Dana's System of Mineralogy (6th Edition)
The definitive mineralogy reference. Describes physical properties, crystal forms, occurrence, and associations of all known minerals including ore and…
Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: archive.org.
Dana'S '
Series Of- Mineralogies.
Ihbw " System Of Mineralogy."
Embodying the results of the last 24 years of active progress. Containing more than half more matter than the former edition and the page increased one-fifth in size. Not merely revised but entirely rewritten. Sixth edition, 1893 1197pp., 1425 Cuts, 912 M
First Appendix To The Sixth Edition Of Dana'S System Of Mineralogy.
Completing the work to 1899 Cloth, 1 00
Manual Of Mineralogy And Petrography.
Containing the Elements of the Science of Minerals and Rocks, for the use of the Practical Mineralogist and Geologist, and for Instruction in Schools and Colleges. 8y Jas. D Dana, LL.D. Twelfth edition. Illustrated with numerous woodcuts 12mo, cloth, 2 00
A Text-Book Of Mineralogy.
With an Extended Treatise on Crystallography and Physical Mineralogy. By Edward Salisbury Dana, Pro- fessor of Physics and Curator of Mineralogy, Yale Uni- versity. New edition, entirely rewritten and reset. With nearly 1000 figures and a colored plate 8vo, cloth, 4 Ot
Catalogue Of American Localities Of Min- Erals.
Reprinted from sixth edition of the System. . .8vo, cloth, 1 00
Minerals, And How To Study Them.
book for beginners in Mineralogy. By Prof. E, 8. Dana 12mo, cloth, 1 OQ
Also
A Text-Book Of Elementary Mechanics.
For the Use of Colleges and School*. By Prof. E "*ana 13mo, cloth, l
The System
Of
Mineralogy
Of
James Dwight Dana
1837-1868
Descriptive Mineralogy
Sixth Edition
Fourth Thousand By
Edward Salisbury Dana
PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS AND CURATOR OF THE MINERAL COLLECTION, YALE UNIYEKBITT
Entirely Rewritten And Much Enlarged . ...
mill] over 1WO -figures, ,,' ,
" Hcec studio, nobiscum peregrinantur — rusticantur"
With Appendix I, Completing The Work To 1899
New York
John Wiley & Sons London : Chapman & Hall, Limited
Cot. Copyright, 1892,
T5Y
Edward S. Dana.
ROBKHT DItUMMOND, ELECTROTYPE!? AND PRintflR, NEW YORK.
Preface.
NEARLY twenty-four years have passed since the last edition of this work was published; a long period, and one in which the science of Mineralogy has made very rapid progress. In fact, this quarter-century has probably been a time of more active mineralogical investigation than any like period in the past. A striking indication of this is given by the many new periodicals, recently started, which are devoted largely if not exclusively to Mineralogy. These include: Groth's Zeitschrift, started in 1877, of which the 19th volume is just completed; Tschermak's Mittheilungeu, begun in 1872; the French Bulletin, begun in 1878; the English Mineralogical Magazine, begun in 1876; the F5rhandlingar of the Swedish Geological Society, begun in 1872; the Italian journals, the Rivista di Mineralogia, begun in 1887, and the Giornale di Mineralogia, begun in 1890. Further the St. Petersburg Minealpgical Society, which published nothing for a number of years, commenced again with a new series in 1866 and has issued an annual volume regularly since then. Moreover, the always valuable Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie has more than doubled its size.
This catalogue of new periodicals, which might be further extended, is a striking proof of the activity of mineralogical workers since 1868. Further evidence of this is given by the fact that within this time nearly one thousand new names have been introduced into the science — unfortunately not all " new species," although this has been claimed for most of them.
Still again, it is only within this period that the importance of the optical investigation of minerals has been fully recognized and the methods and instruments for optical and microscopical study have been developed and brought within the reach of all mineralogical observers. New means of observation have not only increased our knowledge of the optical constants of many species, but have developed new views in regard to the molecular structure of crystals. In Chemical Mineralogy, also, there has been rapid progress; on the theoretical side, in the way of explaining the composition of complex species and groups of species; again on the analytical side, and perhaps even more by the development of the synthetic processes. The last mentioned methods, in the hands of skillful chemists, have resulted in the reproduction in the laboratory of most of the prominent mineral species, as the feldspars, quartz, the pyroxenes and chrysolites, amphibole, corundum, etc. ; thus throwing much light upon the composition of species and their formation in nature. The work in this field is almost all of recent 'date.
It is not strange, then, that this volume should contain more than half more matter than the former edition; indeed, it has only been with a rigid system of abbreviation and condensation, aided by an increase of one-fifth in the size of the page, taat it has been kept down to this limit.
The broad and solid foundation laid in the previous edition has made it possible to undertake here a greater degree of thoroughness and completeness than was possible before. The careful work on the history of mineral species, shown in the tracing out to the original source of their many names, was so well and fully done that it stands now essentially as it did in 1868. In other words, the list of synonyms, with references to the first authority, has been adopted entire from the 5th Edition. Such additions, however, as the period has served to introduce have been made, and also there have been added many common names of important species used in the other prominent languages besides English, German, and French. This last feature it is hoped will add much to the general usefulness of the work.
The crystallographic portion of the subject has called for more than a mere revision. Here it has been the attempt, in the first place, to trace back to the original observer the fundamental
iv PREFACE.
angles for each species, — not always an easy task, — then the axes have been recalculated from them, and finally the important angles for all common forms have been calculated from these axes. In view of the too common practice of copying angles calculated by another without noting the source from which they have been taken, it is fair to state that every angle here given has been calculated anew for this work without exception; further, where there has been no other independent means of verification at hand, the angles have in most cases been calculated a second time independently. In this way, it is hoped that a fair degree of accuracy has been attained, although the author is keenly aware of the many ways in which errors can creep in, particularly in the case of a work which has so slowly and with so many interruptions approached completion, and where the progress of the science has made new calculations and new lists of forms so often necessary.
The lists of forms have been made up as completely as possible from the original authorities, but doubtful forms and those that seem to be merely of a vicinal character are usually separated from the main list. The forms are denoted by letters in all cases, and the symbols are given on both the systems of Miller and Naumann, though the preference is given to the former, which should, indeed, finally supplant the others. In the hexagonal and rhombohedral systems, the commonly adopted symbols of Miller-Bravais are employed, instead of the rhombohedral symbols of Miller.
References to the authors are given freely; and it is intended that these, with the others relating to the history of the names, and further those in connection with the lists of analyses, shall present a fairly complete literature, in compact form, for each species. Where, in the case of common species, the literature is very voluminous and has been carefully worked up by some author, this source of minuter detail is also indicated.
Of the figures, about 1400 in number, all but very few of those in the body of the work have been made anew. A large part, particularly those illustrating American species, have been drawn from original data, and where figures are taken from other authors — as is done freety — it is intended in all cases to give the source; in these cases, too, they have in large part been redrawn to insure uniformity of projection.
The habits of the crystals, methods of twinning, and the physical characters, especially those on the optical side, have been carefully rewritten and in general are given with much fullness. In regard to the optical constants, however, the object has been rather to give standard determinations than to overload the book with a multitude of measurements of all grades of accuracy.
In regard to the matter of classification, chemical formulas, and related points, reference may be made to the explanation given in the Introduction for the principles adopted. It may be stated, however, that it has been the plan to develop as clearly as possible the successive groups of species and the characters belonging to them.
In the lists of analyses, the plan has been to give all that are useful for a complete under- standing of the composition of each species. This means all reliable analyses in the case of the rare species or those of complex composition. In many cases, however, particularly when rare elements are involved, the ol'd analyses have been largly superseded, in consequence of the more accurate results of new chemical methods; for them, therefore, the reader is referred to the former edition. Still again, in the case of many common species where the analyses have developed almost indefinitely (e.g., feldspars, pyroxene, garnet, etc.), the aim has been to select recent analyses and those that best represent the composition; references are often given to other sources where additional analyses may be found. Analyses which are of purely technical character, as, for example, those showing the amount of impurity in iron ores, do not fall within the scope of this work.
The clear development of the varieties of a species in their proper relation to each other and to the main species, which was one of the excellent features of the last edition, has been carried through as far as possible in the same way. In regard to the line between varieties and species, no law can be laid down and individual opinions must differ. The author believes, however, that while a small percentage of a foreign element 'does not give the variety the place of a species, still the two extremes of a series, between which many gradations exist, it is well to regard as distinct, — e.g., Tetrahedrite and Tennantite, — and this principle has been followed throughout. At the same time, the description is given in such a form as to show as clearly as
Preface. V
possible their mutual dependence. The Garnets are made subspecies, like the forms of comment monoclinic Pyroxene and Aiuphibole, but they have much claim to be regarded as distinct.
The line between well defined species and those which are placed in a subordinate position, until further investigated, must also be more or less arbitrarily drawn. Many so-called species, which have long been so regarded, are here deprived of that rank, and probably more might fairly have received the same treatment. Of the multitude of new names recently introduced, but few comparatively are based upon complete, satisfactory investigationsT Certainly now that the means of mechanical purification of material for analysis by heavy solutions are so convenient and accurate, and still more since microscopic examination is so well understood, there is little excuse for loading the science down with names based on descriptions faulty and incomplete. A new name for a well characterized variety, announced as such, maybe useful; a new name for what may with reasonable certainty be regarded as a new species, even if at the time the material is too scanty to allow of analysis, may be an advantage. But names hastily given to imperfectly described " species," based often upon an imperfect analysis of material of more than doubtful purity, are a serious hindrance to science.
The subject of the general occurrence and association of the species has been considerably developed. It has not been attempted to give an exhaustive statement of localities, however. To have done this would have been to have doubled the size of the volume. The localities are given with much fullness for this country and are to be supplemented by the Catalogue of American Localities at the end of the volume, which, thanks to the assistance of a number of gentlemen, has been made much more complete and accurate than heretofore. For foreign localities, the list is brief but is intended to include those that are most important and typical. The parts of the admirable new Mineralogy of Hintze leave little in this direction to be desired.
All crystallographic and physical data, analyses, etc., have either been taken direct from the original authority or have been verified from it. References given mean, therefore, authors actually consulted; this is distinctly stated, for the practice of quoting at second hand while giving the original reference is as common as it is bad in its results. In the few cases where the original authority has not been accessible this is often given in brackets [ ], while the actual source follows. The only limitation to the above statement concerns the literature connected with the synonyms, where the references are reproduced for the most part from the previous edition, with only such verification as the most important have called for. Other points in regard to the methods followed will be found explained in full in the Introduction.
In the spelling of foreign geographical names the author has attempted to follow a system, chiefly that laid down not long since by the Royal Geographical Society of London, in which, briefly, the consonants have the same value as in English, while the vowels have the Continental (Italian) sounds. The transliteration of Russian names has been the most difficult part of the matter, and here the author most gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to Mr. J. Sumner Smith of the Yale University Library, whose valuable advice has been always freely given and except in one or two particulars uniformly followed. That a reform is needed in this direction is most obvious, for it is little creditable to the English language that it alone should have no independence, but should follow now a French, now a German method according to the source from which the word has been absorbed — probably both methods more or less at variance with its own usage. The subject is a difficult one, however, and it is doubtful whether a system, satisfactory in all respects, can be devised. Reference may be made here to a paper on the subject in Nature (Feb. 27, 1890) which throws much light upon the subject.
The literature of the science has been freely drawn upon, especially that of the past twenty-five years. No better acknowledgment is needed to the many faithful workers, who have made the science what it is to-day, than the frequent references to their names which are to be found on almost every page, of this work : to mention them individually seems quite unnecessary.
The published works of many authors have been also used freely — among these no one has been more useful than the Mineralogy of Brooke and Miller (1852) as revised, on the crystal- lographic side, by Prof. W. H. Miller. From this admirable volume many hints have been taken. The Russian Mineralogy of Koksharov, the Atlas of Schrauf, the Crystallography of Sadebeck, and many others have been used constantly. The Index of Goldschmidt has been useful in the verification of lists of forms, though these were made out (up to date) before the first part appeared in 1886. On the optical side, use has been made particularly of Des Cloizeaux'*
Vi Preface.
Mineralogy and his other extensive memoirs, also the recent work of Levy and Lacroix ; but many other authors have also yielded valuable material.
In the chemical part of the subject, Rammelsberg's Mineralchemie has been, as before, of great value, while the Tables of Groth have given many suggestions as to the formulas and chem- ical relations of the species ; the papers of Tschermak and Clarke have also been very useful.
In the great labor involved in the preparation of this work, the author has had the assistance of many gentlemen to whom his thanks are returned even if they are not mentioned by name. First of all, his acknowledgments are due to Prof. James D. Dana, the author of this System of Mineralogy from 1837 to 1868, and to whom all its chief points of excellence are due. His encouragement and advice have always been ready, but unfortunately ill health interrupted his plan of following it in detail as it was passing through the press. To Prof. G. J. Brush also the author is indebted for many friendly words of counsel. One of the most valuable features of the last edition was the full account of the blowpipe and allied characters of species, prepared by him, and this has been reproduced here almost without change. Prof. Penfield has stood in still closer connection with the work ; much of the proof has passed under his eye, and, besides many suggestions on minor points, he has supplied from his own observations and work much original matter not yet published. Numerous analyses, figures of crystals, etc. (especially under amphibole and pyroxene), have been given by him from a memoir on the minerals of Northern New York, soon to be published as a Bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey. The permission to use this matter in advance the author owes to the courtesy of Major Powell, Director of the Survey.
To Dr. Genth of Philadelphia, ever active in the investigation of American minerals, the author's thanks are due for new matter supplied from his unpublished notes, for corrections to the former edition, and still more for assistance in regard to the mineral localities in Pennsylvania and North Carolina. Prof. F. W. Clarke has also been most friendly in like directions; while for the difficult subject of American localities, a number of gentlemen have made valuable contributions whose names are mentioned in full on p. 1053. To Prof. F. A. Gooch of New Haven, Dr. W. F. Hillebrand of Washington, Dr. G. H. Williams of Baltimore, Prof. J. C. Branner of Little Rock, Arkansas, Dr. E. O. Leech of the U. S. Mint, Mr. H. S. Durden of San Francisco, Mr. G. Chr. Hoffmann of Ottawa, and other gentlemen the author is also indebted.
Among the Mineralogists abroad, to whom the author owes especial acknowledgment, he would mention Prof. W. J. Lewis of Cambridge, England, Mr. L. Fletcher of the British Museum, Professors Paul Groth of Munich and G. Tschermak of Vienna, whose advice at the beginning of the work was most valuable, vs also the aid that they have given since then. Mr. Thomas Davies of the British Museum kindly furnished a list of minor errors that had before escaped notice in the 5th Edition, and these it is hoped have not been perpetuated here. To Prof. A. Des Cloizeaux, W. C. BrOgger of Stockholm, N. von Koksharov of St. Petersburg, and others, the author would also express his indebtedness. Through the kindness of Prof. BrSgger, advance sheets of his noble work ou the minerals of the augi-te- and nephelite-syenite of Southern Norway were received in time to be freely used.
In two directions the author has been able to make use of clerical assistance. First, in the calculations of angles from the accepted axes, for in general only the recalculation when necessary for the sake of verification has been assumed by the author. Here Miss Charlotte C. Barnum of New Haven, from 1885 to 1887, and Prof. H. H. White of Neligh, Nebraska, from 1886 to the end, have rendered most valuable aid. Second, in the drawing of crystals, the author has been most efficiently aided by Mr. E. F. Ayres, also by Mr. L. V. Pirsson, and further by Prof. E. H. Barbour, Dr. E. O. Hovey, Dr. F. W. Mar, and Messrs. J. Stanley-Brown, O. C. Farringtou, E. W. Goodeuough, F. D. Lefflngwell, John Leverett, Edward Cramer, and others.
Finally, the author takes pleasure in expressing his appreciation of the liberal support of the publishers, Messrs. John Wiley & Sons, and also of the patient care with which the printers and engravers have carried through a work of more than usual labor and vexation.
In conclusion, the author would express the hope that he may be informed of errors, great or small, noted by those using the book, in order that they may be corrected in future printing* from the stereotype plates. It is intended to keep the work up to date, by the publication of appendixes at not very long intervals.
Edward Salisbury Dana.
NEW HAVEN, CONN., January 1, 1892.
PREFACE. Vll
EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACES OF THE FORMER EDITIONS OF THIS WORK BY JAMES D. DANA.
From The Preface To The First Edition (1837).
classification of the mineral species, which is here adopted, is strictly a Natural Arrangement. The superiority of this method is exhibited in the body of the work, and in connection with the remarks on Chemical Classifications, in Appendix B. Although founded by Mohs on the external characters of minerals, it exhibits, in a considerable degree, the chemical relations of the species; and those who are accustomed to prefer a chemical arrangement will probably perceive that, in addition to such qualities as appear to recommend the chemical method, it possesses other advantages not less important.
The changes which have been made in the nomenclature of minerals appear to be demanded. by the state of the science. The present names, excepting those proposed by Mohs, are utterly devoid of system, unless we may consider such the addition of the syllable ite to words of various languages; and even this glimmering of system has been capriciously infringed by a French mineralogist of much celebrity— they seldom designate any quality or character peculiar to the mineral; neither do they exhibit any of the general relations of the species, by which the mind may, at a glance, discover their natural associations, and be assisted in obtaining a com- prehensive view of the science. On the contrary, they are wholly independent, and often worse than unmeaning, appellatives, and are only tolerable in a very unadvanced state of the science. As a necessary consequence of this looseness of nomenclature, most of the species are embar- rassed with a large number of synonyms, a fertile source of confusion and difficulty.
As a remedy for this undesirable state of things, a system of nomenclature, constructed on the plan so advantageously pursued in Botany and Zoology, was proposed by the author in the fourth volume of the Annals of the New York Lyceum. The necessity for something of the kind is very apparent, and the author trusts that it will not be considered a needless
From The Preface To The Second Edition* (1844).
The natural system adopted in this treatise has received such modifications in the present edition as were demanded by the advanced state of the science; and the systematic nomenclature has required some corresponding changes.
Besides the natural classification, another, placing the minerals under the principal element in their composition, has been given in Part VII; and various improvements on the usual chemical methods have been introduced, which may render it acceptable to those that prefer that mode of arrangement.
From The Preface To The Third Edition (1850).
This treatise, in the present edition, has undergone so various and extensive alterations that few of its original features will be recognized. The science of Mineralogy has made rapid progress in the past six years; chemistry has opened to us a better knowledge of the nature and
This edition, failing to find a publisher in New York, was printed at the expense of the author.
