter \iave beeiH yjoirv. away by the

,

influence of time, the cement, in some cases, actually projects from their gurface.

A tufaceous Hmestone or travertine of a pale straw color was found in extensive quarries near Tivoli, a few miles from Rome, which proved to be a durable and beautiful building stone. This became the principal build- 4 ing material of the ancient and modern city. It was selected by the Vi Emperor Augustus, and soon a style of building which combined travertine with Carrara marble became very popular. The first great public building of this material was the Colosseum, which was finished by Vespasian and Titus. After it fell into ruin, it became a convenient quarry from which etcmes were selected to put into more modern buildings, and it is intimated that even Michael Angelo was guilty of this vandalism.

In more modern Rome the following well known buildings and many others of lesser note, are built of travertine: St, Peters, the Museum and Church of Lateran, the Castle of St, Angelo and the QuirinaL

Travertine had the convenient property of being soft when first taken from the quarry, and could be cut with a common saw, but it hardened with time. Specimens of pozzuolano and travertine also find a place in the State Museum. In ancient Greece marbles were also extensively uscd; in Egypt granite, syenite, and porphyry; in Babylon, sun-dried brick and asphaltum.

Many of the ruins of ancient cities show that architecture had reached a point, even in very ancient times, as near to perfection as anything human can. It is admitted that the modems have never equaled the ancients, and at the present time our best architects are content to imitate them.

Marble is generally understood to be carbonate of lime, either white or colored, uniform or variegated, and pleasing to the eye; the term is also applied to any colored stone soft enough to easily cut, and hard enough to bear a good polish. Under the latter meaning may be classed the follow- ing minerals and rocks : dolomite, serpentine, verde antique, steatite, ophite, and even diorite,and porphyry; dnyo marble, so called, is dolomite.

Webster gives the following definition of marble: "Any species of cal- careous stone or mineral of compact texture, and of a beautiful appearance, susceptible of a good poHsh; any firm limestone, fitted when polished or otherwise for ornamental use. ' Also other rocks of nearly the same hard- ness, capable of the same uses, as serpentine; but improperly, polished slabs of harder rocks, as porphyry, granite, and the like."

The name is derived from a Greek word, to sparkle or flash.

True marble is carbonate of lime, composed of carbonic acid and the oxide of calcium, or lime, in the following proportions:

Carbonic acid ,..- 44

Lime 56

Edward Clarke, who traveled in Europe in the year 1800 and after, came to the conclusion, from his large experience and observation, that Parian marble was the most enduring ostones used in ancient sculpture and archi- tecture; but Geike, the English geologist, informs us that inscriptions on marble tombstones, in large towns where coal smoke and rain are abun- dant, become illegible in fifty years. Crystalline limestone has been formed artificially by heating chalk or lithographic stone, which seems to prove that marbles are metamorphic. The accounts given by travelers and historians concerning the art works of the ancients, are almost itvcredible. Clarke describeB in pleasing detail the architectural ruins Cnmea, m Greece, and on the plain of Troy, Volney Yvaa nvtWxv

most charming language of the ruins of Palmyra; and Pliny informs U8 that the art of cutting marble into slabs dates back to the building of the palace of Mausolus at Halicarnassus. The walls of that celebrated build*" ing, one of the seven wonders of the world, were of brick, covered with Cyzican marble from Proconnesus.

This art was introduced into Rome, and the described mode of cutting,, by the use of strips of iron and sand, does not materially differ from that practiced at the present day.

The same author states that marble began to be used in public build'-i ings in Rome in the dileship of M. Sacurus. His theater, described by - Pliny as "the greatest that has ever been made by the hands of man,' was three stories high. The lower was of marble, supported by three- hundred and sixty columns of the same material; the second of glass, and f the highest of gilded wood. This building was planned to seat eighty ' thousand spectators. After this period there was a rivalry as to who should erect the most costly and grand public buildings; interior walls were not ; only covered with the most costly imported marbles, but the stone was richly sculptured, and even in part painted or gilded. In the time of Nero, a method of inserting spots, or ornamental patches of other marbles, r was invented — a sort of Mosaic or inlaid work, very costly and unnatural : but nevertheless much admired.

Then followed a general mania for marbles and rare ornamental stones which were introduced into private as well as public buildings, and which were sought in every part of the known world.

The first private citizen who covered the entire walls of his house in Rome was Mamurra, who was only satisfied with the costly and rare mar- ble of Carystus and Luna, the modern Carrara. M. Lepidus made the lintels of his house of Numidian marble (Giallo Antico), in the year of Rome 676. A few years later columns of foreign marble were first erected in Rome by L. Crassus, the orator; his house on the Palatine Hill was. remarkable for its magnificence. The columns were six in number, and twelve feet in height; they were of Hymettian marble (Carrara).

L. LucuUus, when Consul, introduced into Rome a black marble, which was found on the island of Melos, and named Lucullan marble after him. We are indebted to Pliny for this information.

The following is a list of the rarer and most noted of ancient marbles:

White: Parian, Pentellic, Luna.

Black: Lucullan, Nero Antico.

Red: Rosso Antico, Cottonello.

Green: Verde Antico.

Variegated: Lumachella, Phrygian, Oriental Alabaster or Onyx.

The Parian and Pentellic marbles were pure white, and were considered

better than those of Carrara. They are nearly pure carbonate of lime.

Parian was found on the Island of Paros, one of the Grecian Archipelago.

It could be distinguished by a peculiar luster on the freshly broken surface.

The quarries from which this fine marble was obtained are very ancient.

Pentellic marble was from Mount Pentellicus, in Attica, ten miles only

from Athens. The Parthenon, in that ancient city, was constructed of this.

stone. Being completed in 438 B. C, it has resisted the destroying hand

of time for two thousand three hundred and twenty-four years. Phidias,

ci'an sculptors, both worked on this, the most mamcxA. ol axicAeoJ est:

modern buildings. The Pentellic quarries liave \>eeii\atfc\Y xeoxii.

Luna or Carrara marble is also nearly pure carbonate of lime (98.1 per cent), the usual impurities are clay, pyrites, and quartz. The marble often contains imbedded crystals of quartz, perfectly transparent and doubly terminated, called " Cararra diamonds.'' There are a number of varieties of this marble, but the best has a delicate waxy luster which is much admired; there are many fine specimens in the State Museum. The quar- ries of Carrara are supposed to have been opened by the Romans one hun- dred years B. C. ; they were worked in the time of Julius Caesar, and more extensively in the time of Augustus, who was called by Livy " the builder and restorer of all the temples." The ancient Etruscan seaport of Luna, eight miles from Carrara, described by Pliny as a " noble harbor," is now more than a mile and a half inland, with meadows extending to the shore. Marble was largely used in the construction of this city; large blocks still remain which are supposed to have been the seawall, from a large metal ring found attached to one of them. During the dark ages, Luna having then fallen into decay, was robbed of its marble blocks and columns, which were sent to construct buildings elsewhere. The marble for the Pantheon at Rome was brought from Carrara; this building was erected by Agrippa twenty-six years B. C, and is still in a good state of preserva- tion. The palace and arch in the Via Domizi, and the baths of Caracalla are of Carrara marble. Lucullan black marble was supposed to have been brought from Meroe in Abyssinia; it sometimes showed small spots and veining of white, but the best quality was pure black. A California mar- ble, recently found near Colfax, and numbered 2799 in the State Museum Catalogue, answers very nearly to the description of the Lucullan marble. The " Nero Antico " was also a black marble, said to have been found in Laconia; it was fine-grained and compact, sometimes showing delicate veining of white.

Fragmente of " Rosso Antico" marble are frequently found in the ruins of ancient Rome. The locality of the quarry is unknown, but a similar, if not the same, marble has recently been found at Skautari, a village in Greece. It is of a deep blood red color, sometimes inclining to purple, and even rose color; arid sometimes clouded with white, black, or purple lines. A fine specimen from ancient Rome may be seen in the State Museum, numbered 6020. This marble was much admired and prized by the anciente. A marble of beautiful rose color has been found in California; it is numbered 5344 rn the Catalogue of the State Museum, and is nearly identical with " Rosso Antico." Very little is yet known of its occurrence, but it is likely to be valuable and important. A description has been given elsewhere.

Cottonello marble was found near a town of the same name a short dis- tance north of Rome. It was of many shades of red, but of inferior quality, although somewhat extensively used.

"Verde Antico," or as it is now called in English, "Verde Antique," is not a true marble, but is serpentine combined with carbonate of lime or mag- nesia. It was much prized by the ancients, and is still extensively used. The color is due to oxide of chrome, and as chromic iron and serpentine are both common and abundant in California, there is reason to hope that this beautiful ornamental stone may yet be found in the State. There are ' many fine specimens of " Verde Antico " from Italy in the State Museum. "Giallo Antico" was considered one of the most valuable and beautiful of the ancient marbles. The grain was very fine, and the coloring beauti- M and rich. It resembled the Sienna and Verona them in beauty and texture. It was first found inl\iin\d\b/m'&oxOeiKt\v

received a high polish. The base or keynote color was yellow of many shades, from the deepest to nearly white or pale straw color. Some varie- ties were brecciated, and others veined or mottled.

There are a number of examples of this marble still to be seen in Rome; columns at the Pantheon, the Arch of Constantine, and two columns at the Vatican. An ancient quarry has lately been discovered in Algiers, which is supposed to be that worked by the Romans, and afterwards abandoned and lost.

A beautiful yellow brecciated marble has been found at Tehachapi in Kern County, California, which resembles some of the described varieties of "GialloAntico." It is certainly very beautiful. It is numbered 710 in the State Museum Catalogue. Another mention of this beautiful marble is made elsewhere.

Sienna marble, found near Volterra, is from cream color to dark yellow, sometimes veined with white, and even black. It is much employed at the present time, and is a durable and beautiful ornamental stone.

Nummulitic, or Verona marble, is in color from cream to nearly white. It was much used in ancient and mediaeval buildings ; the Roman amphi- theater of Diocletian was built of it. It was extensively used in Venice; the porch and interior columns of the cathedral of Verona are fine examples.

Lumachello, or " fire marble," owes its wonderful brilliancy and play of colors to imbedded shells; it is now found at Bleiberg in Carinthia.

The Phrygian marble was very rare and costly; the ground color was creamy white, with veins of dark red, sometimes pink, or yellow. From its fancied resemblance to the plumage of the peacock, it was sometimes called " Pavonazetta." The Emperor Hadrian was very fond of it, and it was used in the construction of his tomb. The temples of Juno and Jupiter had one hundred and twenty columns, and a pillar of it was found in the ruins of Pompeii.

Oriental alabaster or onyx marble was held in high esteem by the ancients a thousand years or more ago. The quarries were lost, and for a long time remained unknown, until rediscovered in Egypt in 1849, by M. Delmonte, a French traveler. The marble of the same nature found in California and known as Suisun marble," and " California onyx," is more beautiful in some of its varieties than the ancient, and it has gained a world wide reputation for leauty. In the fourth annual report of this office, on folio 72, this beautiful ornamental stone has been described, and the princi- pal locality given. Attention has only lately been called to the marbles of our State, and while few fine varieties are known, many more will doubtless be found. There is reason to believe that there will soon be an awakening in our State and principal cities to the importance of this subject, and in time our mountains, now so celebrated for the vast quantities of gold they have . given to the world, will be searched over for building materials, and the fortunate person who discovers a quarry of good building stone or marble*, will be more sure of a fortune than the gold seeker who now prospects the heights for the precious metals. In anticipation of this, new localities have been recorded in these reports, and discoveries already made. It will be seen that during the few years of the duration of the State Mining Bureau, that something has been accomplished in this direction.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE RED MARBLE (rOSEO ANTICO), POUND IN

Amador County, Mentioned Above.

Color, blood red, with mottlings of a slightly dlSTervt and an

:i*

qualitative analysis it was found to contain lime, carbonic acid, oxide of iron, and silica.

It dissolves with violent effervescence in hot hydrochloric acid, leaving a small red insoluble residue. The filtrate was golden yellow; ammonia threw down a heavy precipitate, leaving a transparent and colorless liquid, in which oxalate of ammonia caused a heavy precipitate of lime. This filtered off, phosphate of soda gave no precipitate, but the filtrate became sKghtly opalescent.

A few fragments of the marble, heated to redness in a platinum crucible, lost 14 per cent by weight. The residue was nearly white. It slaked and became hot on addition of water, but still contained carbonic acid, and effervesced slightly with hydrochloric acid. When dissolved and the resi- due dried on a water bath, a considerable portion was found to be magnetic. The non-magnetic portion looked, when seen under the microscope, like selenite, or more like brucite.

A sample treated in powder with cold diluted hydrochloric acid, left a large red residue, 9.4 per cent, and the solution was colorless. The red residue was partly soluble in boiling hydrochloric acid. Fused with alka- line carbonates it became decomposed, and was then soluble in hydro- chloric acid, leaving a residue of silica, equal to 3.74 of the marble. The solution containing sesqui-chloride of iron was golden yellow; ammonia precipitated all the iron, leaving the solution colorless.

The yellow brecciated Tehachapi marble, from Kern County; the Cali- fornia giallo antico, mentioned above, was also examined chemically. It effervesced with acids and was nearly all soluble, the insoluble portion* being only 1.6 per cent. From the solution carbonate of soda threw down a precipitate weighing 92 per cent.

Mr. Israel Luce, of Sacramento, called April 20, 1886, at the State Min- mg Bureau, and gave the following information regarding the locality of this marble.

The deposit is a large one, and is situated half a mile from the town of Tehachapi, on the road to Caliente. At that distance, on a flat on which there are springs of water, stands a small house. Less than a quarter of a mile from the house, up the hill, by an old wagon road, the excavations may be seen, and some large blocks lie quarried out. Mr. Luce says that some of the marble is of a pure yellow color and very beautiful.

TEHACHAPI MARBLE (not Giallo Antico).

Mr. W. G. Campbell called April 23, 1886, at the State Mining Bureau and informed me that the so called Tehachapi marble is found nine miles west of the town of Tehachapi, in Bright's Valley. It is found in large quantities, and there is a large block at the railroad station at Tehachapi. The marble is fine grained and beautifully mottled, resembling specimen No. 5860 of the museum catalogue.

The beautiful recently discovered Humboldt marble is found on the lumber claim of Flanegan & Brosman, seven miles from Eureka. This is all the information this office has concerning it.

Dolomite.

Dolomite is a double carbonate of lime and magnesia , sometimes in chem- names, as dolomite, magnesian limestone, bitter spai, ma,iv&vTL

pearl spar, brown spar, compound spar, rhomb spar, muricalcite, picri tharandite, miemite, conite, gurhofian, and, lastly, Inyo marble.

It is considered true dolomite when in chemical proportions, othe: magnesian limestone. Its hardness is from 3-5 to 4; specific gravity, weight of cubic foot, about 180 pounds; luster, from vitreous to eaxt] color, white, various shades of rose red, gray, brown, green, or nearly bl The composition is so varied that no single analysis would convey a rect idea; when expressed by the formula, Ca 0, C02+MgO COa, it tains —

Carbonate of lime 64.35

Carbonate of magnesia 46.65

In Klaproth's Chemical Mineralogy, published in English in 1801, may be found detailed analyses of two specimens, one from Sweden, and tbj other from the Tyrol, since which time very many analyses have beeni made and published. Before 1791 dolomite was confounded with the lime* ''p stones, until the celebrated French chemist and mineralogist, Dolomieu, called attention to it. He first noticed it among the remains of ancient sculpture in Rome. In a paper to the Journal of Physics, he described it under the name of " A calcareous stone which effervesces but little with the acids." Saussure, a Swiss naturalist, found it in place in the Alps, t and named it after the original discoverer "dolomie." The present name, " dolomite," was given to it in 1794 by Kirwan, an Irish chemist and min- eralogist, 'i

Dolomite was originally a sedimentary rock; this is proved by the fossils it often contains. There are several theories as to its formation, but the chemistry of its genesis is admitted to be very imperfectly under- stood. One theory is that it was formed in the beds oi large lagoons, which became inland seas by being cut off from the ocean by some geological change in the earth's surface. As the confined water slowly evaporated, it dropped its lime, its salt, and lastly its magnesia, forming beds of dolomite. This theory is supported by the fact that beds of clay, gypsum, and rock salt are frequently found associated with dolomite. Another theory is that it was originally a precipitate let fall from the primitive sea by supersaturation, as thinolite is now being and has been formed in the alkaline lakes of the Great Basin of California, Nevada, and Utah. Still another theory assumes that the deposit was originally lime- stone, formed at the bottom of an ancient ocean, and that metamorphism has taken place by the addition of carbonate of magnesia from concen- trated sea water, or by the abstraction of a portion of the lime by the action of water holding carbonic acid from a mineral or rock already con- taining a notable quantity of carbonate of magnesia. Dolomite has been formed artificially in several instances. Once in a glass flask containing a mineral water, which held bi-carbonate of lime and magnesia in con- siderable quantity, crystals of dolomite formed from two to three milli- meters long.

Morlot produced dolomite crystals by heating carbonate of lime with solution of sulphate of magnesia in a closed tube.

Durocher subjected fragments of porous limestone in a bed of chloride of magnesium for three hours in a gun barrel kept at a red heat. Dolo- mite crystals formed which were stained yellow by iron. Other success- ful experiments of a similar nature have been recorded.

Dolomite has been used in sculpture, in architectore, axv lot

f-'i' An* in England it is considered of bad quality, and is not much used, esian limestones burn more easily, slake more slowly, and do not set quickly as other limestones. As a building stone dolomite ranks among -flhe best, but there are many different qualities, some of which are inferior others. It is one of the chief building stones of the north of England, there a silicious dolomite is used in paving and building which gives per- Act satisfaction. A yellow dolomite was used for the front of the Museum rf Practical Greology in London, and the Parliament houses are built of it; but it has been shown that this stone was a failure. The commission of geologists and scientific men appointed to select a suitable stone for these buildings decided that crystalline dolomite was the best and most durable in proportion as the composition approached a mixture in chemical equiva- lents.

Dolomite was much used by ancient sculptors. The Apollo Belvidere, the greatest existing work of ancient art, is of dolomite. It was so called because placed in the belvidere of the Vatican. It represents the deity at the moment of his conquest of the pjrthon. The statue was found in the ruins of ancient Antium in 1503, and placed in the Vatican* by Pope Julius II. Many other statues and works of art are of dolomite.

The so called Inyo marble has been selected for the building material to be used in the construction of the Sharon Gate at Golden Gate Park, and of which I am quite sure the people of San Francisco and California will be proud. It is my opinion that no use of the generous bequest could be more appropriate, or more likely to give general satisfaction, and I am fortunate in knowing by actual observation something concerning this now much-talked-of " Inyo marble."

As early as 1862 I traveled from the south side of Mono Lake to the head of Owen's Valley, then without a house or a settler north of Camp Independence. From Adobe Meadows our party of four saw for the first time the grand summit of White Mountain, capped with what seemed to be snow, slightly yellow in tint, which we attributed to the golden light of the setting sun, or dusty particles blown upon it from the desert adjacent; but snow it certainly appeared to be. When, however, we reached the base of the mountain, I discovered that the apparently snowy summit was in reality composed of a white rock; and in the rugged canons we picked up fragments which, when freshly broken, were as pure and white as the finest Carrara marble. Subsequent chemical examination proved it to be dolomite of the finest quality. This was the now celebrated Inyo marble, which is found in numerous localities in the Inyo Range, from White Mountain south one hundred miles or more. While we make special mention here of Inyo marble, we must not for that reason omit to state that other beautiful marbles and building stones are found in those moun- tains, which I have seen and examined with great interest.

The most beautiful porphyries, equal to those of Egypt, are of frequent occurrence, while granite, syenite, pegmatite, and various crystalline and metamorphic rocks are met with in the sublime canons, or lie tilted against the flanks of the higher mountains.

Technical Description Of Inyo Marble.

Color, pure white, saccharoidal, cryptocrystalline, hardness between 3

and 4, scratches calc-spar with ease, specific gravity 2,856, which being

the case a cubic foot will weigh 178.5 pounds avoirdupois. While in mass

the mineral is resistant to crushing force, a small iragrcieiv. e,kiv q,xm\si-

hled between the Gngera to a crystalline powder, YYvicVi xxivdiT mYOX

scope may be seen to be obscure crystals with concave faces; some foirr sided pyi;amidal terminations are more distinct. At a red heat continued for two nours, the mineral loses 30.3 per cent by weight ; the calcined mineral when wet with water becomes very hot and falls to a powder. In cold concentrated hydrochloric acid the mineral even when pulverized effervesces but feebly, but on application of heat the action is intensified, and a perfect solution is obtained which is golden yellow when concen- trated, and pale straw color when dilute. The hydrochloric acid solution becomes darker colored on addition of nitric acid, and solution of sulpho- cyanide of potassium imparts a deep blood red color to it. From the first solution ammonia throws down a small precipitate ; the filtrate from this precipitate is colorless. Oxalate of ammonia throws down a copious pre- cipitate ; this being filtered off*, phosphate of soda gives a second and also copious white precipitate. The mineral does not absorb water to any con- siderable extent ; a fragment weighing 39.71 grains, soaked in water for twenty-four hours, increased in weight only 79 milligrams.

Before the blowpipe on charcoal the mineral falls to a powder like aragonite. This is owing to the fact revealed by the microscope that it consists of crystals distinct in themselves held together by a feeble force. In a closed glass tube the mineral gives traces only of water. These reac- tions show the presence of the following substances: Carbonic acid, lime, magnesia, iron, alumina. The two latter in small quantities, and traces of water. A full qualitive and quantitive analysis will be made in the future.

Measurements of the crystals, average of ten, in decimals of an inch:

Smallest 0— 00082 +

Largest 0— 02863 +

Average 0— 01472 +

Mr. Israel Luce, a marble cutter of Sacramento, has given the following information as to the quarrv from which the Inyo marble is to be taken to build the Sharon gate to tne park: It lies a few miles from Keeler and near the lake. The exact locality is the southwest quarter of section fourteen, township sixteen south, and range thirty-seven east. It is owned by the Inyo Marble Company, incorporated last September in the State of Nevada.

A variety of dolomite has been found cropping on the Contra Costa hills, not far from the State University. When found it was said to be pozzuolana. An analysis made by Professor Rising, of the State Univer- sity, gave the following result:

Lime 24.52

Magnesia 17.48

Carbonic acid 38.48

Alumina and iron 3.13

Silica 14.55

Water 2.09

The rock has not been sufficiently developed to prove its quantity.

1 The Following Are Localities

Of the principal rocks, building stones, and building materials collected blithe State Mining Bureau:

1. AGALMATOLITE (?) , somewhat resembling the Chinese figure stone. This beautiful ornamental stone is found two miles west of Greenwood, El Dorado County, in a vein from six inches to a foot in thickness.

2. BASALT, plains between Oroville and Pence, Butte County.

3. BASALT. Used for street pavement. Mt. Pisgah quarries, one mile flouth of Petaluma, Sonoma County.

4 FINE GRAINED DIORITE OR BASALT, Folsom, Sacramento County. Strongly resembling serpentine externally.

5. BUILDING STONE, Mr. Wheat's house, Double Springs, Calaveras County.

6. DIORITE, wall rock of the Clipper Gap Iron Mine, Placer County.

7. DIORITE, near the bridge, section fifteen, township eighteen north, range thirteen east. Mount Diablo meridian, Placer County.

8. DIORITE, township thirteen north, range eight east. Mount Diablo meridian. Placer County.

9. DIORITE, iron mines near Clipper Gap, section twenty-four, town- ship thirteen north, range eight east, Placer County.

10. DIORITE, wall of furnace building, Clipper Gap Iron Mines, Placer County.

11. DIORITE, fine grained. Mineral Hill District, Mono County. It contains considerable finely divided magnetite.

12. DIORITE, fine grained, in which magnetite is replaced by pyrites, Mineral Hill, Mono County.

13. DIORITE, croppings near Cave City, Calaveras County.

14. DOLERITE, east wall, Comanche Mine, Mono County.

15. DOLOMITE, Modoc Mine, Inyo County.

16. DOLOMITE, Guadalupe Quicksilver Mine, Santa Clara County.

17. DOLOMITE (resembling fossil coral), Morro, San Luis Obispo County.

18. DOLOMITE, Deep Spring Valley, Inyo County.

19. DOLOMITE, white, Amargosa Wash, San Bernardino County.

20. DOLOMITE, Inyo County.

21. DOLOMITE, white, Tujunga Canon, seven miles from San Fer- nando, San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County; valuable for building and manufacturing purposes.

22. DOLOMITE (impure), found near the State University, Berkeley, Contra Costa County; mistaken for pozzuolana.

23. FOSSILIFEROUS ROCK, near Soledad, San Diego County.

24. GARNET ROCK, Calpella, Mendocino County. A large cropping.

25. GLAUCOPHANE ROCK, wall rock of the Collier Mine, six miles northeast from Murphy's, Calaveras County.

26. GNEISS, brought to San Francisco on river schooners and used for street pavements.

27. GNEISS, said to be found in San Francisco in place.

28. COARSE GRANITE, near Sacramento.

29. GRANITE, Newcastle, Placer County.

30. GRANITE, Folsom, Sacramento County.

31. GRANITE, Rocklin, Placer County.

oo- Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County. 33, GRANITE, Mariposa Mine, Mariposa County.

34. GRANITE, Crystal Lake, Summit Valley, Nevada County.

35. GRANITE (micaceous), near Penrvn, Placer County.

36. GRAVEL, San Pablo, Contra Costa County.

37. GRAVEL, distinct from the sandstone; used in macadamizin|| streets, Los Angeles. TS

38. HORNBLENDE ROCK, Santa Barbara Mountains. J

39. HORNBLENDE ROCK, Healdsburg, Sonoma County. g

40. HORNBLENDE ROCK, Folsom, Sacramento County. &

41. HORNBLENDE ROCK, Gold Run, Placer County. -

42. LAVA, Mendocino County. ?

43. LAVA, Napa County.

44. LAVA, compact, near St. Helena, Napa County.

45. LAVA, basaltic, near Calistoga, Napa County. ;

46. LAVA, red, Butte Mountain, near Jackson, Amador County.

47. LAVA, near Santa Rosa, Sonoma County.

48. LAVA, trachytic (?), which caps isolated hills between Milton and San Andreas, Calaveras County.

49. LAVA, brecciated, found in immense cliffs. Little Shasta Rivef, L Shasta County. r

50. LAVA, basaltic, showing a scale, which is due to oxidation of iron "- to limonite, near Doon's Mill, Butte County.

51. LAVA, white (so called), indurated volcanic ash, near Murphy's, - Calaveras County.

52. LAVA, which exists in immense quantities on the borders of Mono Lake, Mono County. Owens River cuts through this formation in a deep canon. It is easily decomposed, and supposed to yield the soda salts so abundant in that region. It crops out also at Adobe Meadows, in Mono County.

53. LAVA, white (so called), probably indurated volcanic ash, Southern Pacific ]|ailroad, Los Angeles County.

54. LAVA, and pumice, Alviso, Santa Clara County. The Guadalupe River winds through a chain of volcanic vents. They rise but a few feet above the valley.

55. LAVA, cellular, with zeolite, Soledad Cafion, Los Angeles County.

56. LAVA, cellular. Captain Jack's Cave, Modoc Lava Beds, Modoc County.

57. LIMESTONE, calcite, Santa Cruz.

58. LIMESTONE, San Bernardino County.

59. LIMESTONE, tufaceous (thinolite?), Lassen County, section thirty, township thirty north, range fourteen west.

60. LIMESTONE (marble), Clipper Gap Lime Quarry, section thirty, township thirteen north, range nine east. Mount Diablo meridian, Placer County.

61. LIMESTONE (marble). Cave Valley, near Auburn, Placer County.

62. LIMESTONE (hydraulic?), found at the residence of Captain J. M. McDonald, San Francisco.

63. LIMESTONE (fossiliferous), Almaden Consolidated Quicksilver Mining Company, southwest quarter section thirty-four, township twenty- six south, range ten east, San Luis Obispo County; elevation fifteen hun- dred feet.

64. LIMESTONE, Bridgeport, Mono County.

65. LIMESTONE, Tres Pinos, San Benito County, fifteen miles east of Ao town.

66, LIMESTONE, Modoc Mine, Inyo County.

67. LIMESTONE, arenaceous, found in the bed of the river, near Yreka, Ifiiskiyou County.

68. LIMESTONE ORMAIlBLE,blue, with veins of white. Pence, Butte ICaunty. It is soluble in hydrochloric acid with effervescence, leaving a

nail hepatic residue — when struck with a hammer it emits a feted odor — janthraconite — bums to a pure white lime, which slakes perfectly. This (gtone is well adapted for building purposes, as a useful and ornamental (fitone. Valuable, also, for manufacturing purposes.

69. LIMESTONE, Posa Creek, foothills of the Sierra Nevada, Kern County.

70. LIMESTONE, near Auburn, Placer County.

71. LIMESTONE, silicious, with what seems to be graphite or molyb- denite in small scales, Kern County.

72. LIMESTONE (marble), Bitterwater Ranch, San Benito County.

73. LITHOGRAPHIC STONE, Kern County.

74 MAGNESITE (carbonate of magnesia), Tulare County.

75. MAGNESITE, Damascus, Placer County. Large quantities of this mineral at the locality.

76. MARBLE, white, fifteen miles from Monterey.

77. MARBLE, near Angel's Camp, Calaveras County.

78. MARBLE, Bear Creek, three miles from Colfax, Nevada County.

79. MARBLE, Abby's Ferry, Tuolumne County.

80. MARBLE, Giallo Antico, Tehachapi, Kern County.

81. MARBLE, white, Tuolumne County.

82. MARBLE, white, section fifteen, township thirteen north, range eight east, Mount Diablo meridian. Placer County. This marble has been used in San Francisco for the generation of carbonic acid in the manu- facture of mineral waters. It is used also as a flux in iron smelting.

83. MARBLE, white, Tehachapi, Kern County.

84. MARBLE, black, near Central Pacific Railroad, two miles above Colfax, at the lower end of the high trestle. Placer County.

85. MARBLE, half a mile from the railroad depot. Auburn, Placer County.

86. MARBLE, from the Cave, at Cave City, Calaveras County.

87. MARBLE, bed of the Tuolumne River, Tuolumne County.

88. MARBLE, white, nine miles north of lone, Amador County.

89. MARBLE, red, a beautiful ornamental stone, bearing a good polish, Amador County.

90. MARBLE, fine white, slightly bluish green, suitable for building stone and lime, Inyo County, near C. & C. R. R.

91. METAMORPHIC SLATE, which accompanies the quartz vein, Soulsby Mine, Tuolumne County.

92. METAMORPHIC SLATE, with quartz attached, Soulsby Mine, Tuolumne County.

93. MICA SCHIST, Gold Lake, Plumas County.

94. MICA SCHIST, Ivawatt District, San Bernardino County.

95. MICA SCHIST, Berkeley Hills, Alameda County.

96. PORPHYRY, foot wall Standard Mine, Bodie District, Mono County.

97. PORPHYRY, Bodie Mine, Bodie Mining District, Mono County.

98. PORPHYRITIC DIORITE, Clipper Gap, Placer County.

99. PORPHYRY, red, eight or nine miles from Mesquite Station, Sau Diego County.

100. PORPHYRY BEDROCK, Malakoff Mine, North Bloomfield, Vevado County.

101. PORPHYRY, Polar Star Mine, Dutch Flat, Placet Co\xxi!c.

102. PORPHYRY (probably diorite), Placer County. Said to be found in large quantities. A very beautiful building and ornamental stone, equal to the finest porphyries of Egypt and Europe.

103. PORPHYRY, seventy-five feet thick, Bodie Mine, Mono County.

104. PUMICE STONE, near Mammoth City, Mono County.

105. PUMICE STONE, near Dos Palmos, San Diego County.

106. ROCK RESEMBLING HALLEFLINTA, Fruit Vale, Alameda County.

107. ROCK RESEMBLING HALLEFLINTA, Spanish Ranch, Plumas County.

108. SAND ROCK, with chalcedony, ten miles west of Havilah, Kern County.

109. SANDSTONE, near San Jose, Santa Clara County.

110. SANDSTONE, eighteen feet thick, Tuolumne County.

111. SANDSTONE, Saucelito, Marin County.

112. SANDSTONE, Glenn Mills, San Mateo County.

113. SANDSTONE, eight miles west of Napa City, Napa County.

114. SANDSTONE, suitable for building stone. Eureka, Humboldt County.

115. SANDSTONE (stained red), Santa Margarita Ranch, San Diego County, near San Luis Rey.

116. SANDSTONE, Glenn Mills, San Mateo County.

117. SANDSTONE, west side of Great Eastern Quicksilver Mine, Sonoma County, supposed to be the footwall.

118. SANDSTONE (coarse grained). Coal Mine, San Benito County, township nineteen south, range eleven east.

119. SANDSTONE (fine grained). Coal Mine, San Benito County, township nineteen south, range eleven east.

120. SANDSTONE, Seal Rock, off" Point St. George, northwest boun- dary of California.

121. SANDSTONE, fossiliferous, near Shasta.

122. SANDSTONE, variegated, near Buchanan Copper Mine, Fresno County.

123. SANDSTONE, feldspathic, sedimentary rock, composed of feld- spar, quartz mica, and hornblende. Telegraph Hill, San Francisco.

124. SANDSTONE, Pescadero, San Mateo County.

125. SCORIA, Point San Pedro, San Mateo County, eighteen miles south of San Francisco.

126. SCHIST with garnets, mouth of Russian River, Sonoma County.

127. SCHIST, with impressions of fossil plants, found in the lignite near Vacaville, Solano County.

128. SEDIMENTARY DEPOSIT, Chalk Bluffs, near surface, contain- ing impressions of fossil leaves.

129. SEDIMENTARY MATTER, North Bloomfield Mine, Nevada County.

130. SEDIMENTARY DEPOSIT, found in digging a well, at a depth of seventy-five feet, near Roseville Station, Placer Countv.

131. SEDIMENTARY ROCK, San Francisco.

132. SEDIMENTARY ROCK, Cliff" House, San Francisco.

133. SEDIMENTARY ROCK, Oil Creek, San Luis Obispo County, found in slabs from two to eight inches thick, and from one to three feet wide.

134. SEDIMENTARY DEPOSIT, resembling diatomaceous earth, twelve miles east of Santa Rosa, Sonoma County.

SERPENTINE, Bear Valley, Mariposa CoMxity. .

136. SERPENTINE, Key's Tunnel, California Mine, Yolo County.

137. SERPENTINE, three hundred yards northeast of Pine Tree Mine, Bear Valley, Mariposa County.

i*'l 138. SERPENTINE, transformation from gabbro. Peninsula of San Francisco.

139. SERPENTINE, Fort Point, San Francisco. 140. SERPENTINE, Yuba County.

141. SERPENTINE, Market and Guerrero Streets, San Francisco. 142. SERPENTINE, center of Lone Mountain Cemetery, San Francisco.

143. SERPENTINE (five varieties). Lone Mountain Cemetery, San Francisco.

144. SERPENTINE, Market Street Cut, San Francisco.

145. SERPENTINE SCHISTOSE, met with before reaching the so called footwall, New Almaden Quicksilver Mine, Santa Clara County.

146. SERPENTINE, Kelseyville, Lake County.

147. SERPENTINE, Bald Prairie, Placer County.

148. SERPENTINE, Monterey, Monterey County.

149. SHALE (with Lignite), near San Bernardino, San Bernardino County.

150. SHELL ROCK, Sandstone Bluff, township one north, and on the Humboldt meridian, Humboldt County.

151. SILICIOUS BRECCIA, Little Butte, section thirteen, township thir- teen south, range thirty-five east, Mount Diablo meridian.

152. SLATE AND GRANITE, Bodie District, Mono County.

153. SLATE AND PYRITES, Mariposa Tunnel, two thousand six hun- dred and twenty foot point, Mariposa County.

154. SLATE, which crops out over a large extent of country between San Andreas and Cave City, Calaveras County; strike nearly west north- west, dip nearly vertical.

155. SLATE, near Red Hill, Butte County.

156. SLATE, near Emigrant Gap, Placer County.

157. SLATE, roofing. El Dorado County.

158. STRATIFIED FORMATION, old lime kiln, near CUpper Gap, Placer County.

159. SYENITE, Point San Pedro, San Mateo County, eighteen miles south of San Francisco.

160. TALCOSE ROCK, wall rock of the Idaho Mine, Grass Valley, Nevada County.

161. TALCOSE SLATE, Tuolumne County. I 162. TALCOSE SLATE, El Dorado County.

/ 163. TRACHYTE, near St. Helena, Napa County. f 164. TRIPOLITE, Santa Barbara. I 165. TUFA, Kern County.

166. TUFA, Sulphur Springs, Mono County.

167. TUFA, very interesting formation. Gold Gravel Hydraulic Mine, La Porte, Plumas County.

168. VOLCANIC BRECCIA, used as a building stone in Susanville. It is said to resist the action of fire, as shown during a recent conflagration in that town. Section five, township twenty-nine north, range thirteen east, eight and one half miles from Susanville, Lassen County.

169. VOLCANIC CONGLOMERATE, Mono Lake, Mono County.

170. VOLCANIC ROCK, Kelsey Valley, Lake County, taken from a

well ten feet deep. It is several feet in thickness. Sinking the well was

discontinued, owing to the emanation of large quantities oi gas.

171. VOLCANIC ASH (allied to pumice stone), Calaveras County, eighteen miles from Lodi.

172. VOLCANIC TUFA (so called white lava). A similar rock is used in Europe in building ovens for bread baking. Found near Etna Springs, Napa County.

173. VOLCANIC ASH, Chalk Bluffs, Nevada County.

174. VOLCANIC ASH, lone Valley, Amador County.

175. VOLCANIC ASH, Tufa or Lava, Mono County, near Carson and Colorado Railroad.

The following have been added since the publication of the second volume of the museum catalogue:

176. ANTHRACONITE, cave at Murphy's, Calaveras County.

177. BITUMINOUS SHALE, from which oil and gas can be manufac- tured, Calistoga, Napa County.

178. BRECCIATED QUARTZ, vein matter, Calistoga or Venus Mine, Mt. St. Helena, Napa County.

179. BROWN COAL (Lignite), from vein near Lancha Plana, Calaveras County.

180. BUILDING STONE, Valley Springs, Calaveras County.

181. CAPROCK, used for paving sluices, worn from thickness of eighteen inches by eight months' use, Spring Valley Mine, Cherokee, Butte County.

182. CONCRETION, resembling a geode. Bottle Hill, El Dorado County.

183. DUNNITE, from Carga Muchacho gold mining district, San Diego County. This rock is more minutely described elsewhere.

184. FELDSPAR (orthoclase), Hunsecker Grade, stage road from San Diego to Julian, San Diego County.

185. FREESTONE, from Stony Brook, near Niles, Alameda County, on the property of J. D. Farwell. It seems to possess many of the quali- ties which characterize a good building stone. In the quarry where the - croppings have long been exposed to the elements, it shows evidences of great durability, as it does laid in the piers and abutments of the rail- road bridge which crosses the Alameda Creek near by. This block has been sculptured by Morton A. Edwards, of San Francisco, and was pre- sented by J. D. Farwell.

186. LAVA, used in building at Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras County. Three varieties. It is a durable and convenient material, and could be more generally utilized.

187. PEGMATITE, Hunsecker Grade, stage road from San Diego to Julian, San Diego County.

188. ROCK SPECIMEN, from the summit of Mt. St. Helena, altitude 4,343 feet. It rises in columns like basalt, in large outcrops; the whole summit of the mountain is of this formation. The soil produced by its dis- integration is of a pale green color. Napa County.

189. ROCK SPECIMEN, from the side of Mt. St. Helena, Napa County.

190. ROCK RESEMBLING HALLEFLINTA, found on the sides of Mt. St. Helena, Napa County.

191. ROCK SPECIMEN, with veins of cinnabar, Manhattan Mine, Napa County.

192. ROCK SPECIMEN, near Deffebach's Ranch, one mile from the bay, Sausalito, Marin County.

193. ROCK SPECIMEN, from first tunnel on N. P. C. R. R., Blithdale Station Marin County.

194. ROCK SPECIMEN with microscopical eection, Union Mine, near Andreas, Calaveras County, believed to be slaty serwtm.

195. ROCK CONTAINING FOSSIL TURRITELLA. Section thirty- three, township twenty-two south, range sixteen east, Mt. Diablo meridian.

?€ JoBsils are very abundant at this locality.

"f 196. SAND, from the beach, near the whaling station, Monterey, Mon- terey County.

197. SAND, from opposite the bath house, Santa Barbara.

198. SAND, from the ocean beach, two miles south of Pescadero, San Mateo County.

199. SERPENTINE, Point Tiburon, Marin County.

200. SERPENTINE FOLIATED, altered to Picrolite, found in consid- erable quantity in Mendocino County, township nineteen north, range ten west Mt. Diablo meridian.

201. SILICIOUS MINERAL, OR ROCK, probably a deposition from hot mineral water. This specimen is opaque, and shows the effect of sol- fetaric action about the orifices, round the mouths of which little ridges of silica have been deposited. Manhattan Quicksilver Mine, Napa County.

202. STEATITE, Coulterville, Mariposa County. Of excellent quality, and said to be in large quantities.

203. WALL ROCK, Manhattan Mine, Napa County.

204. WALL ROQK WITH FOSSILS, Manzanita Gold Mine, Sulphur Creek, Colusa County.

An excellent building stone is found in a white rock, of sedimentary origin, thought to be volcanic ash. It is found in the foothills over a large extent of country. It ha's been used in building in Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras County, for many years, where it has been found to be very durable. The walls of some buildings which were destroyed by fire are uninjured, or only slightly so. There are some fine buildings being con- structed of this stone in St. Helena, in Napa County. . Their general ap- pearance is very fine. This material should be introduced into San Francisco and other large towns.

Basaltic rocks are quite common in numerous localities in the State. In Butte County, between Oroville and Magalia, there are large outcrops of cellular lava and fine columnar bluffs. The stone is of excellent quality, and quite suitable for pavements and building. The basaltic columns of Mount St. Helena have been described elsewhere.

Examination Of Dunnite From San Diego County— No. 183 Of The

Above List.

Color pale green, with dark spots. It consists of three distinct min- erals — olivine, magnetite, and a micaceous mineral, unknown.

In its natural state it slightly deflects the needle. When pulverized, a portion can be removed by the magnet, and on heating to redness, a second smaller portion becomes magnetic, and can be separated in the same way. A sample of rock was pulverized, sized by sifting, and placed in a long glass tube full of water. On placing the tube in a vertical position, the magnetite fell first. The other two minerals did not separate, but fell together, showing that they had nearly the same specific gravity.

Another portion was divided into three parts by the magnet as follows :

(A) magnetic 12.2

(B) magnetic by heating 2.1

(C) non-magnetic 85.7

The non-magnetic portion (C) was examined under the microscope anc found to consist of two minerals, one dark colored, but which changed bronze color by heating. The other was pale green in nearly transparen. angular particles, with vitreous luster. Being of the same sized particles of nearly the same specific gravity, they were counted under the micro scope and found to be in equal numbers very nearly, therefore the me chanical analysis would stand thus :

Magnetic (A) 1 12.20

Magnetic by heating (B) 2.10

Micaceous (D) 42.85

Pale green (E) - 42.85

The portion (C) from which magnetite had been removed by the magnel was boiled repeatedly in nitro-hydrochloric acid, by which treatment the micaceous mineral was decomposed. The residue being well washed, the pale green mineral (olivine) was left in a state of apparent purity. The specific gravity was found to be 3.321.

This is a beautiful and interesting rock, and one that it would seem might be put to some practical use. Sections cut for the microscope are also very interesting.

The following is the result of an examination of the straw-colored sand- stone from Santa Barbara, used in the construction of the old Mission, and latterly in a number of fine modern buildings in the beautiful town oi Santa Barbara: Specific gravity, 2.7; one part of the stone by weight absorbed only .012 parts of water. The stone is rather easily reduced tc powder; more so when wet. In this respect it resembles the sandstone o:l a similar color found at San Jose. Under the microscope the powder is seen to consist of rounded grains of milky quartz. The silica was deter- mined and found to be 75 per cent. The specific gravity being as above a cubic foot would weigh 168.75 pounds. While this is a beautiful anc easily worked building stone, its use in the old Mission has shown thai it is not very durable.

Table Of Altitudes.

The first 1,109 are copied from Bulletin of the United States Geologi- cal Survey No. 5; the remainder are gathered from various sources, and may be considered as approximative. They are probably as correct ae those generally first published in a new and large State like California.

No.

Station.

Authority.

Elevation. Feet.

Abbey Hill

Abbott

Acampo

Adalante

Adams, Mt

Adobe

Adobe Meadows. Agua Caliente... Agua Caliente.-. Agua Caliente.-. Alamo Mocho--. AIca traz Island. -

Algodones

Alpine

U. S. C. & G. S.. U. S. C. & G. S..

Cal. P. R. R

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Emory

Wheeler

Wheeler

P. R. R. Reports . U. S. C. &Gf.S P. E.. "R. RepOTta

1,235

6S

8,431

6,594

3,013

3,617

—70

Table of Altitudes— Continued.

No.

Station.

Authority.

Elevation. Feet.

15 j Alta

16 Altamont

17 I Alturas

18 i Alturas Hill

19 Amys' Ranch

20 Anaheim

21 Anderson

22 Anderson, Mt

23 Angel Island, N. W

24 Angel Island Peak

Aneta.-

Antelope

Antelope Ranch

Antelope Spring

Arab Spring

Arcade

Arlington Bridge

Ash Springs

Auburn

Auburn

Aurora--. -

Advisadera, Point

Azusa

Babbitt, Camp

Bache, Mt

Bache, Mt

Bacons' Ranch

Bagley's Ranch

Bah-li-vah Spring

Bakerstield

Baker's Ranch

Bald Mountain

Bald Mountain

Bald Rock

BaUey, Mt

Ballona

Bantas

Bardins

Bare Mountain

Bares' Ranch, Surprise Valley

Barker's Ranch

Barnard's Hotel

Battle Creek Meadows

Battle Hill

Baxter's Station

Bear Valley Post Office

Bear Valley, Town Hotel

Beckworth's Pass

Beckworth's Pass

Beckworth's Pass

Beckworth's Stor/e

BellMiU

Bello

Benicia Arsenal

Benicia Barracks

Bennett's Wells, Death Valley

Berenda

Bidwell

Bidwell Camp

Bidwell Camp

Bidwell, Mt

Bidwell's Bar, South Fork Feather River .

Bielowski

Biggs's

BigJLogan

Big Meadow Ranch

Big Meadows

Big Oak Flat .".V

U

S3

0. P. R. R.

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Toner

Whitney

U. S. C.&G. S

U. S. C. &G. S

Toner

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

O. P. R. R. . .- .-

Smithsonian Institute

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

Wheeler

Williamson

U. S. C. &G. S

Peterman

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Whitney

L. A. &I. R. R.

C. P. R. R.

Monterey R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler —

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

R. R. surveys

Whitney

Wheeler

Wheeler

Cal. P. R. R

U.S. C.&G. S

Med. Dept.,U.S.A..

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Med. Dept.,U.S.A..

Wheeler

Wheeler ...w

Whitney

C. P. R. R.

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

3,607

4,365

4,459

1,494

9,000

4,272

6,697

3,375

1,810

1,360

1,176

7,449

3,793

3,790

4,076

6,387

6,284

3,285

5,829

8,295

7,825

6,357

6,039

4,680

3,851

4,700

2,389

4,115

2,087

6,592

6,193

4,682

5,327

4,887

3,681

—68

4,612

4,647

4,680

8,551

3,269

Table of Altitudes — Continued.

No.

Station.

Authority.

Elevai Fee

131 J

Big Springs

Big Tree Grove, Calaveras County

Big Tree Station

Birds' Springs

Black Bluff

Black Mountain

Blackmore's Ranch

Black Ridge

Black Springs

Blodgett's Ranch

Blood's Station

BlueCafion

Bluff Point r

Board Ranch

Boca

Boca

Bodega Head

Bold's Ranch

Bonita, Point

Boneyard Ranch

Bootjack Ranch

Borden

Boston Peak

Bower Cave

Box Elder

Boyd's Ranch

Bozeman's Ranch

Brandy City

Breccia Pass

Breckinridge, Mt

Breckenridge, Mt

Brewer, Mt

Brewery

Bridgeport

Pridgeport Post Ofl&ce

Brighton

Brighton, cross 8. V. R. R

Broncho

Brown's Flat

Brown's Peak

Brown's Ranch

Buckeye

Buckhorn Ranch (or Warren Station)...

Buck's Ranch

Buena Vista

Buena Vista

Buena Vista Oil Works

Buffalo Station

Burrows, Mt

Burst Rock

Bush Hill

Butte Creek Bridge

Butte Creek House

Butt, Mt

Byrnes' Ferry

Cady, Camp

Cahto

Cahuenga Pass .,

Cajon Pass

Ca;jon Pass Divide

Caion Ranch

Calaveras Grove

Caliente

Caliente

Caliente Springs

California City Point

CaJistoa

Campo, Signal Station

Camptonyille

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler ...

U. S. C.&G. S.. U. S. C. & G. S..

Wheeler

U. S. C. & G. S..

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

U. S. C. & G. S.- Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. .

U. S. C. & G. S..

Wheeler

U.S. C.&G. S.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler Wheeler

Goddard

Wheeler

Wheeler

Whitney

Wheeler

Wheeler

WTieeler

S. & P. R. R.

0. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Nev. Co. N. G. R. R.

i;

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Smithsonian Inst. ...

Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports.

Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports.

Wheeler

(/. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

O. P. R. R. --.

U. S. Signal Office Toner

Table of Altitudes — Continued.

No.

Station.

Authority.

Elevation. Feet.

m

no

220 ,

Camp Weldon (Mountain)

Canebrake Ranch

Cannelas Ranch

Cannon

Cafion de Turruco Pass

Cafion Spring

Cafion Station

Capitan Grande

Caples Ranch

Caples Spring

Carbondale

Caribou Bridge, North Fork

Carizzo -

Carlos, Mt -

Carmel, Mt

Carnelian Hot Springs -..

Carson Cafion Toll House

Carson Pass

Carson Pass

Carson Pass

Cartago

Carthage, on Owens Lake

Cary, Mt

Cascade.

Castle, Mt

Castle Peak

Castle Rock.

Castroville, on line of S. P. R. R

Catherines ,

Cathedral Rock (lower)

Cathedral Rock (higher)

Cathev's Ranch-

Cavallos, Pointed los

Coyote Ridge

Cedar, Mt

Cedar Point

Cedarville

Centerville

Cerro Gordo Landing, Col. River

Cerro Gordo Pass

Chapman's Ranch

Chapperal House

Chemehuevis Pass

Chico

Chico

Chico -

Chinese Camp

Chiquita Peak

Chucka walla

Cicero

Cienega

Cisco

Cisco (site) South Fork Yuba River

Clark Peak

Clark's

Clark's Ranch

Clayton

Clear Lake

Clipper Gap

Cloud Rest

Clover Valley

Cohen's Ranch

Cohuilla Village

Colby's Ranch

Cold Spring

Cold Spring

Cold Spring Ranch

Coleville (blacksmith shop)

Wheeler .. Wheeler .. Wheeler .. C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports.

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Whitney

U. S. C. & G. S.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Goddard

Whitney

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R. —

Wheeler

Whitney

Wheeler

Monterey R. R

S. P. R. R. .

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

U. S. C. &G. S

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

"Wheeler

Wheeler

K. P. R. R. Surveys.

Smithsonian Inst. ...

Wheeler

Wheeler '.

Wheeler

Wheeler

0. P. R. R.

L. A. &I. R. R

C P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Smithsonian Inst. ...

Wheeler

C 1. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports.

Wheeler ,

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

2,716 3,904

4,256

1,238

2,650

7,780 6,512

2,843

4,977 4,415 6,237 6,596 7,972 8,759 8,634 3,589 3,589 9,970 6,538 9,013 12,500 9,872

6,430 6,529 1,260

1,034 8,308 6,614 4,676

3,666 8,874 4,992 6,076

1,299

8,136

2,096

6,934 6,664 11,296 3,926 4,677 6,808 1,769 9,772 3,464

4,990

3,126

6,376

Table of Abtitudes — Continued.

No.

Station.

Authority.

Elev F(

Colfax

Colfax

Colfax Junction, with Nevada Co. R. E,.

Colona

Colton

Colton

Columbia

Columbia P. O

Columbia Rock (above valley)

Conejos

Conejas Ranch

Conness Peak

Contra Costa

Cook's Point (Mountain)

Cook's Wells

Coomb's Station

Cooper's Ranch

Copperopolis P. O

Corbett's Ranch

Corcoran, Mt

Cordelia

Cordelia

Cory's Peak

Costa

Cottonwood Island

Cottonwood Station

Coulterville

Cow Creek Ranch, Sonora Road

Cow Head Lake

Cow Head Lake Spring

Cow Spring

Cox's Perry ,.

Crabtrees

Crane Flat

Crane Valley

Crater Station

Crescent City...,

Crescent City

Cress's Ranch

Creston

Crimea House

Crook, Fort

Crow's Ranch, Clover Valley

Crystal Lake

Culbertson's

Culber tson's Vineyard

Cucamonga

Cucamonga

Cucamonga Peak

Cucamonga Ranch

Cuddy's Ranch

Cunmngham's Ranch

Curtis

Daggett's Pass

Danlonega

Dalton's Ranch

Dana, Mt.

Darwin Cafion

Davis -

Dawes Ranch -

Deadfall Bridge

Deadwood Peak

Decoto

Deep Spring

Deer Creek

Delaney's Ranch

Delano

Besert Springs

Nev. Co. N. G. R. R..

Wheeler

C P. R. R.

Wheeler

C P. R. R.

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler"

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

0. P. R. R.

Pacific R. R. Reports .

Wheeler

C. P. R. R. .

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler .

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Smithsonian Inst.

Wheeler

Wheeler

C P. R. R.

Wheeler

Medical Dept. U. 8. A.

Wheeler

R. R. Reports

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler ,

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Goddard

Wheeler

Wheeler

Whitney

Wheeler

O. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R. ..

Wheeler

Wheeler ,

Wheeler

\j. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Table of Altitudes — Continued.

So.

Station.

29S

m

U7 3,57

Dewser's Station

Devil's Peak

Diablo Point

Diablo, Monte, Hotel

Diablo, Monte

Dixon

Donner Lake

DonnerLake

Donner Pass

Donner Pass

Doon's Sawmill

Dos Palmas

Downey

Downieville

DownievUle Buttes

Downieville Buttes

Drew's Ranch

Dribblesby's Ferry

Drune Barracks

Dudley's

Duxbury

Dugan's

Dunderberg Peak

Dutch Flat

Dutch Henry's Ranch

Dutch Hill Mining Camp

Dyer Mountain, near Big Meadows

Eagle Lake -,

Eagle Mountain

Eagleville

Ebbitt'sPass

Echo Peak

Edgar's Spring

Eisen Vineyard

El Dorado Mill

Elephant, Mt

Eleven Mile Station, Mariposa Road... Eliot's Ranch, on Little Truckee River

Elizabeth Lake

Elk Grove

Elk Horn

Elkhorn Ranch

Elk Valley

Ellis.

Ellis Mountain

Elmira

El Monte.

El Paso Mines.

Emigrants' Gap

Emigrants' Gap

Eureka

Eureka Valley

Excelsior Hotel

Fandango Peak

Far West, Camp

Fears' Station

Ferguson's Mill

Fifteen Mile Creek

Fisherman's Peak

Fishpond Station

Florence

Florin

Folsom

Forest Ranch.--

Forgay 's Ranch

Fomis' Ranch

Forsee's Ranch

Fort Point

Forty-nine/' Canon Pass

Authority.

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

U. S. C. &G. S

U. S. C. &G. S

C. P. R. R.

R. R. Reports

Wheeler

C. P. R. R. Surveys ..

Whitney

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Smithsonian Inst.

Whitney

Wheeler

Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports Medical Dept. u. S. A.

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

S. &P. R. R

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

P. R. R. Reports

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Pacific R. R. Reports . Wheeler

Elevation. Feet.

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Pacific R. R. Reports

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Medical Dept. U. S. A. Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Toner

C. P. R. R.

Toner

S. &P. R. R. .-.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

TJ. S.O. &G.. Wheeler

2,922 6,910

2,327 3,849 5,964 5,885 7,901 7,056 3,420

2,200 8,400 8,541 1,090

2,959

1,106 12,289 3,395 1,195 4,692 7,369 5,115 9,933 4,632 8,793 11,231 4,061

10,418

5,567

6,233

3,317

1,049

3,751

8,675

4,113 5,221 5,221 5,223 5,957 4,570 7,&49

3,393 1,389 1,267 14,448 1,900

2,217 3,381 4,225 3,587

Table of Altitudes— Continued.

No.

Station.

Authority.

Elevation. Feet.

360 Foster's Bar

361 Foster's Station

362 Fowler's Peak

363 Francis' Spring

364 Frank's Lagoon

365 Fredonyer's Peak

366 Freels' Mountain

367 Fremont

368 Frenchman's Cove

369 Fresno

370 Fresno

371 Fresno Flat

372 Fryes'

373 Fulsom & Hall's Ranch

374 Furnace Creek

375 Furnace Springs

376 Gait Junction

377 Gavilan

378 Gavilan

379 Georgetown

380 Georgetown Pass

381 Georgetown Pass

382 GUroy

383 GlenviUe

384 Gold Run

385 Gold Spring Ranch

386 Goodrich's Ranch

387 Goose Lake

388 Gordon's Ranch

389 Gorman's Ranch

390 Goshen

391 Goshen Junction (with S. P. R. R.)

392 Guano Island

393 Granite Spring

394 Granite Springs

395 Granite Station

398 Granite Wells

397 Grapevine Peak

398 Grapevine Ranch

399 Grapevine Spring

400 Grass Lake

401 Grass Valley

402 Grass Valley

403 Gravel Range

404 Gray's Ranch

405 Gray's Ranch

406 Green Bluff

407 Green Mountain

408 Qi-een Mountain

409 Green's Ranch

410 Greenville

411 Gridley

412 Griffith's Ranch

413 Grizzly Giant, Mariposa Grove

414 Grizzly Hill

415 Grizzly Peak

416 Grizzly Peak

417 Groveland

418 Gyser's

419 Haighs'

420 Hale's

421 Halfway House

422 Halloran Spring

423 Hamilton Mountain

424 Hamilton (near)

425 Hardin's

426 / Harkness Mountain, near Bip: Meadows

427 / Harris' Ranch, Madeline Plains

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

Wheeler .„

Wheeler

C P. R. R. . .

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C P. R. R.

U. S. C. & G. S

Whitney

Toner

Whitney

C. P. R. R. Surveys

Toner

Wheeler

C P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

C. P. R. R.

U. S. C. &G. S..

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wlieeler

Wheeler

428 / Harris' Station, Amander Road

Nev. Co. N. G. R. R...

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler (Theod)

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Whitney...

Pacific K. R. Reports

Wheeler

Wheeler (.TYiod ...

Wheeler

Wheeler

1,371 3,265 1,700 .

m -

7,996

10.84S

5,565

2M

2,192 2,181 4,282

2,816 3,381 2,433 7,119 7,154

3,094 3,220 2,014 4,883 4,697

3,838

1,436 4,115 1,744 2,080 8,528 2,247 2,432 8,564 2,090 2,454 2,987

1,100

1,351 1,352 4,479 3,544

5,838 5,709 11,723 10,369 2,828 5,864 1,807 2,739 3,359 3,272 4,440

3,398

Table of Altitudes— Continued.

So.

Station.

Authority.

Elevation. Feet.

Hart's Ranch

Haskell's Peak

Hat Mountain

Haughtown Crossing.

433 Havilah Town.

4S4 Hays' Station

435 Hazel Green

436 Hazelton Peak

437 Hazel Valley

438 Helena, Mount

439 Henness Pass

440 Henness Pass

441 Heunessy's Bridge

442 Henrv, Mount

443 Herniit Valley

444 Hickman's Ranch

445 High Bluff

446 HighHiU

447 Highland Peak

448 Hill's Ranch

449 Hite'sCove

450 Hodgdon's

451 Hoflftnann Peak

452 Hogle

453 Hollister

454 Homestead

455 Honey Lake

456 ! Hooker

457 i Hope Valley

458 Hornitos Hotel

459; Horn Spring

460 ; Horseley's Station

461 . Hosselkus' Ranch

462 ! Hotchkiss Ranch

463! Hot Springs

464 , Hot Springs

465 Hot Springs

466 Hough's Mountain

467 Hovely's Camp

468 Hubertville

469 Hughes' Ranch

470 Humboldt, Fort

471 Humbug Park

472 Humpahyamup Pass

473 Hunter's Ranch

474 Hunter's Ranch

475 Huntington, Mohave River

476 Hupps' Mill

477 i Hyae's Union Sawmill

478 j Illinois Ranch

479 Illinoistown

480 Independence, Camp

481 Independence, Camp

482 Indian Gulch

483 Indian Valley

484 Indian Wells

485 Indian WeUs

486 Ingalls, Mount

487 Inskip Toll-gate

488 lone

489 Ivanpah

490 Jackson

491 Jacksonville

492 Jelly's Ranch

493 Joes Peak

494 I John's, Mount

495 Johnson's Pass

49fi Johnson's Pass

497 1 Johnson 's Pass

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

S. & P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler ,

Wheeler

Whitney

C. P. R.R. Surveys ...

Whitney

Wheeler

Whitney

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S. C.&G. S

U. S. C. &G.S

Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports .

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Toner

S. & P. R. R.

Wheeler

Williamson

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler (Theod) ...

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

Med. Dept, U. S. A..

Wheeler

P. R. R. Reports

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

Smithsonian Inst. ..

Wheeler

Toner

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Petermann

Goddard

C. P. R. R. SuTveys Simpson

8,126 7,676 3,160 5,957 5,550 2,960 3,404 4,343 6,996 1,821 2,898 7,039 1,907

10,956

4,131

1,601

4,506

10,872

3,949

7,072

5,477 3,860 3,635 2,931 6,080 7,384 7,692 7,391 3,860

3,122 4,847 5,351 6,274 6,275 2,899 2,667 5,288 1,759 2,234 3,957 4,800

3,280 —20 2,608 8,471 4,808

4,238

9,712 8,000

Table of Altitudes— Continued.

No.

station.

Authority.

Elev

563 ,

Johnson's Pass

Johnson's Ranch

Johnson's Ranch, Bresser Creek

Jones, Fort

Jones' Mill, near Dutch Flat

Junction House

Junction House, on Reno and Susanville road, near Beckwith's Pass

Junction with Oregon Branch .

Kaweah Peak

Keg Spring, Willow Creek

Kern Lake

Kemville

Kettle Rock Peak

Keystone House

Keysville

Kincaid's Flat

Kincaid's Ranch

King's Springs, Death Valley

Kingston

Kirkwood's

Knight's Ferry Bridge

Knight's Landing

Kress

La Bayonne

Lagrange

Lake City

Lake City Pass

Lakeview.-

La Laguna Ranch

Lambert's Soda Spring

La Motte's

Lane's Crossing, Mojave River

Lankershin's Ranch

Lassen's Butte

Lassen's Butte

Lathrop Junction with Visalia Division. .

Latrobe

Lava Bed Station...

Lawrence -

Leach's Point

Leek Spring

Lewis' Ranch

Lewis' Ranch, near Loyalton

Lievre Ranch

Lillie's Ranch

Lime Point Bluflf

Lincoln

Lion's Head

Little Yosemite

Livermore

Livermore Pass

Liverpool Landing, Colorado River

Lobos Point

Lobos Point

Lodi

Lomo

Lone Pine

Longville

Lookout Hill

Lookout Mountain

Loomis' Ranch

Lopez Ranch

Los Angeles

Los Angeles

Los Angeles

Los Angeies, San Pedro Dessa

Los Angeles, Signal Station

Los Encinos Ranch

Whitney

Wheeler

Wheeler

Med. Dept., U. 8. A.

Wheeler

Wheeler

C P. R. R.

Whitney

Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports.

Wheeler

Wheeler ,

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Petermann

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R .

Nev. Co. N. G. R. R Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Whitney

C. P. R. R

S. P. R. R — .

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

C. P. R. R

Wheeler

Wheeler

0. P. R. R.

Whitney

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

U. S. C. &G. S

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler (Theod.)

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler ,

Wheeler

C. P. R. R

Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports.

L. A. &I. R. R

S. Signal Omce WheeVex

Table of Altitudes— Continued.

2fo.

Station.

Authority.

Elevation. Feet.

m

m

Los Pozos Ranch

Los Tores

Lott's Diggins

Luther's Pass

Luther's Pass

LvelI,Mt

LyeIl,Mt

Lvon's Ranch

McBride's '

McBride's Peak

McConnahas'

McCuEQber's Mill

McDonald Peak

McDonald Ranch

McGill, Mt

McKesick's Peak

McKesick's Ranch

McQuade's

Macon

Madeline Hat Peak

Madeline Pass

Malaga

Mapes

Mare Island, N. E

Mare Island,N. W

Mare Island

Marin Island !

Marion

Mariposa

Mariposa Town Hall

Mariposa Post OflBce

Mariposa Peak

Marlueeville

Mariettas Lake

Mariett's Peak

Mariett's Ranch

Mari Spring

Martinez, East

Martinez C. H

Martin's

Martin's

Martin's Ranch

Mary s ville

Marysville

Master's Hill

Matthews' Ranch

Maturango, Mt

Maylield

Mathews

Meade, Mt.

Meadow Mountain

Meadow Valley

Melrose

Menatchey Valley

Merced

Merced Falls

Merced, Mt

Merritt's

Mesquite Spring

MesQuite Wells

Middle Lake, Surprise Valley

Midway

Mill Creek, Sonora road

Miller, Fort

Miller's Ranch

Mills of Madera Flume and Trading Co.

Milton

Milton

Mineral Bar

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Goddard

Simpson

Wheeler

Whitney

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler "

Wheeler

Pacific R. R, Reports.-

Wheeler '

Wheeler

Wheeler (Theod.)

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

P. R. R. Reports

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S. C. & G. S

U.S. C. &G. S

U. S. C. &G. S

U. S. C.&G. S..-

U.S. C. &G. S

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Whitney

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports -

U. S. C. &G. S

U. S. C. &G. S.—

Monterey R. R

Monterey R. R

Wheeler

C. P. R. R -

Smithsonian Institute

U. S. C. & G. S

Wheeler

Wheeler (Theod.)

Toner

S. &P. R.R

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Med. Dept., U. S. A..

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Toner

6,310

7,185

7,505

13,190

13,217

1,397

5,561

13,441

3,981

3,491 .

7,954

5,297

9,214

7,083

4,469

1,888

7,676

5,667

5,039

1,962

1,971

1,942

3,700

5,525

7,750

8,631

8,074

3,793

1,982

2,055

2,445

8,844

10,540

11,734

3,757

9,503

11,413

2,010

3,674

4,551

7,076

4,055

4,499

Table of Altitudes — Continued.

No.

Station.

Authority.

Elevi Fe

Mitchell's Ranch

Moccasin, Mt

Modesto

Moiave

MoKelumne

Mokelumne, Mt

Molate Island

Molate Point

Mono Lake

Mono Pass -

Monte

Monte Diablo

Monterey 1

Monterey

Moonlight Vallev

Moquelumne Hill

Moran's Ranch

Mormon Bar

Morocojo .

Morongo Basin

Morrow, Mt

Mosquito Spring

Mountain House 1

Mud Spring, Amador road

Mud Springs

Murphy's Cabin, Lake Tenaiya

Murphy's Mining Village

Murphy's Ranch, Buflfalo Salt Works.

Myers' Ferry

Myers' Station

Nadean's Station

Napa Junction

Napa Junction (Adalante).

Nash's Ranch

Nelson

Nevada City

Newbury Peak

Newbury Park

Newcastle

Newhall

Newhall's Ranch

New Pass

New York Tent

Niagara Creek, Sonora road

Nicholas (near)

Nichols Point .,

Niles Junction with San Jos6 Branch.

Nimshew

Noble's Pass

Noble's Pass

Noman's Spring

Nora

Nordhoflf

North Dome (above valley 3,633)

North End Peak

Northups (Excelsior Hotel)

Norwalk

Nott's Ranch

Null's Ranch

Oakdale

Oak Knoll

Oakland-

Oakland Wharf

Observation Peak

Oghuriis Ranch ,

Olancba Peak

Old Bony Mountain

Wheeler

Wheeler

C P. R. R. -

C. P. R. R.

Toner

Wheeler

U. S.C.&G. S

U. S. C. &G. S

U. S. Geol. Survey

Whitney

Toner

Whitney

Monterey R. R

Med. Dept., U. S. A

Wheeler

Smithsonian Institute

Wheeler

Wheeler

Monterey R. R..*

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S.C.&G. S

Wheeler

Wheeler —

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

O. P. R. R. ...

C. P. R. R.

C. P. R. R. .. —

Wheeler

Toner

Nev. Co. N. G. R. R

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

P. R. R. Reports

Wheeler

Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports..

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Williamson

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S.C.&G. S

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C P. R. R.

C. P. R. R,

C. P. R. R. -

Wheeler

Wheeler (Theod.)

Wbeelet

Wheeler

Table of Altitudes— Continued.

Ko.

station.

Authority.

Elevation. Feet.

Old Kinishew Settlement

Omjumi, Mountain

Omjumi, Mountain

Orange

' Oroville -

I Oso Meadows

j Oso Mountain

I Owens' River Bridge

I Pacheco

Pacheco Pass

I Pacheco's Peak

I Pacific House

I Pah Ute Mines

Pah Ute Peak

Pah Ute Springs

Paiaro

Paieta Peak

Palmer's Ranch

Pampa

Panamint

Panamint Station

Panoche Pass

Panola

Paradise

Paris

Park

Parker's Ranch

Parrott's (formerly Pandola) Ferry.

Peach Spring

Peddler's Hill

Pefia Blanca (Haigh's Ranch)

Peninsula Hill

Penole, Point

Penryn

Perkins

Petalume Creek

Phillips' Ranch ,

Phillips' Ranch

Phillips' Station

Pilot Knob

Pilot Peak

Pinos Mountain

Pinto Rock

Piute Point

Placerville

Placerville

Placerville Post Office

Plainsburgh

Pleasanton

Pleasant Valley

Point of Rocks

Porcupine Flat

Potraro ,

Prattville

Priest's Hotel

Princeton

Probasco's Ranch

Pulgas Base, East End

Pulgas Base, West End

Pyramid Mountain

Quincy

Quiqualmingo

Railroad Flat

Rancho del Chino y de Jurupa

Ravenna ,

Rawhide Camp

Hawson

Read

Reading, Fort

Wheeler

Whitney

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Whitney

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

Whitney

Whitney -

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Toner. -ii

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Whitney

Toner

Toner

O. P. R. R.

L. A. &I. R. R. .:...

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

U. S. C. &G. S

Toner

S. P. R. R.

U. S. C. &G. 8

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Whitney

Petermann

Wheeler

K. P. R. R. Surveys

Toner ,

Williamson

Wheeler

Toner

\j. P. R. R. — Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S.. U. S. C. & G. S..

Wheeler

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

Med. Dept. U. S.

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

U.S.C.&G.S

Pacitic K. K. E,epoT\;a

A..

4,992 8,378 8,292

5,982 3,363 3,618 1,470 2,845 3,451 6,607 8,342 2,849 4,507 2,346

6,605

3,549

2,500

4,136

5,303 6,831 1,807

6,999

6,871 5,525 7,605 9,500 3,903 2,579 2,109 1,965 1,893

2,405 2,542 7,749 1,028 4,394 2,558 2,104

10,127 3,381 1,084 2,606 1,000 2,347 1,556

Table of Altitudes— Continued.

No. !

Station.

Authority.

Elevation. Feet.

7&4 g06

Reading

Reading

Reading

Red Bluff

Red Bluff

Red Bluff"

Red Bluff Signal Station

Redding

Red Hill Station

Redmans Ranch

Red Rock Station

Rd Slate Peak

Redwood City.-

Reilly's Station

Reservoir House

Reservoir in Concord Valley

Reynolds' Ferry

Rh'ett Lake

Richardson

Richmond Point ;.

Rincon

Ripley Mountain

Ritgers' Ranch

Roberts' Ferry

Robertson's

Roble

Rocklin.