Till PREFACE.
relations of compounds; and philosophy has thrown new light on the principles of classification. To change is always seeming fickleness. But not to change with the advance of science is worse; it is persistence in error; and, therefore, notwithstanding the former adoption of what has been called the Natural History System, and the pledge to its support given by the author in supplying it with a Latin nomenclature, the whole system, its classes, orders, genera, and Latin names, have been rejected; and even the trace of it which the synonymy might perhaps rightly bear has been discarded. The system has subserved its purpose in giving precision to the science, and displaying many of the natural groupings which chemistry was slow to recognize. But there are errors in its very foundation, which make it false to nature in its most essential points; and, in view of the character of these errors, we are willing it should be considered a relic of the past.
Yet science is far from being ready with an acceptable substitute. Most chemical systems have been more artificial than the "natural" system; and doubts now hangover some of the principles of chemistry that are widest in their influence on classification. In view of the diffi- culties on either side, it was a point long questioned, whether to venture upon a classification that might be deemed most accordant with truth among the many doubts that surround the subject; or to adopt one less strict to science, that might serve the convenience of the student for easy reference, and for the study of mineralogy in its economical bearings, while, at the same time, it should exhibit many natural relations, and inculcate no false affiliations or distinc- tions of species. The latter alternative has been adopted; — the classification is offered simply as a convenient arrangement, and not an exhibition of the true affinities of species in the highest sense of the term. Among the Silicates, however, it will be perceived that the groupings in the main are natural groupings; and, throughout the work, special care has been taken to inculcate, as far as possible, the true relations of species, both by remarks, and by an exhibition of them
From The Preface To The Fourth Edition (1854),
In the Preface to the last edition of this treatise, the classification of minerals then adopted was announced as only a temporary expedient. The system of Mohs, valuable in its day, had subserved its end; and in throwing off its shackles for the more consistent principles flowing from recent views in chemistry, the many difficulties in the way of perfecting a new classifica- tion led the author to an arrangement which should "serve the convenience of the student without pretending to strict science."
A classification on chemical principles was however proposed in the latter part of the volume, in which the Berzelian method was coupled with crystallography in a manner calculated to display the relations of species in composition as well as form, and prominently "exhibit the various cases of isomorphism and pleomorphism among minerals." The progress of science has afforded the means of giving greater precision and simplicity to this arrangement, until now it seems entitled to become the authorized method of a System of Mineralogy. Whether regarded from a physical or chemical point of view, the groupings appear in general to be a faithful exhibition of the true affinities of the species.
The mind uneducated in science may revolt at seeing a metallic mineral, as galena, side by side with one of unrnetallic luster, as blende; and some systems, in accordance with this prejudice, place these species in separate orders. Like the jeweler, without 'as good reason, the same works have the diamond and sapphire in a common group. But it is one of the sublime lessons taught in the very portals of chemistry, that nature rests no grand distinctions on luster, hardness, or color, which are mere externals, and this truth should be acknowledged by the mineralogist rather than defied. Others, while recognizing the close relations of the carbonates of lime, iron, zinc, and manganese (calcite, spathic iron, sinithsonite, and dialogite), or of the silicates of lime, iron, manganese (wollastonite, augite, rhodonite), are somewhat startled by finding silicate of zinc, or silicate of copper, among the silicates of the earths, or of other oxyds. But the distinction of "useful" and "useless," or of "ores "and "stones," although bearing on " economy," is not science.
Preface, Ix
From The Preface To The Fifth Edition (1868).
The large size of this volume on Descriptive Mineralogy, exceeding by one-half the cor- responding part of the preceding edition, is not without good reason. v
In the first place, the long interval of fourteen years has elapsechsirme the last edition was published, and during this period the science has made great progress. Chemical researches have been carried forward in connection with almost every species, and analyses have been largely multiplied; and it is the plan of the work to be complete in this department, so far as to include all analyses. Crystallographic investigations also have been numerous aud important. Moreover, the number of species has been much enlarged, and every part of the science has had accessions of facts.
In addition, a new feature has been given the work, in the systematic recognition and description of the varieties of species. The first edition of this treatise, that of 1837, was written in the spirit of the school of Mohs. The multitudes of subdivisions into subspecies, varieties, and subvarieties, based largely on unimportant characters, which had encumbered the science through the earlier years of this century, and were nearly smothering the species, were thrown almost out of sight by Mohs, in his philosophic purpose to give prominence and precision to the idea of the species. Much rubbish was cleared away, and the science elevated thereby; but much that was necessary to a full comprehension of minerals in their diversified states was lost sight of. In the present edition an endeavor is made to give varieties their true place; and to insure greater exactness with regard to them, the original locality of each is stated with the description.
Further, the work has received another new feature in its historical synonymy. A list of synonyms has hitherto been mainly an index to works or papers on the species, and often without any regard to the original describer or description. Hausmann's admirable Handbuch (1847) is partly an exception. Leonhard's " Oryktoguosie " (1821, 1826), following the method of Reuss of the opening century, contains a full catalogue of references to publications on each species; but it fails of half its value because the references have no connection in any way with the synonymy. In most recent works, an author who has merely adopted a name is often quoted as if the original authority. The present work is no longer open to this criticism. As now issued, the first author and first place of publication of each species, and of each name it has bdrne, and of the names of all its varieties, are stated in chronological order, with the dates of all publications cited; and, besides, remarks are added in the text when the subject is one of special interest. The facts and conclusions have been derived in almost all cases from the study of the original works themselves; and this treatise has become thereby, to some extent, an account of ancient as well as modern minerals. These historical researches added a third to the labor of preparing the edition for the press, thereby delaying the publication of the work about & year. But such studies are endless, especially when they relate to past centuries, and the work, however long continued, must be incomplete.
In these aud other ways the volume has unavoidably become enlarged. Not a page, and scarcely a paragraph, of the preceding edition remains unaltered,, and full five-sixths of the volume have been printed from manuscript copy. I may here add that, notwithstanding the impaired state of my health, this manuscript — the paragraphs on the pyrognostic characters excepted — was almost solely in the handwriting of the author, or in that of a copyist from it. Neither the consultation of original authorities, the drawing of conclusions, nor the putting of the results on paper, has been delegated to another. And being now but half-way between the fifties and sixties, it is my hope that the future will afford another opportunity for similar work.
In classification, the general system remains unaltered. It is based on a compre- hensive view of the characters of minerals as species in the inorganic kingdom of nature, the preeminence being given to chemical, the next place to Crystallographic, the third to the different physical characters. The author believes (after having tried the so-called natural-history system of Mohs for two editions) that light from no source should be shut out where the relations of species and groups in nature are to be determined. As in the preceding edition, the method avoids almost entirely the distinction, in most cases wrong, founded on the fact of the base in
X Preface.
oxygen ternaries or salts being in the protoxyd state, or in the sesquioxyd, or in both combined, aud proceeds on the ground that the basic elements in these and the other different states are mutually replaceable in certain proportions determined by their combining power with oxygen. But while the progress of chemistry and the kindred sciences requires no modification of the general plan of the classification, but gives it new support, it has rendered many minor changes necessary, and some that are of much importance.
The historical inquiries above alluded to were prompted by a desire to place the nomenclature of mineralogy on a permanent basis. They were incident to a search after a reason for choosing one name rather than another from among the number that stand as claimants. Part of the existing diversity is due to national partiality, and much of it to indifference. It has become somewhat common for authors to select the name they like best without reference to authority, or to reject an old for a new one on no other ground than that of their preference. Increasing confusion in nomenclature has consequently attended the recent progress of the science; and in view of this fact the novel expedient has been tried of endeavoring to escape the confusion by adding one more to the number of names. The right method is manifestly that which has proved so successful in the other natural sciences, viz., the recognition, under proper restrictions, of the law of priority; and this method the author has aimed to carry out.
Moreover, it has seemed best that the science should not only have a system of nomenclature, but should also stand by it; tnat, accordingly, the termination ine, which is prominently chemical, should be left to the chemists, and that other miscellaneous endings should, as far as possible, be set aside, or be made to conform to the system. With this in view, changes have been made in accordance with the principles explained in the course of the remarks beyond on Nomenclature.
Table Of Contents.
INTKODUCTION xiii
Crystallography xiv
Physical Mineralogy xxxiii
Chemical Mineralogy xxxvii
Nomenclature xl
Bibliography xlv
Abbreviations Ixi
General Classification
I. Native Elements 2
Ii. Sulphides, Tellurides, Selenides, Arsenides, Antimonideb 33
I. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides of the Semi-metals : Arsenic, Antimony,
Bismuth ; also Molybdenum B3
II. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, etc., of the Metals 42
III. SULPHO-SALTS. — SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONITES, SULPHOBISMUTHITES, 109
Iv. Haloids —Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides ; Fluorides 152
V. Oxides 183
I. Oxides of Silicon 183
II. Oxides of the Semi-metals : Tellurium, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth ; also
Molybdenum, Tungsten 197
III. Oxides of the Metals 204
A. Anhydrous Oxides 204
B. Hydrous Oxides 244
Vi. Oxtgen-Salts 261
1. Carbonates 261
A. Auhydrous Carbonates 261
B. Acid, Basic and Hydrous Carbonates 293
2. Silicates ; 310
A. Anhydrous Silicates 310
I. Disilicutes, Polysilicates 311
II. Metasilicates 341
III. Ortuosilicates 423
IV. Subsilicates 534
B. Hydrous Silicates 563
I. Zeolite Division 563
II. Mica Division 610
III. Serpentine and Talc Division 669
IV. K;,olin Division 684
V. Concluding Division 697
Titano-Silicates, Titanates 711
3. Niobates, Tautulates, 725
Xii TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Paqk
4. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates ; Antimonates 747
A. Anhydrous Phosphates, etc 747
B. Acid and Basic Phosphates, etc 783
C. Hydrous Phosphates, etc. — Normal Division 805
Acid Division 826
Basic Division 834
Antimonates; Antimonites, Arsenites. 861
Phosphates, etc., with Sulphates, etc 86S
Nitrates 870
6. Borates 874
Uranates 889
6. Sulphates, Chromates 894
A. Anhydrous Sulphates, etc 894
B. Acid and Basic Sulphates 922
C. Hydrous Sulphates, Normal Division 928
Hydrous Sulphates, Basic Division 960
Tellurates ; Tellurites, Selenites 979
7. Tungstates, Molybdates 982
Vii. Salts Of Organic Acids. — Oxalates, Mellates 993
Viii. Hydrocarbon Compounds 996
Supplement 1025
Catalogue Of American Localities 1053
Index . 1105
Introduction.
IN the Description of Species the following order is observed :
1. Name, followed by synonyms in historical order with author, original reference, and date ; also in many cases the common names in the forms peculiar to the French, German, Swedish, Italian and Spanish. See further on the subject of nomenclature, p. xl.
2. Crystalline Form and Structure, including (a) system of crystallization ; (b) axial ratio and angular elements* with authority ; (c) list of observed forms ; (d) methods of twinning, gen- eral habit of crystals, and such details in regard to the character of individual faces as are of value, particularly in the orientation of the crystals. Also (e) general structure of crystalline, massive or amorphous varieties, imitative forms, and so on.
3. Physical Characters. — A. Those relating to COHESION, including (a) cleavage and part- ing; (b) fracture; (c) tenacity; (d) hardness (H).
B. SPECIFIC GRAVITY, or density referred to water (G).
C. Characters relating to LIGHT, including (a) luster ; (b) color and streak, pleochroisrn and absorption; (c) degree of transparency; (d) special optical properties. These last include the positive or negative (— ) optical character; the position of the axial plane and bisectrix; the axial angle; dispersion; also the refractive indices, etc.
D. Characters relating to HEAT, ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM.
E. TASTE and ODOR.
4. Chemical Composition (Comp.).— The chemical formula and percentage composition, followed, or sometimes preceded, by a description of the recognized varieties based upon form, structure, composition, etc. Then the analyses (Anal.) with references to the original authorities.
5. Pyrognostic characters, or those determined by the use of the blowpipe and similar means; also other related chemical characters (Pyr., etc.).
6. Observations (Obs.), containing a general statement as to method of occurrence, with a more or less detailed list of important localities, associated minerals, etc.
7. Altered forms (Alt.).
8. Artificial and furnace products (Artif.).
9. References (Ref.). — A final paragraph gives the references as indicated by number from the preceding description, particularly the crystallographic part. Also references to memoirs of special character in some cases not otherwise mentioned.
In order to aid those who are not thoroughly familiar with Crystallography, Optical
In general it is intended to give the values of the axes to within three or four units in the fifth decimal place, in which case the calculated angles should be correct at least within 10". "When the accuracy of the fundamental angles seems to justify it, a greater degree of exactness is employed, so that the calculated angles may be correct to 1". It is obvious that, unless in very exceptional cases, to give the axes to more than six decimals is merely playing with numbers.
The angular elements, which are intended to correspond to the axes in degree of accuracy, are those of the unit forms in the pinacoid zones, from which calculations may most readily be made. The fundamental angles are also indicated by an asterisk; when this is omitted the axial ratio of the original author (often deduced by method of least squares) is taken as the starting point. The calculated angles are stated in general to the nearest minute, but the half-minute is. often retained when the neglected seconds are near 30.
Introduction.
Mineralogy, Chemistry, etc., and to explain the special methods of notation, abbreviations, etc., adopted, some general explanations under these successive heads are given.
For fuller information on many of these points the reader is referred to the author's Text Book of Mineralogy, also to kindred works whose full titles are given in the Bibliography, thus on Crystallography and Physical. Mineralogy, especially to the works of Groth, Mallard, Liebisch, Tschermak, G. H. Williams (Crystallography); also to others mentioned beyond under the special subjects.
L Crystallography.
Systems of Crystallization. — There are six systems of crystallization, to one of which every crystal may be assigned ; these are distinguished by the degree of symmetry characteristic of each, which usually finds expression in the statement of the lengths and mutual inclinations of certain axes assumed for the description of the form. These systems are :
1, ISOMETRIC; 2, TETRAGONAL ; 3, HEXAGONAL and RHOMBOHEDRAL ; 4, ORTHORHOMBIC ; 5, MONOCLINIC; 6, TRICLINIC.
Other names which are or have been in common use are : for Isometric, cubic, regular; for Tetragonal, quadratic, dimetric; for Orthorhombic, rhombic, trimetric; for Monoclinic, mono- symmetric or oblique; for Triclinic, asymmetric, doubly oblique, or anorthic.
Some general explanations applicable to all systems follow.
Planes and Symbols. — The position of a plane is fixed by its intercepts on the crystallo- graphic axes, and is defined by its symbol which expresses the ratio of these intercepts to certain assumed unit lengths of the axes.
Thus, Fig. 1, let OA, OB, OC be taken as the unit lengths of the axes, and be represented by the letters a, b, c; the position of a plane RNM is fixed by its intercepts OR, ON, OM. If OR la, OB |6, OM 2c, the ratio of the intercepts to the unit axes may be written for this plane :
For the plane HKL parallel to and hence crystallographically identical with RNM, the ratio is
2 1.1- £
It Is found, in general, that if the lengths of the axes for any one plane be taken as the units, the ratio of those of every other plane on the same crystal (written as In 2) can be expressed by rational numbers and usually the whole numbers from 1 to 6 (or by 0).
Introduction. Xv
The two forms
ct b o
are identical, since the ratio of the axes is all that is important, not their absolute length. They further illustrate the symbols after the two common methods in use, TEo§e of Naumann and of Miller.
With Naumann the expression is always written in such a form that the multiple of one of the lateral axes (usually a) is unity (1) and the symbol,* written in the inverse order and omit- ting the axes, after Naumann 's method, is then
2 : : 1, or simply 2-f. Similarly for other planes, whose intercepts written in the two methods are, respectively,
a b G la:lb:2c g- : : T
a b o la:2b:lc - : f : -
the symbols are again, after Naumann, dropping the unity when it belongs to a lateral axis,
2:1:1, or simply 2. 1:2:1, " " 1-2.
With Miller the expression is always taken in the equivalent form, 2 above, where the numerators are the unit lengths of the axes and the denominators are whole numbers; these three integers form then the symbol of the plane — that is, in the three examples given above, 432, 221, and 212.
The general symbol is hkl, corresponding to the full expression for any plane
a b c
h '' k '' T
It will be seen that the symbols of Miller are essentially the reciprocals of those of Nau- mann. The minus signs, indicating intercepts of the negative lengths of the axes, are placed over the numbers to which they belong. The symbols employed in the hexagonal system are explained on a later page.
Naumann's symbols are further modified by writing the sign for infinity GO (in this book replaced by the initial letter i), and the omission of 1. Further, the lateral axes and the numbers referring to them are distinguished, for example in the orthorhombic system, where 5 a, by a long and short mark.
Thus, for example :
Naumann Miller
a : 2& : 2i becomes 2-2 or 2P2 . 211
& : ll : 2k " 2 or 2P 221
a : oo b : 2k " 2-1 or 2Pcb 201
a: lb: ooc " / or coP 110
<z; 26:coc " i-2 or ooP2 210
Some other modifications are mentioned in their proper place. It must be remembered that in 'Naumann's symbols, as stated above, the natural order is reversed and the first number (or infinity sign) refers always to the vertical axis.
Other systems of symbols, besides the two explained, have also been or still are in use, as those of Weiss, of Mohs and Haidiuger, and of Hausmann, Levy, Goldschmidt, and others. Of these the symbols of Weiss are essentially those already given (under 1, above) which abbrevi- ated (and inverted in order) were adopted by Naumann. The symbols of Levy are extensively
Strictly JSuumann's method makes this 2P|, and in the other cases below 2P, P2 — that is, an initial P is inserted after the number referring to the vertical axis in all but the isometric system, where the letter 0 takes its place.
Introduction.
used by the French school of mineralogists. A very full explanation of all the different systems, as of that recently devised- by himself, is given in Goldschmidt's Index (1886-1891). Trans- formation equations (for the important cases, in concise form) are given by Groth (Phys. Kryst.), Mallard (Crist., vol. 1), Liebisch (Kryst.), and others.
A form includes all the similar planes comprised in one general symbol. Thus if the three axes are unequal but at right angles (orthorhombic system) there are eight similar planes included in the general symbol hkl (or m-n) according as the axes are plus or minus, that is the form includes
For the form (211) :
hkl hkl
hkl hkl
hkl
hk.
hkl hkl
If, however, the axes a and b are equal (tetragonal system) the plane hkl and khl (or a : na : me and na : a : me) are similar and the form includes 16 planes; further, in the isometric system, where the axes (a) are all equal, a form may include 48 planes, while in the triclinic system it can include only 2 planes. This is further explained later uuder the different systems. The Law of Holohedrism requires that all the planes of a given form should be present, that is all having the same general position with reference to the axes. This law finds exceptions in:
HemiJiedrism, where only half of the planes are present, but half selected according to a dfiite law; and in
Tetartohedrism, where only one-fourth of the possible similar planes are present. A full explanation of these subjects is impossible in this place, but they are treated as fully as is practicable under the different systems.