Rock Spring

Rocky Island

Rook's Ranch

Rose Springs

Ross Mountain

Routiers

Rowland's Ranch

Rutherford

Sackett's Wells

Sacramento

Sacramento

Sacramento

Sacramento Signal Station . . Saddle (Malaga) Mountain ..

Saint Clair Ranch

Saint Helena

Salinas City

Salsbury

Salt Wells

San Andreas

San Antonio Peak.

San Antonio Peak

San Benito

San Benito Pass

San Bernardino

San Bernardino Mountain...

San Bernardo

San Bruno

San Ruenaventura

San Carlos Peak

Sand Creek

Sand Knoll

San Diego

San Diego Mission

San Dieo Signal Station

San Emigdio Store

San Fernando

San Fernando

San Fernando Pass

San Fernando Peak

840 San Fernando Tunnel, south mouth.

841 I San FeHpe

Pacific R. R. Reports Pacific R. R. Reports Med. Dept. U. S. A. ,.

Wheeler

Williamson

C. P. R. R.

U.S.Sig. Office

C. P. R. R.

U. S. C. &G.S

Wheeler .

Wheeler

Whitney --

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

P. R. R. Reports

U. S. C. &G.S

U.S. C. &G. S

Toner

Petermann

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Toner

0. P. R. R.

Pacific R. R. Reports

U. S. C. &G. S

P. R. R. Reports

Wheeler -

U.S. C. &G. S

S. P. R. R.

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Toner.

C. P. R. R.

Smithsonian Inst.

Williamson

U. S. Signal Office.

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

S. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

Wheeler -

Smithsonian Inst

K. P. R.R. Surveys...

Wheeler

Whitney

Pacific R. R. Reports .

Toner ..

Toner

Whitney

C. P. R. R.

U. S. C. &G. S

Emory...

Pacific R. R. Reports.

U. S. Signal Office

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports .

Wheeler

Wheeler

Pacific K. "R. RepoTta

1,181 2,394 13,400 1,477 1,013 4,014 1,116 2,050 7,500 4,346 4,898 4,181 3,545 2,205 2,896 1,961 1,033 9,931 10,191 2J00 11,600 1,118 4,977 2,316 1,066 1,034 1,940 3,793 1,429

Table of Altitudes — Continued.

No.

station.

Authority.

Elevation. Feet.

San Felipe

San Francisco, Signal Station.

San Francisco, Presidio

San Francisco

San Francisquito Cafion

San Francisquito Pass

San Gabriel

m

849 ! San Gabriel Church 8B0

sn

San Gabriel Mine

San Gabriel Peak

San Gabriel Range ---

San Gorgonio

San Gorgonio Pass ..- San Gorgonio Pass .— San Isabel Rancho San Jacinto Mountain

San Jos4

San Jos6

San Leandro

San Lorenzo

San Luis Obispo

San Luis Pass

San Luis Rey

San Mateo

San Miguel

San Pablo Point

San Pascual

San Pedro

San Pedro Point

San Pedro HUl

San tuentin. Point.. -

Santa Ana

Santa Ana

Santa Ann Hotel

Santa Barbara

Santa Buenaventura .

Santa Catalene

Santa Clara

Santa Cruz Station

Santa Cruz Point

Santa Isabella

Santa Isabella Rancho

Santa Monica

Santa Monica

Santa Paula

Santa Rosa Valley

San Vicente

Sav-oui-to Spring

Schaners, Mount

School House

Schultz, Mount

Pacific R. R. Reports

U. S. Signal Office

Med. Dept. U. S. A. ..

U. S. C. &G.S

MTieeler

P. R. R. Reports ,

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Whitney 4,500 to

C. P. R. R.

P. R. R. Reports

T. & P. R. R.

Toner

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

U. S. C. &G. S

C. p. R. R. —

Toner..

Toner

P. R. R. Reports

Med. Dept. U. S. A

Toner

Toner

U. S. C. &G. S

Emory

Pacific R. R. Reports

U. S. C. &G.S

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

U. S. C. &G. S

C. P. R. R. .

Wheeler

Smithsonian Institute

Wheeler

Toner

Smithsonian Institute .-.

U. S. C. &G. S

U. S. C. &G. S

Scodie's Ranch ' Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports.

L. A. & L R. R

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

L. A. &L R. R

Wheeler

Wheeler

S. P. R. R

Wheeler

Semi Pass

Sentinel Dome (above valley 4,100).

Sesma

Sevastapol Flat

Seven Palms

Shafer's Station

Shasta

Shasta, Mount

Shasta, Mount (timber line on)

Shaw's Flat

Shaw's Flat

Shaw's Ranch

Shear's Bridge

Sheep Head

Sbe/fer's Hot Springs

W9 I Sheridan

P. R. R. Reports

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Whitney

Toner .. Wheeler Wheeler Wheeler Wheeler Wheeler

2,466

2,382

3,718

1,703

6,232

6,600

2,560

2,800

2,621

2,957

10,987

1,656

'30

1,462

3,620

3,000

3,050

2,957

5,553

6,864

2,275

2,716

1,577

8,011

2,210

1,126

4,026

1,160

14,442

8,000

2,270

2,036

6,311

2,007

3,914

4,094

Table of Altitudes — Continued.

No.

station.

Authority.

Elevation Foet.

Shingle Springs

Shinn's Ranch

Shoo-fly Bridge

Shumway's Ranch

Sierra Valley

Sierravile, June, of S. T. and L. Road

Sierraville, Post OflBce

Silliman,Mt

Silver Creek

Silver Lake Hotel

Silver Mt

Silver Mountain City

Silver Mountain Pass

Simi Ranch

Smith's Ranch

Smoke Creek Depot

Snelling Post Office

Snider's Store

Snow's Hotel

Soap Spring

Soda Lake

Soda Lake

SoledadCity

Soledad Pass

Solfatara

Sonoma Mountain

Son ora Mountain

Sonora Pass

Sonora Post Office

Soto

South Dome (lip) (above valley 4,953)

South Fork Mountain '.

Spadra

Spadra

Spanish Ranch

Sprague's Ranch

Springville

Stanford Mountain

Starr King Mt. (above valley 5,171)

State Line Peak

Stevens Bar Ferry

Stevens Mountain

Stevens Ranch, Hope Valley

Stockton, June, with S.&V.&S.&C.R.R.'s.

Stockton's Cabin

Stockton Mill

Stokes Mountain

Stonebreakers

Stony Point

Storms

Strawberry

Strawberry Station (toll house)

Strawberry Valley

Strawberry Valley

Sugar Loaf Mountain

Sulphur Peak

Sulphur Spring Ranch

Summit Peak

Summit Post Office, west of Beckwith's

Pass

Summit Station

Summit Valley

Sumner

Sunday Peak

Sunday Peak

Sunoe

Surveyors' Wells

Susan ville

S. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Whitney

Toner

Wheeler

Whitney

Wheeler

Whitney

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Pacific R. R. Reports .

Wheeler

Wheeler

A. & P. R. R. Surveys.

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

Wheeler

P. R. R. Reports

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Whitney

Wheeler

Wheeler ,

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C P. R. K.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Nevada County N. G. R. R..

Wheeler

Wheeler

Toner

Williamson

Wheeler ---

U. S. C. &G.S

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler . -

Toner

C. P. R. R. Wheeler . Wheeler . .

Toner

Wheeler -- Wheelet ..

4:

41

ii,e©; 3,7oar

7,174 E 10,884 6,446

1,047

4,ies

2SSt 4,925 6,217

1,002 1,1?8 2,55 3,216 6,908 2,292 11,478 10,115 1,816

7,408

3,636 2,950 9,176 9,022 8,405

10,011 7,382 6,877 4,639 2,069 4,360

2,424 5,238 5,695 3,567 5,707 8,416 3,471 4,466 8,301 4,875

6,983 6,765

8,335

11,089

3,567

Table of Altitudes — Continued.

Station.

Anthority.

Elevation. Feet.

uspension Bridge, Mokelumne River - .

utler

wann's Kanch, E. Walker River

weetwater Mountain

ycaniore Grove.-

'ahoe City

'ahoe Lake

'amalpais, Mount

'amarac

'amarack Flat

'apo Ranch

'assett

"aylor's Ranch

'aylorville

""ehachapai, Mount

'ehachapai Pass

ehama .

'ejon, Fort

'ejon, Fort

'ejon Pass

'eion Ranch

'elegraph Hill

'elescope Mountain

'eniescal Mountain

'homas Ranch

'hompson

'hompson's

'hompson's Ferry

'hompson's PeaK

'hunder Mountain

'illey's Ranch

i'odos Santos Pass ,

?oolucha Peak

I'opsail Rock

?owler's, Napa Valley

?own Talk

Tragedy Spring

!!'rinchera

Trinidad

?rout Meadows

?ruckee

Truckee.

?ruckee Pass

Pruebody

Tulare

["ulareLake

Tull Flat

Tullock

Tuolumne Grove

Turner's Ranch, Sierra Valley.

Tuttletown

'win Lake

Twin Peak

Twin Peaks

Twist's Ranch

i'vler's Ranch

Jhl's Ranch

Jnion Camp

Jnion Hill

/acaville

/ala Citron

/allecito

"allecito Post OfSce

Wheeler Toner .. Wheeler Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

R. R. Reports. Whitney

Wheeler Wheeler Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler (Theod.)..

Wheeler

\j. P. R. R. . — Med.Dept.U. S. A..

Wheeler

P. R. R. Reports ...

Wheeler

U. S. C. &G. S

Wheeler (Theod.).. Wheeler (Theod.)..

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

0. P. R. R. P. R. R. Reports.

Wheeler

U.S.C. &G. S U.S. C. &G. 8

Nev. Co. N. G. R. R.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

P. R. R. Reports

C. P. R. R. ...

C. P. R. R.

Pacific R. R. Reports -

Wheeler

Toner

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Whitney

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Smithsonian Institute

Nev. Co. N. G. R. R

Toner

Emory

Toner

Wheeler

2,092

5,042

11,778

6,252 6,247 2,597 6,209 6,234 4,400 1,373 1,047 3,479 9,214 3,832

3,240 3,245 5,364 1,450

10,937

5,730

3,772

2,U4

7,752 9,121 2,609

7,022

2,774 7,989 7,567 5,820 5,998 5,819 5,795 7,200

5,594

5,794 4,904 1,321 5,106 8,824 8,925 1,121 4,802 2,662 2,706

1,539 1,643

Table of Altitudes— Continued.

No.

Station.

Authority.

Eleva Fe€

Vallejo

Valleio

Valleio (North)

Vallejo (South)

Vergennes Ranch

Vina -

Visalia

Visalia, Signal Station.

Volcano

Wabler Lake House . . .

Wades' Meadows

Wades' Peak

Wahguyhe Mountain. Walkers Pass

U. S. C. & G. 8. U. S. C. & G. S. C. P. xv. H>.

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

Walker's Pass

Wallace's Ranch, Warner Lake

Walnut Grove

Warm Springs

Warm Springs, Sonora Road

Warner's Pass

Warner's Ranch

Warren's Peak

Washington, Mount

Washington Quartz Mill

Watson ville

Wancoba Peak

Webster

Welden

Welds

Wellington Mountain

West Point

West's Ranch

Wheatland

White Granite Mountain

White Rock

Whitney

Whitney Meadows

Whitney, Mt

Wellington Mountain

Wild Rose Spring

Wiley's Station, Amador Road

Williamson River

Williamson's Lake

Willow* Lake

Willow Ranch

Willow Spring.

Willow Spring (head of Willow Creek)..

Willow Tree Spring

Wilson's Ranch

Woodford's...

Woodland, Junction with N. R. R

Woodland

Woods Peak

Workman's Hill

Workman's Ranch

Wright Lake

Yellowbally

Yankee Jim's

Yerba Buena

Yosemite Valley

Yosemite Valley (cliffs and domes about it range from 7,000 to 9,000 ft. above sea).

You Bet

Yountville

Yountville

Yreka

Yreka Gap

Williamson

U. S. Signal Office.

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler (Theod.). P. R. R. Reports . .

Wheeler

C. P. R. R.

C. P. R. R.

Wheeler

P. R. R. Reports .. P. R. R. Reports ..

Wheeler

Wheeler .-'.

Wheeler

Wheeler .. C. P. R. R. Wheeler .. Wheeler . . Wheeler .. Wheeler Wheeler .. C. P. R. R. Wheeler S. P. R. R. Wheeler Wheeler . . Whitney- - Wheeler Wheeler .. Wheeler .. Wheeler . .

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

Wheeler

C. P. R. R. - -

U.S. C.&G. 8..-

Whitney

Wheeler

Wheeler

P. R. R. Reports Petermann

U. S. C. & G. 8. Whitney

Williamson

Nev.Co. N.G. R. R.

C. P. R. R.

Cal. P. R. R

Williamson

WMtney

Table of Altitudes — Continued.

Station.

Elevation. Feet

eghany. Sierra County

iaville, Calaveras County

lerican Mine, Nevada County

lador City, Amador County

gels, Calaveras County

ueduct Citv, Amador County

gus Peak.Inyo County

kinson's urade, San Diego County, foot

kinson's Grade, San Diego County, first bench kinson's Grade, San Diego County, summit ...

Id Mountain, Calaveras County, summit

Id Mountain, Sierra County, mouth of tunnel

llena Valley, San Diego County

nner, San Diego County

chville, Nevada County

icksmith's Flat, El Dorado County

le Tent, Nevada County

naparte's Hat, Placer County, summit

rax Flat, Inyo County

rax Works, Inyo County

ston Ranch

ttle Hill, El Dorado County, crest

wman Dam, Nevada County

ady's, Yuba County

idgeport, Nevada County

ownsville, Yuba County

ck's Bar, El Dorado County

nker Hill, Sacramento County

rn's Ranch, El Dorado County

jon Ridge, San Diego County

jon Valley, San Diego County

jon Vallev, San Diego County, eastern rim

nada Hill, Placer County, summit

nada Hill, Placer County, Yank's Cabin

ve of the Catacombs, Calaveras County

nterville, Pilot Hill Post Office, El Dorado County.

erokee Flat, Butte County

erokee, Nevada County

ili Bar,El Dorado County

ristmas Hill, Nevada County, top of

Id Spring, Mountain Summit, Placer Couty

leman's Grade, San Diego County, top, five miles from Julian.

lumbia Hill,Nevada County..

so, Inyo County

so Mines, Inyo County

so Peak, Inyo County

mascus. Placer County

rdanelles. Placer County, bed rock

rk Cafion, El Dorado County

adwood, Placer County

rty Flat, El Dorado County

gtown (Magalia), upper, Butte County

gtown (Magalia), lower, Butte County

on's House, Butte County

uglas Flat, Calaveras County

wnieville Trail, Summit of, between Rock Creek and Forest City, Sierra

'ounty

ytown, Amador County

gle Borax Works, Inyo County

ipire Flat, Nevada County

ipire Ranch, Yuba County.

irplay. El Dorado County

idler's Green, Placer County, dletown, Amador County ... hestown, Butte Coun ty

4,376 1,577 1,843

1,394 2,435 6,333

1,220

1,801 4,489 2,440 2,800 1,683 3,831 3,108 8,661 1,800 1,816 1,500 2,570 5,393

1,500 2,125 1,628

2,518

6,217 1,708 1,191 1,187 2,575

3,225 3,679 3,400 2,958 5,884 6,000 8,425

4,006 2,677 4,229 3,951 2,355 2,150 2,080 2,940 1,986

5,404

—69

1,716

Table of Altitudes — Continued.

No.

Station.

Elevation. Feet.

Forest City, Sierra County

Forest HiU, Placer County

Forney's, El Dorado County

Foster's, San Diego County

French Corral, Nevada County

Funeral Mountains, highest peaks, Inyo County

Georgia Slide, El Dorado County

Geyser's Springs, Sonoma County

GiDsonville, Sierra County

Granite Chief, summit, Placer County.

Greenwood, El Dorado County

Gregory Mountain, El Dorado County.

Grizzly Flat, El Dorado County

Grizzly Flat, Placer County

Gurley's, Yuba County

Halfway House, San Diego County (road from San Diego to Julian).

Highland Springs, Lake County

Horse Camp Springs, Inyo County

Howard Springs, Lake County

Hunsakers Grade, San Diego County (four miles from Nuevo)

Hunsaker's Grade, San Diego County, summit

Hyatt's, Nevada County

Indian Diggings, Amador County Iowa Hill, Placer County

Jackson, Amador County

Jackson Valley, Buttes, summit of

Jamison City, Plumas County

Johnstown, or Garden Valley, El Dorado County.

Jones Hill, El Dorado County, summit of

Julian City, San Diego County

Keeler, Inyo County

King's HiU, Placer County

Lane's Springs, Calaveras County

La Porte, Plumas County

Last Chance, Placer County

Little Grass Valley, Plumas County

Little Spanish Hill, crest of. El Dorado County.

Little York, Nevada County

Logtown, El Dorado County

Lolo Monte Diggings, Nevada County

Lone Star Hill, Inyo County

Lookout Hill, Inyo County

Malakoflf, Nevada County

Manzanita Hill, summit, Nevada County

Marble Valley, El Dorado County

Michigan Bar, Sacramento County

Michigan Bluffs, Placer Countv

Mohawk Valley, Knott's Ranch, Plumas County.

Monte Christo

Montezuma Hill, Nevada County

Mooney Flat Hill Summit, Yuba County

Moore's Flat, Nevada Co\inty

Morris Ravine, Butte County

Mud Springs, El Dorado County

Needle Peak, Inyo County

Newtown, El Dorado County

Nichols' House, Cave City, Calaveras County

Nine-Mile Station, Inyo County

North Bloom field, Nevada County

Nuevo, San Diego County

-i? / Omega, Nevada County.

4,461:.

'

1,588

6,75i[

2m

5,50a - 3,525 3,9®" - 2,982

1,700. 4,690 2,225 1,760 2,230 1,250

3,162

2,873 .

1,243 . 4,800 1,951 r 2,343 : 4,000 '

3,656 : 2,538 :

1,000 4,993 4,583 5,025 2,321 2,830 1,939 2,489 4,911 4,214

3,173 3,054

3,491 4,325 5,056 2,853 1,170 4,231

1,658

7,086 2,482 2,510

A.?

5e3

Table of Altitudes — Continued.

Ko.

Station.

Elevation. Feet.

1236 I Onion Valley, Plumas County .

1237 I Ophir Mountain, Inyo County.

1238 Oro Flat, Placer County

1239 ! Oroville, Butte County

Pilot Hill (Summit), El Dorado County.

Pinto Peak, Inyo County

Plugugly Hill (Summit), Placer County.

Pluto Summit, Placer County

Post Ojffice Spring, Inyo County

Prospect Flat, El Dorado County

Puckerville, Amador County

Quaker Hill, Nevada County.

1248 Reeds, Yuba County

1249 : Rice's Bar, Placer County

1250 Rough and Ready, Nevada County

Sailor Cafion, Placer County

Sailor Flat, Nevada County

St. Helena Mountain, Napa County

St. Helena Mountain, Napa County, first bench above Toll House

Salt Spring, Death Valley, Inyo County

San Bernardino Hot Springs

San Juan, Nevada County

Santa Barbara Hot Sulphur Springs

Santa Ysabelle Valley, San Diego County

Sebastopol, Nevada County

Secret Hill, Summit, Placer County

Secret House, Placer County

Sentinel Peak, Inyo County

Sheep Ranch, Calaveras County j

Sierra City, Sierra County

Smartsville, Yuba County

Smartsville Hill, summit, Yuba County -.

Snows Mountain, Placer County, summit

Soda Springs, Shasta County

South Yuba Bridge

Spanish Dry Diggmgs, El Dorado County

Squaw Valley, Placer County

Steep Hollow, Nevada County

Sucker Flat, Placer County

Summit, Soda Springs, Placer County

Sugar Loaf, Butte County, summit

Sugar Pine Pass, Placer County

Surprise Cafion, Inyo County

Sutter Creek, Amador County

Table Hills east of Owen's Lake, Inyo County . . Table Mountain, Tuolumne County, summit ...

Three Prong, Placer County, summit

Timbuctoo, Yuba County. .'

Timbuctoo Mountain, Yuba County

Todds Valley, Placer County

Toll House, St. Helena Mountain, Napa County

Tucker's Ranch, Plumas County

Tuscan Springs, Teham a County

Volcanoville. El Dorado County.

Water Station, Inyo County

Webber Hill, El Dorado County, summit,

Whitesel's Ranch, Nevada County

Wilcox Meadows, El Dorado County

Wilcox Ravine, Nevada County

Windy Gap, Inyo County

Wisconsin Hill, Placer County Wilks' Ranch, FA Dorado County '". .

6,160

6,063

2,842

1,857 7,267 3,251 8,633 1,294 2,214 1,037

3,265

1,184 1,901

6,251 3,050 4,343 3,825 —63.9 1,600 2,143 1,500 2,700 1,893 6,536 5,423 9,850 2,273 4,188

1,074 8,425 2,363

2,158 6,304 3,342

6,009 1,647 7,130 2,650 1,197

7,343

2,214

9,000

2,750

2,300

4,100

3,081

2,110 2,184 1,686 5,344 2,799

.t:

54 '

Water Power.

In a State like California, in which a large portion of the area is m above sea level, and where there are a multitude of streams, large small, flowing from the high lands, there must be and are many locali where water power is abundant and available. This very important ma is just beginning to attract attention in California. At Grass Valley, Nevada County, where gold mining has been the principal business and 1 support of the people, up to a recent date, steam was almogt universal!; used to drive the quartz mills. But in 1882 the Idaho Company, althou; possessing the best quartz nline in the State, began to consider the adv tage that would be derived from the substitution of water for steam powe They began to buy water from the South Yuba Canal Company, and afle an experimental working for a year, found the annual saving over steam te:- be from $25,000 to $30,000. There are many localities in the mountains and''' foothills of California where may be found gold quartz veins, water power, and fertile hillside and mountain valley lands. This Piedmont region will support a large population, and is really the most beautiful part ct the State. Mines that would hardly pay if steam power was employed, with cheap or free water power, all the operations of mining and milling may be performed, with but few hands. The same water that serves the mill will hoist the ore, pump, force air into the mine for ventilation and power drilling. Almost any quartz vein in California could be made to pay under these circumstances, and the application of this cheap power would add much to the prosperity of the State.

It will soon again be cheaper to move manufactured articles from water power to a market than to make them by steam elsewhere. Water is equally useful for irrigation and mining purposes after being used for water power, as long as it is not allowed to fall below a certain altitude.

Irrigation.

Soon after the first excitement caused by the discovery of gold in Cali- fornia began to subside, attention was turned in a limited way to the agri- cultural resources of the State. It was first supposed — from the peculiar dryness of the summer months, during which rain seldom falls — that the country would never be an agricultural one in any general sense, but this theory was disproved by experience. At the same time it became evident that a different system of culture, suited to the climatic periods of exces- sive moisture alternating with equally excessive dryness, must be pursued. Experiment led to the adoption of a system of irrigation.

When the new method began to be understood, and intelligently carried out, it was found that most extraordinary crops were the result.

The dry valley lands of Fresno, San Bernardino, Kern, and other south- ern counties where water has been introduced, are found to be unusually fertile, and beautiful and prosperous settlements have sprung up in what was at first thought to be a desert. The subject of irrigation and the use of the waters of the State for other purposes than navigation, has grown in impor- tance until it is admitted to be the most momentous question now before the people. The rights of riparian owners have been questioned and much useless legislation has been enacted without arriving at any satisfactory conclusion. The debris or mining question goes hand in hand with irriga- t/on and though seemingly different, is in iact oiAy axvoWvet Q>i tliis same question, it will not be settled in CaliioTms. iot \:vkv

come. The proper and just distribution of the surplus waters of the State, and the extraction of the vast deposits of gold known to exist in the foot- hills, are matters which have an important bearing on our material inter- ests. To solve this problem, and protect the conflicting interests of those concerned, is work for future legislators, and the more the matter is agi- tated now, the sooner will a settlement be effected.

In some localities where it is difficult to obtain water from living streams, artesian wells are being sunk, and very successfully. From these wells, in some parts of the State, natural gas escapes in considerable quantities, giving hope that gas-wells similar to those now attracting so much atten- tion in Pennsylvania may yet be discovered. A notable example of this at the present time is at the city of TjOS Angeles, where a vein of gas was struck m sinking a well. The gas became ignited from a cigarette, and blazed up to a height of ten feet. An article in the Los Angeles Herald assumes that a dozen wells sunk within the city limits would each of them yield gas which might be utilized.

The city of Stockton is supplied with water from artesian wells, some, if not all, of which also produce gas as well as water. The wells sunk for oil in various parts of the State, in perhaps a majority of cases, produce gas. This is a subject worthy the attention of scientific and practical men. May not these emanations of gas indicate vast bodies of coal, which we ma at any day discover by sinking wells in search of water?

The State Mining Bureau should employ special persons to study and investigate these matters, and preserve in the State Museum sections of the various wells, which would enlarge our information as to the geology of the valleys, and throw light upon their origin.

Mr. George A. Raymond, more thoughtful than most persons engaged in the business of sinking artesian. wells, has carefully preserved specimens of borings, and kept a register of the findings. This should be done officially by the State Mineralogist, and all the results published as frequently as possible, in the general interest. Mr. Raymond has donated to the State Museum samples of borings which are specially interesting. The following are copies of these tabulated records, exactly as kept by him on printed blanks.

If

Record Of Strata In Artesian Well

Drilled by Geo, A. Raymond for J. B. Hoggin, Kern County, on Sec. 30 T. i9 8.,R, B6 E., Diablo Bojte and Meridian. Screw CoMng 6 5-8 inches duimeter.

Chabactkb.

Remarks.

54

Black clayey soil

Sand

Yellow clay

Sand

Surface watec

Yellow clay

Sand

Brown clay

Sand

Hard pan

Sand

Clay and cement

Hard pan

Sand

Cement

Yellow clay

Sand

Yellow clay

Sand, cement, and hard pan

Yellow clay

Sand and cement

White clay

Sand

White clay

Sand

Hard pan

Sand

Hard pan

Sand

Hard pan and clay

Hard pan and cement

Sand

Yellow clay

Sand and gravel

Hard pan and sand

Sand

Hard pan, clay, gravel, and cement.

Yellow clay

Hard pan, clay, gravel, and cement.

Sand

Yellow clay

Sand

In streaks very hard.

Like potters' clay. Like potters' clay.

.Very hard. .Very hard.

Very hard streaks. Very hard streaks.

Very hard streaks.

.♦Streaks very hard — water. ..Streaks very hard — water.

Stopped work for the present May 20, 1886.

Water rose to within seven feet of surface.

No flow at al)ovo depth.

This well will be carried deeper within a few months.

Say about August or September, 1886.

Record Op Strata In Artesian Well

Dry sandy soil

Qmcksana

Yellow play

Quicksand and gniTel . .

Blaeclay

Quicksand and gravel - .

Blue clay

yuicksond and gtUTel - -

Blue clay

38 I Sand and gravel-

' " Blue clay

Suicksand lue clay

Uuickaand

Blue clay

Sand

. Blueclny

"First surface water,

"No toughness or strength.

..Small streaks cement o£ no strength.

..tSmall streaks cement and hard balls.

Hard streaks cement.

Small flow water.

D ud tbu It would Dot

Some of the specimens taken from the wells, I have examined microscop- ically and otherwise, and found exceedingly interesting, but to publish an account of them in their present unfinished condition would be premature.

58

Mineral Springs In California.

Numerous mineral springs are known to exist in California, some of which have gained celebrity, others are nameless and are only known by their localities. Some of the latter may eventually prove to be of great value. From the fact that it has been impossible to maintain a chemi- cal laboratory in connection with the Mining Bureau, the official guide- book which was planned has not been made, and it has not been possible even to visit the most noted springs to study and publish their character- istics. The State Mineralogist has only been able to gather such informa- tion as could be easily obtained, and to condense it into the following list.

Among the many mineral products of the State the numerous mineral springs are not the least important. In Germany, Italy, Switzerland, En- gland, France, Spain, Austria, Scotland, Ireland, Bohemia, and Portugal, in Europe, and New York, Virginia, Arkansas, Pennsylvania, West Virgi- nia, Wisconsin, Kentucky, Ohio, Mississippi, Michigan, and Alabama, in the United States, and in Canada and elsewhere in the world, mineral springs are found. Mineral waters are generally divided into two principal groups — hot and cold. The principal subdivisions are —

Salt waters. Alkaline waters.

Iron waters. Mud springs.

Sulphur waters. I Alkaline saline.

Lime waters. I Magnesian.

A few more or less celebrated springs contain notable quantities of som€ special mineral or salt, to which they owe their peculiar charactvor, ae iodine, bromine, lithium, or fluorine.

California abounds in mineral springs more or less celebrated, but ther< seems to be no system in the use of the waters. People go to any sprial which suits their taste or convenience, without knowing or seeming to car< for the effect the water will have on them. This results from the fact tha but few reliable analyses have been made, and physicians are at a loss hov to prescribe for that reason. There should be an official guide book mad by the State Mineralogist, which would be of very great utiHty to the State

Such a work would necessitate the establishment and maintenance of t very complete chemical laboratory, and the employment of able assistants The following are the most important known mineral springs in the State There are many others of less note, but which may be of equal and pos- sibly greater value and importance. The late Dr. Hatch published the best account and description of the mineral waters of CaHfomia, that hae been previously written.

Alameda County.

(1) Piedmont Springs.

Situated three miles from Oakland. As far as I am aware, no analysis has ever been made of the water of these springs, although they have attained considable celebrity.

Calaveras County.

(2) Lanes Mineral Springs,

of Stockton, from which place they may be reached by stage on alternate days; visitors are accommodated at a good hotel, besides which there are cottages for those who prefer them. The water in the springs is clear and cold, but no other information has been obtained, nor has any analysis been published as far as I know.

Colusa County.

(3) Simmon's Hot Sulphur Spring,

This spring is situated in Sulphur Canon, but the exact locality is not given. The water has a temperature of 170**, but no analysis has been received.

(4) Wilbur Hot Sulphur Springs.

The route to these springs is by rail to Williams, and thence by stage. An analysis by an unnamed chemist has been published. It is claimed tliat the waters possess curative properties specially applicable to the treatment of rheumatism and cutaneous diseases.

Contra Costa County.

(5) Byron Springs.

There are said to be a number of springs at this locality, some of which are hot, while others are cold, some charged with carbonic acid gas, some with sulphuretted hydrogen. They are situated very near to Byron Station. There is a good hotel at the springs, and the accommodations are said to be first class. Trains leave San Francisco at 9 a. m. and 3 p. m., and Byron at 6:30 and 9:30 a. m. I have no reliable information as to the water of these springs, nor am I aware of any analysis having been made.

Humboldt County.

(6) -4 very remarJcahle mineral water

(Has been discovered in a nameless spring in the town of Eureka. The water issues from the bank at the edge of the bay. At high tide the waters of the bayrise and cover the spring. The Indians knew of this spring and ascribed to it remarkable curative powers. It was rediscovered accidentally by a workman while the steamer Humboldt was being built near by. The water is now used in Eureka and San Francisco.

The following analysis, not before published, reveals the remarkable character of this water:

San Francisco, May 8, 1885. Mineral water — one U. S. gallon.

Sodium chloride - 1403. grains.

Magnesium sulphate - 211.3 grains.

Magnesium chloride 101. grains.

Calcium sulphate - 42.5 grains.

Sodium bromide - 14. grains.

Potassium sulphate 12.2 grains.

Sodium carbonate 10.1 grains.

Calcium carbonate 3.8 grains.

Alumina 1.3 grains.

Silica 95 grains.

Carbonate of iron 12 grains.

Manganese - Traces.

Boracic acid Traces.

Iodine - - Traces.

Contains a litth carbonic acid, and is saturated with sulpYiuxetted \idToa<eu. \X. I suiphur, saline water, and should prove beneficial in affections ot t\ie anxAa-T wcvVjov- pb&tic system, rheumatism, and diseases of the skin

(7) FeWs Springs.

The following from the Humboldt County Standard contains all the infor- mation I have been able to obtain concerning these springs:

felt's springs.

Situated about twenty-five miles from Eureka, near the head of Strongs* Valley. Dr. Felt of Hydesville, the fortunate proprietor of these notable mineral waters, must even- tually realize a handsome sum for his property. Some years ago he built a good pri- vate road from the public highway to the , laid pipe, concentrated the waters, cleared off some ten acres of the dense forest surrounding the springs, and erected on the opening a comfortable hotel, large barn, and other necessary improvements. The place was resorted to by many people, some for pleasure, others hoping to be benefited by drinking the mineral water which it was well known possessea medicinal virtues of a high order. From the and thereabouts exudes a species of gas, which Dr. Felt collected in a primitive gasometer and utilized for the purpose of illuminating the premises, and it answered this end well. The waters have been found to be bene- ficial for persons afflicted with or having dropsical tendencieSj many being entirely relieved who were aflFected in this way. About tne time these springs were beginning to be appreciated on their merits, an unfortunate conflagration swept on the improvements. Since the fire the place has remained unoccupied as a public resort. We apprehend, how- ever, upon the completion of the Eureka and Eel River Railroad, the present year (which passes within a short distance of the springs), they will again be opened for patronage.

Analysis Of The Wateb.

From an analysis, made in San Francisco of a quantity of the water of Felt's Springs, it was found to contain the following substances : Carbonate of soda, carbonate of lime, a trace of iron, chloride of potassium, chloride of magnesium, carbonate of magnesia, car- bonate of manganese, sulphate of potassa, and chloride of sodium. The location oi this property is very picturesque, and its climate cannot be surpassed for salubrity, and with railroaa communication it will make a delightful resort for the pleasure seeker as well as the invalid. There are plenty of trout in the streams and game m the woods and valleys.

Inyo County.

(8) Owens' Lake,

While the water of Owens' Lake is a mineral water in every sense of the word, yet it is not a mineral spring. It results from the evaporation of the water brought down by Owens' River, which enters the valley pure, but takes up in its long passage to the lake, soluble matter from the soil.

The mineral matter in solution in the waters of th river and lake is augmented by small salt and alkaline streams and the seepage from a multitude of mineral springs which abound in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and the Inyo Mountains. The waters so extensively sold and advertised on the Pacific Coast and elsewhere under the trade name of " Castalian is taken from this lake. The engraving on the circulars of this company is a deception, as it shows an imaginary spring on an isolated hill or mountain, from which a small stream is figured flowing down to the plain. The circulars claim that it is a natural mineral water from the Castalian Spring, Inyo County, which it is not. Owens' Lake is one of the most remarkable sheets of water in the world, and it is well worthy of a visit by tourists and Californians. Descriptions have been given of it in previous reports of this office. The waters are highly alka- line, remarkably dense, and in effect a nearly saturated solution of valu- able salts, which will certainly be turned to account in the near future.

The waters of this lake have been analyzed by several chemists; a very full one by Thomas Price of San Francisco is published on the circulars

E

of the Castalian Company. The following is an approximate analysis by a London chemist by the name of Philips:

Grains in an Im- perial Gallon.

Chloride of sodium 2,2.15

Sulphate of soda 956.80

Caroonate of soda 2,914.43

Sulphate of potash 36.74

Silicate of potash 139.54

Organic matter 16.94

Pure water 2,994.40

10,000.00

Owens' Lake may be reached by rail from San Francisco or Reno to Keeler Station, which is the present terminus of the road. The town is situated on the eastern shore of the lake.

(9) Thermal Acid Springs,

All the information this office has of these springs is contained in the following extract from the Inyo Independent, June 20, 1883:

These singular springs are situated in Injro County, in the Coso Range of mountains* about sixteen miles southeast of Olancha "Post Office. The springs have but a limited flow, and from crevices on the mountain side, through which steam is continually ejected, and thousands of tons of pure sulphur cover and surround the locality. The taste of the water is intensely sour, making it unfit for drinking purposes. It has no smell, but for- merly there must have been large quantities of sulphureted hydrogen contained in it, as the sulphur deposit indicates. Large quantities of free sulphuric acid is found in the [ water, but the sulphur deppsit, it is claimed by chemists, cannot be derived from this source. Chemists are at least unacquainted witn a process by which free sulphuric acid would turn under the circumstances, such as the above, into sulphur. The composition is certainly a remarkable one, as will be seen from the following analysis. In one hundred thousand parts are contained parts :

Free sulphuric acid 78.4

Potassium sulphate 2.5

Sodium sulphate 15.1

Calcium sulphate 15.3

Magnesium sulphate 1.2

Aluminium persulphate 127.0

Iron persulpnate 33.2

Nitric acid Trace.

Chlorine '. - Trace.

Ammonia Trace.

Liithium Trace.

Springs or lakes of a chemical character like this are verjr rare; singular is also the smaU trace of chlorides in a water so strongly charged with mineral matters. The only known instance analogous to it is the Sour Lake in Texas, and a spring in the vicinity of the yolcanoes in South American Cordilleros de los Andes.

Lake County.

(10) Adams Springs.

These springs are located in the pine mountains of Lake County, about eight miles south of Clear Lake, and two and a half miles from Siegler Springs, six miles from Harbin Springs, and twenty-eight miles from Cal- i istoga. They are reached from San Francisco by rail to Calistoga, and I thence by stage on alternate days. There is a good hotel at the springs. % An analysis of the waters has been made, but the name of the chemist is imknown to me. The water is highly charged with carbonic acid gas, and I is said to have a decided taste of petroleum. The Y/atoa ajt 1 Rood for rheumatiiSi22 and bilious diseases, and BeveiaV ol 1 mease aw said to have been improved by its use.

(11) Allen Springs,

Are located in a caiion near the head of Cache Creek, forty-five miles from Williams, which may be reached by rail from Sacramento. Communica- tion between Williams and the springs is made by stage.

The waters of Allen Springs are cold, saline, highly charged with free carbonic acid gas, temperature 50". An analysis made by W. T. Wenzell, whose name is a guarantee of its correctness, has been published.

(12) Anderson 8 Springs.

The character of these springs is hot sulphur and steam. They lie nineteen miles from Calistoga, and five miles from Middletown. There is a good hotel at the locality and a number of commodious cottages. No chemical analysis has been reported, and no further information obtained.

(13) Bartlett Springs.

These springs lie sixteen miles northeast of Clear Lake, in Lake county, and forty miles west of Williams, in Colusa county. They may be reached from San Francisco by rail to Calistoga, thence by stage. While n6 analysis has been published, the water is said to contain arsenic, by which reputed skin and other diseases are said to have been cured. The water is cold. It is largely bottled, and sold in San Francisco and elsewhere.

(14) Bonanza Springs,

There are several of these springs, about which, however, but little is 1 known, aside from the fact that they are warm chalybeate; one is cold. There is also a cold plunge bath. No analysis has been made. Route from San Francisco is by rail to Calistoga, thence by stage to the springs.

(15) Highland Springs.

Situated twentjr-five miles from Cloverdale, seven miles south of .Lake- port, and four miles from Kelse3rville, in sight of Clear Lake. Altitude, seventeen hundred feet. The springs are reached from San Francisco in ten hours by rail and steam to Cloverdale, thence by stage. There are several of the springs known by different names, as the " magnesia spring," the "magic spring," the "Dutch spring," and the "soda spring." The general character of the water may be learned by the following analysis:

Magic Springs, analyzed by Professor W. S. Rising, University of California. Tempera- ture,

Grains per U. S. Gal.

Chloride of sodium 1.290

Bicarbonate of potash 0.544

Bicarbonate of soda 21.76S

Bicarbonate of lime 60.411

Bicarbonate of magnesia 70.243

Bicarbonate of iron 0.973

Bicarbonate of manganese Trace.

Silica 7.398

Alumina 0.169

Organic matter Trace.

Free carbonic acid 74.462

Tol 227.25S

Bjebkeley, April 3, 1882.

The water from these springs has been bottled and sold in the State and elsewhere to a considerable extent.

(16) Hot Borate and Ammonia Spring,

This remarkable mineral spring is situated on the edge of Clear Lake near the Sulphur Bank Quicksilver Mine. An analysis made by Gideon E. Moore may be found in Geology of California, vol. 1, by J. D. Whitney, folio. The water is remarkable as containing large quantities of potassium, ammonia, bromine, and borax. The waters have been used medicinally, but as yet to no great extent.

(17) HougKa Mineral Spring,

This spring, of which but little is known, is reached by stage from Wil- liams in Colusa Coimty, by which daily communication is made.

(18) Howard Springs,

Located five miles from Adams' Springs, one and one half miles from Siegler Springs, and five miles north of Harbin. Altitude, two thousand two hundred and twenty-five feet. May be reached from San Francisco by Napa Valley Railroad to Calistoga, thence by stage. There is a good hotel at the springs, and commodious cottages. There are said to be four- teen springs, hot and cold; temperature from 58" to 109 One spring is chalybeate, one is cold, sparkHng, and highly charged with carbonic acid gas. No analysis reported. Information as to the character of the water of this spring to be obtained without an actual visit to the locahty is meager and unsatisfactory.

(19) Iodine Spring,

In April, 1872, a remarkable mineral water was examined by Falkenau & Hais of San Francisco, which was found to contain considerable iodine. Information has since been obtained to the effect that the spring is situated at the entrance of Grizzly Canon, Lake Countv, five or six miles from Wilbur Springs. This subject has been alluded to in the fourth annual report oi this office, foUo 230.

(20) Saratoga Springs — -formerly Piersons,

Situated fourteen miles from Lakeport, one mile west of Witter Springs. They may be reached from San Francisco by rail to Calistoga, thence by stage to Lakeport and the springs. There is a good hotel and accommoda- tions. The springs, of which there are several, are cold. The waters are sulphurous and alkaline, containing, it is claimed, sulphur, soda, iron, magnesia, and free carbonic acid gas. No analysis is reported. It is claimed that a multitude of diseases are cured or ameliorated by the use of the waters.

(21) Siegler Springs (hot and cold).

These somewht celebrated springs are situated in a canon, said to have aa elevation of two thousand five hundred feet. There is at the locifc a good hotel and accommodations. The waters are alkatmft awA. OcisiX:- ;;rl Wte, One spring ib said to contain arsenic, and to be va\viafc\ei iotXfe

w

treatment of chronic cutaneous diseases. An analysis of the waters reported, but as far as can be learned it has not been published.

These springs are reached by stage from Calistoga. Time froni Francisco, twelve hours.

(22) Witter Springs.

These springs are situated in the Coast Range of mountains, five milei""] . from the town of Upper Lake, and fifteen from Lakeport, near the Blufti Lakes. There are several springs which are cold. They are alkalinet sulphurous, and have considerable reputation as yielding healing waters..? There is a good hotel on the grounds, and a number of commodious cot- tages for visitors. No analysis has been published.

Lassen County.

(23) Big Hot Springs.

This spring lies about three miles north of Honey Lake. The exact locality is section twenty-three, township twenty-nine north, range fifteer east, Mt. Diablo meridian. It is called a boiling spring, which it practi- cally is, its temperature being 200* F. The water rises with considerable force from an orifice equal to a foot square. From observations made by- John Pfeninger, from a spout 4x18 inches, forty-five cubic inches flowed in one minute. The chemical character of the water is not known, as no analysis has been made. No medicinal properties are yet claimed for it.

Los Angeles County.

(24) Fulton's Sulphur Wells.

These artificial flowing wells yielding a mineral water claimed to be val- uable, lie two miles north of Norwalk Station, on the Los Angeles and Anaheim railroad. An analysis is published in a circular issued by Dr. J. E. Fulton, from whom the wells are named. This shows the water to contain bi-carbonate of soda, lime, magnesia and iron, sulphate of soda, chloride of sodium, silica, traces of iodine and potash, and free car- bonic acid, hydrosulphuric and nitrogen gases. The water flows from two wells three hundred to three hundred and fifty feet deep. The water is cold. There is a good hotel on the grounds, and good accommodations for visitors. A daily stage connects with the railroad at Norwalk.

Mendocino County.

(25) California Seltzer Spring,

This valuable spring I visited personally, and the following is the result of my observations. Analysis have been made and published by J. A. Bauer, Louis Falkenau, and by myself:

The spring is situated in Mendocino County, about one and one half miles from the Fountain House, which is twelve miles from Cloverdale, on the Ukiah road.

The distance from Cloverdale to the spring in a direct line is nine miles, and the direc- tion, north forty-two degrees west.

The exact location may be stated as follows : It is on the southeast quarter of the north- east quarter of section five, township twelve north, range eleven west, Mount Diablo base and meridian.

The spring lies in a beautiful and picturesque valley, and the mountain scenery sur- rounding it is charming. A small frame building has oeen erected over the airing; to pro- tectitfroni the sun and rain. The water flows from ahaVL-mcVi pVe,a.iv\ arvvVxAoxTCiQAi Aose who reside near the spring that the flow is contiixviOMa atidec!\\>cixQ.\3LQv\X.\Jtv

year. By careful experiment I found the discharge from the pipe to equal 46.89 wine gallons per hour, or 1101.36 gallons in twenty-four hours.

There are several points m the cafion where the same water issues from the ground, which is allowed to run to waste, all of which could be saved and turned to account.

When drawn from the spout, the water is cold, having a temperature of 61' Fahrenheit. At the time the temperature was taken that of the room was 98°.

The water, to the taste, is very agreeable. It contains such an excess of carbonic acid that that gas is continually being given off, like champagne. Carbonic acid gas is also continually bubbling up from the pool into which the water falls from the spout.

When first drawn the water is perfectly clear, but soon assumes a faint opalescence, and after standing for some time it lets fall an inconsiderable precipitate. At the exit there is a large deposit of a red sediment, which is seen on the sides of cisterns into which the water flows, and also on the stones in the bed of the stream.

The water does not act on all persons drinking it alike. To some it is a gentle cathartic, while others are not so affected.

When the water is shaken in a vessel there is a sudden evolution of free carbonic acid gas. When first drawn the water gives an acid reaction, owinj to the carbonic acid; but after standing for some time, or after boiling, it becomes alkalme.

A large proportion of the solid constituents are held in solution by the free carbonic acid; these become insoluble, and precipitate, when the water is boiled.

The total solid constituents of the water in a wine gallon, obtained by evaporating that quantity i)f the water to dryness in a silver dish, was found to be 181.2311 grains.

Mono County.

(26) Mono Lake,

A wide spreading sheet of mineral water lies in Mono County, and is one among the manjr natural curiosities of our noble State, which should be more generally visited by tourists, which is now no haraship, as a first class narrow gauge railway runs within a short distance from its shores. This lake, which is more correctly an inland sea, resembles in many of its features the Dead Sea of the Holy Land. The same may be said of Owens' Lake, a description of which will be found in its proper place.

Mono Lake lies in a depression, in an extensive desert basin, which was

probably in ancient times an extensive volcanjc crater, and from which

can be traced streams of ancient lava, which flowed in several directions.

The lake is fourteen miles, more or less, from east to west, and nine

from north to south, but it varies in size, owing to temperature and the

quantity of snow that falls during any year on the summits of the adjacent

Sierras. When an unusually large quantity of snow falls the waters

expand, and for the same reason they become more dilute. When the

conditions are different the waters of the lake evaporate, and it shrinks.

The waters becoming in proportion more dense and highly charged with

salts, this fluctuation is marked on the shore by an ampMmeater of low

terraces.

At one time the lake was much larger than at present, as shown by magnificent terraces at a greater distance from the shores. The water derives its salts from rivers or creeks that flow into it. These collect from the volcanic soils the soluble parts, which they deposit in the lake. Having no outlet, the basin retains it, and by evaporation it becomes con- densed. During a period of probably many centuries this lake has stored up vast quantities of valuable salts, which await the hand of man to gather and utilize.

These waters are intensely saline, but their exact constituents are not yet known; a careful and exhaustive analysis has been commenced by the Mining Bureau, the results of which will, no doubt, be duly published.

There are several islands in the lake, on one of which there are hot and unneral springs, a feeble remnant of the volcanic activity oi foxTcvet A few miles from the margin of the lake, may be seeiv N<e.wKv

66

memento of past volcanic energy. Great quantities of gulls and otheil aquatic birds flock to the shores of the lake to feast on the larvae whidy abound in its waters. ' j.'!

The presence of worms and minute and curious living forms in the highlilj alkaline waters of the lake, is a striking example of nature's care for am-; mal life. How these creatures can live in a solution so alkaline that itl will attack the flesh of a human being, is one of the mysteries of the' universe.

The water sent down to the Mining Bureau has been placed in a larga! vessel of crystal glass, and is now on exhibition in the Museum. 5 first received, on looking through it, one could see a number of strang animals swimming about in full possession of life and happiness; although preferring to swim on their backs, their motion resembled that of the oan of a Venetian gondola, or of the argo, as described in mythological fable. Yet, when the bottle is gently shaken, the water strikes against the sides, of the vessel containing it like oil, or concentrated sulphuric acid. Whea evaporated this extraordinary water leaves behind a white saline masa equal to 2926 grains in an imperial gallon.

There is in my mind no finer view in the State than of the valley oir desert in which Mono Lake lieswith the White Mountains for a back— ground, as seen from the summit of Mono Pass. It is only a short distance &om the Yosemite, which is visited by thousands of tourists annually* The route is by Lake Tenaya, Cathedral Peak, Tuolumne Valley, the Soda, Springs, and the most romantic and highly interesting Mono Pass and Bloody Cafion. It is strange that more tourists do not avail themselves of the opportunity to visit these interesting localities.

The larvae in the lake are thrown up by the sluggish waves, and accu- mulate in enormous quantities. They are gathered by the Indians and dried for food. To them Ijhey are as delightful a refection as locusts and wild honey of Bible fame.

The mineral salts contained in this vast depository should and will be utilized at no distant day. The reaction for boracic acid is so decided that it is almost safe to predict that crystals of borax will eventually be found in the mud at the bottom of the lake, as at Borax Lake, in Lake County, and it is to the interest of the State that an exhaustive analysis should be made of the waters.

The following analysis of Mono Lake water, by J. R. Murphy, was copied into the Mining and Scientific Press, vol. 12, fol. 59, from the Reese River Reveille :

Acids Present.

Quantitative.

Boracic Large traces.

Carbonic Abundant (free ?).

HydrosUlphuric Abundant (free?).

Phosphonc Traces.

Silica Traces.

Quantitative.

Chloride of sodium 5.854.

Chloride of potassium 1.581.

Chloride of calcium 2.630.

Chloride of magnesium 8,206.

Sulphate of lime 402.

Sulphide of calcium Traces.

Sulphide of magnesium Traces.

Water 81.327.

Nameless Mineral Spring,

Near Bridgeport. This spring, represented in State Museum by No. 1,576, has deposited a very large quantity of aragonite or ealeite.

Monterey County.

(27) Paraiso Hot and Cold Mineral Springs,

These springs are situated six miles from Soledad, one hundred and forty-three miles from San Francisco, on the Southern Pacific Railroad ; a stage connects daily with the station. There is a good hotel on the grounds and twenty-five two-story cottages. The altitude is said to be 1,200 feet above the valley. The waters flow from a number of springs which have the same general character, as shown in the following analysis made by a well known and rehable chemist:

Chemical Laboratory, Santa Clara College, S. J., ) Santa Clara, California, November 25, 1871. /

Mr. Pbdro Zavala : Your sample of water having been duly analyzed in our chemical laboratory, gave the following result: In one gallon of water were found —

Grains.

Matter volatile on ignition, so called organic matter 6.25

Silica 2.62

Alumina and iron 1.60

Magnesia Trace.

Chloride of potassium 0.35

Chloride of sodium 3.50,

Sulphate of soda 35.50

Caroonate of soda 4.23

Sulphateof lime 4.32

Caroonate of lime 1.43

Total 58.80

Yours respectfully',

A. CICHI, S. J., Professor of Chemistry.

P. S.— The water contains 35.50 grains to the gallon of sulphate of soda. This sulphate of soda (written otherwise Glauber's Salt) is used universally as a cathartic.

Napa County.

(28) Calistoga Thermal Springs.

These springs are in the town of Calistoga within a few minutes walk of the terminus' of the Napa Valley Railroad. There are a number of them, all of which are warm; some very hot. Over the principal spring now stands a small, dilapidated, wooden building with no doors or windows. The spring from which steam escapes continually, is boxed up with boards; the box is about two feet square. The temperature of a bucket of this spring freshly dipped up when I visited it, was F. by two observa- tions, carefully taken. The temperature of the air was 86°. The water that overflows heats the surface water outside the building to 120 The water in a small creek near by was The temperature of the old mud-bath was found to be 104°, and the spring that feeds it 148°. The plunge-bath spring was 132*',tand the spring that supplies the bath house 173°. The chicken-soup spring had a temperature of 154°, and the water pumped up for baths at the Magnolia Hotel at Calistoga was 102°. The waters are both for bathing and for drinking, but an analysis was made by J. T. Rudolph of Sacramento, and published in Dr. Hatch's th the exception of the rather large quantity of free "hydioxiVxTic &ejr contain no elements likely to give them much Tep\xta\,\oxifoT

virtues. But there is no locality that I know of in California where su< facilities are found to make a delightful place of resort. The heat of water, now going to waste, could be employed in manufacturing, specie for fruit drying, or conducted in pipes, would impart vitality to tropi< plants. Conservatories so heated could be made to vie with the celebral palm houses of Kew Gardens in London. Calistoga is a beautiful plao€'~ situated in a most delightful locality. With a judicious outlay of capital,t and labor, directed by men of taste, judgment, and ability, the grounds- upon which these springs lie could be made an earthly paradise. %

The springs seem to originate at the base of a conical mound or butte which rises on the grounds to an altitude of from seventy-five to eighty feet, which tends to give a landscape garden aspect to the grounds.

There are good hotels in Calistoga, and on the grounds there are a num- ber of roomy cottages for the use of visitors; in front of each is a large pal- metto tree which gives a tropical appearance to the grounds. At the time of my visit, all were deserted. The chicken soup spring is in no way entitled to the name. It is a trick of those interested, to take up a dipper of the water and to add pepper and salt, which, to a person of active imagination does have somewhat the taste of soup. My experiments show that any- warm water so treated has the same taste, and that it is to the pepper and salt and not to the water that the tast is due.

(29) JEtna Springs,

I visited these springs in September, 1881, having been at the same locality when it was being worked as a quicksilver mine, a number of years before.

These springs lie in a small depression at the northern end of Pope Valley. The exact locality is sections one and two, township nine north, and range six west. Mount Diablo meridian. The altitude is said to be one thousand feet, but by barometer it seemed to be only seven hundred and sixty feet. It is fifteen miles east of St. Helena.

There are two springs which discharge a large quantitjr of water; one is from the old mining shaft of the Valley Quicksilver Mine. The shaft is one hundred and twenty-five feet deep. The Valley Mine was incorporated in 1867, certificate filed May sixteenth. The company made the serious mistake of sinking the working shaft in the bed of the creek, which neces- sitated costly pumping apparatus, and in the winter the mine was flooded by the waters of the creek. There was also much trouble caused from emanations of carbonic acid gas in the workings. At one time consider- able ore was extracted, but owing to the difiiculties the jdeld was but small.

The springs have gained quite a reputation. The number of visitors is given below for four years:

1881.— 1 l,200v

A full analysis of the water was made by Edward Booth, chemist of the State Mining Bureau, which is published in the second annual report of this office, folios 10 and 11. An analysis made by A. J. Bauer was pub- lished in Dr. Hatch's report. The water is perfectly clear; at the time of 227 visit, the temperature was 98°, that of the ak bem The first taste 18 pleasant but peculiar, and sparkling as if con\,ammTCiue\i e.2."t\iQrKVfc

stream drop an alkaline incrustation. There is a distinct alkaline smell at both springs. When shaken in a bottle gas escapes. There is also a decided smell of hydrosulphuric acid when so shaken.

In one spring large bubbles of carbonic gas rise to the surface, and in a pool in the creek bed a constant bubbling takes place.

On the grounds there is a commodious hotel, and cottages for the use of visitors. The valley is warm and dry and the mountain scenery charming.

Much is claimed for the curative properties of the waters of these springs, with what truth I am unable to say.

(30) Harbin Springs,

Lie twenty miles more or less from Calistoga. They are reached by stage from the station. There are numerous springs. The temperature of the principal one is 118 The waters are sulphurous and chalybeate. No analysis has been published. The springs have a good reputation and many visitors. The accommodations are said to be good. As usual in California, cottages are provided for the convenience of those who prefer them to the hotel.

(31) Kellogg Springs.

They lie near Calistoga. I have no other information concerning them that is reliable.

(32) Napa Soda Springs.

These are the oldest and the best known of any California mineral springs. For many years the waters have been bottled and sold all over the Pacific Coast. They lie on the slope of the mountains east of Napa Valley, and seven or eight miles north of Napa City. An analysis of the waters made by Dr. L. Lansweert, in May, 1856, has been published in Dr. Hatch's report. The buildings and accommodations for visitors are the most numerous and extensive of any in the State. .

(33) White Sulphur Springs.

These springs, which lie only two miles from the Town of St. Helena, have become a fashionable and elegant place of resort. There is a good hotel, beautiful grounds, and cottages for the use of visitors. There are nine springs, having a temperature from to P. Analyses of three of them, made by Professor Le Conte of the University of California, have been published in the report of Dr. Hatch. The waters are used both externally and internally.

Placer County.

(34) Cornelian Hot Springs

Lie on the margin of Lake Tahoe. There are several of them, hot and cold. The waters are used principally for bathing. They are said to be very eflScient in the treatment of rheumatism and neuralgia. The springs are reached by railroad to Truckee, thence by stage. There is a good hotel and accommodations on the grounds. As far as I have been able to learn, no analysis has been made.

(35) Summit Soda Springs.

Bhiated twelve mileB from Soda Spring Station, on t\ie Cenix Qs\Sve.

altitude is said to be six thousand and nine feet. The waters are alkaline, with an excess of free carbonic acid gas. An analysis, made by J. F. Rudolph of Sacramento, has been published in the report of Dr. Hatch.

San Bernardino County.

(36) Arrowhead Hot Springs. :

Located ten miles from Colton andvsix miles northeast of San Bernar- dino. Altitude over two thousand feet. First came into notice in 1858. It is claimed that the waters and climate will cure consumption. One spring actually boils, having a temperature of F. An artificial pond for bathing has been prepared, the dimensions of which are one hundred by seventjr-five feet. There are mud baths, also, which are deemed of great use in cutaneous diseases. No analysis has been published.

Anti-Fat Spring,

Situated twelve miles from Temescal, on the Santa Ana River. A sample of the water was brought to the State Mining Bureau and was entered on the catalogue No. 1,577. There being no laboratory, no analy- sis was made. The name indicates what is claimed for the water.

(37) San Bernardino Hot Springs,

These waters gush out from crevices in granite. Sufficient water flows from them to raise the temperature of a small stream near by to F. The water so heated is ample to constitute an efficient water power. It would not be a new thing in California to see a mill wheel turned by hot water. There is a large hot spring near Blind Springs, in Mono County, which cannot, however, be classed as a mineral spring, which actually drove a quartz mill for several years. I have seen this myself. The water was scalding hot.

The San Bernardino Hot Springs are calcareous and form a deposit or incrustation on twigs and pebbles which is snow white. The temperature is from to 172° F. The altitude of the springs is said to be sixteen hundred feet. No analysis of the waters has been made.

San Diego County. (38) Aqua Caliente, Thermal Sulphur Springs,

These springs are on Warner's ranch, fifty miles from San Diego. There are at least seven springs, var3dng in temperature from to 142" F. They flow from small openings in a ravine, formerly the bed of a brook now diverted. Bubbles of sulphuretted hydrogen are continually escaping. The water, highly charged with this gas, has a pleasant acid taste. At one orifice a jet of steam issues with a hissing sound. No analysis of the waters has been made. Cures are claimed for dropsy, rheumatism, and cutaneous diseases. At last accounts these springs were in possession of a band of Indian§, who let adobe huts or cottages to visitors.

There are other mineral springs in this county, near Elsinore. The fol- lowing, from the San Diego Union, is all the information I have been able to gain:

A wonderful little valley running through the toYu site, coTv\.a\ivwv TwrnexaX of Aoi and cold water, sulphur, soda, white sulphur, magnesia, iTOii,\iOxax,\io\.TrL\i,lT\>L water, etc.— one hundred and eighty-six in number.

San Luis Obispo County.

(39) Arroyo Grande Warm Springs,

These springs are located fourteen miles south of San Luis Obispo, and fifteen miles from Port Harford, by which they are in communication by daily stage. Port Harford is reached by steamer from San Francisco. There are good accommodations to be obtained at all times. As in the case of all other mineral springs in the State, it is claimed that a large number of diseases are cured by the use of the waters.

(40) Big Sulphur Spring.

Of which nothing more is known, lies in section thirty-six, township thirty-two south, and range twenty-one east, M. D. M.

(41) Bitter Water Spring,

A spring so named is located in section four, township thirty-two south, range eighteen east. No further information has been obtained.

(42) Black Sulphur Spring, Is situated in the same section.

(43) Cameta Warm Springs,

Lie in township twenty-nine south, range seventeen east, M. D. M. I have no other information concerning them.

(44) Iron Mineral Spring.

Located near the Huero-Huero Rancho, on section twenty-five, town- ship twenty-eight south, range fourteen east, M. D. It is said to belong to a company, and to have much value as a curative agent.

(45) Anonymous Mineral Spring,

Township thirty south, range fourteen east, M. D. M. No other infor- mation obtained.

(46) Newsoms White Sulphur Springs.

Located fourteen miles, in a southerly direction, from the city of San Luis Obispo, and twelve miles southeasterly from Port Harford, and two miles from the Arroyo Grande stage station. This would place them near Xo. 39. They are within six miles of the ocean, beach. Much is claimed for the medicinal virtues of these waters, and they are said to be a sure cure for nasal catarrh. There is a hotel on the ground and cottages for the use of visitors. This spring is represented in the State Museum by No. 1,572.

The five following springs, which are not yet named, are in the same neighborhood, are also represented in the State Museum. The catalogue numbers are also given:

(47)— 1570— Mineral Water.

Spring No. 1, Cuesta Ranch, northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of section seven, township thirty south, range thirteen east. Mount Ciablo meridian.

(AS)— 1571— Mineral Water.

Spring No. 2, Cuesta Ranch, northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of section seven, township thirty south, range thirteen east. Mount Diablo meridian.

{49)— 157— Water.

From the Arroyo Grande Warm Springs, sulphur water No. 2, Santa Manuella Rancho.

{50)—1574— Water.

From the Arroyo Grande Warm Springs, sulphur water No. 3, Santa Manuella Rancho.

{51)—1575— Mineral Water.

Arroyo Grande Warm Springs, sulphur water No. 4, Santa Manuella Rancho.

(52) Paso Eobles Thermal Sulphur Springs.

Located twenty-three miles very nearly north of San Luis Obispo, town- ship twenty-six south, range twelve east, Mount Diablo meridian. These springs have a widespread reputation, not only for the medicinal properties of the waters, but also for the fine climate and beautiful surroundings. They lie in a natural grove of oaks, from which the name is derived. There is a good hotel, and the best of accommodations to be had. There are several springs having a temperature of from 110° to P. The waters are used for drinking and bathing. When largely used they are laxative, otherwise tonic, and are specially recommended for rheumatism, malarial affections, and cutaneous diseases. Two analyses have been pub- lished in the report of Dr. Hatch, one from a clear thermal spring and one of a mud bath. The name of the chemist is not given. The water is charged with gas. About the principal spring an inclosing wall of freestone has been built. The water is clear, but smells strongly of hydrosulphuric acid gas. The water of some of the springs is nearly cold. The mud! baths are artificially prepared.

Santa Barbara County.

(53) Santa Barbara Hot Sulphur Springs.

Altitude, about one thousand five hundred feet. There are seven springs at the locality, nearly aW of which are of the same general character. They are said to contain free sulphur (if so it must be held in suspense), and an excess of hydrosulphuric acid (sulphuretted hydrogen). Tem- perature, from to 117° F. The waters are held in high esteem for the cure of cutaneous diseases, rheumatism, and paralysis. An artifical bath has been constructed, which is deep enough for a plunge. The springs are accessible by steamer to Santa Barbara; thence by stage. Distance, about five miles. No analysis has yet been made of the water. A thick incrustation of sulphate oi alumina forms at ftve oviWX. oi oife t\vefte jprings.

Santa Clara County.

(54) GUroy Hot Sulphur Springs,

These springs are situated twelve miles east of Gilroy, from which they may be reached by stage. There is said to be but one principal spring, located near Coyote Creek. The water is clear and hot. It is used both for bathing and drinking. There is a good hotel at the springs, which affords excellent accommodations. No analysis has been published, to my knowledge.

(55) Alum Rock Sulphur Springs,

Situated in Penitentiary Cafion, seven miles from San Jose. The character of the springs is given as sulphur, soda, and salt springs. The temperature is 85". A partial analysis has been published in Dr. Hatch's report. There is a good hotel at the springs, and good accommodations. From San Francisco these springs may be reached by rail to San Jose; thence by stage.

(56) Pacific Congress or Saratoga Springs.

Locality in the Coast Range, ten miles west of Santa Clara. The water quite extensively bottled and sold in the State. The springs are cha- lybeate and alkaline. If the water is freely used it acts as a purgative, otherwise the eflFect upon the system is tonic. Two analyses have been made — one by J. A. Bauer, and one bv James Howden, which are pub- lished in the report of Dr. Hatch. The best of accommodations at the hotel or in cottages, according to the taste or desire of visitors. The springs may be reached by rail to Los Gatos; thence by stage.

(57) New Almaden Vichy,

This spring has long been known. It is situated near the New Al- maden Quicksilver Mine. Many years ago the waters were largely bottled and sold. It was specially a favorite with the French population. An analysis by E. Pique, of San Francisco, was published as an advertise- ment by those who made a business of the sale of the water. The analy- sis is given below:

One bottle (two pounds) contains one hundred and eight grains and sixteen hundredths of solid matter, as follows :

Acide carbonique (carbonic acid) 28.02 grains.

Bi-carboate de soude (bi-carbonate of soda) 60.03 grains.

Bi-carbonate de chaux (bi-carbonate of lime) 8.00 grains.

Oxyde de fer (oxyd of iron) 1.02 grains.

Sulfate de chaux (sulphate of lime) 10.05 grains.

Sulfate de magnesia (sulphate of magnesia) 3.00 grains.

Chlorure de sodium (chloride of sodium ) 8.04 grains.

Silice (silica) Traces.

108.16 grains.

It is claimed these waters possess curative properties in case of rheu- matism and gout, and to be a valuable tonic. It is curious to note that an unusual number of the best mineral springs in the State are in the near vicinity of quicksilver mines.

(58) Magnetic Mineral Spring,

Near Watsonville; no reliable information could be oblaiive ecrsxctTKVw tim spring without a visit to the locality.

Shasta County. ;,

(59) Soda Springs,

These springs are situated in the canon of the Sacramento River at sm elevation of two thousand three hundred and sixty-three feet. The waterg are chalybeate. As they run from the springs they deposit an extensive bed of iron. There is an excess of carbonic acid gas in the waters, which are cold; temperature, 52". They may be reached from San Francisco bir rail to Redding; thence by stage. The locality and the springs sum described in Geology of California (Whitney), vol. 1, folio 332.

Solano County.

(60) Tolenas Spring,

Situated five miles north of Suisun. The waters are saline alkaline, but in the absence of any analysis no further information can be given. The water has, to a limited extent, been charged with carbonic acid, bottled, and sold. The spring may be reached from San Francisco by rail to Sui- sun, and thence by stage or private conveyance.

(61) Fairmont Mineral Spring,

On Whitman's Ranch, four miles east of Cloverdale. No analysis has been made that I can obtain information of.

(62) Litton Seltzer Springs.

These justly celebrated springs are situated near Healdsburg; the waters contain carbonated alkali, and an excess of carbonic acid gas. They are pleasant to the taste, and many cures are accredited to their use. The water is largely bottled, and sold in this city and State. There is a good hotel, and first class accommodations on the grounds, which are near a railroad station. When freshly drawn, the water is slightly acid; after standing, it becomes alkaline. One wine gallon contains 228.69 grains of solid constituents, which consist of the following:

Acids. Bases.

Boracic. Alumina.

Carbonic. Ammonia.

Hydrochloric. Iron.

Sulphuric. Lime.

Silicic. Silica.

Magnesia.

Potash.

Soda.

And organic matter.

There is a large quantity of free carbonic acid which escapes on stand- ing. The water in the spring is abundant. When it is required in bottles it is forced into a receiver with considerable pressure, from which it is drawn into bottles and quickly corked. No carbonic acid gas is added artificially to the water.

(63) Geyser Spa or Geyser Soda Spring.

This spring is situated four miles from GeyeeiVvW, ?ai \3cifc in the city and State. There are agencies aVso iiv acTa.metv\,OJ&\a.\\$

Santa Rosa, and San Rafael. These waters were thus sold twenty-four years ago. The business was resumed last November. An analysis pub- lished by Dr. Hatch in his report shows the water to be very nearly iden- tical with that of Skaggs Spring.

(64) Mark West Hot Sulphur Spring,

Located eight miles from Santa Rosa on the road to Cloverdale, township eight north, and range eight west, by Bancroft's map. Beside the hot spring there are cold sulphur and iron springs. No analysis of the waters have been published. There is a good hotel and cottages on the grounds which furnish first class accommodations.

(65) Skaggs Springs,

Located eight miles southwest of Geyserville, in township ten north, range eleven west, Mount Diablo neridian. There are two springs of hot water, and a cold soda spring. The principal spring is situated in the bed of a dry creek. The temperature is to F. An analysis by Pro- fessor E. W. Hilgard, of the University of California, has been published. Besides those mentioned above there is a chalybeate well. A good hotel and commodious cottages offer ample and excellent accommodations. The waters are recommended for neuralgia, rheumatism, sciatica, dyspepsia, and chronic diseases of the kidneys.

(66) Geysers,

The group of mineral springs known by this name, of which there are three hundred in number, covering an area of one thousand acres, are counted among the natural wonders of CaUfornia. The altitude is given as one thousand nine hundred feet above sea level. Some of the springs are hot, others cold. One blows off steam like the escape pipe of a steam- boat, from which it takes the name of the " Steamboat Geyser." The springs were discovered in 1847, since which they have been visited by many persons. No sufficient analysis or analyses have ever been made of the waters of these springs, nor have the waters ever been bottled for sale. The springs are situated on the Pluton River, which empties into Russian River, near Cloverdale.

There are two routes to these springs. By rail, either to Cloverdale or Calistoga, and thence by stage. There are ample hotel and bathing accommodations. The temperature of the springs, of which there are three classes — aluminous, sulphurous, and chalybeate — is from to

(67) Santa Rosa White Sulphur Springs,

They lie only two miles from Santa Rosa. Hot and cold sulphur baths are offered to visitors. No further information has been obtained.

Tehama County.

(68) Tuscan Springs,

Lie in section thirty-two, township twenty-eight north, range two weat nine miles from Red Bluff. There are three prmcipaV q>1

three springs is thus given: Black sulphur, 68° P.; white sulphur, P. ; red sulphur, 80" P. The waters are said to contain large quantities iodine, lithium, and of potash, and to be eflfective remedies in treatme: of rheumatism, cutaneous diseases, and intermittent fevers. They are said also to resemble the Blue Lick waters of Kentucky.

(69) lAck Spring,

This is one of the Tuscan Springs (No. 68), which was discovered by ftr John A. Veatch in January, 1856, in what was then Shasta County. Th subject is referred to on folio 15 of Part II, third annual report of thi office, 1883. An analysis was made by Dr. L. Lanszwert and published by Dr. J. B. Trask, first State Geologist, in his report of 1856, folio 61. By referring to this analysis it will be seen that it was of a most sur- prising nature, but Dr. Veatch states that it is unreliable. Still, the prac- tical results obtained were very extraordinary. In January, 1856, Dr. Veatch, while evaporating the water in course of a chemical examination, obtained several pounds of borax crystals, which were deposited in the museum of the California Academy of Sciences, where they probably still remain. This was the first borax known to exist on the Pacific Coast. By a reference to the former reports of this office it will be seen how important that discovery really was.

Tuolumne County.

(70) Cold Soda Spring.

This very important mineral spring, which I have visited, is situated in Tuolumne Valley, on the Mono trail from the Yosemite to Mono Lake. It is located on Holt's map in township one south and range twenty-four east, M. D. M. The water is cold, sparkling, and delightful to the taste. The surroundings are charming. No analysis has, to my knowledge, been made of the water. At some not very far distant time this will become a favorite place of resort.

Calistoga Silver Mines.

Por many years indications of silver have been found in the vicinity of Calistoga, in Napa County. The hot springs described elsewhere are evi- dences of active solfatara, which elsewhere in the State have produced mineral veins of greater or less value. In the strata exposed by the up- heaval of Mount St. Helena, there are veins or deposits which are without doubt the result of solfataric action. Silverado, on the mountain above the toll house, was at one time the scene of. considerable mining excite- ment. A mill was erected and much work done on the mine. While it is claimed that considerable silver was extracted from the ores, it has never been shown by figures that this was the case. Some years ago, but after the mine was abandoned and while the mill stood idle, I examined very closely some ore left on the platform, and found it to be very poor, from tehich I drew the inference that work was discontinued because the ores were practically worthless. Afterwards, in 1865, 1 again visited ttie locality aii Tcia. .erj examination of the ore on the dump and in tlie otkixv oi

iere of very low grade, but from indications ore bodies of some value might eventually be discovered. The following is the result of an assay of sample of ore from this locality:

Califobnia Assay Office, Wm. Irelan, Jr., Assayer and Chemist. ) Rooms 47, 48, and 49 Merchants' Exchange, San Francisco, September 5, 1885. j

Memorandum of assay of ores made for H. G. Hanks, State Mineralogist, of ores marked "Dump, Calistoga or Venus Mine," and "Average from Calistoga — Museum No. 6,518."

Dump, Calistoga or Venus Mine.

Silver, per ton Troy ounces, 2.18

Gold, per ton Troy ounces, 0.03

Average from Calistoga — Museum. No, 6518.

Silver, per ton Troy ounces, 4.37

Gold, per ton Troy ounces, 0.15

RespectfuUy submitted.

WM. IRELAN, Jr.

I afterwards visited the Grizzly Mine, near the town of Calistoga, and was surprised to find a considerable quantity of good ore taken out, some of which was very rich, as may be seen by the following assay of sample brought to San Francisco and placed in the State Museum:

California Assay Office, Wm. Irelan, Jr., Assayer and Chemist, ) Rooms 47, 48, and 49, Merchants' Exchange, San Francisco, August 27, 1886. )

Memorandum of assay of ore made for Henry G. Hanks, Esq., State Mineralogist.

Silver, -per ton ounces, 514.79

Gold, per ton Troy ounces, 0.6

fiespectfuUy submitted.

WM. IRELAN, Jr.

This result is very remarkable, and seems to justify the hope that val- uable if not extensive silver mines may yet be found at this locality. The Calistoga Mining District is situated in section twenty-four, township nine north, range seven west, M. D. M. The altitude of the Grigsby Mine is two hundred and sixty feet above Calistoga, or five hundred and ninety-one feet above sea level. The Ida Easley Mine is still higher, but in the same dis- trict. This mine is not yet worked to any great extent. It would be hard to predict what developments may yet be made at this very interesting locality.

The Uttle hill, or butte, at the thermal springs, mentioned elsewhere, is an outlier of the mountains which contain the silver ores.

Arrow Mining District, San Bernardino County.

A new gold and silver district has recently been brought to notice, located and named as above. The name is derived from the arrow weed springs, so called, because they furnish the Indians with rush-like stems, which grow in abundance on the margin of the springs, and which they use for the shafts of their arrows. The district lies about twenty-eight miles north- west from Penner Station, on the A. & P. R. R.

The veins, or ledges, bear north by east, and can be traced on the surface for several miles. The principal vein is a contact, the west wall being described as porphyry, and the west quartzite, or granite.

The ore contains gold 760 fine, stained also with copper, an.d cations of silver, aside from that occurring alloyed with. wer ehreD locations made on the principal vein at ttie \irci oi \!tife

my informant, Mr. E. WoUeb of San Francisco, who examined the district in February, 1886. The Arrow and the Red Cloud are the principal veins. But little work had been done. Water from the Arrow springs could be used for mining and milling purposes, but the excessive dryness of the locality it is feared will form a serious impediment to the working of the mines.

Mount St. Helena.

On the twenty-third of August, 1885, I started from the toll house to ascend Mount St. Helena. This station is about two thousand one hun- dred and thirty-seven feet above Calistoga, or about two thousand four hundred and sixty-eight feet above the sea level. There is no wagon-road, but a good trail, leading by a circuitous route up the sloping side of the mountain. The distance from the toll house to the summit is about four miles. The first bench has an approximate altitude of one thousand five hundred and seventy-five feet above the toll house, or three thousand nine hundred and ninety-three feet above the sea level. From this point, the mountain top may be seen at the distance of a mile or so. The ascent from this bench is not difficult.

Before reaching the foot of the highest peak, a depression may be seen to the left, through which a view of the valley beyond is obtained. On the right hand side of this ravine, there is a fine outcropping of basalt in distinct columns, which average about eighteen inches in diameter ; some, however, being three feet.

On the summit, the basalt occurs — the columns being broken ofi* square and forming the extreme top of the mountain. This rock is peculiar and very interesting. It is somewhat brecciated or spotted, light colored, yel- lowish in places, in others a pale, undecided green ; the latter seems to have changed from olivine. On the weathered surfaces, the iron has become peroxidized, and a reddish or tawny color is the result. There seems no doubt that the character of the rock has changed, and that it is now decidedly metamorphic. Under the microscope, the crystals imbedded in the magma forming the rock, are not distinct and have lost their luster. It is much to be regretted that it has been impossible to give this rock the careful study and thorough chemical and optical examination it deserves.

The sides of ttie mountain near the summit are covered with a greenish colored sand, resulting from the disintegration of the basalt. Lower down, near the toll house, the lava rocks, probably basalt, are dark brown, and inclose nodules resembling stone axes. If one of these only had been found, it would not be difficult to believe that it was made by human hands. One had a groove, very roughly cut, which the finder claimed had been made by human beings previous to the flow of the lava. Before I visited the locality, having seen this one only, I was inclined to the same opinion; but finding several resembling it cm the same ground, I concluded that the grooving was the work of very recent hands.

On the summit of the mountain there are two brick columns that sup- ported scientific instruments used by the Coast Survey, which had a station there for several months. There is also a bar of copper, marking the junc- tion of Lake, Napa, and Sonoma Counties. The summit is nearly bare oC vegetation, and is covered with broken blocks of basalt.

The elevation of Mount St. Helena, as determined by the Coast Survey Js four thousand three hundred and forty-three feet: Calistoga is thre hundred and thirty-one, the Toll HouBe about two t\iO\3La.Tv icsv\x \ivindre> and sixty-eight, and th first bench three thouan ivm ?vr

ety-three feet. From the top of the mountain the view is very fine; on clear day even grand. If a good grade should be made from the toll , an easy matter, the locality would soon become a favorite place of WBort.

There is reason to believe that St. Helena was once an active volcano, dthough the summit does not now present a crater-like appearance. That fte action has not yet ceased is evinced by the hot springs at Calistoga lind elsewliere, the emanations of carbonic acid in Clear Lakcj especially it the remarkable spring at Soda Bay, the sulphur bank and quicksilver mines, and the ammoniacal springs near by. June 12, 1841, this mountain was ascended by Wosnessensky, a Russian uaturalist, sent out by the Academy of Science of St. Petersburg. He jjlaced an engraved copper plate on the summit, which was removed by Bome vandal who found it there. It came into the possession of Dr. J. A. Veatch, who presented it to the California State Geological Survey. It would be interesting to know where it is now. About Clear Lake there are great quantities of obsidian, from which the Indians for many years have not only made arrow and spear points, but have exported the material, or the manufactured articles, to distant tribes. After thinking the matter over since my visit to this very interesting locality, and knowing of the evidences of recent volcanic action (recent in a geological sense only) , I see no reason why the mountain may not again break out into active eruption at any time. It is not an uncommon circumstance for volcanoes to remain dormant for centuries, and then, without any special preliminary symptoms, to break out into violent eruption. Our frequent earthquakes are another evidence that the stu- pendous piles of eruptive matter, the result of volcanic action in centuries past, were thrown out by subterranean forces not yet extinct, -tna remained dormant for several hundred years at a time; once, within his- torical period, for four hundred years; another interval was three hundred and fifty years. Vesuvius had been inactive for ages, when it suddenly burst into flames in the year 78 A. D., at which time the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed. It now rises only two thousand three hundred feet above the sea level; but in 1868, when augmented by the piling up of eruptive matter, its summit reached the height of four thou- sand two hundred and fifty-three feet — nearly that of St. Helena at present. I would advise tourists in California to visit the hot springs of Calistoga, Clear Lake, and the summit of Mount St. Helena.

San Diego County.

Having found it convenient to visit the western part of San Diego Cou: I am enabled to give some general information concerning it. It was intention to commence at the Mexican line, and to have made a geol( cal and mineralogical reconnoissance of the whole State to the north boundary, but I was not able to carry out my pilans. On several occasi during the last six years I have examined the eastern portion of this v interesting and important county, the results of which may be found preceding reports.

I left San Francisco, May eighth, by steamer. The weather at this ti of year is delightful on the coast, and a coasting voyage is always oni pleasure and interest. Passed Monterey at 4 p. m., and Point Sur, an ou ing promontory, and arrived at Port Harford, San Luis Obisbo Coui May ninth, at 2 a. m. Left this port at 7 a. m. and ran down by Point and Conception. At 2 o'clock passed Goleta, and saw petroleum spread over the sea, rising from submarine springs. As the ship throws ag the water in her passage, a strong smell of coal oil is observed. I 1 often heard of this locality and the oil springs, but I did not realize extent of surface covered, or the signification from an economic standpo: The smell is not of asphaltum, but of light coal oil, which to the exp enced sense is distinctly different. This locality should be studied, i wells sunk at Goleta, in the hope that the source of these springs may tapped and the oil utilized. At 3 o'clock p. m. the ship arrived at Sa Barbara, where she remained long enough to allow the passengers to the town. I noticed a yellow or buff colored sandstone, which is now u for building purposes. It has been fully described under the head of Ro< and Building Stones. It is not very durable, which is evidenced by decay of the Mission buildings, which are partially built of it. May tei arrived at San Diego. In entering the harbor a striking feature is observ The sea is covered with kelp, which, growing from the rocks beneath, sprei its flat leaves on the surface, and in time of storms is said to act like oil the troubled waters, and to prevent the waves breaking as violently as tl would otherwise do.

Area Of San Diego County.

Assuming Bancroft's map of California, dated 1882, to be correct, Diego County has an area of fourteen thousand four hundred and twer eight square miles, equal to nine million two hundred and thirty-th thousand nine hundred and twenty acres. There are eight States of American Union that have less area than this one California county, follows:

Rhode Island, square miles 1,306

Delaware, square miles 2,120

Connecticut, square miles 4,750

Massachusetts, square miles ..- 7,800

New Jersey, square miles 8,320

New Hampshire, square miles 9,280

Vermont, square miles 10,212

Maryland, square miles 11,124

For seventy-Rve miles inland from the seacoa.e.\,, Wi covxwttY is brol into irregular spuxB and short mountain chains, Q.oV5tAa

extends for about one hundred miles beyond this point to the Colorado

/ Eiver. The dividing ridge seems to be the San Jacinto Mountains, the

f highest elevation of which is eleven thousand feet. A portion of the Colo-

1 rado Desert is below the sea level. The lowest depression, two hundred

I and sixty-two feet, is on section twelve, township ten south, and range

J twelve east, S. B. M., or very near that locality. The mud volcanoes

lie in the northern part of section fifteen, township eleven south, and

range thirteen east. This very interesting locality is fully described

-J on folio 227 of the second annual report of the State Mineralogist, and a

map of the region is also published in that volume. Beyond the basin

of the dry lake the surface rises again, and is broken into isolated buttes

which, from the almost total absence of water, have not been prospected,

but appearances lead to the hope and expectation that valuable minerals

will be found in them.

Since the discovery of carboniferous fossils, it is not unreasonable to ex- pect, or at least to hope, that beds of true coal will eventually be found. A large bed of coal crops out on the seashore fifteen miles or thereabout, north of San Diego. At Elsinore also a bed of coal or lignite has been discovered on section twenty-six, township five south, and range five west, S. B. M.,but no systematic exploration has been made. An approximate analysis of the latter will be found under the head of lignite. Salt is known to be very abundant, and since my last report extensive works have been under- taken along the shore of the ancient lake. I am informed by those inter- ested that the enterprise is so far a success. My examination of the desert m 1881 led me to hope that nitrate of soda would be found. Other salts, in beautiful crystals, observed in the mud at that time should be examined by a competent chemist in the interest of the State. The so called desert lands are known to be very fertile, wanting water only to change them into a paradise. The climate is tropical, but exceedingly dry; rain seldom falls. The mountain divide separates two very distinct climates. To the east the country is hilly, and to a rather limited extent is traversed by streams of pure water. The hills are green and covered but rather sparsely with timber. The valleys are very fertile and well adapted for settlement, and the rainfall is sufl&cient to insure a crp nearly every year. This portion of the county has an approximate area of six thousand and eighty-four square miles, or three million eight hundred and ninety-three thousand seven hundred and sixty acres — a surface larger than the State of Con- necticut. ..

Along the seacoast the climate is delightful. TBiis portion of the county will undoubtedly support a large population. San Diego harbor is second only to that of San Francisco. The city is destined to become a great commercial center at no very distant day. The western slope of the divide is gradual, while that to the east is abrupt. This is the general fiil character of all the mountain chains in California. The prospect of this county becoming a prolific gold- producing locality increases with the devel- opments that have oeen made. Mines known to be productive have been discovered in the county in the Julian, Pinacate, and Carga Muchacho Mining Districts, while a vast area of unprospected country remains to be looked after.

The Carga Muchacho Mines, from discovery to June 17, 1882, worked fourteen thousand tons, which yielded $167,000, since which time the dis- nine, thirty, and thirty-two, in township fifteen soxxfti, east Pinacate District is in the northwest corner oi tovjYiv

mil

*nti

'ad? lo:

ra-

range three west. The locality of Julian District will be given else Besides gold and silver, the following minerals have recently been in San 'Diego County: asbestus, clay, gypsum, mica, ocher, orth pegmatite, quartz. There are no doubt may others which will evei be found and utilized.

The stage road from San Diego to Julian Mining District, sixt more or less distant, crosses a lertile and beautiful country. It through a succession of fine valleys — Cajon, Nuevo, Ballena, and Ysabel. The ascent is so gradual that the stage is able to make t tance without difficulty in one day.

The following are roughly approximate altitudes taken with j aneroid barometer, but by a single reading only:

Halfway House 180

Ridge near Cajon 510

El Cajon VaUey 220

Rim of Cajon Valley, east 375

Fosters 260

Foot of Atkinson's grade 410

First bench 720

Head of grade 1,220

Summit 1,215

Nuevo 1,200

Foot of Hunsacker grade, four miles from Nuevo I,7fj0

Top of grade 2,230

Ballena Valley 2,240

Santa Ysabel Valley 2,700

Top of Coleman's grade, five miles from Julian 3,400

Julian City 4,000

Banner 2,800

For the first ten miles from San Diego heavy banks of drift, gravel and bowlders are met with. Then a large outcrop of granite may be seen, which presents a singular appearance, from s blotches of a darker color.

Santa Ysabel Valley is circular. It contains much good land, time of my visit it was covered with a luxuriant growth of wiL The rocks from this point to Julian seem to be syenitic. On Hunsj Grade there is a large outcrop of (jrthoclase and pegmatite, of a ( suited for the manufacture of fine pottery. At the town of Juliai the Owens mine, coarse granite with mica crystals crops out. The c about Julian is generally mica schist, and of a quality bearing a si resemblance to about Dahlonega, in Georgia*. I was struck marked likeness m other respects between the two districts.

Julian Mining District.

This district, formerly called also Cuyamaca Mining District, w covered and located in November, 1869, by Mike Julian, Webb , James A. Bailey, and D. D. Bailey. These men had been prospec Arizona and Montana with indifferent success. In December placei were found, and worked in a small way. The first quartz mine disc was the Van Wirt; the next the George Washington. Both were 1 on the same day, February 22, 1870.

The first Julian District, organized February 15, 1870, was boun follows, taken from the Recorder's books:

Beginning one thousand yards west of Harrold's Store and running north ft and south five miles, and four miles west in width.

rang Besi' in S pegn be fc

Tl mort throi Ysal tanc

Tl aner

Fc grav gran blotc

Sa time The Grac suite theC abou resei mar]

Tl

cove: Jam Ariz* were on tl

ri

follow

Beg

and s

The following is a statement by the Recorder of mines located up to August 30, 1870x

cebtiwcate of mining locations.

State of California, ) County of San Diego, j

I, M. S. Julian, Mining Recorder in and for Julian District, in the said County and State, do certify that the record books of the said district in my possession show that the following claims were taken up in pursuance of the laws and resolutions of the said camp, and that the names of the claimants are as given below, and that the quantity claimed and the date of the claim are as hereinafter given — that is to say :

George Washington— 400 ft; February 22, 1870; H. C. Bickers, etc.

Otiita- 2,000 ft.: February 26, 1870; Mark Garrett, etc.

Wall Rock— 2,400 ft; February 20, 1870; John Fetherstone, etc.

Hammell— 1,200 ft.; February 22, 1870; Wm. H. Hammell, etc.

Ida— 1,200 ft; February 22, 1870; Levi Hammell, etc.

Van Wirt— 1,200 ft.; February 22, 1870; Gala way Putman, etc.

War Path— 2,000 ft.; March 14, 1870; A. B. Woods, etc.

Haydm— 1,000 ft ; March 4, 1870: Paul Hayden, etc.

Good Hope— 1,S00 ft.; March 7, 1870; Geo. W. Swain, etc.

Lincoln— 950 ft; March 9, 1870; H. D. Young, etc.

OuwM— 1,000 ft; March 11, 1870; James Kelly, J. E. Pember, Barney Owens, Francis Murphy.

High Peak— l,iOO ft; March 4, 1870; S. Southerimer, etc.

Washo&-2,200 ft.; March 6, 1870; Felix Fitzpatrick, etc.

Ione-2,000 ft; March 2, 1870; D. D. BaUey, etc.

Aguadiente— 2,000 ft; March 21, 1870; H. E. Bingham, etc.

IJfonrou— 2,400 ft; March 24, 1870; Charles F. Monroe, etc. Andy Johnson— 1,200 ft; Mairch 22, 1870; John Bush, etc. San Diego, No. i— 2,200 ft; March 2, 1870; John P. Chambers, etc. Keystone— 1,200 ft; April 2, 1870; J. M. Broom, etc. Bedrock~l,200 ft; April 2, 1870; John W. Pace, etc. True Hope— 1,400 ft; June 6, 1870; J. B. Wells, etc. Gilman—l,eO0 ft; April 13, 1870; L. S. Gilman, etc. Monitor— 1,S00 ft.; April 4, 1870- S. W. Black, etc. Eagle— l,eOO ft; April 5, 1870; Wm. J. Moran, etc. Leslie— 1,400 ft.; April 6, 1870; Robert Leslie, etc. Fairview— 1,000 ft.; February 22, 1870 ; F. Scarborough, etc. Crown— 1,000 ft.; March 16, 1870; Frank Able, etc. Horseshoe— 8O0 ft; April 4, 1870; C. R. Philips, etc. Lone Star— 1,200 ft; February 28, 1870; J. Parsons, etc. Rough and Ready — 1,200 ft.; May 17, 1870 ; M. Martin, etc. Chaaenge—2,000ft; May 10, 1870; O. P. Powers, etc.

{Fair Play— 1,000 ft; May 26, 1870; R. J. Carroll, etc. Swain— 1,200 ft.; June 8, 1870; W. H. Swain, etc. Pioneer Mill— 1,400 ft; May 1, 1870; James McMechan, etc. J.X 1.-1,400 ft; May 27, 1870; WUliam Estes, etc. Owens, First Extension— 1,000 ft; June 15, 1870; G. V. King, etc.

Crown Prince— WO ft; April 2, 1870; R. Shelton, etc.

Crown, First Extension — 800 ft; J une 29, 1870 ; D. Lipman, etc.

Home Slake — 1,000 ft.; April 12, 1870; Joseph Moss, etc.

Farley— 1,000 ft; March 28, 1870; Richard M. Farley, etc.

Hudson— 600 ft.; June 14, 1870 ; E. C. Phelps, etc.

Golden Rule— 1,200 ft; June 21, 1870; A. Fauly, etc.

North AmeHca— 1,000 ft; July 6, 1870; E. A. Ary, etc.

Sullivan— 1,000 ft; June 28, 1870; D. O. Sullivan, etc.

Victoria— 1,000 ft; July 11, 1870; M. Jones, etc.

Saa Francisco— 1,200 ft.; March 21, 1870; J. P. Wealand, etc.

Minnesota— 1,000 ft; Julv 18, 1870; S. A. CooUdge, etc.

IMtle Oiant— 2,000 ft; A'pril 12, 1870; A. P. Dodge, etc.

Shamrock— 1,000 ft.; April 23, 1870; John Madin, etc

O'Connor and Ryan — 2,200 ft; April 4, 1870 ; David O'Connor, John Ryan, etc.

Owens' Ext East— 400 ft; April 13, 1870; George McNier, etc.

/Sonoww— 1,800 ft; March 28, 1870; B. T. Williams, etc.

Roanoke— 1,400 ft.; March 28. 1870; Eli McDaniels, etc.

Hayden, First E. Ext— 1,20 ft.; April 11, 1870; Eugene Kelly, etc.

And 1 further certify, that the said claims are within the said Julian District, in the said county and State. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my private seal, there being no public seal for said district, this third day of August, A. D.,

[seal.] M. S. JULIAN, Recorder.

The Present Julian District, called Julian Minting T)iaTB\cte.QrcicJ\ftje. /tf/mpi, Banner, and several other mining districts. io\.om\i% Q\si-

mittee reported March 27, 1881: D. D. Bailey, Robert Gardner, George V. King, Committee. -

The district is bounded as follows: commencing at the northeast comer of section four, township twelve south, and range four east, San Bernardino meridian, and running three miles west, to the northwest comer of section six; thence south three miles, to the southwest comer of section eighteen; thence east one mile, to the southeast comer of section eighteen; thence southwest along the line of the Santa Ysabel grant, to the southeast corner of said grant; thence along the line of said grant, in a westerly direction, four miles; thence in a direct line to the northwest corner of the Cuya- maca grant; thence along the north boundary of said grant, to the northeast corner; thence along the line of said grant, five miles; thence east five miles; thence north to the southwest corner of San Felipe grant; thence along the westerly line of said grant, to the place of beginning.

Mining Laws Of Julian District In 1870.

At a meeting of the miners of Julian Mining District, held April 27, 1870, in pursuance of a notice given, by posting same in three public places, five days previous to said meeting, M. S. Julian acted as Chairman, and L. B. Hopkins, Secretary. The meeting being called to order, the committees appointed to revise and amend the mining laws of i;he district, reported the following:

Substitute for Article IV of the present laws, and the following additional laws :

Art. IV. All locations shall be recorded within ten days from the date of location, and shall have at least one day's work done on the claim prior to recording, and shall have at least one day's work done for each name on the notice or record within thirty days from date of record ; and two days' work for each name so recorded done within sixty days from date of record ; shall hold the claim and ledge free from relocation for one year from date of record, provided, said work be measured and recorded by the District Recorder.

Art. VI. All persons locating claims in this district shall erect a stake or monument on a prominent point on his claim, at least two feet high, upon which he shall place a notice defining the extent and boundaries of his claim, with the name of the ledge, and each owner in the same, and keep the same up permanently; and the same rule shalL apply to all claims now located ; and, further, that all claims that shall fail to*have a stake monument, or notice for the space of fifteen days consecutively, shall be subject to for- feiture, unless the party owning shall be able to prove sickness or other inability to com- ply with said law.

Art. VII. These laws can be altered or amended by a general meeting of the miners called by a notice posted in three public places in the city, naming time, place, and object- of the meeting, and signed by ten miners of the district.

Art. VIII. These laws shall take effect and be enforced from and after their passage.

On motion, the above report and laws were received and adopted for the future govern- ment of the district.

M. S. JULIAN, Recorder and Chairman.

April 27, 1870. L. B. HOPKINS, Secretary.

Julian City, once a thriving town, was at the time of my visit somewhat dilapidated ; some of the houses were empty, but a new brick building- had just been erected, a ten-stamp quartz mill was being built at the Owens Mine at the edge of the* town, and other signs of renewed prosperity were manifested. The town is nearly at the summit of the Santa Ysabel Mountains. On a clear day. Point Loma at San Diego, and the CoronadO' Islands may be plainly seen. From the Oriflamme Mine, a short distance east, the desert, sloping away to the east, is in full sight. The principal street in Julian bears N. west, magnetic.

In 1871 the town had a population of five hundred, and there were one hundred occupied houses. In 1873 the excitement which followed the dis- covery of the district began to subside. The cause was said to be prejudice against the lower country, and threatened litigation as to the boundaries of tlie Cuyamaca grant. This was eventually decided in favor of the miners*

h 1870 there were two quartz mills, of fifteen stamps Washoe pattern, at work. The gold was richer on the surface. Placer mines were worked in the low hills of the Santa Ysabel Valley, but they did not pay very well.

BuUion began to be shipped from Julian in April, 1871. Up to the middle of September $10,341 had been sent forward by Wells, Fargo & Co., and $5,580 by others. The gold was worth $18 per ounce. The fol- lowing table, from the report of Kosseter W. Raymond for 1870, will give a good idea of the character of the district at that time:

Milling Results Of Lots Of Ore From Various Mines In Julian

District.

Kame or Mink.

Tons Crushed.

Value per Ton.

Value of Crushing.

Lone Star

Owens

High Peak

Hayden

Pride of the West

San Diego

Forty-nine

Lone Star

Keystone

San Diego

Sherman .—

KorthStar

North America- --

Monitor

Shamrock

Hannon

Eagle

Eagle

Ella

White Fawn

Average per ton.

$70 00

197J

13,387 39

$17 16

At the time the prosperity of this mining district was at its heighth, the San Diego Union estimated 3deld of gold for 1871 at $175,91*9, and for 1872 at $488,670.

After a careful examination of Julian Mining District, I am led to the following conclusions:

The quartz veins are generally rather narrow but remarkably rich. First and last there has been an important output of bullion from the district. I have not had time to arrange statistics obtained, in shape to be of much service. Wood and water are scarce ; none of the mines have yet been opened ot explored sufficiently to prove their capacity to yield gold. Considering the present condition of things in California, these paines can be worked to greater advantage than when first opened. Mill- ing near Julian City cannot be conducted without very considerable diffi- culty, owing to the altitude, and consequent scarcity of fuel and water, but at Banner, six miles distant by graded road and twelve hundred feet lower in altitude, there is a beautiful valley through which a consider- able stream of water — the San Felipe River — flows, affording sufficient water-power to drive several small mills or one large one, during the year; the water is more abundant during the winter months.

If first class reduction works should be placed at BaimfeT capital, and aU the ores from the district be worked m Jcieirci

prosperity would probably be the result which would exceed any experienced in this district, employment would be given to many and tributors to the advantage of the district, the county, and State locality is a delightful one, and a desirable place for residence, w not always the case where gold mines are found.

Julian City lies in sections five and six, township thirteen south, four east, S. B. M.

Banner District

Is situated on sections two and three, township thirteen south, and four east, and joins Julian on the east. It was discovered in August by a party of men from Julian who were looking for wild grapes. A min wards called the Redman was discovered on a sloping mountain side Felipe Canon. Banner District was soon afterward organized. T trict now incorporated with Julian has many advantages, the most tant being the presence of water in abundance for milling and suffici limited water power, limited to season only, for in the winter and sp was informed, it is ample for any future requirements of the distri( mentioned before, Banner is twelve hundred feet lower than Juliai which it is distant three and a half miles by trail and six miles by j wagon road. To work the mines of the consolidated districts to tl advantage all the milhng and concentration should be done by water in San Felipe Canon, and the ores from all the upper mines brough by a tram road for reduction. By this plan all the present diffi would be overcome. From appearances, ores could be supplied t general reduction works for many years to come. There is more silv less gold in the bullion produced in Banner than that taken frc Julian veins. In 1870, when many mines were being worked in bo tricts, bullion from Julian sold at the stores for $16 per ounce, whiL ner bars brought only $12 to $14. The following table shows the coi of the principal mines in Banner during the early mining excit' The information is compiled from various publications and reports:

Name of Mine.

Average Yield.

Width of Vein.

When Discovered.

Bemark

Golden Chariot.

Most productive in the district. 100 tons yielded $32,000; 50 tons, $8,100; 52 tons, 113,261.

2 to 4 feet.

February, 1871.

Contact veir try slate anc ite. In Jul; cleaned up $' 12 days, w stamps.

Kentuck

$40 per ton.

16 inches.

October, 1870.

Shaft 80 fee

Madden

$76 per ton.

At 80 feet, 14 inches.

September 10,

Ready Relief

10 tons yielded $980.

From 2 to 8 feet.

August, 1870.

Tunnel 13 claim 1,000 length.

Redman

6 to 10 feet.

August, 1870.

First mine ered in the d Shaft 80 feei and tunnel necting.

At the time of my visit only one mill was running on the ores of the Ready Relief or Bailey Brothers' Mine. Some other mines were being proBpected in a small way, but with what success I was not able to learn. In lo74 there were seventy-five stamps running in Julian and Banner.

When I was at Julian City there was no mill running, but at the Owens Mine, almost in the Town of Julian, a new and good ten-stamp mill was being built. The vein in this mine is small, but the quartz is rich in gold. A pile of ore has been accumulated which contained several hundred tons, and looked and prospected well ; from which it is fair to predict that enough gold will be taken out to pay for the mill and leave a surplus. While the new mill is running the mine will be well prospected, and there is reason to hope and expect that considerable bodies of ore will be found. There is no special or well defined croppings to be seen on the surface. The old workings have fallen in. There is a shaft down one hundred and eighty feet in depth, well timbered, through which the ores are hoisted. The ' mine lies three hundred feet above the town, and very near the summit of the ridge. To the left is a gap through which the road to Banner runs. On a hill near the town, and to the left of the road, may be seen some old workings in which there are some splendid quartz croppings, but in small detached fragments, in a schistose formation dipping at a steep angle. I was struck with the resemblance of this formation to that in Findley Ridge, at Dahlonega, in Georgia, and was led to the inquiry if it would not pay to pipe it down as they do there. A full description of the methods em- ployed in Greorgia may be found in the fifth annual report of this office, folio 142.

The Owens Mine was located March 11, 1870. The old workings were quite extensive. There was a shaft two hundred and seventy-five feet, from which levels ran east and west. The first level, one hundred feet below the surface, ran east two hundred feet and west one hundred feet. The second level, two hundred feet deep, ran two hundred feet east and one ' hundred and eighty feet west. Third level, at bottom of shaft, ran east two hundred and sixty feet and west two hundred feet. In eight months, ending June, 1873, gold to the value of $42,319 50, was taken from nine hundred and twenty tons of quartz. The company was incorporated with a capital stock of $500,000. In 1873 there were fine hoisting works at the mouth of the shaft — now removed.

Ready Relief Mine, Banner.

The Ready Relief Mine, the only one now being profitably worked in old Banner District, was discovered in August, 1870, immediately after the Redman, of which it is an extension. It is generally known as the Bailey Brothers' Mine. The southerly extensions of the Ready Relief Mine are the Hubbard and the South Hubbard. The claim is one thousand by two hundred feet. The ledge is from eighteen inches to eight feet in width. The vein is interstratified with the clay slate formation. The slaty cleav- age of the country rock is undoubtedly due to lateral pressure, which has also distorted and plicated the vein so that it is found in folds, which are technically called " rolls." I am inclined to the opinion that the vein was formed by solfataric action in a plastic mud before the mountains were elevated, and that the vein has become plicated by its own weight while still in a soft condition. After visiting the mud volcanoes in this county — snd not many miles distant — now in action, it is not difficult to conceive

report of this office, folio 227, to which the reader is referred. The plical of the vein are unlike anything I have ever seen or read of.

r

The engraving conveys a good idea of one of these folds as seen at the end of the upper tunnel. The slates are highly aluminous. In the tun- nels the sides are soon coated with an incrustation of alum.

The ore in the Ready Relief Mine ii blue ribbon quartz, much resembling that of the Sheep Ranch Mine in Calaveras County. The gold is free. The sulphurets are concentrated and saved, but I have no information as to their value. Some of the clay slate contains gold; it resembles the ores of the' Black Hills in Dakota, and those of the old Oso Mine in Mariposa County. These slates should be thoroughly prospected and cross-cuts made from both sides of the vein. It might be found that they would pay to crush in large water-power mills with economical management. The general direction of the vein is south southeast. The dip is at almost any angle, owing to the folds before mentioned.

In 1874, the mine was opened by three tunnels, one two hundred feet,

the others one hundred and fifty feet each; at the end of the upper tunnel

i/iere was s sb&fb to the surface, one hundred ani ten ifeftX. waiyje,. Tna

laioe at present is worked by an upper tunnel oi &ve Uxmitei ieX., aai

li'-iii>:i|jorterone sixty feet below, through which ores are conveyed to the mill.

fing to the uprise shaft, the ventilation in the mine is perfect.

The mill is in rather a dilapidated condition, but is still doing good

It consists of two batteries of five stamps, and driven by steam.

stamps weigh about seven hundred pounds. Each battery is supplied

an automatic ore feeder. Below the aprons there are three Hendy's

icentrators, which save a considerable quantity of sulphurets. The

1 is onlv run ten hours per day, during which seven tons of ore are

jhed. Wood costs $1 50 per cord for cutting, and $2 for hauling to the

ttlL The mill is forty feet below the lower tunnel, from which the ores

carried in chutes. The dump of the mine, in which the rejected vein

ter is piled, contains some good ores, and I am of the opinion that it

lirould all pay in a large, economical mill. A great deal of low grade ore

coold be obtained from the hill alongside of the vein. An inexpensive

ftxperiment would reveal the value of this ore, and decide if it could be

inade to pay or otherwise.

In 1876 one hundred tons of ore jdelded $30 per ton. The present aver- age yield is not stated, but is admitted to be satisfactory. It is claimed that'the output to the present time exceeds $350,000. The gold is worth 114 50 per ounce.

Mr. Charles J. Sauer thinks the water in the south fork of San Felipe River runs twelve miners' inches in summer, and much more in winter. I visited, with Mr. Bailey, a spring which gushes from the hillside at an elevation of five hundred feet above the mill. At the time of my visit, in May, the quantity flowing was at least thirty inches, and Mr. Bailev informed me that the flow was nearly the same all the year round. With the great altitude, this water would afford power sufficient to run extensive reduction works.

The Oriflamme Mine is situated in what was formerly the Desert Mining

District, now incorporated in Julian. It belongs to a Boston Company,

The San Diego Development Company" Their ten-stamp mill has recently

made a run which Mr. Henry M. Dow, the Superintendent, informed me

jielded from $4 to $10 per ton. Water and wood are scarce, and mining

and milling are conducted under difficulties. From this mine the Great

Colorado Desert may be seen for many miles to the eastward. The sight

is a very grand and interesting one.

The Stonewall Mine, formerly the Stonewall Jackson, is situated in the northern part of the Cuyamaca Grant about seven miles distant from Julian District in a direct line. By road it is considerably further. If the United States section lines were run out, it would lie in section four, township four- teen south, and range four east. It is not in the Julian District, as may be seen by referring to the map published witli this. It has the reputation of being the largest vein in the mining region about Julian City. I regret that for want of time I could not visit this mine.

In 1870 the Stonewall was reported to be twenty feet wide. Dr. J. E. Fulton, one of the present owners, informed me that tlie width varied from six to forty feet. The country rock is said to be like that of Julian Dis- trict — a mica schist with coarse granite. The ores are now being cruslied in a steam-driven mill of ten stamps. I am informed that tlie mine has produced in nine months 1>85,(XK). Tlie last ol(;an-up yielded 40 per ton. The United States Mint has bought gold from this mine for $18 per ounce. The mine is opened by a vertical shaft one hundred and fifty-five feet deep, from which levels are driven. The lay of the country is such that there is no way to drain the mine by adit. Water for miWirvg a.Yvd for the steam

boiler is brought in iron pipes a mile or more, from the mountain 1871 the mine had a shaft one hundred feet deep, and a level at six running one hundred and eighty feet to the north and one hundred the south. Stoping had not then commenced.

This promising mine has always been worked under difficultie 1871, the small mill then in operation could only run five hours eac for want of water. At that time the mine is said to have yielded fro to $20 per ton. During my stay in San Diego County I heard th€ invariably well spoken of.

California Minerals.

Uineral species known at the present time to exist in the State of Cali- fcmia, carefully revised and corrected and brought up to date, intended to be a check list and foundation for future work. All technical or scientific descriptions have been omitted except in case of minerals not mentioned in former reports, or where some special work has been done, or some inter- esting feature discovered or noticed. The list has been arranged alpha- betically for convenience of reference.

1. AGALMATOLITE. Minerals resembling agalmatolite occur in San Luis Obispo County, and at Greenwood, El Dorado County, the latter in a Tein or stratum from six inches to a foot in thickness.

Agate — See Quartz. Alabaster — See Gypsum.

2. ALBITE. Soda feldspar, a specimen in which quartz crystals are imbedded, was found in the San Lucas Mine, Inyo County. It is now in the private cabinet of Dr. Gould at San Diego, ana gives as a locality the yicinity of the Murchie Mine in Nevada County, with gold and pyrite. The abundance of soda in the desert soils in California would indicate albite in the crystalline rocks.

3. ALTAITE. Telluride of lead, said to exist in Rawhide Ranch Gold Mine, Tuolumne County; in the Frenchwood Mine, Robinson's Ferry, Cala- veras County, with petzete, calaverite, and other tellurium minerals; also in the Morgan Mine, Carson Hill, Calaveras County, in large masses, with free gold; at the Adelaide Mine and the Golden Rule Mine, in Tuolumne County, and elsewhere in the State.

4. ALUM. Occurs in mineral waters; as an incrustation, ten miles north of Santa Rosa, Sonoma County; near Newhall, Los Angeles County; near Auburn, Placef* County; in thick incrustations at the Sulphur Bank Quick- silver Mines, Lake County; said to occur at Silver Mountain, Alpine County; at Howell's Mountain, Napa County; at the mud volcanoes, San Diego County, and at numerous locations, as an incrustation on rocks; I have noticed it on the bedrock laid bare by hydraulic streams, near Dutch Flat, Placer County, in a crystalline state.

Amianthus — see Amphibole.

5. AMPHIBOLE. Actinolite, anthophyllite, amianthus, asbestus, horn- blende, mountain cork, mountain leather, tremolite, etc.

Actinolite. Abundant in counties bordering on the Bay of San Fran- cisco; found in bowlders, or rolled masses, in Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, which show, when broken, beautiful green radiating crystals; found in rocks of the Coast Range; near Knights Ferry, Stanislaus County; atPetaluma, Sonoma County, with garnets; on the Mariposa estate, Mari- posa County, in fine needle crystals; in Quartz Eagle Gulch, Plumas County; twelve miles from Gilroy, Santa Clara County, Eureka, Humboldt County;

Santa Rosa, Sonoma County; Reed 's Ranch, Marin CowivIn

Mountain Cemetery, San Francisco.

Anthophyllite has been found in Slate Range, San Bernardino County-ji

Asbestus —

Butte County. Eighte miles south of Oroville.

Calaveras County. Salt Spring Valley and Jenny Lind Hill. j'

Del Norte County. Exact locality not stated. ' 1

Fresno County. French Gulch, Potter Ridge Mining District, Fresno Flat; Fine Gold Gulch.

Inyo County. Numerous localities in the Inyo Mountains.

Los Angeles County. Near Newhall.

Mariposa County. Mount Bullion and Bear Valley. -

Placer County. Swiss Boy and Leed's claims, one mile below Rice'|. "" bridge.

San Diego County. Seven miles east of Elsinore, section six, township " five south, range three west, S. B. M. This deposit is now being workear and boiler covering, etc., manufactured at Elsinore.

Shasta County. Exact locality unknown.

Tulare County. White River.

Yolo County. California Mine.

Hornblende —

Calaveras County. At Vallecito.

Contra Costa County. At San Pablo.

Monterey County. At Soledad.

Sacramento County. AtJEolsom.

Sonoma County. At BWSldsburgh, and as a constituent of rocks in numerous localities in the State.

Mountain Cork has been found in Butte County, at Red Hill, and in Tuolumne County.

Mountain Leather. Amador County, in Little Grass Valley Mine, Pine Grove District, and in Mariposa and Tuolumne Counties.

Tremolite. Found white and fibrous in limestone at Columbia, Tuo- lumne County, and in Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa Cruz County.

6. ANDALUSITE. Found in abundance in the slates in Fresno and Mariposa Counties. In the former county, on the Chowchilla River, near the road to Fort Miller, or Millerton. In the latter, at Homitas, at Moore's Hill, twelve miles south of Mariposa, and near the Ne Plus Ultra Mine.

Andradite — see Garnet.

7. ANGLESITE. Sulphate of lead. This id rather a common mineral in southeastern California, and specially so in Inyo County. In the Cerro Gordo it has yielded a very considerable portion of the lead bullion sent from that locality. It occurs with bindheimite and linarite and galena, at the Modoc Mine, and with geocronite and argentiferous galena and sinerite at the Santa Maria Mine, and the Eclipse Mine in the same county.

8. ANHYDRITE. Anhydrous sulphate of lime, found near Anaheim, in Los Angeles County, and in pale blue fibrous specimens in the Inyo Moun- tains, near Lone Pine ; lately found in considerable quantity in the g3rpsum beds in Santa Barbara County — gray, very dense and heavy, compact to granular; shows signs of sedimentary origin.

Anhydrous Sulphate of Soda — see Thenardite. Anthracite — see Mineral Coal. Antimony — see Cervantite and Stibnite. Antimony Ochre — see Cervantite. Antimony Sulphide — see Stibnite.

9. APATITE. Phosphate of lime. According to the report of the San Jacinto Tin Mining Company of San Bernardino County, this mineral, rare I in California, has been found near the company's property in San Bernar- dino County. No special description is given of the mineral or its occur- rence.

10. ARAGONITE. Carbonate of lime, found in beautiful transparent crystals in Colusa County in the Candace Copper Mine; New Almaden Quicksilver Mine, Santa Clara County; Inyo County, Cerro Gordo Mines; Colusa County, ranch of J. M. Pugh, near Smithville.

Onyx Marble, a variety of aragonite, is found also in numerous locali- ties, as follows:

Kern County. Six miles from Kemville.

Los Angeles County. Santiago Canon, twenty-five miles from Santa Ana, in a ledge twelve feet thick.

Placer County. At Gold Run.

San Luis Obispo County. On section nine, township thirty-two south, range fifteen east, and at several other localities.

SisJdyou County. Near Soda Springs Hotel, and near Yreka.

Solano County. Near Suisun; near Vacaville, and elsewhere in the county.

Tehama County. In township twenty-five north, and range seven west, in a vein four feet thick.

Aragotite — see Petroleum.

Arenaceous Limestone — see Calcite.

11; ARGENTITE. Silver glance, vitreous silver, sulphuret of silver, found in Inyo County, in the Minietta Belle Mine; in the Kearsarge Mountains, near Independence, in cubical cystals; in Deep Spring Valley, at a depth of sixty feet from surface.

In Mono County, eight miles south of Benton.

12. ARSENIC. Metallic arsenic has been found at the Alisal Mines, twenty-five miles from the Mission of San Carlos.

Arsenical Pyrites — see Arsenopyrite.

13. ARSENOLITE. Exchequer Mine, Alpine County, after enargite; at the Armagosa Mines, San Bernardino County, in large masses.

14. ARSENOPYRITE. Mispickel. This mineral is quite abundant in California, but generally in thin seams rich in gold. The following are locaHties where it is found in uncommon masses, or of superior quality:

Calaveras County. Eureka Mine, with gold.

El Dorado County. With gold, near Georgetown.

Lnyo County. Several localities.

Nevada County. Betsey Mine, Grass Valley.

Placer County. Near Auburn, with tellurium and gold.

San Diego County. Rich in gold.

Sierra County. North fork claim. Forest City, rich in gold.

AsBESTUS — see Amphibole.

AsPHALTUM — see Petroleum.

15. ATACAMITE. Chloride of copper. Locally given in Dana's Min- eralogy, Inyo County; this is doubtful. I am familial the county wd have never seen or heard of a specimen beine fouiid.

AvENTUBiNE—see Quartz.

16. AZURITE. Azure copper ore, chessy copper, blue malachite, m tain blue. It is quite common in the Inyo Mountains, from the Mountain to Coso, with cerusite, bindhermite, anglisite, and linarite; in Modoc Mine, in Inyo County, and with chalcopyrite and bomite at peropolis, Calaveras County.

17. BARITE. Barytes, cawk, heavy spar, terra ponderosa, etc. mineral is known to exist in at least six counties in the State, as follows

Aljnne. Morning Star Mine. Calaveras. Satellite Copper Mine. Inyo. In White Mountain Range ; in a vein in Alabama Range. J

Nevada. With gold, MalakofF Hydraulic Mine, North Bloomfield* Plumas. With lead and copper ores, north arm of Indian Valley; wiflt tetrahedrite, Irby Holt Mine, Indian Valley.

San Bernardino. Milk white and honey yellow. Calico silver mines.

18. BERNARDINITE. Near Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, described by J. M. Stillman, in American Journal of Science and Art, third series, volume 18, folio 57. It has since been found near Santa Rosa, in Sonoma County.

19. BINDHEIMITE. Hydrous antimoniate of lead. This rare min- eral has been found at the Union Mine, Cerro Gordo, Inyo County, and with anglesite at the Modoc Mine, in the same county. There is some doubt as to the identity of the specimens.

20. BIOTITE. Hexagonal mica. Grass Valley, Nevada County. A specimen was seen by Professor Blake in the cabinet of C. W. , Smith, Grass Valley.

Bismuth — see Bismutite.

21. BISMUTITE. Hydrous carbonate of bismuth, stream bismuth. Found at a single locality in the State, on Big Pine Creek, Inyo County, found in drift while sluicing for gold.

Bitumen — see Asphalt, under head of Petroleum.

Black Jack — see Sphalerite.

Black Sands — see Magnetite.

Blende — see Sphalerite.

Bloodstone — see Quartz.

Blue Malachite — see Azurite.

BoRAcic AciDsee Sassolite.

22. BORATE OF STRONTIA. Mentioned in a letter written by Dr. John A. Veatch to the California Borax Company, quoted in full in the third annual report, part 2, folio 15.

23. BORAX. Borax was first discovered in California in the waters of Tuscan Springs, in Tehama County, January 8, 1856. The water was brought to San Francisco by Dr. Trask, State Geologist, and the analysis made by L. Lanszweert. The crystals then obtained were sent to the museum of the California Academy of Science. Borax Lake was dis- covered by Dr. John A. Veatch, in September, 1856. This deposit was worked from 1864 to 1868, during which time it produced 1,181365 pounds

of borax. Borax fields were discovered in San BeTwaxAxTvo Q.Qwn%- ruarjr 14, 1873. These deposits have been vorked \)7 axi'OTaa.xvan

t:

Sorax Mining Company, who have produced very large quantities of borax. This valuable mineral has since been found at a number of localities in the State: -In Death Valley, Inyo County, 1873; at Desert Springs, called also Cane Springs, in Kern County, February 15, 1872, from whence a con- siderable quantity has been extracted. The dry lake in which the borates are found is situated in township thirty south, range thirty-eight east, Mt. Diablo base and meridian. Borax and the borates have been found in considerable quantities in San Bernardino County, near Calico, which deposit is at the present time being worked.

The reader is referred to former reports of this office, especially the third annual report, for information concerning this mineral and its production in the State.

24. BORNITE. Erubescite, horseflesh ore, purple copper ore, variegated copper ore, etc.

Calaveras County, At Copperopolis and Campo Seco.

Fremo County. With chalcopyrite and pyrite, at King's River.

Inyo County, Inyo Mountains.

Plumas County, Light's Cafion, Genesee Valley, and at the Siegel Mine. , Santa Clara County, Near Lexington.

Shasta County, At Copper City.

25. BRONZITE. For localities, see Enstatite. BuHR Stone — see Quartz. Building Stones, there not being many species, they have been described

under a special heading.

26. BROMINE. Said to occur with free iodine in the serpentine rocks, at Point Lobos, near San Francisco. Report on the geology of the coast mountains, etc., J. B. Trask, State Geologist, 1884, folios 26 and 92.

Bromine occurs as bromide of potassium in the waters of San Francisco Bayy and in the bitterns or concentrated mother liquors, from which bay salt crystallizes out in the proportion of 1.090 parts in 1000 as shown in analysis made in 1879, by Fr. Gutzkow, and quoted in the second annual report of this ofl&ce, foho 223.

27. CALAVERITE. Telluride of gold and silver. This mineral occurs sparingly in the mines of Carson Hill, near Angel's, at the Morgan Mine with massive gold, at the Melones Mine, and at the Golden Rule Mine, Calaveras County.

28. CALCITE. Anthraconite, arenaceous limestone, carbonate of lime, calcareous spar, calc spar, dogtooth spar, Iceland spar, limestone, litho- graphic stone, marble, stalactite, stalagmite, travertine, tufa, thinolite, etc. This mineral is abimdant in California, and occurs in many forms. It is found not only in extensive beds, but as distinct varieties, resulting from changes well known to mineralogists. It is a common mineral in veins of silver, lead, copper, zinc, and quicksilver, and sparingly in gold mines. It would be impossible and useless to enumerate all the localities in the State, hut the following are given as the most important and best known:

Amador County, Black calcite, near Volcano.

Bvite County, Blue limestone and anthraconite, at Pence's ranch.

Calaveras County, Anthraconite, near newly discoveted

phya The odor of this mineral is remarkable. SiUing, OYve m HJaa

msan, and breaking while studying the rock, I noticed tgx\.Od.

interest the penetrating and actually fetid smell that arose every time a blow of the hammer was made. I was annoyed at the same time by swarmB of flies, but did not immediately connect their presence with the smell. After a time the idea occurred to me that they were attracted by the odor, which I immediately proved to be the case by the following experiment: Leaving my seat, I retired to a distance and awaited the dispersion of the flies. Returning, I laid some fragments on a larger piece and crushed them quickly with rapid blows. The flies immediately reappeared and set- tled in large numbers on the powdered rock. " After a time, the smell hav- ing gone, the flies departed as before. This was repeated a number of times, and was witnessed with interest by the parties who were visiting the cave at the time.

El Dorado County. A large deposit of limestone at the Alabaster Cave and lime works, where it is very extensively burned for lime; near Mud Springs.

Inyo County. Thinolite found in considerable quantity near Owens' Lake, and on the Mohave Desert, in the beds of ancient lakes; and in Death Valley, at Cerro Gordo; fine crystals of dogtoothspar and blue caJ- cite occur; at Darwin, Iceland spar, very transparent and fine; at Palma Mine, fine crystals; with gold and other ores at Modoc Mine.

Kern County. With malachite and melaconite, Saji Amedio Ranch. ♦ Lithographic stone on section twelve, township thirty-two south, range thirty-four east. Mount Diablo meridian.

Lassen County. Several localities.

Mariposa County.

Mono County. Thinolite, valley of Mono Lake, where it has been burned to an inferior quality of lime.

Placer County. Near Clipper Gap; extensively burned to lime at Cave Valley, five miles south of Auburn.

San Bernardino County. Near Colton, burned for lime by hydrocarbon furnace, in which California petroleum is used as fuel.

San Diego County. Thinolite, Colorado Desert.

San Francisco County. Peninsula near the city, dogtooth cryBtals in fissures of metamorphic rocks.

Santa Clara County. Hills back of Mayfield, burned for lime. Good specimens of Iceland spar are sometimes found ; with quicksilver ores in the New Almaden, Guadalupe, and Chapman Mines.

Santa Cruz County. Near Felton and Santa Cruz, extensive beds of crystalline limestone occur, which is burned in a large way for lime.

Siskiyou County. Arenaceous limestone, found in Middleton's tunnel, under the bed of the Klamath River.

Santa Catalina Island. On the coast of Los Angeles County, pink cal- cite is found, with quartz, etc.

Tufa, or travertine, is found in several localities, but it has not been studied.

Marbles occur in numerous localities in the State; some of them are of excellent quality, and a few are exceptionally fine.

Amador County. Near lone, a red marble is found which resembles the Rosso Antico, so much prized in ancient Rome. This marble is fully' described under the heading of Building Stones. Nine miles from loqe white marble of good quality is found.

Butte County. A blue variety crops out for miles near Pence's Ranch; it is known to be carboniferous.

Calaveras County. Near Cave City, a beautiful marble of a pleasing, soft

f

El Dorado County. At Alabaster Cave a nearly white marble is found, but it has not as yet been carefully studied; a gray mottled variety from near the same locality takes a good polish, and is a good building material. Humboldt County. Seven miles from Eureka, a handsome mottled gray marble of uniform texture; takes a high polish; soluble in acids; contains but little magnesia, and seems to be an excellent stone. It is located on the timber claim of Flanegan & Brosman.

Inyo County. Numerous marbles have been observed in the Inyo Moun- tains, from white to black, but little is known of them. At feig Pine, at the foot of the Sierra Nevada Range, there is a cropping of beautiful white marble, but it has never been examined chemically and may be dol- omite. In Death Valley a blue limestone is found in bowlders among the float filled with what seems to be fossil coral; if cut and polished it would probably be found to be a fine marble.

Kern County. A water-worn bowlder of marble of good quality was found in the bed of Poso Creek; the source is not yet known. A brec- ciated marble resembling Giallo antico is found three miles from Teha- chapi, and a soft yellow and really very beautiful marble is found in a valley nine miles west of the town of Tehachapi. It is found in large masses. There is one large block at the station at Tehachapi which was never shipped. The marble is fine grained and beautifully mottled. These marbles are described in detail under the head of Building Stones. They are worthy of special attention.

Lob Angeles County. There are two varieties of marble known to occur in this county; one light colored, the other dark. But little is known other- wise of them.

Monterey County. Near Carmello Bay, a white compact marble is found

which is said to exist in very large quantities. A company was incorporated

Bome years ago to work it, known as the Pacific Carrara Marble Company.

Nevada County. On Bear Creek, near Colfax, a dark gray-veined marble

is found. Another locality is ten miles south of Grass Valley.

Placer County. Near Clipper Gap, gray-veined marble of good quality; takes a high polish; occurs in large quantities. Analyses of two varieties are published in the fourth annual report of this office, folio 111. A white marble occurs at and near the cave, in the vicinity of Auburn.

A white saccharoidal marble is found near the iron furnaces, in section fifteen, township fifteen north, range eight east. It could be obtained in large blocks or slabs if required. An analysis may be found on folio 111, fourth annual report of this office.

A very beautiful black marble, veined with white, has been found near Colfax, on the Central Pacific Railroad. It is an excellent ornamental and building stone, and should be utilized.

A large cropping of light gray marble, with veins and markings of darker gray, has been opened in a lime quarry near Auburn. It is in very large quantity. It is compact, of uniform structure, and takes a high polish. An analysis appears on folio 111 of the fourth annual report.

Plumas County. Limestones and marbles have been found at Devil's Elbow. This office has no information as to quality or quantity.

San Bernardino County. Near Colton, in Slover Mountain, half a mile from town. The marble is white and of good quality, but I am informed that it has not yet been found of a quantity that will admit of large blocks ing quarried. It is extensively burned for lime.

Sau Lais Obispo County. Marbles in many varietiea ai aJviWjCi c'vo.ax this county, but this of&ce has no special information.

Santa Cruz County. At the lime works mentioned elsewhere, a crystal- limestone is found that has some of the properties of marble.

Shasta County. Marbles are found in the Gray Mountains, along the McCloud River. No specimens have been sent to the Mining Bureau.

Tuolumne County. This county is rich in marbles and limestones. A beautiful dark marked variety is found near Abbey's Ferry; the exact locality is not known. In the bed of the Tuolumne River, at Sonora, a large water-worn outcap of a blue and white marble is laid bare in placer mining.

Carbonate op Copper — see Malachite and Azurite.

Carbonate of Iron — see Siderite.

Carbonate of Leadscc Cerusite.

Carbonate of Magnesia — see Magnesite.

Carbonate of Soda — see Trona.

Carnelian — see Quartz.

29. CASSITERITE. Binoxide of tin.

Tin has been found in at least three localities in California. In the Temescal Mountains, San Bernardino County, lies the only known deposit in the State, having a prospective value. In Plumas County, in the bed of the middle fork of Feather River, three miles above Big Bar, a single specimen was found by Mr. Thomas Lane of La Porte, and given to Professor W. P. Blake, and by him described as resembling the stream tin from Durango, Mexico. Another specimen was found some years ago near Weaverville, Trinity County, in the loose soil, and presented to Professor J. D. Whitney, then State Geologist. The vein from which it came was never found.

Grossularite, lime garnet, a common mineral in Southern Cahfomia, resembles crystals of cassiterite, and has often been mistaken for it by Cornish miners. A number of reported tin discoveries have turned out to be this mineral. The temescal tin mines are in the Temescal Mountains, whence the name, on section two, township four south, range seven west, San Bernardino meridian; distant fifty-five miles east of Los Angeles, and thirty-five miles from Anaheim Landing.

Cat's eye — see Quartz.

30. CERARGYRITE. Chloride of silver.

Cerargyrite is rather a common mineral in some of the southern counties of the State, associated with embolite, but seldom in masses sufiiciently large to form good cabinet specimens. Microscopic crystals of great beauly are not uncommon, but the mineral generally occurs in very thin crusts.

It forms the chief silver mineral in Slate Range, Inyo County. The finest microscopic crystals are found in the Modoc Chief Mine, Inyo Coimty. Cerargyrite is a valuable silver mineral, and is easily reduced by the most simple metallurgical process.

It has lately been found in the Silver King Mine, four miles west of Red- ding, Shasta County. The ore contains minute, but very perfect, crystals of cerargyrite. An assay showed silver to be present to the extent of 140 ounces to the ton. The ore resembles the best from Calico District, in Sad Bernardino. The specimens were sent to the Mining Bureau by B. B- Miner.

SJ. CERUSITE. White lead, carbonate of lead, white lead ore, etc. This mineral is very easily distinguiBhed, and eoT£i"a\c>pcL\xv<3i.\i-

ite, linarite, chrysocoUa, malachite, silver minerals, and gold. Fine

rstallized specimens, with the associates above mentioned, are found in

Modoc Mine, and in many other localities, in the Inyo and Coso Moun-

j, Inyo County; in the Russ District, in the same county, in large crys-

resembling those from Siberia, and at Great Basin Mine, near Mohave

jr (Blake). It is a valuable ore of lead, and in certain localities an

lication of silver ores. A considerable proportion of the lead ores worked

the Cerro Gordo Mines were cerusite. Thirty-two thousand tons of lead

jre produced in these mines.

32. CERVANTITE. Antimony ochre. This is a rare mineral in California. It occurs with stibnite in San

{medio Mountain, Kern County. (Blake.)

33. CHALCANTHITE. -Native sulphate of copper, blue vitriol. Results from the decomposition of copper sulphide ores and is rare in

[nature. It sometimes occurs in old copper mines in California when the iters do not flow from the workings, and old tools such as picks, gads, [iammers, etc., left by accident in the old works, have been found changed to metallic copper, or very heavily coated with that metal. Specimens in Ifte State Museum are from the Peck Mine, Copper City, Shasta County, and from Sweetland, Nevada County.

The waters of a copper spring near Glenbrook, Lake County, deposit copper on a knife blade. Chalcedony — see Quartz.

34. CHALCOPYRITE. Copper pyrites. This mineral is quite abun- dant in California, being found in greater or less quantities from north to south. It is a valuable ore of copper; but its metallurgy presents so many difficulties that it is found generally more profitable to concentrate it and ship it to England than to work it here. Under some circumstances it has been found economical to reduce it to a matte by a single furnace opera- tion, and ship it in that condition. It is also worked somewhat extensively at Campo Seco, Calaveras County, and at Spenceville, Nevada County. The following California localities are represented in the State Museum:

Calaveras County, Campo Seco, Copperopolis, and Lancha Plana. Colusa County. Stony Creek.

Contra Costa County. In the rocks of Mount Diablo. Inyo County. Beveridge District. Los Angeles County. Mariposa County. Near Hornitos. Nevada County. At Spenceville. Plumas Cowtity. BulUon District and Light's Canon. San Bernardino County. San Diego County.

San Francisco County. In specks in the jaspers of the peninsula. Santa Clara County. At Lexington. Shasta County. Copper City.

It occurs also in small quantities with ores of gold and silver, and is almost universal in its distribution over the State.

35. CHALCOSITE. Vitreous copper, copper glance.

It 18 found with other ores of copper in the State, more frequently in the uthern counties. It is sometimes argentiferous, and m\ft \xcsai- yrite, which see. It occurs in the silver ores in Inyo ani a.\iTcvaxftcffiia

Counties; in Genesee Valley (in basalt), Plumas County; in San Diego.; County; in Los Angeles County; at the Maris Mine, in grains and irregular masses, in syenitic granite, containing silver lake) ; in San Luis Obispo County; ana in the Enterprise Mine, Bullion District, Plumas County.

Chessy Copper — see Azurite.

Chloride of Silver — see Cerargyrite and Embolite.

Chloro-Bromide of Silver — see Embolite.

Chloro-Carbonate op Lead— see Phosgenite.

Chrome Iron — see Chromite.

36. CHLOROPAL. Nontronite. This mineral has been found recently at two localities in California

one near Hite's Cove, Mariposa County, and in lava at Bath, in Placer County. A specimen from the former gave the following reaction: Color, piscatio green; cuts like soap; easily indented or cut by the finger nail; lumps under the pestle; gives water in closed tube; with borax on platiniim . wire, gives iron reaction; on charcoal, in reducing, flame turns black and 4 becomes strongly magnetic. Partly soluble in hydrochloric acid; dissolves j in caustic soda, leaving a black residuum.

37. CHROMITE. Chromic iron, chrome ore, etc.

This mineral is very abundant in California. Its occurrence and pro- duction have been fully described in the fourth annual report, folio 126.

It is known to exist in at least twenty-six counties in the State, as fol- lows. Nearly all the localtties are represented in the State Museum:

Alameda County, Near the Town of San Antonio; in Livermore Valley, nine miles southeast from section thirteen, township three south, range two east; 1,500 tons 48 per cent shipped to Philadelphia; 60 tons sold at $6; 500 tons offered at $5, without sacks.

Amador County. Near Jackson, one mile from Mountain Spring House.

Butte County, Mount Hope District, near Forbestown.

Calaveras County. French Gulch; near Domingo Creek; near Campo ' Seco; near Murphy's; in San Diego Gulch, on the east of the highest hill . opposite the Noble Copper Mine, in very large masses.

El Dorado County. Two miles from Coloma; two miles northwest of Shingle Springs; ten miles west of Shingle Springs; near Latrobe.

Fresno County. Near the New Idria Quicksilver Mine; twenty miles from Fresno City.

Lake County. At Lower Lake; on the road from St. Helena to Knox- J ville; at Glenbrook, a large quantity. Mr. H. Aldrich thinks 1,000 tonB could be obtained from this locality.

Los Angeles County. Lang's Station, Soledad Cafion; occurs with mag- nite, in the form of sand.

The Los Angeles papers assuming the mass to be chrome iron, estimate the quantity at 50,000 tons, which is without doubt a mistake. It is nol uncommon in California to find chromite with magnetic sands, but not in such large proportion.

Mendocino County. At Stanley's Ranch.

Monterey County. Near San Benito River.

Naa County. Near St. Helena, in Chiles Valley; 170 tons delivered at St. Helena, sold for twelve dollars per ton.

Nevada County. Deer Creek, Coyote Diggings, near Colfax.

)

Placer County. Near Alabaster Cave, Michigan Bluflfs, within one mile (rf . Auburn, on section twelve, township fourteen north, range nine east, seven miles east of Iowa Hill.

Plumas County. Spanish Creek, Meadow Valley.

Sacramento County, Seven miles east of Folsom, near south fork of Amer- ican River; nine miles from Folsom; 2,800 tons have been shipped from this locality.

San Francisco Cownty. Several unimportant deposits are known on the peninsula, one on the ocean beach below outlet of Lake Merced, one on the hills south of the city.

San Lais Obispo County. Chrome iron is abundant in this county. The Flores deposit has been extensively worked. The Pick and Shovel Mine is six miles northeast of the town of San Luis. The London Mine is four and a half miles northeast of the town. Extensive mines lie five miles southeast of San Luis. Very large quantities Of chrome ores have been shipped from this county. The county papers estimate the product at over twenty-eight thousand tons.

San Mateo County. Chrome ores are found in this county, on the Pacific Slope of the redwoods. The deposits are said to be large.

Santa Clara County. Five miles east of San Jose; Los Gatos.

Sierra County. Vicinity of the Mountain House, near Downieville; Cher- okee Creek, one fourth of a mile southeast of Brandy City.

Siskiyou County. Half a mile from the town of Yreka — a high grade ore.

Solano County. Near Fairfield.

Sonoma County. Near Litton Springs, in large quantities; at Hood's ranch.

Tehama County. A large deposit has recently been found in township twenty-five north, and range seven west, by J. A. Heslwood; a company has been incorporated.

Tulare County. Deer Creek, near Piano, and ten miles from Portersville.

Tuolumne County. The Engel Mine at Yorktent, near Chinese Camp, has been worked for many years.

Chrome Spinel — see Picotite.

38. CHRYSOCOLLA. Silicate of copper. Rather an abimdant mineral

in southern California. It is regarded in Owens' Valley as an indication of

fiilver mines. It is found as a blue stain on ores of copper and silver, and

in the vicinity of mines of these metals. Fine specimens are found in the

Copper World Mine, San Bernardino County ; in the Lundy Mines, Mono

County, associated with ceragyrite and cuprite, and in the Union Mine,

Inyo County, and forty miles south of Colton, San Bernardino County. It

occurs also near San Carlos, Inyo Coimty; at the Eclipse Mine, same

county ; in the White Mountains, Mono County ; in San Diego and San

Luis Obispo Counties, and elsewhere in the State. It is a valuable ore of

copper, for the reason that it can easily be reduced in the water jacket

iimace to metallic copper.

39. CHRYSOTILE. This is a magnesian mineral, a variety of ser- )entine, having no economic value. It occurs in veins or seams in serpen- [ne, and is not uncommon in the State where the serpentines occur.

40. CINNABAR. There are in this State many deposits of cinnal The counties most distinguished for their wealth in this mineral be Santa Clara, Fresno, San Luis Obispo, Trinity, Napa, Sonoma, and Ls all containing mines that have been more or less, and in some of wt mines are still being worked. The localities are so numerous that like tl of gold it would be tedious and unnecessary to mention them all. Uii the head of Mineral Springs, it will be seen that the influences which h led to the deposition oi cinnabar, pyrite, native mercury, calcite, aragor quartz, sulphur, bitumen, and gold, are still in active operation, and as nabar is the mineral from which most of the quicksilver has been extrac in California, it is proper to give imder this head the following staten of the product of that remarkable and useful metal for the years 1 88' furnished by Mr. J. B. Randoll; by referring to the same subject in forj reports, the entire yield for California may be learned :

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Clay — see Kaolinite.

Coal — see Lignite.

Cobalt — see Erythrite and Millerite.

Cobalt Bloom — see Erythrite.

41. COCCINITE. Iodide of mercury.

Locality given by Dana, San Emidio Cafion, Kem County. CoLEMANiTE — scc Priceitc.

42. COPPER. Copper in the metallic state has not been found in any considerable quantity in California. The following are the known locali- ties:

Calaveras County. Found sparingly in the Keystone, Napoleob, Lancha Plana, and Union Mines. The Satellite Mine, the Lancha Plana under a new name, has produced a fine lot of specimens which were exhibited by Horace D. Randlett at a late exhibition of the Mechanics' Institute at San Francisco.

Del Norte County. With cuprite. Pearl Mine.

Napa County. Near St. Helena.

Nevada County. Meadow Lake, with cuprite.

Plumas County. At Mumford's Hill, with rhodonite.

Sacramento County. Cosumnes Mine.

San Luis Obispo County. Pieces of float copper have been found in the Coast Range, sometimes associated with cuprite; one mass weighed 37.3 pounds.

Santa Barbara County. In grains in serpentine rocks (Blake).

Shasta County. Cow Creek and Iron Mountain.

Trinity County. With cuprite.

43. COPPERAS. Coquimbite in part, hydrous sulphate of iron, occurs in several localities in the State, and is generally the result of solfataric action, as at the Sulphur Bank, in Lake County, where it is very abundant. No analysis has been made of it, so that its exact composition is unknown. Dr. Trask, in his report of 1854, fol. 56, says it is found in large quantities near the town of Santa Cruz, in such quantity that it could be extensively manufactured as an article of commerce. I formed the same opinion as to the Sulphur Bank before mentioned. A sample of saturated solution of sulphate of iron was sent to the Mining Bureau recently, leached from ground sulphurets that the party who sent it states could be obtained at the rate of seventy gallons per ton. This is oAly another evidence of the enormous waste that is permitted in the metallurgy of ores in California.

Copper — Blue Carbonate — see Azurite.

Copper Glance — see Chalcosite.

Copper — Green Carbonate — see Malachite.

44. CORUNDUM. According to Baron Richthoven it is found in tb drift in the San Francisquito Pass, Los Angeles County.

""45. CUBAN. Sulphide of copper and iron. It is said to be found ot Santa Rosa Creek, San Luis Obispo County. One mass weighed 1,00 pounds. I consider this statement as doubtful.

CUPRITE. Red oxide of copper. xsAJaet 2u commor: Colusa County. Candace Mine.

Del Norte County Pearl Copper Mine, with native copper.

Kern County, San Emedio Ranch, with malachite.

Mono County. Kerrick Mine, with azurite, malachite, partzite, and native silver.

At Lundy, in microscopic crystals, with cerargyrite and chrysocolla.

On the borders of Mono Lake and at Mammoth.

Napa County, Near St. Helena, in masses of considerable size, with native copper.

Nevada County, At Meadow Lake, with native copper.

Placer County, Near Lincoln.

Plumas County, Reward Mine.

Shasta County, Peck Mine, Copper Hill, in microscopic crystals.

Trinity County, With native copper, exact locality unknown.

Tulare County, May Flower Mine, Mineral King District.

And at nmnerous localities in the Inyo Moimtains, Mono, and Inyo Counties.

According to Blake, it occurs sparingly in thin crusts and sheets with the surface ores of the principal copper mines in Calaveras County, especially the Union and the Keystone; in Mariposa County, at La Vic- toire Mine, with green and blue carbonates of copper; in Del Norte County, at the Evoca, Alta, and other mines, in very good cabinet specimens, the cavities being lined with crystal; in Plumas County, and in the upper parts of most of the copper veins of the State.

47. CUPROSCHEELITE. Tungstate of lime and copper. This new and interesting mineral was first found in California in the Green Monster Copper Mine, in Kern County, about twelve miles east of White River Post Office. It is generally associated with black tormaline. A large crystal was found at this locality, which is the only one of this mineral known. In 1879 a fine specimen was sent te San Francisco from Fresno County, but the exact locality was not given.

48. DATOLITE, OR DATHOLITE. This mineral has, as yet, been found at one locality only, but from the universal distribution of boracic add in the State, it is likely te be found elsewhere. The locality is a niining tunnel near San Carlos, Inyo County. It occurs with grossularite in fine crystals, the datholite being the matrix in which the grossularite is embedded. This mineral was first noticed by the late J. Lawrence Smith, and an account of it published in the American Journal of Science a number of years ago

49. DIALLOGITE. Rhodochrosite, carbonate of manganese. This mineral is represented in the State Museum by a single specimen, No. 3584, in beautiful pink crystals, from the Colorado Mine, No. 2, Monitor District, Alpine County.

50. DIAMOND. For the details of the occurrence of diamonds in Cali- fornia, and of general history, the reader is referred to the fourth annual report of this office, folio 157. The following are the known localities in the State:

Ainador County, A very interesting stone was found in July, 1883, by

George Evans, on the surface of the ground at RancVvena. a tk>ccw;|,

cain, about four miles northweat of Volcano. It aJoovjLX. tcS-

giobalarin form, all the faces being convex. It is pa\e stxa coVste.l

brilliant, and, as far as can be distinguished even under the microscope, is without a flaw. Jackass Gulch, near Volcano, and Indian Gulch, Gopher Hill, near Fiddletown, and other localities. Diamonds have been found at Volcano in a peculiar volcanic formation, described by Professor Whitney as " ashes and pumice cemented and stratified by water." The crystals had the form of the icositetrahedron, with faces curved in the manner peculiar to the diamond.