Some technical terms applied in the description of crystals require explanation.
Pinacoid planes, in general, are those which are parallel to two of the axes. These are designated in this work by the same letters as the axes at whose extremity they lie. Thus, fig. 2, a, b, c are the pinacoids having (in the orthorhombic system) the symbols:
Miller a 100 b 010 c 001
Naumann
i-l oo Poo i-i oo Poo 0 OP
A Prism is a form whose planes are parallel to the vertical axis and intersect both the horizontal axes, if at the unit lengths it becomes the unit prism (having the symbol 7) and in this work uniformly denoted by the letter m. In the several systems some additional terms, describing the different prisms, are introduced.
Basal Pinacoid. (001, 0)
Prism. (110, /)
(hkO, i-n)
Domes.
(101, 1-i)
(JiQl, m-l)
(Oil, 1-i) (Qkl, m-l)
Domes are forms whose planes are parallel to one only of the lateral axes. They are specially named (macrodomes, clinodomes, etc.) in the different systems according to which axis they
K Pyramids are forms whose faces intersect the three axes; if the lateral axes at their unit lengths they are unit pyramids. In fig. 2, above, a, b, c are pinacoids ; m (110, /) and g (120, t-2) are prisms'; d (101, 1-i) is a macrodome ; h (Oil, \4) and k (021, 2-) are brachydomes, and e (111, I),/ (121, 2-2) are pyramids; cf. also figs. 3, 4, 5, 6.
Introduction.
After Brezina.
A zone is a series of planes with mutually parallel intersections, since their parameters have all a constant ratio for two of the axes. The line through the center of the crystals to which the planes are parallel is the zone-axis. Familiar examples of zones, in part shown in fig. 2, are those of the prisms, MO, of the domes, hOl or Qkl; also pyramids, as of the unit series 1M (as 112, 111, 221) where h — k ; or of auy other zone as 211, 421, etc., where h 2k; also 212, 111, 121, 131, where h I, etc.
Spherical Projection — If the center of a crystal, that is, the pointjofjntersection of the three axes, be taken as the center of a sphere, and normals be drawn from it to the successive planes of the crystals, the points, where they meet the surface of the sphere, will be the poles of the respective planes. For example, in f. 7 the common center of the crystal and sphere is at O, the normal to the plane b meets the surface of the sphere at B, of b' at B', of d and e at D and E respectively, and so on. These poles evidently determine the position of the plane in each case.
It is obvious that the pole of the plane b' (010) opposite b (010) will be at the opposite extremity of the diameter of the sphere, and so in general, (120) and (120), etc. It is seen also that all the poles, or normal points, of planes in the same zone, that is, planes whose intersection- lines are parallel, are in the same great circle, for jnstauce the planes b (010), d (1 10), a (100), e (110), and so on.
It is customary in the use of the sphere to regard it as projected upon a horizontal plane, usually that normal to the prismatic zone, so that, as in f. 10, the prismatic planes lie in the circumference of the circle, and the other planes within it. The eye being supposed to be situated at the opposite extremity of the diameter of the sphere normal to this plane, the great circles then appear either as arcs of circles, or as straight lines, i.e., diameters.
It will be further obvious from f . 7 that the arc BD, between the poles of b and d, measures an angle at the center (BOD), which is the supplement of the actual interior angle bnd between the two planes.
In the construction of the spherical projection, it must be noted that the poles on the circumference are fixed directly by the angles measured by a protractor, while the positions of 101 on the zone-circle 100, 001, 100 and of Oil on 010, 001, 010 are fixed by the fact that the distances to them from the center of the circle (here 001) are proportional to the tangents of half the angles of 001 A 101 and 001 A Oil, and this holds true in general. Furthermore, it must be noticed that the pole 111 is situated at the intersection of the zone-circles 001 and 110, 100 and Oil, 010 and 101; so in general hkl at the intersection of 001 and MO, 100 and Qkl, 010 and hOl.
Horizontal Projections. — In addition to the usual perspective figures of crystals, projections usually on the basal plane (or more generally the plane normal to the prismatic zone) are freely used, and in these the successive planes are indicated by accents, passing around in the direction of the axes a, b, c, that is counter-clockwise. Thus compare the figures below, 8 and 9 and the spherical projection, f. 10. These -methods are modified somewhat to meet the demands of the different systems.
Angles between Planes. — The angles given in this work are always the normal angles, that is the angles between the poles or normals to the planes, measured 'on the arc of a great circle joining the poles as shown on the spherical projection (f. 7, 10). These normal angles are the supplements of the actual interfacial angles, as has just been explained.
Furthermore, by reference to the projection, f. 10, it will be seen that the angle 100 A HO, or (f. 9) am, is (in the orthorhombic system) half the angle 110 A 110 (mm'"). Similarly 010 A 120 (bs) is half the angle 120 A 120 (ss1); again, 100 A HI (ae) is the complement of half the angle 111 A 111 (ee1), and 010 A 111 (be) the complement of half the angle 111 A 111 (O-
Further:
100 A 010 (ab) 100 A HO (am) + 110 A 120 (ms) + 120 A 010 (sb) Also:
101 A 010 (db) 101 A HI (eto) + 111 A 121 (tf) + 181 A 010 (fb).
Here, as throughout this work, the sign A is used to designate the angle between two faces, usually designated by letters.
Methods of Calculation.— In general the angles between the poles can be calculated by the methods of spherical trigonometry from the triangles as shown in the sphere of Droiecf- - 1O>
Introduction.
— which for the most part are right-angled. Certain fundamental relations connect the axes with the elemental angles of the projection; the most important of these are given under the indi- vidual systems. For the formulas necessary in certain cases, reference must be made to works on crystallography.
J/n
/f
f
e
a'
e'
k
h
h
k
\j"
in e
d
A
%
The only relation which need be introduced here is the tangent principle, applicable to any zone between a pinacoid plane and a plane, 90° from this, in a zone with the other two pinacoids. The relation and its application to such zones will be evident from the following simple examples:
tan (001 A M?) tan (001 A 101)
tan (010 A
tan (001 A OH)
Also
tan (OlO A HO)
tan (001 A
tan (001 A 111)
- or more generally
tan (100 A HO) tan (001 A h
k
k
h'
r tan (001 A ppr)~~l*p'
etc.
Order of Forms. — In the lists of forms under each species, the following order is followed :
1. Pinacoids, 100, 010, 001;
2. Prisms, commencing with the form (7/AO) nearest 100;
3. Domes, commencing with the forms (hOl and Ofcl) nearest to 001 ;
4. Pyramids of the unit series in a like order;
5. Other pyramids arranged in vertical zones, e.g. from 001 to 210, etc., the zones being taken in the same order as that adopted above for the prisms. In the monoclinic system, the orthopyramids are given before the clinopyramids.
Tici/i Crystals. — A twin crystal is one in which one part is in reversed position with refer- ence to the other, as if, in general, it had been revolved through 180 J about a certain axis. This axis of revolution is the twinning axis, and the plane normal to it is the twinning-plane; either the twinning-axis must be a definite crystallographic line, or the twiuning-plaue a possible plane (usually a common one) — except in the inclined system both statements must hold true.
The plane common to the two crystals or parts of crystals in a simple contact-twin is the composition-face; it is usually the same as the twinning-plane, but may be normal to it. In a penetration-twin the parts may be united very irregularly.
Twinning may be repeated, giving rise to three-fold, four-fold, etc., compound crystals, called trillings, fourfings, fiveliugs, etc. This is common where the angle between the axes of the crystals in the twinning position is more or less closely an aliquot part of 180°; five-rayed, six-rayed, etc. , star-shaped twins may result (cf . marcasite (p. 95), chrysoberyl (p. 229), rutile (pp. 237, 238).
Polysynthetic twinning is repeated twinning in the form of thin lamella? alternately in reversed position with reference to each other; this usually produces fine lines or striations upon -the bounding surfaces; cf. the triclinic feldspars, p 326 el seq.
In twins the faces of the reversed part are denoted by a letter with a subscript line.
Introduction.
l. ISOMETHIO SYSTEM.
In the Isometric System there are three equal axes at right angles to each other. It is char- acterized (in the holohedral forms) by three principal planes of symmetry, all equal. The lines in which these planes of symmetry intersect are the crystallographic axes. There are also six auxiliary diagonal planes of symmetry, equal among themselves.
There are seven holohedral types of form in this system, that is seven in which all the similar planes comprehended by each general symbol are present. They are, in order of sim- plicity, with their symbols:
1. Cube
2. Octahedron
3. Dodecahedron
4. Tetrahexahedron
5. Trigonal Trisoctahedron
6. Tetragonal Trisoctahedron, or Trapezohedron
7. Hexoctahedron
In the above h k 1.
These forms are shown in the following figures with the symbols after both Miller antf Naumann.
(100)
a
(111)
(110)
Od0
d
(Mo)
i-n
as e (210,
i-2)
(Ml)
in
mO
as p (221,
2)
(Ml)
m-m
mOm
as n (211,
2-2)
(Ml)
m-n
mOn
as s (321,
3-f)
e (210, i-2)
The following letters are uniformly used in this work to designate the most commonly occurring forms, viz. (chiefly after Miller) :
Cube a. Octahedron o. Dodecahedron d.
Tetrahexaliedrons : e — 210, i-2; f — 310, i- 3; g 320, i-f ; h 410, z-4.
Tetrahexahedrons : k 520, z'-f ; I 530 -f, O 430, z-f.
Trigonal trisoctahedrous : p — 221, 2; ? 331, 3; r 332, f ; p 441, 4.
Tetragonal trisoctahedrons : 311, 3-3; n 211, 2-2; /? 322, f-f .
Hexoctahedrons : s 321, 3-|; t 421,
For other forms letters are used indis- criminately. The spherical projection, f. 21, shows the distribution of some of the forms of this system.
It .will be noted that the planes of the hexoctahedron s (f. 20) in the right upper octant are, in order (counter-clockwise): 321, 231, 133, 123. 213, 312. Similarly for the trisoctahedron p (f. 17), 221, 122, 212 ; for n (f. 18), 211, 121, 112.
Introduction.
The HEMIHEDRAL forms are those in which only half the normal number of planes are present. The common types are :
A. Tetrahedral or Inclined hemihedrons. Tetrahedron K (111) or (1), f. 22, 23.* Hemi- trigonal trisoctahedron K (hhl) or \(m), f. 24, and hemi-tetragoual trisoctahedron K (Ml) or -J (m-m). f. 25; hemi-hexoctahedrou (hexatetrahedron) K (hkl) or £ (?n-w), f. 26. Also
B. The Pyritohedral or Parallel hemihedrons. Pyritohedron it (hkQ) or £ (t'-n), f. 27-30, and Diploid n (hkl) or (w-), f. 31.
There are also certain gyroidal or plagihedral hemihedrons (e.g., sylvite), and further tetartohedral forms which need not be explained here.
In general, hemihedrons may be plus or minus, according to which set of planes is present, thus :
Thej9 tetrahedron has the planes 111, 111, 111, 111. ThemfaiM " " " " ill, ill, 111, HI.
These are, in the majority of cases, represented by the same letters on the figures,, but the minus or inverse form is indicated by a subscript accent, thus o (111, -f- 1) and o, (111, — 1), and similarly of the other -(- and — hemihedral forms in this system.
n (210)
The following tables give the more important angles (to the nearest 15") for the various forms thus far observed f in this system. Interfacial angles for the
Cube
100 A 010
90° 0' 0"
Also
Octahedron ' 111 A 111
70° 31' 44"
ao
100 A Hi
54° 44' 8"
ad
100 A Ho
45° 0' 0"
od
111 A 110
35° 15 52"
Dodecahedron
dd' 110 A 101
60° 0' 0"
Tetrahexahedrons.
Edge A
EdgeC
Angle on
Angle on
Cf. fig. 16
210 A 201, etr
210 A 120, etc.
a (100, i-i)
o (111, 1)
82-1-0, £-32
86° 25|-'
1° 47*'
53° 28}'
15-1-0, z-15
5 28*
82 22£
52 5i
10-1-0, z-10
5 42£
810, i-S
7 71
49 52i
710, -7
73 44i
8
49 13
In the list of planes given under hemihedral species, these hemihedral signs K and it, etc., are omitted, and similarly in the other systems.
f A number of doubtful forms are included in the lists, also some forms known only on artificial crystals.
Introduction.
TETRAHEXAHEDRONS — Continued. Edge A
EdgeC
Angle on
Angle on
Cf . fig. 16
210 A 201, etc.
210 A
120, etc.
a (100, i-i)
o (111, 1)
610, a-6
13°
21'
71°
4*'
9°
48°
17-3-0,
510, z-5
56*
18*
920, i-f
56*
31}
27}
13-3-0, i-ij-
17}
Oj
59|
10*
410, z-4
55}
33}
11-3-0,
26}
29*
15*
10-3'0, fJf
26}
36*
310, f-8
50*
87}
520, t-|
23}
12-5-0, z-v-
33}
45*
58*
730, t-f
20}
940, t-|
22}
57}
210, e-2
KOI Owj
950, j-f
53*
16*
740, a-}
30*
44}
530, *-f
57}
320, £f
ow i O t £
41*
48*
750, f-f
55*
11-8-0, z-V
56jj.
If
I4f
430, i-f
12*
15*
970, i-$
27*
52*
25}
39*
45*
870, z-f
37J
Hi
26*
14-13-0, i- If
14*
11 -lo-o, Z-H
16*
20-19-0, i-%%
17*
17*
41-40-0,
17*
64-63-0. t-ff
86-85-0, i-ff
Trigonal Thisoctahedrons.
Cf. fig. 17 65-65-64,
Edge A 221 A 212; etc.
0° 43*'
Edge B Angle on 221 A 221, etc. a (100, i-i)
69° 41*' 54° 314'
Angle on
0 (111, 1)
0° 25'
10-10-9, Y
56f
22f.
47*
776,
26*
47*
2f
554,
!
59*
443,
f
52.*
20*
19*
332,
20*
14}
885,
25}
553,
13}
23}
16*
774,
55}
221,
56*
47*
552,
?
33*
331,
31*
30*
772,
50f
50*
441,
20*
14*
551,
Introduction.
TRIGONAL TRISOCTAHEDRONS— Continued.
Edge A
Edge B
Angle on
Angle on
Cf. fig. 17
221 A 212, etc.
221 A 221, etc.
a (100, i-i)
o (111, 1)
661, 6
48° 53$'
13° 26|'
45° 23!'
28° 32!'
771, 7
50 28f
11 32i
45 17$
29 29f
881, 8
51 40i
10 6$
45 13i
11 11-1, 11
7 21$
45 7
31 35£
27-27-1, 27
57 32$
45 1$
33 45f
40-40-1, 40
58 20J
2 If
45 0!
fETRAGONAL TRISOCTAHEDRONS Or TRAPEZOHEDRONS.
EdgeB
EdgeC
Angle on
Angle on
Cf.
fig. 18
211 A 211, etc.
211 A
121, etc. a (100, i-i)
0 (111, 1)
1, 40-40
2°
51*'
87°
6'
2°
1!'
52°
42f
36-1'
1, 36-36
10'f
46!
29J
1, 16-16
1, 15-15
36|
23$
1, 12-12
29£
8!
43$
Of
1, 11-11
20f
18*
19!
24!
10-1'
1, 10-10
41$
911,
36$ .
55f
8t
4!
H
42f
2, JjHf
3!
40f
3!
53f
25$
18f
611,
40$
59f
15f
28J
511,
itt
57!
47!
56!
411,
15|
833,
ft
41f
57f
47f
722,
?"S
43$
50|
311,
6f
28f
14*
29f
522,
H
20!
29f
944,
H
12!
51$
57!
51|
211,
lit
33!
15f
28$
955,
H
48J
36|
34f
744,
H
46£
56£
47J
533,
H
54!
322,
18|
25$
433,
H
55f
55|
655,
H
ii
44£
Hexoctahedrons.
Edge A
EdgeB
EdgeC
Angle on
Angle on
Cf. fig. 20
321 A
312, etc.
321 A
321, etc
. 321 A
231, etc. a (100, M)
0 (111, 1)
35-6-2, V-¥
12°
35f
8°
53f
62°
41?
14°
llf
42°
22'
12-3-2, 6-4
22±
43£
821, 8-4
49f
25|
21-7-5, V-3
27!
43!
16!
54!
832, 4-f
14f
31$
15f
12$
10-4-3, V-f
7f
36$
36f
521, 5-|
34!
30f
15-6-2, -1/-!
Of
1!
51f
20!
732, f-l
18$
25f
6$
22$
731, 7-|
13$
57*
12f
18f
13*
Introduction.
HEXOCTAHEDRONS — Continued.
Edge A
EdgeB
EdgeC
Angle on
Angle on
Cf . fig. 20
321 A
312, etc.
321 A 321, etc.
321 A 231,
etc.
a (100, i-i)
0(111, 1)
16-7-4, 44£
13°
36'
25° 48'
41°
36f
26°
444'
29°
33'
942, f-f
lOf
Hf
29}
11-5-3, Jml-Ia
2£-
55f
845, f-2
54|
58 24f
2f
41f
10-5-3. Y-3
14f
421, 4-2
45}
12}
24-12-5, -V--2
53|
21 6f
11-6-1, 11-V-
40}
40}
13-7-5, V-¥
35}
OQ 1 JOvW
18-10-5, -V8-t
1 O 1
1 Hl"t£
27 17f
50f
57}
18-10-1, 18-|
57f
5 33f
51}
12 7-5, V-¥
12}
531, 5-f
19 27f
18f
33f
853, ft
44f
643, 2-|
45 lOf
51f
39,
321, 3-|
47}
10-7-3, J/-V-
20-14-3, -2-Y-
52}
14 Of
751, 7-|
13 15f
47f
971, 94
10 U
Hf
&i
432, 2-4
If
431, 4-4
12}
19f
543, f-f
28f
28|
32}
541, 5-|
12|
31|
654, f-l
14f
14f
51f
651, 6-f
18}
22}
13-11-9, -VHf
Oki
iwOJ
26|
875, H
49|
4f
35f
986, f-t
Of
64-63-1, 64-f4
33}
36f
Further, the angles for
the hemihedral forms* are as follows:
For the tetrahedron
oo' (111
A 111) 109°
28' 16",
00,
(Hi
A Hi)
70°
31' 44".
Inclined Hemihedrons.
Hemi-Trigonai,
Trisoctahedrons.
Edge A
EdgeB
Angle on
Angle on
Cf. fig. 24
221 A
212, etc.