Butte County. A fine crystal was found some years ago in the west branch of Feather River. It was about four millimeters in diameter. It was afterwards lost. A number of diamonds have been found at Yankee Hill, but the exact number is not known.

A fine diamond from the Spring Valley Mine, Cherokee, has been pre- sented to the State Museum, No. 4033, by Mr. G. F. Williams, Superin- tendent. Mrs. Harris has a beautiful Cherokee rough diamond set in a ring. Mr. Harris, who was formerly Superintendent of the Spring Valley Hydraulic Mine, has another, which has been cut. Of the two, I consider the natural crystal the most interesting and beautiful. Mrs. W. C. Hen- dricks of Morris Ravine, near Oroville, also has a fine Cherokee diamond set in a ring.

In August of 1883 I visited Cherokee, Butte County, specially to study that celebrated diamond locality. Mr. A. McDermott, druggist of Oroville, says that a diamond was sent to him in 1862 which was as large as a small pea. It was nearly globular and obscurely crystallized and of yellow color. He does not know the subsequent history of the stone, where it was found, or the owner's name.

At Cherokee, diamonds and zircons are found in cleaning up sluices and undercurrents. The first notice of diamonds at this locality dates jfrona 1853, the largest discovered, which was two and a quarter carats (nine i grains), is now in the possession of John More. There have been froixi fifty to sixty found, from first to last; some were rose colored, some yellow, i others pure white, and all associated with zircons, platinum, iridiuna? magnetite, gold, and other minerals.

El Dorado County, Mr. W. A. Goodyear is quoted in Whitney's " Aurif- erous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California" as follows: "He saw diamond in the possession of Mrs. Olmstead, at Dirty Flat, near Placer- ville, which measured nine thirty-seconds of an inch maximum diameter, and weighed one and a quarter carats — grains. It was found by Mr. Olmstead in cleaning up the sluices of the Cruson tunnel, Dirty Flat.

At the McConnell & Reed claim, on the south side of Webber Hill, diamond the size of a small white bean was found. This diamond wa0 discovered a few feet above the bedrock. Mr. McConnell thinks on a pre- vious occasion he had thrown away a diamond as large as the end of hiB thumb, in ignorance of its true character. Two other diamonds were found in another claim, also on the south side of Webber Hill.

Three or four diamonds were found near White Rock. Mr. Goodyear purchased a crystal of Mr. Thomas Potts. It weighed half a carat — two grains; had a slight yellowish tinge, and was found in washing the gravel which came from a tunnel driven into White Rock. Near the same localitjT three diamonds were found in gravel by the Wood Brothers, in 1867. Th largest was valued by a San Francisco dealer at fifty dollars.

An interesting letter from Placerville to the State Mineralogist, from P. Carpender, gives much information on this subject. It is published iiP- full in the fourth annual report, folio 169. Trmity County. An examination of ftie pVaWiium ol \3cia'lTvsBS3

Biver was made by Professor F. Woehler, of Gottingen, who found dia- monds in them. After removing gold, platinum, chromic iron, silica, rhuthenium, etc., by the usual methods, he examined the residue micro- scopically, and observed colorless, transparent grains, which he presumed to be diamonds. Subsequent combustion in oxygen and precipitation from solution of baryta, by the carbonic acid evolved, convinced him that the microscopic crystals were true diamonds. DiATOMACEOus Earth — scc Quartz.

51. DOLOMITE. Carbonate of lime and magnesia. Inyo marble.

Dolomite is.rather abundant in California. The following are the most important localities at present known:

Amador County, In narrow, snow-white veins, traversing talcose and chlorite rock bearing coarse, free gold. (Blake.)

Calaveras County. In the Winter, HilPs, and other mines, with quartz and free gold, sometimes in cavities, in fine crystals. (Blake.)

Inyo County. Dolomite is very abundant in the Inyo range of mountains, from White Mountain to Coso, and in very large deposits. The White Mountain Peak is named from its white appearance. The summit, which seems to be of this rock, is often supposed to be covered with snow, when it is not. Attention has lately been called to the white variety of this marble, which resembles the finest Carrara marble, from which the name "/ni/o mar6?e" has been taken. A technical description of this dolomite marble has been given under the head of Building Stones.

Los Angeles County. Tejunga Canon, San Gabriel Mountains.

Mendocino County. Exact locality unknown.

Napa County. Mount Catherine.

Plumas County. With pyrite at Mumford's Hill.

San Bernardino County. In the Armagosa Mines, with free gold ; also in the wash of the Armagosa River, in white bowlders, which, broken, resemble the finest Italian marble.

San Luis Obispo County. At Morro, in nodules resembling fossil coral ; from less than an inch to several feet in diameter. Some have cavities lined with crystal.

52. DUFRENOYSITE. A mineral composed of sulphur, arsenic, and lead. Said to be found in the Union Mine, Cerro Gordo, Inyo County (doubtful).

Electrum — see Gold.

53. EMBOLITE. Chloro-bromide of silver. It is rather an abundant ndneral in southern California, but is seldom found in masses of any con- siderable size, being generally disseminated throughout the other ores of silver, or occurring in crusts. It is almost always associated with cerar- gyrite, for which it is often mistaken. It is found in the Minnie Mine, Sweetwater Range, Mono County, and in the Indiana Mine, near Swansea, Inyo County. A large specimen of silver ore in the State Museum (brec- ciated), a large portion of which is covered with embolite, is from the Alhambra Mine, Calico District, San Bernardino County.

Emerald Nickel — see Zaratite.

54. ENARGITE. Sulpho-arsenide of copper, sometimes coivtaixvmyxv ony, iron silver or zinc. It occurs at least at one place Q.?iX\iQtxsv. whew it 18 abundant, associated with pyrite and otViei imiveTa\>. oJspmUon to change to arseniouB acid and sulphate oi coppex, a.T:eieteiTia

to which has been made under the head of arsenolite. The locality is Morning Star Mine, Monitor District, Alpine County, from which there fine specimens in the State Museum. One remarkably fine specimen the Stella Mine was presented by Lewis Chalmers. It is a nodular m surrounding a nucleus of p3n-ite. It is coated white on the surface the decomposed mineral. The inner nucleus is in part amorphous, p crystalline, of a pale gray color; where it joins the enargite it is pale yella

55. ENSTATITE. Bronzite. k Silicate of magnesia, alumina, iron, lime, manganese, etc. The variety***

Bronzite is found in Alameda County, in the Berkeley Hills,

56. EPIDOTE. Silicate of alumina, lime, iron, etc. Occurs sparingly in California, at Long Valley, on the Mohawk Road, Plumas County, and* in Miners' Ravine, Placer County. It has been found with copper ores in Calaveras and El Dorado Counties, but the exact localities are uncertain.

57. EPSOMITE. Epsom salt, hair salt, sulphate of magnesia.

This rather rare mineral occurs in the Redington Quicksilver Mine, Napa County, in curved porous crystals several inches long, white color nearly wholly soluble in water, gives much acid water in closed tube, ani a black sublimate of sulphide of mercury which is present as an impurity. B. B. on ch. melts in its water of crystallization, and becomes pink ore addition of nitrate of cobalt at a red heat.

A qualitative analysis shows it to contain alumina and traces of iron. The small residue left after solution in water was examined microscopicall} and found to consist of black, yellow, and transparent particles, some sulphide of iron (pyrites), and a small amount of cinnabar. The black particles proved to be magnetite, the yellow free sulphur, and the trans- parent, selenite — altogether an interesting association, and one that will be studied more carefully in the future.

Epsomite has been found in an old drift in Ventura County, at Rincon. The tunnel is in two hundred to three hundred feet, and the mineral forms on the roof and sides in acicular needles two inches long. Specimens have been presented to the State Museum by Dr. Stephen Bowers, of Ven- tura. It is very soluble in water.

Erubescite — see Bornite.

58. ERYTHRITE. Arsenite of cobalt.

This rare mineral has recently been found in California and Nevada. It is found as a rose-red incrustation on a grayish earthy mineral at the Kel- sey Mine, Compton, Los Angeles County. It was described by Professor William P. Blake in " Contributions to the Mineralogy of California," in the appendix to the second annual report of the State Mineralogist, 1882.

Feldspar — see Albite, Labradorite, and Orthoclase, and special paper on rocks and building stones.

59. FLUORITE. Fluor spar, fluoride of calcium.

Found only sparingly in small white cubes, with copper ore, at Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County (Blake). Fluor Spar — see Fluorite. French Chalk — see Talc. Fbeiberqite — see Tehahedrite.

60. GALENA. Galenite, sulphide of lead. Galena is a common ore of lead and very abundant in California. It is

found in the northern part of the State with pyrite and blende, in the gold mines, and in the south with silver ores; sometimes disseminated through the ore, at other times in distinct veins, and in masses of considerable size. The time will come when by a proper system of concentration this mineral will be gathered and will add largely to the lead production of the world.

The following are some of the very numerous localities in the State; most of them are representated in the State Museum:

Amador County. Rising Sun Mine, near Aqueduct City.

Calaveras County. At Murphy's, in the Star of the West Mine, Blue Mountain District and Gold Hunter claim.

Inyo County. New Coso, Modoc, Brown Monster, and Hidalgo Mines, the latter showing radiated structure. In the Cerro Gordo Mines where a large quantity of lead has been produced, and at many other localities in the Inyo Mountains. All the ores containing this mineral are argentif- erous.

Mariposa County. Marble Springs.

Mono County. In the May, Lundy, and Homer Districts, and with native silver and partzite. Tower Mine near Benton; there are numerous other localities in the county.

Nevada County. In several of the most noted mines with gold, and at Meadow Lake with gold and blende.

Plumas County. Light's Cafion and Granite Basin.

Sacramento County. At Michigan Bar, with blende and p)rrites.

San Bernardino County. In many localities.

Santa Catalina Island.

Tehama County. At Cow Creek.

Tuolumne County. In white quartz, with coarse gold, pyrite, and blende; Soulsby Mine.

61. GARNET. Andradite. Garnets are found in a number of localities in California, but no stones

suitable for jewelry work, or which should be called gems, are known.

Garnets have been found in the following localities in the State:

Calaveras County.

El Dorado County. At Fairmount Mine, three miles from Pilot Hill, in large blocks and masses two feet thick or more (Blake); Rogers' claim, Hope Valley, with copper ores.

Fresno County* Near New Idria (chrome garnet).

Inyo County. Coso Mining District. Specimens have been brought to San Francisco, under the impression that they were tin ore.

Los Angeles County. Mountain Meadows, with copper ores.

Marin County. Reed's Ranch, in mica schist.

Mono County. Near Mono Lake,

Plumas County. Long Valley.

San Bernardino County. Near the Temescal Tin Mines.

San Diego County. Soledad Mine, near Santa Ysabel.

Santa Clara County. Thirty miles northeast of San Jose, in mica schist.

Sonoma County. Mouth of Russian River — near Petaluma, associated th specular iron, pyrite, chalcopyrite, calc spar, actinolite, and steatite.

Ventura County. Pine Mountains.

forms mountains in Nevada and elsewhere in the Great Basin, is believed to be a pseudomorph after gay-lussite; if this is so, the quantity of car- bonate of soda set free must also have been very great. This subject forms the substance of several chapters in the " Geology of the Fortieth Parallel," Clarence King. Gay-lussite is found in California at Borax Lake, San Bernardino County, and probably elsewhere.

63. GEOCRONITE. Sulphide of lead and antimony, has been observed with galena in small masses in the Inyo Mountains, Inyo County. A specimen was exhibited in the California collection at the Paris Exposi- tion of 1878.

64. GLAUBERITE. Sulphate of lime and soda, was found at Borax Lake, Lake County, in blue clay at a depth of forty feet, having been obtained. in an artesian boring (Dana). It is reported also in San Bernar- dino County, at the borax works, and it is said to exist at the Geysers in Sonoma County. .

65. GLAUCOPHANE (Wichtisite). This mineral occurs in a rock ma- trix, widely distributed in California, and associated with serpentine. The rock was first observed in 1877, when sections were cut for microscopic observation. A specimen was exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1878, and when seen by M. Michel Levy was recognized as the "Mica schiste a glaucophane de Syra, Greece," figured in his " Mineralogie micro-graphique des Roches Eruptive Frangaises," planche 1, Fig, 2. This rock is repre- sented in the State Museum by No. 4259. The wall rock of the Collier Mine, six miles northeast of Murphy's, Calaveras County, and microscopic slide from near the Wall Street Quicksilver Mine, Lake County. A shde from this was exhibited in Paris.

66. GOLD. Gold exists in nearly every county in California. To enu- merate all the localities in detail would be useless. All the information this office has been able to gain concerning this most valuable of all metals may be learned by consulting previous reports of the State Mineralogist, the museum catalogues, and a special paper in this volume.

A very interesting specimen of gold imbedded in a quartz crystal has been exhibited at the State Museum. The following description is the result of a careful examination of this curious and interesting association- It is from Tuolumne County, and was one of several obtained at the same locality. It is now in the private collection of Mr. J. Z. Davis.

The gold is, within and without the crystal, projecting from a perfect face. It does not fill a cavity, but extends like a diaphragm through tb- quartz. The length of the quartz crystal is 42 millimeters, thickness and 20 millimeters; weight, 14.670 grams; specific gravity, 2.699. Accord' ing to the table given in Phillips' Metallurgy of Gold and Silver, tti- proportion of gold is .0429, or by weight —

Gold 0.629

Quartz 14.041

Total 14.670

Attached to the large crystal are two smaller ones, of smoky joined to the larger one by the gold. One of these crystals is very the other is somewhat larger; the diameteT oi lYie eixisiWfit of an inch, .003, the larger is .0375.

"t

ti ti-

The gold is bright, crypto-crystalline, leaf-Hke, curved in some parts like the gold found in some quartz mines in the State, specially the Cedarberg. The large crystal of quartz is well terminated at one end; the base is shat- tered and irregular. At the junction of the gold with the quartz the quartz is somewhat fractured, but the gold extends into the body of the crystal into the solid quartz. The face of the crystal which appears fractured, when examined under the microscope, seems to be a confused conglom- erate of imperfect crystals of quartz in which some minute half-formed crystals of gold are imbedded. It is interesting to speculate as to the manner of the formation of this crystal, and to theorize how the gold came to be imbedded in it. At first thought it would seem to be conclusive that the gold was formed first and that the quartz crystallized about it; but they may be cotemporaneous, another evidence that quartz is deposited in a gelatinous state, from which it hardens into massive and even crystal- line quartz.

It has long been known that gold existed in small quantities on the peninsula of San Francisco, within the city limits. A handy panner, or one skilled in the use of the improved batea, can at any time obtain one or more colors of gold in a panful of sand from the ocean beach or the shores of San Francisco Bay. A few ounces of gold have been extracted from the black sands on the beach near Lake Merced. A small portion of this gold has been obtained, rolled out into a ribbon, and placed in the museum as a specimen of gold from San Francisco County. It has been numbered 6530 in the museum catalogue. Some day this specimen will be prized as a relic of the golden era in California. Half an ounce of gold should be bought from every county in the State while it is possible, and carefully preserved in the State Museum.

67. GRAPHITE. Plumbago, black lead, etc. The following are the known localities in the State: M'ne County. Near Summit City. Calaveras County. Near Big Tree Grove, in crystalline scales (Blake),

probably molybdnite, for which it is frequently mistaken.

Fresno County. At Borer Hill.

Kern County. Near Fort Tejon.

Los Angeles County. Tejunga Canon, twenty-five miles from Los Angeles, nd twelve miles from S. P. R. R.

Sonoma County. Knights Valley, Guemeville, and near Pine Flat.

Tuolumne County. One mile south of Sonora, Gold Springs.

And reported in Marin, Plumas, and Sierra Counties.

No deposit of any considerable value has as yet been found in the State, the quality is very inferior. Some of the specimens from localities given above, may be molybdenite, and this is even probable.

Gray Copper — see Tetrahedrite and Chalcosite.

68. GROSSULARITE. Lime garnet. Is quite abundant in California, especially in the southern counties,

ytere it has often been mistaken for tin by Cornish miners who have seen )t, and several tin excitements have had their origin in this mistake. It found also with copper ore in the Roger's claim, Hope Valley, El Dorado unty (Dana), and, with datholite, near San Carlos, Inyo County.

rt:

69. GYPSUM. AlabaiSter, selenite, satin spar, p\aa\feT oi Yotvs. jypBum 18 an abundant mineral in California. It ioxxxASsx omerous localities as follows :

Alameda 'County. Union Salt Works, a deposit left in the tanks in th6 preparation of bay salt.

Kern County. With stibnite in the Antimony Mines, San Emidio, near Breckenridge, Buena Vista, and Posa Creek.

Los Angeles County, Near the entrance of Soledad Cafion, and at a local- ity recently discovered.

Monterey County. Several unimportant localities.

Nevada County, Near Truckee Pass.

San Diego County, One or two miles from Elsinore, near Dos Palmaft Station, banks of Carizo Creek.

San Lais Obispo County, Arroya Grande Momitains.

Santa Barbara County. With anhydrite.

The deposit in Santa Barbara County is of great excellence and veiy extensive, possesses the further advantage of being located within two miles of Point Sal, a shipping station on the coast for this portion of the county. This gypsum is of the white or Nova Scotia variety, being a kind' well suited for making plaster of Paris, and which is said to occur abuxftr dantly at only a few other points in the tJnited States. Since the discoveij 'l three years ago, five thousand tons have been brought to San Francisco i and manufactured by Lucas & Co., who inform me that the supply cannot ' be exhausted in many years.

Stanislaus County. Near HilFs Ferry.

Ventura County. Ojai Ranch, Lockwood Creek.

Alabaster —

Los Angeles County. Arroyo Grande, San Luis Obispo County, and Point Sal, Santa Barbara County.

Sonoma County. In fine crystals, Santa Rosa.

San Luis Obispo County. Cholame.

Selenite —

Kern County. Antimony mines, San Emidio; Buena Vista.

Lake County. Robinson's Ranch.

Lassen County, Near Susanville, in large slabs.

Los Angeles County. Soledad Canon, in large slabs.

Mariposa County. Bear Valley.

San Bernardino County, At and near Calico.

San Diego County. Dos Palmas Station, Southern Pacific Railroad.

Santa Barbara County. Point Sal.

Santa Clara County. Near Gilroy.

Stanislaus County. Near Modesto.

Ventura County. Lockwood Creek.

Satin Spar —

San Bernardino County, and Tulare County, near White River.

70. HALITE. Common salt.

The manufacture of salt was described in a special paper in the second annual report of the State Mineralogist. Since that report was published, several new salt springs have been discovered, and in sinking wells for petroleum salt water frequently rises.

Salt is known to exist in a mineral state in the following counties of State: Alameda, Inyo, Kern, Los Angeles, Marin, Placer, San Bemarc San Diego, Santa Clara, and others. In Inyo, Kern, San Bernardino, San Diego Counties, it occurs in the great deserts and in the sinks of which have no outlet to the sea. In Inyo County it is abundant in Owenfi'> Saline, and Death Valleys, associated mfti\)OTaiL, hanksiiB9..J

1864, in extensive beds. Large beds of salt have recently been discovered in the Alkaline Lake or sink in the Colorado Desert, in San Diego County, which are now being successfully worked by an incorporated company under the name of the New Liverpool Salt Company.

hi Alameda County solar salt was found by the early settlers on the shores of the bay of San Francisco.

I In Kern County it occurs fourteen miles from Cafiada de los Uvas, where the ground is impregnated with salt; also in the Tehachapi Valley.

Salt springs occur in Inyo County, in numerous localities.

Los Angeles County, Fourteen miles from Los Angeles.

Placer County. Near Clipp<3r Gap, and elsewhere in the State.

71. HANKSITE. This new mineral has been fully described in the fifth annual report of this office, folio 62 to 66. It has lately been dis- covered that it occurs in very large quantities and in a different form at the same locality, where the hexagonal crystals were found, and that a con- fused mass of dogtooth crystals in the State Museum are another form of hanksite. When this became known a doubt arose whether thenardite existed at all in California, but it was found that a massive variety, called ice by the borax miners, gave no reaction for carbonic acid and all the reaction for thenardite. It will be interesting when the Winter overflow of water at the locality in San Bernardino County subsides to obtain all the varieties, and to make a careful study of them. It is my opinion that instead of being a scarce mineral, hanksite will be found in great abun- dance, and that it will be proved that it plays an active and important part in the metamorphosis that produces gay-lussite, thinolite, and perhaps borax. Hanksite is known to occur in California in the borax fields in Death Val- ley, Inyo County, and in San Bernardino County, at the original locality. There are several known localities in the State of Nevada.

72. HEMATITE. Specular iron, micaceous iron, red hematite, ses- quioxide of iron.

The reader is referred to a special paper on iron ores in fourth annual rejwrt, folio 232. Hematite is found in the following counties and locali- ties in the State:

Alameda County, Near Alameda.

Alpine County. At Monitor.

Amador County. lone Valley, near the Amador Gold Gravel Mine, two and a half miles northeast of Jackson.

Butte County (Micaceous). Feather River, near Oroville.

Calaveras County. Near Campo Seco, opposite section three, township four north, range ten east; near San Andreas — near the big tree grove.

Del Norte C&umty. Kelsey tunnel, fourteen miles southeast of Crescent City.

El Dorado County. Diamond Springs township.

Inyo County. Owens Valley.

Napa County. Near St. Helena.

Nevada Cownty, Holden ledge, township fifteen north, range seven east; large quantity; 1,000 tons shipped to San Francisco.

Placer County, Clipper Gap Iron Mine, on section twenty-four, township thirteen north, and range eight east; Red Hill, on section fifteen, same township and range. Plumas County. With magnetite, near Crescent Mills*, "YtSXS.,

8'

San Luis Obispo County, Harrington Iron Mine, township thirty- ona Bouth, ranges eleven and twelve east. Shasta County Near Shasta. Sonoma County. Specular iron, equal to that from Elba.

73. HESSITE. Telluride of silver. A single specimen was obtained ia 1854, near Georgetown, El Dorado County. It had been washed out fix)m. the gold drift, and the parent vein has never been found (Blake).

Hornblende — see Amphibole. HoRNSiLVER — see Cerargyrite. Horseflesh Copper Ore — see Bomite. Hyalite — see Opal.

74. HYDROMAGNESITE. A mineral, supposed to be hydromagnesite (no analysis) , is found in the serpentines on the peninsula of San Francisco, and elsewhere in the State. It is represented by specimen No. 1320, in tha State Museum.

Iceland SpAR-7-see Calcite. Idocrase — see Vesuvianite. Idrialite — see Petroleum. Ilmenite — see Menaccanite. Iodide of Mercury — see Coccinite. loNiTE — see Lignite.

75. IODINE. Dr. Trask found free iodine and bromine in the serpen* tine rocks at Point Lobos, San Francisco. (" Report on the Geology of th© Coast Mountains, etc., J. B. Trask, State Geologist* 1854,'* fols. 26 and 92.) About seventeen years ago I made an analysis of mineral water containing a large quantity of iodine. The sample was furnished by Mr. Fargo, (f San Francisco, who has since informed me that the spring from which it was taken was at the entrance of Grizzly Cafion, Lake County, five or si miles from Wilbur Springs. In a letter by Dr. John A. Veatch, quoted ia. the third annual report of the State Mineralogist, 1883, fol. 17, he writes: '' Nothing of much importance presented itself until reaching the saline district, about eighty miles south of Red Bluff. It is on one of the branches of Stony Creek. Valuable salt springs exist here. Th waters contaia the borates in minute quantities, and one spring was remarkable for th enormous proportion of iodine salts held in solution."

76. IRIDIUM. Iridium has been found with gold and platinum in all the stream washings or placer mines of California; also in the auriferous beach sands. As not much effort has ever been made by the miners save it, the quantity collected in this State has not been large. During the earlier stages 01 gold washing, when operations were prosecuted on Jt more extended scale, the miners finding this troublesome stuff in their sluices, where its great weight had retained it with the gold, were at much- pains to separate it from the latter, after which, being ignorant of its value, the most of it was thrown away. Afterwards, when the miners found out what it was, they began to save this metal, and small lots, finding their way to San Francisco, were sold at such prices as happened to be offered for it, there being no regular purchasers in this market.

In melting gold in the United States Mint in San Francisco, and in tbo

bullion reBneries of the State, much iridmm >Nas collected which rose to

Ae surface of the melted gold, and was skinciTCied \3tife

dross. At the San Francisco Assaying and

management of Kellogg & Hewston, large quantities were so collected. The principal localities in the State where it has been found will be given under the head of platinum.

Iridosmine — see Iridium and Platinum.

Iron Garnet — see Garnet.

Iron and Iron Ores — see Hematite, Limonite, Magnetite, and Siderite. This subject has been somewhat fully treated in the fourth annual report of this office, folio 232.

Isinglass — see Mica, Brolite, and Muscovite.

77. JAMESONITE. Sulphide of antimony, lead, iron, copper, and zinc. This mineral is represented in the State Museum by a single specimen,

No. 2262, from Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras County. Jasper — see Quartz.

78. JEFFERISITE. A mineral resembling mica, which is a hydrous siKcate of numerous bases, principally alumina, iron, and magnesia. Spec- imens in the State Museum are (2126), from Susan ville, Lassen County, and (4911), from Tulare County.

79. KAOLINITE. Including all varieties of clay resulting from the de- composition of feldspar. The numerous deposits of clay in the State and the

.condition of the pottery manufactures have been described at some length in the fourth annual report of the State Mineralogist, folio 139, to which the reader is referred for details. Clays are very abundant in the State, while some are admirably adapted for the manufacture of the finer quality of porcelain, others are useful only for the making of bricks. The follow- ing are the most important localities in the State, of the better quality; the inferior kinds are too numerous to mention :

Alameda County,

Amador County, lone Valley, near Jackson.

Calaveras County,

Contra Costa County. Mount Diablo.

El Dorado County, Dutch Creek, twenty miles northeast of Placerville.

Humboldt County,

Inyo County. One deposit said to have an area of forty acres, ten feet thick ; another opposite Independence.

Los Angeles County,

Marin County. Duncan's Mills.

Mendocino County, Near Point Arena.

Monterey County.

Napa County,

Nevada County, Seven miles southeast of Grass Valley, on section three, township fifteen north, range nine east, a large and very important deposit. Another is found on Rush Creek, three miles from Nevada City.

Placer County, Spinks' coal mine at Lincoln, one of the most important ; localities in the State; found also near Clipper Gap.

.Sacramento County, Michigan Bar and Cook's Bar are important deposits.

San Bernardino County. In 1883 a deposit of very pure white kaolin of great value if in sufficient quantity was discovered at Calico.

San Diego County. Several large deposits have been found within six Bnilesof Elsinore. Potteries have been established whicYi aie NotVv\\%\)c\fe saccesBfuUjr,

Santa Clara County. Near San Jose.

Sonoma County, Two miles from Santa Rosa. Tehama County.

80. LABRADORITE. Feldspar.

This mineral has been observed in small quantities in street pavement blocks in San Francisco; the exact locality is not known.

81. LEAD AND LEAD ORES. See also galena, anglesite, and cerusite. In the fourth annual report of this office, folio 244, the reader will find

Eublished a special paper on this subject. Metallic lead was said to have een found in a placer mine at Magalia, Butte County, in 1867. This was probably flattened bullets, which are very frequently if not invariably found in the clean up of hydraulic mines.

82. LENZINITE. Hydrous silicate of alumina.

Mountain Butter. Found in cavities in rocks at the mouth of Pine Creek Cafion, Alabama Range, Owens Valley, Inyo County. (Aaron.) This mineral is probably lenzinite.

83. LEPIDOLITE. Lithium mica.

This beautiful mineral has recently been found in California, at several localities, with erythrite and rubellite. It is a pink colored, scaly mineral containing from two to six per cent of lithium. The California mineral -. has not yet been analyzed. It might, at some future time, be found profilr able to extract lithium from it. The salts of lithium are principally used in fireworks and in medicine. The California localities are represented in the State Museum by Nos. 1229, San Diego County; 2773, twenty miles southwest of Colton, San Bernardino County; and 4262, with azurite, from the Half Dollar Mine, Inyo County.

84. LEUCOPYRITE. Arsenical iron.

Said to occur in Los Angeles County; exact locality not given.

85. LIGNITE. Brown coal, mineral coal, ionite, peat, etc.

One of the most pressing wants of California at the present time extensive and accessible beds of good coal. It will be difficult, if not. impossible, to compete otherwise with eastern manufacturers, who caa purchase an unlimited supply of greatly superior fuel for less than one third- the price paid by the same class of manufacturers on the Pacific Coast. The question of fuel becomes a very serious one when extensive manu- factures on the Pacific Coast are contemplated.

While our mineral fuels of this class are neither cheap, abundant, nor ; of good quality, they serve a useful purpose, and are somewhat largely utilized. Even the brea, or crude asphaltum, is burned under steam boiletft in some parts of the State.

As carboniferous rocks are known to exist in several parts of the Sta'te there is reason to hope that true coal may be eventually found. reader is referred to a special paper on the mineral coals of the Paci? Coast, on folio 265, fourth annual report of this office. The following fomia localities are known:

Alameda County. Corral Hollow.

Amador County. lone Valley, in a vein of inferior quality, five to fift feet in thickneaa; several thousand tons have been burned m locomotiv** uUe County. '

Calaveras County. Near Lancha Plana.

Contra Costa County. Mount Diablo, extending ten to twelve miles along the northern slope of the mountain; the most prolific locality in the State. Fresno County. Six miles westwardly from the New Idria Quicksilver Mine.

Humboldt County. Near Eureka, on Eel River, thirty miles from EurekA, one hundred and fifty feet above the bed of the river; said to be a well defined and extensive bed of coal. Kern County. Tejon Pass. Lassen County. Near Bieber.

Los Angeles County. Four miles from Fulton — Santa Clara Coal Mine. Mendocino County. Middle fork of Eel River, eight miles south of Round Valley— Willits. Mono County. A vein six inches thick, twenty-five miles from Bodie. Monterey County. South of Carmello Bay.

Placer County. At Lincoln, a very poor quality; it has been used, to a limited extent, for making steam.

San Benito County. Cienega del Gabilan Rancho, in the mountains east of Soledad.

San Bernardino County. Temescal Mountains, twenty-five miles west of Colton, Cajon Pass, said to be a fifteen-foot vein; if an analysis pub- lished in the San Diego News is correct, the coal is of superior quality.

San Diego. Croppings of coal or lignite were known in this county many years ago. R. C. Taylor, in his statistics of coal, published in 1855, but writ- ten before 1851, mentions the occurrence of coal on the seacoast, twelve miles north of San Diego, and the fact that the tooth of a saurian and amber were found with it. According to the statements of Dr. Le Conte, the vein is four feet thick. The writer also asserts that brown coal is found between San Diego and San Luis Rey (folio 497). According to the Mining and Scientific Press, coal occurs near the harbor of San Diego, on Point Loma (vol. 16, folio 81). A vein of lignite has been found four miles from Elsi- nore. It has been named the Cheney Coal Mine. It is developed to the extent of fifty feet, and is used as a cheap fuel. J have made an analysis hich has not before been published.

Analysis.

Fixed carbon 39.94 )T„fl„,„,„„,, ok vv

VolatUe combustible matter 45.06 Inflammable 85.00

" 920 Non-inflammable 15.00

100.00 100.00

Streak, brown; does not cake or coke.

San Francisco County. Ore specimen found on Telegraph Hill had the following composition:

Combustible matter and water 75.7

Ash 24.3

Another from the cemetery grounds, Presidio:

rst'l

Fixed carbon 47.55

Volatile combustible matter 7.30

Water - 4.40

Ash 40.75

Non-inSammable . 45AS>

Small croppings of lignite are known to occur on the ocean beach.

San Luis Obispo County, Near the town, lat. 35" north; discovered 1847 (Statistics of Coal, R. C. Taylor, folio 497).

Santa Clara County. Near Lexington.

Santa Cruz County.

Shasta County,

Siskiyou County. Eight miles north of Yreka, on the road to Linkville.

Solano County. Southwestern part.

Sonoma County. Santa Rosa Valley.

loNiTE — Described in fourth annual report, occurs in at least four locali- ties, in lone Valley, the original locality, and in San Benito County at the Coal Mine Mountains, east of Soledad. Among the asphaltum beds at Sar- gent's ranch, Santa Clara County, and in Los Angeles County near Petrolia it seems to be some obscure pseudomorth after petroleum and to have a common origin.

Lime — see Calcite.

Lime Garnet — see Grossularite.

Limestone — see Calcite, and special paper on Rocks and Building Stones.

86. LIMONITE. Limonite is rather an abundant mineral in California, being found in numerous localities with other iron ores in the State. The following are the principal and most important ones:

Alameda County. Five miles from the town of Alameda.

Calaveras County. Between Jenny Lind and Campo Seco, San Andreas, near the Big Trees, Sheep Ranch District, near Murphy's.

El Dorado County. Near Latrobe. For description, see Catalogue No.

Placer County. Forest Hill. In nodules resembling coprolites.

San Luis Obispo County. Harrington Iron Mine, on subdivision of Rancho Cafiada de los Osos.

Santa Clara County. With psilomelane.

Shasta County. Iron Mountain Mine, seven miles from Shasta.

Sierra County. At ox near Gold Lake.

Solano County. Shores of the bay, in nodules.

Tulare County. Twenty-five miles from Visalia.

Yellow Ochre —

Calaveras County. Near Campo Seco.

El Dorado County. Twelve miles northeast of Shingle Springs, section thirty-two, township twelve north, range eleven east, four miles east of Georgetown.

San Diego County. Two miles from Elsinore.

Santa Clara County. Near the Mission of San Jose.

87. LINARITE. Cupreous sulphate of lead, cupreous anglesite.

This mineral, at first mistaken for azurite, is found in considerable abun- dance in the silver lead mines of Cerro Gordo, Inyo County, and at the Modoc Mine, in the same county. Some of the specimens obtained are very beautiful.

88. LITHARGE. This substance has been found in San Bernardino County. It is probably a furnace product, made in prehistoric times. It has been found also in Arizona, in localities remote from the Missions, and

under circumstances leading to the opinion that the furnaces, now obliter-

and built the Casa Grande, in the valley of the Gila River, and lived in the ancient cliff dwellings. Lithographic Stone — see Calcite.

89. LITHOMARGE. A fine grained hydrous silicate of alumina, prob- ably sedimentary. It contains generally magnesia and lime. Specimen No. 423, in the State Museum, is from the Alpha Mine, Table Mountain, Tuolumne County; called "pipe clay;" No. 2515 is from near the Big Trees, Calaveras County; and No. 4498 from Lassen County.

Loadstone. Natural magnet — see Magnetite.

Macle — see Andalusite.

Magnesian Limestone — see Dolomite.

90. MAGNESITE. Carbonate of magnesia. Magnesite is a valuable mineral, found in numerous localities in our State. None has, as yet, been put to practical use. The market has been generally supplied from Greece. It is exported to England to the extent of from one thousand to two thousand tons annually. It is sold for thirty-two drachms (about $5 44) per ton. It is used in England for the manufacture of sulphate of magnesia. A small quantity goes to Austria, and is used in the manu- facture of hydraulic lime, and a smallerquantity to France, where it is used in the manufacture of firebrick and tiles. The California mineral will be turned to account at some future time, when it will be interesting and important to know where it may be found. The known localities in the State are as follows :

Alameda County. Mount Diable Range, thirty miles south of the mountain.

Mariposa County. A heavy bed of magnesian rock, chiefly magnesite, charged with crystals of iron pyrites, accompanies the chief gold-bearing quartz vein of this county. The rock is charged also with nickel and chrome talc in green films, like the magnesite of Canada.

Monterey County. On Arroyo Seco, in a vein two feet wide. The mineral contains also silica.

Napa County. Township nine north, range fivev west, M. D. M.

Placer County. At Gold Run and Damascus, said to exist in large quan- tities.

San Luis Obispo County. At Port Harford.

Santa Clara County. On Coyote Creek, about two miles from Madrone Station, Southern Pacific Railroad, a large deposit of excellent quality.

Tulare County. Near Visalia, below Four Creeks and Moore's Creek, in solid beds of pure white massive mineral. Hard, fine-grained like unglazed porcelain. The beds are from one to six feet thick, inter- stratified with serpentine and talcose slates. South side of Tule River, ten miles from Portersville.

Tuolumne County. Associated with gold-bearing quartz veins and ser- pentine.

An artificial carbonate of magnesia is obtained as a by-product in the tanks in working the mother liquors, from the manufacture of salt by the Union Pacific Salt Company, Alameda County, and largely used in the manufacture of explosives. Magnetic Pyrites — see Pyrrhotite. Magnetic Sands — see Magnetite.

91. MAGNETITE. Magnetic iron ore.

Magnetite is a valuable ore of iron, and exists with other ores in numer- ous locahtiesin CaHfornia. The following are known localities:

Amador County. Two miles northeast of Jackson, magnetic sand, with pyrite; Sutter Creek.

Butte County. With native copper, in the Lincoln Tunnel; Ball Creek, near Oroville.

El Dorado County. Volcanoville (Blake); crystals in slate, near Boston Copper Mine, and with quartz and pjndte, Excelsior Copper Mine (Blake); two miles northwest of Shingle Springs; near Big Red Ravine, two miles from Coloma; Clarksville.

Fresno Couhty.

Inyo County. Magnetite is found in a number of localities in the Inyo Mountains. Fine specimens of loadstone have lately been sent to the State Mining Bureau from the Slate Range, where it exists in quantity.

Los Angeles County. In the Canada de las Uvas there is a vein, three feet thick, in limestone (Blake) ; also, thirty miles north of Los Angeles.

Mariposa County. East of the Mariposa estate (Blake); near Coulter- ville; base of Mount Hoffman.

Mendocino County. Six miles from Calpella.

Mono County. In a vein, five miles south of Benton, with steatite and gold (Aaron) ; Indian District. Analysis by Falkenau & Reese: Peroxide of iron, 93.00; silica, 7.00; total, 100.00; graphite and sulphide of copper, traces. Near Benton. Analysis by Falkenau & Reese: Peroxide of iron, 93.00; silica, 7.00; traces of sulphide of copper. This ore is said to be in very large quantities. Loadstone. Spur of White Mountains, half a niile south of Montgomery (Aaron).

Napa County. Near St. Helena.

Nevada County. Magnetic sands with gold and pyrite, concentration from hydraulic mines, Grass Valley.

Placer County. Utt's Ranch (Blake); near New England Mills; six miles from Auburn, large deposit; section fifteen, township thirteen north, range eight east.

Plumas County (after pyrite). Armentine Mine, with epidote and garnet (Blake); Mumford's Hill (Edman); near Gold Lake, line of Plumas and Sierra Counties; with hematite, near Crescent Mills.

San Benito County. Tres Pinos; Coast Range Mountains; fourteen miles from Hollister, in large quantities with limestone.

San Diego County. Eight or nine miles north of Mesquit Station. '

Santa Barbara County (Trask).

Santa Cruz County. Near the town is an extensive bed; the needle deflected 31° on approaching it (Trask).

Shasta County. At Iron Mountain, five miles from the Sacramento River. . Altitude above river, thirteen hundred feet. An abundance of wood at $2 50 per cord and plenty of water at the mine. Analysis by Kellogg, Hewston & Co.: Protoxide of iron, 11.58; sesquioxide of iron, 80.15; alumina, 1.69; silica, 4.95; water, 1.63. McCloud River; Potter's Iron Mine, seven miles from Shasta; in octahedral crystals, exact locality not known.

Sierra County. In large beds (Blake); Mohawk Valley, Sierra Iron Company.

Sonoma County. Mouth of Russian River; magnetic sands.

Triniti/ County. Near Weaverville (Trask). Ftia County.

92. MALACHITE. Green carbonate of copper, mountain green. This jeral occurs with other ores of copper at numerous localities in the State.

Calaveras County. In remarkably fine specimens, with crystals of azurite,

Hughes' Mine (Blake); at Copperopolis. .

Del Norte County. Low Divide.

Inyo County. At numerous localities in the Inyo and Coso Mountains.

Kern County. San Emidio Ranch, with melaconite.

Uono County. With azurite, cuprite, and partzite; Kerrick Mine, Blind

Plumas County. With azurite, gold, and quartz.

San Diego County. With azurite, cuprite, and chrysocoUa; Lost Mine, ty miles west of Colorado River. San Luis Obispo County. Santa Rosa Creek. Shasta County. Peck Mine, Copper Hill. Tuolumne County. Whitman's Pass. Maltha — see Petroleum. Manganese Oxide — see Pjnrolusite.

93. MARIPOSITE. This is a mineral of an apple green color, found vith quartz, on the Mariposa estate, Mariposa County, and elsewhere on the great mother lode of the State. It has not yet been fully determined. It is referred by Dana to fuchsite. It was first described by Professor Silliman, December 2, 1867: see proceedings of the California Academy of

Sciences, vol. 3, folio 380. It is represented in the State Museum by a ; single specimen. No. 1295, from the Josephine Mine, Mariposa County. ; Quartz containing mariposite has been shipped to China from Mariposa ' County in considerable quantity, which mineral was the valued one is not known; as mariposite has a pleasing green color it has been thought that the Chinese either mistook it for jade or used it as a substitute. Marble — see Calcite and special paper on Building Stones.

94. MARCASITE. Sulphide of iron, white pyrites. This mineral has the same composition as pyrites, but is of a white color. It is put to the same uses, such as making sulphur, sulphuric acid, etc. It is quite com- mon as an associate of gold in California with pyrite (yellow colored), chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, mispickel, etc.

95. MELACONITE. Black oxide of copper. This is a rare mineral in California. It is said to occur with malachite at the San Emidio Ranch, Kem County, and in the Afterthought Mine, Shasta County. Melaconite occurs in the Satellite Copper Mine, formerly the Lancha Plana, near Campo Seco, Calaveras County, in masses of considerable size, with bornite, and containing granules of metallic copper the size of bird-shot. In the R. F., with chloride of ammonia it imparts an intense blue color to the lame. It is partly soluble in hydrochoric acid. The mineral occurs in lodules, black and earthy inside, but covered with a white incrustation.

96. MENACCANITE. Ilmenite, titaniferous iron. A single but fine rystal was found in the gold washings near Georgetown, El Dorado /Ounty. It was about an inch in diameter, with brilliant planes (Blake), iine specimens are brought from Bill Taylor's Ranch, near Buchanan, i'resno County, twenty miles southeast of Mariposa.

97. MERCURY. Native mercury is found in inai\y omcksilver inesin the State but never in large quantities. It aVNoo.OMXXNa'Kt

the surface of the earth, above active mines in which cinnabar has formed and is still forming. Sometimes a soft rock overling the mines, the nature of which has not been properly studied, on being broken open is found to be permeated by native mercury in minute globules. Under the head of cinnabar the production of quicksilver in the State is given.

98. METACINNABARITE. This rare mineral is a black sulphide of mercury, described by G. E. Moore in 1870. It resembles cinnabar in composition, being like that species (Hg S), but differs from it in color, streak, specific gravity, and luster. It corresponds to the black sulphide of mercury, produced artificially by mixing the elements; while cinnabar conforms to the artificial sulphide obtained by sublimation. It occurs with cinnabar and native mercury in several quicksilver mines in Cali- fornia, and has lately been found in Oregon. It has never been obtained in large quantities like cinnabar, and is still considered a rare mineral. When first found it was generally thought to be amorphous, but it has since been found beautifully crystallized in the Redington Mine, Napa County, the locality where it was first discovered. Fine specimens have been obtained in the Great Western Mine, Lake County; in the California Mine, Yolo County, amorphous and in crystals.

99. METEORIC IRON. In 1866 Dr. Trask found a small fragment of iron in Honcut Greek, Butte County. It had the appearance of cast- iron, and was pronounced by Professor Brush not to be meteoric. Still it was considered remarkable at the time, that a fragment of cast-iron should have been found under the circumstances, and it is a little singular that a similar fragment has been recently sent to the State Mining Bureau which was found on the bedrock, near Columbia, Tuolumne County. At a meeting of the California Academy of Sciences, February 19, 1866, Prp- fessor J. D. Whitney stated that Dr. J. G. Cofiin had found fragments of iron in the bed of the Mohave River. At that time no meteorite had been found in California that was known to be such.

There was a rumor, a number of years ago, that there was a large mass of meteoric iron on the line of travel up the coast, a few miles north of Crescent City, Del Norte County, but it could never be traced to any reliable source. The El Dorado meteorite was found at Shingle Springs, by a blacksmith whose name is not given. It was noticed by J. H. Crossman in 1871, and placed in the cabinet of W. V. H. Cronise, where it was seen and described by Professor B. Silliman, in the American Journal of Science and Arts for July 18, 1873, with a figure from a photograph by Watkins of San Francisco. A short notice of it by Professor C. U. Shepard of Amherst College, appeared in the same journal of June, 1872. The weight of this meteorite was about eighty-five pounds avoirdupois. Its largest dimensions were twenty-four and twenty-nine centimeters; density, 7.875. No Widmannstattian figures were developed by etching.

The following analysis of it by J. A. Cairns, of the School of Mines, Columbia College, New York, is published:

Iron 81.480

Nickel 17.173

Cobalt 604

With the following elements in small proportions: aluminum, calcium, carbon, chromium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur. Professor Shepard arrived at quite different results, viz.:

Iron 88.02

Nickel 8.88

Insoluble 3.50

This meteorite still remains in San Francisco.

The San Bernardino Meteorite, No. 2339, State Museum, was found in 1880 in the Ivanpah Mining District, San Bernardino County, by Stephen Gk)ddard. The weight, before cutting, was 1,870 troy ounces. Dimensions: length, 13.5 inches; width, 9.7 inches; thickness, 8 inches. Specific gravity of the mass, 7.693. It is an irregular body or mass of malleable iron. The Burface is covered with concave cup-like depressions, some of which have considerable depth. The fine Widmannstattian figures on the cut face were developed by the action of nitric acid, and the smooth rim or border was protected from the action of the acid by wax, and should not be mis- taken for a crust or outer shell. On one end of the aerolite may be seen distinct crystals corresponding to those developed by acid. Photographs, on a scale of one third the actual size, were taken of this specimen, both before and after cutting. Lithographs from these photographs were pub- lished in the fourth annual report. The following analysis was made in the University of California by Mr. Gustav Gehring:

University of California, Berkeley, May 17, 1884.

Analysis of the San Bernardino Meteorite, by Gustav Gehring, Assistant in Chemistry in the University of California :

Iron 94.856

Nickel 4.469

Cobalt 261

Silica 041

Sulphur -. 004

Phosphorus 002

Carbon in combination 115

Graphite 067

Hardness, 3.75; specific gravity, 8.076.

100. MICA. Isinglass, muscovy glass, etc. See also biotite. Muscovite is abundant in the granite rocks of the State.

The following include the principal localities at which this mineral has been found in California: At Gold Lake, Plumas County; in El Dorado County; Ivanpah District, San Bernardino County; near Susan ville, Lassen County; and at Tehachapi Pass, Kern County; it having been observed at many other places in the State. As little or no work has been done on any of these deposits, not much can be said in regard to their probable Value, one way or the other. We have reports of mica being found in nearly all the Pacific States and Territories; also in those contiguous to the Rocky Mountains; its occurrence in some of these being abundant, and extending to many different localities.

Micaceous Iron — see Hematite.

101. MILLERITE. Sulphide of nickel. This mineral is brass-yellow, resembling chalcopyrite. It is not a common or abundarvt 11:1 California has been observed only at one locality ,\ia\i Placer County.

Mineral Coal— see Lignite,

Mineral Waters — see special paper on this subject elsewhere. MispicKEL— see Arsenopyrite.

102. MOLYBDENITE. Sulphide of molybdenum.

This is a soft, black, lustrous, foliated mineral, resembling graphite, fa which it is frequently mistaken. It has no special value. It is rather common in California, in the granites of the Sierra Nevada, and associated with gold in the quartz veins, and frequently with copper and silver ores.

The following are the most important localities in the State. Most of them are represented in the State Museum:

El Dorado County, Cosumnes Copper Mine, with ores of copper.

Fresno County. Speckerman's Mine, Fresno Flat.

Inyo County. Beveridge Mine; foliated; mistaken for graphite; near Independence.

Nevada County. Excelsior Mine (Dana).

San Diego County. At Campo.

Tulare County. South Fork of King's River, forty-five miles northeast of Visalia.

103. MOLYBDITE. Molybdic acid, molybdic ochre, molybdine. According to Dana, this mineral is found in the Excelsior Mine, Nevada

County, with molybdenite and gold. Mountain Blue — see Azurite. Mountain Butter — see Lenzinite. Mountain Cork — see Amphibole. Mountain Leather — see Amphibole. Mundic — see Pyrite. Muscovite — see Mica. Natron — see Trona.

104. NICKEL ORES. See also Millerite and Zaratite.

Dr. Trask, in his first " Report on the Geology of the Coast Mountains, and part of the Sierra Nevada, 1854," refers to nickel ores, " in the Coast Mountains from Contra Costa to the utmost limit reached in that range, associated with chromic iron in primitive rocks. The mineral is more abundant in the serpentine rocks south of Tularcitos, and near San Antonio, Monterey County." This mineral, zaratite, or " emerald nickel," will be described under the proper head.

Nitrate of Soda — see Soda Niter.

Obsidian — see Orthoclase.

Ochre — see Limonite.

Onyx Marble — see Aragonite.

105. OPAL. Hyalite, wood opal.

Only the inferior varieties of opal are known in California, and these only at a few localities, as follows:

Alameda County. With semi-opal in Mount Diablo Range, thirty miles south of the mountain (Blake).

Amador County. At Volcano (Hyalite).

Calaveras County. A white milky variety of opal is found in Calaveras

County, at Mokelumne Hill, or on the hill near that place known as

Stockton Hill, on the west side of Chile Gulch. A shaft has been sunk

tliere three hundred and forty-five feet, and the opals are found in a thin

stratum of red gravel. They vary in size iTom a. Vetxve\ oi Ciotvi ifs the

sjze of wain u ts. Many of them contain dendTiWc oS. Taaxi%iBsRi

oxide, looking like moss. About a bushel of these stones are raised in one day, and are said to have a market value. A white, milky variety jimilar to the above, and without " fire," is found with magnesite in the llount Diablo Range, thirty miles south of the mountain. Also in the Jwthills of the Sierra Nevada, at the Four Creeks (Blake).

This locality is represented in the State Museum by No. 4395. They lie also found near Murphy's, Calaveras County (Dana). El Dorado County. Nine miles northeast of Georgetown. Lake County. Kelseyville — hyalites found plentifully in cavities in basaltic lava, township ten north, and ranges five and six east.

San Bernardino County. (Hyalite). Hyalite resembles glass, and is generally found in irregular fragments. Opalized wood is wood petrified and changed to opal. It is not uncommon in the hydrauUc gold mines, in magnificent specimens. Osmium — see Iridium, with which it is invariably alloyed or associated. Opalized Wood— see Opal.

106. ORTHOCLASE. Feldspar, common feldspar, potash feldspar, obsidian.

Orthoclase, and obsidian, a variety of the same mineral, are found in numerous localities in California. Fresno County. ( Orthoclase X near Millerton, in coarse granite. Inyo County. (Obsidian), with basaltic lava.

Kern County. ( Orthoclase), in veins several feet thick, Tehachapi Pass. Lake County. (Obsidian). When first discovered, years ago, at Clear Lake, in Lake County, a company was formed to make bottles and other glassware from it, but the enterprise was of course a failure. Near Lower Lake, in fine specimens — black, gray, red, and variegated. Lassen County. (Obsidian), found in great abundance on the east side of Eagle Lake, a mile, more or less, from Clark's Ranch. It is found scat- tered over the surface and in the soil with a porous, redish colored lava.

Mariposa County. (Orthoclase), in veins in granite, with molybdenite, in Yosemite Valley. Modoc County. (Obsidian), south end of Goose Lake. Mono County. (Obsidian), Mc Bride's Ranch, near Mono Lake, in and at the base of volcanic cones. Napa County. ( Obsidian), three miles west of Napa. Plumas County. (Orthoclase), at Meadow Valley.

San Diego County. (Orthoclase), Hunsacker Grade, stage road from San Diego to Julian, in considerable quantities and suitable quality for the manufacture of fine pottery. It is associated with pegmatite, also useful for the same purpose; near the Owens Mine, Julian, in coarse granite. Some varieties of obsidian cut beautifully, and might be used for orna- mental purposes, for paper weights, vases, bases of clocks, and similar pur- poses. Osmium — see Iridium, with which it is invariably alloyed or associated. Pandermite — see Priceite. Partzite — see Stibiconite. Pearl Spar — see Dolomite.

107. PECTOLITE. A single specimen was found in a bowlder or frag- nent at the foot of the White Mountains, near Montgomery, Mono County. Doubtful (Aaron).

108. PETROLEUM. Under this heading also asphaltum, maltha, hrea idrialite, bitumen arof'

otite.

For special paper on this subject see fourth annual report, folio 278.

Petroleum has been found in the following counties in this State, viz.: Alameda, Colusa, Contra Costa, Humboldt, Kern, Lake, Los Angeles, Men- docino, Napa, San Bernardino, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Sonoma, Tulare, and Ventura.

The most important localities are given below j for details of the occm rence see fourth annual report.

Petroleum —

Alameda County. Near Midway.

Los Angeles County. In Pico Canon, near Newhall, where there are nume ous wells which yield very large quantities; at Puenta; at Petrolia, near the latter, on section five, township three south, range nine west, since my visit in May, 1884, flowing wells have been struck. In October, 1885, in sinking a well in Cahuenga Valley, a flow of petroleum was struck, which according to the Los Angeles Evening Express, it was impossible to check.

San Mateo County. At Tunitas Creek, several wells which have produced excellent light oil.

Santa Barbara County. Oil springs under the ocean; oil seen floating oa the surface of the sea; these oil springs have been described elsewhere in. this report.

Santa Clara County. At Moody Gulch — extensive works — considerable high grade oil produced.

Ventura County. At Santa Paula, where large receiving tanks have beea provided.

ASPHALTUM AND MaLTHA —

Kern County. Near Buena Vista Lake and elsewhere, in large quantities.

Los Angeles County. La Brea Ranch, near Los Angeles.

San Luis Obispo County. Coral de Piedra.

Santa Barbara County. Goleta Landing, seven miles west of the town. of Santa Barbara, on Laguna Santos and Los Alamos Ranchos, near Car- penteria.

Santa Clara County. Sargent's Ranch, in large quantities.

Ventura County. Oil wells near Sulphur Mountain, Santa Ynez, and Kayamos Valleys, near Mission of San Buenaventura.

Aragotite —

This mineral, a hydro-carbon, was found by F. E. Durand, in the New Almaden Quicksilver Mine, and, so far as known, is peculiar to the quick- silver mines of this State.

109. PETZITE. This mineral is a telluride of silver and gold. It is of too rare occurrence in California to have any practical value aside from the gold it contains, and interesting only as being an associate of gold.

An analysis of a specimen from the Stanislaus Mine, Calaveras County, afforded Kustel:

Tellurium 35.40

Silver 40.60

Gold 24.80

While this analysis shows the minexaV \ift lici Ya.%cA.,\\.\& that only very small specimens can be obtained, and \toftfe\svx\.

occurs with the other tellurium minerals which constitute but a very small portion of the vein matter.

The following locaUties are known:. Stanislaus and Melones Mines, in Calaveras County; Morgan Mine, Tuolumne County.

110. PHOSGENITE. Chloro-Carbonate of Lead.

A single specimen has been found in quartz from the Silver Sprout Mine, western slope of the Sierra Nevada, Inyo County. Straw-colored, acicular interlaced crystals in cavities (Aaron). Determination by C. Ide.

Phosphate of Lime — see Apatite.

111. PICOTITE. Chrome spinel. Has been found by Dr. M. E. Wadsworth in the basalts of Mount Shasta;

Summary of the Progress of Mineralogy in 1882," H. C. Lewis. PicROLiTE — See Serpentine. PiiATiNiRmiUM — See Platinum and Iridium.

112. PLATINUM— See, also. Iridium. Platinum is rather abundant in California with other metals of the

group. The miners call it " white gold," and generally believe it to be more valuable than that metal, generally declining to save it when informed that it can only be sold for two or three dollars per ounce.

The following are the most important localities:

Butte County, Platinum minerals are rather abundant in this county. Considerable quantities are recovered in the clean-ups at the Spring Valley hydraulic mine. At St. Clare Flat near Pence, large quantities were found in the early days of placer mining.

Mendocino County. With iridium, cinnabar, zircons, and gold, Anderson Valley, on the Navarro River.

Plumas County. Mr. A. Hewett found several large pieces of platinum in 1851 on Nelson Creek. The largest was the size of a large bean. It is found also at Gopher and Badger Hills.

Trinity County. Found with iridium and associated metals and minerals, and in considerable quantities, at Hay Fork, a large stream. All the gold found is more or less mixed with the platinum metals; so much so that dealers deduct two dollars per ounce from the price paid elsewhere for gold dust. At North Fork of Trinity River, platinum is found in less quantities, but in larger pieces. One was once offered for sale in Marys ville which weighed over two and a half ounces troy.

Although platinum occurs in the river beds, and on the banks of the streams, yet in the so called " hill claims," about half a mile only from the river, no trace of that metal has been found. In lower Trinity, near its junction with the Klamath, platinum abounds in very fine particles; and it is with this finely divided platinum that Professor Wohler discovered diamonds.

The metal is so abundant that the miners have the utmost difficulty in separating it from the gold. The particles are so extremely fine that they can hardly be distinguished from the black sand which accompanies the gold. Heretofore no effort has been made to place the platinum in the market, except the sending to San Francisco of one hundred ounces or more, a few years ago. It could, probably, be sent to Europe to advantage. In Salmon River it is also found. In fact, it is commoiv iiv \ivfe oi 'Ocvfe streams in Sierra, Trinity, Klamath, and Del Norte Counlie.

Mr. Block of San Francisco, said that large pieces ioiWTL w. JVbrih Fork of Trinity River; one piece weighed two ownce. mvciet

in washing gold in long sluices got the gold by the aid of quicksilver, the platinum minerals remained in the riffles; with platin-iridium, £_x claim three miles from Trinity Center; and with gold zircons, diamond and other minerals on the ocean beach, from Cape Blanco to Cape MCei docino.

Dr. S. R. Hayden, now of Chicago, was at Rich Bar, North Feath River, in 1851. He found in a placer mine he was working a piece ot white metal, very heavy, about three inches long, two inches wide, and about half an inch thick, which he thinks must have been platinum.

113. POLYBASITE. A sulphide of many bases, viz.: antimony, arsenic, copper, iron, silver, and zinc.

It is a rare mineral in California, being found only in small microscopical crystals in the Morning Star and Monitor Mines, Alpine County.

114. PRICEITE. Borate of lime, pandermite, colemanite, etc.

The variety pandermite has recently been found in apparent abundance in Death Valley, Inyo County, and at Calico, San Bernardino County, and the crjrptomorphic variety also at the latter locality.

Colemanite —

Is also a variety of priceite found recently in Death Valley in a cnstalr ; line state. As this mineral possesses certain physical properties differing ! from priceite, a name has been given to it to distinguish it from the soft chalky mineral found both in southern Oregon and San Bernardino County, California.

The name colemanite was given by the discoverer of the mineral in honor of William T. Coleman of San Francisco, who has been identified with the borax interests of the Pacific Coast from the commencement. Colemanite is now found in magnificent crystals, but good crystallized specimens are very scarce.

115. PROUSTITE. Light ruby silver ore.

Arsenical sulphide of silver, found sparingly in the Chicago Mine, Shasta County, with galena, pyrite, and quartz, between walls of granite (Aaron). No. 4951, in the State Museum, from the Oro Mifie, Bodie, Mono County, shows it in crystals, with pyrargyrite in quartz.

116. PSILOMELANE. A hard black mineral, supposed to be psilome- lane, is found in several localities in the State, with p3rrolusite and rhodo- nite, but no analysis has been made to prove it. This mineral differs fit)m pyrolusite in containing baryta and oxide of manganese, and more water. It has been found at Spanish Ranch, Plumas County, on Red Rock, Bay of San Francisco, and in quartz, Santa Ana River, Los Angeles County.

Pumice Stone — see Orthoclase.

117. PYRARGYRITE. Dark ruby silver, antimonial sulphide of silver. This mineral, like proustite, is rare in California. It has been found in

the Exchequer Mine, Alpine County, and with proustite, in the Oro Mine, Bodie, Mono County.

118. PYRRHOTITE. Magnetic pyrites.

Found in Mariposa County, at the lona Copper Company's tunnel, north side of the Merced River, on the trail frorcv Bear Valley to Coulterville (Blake),

11. PYROLUSITE. Binoxide of manganese.

The known California localities are: Alameda County.

Calaveras County, Near Angels'; Railroad Flat.

County. About two miles south of Font's Springs, township sev- enteen north, range seven west.

Contra Costa County. Corral Hollow — abundant.

Marin County. Near Saucelito and Tomales.

Napa County. St. Helena Mountain.

Nevada County. Sweetland.

Plumas County. Argentine, and Mumford's Hill (Edman).

San Bernardino County. With rhodonite, near Colton.

San Francisco Bay. Red Rock, San Francisco County; Bemal Heights, San Francisco; just south ofSt. Mary's College, Peninsula of San Fran- cisco.

Santa Clara County. Hahn's ranch, twelve miles south of the Guada- lupe Quicksilver Mine.

Sonoma County. Near Cloyerdale; Santa Rosa. '

Tuolumne County. Knight's Ranch, near Columbia, in botryoidal and mammillary masses, from the size of a grape to one hundred pounds in weight, on the surface of the ground; with rhodonite, two miles south of Summerville.

120. PYRITES. Pyrite, sulphuret of iron, the " sulphurets " of the gold miner, mundic, martial pyrites. See, also, Marcasite.

Of the numerous localities of pyrite in the State, the following are worthy of special mention, or are represented in the State Museum:

Jdpins Couilty. Morning Star Mine, with enargite.

Amador County. Jackson.

Calaveras County. E Pluribus Unum Mine, three miles from Murphy's (Blake).

El Dorado County. Brilliant cubes, Mameluke Mine, near Georgetown (Hake) ; Pilot Hill, in large cubes, with garnet-brown spar and specular iron (Blake); in crystals with gold, with quartz, both crystallized.

Inyo County. Modoc Mine.

Mariposa County. In slates, in large and perfect crystals, near Princeton HUl (Blake).

Mono County.

Napa County. With cinnabar, Redington Quicksilver Mine, very fine; in cavities in quartz, cubical crystals, Knox & Osborn Quicksilver Mine.

Nevada County. Grass Valley, massive, with chalcopyrite, San Francisco copper mine, Spenceville; massive, with gold, Meadow Lake District; taking the form of wood, with hematite, Occidental Mine, Scott's Flat; With calcite, Malakoff Mine, North Bloomfield; in lignite, Malakoff" Mine, North Bloomfield.

Placer County. Globular, in calcite, near Auburn; Clipper Coal Mine, liear Grizzly Bear House, Forest Hill, in large crystals (Blake); True 5*i88ure Mine, Devil's Peak Mountain; with lignite, Spinks' Coal Mine, Lincoln.

Plumas County. Granite Basin, Mumford's Hill, in crystals, with dolo- Bute (Edman).

San Lais Obispo County. In cavities in the Sunderland QmckvYNT \Tvfe.

Shista County. With pyrolusite and gold, Banghart M.me\ etxiXi-

scite and chalcopyrite, Copper City; in nodules, with sulphide of sil very rich.

Tuolumne County. In fine crystals, Patterson Mine, Tuttletown.

121. PYROPHYLLITE. This mineral, a hydrous silicate having economic value, hut which is interesting from a scientific standpoint,:- found in beautiful radiating tufts of a golden yellow color, at Greaik* Gulch, or Indian Gulch, Mariposa County. It occurs in large bowlde* on the surface of the ground near two prominent buttes. This localilrjr represented by No. 3723 in the State Museum.

122. PYROXENE. A silicate of different bases, the varieties of whic are known under different names, as augite, diopside, sahlite, omphazitj hypersthene, diallage, smaragdite, etc.

This mineral enters largely into the composition of igneous rocks. li this form it is probably largely distributed in California. It is found ii fine dark green crystals near Mud Springs, El Dorado County (Blake}- and also in fine crystals at the Cosumnes Copper Mine, in the same counts

w

123. QUARTZ. The varieties are known by many names, among whidg are agate, amethyst, aventurine, blood stone, Brazilian pebble, buhr stoii6| carnelian, cat's-eye, chalcedony, chrysoprase, cairngorm, false topaz, helio- trope, jasper, mocha stone, onyx, prase, quartz and quartzite, rock crystal, siderite, silicified wood, sardonyx, etc.

Quartz is very abundant in California. It forms the principal vein mafc ter in the gold mines, associated with blende, galena, chalcopyrite, freibe gite, bornite, mispickel, pyrite azurite, and malachite, scheelite calcite caproscheelite, dolomite, enargite, and other minerals. It would be impofr sible and unnecessary to enumerate all the known localities in the State, The following are the most important and interesting. The massive quartz found almost universally where the rocks are not covered with soil, is noj included:

Alameda County. Hills back of Berkeley, chalcedony.

Alpine County. Monitor, red jasper. Sonora Trail, chalcedony. Mora ing Star Mine, quartz. Hope Valley, rose quartz, massive, very fine; drum crystals.

Amador County. Near Volcano, chalcedony, silicified wood. lone Valley diatomaceous earth.

Butte County. North Fork of Feather River, smoky. Near Doon's Mill crystals, fine, and chalcedonic pebbles. Three miles south of Cherokee Flat Gold King Mine, with quartz, sacchroidal quartz like that in the gold minei of Georgia and Brazil.

Calaveras County. Mokelumne Hill, silicified wood. In the gold mines croppings, or "iron hat," red jasper. Murphy's, brown jasper, which pel ishes beautifully; caVs eye. Vallecito, chalcedony. Chili Gulch, Duryea'i Hydrauhc Mine, silicified wood. Near Comanche, diatomaceous earth Murphy's, chalcedony. Near Angel's Camp, silicified wood. Dutch Flat in hydraulic mines, silicified wood, very fine. Roseville, silicified wood.

Contra Costa County. Mount Diablo Coal Mine, with lignite, silicifisi wood.

Del Norte County. Crescent City beach ; chalcedony, jasper, cameHan agate.

M Dorado County. Summerfield, Mosquito Cafton, near Placerville ("Blake),

Fresno County, Fresno Flat, yellow granular quartz containing gold, resembling that found in the gold mines of Georgia. The gold is remark- ably fine.

Inyo County, Eclipse Mine, chalcedony; very fine. Beveridge District,

double terminated crystals, smoky quartz. Modoc Mine, in beautiful forms.

Panamint, colored with malachite. Wyoming Mine, in fine large clusters

of crystals; very fine. Small Butte, in Owens Valley, huhrstone; good

quality.

Lake County. Eclipse Mine, seven miles west of Lower Lake, silicified mod. Lost Spring Ranch, diatomaeous earth.

Los Angeles County. Between Williamson's Pass and Johnson's River, chalcedony in pear-shaped nodules in eruptive rocks (Blake). Santa Mon- ica, diatomaceous earth. Fourteen miles south of San Pedro, diatomaceous earth. Marin County. Saucelito, jasper; red and green. Mariposa County. Merced River, between Horse Bend and Don Pedro Bar, oil stone, or novaculite, discovered in 1866, and said to be of good quality. Pine Tree Mine, hacked quartz; a peculiar variety of quartz which has a resinous luster and containing mariposite, has been shipped to China, said to be used in the manufacture of porcelain. There were four shipments of three to four tons each.

Modoc County. Jess Valley, bloodstone. Pit River, near Goose Lale, huhr- 8t(m6 in great abundance (Trask).

Mono County. Mono Joke, silicified wood. Bodie Mines, on silver ore in fine crystals, chalcedony, pink and straw colored, very fine; hornstone.

Monterey County. Monterey, on the beach; quartz sand, much employed for glass-making and other purposes; near Panoche's, large masses of chal- cedony; white and delicately veined; in mammillary sheets; diatomaceous tarth in numerous localities.

Napa County. Manhattan Mine, with cinnabar and stibnite, chalcedony; Mount St. Helena, silicified wood; near Calistoga, silicified wood; near St. Helena, jaer, chalcedony.

NevadaCounty. In the gold mines; often supporting native gold between the crystals (Blake); Hinchman's hydraulic mine, quartz breccia; Malakoff* Mine, quartzite; Omega, silicified wood; Chalk Bluffs, silicified wood in many varieties in the hydraulic mines.

Placer County. At Lincoln, in beds several feet in thickness, quartz sand, very pure and white. Silicified wood at a number of localities. Dutch Kat, diatomaceous earth. Forest Hill, silicified wood. Gold Run, silicified wood. Shores of Lake Tahoe, carnelian, agate.

Plumas County. Rose quartz, fine. Claremont's Hill and Mumford's Hill, Jasper. Long Valley and Spanish Creek, agate. Granite Basin, quartz ryMs, very fine. San Bernardino County. Soledad Canon, chalcedony. San Diego County. Seacoast, forty miles north of San Diego, diatoma- ceous earth. Big Tank, Colorado Desert, silicified wood, chalcedony.

San Francisco County. Jasper, red and green. On the seabeach, quartz Wnd with magnetite.

San Joaquin County. Staples' ranch and San Carlos ranch, diatomaceous 4aHh.

San Lais Obispo County. Agate, silicified wood. Port Harford, diatom-

San Mateo County. Chalcedony, jasper; Pescadeio caTueXmtVi. 5tt, chcdcedoni/; San Gregorio, diatomaceous earth. Santa Barbara County. Diatomaceous earth.

Santa Cruz County, Ranch of Harry Love, near San Lorenzo, there said to be a mountain of white quartz sand,

Shasta County, Hacked quartz with gold.

Sierra County. Near Downieville, silicified wood,

Sonoma County. Ten miles north of Petaluma, diatomaceous earth ; Santft Rosa, silicified wood; before petrefaction the wood had been pierced bjr worms; near WindBor, bloodstone ; eighteen miles southeast,of Santa Rob8 diatomaceous earth.

Tulare County. Portersville, silicified wood ; Yokhe Valley, rose quartz,

Tuolumne County, Columbia, silicified wood ; Douglasville, chalcedony.

QuARTziTE — see Quartz.

Quicksilver — see Mercury.

' 124. REALGAR. Sulphide of arsenic. This mineral is rare in Califo nia, being known only with arsenolite in Alpine County. Red Oxide of Copper — see Cuprite. Red Oxide of Iron — see Hematite.

125. RESIN. Fossil. In the hydraulic gold mines of California a fossil resin is frequently

met with, which is probably from the coniferous trees of former growth found in such profusion in a silicified state. It is brittle and resinous, and still retains an odor. It somewhat resembles gum dammar, but more yellow. It has never been studied. Retinalite — see Serpentine.

126. RHODONITE. SiUcate of manganese.

It occurs in several localities in the State, always with pyrolusite; with native copper, Mumford's Hill; Plumas County (Edman); one mile from the Southern Pacific Railroad, between Colton and San Diego; near San Jose, Santa Clara County; two miles south of Summersville, Tuolumne County, in considerable quantity; a large deposit of rhodonite and pyrolu- site occurs two miles north of Sonora, Tuolumne County. Rhodonite haB little or no economic value.

127. ROCK SOAP. This is a mineral resembling halloysite and mor- denite, but believed to be a mechanical mixture of two or more minerals. It has the remarkable property of removing impurity from the skin, like soap, whence the name. There have been numerous analyses made which do not agree among themselves. A paper was published by Professor George H. Koenig, in The Naturalists Leisure Hours, Philadelphia, whicl is very full and explicit, giving the result of considerable laboratory work- A series of analyses were made in the laboratory of the State University/ which have not been published. In Professor Koenig's examination the soapy portion was separated mechanically from a sandy portion and ana- lyzed, with the following results:

Sesquioxides of alumina and iron 14.10

Silica 73.10

VVrater 6.70

Not determined .-. 6.10

Nearly all the silica was found to be in the soluble or opaline state, and

ialt water soap (it having been found that the presence of salt and 'lime lid not impair its detergent properties), scrubbing, and toilet soap, and even tooth powder. Having nad occasion to examine into the merits of these preparations, I am prepared to say that their served every purpose claimed for them. At the Paris Exposition of 18/8, samples were shown which attracted considerable attention, and there were those who expressed an inclination to enter into their manufacture in France. At present " rock soap " is largely used in the manufacture of certain kinds of soap in Cali- fornia. No. 4024, in the State Museum, is a specimen from Ventura County, and No. 4794 is from San Benito County.

128. ROSCOELITE. Vanadium mica. This very rare, mineral was described in the second annual report, folio 262, and a history given of its discovery. California known localities :

The " Stuckslager," " Plum Tree," or " Sam Simms " Mine lies in sec- tion twenty-four, township eleven north, and range nine east, Mount Diablo base and meridian, somewhat more than a mile from the town of Coloma, in a southwest direction, where it was first found. ; Another locality of roscoelite in the State, is section thirty-one, town- ship eleven north, and range ten east, two miles from the Sam Simms Mine. Big Red Ravine is on this section, lying only two miles from the ite of Sutter's Mill, where gold was first discovered. It was one of the earliest placer mines known in the State, and so rich did it prove, that it has paid to rework as many as seven times. ' It is in the bedrock of these old workings that roscoelite is found.

Recently a fine specimen of roscoelite has been presented to the State Museum, which is mixed with gold to the extent of seemingly half the bulk of the specimen. It was presented by Richard Sparling and is num- bered (5768). It is from the Tip Top vein, section seven, township eleven north, range ten east, El Dorado County. There is about k foot of quartz disseminated through the vein, in small bunches, connected with which are seams of roscoelite, generally very thin, from the thickness of paper to half an inch. Occasionally a bunch of roscoelite appears, from which specimens like No. 5768 may be obtained, but these are extremely rare. Mr. Sparling says that at the Sam Simms Mine, the owners once took out of a pocket $11,000. A great deal of free gold has been washed from the Bides of the hill, below the vein, which came, without much doubt, from decomposed roscoelite, and it is more than probable that the gold discov- red at Sutter's Mill, in 1848, and that taken from Big Red Ravine, were from the same source. In the Tip Top there is a sheet of what seems to be sandstone; when this and the brown slate come in contact, gold and roscoelite are found. RuBELLiTE — see Tourmaline. Ruby Silver — see Pyargyrite and Proustite.

129. RUTILE. Titanic acid. Is found at Long Valley, Plumas County (Edman) ; and frequently in acicular or capillary crystals in quartz. No. 3747 is a specimen of this character from Humboldt County, Nevada, and there are other specimens in the museum from other localities. Titanic acid has few applications in the arts; it is used in porcelain painting, and to give color to artificial teeth.

Salt — see Halite.

130. SASSOLITE. Native boracic acid.

Boracic acid, free or combined, is a common occurrence on the Pj Coast. It has been detected in the waters of the ocean along the sho] California and Oregon. Common salt, made by evaporating the sea-T* contains more than traces of boracic acid. According to Professor Blake, it occurs in a free state in the water of Clear Lake. The discc of this acid in mineral water in Tehama County led to the examinati other springs then known, which resulted in the finding of boracic ac nearly all of them. It was found later in the mud volcanoes in San I County by Dr. Veatch, which was verified by my own observation.

Satin Spak — see Gypsuni.

131. SCHEELITE. See also Cuproscheelite, tungstate of lime. Only one locality is known in the State, the footwall of a gold mir

Howard Hill, Grass Valley, Nevada County, where it is said to occi considerable quantity.

Schorl — see Tourmaline.

Selenite — see Gypsum.

Semi-Opal— see Quartz and Opal.

132. SEPIOLITE. Meerschaum, hydrous silicate of magnesia. A specimen in the State Museum from the Half Dollar Mine,

County, resembles sepiolite, but as yet no analysis has been made to d mine it.

133. SERPENTINE. Chrysotile, picrolite, retinalite. This minei very abundant in California. Quicksilver and chromium ores are f in it almost universally. The following localities are represented ir State Museum :

Butte County. Near Red Hill. The bedrocks are serpentine; fine g mens of picrolite are found.

Lake County. Keise)rvdlle.

Marin County. Very abundant.

Mariposa County. Three hundred yards northeast of the Pine Tree J and elsewhere in the county.

Mendocino County. Township ten north, range ten west, foliated se: tine and picrolite found in considerable quantity.

Monterey County. Coral de Tierra.

Napa County.

Nevada Coanty. Grass Valley, in the Maryland Mine, picrolite.

Placer County. Bald Prairie; Verde antique or ophite, serpentine carbonate of lime, has recently been found near Yankee Jim's. It is sea-green shade, with blotches of a darker color. It is a beautiful mental stone, if it can be found in sufiicient quantity. The speci sent to San Francisco was small.

Plumas County. Claremont Hill, Meadow Valley, retinalite, green translucent.

San Francisco County. Peninsula of San Francisco, Fort Point, aragonite; in the streets of San Francisco, Market Street Cut, and the c teries.

Santa Barbara County. Goleta.

Santa Clara County. New Almaden Mine, schistose, and in many c quicksilver mines in the State; Gilroy. S/iasta County. McCIoud River, with cHr'ysotile. /Sonoma County,

Tehama County. Township twenty-five north, range seven west, with chromic iron in large quantities. Yuba County.

m, SIDERITE. Spathic iron, carhonate of iron.

This mineral has recently heen found by J. W. Redway in quartz ledges in Tejunga Canon, Los Angeles County, and is represented in the State Museum by No. 3712.

SiLiciFiED Wood — See Quartz.

Silicate of Copper — See Chrysocolla.

136. SILVER. While silver minerals are abundant in California', native or free silver is of rare occurrence; it is even then found only in specks or very thin sheets, covering but small surface. This is the case in Mono County in the Diana, Kerrick, and Comanche Silver Mines, where it is sometimes seen on partzite, and in the Tower Mine, near Benton. It occurs, also, in the silver ores in Inyo County, notably in the Kearsarge District, in the form of electrum (gold alloyed with silver or the reverse). It is found, also, in Bodie, in Mono County, and in Fresno County, near Millerton.

Silver Glance — see Argentite.

Slate — see Building Stones.

136. SMITHSONITE. Carbonate of zinc. Said to occur with cerusite in the Modoc Mine, Inyo County.

137. SODA NITER. This importantmineral is nitrate of soda. Found only in small quantities in cavesiand cavities in the rocks near Calico, San Bernardino County. It is reasonable to expect from the nature of the climate that it will be found in greater quantity.

Specular Iron — see Hematite.

138. SPHALERITE. Blende, zinc blende, black jack,sulphuretof zinc. Zinc blende is very abundant in California, disseminated through the

vein matter in gold and silver mines, but has not been found in distinct veins. When concentration becomes more general in treating low grade ores, zinc will be considered worthy of attention, and will be saved and utiKzed. It occurs at Meadow Lake, Nevada County, in considerable masses, with galena, pyrite, and chalcopyrite; and associated with yellow copper in the Lancha Plana and Napoleon Copper Mines in Calaveras County (Blake).

It is represented in the State Museum by the following specimens: White Chief Mine, Mineral King District, Tulare County; Dennis Martin's ranch, four miles west of Menlo Park, San Mateo County; with calcite, Small Hill Mine, Santa Catalina Island.

Sphene — see Titanite.

Stalacite — see Calcite.

Stalagmite — see Calcite.

Steatite — see Talc.

139. STEPHANITE. Brittle silver ore, brittle sulphuret of silver. Pound in the Morning Star Mine, Alpine County (Dana).

140. STIBICONITE. Partzite, antimony ochre, Ivy diow oie. Qi

a mechanical mixture of stibiconite with other oxides, and is always ri - in copper and silver.

Magnificent specimens with free silver are found in the Diana, Kerric and Comanche Mines, Blind Springs District, Mono County. Specime: may be seen in the State Museum from the Kerrick Mine, Benton, Moi County; from the Comanche Mine, BUnd Springs, Mono County; and wit native silver and galena, from the Tower Mme, near Benton, Mono Countj

141. STIBNITE. Sulphide of antimony, antimony glance. Stibnite is not a common mineral in California as far as known, bu

there are several important localities, some of which are likely to be pro ductive: It is found in small quantities, with cinnabar, in most of th( quicksilver mines of the State.

Inyo County, Panamint, in large veins.

Kern County. San Emidio Canon, township ten north, range twenty-on west, sections nine and ten, S. B. M. This is probably the largest deposi of antimony ore in the State. It is likely to be worked to a considerabl extent in the near future; preparations are being made with that end J view. Stibnite has also been found near Kemville in the same county.

Lalce County. With cinnabar and chalcedony in quicksilver mines.

Mono County. Head of Bloody Canon.

San Bernardino County. Centennial Mine, in washed bowlders.

San Benito County. At the Alta Antimony Mine, where it occurs in coi siderable quantity. This mine has been somewhat worked, but at th present time it has been suspended.

Santa Barbara County. (Dana.)

Tulare County. Mineral King District.

142. STROMEYRITE. Silver copper glance.

It occurs with other silver and copper ores in the White Mountains, Iny County (Aaron), and is not uncommon in the Inyo Mountains, from Whil Mountains to Coso.

Sulphate of Copper — see Chalcanthite.

Sulphate of Iron — see Coquimbite.

Sulphate of Soda — see Thenardite.

143. Sulphur.

While indications of sulphur are very common in the State, there ai but few localities where the mineral occurs in any considerable quantity The following is the most important:

Colusa County. At Sulphur Creek, where it occurs with cinnabar, petn leum, gold, and other minerals.

Inyo County. Near Little Owens Lake, said to be in considerable quai tity.

Kern County.

Lake County. Near Clear Lake and Borax Lake. At this locality, knowi as the sulphur bank, 1,881,697 pounds of commercial sulphur were pre duced before it was discovered to be the croppings of a quicksilver mine

Los Angeles County. Quantity unknown.

San Bernardino County.

San Diego County. At the mud volcanoes described, in the seconc 'nnual report of the State Mineralogist. Sa/i Luis Obispo County, Santa Barbara County. In the Azufxe "M.o\xiitam..

Tehama County,

SULPHURETS AND SULPHURET OF IrON — 866 P3nite.

SuLPHURETs OF SiLVER — 866 Argentite.

144. SYLVANITE. Telluride of gold. This rare mineral is said to exist in the Melones and Stanislaus Mines, with other tellurium minerals.

145. TALC. Steatite, soapstone, French chalk. This in various forms is a very abundant mineral in this State, as may be seen by the following localities, mostly represented in the State Museum:

Amador County, Two miles northeast of Jackson; soapstone in large deposits and of excellent quality.

Calaveras County. Near Murphy's; also at Rocky Hill and Jenny Lind Hill(Trask).

Catalina Island, The soapstone of which the California Indians made cooking dishes, came from this island. This is stated by Abel Steams, a well known pioneer.

Fresno County,

Inyo County, Alabama Range, a greenish, translucent variety (Aaron).

Kern County. Soapstone Mountain.

Los Angeles County. Fourteen miles below San Pedro, on the coast.

Marin County. Taylorville, Paper Mill Creek.

Mariposa County. Coulterville, soapstone of excellent quality, and said to be in large quantities. At Lewis (soapstone). In quartz with gold, Yosemite Mine.

Mendocino County, Township nineteen north, range ten west, said to be in quantity.

Nevada County. Grass Valley, wall rock of Maryland Mine.

Placer County. Foliated talc near Auburn. Soapstone — Stockbridge Soapstone Quarry and Works, township fifteen north, range nine east. The deposit was formerly worked for gold, which it contains in small quantity. This mineral (soapstone) which exists in large deposits, has been used extensively in lining the furnaces in the Alabaster Lime Works, near Auburn, and found very refractory.

Plumas County. Rock Island Hill.

San Diego County. Foliated talc with chalcopyrite.

Santa Clara County. Seven miles from Mount Hamilton.

Sonoma County. Pine Flat, talc resembling French chalk. Tulare County. Tule River soapstone of excellent quality, suitable for use as a fine resisting material. Tuolumne County. Soapstone in beds eight feet thick (?) Yuba County.

TCHERMIGNITE SCC Alum. '

Telluric Gold — see Sylvanite.

Telluride of Silver — see Hessite.

Tellurium — see Altaite, Calaverite, Hessite, Petzite, and Tetradymite.

146. TETRADYMITE. Bismuth, with tellurium.

Professor Blake discovered a tellurium mineral in the Melones Mine, Calaveras County, which he thought might be tetradymite, associated with gold. According to Willard, it occurs with massive gold in the Morgan Mine, Carson Hill, and in the Melones Mine, Calaveras . Said, also, to be found in the Murchie Mine, Nevada Co\ii\\,y .

147. TETRAHEDRITE. Gray copper, fahlerz, freibergite.

This mineral is a double sulphide of copper and antimony, of whio there are numerous varieties. When it contains silver it is named freibeeji gite. The following are the few known localities in the State:

Calaveras County, At Coulterville and at Carson Hill, associated wiQj gold. Freibergite rich in silver has recently been found disseminate through milk-white quartz in the Live Oak Mine. It is sometimes founn in considerable masses associated with chalcopyrite and azurite. A sp6Q| men examined by me was found to be to the quartz in the proportion o: five per cent, and to contain gold and silver as follows:

Gold 7.5 ounces per ton of 2,000 pounds.

Silver 256.1 ounces per ton of 2,000 pounds.

It is therefore a valuable silver ore, and can be easily concentratei. The quantity is not known.

Inyo County. In the White Mountains, on Jacob's Wonder Mine, Pana— ment, and elsewhere in the county.

Mariposa County, With gold in the Pine Tree Mine.

Plumas County. Irby Holt Mine, Indian Valley.

Tuolumne County. Golden Rule Mine.

148. THENARDITE. Anhydrous sulphate of soda.

Thenardite is found in large quantities with hanksite, tincal, trona, gay- lussite, and other minerals, at the works of the San Bernardino BoraE Company. For further particulars, see third annual report of the Stata Mineralogist, 1883.

Thinolite — see Calcite.

Tin Ores — see Cassiterite.

Tincal — see Borax.

149. TITANITE. Sphene, titaniferous iron.

Titaniferous iron is found in iron sand in Spanish Creek, Plumas County (Edman). Sphene is in small hair-form crystals in the granite of the Sierra Nevada (Blake), and in albite. Fine Gold Gulch, Fresno County.

150. TOURMALINE. Rubellite, schorl.

Is a mineral almost invariably found crystallized, of all colors, from opaque black to nearly or quite transparent colorless. The usual color- are: hlach (schorl), red (rubellite), blue (indicolite) , green (crysohte) honey-yellow (peridot), colorless (achroite).

All the tourmalines contain boracic acid, from three to ten per ceni This mineral has never been worked for boracic acid, but is probably : source of that acid in nature, resulting from the decomposition of roche containing it.

The localities of tourmaline are not many in the State. The following are known:

Calaveras County. In white quartz, schorl.

Contra Costa County. Near Bay of San Francisco.

Fresno County. Fine Gold Gulch; schorl, with quartz and feldspar.

San Bernardino County.

Rubellite (rose colored tourmaline). This very interesting mineral is

now observed for the first time in California in the form of long slender

crystals from one sixteenth to one eightti oi diaineter

well with the matrix of white lepidolite. When ignited, the color disap- pears and the mineral becomes perfectly white; infusible (Blake).

San Diego County. Schorl, on the north side of San Felipe Valley in feldspathic veins. For description see Report Geological Reconnaissance of CaKfornia ( Blake, foho 304) .

Tulare County, Schorl in granite on the summit of the Sierra Nevada.

Tuolumne County, Large crystals of scfiorl are found in granite on the summit of the Sierra.

Travertine — see Calcite.

Tremolite — see Amphibole.

151. TRONA. Sesquicarbonate of soda. This mineral is found with salt, thenardite, tincal, hanksite, and gay-lussite, at the works of the San Bernardino Borax Company and is utilized to some extent in the manu- facture of borax. It is also found in Death Valley, Inyo County, and at other localities in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts.

Tufa — see Calcite and Aragonite.

152. TURBITH MINERAL. Yellow sulphate of mercurv. Is not found in nature. Specimens taken from the interior of the furnaces at the Sulphur Bank Quicksilver Mine, Lake County, were exhibited by T. Parrott at the Paris Exposition of 1878, and at his request were delivered to the School of Mines, Paris, at the close of the Exposition.

153. ULEXITE. Borate of lime, tiza, boronatrocalcite, natroborocalcite, tinkalzit, cotton balls, sheet cotton, etc. Ulexite is a hydrated borate of lime and soda. The history of the discovery of ulexite in Nevada is given in detail in the third annual report. The following localities are repre- sented in the State Museum: The variety technically known as " sheet cotton," containing free boracic acid, from Death Valley, Inyo County, and borax made from it by decomposing with carbonate of soda; "sheet cotton," from Desert Springs Lake, Kern County, with boracic acid made from it by the Boracic Acid Manufacturing Company of San Francisco.

Variegated Copper Ore — see Bornite.

154. VESUVIANITE. Idocrase. Is a silicate of alumina, lime, iron, etc., first found in the ancient lavas of Vesuvius, whence the name. It has been found in the Siegel Lode, El Dorado County (Blake). Some years ago, Mr. S. S. Taylor sent a fine specimen to San Francisco from Spanish Ranch,

Vitreous Copper — see Chalcosite. Vitreous Silver — see Argentite.

155. VIVIANITE. Among a set of samples from Brea Ranch, Los Angeles County, sent to the State Mining Bureau by Mr. J. W. Redway, of Angeles, was one of dark color and earthy texture, containing small iiodular masses of a beautiful pale blue color, which were examined and found to be vivianite, or hydrous phosphate of iron. This mineral, which

18 rare in California, is interesting as leading to the hope that other phos- phates, so important as fertilizers, may be found at or near the new locality. There is a specimen of vivianite in the Museum of the State University, which, is said to be from a California locality, but, if txiy TcieiTaot me, this is attended with some doubt. It is reported also Yuba County, and near Oroville, Butte County, but no ceT\,am \iviox\x\NA.Q

the well known Brea Ranch deposit. The specimen is marked " Gangue and Country Rock." The mass is a dark colored earthy mineral, with streaks and veins of asphaltic substance, the whole being evidently the sandy desert soil blown over liquid asphaltum and cemented by it. The vivianite is in small inclosed nodules, never larger than a pea, and gen- erally smaller. The mineral is that variety known as blue iron earth or] native Prussian blue. It is soft, pulverulent; under the microscope, crypto-crystalline; before the blowpipe, whitens for an instant, then blackens and fuses to a black magnetic globule. It is wholly and easily decomposed, by boihng hydrochloric acid; the solution reacts for iron, a which, being separated, the solution gives precipitates with sulphate of r magnesia and with molybdate of ammonia. In a closed tube it gives 9 much water. The specimen has been numbered 3538, and placed in the State Museum. .

Wood Opal — see Opal and Quartz.

Wood Tin — see Cassiterite.

156. WOLFRAMITE. A mineral numbered 3731 in the museum, was entered as Umenite, which it was supposed to be. Quite lately a specimen was sent to Washington and was there named samarskite. Doubt being thus thrown on the mineral, I was induced to make a careful examination of it, and found it to be as above. The reactions obtained were as follows: Color, brown to black; luster, metallic; streak, brown red. Hardness, 4.5. Specific gravity, 7.14. Fuses with difficulty to a bead which is slightly magnetic. In closed tube shows traces of water; partly decomposed by boiling nitro-hydrochloric acid, pelds a yellow solution and a voluminous yellow residue; decomposed by fusion with bisulphate of potash, hydro- chlorine acid added, gives yellow solution and residue of tungstic acid. From this solution ammonia throws down a heavy precipitate of iron.

Scheelite and cuproscheelite are known in the State, but there is the first instance of the occurrence of wolframite that has come to my notice; the locality is Mariposa County, twenty miles south of Mariposa, near Buchanan.

157. WULFENITE. Molybdate of lead. This mineral is found as yet but sparingly in California, although it is abundant in Nevada and Arizona. It is represented in the State Museum by No. 5351, as small, perfect, tabular crystals, in ore from a mineral vein containing other lead minerals, six miles northeast of Cave Springs, Kern County. In Owens River Valley, Inyo County, the miners are often vexed by finding a heav}' yellow mineral in the pan or horn spoon, mixed with the gold prospect, which so much resembles the noble metal that they are frequently deceived by it. It is probably molybdate of lead, the specific gravity of which is from 6 to 7.

Yellow Copper Ore — see Chalcopyrite. Yellow Ochre — see Limonite.

158. ZARATITE. Emerald nickel, hydrate of nickel, hydrated car- bonate of nickel. A rare mineral and one that is never found in large quantities", generally as a thin coating on serpentine and chromic iron. It was observed by Blake on chromic iron in Monterey County. Dr. Trask reported it also with chromic iron at Panoches, Gabilan Mountains, Canada of San Benito, and in Alameda CoMnty . It IstMly been found

212 Mendocino County, in township twenty xvoTtYi, aivA. %<i icsvrc\fcw'Si\ 022 chrome iron. It is said to occur on bowldex oi \to\v.

159. ZEOLITE. The name zeolite applies to a group of minerals which includes at least twenty species; the name is, therefore, indefinite. They are all hydrous silicates of alumina, .nd generally are found in lavas and amygdaloids. There are several minerals in the State Museum from Cal- ifornia which have been provisionally referred to the zeolites, pending future analysis and determination. In lava, North Fork Mining District, ftesno County. In lava, Eureka, Humboldt County. In cellular lava, Soledad Cafion, Los Angeles County. Zinc Ores— see Blende, Sphalerite, and Smithsonite.

160. ZIRCON. Jargon, silicate of zirconia. Zircon has not as yet been found in place in California, but is abundant in beautiful but small crys- tals in alluvial sands. In cleaning up hydraulic mines it might be collected by the ton if it had any value, but zirconia is not much used in the arts. The sands and final concentrations from the hydraulic mines are very interesting, consisting as they do of gold, platinum, quartz, barite, magnetite, cinnabar, as well as zircons, and sometimes diamonds. Zircon sands are more abundant in some localities than in others; the following localities are the most important:

Arroyo Seco and Irish Hill. Amador County ; Spring Valley Hydraulic Mine, Cherokee, Butte County; in splendid crystals. Picayune Flat, Freno County ; in the sands of the Novarro River, Anderson Valley, Mendocino County; and Eagle Gulch and Rock Island Hill, Phimas County,

I'

Index.

A

Page.

Adams Springs 61

tna Springs - 68

Alien Springs 62

Altitudes, table of 34

Alum Rock Sulphur Springs — 73

Anderson's Springs 62

Anti-Fat Springs 70

Agua Caliente Springs 70

Arrowhead Hot Springs 70

Arroyo Grande Warm Springs 71

Arrow Mining District 77

Artesian Wells, sections of 56-67

Banner Mining District 86

Bartlett Springs 62

Big Hot Springs, Lassen County 64

Big Sulphur Spring 71

Bi-Metalism 14

Bitter Water Spring 71

Black Sulphur Spring 71.

Building Stones and Materials IQ

Building Stones in State Museum 27

Byron Springs 59

California Minerals, arranged alphabetically 91

California, origin of name , 8

California Seltzer Spring 64

Calistoga Silver Mines.. 76:

Calistoga Thermal Springs Qf

Cameta Warm Springs 71

Carga Muchacho Gold Mines 81 '

Catalogue 8-

Chemical work x

oldSoda Spring n.

Page,

D

Dolomite - , 23

Donations 6

Dunnite- 33

F

Fairmont Mineral Spring 74

Felt's Springs 60

Fulton's Sulphur Wells 64

Geysers 75

Geyser Spa, Geyser Soda Springs 74

Gilroy Hot Sulphur Springs 73

Gold and Gold Mining, importance of 12

Grigsby Silver Mine 77

H

Harbin Springs --. 69

Highland Springs 62

Hough's Mineral Spring 63

Howard Springs .-. 63

Hot Borate and Ammonia Springs .-. 6S

Inyo Marble

Iodine Spring

Iron Mineral Springs '7

J

Julian Mining District -.- S2

Julian Mining District, laws of - .' S4

K

Kellogg Springs G9

Lane's Mineral Springs 58

Library - - 7

Lick Springs - 76

Litton Seltzer Springs - 74

M

Magnetic Mineral Springs 73

Manufacturing in California, difficulties attending 15

Marble, Inyo 25

Marble, red, in Amador County 22

Marble, Tehachapi 23

MarA West Hot Sulphur Springs 75

Mineral Springs in California, arranged by counties 58

Mining, general conditions ot, in California

Faoe.

Mining Economies 11

Mono Lake 65

Minerals of California, arranged alphabetically 91

N

Napa Soda Springs - 69

New Almaden Vichy Springs 73

Newsom's White Sulphur Springs , 71

O

Oriflamme Gold Mine 89

Owens' Gold Mine - - 87

Owens' Lake -— 60

P

Pacific Congress, or Saratoga, Springs 73

Paraiso Springs 67

Paso Robles Thermal Springs, sulphur springs - - 72

Piedmont Springs - - 68

Petroleum Springs in the Sea, off Goleta --- 80

Publications 7

R

Ready Relief Gold Mine - 87

S

Sacramento State Collection of Minerals 7

Saint Helena Mountain 78

San Bernardino Hot Springs 70

San Diego County 80

San Diego County, area of 80

Santa Barbara Hot Sulphur Springs — 72

Santa Rosa White Sulphur Springs 75

Saratoga Springs 63

Siegler Springs ..- 63

Simmons' Hot Sulphur Springs 59

Skaggs' Springs 75

Soda Springs, Shasta County 74

State Maps 7

State Mining Bureau, history of 5

State Mining Bureau, present condition of - 5

Stonewall Gold Mine 89

Summit Soda Springs 69

T

Thermal Acid Spring 61

Tolenas Spring 74

Tuscan Springs 75

W o

ater power — A.

hite Sulphur Springs

Hot Sulphur Springs

fitter Springs -

Verify sheet (s)

I'

California State Mining Bureau.

William Irelab, Jr., State Miberalogist

Sixth Annuai. Repokt

State mineralogist.

Prt Ii.

KoR THE Year Ending June 1, 18S6.

Sacramento-

BTATE OFFICE JAMES J. AYER8, SWPT. S5Ii.T-E YKttm.'S'i.

Library

Of The

Li.',>ND SI.ANiORD JUNiu UNIVERSITY.

r

H13

To his Excellency George Stoneman, Governor of the State of California:

Sir: The Trustees of the State Mining Bureau herewith submit their report, in pursuance of the Act of the Legislature entitled "An Act supple- mentary to an Act entitled An Act to provide for the establishment and maintenance of a Mining Bureau,' approved April 16, 1880."

Respectfully,

J. Z. DAVIS, S. HEYDENFELDT, Jr., W. S. KEYES, GEORGE HEARST,

Trustees. San Francisco, October 1, 1886.

Report Of The Trustees Of The State Mining Bureau,

In pursuance of the Act of the Legislature entitled " An Act supplement- ary to an Act entitled An Act to provide for the establishment and main- tenance of a Mining Bureau, approved April 16, 1880/ approved March 21, 1885," his Excellency George Stoneman, Governor, appointed J. Z. Davis, Esq., S. Heydenfeldt, Jr., Esq., William Irelan, Jr., Esq., Walter E. Dean, and Hon. George Hearst, Trustees. On the thirteenth day of April, A. D. 1885, a majority of the Trustees organized as a Board, and adopted rules and regulations.

On the thirtieth day of May, A. D. 1886, Henry G. Hanks, Esq., the State Mineralogist, resigned his office, and William Irelan, Jr., Esq., was appointed in his place, and W. S. Keyes, Esq., was appointed as one of the Trustees, in place of William Irelan, Jr., Esq.

Removal.

In consequence of a notice given by Alvinza Hay ward, Esq., the owner of the premises. No. 212 Sutter Street, that he intended to rebuild, it became necessary to find other premises for the " Bureau," and the Trustees leased the south half of the third floor and the whole of the fourth floor of the premises known as the New Pioneer Building, on Fourth Street, south of Market, No. 24.

The large collection in the Museum of the Bureau was moved during the month of December, with scarcely any damage. The fourth floor of the premises is used for the Museum, and the south half of the third floor is divided into four rooms: one devoted to the Library, two for storage of duplicates, packing, et<3., and one for the office of the State Mineralogist.

Museum.

There are one hundred and twenty flat cases, sixty of which were added by the Trustees, and ten large, upright cases built in the Museum, all of which are full. Seven thousand specimens were entered, classified, and catalogued, by Henry G. Hanks, Esq., former State Mineralogist, and two thousand by the present State Mineralogist, making a total of nine thousand.

Many articles, which are not geological or mineralogical specimens, and whiph are not kindred to the subjects of Geology, Mineralogy, or Paleon- tology, have been donated to the Bureau, and as many of them are valuable, interesting, and attractive, the Trustees have deemed it advisable to accept such contributions, and give them a place in the Museum.

A complete rearrangement of the ores and economic minerals of the State, has been made, under the direction of the present State Mineralogist, characters, as well as by counties.

Facilities For Receiving Specimens.

Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Express, from the first creation of the Mini Bureau, have transported packages (weighing less than twenty poun( from all parts of the State, and from the neighboring States and Territori free of charge, and continue to do so.

The Trustees recognize and appreciate the value and importance of t generous assistance rendered to the Bureau.

Visitors.

The visitors to the Museum of the Bureau, from March 3, 1885, to Nove ber 1, 1886, number four thousand four hundred and seventy-five, as appe bv the register, which, however, does not represent the total number, about fifty per cent of persons visiting the Bureau fail to register.

List of Donors to the Museum of the Bubeau Since the Issue of the Fou:

Report.

Acker, E. O. C.

Adams, C. J.

Adams, F.

Adams, H. H.

Adams, J.

Adams, Wm.

Aegerter, Wm.

Alaerman, E. M.

Allen & Co.

Allen, W. D.

Allman, John

Amador Tunnel, Mill, and

Mining Company. Anderson, M. A. Angell, S. H. Angel, Myron. Attwood, F. H. ; Attwood, Melville. Aubery, L. E. Ayers, Wm.

Bacon, J. S. Bailey Bros. Barley, G. W. Barnes, Ed. Bartlett, W. P. Bartley, J. Barton, B. F. Ba tern an, Wm. Battersby, Captain R. Beach, C. E. Bell, Curtis & Mason. Bell, N. M. Bell, Thos. Bennett, J . W. Berger, Mr. Berry, Mrs. F. G. Big Bend Tunnel Company. Bilty, Theo. Birge, F. Blackburn, D. Bleasdale, J. I. Bluxome, Jr., I. Booth, Edward, Boushey, S. Borgeson, Mr. Borrett, F. A. Bowie, A. J. Boyd, Thos. W. Bradley, C.

Braverman, M. Breese & Wheeler Co. Brewer, Mr. Briggs, Wm. H. Britton & Rey. Brown, G. L. Brown, H. S. Brown, W. R. Brown, Mrs. Brown, 8. D. BrownelL L. A. Bryant, J ohn Buckminster, P. S. Budelman, Henry. BuflSngton, J. M. Burling, J. W. Burrage, C. W. Bush, Mrs. A. E.

Caduc, P.

Camden, Nagle & Co.

Card ell, J.

Carpenter, E. M.

Carson, H. J.

Chalmers, Lewis.

Chandler, R. P.

Chapman, Capt. Chas.

Chapman, W. 8.

Chase, Dr. R. P.

Cheever, E. E.

Cherry, Edgar

Chicago Mining Company.

Christie, J. N.

Choynski, I. N.

Clark Bros.

Clark, C. J.

Clusker, C. C.

Coates, L.

Cobb, H. A.

Coffey, John

Col burn, J. E.

Coleman, J. V.

Coleman, Wm. T.

Colley, J. C.

Collins, John

Collins, R. v.

Collins, 8. W.

Comerford, Mrs. J. A.

Compton, H. T.

Congdon, "N. C.

Condon J. Cone, H. Connell, 8. D. Cook, J. M. Cooper, J. W. Cooi)er, Mrs. E. B. Corcoran, Phil. Coughlin, J. D. Cox, J. F. Cox, Mr. Cozzens, W. J. Cronise, Wm. H. V. Grossman, J. H. Curtis, G. W. Curtis, Samuel T. Curtis, 8. W.

Daggett, John. Daggett, R. M. Dana, A. W. Dana, Wm. Dane, R. Davies, Dr. C. B. Davis, J. Z. Davis, Major J. B. Day, Mrs. H. H. Dean, Dr. G. 8. De Landresse, H. Clerc. Didesheimer, P. H. Dithmer, L. A. Dobinson & Fairchild. Doble, D. K. Dobler, Chas. Dohrman, Levi. Dorsey, 8. P. Doss, E. W. Downie, Murray & Co. Downs, R. C. Dozier, A. T. Drake, Dr. Dunn, R. L. Durden, H. 8.

Eagle Bird Mining Co. Elliot, C. E. Ellis, Captain. Ellis, J. E. Emerson, G. W.

Eustice, J. H. L.

Fair, J. G. ParweU, J. D. Ftalbaber, Curloa. fttiiger, Col. G. L. Ron, T. W. ijmison, J. W. Fieldiiig F. E. Fisher, J. M. Hick, Wni. Flinn, John.. Frsser, C. Frecheyille, Wm.

Ganagher, A,T. Gallagher, E. A. T. GUanar, G. W. Gallatin, A. B, Oamett, Louis A. Gimier, T. R, Qarthwaite, E. H. George, Dr. Oerinon A Co., A. Gilbert, A. D. GiUigiin, J. B. Gilmon, J. M.

ffilson & Jno. Rabe, Messrs. Chaa.

Goodall, j". E.

Oonld ft Cony Mining Co.

Graetan & Co., M.

Gray, J as.

Gry,S.G.

Gnen. Dr.

QrMn,H.

OrMD.W.'H.' , Samnel. Griawold, A. H. Graebele, C. L. wimbinner, S. GnpUll, A. N. Gayer, Henry.-

Hall, J. H. TJale.L, A. Ealifey.

"alifcv. A. HaiiiiU„n,J

Batfurd,Jij!in. Hsrriaon, B. A. Hbtaey H. H.

Hakh, Thos. Bivens, Al. HawB, G. H.

Heath, E. P. "Ealh, Wm. MaK. gertendeen. Captain L. N. nwting, G. W. ijMlewood, J. A.

aydenlsldt Judge 8. "eydeafeldt. Jr., 5.

Hill, Benjamin. Hill, CharLes. Hine, C. T. Hittell, Mr. Hobart, C. 0. Holcombe, B. E. Holiday, W. 8. Holladav, 8. W. Holm, f. Holt, J. H. Holta worth. Joseph. Honifray, Richard. Hood. Dr. J. W. Houghton, S. C. Houston, W. J. Howls, A. J. Hubbard, M. T. Hughes, C. B. Hughea, D.F. Hughes, H. Hughes, W. B. Huntley, H.H. Hutchings. E. P. Hutchings, M. Hutchinson, W. A.

Idaho Mining Company. Irelan, Jr., William. Ish, James T. Ives, J. J.

Jacott, D. M. James worth. Charles. Jeaaup, W. H. Johnston, Dr. W. D. Johnson, G. G. Johnson, James. Johnson, J. F. Johnson, J. J. Johnaon, Q.

Katz. M. D.

Keeler, Captain J. M. Keeler, J. H. Keeney, G. G. Kellett, Samuel. Kellett. WiUiam. Kelly, Captain J. G. Kennedy, J. F. Kesseler, J. C. Keyes, W. 9. Keystone Mining Co. Klein, P. R. Knell, A. Knorp, A. F. Knowlton, A, L. Knox & Osborn. Kunz, G. F.

I-ake, W. B.

Ladd & Clement, Iandis, John. Landreaae, H. Clerc de I.*inbert, T. G. La Monte, J. D. Lawver, A. M. ' Leech man. John. Lemoine, William. Lent, WiUiam M. Levy, H. M. Lichen a tein, Benjamiii.

Linkton, 8.

Little Gem Mining Co, LooEiia. J, W. Love, H. P. Loveiand, H. 8, Ixivelock, George. Lowe B. N. Low than, Thomas. Lucas ft Co. Luckhardt. C. A. Lyle, W. 8.

Mactear, Jamea. Maddox, P. Maling, H. M. Manning, J. G. Martin, J. H. Martin, W. H. Martin White Mining Co.- Mason. J. Mast, C, L. Matthews, W. H. C. Maxwell, James M. Maynard, H. G, McArdle. William. McCarthy, W. J. McDonald Mining Co. McDougal, W. C. McGeoegan. J. T. McKenzie, Alex. McLeod, T. D. McMiUan, T. MoNabb, A. M. McNamee, P. J. McSwinev, W. B. McTear, James. Mellis,D, E. MinckW, W. D. Minckler, W. P. Mining and Scientific Press. Minor, B. B. MitcheU, C. E. Mitchell, F. D. M senhe mer, M. A Mollitor, a. P. Monahan, William. Monleverde, F. E.

Moor, Dr. R. E. Moore, H. G. Moian, D. W. C, Monzio, Joseph. Morrison, W. P. Morse, H. A. Months, George.

Nevada City Mining Co. Nevills Mining Ca Nevills, W. A. New London Mining Co. Newman, C. Nichols, Mrs, H. C. Niebur, H. Noel ft Whaley. North SUr Mining Co,

Parker, Dr. W, C. Patton, Daniel.

Pilsbury, Mr. Pleasante, J. E. Plymouth Consol. Min. Co. Pope, William. Porter, Dr. Thomas. Price, T. S. Providence Mining Co.

Quimby, W. C.

Rabe, Dr. John.

Ralston, John.

Ranlett, H. D.

Ratheb, J.

Rawhngs, J. S.

Reavis, J. A.

RedwayJ. W.

Reeves, Hon. Truman.

Reis, Gus.

Rhoads, J. C.

Rhodes, M. T.

Rhodes, M. G.

Rice, Judson

Richardson, J. N.

Richardson, L.

Riddell, J. R.

Roberts, A. E.

Robertson, T. F.

Robinson, Chas.

Rodgers, G. W.

Rodgers, Mr.

Ross, C. L.

Rowley, A. B.

Ruffino, S.

Russell Patent Process Co.

Safley, L. Safley, L. J. Saltuari, John Schmidt, H. W. Schneider, C. G. Scott, W. G. Scupham, J. R. Senaerling, J. C. Shearer, F. E.

Shearer Rattler.

Sherman, C. E.

Silver, Lowry

Sinton, R. H.

Smith, F.E.

Solis, Brown & Co.

Sonnenfeld, Sam.

Somner, Ad.

Sorley, J as.

Soto, M. A.

South Spring Hill Mining

Co. Sparling, Richard. Spencer, E. G. Sprague, J. W. Staddon, Samuel. Stevens, H. Stewart, Wm. Stillwagon, W. W. Stivers, H. F. St. John, Edgar. Stokes, W. C. Stone, D. C. , Stone, M. D. Strahle & Co., Jacob. Strain, R. R. Strong, S. Stump, I. C. Sublette, Wm. Suggett, J. H.

Tarpey, M. F. /

Thomas, R. B.

Thomson, B. M.

Thorn, I. N.

Thorn, J. M.

Threlfall, T.

Towle Bros., Alta.

Trafton, Chas.

Troop, Wm.

Tubbs, Hiram.

Uljrard, Mrs. A. M. University of Tokio, Japan.

Library.

Valentine Mining Co. Vinzent, G. A. Vischer, Hubert.

Walker, John. Waller, Wm. Walls, Henry. Ward, A. H. Ward, H. H. Wasson, Hon. Jos. Watts, Claude. Webster, Frank. Weldon, W. H. Wells, W. H. Weyl, J. Wmard, Z. A. Williams, Ben. Wyiiams, F. E. WilUams, G. F. Williams, Harry. Williams, J. J. Williams, L. E. WilUs, Wm. Wilson, J. Downes. Wilson, W. C. Wilton, H. W. Winegar, A. B. Winter, J. W. Winters, T. B. Woodhull, D. S. Woodley, Capt. W. J. Wood, P. J. Wood, R. E. Wores, Chas. R. Wren, Hon. Thos. Wynants, N.

Yale, Chas. G.

Yamada, K.

Yoder, J. F.

Young American Mir

Company. Young, R. A.

A catalogue of the books and pamphlets in the library has lately b' prepared, but has not yet been sent to the State Printer for publication.

Many valuable books of reference have been sent to the Bureau by Senators and Representatives in Congress, and by Hon. J. P. Joneg Nevada.

The various departments of the Federal Government, and particula the " United States Geological Survey," continue to send valuable booki the library of the Bureau.

A complete set of the reports of the Second Geological Survey of Pe sylvania has been kindly given to the Bureau by the Governor of Penn vania, and the following State Geological Survey Reports are also in library:

Illinois vols. 1 to 7 (vol. 5 missing).

Indiana, 1869-70-72-73-74-75-78, and 1883; also, 1 vol. of maps.

Iowa, vols. 1 and 2.

Minnesota, 1 vol. from 1872 to 1882; also the First to Twelfth Ann Reports, excepting the Second, Third, and Sixth.

Missouri J Annual Reports 1 and 2, and 1 vol. of the Survey. JVew Jersey, 1868-69, and 1874-, l&&l-8-M,3.\i\.%%.

The Trustees hope to procure complete sets of the reports of all the States which have made Geological Surveys.

The books in the Library number one thousand OTie hundred and twenty- three. This, however, does not include sixty pamphlet boxes of valuable unbound pamphlets.

Newspapers.

The following newspapers continue to be sent to the State Mining Bureau Free:

1. Arizona Gazette Phoenix, Arizona Territory.

2. California Demokrat.

3. Daily Grass Valley Union Nevada County, Cal.

4. Mngineering and Mining Journal New York.

5. Golden West, San Francisco, Cal.

6. Humboldt Standard, Eureka, Humboldt County, Cal.

7. Inyo Independent, Inyo County, Cal.

8. Mining Record, New York.

9. Mining Review, Chicago, 111.

10. Sierra County Tribune, California.

11. Ventura Free Press, San Buenaventura, Cal.

Accounts Outstanding Against The State Mining Bureau.

The following indebtedness was created by Henry G. Hanks, Esq., while State Mineralogist, prior to the thirty-seventh fiscal year, and remains unpaid. The Trustees recommend the payment of the same:

Advances made by Wells, Fargo & Co $3,968 jOO

Several small accounts for material and supplies furnished to the Bureau, amounting to 218 10

Accounts from Api'il 1, 1885, to October i, 1886.

Museum, library, and general expense : $4,423 76

Salary of State Mineralogist 4,500 00

Traveling expenses 989 65

Rent at 212 Sutter Street, from April 1, 1885, to December 1, 1885 1,600 00

Rent at New Pioneer Building from January 1, 1886, to October 1, 1886 2,025 00

Expense of moving 302 00

Salary of employes 2,617 00

Total for 18 months $16,457 31

Receipts.

Balance of appropriation for thirty-sixth fiscal year $438 64

Paid into State Mining Bureau Fund, AprU 16,1885 497 35

Paid into State Mining Bureau Fund, June 30, 1885 222 66

-A-ppropriation for thirty-seventh fiscal year, J uly 1, 1 885 10,000 00

Paid into State Mining Bureau Fund, July 13, 1885 1,284 04

Paid into State Mining Bureau Fund, October 13,1885 753 30

Paid into State Mining Bureau Fund, January 12, 1886 1,150 05

Paid into State Mining Bureau Fund, April 13, 1886 346 30

:Appropriation for thirty-eighth fiscal year, July 1, 1886 10,000 00

Paid into State Mining Bureau Fund, July 13, 1886 972 10

Total $25.664 44

Appropriation and Mining Bureau Fund.

*rotal Z;':..' $25,664 44

Disbursements.

Bilance of appropriation, and in Mining Bureau Fund

Needs Of The Bureau.

The appropriations made for the support and maintenance of the Bureau have always been inadequate to carry out the objects contemplated by the Act by which it was created.

The collection of ores and minerals in the Bureau is of incalculable benefit. Persons seeking to study and compare them are afforded every facility.

A record of the locality of each mineral is kept, and any one who is about to engage in any mining industry can get information of great value.

The Bureau seeks to give as much publicity as possible to all discov- eries of gold and silver, as well as mineral substances, which may be useful in the arts and manufactures.

Notwithstanding the advantages which have already accrued to the State by creating the Bureau, the Trustees feel that it can be made more useful to the public, and its importance more generally felt, if sufficient means be placed at their disposal.

The material accumulating will require a gallery to be built on the fourth floor, to properly exhibit the minerals.

A Chemical Laboratory is needed, and can be built on the west side of the third floor.

Many books on Geology, Mineralogy, and Metallurgy are also needed, and should be purchased for the library, as constant application is made for them.

Adolph Sutro, Esq., some time ago, presented to the Bureau a complete set of tne rocks of the Sutro Tunnel, seven hundred and eighty in num- ber, from the main tunnel, north and south laterals, and the four shafts; and Mr. Charles Forman donated a set of the rocks of the Forman shaft of the Overman mine, in number four hundred and sixty-eight, taken from every five feet from surface to the two thousand three hundred and forty foot level. These are in the Bureau, and have never been determined or classified.

There are also four or five cases of lithological specimens from Cali- fornia, also the wall rocks of many of our gold mines. All these specimens require determination, and in order to properly classify them, microscope slides of each are needed, and the Bureau should be in a position to have this important work done under the auspices of a competent lithologist. Too much attention cannot be paid to the proper classification of the inclosing rocks of our gold quartz mines. Its importance is now uni- versally recognized.

The average miner has generally three names for rocks — granite, slate, and porphyry — and the latter name he gives to every rock which is not slate or granite. The study of rocks congenial to the gold-bearing veins is, and has been, too long neglected.

Every effort is being made by the State Mineralogist to secure specimens of the inclosing rocks of the various mines on the coast.

In this connection it may be said that much credit is due to Melville Attwood, Esq., of this city, who is one of the oldest miners on this coast, and a thorough lithologist. He has made a special study of rocks under the microscope, and has written several valuable papers on the subject, and has frequently presented to the Bureau typical specimens of various rocks, with slides prepared for the microscope, and has also assisted in the determination of a number of wall rocks of our California gold mines.

A record of the condition of every mine, about to be closed should be kept in the Bureau for future reference.

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SuflScient assistance should be afforded to the State Mineralogist to con- duct experiments much needed. The proper weight of stamps is an open question among the mining men of this coast. By reference to the report of the State Mineralogist it will be seen that the weight varies from six hundred to one thousand pounds. While it is true that some ores are much all harder than others, and some more easily comminuted, yet in some mining districts, where the ore in the various mines is alike in all its characteris- tics, great differences will be found in the weight of the stamps.

Properly conducted, experiments carried on under the direction of the Trustees or State Mineralogist, in various mining districts, would be the proper method of ascertaining a mean weight of stamp, on a given ore.

The condition of gold after it leaves the battery without contact with quicksilver, and its condition after its separation from the quartz by rollers, should be made the subject of most careful study and microscopic exam- kI ination, with a view of ascertaining its adaptability to rapid amalgamation, . as well as to determine whether or no the pulp should be immediately sub- jected to concentration without amalgamation, in the batteries or on the outside plates, taking into consideration the percentage, composition, and character of the sulphurets.

The questions of weight and drop of stamps, use of quicksilver, size of screens, discharge of pulp, inclination of plates, condition of the sul- phurets, concentration, chlorination, etc., should be investigated by actual experiment in different mining districts on the various characters of our gold-bearing quartz.

The Bureau has a large number of maps of California and of different sections of the State acquired for the purpose of facilitating the making of a good and reliable geological and mining map of the State. The Trus- tees recommend that such a map be commenced at once, and that every mineral deposit and mine be designated as accurately as possible.

The object which the Trustees mainly have in view, is to encourage the development of the great mineral resources of California.

The existence of the various mineral products which can be utilized in ii:| the arts and manufactures, and afford the bases of important industries in the State, have not been made known as widely as desired.

The vast importance of the gold production is beginning to be felt all over the world. No country is capable of producing more gold, with the same facility and rapidity, than California.

The great auriferous belt of the State, extending as it does from nearly its extreme northern boundary to its most southern counties, is acknowledged to be without parallel in the world. In the museum of the Bureau, are speci- mens of gold from thirty counties in the State, and this does not include all in which gold occurs.

The low grade ores, and those which are so abundant, carrying princi- pally auriferous sulphurets, from which the gold is successfully extracted at a small cost and in an easy manner, are those which are now receiving the attention of practical miners.

This industry, contributing so materially to the welfare of the people, should receive the fostering care of the State.

The Engineering and Mining Journal, of January 23, 1886, published in New York by Richard P. Rothwell, M.E., and Dr. Rossiter W. Raymond, in reviewing the Fifth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, comment- ing on the meagerness of the appropriations made to the support of tha Bureau, says:

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The once liberal expenditures of the State of Calif orniaj for the thorough study and descrivtion of its mineral resources, have dwindled to an annual pittance, which is a subject fw combined regret and ridicule. Whatever may have been the reason for this change, it is a pity that the reaction has gone so far to the othei- extreme.

It is to be deplored that our Legislatures have, for a successive number of years, seemingly ignored the importance of our mineral deposits.

Our Geological Survey failed for want of appropriations in 1873-4, and has been discontinued ever since; the Mining Bureau was not established until 1880, and has never received the financial assistance needed.

The smallest of the Colonies of Great Britain give more attention and encouragement to their mining interests than the State of California.

The Mining and Scientific Press, October 30, 1886, in an editorial on the " Subsidies to Mining in New Zealand," compiled from the " Mines State- ment," by the Minister of Mines of New Zealand, made July 6, 1886, says:

What to us in this country seems rather a curious feature is the fact that the Govern- ment aids the miners in building roads, prospecting, etc. The cost of roads and tracks undertaken by counties in the gold fields last year amounted to £54,137 ($262,464 45), out of which subsidies paid were £35,630 ($172,805 50), and the cost of similar works under- taken and wholly paid for by the Department of Mines was £16,275 ($78,933 75). So far as the Mines Department is responsible, the total cost of such works constructed and in progress will oe, when complete, £150,164 ($728,295 40). Several roads are being birtlt ti oen up new mines. From time to time Government aid has been given to prospecting with the object of developing the mineral wealth of the colony. This assistance has been extended to prospecting associations, companies working at deep levels, and laterly, under regulations made bv the Governor-in-Council, based on recommendation to the Minister of Mines by the (rold-fields Committee, to the local bodies, and, under special circumstances, to individual parties engaged in prospecting in outlying districts.

Subsidies in aid of the purchase of diamond drills have been given. The Minister of Mines, however, does not believe in this, and has sent to America to try and find a light and portable machine which can bore five hundred feet.

In the last four years the total amount authorized by the Government for the construc- tion of water-races, drainage and tailings channels, roads and tracks, diamond and other drills, and to aid prospecting in the gold fields, has been £244,447 ($1,185,567 95), and otherwise paid by way of subsidies the sum of £131,044 ($635,563 40). Last year the sum authorized! for similar works was £76,804 ($372,499 40). They recognize that roads and trails are very important to open up new districts and spend a great deal of money in this direction to encourage miners to go to new regions.

In view of these facts, the Trustees of the State Mining Bureau earnestly appeal to the Legislature, to give the aid so greatly needed, which will contribute materially to the wealth and progress of the State, and to the prosperity of her people.

The sum of one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars ($125,000) for the two coming fiscal years, is respectfully suggested, as a moderate appro- priation for the support and maintenance of the Mining Bureau. Respectfully submitted.

J. Z. DAVIS, S. HEYDENFELDT, Jr., W. S. KEYES, GEORGE HEARST,

Trustees.

Note. — Walter E. Dean, Trustee, was absent from the State of California when this report was made.

in:

San Francisco, November 17, 1886.

To Honorable George Stoneman, Governor of the State of California:

Sib: In accordance with the Act of the Legislature entitled "An Act to provide for the establishment and maintenance of a Mining Bureau," approved April 16, 1880, 1 herewith transmit my report.

Very respectfully,-

WM. IRELAN, Jr.,

State Mineralogist. October 1, 1886.

Report Of State Mineralogist.

On the first day of June, 1886, the present State Mineralogist was coi missioned by his Excellency George Stoneman, Governor of the State California, vice Henry G. Hanks, Esq., resigned.

Upon assuming the duties pertaining to the oflBce, as prescribed by tl Act of the Legislature entitled "An Act to provide for the establishmej and maintenance of a Mining Bureau," approved April 16, 1880, the Sta Mineralogist, upon conferring with the Trustees of the State Mining B reau, deemed it advisable to obtain such information concerning some the leading quartz mines carrying on operations on the great auriferoi belt of the State, giving -such information as would be of interest to tl people of the State, and particularly to those persons who are engaged i gold-quartz mining.

The time, during which the State Mineralogist was expected to give h attention to this subject, was so limited that it became impossible to gatb much information or many statistics relating to this great industry of tl State.

A few of the leading mines, in several of the counties, were visited i person by the State Mineralogist, and he was enabled to collect some dai and gather other information from persons familiar with sections of tt State which the State Mineralogist was not enabled to visit, who cheerful gave descriptions of mining operations which were being carried on.

A number of the leading gold mines were necessarily omitted, as we as most of the mines and prospects, which are said to have a promisir future. He hopes that in some future annual report he .will be enabled give a full and complete description of the condition of gold and silv mining throughout the entire State, and not be compelled to neglect description of the localities of other valuable mineral products which exi so abundantly in California, and to report what developments are beir made.

It was suggested by the Board of Trustees, that considering the shortnei of time in which he would be justified in leaving the Bureau to make hi observations, it would be better to chiefly confine his report to a she: description of the developments made and the depths of some of the mine and give such statistics as he could collate, showing the method of extrac ing the gold and description of the machinery in use.

The grade of the ore being worked in any of the mines visited by tl State Mineralogist is not given, for the reason that the mine owners, i common with persons engaged in commercial business or other econom: enterprises, do not wish their private affairs given to the public, and do n( care to invite any inspection or publication of their books.

The State Mineralogist desires to acknowledge his appreciation of tl uniform courtesy and assistance which has been rendered him by the Tru tees. The Bureau is greatly indebted to J. Z. Davis, Esq., the Chairma of the Board of Trustees, who daily gives a portion of his time to its pro ress. Mr. Davis has the success of the Bureau at heart, and has presents chological specimens, and many ottiex ateac\iv.N

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The Mother Lode.

This very remarkable auriferous belt runs in a northwesterly and south- easterly direction, and can be traced for about one hundred miles, from the Mariposa estate, in Mariposa County, through the counties of Tuolumne, Calaveras, Amador, and into the county of El Dorado. The lode dips to the eastward at an angle of from to to the horizon. The walls are uniform and the gouge well defined; the vein matter is white and banded quartz, carrying a small percentage of sulphurets. The eastern, or hang- ing-wall, is greenstone, and the western, or foot-wall, is slate.

Professor Whitney remarks of this lode:

It is not by any means a continuous bed or vein of quartz, but rather a series of nearly paraUel belts of lenticular masses with barren intervals between them, but yet arranged nearly in the same course.

R. H. Stretch says:

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The mother lode is not, strictly speaking, a continuous vein, but rather a belt of gold- 1 . bearing rocks, situated in a line of contact between black clay slates on the west and green - stone on the east. On each side of the contact, for a limitea distance, the rocks are more or less mineralized with old, and hence we have, in many cases, a series of more or less parallel locations indicatmg the points at which the quartz segregations have shown them- selves on the surface. When the line of contact is more nearly vertical, the quartz bodies seem to be more solidly compacted and continuous ; when it is flatter they seem to be more disseminated through the lateral country rock. Usually there is quartz on the line of contact, and one or more bodies between the hanging and foot-walls.

Amador County.

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This county is about fifty-five miles long, with an average width of twelve miles, and although it has less area than most of the other mining counties of the State, it ranks, at present, among the foremost in produc- tion of gold. It is bounded on the north by El Dorado County, and by Calaveras on the south, and through its central portion, in a northwesterly and a southeasterly direction, runs the mother lode. East of the mother lode there is a belt of limestone, entering from Calaveras County, passing Volcano and extending toward the Sierras. The formation in the southern part of the county is of a volcanic origin, whilst in the northern portion are the gold-bearing slates.

Throughout the whole extent of the auriferous belts of the county there n is an unusual amount of activity, and a decided feeling of contentment, not only in the present satisfactory production of the mines, but in expec- tation of an enlarged future yield. Properties abandoned in the years gone by, on account of the high price of labor, and the expense of motive power consuming the production, have recently been reopened, and, by the substitution of water for steam, are now in paying condition; again the developments in the new finds are very encouraging.

Plymouth Consolidated.

As a dividend-paying property, this mine is not excelled by any other on the mother lode. The mine in altitude is 1,050 feet above sea level, has a length of 4,800 feet on the lode; both hanging and foot-walls are alate the course of the vein is north and south, dips 55* Wve tA V's. axs.

750 pounds each, whilst in the smaller, the weight of each stamp is 1,000 pounds; the fall of the stamps is 7 inches, at the rate of from 90 to 100 times per minute, crushing about two tons to the stamp every 24 hours. The method of recovering the free gold is by amalgamation in the batteries and collection on the outside plates; the sulphurets are collected on Frue concentrators, and worked by the chlorination process, at the companys works, at an expense of $10 per ton. The following is the last quarterly report of the company:

The dividend paid on October fifth by the company, was the forty-first consecutive ]

monthly dividend, making a total of $1,775,000. It is stated that the mine has more ore developed than at any previous period in its history. At present the mills are supplied with low &n*ade rock from the upper levels. No stoping has been done in the bottom, the ore there being reserved for future use. The entire plant, including mills, shops etc., is in perfect running order. Level No. 6 (1,500 feet) has been opened one quarter of its lengthy and promises to be the best in the mine. Large masses of low grade rock have been uncovered between the 800 and 900 levels, and a new ore body is now being worked on the 800. Its full size is unknown, but appearances indicate an extensive deposit.

Gold Bullion Produced.

January, 1886 $55,683 47

February 45,611 11

March 53,897 81

April 50,778 91

May 49,502 13

June 44,166 43

July 44,566 75

August 51,528 16

September 51,812 86

Total product for nine monthSj 1886 $447,547 13

Operating expenses for same period 193,145 00

Profit - $254,402 13

Cash on hand, January 1,1886 43,081 45

Amount applicable to dividends $297,483 58 h

Paid dividends for quarter, Nos. 32 to 40, $25,000 each 225,000 00 -j

Cash surplus, October 1, 1886 $72,483 68 ;

Altitude, feet 1,050 ;;

Number of stamps 120

Weight of stamp, pounds 750-1,000 j

Drop of stamps, in inches 7

Drop of stamps, per minute 90-100

Duty of stamp in twenty-four hours, tons crushed -. 2 -

Depth of shaft, vertical, feet 1,500 a

Length of ore-shoot, feet 800 j

Average width of vein, feet 30

Per6entage of sulphurets IJ

Value of sulphurets, per ton $135

Number of concentrators 32

Keystone Consolidated

Is situated at the southeast end of the town of Amador, about two miles

northwesterly from Sutter Creek, in the Amador Mining District, and has

an altitude of 1,000 feet above sea level. The consolidation includes Spring

Hill, Geneva, and Garfield claims. The location was made in 1850, and

has since been worked almost continuously. The eastern, or hanging

occur, thence an admixture of slate and spar in which ore does not exist. The average width of the zone is about 400 feet; the course of the vein is northwesterly and southeasterly. The hanging-wall dips easterly at an angle from 45" to 60° at the surface, and at the bottom; length of the shoot is 800 feet. There are two shafts north and south ; the north shaft, used for hoisting the ore from the mine, is 1,305 feet on the incline of 49", reaching a vertical depth of 1,000 feet; the south shaft, used exclusively for pumping out the water, is 1,125 feet on an incline of from 42" to 55", with a vertical depth of 780 feet. The nature of the ores is free milling, carr3dng from one and one half to one and three quarters per cent of auriferous gulphurets. The method of reduction is crushing by stamps, and of recov- ery is amalgamating in the battery and collecting on copper plates on the outside. On the east side of the contact is a large, poor vein of quartz, varying in thickness from 2 feet to 40 feet, which is very spotted; 200 feet west from the greenstone, in the argillaceous slates, occur the next depos- its, which are irregular and confined to a northwest and southeast channel; I these deposits are from 2 feet to 30 feet thick, and a better quality of ore than that which is found on the east side. The west channel is from 300 feet to 500 feet west of the greenstone, from 3 feet to 40 feet in ore of the best quality found in the mine, pa3dng as high as $40 per ton.

The sulphurets are iron pyrites combined with a small percentage of arsenical and antimonial sulphurets, and have an assay value of $110 per ton. . The method of saving the sulphurets is by Henay concentrators, riffles, and blanket sluices, and the gold is extracted therefrom at a cost of $20 per ton to the company at the chlorination and leaching works of ' Barney & Voorhies, Sutter Creek.

The mill is run by water-power; contains 40 stamps of 750 pounds each, with a drop of from 7 to inches, 96 times per minute, crushing tons to the stamp in 24 hours. The batteries are both high and low discharge, with number 8 slot screens; the apron plates are 16x14 inches, and sluice plates 14 inches wide. The total length of the plates for the 40 stamps is 80 feet, with an inclination of inches in 10 feet. The amount of water used in 24 hours, in mill, is 125 inches, with a pressure of 254 feet.

Altitude of mine above sea-level, feet - -. 1,000

Number of stamps... 40

Weight of stamp, pounds 750

Drop of stamps, in inches 7-8J

Drop of stamp)s, per minute -. 96

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed

Size of screens, slot 8

Miner's inches of water used in mill in 24 hours 125

Pressure of water, feet 254

Cost of mining, per ton $3 50

Cost of milling, per ton 75

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries 85.

Percentage of recovery saved on plates 6-7

Number of concentrators 28

Percentage of sulphurets li-lf

Value of sulphurets, per ton $110 00

Cost, per ton, of working sulphurets $20 00

Number of men in mine 90

Number of men in mill 9

Total number of men employed in and about mine 110

Length of ore-shoot, feet ' 800

Lenh of ore-shaft on incline, feet 1,305

Vertical Jdepth reached by ore-shaft, feet 1,000

Length of water-shaft on incline, feet y;s!1X

Vemcal depth reached bj water-shaft, feet

South Spring Hill.

This property is two miles northwest of the town of Sutter Creek, and one and one half miles southeast of Amador, in the Amador Mining Ks trict, and has an altitude of 1,100 feet above sea level. It is a State of Maine incorporation, but owned principally in Massachusetts. The east- ern or hanging-wall is of the same formation, metamorphic, as seen in the Keystone; the foot-wall being slate with a gouge. The dimension of the claim is 600 feet in width, by 1,800 feet in length, with a course run- ning northerly and southerly; an easterly dip, and an average width of vein matter of 22 feet, although in places it reaches 50 feet. The mine is worked through an incline shaft, 800 feet on the incline of about 80°, reaching a vertical depth of 758 feet. The ore is free milling, with the exception of the gold contained in the sulphurets. The method of reduc- tion is crushing by stamps, and of recovery, by amalgamation in the bat- tery and collecting on outside plates; the sulphurets, with an assay value of $125 per ton, in gold, principally iron pyrites, are saved from the sluice tailings by the Frue, Triumph, and Hendy concentrators, and the gold extracted therefrom by chloridizing and leaching at the reduction works of Barney & Voorhies, Sutter Creek, at a cost to the company of $20 per ton.

The mill is run by water power and contains, at present, 20 stamps, although 10 additional stamps have been contracted for, to be put in place at once. The stamps weigh 750 pounds each, have a drop of from 6 to 7 inches, 90 times per minute, and crush tons in 24 hours. The batteries are low discharge with number 7 slot screens; the aprons and sluice '. plates are silver plated, the former being 24 feet by 48 inches, and the i latter being 15 inches wide by a total length of 128 feet. The amount of ; water, per 24 hours, used in the mill is 70 inches, with a pressure of 325 feet. Developments and improvements during the year, from January first to August first, consist of upraise from 500 foot level to the surface, '. a drift of 200 feet on 700-foot level and several back drifts, new retort house; expended $2,000 on hoisting works, and under course of erection an addition of 10 stamps.

Altitude of mine above sea level, feet 1 1,100

Number of stamps 20

Weight of stamp, pounds 750

Drop of stamps, in inches 6-T

Drop of stamps, per minute 90

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed 2jt

Size of screens, slot

Miner's inches of water used in 24 hours in mill 70

Pressure of water, in feet 325

Cost of mining, per ton $2 60

Cost of milling, per ton 65

Percentage of recovery saved in battery 60

Percentage of recovery saved on plates 30

Number of concentrators: 2 Frue, 2 Triumph, 5 Hendy ; total 9

Percentage of sulphurets 1

Value of suli)hurets, per ton $125 00

Cost of working sulphurets, per ton $20 00

Number of men in mine 4- 40

Number of men in mill 6

Total number of men employed in and about mine 00

Length of ore-shoot, feet 475

Average width of vein, feet 22

Length of shaft, on incline, feet -

Vertical depth reached by shaft, feet

The dividends of the mine are about 30,000 pex montYi.

The Stewart Mine,

At Sutter Creek Mining District, town of Sutter Creek, Amador County, IB of peculiar interest. This vein, lead, or deposit is simply a large con- glomerate of low-grade material, consisting of bunches and stringers of quartz intermixed with decomposed granite, slate, black gouge, and clay. All of this material, or stuff, as the owner terms it, on account of the impos- gibility of separating the good from the worthless, is passed through the mill. Sometimes bunches are found in the mass that are quite rich, yet a great portion of the deposit seems to contain but very little gold. There are no regular walls, nor any decided pitch to the formation. It was evi- dently thrown out, and to the east, from the chimney of ore composing the Lincoln and Mahoney Mines. An assay has never been made of the mate- rial, therefore there is no means of getting an average valuation. The owner's answer to the question as to 3deld, was characteristic and sensi- ble: " I put through the mill large quantities of the stuff daily, and the clean-up, over and above expenses, is quite satisfactory." The claim is 400 feet long by 250 feet wide, with an average width of vein matter of 50 feet. The southeast end of the claim, 150 feet in length and 75 feet wide, is excavated to a depth of 80 feet. The excavating is still continued, and the whole mass passed through the mill. The mill, containing 40 stamps of 850 pounds each, with 7-inch drop of 85 times per minute, and crashing tons to the stamp in 24 hours, is run by water power. The batteries are low discharge with No. 6 slot screens, and the sluice plates, with an inclination of three quarters of an inch to the foot, are 16 inches wide by a length for each battery of 15 feet. The recovery of the gold is by amalgamation in the batteries and collection on the outside plates. Tliere are no assays made of the tailings, consequently it is impossible to state the exact amount of recovery, but the owner gives it as about 60 per . cent in the batteries and about 40 per cent on the outside plates. The Bulphurets, iron p3rrites, having an assay value of $60 per ton, are saved by concentration in the English huddle, and are treated by the chlorina- tion process at the reduction works of Barney & Voorhies, Sutter Creek, at a cost per ton to the owner of $20.

Altitude, feet

Number of stamps 40

Weight of stamp, pounds 850

Drop of stamps, m inches 7

Drop of stamps per minute 85

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed

Size of screens, slot (j

Miner's inches of water used in mill in twenty-four hours 100

Pressure of water, feet 260

Cost of mining, per ton 40 cents.

Cost of milling, per ton 20 cents.

Percentage of recovery saved in battery, about 60

Percentage of recovery saved on plates, about 40

Percentage of sulphurets i-1

Value of sulphurets, per ton $60

Cost, per ton, of working sulphurets $20

Number of men in mine 19

Number of men in mill 6

Length of ore-shoot, feet 400

Average width of vein, feet 60

Length of main tunnel, feet 400

Length of cross tunnels, feet *2fift

Ikptb of shaft, feet

Moore Mine.

The mine is situated near the town of Jackson, in the Jackson Minii2 District, and at an altitude of 1,500 feet above the level of the sea. Tha course of the vein is southeasterly and northwesterly, with an easterly dip of 52 degrees. The claim is 3,200 feet long by 1,400 feet wide; length of shoot, 1,200 feet; average width of vein 16 feet, and explored depth, 600 feet. The hanging-wall is greenstone, and the foot-wall black slate. The ore, containing about 2 per cent of sulphurets, is what is termed free milling. The developments are, shaft 400 feet deep, three levels, varying in length from 200 feet to 400 feet, and a fourth level now being opened. The present explorations show an ore body 16 feet wide. The amal- gamation is conducted in the batteries and by collection on outside plates. The sulphurets, iron pyrites, are recovered by concentration in buddies and worked for gold by the chlorination process at a cost of $15 per ton. The mill, run by water power, contains 10 stamps, weighing 850 pounds each, with a seven-inch drop, falling 90 times per minute, and crushes 3 tons per stamp every 24 hours. The plates, silver plated, are 48 inches wide and 20 feet in length to each battery. The hoisting works are run by steam. The developments during the year, to June twenty-seventh, are shaft 250 feet deep, two levels, and the retimbering of the old shaft. The ledge on the lower level is opening out so well in both size and quality, and the future prospects of the mine being so encouraging, the owners are taking into consideration the erection of a 40-stamp mill, and purchase of 16 Frue concentrators, and building of chlorination works.

Altitude, feet 1,500

Number of stamps 10

Weight of stamp, pounds 850

Drop of stamps, in inches 7

Drop of stamps, per minute 90

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed. 3

Size of screens, slot 6

Miner's inches of water used in mill every 24 hours 100

Pressure of water, feet HO

Cost of mining, per ton $175

Cost of milling, per ton $0 80

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries 50

Percentage of recovery saved in plates 35

Percentage of sulphurets 2

Value of sulphurets, per ton $130 00

Cost per ton of workmg sulphurets 15 00

Number of men in mine 15

Number of men in mill 4

Length of ore-shoot, feet 1,200

Average width of vein, feet 10

Depth of shaft, feet 400

Downs Mine.

The mine is at Volcano, about twelve miles east of the mother lode, in the limestone belt region, and has an altitude of 2,250 feet above sea level. The course of the vein is northeasterly and southwesterly, with a dip of IT, The dimension of the property is 600 feet wide by a length of 1,500 feet. The mine and machinery lay idle for some time, but at present everything above ground is in running order, and underground explorations are being carried on as speedily as possible. The property was located vsx 1877 and up to 1884, at which date work in the mine was discontinued, the gross receipts were $300,000 — an average yield of $20 per ton. The

gouge one foot thick, is slate. On the property, beside the hoisting gear, is a 2G-stamp, self-feeding, water-power mill ; each stamp weighs 600 pounds, has a fall of 8 inches and a drop of 85 times per minute. The ore, except- ing the small percentage of sulphurets, is free milling. About 75 per : cent of the gold value is saved in the batteries, and about 20 per cent is saved on the outside plates. The sulphurets are recovered by means of blankets and buddies, and are ground and amalgamated in pan and barrel at a cost of $5 per ton. The apron plates are 24 by 50 inches, and the sluice plates are 16 inches wide, with a length, for each 10 stamps, of 35 feet, and an inclination of 1 inch to the foot.

Altitude, feet -. 2,250

Number of stamps 20

Weight of stani], ound - GOO

Drop of stamps, in inches 8

Drop of stamps, per minii te 85

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed

Sizeof screen, slot 9 and 10

Miner's inches of water used in mill every 24 hours : 28

Pressure of water, feet 520

Cost of mining, per ton $3 00

Cost of milling, per ton 1 25

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries 75

Percentage of recovery saved On plates 20

Percentage of sulphurets i

Cost per ton of working sulphurets .$5 00

Ore-snoots, two of 250 feet each and one of 60 feet, total feet 560

One shaft, feet in depth 433

One shaft, feet in depth 420

Width of vein, in feet 3-4

Mammoth Or Nevilles Mine.

This property is at Middle Bar, Jackson Mining District, at an altitude above sea level of 1,500 feet. The company's property embraces the mining claim, with an area of 2,206 feet in length by 500 feet in width, and 120 acres of timber land adjoining. The course of the vein is northwesterly and southeasterly, with an easterly dip of 75°, and an average width of 8 feet. The mine is worked through a tunnel, 3,500 feet in length by 8 feet square in the clear, which taps the vein at a depth of 800 feet from the surface. The hanging and foot-walls are greenstone and slate respectively. The sulphurets, arsenical, of which there are 4 per cent, with an assay value averaging $1,500 per ton, are recovered by huddle concentration, and worked by the chlorination process at a cost of $20 per Ion. The mill contains 10 stamps, each stamp weighing 750 pounds, with a fall of 8 inches, and a drop of 90 times per minute. Water is the motive power of the mill, 70 inches being used, with a pressure of 750 feet. The plates are 52 inches wide by a length of 25 feet for each battery. At times very rich ore occurs in the vein, especially where the matrix contains a large percentage of arsenical pyrites. This ore, so largely impregnated with native gold, is reduced in the hand mortar. The devel- opments, beside those above mentioned, are 1,600 feet of drifts, 220 feet of Jiprise, and 40 feet of winze, still sinking in the same rich class of ore as is worked in the hand mortar.