221 A 122, etc.
a (100, i-i) o(lll, 1)
9°
103° 8}'
52°
1'
5°
46'
14}
13}
94 51$
23}
55}
15f
51J
53}
70 48£
15}
52|
40}
68 9£
12f
No distinction is made between the -(- and — forms; the angles are the same obviously except for the pyritoliedrons and diploids, where the angle between a given -j- form (e.g., 210, 821) and 100 is the same as that for the corresponding — form (120, 231) and 010. The symbols after Naumann (many of them given iu the table above) are omitted here.
Introduction,
Hemi-Tetragonal Trisoctahedrons.
Edge B Edge C Angle on
Angle on
Cf. fig. 25
211 A 211, etc. 211 A 121, etc. a (100, i-i)
0(111, 1)
12° 25' 80° 55' 6° 124'
48° 314
13 264 80 84 6 43}
18 534 75 58} 9 26}
24 33 71 33} 12 16i
26 314 69 59} 13 15}
31 35} 65 574 15 474
38 564 60 0 19 28}
55 524 45 57} 27 564
58 594 43 204 29 29}
64 18 50 25} 82 9
70 31} 33 334 35 15}
73 38f 30 53} 36 494
77 53 27 16 25 504
86 37} 19 45 43 18}
Hemi-Hexoctahedkon.S.
Edge A Edge B Edge C Angle on
Angle on
Of. fig. 26 321
A 312, etc. 321 A 312, etc. 321 A 231, etc. a (100, i-i)
0(111,1)
14° 50' 45= 34 450 34|' 34°
32° 30}'
24 49 i7j 36 27j 27 47
10 594 70 94 27 424 35 38
27 39f 57 27 391 32 18t
9 a
28 33f
21 47} 69 44 21 47} 36 42
ae 124
17 51f 76 46 17 51| 39 47|
16 21} 79 38$ 16 21} 40 41
15 54 82 44 15 54 42
30 30f
50 34} 62 56i 5 264 42 25
Parallel Hemihedrons.
Pyritohedrons.
Edge A Edge C Angle on
Angle on
Cf. figs. 27-30
210 A 210, etc. 210 A 102, etc. a (100, i-i)
o(lll, 1)
11° 25' 84° 19' 42}'
50° 484'
14 20} 83 42 6 204
14 15 82 55} 7 74
18 554 80 40 9 27}
22 37} 78 54} 11 18J
25 34 77 464 12 31}
31 534 74 41 15 56}
33 24 74 14 16 42
Introduction.
PYRITOHEDRONS — Continued.
Edge A
Edge C
Angle on
Cf. figs. 27-30
A
210, etc.
A 102, etc.
0 52*'
72°
32*'
0 26'
11-4-0
36*
49f
55*
12}
57}
25*
28*
30}
15*
29*
44}
55}
49*
57}
22}
30}
41*
46*
32*
44*
52*
19*
48*
39*
34}
39*
17*
36}
32*
48*
12*
23*
49}
54}
22*
17*
11*
13}
58*
59*
32}
16*
DlPLOIDS.
Edge A
EdgeB
EdgeC
Angle on
Cf. fig. 31 321
A 321
, etc
. 321 A 321, etc.
A 132, etc.
a (100,
i-i)
31°
35*'
15°
38*'
64°
47*'
17°
43'
48*
26*
44}
33}
23*
30*
49*
46*
54*
57*
25*
11*
47}
52}
47*
45*
12*
45*
12*
11*
12*
46*
45*
54*
13*
56|
58*
31*
52}
22*
58*
18*
21}
34*
51}
33}
34*
14*
51}
47}
56*
27}
27}
18}
40*
48*
18*
18}
36}
55*
30}
48*
25}
58}
37*
12*
48
36}
10
48*
18*
45}
31}
15}
11*
Angle on 0(111, 1) 43° 5*'
40 21*
38 36 48* 36 21* 36 35 45* 35 30* 35 28* 35 26* 35 24* 35 22* 35 21*
Angle on '(HI, 1)
38° 13'
33 31*
27 25* 36 21*
30 29*
21 57*
24 52*
28
33 29*
35 22* 28 11*
25 22*
26 50*
22 12*
16
29 55*
Introduction.
DIPLOIDS — Continued.
Edge A
EdgeB
EdgeC
Angle on
Angle on
Cf. fig. 31
321 A 321, etc.
321 A 321, etc.
321 A 132, etc.
0(111, 1)
67° 42*'
43° 36f
26° 17*'
42° If
15° 13*'
72 4f
22 37i
43 3
38 19f
25 4
65 11J
14 20f
57 19±
14 43f
8 80J
50 12*
45 0
11 32±
2. Tetragonal System.
In the Tetragonal System there are three axes at right angles to each other; two of these are equal (a); the third, the vertical axis (£), is longer or shorter. The system is characterized by three axial planes of symmetry, two of which are equal to each other; there are also two other auxiliary planes inclined 45° to the other pair.
The holohedral forms in this system are:
1. Basal plane (001) 0 OP
2. Diametral prism, or prism of second series (100) i-i oo Poo
3. Unit prism, or prism of first series
4. Ditetragonal prism
5. Pyramids of diametral or second series
6. Unit pyramids
7. Ditetragonal pyramids or zirconoids
a
(110) / oo P m
(MO) i-n as (210, i-2) (hQl) m-i as e (101, 1-t), (201, 2-*), etc, (Ml) m mP as (111, 1), (221, 2), etc. (hkl) m-n mPn as (211, 2-2), (321, 3-|), etc.
o-
c—
(
m
k."
'if
(001), (100) (001), (110) (001), (210)
(101)
(Hi)
(hkl)
In figs. 38, 39, c (001), a (100), m (110), h (210), e (101), r (111), z - (311).
Introduction.
These forms are shown in f. 33-37, and in combination in f. 38, of which f. 39, 40 are projections.
The hemihedral forms are :
A. Sphenoidal or inclined, represented by the sphenoid, or hemi-uuit pyra- mid, f. 41, analogous to the tetrahedron (f. 22) and the tetragonal scalenohedron. Cf. figs, on pp. 80, 81, under chalcopyrite.
B. Pyramidal, including the half-form of the ditetragonal prism and pyramid or square prism and pyramid of the third series. Cf . figs. 3, 6, 7 under scheelite, p. 986, and f . 4-6, under wulfenite, p. 990.
The following table gives the important angles for the observed ditetragonal prisms, which are the same for all species. The angle of the edge X (f. 34) is twice the angle on a (100), and of the edge Y, twice the angle on m (110).
it (111)
Angle on
Angle on
a (100, i-i)
m (110, /)
7°7i'
37° 52*'
530, i-f
36° 52*'
320, i-f
12° 31*'
32° 28*'
750, i-l
14° 3*'
30° 57*'
430, i-|
18° 26'
26° 34'
540, z-f
23° 57f
21° 2*'
650, i-\
26° 34'
18° 26'
870, i-$
29° 44*'
15° 15*'
14-13-0,
Angle on
Angle on
a (100, i-i)
m (110, I)
30° 57i'
14° 2*'
33° 41*'
11° 18*'
35° 32f
9° 27*'
36° 52*'
go 7j,
38° 39f
6° 20V
39° 48*'
5° 11*'
41° 11*'
3°48£'
42° 52*'
2° 7*'
810, 1-8 710, i-7 920, i-f 410, 14 310, -3 940, i-\ 210, i-2 740, ir\
The vertical axis b can be obtained from the fundamental equations:
tan (001 A 101) k or tan (001 A HI) - i V%
3. Hexagonal System.
The Hexagonal System includes (1) the HEXAGONAL SYSTEM proper, and (2) the RHOMBO- HEDRAL DIVISION. In this work all the forms are referred to four axes, three equal axes (a) inclined at angles of 60° in a common horizontal plane and a fourth vertical axis (£) at right angles to them and either longer or shorter.
I. In the HEXAGONAL SYSTEM proper, there are 4 axial planes of symmetry, 3 equal planes intersecting at 60°, and a fourth unequal normal to them; also 3 auxiliary planes diagonal to the first set.
The general symbol for hexagonal forms is :
1. Weiss-Naumann pa : na : a : me
2. Miller-Bravais hkli
These symbols correspond to the symbols 1 and 2, already explained on p. xv. It is to be added that here p -, in
-f
the first form, and h k — 1 0 in the second. Special
examples of these symbols are given in the list of forms
below belongingjo the hexagonal system. Note also that in the general symbol hkli, h k I;
for example (1231); this corresponds to the axes as shown in f. 42, and the spherical projection,
f . 4_9. In stating the form (which includes 12 planes), it is customary to write it khli, that is
(2131), and so in other cases.
The holohedral forms of this system are :
1. Basal plane (0001)
2. Unit, prism, or prism of first series (1010)
3. Diagonal prism, or prism of second series (1120)
(khlO) (hOtii)
4. Dihexagoual prism
5. Unit pyramids, or first series (quartzoids)
6. Diagonal pyramids, or second series
7. Dihexagonal pyramids
(khli)
i-n m m-2 m-n
OP ooP oo P2
as (2130, t-f )
mP as (1011, 1) or (20§1, 2) mP2 as (1122, 1-2) or (1121, 2-2) mPn as (2131, 3-f)
These forms are illustrated by figs. 43-47, also by the projections figs. 48, 49. It is to be noted that the symbols of the planes of the forms p (1011), s (1121), taken in order (f. 48, 49), are :
Introduction.
P
P' Olll
P"
p'"
s"
s'"
r
For the forms below, pTl 1011, etc., 1121, etc. Also for (2131), 123L t>" 1321, 3121, etc., cf. f. 49.
In figs. 47, 48, c (0001), m (1010), a (1120), p (1011), u (2021), s (1121), 74 (3141), 2131.
The kind of hemihedrism belonging to this part of the system is the pyramidal, and the special forms are the half-forms of the 12-sided prism and pyramid; which are illustrated by the species of the Apatite Group, pp. 763-773. These half-forms are, respectively, a hexagonal prism, and hexagonal pyramid of the third series; cf. f. 4, p. 763, where the predominating form, H (2131), is this pyramid.
2. The RHOMBOHEDRAL DIVISION includes forms with only three planes of symmetry intersecting at angles of 120° in the vertical axis. The forms peculiar to it may be regarded as half-forms of the corresponding hexagonal types. They are distinguished as plus and minus, as in similar cases before explained (p. xx). The forms peculiar to the rhombohedral system are the rhornbohedron and scaleuohedron, figs. 50-53, also f. 54 and the many other figures under calcite, pp. 263, 264, tourmaline, pp. 551, 552, etc.
The symbols for the several planes of the plus unit rhombohedron (f. 50, 54), always denoted by the letter r, are :
r 1011
1101 r" 0111 r'" Oil! rlv 1011
1101
For the scalenohedron in general, which is regarded as a half-form on the same system of the dihexagonal pyramid, Naumanu modified his symbols by referring the forms to the rhom- bohedron having the same lateral edges. His symbols read :
mRn, in this book written mn,
Introduction.
no=s
where the m and n are connected with the corresponding ma and n0 of the dihexagoual pyra- mid by the relations :
Thus 4(3P|) or 4(3-f) is equivalent to IP or 1s.
50. 52. 53.
(1011, +R), e (0111, -22), 2021, + 322), (3121, I3), also
(1010, /),
The hemihedral forms of the Rhombohedral Division, which are tetartohedral to the Hexagonal Division, are:
A. Rhombohedral. B. Trapezohedral.
The distinctive form of the rhonibohedral-tetartohedral class is the hemi-scalenohedron, or rhombohedron of the third series, illustrated by figs. 4, 5, 9, under phenacite, p. 462. Cf. also figs, under dioptase, p. 464, ilmeuite, p. 218, dolomite, p. 272.
The distinctive form of the trapezohedral class are the quadrilateral trapezohedron and the unsymmetrical trigonal prism, illustrated by quartz (pp. 184, 185) and cinnabar, p. 66. These forms may be either right- or left-handed, as shown in quartz, where their connection with the phenomena of circular polarization is explained. The plus and minus forms are in general designated by different letters.
There are also hemimorphic forms, in which the opposite extremities of the vertical axis are dissimilarly modified, as shown in tourmaline, pp. 551, 552, and pyrargyrite, p. 133. Here the unit prism becomes a trigonal form.
The important mathematical relations in this system are
c - tan (0001 A 1122), Also for a hexagonal pyramid
c tan (0001 A 1011) . 4
tan 4(10ll A 0111) sin £ 4/4, where tan £ and in general
tan 4(OAZ A OMZ) sin where tan £( — c.
t
For a pyramid of the second series
2 sin 4(1122 A 1212) sin and tan $ d, For a dihexagonal prism, khlQ (as, 2130) :
cot (1010 A
ft
cot (1120 A MfO)
k -
The sum of the above angles is equal to 30°.
Introduction
A 1101) sin a tf\, where a 0001 A
For a rhombohedron
sin in general
sin \(hQhl A JihQl) sin a, where a, 0001 A
In the vertical zone of pyramids, rhombohedrons, etc., the tangent principle holds
tan (0001 A 1121)
- —
tan (0001 A Whl) h
tan (0001 A 1011) I '
tan (0001 A 1122)
For a pyramid v (khli) (as; 2131) in the zone m (1010), s (1121), p' (0111), o' (1212), in which k i (cf . f. 49, p. xxviii), we have :
cot m/o cot mj/ .
2/fc + ft
The angles for the occurring prisms are given by the following table :
13-1-14-0
12-1 i3-0
10-1-li-O
9-5i4*-0
m (1010. 7) 3° 12' 3° 40J' 3° 57f 4° 43' 6° 35i' 8° 57' 10° 53£' 13° 54' 16° 6' 19° 6f 20° 38' 22° 24f ' 23° 24f 26° 19f '
a (1120, i-2) 26° 48' 26° 19f 26° 2J' 25° 17' 23° 24f 21° 3' 19° 6f 16° 6' 13° 54'
10° 53i'
9° 22'
7° 85*'
6° 35i'
3° 40i'
The Rhombohedkal Division Op Miller.
The following projection (fig. 55) is added in order to show the relation of the forms in the
Hexagonal and Rhombohedral Systems as referred by Miller to three equal oblique axes parallel to the faces of the fundamental rhom- bohedron. The forms are as follows
The plaues having the indices 100, 001, 010 are those of the (plus) fundamental rhombohedron, while the plane 111 is the base. The plaues 221, 121, 122 are those of the minus fundamental rhombohedron; with the planes 100, Oil), 001 they form the unit hexagonal pyramid.
The hexagonal unit prism, / (1010), has the symbols, 112, 211, 121, 112, 211, m. The second, or diagonal hexagonal prism, *-2 (1120). has the symbols: 101, 110, Oil, 101, IlO, Oil
The dihexagonal pyramid embraces, like the simple hexagonal pyramid, two forms (hkl) and (efg); the symbol (Ml) hence belongs to the plus scalenohedron, and (efg) to the minus. In this as in other cases it is true that e - - h + 2k + 21, f 2?i - k + 21, g 2/i + 2k - I.
The dihexngonal prism includes the six planes of the form (hkO), and the remaining six of the form (efO) ; corresponding, respectively, to the pyramids (hkl) and (efg).
Introduction.
4. Orthorhombic System.
In the Orthorhombic System, there are three unequal axes at right angles to each other. These axes are the brachydiagonal a, macrodiagonal b, and vertical c ; in stating the axial ratio, b is always made equal to unity. There are three planes of symmetry, which intersect in these axes, but which are all different. The types of forms in this system are:
Macropinacoid
Brachypinacoid
Basal plane
Unit prism
Macroprism
Brachyprism
Macrodomes
Brachydomes
Unit pyramids
Macropyramids
Brachypyramids
These forms hardly need any further explanation beyond what has been given on pp. xv, xvi Heminedral forms in this system are rare ; hemimorphic forms are less so, but not very common, cf. calamine, p. 547, struvite, p. 806.
The axial ratio can be calculated from the simple relations
a tan (100 A HO),
b tan (001 A Oil),
- tan (001 A 101).
From the measured angles these elemental angles can be calculated, and vice versa, by the solution of spherical triangles on the sphere of projection with the aid of the tangent principle.
ooPoo
a
00 Poo
b
Op
mP
m
as (210, i-2)
oo fn
as (120, i-2)
mP35
as (201, 24)
TO PoO
as (021, 24)
m
as (111, 1)
mPn
as (211, 3-3)
mPn
as (121, 2-5)
5. Monoclinio System.
In the Monoclinic System there are three unequal axes, f>f which one lateral axis, d, is inclined to the vertical axis, c, while the angles between b and b, and b and d are right angles. There is one pi ne of symmetry, the plane of the axes d, b. In stating the axial ratio, b is always taken as the unit, and, in the majority of cases, d, the clino-axis, is less than b, the ortho-axis ; this is not necessarily the case, however, hence the long mark used in the symbols is conventional only. The types of forms and the special terms employed are shown by the following list. The occurring types of forms are as follows :
Orthopinacoid Clinopinacoid Basal plane Unit prism Ortho-prism Clino-prism
Orthodomes
Cliuodomes Unit pyramids
Ortho pyramids Clino-pyramids
(100) (010) (001) (110)
(MO) ( hOl ihQl
(hhl (hhl (hkl I hkl (khl
i-n i-n m-l m-l m-\
m
m
m-n m-n m-n m-n
ooPoo ooPob OP
a b
Oop
m
coPn
as (210,
i-2)
as (120,
0)
raPoo
as (101,
-1-i)
as (101,
M)
TwPob
as (Oil,
14)
mP
as (111,
-1)
mP
as (111,
D
mPn
as (211,
-2-2)
mPn
as (211,
2-2)
mPn
as (121,
- 2-2)
mPn
(121,
2-2)
Some of these forms are illustrated by the figures of gypsum with the spherical projection, given on p. xxxvi ; also by the monoclinic species through the body of the work.
a — — : — -a — or sm ft
, tan (001 A Oil)
ian (,iw A i*v; —
tan M01 A 01 1"\
u . sill /j ;
b . sin ft b.sin/3
sm ft d . tan (001 A 101)
or tan (001 A
nr tn.n (001 A
sin/3
— cos ft . tan (001 A 101) d . tan (001 A 101)
d b . cos ft ' Tim- sin/?
xxxii INTRODUCTION.
The relations connecting axial and angular elements are as follows :
tan (100 A HO)
or tan (100 A HO) a . sin ft -,
Bill JJ
or
tan font A Trm Asm /?
These relations may be made more general by writing in the several cases— in (1) hkO for 110 and -d for d;
(2) OM for Oil and jb for b ;
(3) AOJ for 100 and for b.
Also
sin (001 A 101) sin (001 A 101) and more generally
h sin (001 A Ml) sin (001 A hOl)
Note also that
tan d and tan C b ;
where is the angle (f. 63, p. xxxvi) between the zone-circles (001, 100) and (001, 110), also t the angle between (100, 001) and (100, Oil).
Vi. Triclinio System.
In the Tricliaic System there are three unequal axes and their intersections are all oblique; there is no plane of symmetry, hence the system is often called the Asymmetric system. Only two planes belong to any given form, hence the prisms are hemi-prisnis, the pyramids tetarto- pyramids, etc. The axes are designated a,_b, c, in which a is usually the brachydiagonal axis (then written a) and b the macrodiagonal (b) ; in some cases, however, a is the longer and b the shorter lateral axis. The axial angles are :
a between the axes b and b. ft " " " a and b. y " " " a and b.
The symbols of Naumann are hence analogous to those of the orthorhombic system, but the different planes are distinguished by accents ; thus :
111 111 lit 111
1' ,1 1, 1
Also 110 1 , 110 '/, 101 'l-l', 101 ,14,, Oil 14', Oil '1-i, etc.
Introduction.
For illustrations of these cases, cf. figs. 56-58 of chalcanthite, also many other triclinio species in the body of the work.
010 fr
In the figs., a (100, i-l\ b (010, z'4), c (001, 0), TO (110, /'), Ti (120, a-2'), M (110, A (Oil, 14'), v (021, 24'), <?(011, '14), w (021, '24), p (111, 1'), s (121, 2-2'), z (121, '2-2).
In the spherical projection, the spherical angles of the triangle 100, 010, 001 are the supple- ments of the axial angles, viz.: the angle at 100 (A) 180 — a, at 010 (B) 180° - ft, at 001 (C) 180° -y.
These angles A. B, C can be calculated from the angles between the planes 100 A 001, 100 A 010, 001 A 010, in the spherical triangle named and vice versa. Furthermore, cf, f. 58.
sin r sin r' a sin or sin cr b '
sin v
sin IJL sm
sin TT sin it' sin p sin p'
b'
These relations become general for any plane hkl, where rx crx are the corresponding angle* and we have
sin cr.
k
etc.
For other mathematical relations, reference must be made to works on Crystallography.
H. Physical Mineralogy.
In general the physical characters of crystallized minerals conform to the symmetry of the system to which the crystals belong. That is, the cleavage must be alike in all directions which are crystallographically similar in a given species, etc.
The following are brief explanations in regard to the successive physical character;
, Introduction.
A. Characters Depending Upon Cohesion.
Cleavage is the natural fracture of a crystallized mineral yielding more or less smooth surfaces ; it is due to minimum cohesion. The cleavage is characterized, first according to direction, as cubic, octahedral, dodecahedral, also basal, prismatic, etc.; iu general x, or parallel the plane x. Also, second, as to the ease with which it is obtained and the character of the surfaces, as eminent or perfect, imperfect, interrupted, etc.
From cleavage is to be distinguished parting, or the separation into laminae, due not to minimum cohesion simply, but to a lamellar structure often connected with the presence of twinning laminae and sometimes evidently due to the action of secondary causes, as pressure (cf. pyroxene, p. 354, titanite, p. 713).
Fracture is the character of a broken surface other than that of cleavage ; it may be even, uneven, conchoidal, hackly, etc.
Tenacity defines the character of the mineral as to whether It is brittle, sectile, malleable, flexible, or elastic.
Hardness, represented by the letter H. , is the resistance offered by a smooth surface to abrasion. It is measured by reference to the following scale of Mohs :
1. Talc. 6. Feldspar.
2. Gypsum. 1. Quartz.
3. Calcite. 8. Topaz.
4. Fluorite. 9. Sapphire.
5. Apatite. 10. Diamond.
B. Specific Gravity Or Density.
Specific Gravity, represented by the letter G.. is the density compared with that of water , strictly speaking, with water at 4° C. (39'2° F.). Practically a determination of specific gravity need not take into account the temperature unless a very high degree of accuracy is called for. e.g., when it is to be accurate to a unit in the third decimal place. Inasmuch as the material available is seldom faultless, the unavoidable error of experiment is usually greater than thr limit of accuracy noted, and hence temperature may be neglected.
The specific gravity of a mineral varies with variation in composition, sometimes widely (cf the garnets, pyroxene, etc.). When the composition is constant, however, the specific gravity carefully taken on material free from mechanical admixture is nearly constant. Hence the wide variation often given is usually due to faulty observation or to poor material. In the descrip- tions of species which follow, a large number of determinations are quoted, particularly with the tables of analyses.
C. Characters Depending Upon Light.
(a) Luster. — A. The KINDS OF LUSTER are :
1. Metallic : the luster of metals ; if imperfect it is called sub-metallic.
2. Adamantine : the luster of the diamond,
3. Vitreous : the luster of broken glass.
4. Resinous : luster of the yellow resins.
5. Greasy : as that of elseolite.
6. Pearly : like pearl.
7. Silky: like silk ; it is the result of a fibrous structure. B. The DEGREES op INTENSITY are :
1. Splendent.
2. Shining.
3. Glistening.
4. Glimmering.
[When there is a total absence of luster, a mineral is characterized as dull.]
(b) Color. — Usually the color by reflected light is given, sometimes also by transmitted light. The special terms employed need no explanation.
The streak is the color of the fine powder when scratched by the knife or, better, rubbed upon a surface of unglazed porcelain. The streak is of most importance in the case of minerals containing the heavy metals. It is usually omitted iu the description of species when it is uncolored.
Pleochroism, or the difference in color shown by many crystals for light transmitted in dif- ferent directions through them, is a special case of color-absorption, but is more conveniently treated as a special optical property, see beyond, p. xxxvii.
(c) Diaphaneity, or degree of transparency. — Minerals may be transparent, sub-transparent or semi-transparent, translucent, subtranslucent, opaque.
Introduction.
(d) Special Optical Properties. — ISOTROPIC CRYSTALS. — Transparent isometric crystals and amorphous substances (e.g., glass) are isotropic with respect to light. They have a single index of refraction, represented by the letter n, and further defined according to the color, as ny orr, etc.
Crystals of all the other systems are anisotropic.
Optical Anomalies. — The term optical anomalies is applied to the optical phenomena exhib- ited in polarized light, particularly by many crystals of the isometricsystem, which are so far abnormal or anomalous in that they do not conform to the external crystallographic form. Here belongs the double refraction of boracite, of most garnet, also analcite, etc.; further, the biaxial character of much beryl, apophyllite, etc. This is a subject to which much atten- tion has been given of late years, particularly since the publication of the classical paper by Mallard (1876). Details in regard to it, with references to the literature, will be found under the species named and many others.
In this connection it may be noted that the term pseudo-symmetry (also pseudo-isometric, etc.) is used, first of crystals belonging to one system but approximating in angle closely to one of higher symmetry ; thus biotite is said to be pseudo-rhombohedral. Also, second, to crystals which gain an apparent symmetry of higher grade than that actually belonging to them by twinning ; thus aragouite is said to be pseudo-hexagonal by twinning.
UNIAXIAL CRYSTALS. — Tetragonal and hexagonal crystals are uniaxial, or have one axis of optical symmetry in which direction a ray of transmitted light suffers no double refraction. This optic axis coincides with the vertical crystallographic axis in the position of the crystals ordinarily taken and here followed. Further, they have two indices of refraction, that correspond- ing to the ordinary ray (represented by GO) whose vibrations are transverse to the vertical axis (±c), and that of the extraordinary ray (e) with vibrations parallel to this axis (|j). The character of the crystal is optically positive or negative (— ) according as GO e, or GO e. The double refraction is strong or weak according as to whether the difference GO — e (or e — oo) is relatively large or small. For example, it is strong in calcite, where oo — e — 0'172, but very weak in apophyllite, where e — GO 0'002. Crystals of these systems may be dichroic, accord- ing to the kind and degree of absorption in the two axial directions ± c and c, cf. tourmaline, p. 553.
Crystals belonging to the trapezohedral (tetartohedral) section of the rhombohedral division of the hexagonal system show circular polarization, and are right- or left-handed according as t hey rotate the plane of polarization of a ray of light passing from the observer through the crystal to his right or left. The amount of rotation for a section of unit thickness (e.g., 1 mm.) varies with the wave-length ; cf . quartz, p. 186.
BIAXIAL CRYSTALS. — Crystals of the orthorhombic, monoclinic.and .triclinic systems are biaxial and have three axes of elasticity, or three directions at right angles to each other, in which the elasticity of the light ether has its minimum c, maximum a, and mean value 6. They have also three indices of refraction for a given wave-length, a, (3, y, for rays whose vibrations are parallel to the axes a, 6, c, respectively ; here a ft y.
The plane of the greatest and least axes of elasticity is the optic axial plane (usually contracted Ax. pi.), since it contains the optic axes or the two directions of no double refraction. The angles between the optic axes are bisected by the axes a and c. The axis bisecting the acute angle is the acute bisectrix, Bxa or simply the bisectrix, the other is the obtuse bisectrix, Bx0. The crystal is optically positive (+) or negative (— ) according to whether Bxa is the axis of least elasticity (c) or greatest elasticity (a). The double refraction "is strong or weak according as to whether the difference of the refractive indices y — a is relatively large or small ; for example it is strong in epidote with y — a 0'055 ; but weak in zoisite with y — a 0'006.
The angle of the optic axes is designated (cf . f . 59) as follows:
2V real or interior angle of the optic axes ; 2E apparent angle " " " " in air ;
2H " " " " " measured
in oil or some other medium of high refractive power.* The distinction between the acute and obtuse axial angle is designated by 2Va, 2V0, etc., and the angles for the different colors, usually red, yellow, and green or blue, are written 2Va.r, 2Va.y, 2Va.gr- etc.
In Orthorhombic crystals the axes of elasticity coincide with the crystallographic axes, or axes of symmetry; accordingly the axial plane is parallel to one of the pinacoids a, b, or c),
It is often convenient to designate this angle by 2K when measured in a solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide (G. —"3-117, nr 1'7176, Gdt.); also by 2G when measured in the glass of the Adams-Schneider polariscope.
Introduction.
and the bisectrix is normal to one of these planes (Bx c, etc.). Since, however, the refractive indices may vary for rays of different wave-length, the axial angle may be larger for red than for blue rays or vice versa, and this dispersion is characterized as p v or p v.
In Monoclinic crystals one axis of elasticity coincides with the orthodiagonal axis, b, and the others lie in the plane of symmetry (parallel to the pinacoid b (010, i-l) ) normal to it. Hence the axial plane may be b or 5; if the latter, its position must be further defined according to the angle that it makes either with the normals to the planes a or c, or more conveniently with the vertical axis, c.
Three cases are possible:
1. Axial plane parallel to the plane of symmetry (Ax. pi. b); the position of the bisectrices is usually indicated by reference to the vertical axis, and the angle formed is called or — according as the bisectrix (Bxa) falls in front of or behind b (the middle point in the sphere of projection, f . 63), that is, is situated in the obtuse or acute axial angle.
For example, gypsum (f. 60-63) is optically positive, hence the axis of elasticity, t, is the acute bisectrix, Bxa. Further (f. 62, 63), the position of Bxa is defined (Des Cloizeaux) by the Angle, Bx, A c -f- 52°. But since the axial angle ft or ac (001 A 100) 80° 42', it is also
true that the normal angles between c or a 63. and the planes c, a are as follows:
and
ct -f 43° 12'. at -f 37° 30', ca - 46° 48'
With varying positions of the axes a and C (the bisectrices) the axial planes for differ- ent colors may be more or less inclined to one another in the plane of symmetry, and this dispersion of the bisectrices is hence called inclined dispersion.
2 If the axial plane and the obtuse bisectrix are normal to the plane of symme- try (Ax. pi. and Bx0 b), then the position of the axial plane is further defined by that of the acute bisectrix in the plane of sym- metry, which is written in the form just explained (Bxa A c ± ). The dispersion of the bisectrices possible in this case is called horizontal, in consequence of the relative position of the axial planes to each other.
3. If the axial plane and the acute bisectrix are normal to the plane of sym- metry (Ax. pi. and Bxa b) the position of the axial plane is further defined by that of the obtuse bisectrix (Bx0) ± with reference to the vertical axis. The dispersion of the bisectrices for different colors which may be present in this case is called crossed.
In the Triclinic System there is no necessary relation between the assumed crystallographic axes and the axes of elasticity. Hence also the dispersion may be, for example, both horizontal and inclined. Of. f. 58, p. xxxiii, of chalcanthite (see also p. 944), where S represents approxi- mately the position of Bxa, or in other words is the pole or normal to the plane at right angles to the acute bisectrix.
Inteod Uction.
Pleochroism and Absorption. — Biaxial crystals, having three axes of elasticity, may show different degrees or kinds of absorption iu different directions, usually assumed as those of the axes of elasticity. The degree of absorption is °4-
designated as a t t, etc. Further, according to the kind of selective absorption, the crystal may be dichroic or trichroic (or better, in general, pleochroic), in which cases the colors corresponding to the vibrations parallel to the axes of elasticity are usually given (cf. f. 64). It has_ been shown, however, that the axes of absorption do not necessarily coincide with the axes of elasticity (cf. epidote, p. 518).
The optical characters of mineral species are given very fully in the Mineralogy (vol. 1, 1862, and 2, part I, 1874) and in certain prominent memoirs of Des Cloizeaux (see Bibliography); the results of earlier inves- tigations are also given by Grailich, Lang, Schrauf, and others; further, later by Rosenbusch (Mikr. Phys.), Levy-Lacroix (Min. Roches), etc.
D. Characters Relating To Heat.
Here belong: the fusibility, defined, however, under the pyrognostic characters (p. xl) ; the thermal conductivity, and the position of the thermic axes (also the effect of heat in changing the crystallographic and optical constants); further, the specific heat.
These subjects are briefly treated under the different species, and references to many important memoirs are given. Recent determinations of the specific heat have been made by Joly (Proc. Roy. Soc., 41, 250, 1887), also by Oberg, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 42, No. 8, 43, 1885.
E. Characters Relating To Magnetism And Electricity.
A few minerals are strongly magnetic and sometimes show polarity, e.g., magnetite, pyrrhotite, iron-platinum. Many species are diamagnetic, and the diamagnetic constant, also the magnetic rotatory power, have been determined in a few cases, e.g., calcite.
The electrical properties include (1) the power of becoming strongly electrified by friction, e.g., amber, p. 1002; (2) pyroelectricity, or the state of electric potential (-f and — ) developed in crystallographically dissimilar parts of a crystal (non-conductor) by change of temperature, also by pressure (piezo-electricity), or by direct radiation (actino-electricity), cf. tourmaline, p. 553, calamine, p. 547, quartz, p. 186. Also (3) thermo-electricity, or the electromotive force established in some metallic minerals when they form an electric circuit with another conductor and one point of junction is changed in temperature, cf. pyrite, p. 85. Further, the electrical conductivity or resistance to the passage of an electrical current, and other points.
For the most part, these characters coming under the heads of Heat, Electricity, Magnetism are so far special that they are treated very briefly— if at all — in this work under the individual species; references are given, however, to many important papers. Further, the student is referred to the works on Physical Mineralogy by Groth, Mallard, Liebisch, already mentioned. Special investigations in pyroelectricity have been made by Hankel (Abh. Sachs. Ges. Wiss., also, Wied. Ann.) and by others. A recent paper on thermo-electricity is given by BackstrSm, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 45, 553, 1888; also one on the production of electrical potential by the action of light by Elster and Geitel in Wied. Ann., 44, 722, 1891.
in. CHEMICAL MINERALOGY.
Chemical Composition (Comp.) and General Scheme of Classification.— The classification adopted in this work, as in the preceding edition, follows, first the chemical composition, and second crystallographic and other physical characters which indicate more or less clearly the relations of individual species.
The general outline of the chief chemical divisions is given on p. 1. As seen there, the elements are placed first; then compounds in which the acidic part is taken by sulphur and the allied elements, selenium, tellurium, also by arsenic, antimony, bismuth; these include in part simple Sulphides, Selenides, etc. , and after them, the Sulpho-salts. Next come the Haloids, or compounds of the metals with chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine; after these follow the oxygen compounds; first the Oxides and then the various Oxygen-salts; finally the Salts of Organic Acids and Hydrocarbon compounds.
Among the Oxygen-salts, the Carbonates are placed first (thus deviating from the order in the last edition), and after them the Silicates and Titanates, which last are closely connected with the Niobates and Tantalates. Then follow the Phosphates, Arsenates, etc. After them are placed the Borates, and next the Uranates (the latter might properly be placed after the Tungstates); then come the large class of Sulphates with the allied Chromates and Tellurates, and finally the less closely related Tungstates and Molybdates.
In order to understand the relations of these chief classes, as still more their further sub- division, down finally to the many immorphons groups — groups of species having analogous
Introduction.
composition and closely slmuar form— the f uudamental relations and grouping of the elements must be understood, especially as developed of recent years and shown in the so-called Periodic Law.
Although the subject can be only briefly touched upon, it will be useful to give here the general distribution of the elements into Groups and Series, as presented in the Principles of Chemistry (Engl. Ed., 1891) of D. Mendeleeff, to whom is due more than any one else the development of the Periodic Law. A few remarks are added on the grouping of the elements as illustrated by mineral compounds; artificial compounds show these relations still more fully and clearly. For the thorough explanation of this subject, more particularly as regards the periodic or progressive relation between the atomic weights and various properties of the elements, the reader is referred to the work above mentioned or to one of the many other excellent modern text-books of chemistry.
Groups
Series 1
H
Rh4
Rh3
Rh2
Rh
Hydrogen Compounds
" 2 " 3 " 4
Na K
Be
Mg Ca
B
Al Sc
Si Ti
N P
Cr
F
Mn
Fe Co Ni Cu
" 5 " 6
(Cu) Rb
Zn
Sr
Ga Y
Ge Zr
As Nb
Se Mo
Br
Ru Rh Pd Ag
7
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
8
Cs
Ba
La
Ce
Di?
" 9
"10
Yt
Ta
W
Os Ir Pt Au
"11
Au
He
Tl
Pb
Bi
"12
Th
u
R..O
RaOa
Ro
RaOs
Ra04 ROa
RaO6
R308 Ro3
R207
Higher Oxides RO4
The relations of some of the elements of the first group are exhibited by the isomorphism of NaCl, KC1, AgCl (p. 152); or again of LiMuPO4 and NaMnPO4, etc. (p. 756). In the second group, reference may be made to the isomorphism of the carbonates (p. 261) and sulphates (p. 894) of calcium, barium and strontium; while among the sulphides, ZnS, CdS, and HgS are doubly related (pp. 59, 66). In the third group, we find boron and aluminium often replacing one another among silicates. In the fourth group, the relations of silicon and titanium are shown in the many titano-silicates, while the compounds TiO2, Sn()2, PbO2 (and Mn()2), also ZrSiO4 and ThSiO4. have closely similar form (pp. 233. 234). In the fifth group, many compounds of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth are isomorphous among metallic compounds while the relations of phosphorus, vanadium, arsenic, also antimony, are shown among the phosphates, vauadates. arsenates, and antimonates; again note the mutual relations of the uiobates and tantalates (p. 725),
In the sixth group, the strongly acidic elements, sulphur, selenium, tellurium, sire all closely related, as seen in many sulphides, selenides, tellurides; further, the relations of sulphur and chromium, and similarly both of these to molybdenum and tungsten, are shown among many artificial sulphates, chromates, also molybdates and tungstates.