Altitude, feet 1 1,500

jymberof stamps 10

Weightof stamp, pounds "Vti

Drop of stamps, in inches

pof stamps per minute -

of stamp m 24 hours, tons crushed ---

oize of screen, slot

Miner's inches of water used in mill, in 24 hours 5

Pressure of water, feet : 75

Cost of mining, per ton - $2

Cost of milling, per ton 1

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries 3

Percentage of recovery saved on plates 2

Percentage of sulphurets

Value of sulphurets, per ton $1

Cost per ton of workmg sulphurets $2

South ore-shoot, in length, leet 30

North ore-shoot, in length, feet..: 60<

Tunnel, in length, feet 3,50

Number of men in mine 1)

Number of men in mill !

Average width of vein, feet i

Loyal Lead Mine, near Drytown. Ore is being crushed which averagei between $7 and $8 per ton in free gold.

Mr. Mason has a very encouraging quartz prospect near Volcano; then is a well defined ledge in th tunnel, showing free gold in paying quantitiee

Marlette Mine.. A ditch is being constructed, to carry 100 inches o water, from the Amador Canal to the mine. Hoisting works are beinj erected in the tunnel, for the purpose of sinking a winze. The works an to be run by water power.

Bunker Hill. Twenty of the forty stamps are being run on the new fine at the 700-foot level, ana the chlorination works are in full operation.

Gover Mine is running twenty stamps on rock found north of the olc shaft.

Volcano Gold Gravel Mining Company, made a clean-up for the seasonal run of over $19,000.

Mahoney Mine, Sutter Creek. The company commenced operation! above ground, and the mill will be started on surface dirt.

The new forty-stamp mill at the Kennedy Mine is near completion, anc in a very short time the stamps will be crushing ore from the mine.

Zeile Mine.

This mine is situated in Jackson Mining District, at an altitude of 1,30( feet above the level of the sea, in a slate formation. The vein has ai easterly dip, a nearly north and south course, and averages 30 feet ii width, ore and vein matter included. The claim occupies, 600 linear fee on the lode, and is worked through a nearly perpendicular shaft to a deptl of 885 feet. Formation of the hanging wall is metamorphosed slate, anc that of the foot-wall is soft blue slate with a gouge of decomposed talc from a few feet to fifty feet thick.

The product of this mine demonstrates how low a grade of ore may worked to a profit, when done systematically. The ore, when carerull] assorted, with free gold and sulphurets, assays but $4 per ton. After th< recovery of the free gold in the batteries, and on the outside plates, th< sulphurets are saved on the Frue vanner, and are worked by the chlorina tion process, at the company's works.

The motive power of the machinery is water, but a steam plant is kep in place, to be used when circumstances require.

The mill contains forty stamps, of 750 pounds weight each, falling inches, with a drop of 88 times per minute, and each stamp crushing 3.3' tons every 24 hours.

The plates are: Battery, 6 by 50 inches; aprons, 30 by 58 inches; anc sluice, 16 inches wide by 144 inches long-, tl:ve respective incUnation of 2-jj and li inches to the foot.

rt

if;

I;

,n

Altitude, feet 1,300

Number of stamps 40

Weight of stamp in pounds 750

Drop of stamps, m inches

Dropof stamps, per minute -87-88

Duty of stamp in twenty-four hours, tons crushed , 3.37

Percentage of sulphurets 1 2i

Value of sulphurets, per ton $100 00

$f Number of men in the mine 90

Number of men in the mill i 5

Total number of men employed in and about mine 115

Depth of shaft, in feet 885

Average width of vein, in feet 30

Number of concentrators 16

Miner's inches of water used for stamps and concentrators in 24 hours 190

Pressure of water, in feet 160

length of ore-shoot, in feet 400

n.

Working Low Beds Of Gravel.

The following description of a method of working low beds of gravel we take from the Mining and Scientific Press of San Francisco:

A few miles from lone Amador County, in this State, is the Arroyo Seco Mine, which, as the Spanish name indicates, is situated in the bed oi a " dry creek." The ground was known to be rich, but all attempts to work it failed, until J. P. Lambing took nold of the "Operation. The difficulty was there was no fall, and no way of getting rid of tailings. The pay dirt is about five or ten feet deep, and there is considerable stripping to do.

In order to get rid of the worthless top dirt, there is a large crane or steam derrick. The two engines to operate this are 9x16 inches, and there are two 48-inch upright boilers. They hoist from live to seven tons at a load, on the end of a boom 110 feet long. The dirt is hoisted fifty feet high, swung to one side and dumped, and the tub returned in one nd a half minutes. The derriclj house, containing the engines and boilers, is on tracks laid on the ground, so that it can be gradually moved up the creek as the claim is worked. With this derrick they can dump the " strippings " 110 feet on each side of the center, allowing the men to get the pay gravel.

Mr. Lambing states that tnis boom is much easier handled and controlled than those Duilt by the Lakeport Derrick Company builders, who have the reputation of making the oest, and it works in every way as well, and in many respects better, than those built in the Eastern States. Mr. Lambing went East to examine all there were and ascertain prices, but resolved to have his made here. In addition to the engineer one man controls the movement of the bucket and derrick, and one man on the boom attends to the dump- %

The pay dirt is washed in sluices, as shown in the engraving. The tailings, small rocks, sand, and water run into a general sump under the tall nouse shown in the accompanyins "engraving. Now these tailings and the water have to be removed, as there is no fall ana no way to get rid of them except to hoist them out of the way. This is accomplished in a Very simple but ingenious manner.

In the sump are two submerged centrifugal pumps, of peculiar pattern, and designed tor this particular work. Each has two 11-inch discharge pipes ; the capacity is 600 miner's inches of water, or 900 cubic feet per minute. These pumps have no steps or bearings made under water, the whole weight resting on two 26-inch anti-friction wheels.

On the floor above these centrifugal wheels are two 15-inch Knight water wheels fed from the min supply pipe with 68 feet head. These wheels run the submerged centrif- ugal pumps below and raise the sand, gravely and water from the sump, throwing the ole debris and water into the flume seen issuing from the side of the pump-house. From this flume the gravel and rocks are shoveled out by men, the water is screened and again returned by a pipe, to be used in sluicing. Sixty-eight feet of water does the wash- ing, pumping, and all.

These 15-inch Knight turbine wheels are giving great satisfaction. Mr. Lambing states that they were formerly running one No. 6 and one No. 8 vertical centrifugal pump with a 12-foot wheel of another pattern under 68 feet head, and 400 inches of water. They had to raise from 100 to 500 miner's inches 36 feet high, but the wheel required too much water, *nd the pumps so much care the present plant was substituted. Mr. Lambing has been inining for the past 34 years and used all the wheels, but he now has five Knight wheels m nse, preferring them to others. This centrifugal double discharge pump will pump sand, gravel, chips, leaves, or anything that will pass through a three-men mesh.

Thev have pumped up with the water sand and fine gravel as fast as two men could vel it to the pump for hours at a time and raised it 36 feet high. These pumps have *6en in constant use for the past two years and it can not be seen that tVve ax NXv'fe "Worse for the hard usage, though the pumps brought out ixoin tYie qvxX. vcv lonths doings the same work.

There is a large amount of mining ground throughout the Pacific Coast, similar to th. 23 at the Arroyo Seco Claim, where the strip)ping is too deep to admit of working by the ol process, hut which can be perfectly worked by using tnese powerful steam demcks -t remove the strippings. It is fortunate for the mining interests that these can bebuil here at the mines, and at no greater cost than they can be had from the East. This whol< plant was made bv Knight & Co., Sutter Creek, E. A. Kix <fe Co., agents, No. 20 Fremoini Street, this city. Miners who know of ground of a similar character to that described w ilJ do well to note the success achieved at Arroyo Seco.

Butte County

Is bounded on the northwest by Tehama, on the northeast by Plumas, on the southeast by Yuba, on the south by Sutter, and on the west by Colusa Counties. Owing to the exhaustion of the surface placers and dis-- continuance of hydraulicking, the mining community is thinning out, ancl the county is falling behind as a gold-producer. Some of the former hydraiJ- lie miners have had recourse to drift mining, but the expense is so great the latter method that they have met with but little, if any, financial 8uC5 cess. The geological structure in the gold-bearing section of the county i composed of metamorphic slates, sandstone, and granite. The lava region is largeljr conspicuous in the county.

At Oroville, in Feather River, a company is experimenting in workid-l the river bed through a tubular pile, on the pneumatic principle. Thi-< miners complain, whilst subjected to the atmospheric pressure, of a depree* sive feeling, or lassitude, and a buzzing in the head and ears, more pax" ticularly so in the latter case when having a slight catarrh. So far tb. work is entirely experimental, and we await the result of the undertakiaf with no little anxiety.

There are a few lone miners drifting in the banks of Butte Creek; but far none are making anything beyond reasonable wage-hire.

Spring Valley Hydraulic Gold Mine,

Is located at Cherokee, on the north end of Table Mountain, which crowned by a layer of basalt between 80 and 100 feet deep. The altitude of the mine at bedrock is 1,000 feet. It is one of the largest hydraulic mineB in the State, and one of the few in active operation, most of the others having been enjoined by order of the Courts. The average depth, from surface to bedrock, is about 500 feet, by 1 mile in length, and lies in part under Table Mountain, without regard to the conformity of the region in which it exists. In its early history the mine was surface worked b}'' individual locators who held claims, according to the mining laws of the district, of 100 feet square to each locator, and the gold was recovered by means of rockers, long toms, and sluices, respectively, as they suc- ceeded each other, but since 1858 the work has been exclusively hydraul- icking. Up to the year 1870 the water supply consisted solely of th drainage of about 10 square miles of territory, on account of the property" being isolated from the Sierra Nevada Range by a deep gorge of th Feather River. At this date Egbert Judson and other capitalists inter; ested themselves with H. B. Lathrop, and built reservoirs, constructe(5 ditches, and laid iron pipe across the above mentioned gorge, 30 inches iL " diameter, 13,100 feet in length, with a perpendicular depression from th- grade line of 902 feet. Most of the engineers, looking upon the undertal Jng as a successful impossibility, advised capitalists not to invest. It

pipe furnished 2,210 inches of water every 24 hours for about 8 months of

the year. Three years later, to secure a yearly supply of water, additional

reservoirs and ditches were constructed, and a pipe, 30 inches in diameter,

3,780 feet in length, with a vertical depression of 630 feet, was laid. The

blue gravel, from 10 to 50 feet in depth, lying on the bedrock, carries the

greater quantity of gold ; thence comes a layer of bowlders, apparently a

separate flow, from 3 to 15 feet deep, the most valuable stratum in the

mine, yielding from $1 to $8 per cubic yard, and can be removed by

hydraulic streams solely; above, intermingled with layers of pipe-clay, is

a deposit of fine white quartz gravel and sand, from 20 feet to 400 feet

thick. In some parts of the mine the banks have a perpendicular face of

450 feet in height, and it is not an unusual occurrence in the caving

for the debris to bury pipes, throwing a 7-inch stream, in position 400

feet distant. The portion of the ground containing the greater amount

of gold to the cubic yard was exhausted prior to 1870, and although there

are no data to approximate the yield, it is estimated at an excess of $5,000,-

000. The value of the gold recovered from 1870 to July, 1886, amounted

to the sum of $5,008,208 62; for the same period the expenditures were as

follows:

Reservoirs, ditches, and pipes 1510,820 59

Mining plant and tunnels 199,780 55

Mining ground purchased -.. 419,396 18

Land purchased 461,435 87

Costof debris canal 270,811 48

$1,862,244 67

Mining expenses, including care and repair of ditches, $1,759,953 77.

The company's water is drawn from nine reservoirs occupying an area of 522 acres, passed through 94 miles of water ditches and 20,940 feet of 30-inch wrought-iron pipe. Among the items enumerated under expendi- tures, the amounts $461,435 87 for land purchased, and $270,811 48, cost of debris canal, is the actual expense of impounding the tailings. Much of the land originally purchased has since been sold, and about one half its cost has been recovered, yet there is still enough swamp land in posses- sion of the company on which to convey the debris to outlast the mine. The slickens flow through a canal 32 miles long, to two restraining dams 1,800 feet wide, and 12,000 acres of tule land. The mine is worked day and night, 240 men being employed, the after dark illumination being furnished by two 8,000 candle power electric lights.

The Big Bend Tunnel.

This undertaking is without a parallel among the mining ventures of the State. The bend from which the water is to be diverted has a trend not very unlike a horseshoe, with a length, following the meanderings of the water flow, of 13 miles. The purpose for which the tunnel was con- structed is to convey the waters of the North Fork of Feather River from their natural course to the tributary of the river's west branch, thereby leav- ing bare the channel of that portion known as the Big Bend.

'rip

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Map Showing Tuknel a

F Featheb Biveb.

At the time the water flow was measured, and almost to the perio the tunnel's completion, the quantity was less than for several years vioue; consequently the tunnel has not the capacity to accommodate present body of water confined within the river's banks, and it must, th fore, necessarily be enla'id to add success to the undertaking. The st holders, however, feel in nowise low-spirited over the present conditio affairs, but look hopefully forward to the expiration of the few moi necessary for the required enlargement, when they expect the river bc' yield its auriferous treasure. It is impossible, on account of the si banks and their rocky formation, to divert the stream in any other v that will promise a reasonable recompense, than the method adopted. ' amount of precious metal concealed by this watery blanket is as yei unknown quantity, but it is to be hoped that an enterprise so unique . so unwaveringly carried out should receive the reward it so meritorioi deserves.

On account of the formation through which the tunnel passed, sla granite, quartz, and diorite, there were but few places necessary to set by masonry. The mouth of the tunnel is in Dark Canon, near the soi east corner of section eleven, township twenty-one north, range four e From this point the tunnel runs north, 29° 30' east, 12,007 feet, to whei taps the North Fork of Feather River. The tunnel, as it is, is 16 feet v by 9 feet high, with a grade of 30 feet per mile, with the exception of at bead, where for 200 feet, to insure the there is an increased gr; The company will at once commence the vjotU oi eria,t%e'KveTi\,\o wv

carrying capacity to 120,000 miner's inches of water. At the inlet, for the purpoae of preventing or admitting the water flow, are 6 ponderong iron gates, worked by screws and wheels. A permanent dam, 200 feet long and 16 feet hih, is in course of construction across the river just below the inlet. The dam ib built of large timbers, securely fastened to tlie bedrock and bolted together, after which it will be filled with rocks and covered with heavy planks. A flume for carrying the present surplus of water, not taken by the tunnel, is built from the dam down the river to a distance of 1,007 feet. This flume, 3 feet deep and 18 feet wide, carries a body of water 18 inches in depth with a flow of 10 feet per second. Along this flume the channel is bared sufficiently to allow prospecting of the river bed. Work on the tunnel began in July, 1882, and the water was turned therein in JqIv, 1886. The cost thus far, as near as can be approximated, is $7.50,000.

Calaveras County.

The county is bounded on the northwest by Amador, on the northeast by Alpine, on the southeast by Tuohimne, and on the southwest by Stanis- laus and San Joaquin Counties. Bear Mountain Ridge, a belt of meta- toomhic rocks, striken northerlv across the cenUaX -tWoti ol "Ctife lysOTjj , faohiag from the Stanislaus River to tlie vicimly ot CftVa.NftTa.ft'ivNft,- uratjng the copper belt from the auriferowB eVatea. \\TOE>Aa-Re, Ni€>S.

enters the southwestern part of the county, from Tuolumne, and is n: extensively exposed at Murphy's.

At Angels the exploitation is on the auriferous belt about 200 feet to east of the mother lode; it is a large vein, in taleose slates, but low gre

The Stickles Gold Quartz Mine

Is located in Angels' Mining District, at the north end of Angels' Cai at an altitude of 1,800 feet above sea level. The dimension of the ch is 300 feet by 600 feet; the course of the vein is northwest and southe having a dip of to the east and an average width of 12 feet.

The mine is worked through a three-compartment shaft 400 feet de the vein showing at all points. Upon the property is a wet crushing n of 20 stamps, each stamp weighing 900 pounds, having a 7-inch fal drop of 80 times per minute, and crushing tons of ore every 24 hoi Seventy per cent of the yield is recovered by amalgamation in the t tery, and 30 per cent is collected on the outside plates. The sulphun averaging 2 per cent of the ore, are saved by Cornish buddies, and have assay value of $120 per ton. Hoisting and pumping are done by ste; power. The sluice plates, silver plated, are 4 feet wide, 11 feet long, a have an inclination of If inches to the foot. Developments in the m consist of four levels at 60, 200, 250, and 400 feet deep, respectively. 1 level at the depth of 60 feet runs north and south from the shaft, in ea direction 30 feet; at 200 feet the level runs south 150 feet, north 200 feet; i 250-foot level has the same course and a corresponding distance, north a south of the shaft, as the 200-foot level; the 400-foot level runs 200 f north from the bottom of the shaft; all of these levels are on the vein, wh: has not been stoped out anywhere more than 30 feet above the levels.

Altitude, feet 1

Number of stamps ;.

Weight of stamp, pounds

Drop of stamps, in inches -

Drop of stamps, per minute -

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed

Size of screen, slot-

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries

Percentage of recovery saved on plates

Percentage of sulphurets

Value of sulphurets, per ton $]

Cost of mining, per ton ]

Cost of milling, per ton

Number of men in mine -

Number of men in mill

Depth of shaft, vertical, feet.. -

Length of ore-shoot so far as developed, feet

The Utica Mine,

Angels, Angels Mining District. The claim is 300 feet wide by a lenj of 634 feet. The course of the vein is northwest and south, dipping degrees to the east, and averaging in width 20 feet. The 20-stamp n has both water and steam power. Each stamp weighs 950 pounds, dn 8 to 9 inches at the rate of 80 times a minute, and crushes 3 tons of every 24 hours. The plates, with an inclination of 1:J inches to the fc are 52 inches wide and 10 feet in length to each battery.

Number of stamps

Weight of stump, pounds

Drop of stamps, in inches - --

Drop of stamps, per minute -

Id-:

m

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed 3

Size of screens, slot 9

Percentage saved of recovery in battery -. 75

Percentage of recovery saved on plates 25

Percentage of sulphurets 2

Percentage of sulphurets, per ton $60 00

Cost of mining, per ton - $2 50

Cost of milling, per ton $0 60

Depth of shaft,feet.._ 140

Miner's inches of water used in 24 hours 150

Pressure of water, feet 100

Kuniber of men in mine 25

Number of men in mill - 6

angel's gold mine.

This mine, in Angel's Mining District, has not been worked for the past few months, but will shortly be again in active operation; in fact, prepara- tory steps have already been taken to commence work. The claim is 1,354 feet in length, by a width of 600 feet. The vein, with a north and south course, is 20 feet wide, and has an easterly dip of 15 degrees. The developments consist of two shafts 100 feet, each, in depth and 300 feet apart, connected by a level. The improvements are, two J. B. Low mills, each having a capacity of 20 tons in 24 hours, two hoisting plants, pump, air-compresser, and four Frue vanners.

Deep Lead Placer Mine,

In Mokelumne Hill Mining District, was located in 1880, and has been worked continuously ever since. During the first year an incline was sunk 380 feet, to the channel, which is vertically 130 feet from the surface. Since then the developments are 2,600 feet along the channel, besides six- teen crosscuts, of an average length of 50 feet each. The perpendicular depth from the surface to the face of the present workings is about 425 feet. The course of the channel is north and south, having a width varying from 40 to 60 feet, and in length about one and a half miles. The improvements consist of an 8-stamp water-power mill, three hurdy-gurdy wheels, one ling 4 feet and two being 6 feet in diameter; one water-power hoist, and one 6-inch by 5-foot stroke plunger pump. Of the water, which has 225 feet pressure, there is used for the mill 20 miner's inches, and 12 miner's inches each for the hoist and pump every 24 hours. Five per cent of *he gold recovered is by the batteries and ninety-five per cent on the Utside plates. Each stamp weighs 750 pounds, falls 9 inches, at the rate from 85 to 87 times per minute, and crushes five carloads of gravel every hours. Developments during the year are 700 feet of tunnel and four I'osscuts of 5 feet each.

[umberof stamps 8

©ierhf. rf sf a nin 750

vp xji. sbauipo, pci minute -- .- . — . - 80—8/

"Uty of stamp in 24 hours, carloads crushed 5

of screen, steel wire, meshes to the inch 1 5

Verage value, per carload $1 00

:rcentage of recovery saved in batteries 5

Tcentage of recovery saved in sluices 95

timber of men in mill 1

rUmber of men in mine 5

""Miner's inches of water used in 24 hours :

jj For pump

Sheep Ranch Mine.

This, the principal minain the Washington Mining District, is situated on San Antonio Creek, a tributary of the Calaveras River, at an altitude of 2,200 feet above sea level, in a slate formation. The claim is 1,600 feet in length by 200 in width; course of the vein northwesterly and southeast- erly; dip easterly, and average width 12 inches. Hanging-wall is a grayish slate and foot-wall a hard black slate; the ore is a ribboned, free milling quartz. All the ore has been taken out down to the 800-foot level; the mill is at present crushing rock from the above and the 900-foot levels. During the year the shaft has been continued down 100 feet and 1,000 feet of levels have been run. The mill, wet crusher, 30 stamps, is run by steam power; each stamp weighs 800 pounds, falls 8 inches 85 times per minute, and crushes tons of ore every 24 hours. Eighty per cent of the recovery is obtained from the batteries and 20 per cent is collected from the outside plates. The sulphurets are so low in value that it is not worth the while to save them. The apron plates having an inclination of 2 inches per foot, are 4 by 10 feet, and the sluice plates inclining inches to the foot are 15 inches wide, with a total length of 100 feet.

Altitude, feet 2,200

Number of stamps 30

Weight of stamp, pounds 800

Drop of stamps, in inches 8

Drop of stamps, per minute 85

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed 2i i

Average width of vein, in feet.. I

Depth of shaft, in feet 900

Length of ore-shoot, in feet 1,200

Size of screens, diagonal slot No 9

Percentage saved of recovery in batteries 80

Percentage saved of recovery on plates 20

Cost of mining, per ton ." $3 00

Cost of milling, per ton 14 OO

Number of men in mine 40

Number of men in mill - -

Brakemen, blacksmiths, teamsters, etc 1

The Gwin Mine.

The following description is contributed by D. Ernest Melliss, Ph.D- Mining and Civil Engineer, as a record of deep mining on the gold belt California :

The mine is situated in the Mokelumne Hill or Middle Bar Minin. District, six miles north of Valley Springs, Calaveras County, at an alti tude of 1,300 feet above the sea. The property comprises two Unite States patent claims, contiguous to each other, as shown in the accomp" nying map. These claims cover 4,989 feet, lineal, on the mother lodj with a total surface area of 69.61 acres. The mine was taken up by th- late Senator, Wm. M. Gwin, in 1867; he purchased the Alexander Mine i 1872, and the Smith Mine in 1881; the property was incorporated und the name of the Gwin Mining Company.

The country rock is slate; the vein strikes nearly due north, true meridian, and dips 75° to to the east. The ore in the mine is white and banded quartz, carrying free gold and auriferous iron sulphurets, with occasional admixture of blende and galena. The average value in free gold is about $8 per ton of ore, although, at times, exceedingly rich bunches of auriferous quartz have been found. The sulphurets are about one and one half per cent of the ore, and the value of the concentrations is about $100 per ton. The retorted gold ranges in fineness from 850 to 875. The south shaft (see accompan3dng longitudinal section) has been sunk to a depth of 1,530 feet. It is an incline, and follows the foot-wall of the vein. Prior to 1877, considerable ore was taken out from the different levels above the 1,200. In April, 1877, the main ore chimney was struck, and it is on the character of this chimney, as developed by the workings in the 1,200, 1,300, 1,400, and 1,500 levels, that le value of the mine now depends.

The 1,200 level, which has been driven 370 feet to the north, strikes the pay chimney 160 feet from the shaft. No stoping of the north ore body has been done above this level. Of this level, 110 feet are in pay quartz, which is 3 feet thick at the commencement, and widens to 8 feet at the breast.

In the 1,300-foot level the chimney is struck 100 feet from th\B shaft; the level has been driven to a distance of 640 feet, of which 540 feet was in ore; at the breast it is 13 feet thick. The ground between the 1,300 and 1,400 levels has been taken out, as shown; the top of the stopes on the 1,200 line showing 8 to 9 feet of ore. At the 1,400 level the shod crosses the shaft; the level has been driven 1,040 feet, all in pay ore; stop ing has been done to the 1,300 level, as shown. The ore was 5 feet at th< shaft, but in the length of the level widened once to 20 feet, again to 3C feet, and is 13 feet the breast. The 1,500 level has been driven 100 fee' to the south, and 370 feet to the north, all in pay ore. At the south breas the limit of the ore body in that direction has been reached; at that poia it is 5 feet thick; at the north breast the ore is 15 feet thick, at the shaf 10 feet, and between that point and the north end it varies between 6 fe and 18 feet.

The mine has produced in all, over $2,000,000 of gold. The exact amouix cannot be ascertained. From partial records in possession of the owner one is enabled to glean the following details in regard to the bullion product It may be remarked incidentally that the mine was carried on always as a family concern, the money was distributed every month as fast as procured, and no surplus was ever allowed to accumulate. Prior to 187 no care was taken to make or preserve any records. No records at all fo:3 the years from 1867 to 1871 existed, although 40 stamps were constantly running. From April, 1877, till September, 1881, the greater portion (bu' not all) of the gold produced was deposited in the Pacific Bank of Sar Francisco.

There are records of weekly shipments of bullion (with some intervals] extending over the period from April 7, 1871, to August, 1882. In none oJ these statements is the bullion from sulphurets included, except in one instance, a shipment on December 24, 1874, in amount $11,565. The sum- mary of these data is shown in the following table:

Partial Statement Op Bullion Fbom Qwin Mine.

Date.

Pait of Mine.

Amount.

April, 1871. to June 26. 1872 /.

400 level. 500 level. 600 level. 700 level- 800 level: 900 level. 1,000 level- 1,100 level. 1,300 and 1,400 level- Above the 900 level . Above the 900 level.

$90,353 00

Julv 8. 1872, to December 26. 1872

53,808 00

Januarv 1. 1873. to Octobers. 1873

118,551 00

Novemoer 25, 1873. to Februarv 15, 1874

29,214 00

At)ril26. 1874. to August 30. 1874

81.516 00

SeDtember25. 1874. to April 8. 1875

73,609 00

April 19, 1875. to June 24, 1876

80,012 00

Januarv 30. 1876. to March 26. 1877

135,338 00

April 12. 1877. to October 1.1879

446,349 00

October 9. 1879. to September 23, 1881

259,413 00

December 3. 1881. to August 4. 1882

31.083 00

Total

$1,399,146 00

The mill and hoisting works were old and entirely worn out. There were two quartz mills, one of 36 and one of 24 stamps. The stamps weighed only 500 pounds, dropping 75 times per minute. The mortars were old fashioned. The concentrators were concave buddies and sluice boxes. The 60 stamps did not have the crushing capacity of a modem 40-stamp mill. Furthermore, although there are no records relating to the subject, the character of work done in saving gold must have been ver} poor.

No steam is required for power either for mill or hoisting works. Th Mokelumne Hill and Campo Seco Water Company's ditch passes aboV' the mine, giving 300 feet head at the hoisting works delivered through i pipe 100 feet long. To pump and hoist from the 1,500 level, and run 6 stamps, required 180 miner's inches. The cost is about 16 cents per 24 hour inch.

Regarding the water in the mine, no diflBculty was ever experienced i: keeping it under control till the 1,400 was reached, with a 5-inch pump 3C inch stroke, running 8 strokes per minute. At the 1,500 a slightly ir creased amount was met with wMch the same pump could have controller were it possible to increase the speed; this, however, could not be done owing to the crooked condition of the shaft.

Fine Gold Mine.

The mine is situated at an altitude of 3,000 feet above the level of th sea, in RgSlroad Flat Mining District, and is 1,500 feet in length by 60* feet wide. The course of the vein is north and south, dipping 70 degree westerly, and averages 5 feet in width. The hanging and foot walls ar slate, and the quartz is free milling, containing about 2 per cent of sul phurets, but not of sufficient value to pay for collecting and working Developments on the property, beside the shaft 250 feet in depth, ar three levels running north and south on the vein, from 400 feet to 600 fee in length, all of which were made during the year 1886. The machiner consists of water power, 10-stamp mill, hoisting works, and air com pressor. The stamps weigh 750 pounds, drop 7 inches 100 times per min ute, and crush 21 tons of ore per day. The apron plates are 4 by feel and the sluice plates are 16 inches wide by a length of 100 feet to eacl battery. The saving of the yield is about equally divided between th( batteries and plates.

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rie: ve:

Altitude, feet 3,000

ISiumber of stamps 10

Weight of stamp 750

Drop of stamps, in inches 6

Drop of stamps, per minute 100

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed

8izeof screens, mesh 40

Miner's inches of water used in 24 hours in mill 35

Miner's inches of water used in 24 hours in hoisting works 35

Miner's inches of water used in 24 hours in compressor 35

Pressure of water, in feet 300

Costof running, per ton $4 00

Cost of milling, per ton $100

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries 50

Percentage of recovery saved on plates 50

Number of men in mme 39

Number of men in mill 3

Total number of men employed in and about mine 47

Depth of shaft, infeet 250

Length of ore-shoot, in feet, so far as explored 200

Ayerage width of vein, in feet 5

WILLARD MINING COMPANY. (Contributed by F. B. Mohse, E.M.)

The property belonging to the Willard Mining Company is situated in Calaveras County.

Murphys Mining District. — The altitude is about 2,200 feet above sea level. Tne formation is limestone and slate. The accompanjdng sketch marked Fig. 1 is a diagram of the formation; the line marked cc'cc being the line of contact. The apparent stratifications of the slate and lime- stone are conformable and run nearly east and west, the line of the contact cutting the formation. The positions of the different veins are also shown in this diagram. They consist apparently of a main opening, marked AA, and small side veins, marked BB, DD, etc., running into the main opening on either side.

The main vein, AA, is called the "Red Wing" vein. The dip of this Vein, as far as known, is nearly vertical; course about 15° north of west 9.iid south of east. The dip of the side veins is about to the south; Course nearly east and west. We- have six locations covering the different Veins, five being 600 by 1,500 feet, and one being 300 by 1,5) feet.

We have opened two shoots or bodies of ore on the main opening, one Xiarked MM and the other NN. The length of either is not fully known, t>xit in each case is probably about 1,000 feet. The width between walls Varies up to 300 feet, with a maximum width of the ore bodies of 200 feet. The ore body JMM is opened by a tunnel, marked TT, 800 feet into the liill. This tunnel crosscuts the vein. The crosscut shows both walls, at "tliis point, to be limestone. The opening between lime walls is 300 feet. In tins opening is 200 feet of vein matter, with 50 feet of birdseye porphyry either side of the vein between it and the lime walls. From the point marked c', the vein, going westerly, follows the contact t>etween the lime and the slate, the north wall being lime and the south "all slate, the contact and the vein cutting the formation at an angle of a.l)out lb\

From the point marked c' — going easterly — the contact makes a bend Awards the south. The vein, however, does not follow the contact, but ontinues its course, cutting across the lime'stone, both walla ivo lime. The main vein here still cuts the formation at axv axv' Q>i Vo sid veins runniDg into it being conformable witYi ttie apatetiX, ticn.

I The ore in all the veins is an exceedingly hard quartz, carrying gold, silver, and what is nominally gray copper, galena, and zinc blende. This ore has several* interesting peculiarities. In the first place, it carries absolutely no iron pyrites — which are found in considerable quantities in every other gold-bearing vein in our section, outside of this particular belt of veins. Again, the gray copper — or what is nominally such — is shown- by analysis to contain very little sulphur — which is largely, and, in some cases, almost entirely replaced by selenium. And besides copper, the mineral carries gold, silver, lead, zinc, bismuth, antimony, iron, and man- ganese.

Another peculiar feature of the main vein is this: In cross-cutting the vein in the tunnel TTT, the quartz for the first 150 feet carried free gold, and the sulphurets were nominally pure gray copper, no galena or zinc blende being found. The ore assayed ounce for ounce in silver and gold; and the loose gold in the clay seams was worth about $19 an ounce. For the last 50 feet the quartz carried little or no free gold. The sulphurets were galena and zinc blende, and the loose gold was very silvery — being worth only $14 an ounce. The sulphurets here assay from 6 to 8 ounces in silver to 1 of gold..

The same peculiarity is noticed in all the side veins; those on the south side of the main opening carr3dng free gold and gray copper, with no galena or zinc blende; while those on the north side carry little, and in some cases, no free gold, and no gray copper, but carry galena and zinc blende assa3dng high in silver.

In the main opening AA the vein-matter between the porphyry walls consists of strata of quartz and porphyry. For a depth of 300 feet, in gome cases, from the surface, the vein is decomposed and disintegrated, so that it bears some resemblance to a gravel-bank, though the quartz is all sharp. This decomposition has broken up the quartz into pieces from many tons weight down to fine sand, and the porphyry in many places has been changed to clay.

Our method of working this vein is by an open cut from the surface, making a fannel-shaped hole, connected by a shoot with a tunnel below, through which all the material mined is run out. The sketch marked Fig. 2 shows the present appearance of the pit and of the arrangement of the tunnel.

The tunnel is run in from the surface, so as to partly cross-cut the for- mation. The grade of the tunnel is about 5 inches in 12 feet, and it is wide enough to allow a track, flume, water pipe, and air pipe to run all the way in. At the end of the tunnel, and under the pit, is a chamber 9 feet by 25, and 20 feet high in the clear. This chamber is connected with the workings above, by what is now a short shoot. At the bottom of this shoot is a large gate; below the gate is a grizzly and a platform and a small bin, for loading into a car. The flume which runs through the tun- nel comes in under the grizzly, and the water pipe connects with a small tank at the head of the flume.

Our method of working, in detail, is as follows: In the open cut we run powder drifts, with TT. as in bank blasting. We run the drifts in about 15 feet from the face of the bank, and the TT from 15 to 20 feet on either side, usually taking a 15-foot face to the bank, on a stope up from the bottom. We load from 150 to 300 pounds of powder (low-grade powder)

bars of which are set 5 inches apart. The coarser material passes over the grizzly and on to the platform and bin below, from which it is loaded into cars and run out. What goes through the grizzly drops into a hopper below, from which it is fed into the flume.

This flume is 14 inches wide and 18 inches deep. It has a grade of 5 inches in 12 feet, and we run about 130 inches of water in it. This water carries all the material that comes into the flume out of the tunnel, and dumps it into a dump-box.

The dump-box is a large double compartment box, each compartment being 35 feet by 12, and 9 feet in the clear. It is providecj with a large movable "tom-iron," and two hydraulic nozzles working under 90 feet pressure. The mine is worked on the day shift only, the quartz and dirt being run into one compartment of the box. The dump-box is run on the night shift, when the material that comes in by day is thoroughly washed free from clay, and is then run into another set of sluices, which convey the quartz direct to the mills.

At the mills the quartz-sand and .dirty water are passed over a long grizzly of perforated screens. The quartz drops from this directly into the ore bins, and the sand and dirty water passes through the screens and is dropped into anothei: flume. As the quartz goesinto the mills it is also separated automatically as tO size — the finer part going to the stamp mill, and the coarser to the concentrating mill. Tne waste water and sand that goes through the grizzlies is taken by the flume below to what is called the "plate house," where it is distributed over silvered plates.

We mine on week days only, running the mills every day. In every

working day we mine about 300 tons of material. Of this about 10 per

cent is run out in cars, and 90 per cent comes out in the flumes. This

material is largely clay and sand, too fine to pay for further crushing.

Three hundred tons of this dirt will produce 95 tons of milling quartz.

This loose material — the sand and clay — all carries a considerable amount

of fine loose gold, var3dng in size from the finer float gold up to particles

the size of the head of a pin — we never find any coarser than this. This

gold we save in the sluices an plate house. For this purpose we have the

following arrangement of flumes, etc.: The flume from the chamber to

the dump-box is 800 feet in length; grade, 5 inches in 12 feet; width, 14

inches, and is lined with block-riffles the entire way. The flume from the

dump-box to mills is 300 feet long; grade, 6 inches in 12 feet; width, 24

inches, and is also lined with block-riffles. From the mills to the plate

"house the flume is 300 feet long; grade, 6 inches in 12 feet; width, 24

inches, and is lined with slat-riffles. These various flumes pick up about

all the visible gold, so that the material that goes into the plate house is

apparently nothing but sand and dirty water.

In the plate house thisvsand and water is divided into 6 eqtial parts, dropped into distributing boxes, and run over 6 aprons. These aprons are 20 feet long by 9 feef wide, with a grade of 5 inches in the 20 feet of length. Near the lower end each apron is covered with an apron of silvered plates, 9 feet square; below the silvered plates is a riffle filled with mercury, to catch loose amalgam, and below the aprons is a tank into which every- thing drops, to catch the loose mercury. All the water and sand is run over these aprons, each carrying about 20 inches of water. These aprons Jave the float gold that has escaped the sluices, and sometimes give aston- ishing results. We have cleaned up as high 160 of .maA%axx!L

mass of hardened mercury. The water, after leaving these plates, goes to waste, the plate house being the last gold-saving apparatus we employ.

At present we are working only the main vein. A great amount of work,

however, has been done on the side vems, a.tiA a. TOHriotT q1 xoimsm.t

bodies of high grade ore have been iicve\ope(\. T[\<bp,ft\ic-\exw!fc\i(:&via*,

fiona 2 feet to 8 feet, and the walls are hard and iSrm. A large amount of OPB has been taken from them near the surface and worked, and we are now preparing to open and work them at a depth.

We are running two mills — a stamp mill and a concentrating mill. The stamp mill is an ordinary mill of that sort. It contains 15 stamps, in 3 batteries of 5 each, with self-feeders, ore bins, and plates. We work all the fine part of the quartz here, so no rock breaker is required; and as the fine quartz carries little or no mineral, we have no concentrators here.

The stamps weigh 750 pounds each, work under a 6-inch to 8-inch drop, mi drop 96 times a minute. We crush through a No. 5 slot screen, and mish tons to the stamp in 24 hours.

We amalgamate entirely outside. For this purpose we have silver- plated aprons below the mortars, each apron being 4 feet 4 inches wide and 12 fiset 6 inches long, with a grade of inches to the foot. Below the Aprons we have 12 feet of spout plates to each apron, 18 inches wide by 12 feet long, grade of an inch to tne foot. The free gold in our rock, espe- cially in the finer rock, is very fine flour gold. It is worth $18 50 an ounce, vet an ounce of dry, hard amalgam will only retort about one fifth gold. We have experimented with crushing through every size screen from No. 9 down to No. 4, and we find that although our gold is so very fine, yet we save the most per ton in crushing coarse through a No. 5 screen, and at the same time have a largely increased capacity over a fine screen.

The coarse rock and all the sulphur-bearing rock goes to the concen- trating mill. This mill is constructed on a different principle from most mills of the sort, as we use Tustin pulverizers instead of stamps for crush- ing the quartz. The ore first goes through a 12-inch Blake rock breaker and fhen drops into the ore bin, from which it is fed to the Tustin pulver- isers. These pulverizers are provided with automatic self-feeders, the same as we use in tne stamp mill, and they feed the same way. We crush wet and amalgamate on aprons, after which the pulp is concentrated on Frue vanners.

We run four pulverizers. These run at 20 revolutions a minute, requir- ing 4-hor8e power each. We crush through a 20-mesh steel wire screen, the capacity of each machine being from 10 to 11 tons a day on the kind of rock that comes to it. The aprons are silvered plates, 4 feet wide by 10 feet long; grade, inches to the foot. We use 8 Frue vanners, 2 to each pulTerizer. Our coarse rock carries a very small per cent of sulphurets, nom A- to i of 1 per cent. The sulphurets, however, are very high grade, some Deing worth, when pure, upwards of $5,000 a ton. We concentrate our rock up to from 82 to 88 per cent of the assay value, according to the kind and grade of the rock.

A comparison of the two methods of crushing shows a marked dififer- ence in results. In crushing through the battery a large amount of slimes are produced. With the pulverizer a very small quantity of slimes is made. As a consequence, with our ore, where the rock is very hard, the gold exceedingly fine, and the sulphurets soft and brittle, we find that on the same ore we amalgamate a much greater percentage of the fine gold after the pulverizers than after the stamps; and when we come to concen- trate, we can save only 18 to 20 per cent of the assay value of the ore after stamps, and 85 per cent after the pulverizers. On the same ore and with same screen our pulverizer is about the equivalent of 6 to 8 stamps, M according to the character of the ore. f Our sulphurets we work ourselves, by roaBtm and c!tfQfvx?i.iift\. tenances. These furnaces are of a ton capacity eacVv

we can roast, if necessary, from 6 to 8 tons a day. The chlorinat works are of equal capacity, consisting of 11 pairs of leaching and settl: tanks, with generators, etc. We roast the sulphurets, granulate them, a run them in a car to the chlorination works. After which, they are trea in the usual manner, and the gold leached and precipitated.

We run entirely hy water power. We use 130 inches in the mine, the stamp mill we use, for power and amalgamating, 80 inches, under 1 foot head. In the concentrating mill we use, for power, amalgamati and concentrating, 100 inches, under 160-foot head.

The cost of mining is about 50 cents per ton of quartz, delivered at m The average cost of milling in the two mills is about 60 cents a ton.

We employ 12 men altogether about the mine, including men in open cut at the chamber and dump-box, and car men. In the mills employ 7 men, and at the chlorination works 2 men, making a total ol men, on an average.

We have done no development work the past year, but are now putt up compressor, etc., for power drills, and propose soon to open up van veins at a depth.

Altitude, feet 2

Number of stamps

Weight of stamp, in pounds

Drop of stamps, in inches

Drop of stamps, per minute

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed

Size of screens, Slot No

Number of Tustin mills

Revolution of Tustin mill, per minute

Duty of Tustin in 24 hours, tons crushed 1(

Size of screen in Tustin, mesh

Miner's inches of water used in 24 hours in stamp mill

Miner's inches of water used in 24 hours in Tustin mills

Miner's inches of water used in 24 hours in mine

Pressure of water in stamp mill, in feet

Pressure of water in Tustin mill, in feet

Cost of mining, per ton 50 ce

Cost of milling, per ton 60 ce:

Number of concentrators A

Percentage of sulphurets

Number of men in mine ,

Number of men in mill

Total number of men employed

El Dorado County.

The county is bounded on the north by Placer; on the east by Alp County and the State of Nevada; on the south by Amador and Alp Counties; and on the west by Placer and Sacramento. Geologicall) differs but little from Amador, Calaveras, Tuolumne, and Mariposa Co ties. The belts of limestone and granite and volcanic flows, form about ' same prominent features within its boundaries as they do in the couni to the south through which passes the great auriferous lode. The coui is celebrated for having sent forth to the world the first authentication gold having been found in the State. Latterly renewed activity has b( displayed in developing the mineral resources of the county, consequen many rich findn have been recorded.

Springfield Mine.

This mine, formerly known as the Church Union, is the representative mine of the county; is situated at an altitude of 1,200 feet above sea level. The dimension of the claim is 4,500 feet on the lode; course of the vein is north and south; the dip about 80" to the east, and the average width about 3 feet. On the property is a 15-stamp water-power mill, using 110 inches of water, under a pressure of 450 feet, every 24 hours. Each jstamp weighs 600 pounds, falls 9 inches, at the rate of 90 times per minute, and crushes IJ tons of ore per diem. The ore, free milling, con- ' taining about one per cent of sulphiirets, is worked after the usual method of amalgamation in batteries and collection on outside plates. The sulphu- rets, after collection on Frue vanners, are worked by the chlorination process at the company's works, at a cost of $10 per ton.

Altitude, feet 1,200

Number of stamps 15

Weight of stamp, pounds : 600

Drop of stamps, in inches .-. 9

Drop of stamps, per minute 90

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed If

Miner's inches of water used in 24 hours. 110

j Pressure of water, in feet 460

Number of concentrators 3

Percentage of sulphurets 1

Value of sulphurets, i)er ton $150 00

Cost, per ton, of working sulphurets $10 00

Lengtn of ore-shoot, in leet 800

Depth of shaft, in feet... 1,400

Average width of vein, in feet 3

Stuckslager Quartz Mine.

This mine, formerly known as the Sam. Sims, in Coloma Mining District, is noted as the first place in which the mineral roscoelite was found, and is worked solely as a pocket mine. A shaft has been sunk on an incline of 45° to connect with a tunnel 300 feet long. The claim is 1,600 feet long by 600 fept wide, and carries a five-foot vein; the hanging-wall is syenite, and the foot-wall is slate. The method of reduction and recovery is in the hand mortar and an arastra run by horse-power. The property was located in 1868, and from that date to the present time there have been several successive owners, all of whom have retired well recompensed.

Fresno County.

Abbey Mine.

This mine, owned by G. W. Grayson & Co., is situated in Fine Gold Mining District, in a formation of granite, at an altitude of 1,700 feet above the sea. The vein is about two feet in width; has an east and west course, and dips to the north. The mine is worked through a shaft, which, on the incline, is 1,500 feet — reaching a perpendicular depth in the mine of 300 feet. The formation of the hanging-wall is granite, and of the foot- wsUlf Byenite. The developments are three tunnels 200, 300, and 400 feet. respectively; a shaft 500 fee t in depth , from wTciicVv t\ximfe\& ixcfco.

ran'ous levels on the vein, the longer of wMcYi ia SOO feeX, XietVq Y1S>

feet westerly on the vein.

The 10-stamp mill, hoisting works, and pumps are run by steam power. 80 per cent of the jdeld is obtained from the batteries, and 2K) per cent from the outside plates. The plates are 4 feet in width, and 12 feet in length to each battery, inclining inches to the foot.

Altitude, feet 1,700

Number of stamjjs 10

Drop of stamps, in inches j_-. 5

Weight of stamp, in pounds 800

Drop of stamps, per minute - 96

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed 2

Size of screens, slot 9

Depth of shaft on incline, in feet 1,600,

Vertical depth, reach by shaft, in feet , 300'

Length of ore-shoot, as far as explored, in feet 600

Average width of vein, infeet 2

Cost oi mining, per ton 00

Cost of milling, per ton $2 00

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries 80

Percentage of recovery' collected on plates 20

Number of concentrators — 4

Percentage of sulphurets -

Value of sulphurets, per ton |225 00

Numberof men in mme 30

Number of men in mill 5

Extra help about mine 15

Nevada County.

This county, reputed to be the iSrst in the State where quartz ledges were mined for gold, holds at the present time its prestige as one of the largest producers of the precious metal. The county is bounded on the north by Yuba and Sierra, on the south by Placer, and west by Yuba Counties, and on the east by the State of Nevada. The auriferous belt varies greatly in different sections of the county; some of the mines are in slates, some in granite, and others on the contact between granite and slate, the formation being granitoid rocks and metamorphic slates.

The North Star Mine,

In Grass Valley Mining District, which lay idle for ten years, has been resuscitated, and is now in full operation; the owners have just incurred an expense of $80,000 for laying a pipe line, 20 inches in diameter, a distance of 2 miles, and a 40-stamp mill with all the latest attach- ments. The pipe will cross Wolf Creek, making considerable descent and ascent, and from the head of source to the point of discharge, will have a 250-foot fall. The capacity of the mill used at the present time is 20 stamps, and is run by water power; each stamp weighs 850 pounds, falls 7 inches at the rate of 90 times per minute, and crushes 2 tons of ore every 24 hours. The ore is that generally termed free milling, contains from 2 to 3 per cent of sulphurets composed of iron and copper pyrites, mispickel, galena, and zincblende. The sulphurets, having an assay value of $100 per ton, are saved by the Triumph concentrator and are treated hy the cLJorination process at a cost of $20 per ton. 80 per cent of the gold yield is recovered in the batteries aud lb cetvX, OaeXfe of the vein is northwest and soutYieaBt, mt\i a TioT>Ct\TVj oi "I .

Altitude, feet 2,400

Number of stamps 20

Weight of stamp, pounds 850

prop of stamps, in inches ". 7

prop of stamps, per minute 90

Puty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed , 2

percentage of recovery saved in batteries 80

percentage of recovery saved on plates 20

percentage of sulphurets 2-3

Value of sulphurets, per ton $100 00

CJost, per ton, of working sulphurets $20 00

Number of men in mine 150

Number of men in mill

Pepth of shaft on incline, feet 1,500

liength of ore-shoot, feet 1,800

Average width of vein, feet 2

Number of concentrators 8

Cost of mining, per ton $3 00

Cost of milling, per ton $8 00

The Ipaho Mine.

The Idaho Quartz Mine, in Grass Valley Mining District, paid, on the first Monday in August, its 202d monthly dividend. The first work done on the mine was a prospecting shaft, sunk on the south side of Wolf Creek, in 1864. No further developments were made until 1865, when the shaft was continued to a depth of 300 feet, from whence a drift to the westward opened into pay ore. The first -dividend was paid in 1869, and, with but few exceptions, there have since been regular monthly pa)anents. The yield of the mine, up to the present time, has been about $8,000,000, and the net profits, in dividends, to the owners, about $3,750,000. The shaft, reaching the 16th level, has a length of 2,200 feet on the incline, which is, vertically, a depth of 1,600 feet from the surface, and is being con- tinued to reach a perpendicular depth of 1,700 feet. The ore-shoot—there being but one in the mine — is 1,200 feet in length, bearing to the eastward; in fact, all levels below the 7th have been run in that direction.

The claim is 3,100 feet, lineal, on the lode; course of the vein is north of east and south of west, dipping southerly about 65"; both foot and hanging-walls are classified as magnesian metamorphic rocks. There is a 35-stamp water-power mill on the property, each stamp having a weight of 850 pounds, falling 9 inches, dropping 72 times per minute, and crush- ing 2.85 tons of quartz every 24 hours. The ore is wet crushed, and when issuing from the batteries is conducted over blankets. The lighter par- ticles are carried off" by the force of the current, and the blanket savings are worked in the Attwood amalgamators, in which most of the gold is recovered. The skimmings are ground in the Knox pans. It is necessary that the blankets should be frequently washed; therefore, at intervals, the flow of the water and sand is turned from channel to channel, as the case requires, and the blanket over which the current no longer flows is taken up, and the savings washed into the tank preparatory to being fed to the amalgamator. The blanket is again relaid, tne water and crushings are turned upon it, and the cleansing treatment is carried in a similar manner to the next blanket channel. Any gold that may escape the blankets is saved on the sluice plates, although the percentage so collected is not known. There is no amalgamation done in the batteries, nor any separate record kept of percentage saved by the different methods of recovery. The sulphurets, iron pyrites, and galena, $80 in value per ton are saved by the Cornish huddle and rocker, and are worked by Wie cYAoTOi-abNsyci a cost of $20 per ton. At the 1,000-foot level there are two 35 ViOTse-poYjei etiTi'%.>T>JixiV3

pressed air, which hoist the ore to the station, whence it is raised by w; power to the surface. Formerly steam was the motive power, but si it has been substituted by water, the company saves an average of $30, per year.

Altitude, feet t

Number of stamps

Weight of stamp, pounds

Drop of stamps, in inches

Drop of stamps, per minute

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed

Size of screens, slot

Percentage of sulphurets

Value of sulphurets, per ton $8

Costpertonof working sulphurets $2

Number of pans. - 1.

Cost of minmg and milling, per ton

Number of men in mine

Number of men in mill

Number of men in and aboutmine

Vertical depth reached by shaft, about, in feet ]

Length of ore-shoot, feet 1

Average width of vein, feet

The Empire Mine

Is in Grass Valley Mining District, about three fourths of a mile soi easterly from the Town of Grass Valley, and is one of the largest produc in the county. The dimension of the claim is 5,000 feet in length and feet in width, being a consolidation of several mines. The altitude 2,800 feet; course of the vein is north and south, with a westerly dij 35". The mill, of 40 stamps capacity, is run by water power; the stan weighing 850 pounds each, fall about 7 inches, at the rate of 95 times minute, and crush 2 tons of ore every 24 hours. The number of min inches of water used is 80 inches in the mill, and 150 for hoisting woi pumps, and compressor. The water has a fall of 440 feet. So far tl has been no adoption of style or size of screens, but a series of experime are being conducted for the purpose of selecting the most suitable.

The developments made during the year comprise a shaft 150 feet d and about 1,000 feet of drifts.

Of the jrield of free gold, 80 per cent is saved in the batteries and 20 cent is collected on the outside plates.

The sulphurets, iron pyrites containing a small amount of galena, vi ing in value from $120 to $300 per ton, are saved from the sluice taili by the Triumph concentrator, of which there are 16 in the mill. The g is extracted therefrom at a cost of $20 per ton, at custom works, by chlorination process. The hanging-wall is diabase, but the formatio] the foot-wall is as yet undetermined.

Altitude, feet

Number of stamps

Weight of stamp pounds

Drop of stamps, m inches

Drop of stamps per minute

Dutj of stamp m 24 hours, tons crushed

Size of screens -Kxperimen

Miner's inches of water used in mill in 24 hours

Miner's inches of water used in hoisting works in 24 hours

Miner's inches of water used in pump

Miner's inches of water used in compressor

Pressure of water, in feet.- ,

Cost of mining, per ton If

Cost of milling, per ton '

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries

Percentage of recovery saved on plates 20

lumber of concentrators 16

Percentage of sulphurets i 2

Valueof suli)hurets,per ton $120 00-300 00

I €ostof working sulphurets, per ton $20 00

: Number of men in mine 150

Ifamber of men in mill 8

; Length of ore-shoot, feet, said to be 4,000

Average width of vein, feet 2i

Length of longest incline shaft, feet 1,600

Vertical depth reached by incline shaft, feet 600

Providence Mine.

The mine is located on Deer Creek, l:i miles west of Nevada City, in Ievada City Mining District, at an altitude of 2,500 feet above sea level, in granite, contact and slate formation. Within the boundary lines of the patent are two distinct ledges running parallel to each other, each ledge Averaging four feet in width. The veins have a north and south course, with an easterly dip.

In the Providence proper the shoots of ore throughout the mine vary in length from 50 feet to 400 feet, while in the Ural, or parallel ledges, the fitopes are continuous, and average 250 feet in length. The Providence is opened, by one incline shaft, to a depth of 1,100 feet; the formation for feet is granite, thence 900 feet of contact, followed by 1,800 feet of slate; both hanging and foot-walls change from granite to slate. There are eleven tunnels or drifts in the mine, the longest of which is 3,600 feet; in the latter the hanging-wall for the first 2,000 feet is granite; then giving way to slate, which continues the remainder of the distance; in the foot- wall the slate begins after 840 feet of granite.

The Ural vein is worked through a crosscut, 547 feet in length, run in a westerly direction, at the 600-foot level, in the foot-wall of the Providence mine. At the point where the crosscut intersected the Ural the vein is a contact, and so continues for a distance of 40 feet south, where both hanging and foot-walls become slate. The average width of the vein is 4 feet. A tunnel on the course of the ledge 584 feet in length is in quartz nearly the whole distance.

The following diagram will show the positions occupied by the Provi- dence, Ural, and Wyoming Lodes. It will be sen that the Providence Lode and crosscut No. 1 are in granite; also, that the Ural Lode leaves the contact and runs into slate; also, a cross ledge running from the. Ural into the Wyoming Lode.

The Providence Lode ran into slate on the 600-foot level, at a point 800 feet south of the incline shaft, and then became a contact vein.

Mr. Joseph Thomas, underground Superintendent of the Providence Mine, has for years, contrary to the opinions of many other persons, asserted that within the boundary lines of the company's property, to the west of the vein being worked, there existed a parallel ledge. 'Since he has proven the correctness of his opinion, he says that the Ural and Wyo- ming Lodes are parts of one and the same fissure, but that the former is lying on a big horse, and the cross ledge is running from the Ural to the Wyoming, and in going south the two will come together and form one lode.

The property has an area of 145 acres, and is in length 6,000 feet. The wet crushing 40-stamp mill uses 80 miner's inches of water every 24 hours; for pumping and hoisting 45 minei'B incVie ax Tvae.b'Sjea.xN xxcAst

ore every 24 hours. The sulphurets, assajdng $130 per ton, are saved by the Frue vanner, and are worked by the chlorination process at the com- pany's works at a cost of $6 per ton. Of the gold obtained by amalgama- tion 20 per cent is from the batteries and 80 per cent from outside plates. The aprons and sluice plates are silver-plated, the former being 4 feet square and the latter 16 inches wide by 14 feet long to each battery inclining If inches to the foot.

Altitude, feet : 2,500

Number of stamps 40

Weight of stamp, pounds 750

Drop of stamps, in inches 6-8

Drop of stamps, per minute 9J

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed 2,

Size of screens, round punched, No 5

Miner's inches of water used in mill in 24 hours 80

Miner's inches of water used in hoisting and pumping 45

Pressure of water, in feet t 380

Cost of mining, per ton Not stated.

Cost of milling, per ton Not stated.

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries 20

Percentage of recovery saved on plates 80

Value of sulphurets, per ton $130 00 ;

Cost per ton of working sulphurets $6 00

Percentage of sulphurets 5-6

Number of concentrators 16

Number of men in mine 98

Number of men in miU Not stated.

Number of men in and about mine 100

Length of ore-shoot in Ural, far as worked, feet 500

Length of ore-shoots, one after the other, entire distance worked in Providence, feet . 250

Average width of veins, feet 4

Depth of shaft, feet (same shaft used for Ural at 600-foot level) 1,100

Consolidated Wyoming Gold Mine.

This location was made in 1851, and has been, with but few slight intermissions, continuously worked since that time. The consolidation embraces the Ural Mine, on the ledge of the same name, of which men- tion is made under Providence. The company's property is situated in Nevada City Mining District, about miles west of Nevada City, at an altitude of 2,400 feet above the level of the sea, in contact of slate and granite. Course of the vein is northwest and southeast, dipping 26" easterly. Hanging-wall of the Ural is granite, and the foot-wall slate, whereas, in the Wyolning, both walls are slate. There is a 16-stamp water power mill on the property, using 28 miner's inches of water every 24 hours, at a pressure of 396 feet. The weight of each stamp is 800 pounds, falling 7 inches, dropping 92 times per minute, and crushing 2 tons of ore per diem. The aprons are 52 inches wide, and the sluice plates, with an inclination of If inches to the foot, are 16 inches wide, by a length of 20 feet. The sulphurets are saved on the Frue concentrator, and are worked at custom works by the chlorination process. Steam power is used for hoisting and pumping. Forty per cent of the amalgable jrield is recovered in the uatteries, and 60 per cent is collected on the outside plates. Dimension of claim, Ural 2,000, and Wyoming 2,270, lineal feet.

Altitude, feet '. 2,400

Number of stamps 16

Weight of stamp pounds 800

Drop of stamps, in inches

Drop of stamps, per minute

llty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed

Miner's inches ot water used in mill in 24 bowxa

Pressureof water, in feet -..

H

s

t

;2j

Gq

Pi P

>5.

Oo

&3

Co

el

3

ProTidence Mine.

Scale —100 toot to onVacih.,

Cost of mining, per ton $3 50

Cost of milling, per ton $] 00

percentage of recovery saved in batteries 40

percentage of recovery saved on plates 60

Value of sulphurets, per ton Not stated.

percentage of sulphurets

lumberof concentrators 8

Isumber of men in mine 30

Number of men in mill 5

Number of men otherwise engaged 5

Depth of shaft on incline, feet 900

Length of tunnel, feet 3,000

Nevada City Gold Quartz Mine.

Is in Nevada City Mining District, about one mile west of Nevada City, and at an altitude of 2,5(X) feet above sea level. The course of the vein is northerly and southerly — to SC west of north and 20° to 30° east of south, dipping 33° to the east — the hanging-wall being granite and the foot- wall slate. The claim covers an area of 40 acres, and is 2,500 feet lineal on the vein. The mine is worked through two incline shafts 850 and 530 feet respectively, and is opened up by 8,000 feet of tunnels or levels. From the 850-foot incline, tunnels have been driven south, averaging in length 250 feet each, on the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7th levels, and are connected with each other by stopes and upraises. On the same levels north tunnels, con- nected by upraises and stopes, aggregating 6,000 feet, have also been driven. At the 350-foot level there is a drain tunnel 1,600 feet in length, connecting with the 530-foot incline — at the depth of 300 feet on this incline there is a level run connecting the stopes from the 850-foot incline.

All of the machinery is run by water-power, the water being conveyed to the property through an eleven-inch iron pipe, 3,200 feet in length, under a 300 foot pressure, at a cost of 16 cents for a miner's inch for 24 hours' use. Although the mill, of 20 stamps, is run by water-power, there is a steam-power plant in place to be used in case of an accident to the waterworks. At the mouth of each incline are hoisting and pumping plants which may be run by water or steam as circumstances require. The stamps weigh 750 pounds each, fall from 7 to 9 inches at the rate of 93 times per minute, and crush about tons of ore every 24 hours. Apron and sluice plates are silver-plated, the former being in size 4 by 5 feet, and the latter with an inclination of inches to the foot, are 14 inches wide by a length of 12 feet to the battery. There is no separate account kept of the difference between the battery and plate sav- ings, but merely a record kept of the general clean-up. The sulphurets, iron pyrites with an admixture of sulphides of arsenic, zinc, and lead, in value about $100 per ton, are saved by the Frue vanner, and worked by the chlorination process at a cost of $20. The developments during the year consist of drifting and crosscutting from the 850-ioot incline, on 500, 600, and 700-foot levels, and opening up shoots, and the sinking of an incline 530 feet to the ore body.

Altitude, feet 2,500

Number of stamps 20

Weight of stiimp pounds -. 750

Dropof stamps, in inches 7-9

Drop of stamps, per minute 93

uty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed -

of screens, round punched

filler's inches of water used for all purposes, per diem Sr.

rressureof water, in feet..

yl mi

Cost of mining, per ton $2 50

Cost of milling, per ton $100

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries No record.

Percentage of recovery saved on plates Ko record.

Value of sulphurets, per ton $100 00

Cost per ton of working sulphurets - $20 OO

Percentage of sulphurets 2-3

Number of concentrators 8

Number of men in mine, 25; boys, 7— total 32

Number of men in mill 6

Number of men in and about mine— all told ..., 40

Length of ore-shoots, several, averaging in feet from 100-250 j

Average width of vein, feet 3

Depth of No. 1 shaft on incline, feet 850

Depth of No. 2 shaft on incline, feet 530

DELHI MINE. (Contributed by E. H. Garthwaite, E.M.)

The mine is in Columbia Hill Mining District, near the town of San Juan, and has an altitude of 2,700 feet above sea level. The formation ; metamorphic slate; the country rock is traversed by numerous dykes of diabasic rock. The course of the vein is north and south, with an easterly ; dip of 75 Dimension of the claim is 1,500 feet in length by 600 feet in ' breadth. The improvements are an 8-stamp mill, wet crushing, and run by water power. Each stamp weighs 1,000 pounds, falls 6 inches at the rate of 94 times per minute, and crushes tons per diem. The plates are 46- ' inches wide, 36 feet long, and have an inclination of 80". The formation of both hanging and foot-wall is slate. The nature of the sulphurets am iron, copper, and arsenical, and have a value of from $80 to $100 per ton,, and are saved by the Triumph concentrator, but as yet they have not been worked. Every 24 hours there are 30 inches of water used, with a press- ure of 200 feet. Shortly after the pay streak was struck in the main tun- nel, another adit was started about 200 feet lower down the hillside. At . the point where the adit was started there is no outcrop of the ledge, and by a miscalculation the starting point was in the hanging-wall. The error was increased by making the tunnel bear gradually to the east instead of toward the west, so that when the tunnel had been advanced some 500 feet, the face was quite a distance in the hanging-wall from the ledge. Then the direction of the tunnel was changed; it bore westerly and about 900 feet from the mouth cut the ledge, which was about feet wide and quite rich. The mine is very advantageously situated for deep exploitation, being locate on the south side of the Middle Yuba, where the mountains are very precipitous, and the ledge can be opened up to a depth of at least 800 feet below its upper outcroppings by means of adit levels.

Altitude, feet 2,700

Kumber of stamps 8

Weight of stamp, pounds 1,000

Drop of stamps, in inches 6

Drop of stamps, per minute 94

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed

Size of screens, punched o

Miner's inches of water used in 24 hours 30

Pressure of water, feet - 200

Cost of mining, per ton $2 00

Cost of milling, per ton - 60

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries

Percentage of recovery saved in plates ,

Number of concentrators

Percentage of suJphurets.

Value of sulphurets, per ton $80 00-100 00

Number of men in mine 8

Number of men in mill 3

Width of vein varies in feet from 3-18

Length of upper tunnel, feet -. 1,200

Length of lower tunnel, feet 600

Length of ore-shoot, feet 200

Eagle Bird Mine.

This mine is situated in Washington District, at an altitude of 3,700 feet above sea level, in slate and granite formation. The vein has a northerly and southerly course, dipping 67° to the eastward. The formation of the hang- ing-wall is slate, and that of the foot-wall is granite. The improvements on the property are, one 20-stamp mill run by water power, Blake crusher, air compressor, and hoisting works. The stamps weigh 750 pounds each, fall from 6 to 7 inches, and drop 95 times per minute, with a crushing capacity of tons of ore to the stamp every 24 hours. The plates, silver plated, have an inclination of inches to the foot, are 4 feet wide, and 20 feet in length to each battery. Of the free-gold yield, the percentage saved in the batteries and collected on the outside plates is about equal. The dimension of the claim is 600 feet in width by 1,500 feet in length. Work was first commenced on the property by the sinking of a 400-foot shaft in 1873, since which time there have been five drifts run of 400, 250, 550, 350, and 175 feet in length, respectively.

Altitude, feet 3,700

Number of stamps 20

Weight of stamp pounds 760

Drop of stamps, m inches 6-7

Drop of stamps, per minute 95

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed li

Screens, brass wire, mesh 40

Miner's inches of water used in 24 hours 150

Pressure of water, in feet 175

Cost of mining, per ton $2 50

Cost of milling, per ton $0 65

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries 50

Percentage of recovery saved on phites , 50

Percentage of sulphurets |-1

Value of sulphurets, per ton $100 00

Average width of vein, feet 9

Depth of shaft, feet 400

Number of men in mine 24

Number of men in mill 5

Spanish Mine,

Is a location about three miles north from the town of Washington, in Cherry Hill Mining District, and in altitude is 4,000 feet above sea level. The property consists of 11 claims, 600 feet by 1,500 feet each, course of the vein is north and south, dip to the west, and both walls are slate inclosing a vein averaging 100 feet in width. The first work done on the claim was in April, 1885, but since then the following developments have been made: tunnel No. 1, 960 feet, tunnel No. 2, 100 feet; crosscuts, driven at intervals of about 200 feet, 860 feet; drifts on the ledge, 1,040 feet; prospect shafts, 5 in all, averaging 31 feet each; 3 upraises averaging 107 feet each. There are 4 Huntington mills, run by water power, at work 3n the ore, reducing in the aggregate 120 tons per day, tro tMrds of tke d 2 feet wide, with an inclination of 2 indhea tYve iooX

length to each mill. Water is the motive power, 55 miner's inches, under pressure of 250 feet, being used every 24 hoiu-s.

Altitude, feet 4.000

Number of mUls, Huntington 4

Revolutions per minute 60

Duty of the mills in 24 hours, tons ground 120

Screens — homogenous steel, inch angle slot, No 6

Miner's inches of water used in 24 hours 55

Pressure of water, in feet 250

Cost of mining, per ton Scents.

Cost of milling, per ton 40 cents.

Percentage of recovery saved in mill 75

Percentage of recovery saved on plates 25

Average width of vein, in feet 100

Number of men in mine, mining 5

Number of men in mine, prospecting 12

Number of men running mills 5

Length of No. 1 tunnel, in feet 960

Sierra County,

One of the most rugged and mountainous counties in the State, is bounded on the north by Plumas, on the south by Nevada, and on the west by Yuba and Plumas Counties, the State of Nevada forming the eastern boundary.

The greater portion of the county is covered by eruptive conglomerates, underlying which are the auriferous slates, great masses of serpentine, and ancient gold-bearing gravel channels. As the greater part of the golden harvest of this county was recovered from the auriferous deposits of the ancient channels, the following interesting descriptions will be appropriate insertions:

The Great Blue Lead of Sierra County, by C. S. Capp, quoted in Hittell's Handbook of Mining for the Pacific States." Mr. Capp writes:

This is not one of the many petty leads, an inch or two in breadth and thickness, which, after being traced a few hundred feet, end as suddenly and mysteriously as they commence ; but it is, evidently, the bed of some ancient river. It is often hundreds of feet in width, and extends for miles and miles a thousand feet below the summits of high mountains, and entirely through them. Now it crops out where the deep channels of some of tihe rivers and ravines of the present day have cut it asunder ; and, then, hidden beneath the rocks and strata above it, it only emerges again miles and miles away. Vherevei iiscoii- tinuity has been destroyed, the river or gulch which has washed a i)ortion of it away was found to be immensely rich for some distance below, and the materials of which the lead is composed are found with the old in the bed of the stream. It is evidently the bed of some ancient stream, because it is walled in by steep banks of hard bedrock, precisely like the banks of rivers and ravines in which water now runs, and because it is composed of (;lay which is evidently a sedimentary deposit, and of pebbles and black and white quarte, which could only be rounded and polished as they are by the long continued action of swiftly running water. The bedrocK in the bottom of this, lead is worn into long, smootJi channels, and also has its roughnesses and crevices like other river beds. The lighter and

I poorer qualities of gold are found nearer to its edges, while the heavier and finer portions lave found their way to the deeper places, near the center. Trees and pieces of wood, more or less petrified and changed in their nature, which once floated in its waters, are also everywhere encountered throughout this stratum. The clay and finer gravel in which these pebbles and bowlders are found to be tightly packed, is of a light blue color, which gives the name to the lead. Much of this clay is remarkably fine and free from coarser par- ticles, and is smooth and unctuous to the touch. It is said 'to be strongljr impregnated with arsenic, as was shown bjr chemical analysis, and contains lare Quantities of iron and sul- phur in solution, for pyrites and sulphurets of iron are deposited in shining metallic - talsin every vacant crevice. Fine gold is found among this clay, and the heavier particles beneath it, upon the bedrock. This stratum, axiea Viv \>n\CLY.Tife9. ixoro. miles above the hi|h-lying DownieviUe, and o\eTthTeetho\iandieeta\iONVi.,xv\.vjs

arral Hill, on the side of a deep ravine ; then, at the City of Six, which is also on very high land, about four miles from Downieville, across the North Yuba. It is next found at Forest City, on both sides of a creek and is there traced directly through the mountain to Alleghany Town and Smith's Flat, on the opposite side. There it is again cut in twain by a deep ravine. It crops out on the other side at Chip's Flat, where it has been followed by tunnels passing completely through the mountain to Centerville and Minnesota on the other side. Here it is obliterated by the Middle Fork of the Yuba, but is believed to be again found at Snow Point, on the opposite side of the river ; and again at Zion Hill, sev- eral miles beyond. There is no reason for doubting that after thus reaching over twenty miles, it still extends further. Hundreds of tunnels have been run in search of it. Where the line it follows was adhered to, they have always found it, and have been well rewarded for their labor. Millions of dollars have been taken from this lead, and its richness, even in portions longest worked, is yet undiminished. As in some of the claims quartz veins and poorer paymg gravel havebeen found, many of them may be valuable to work from the top down, as hydraulic claims.