In the seventh group the relations of the halogens are too well understood to need special remark. In the eighth group, we have Fe, Co, Ni alloyed in meteoric iron, and their phosphates and sulphates (pp. 928, 929) are in several cases closely isomorphous; further the relation of the iron series to that of the platinum series is exhibited in the isomorphism of FeS2, FeAsS, FeAs2, NiAs2, etc.. with PtAsa and probably RuS2 (p. 93).
Formulas. — The fact that the formula of a species is always given in two places, first in the tabular classification of each group, and, second, under the description of the species itself, affords an opportunity to vary the form in which it is stated. Thus malachite (pp. 293, 294), a
Introduction,
basic cupric carbonate, has strictly the formula Cu(OH)2CO3, which indicates that the affinities of one atom of copper are satisfied by the double hydroxyl group 2(OH), and the other by the group CO3. It is, however, often convenient to think of this as if it were made up of cupric carbonate and cupric hydrate and accordingly the formula (p. 295) is also written CuCO3.Cu(OH)s. To the latter is added the formula after the old dualistic system, 2C'uO.CO2.H2O, and in general the composition of most species -is given in this form. It is interesting to note that the last method, generally discarded when the atomic theory was adopted, has -mnj back again, since in the case of complex compounds il presents the composition most clearly before the mind. It is to be noted, however, that the period used in both the above cases (some authors employ a comma) is merely a conventional sign and does not indicate that the different molecular groups separated by it are regarded as present in the substance in that form. When it is intended to express this, a plus sign (-(-) is employed, as NaCO3 -f- 10HSO, or sodium carbonate with ten molecules of water of crystallization.
The formulas given are in general the simple empirical formulas, written, where possible in brief form, so as to suggest the actual nature of the compound Thus (CaF)Ca4(PO4)3 means a salt of orthophosphoric acid 3(H3PO4) in which the 9 hydrogen atoms are replaced by the 4 calcium atoms with also the uuivalent group CaF.
That the formula of a mineral does not necessarily express the structure of the molecule is too obvious to need explanation; not only is the atomic grouping often uncertain, but, as has been repeatedly remarked, the composition of the actual molecule, for example, of corundum is doubtless expressed by wAl2O3, where the factor n is as yet undetermined. The first office of a mineralogical formula, however, is to present to the mind as clearly as possible the composition of the species, and if that an indication can be given of the molecular structure, that is a decided gain, but complex structural or rational formulas are in a work like the present entirely out of place.
But not only is the actual molecular structure of mineral species in most cases doubtful, but even the simple empirical composition of many species, often common ones, is still unsettled. This is particularly true among the more complex silicates. Analysis has shown in many such cases that no single formula can express the composition, but that a varying basic or acidic character may belong to the same species. In such cases recourse is often had to the theory of isomorphous mixtures which has thrown so much light upon the Feldspar Group (p. 314 et seq.), but the extreme or end compounds assumed are often hypothetical, and the correctness of the views which have been proposed needs confirmation. Clarke has shown that the variation in composition within the limits of a single species may be often explained in such cases by regarding the different forms as derivatives of a normal salt in which various atoms or molecular groups may enter. The theory thus advanced, supported by the experimental data which the same author is accumulating, promises to bring useful results.
The oxygen ratio, in the case of the silicates, is the ratio of the oxygen atoms belonging to the different groups of basic metals and to the acidic silicon, as seen clearly if the formula is written in the dualistic form. Thus for garnet, whose formula is Ca3Al2SisOi2 or 3CaO.AlaO. 3SiO2, the oxygen ratio for Ca : A12 : Si is 3 : 3 : 6 1 : 1 : 2; that is, for bases to silicon 1 : 1.
Ii Vi Iv
This ratio is the same as the quantivalent ratio, which for garnet, K3[lt2]Si3Oi2, is : 3 X II : VI : 3 X IV 6 : 6 : 12 1 : 1 : 2.
Although not strictly in accord with modern chemical principles, the oxygen ratio is often a useful way of expressing the general nature of a complex compound.
The following atomic weights have been accepted, and from them the theoretical composition of each species has been calculated :
Aluminium
Antimony (Stibium)
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Caesium
Calcium
Carbon
Cerium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Columbium, see Niobium
Copper ( Cuprum)
Symbol.
At. Weight.
Symbol
At. Weight
Al Sb
Didymium Erbium
Di Er
As
Fluorine
F
Ba
Gallium
Ga
Be (or Gl) 9'1
Germanium
Ge
Bi
Glucinum, see Beryllium
B
Gold (Aurum)
Au
Br
Hydrogen
H
Cd
Indium
In
Cs
Iodine
Ca
Iridium
Ir
Iron (Ferrum)
Fe
Ce
Lanthanum
La
Lend (Plumbum)
Pb
Cr
Lithium
Co
Magnesium
Mg
n
M;m<ranese
Mn
Cu
Mercury (Hydrargyrum)
Ug
Introduction.
Symbol.
At. Weight.
Symbol.
At. Weight.
Mo
Sodium (Natrium)
Na
Ni
Strontium
Sr
Nb
Sulphur
S
N
Tantalum
Ta
Os
Tellurium
Te
Thallium
Tl
Pd
Thorium
Th
P
Tin (Stannum)
Sn
Pt
Titanium
Ti
K
Tungsten ( Wolframiurri)
W
Ilh
Uranium
U
Kb
Vanadium
Ru
Ytterbium
Yt
Sc
Yttrium
Y
Se
Zinc
Zn
Si
Zirconium
Zr
Ag
Molybdenum
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Potassium (Kalium)
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver (Argentum)
For a minute discussion of the many analyses and other points involved in Chemical Min- eralogy, reference is made to the Miueralchemie of Rammelsberg, also to the works of Doelter and Roth, whose titles are given in the Bibliography following. On the views of Tschermak in case of complex species and groups of species, see the Feldspars (p. 325), Scapolites (p. 466), Micas (p. 612), Chlorites (p. 643); for references to the work of Clarke and his memoirs, see pp. 311, 612, 648 et seq. Hunt's recent volumes, noted in the Bibliography, contain his views on the subject of mineral classification, especially as based upon what he calls the coefficient of condensation.
Pyrognostics (Pyr.). — The Blowpipe Characters, or pyrognostics, include, first, the fusibility, in which the following scale (von Kobell, cf. p. 1034) is employed:
1. Stibuite. 2, Natrolite. 3. Alrnandite garnet. 4, Green actinolite. 5, Orthoclase. 6, Brouzite.
Further, they include the behavior of the mineral as to flame coloration, on charcoal, in the open and closed tubes (tube closed at one end), etc. Here B.B. means before the blowpipe; O.F. is the oxidizing flame or that which lends to give oxygen to the mineral being heated; R.F. is the reducing flame which tends to rob it of oxygen. It is to be noted that the use of the blowpipe is for the most part an easy method of qualitative chemical analysis.
With the proper blowpipe characters are given also the degree of solubility, behavior with acids, etc. On blowpipe analysis, see further Brush, Determ. Min. (1875), also the excellent works by Plattner, Cornwall, and others (Bibliography).
Alteration (Alt.). — Under this head is given brief mention of the changes to which the prominent species are liable, and frequently analyses of the products of alteration. With this is often added a statement as to the species from whose alteration it may result and after which il may accordingly occur as a pseudomorph.
For fuller information on this head the works of Blum and Roth should be consulted.
Artificial Compounds (Art.). — This head states some of the results as to the formation o? chemical compounds occurring as minerals either in the laboratory or by the furnace. This subject which has been largely developed of recent years, especially by the French chemists, is fully discussed in the works of Fouque-Levy, Bourgeois, and Meuuier; also earlier, Fuchs and others (see Bibliography).
Iv. Nomenclature.*
1. The termination ites or itis (the original of ite) was used, according to system, among the 'Greeks, and from them among the Romans, in the names of stones, it being one of the regular Greek suffixes. It was added (as ite in these recent times) to the word signifying a quality, con- stituent, use, or locality of the stone.
Some of the examples are : Hematites, from the red color of the powder; Chloritis. from the green color; Steatites, from the greasy feel; Dendritis, from a resemblance to a tree or branch; Alabastritis, for the stone out of which a vase called an alabastron was made; Basanites, from the word for touchstone; Siderites, from the word for iron; Argyritis, from the Greek for silver; Syenitis. from the locality, Syene in Egypt; Memphitis. fora marble from Memphis in Egypt.
2. The only modern kind of name not in vogue in Pliny's time is that after persons. Werner appears to have been the first to introduce personal names into mineralogy. The
Reproduced almost entire, and without much change, from the 5th Edition; the principles stated are followed (but not quite rigidly) in this edition. The fact that Prehuite probably antedated Torbernite (cf. 5th Ed., p. xxix) has been pointed out to the author of the present edition by Prof. A. H. Chester of Rutgers College (Feb. 1892).
INTROD UCTION. xli
earliest example was probably Prehnite (before called chrysolite), named after Col. Prehn; this name, according to Werner's statement (Bergm. J., 1, 107, 1890), was given in 1783. About the same time lie named Torbernite, after Torbern Bergmaim, ami Witherite after Dr. Withering (ibid., 1, 103, 1790). The exact date of the former name does not appear; the first mention found is that by Karsten in 1793 (by him written Torberite), who states that Werner substituted Chalcolite for it; accepting this it must be at least earlier than 1788 (cf. ibid., 2, 503, 1788). In 1789, Sage protested (J. Phys., 34, p. 446) against the name Prehnite and_the use of personal names iu general as trivial. In 1790, Estner, a mineralogist of Vienna, issued a pamphlet against the Werner school, with the title " Freymiithige Gedanken liber Herrn Inspector Werner's Ver- besserungen in der Mineralogie, " etc. (64 pp. 16mo, 1790), in which he makes light of Werner's labors iu the science, and under the head of Prehnite ridiculed this method of creating a paternity, and providing the childless with children to hand down their names to posterity (p. 25). Such names were, however, too easily made, too pleasant, as a general thing, to give and receive, and withal too free from real objection, to be thus stopped off, and they have since become numer- ous, even Vienna contributing her full share toward their multiplication.
As a part of the history of mineralogical nomenclature, it may be here added that Werner, when it was proved that his chalcolite was an ore of urnnium with but little copper, instead of a true ore of copper, dropped the name entirely, and called the mineral simply Uranglimmer (Uranium mica); and Karsten, in his reply to Abbe Estner (Berlin, 1793, 80 pp. 12mo), makes out of the necessary rejection of chalcolite an argument against chemical names, and in favor of names after persons, as the latter could never turn out erroneous in signification.
Werner, in an article written in defense of his introduction of this class of names (Bergm. J., 1, 103, 1790), mentions the case of Obsidian (more properly Obsian) as a precedent from Pliny, Obsian being, as Pliny states, (he reputed discoverer of the substance in Ethiopia. But this is not strictly an example. For Pliny uses Obsian not as a substantive, but as an adjective; the mineral was not Obsian, but Obsian glass or Obsian stone; mtrum obsianum, lapis obsianus, and obsiana [vitra], occurring in the course of the paragraph. The addition of the termination ite to Obsian would, according to miueralogical method, make a name equivalent to Pliny's lapis obsianus. Names of persons ending in an (as Octavian, Tertullian) were common among the Romans; and this is so far reason for avoiding the termination in names of stones.
Some critics question the existence of the reputed Obsius, and reject Pliny's explanation.
3. The ancient origin of this termination ite, its adoption for most of the names in modern mineralogy, its distinctive character and convenient application, make it evidently the true basis for uniformity in the nomenclature of the science.
4. If any other termination in addition is to be used, it should be so only under system; that is, it should be made characteristic of a particular natural group of species, and be invariably employed for the names in that group; and its use should not be a matter of choice or fancy with describers of species.
As a matter of fact, several other terminations are in use, but wholly without reference to any such system. The most common of them is ine; but it has not been employed for any particular division of minerals, and it could not now be so restricted; it belongs by adoption and long usage to chemistry, and should be left to that science.
5. In order then that the acquired uniformity may be attained, changes should be made in existing names, when it can be done without great inconvenience.
Names like Quartz, Garnet, Gypsum, Realgar, Orpiment, with the names of the metals and gems, which are part of general literature, must remain unaltered. Mica and Feldspar, equally old with Quartz, have become the names of groups of minerals, and are no longer applied to particular species. Fluor was written fluorite last century by Napione. Blende, although one of the number that might be allowed to stand among the exceptions, has already given place with some mineralogists to Sphalerite, a name proposed by Haidinger (because blende was applied also to other species) in 1845, and signifying deception, like Blende. Galena was written Galenite by von Kobell some years since. Orthoclase, Loxoclase, Oligoclase might be rightly lengthened to Orthoclasite, etc. But the termination clase (from the Greek for fracture) is peculiar to names of minerals, and the abbreviated form in use may be allowed to stand for species of the Feldspar group. Many other examples will be found by the reader in the pages of this volume.
In the course of the last century, when the science of minerals was taking shape, and progress in chemistry was helping it forward, there was an effort on one side to introduce, under the influence of Linnaeus, the double names of Botany and Zoology; and on the other, under the influence of Cronstedt and Bergmann, names expressive of chemical composition, as far as it was ascertained; and the two methods have their advocates even now. But, at the same time, the necessity of single names was recognized by most of the early mineralogists; and in the spirit of the system which had made its appearance among the Greeks and Romans out of the genius of the Greek language, they almost uniformly adopted for the new names the termination ite.
Thus we have from Werner the names Torberite, Chalcolite, Graphite, Prehnite, Witherite, Boracite, Augite, Pistacite, Finite, Aragonite, Apatite, Leucite, Cyanite (Kyanite); and from other sources in the same century, Zeolite, Actinolite, Tremolite, Coccolite, Arendalite, Baikalite, Melanite, Staurolite, LepidoMte, Cryolite, Chiastolite, Collyrite, Agalmatolite, Sommite, Moroxite, Pharmacolite, Strontianite, Delphiuite, Titanite, Ceylanite, Gadolinite, Rubellite, Salite, Wcr- uerite, Scapolite, Mellite, etc.
Introduction.
The termination ine was also adopted for a few names, as Tourmaline, Olivine, Mascaguiue* Serpentine; and an in Vesuvian; but the great, bulk of the names were systematically leiini- aated in ite.
With the opening of the present century (in 1801), Haily came forward with his great work on Crystallography, and in it he brought out a variety of new names that defy all system, having nothing of the system of the earlier science, and no substitute of his own. Forgetting that the unity of law which he had found iu nature should be a feature of scientific language, he gave to his names the following terminations :
ane, iu Cyuiophane; use, in Euclase, Idocrase, Auatase, Dioptase; aste, in Pleonaste; age, in Diallage; ene, in Distheue, Sphene; gene, in Amphigeue; ide, in Staurotide; ime, in Aualcime; ole, iu Amphibole; ome, iu Aplouie, Harmotome; ose, in Orlhose; ote, in Actiuote, Epidote; yre, in Dipyre; ype, iu Mesptype. And the true miueralogical termination ite he admitted only in the few following : Axinite, Meiouite, Pycnite, Stilbite, Grammatite.
Haily had commanded so great and so general admiration by his brilliant discoveries in crystallography, and by the benefits which he had thus conferred on miueralogical science, that his names with their innovations were for the most part immediately accepted even beyond the limits of France, although a number of them were substitutes for those of other authors. Some of Werner's names were among the rejected; and a break was thus occasioned between German and French mineralogy, which will not be wholly removed until the rule of priority, properly restricted, shall be allowed to have sway.
The substitutes among Hatty's names in the 1st Edition of his Crystallography (1801) are the following ;
Amphibole, for Hornblende of last century and earlier.
Orthose, for Feldspar.
Pyroxene, for Augite of Werner, and Volcanite of Delametherie. [Delametherie was a con- temporary of Hatty at Paris, the author in 1792 of an edition of Mongez's Manuel du Minera- logiste (after Bergmann's Sciagraphia) ; in 1797, of an ambitious speculative work entitled Theorie. de la Terre, the first two volumes of which consisted of a Treatise on Mineralogy; in 1811, 1812, of Leqons de Mineralogie, in 2 vols., and for a number of years principal editor of the Journal de Physique. He gave offense to Hatty by some of his early publications. Hatty's mineral Euclase is described in full by Delametherie in the Journal de Physique for 1792 (some years in advance of Hatty's description of it), without crediting the name or anything else to Hatty; but flve years later, in his Theorie de la Terre, he inserts the species with full credit to Hatty.]
Cymophane, for Chrysoberyl of Werner.
Idocrase, for Vesumin of Werner.
Pleonaste, for Ceylanite of Delametherie.
Disthene, for Cyanite of Werner.
Anatase, for Oetahedrite of de Saussure, and Oisanite of Delametherie.
Sphene, for Titanite of Klaproth.
Nepheline, for Sommite of Delametherie.
Triphane, for Spodumene of d'Andrada.
Amphigene, for Leucite of Werner.
Actinote, for Actinolite of Kirwan, and ZillertJiite of Delametherie.
Epidote, for Thallite of Delametherie, Delphinite of de Saussure, and Arendalite ofjKarsten.
Axinite, for Tanolite of Delametherie.
Harmotome, for Andreolite of Delametherie.
Grammatite, for Tremolite of Pini.
Staurotide, for Staurolite of Delametherie, and Grenatite of de Saussure.
And, later, Paranthine, for Scapolite of d'Audrada, and Kapidolite of Abildgaard.
Part of the changes were made with good reason; but others were wholly unnecessary. Hatty was opposed to names from localities, and hence several of the displacements. He objected also to uames based on variable characters, and characters not confined to the species. Moreover, as his pupil, Lucas, observes (in giving reasons for rejecting the name Scapolite and substituting 1'iranl.hine), " le vice du mot lite, qui s'applique a loutes les pierres, ne pouvoient plus couvenir a cette substance du moment, oil el le seroit recounue pour un espece." Hatty's own names are remarkable, in general, for their iudenuiteness of signification, which makes them etymologically nearly as good for one mineral as another, and very bad for almost none; as, for example, Diallnge, which is from the Greek for difference; Anaicime, from weakness in Greek; Ort/tose, \romstraig7Uin Greek; Epidote, f rom increase in Greek; Anatase, from erection in Greuk, interpreted by him as equivalent to length; Idocrase, from to see a mixture in Greek, etc. His name Pyroxene, which he defines hute ou ctranger dans le domaine du feu, is au unfortunate exception, as often remarked, the mineral being the most common and universal constituent of igneous rocks.
Beudant succeeded Hatty, and had the same want of system in his ideas of nomenclature. Find- ing occasion to name various mineral species which till then had only chemical names, he adopted Hatty's method of miscellaneous terminations, but indulged in it with less taste and judgment, and with little knowledge of the rules of etymology. In his work we find the termination ese, in Apherese, Aphanese, Neoctese, Acerdese, Mimetese; ise, in Leberkise, Sperkise, Harkise(only German words Gallicized), Melaconise, Zinconise, Crocoise, Stibiconise, Uraconise; ose, in Argy- rose, Argyrythrose, Psaturose, Aphthalose, Rhodalose, Siderose, Elasmose, Exauthalose, Cyanose,
INTRODUCTION, xliii
Meliuose, Disomose; ase, in Neoptase, Discrase; ime, in Ypoleime; elt, in Exitele; while names ending in ine are greatly multiplied.
in Germany, ine tendency has always been to uniformity through the adoption of the termi- nation 'tie. lireithaupt has been somewhat lawless, giving the science his Pliniau, Alumian, Sardinian, Asbolau, etc.; his Castor and Pollux; Glaucodot, Homichlin, Orthoclase, Xanthocou, etc. ; still, far the larger part of his numerous names are rightly terminated. Haidiuger's many names are always right and good.
6. In forming names from the Greek or Latin the termination ite is added to the genitive form after dropping the vowel or vowels of the last syllable, and any following letters. Thus, u£/las makes //f'AaoS (melanos) in the genitive, and gives the name melanite. The Greek language is the most approved source of names.
1 7. In compounding Greek words the same elision of the Greek genitive is made for the first word in the compound, provided the second word begins with a vowel; if not, the letter o is inserted. Thus, from nvp, genitive (puros), and o/j6ds (orthos), comes pyrorthite; and from the same and Revo's (xenos) comes pyroxene.
8. The liberty is sometimes taken in the case of long compounds to drop a syllable, and when done with judgment it is not objectionable; thus melacanite has been accepted in place of melanoconite. But magnoferrite (as if from the Latin magnus, great, and ferruin, iron), for a compound of magnesia and iron, or calcimangite for one containing lime and manganese, are bad.
9. In the transfer of Greek words into Latin or English, the K (k) becomes c, and the v (u) becomes y.
10. In the formation of the names of minerals, the addition of the termination ite to proper names in modern languages (names of places, persons, etc.), or names of characteristic chemical constituents, is allowable; but making this or any other syllable a suffix to common, words in such languages is barbarous.
11. Names made half of Greek and half of Latin are objectionable; but names that are half of Greek or Latin and half of a modern language are intolerable.
12. Law of Priority. — The law of priority has the same claim to recognition in mineralogy as in the other natural sciences. Its purpose is primarily to secure the stability, purity, and perfection of science, and not to insure credit to authors.
13. Limitations of the Law of Priority.— The following are cases in which a name having ;priority may properly be set aside:
a. When the name is identical with the accepted name of another mineral of earlier date.
b. When it is glaringly false in signification; as when a red mineral is declared in its name to be black; e.g., Melanochroite (p. 914).
c. When it is put forth without a description.
d. When published with a description so incorrect that a recognition of the mineral by means of it is impossible; and in consequence, and because also of the rarity of specimens, the same species is described under another name without the describer's knowledge of the mineral bear- ing the former name. When, on the contrary, a badly described but well-known old mineral is redescribed correctly, there is no propriety in the new describer changing the old name.
e. When the name is based on an uncharacteristic variety of the species, Thus Sagenite was properly set aside for Rutile.
f. When the name is based upon a variety so important that the variety is best left to retain its original name; particularly where this and other varieties of the species, introduced originally as separate species, are afterwards shown by investigation to belong to a common species. Thus, the earlier name Augite is properly retained as the name of a variety, and Hatty's later name Pyroxene accepted for the group.
g. When a name becomes the designation of a group of species: as Mica, Chlorite.
h. When the name is badly formed, or the parts are badly put together: as when the ter- minal s of a Greek word is retained in the derivative; e.g., aphanese from ocarrjfc Melaconise from the Greek for black and KoviS; Rhodalose from the Greek for rose-colored and a'AoS (halos), the genitive of aA?, salt. The last word is bad not only in termination but in wanting an h before the a, and strictly an o after the d. Also flbferoM (spathic iron), Argyrose (silver glance), Chiilcosine (copper glance), from, respectively, aitiripos, apyvpos, yfXAjcoS, The ancient Greeks showed us how the derivatives from these words should terminate by writing them Sideritis, Argyritis, Chalcitis.
Ignorance or carelessness should not be allowed to give perpetuity to its blunders under any law of priority.
i. When a name is intolerable for the reasons mentioned in §§ 10. 11, as Harkise, from the German Haarkies (hair- pyrites); Kupaphrite, from the German Kupferschaum; Bleinierite, from the German Biei-Niere.
j. When a name has been lost sight of and has found no one to assert its claim for a period of more than fifty years; especially if the later name adopted for the species has become intimately incorporated with the structure of the science, or with the nomenclature of rocks. Thus, although 2hallite and Delphinite antedate Epidote, it is not for the good of Science that Epidote should be thrown aside. But where a name has not this importance, and is unexceptionable, the law of priority may be allowed to have its course.
xliv INTRODUCTION.
k. Where the adopted system of nomenclature in the science is not conformed to. In accordance with this last principle, the author, believing that the system demands that the names of species should have as far as possible, as above explained, the common termination ite, has changed, accordingly, a number of the names in the course of this volume.
14. It has appeared desirable that the names of rocks should have some difference of form from those of minerals. To secure this end, the author has written the final syllable ite of such names with a y; thus Diorite, Eurite, Tonalite, etc., are written Dioryte, Euryte, Tonalyte. They is already in the name Trachyte. The author has allowed Granite and Syenite to remain as they are ordinarily written, since they are familiar names in common as well as in scientific literature.
See further, on Nomenclature, the excellent Mineral-Namen of von Kobell. A recent discus- sion of the subject has been given by Dr. H. Hugo A. Francke (Ueber die mineralogische Nomeu- clatur, 124 pp. 8vo. Berlin, 1890).
The following paragraphs on the history of the Silicates (from 5th Ed., pp. 204-206) are an important addition to the subject of mineral-nomenclature.
Note on the History of the Silicates.— In the work of the Swedish mineralogist Wallerius, of 1747, silicates as such are unrecognized, and the only species of those now so called which are described are the gems that passed under the names of emerald, beryl, topaz, hyacinth, chrysolite, yariiet ,' clays of various kinds and names ; mica, talc, serpentine, amianthus, asbestus, feldspar, and the convenient pocket, for various undeter- mined heavy stones, named Corneus — the Hornbarg of the Swedish mineralogist, and Roche de Corne of his French translator, and which embraced Skiorl (Schorl of the Germans) as a prominent part of it. Quartz (Kie- selsten, or Silex) in its many varieties, with opal, made up a large part of the DOM-metallic division of the science, occupying 30 pages out of 200. Feldspar is placed in the genus Spatum. as Spatutn pyrimachum (or scintillating spar) alongside of fluor, Iceland spar, and heavy spar ; and sapphire and the other precious stones are in the group of Gems. All of these species excepting feldspar had special names in Pliny's time; and feldspar is distinctly referred to in Agricola as " Silex ex eo ictu ferri facile ignis elicitur, in cubis aliisque figuris intersectis constans " (p. 314, 1546).
Cronstedt's work of 1758 includes with the preceding the species Zeolite, a recent discovery of his own (1756); but adds no others. He shows, however, his acumen in making his group of Kiesel-Arter (siliceous minerals) to include not only the varieties of quartz, but also feldspar and the gems above enumerated (and his adding to it the diamond is not surprising). Garnet and schorl are left outside, and make the two species of his Graiiat- Arter; Mica (GUimmer-Arter) and Asbestus (Asbest-Arter), with Ler-Arter (clay minerals), are the other inde- pendent groups. Transparent tourmalines from Ceylon were among the gems of the day, having been first introduced into Europe in 1707 or before, but they are not distinctly mentioned by Cronstedt or Wallerius.
The group of Schorl increased in its varieties for the next twenty -five years, and after that became prolific in species, and much of the history of mineralogy is involved in its various phases. The following observations make, therefore, an introduction to the synonymy of many minerals beyond.
The Corneus, or Hornbarg, of Wallerius included a variety of hard, cheap or worthless stones, rather heavy, mostly of dark colors from black to dull green. The name alludes to a resemblance to horn in the aspect of some of the kinds. To Corneus solidus belonged the massive, compact, flinty rocksof black and lighter shades; also petrosilex (or Hdlleflinta of the Swedes, which means false flint) of different shades: and massive horn- blende (" granulis compactis"), though, the name hornblende was, by a mistake of its German use. given by Wallerius to a black zinc-blende alone. His Corneus fissilis embraced lamellar forms of hornblende and pyrox- ene, and some slaty rocks. While Cornells cryttallitatua was his Skiorl, which comprised opaque tourmalines, and other prismatic minerals of black, brown, green, and reddish colors, as hornblende, actinolite, and perhaps pyroxene, and at the head of the list basalt, and basanite or Lydian stone.
Cronstedt's Skorl made up his genus Basaltes, and was nearly synonymous with the Corneus crystallisatus of Wallerius. Its varieties were better defined; and to massive, lamellar, arid columnar hornblende, actinolite and pyroxene and crystallized opaque tourmaline were added; and in an appendix to the species, cruciform staurotide. The name Hornblende is applied only to the massive variety or rock which Cronstedt made a bole, and called Bolus induratis particulis squamosis ; it probably covered other similar stones.
J. Hill in his work on Fossils, published in London, and according to the title-page in 1771 (though de Lisle says it was not issued until 1772), says of the " Shirls," that " as to size we see them from that of bailey corn up to the Giant's Causeway," and the columns of the latter he calls "Irish Shirl," or "Basaltes Hibernicus." The group contains also made or chiostolite from Andalusia, besides tourmaline, etc.
In the editions of Wallerius of 1772 and 1778 there is a little advance beyond the first as regards the number and classification of the species. Cronstedt is followed in the position of feldspar, and in the name " Basaltes " for the schorls; and Corneus is restricted to massive, fibrous, and coarse columnar stones, among which stands " hornblende " as C'trneus spathosns, and " trapp " as Corneus trapezius.
At this period de Lisle brought crystallography to bear on the subject. But while making known new distinctions, he did not appreciate their full value, or the precision required for thorough work. As a con- sequence, the group of Schorls (or Schorls, as he writes the word in his later treatise of 1783) reached its greatest extension, although in a partly divided state. He early pronounced basaltic columns no crystals, and dropped off this excrescence. He showed in 1772 that the gem tourmaline, liis Transparent rhomboidal schorl, was identical in form with the common black schorl. But still he made the latter a distinct species, his Opaque rhomboidal schorl, and included in it, along with black or opaque tourmaline, crystals of hornblende, uugite, octahedrite from Oisans, rutile (needles in quartz), and, as a white variety, thin twins of albite. whose relation to feldspar he did not perceive; and even hexagonal nephelite from Vesuvius has a passing remark under this head. Axinite, then a novelty from Dauphiny, was made a short lenticular variety of Transparent rhom- boidal schorl, or tourmaline, its rhomboidal planes proving to his eye the relationship. The massive mineral called Hornblende, or Roche de Corne, referred by Cronstedt to Bole, he annexes to Schorl as a massive or semi- crystallized kind, but makes it a separate species, Schorl argileux, although apparently appreciating that it was little entitled to the distinction. Schorl cruciforme was his last species in the group, and to it were referred l)i >th andalusite and staurolite— the latter his Pierre de croix, with the prismatic angle of 130° by his measure- ment; and the former, Made basaltique. with an angle of 95°. The garnets and schorls were placed in a com- mon division, as done by Cronstedt, and garnet was made the first species, with tourmaline the second and "cruciform schorl" the fifth. Garnet included the "white garnet." as it was called, of Vesuvius (leucite), first observed by Ferber in 1772. Besides these Silicates, de Lisle's work has its several groups of Gems, Feldspar, Argillaceous Minerals (embracing mica, asbestus, talc, serpentine). Zeolite, and Quartz. Labradorite, from Labrador (first brought to Europe about 1770), stands as a variety of feldspar, to which it had been referred by Werner; idocrase, of which many figures are given by him (first described and figured by Cappeler in 1722), meionite (hyacintes blanches), from Somma, and harmotome from Andreasberg (his hyacinte blanche cruet' forme, made calcareous spar by v. Born in 1775, who first mentions and figures it, but a hyacinth-like siliceout species by Bergmann in 1780), are placed with zircon as kinds of hyacinth.
After de Lisle, as chemistry and crystallography made progress, the disintegration of the great Schorl group went rapidly forward, until the only thing left to it was common tourmaline; and now the name, once so
INTRODUCTION. xlv
Important, has become a mere mineralogical relic. In Werner's system of 1789, as published by Hoffmann jBergin. J., 1, 369, 1789), Schorl includes only the species Tourmaline as it now stands. The Kieselarten, on Siliceous species (commencing with the diamond still), comprised the different gems; among which stands Bhrysobervl (the modern), and, as distinct species, axinite, prehnite, hornblende of various kinds, with feldspar, mica, chlorite, the clays, etc. ; while under Talkurten, or Magnesian species, there are kyanite, actinolite, with asbestus, talc, serpentine, nephrite, etc.
Silica was first proved to be a chemical constituent of many mineral species by Bergmann; and in his Opus- cula (1780) and his Sciagraphia Regni Mineralis (1782) he distinguishes, after analyses by himself (made by fusion with potash, a method of his own), the following minerals as siliceous compounds otlalumina, with or without lime or magnesia, namely, topaz, emerald, garnet, schorl (black tourmaline), hornblende, mica, zeolite from Iceland, feldspar, and the clays; and as essentially magnesiau silicates, containing lime and a little iron, and little or no alumina, actinolite, asbestus (mountain cork and mountain leather), amianthus, steatite. These were the investigations that commenced the disbanding of the schorls, and before Werner's system of 1789 was published, many other analyses, more or less imperfect, had already been made by Wiegleb, Klaproth, Achard, Heyer, Mayer, Hopfner, Pelletier, and other chemists of the day.
The word Schorl of the Germans has been supposed to be derived from the name of a locality of the mineral, Schorlau (meaning Schorl-village) in Germany. But Prof. Naumann said (in a letter to J. D. Dana, 1867) that it is more likely that the name is a miner's term of unknown origin, and that the village got its name from the occurrence there of the schorl, riome German mineralogists have pronounced it of Swedish origin, and as first used by Cronstedt. But it occurs in Bruckmann's Magnalia Dei, published at Braunschweig in 1727, on page 175, where it is spelt schirl. It exists also still earlier, as the author has found, in Ercker's Aula Subterranea, first published in 1595, sliurl and wolfram being spoken of as among the rejected material in auriferous wash- ings; and again in the yet older work of Gesner, De Rerum Foss, etc., 1565, p. 87, where schurl (misspelt? schrul) is given as the German for " Lapilli nigri steriles" of a tin vein, which, "quando cum lapillis plumbi candidi [or tin] coquuntur plumbum consumunt," etc. ; again, in Matthesius's Sarepta, 1562, in the 9th " Predigt," where " Schurl " is quite fully described, and also in the next paragraph, " Wolffrumb." The name Schorl (or Schurl) was at that time used quite indefinitely for the sterile (or metallurgically worthless) black little stones (" nigri lapilli ") accompanying tin ore and gold, especially the former; and, as they were among the refuse of the ore-washings, Adelung suggests that Schorl may have come from the old German word Schor, meaning impurities, or refuse.
V. Bibliography.
The following catalogue contains the titles of the independent works and of most of the periodicals which are referred to in the following pages, with their abbreviated forms. Some titles also are added of works consulted but not referred to.
Titles of Inaugural Dissertations (chiefly German) are not specially mentioned in the Bibli- ography, though in most cases the originals have been in the hands of the author. For the benefit of those who have not access to these and to the rarer portion of recent periodical literature iu general, it may be noted that full abstracts are usually to be found in the Jabrbuch fur Min- eralogie (Jb. Min.) and particularly (since 1877) in Groth's Zeitschrift (Zs. Kr.); further, abstracts of chemical papers are generally given in the Jahresbericht filr Chemie (JB. Ch.). also in the Journal of the Chemical Society (J. Ch. Soc.) and elsewhere. Many more titles could have been introduced of scientific periodicals, particularly of Scientific Societies, but it would only greatly overburden an already long list if they were all included. The explanation of the general system of abbreviations adopted is so full that references will be intelligible even when the periodical in question is not included in the list. In this connection, attention may be called to the excellent Catalogues of scientific periodicals prepared by Scudder* (1879) and by Bolton f (1885).
In the references, the number of the volume is uniformly printed in heavy-faced type (9). In the case of periodicals, the number of the series (in the last edition denoted by Roman numerals, I, II, III, etc.) is omitted for the sake of brevity, as not essential, since the date is always given. In general it may be mentioned that the addition of the date to a reference much increases its value. The number of the section, e.g. of an Academy, to which the publi- cation belongs is indicated by a number in parentheses following the volume, as Ber. Ak Wien 50 (1), etc.
The statement made in the Preface is repeated here, that authors quoted have been actually consulted in the original ; in a few cases when the original source was not accessible, this is given in brackets, [ ], while the authority used follows.
The abbreviations of the more important words in the abbreviated titles are given after the Bibliography (p. Ixi et seq.), with also the abbreviations of the names of the States in the United States ; and finally the abbreviations of proper names.
1. Periodicals Not Issued By Scientific Societies.
Afh., or Afhandl. Afhandliugar i Fisik, Kemi och Mineralogie. etc., utgifne af Hisineer &
Berzelius. Vol. 1, 1806; 2, '07; 3, '10; 4, '15; 5, 6, '18. Am. Ch. J. American Chemical Journal. Edited by Ira Remsen, Baltimore (Johns Hopkins
University). Begun in 1879. One volume annually in 6 numbers. Vol.1, 1879- 12 1891
Index, vols. 1-10, 1890.
Scientific Serials of all Countries, including the Transactions of Learned Societies, in the Natural, Physical, and Mathematical Sciences, 1633-1876. By Samuel H. Scudder. Cambridge
f A Catalogue of Scientific and Technical Periodicals, 1665-1882, by H. Carrington Bolton. Washington, 1885 (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Contributions, 514).
xlvi INTRODUCTION.
Am. J. Sc. American Journal of Science. 1st series of 50 volumes, 8vo; conducted by B.
Sillimau, 1818-1839; with B. Silliman, Jr., from 1840. Four numbers to vol. 1, and two
to subsequent vols. Vol. 1,, No. 1, Aug., 1818; No. 2, Jan., 19; No. 3, Mar., '19; No.