The theory that this blue lead was once the bed of an ancient stream, is generally accepted by those familiar with it. Another evidence to support the theory is, that in many places the flattish stones in the lead lie at a peculiar inclination, and all in the same direction, as stones do in a stream of water. This theory, however, does not find universal belief. Mr. B. P. Avery wrote thus of it for the San Juan Press, in 1859:

Everj'body in California has heard or read of the famous "blue lead," which all miners who delve for gold far up in the mountains hope to find, and think themselves lucky when they have found it, and which they pronounce to be the channel of an ancient river. This lead is always found resting on or near the bedrock, beneath diluvial strata of dif- ferent colors, such as shades of red, yellow, and gray, and is itself more of a deep slate color than blue. It is generally richer in auriferous particles than the gravel lying above it, and forms the productive drift diggings for which the vicinity of Forest City is noted, as well as those oi many other localities. The theory of its origin alluded to above is predicated upon these facts and assumptions: that it has been traced in a continuous une, at a certain altitude, through several counties, from ridge to ridge, at a right angle to present watercourses, across cafions thousands of feet deep ; that the stratificatioii of the lead is uniform, and different from that of adjoining deposits; that tree trunks, both in the ligneous and petrified state, are found lying in it, as though borne there by freshets ; and the gold found in it is everywhere of the same character as to appearance and quality. This crude theory conforms to the general one which is popularly employed to account for the extensive alluvial deposits constituting our placer diggings. It is remarkable that the majority of our miners, who are commonly men of intelligence and practical knowl- edge in theiV pursuit, should have discarded entirely, if they ever entertained, when spec- ulating on the origin of our gold fields, the more rational theory of marine influence, for one of purely local causes. They overlook all the facts which go to prove a total sub- mergence of this coast at some remote period, and settle down upon the narrow idea that the immense gravel beds which contain so large a portion of our mineral wealth, and which extend at least four hundred miles north and south, having an average breadth of probably not less than sixty miles, were deposited by rivers which anciently ran here, and changed their channels from time to time, until they paved the whole country with cobble- stones. These deposits have been cut through by modern streams, running a different course, and hence the present cafions and ridges. Of the ancient rivers, the one that deposited the blue lead has alone left distinctive marks of its course. Now, unfortunately for the plausibility of this theory, the blue lead is found all the way from the summit of the Sierra Nevada to the foothills. Instead of bein confined to a certain altitude, and a certain line, it exists in every altitude, on the main ridges as well as on spurs of them, and even on isolated peaks. Its color is owing to the presence of sulphuret of iron in solu- tion, without which the gravel would not oe any different from that lying above, except that the bowlders and large stones would be found in it, as they are always found at the hottom of every gravel deposit. Wherever sulphurous acid or sulphuret of iron is found, there the so called blue lead will be discovered, just as certainly as red earth and gravel will be found where the oxide of iron is present as a coloring agent. It is found at a great elevation in Sierra County, and at a low one in Nevada and Yuba. It has been struck at San Juan, and at points tnirty or forty miles above it, leads of other colors intervening.

The "Dead Rivers of California," by John S. Hittell, quoted in "Ray- mond's American Mines and Mining." Mr. Hittell says:

earthy or rocky matter, and is not to be confounded Yith. a cYiaivTv >(J[v?\, ccA

remains dry during the greater part of the year because ol a\ae\Loi >Na\t,Qx 'Cas.X.V's.

sad nrer.

The dead rivers of California, so far as known, are on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, from 500 to 700 feet above the sea. They are all auriferous, and therefore they have been sought for and examined. They are not less interesting therefore to the miner than to the geologist; not less important to the statesman than to the antiquarian.

The largest dead river is known as "the Big Blue Lead," and has been traced from Little Grizzly, about latitude 39® 45, in Sierra County, to Forest HUl, about latitude 38" 65', in Placer County, a distance of 65 miles. The course is south-southeast, the position about 30 miles west of and parallel with the main divide of the Sierra Nevaaa. The elevation is 6,000 feet above the sea at Little Grizzly, and 2,800 at Forest Hill, showing an average fall of 33 feet per mile. The live rivers of the Sierra Nevada run at right angles to the course of the range, and have cut cafions from 1,500 to 3,000 feet deep, and they are separated by ridges which are from 3 to 6 miles apart, and are as high as the cafions are deep. The Blue Lead runs across these ridges from 200 to 1,000 feet below their summits. The trav- eler does not see any signs of a dead river in these ridges, which are as high and have the same general appearance at* the Blue Lead as at other places. I shall presently tell how the miner discovers the lead, but before coming to that I want to give you a clear idea how the dead river crosses the ridges. Take a piece of common ruled cap paper; put your pen on a line, draw it up at an angle of 45*' to the second line above, then down to first line at the same angle, and so on until the line made by your pen looks like eight rectangular saw-teeth, which are about an inch high. Consider those teeth as the ridges of the Sierra Nevada on the line of the Blue Lead in Sierra County, and the intervals between them as the cafions. Write over the first cafion to the left, Cafion Creek ; over the next, Goodyear's Creek; and over the others consecutively. North Fork of the Yuba River, Rock Creek, Oregon Ravine, Wet Ravine, and Middle Yuba. Now draw a horizontal Hne across all the ridges a quarter of an inch from their tops. That line is the Blue Lead. The diagram, made as directed, represents a perpendicular section of the ridges and cafions of theSierra Nevada, on the line of the Big Blue Lead in Sierra County, as seen from the west.

I have said that the traveler would see no sign of a dead river in riding over the coun- try. The ridges are as high on its line as elsewhere; the cafion sides present the same appearance. Years elapsed before the miners discovered the existence of the ancient channel. But it required only a few months for the discovery that the live rivers were very rich in gold up to a certain point; that the abundance and size of the particles increased as they ascended up to tnat point ; and that beyond or east of that point the streams were poor. Those points on the different streams were nearly in a line. Just there the ravines on the sides of the cafions were very rich, and they were comparatively poor elsewhere. The miners followed up the ravines, washing the dirt in their beds, and the dirt where the ravines were not too steep was a foot or two deep over the slate rock. At last, when the miners got near the top oi the ridge, they found that the narrow shal- low rock bed of the ravine suddenly disappeared, and the body of the hill was composed of gravel, which had a peculiar blue color, and part of it, a horizontal stratum about half a mile wide from east to west and five feet thick, was very rich in gold. They looked after the metal and paid little attention to anything else. As the stratum ran across the ridges from north to south, the miners followed it m with adits or tunnels, and in more than one place the tunnels met; and a few years ago it was customary for footmen passing between Monticello and Excelsior to go underground a distance of a mile rather than to climb over the hill six hundred feet high, by a path nearly two miles long. In the same manner Forest City and Alleghany were connected by a continuous tunnel; but the tim- bers have rotted, the roof has fallen in, and the passage is now closed.

The auriferous deposit is gravel, mixed with Dowlders, clay, and sand, varying from a hundred to three hundred feet in depth ; in strata distinguished from one another by dif- ferences in color, in the size of the bowlders and gravel, and in the number and size of the particles of gold. The predominant color is bluish-gray, dark at the bottom, and lighter above, with a reddish tinge in those places that have long been exposed to the air, showing the presence of iron. The material of the bowlders, gravel, and sand, is almost exclusively (juartz. In the whole length of the river, as traced for a distance of sixty-five miles, assum- ing that the deposits of gravel average half a mile wide and two hundred feet deep, there were, counting in the portions which have been washed away by the live rivers, six billion six hundred and sixty million cubic yards of quartz and clay, and the quartz alon must have measured five billion cubic yards. In the live rivers quartz forms only a small portion of the gravel. Whence came all the quartz of the Big Blue ? How did it happen that no granite, slate, porphyry, basalt, or sandstone was buried in this bed ? If all the quartz veins now known in California were cleaned out to a depth of one hundred feet, they would not supply so much as is found in sixty-five miles of a river, that must have run for many hundreds of miles. The gravel is all water-worn, and rounded by long attrition. It cante from far north, A piece of rough quartz, while being carried five hundred miles in the ' fiercest of our mountain streams, would not be worn so smooth as is every pebble in the Blue Lead. And the immense size of the bowlders implies a mighty current. Those in the lowest stratum average, in some places, a ton, and many are found of twenty tons. These are worn as smooth as the pebbles. They are not found scattered here and there, as though they had tumbled down from the banks of the river near to the spot where they are found ; but they are evenly distributed in a stxatwra. oi. ecMal thickness across the whole bed, and for miles in length. Above that iway be a a\,Ta\.\mi ol Q!v\vaM*Ocifc size, and then another stratum of larger ones. Tb.e gtea\. xvjeT larger than pigeons' eggs.

The particles of gold are larger in size, and contain more silver at the bottom than at the top. The smaller pieces are in the upper strata, and as they have a larger surface proportionately, the silver is eaten out by the sulphurous acid which is developed in the gravel by the oxidation of pyrites. If a double eagle and twenty one-dollar pieces are thrown into a solution of vitriol, and left there for several weeks, the small pieces will, at the end of that time, contain a larger proportion of old than the large one ; and, for a similar reason, the surface placer gold is finer, chemically, than that obtained from the deeper strata. As a general rule the deep gold is 900 fine, or is worth $18 60 per ounce, and the surface gold is 920 fine, and is worth $19 per ounce, in the Big Blue Lead. The , gold and gravel are deposited as in live rivers. There are banks, bars, eddies, ripples, rapids, and falls. There is little gold in the rapids and much in the eddies. The richest places have contained as much as fifty dollars to the cubic yard of the lower stratum ; or, if the large bowlders were left out of the estimate, to two or three cubic feet. The space between the bowlders is filled with sand, clay, and gravel, which contains the gold. In the upper strata there are from fifty cents to two dollars to the cubic yard. The oed is of slate rock, and the banks are from fifty to three hundred feet high ; but there are few places where they have been examined, for nowhere has all the gravel been washed away across the channel.

But how was it possible that the bed of a large river could be filled three hundred feet deep with gravel ? When the miners in 1850, 1851, and 1852, flumed the live rivers of Cal- ifornia, and took the gold from their beds, they found a deposit of gravel that did not average more than five feet deep on the bedrock, in streams tnat ran in cafions one thou- sand feet deep; and it is strange that the Big Blue should have filled its bed with gravel. Yet this filling up is not without an analogue in our day. Under the influence of hy- draulic washing. Bear River <ind Yuba River have, within the last fifteen years, begun to fill up with gravel, and their beds have, for miles, risen seventy feet or more above the levels of 1853. This gravel is auriferous, and it is deposited in strata, and the arrangement and general appearance resemble those of the Big Blue Lead. The filling up began down in the valley, and as it ascended the current became less rapid, and lost the power to carry away the gravel. In Bear River, below Dutch Flat, the bed rises two feet per month dur- ing the chief washing season, from February to September, and in the remaining four months it falls on account of the stoppage of washing, and of the winter floods which carry away perhaps half of the accumulation of the summer. Some persons claim that various camps on parts of dead rivers in Plumas County are on the Big Blue Lead, and others think that portions of a dead river, near Placerville, belong to the same stream. I do not accept these theories, but if they are true, the Big Blue River has been traced about one hundred and ten miles. In the northern part of Plumas County the river is buried under deep beds of lava and basalt, and south of Placerville it is probably below the level of the live streams, and thus cannot be found by any system of mining or mode of pros- pecting now in use. Even in places where it is above the level of the live streams it may be covered on the sides of the cafions by slides of rock or of barren dirt or gravel, and the miner might spend thousands of dollars in a vain search for treasures not ten feet from his drift, as many have done, and some accident, luck, or perseverance afterwards proved the proximity of the rich deposit. In several cases the lead was found by calculation. The miner took his position on a hillside, on a line and on a level with other mining camps, and in a few aays he found a fortune; and others have spent years working on a similar plan without success. The river must have taken bends on the north side of Rock Creek and Oregon Ravine, and twelve years of searching have not revealed the position of the bends. But why did the Big Blue River die, and leave nothing but its gravel and its gold to tell the story of its existence and of its greatness? The main cause must have been the subsequent rise of the Sierra Nevada. Suppose that a range of mountains, seven thousand feet high, were upheaved thirty miles east of the Mississippi; that the bed of that stream were on the mountain side three thousand feet above the sea, and that thirty miles west the country retained its present level ; the result would be that the present Mississippi would soon be a dead river; it would be cut across by streams running down the mountain side, and pouring into a new Mississippi, thirty miles or more west of the present one. We know that the Sierra Nevada has oeen upheaved ; that a large stream ran on what is now the mountain side, and that it has been succeeded by a new river farther west, and we must infer that the death of the old and the birth of the new river were caused by the upheaval.

Many of the hills crossed by the Big Blue are capped with lava and basalt, which covered much of the country from near the summit of the ranje to about three thousand feet above the sea. It seems then that the river filled its bed with gravel ; the mountains began to rise, and volcanoes broke out along the divide; the lava ran down and covered the land to the line of the dead river and beyond it; the mountains rose still higher, and the waters running down their sides cut through the lava and made deep cafions, and washed away two thirds or three fourths of the dead river, and scattered its gold amon the living waters. The descent of thirty-three feet per mile observed between Little Grizzly and Forest Hill would make a terrific current in a stream half a mile wide. The Sacra- mento is a lively river, yet its grade is only five feet in a mile. But no ordinary current could have carried the large quartz bowlders .of the Big Blue Lead from distant repons differs from that of the Big Blue while it was alive. A question suggests itself whether the great dead rWet Y?aa t\vft vil -k's vc'i

stream ; but to this no satisfactory answer can now be given, and it is doubtful whether time and research will ever furnish one. The Big Blue was j)arallel to the Sacramento, and has, to a certain extent, been succeeded by it; but it drained a much larger district than the Sacramento does, or the rainfall of the country was much greater in the era of its exisence. The Sacramento does not carry one fourth of the water which ran in the Big Blue— probably not one tenth. If we could ascertain that the quantity of rain had not altered, then we would be justified in presuming that the Columbia River, which would about fill the bed of the Bi Blue, instead of turning westward at Walla Walla, originally continued southward, until the lifting up of Shasta and Lassen, and the adja- cent ridges, stopped its course and compelled it to break through the Cascade Range at the Dalles. With our present limited knowledge we are not justified in calling the Big Blue River either the Dead Sacramento or the Dead Columbia.

Some persons have argued that the Big Blue Lead was never a river, but only a lacus- trine or alluvial deposit. This theory, however, is untenable. The Bis Blue Lead has all the marks which a dead river should have. It has a long course, a width nearly uniform, a course nearly straight, some bends with eddies on the inner side, a peculiar quartz, unlike any found in the neighboring ridges, or in the streams to the eastward, and abundance of quartz which no place now Known to us could have supplied, and which came, probably, from a distant northern region, now covered with lava; water-worn gravel, which must have been carried far; flat stones, pointing down stream, as a current would place them ; strata of coarse and fine gravel, which must have been deposited in a stream ; a uniform descending grade : the coarse particles of gold, which could not have been distributed so evenly over a wide channel, except in a strong current; an immense Quantity of gold, which required ages to scatter through a deposit three hundred feet deep; driftwood, unmistakably water-worn; trunks of trees, with the butts up stream; tributary brooks, and a number of other evidences, which would require more space for their description and explanation than I could spare. To say that the Big Blue is not a dead river is equivalent to saying that the bones of the mastodon never belonged to a living animal, but were formed under geological influences exclusivelv.

If this were the only dead river in the State, the proof would be less conclusive; hut there are a dozen others. One, which runs southwestwardly, and may be called the Dead Brandy River, appears at La Porte, Brandjr City, Camptonville, and North San Juan, and is marked by the same general characteristics, save tnat the gravel is finer, the pebbles in the upper strata being generally not larger than a pigeon's egg.

In Tuolumne and Calaveras Counties we have the Dead Stanislaus, or Tuolumne Table Mountain, which runs from near Silver Mountain, in Alpine, to Knight's Ferry, and there disappears. It is covered by a bed of basalt, which flowed as lava from a volcano and filled up the ancient bed; and this basalt has resisted the wear of the elements, and now stands as a mountain forty miles long, a quarter of a mile wide, and eight hundred feet high, the softer adjacent slate rock having been wasted and washed away. Under this mountain lies a dead river rich in gold. A similar table mountain of basalt, covering an auriferous dead river, which I call the Dead Cherokee, after its chief mining camp, extends seventy miles from Lassen's Peak to Oroville. At Bangor, in Butte County, is a small dead river, seventy feet below the general surface of the ground, and covered with ordinary soil and gravel. There are also dead rivers at Smartsville, Mokelumne Hill, and San Andreas. The Big Blue and the Dead Brandy are distinguished by the depth of their gravel and by the absence of pebbles of eruptive origin in it; and others have either short courses or shallow deposits oi gravel ; and the quartz forms a much smaller percentage of the gravel. In the dead rivers at Cherokee, Bangor, and Smartsville, a large proportion of the bowlders and pebbles is of lava and basalt, as if the streams had been formed after the commencement of the volcanic era. But diffierent as is the material of the gravel, the fluvial origin of the deposits is similar and indubitable in all of them, when they are studied together.

Sierra Buttes Mine.

This property, in the Sierra City Mining District, is situated on the southern slope of the Sierra Buttes Mountain, whose peaks rise 4,700 feet above the lower works, and 8,800 feet above sea level. The altitude of the croppings is 6,400 feet, and that of the lower tunnel is 4,100 feet. The dimension of the claim is 11,000 feet in length by 600 feet in width; th vein has a general east and west direction, with a dip to the north of and averaging in width 20 feet. Work was first begun on the mine in 1850, and has been unremitting in dividends up to the present date. There are two water-power wet-crushing mills on the property, of 50 and 6C stamps, respectively; but only one, that of 60 stamps, is being used ar present The stamps weigh 850 po\mda, fall S iwclv. strike 86 time water supply j drawn from several lakes, is bTOxxV. axovm. TassK5x

ciiles in length, is fed by several tributaries, which tap the sources of sup- ply. The sulphurets are collected on the Frue vanner, and are treated at he company's works by the chlorination process. The property is now, tnd has been since 1870, owned and worked by an English company. Che mine is worked through a series of nine tunnels.

Altitude of croppings, feet 6,400

Altitude of lower tunnel. No. 9, feet 4,100

Number of stamps working 60

Weight of stamp, in pounds 850

Drop of stamps, in inches 8

Drop of stamps, per minute 86

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed 2J

Size of screens, slot 7

Width of apron plates, in feet 4

Width of sluice plates, in inches 15

Total length of plates, in feet 240

Number of concentrators --. 24

Miner's inches of water used 320

Pressure of water varies, in feet 60-620

Cost of mining, including dead work, per ton $3 98

Cost of milling, per ton $0 37|

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries 73

Percentage of recovery saved on plates 27

Percentage of sulphurets ,..: i

Value of sulphurets, variable, per ton $90 00-550 00

Cost per ton of treating sulphurets $16 40

Average width of vein, in feet 20

Number of men in mine 210

Number of men in mill 10

Total number of men employed 290

Length of ore-shoots :

WUloughby, feet 250

Tinney, feet 70

Bonanza, feet ". 210

Mammoth, feet 800

Length of No. 6 tunnel, in feet 4,850

Length of No. 7 tunnel, in feet 5,050

Length of No. 8 tunnel, in feet 5,200

Length of No. 9 tunnel, in feet 7.200

The Young America Consolidated Mining Company.

The company's property is in Sierra City Mining District, about seven miles north of Sierra City, and has an altitude of 7,400 feet above the sea. The consolidation is 6,000 feet in length by 500 feet wide. The vein has an easterly and westerly course, a northerly dip of 45", and averages feet in width. The formation of the hanging-wall is diabase, the same in character as that which formed the hanging-wall of the rich auriferous shoot in the Eureka Mine at Grass Valley; also identical with the rocks forming the walls of the richest mines in Venezuela.

The mill occupies a site 3,200 feet from the mine — in this distance the perpendicular height of the mine above the mill is 900 feet. The ore is conveyed to the mill by an elevated tramway in buckets of 100 pounds capacity. At present it requires the work of two men to fill the buckets in transit, but that duty will soon be performed automatically by an invention of Mr. Busch, the foreman of the mine. The consolidation con- tains within its environs four lakes — the smaller one, three fourths of a mile below the mill, is used to impound the tailings; the higher one, directly under the snow-capped Buttes, feeds the waters of the melting snow to the reservoir, which furnishes the mill with power. The groaa proceeds of the mine and mill, for the year endm kvx'X. but ten stamps, then ten more were added, makmg, a CYV3L!tm\

20 stamps up to July 6, 1886; then an additional ten were put in place, and lastly, on August 18, forty stamps were dropping on the quartz of the mine. Owing to the favorable location, this mine can be opened by tunnels to a depth of about 1,600 feet. During the year the company has built a dam, separating the two larger lakes, 175 feet long, 25 feet high, and 52 feet at the base, at a cost of $8,000.

Altitude, feet 7,400

Number of stamps 40

Weight of stamp, in pounds 760

Drop of stamps, in inches 7

Drop of stamps, per minute- 80

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed 2

Average width of vein, in feet Si

Size of screens, slot 7

Width of apron plates, in inches 48

Width of sluice plates, in inches 15

Total length of plates, in feet 800

Miner's inches of water used, per diem 90

Pressure of water, in feet 230 j

Cost of mining, per ton $2 00 j

Cost of milling, per ton $0 75

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries 95

Percentage of recovery saved on plates 5 !

Number of men in mine - - 60

Number of men in mill 8 ,

Total number of men employed 90

Length of No. 1 tunnel, in feet 960

Length of No. 2 tunnel, in feet 1,160

Length of No. 3 tunnel, in feet 75

Depth of shaft on incline to No. 2 tunnel, feet 606

Length of ore-shoot, so far as explored, in feet 625

Alaska Mine,

Is located at Pike City, at an altitude of 3,800 feet above sea level, and is one of the most prosperous mines in the county. The course of the vein is northeast and southwest, averaging 3 feet in width, with nearly a j vertical dip. The claim is 4,200 feet, linear measurement, and is worked ; through a shaft 457 feet in depth. Levels are nm at a depth of every 100 feet, the two longest being 2,000 feet each in length, and are still being extended. The developments made during the year are 1,500 feet of levels and 300 feet of upraises. Formation of the foot-wall is slate, and of the hanging-wall, slate and porphjTy. The mill is 40-stamp, run hj steam. Each stamp weighs 850 pounds, falls 7 inches at the rate of 86 times per minute, and crushes tons every 24 hours. The apron plates are 30 by 52 inches, sluice plates 24 inches wide by 14 feet in length to each battery, pitching li inches to the foot.

The sulphurets are principally iron pyrites, but not of sufficient value to save; 65 per cent of the yield is saved in the batteries, and 35 per cent is collected on the outside plates.

Altitude, feet 3,i

Number of stamps w

Weight of stamp, in pounds 850

Drop of stamps, in inches — '

Drop of stamps, per minute 86

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed

Size of screens No.6

Cost of mining, per ton $3 50

Cost of milling, per ton $0 75

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries 65

Percentage of recoyery saved on plates 36

Number of men in mine - - 70

Number of men in mill — - 9

Total number of men employed in and about mine 100

Vertical depth of shaft, in feet 467

Average width of vein, in feet 3

Length of ore-shoot, in feet 2,000

Tuolumne County.

Keltz Gold Quartz Mine.

This property, occupying an altitude of 2,000 feet above sea level, in Tuolumne Mining District, is in a slate formation, of which both walls have the same character. The claim has an area of 1,500 feet by 600 feet; and the course of the vein is northeast and southwest, with an east- erly dip from 30-40 degrees, and is about 2 feet wide. The ore is reduced in a 10-stamp water power mill, and 85 per cent of the gold recovery is saved in the batteries, whilst 15 per cent is collected on the outside plates. The sulphurets, averaging in value $200 per ton, are saved by the Cornish buddle; but the cost of extracting the gold is not yet known, as the con- centrations are, for the present, held in reserve. The outside plates, two to each battery, are 14 inches wide by a total length of 48 feet, and an inclination of 1 inch in 14 inches.

Altitude, feet 2,000

Number of stamps 10

Weight of stamp pounds 650

Drop of stamps, m inches 6

Drop of stamps, per minute : 85

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed 1

Size of screen, slot No 9

Miner's inches of water used in mill in 24 hours 12

Pressure of water, in feet 500

Cost of mining, per ton Not given.

Cost of milling, per ton $0 75

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries 85

Percentage of recovery saved on outside plates. 15

Percentage of sulphurets 2

Value of sulphurets, per ton $200 00

Number of concentrators 1

Number of men in mine - 12

Number of men in mill 2

Average width of vein, in feet 2

liCngtfi of ore-shoot, in feet 400

Length of adit level, in feet 355

Depth of shaft, in feet 300

Soulsby Gold Quartz Mine.

The mine is situated in Tuolumne Mining District, at an altitude of 2,880 feet above the level of the sea, in a granite formation, both walls being of the same. The claim is 3,200 feet, linear measurement. The course of the vein is north and south and almost vertical, but at times dip- ping slightly to the east, and is 12 inches wide. The percentage of sul- phurets is very variable, sometimes reaching as much as 20 per cent, although the assay value seldom changes from about $50 per ton. The method of saving the sulphurets is in the Morris canvas-covered sluices, after which they are worked for the gold by pan aiaalaTCiaXKcyci. 0,0?? of extraction and the percentage recovered are nol giNYv,

The batteries Bave 90 per cent and the outside plates 10 per cent of yield of free gold. For the collection of gold on the outside there double run of electro-silvered copper plates, 16 inches wide, with a i length of 32 feet and an inclination of 1 inch in 14.

Altitude, feet

Number of stamps

Weight of stamp in pounds

Drop of stamps, in inches

Drop of stamps, per minute

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed

Size of screen, brass wire

Miner's inches of water used in mill in 24 hours

Pressure of water, in feet

Cost of mining, per ton Not g

Cost of milling, per ton

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries

Percentage of recovery saved on plates

Number of men in mine

Number of men in mill

Average width of vein, in feet

Depth attained by deepest shaft, in feet

The Buchanan Mine.

t

The property consists of a consolidation of four claims, each 600 wide by a length of 1,500 feet. Both walls are schist, but at the 1( level the hanging wall is a dyke — probably a diorite. The course of vein is north, east, and dips from 53" to 64" northeast; the ave width being about 5 feet. The mine is worked to a depth of 500 through an almost vertical shaft. The mill, containing 20 stamps, is by steam power; the stamps weigh 850 pounds each, have a fall of i 7 to inches 90 times a minute, and crush, each, 2 tons of ore e 24 hours. Two of the batteries contain inside plates, where two tl of the gold peld is recovered from the 10 stamps; the other 2 batt< do not contain inside plates. Of the outside plates the upper ones b feet wide by 6 feet long, with an inclination of 5", and are mad soft copper. The lower plates are 3 feet 8 inches wide, and, together the upper plates, form a total length, to each battery, of 10 feet 11 inc with an inclination of 6". Seven inches below the lower end of the pli are movable soft copper-lined boxes, 7 inches wide by 20 inches in len and 1 inch deep. Following are troughs, inclining 5", with silvered pL 18 inches wide by a length of 16-i feet. The pulp on leaving the pi flows into the movable boxes, and thence into the sluices. Between upper and lower plates there is a wooden space, inches wide.

Number of stamps

Weight of stamp, in pounds

Drop of stamps, in inches

Drop of stamps, per minute

Duty of stamp in 24 hours, tons crushed

Size of screens, No

Percentage of recovery saved in batteries

Percentage of recovery saved on outside plates

Percentage of sulphufets

Value of sulphurets per ton, $120 00— $2

Number of concentrators, Frue

Number of men in mine

Number of men in mill

Length of ore-shoot, in feet

Depth of shaft, in feet

Tabular Statement Of Mills.

rpi

I til

Amador County. Flym uuth Cun Bolidated . fijni on thConaolidBted.

Koyslone

Spring Hill

Stewart

Moore

D5e|) Lead

Sheep Ranch

Fine Gold

Oro Plata, staiu pa

Oro Plato, Tu3tin Mill* Et Dorado Cotmti).

SpriiEfield

Fncmo CaarUy.

Abbey

Nevada Cimaty. JJortliSUt

Wuter. Water. Water. WaWr. Water. Water. Water. Water.

Water. Water. Water.

Water. Water. Wuter.

.fl and 10 slot. 6 Blot

9 alot

Bfilot.

. . . 5 meeh.

9 alot

.-iOmeah.

5 Blot

. . 20 meah.

Binpire

ProridencB

Con. Wyoming. . Neiada City

SiiiTrn Cou Sierra Buttea . . YoongAniericii

TVioIumns Count V- BonlBby Water..,

Eiperimenting.

. Experi men tine. 3 round punched.

Sronnd punched. round punched. 40 meah.

Conclusion.

The Mining Bureau having received so many inquiries for a description of the mining machinery in use at the mines, the State Mineralogist j deemed it necessary to make himself acquainted with the practical details thereof by personal inspection as far as possible, and by contribution where circumstances would not admit of individual attention. All of the information has been carefully gathered, and that portion pertaining to the inquiries received at the Bureau has been especially tabulated.

One of the chief difficulties, for reasons heretofore given, has been to , collect a correct statement of the value per ton of the ore worked at the mills; therefore mention is only made of that of the smallest assay value to ' show how low a grade can be profitably treated when done systematically.

Since the report has been made ready for the press there has been re- ' ceived at the Bureau the " Mines Statement of the Minister of Mines of New Zealand," from which the following is an extract:

" During my occupancy of the office I have the honor to hold in connec- tion with mines, I have felt the want of a hand-book that, at a glance, would give to the inquirer every information in respect to mining compa- nies and claims, the mode of working, and the class of machinery used in different mining districts, the area of ground, the number of miners em- ployed, and the amount of capital invested in plant and machinery.

"Following my instructions the Department has been engaged in collect- ing material necessary for compiling such work, and, when ready, I pro- pose to issue illustrative maps with it, so that it will afford every possible information in relation to the industry. I cannot pretend that I shall be able to present for information a perfect work or guide, for difficulties have already been encountered in collecting reliable materials on which to frame the book; but, notwithstanding, I hope within a few months to be able to supply a much needed want."

It would seem from the above that the same difficulties in obtaining information exist elsewhere, and that the identical requests were made as have been received at the Bureau; therefore for these reasons the State Mineralogist has deemed it advisable to add to his report the contributions annexed, also inserting the United States mining laws and regulations thereunder for ready reference, and other matter and tables which are constantly needed.

Bullion Production Of Mines Of California,

For the twelve months ending January 1, 1886. iombined reported and unreported production, from the Beport of the Director of the Mint, 1885.)

Gold.

Silver.

Total.

/Ounty.

Reported.

Unreported.

Reported.

Unreported.

)r

$1,835,591 23

422,568 60

397,538 23

40,000 00

24,390 00

383,353 85

67,500 00

20,130 37

7,498 04

22,003 00

7,500 00

$310,000 00 250,000 00 130,000 00

$406 40

$2,146,997 63 676,268 50

$3,700 00

ras

2,568 20

6,000 00

630,096 43

45,000 Oo

rte

15,000 00 35,000 00

7,000 00

9,()00 00 17,500 00 60,000 00

7,500 00 22,500 00 62,000 00 10,000 00 60,000 00

5,000 00

39,399 18

ado

418,353 85

t

2,466 00

76,956 00

oldt

29,730 37

59,961 49

13,500 00

98,459 63 72,003 00

16.150 00

igeles

1,500 00

24,445 00

)sa

87,177 00

149,277 00

10,000 00

60,000 00

477,860 41

88,349 49

5,000 00

4,835 43

3,500 00

574,709 90

6,000 Oo

a

1,138,873 68

507,801 51

688,307 71

253,522 00

3,000 00

71,125 00

1,439,000 00

. 398,500 00

152,000 00

100,000 00

20,000 00

20,000 00

2,500 00

181,000 00

373,500 00

219,000 00

2.682;709 11

906,712 94

s

840,307 71 353,622 00

Tnardino... ego

aquin

2,283,436 37

80,000 00 2,000 00

2,386,436 37 93,125 00

2,500 00

236,004 75

1,060,380 97

119,658 70

18,660 00

175,347 69

9,123 38

100,000 00

426,228 13

1,433,891 51

)ii

338,658 70

uus

18,660 00

/

162,800 00

7,500 00

171,400 00

75,000 00

338,157 69

7,600 00

mne

149,503 34 132,448 73

1,273 00

322,376 34

207,448 73

lis

$8,347,744 71

$4,313,300 00

$2,463,535 91

$104,500 00

$15,229,080 62

Number Of Incorporated Companies.

From the Government Roster issued by the Hon. Thomas L. Thompson, Secretary of State, it appears that from July 1, 1884, to July 1, 1886, there - were filed in his office two hundred and six (06) articles of incorporation of companies for mining and milling purposes.

U. S. Patents.

Department of the Interior, General Land Office, ) Washington, D. C., November 13, 1886. j

Henry S. Durden, Esq,, Acting Secretary State Mining Bureau, San Fran- cisco, California:

Sir: I am in receipt of your letter of the twenty-eighth ultimo, request- ing the total number of mines in the State of California for which patents have been issued.

In reply, I refer you to the following table showing the number of min- eral and coal patents issued for claims in the State of California up to this date, as compiled from the records of this office:

Sacramento Land District 870

Stockton Land District 273

Susanville Land District - 18

Shasta Land District 135

San Francisco Land District 87

Marysville Land District 162

Visalia Land District 18

Bodie Land District 152

Los Angeles Land District 43

Humboldt Land District 51

Total number of mines patented in the State of California 1,809

Very respectfully,

Wm, A. I. Sparks,

Commissioner.

Hydraulic Mines Enjoined.

C. E. Sexey, Esq., of the Anti-Debris Association, has furnished the State Mineralogist with a partial list, showing twenty-three hydraulic mincE which have been enjoined.

Wells, Fargo & Co.'S Statistics.

Wells, Fargo & Company,

San Francisco, December 31, 1886. J

Dear Sir: The following is a copy of our annual statement of precio\:i

metals produced in the States and Territories west of the Missouri Rive

(including British Columbia, and receipts by exitess from, the west cos-i

Total gross result, $103,011,761.

As stated hitherto, the facilities afforded for the transportation of bullion, ores, and base metals, by the extension of railroads into mining districts, increase the difficulty of verifying the reports of the products from several important localities; and the general tendency is to exaggeration when the actual values are not obtainable from authentic sources; but the aggregate result, as shown herein, we think may be relied on with reason- able confidence as approximately correct.

ColdDnn.Dil

Gold DuM and Bullion by

bj ExiimiB,

b, Fri"ghl.

112,579,356 1,733,0S9 151,907 13B,fi(M l,81fi,500 2.10I},000 18,140 3,600,000 101,781 583,37 2,405,250 460,490 692,845

1028,078

1818,403

1,310

1,927,366

250,000 25,000 50,000

sooiooo

164,694

Idnho

MonUnft ,

2,602,000 7,840,000 3,080,759 5,750,000

2711,909 J,371.0a3

251,437 l.a27,HM

3,015,000 10.400,000

5,B31,fl9fi 15,750,000

3,387,178

4,048,468

7.733.500 20,840,000

60,000 100,000

Koifio (west coaat States )..

12,000

126,997,727

12,153,078

ta),224.701

44.635,*i55

$103,011,761

The gross yield for 1886, shoWn above, segregated, is approximately as

follows:

Gold -- 29ftSi 130.773,769

eilTCT i52 53,770,056

Copper 9& 9,276,766

Lead aWi. --- 9.185,192

Total - - - (103,011,761

AsstJAL Pboductb or Lead, Cofpeb, Silveb, atiii Gold ih the States and Terbitobiks West of the Mibsocbi Kivkb, 1670-1880.

if the

$62160000 55 784 000 00,351824

11..') 610

Hi

"17 vlH

eiuoooo

29 09912' 31h36 239 39 29" 94 45 840 109

SlVfiSSiV laViVO*'

The exports of silver during the past year to Japan, China, the Straits, etc., have been as follows: From London, $26,519,328; from Marseilles

1956,650; from Venice, $ ; from San Francisco, $16,558,612. Total

$44,034,590, aa against $56,109,949 last year. Pounds sterling estimated at $4 84.

United States Op Mexico.

Produel ofOold and SUverin Ihe RepuUU ofMexUxfrom 1837 to 1886.

TliBB,

sn...

(661,385 662,524

380,301 380,419 385,000 450,000

*21,451,785

23,383,448 23,583,135 24.009,525 22.921,921 21,240,000 25,037,356 26,000,000

mii3,m

23,303.3

Is

26.450,0

(4.197,013

$212,032,500

?216,229,S1S

£rhi6if of a>i>iagt of Gold, Silver, and Copper in the ReptMie of Mexico, from ihe firti Juh, ISTi, to the Ihirtielh of Jane, 1SS6, tndrmlin; approximatets the Preeiout Metal product eflkt couHlrg for the sean named.

Tuts.

Goldltallum.

SilwDolta™.

as

813,415

866,743 695,750 691,998 658,206 492,068 407,<W) 355,734 425,000

19.680,811 18,846,067 19,3S(i,ft)8 19,454.054 21,415,128 22,084,203 22,162,987 24,018.528 34,617,396 26,146,380 24.083.921 2212,000 23,265,814 25,850,000

2i;™i

Is

8,4491164

347,904,419

SilTtr 3I7m41

Copper.— 2ay

JkQnt of the Coinage of Mexico from the Establishment of the Mints in 15S7 to the end of the

Fiscal Year of 1884-1885.

Dates of Coinage.

Gold.

Silver.

Copper.

Total.

Colonial Epoch.

UnraUled coin from 1537 to 1731. ... Pillar coin, 1732 to 1771

$8,497,950 19,889.014 40,391,447

$752,067,456 441,629,211 888,563,989

$200,000

$760,765,406 461,518,225

Bust coin, 1772 to 1821

342,893

929,298,329

Totals

$68,778,411

$2,082,260,656

$542,893

$2,151,581,960

Independence.

Iturbide's Imperial bust, 1822-1823 . Eepublic eagle, 1824 to June 30, 1873.

$557,392 45,040,628

$18,575,569 740,246,485

$19,132,961

$5,235,177

790,522,290

Totals

$45,598,020

$758,822,054

$5,235,177

$809,655,'251

Republic. Eagle coin, July 1, 1872, to June 30,

$8,449,164

$317,964,419

$226,110

$326,639,693

Summary.

Colonial epoch, from 1537 to 1821 $2,151,581,960

Independence, from 1822 to 1872 809,655,251

Eepublic, from 1872 to 1886. 326,639,693

Total $3,287,876,904

The exhibits of production and mintage indicate a steady development of the mining interests of the United States of America, and also of Mexico, and with the increasing facilities of railway communications fostering every department of industry, the outlook for a continued growth in the product of precious metals is flattering.

JOHN J. VALENTINE, Vice-President and General Manager Wells, Fargo & Co.

San Francisco Mint.

Coinage Of The San Francisco Mint For The Year Ending June

30, 1886.

Gold, 1,455,550 standard ounces $27,080,000 00

Silver, 42,051 standard ounces 49,066 20

Total value $27,129,066 20

Table Of Charges.

Mint of the United States at San Francisco, on all bullion (or coin) not required to be parted or refined :

For each melt of 1,000 ounces or less $1 00

For each melt over 1,000 ounces One tenth of 1 cent per ounce.

Parting And Refining Charges.

Parting Gold And Silver Or Refining Gold.

Rate per ounce gross.

BnlUon containing leas than 200 M gold 1 cwta.

Ballion containing from 200MtoSh M gold -

BnUion containing from 400 M to 699* M gold

foUion containing 700 M and over gold

on containing over 100 M base meta additional V-~.

And in addition to the above, on deposits requiring parting (excep silver purchases) or refining gold:

For each deposit of 1,000 ounces or less $1 (M

For each deposit over 1,000 ounces One tenth of 1 cent per ounce, gross

For gold coin or standard gold bars the rate per ounce charged will imposed only on the number of ounces required to be refined to raise th whole to standard.

Silver allowed the depositor is calculated on the basis of refining th gold to 990 M.

Befining Silver.

Rate per ounce gross.

Bullion containing less than 897 M silver 2 cents

Bullion containing 897 M to 979i M silver - li cen

Bullion containing 980 M to 997 M silver 1 cen

In addition to the above, on silver deposits requiring refining (excep purchases) a charge on- each deposit of —

1,000 ounces or less 11

Over 1,000 ounces One tenth of 1 cent per ounce, gross

For standard or sterling bars the rate per ounce will be imposed only or the number of ounces required to be refined to raise the whole to the fine- ness of such bars.

Silver bulhcfn below 997 fine, not containing gold, deposited for fine bars, is subject to a refining charge.

Silver bullion deposited for bars, will be computed at $1 per standard ounce. Silver parted from gold deposits will be purchased at the rate fixed by the Director of the Mint, which at present, per ounce, is,

Toughening Charge.

Gold bullion J to 2 cents per ounce, gross.

Silver bullion to 1 cent per ounce, gross

Alloy Charge.

On the number of ounces of copper required to reduce the bullion to a standard, 2 cents per ounce, Troy.

Bar Charge.

On bullion deposited for fine bars not required to be parted or refinecL and for standard, sterling, or unparted bars:

Bars of fine gold, per $100 value 10 cente

Bars of standard gold, per $100 value 10 cente

Bars of fine silver, per ounce - icen

Bars of standard silver, per ounce, standard -. Jcen*

Bars of sterling silver, per ounce can"

Bars of unparted bullion, per ounce, gross cen

No deposit of bullion is received of less than one hundred dollars, or s base as to be deemed unsuitable for the operations of the Mint.

Tables From Report Of The Director Of Mint.

From the report of the Director of the Mint, upon the production of th- precious metals in the United States, during the calendar year 1885, th- lollowing tables are published, froirv ttie qI \3tifc Yx-aur: I>epartment, Bureau of the Mint:

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D State*.

Fiscal Teas.

BMmtuoC DinKlorottheMint,

Ub1IiI HUUb Oold Colo.

BttiDuta bj Mr. UublemRD,

of Gold Com End

(30,000,000

5,300,000 2.700,000 2,600,000 4,875,000 6,000,000

18,900,000 15,300.000 15,200,000 15.900,000 I 16,700,000

18,000,000 17,600,000 17,000,000 16,600,000

t48,37&,000

$188,400,000

CoDSTBIBa.

Oolii. (Fineouncei.)

Valae.

58,000,000 36,000,000 37,000,000 45,000,000 2,&16,000 37,800,000 230,000.000

626,926 546,550 401,875 3S5,B00 321,500

England (mean of several uuthoritjefi)

11,500,000

450,100

446,646,000

2.732,760

SilTer. lIin.oiln™i.)

"S-fi'-'

TdUI Vmlne of Gold .ihI

Per -.

Goia.

an™.

3,697,250

2,001,160 2,411,250 2,636,300 835,900 835,900 3.697,2.50

14,000,000

3,000,000 2,800,000 3,000,000 1.000,000 1.000,000 4.000.000

$17,000,000

14,500,000 1M00.000 11,200,000 7,600,000 1,000,000 13,500,000

2 3!.H

England (mean of several uuthori-

Germany{8qetbeer)

Austria-Hunaary "(Nibuner)

Totab-- - -

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Hydromagnesite, From Livermore, California.

(Analyzed and contributed by F. Gutzkow, E.M.)

Moisture .75

Silica

Alumina .-. V 1,25

Ferric oxide j

Lime Trace.

Magnesia 43.00

Carbonic acid 36.30

Water (in combination) 18.70

Calculated for the pure mineral:

Magnesia 43.88 4 MgO

Carbonic acid 37.04 3 CO,

Water (in combination) 19.08 4 H,0

Mine Drainage.

(By Chas. G. Yale.)

The principal methods employed for extracting water from mines in California and on the Pacific Coast, generally are: Cornish pumps, bailing tank, steam (or compressed air) pumps, and hydraulic pumps. For shallow mines, where there is little water, iron water buckets are used. The best form is made barrel-shaped, for use in shafts or winzes, where there are no guides — this shape preventing them from catching on projecting timbers or rocks. The water bucket has a fixed bale, as this bucket does not turn over, but is emptied by lowering until a spindle in its bottom rests on the bottom of the water box, when the spindle opens the valve in bucket bottom. This valve opens automatically when filling, and auto- matically closes when the bucket begins to rise. Oval and cylindrical bailing buckets are also made for work in vertical shafts, and are arranged with shoes for wooden shaft guides. They are sometimes arranged for rope guides, also. Rectangular baling tanks are also made, arranged for self-dumping. These tanks are so constructed as to discharge themselves on arriving at the station, without reversing the engine, and there is no man required to let the water out. Such tanks are made for wooden shaft guides.

Water skips are of the same character for inclined shafts. The bale is

attached to a pivot back of the center of gravity, so that it will tip when

it is run over the dumping track. The dumping is accomplished by

making the rear wheels with a projecting face of smaller diameter, whien

catches on the dumping track and elevates the back end, and the skip is

thus tipped to a proper angle for dumping. When lowering, the rear wheels

must necessarily pass down first, returning the skip to its proper position.

These and self-dumping skeets can be used for ore and water both, or

either. The self-dumping skeets are designed for use in vertical shafts.

For sinking purposes they are very handy, for they can be shoveled into

or bailed into. In many cases, pumping from the bottom of a shaft while

sinking can be dispensed with, as the water and dirt can be put into the

weights of the forms of tanks referred to, as given by the Risdon Iron Works of San Francisco:

Oval Bailing Tanks.

Cylindrical Bailing Tanks.

Lesser

Diameter.

Inches.

Greater

Diameter.

Inches.

Height. Inches.

Capacity. Gallons.

Weight. Pounds.

Diameter.

Height.

Capacity. Gallons.

Weight.

1,050 1,400 1,750 1,950

1,350 1,400 1,460 1,530

Rectangular Self-Dumping Bailing Tanks.

Ore and Water Skips.

Self-Dumping Skekts.

Width. Inches.

Length. Inches.

Height. Inches.

Capacity. Gallons.

Weight. Pounds.

Capacity. Cubic Feet.

Weight. Pounds.

Contents. Cubic Feet.

Weight. Pounds.

1,180

a

1,400 1,800 2,400 3,000 4,000

1,700 2,000 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000

Tanks of this character will handle a great deal of water, and can be replaced by cages when not needed. They are too simple to get out of order often and are readily repaired. In many places they are preferred to pumps, and are frequently kept in readiness as a substitute for Cornish pumps when the rods of the latter break.

Local practice varies greatly as to the means adopted for handling water. Some one form of pump does well in the first of the mines of the camp use- ing one, and others follow the example set. Cornish pumps are more frequent in older mining districts than in newer ones, and in larger mines than in smaller ones.

In the earlier history of mining on this coast, neither great depths nor

great quantities of water had to be considered. A simple hurdy-gurdy

Water wheel, driven by a jet from a high head, was the prime mover. A

pUmp-bob of simple construction and a bucket-hft, all of wood, was the

shaft work. Many a rig like this may still be seen running in the

Smaller mines. In the quartz mines steam power was used, mainly geared

Engines, driving a line of plunger pumps. As the mines increased in

epth, and larger quantities of water had to be handled, large engines and

heavy gears came into vogue. In draining very" great depths, the heavy

height of the pit-work, which is of so much importance in any direct-acting

System, proves the destruction of the geared system; since in working geared

Pumping engines at great depths with heavy pit-work, the speed must be

slow. Geared engines for great depths have, therefore, the pumps

large and are run at very slow motion, otherwise frequent breakages

ould condemn the whole system.

For deep wine pumping the Cornish bucket aiidpVvxwet xroi''e*

ing directly connected with the engine shaft. The main gear is connected to the head of the bob, by a pitman, one end of which engages into a wrist- pin set into one of several bosses cast on to the arms of the main gear, so placed as to give any desired throw to the pumps. Where the depth of the shaft is so great that one pump is insufl&cient to raise the water to the sur- face, a system of two or more pumps is made use of, the lowest one pump- ing into a tank station at a convenient height above it, from which the pump next overhead in its system takes its suction and discharges either into a similar tank or directly out at the surface.

For depths below 300 or 400 feet, and for the handling of large volumes of water, the pumps generally preferred are those termed Cornish bucket" or "Jack-head," and the plunger pumps. In the jack-head pump the working bucket is packed with leather, which is secured to the body of the bucket by a brass ring. The suction chamber is bolted directly to the lower end of the working barrel, and has the suction pipe and wind-bore bolted to its lower flange. The " goose-neck " bolts on the top of the bar- rel, and has a bonnet and stufiing box through which the bucket rod passes. The upper clack sets on the branch of the goose-neck, with the column bolted on its upper flange. The clack chambers have doors, through which the clacks are removed for repairs. A door is sometimes made in the goose-neck, through which the working bucket may be taken out without taking oft the bonnet from the top.

Jack-head pumps are best adapted for lifting water from cisterns or per- manent sumps, although they are frequently used in sinking.

The common lift pump is difierent from the jack-head pump in that it has no goose-neck. The bucket-piece is bolted on the top of the working barrel, with a door for the removal of the bucket. On this, in a direct line, is set the column, with the pump-rods inside of it. The working bucket is the same as that for the jack-head pump. Of course there is only one clack. The advantage of these pumps in sinking is that the bucket can be lifted through the column for repairs while the whole pump is submerged in water.

The connecting rods through which the pump takes the motion are made of heavy timbers, strapped at the joints with iron plates and bolted through, and connect at the upper end with the pitman attached to the nose-piece of the bob. This pitman is famished either with a cross-head or guide rollers, to keep it in position. The usual speed at which these pumps is run is about 12 strokes per minute.

The following table giving sizes, capacity, and horse power required for the various sizes of Cornish pumps, is furnished by the Pacific Iron Works, San Francisco:

Diameter of Pluuger,

Length of Stroke, in

Number of Strokes

Gallons per Minute.

Horse power for each

in inches.

feet.

per Minute.

100 feet Lift.

6

5$

those used in deep mines in other countries. They are, as stated, either lifting pumps or force pumps. In a complete set of deep pumps the two kinds are combined, the former being applied to raising the water from the bottom of the shaft to the height adapted to the capacity of a single pump; the latter forcing the water upward to the stations, or to the point of discharge. The following descriptions of lifting and force or plunger pumps, from Hague's volume on " Mining Industry," in Clarence King's report on the United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Par- allel, are very clear: ! The lifting pump consists of a cast-iron cylinder or " working barrel," I from 8 to 12 inches in diameter and from 8 to 12 feet long, smoothly turned inside, on which a closely fitting piston, that has an upward open- ing valve, may be made to move up and down by means of a rod to wMch it is attached. At the bottom of the cylinder is a valve opening upward, by means of which the water, once drawn from below into the cylinder, is retained there. Below the cylinder is the suction pipe, dipping below the surface of the water to be lifted. Above the cylinder is an iron pipe or column of elevation, in which the water is raised, by the upward movement of the piston, to any desired height. When the piston in the cylinder is moved upward, its valve remaining closed and the lower end of the suction pipe being immersed in the water, the pressure of the exte- rior air causes the water to rise in the suction pipe and to pass through the retaining valve, at the bottom of the cylinder, in accordance with the well-known principle involved in all suction pumps. On the downward stroke of the piston the retaining valve at the bottom of the cylinder closes, while tne valve in the piston opens and the water passes through the piston. On the succeeding upward stroke the water now above the piston is lifted by it, while a new supply is drawn into the cylinder in the manner just described, to be lifted by the next upward stroke.

The pipe or column in which the water is raised above the piston is sometimes placed upon and directly over the cylinder, in which case the rod to which the piston is attached passes up through it, and is connected above with the motive power. But commonly the pipe, or column of ele- vation, is fixed at one side and connected by a short horizontal or curved piece with the cylinder, the top of which is then fitted with a stuflSing box. The piston-rod then passes through the latter, and is then connected with the main pump-rod working on the shaft, from which it receives its motion. The column may be of any desired height to which the strength of the material is adapted. As the lifting pump is generally only employed at the bottom of the shaft to raise the water to the force or power pump above, the height of the column varies with the circumstances. In shafts where sinking is in progress, the column of the lifting pump is constantly being extended as the shaft deepens, until a sufiicient depth (200 feet or more) has been attained for the establishment of a force or plunger pump, when the lifting pump is detached from the column, the force pump put in its place at a suitable distance above the bottom, and the lifting pump again employed for sinking deeper with a short but gradually extending column. The force pump or plunger pump forces the water upward in its column of elevation by the descent of the piston or plunger. This pump consists of a cast-iron cylinder or " plunger case," usually 10 or 12 feet long and from 8 to 12 inches in diameter, in which a solid cylindrical piston, nearly as long as the cylinder, is caused to play with an upward and downward cylinder is a side or branch pipe connecting ttve clmet WOb. nJNn

chamber and the column of elevation. The valve in this chamber retains the water drawn through it from the wind-bore, or suction pipe, which is immersed in the cistern. The valve at the bottom of the column of eleva- tion opens for the passage of the water into the column, and closes to retain it there. When the piston ascends the valve opens and the space in the cylinder, below the piston, fills with water; when the piston descends the valve closes and the other valve opens and the column of water is forced upward to the point of discharge to any desired height.

The piston or plunger of the force pump is a smoothly turned cylinder, 8 to 12 inches in diameter, and 10 to 12 feet long. It is cast hollow, of j iron, about one inch in thickness. In order to attach it to the pump-rod, by which it is set in motion, a suitable stick of timber considerably larger ' than the piston is made to fit snugly into the inside of the cylinder, or hol- low piston, entirely occupying the interior space; being driven tightly in it is wedged at the bottom. The top, projecting above the end of the cylinder, is then attached to the main pump-rod.

Another method is to have the plunger cast with a stout flange at the upper end, by means of which a head of cast-iron is bolted to it, carrying two uprights with a stout iron pin. To the end of the pump-rod is securely attached an iron stub-end, which is furnished with a strap, boxes, jib, and key, forming a connecting link such as is commonly used for attaching the connecting rod of an engine to the crankpin. By means of this link the pump-rod is attached to the pin in the head that is bolted to the plunger, as just described.

The plunger-case and valve chambers rest upon stout timbers, which are firmly established in the shaft in the most substantial manner. The col- umn rests upon the valve chamber, and is itself further supported by tim- bers fixed at intervals in the shaft, and so arranged as to embrace the pipe directly under the flange by which the sections of the column are joined together, and furnish a bearing for these to rest upon. The pump column generally used at the more important pumping works, is a pipe having a diameter of 10, 12, or 14 inches. The best pipe column is of wrought iron, though cast pipe is very common.

It will be seen from the foregoing that the force pump performs its work of raising the water on the downward stroke of the piston, while the lifting pump does its duty on the upward stroke. The force pumps need to be very firmly set, and are, therefore, only employed where they can be perma- nently and solidly established in a position easily accessible for repair and not very liable to be submerged. The lifting pumps are well adapted to work in the bottom of the shaft, their method of construction and operation fitting them to draw water from the very bottom of the shaft without the use of a cistern, and to be extended, foot by foot, as the sinking proceeds; not requiring to be placed with so much care as the plunger pumps, and having the advantage also of being operated as well, even when the water rises above them in thehaft.

In order to extend the pump in depth as the sinking proceeds, the working parts of the pump, namely, the suction pipe and working barrel, being suspended by heavy chains to a turret or windlass fixed at the sta- tion above, are detached, with the connecting pipe, from the bottom of the column and lowered 10 or 12 feet, sufficiently to allow of introducing another length of pipe under the column, already in place; this additional

mines the suction pipe dipping into the sump is a stout piece of suction hose of diametfer equal to that of the short iron pipe below the working barrel, to which it is closely fitted and attached. It has the advantage of flexibility and may be more easily protected against injury from blast- ing than iron pipe. The lifting pump discharges into a cistern from the force pump takes its supply to be raised to the surface or to the next station above.

The motion of the piston, or plunger, in its cylinder, is imparted to it by the pump-rod, a continuous piece of timber, which is suspended in the shaft alongside the column, extending from the surface to the bottom of the mine, and to which the plungers are attached. The pump-rod is com- posed of timbers 6, 8, 10, or 12 inches square, or even larger, joined to each other so as to form a continuous piece. The method of joining the sections composing the rod varies in different mines. Sometimes they are joined by a simple splice, and strapped on four sides with long iron plates. In other mines the sections are joined in a more complicated manner by a beveled splice and key, and then strapped. In other cases the square ends of the sections are brought together without any splice, and joined simply by means of iron straps. Sometimes the straps are so formed that a key can be inserted. When these keys are driven in as tightly as possible, so as to bring the ends of the timbers closely together, and so prevent any lost motion in the action of the rod, the two straps for the remaining two sides are put on and bolted together.

The motion of the rod is communicated to it from the engine by means of an oscillating " bob " on the surface. These bobs are made of various forms, but correspond generally to the form of the " walking beam " of the old style marine engine. The method of connection with the engine also varies. The pumping engine drives, by means of the piston, the pump wheel, to one side of which is attached, by means of a wrist-pin, one end of the pitman. As the wheel is set in revolution by the engine, the pitman receives a reciprocating motion, the length of the stroke being uetermined by the distance of the wrist-pin from the center of the wheel. The other end of the pitman being connected to the kingpost of the bob, causes that to oscillate, giving to the pump-rod in the shaft an upward and downward motion. The upper section of the rod is usually connected to the " nose " of the bob and the next lower section of the rod by means of a strap and boxes, so as to allow for the vibration caused by the angular motion of the bob ; deeper in the shaft the sections are joined together as described above, forming one continuous piece, which is guided in its movement by timbers so arranged as to prevent vibration of the rod. Timbers are also placed in the shaft at frequent intervals to prevent the rod from falling far in case of breakage, by furnishing support to the catching pieces attached to the rod for this purpose. The length of stroke, or upward and downward movement of the rod, varies from 3 or 4 to 7 or 8 feet, and the number of strokes per minute from 3 or 4 to 10 or 12, according to size and character of pump and duty required of it.

The weight of this pump-rod in most cases considerably exceeds that of the water to be raised, so that, descending by its own gravity, it exerts suf- ficient force to raisfe the column of water without requiring additional power from the engine. For the next stroke, however, the engine must lift the total weight of the rod to the required height. In order to prevent the too rapid descent of the rod and to equalize the work of the engine on either stroke, counter-weights are attached to the opposite eivd oS. > fbieb, on the reverse stroke, assists in lifting the lod. ot

the rod increases in length and weight, additional counter-weights are applied, by establishing at various stations in the shaft similar oscillating bobs, attached at one end to the rod and bearing at the other a heavily weighted box. Angle bobs are used to change direction of motion, in changing from a vertical to an incline shaft. They are of various forms.

It is unnecessary in this instance to go into any description of the numerous forms of engines which are employed to drive tms pumping gear. Different makers claim special advantageous features, and no one type is in exclusive use. The ordinary ingle-geared pumping engine has - the pinion placed on the engine shaft, gearing into the spurwheel, to which a pitman rod is attached. In the double-geared engine two pinions are placed on an engine shaft and the pitman rod-pin is placed between the two spurwheels, thus adapting it for very heavy work. The simplest form of direct acting engines consists of a single high pressure cylinder connected directly to the main-bob; the king-post of this is larger than the nose piece, so as to give the engine leverage on the pumps. The valve gear is generally so arranged and adjusted that steam can be cut off at any portion of the stroke, or the stroke of the piston can be shortened. In some of the horizontal direct-acting compressed engines the pitman is con- nected directly to the crosshead and king-post, the connections between king-post and flywheel being made by two side rods.

Sometimes two lines of pump rods are used in the same shaft, working a double line of pumps from the same bob, in which case no counterbal- ance is necessary. Often, too, there is a double line of plunger pumps, when the main pump-rod extends down between the pumps to the next set below, and so on until the bottom pump is reached. An angle plate is attached to each side of the rod by bolts common to both, and to each of which the pump plungers are attached.

The ordinary surface bob is made principally of wood. The irons for the king-post and nose-piece are each made on two pieces, with sockets for angle-braces, and securely bolted together by bolts running through the timber. The saddle-plate is made in three pieces, and made to admit of the trunnion shaft bemg placed on a line with the nose and tail-pins. The trunnion shaft is made of hammered iron, and secured by running through ' the beam, and being keyed to the side and saddle-plates. The whole is drawn together by wrought-iron straps and turnbuckles. The hack of the beam is extended to admit of a box being attached, to be filled with old iron, rocks, or other heavy substances, for a counterbalance. These bobs are sometimes made wholly of iron. The balance bobs, made for use under ground, also vary in form. Those interested in forms of bobs and methods of connection to engine, may see excellent illustrations of various forms in one of the business circulars issued by the Union Iron Works of San Francisco.

Recently, in this State, steam has been displaced by water power for run- ning the pumping rig of several important mines.

It may be well to cite some examples of Cornish pumping rigs in Cali- fornia to illustrate capacity, etc. The examples are all taken from actual works in California mines:

A. — Cornish pumping rig driven by 80-horse power engine, which also . hoists. In summer, pumps 4 hours in 24; in winter, constantly. Capacity, 14,000 gallons per hour; rod 1,000 feet. One 8-ton counterbalance at sur- face. One S-ton counterbalance.

C. — Rig driven by hurdy-gurdy under-wheel, using 24 inches of water in summer, and 35 inches (about 30 h. p.) with 400 feet fall. Capacity, 10,000 gallons per hour. Rod, 410 feet ; one 4-ton counterbalance. In winter a Hooker pump, with capacity of 10,000 gallons, is also used.

D. — Myers' cut-off Cornish pumping engine, 75 h. p. Rod, 500 feet. Two counterbalances weighing 11 tons.

E. — Compound Cornish engine, double acting, with two rods down to 400 feet, and single rod for 200 feet below; capacity, 22,500 gallons per hour. , One 10-ton counterbalance.

F. — Cornish engine, 110 h. p. Capacity, 10,000 gallons per hour. Rod, 1,300 feet. Lever bobs, with counterbalances, together weighing 14 tons.

G. — Cornish engine, 80 h. p. Rod, 1,300 feet; two counterbalances, 2 tons each.

H. — Cornish rig run by water power. Jackhead pump operated by 400 feet of rod. One counterbalance.

/. — Cornish rig run by hoisting engine. Capacity, 30,000 gallons. Rod 900 feet. One 4-ton counterbalance.

/. — Cornish pumping rig nm bv hoisting engine. Capacity, 6,000 to 7,000 gallons per hour; 500 feet force; 300 feet lift; one 1-ton counter- balance.

Those desiring to examine details of very large rigs of this kind may see descriptions of those in use on the Comstock, Nevada, in volume XIII of the Census Reports, 1880, page 149.

A form of pumping apparatus recently introduced in California, is the Knight hydraulic pumping engine. It is specially designed for pumping water out of mines to any depth where there is water pressure above the drain tunnel. The hydraulic engine (or wheel) can be bolted to the shaft timbers at the drain tunnel, and a pump-rod run down to a special plunger pump made for use in connection with the Knight engine. By using this engine at the drain tunnel the gears, bob, etc., below, are saved. Both the engine and pump can be set on the same bed-plate if desired, and the whole apparatus secured in the shaft below the surface in drain tunnel. After 9perating the engine, the water is exhausted into the discharge pipe of the pump. The only gain in this is the doing away with the pump-rod. Nothing is gained in power.

Steam force or plunger pumps are now much more largely used than formerly, having been much improved and specially adapted for mining purposes. There are many forms kept on sale by various makers, among the best known being the Knowles, Blake, Dow, Hooker, Worthington, usmeron, Cope & Maxwell, and Deane. These and similar pumps are made in great variety of form and size, but are more or less similar in general appearance and design, the different makers, however, adopting details of construction originating from their special experience, or from their experience arising in practice under different conditions of use. For opening up mines, re-prospecting abandoned ones, working them under bond, temporarily, etc., the steam pumps are very advantageous. A steam pumping rig has the advantage of greatly reduced first cost over the Cornish system, and lately the makers of steam pumps claim equal econ- omy with that plan. There is no doubt of one thing, that twice the number of mines have been opened lately, with steam pumps, than would have been the case had expensive Cornish rigs been absolutely necessary, the plant of steam pumps costing so much less originaWy . xysfc ?y.\ aa be opened and tested. Moreover, there ate mawy \oca\AQrw5>

For a few thousand dollars a boiler and steam pump can be procured to drain a mine while prospecting it, when a Cornish ng of same capacity would cost four or six times as much.

The horizontal plunger pumps are mainly used for station pumps, and are made to raise the water on a single lift as high as 1,000 feet. The particular advantages of the direct acting system are the first cost, ready means of placing in position, etc., especially for prospecting purposes. The steam is brought down the shaft in jacketed pipes, and the pipe col- umn brought up to the surface, the pump being below. The best makers now construct these pumps so the parts are readily accessible, muddy water can be raised, and have otherwise perfected them greatly.

A class of vertical sinking steam pumps has come into use quite largely of late, having been much improved. Their peculiar feature is the special adaptability for shaft sinking purposes. They are of comparatively light weight, portable, and require a very limited space for operation. A steady continuous stream of water is thrown and there is very httle jar. As an illustration of this class of pumps engravings are here given of the Dow double-acting vertical sinking pump. They operate in any position, whether suspended from the ringbolt attached to the steam cylinder head, hanging on timbers by means of the adjustable dogs founded for the purpose, or placed horizontally. The plunger barrel easily removed for substitution. A peculiarity of this pump is the suction condensers, the utility of which is an important consideration in sinking a shaft, as it not only consumes exhaust steam, avoiding the use of exhaust pipes leading out of the mine, or the damaging efiect on the timbering if allowed to escape into the shaft, but is so constructed as to increase the efficiency of the pump by doing more work with a given amount of steam. A large one of this style was put in the Alaska Mine, Sierra County, not long since, to drain a flooded shaft which the other steam pumps were unable to do. A rig of this kind answers very well and its first cost is not great.

A recent application to vertical pumps of this class, by Mr. James E. Dow, of San Francisco, is a governor, so that if the water is lowered so air gets in, the pump cannot "run away" and be damaged. This new feature is an important one. With speed governor, and suction condenser, this type of pumps is greatly improved. None of these attachments are com- plicated, and may be managed by any ordinary mechanic. These and other improvements are overcoming former objections, and the modeTt " sinker" is a very convenient appliance. The engravings show two vieW-

To give an idea of the data and prices of such pumps, the following is appended:

steam Cylinder.

Bucket.

Plunger.

Steam.

Stroke.

Gallons per Stroke.

SizKS OF Pipes.

Exhaust.

Suction.

Delivery.

Capacity per Minute at Ordinary Speed.

100 strokes, 61 gallons. 100 strokes, 61 gallons. 100 strokes, 102 gallons. 100 strokes, 147 gallons. 100 strokes, 147 gallons.

60 strokes, 180 gallons.

60 strokes, 180 gallons.

60 strokes, 265 gallons.

60 strokes, 365 gallons.

60 strokes, 265 gallons.

60 strokes, 408 gallons.

60 strokes, 408 gallons.

Space Occupied.

Weight.

H

6

1,500 1,900 2,200 3,000 3,400

Price.

$450 00

1,000 00

tJDCTIOM CONDEHSBB ATTACHED.

VEKTrCAL DOUBLE-ACTING SINKING PUMP.

AsiUustratingtheapplicationofordinary steam pumps to minea a sketch is here given showing a pumping station with the cistern, pumps, et<;., the sinking pump being shown in the bottom of the shaft, where the suction hose extends into the shaft. Tlie steam is brought down in jacketed pipes to operate the sinking pump, which takes the water up to the cistern in the station where the horizontal plunger pump is placed. This is operated, as the diagram shows, lifting the water from the cistern in the station to another similiar station above, where another pump is placed, or directly to the surface or point of discharge, according to height In these Knowles pumps the exhausted steam is condensed by the water in the sump or cis- tern, as the pipes show; hut recently another condensing feature has been attached. Many mines on this coael ate pioNiiei "Mixln. yn\ft witI Cit \iunv Jng rig.

PoaiTioit OF Station and Sinkihq Pump in Shny

In the very deepest mines on this coast, such as those on the Comstocl Nevada, it was found the weight of the pit work became so enormous th£ finally the rate of speed, which is determined by the weight of the mass s( in motion, had to be decreased beyond all practicable working limits. Tt question then presented itself: What system of pumping can be adopte that will meet all difficulties that are ever present where heavy pumpin works have to be constructed, and also meet the peculiar difficulties to 1: encountered in developing the great gold and silver bodies of ore in tl Sierras? When the hydrauUc system was suggested it was at first coi demned, owing to the fact that it had never been tried, except in Europ where mines of small depths had been drained. Finally, however, tt managers of the Combination shaft decided to try it, and since then : has been successful on the Comstock, and several plants have been built.

The general plan of this system will be rendered plain to the reader b the accompan3dng drawings, and the following description, written b Robert S. Moore of the Risdon Iron Works, San Francisco:

By referring to the drawinpjs of the general plan, it will be seen that the mine to whic this system is applied, is 2,400 feet deep; also, that the water to be pumped is to be raise from the 2,400 level to a height of 800 feet and discharged into the SSutro Tunnel, throug which it is run oflF. Uon the 2,400 level is erected a pair of hydraulic pumping engin< (marked Pin the drawing), which receive their pressure water through supply pipes froi . the surface. By these two pumps (as will be fully explained hereafter) the drain water raised through* discharge column to the Sutro Tunnel, and the water used in doing tl: work of pumping is sent back through the return pipe to a reservoir, JV, on the surfac Upon the surface there is a cast-iron accumulator. A, which is 60 feet hih and 25 inch< in diameter. In this accumulator there are but 20 feet of water, the remaming space beir occupied by air.

This air is kept constantly at a certain pressure by means of plunger pumps, T, whic in turn are operated by a compound steam engine, 0. These pumps, which supply tl accumulator with water and keep it at a pressure great enough to run the two unde ground pumps, P, take their suction from the reservoir, iV, into which the return water discharged.

Now, since this pipe which supplies the pumps, P, is of such great length, and moreove since the whole mass within it must be put in motion and brought to rest again durin each stroke of the pumps, P, it is evident that some mechanical contrivance must be intri duced for the purpose of lessening the jar in the pipes caused by the sudden stoppage such an immense mass of water. The arrangement by which this end is accomplishei will be readily understood by referring to the drawings. It is constructed as follows : Li E (in general plan) be the valve which shuts off supply water from P. Close to the unde ground pumps there are firmly fixed two cast-iron cylinders, C and 0, in which the plun ers, L, M, carrying the crosshead, D are free to move. On either side of the arm, D a are strong springs, S, S, held in position by the abutments, J5, B. Now, when water i supply and return pipes is at rest, the arm, D D, is exactly in the middle between the cy inders, (7 and (since the plungers, h and are so proportioned that the total pressu: on L is precisely equal to total pressure on plunger, m). But after the underground pum P, has completed its stroke, and the total mass of water in the supply pipe has to I brought from a velocity=v to a velocity equal to zero, the inertia oi this mass (due ' velocity v) is supposed to be gradually reduced to zero by the plunger, X, JIf, being force (on account of extra pressure on V) over to the right side. The distance it travels to tl right depends, of course, upon the extra pressure produced by checking the velocity supply water, and also upon the strength of the springs, <S, which begin to be compressc as soon aa L M begins to move. Now, after the crosshead has been forced over oy tli extra pressure to its maximum extent (the water in the three columns also coming i rest at this moment), the compressed springs,, will immediately react to place the croai head and plungers in their central position, ready to again take up the inertia of the ma: in supply column on the return stroke of the pumps.

Thus, the object of these springs, S, S, is not only to assist the water in the retui column in taking up the inertia of the water in the supply column, but chiefly to replai the plungers, L, M, in their central position after the masses in the three columns hat come to rest.

The general arrangement of the system having been described, an account will now I

fiven of the manner in which the work is performed by the pumps, P. In the drawic have shown in detail that portion of the undergound pumps lying between the lines, and B, on the general plan, leaving out, of course, that portion already explained taking up the inertia of the supply water. There are two oi these underground pumps, situated otv \\ie1,\\%NftVol the mine,bi since they are similar and work independentVy oi eaich. ot\vfeT,'\t Xa but one of them. They both take their supply Nvatet t\iTOu\vtVvfeNa\N,E.

pendently, as they do, they will not necessarily commence and finish their strokes at the same time. But, in order to discuss the system under its extreme conditions, I will con- sider the two pumps as working together, thereby making the velocity of the supply water and the inertia of the moving masses a maximum.

Therefore, in each pump, let 0, 0, and 0, 0, see detail drawing, be the four pressure cylinders, and Tand rthe pump cylinders for raising the drain water to the Sutro Tunnel. Let Fand Vhe the valves leading to the pressure cylinders from the supply and return pipes, and let the plungers be connected with a crosshead (as shown in drawing), so that when any movement of the plunger, 0, takes place, the plunger, T T, will be carried along also.

Now, let us follow the operation of these pumps, first assuming, however, that the pressure of the water in the supply pipe is great enough to produce motion of the plungers, 0, 0.

First, suppose the valves, F, to be opened ( valves, F, remaining closed). The two plungers, 0, will be forced over to the right, carrying with them the larger plunger, T T. While rtravels to the right, the space left by it is immediately filled with drain water coming through the suction pipe, w. Now, suppose valves, F, be closed and the stroke finished, the valves. F, are then opened, and the pressure of the supply water against the plungers, 0, forces tnem to the left, and the water remaining in cynnders, 0, is forced through the valves, F, into the return pipe, and thence into reservoir, iV, upon the surface. At the same time, the water which was drawn into cylinder, T. on preceding stroke, is now forced (on account of the check valve, C, closing) through D into discharge column, I>, and thence 800 feet into the Sutro Tunnel. Again, while this stroke to the left is being made, the space left by plunger, T, is being filled with drain water through suction pipe, W. At the completion of this stroke, valves, F, are closed and valves, F, are openea, tne crosshead and plungers again move to the right, and the waters remaining in the cylin- ders, 0, is aain forced through return column into reservoir, N. At the same time, the water in cylinder, T, is forced upward (on account of check valve, C, being closed) through iinto Z>, and thence to Sutro Tunnel. When crossheadand plungers are again over to the extreme right, valves, F, are closed and valves, F, openea, and thus the operation continues, the valves, F and F, being worked automatically by means of tappets carried by the crosshead. The number of strokes made by these pumps evidently depends upon the pressure of water in the supply pipe, and also upon the rapidity "with which the valves, F and F, are opened and closea.

In the preceding, I nave followed the action of but one underground pump, but, as 1 have said before, the two are alike in every respect, and both draw their water from and discharge it into the same columns.

From the above remarks, it will be sefen that the sole object of these two underground pumps is to raise the drain water from the 2,400 level of the mine to the Sutro Tunnel, a distance of 800 feet. The object of the accumulator, -4, upon the surface, is to accumulate the water within it, under a pressure great enough to work the pumps, P, and the object of the compound steam engine and pumps, !r(on the surface), is to supply the accumu- lator with exactly the same amount of water taken from it, to run underground pumps. Furthermore, it will be noticed that the same amount of water which is used to run these pumps, P, is returned to reservoir on the surface, from whence it is forced into the accu- mulator by pumps, T, to be used over and over again.

Kight here it might be well to mention the fact, that the surface pumps, T, were con- structed with a capacity great enough for two more pumping engines, similar to those just described (P), so that when a depth of 1,000 feet more was reached, this extra set of pumps would be put in at the 3,400 level, and the process go on as before, j

The above description, by Mr. Moore, explains the action of the hydraulic pumps on the Comstock. Since it was written the pumps have been run- ning several years, and the springs (marked S on the diagram) have been replaced by air chambers, so that the concussion of water lost in discharge, pressure, and return columns, has been overcome by means of air cham- bers erected on the same station with the pumps. It was found impossible to properly regulate the springs to work as efficiently as the air chambers have done. The population of Virginia City decreased so rapidly that the water company were enabled to supply the Combination Shaft with water to run their pumps. Instead of the accumulator and surface engine being required, they were only kept as a reserve in case of a failure of the water supply. After the shaft had been sunk considerably in depth, two more pumps were added on the 2,600-foot level, and later on two extra additional ones at the 3,000-foot level, which raised 4,000,000 gallons of water daily to the Sutro Tunnel, a direct lift of 2,400 feet of hot water, at a tempera-

only in October last that they were shut down, by order from the com- panies, because deep prospecting was found unprofitable. They are now submerged in several hundred feet of water. The Risdon Iron Works have built several other pumps on this same style, and all have worked successfully. These pumps have lately been introduced in England, at some large collieries there, and are also working satisfactorily.

Weight Of Quartz Mills.

As many miners have no information of the details of weight of the

parts of quartz mills, the following statement concerning five, ten, and twenty-stamp gold mills has been obtained from the Joshua Hendy Ma- chine Works, San Francisco. Of course the weights of the ore-feeders and the concentrators depend upon the pattern used, but the figures given will afford a basis upon which miners can estimate what freights have to be paid.

Memoranda Of Weights Of Five-Stamp Quartz Mill (Gold).

Rock-breaker 4,500 lbs.

Ore feeder ("Challenge") 750 lbs.

Mortar, for 750-lb. stamps 4,000 lbs.

Dies, 100 lbs. each, five - 500 lbs.

Shoes, 110 lbs. each, five 550 lbs.

Steins, 340 lbs. each, five 1,700 lbs.

Bossheads, 200 lbs. each, five 1,000 lbs.

Tappets, 100 lbs. each, five 500 lbs.

Cams, 150 lbs. each, five 750 lbs.

Cam shaft 350 lbs.

Concentrators (" Triumph "), 2,275 lbs. each, two 4,550 lbs.

Clean-up pan 800 lbs.

Revolving barrel 1,200 lbs.

Batea 200 lbs.

Retort 75 lbs.

For pulleys, piping, belting, bolts, etc 2,400 lbs.

Total - 23,825 lbs.

Memoranda Of Weights Of Ten-Stamp Gold Quartz Mill.

Rock breaker 5,200 lbs*

Orefeeder("Challenge")7501bs. each, two 1,500 lbs- Mortar for 750-lb. stamps, 4,000 lbs. each, two 8,000 lbs- Dies, 100 lbs. each, ten 1,000 lbs- Shoes, 110 lbs. each, ten 1,100 lbs- Stems, 340 lbs. each, ten 3,400 1 bs-

Bossheads, 200 lbs. each, ten 2,000 lbs- Tappets, 100 lbs. each, ten 1,000 lbs- Cams, 150 lbs. each, ten 1,500 lbs- Cam-shaft, 13'6"x4' 1" 700 lbs-

Cencentrators (" Triumph "), 2,270 lbs. each, three 6,810 lbs- Clean-up pan ., : 800 lbs- Revolving barrel 1,200 lbs-

Batea 200 lbs- Retort 100 lbs-

Pulleys, piping, belting, bolts, etc 5,300 lbs.

Total 39,810 lbs.

, Memoranda Of Weights Of Twenty-Stamp Gold Quartz Mill.

Rock-breaker 10,300 lbs.

Ore-feeder ("Challenge"), 750 lbs. each, four 3.000 lbs.

Mortar for 800-lb. stamps, 4,500 lbs. each, four 18,000 lbs.

Dies for 800-lb. stamps, 125 lbs. each, twenty 2,500 lbs.

Shoes for 800-lb. stamps, 120 lbs. each, twenty 2,400 lbs.

Stems for 800-lb. stamps, 360 lbs. each, twenty 7,200 lbs.

Bossheads for 800-lb. stamps, 210 lbs. each, twenty 4,200 lbs.

Tappets for 800-lb stamps, 110 lbs. each, twenty 2,200 lbs.

Cams for 800-lb. stamps, 165 lbs. each, twenty 3,300 lbs.

Camshaft 1,700 lbs.

Clean-up pan , 1,000 lbs.

Revolving barrel 1,400 lbs.

Batea 200 lbs.

Retort - 300 lbs.

For pulleys, belting, piping, bolts, etc 12,600 lbs.

ilM Total 70,300 lbs.

The Pacific Iron Works of San Francisco also furnish data to this report on both silver and gold mills, as follows:

Ten-Stamp Free Ore Silver Mill.

One 4 feet by 12 feet grizzly. One 8 by 10 Blake crusher. Two automatic ore feeders. One 10-stamp battery, 760 to 800 pound stamps. Bour 5-foot combination amalgamating pans. Two 8-foot settlers. One 3-foot clean-up pan. One amalgam safe and strainer. One quicksilver elevator, with tanks, pipes, etc. Xwo traveling crabs for oattery and pans. One 14-inch silver retort. One melting furnace. Shafting, pulleys, boxes, etc., for mill, belting for mill I*ipes and fittings complete.

One Duncan concentrator for saving quicksilver and amalgam. Weight of the above, 87,000 pounds. "o-er required :

One 60-horse power engine. One 60-horse power boiler. One 60-horse power feed-water heater. One No. 3 steam pump. Steam and water connections, ''eight of the above, 24,500 pounds, 'otal weight of the above, 111,500 pounds.

Twenty -Stamp Free Ore Silver Mill.

ne 4 feet by 12 feet grizzly, ne 8 by 10 Blake crusher, our automatic ore feeders, 10-stamp batteries. Sight 5-foot combination pans, our 8-foot settlers. One 4-foot clean-up pan.

One quicksilver elevator, with tanks, pipes, etc. hree traveling crabs and track for batteries and pans. -Two amalgam safes and strainers. Two 14-inch silver retorts. One melting furnace.

Shafting, pulleys, boxes, etc., for entire mill. Belting for entire mill. Rpes and fittings for mill.

One Duncan concentrator, for saving amalgam and quicksilver. -, Weight of the above, 180,000 pounds, ne lOO-horse power engine. Jiwo 50-horse power houers. woe 80-horse power feed water heater.

One No. 4 steam feed pump.

Steam and water connections. Weight of the above, 50,000 pounds. Total weight of, the above, 230,000 pounds.

Grizzly, 4 feet by 12 feet, weighs about 2,000 pounds. 8 by 10 Blake crusher weighs about 8,000 pounds. Automatic feeder weighs about 700 pounds. Battery, ten stamps, weighs about 27,000 pounds. Moot pan, combination, weighs about 6,200 pounds. 8-foot settler weighs about 6,000 pounds.

Ten-Stamp Gold Mill.

One grizzly, 4 feet by 10 feet.

One 8 by 10 Blake crusher.

Two automatic ore feeders.

One 10-stamp battery, 750 pound to 800 pound stamps.

One traveling crab for battery.

Sixty square'feet of silver-plated copper plate. No. 14 gauge, plated 1 ounce of silver to the square foot.

Shafting for mill.

Battery, pipes, and fittings.

Belting for mill.

One gold retort.

Weight of the above, 37,500 pounds. Power required :

One 25-horse power engine.

One 30-horse power boiler.

One 20-horse power feed water heater.

One No. 2 steam pump.

Steam and water connections.

Weight of the above, 10,500 pounds.

Total weight of the above, 48,000 pounds.

Twenty-Stamp Gold Mill.

One grizzly, 4 feet by 12 feet.

One 8 by 10 Blake crusher.

Four automatic ore feeders.

Two 10-stamp batteries, 750 pound to 800 pound stamps.

Two traveling crabs for batteries.

One hundred and twenty square feet silver-plated copper plates. No. 14 gauge, plated I ounce of silver to the square foot.

Shafting for mill.

Battery pipes and fittings.

Belting tor mill.

One gold retort.

Weight of the above, 72,000 pounds. Power required:

One 60-horse power engine.

One 60-horse power boiler.

One 50-horse power feed water heater.

One No. 3 steam pump.

Steam and water connections.

Weight of the above, 24,500 pounds.

Total weight of the above, 96,500 pounds.

Twenty-Stamp Gold Mill.

Many communications having been received by the State Mineralogist for component parts of gold mills, he deemed it aavisable to publish in his report the following specifications, kindly furnished to Trustee W. S. Keyes. E.M., by J. Hamilton:

SPECIFICATIONS OF TWENTY-STAMP GOLD QUARTZ MILL FOR THE BUCHANAN MINE, TUOLUMNE

spaced J? inches between the bars, and secuted \iy tYvxe VxvOo.ViAX.'ax t%\rYtvNX!M.v hles and washers; also end bars.

Rock Breaker. — One Blake crusher, fitted with two flywheels, 4 feet in diameter, and one (1) pulley, 30 inches in diameter, and 12-inch face crank-shaft, to have out-board bearings; holding-down bolts for each, to be long enough for 14-inch timbers; all caps for boxes to be fitted to use zinc oil cups, and " Albany" luoricating compound.

Battery. — Four (4) single discharge gold mortars, each weighing about 6,000 pounds; the bottoms to be6i inches thick; well planed; the screw frame bearings to be planed also; the bases to be 26 inches wide, 3 inches thick, and cored for eight (8) mortar bolts inches in diameter; the feed mouth to be 26 inches long and inches wide, at the smallest part; the mortars to be well finished, and to be 66 inches long, and about 52 inches high.

Mortar Bolts. — Thirty-two (32) mortar bolts, inches in diameter, and 36 inches long; nuts on both ends, and thirty-two (32) 4-inch square countersunk washers for the lower ends; one (1) wrought-iron wrench; jaw designed for the nuts of mortar bolts; arm to be 6 feet long, slightly curved, made of 1-inch by 2i-inch iron.

Stamp Dies. — Stamp dies, 7 inches deep, 8J inches in diameter, with square bases, having beveled corners, and all made to properly fit the mortars, and to be cast of the best car- wheel iron; stamps to weigh 860 pounds each.

Shoes. — Twenty (20) stamp shoes, inches in diameter, inches long ; be cast of the best car-wheel iron.

Heads. — Twenty (20) stamp heads, inches in diameter, 18 inches long; keyholes to be inches by 3 inches; one (1) key for driving out shoes and stems, and to be made as may be directed.

Tappets.— Twenty (20) double-faced gib tappets, made of the best steel faces, 9 inches in diameter; tappets to be 12 inches long; banas or flanges turned, and each to have gibs and three (3) steel keys, and all to be marked ; keys to be boxed for shipment.

Cams. — Twenty (20) double-armed cams, made of best stel ; ten (10) to be right, and ten (10) to be left-handed; hubs on one side, and to be strongly banded with |-incn by 2-inch wrought-iron bands, well shrunk on ; the faces of the cams to be well smoothed, and to be fitted to 5J-inch cam shafts, and to be properly marked.

Feeders.— roxiT (4) Hendy Challenge ore feeders, complete with all latest improvements; also, twenty (20) steel keys for same, to be marked and fitted, and properly boxed for ship- ment the cams to be about 32 inches long, with 2i-inch face, and struck to give an 8i-inch drop if required.

Cm-ner Boxes. — Six (6) corner boxes, for 5J-inch cam shafts ; cored for 1-inch bolts; backs to be planed true, and bearings to have a strip running lengthwise, and the balance of the bearings to be well babbitted and bored ; the ends to be faced ; the cap to be solid, bored, but not babbitted, unless required, and bored with three (3) §-inch holes each, for using "Albany" compound.

Cam Shafts.— Two (2) cam shafts, 5J inches in diameter, and 14 feet 6 inches long, and key-seated between bearings.

Jack Shafts. — Four (4) jack shafts to be 3 inches in diameter and 59 inches long, with eight (8) bearings for same, and to be made of cast-iron.

Sterns. — Twenty (20) stamp stems 3J inches in diameter, 14 feet long; turned and tapered off both ends for heads; made of rolled iron. Latch-sockets. — Twenty (20) open latch-sockets; all to be well lined with heavy leather. Guides. — Four (4) complete sets of best white oak guides. The lower guides to be 16 inches wide and 4 inches thick, and the upper to be 14 inches wide and 4 inches thick; bored for 3i-inch stamp stems, and to be 10 inches between centers ; all to be 60 inches long.

Cam-shaft Piilleys. — Two (2) wood pulleys, 72 inches in diameter, with 16-inch faces and 6-iiich thickness of wood between the flanges, and to be made of the best kiln-dried sugar pine; to be turned and well bolted to 40-inch diameter cast-iron sleeves; flanges for5inch cam shaft; the flanges to be faced. AU of the keys for this mill to be made of the best steel.

Ovei'head Oiabs. — One (1) crab for battery having flanged wheels 7 inches in diameter and 2-foot face; the axles to be inches square and lon enough to set the wheels 10 inches between the flanges ; the boxes to be inches thick, and all made of the best wrought iron.

Piping etc. — All piping, hose, valves, bibs, cocks, ells, tees, unions, etc., to be furnished as per detailed bill. All necessary bolts, belts, nuts, and washers, also copper plate for battery and aprons, to be furnished of proper weight, and as shown on drawings, J-inch thick, not plated; also, silver-plated copper plate, 20 inches wide and 20 feet long.

Belting — One (1) main driving belt, to oe aoout 65 feet long, 20 inches wide, and made of the best 5-ply rubber of the Boston Belting and Packing Co 's " manufacture, patent stretehed. Battery Belts. — One hundred and ninety (190) feet of the best 5-ply rubber, 16 inches wide. Rockbreaker Belt — Ninety (90) feet of 4-ply rubber, 12 inches wide.

Boxes for Shafting. — All ooxes to be planed on the bottom and faced on the ends, and to be well babbitted, and the caps to be bored with §-inch holes, for Tatum & Bowen's lubri- cating compound. Two (2) steel collars and set-screws for each.

Shafting and Pulleys. — One (1) main battery line shaft to be made in two lengths, 4 inches in diameter, 20 feet long, and inches diameter, 20 feet long, coupled together with solid coupling. One (1) countershaft for driving rock breaker, S inches diameter, 20 feet long; both shafts fitted with all necessary bearing boxes, and doww \iQ\\."3, iors timbers.

Pulleys. — One (1) main driving pulley to be fitted to engine crank shaft at mine, to be 48 inches diameter, 21-inch face.

One (1) pulley for main battery line shaft, to be 72 inches diameter. 21-inch face, 4-inch gauge.

One (1) pulley to drive crusher countershaft, 40 inches diameter, 12i-inch face, 4-inch gauge.

One (1) pulley to drive battery, 34 inches diameter, 16J-inch face, Scinch auge.

One (1) pulley to drive crusher, about 40 inches diameter, 124-inch face, 3-incn gauge.

One (1) pulley on crusher countershaft, 26 inches diameter, 12inch face, 3-inch gau

Tighteners.— "two (2) battery tighteners, 16 inches diameter, 20-inch face, with racks, pin- ions, frames, hand-wheels, pawls, and pawl plates, complete for stopping and starting the batteries.

One (1) rock breaker tightener complete, as above specified, for stopping or starting the crusher.

All necessary bolts for batteries and building, and all necessary belt rivets for securing the belts. All belting used in this mill to be of Boston Belting Co.'s manufacture, best quality and pent stretched.

All castings to be made of good material, smooth and free from blow-holes or other imperfections. All keys to be made to tit and properly marked.

Mortars are to be cast from selected patterns or drawings, which will be furnished.

Should anything be lacking to complete this mill which has not been specified, it must be supplied the same as if fully mentioned.

Everything to be delivered on the ground (at company's expense), and timbers to be cut according to plans to be supplied.

Note. — The company already had an engine and boiler. The building, also, over the mill was built by the company. The cost of the above material was $6,985, and of the labor, $2,300. 8a ve a slight change in the tappets, the work was satisfactorily done, and the mill crushed over two tons per stamp, of hard quartz, every 24 hours.

The total cost of grading, building, machinery, etc., was a little short of $15,000.

Concentration Of Gold And Silver Ores On The

Pacific Coast.

(By J. M. Adams, E.M.)

This article is based entirely upon the practical experience of the writer, who, since first becoming connected with the mining interest, has ever sought to draw attention to the great importance of a correct system of concentration.

In 1867 he came to California, en route to Silver City, Idaho, where he was engaged for some time in mining and milling the ores of gold and silver.

As a part of his studies in the Mining School, of which he is a graduate, he labored over Rittinger's Auf bereitenskunde, and obtained from it a fair book knowledge of the dressing and concentration of ores, as practiced in Europe. But the conditions are so different in this country, labor is so much higher, etc., that he has found the appliances advocated by Rittin- ger of but little benefit, as for example:

Mr. Liebenan, a bright, intelligent, and industrious young German, who had graduated from Freiburg, consumed a large part of the year 1867 endeavoring to concentrate economically with shaking tables, etc., the ores of Flint District, about eight miles from Silver City, Idaho.

The mineral present at the ores was largely tetrahedrite, or gray copper ore, containing a high percentage of silver, the gangue being a hard white quartz. Mr. Liebenan, however, failed, partly because the German method required so much labor, which was very high in Idaho; still he obtained a fair percentage of the mineral in high grade concentrations, and would probably have made a success, if he could have used the perfect automatic concentrators now in use in the mimng aectiorva of the United States. As poor fellow, in the prime of life, in \exvezAxe\a.

In one of the mills at Silver City, of which the writer had charge, he tempted to save part of the loss in the tailings with Hungerford concen- ators and Evans* corrugated riffles, using them below the agitators, but e found the uneven discharge and varying proportion of sand and water ) injurious, that satisfactory results could not be obtained; furthermore, either were very effective appliances for saving sulphurets.

He used siphons and other means to draw from the agitators, in the ndeavor to obtain uniform supply for the concentrators, but all that was aved was a little quicksilver and amalgam, not enough to pay for the year and tear of the Hungerfords, which are similar to the Hendy concen- lators, which are described on another page. The use of sluices with olankets also proved unsatisfactory.

In 1867 the writer stopped for a day at Grass Valley, where he found at the Eureka Mine, in successful operation, a " wonderful and secret pro- cess" for extracting the gold from the sulphurets, called " chlorination."

Sluices were being used below the mill to save the sulphurets. Concen- tration of ores is simply the separation of the heavy from the light, and is performed sometimes on dry ore, but generally water'is used, especially in California, where it is practiced principally on the ores of gold and silver, (hich are either native or associated with, or part of various metalliferous minerals; the gold and silver, as well as the minerals, being much heavier ihan the gangue or vein matter in which they occur.

They are freed to a large extent from the gangue by crushing or pul- verizing to a proper degree of fineness, and according, as the concentrat- ng work is more or less perfect, the separation is made of the heavy or raluable part of the ore from the gangue. Occasionally the lightest— or inest — part of the crushed ore is very rich, and is worth saving by itself.

In dry concentration this is the dust, and is separated and saved if of efficient value.

In wet concentration this light portion is the slime, and if rich enough X) be saved the pulp is passed through a pointed box (as per cut and iescription below). The slimes pass off from the top, to be settled and saved, the balance discharging from the bottom to the concentrator, for reparation and saving of the mineral.

In some cases it is preferable to put the pointed box below the concen- trator, and thus separate from the tailings and save the rich slimes. As a rule, however, most of the money in the slimes exists as finely divided sul- phurets, which are caught and saved with the balance of the sulphurets by the best concentrators, so that there then is only an occasional ore whose slimes need segregation and saving.

I have, however, deemed it best to give the following description and cut of the pointed box:

o

~c3

Pq

H

Z

O

Cl,

Several forms are in use. Their dimensions vary according to the duty required. In some cases it is desired to save and settle together all the pulp, including the slimes, when there is too much water present for sub- sequent concentration. In such event the pointed box should be about 6 j feet deep, and 3 feet by 7 feet at the top, the longest sides sloping till they meet at the bottom.

Such a box will settle and save about six tons of ore in twenty-four j hours, discharging it automatically and continuously from the bottom by ; a siphon hose, with the proper amount of water for subsequent concen- tration.

This form is used when the tailings from pan amalgamation are to be concentrated, after leaving the settlers and agitators, for they contain a large excess of water, which must be gotten rid of, so that the tailings are of the proper consistency for concentration.

The accompanying cut shows a form of point box used in cases where the slimes are to be separated from the pulp and saved. Each box is 40 inches square at the top, and 40 inches deep, coming to a point at the bottom; and one box will handle from 6 to 10 tons of pulp in twenty-four hours, making a good separation.

The pulp from the battery, entering the box at the top, is -confined by partition E, until it passes into the box proper, near its bottom. Clear water is conveyed from above through a half-inch pipe, which delivers it into the box at the bottom. Care must be taken that this pipe is kept full, so that no air bubbles are carried through it, as they create agitation, and cause sand, etc., to pass off* with the slimes.

The amount of clear water needed varies, so it is a good plan to have a cock in the pipe just below the clear water box, or else partially close, with a wooden plug, the opening of the pipe in the clear water box. At D is a hollow plug, and to it is attached a piece of hose, which is used as a siphon, so that the pressure is lessened and too violent discharge of the pulp is prevented.

Without the siphon hose, f inches opening would not be too small, while with it f inches opening is about right, and the end of the hose is plugged accordingl}* Inasmuch as foreign coarse material occasionally gets into the box (prevented as much as possible by a screen over the top), it is advisable to use in place of the hollow wooden plug shown; a 1-inch iron tee with one end plugged, and with inch side outlet, attaching the siphon hose by nipple.

Thirty-five years ago, concentration in California consisted simply in saving the placer gold, and the appliances used were the rocker and sluice. Various grades were given to the sluice; its bottom was formed in various ways, some using plain riffle bars, some preferring blocks of wood sawed across the grain; others liked boards, full of round holes, undercurrent riffleSj etc. Sometimes quicksilver was used to catch the gold; sometimes none was used.

When gold was discovered in quartz in California, and reduction works for the same were to be constructed, Californians knew nothing of the required means, and had to adopt the old square wooden stem Cornish stamp, the arrastra, etc., but with our ingenuity, native to Americans, improvements were rapidly made, and to-day American (United States) machinery for mining and reduction of gold and silver ores is the best in the world. and dies of cast-steel, the wear has been xedxxc T£iVKvm\xi,Cy.

present standard American stamp mill is a very different crushing appli- ance from the clumsy stamps first used by us.

Most of the quartz veins worked in early days were either much decom- posed on the surface, or were clean quartz containing the bright yellow gold. As depth, however, was attained, the decomposed ores changed, and sul- phurets of iron and copper, with galena, blende, and other minerals, were lound. The ore did not yield as much of its gold as the surface ore; there was some gold in the taiUngs, and further examinations showed that a large part of the loss was in the sulphurets, hence we began to realize that there was money in the sulphurets, and two problems arose: First — How to save the sulphurets.

Second — How to realize the money contained in them after they were saved.

In regard to the second problem it was soon known, that if rich enough

they could be sold to parties who would send them to , or other

smelting works in Europe, while in some cases quite a proportion of the gold could be saved by thorough amalgamation in pans or barrels, and about 1867 it was proved that a high percentage of the gold could be profit- ably extracted from the sulphurets by roasting and chlorination.

As regards the first problem, " How to save these gold-bearing sulphur- ets," here the necessity of concentration became apparent, as the only economical method was by taking advantage of their greater weight and separating them accordingly.

Labor being very high, automatic concentrators became a desideratum, stimulating the inventive faculties of many who were engaged in mining. Various machines were devised and tested ; most of them proved to be of little value, and the appliances in general use for saving sulphurets in California in 1875 were few in number, being as follows: The sluice with blankets or burlaps. The sluice with riffles and the huddle. The raising gate. The Hendy concentrator.

The grade of the sluice, using blankets or burlaps, was generally about -J inch to the foot. A double set was used; the blankets or burlaps in one set being taken up and washed, while the other set was in use. By very frequent washings the sulphurets were obtained fairly clean, but this took so much labor that they were seldom washed, and the ordinary product contained much sand, and the sulphurets contained were coarse, the finer sulphurets passing off, although nearly equal in quantity and frequently much richer than the coarse sulphurets.

The grade of the sluice with riffles was about inch to the foot, and

was generally of the following type: Two sets are used; each riffle is

formed by a half-inch strip of wood, fitting across the sluice, and about

-''I ten feet from the next riffle. At stated periods, according to the

amount to be collected (varying in different ores), another strip is placed

on top of the previous one, and this is continued until the sluice is nearly

full at each riffle, when the tailings from the mill are turned into the other

set of sluices for similar treatment, and the material accumulated in the

first set of sluices is collected, and further concentrated in a huddle, of

hich there are several styles.

The accompanying cut shows one used frequently, and maybe described fc>i4efly, as follows: It is circular, with concave bottom, and the discharge

cylinder ia attached to an upright epmdle and by the gear at the top is gradually raised, retainmg in the huddle the Bulphurete as they accumu- late, and constantly raising the discharge of the tailings, the arms, also, from which the brushes hang, are gradually raised at the same time by the mechanism.

The material to be huddled is dehvered from above the center throu six pipes at the periphery of the buddle Very httle water is used, and there is no agitation except that made by the brushes, which are con- stantly moving around the circle, resting on the pulp, and being dragged around by the arms.

By means of the step pulleys above, the gradual raising of the diechaie cylinder and of the brushes are regulated as required for the matenal operated on. When the buddle is full of sulphurets, it is stopped and cleaned out.

This ByBtem of sluice with riffle and buddle does very fair work if care- fully attended to, but jequires a large amount of labor, and does not save thejin8t Bulphurete.

The raisinK gate may perhaps be best described as the sluice with riffles, improved by having the riffle raised gradually by machinery. The aecom- panying cut shows the raising gate down, or open; by the gear above it is gradiuJly raised, the speed being changed at will by the step pulley.

It saves some labor, but its work i: about tho same as tliu Hltiioi) witlt riffles, described above.

The Heady concentrator was used \'er)" exteiisiAt'ly for st' yt'nrn. The cut shows it to be circular, and of iron; the bottom is slifilitly convex, and at its periphery is a circular or annular trough, than thf luaiii bottom. By ttie craak shaft it is given a short, quick, vibriitintt motion, horizontally, turning on its center as a pivot. The pulp is delivcrHl iuto the bowl above the ceoter, and is conveyed by two aruis or pieces of pijie, and delivered on the concentrator at its periphery,

A depth of about 3 inches of material is kept iu the concentrator; tht> heaviest settling to the bottom, and being moved gradually by centrifugal . force towards the outside of the pan, where it collects in the annular trough, and discharges from a spout. The concent ration b, still eontrtin- ing much sand, are passed through a third machine, and reasonably dean sulphiirets obtained. The tailings pass ofl' at the center of tlu" utacliino, through the bottom.

HkKDY CONClWrKATlUl.

Hkkdy Comckntkatob.

At the Keystone Mill of forty stamps the pulp is passed through these concentrators, and their tailings pass over sluices with riflSes.

In 1875, the writer, with his partner, commenced the arduous task of convincing the mining men of the coast that there was a heavy loss pass- ing away from all the concentrating appliances in use, and that even a per- fect concentrator needed proper conditions and proper care to secure its most efficient work. In most caaeBit v)a&i\ffic\!S\ite'ioTiN\wMft-aas!o&SJosS. tion whatever.

. concentrator advocated bv the writer ae embodying the most correct iple in a good mechanical appliance (anbaequently improved and rted), was the Frue vanner, or ore concentrator; and after three ire' constant work, and an expenditure of $30,000, auccees was attained, ' the mining public were largely convinced of the importance of proper entration of the gold and silver orcB of the Pacific CoaBt. The word " silver " is used because many of the eulphureta contain a large nmortion of silver ae well as gold. In the vicimty of Nevada City the iodoction of enlphureta was more than doubled by using the vannera, ui similar succeea attended their introduction ana use elsewhere. Its BMjesa stimulated others to invent concentrators, so that many new con- pntratkTs have been brought before the public, many of them possessing Sit, and almost all of them claiming superiority over the vanner.

Nevertheless, the sales of the vanner increase every year, and up to date JBOunt to nearly ,000,000.

The attention of the public is being drawn more and more every year to importance and benefit of concentration, and even the low grade silver Wd gold ores of the Comstock Vein (Virginia City, Nevada), are being uccessfully and tconomically concentrated. These ores yielded no profit nder the old method of amalgamation.

In former tinies the necessity of sizing even finely crushed ores was ttongly insisted on to properly prepare the ore for concentration, but sizing i rarely found advisable with the concentrators now in use.

In Bomi? of till' mining districts of this State the ore is very heavy with glpburets, containing twenty per cent and over. Much of this can be

Bsarated by coarse crushing with rolls, etc., and jigging, and this method treatment is ad\'iBable, as there is thus avoided a, heavy loss of sulphur- in slime, which would occur if the original ore was finely crushed at t. The tailings from the jigs will still contain much sulphurets, locked in the gangue, and should be finely crushed and passed over the vanner reome other concentrator. Occasionally an ore is found in which the silver exists partly as chloride bd partly as refractory sulphurets. Formerly such an ore was crushed 'Sy, roasted, chloridized, and amalgamated, but even $30 ore would yield torcely any profit, and the reduction works were very expensive. For several years the writer contended that the proper method of treatr such ore was by concentration first, and amalgamation without roasting Ithe tailings the concentrators. In this manner the expensive dry

rhing is replaced by wet crushing, which also doubles the capacity of mill. The refractory part of the ore is saved by itself in such small (Rnpass that it can be either sold or shipped to smelters, or treated at the lull with small expense. The tailings from the concentrators do not need roasting, so that this great expense is saved, as well as the cost of the furnaces.

In some locaUtiefl, ore worth only $6 a ton, can be made to pay by this method, while $30 ore would not pay by the old method of dry crush- ing, chloridizing, et.

It is very important that the concentration is made before the amalga- mation, for several reasons. The tailings from the concentrator contain no base mineral to trouble amalgamation or cause loss of quicksilver, and the Boss continuous process of pan amalgamation can be used with sdrantage and economy. If amalgamation ahoviVd \)e Mefei\)ftlOTe, cKftRSKv- tration, the milphurete are ground, and a large part \)cveTftb'3 "sae. w)'wt

pit.

the tailings, and there is an uneven diecharge from the settlers and agi- tators.

After advocating this method for several years, the writer at last suc- ceeded in having it adopted five years ago by Mr. Randolph, acting for Mr. Alexander K. Shepherd, in the mines of Batopilas (Chinuahua, Slex- ico), and it is in successful operation there to-day. It is now used also at several mines in the United States.

The Frue vanner is familiar to thousands of mining men. The accom- panying cut shows it in perspective, as manufactured several years ago.

Concektrator. I

Since then many modifications and improvements have been made, but it is in tlje main ae represented, and consists of an endless traveling rubber ' belt, with raised sides, moving slowly up hill, forming an inclined table (about i inch to the foot being the grade, subject to change according to the ore), and having a short lateral motion of 1 inch, given by a crank shaft running from 180 to 200 revolutions a minute.

H

JIG Sdam J.l

It can be further underatood by tbe cut of the working drawing, whicl shows most of the improvements, except the present form of the ore spreader which is as per cut oelow, and was devised, so that for gold ores, a silver plated copper plate could be placed over the entire surface of the spreader the top hoard B, with hlocks attached being put on the plate; also the cop per well C, in which is caught quicksilver which may escape from tni main plate above; when the plate is to he cleaned, the top board and blocks are removed; this is only done occasionally.

Fbue Ohe Sfkeapeb.

The ore with water is delivered on the belt by means of the spreader No. 1, in working drawing, which shakes with the table, and distributes the pulp uniformly across the belt. A small amount of clean water is distrib- uted by No. 2, which is a wooden trough in which is a perforated pipe. A depth of three-eighths to one-half inch of sand and water is constantly kept on the table. The main shaft, H, should be given the proper speed for each kind of ore, and once established, it should be kept uniform; this speed will be between 180 and 200 revolutions of the crank shaft per minute, with one inch throw.

The up-hill travel or progressive motion varies from 3 feet to 12 feet a minute, according to the ore, and the grade or inclination of the table is from 3 inches to 6 inches in 12 feet, varying with the ore. The inclination can be changed at will, by wfedges at the foot of the machine. The motion, the water used, the grade, and the up-hill travel should be regulated Ictt every ore individually, but once established no further trouble will be experienced in the manipulation.

The main body of the belt suffers hardly any wear, as it merely moves its own weight slowly around the freely revolving rollers.

For one machine, i inch of water (miner's measure), or gallonB a. minute, including the water used in crushing, is as large an amount as is ever needed on any material, while on some ores 3 gallons will answer; and by returning the water from the settled tailings i gallon will keep up the loss.

The boiler for a 5-stamp mill with 2 concentrators consumes 1 gallon a

minute, hence where water is very scarce 2 gallons a minute can supply 5

stamps, 2 Frue vanners, and the boiler.

As regards the capacity of the Yrue -varavftt, sAbcw-X \K3n% IXVwots

passing a 40-me8h screen is as nracb. aa 'A \ft a.4.N\'ftsiJve 'oft&'i..

Battery of 5 stamps does its duty, &e mianKt cmaV&a.w.;Wt%€i

tamps, if the etamps are heavy and the sulphurets high grade and diffi- ralt to Have; and in such event the pulp is divided, one half passing on ach. The machines are generally placed in a double row, on the same level, head to hedd, as per cut of mill.

Mill Showing Fhuk Cosobntbaioe iw Place.

In many cases 3 vannere to 10 stamps will yield entirely satisfactory rork, and where the gangue is light, or the stamps not heavy, one vanner reats all the ore crushed with 5 stamps, and does perfect work; e. g., in be Empire mill of 80 stamps, at Plymouth, in Amador County, 16 Frues ,re concentrating all the ore crushed by the 80 stamps, and the tailings .ssay merely a trace. No sizing of the ore is needed; the pulp passes lirectly from the stamps on the copper plates (if used), and thence on the anners.

In running the machine the point of greatest importance is regularity; eguJarity in speed ; regularity in the delivery of pulp on the belt, and reg- ilarity in the supply of clear water. The necessity of this is obvious to iny one who thinks of the work to be done by an automatic machine.

with hand labor the judgment of man regulates the means employed n conformity with varying conditions; hut in a machine, the object of which is to supersede hand labor, it becomes obvious that having once idjusted the movements to effect a certain object under certain conditions, ;he desired result can only be attained by the maintenance of the neces- ian" conditions.

In this concentrator, supposing the inclination oitWWA\ft\ifcS\-s*.' 1 certain class of material, the regulation ol the ;V to \ift a.cwitw'

110*

rapidity of the side shake, and the supply of clear water at the h

Having adjusted these three conditionB to a given feed delivered on belt, that feed should remain constant, and the result, both in the rich of mineral collected and in the poverty of ihe tailings, wijl be continue maintained.

The countershaft to drive the Pnie concentrators is placed parallel i the cam shaft and main line shaft of the mill, and is, therefore, at r angles to the crank shaft and pulley of the vanner. This necessitates use of a quarter-twist belt, and the proper placing of this countersbal very important, for with it properly set, the quarter-twist belt runs as v as true, and with as little wear as if it were a straight belt; while if properly set, it will run off the pulley.

As this is not generally understood, even by good mechanics, the acc panying cut is given to illustrate the placing of this countershaft; a the crank shaft of the concentration; b b is the countershaft; on 6 6 one tight and one loose pulley; the belt is shown on the tight pulley. ' crank shaft is not horizontal. The rule is as follows; In placing countershaft and its pulley, the pulley should be set so that the side ii which the belt leaves it is in line with the square of the crank shaft of concentrator at that point."

ConKTBBSHA¥T fOB 'FBBa CO'SCt&TB.l.TJ*..

The Embrey concentrator is similar in most respects to the Frue vanner, differing chiefly in the direction of the shake, which is longitudinal. Not many of them have been put in use in California, aa the Fme Company owns the Embrey patent, and believing the vanner to be the best machine, th have not pushed the Embrey.

Two forms of the Embrey machine are made, one compact in form, with crank shaft passing under the shaking frame, and supporting, by the latter, the whole weight of the belt and two underhanging rollers. This form is in fact identical with the vanner, except that the crank shaft is placed at right angles to the leneth of the belt, instead of parallel to same, and it is made with iron or wood frame, as preferred.

Embret Corcentratob,

Ibor Pbake.

The second form, and the one most desirable for economy in running, is arranged with the driving shaft at the lower end of shafting frame, ao that ffhile running all parte can be regulated, and any play taken up, and the shaking &Eime does not carry the hanging rollers, which are supported by the main firame, and carry about one half of the main belt. The shaking frame and mechanism is thus relieved of the weight of the two lower rollers, and nearly one half of the weight of the heavy belt, an important. point, considerii the high speed necessary on the end shake machme.';>

SmBMMT COHCCITKATOB, WITH VfoOTllV TM*l.

The only advantage of the first form over the second is in saving a littl floor space for the same length of working belt.

The advantages of the second form are in reduced power require( reduced wear and tear, and greater accessibility of working parts while i motion.

The accompanying cuts show the two forms of the Embrey, as the were made some time ago. Since they were engraved several improv( ments have been made, but time did not permit later cuts to be made, i few of the improvements consist In mechanism, for regulation of the pre eressive motion from in front of the machine; and the carrying or shakini frame is now supported from below, in the wooden frame machine, aiK not from above, ae in the cut. Silvered copper plates on the ore distribute are used, when needed, to save amalgam.

If on the same belt both end and side shake mechanism be applid alternately, with the same conditions of feed and speed, it will be found that at a speed of 180 to 200 revolutions per minute and the ordinary slight inclination of the belt, a perfect separation of clear mineral can lie made on most ores with the vanner. If the end shake be substituted now other conditions being the same, it will be found impossible to keep back the sand from passing over the mineral, even with excessive use of clean water at the head; and a separation can onlj" be accomplished by increa& ing the speed to 235 or 240 revolutions, and increasing tne speed naturally increases the wear and tear very materially.

The Embrey is in use in several mills in Colorado, Montana, the South- ern States, etc., and at the Anaconda Copper Mine in Montana, tht wooden-frame Embrey is preferred to any other concentrator. One of its patented points is the use of the vibrating water distributor.

The Triumph concentrator (see cut) is very much like the Embrey which is the earlier machine.

Tridmph Conckbtrator.

It is a rubber belt, inclined, shaking longitudinally, and revolvin slowly. Its crank shaft, like the Embrey, revolves from 235 to 240 tinn a minute, in order to make the separation of the mineral from the saDi Its main novelty is the use of a friction roller to regulate the forwai motion of the belt, instead of a cone pulley, which is used in the vann< and Embrey machines. It has also an amalgam saver, consisting of a iron trough in which turns slowly a hci'd'flOnl&\ %\ia,ft, aticrera. Quid silver is kept in this trough. Tlie ahaten?, \a)o\e so.-tw.i oo. -wjw* springs, and the main frame ia o£ casV\Ton. AX.\ft a.-fte.aS.VwJslYAs-ssajia

and can do good work. Many machines have been sold. It is in use at the Empire Mill (Grass Valley), and is liked.

The Duncan ore concentrator, like the Hendy concentrator, is circular in form, and of iron. Its principle is an ingenious combination of move- ments, imitating the process of panning by hand. " The agitation resulting from this movement causes the mineral to settle to the bottom around the outside of the pan, where it is held by centrifugal force, until discharged through the gates, while the gangue is held in suspension, and gradually carried by the force of the current to the central discharge. The pan, by this centrifugal motion, making, say eight and a half revolutions per minute, causes the pulp to flow around over its surface to the extent of about three revolutions, or equal to a distance of some thirty feet before it is discharged, thereby giving the sulphurets or other mineral time to settle before the gangue passes off.

"The wrist-pin, on the balance-wheel, is made adjustable, so that the motion of the pan can be varied to adapt it to the requirements of different classes of ore.

mi

The foregoing is ihf iiosi'r;ii;-o;i jj-x,-:) K ih. nirtiuif;i.i of the Duncan cmioenira! OT. 1: is iiirt.ii' ;m.i ItB weht is about l.T.V ixmiuis. anil il -.' (.' i im power,

Shaw's diek conceiuntlor i)il ni!)l);;nii:ii<>r 1t' iv<' uditB merit therefor is not vol st'itloii. Ii is .I.-n.-mI'.-i) ! iuTentor {pleaee see tut alsmV

In thia machine there is a t.-irfrular >:it\i\M:r shallow cone, with the aiiex turmd 'iifWiiwar'J. of aboat one half inch throw wnj|jiiini':iit/;'l is geared even to a light horizontal hliaft; mi lutiooB per minute. The dii-k 'l'>.-? not mvA- eccentric motian. tfa' rct tl.'.- {/Hiiujn; able in all concntratinz &ii\i'.:iiz:'T- . At wo,4 the mill in th* rwind [Aa w:*;. i jz-rforV-'J t, center, posedng in th*- iom. o:' ri>, gtirren Keep the pmp a'.-t:vr-. i..- the diet. Uey nM-e a: :-l . r r t i - provided for Their T:.-

water pase oT tiir itrij-rr:- .

the cinnilar m:ici. :r.— i-i :'.t

a number of rertLru .-t i — i

short interrak sl-C . n r j-, --

pulp to witid:: *.>:rr" t

TheBe rerolTiiiE r:rr-~r --r. -- -

out more cff je rtii.L.- i.- i

nttT br a i-i irr.:; : i

cpw3iT sun. - -..:-- .: ,-

GoLDKS Gate CoscKe-raAio

Golden Gate Sulphuret Concentrator.

[From a printed description issued by the company.]

The Golden Gate sulphuret concentrator consists of a tray about eleven feet in length, resting upon a stout iron framework, upon which it has a longitudinally reciprocating movement. This reciprocating movement varies in speed in such manner as to cause the pulp, fed upon the tray at one end, to travel slowly over its surface towards the other end, and the pulp is, by the shaking motion, kept in a loose condition, so that the min- eral may settle out of the gangue upon the surface of the tray. The tray proper consists of two distinct parts, forming, however, one continuous sur- face; one part, being designed for the settling of the mineral, is horizontal, and has hardly any perceptible current of water, thus allowing the fine mineral to settle out of the water and reach the bottom of the tray; the other part has an adjustable inclination upwards from its junction with the horizontal part, and over this part the current of wash water flows, which washes away the gangue from the mineral. At the junction of the horizontal with the inclined part of the tray, and extending across its width, is a " protecting plate," set somewhat above its surface, and parallel thereto. Above the protecting plate is an " exhaust pipe," within which a vacuum, sufficient to sustain a column of four or five inches of water, is constantly maintained by a small exhaust fan. On the lower side of the "exhaust pipe," above the "protecting plate," are openings into which the gangue and water are drawn, by the vacuum maintained, being then dis- charged over each side of the machine into the waste sluice. The operation of the sulphuret concentrator is as follows: The crushed ore, with a suitable amount of water, is fed onto the horizontal part of the tray, through the " distributor " shown at the extreme left of the figure. The peculiar motion communicated to the tray causes the pulp to slowly travel towards the " protecting plate," and at the same time keeps the pulp in a loose condition, allowing the heavier mineral to sink to the bottom, so that, on arriving at the plate, the pulp is separated into distinct layers, with the mineral at the bottom, the heavy gangue above the min- eral, and the light gangue and water at the top; the plate having been properly adjusted for the ore, allows all the mineral, with some of the gangue, to pass under it, while the larger part of the gangue, and all the surplus water, pass above the plate, and on arriving at the exhaust pipe, are instantaneously drawn off and discharged over the sides of the tray into the waste sluice. That portion of the pulp which has passed under the plate, now consisting largely of mineral, continues on up the inclined part of the tray, where it can be freed from that part of the gangue which is still mixed with it, by a current of water flowing down from the head of the tray, this gangue and wash water being taken away by the exhaust

I pipe, as before explained.

j The machine is very well made and of large capacity. It is in success-

' ful operation at the JBrunswick Mill, Carson River, Nevada where six of them are handling the product of 56 stamps, crushing 160 tons of ore a day, and is also in use in other places.

There are possible problems in concentration in California requiring coarse crushing; this has already been discussed, and consequently the

intereBt

in California, and in fact is rarely ad(jB\p.4\i -waXet doXavM Bumcient quantity for wet concentration,\)ecaMBe \Vft\aX\fct better reaaltB mth lees cost, and leea -weax onAXea..

In conclusion, I will state that these notes have been written hurriedly, as but little time was given me in which to prepare them. I have attempted, however, to be fair and just in my statements and criticisms.

Chlorination.

(By Wm. Irelan, Jr., State Mineralogist.)

This method of extracting gold from the auriferous sulphurets is recog- nized in the metallurgical circles of the old world as the Plattner process, and is so called in honor of the inventor. The honor of its introduction and successful adaptation to the working of our sulphuretted residues is due to the well known mining engineer and metallurgist Mr. G. F. Deet- ken, by whom it was first brought into this country.

Ovring to the expense of manipulation, cost of material, and other obsta- cles, Mr. Deetken had much to contend with, but his well known skill and scientific ability enabled him to reach a successful issue and to become a metallurgical benefactor.

Since the demonstration of its successful workings on our concentrated sulphurets, a general knowledge of the manner of its application has been distributed by means of our scientific and other papers; also, books have been written oy two of our well known metallurgists, in which the whole process is explicitly dealt with.

The first of the above mentioned works on the subject was issued by the late G. Kustel, in the year 1868, new edition 1880; and the latest exhaust- ive description is from the pen of Charles Howard Aaron, in 1881. Both authors were at the time of writing practically engaged in working the sulphurets of the State by this method. The subject is inexhaustible, and of vital interest to the mining industry of our gold-bearing sections.

This article is not intended to give the detailed manipulations of the process, as the works above cited were written especially as working descrip- tions, and can be purchased of any of the booksellers.

The Roast.

This is the most important of any part of the process, and upon its com- pleteness depends the success of the operation; therefore, too much care cannot be exercised in this branch of the operation.

In roasting, the point to be attained is the complete oxidation of the baser metals whose soluble salts would become precipitants for gold in the leaching vat. If the concentrated sulphurets have become lumpy, it will be necessary to recrush them, that the roast may secure complete oxida- tion.

It frequently happens that too much material is put into the furnace at one time: Mr. Aaron advises, for the reverbratory, from ten to twelve pounds for every square foot of hearth as the correct charge. The furnace should be fired up several hours before being charged with the dry sul- phurets, and the heat should be of a degree just sufficient to ignite the sulphur after the material has been evenly spread over the hearth. Too great a heat will matte the easily fusible sulphides, thereby necessitating Deetkin discovered that the presence of lime axvOima.igafeYJv.,'''

affinity for chlorine, were a detriment to the chlorination of the roasted ore, but he overcame this difficulty by an addition of salt to the charge in the furnace toward the completion of the roast. The roasting in all cases should be done at a gentle heat until the sulphur ceases to burn, which point is indicated by the disappearance of the characteristic blue flame, and the absence of scintillation on being raked. The heat is now increasea and held at a high temperature until a thorough oxidation of the baser metals takes place. This can be ascertained by agitating, in a glass, a small quantity of the roast with water, allowing to settle, and adding to - the clear decantation a few drops of the solution of ferrocyanide of potas- sium. If a dark blue precipitate is given, sulphate of iron is present; if brownish red, it indicates the presence of the corresponding copper salt; if both copper and iron are present, as soluble salts, the two colors will unite, forming a dirty greenish-blue mass; in either case the oxidation is incom- plete, and the roasting must be continued until a further test does not give any of the described reactions.

Many operators continue the roasting to the oxidation of the iron only, but although it takes a longer time and a greater heat, it is advisable to also destroy the copper sulphate, as soluble metallic salts in the leaching vat react upon the iron oxide, which in turn precipitates the gold.

If the concentrated sulphurets contain silver, the Patera and Plattner processes should be combined. The silver is chloridized in the furnace by the addition of salt during the roasting. After the gold is washed from the ore, the silver chloride is leached out by a solution of hjrposulphite of soda.

On the completion of the roast, the ore is drawn from the furnace to the cooling hearth, and, after a time, is sprinkled with water until moist enough to adhere when pressed in the hand.

The Leaching Vat.

In Europe the leaching is done in earthen or porcelain jars or tubs, wooden vats being condemned on account of their absorbing power. Mr. Deetkin overcame this difficulty by coating the vats on the inside with pitch and tar. The vat is circular, and has a perforated false wooden bot- tom, which is raised about an inch from the real bottom. This false bottom is covered, first, with a layer of coarse, barren quartz; then a layer of smaller pieces; and, lastly, a covering of clean quartz sand. Sometimes the sand is covered with gunnysacks or perforated boards. The damp roasted pulp is sifted into the vat and spread evenly and loosely until within about three inches of the top. The chlorine gas is now introduced through an opening in the bottom of the tank until it rises to the surface of the ore, which will be known by dense white fumes of chloride of ammo- nium being given off when a rod or stopper moistened with ammonia is held close to and above the charge. At this point the cover is put in place and carefully luted with some suitable tenacious substance that will not crack in drying. The chlorine is continued until the space above the ore is filled with the dense yellowish-green vapor; then the plug hole in the cover is stopped and the vat and contents are left at rest for from one to two days, at the expiration of which time the gold should be converted into a soluble chloride. Before leaching, the plug in the cover should be until the ammonia reaction is given. .

- The chlorine is generated in a leaden Nee.e.e\ tcom mYx.Wx q1 Q.Rais.

salt, peroxide of manganese, sulphuric acid, and water. The reaction chem- ically given is: 2 (Na CI) -f 2 (Hj SO4) + Mn O2 Naj SO4 + Mn SO4 + (H20)2 + 2C1.

Care must be taken in using the chlorine gas that no muriatic acid enters the leaching vat, for, beside attacking the oxides of the metals, should there be an imperfect roast the sulphides would be attacked, eliminating sulphuretted hydrogen gas, which would precipitate the gold from the ohloride solution. The chlorine is deprived of the muriatic acid after leaving the generator on its course to the vat by passing the gas through water.

LIXrVIATION AND PRECIPITATION OF THE GOLD.

The ore being thoroughly chlorinated the cover is removed and water run into the vat until it rises above the surface of the mass. After a few min- utes, when the water has had sufficient time to permeate all the ore, and still covers the surface, the plug at the bottom of the vat is removed and the liquor conducted to the settling tank into which has been put the precipitant for gold — a solution of sulphate of iron. A continuous flow of water must be admitted into the leaching vat, and at no time during the operation, which lasts several hours, should the water be permitted to fall below the surface of the ore. At intervals a glass full of the liquor, after having left the leaching vat, should be taken and thereto a little of the sulphate of iron solution added; if gold were present a bluish-black pre- cipitate would be given. In the event of any precipitate resulting from the unity of the two solutions the washing is not finished but must be continued until the precipitant added to a freshly taken portion of the liquor does not give any reaction, or at the most only a faint coloration.

After a thorough stirring of the contents in the settling tank, the precip- itate is allowed to subside, and a glass full of the clear liquid taken, to which is added a little of the sulphate of iron solution ; if a dark coloration is given, more sulphate of iron must be added to the liquor in the tank. Or, if on the addition of a few drops of gold solution to a little of the clear liquid from the tank no reaction is given, it is a confirmation of the former test that there is a deficiency of sulphate of iron.

Should the roasted ore contain chloride of silver, it is leached with a solution of hyposulphite of soda after extraction of the gold by water. The liquor is run into a tank set aside for this especial purpose, in which the silver is thrown down by a solution of calcium sulphide, as sulphide of silver. The outflow of the silver solution should be conducted slowly, by the closing at intervals of the discharge pipe, as the silver salt is not so Readily extracted by its solvent as is the gold.

The presence of silver in the hyposulphite is known by the sweet taste of he liquid; but when it can be no longer detected in this wise, a little of he outflow is caught in a glass and a few drops of the calcium sulphide solution added ; if a dark precipitate is given, it is reasonable to suppose "that the silver has not been entirely extracted, although other metallic salts, giving similar reactions, are also washed out by the same solvent. The "Only recourse at this point is to apply the confirming tests for such soluble compounds, as it is almost impossible to decide by the coloration which Petals may be present. After the silver precipitate in the settling vat has subsided, a little of the calcium sulphide is added to the clear solution, ?od if a dark coloration is the result, it is evident that more of the precip- itant must be added.

Silver.

Thie silver precipitate will settle in a few hours, when the clear solution may be drawn off, the silver sulphide collected, conveyed to a filter, washed thoroughly with hot water, pressed, dried, and then roasted in a furnace — first, at a heat just sufficient to drive off" the greater part of the sulphur; at this point the temperature should be increased to a dull red, and so con- tinued for several hours, or until the greater part of the silver becomes metallic.

The partly metallized substance is placed with borax and iron scraps in a black lead crucible and fired until thoroughly melted; enough iron should be added that it does not all disappear in the operation. If an iron rod immersed in the molten mass, and allowed to remain a few min- utes, shows no signs on removal of having reduced in si?e — the iron scraps should be removed, the matte and slag skimmed off*, and the metal poured.

Gold.

The contents in this tank should remain at rest for at least forty hours, for under that time a complete precipitation and settling of the gold can not be insured. When the gold has all settled at the bottom of the tank, the clear liquid is drawn off*, the gold collected, filtered, washed several times with hot dilute hydrochloric acid, and lastly, with hot water, until all traces of acidity are removed. The gold is now dried, melted in a black lead crucible with borax, skimmed, base metals in a measure removed by the addition of niter, a little at a time, reskimmed, and poured.

The importance of saving sulphurets and working them by this process is shown m the annual statement of the Sierra Buttes Mine. From 1872 to 1885 the sulphurets were collected by the Hendy concentrator, and after exposure to atmospheric oxidation, were worked in the combination Stephen- son-Patton pan. In 1885, the company erected chlorination works, at a cost of $5,000, by which they have added a yearly profit of $60,000 to the yield of the mine.

The ore of the Zeile Mine is crushed with special reference to saving the sulphurets; the crushings being sized to pass through a No. 4 slot screen, as nner particles would be more difficult of concentration.

I;

Mineral Products Of The United States, 1885.

The following condensed statement of the mineral production of the United States in the calendar year 1885 is from advance proof sheets of a report shortly to be issued by the United States Geological Survey. This volume will be the third of the series known as "Mineral Resources" reports, prepared by the Division of Mining Statistics and Technology.

Coal. — The total commercial product of coal of all kinds in 1885, exclu- sive of that consumed at the mines, known as colliery consumption, was 95,834,705 long tons, valued at $152,915,108. Of this 82,265,421 long tons were Pennsylvania anthracite, valued at $72,274,544; while of other coals, including bituminous, brown coal, lignite, and small lots of anthracite pro- duced outside of Pennsylvania, the production was 63,569,284 long tons, valued at $80,640,564 at the points of production. The total production, including colliery consumption, was: Pennsylvania anthracite, 34,228,548 long tons; all other coals, 64,840,668 long tons; making the total absolute production of the coal mines of the United States 99,069,216 long tons, valued as follows: Anthracite, $76,671,948; bituminous, $82,347,648; total, $159,019,596. The total production (including local consumption) of an- thracite was 1,052,792 tons in excess of that of 1884, and its value was $10,320,436 greater. The total production of bituminous coal was 8,889,871 tons less than in 1884, but its value was $4,930,582 greater. The total pro- duction of coal of all kinds shows a net loss in tonnage of 7,837,079 long tons compared with that of 1884, but a gain in value of $15,251,018, the increase in value being due to an average increase of twenty-five cents per long ton. The total value is about the same as that of 1883.

Coke, — The total production of coke in 1885 was 5,106,696 short tons, valued at the ovens at $7,629,118. Of this Pennsylvania produced 78 per cent, or 3,991,805 tons, valued at $4,981,656. The remainder was produced by fourteen States and Territories. The maximum production oi coke in the United States was reached in 1883, when 5,464,721 tons were made. This declined in 1884 to 4,873,805 tons. The production of 1885 shows a gain upon that of 1884, being within 360,000 tons of the make in 1883.

Petroleum. — The total production was 21,842,041 barrels of 42 gallons, of which the Pennsylvania and New York fields produced 20,776,041 barrels. The total value, at an average price of 87 cents per barrel, was $19,193,694. The production showed a decrease of 2,247,717 barrels and $1,282,600 in value from 1884.

Natural gas. — No record is kept of the yield in cubic feet. The amount of coal displaced by gas in 1885, was 3,161,600 tons, valued at $4,854,200. In 1884 the coal displaced was valued at $1,460,000. The yield has increased tenfold since 1883.

Iron. — The principal statistics for 1885 were: Domestic iron ore con- sumed, 7,600,000 long tons; value at mine $19,000,000. Imported iron ore consumed, 390,786 long tons; total iron ore conumed, 7,990,786 long tons; pig iron made, 4,044,526 long tons, a decrease of 53,343 tons as com- pared with 1884; value at furnace $64,712,400, or $9,049,224 less than in

Gold and silver. — The mint authorities estimate the value of the gold produced in 1885 at $31,801,000, an increase of $1,001,000 over 1884. The production of silver is similarly estimated at $51,600,000, an increase of $2,800,000 over 1884.

Copper. — The production in 1885, including 5,086,841 pounds made from imported pyrites, was 170,962,607 pounds, valued in New York at $18,292,999, at the average price of 10.7 cents per pound. The increase in pounds over 1884 was 25,740,667; in value $503,312.

Lead. — Production, 129,412 short tons. Total value, at an average price of $81 per short ton at the Atlantic coast, $10,469,431, a decline of 10,485 tons and $67,611 in value from the product of 1884. The production of white lead is estimated at 60,000 short tons, worth, at cents per pound, $6,300,000.

Zinc. — The production of metallic zinc in 1885 was 40,688 short tons, valued at $3,539,856 at an average value of 4.35 cents per pound, an increase of 2,144 tons and $117,149 in value over 1884. Zinc was also made from the ore directly into zinc white (zinc oxide) to the extent of 15,000 short tons, valued at $1,050,000.

Quicksilver. — Production, 32,073 flasks (of 76 pounds net), or 160 flasks more than in 1884. Total value, at an average price of $30 53 per flask at San Francisco,. $979,189, an increase of $42,861 over 1884. The produc- tion of quicksilver vermilion was about 600,000 pounds, the same as in 1884, but the price advanced to 52 cents per pound, making the total value $312,000.

Nickel. — The production of metallic or "grain" nickel was 245,504 pounds, valued at $169,397. In addition, matte and ore containing 32,400 pounds of nickel were exported. Total value of all nickel, $190,000.

Cobalt. — The amount of cobalt oxide was 8,423 pounds, valued at $19,373. The total value of cobalt in ore, matte, and the above oxide was $65,373.

Manganese. — The production of manganese ore was 23,258 long tons, valued at $190,281. Manganiferous iron ore, 3,237 long tons, valued at $17,318. Total value, $207,599.

Chromium. — The production of chrome iron ore was 2,700 long tons, valued at $40,000. The consumption for making potassium and sodium bichromates increased markedly, due to imports of chrome iron ore from Asia Minor.

Tin. — Probably 200 tons of "black tin" ore were made at the concen- trating works at the Etta Mine in Dakota. No smelting works have yet been erected.

Platinum. — The amount of crude platinum mined in 1885 was about 250 troy ounces, valued at $187 50 (?). This is exclusive of about 300 ounces of iridosmine, for pointing pens.

Aluminum. — The production of metallic aluminum increased from 1,800 troy ounces in 1884 to 3,400 ounces in 1885, valued at $2,550. Aluminum bronze, containing 10 per cent aluminum, was made to the amount of about 4,500 pounds, valued at $1,800.

Building stone. — Value, $19,000,000; about the same as in 1884.

Brick and tile. — The demand and consequent production increased to an estimated value of $35,000,000 in 1885.

Lime. — With the price constant at 50 cents per barrel at the kilns, the production increased from 37,000,000 baiieU m tci 40,000,000 in 1885. Cement. — The production of cemeul iiOTxi wXmt tcOs. 'wi'sfeWsi

with a total value of $292,500. The total production of cement of all kinds was 4,150,000 barrels, valued at $3,492,500, against $3,720,000 in

Precious stones, — The value of American precious stones produced in 1885, was $69,900. This includes $42,800 for stones sold as specimens and souvenirs, and $27,100 for stones to be cut into gems. Besides this, gold quartz, with an estimated value of $140,000, was sold for specimens, and for ornaments and jewelrjr.

Millstones. — The trade m millstones of all kinds has decreased markedly from the introduction of roller mills. The total value of the Esopus mill- stones in New York, and Cocalico stone in Pennsylvania, did not exceed $100,000 in 1885.

Grindstones, — Estimated value of product for 1885, $500,000.

Phosphates. — With the exception of a local consumption of about 1,000 tons in North Carolina, the total production of phosphate rock came from South Carolina, and amounted to $437,856 long tons of washed rock for the calendar year 1885, valued at $2,846,064, at an average value of $6 50 per ton.

Gypsum, — The estimated production of land plaster in 1885, was 100,600 short tons; of calcined plaster, 72,000 tons; total, 172,800; valued at $959,- 600. The above includes 75,100 tons from native stone, the remainder being imported from Nova Scotia..

Salt. — The total production in barrels of 280 pounds, was 7,038,653; exceeding the yield of 1884 by 523,716 barrels. The total value of all salt produced was $4,930,621, an increase of $732,887, which was due partly to the increased value of the Michigan product, and partly to the large increase in the production of western New York.

Bromine. — The production increased slightly, being about 310,000 pounds, against 281,100 in 1884. The total value, at an average of 29 cents per pound, was $89,900, an increase of $22,436 above the previous year.

Borax. — Production, limited to California and Nevada, 8,000,000 pounds; value, at 6 cents per pound for concentrated, $480,000. While the product increased by 1,000,000, the fall in price lowered the total value by $10,000.

Sulphur. — Tho production was only about 700 tons, worth about $18,000.

Pyrites. — About 49,000 long tons were mined, valued at $220,500. In addition 47,500 tons were imported.

Barytes. — The production was about 15,000 tons, valued at $75,000, in the unground condition, as taken from the mines.

Mica. — The production decreased in the West, owing to the inferior value of the sheets obtained. The whole product, excluding waste, was 92,000 pounds, valued at $161,000.

Feldspar. — Production, 13,600 long tons, valued, before grinding, at $68,000.

Asbestus. — The amount mined was about 300 short tons, valued at $9,000.

Asphaltum. — The production remained constant at about 3,000 tons, with a spot value of $10,000.

Mineral Waters. — The sales amounted to $1,312,845, from 9,148,4C1 gallons; the value is slightly less than in 1884. The great decrease in the number of gallons is due to the exclusion of the water from artesian wells in Madison, Wisconsin, which is used as the regular city supply. A large local consuiliption is also excluded.

Totals. — The statements made in the last report in regard to the total mineral product require little change for the year 1885. The statistics have been compiled with a view to giving information on those points which are of most interest and utility, and are presented in the form usual in the several branches of trade statistics. Comparing the totals given since 1882, a continuous decrease in value is noted in 1883 and 1884, being marked in the latter year. The year 1885 shows, on the other hand, an increase, due, no doubt, in part to more complete returns and closer esti- mates, but indicating, nevertheless, a more profitable business year, which 1 would be still more apparent if the last half were compared with the corresponding period in 1884, since in many important branches of trade, prices increased towards the end of the year.

Metallic Products of the United States in 1885.

/

Quantity.

Value.

Pier iron, spot value — Ions tons

4,044.525

39,910,279

1,538,376

170.962,607

129,412

40,688

32,073

277,904

3,400

$64,712,400

51,600,000

31,801,000

18,292,909

10,469.431

3,539,856

979,189

191,753

2,550

Silver, coininfir value — trov ounces

Gold, coinine value — trov ounces

Copper, value at New York City— pounds*

Lead, value at New York Citv— short tons

Zinc, value at New York Citv — short tons .-

Uuicksilver, value at San Francisco — flasks

Nickel, value at Philadelphia — pounds

Aluminum, value at Philadelphia — trov ounces

Platinum, value, crude, at New York City— troy ounces

Total

$181,589,365

Including copper from imported pyrites.

Non-Mktallic Mineral Pboducts of the United States in 1885 (Spot Values).

Quantity.

Value.

Bituininous coal, brown coal, lignite, and anthracite, mined

elsewhere than in Pennsylvania — long tons*

Pennsylvania anthracite — long tons t

Petroleum — barrels

Building stone

Lime — barrels

Salt— barrels

Cement — barrels —

South Carolina phosphate rock — long tons

Limestone for iron nux

Mineral waters — gallons sold

llatural as

Zinc, white — short tons -

Concentrated borax — pounds

New Jersey marls — short tons

Mica

Pyrites

Gold quartz souvenirs, jewelry, etc

Manganese ore — long tons

Crude bary tes— long tons

Ocher — long tons

Precious stones

Bromine — pounds

Feldspar — long tons

Chrome iron ore — long tons

Asbestus — short tons

Slate ground as a pigment — long tons ,

Sulphur — short tons

Asphaltum — short tons

Cooalt oxide — pounds

Total

64,840,668 34,228,648 21,842,041

40,000,000

7,038663

4,160;000

437,866

9,148,401

16,000

8,000,000

876,000

92,000 ' 49,000

23,268

16,000

3,960

310,000

13,600

2,700

1,976

3,000

68,723

$82,347,648

76,671,948

19,193,694

19,000,000

20,000,000

4,826346

3,492,600

2,846,064

1,694,666

1,312,846

4,864,200

1,060,000

480,000

437,600

161,000

220,500

140,000

190,281

76,000

43,576

69,900

89,900

68,000

40,000

9,000

24,687

17,876

10,500

65,373

$239,431,991

The commercial product, that is, the amount marketed, was only 63,569,284 tons, valued at $80,640,564. t The commercial product, that is, the amount marketed, was only 32,265,421 tons, valued at $72,274,544.

Resume of the Values of the Metallic and Non-Metallic Mineral Substances Pbo-

duced in the united states in 1886.

Metals $181,689,365

Mineral substances named in the foregoing table 239,431,991

Total $421,021,366

Estimated value of mineral products unspecified 7,600,000

Grand total $428,621,356

D Statbs, Calsndab Ybabs 1882, 18SS,

3Ietallic

Pig iron, ajMit value — long tons

Silver, coining valne — troy ounces. Gold, coining value— troy ounces.. Copper, viilueatNew York City — ponn da. Lead, vulue at New York City — short

Zinc, value at New York City — short

Quicksilver, value at San Francisco flasks

Nickel, value in Pbiladelphia—poanda.. Antimony, value at San Franccisco —

Platiuum, valoe (crude) at New York City— troy ounces

Alnniinuni, value at Philadelphia —

troy o

Total value metallic products ,-, Non-Melallie {Spot Valuei).

BitaminoiiB coal— lon tons

Pennsylvania anthracite — long ton.

Petroleum — barrels

Lime — barrels

Building stone

Ball— barrels -

Cement— barrels

Limestone for iron flux— long tons

South Carolina phosphate rock — long

New Jersey marl — short tons

Borajc — ponnda

Mica — pounds

Ocher — long tons

Boapatone— short tons -

Oraoe barytas — long tons

Precious stones.-

Qold-quarta aouvenira, jewelry, etc.—

Pyrites — long tons

Munganeae ore— long tons

Chrome iron ore— lung tons

Aabestus — short tons

Graphite— pounds. -

Cobalt oiide — pounds

Slate ground as pigment — long tons...

Sulphur- short tons -..

Asphaltuni — short tons

Corundum — short tons

Pumice-atone — short tons

Feldspar — long tons

Zinc-white— short tons

Bromine — pounds

Ulneral watera — gallons sold

Natural gaa

Total value non- metallic mineral products

Total value metallic products ...

Fstimated value of mineral products iinspeciBed

Grand total

6.il2,373 3,250,000 3,S50,00D

46,800,000 82,500,000 16,038,091

12,024,550

3,040,020

1,47,042

JVG,076.48I 70,656,0ftl 23,704.698 21,700,000

75,000 76,000 30,000 34,000 24,000 21,000

4,5S5,5I0

a'),733,e22

1.451,249

117,161,795

143,957

30,872

68.531.500 34,336,400 23,400.229 32,000,000

972,000 0,500,000 114,000

46,200,(100 3O,O00fl0l) 18,084,8117

19.200,000 20.000,000 4.211,0*2 4,293,500 1,907,131)

116,000 137,600 120,000

1,11B,6Ik 475,000

K MiKBBAL Phodoots OF THE Uhited Statbs, Etc.— Continued.

as.

Qq,Uty.

VlJq..

QuBoUtj.

Trine.

Metallie.

spot value— lone toii- --

ining value — troy ouncea

ning value— troy ounces

value at New York City—

4,097.808 37,744,(i0u 1,489.W9

147,805,407

139,897

38,M4

31,913

(73,701,624 48,800,000 30,800,000

18,106,162

10,637,042

3,422,707

48,413

4,044,525 39,910,279 1.638,378

170,962,607

129,412

40,688

32,073 . 277,904

104,712,400 51,600,000 31,801,000

18,292,909

lue nt New York City— short

3,539,856

er, value at San Fraiioiaco—

alue at PhUadelphia— pounds y, value at San Prancisto—

191,753

1, value (crude) at New York

1,800

1,350

3,400

(180,414,074

$77,417,0S6 68,381,512 20,476,291 18,500,000 19,000,000 4,197,734 3,720.000 i;7O0;985

2,374,784 437,500 388,525 84,000

181,589,3a5

J82,347,648 78,671,948 19,193,691 20fl00,000 19,000,000 4,826,315 3,492,500 1,694,658

2.846,064

)U9 coal— lonR tons

ania anthracite — long tons

73,730.53b 33,175,750 24,089,758 37,000,000

61,840,668 34,228,648 21,842,041 40,000,000

6,514,937 4,000,000 3,401,930

431,779 7,000,000 M74I0

7,038,653 4,160,000

le foe iron flui — long tons

irolina phosphate rook— long

437.8.')6

875,000

8,000,000

92,000

3,960

161,000 43,575

25,000

100,000 82,975 140,000 175,000 120,000 35,000 30,000

15,000

75,000

10,000 2,000 1,000

49,000

23:258

2,700

dde— pounds

ind aa a pigment— long tonB..

2,666

2,000

6,i66

12,000 10,500

68,723 1,976 3,000

65,373 24,687

10,500

lOJBO

13,000

281,100

10,215328

56,112

910,000

67,464

1,450.143

1,480,000

13,600

15,000

310,000

9,148,401

1,050,000

1,313,845 4,854.200

ilue non-metallic mineral pro-

1219,800,674 186,414,074

7,000,000

1339,431,991 181,589,365

ted value o£ mineral products

H13,1U,146

3 g

S g