June, 'IS; vol. 2, Ap , Nov., '20; 3, Feb., May, '21; 4, Oct., Feb., '21, '22; 5, June, Sept.,
'22; 6, Jan., May, '23; 7, Nov., Feb., '23, '24; 8, May, Aug., '24; 9, Feb., June, '25; 10,
Oct., Feb., '25, '26; 11, June, Oct., '26; 12, 13, Mar., June, Sept., Dec., '27; afterward
regularly on the first of April, July, Oct., Jan.; vols. 14, 15, in '28, '28- '29; 24, 25, in '33,
'33-'34; 34, 35, in '38, '38-'39; then regularly, Jan., May, July, Oct., 36, 37, in '39; 38:
39, in '40; 48, 49, in '50; 50, Index volume.
2d ser., by the same and James D. Dana, until 1865, after which, by B. Sillimau and
James D. Dana; from 1851, aided by A. Gray and W. Gibbs, and later by other co-editors.
2 vols. ann.; 1, 2, 1846; 11, 12, '51; 21, 22, '56; 31, 32, '61; 41, 42, '66; whence, 49, 50,
1870. An index to each 10 vols. in vol. 10, 20, 30, etc.
3d ser. from 1871 in monthly numbers, by James D. Dana and B. Silliman until 1875;
then by the same and E. S. Dana, and from 1885 by James D and E. S. Dana. Vol. 1, 2,
'71; 11, 12, '76; 21. 22, '81; 31, 32, '86; 41, 42, '91. An index to each 10 volumes issued
(sometimes separately) with vol. 10, 20, 30, etc. The title was "American Journal of Science
and Arts" until 1880.
Amer. Geol. The American Geologist. 8vo, Minneapolis. Vol. 1, 2, '88; 7, 8, '91. Amer. Nat. The American Naturalist. 1 vol. annually. 8vo, Salem, and later Philadelphia.
Vol. 1, '68; 25, '91. Ann. Oh. Anuales de Chimie. 8vo, Paris, vols. 1-3, 1789; 4-7, '90; 8-11, '91; 12-15, '92;
16-18, '93; 19-24, '97; 25-27, '98; 28-31, '99; then regularly 4 v. an n. ; 32-35,1800; 52-55;
'05; 72-75, '10 ; 92-95, 96, '15. Index to vols. 31 to 60 inclusive. Continued in the Ann.
Ch. Phys. iq.v.).
Ann. Ch. Pharm. See Lieb. Ann. Ann. Oh. Phys. Aunales de Chemie et de Physique; at first by Gay Lussac et Arago. 8vo,
Paris; 3 vols. anu.; 1-3, 1816; 16-18, '21; 31-33, '26; 46-48, '31; 61-63, '36; 73-75, '40.
Vols. 67-75 made 2d ser., and numbered 1-9. 3d ser., 1-3, '41; 16-18, '46; 31-33, '51;
46-48, '56; 61-63, '61; 67-69, '63. 4th ser., 1-3, 1864; 16-18, '69; 28-30, '73. 5th ser.,
1-3, '74; 22-24, '81; 28-30, '83. 6th ser., 1-3, '84; 22-24, '91.
Index 1st ser. to vols. 1-30; 31-60; 61-90. To 2d ser., '1-30; 31-75. To 3d ser., 1-30;
31-69. 4th ser.. 1-30 5th ser., 1-30. Ann. Mines. Annales des Mines. 8vo, Paris. Begun in 1816 as sequel .to Journal des Mines;
1 vol. a year until 1825, and subsequently 2 vols. a year. Vol. 1, 1816; 6, '21; 10, 11, '25;
12, 13, '26. 2d ser., 1, 2, '27; 8, last. 3d ser., 1, 2, '32; 19, 20, '41. 4th ser., 1, 2, '42;
19, 20, '51. 5th ser., 1, 2, '52; 19. 20, '61. 6th ser., 1, 2, '62; 19, 20, '71. 7th ser., 1, 2,
'72; 19, 20, '81. 8th ser., 1, 2, '82; 19, 20, '91. Indexes to the different series. Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Anuales du Museum d'histoire naturelle par les Professeurs de cet
etablissement, MM. Haiiy, Fourcroy, Vauquelin, Desfoutaines, A. L. de Jussieu, Geoffroy,
Lacepede, etc. 4to, Paris; vols. 1-20, 2 a year, 1803-1815. Ann. Phil. Annals of Philosophy. 2 vols. arm., 8vo, London. 1st ser. by Thos. Thomson;
vols. 1. 2, 1813: 11, 12, '18; 15, 16, '20. 2d ser., vols. 1, 2, 1821; 11, 12, '26. Then merged
in Phil. Mag. (q.v.).
Arch. Math. Nat. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab, 8vo, Kristiania. Begun in 1876. Arch. Sc. phys. nat. See Bibl. Univ. B. H. Ztg. Berg-undhuttenmilnnischeZeitung. 4to, Leipzig, 1 vol. ann. Begun by Hartmann,
and sometimes called Hartmann's Zeitung. Vol. 1, 1842; 4, '45; 9, '50; 14, '55; 19, '60;
24, '65; 29, '70, etc. Baumg. Zs. Zeitschrift f. Physik und Mathematik; edited by Baumgartner and Ettingshausen.
10 vols., 8vo, 1826-1832, Vienna. Bergm. J. Bergmauuisches Journal; ed. by A. W. KOhler. 12mo, Freybere:, Sax. 1, 2, 1788;
1, 2, '89; so to '92; 1, 2, '93, by Kohler and Hoffmann. Afterward, Neues Bergm. J., of
K. & H.; 1, 1795; 2, '98; 3, 1802; 4, '16. Contains papers by Werner, Hoffmann,
Klaproth, and much on mineralogy. Berz. JB. See JB. Ch. Bibl. Univ. Biblioth£que Uuiverselle de Geneve. Begun in 1816. In 1846, 4th series of 36
vols. commenced, and the scientific part of the Review takes the title. Archives des Sciences
physiques et naturelles. 5th series commenced in 1858. Vols. 1-3, '58; 31-33, '68; 61-64,
'78. New ser., 1, 2, '79; 15, 16, '86. Bruce Am. Min. J. The American Mineralogical Journal; conducted by Archibald Bruce,
M.D. Only 1 vol., 8vo. Begun Jan., 1810; No. 1, 62 pp., 1810, and 2, to p. 126, '10; 3,
to p. 190, '11; 4, to end, p. 270, '13. Can. Nat. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist. 8vo, Montreal. Vol. 1, 1856; 5, '61; 8, '63; 2d
ser., vol. 1, '64; 2, '65; 3, '66; 10, '81-'83, etc. Can. J. Canadian Journal of Industry, Science, and Art. Toronto, Canada. 2d ser., vol. 1,
1856; 5, '60; 10, '65; 11, '66, '67; 15. '76-'78. Ch. Gaz. Chemical Gazette, by W. Francis. 8vo, London. 1 vol, ann. after vol. 1, of 1842
17, '59. Cn. News. Chemical News; edited by W. Crookes. Sm. 4to, London. 2 v. ann. ; vols. 1, 2,
1860; 11, 12, '65; 21, 22, '70; 41, 42, '80; 61, 62, '90.
INTRODUCTION. xlvii
Crell's Ann. Chemische Anualen; by L. Crell. 40 ., 12mo, Helmstadt u. Leipzig. Vols.
numbered 1, 2. for each year, from 1784 to 1803 inclusive. Dingier J. Polytechuiscb.es Journal; by J. G. & E. M. Diugler. 3vols. ann., 8vo, Augsburg.
Begun iu 1820; vol. 187, iu 1868, etc. Dublin Q. J. Sc. Dublin Quarterly Journal of Science; edited by Rev. S. Haughton. 6 vols.
8vo, 1861-'66, Dublin. Ed. J. Sc. Edinburgh Journal of Science; edited by D. Brewster (of terr cabled Brewster's J.).
8vo Edinburgh, 2 vols. ann. 1st ser., vol. 1, 1824; 2, 3, '25; 6, 7, '27; 10, '29. 3d ser.,
vol. 1, 1829; 2, 3, '30; 4, 5, '31; 6, '32. Merged in Phil. Mag. Ed. Phil. J. Edinburgh Philosophical Journal; edited by Brewster and Jameson. 8vo, 2 vols.
ann.; vol. 1, 1819; 2, 3, '20; 6, 7, '22; 10, '24; edited by Jameson alone, 11, 1824; 12, 13,
'25; 14, '26. Becomes Ed. N. Phil. J. (q.v.). Ed. N. Phil. J. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal; edited by Prof. Jameson (often called
Jameson's Journal. 8vo, 2 vols. ann. 1st ser., vol. 1, 1826; 2, 3, '27; 12, 13, '32; 22, 23,
'37; 32, 33, '42; 42. 43, '47; 52, 53, '52; 56, 57, '54. 2d ser., vols. 1, 2, 1855; 11, 12, '60;
19, 20, '64. Here ends. Eng. Mng. J. Engineering and Mining Journal. 4to, published weekly. New York. Begun
in 1866. Vols. 51, 52, 1891. Before 1872. Am. Journal of Mining, Milling, etc. Erman's Arch. Archiv fur wisseuschaftliche Russlaud. Begun in 1841; 1vol. ann. Vol. 1,
1841; 11, '51; 21, '61, etc. Gehlen's J. Neues allg. Journal der Chemie; by A. F. Gehlen. 6 vols., Berlin; 1, 1808; 2, 3,
'04; 6, '06. 2d ser., under the title Journal fur die Cbemie und Physik und Mineralogie,
9 vols., Berlin: 1, 2, 1806; 5, 6, '08; 9, '10. Afterward, Schweigger's Journal (q.v.) began
at Nuremberg. Geol. Mag. The Geological Magazine, or Monthly Journal of Geology. In monthly numbers.
London. Begun in 1864; vol 10, 1873; Decade II, vol. 1, '74; 10, '83. Decade III, vol.
I, '84; 8, 91. Preceded by The Geologist. 1858-63.
Gilb. Ann. Aunalen der Physik; conducted by L W. Gilbert. 8vo, Leipzig, 30 vols.; 1st series, 1799-18U8; then 30 vols., 2d ser.. 1809-18; then Annalen d. Phys. und der Phy- sikalischen Chemie, 16 vols., 3d ser., 1819-'23. The vols. of the several series usually counted consecutively; 1, 2, 1799; afterward 3 vols. a year, 3-6, 1800; 13-15, '03; 28-30, '08; 43-5, '13; 58-60, 18; 73-5, '23; 76, '24. Afterward continued as Poggendorff's Annalen, see Fogg.
Giorn. Min. Giornale di Mineralogia, Cristallografia e Petrografia, diretto dal Dr. F. Sansoni. Milan. Begun in 1890; vol. 2, 1891.
Groth's Zeitschr/ See Zs. Kr.
Haid., Nat. Abh. Wien. Naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. von Haidinger. 4to. Vols 1-4, 1847-'51.
J. Mines, or J. d. M. Journal des Mines. 8vo, Paris. In monthly nos. 2 v. ann ; 1, 2, 1797;
II, 12, 1802; 21, 22. '07; 31, 32, 12; 37, 38, 15. Continued in Annales des Mines (q v.). J. de Phys., or J. Phys. Journal de Physique. 4to, Paris, 2 vols. ann. Edited by Abbe
Rozier (and hence called Rozier's J.), for vols 1-43 (for a time with also Mougez, Jr.); by Delametherie for vols. 44-84; and afterward by Blaiuville. Two introductory vols., 1771, 1772: vols. 1, 2, 1773; 11, 12, 78; 22, 23, '83, 32, 33, '88; 42, 43, '93; 44, 45, '94 (French Revolution); 46, 47, '98; 56, 57, 1803; 66, 67, '08; 76, 77, 13; 86, 87, 18; 94, 95, '22; 96, 1823.
J. Phys. Journal de Physique. Paris. Begun in 1872. One vol. annually. Vol. 1, 1872; 10, 1881. 2d ser., vol. 1, 1882; 10, 1891. Distinguished from the preceding by the date.
J. pr. Ch. Journal fur praktische Cbemie. 8vo, Leipzig, 3 vols. ann. Preceded by J. f. pr. und okonomische Chemie, 18 vols. 8vo, 3 vols ann., begun in 1828. Begun iu 1834; first edited byErdmann&Schweigger-Seidel (see Schweigger J.); from 1838 by E. &Marchand; from 1852, by E. & Werther. Vols. 1-3, 1834; 19-21, '40; 34-36, '45; 49-51, '50, 64-66, '55; 79-81, '60; 94-96, '65; 109-111, '70. 2d ser. begun in 1870, vol. 1, 2, '70; 3, 4, '71; 23, 24,;81; 43, 44, '91.
Arsb. Arsberattelser om framstegeu i Keuii ocb Mineral ogi, af Jac. Berzelius. In
Jahresb. v German, Jahresbericht ilber die Fortschritte der Chemie und Mineralogie. 8vo;
JB. Oh. ) usually designated by the year. Commenced with 1821. Vol.1, 1821; 11, '31; 21, '41; 30, 1850; the last three vols. by Svanberg. Continued in the Giessen Jahres- bericht, issued by Liebig & Kopp, from 1847 to '56; by F. Zamminer, '57; Kopp & Will, '58; and Will alone from '63 on. The first vol. covers the years 1847, '48.
Jlx Min. Jahrbuch fur Miueralogie, Geognosie, Geologic, und Petrefaktenkunde; edited by K. C. v. Leouhard & H. G. Bronu. 8vo, Heidelberg, 1 vol. ann. 1830-32, 4 Nos. a year; after '32, 6 Nos., and called Neues Jahrbuch, etc.
Since 1880 two volumes of three numbers each annually, the abstracts (Ref.) with independent paging. Also Beilage Band (Beil. or Beil.-Bd.), 1, 1881, 7, 1890-91. Index (Allg. Repertorium), 1850-59, 1860-'69, 1870-79, 1880-'89, 1880-'84, and Beil.-Bd. 1, 3 (1885); 1885-'89, and Beil.-Bd. 3-6 (1891).
Karst. Arch Min. Archiv fur Mineralogie, Geognosie, Bergbau und Hilttenkunde. 26 vols. 8vo, 1829-1855, Berlin. Edited for vols. 1-10 by C. J. B. Karsten ; later by Karsten & v. Dechen.
llviii INTRODUCTION.
Kastn. Arch. Nat. Archiv fur die gesammte Naturlehre ; edited by K. W. G. Kastuer. 8vo,
Niirnberg. 27 vols., 3 vols. anu., 1824-'35. Kell. & Tiedm. Nordamerikauischer Monatsbericht filr Natur- und Heilkunde ; edited by Dr.
W. Keller & Dr. H. Tiedeinaun. 4 vols., 8vo, Philadelphia. Vol. 1, 1850 ; 2, 3, '51 ;
4, '52. Lempe's Mag. Magazin fur die Bergbaukunde, by J. F. Lempe. 8vo, Dresden. Vol. 1, 1785;
2, 3. '86; 4, '87; then 1 vol. ann. till 11, '94; 12. '98; 13, '99. Lieb. Ann. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacia: by WOblor and Liebig; from vol. 77, by
Wohler, Liebig, and Kopp, and called new series. 8vo, Leipzig and Heidelberg. 4 vols.
(and later 4 to 6 or 7) ann*. Vols. 1-4. 1832; 13-16, '35; 33-36, '40; 53-56, 45; 73-76. '50;
93-96, '55; 113-116, '60; 133-136, '65; 153-156, 70; 191-194, '78; 195-200, '79; 255-260,
'90. Supplemeutband, 1, 1861; 2. '62, '63; 3, '64; 4. '65, '66; 7, '70; 8, '72.
With vol. 173 the title was changed to Liebig's Annaleu der Chemie and the reference
to the new series was dropped. Index to vols. 1-100, '61 ; 101-116, '61; 117-164, '74. L'Institut. L'Institut. a weekly journal in small fol., Paris, 1 vol. ann.; begun in 1832. Mag. Nat. Helvet. Magaziu fur die Naturkunde Helvetieus; herausg. A. Hopfner, Zurich.
Begun in 1787. Min. Mag. See p. 1. Min. Mitth. Mineralogische Mittheilungen gesammelt von G. Tschermak. Begun in 1871 as
Beilage zum Jahrbuche der k. k. geol. Reichsanstalt. Since 1878 published separately
(in smaller form) as Miueralopische und Petrographische Mittheilungen. Vol. 1, 1878;
11, 1890. Index, vols. 1-10, 1890. Ediied since 1889 by F. Becke. Moll's Efem. Efeuieriden der Berg- mid Hiitteukunde; edited by C. E. von Moll. 5 vols.; 1,
1805, at Miiuchen; afterward at Niimberg, 2, '06; 3, '07; 4, '08; 5, '09. Preceded by v.
Moll's Jahrb. f. B. H., Salzburg, 5 vols., 1797-1801; and Auualen id., Salzburg, 3 vols.,
1802-'04. Naturaleza. La Naturaleza, Periodico cientinco, Mexico. Begun in 1869; vol. 7, '84-'87.
2d ser., vol. 1, '87-91. Nature. A weekly illustrated Journal of Science. London. Commenced in Nov. 1869, in
weekly numbers. Vol. 1, Nov. '69-April '70; 2, May-Nov. '70; 10. May-Oct. '74; 20,
May-Oct. '79; 30, May-Oct. '84; 40, May-Oct. '89; 44, May-Oct. '91. Nicholson's J. Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts; by Wm. Nicholson.
London, 1st ser., 5 vols., 4to, vol. 1. 1797, 5, 1801. 2d ser., 36 vols. 8vo, vol. 1, 1802;
36, 1813. Nuovo Cimento. II nuovo Cimento; giornale di Fisica, di Chimica, etc. Vol. 1-2, 1855-'56.
2d ser., vol. 1, 1869. Nyt. Mag. See p. 1. Phil. Mag. Philosophical Magazine. 8vo, London. 1st ser. by Tilloch, 2 or 3 vols. a year; 1,
2, 1798; 3-5, '99; 6-8, 1800; 21-23, '05; 30-32, '08; 33, 34, '09 (thence 2 v. anu.); .35, 36,
'10; 45, 46, '15; 55, 56, '20; 65, 66, '25: 67, 68, '26.
3d ser , or Philosophical Magazine and Annals of Philosophy, 2 v. ann.; 1, 2, 1827;
11, '32.
3d ser , London & Edinburgh Phil. Mag.; 1, 1832; 2. 3, '33; 12, 13, '38; 22, 23, '43;
32, 33, '48; 36, 37, '50.
4th ser., L., E. & Dublin Phil. Mag., 1, 2, 1851; 11, 12, '56; 21, 22, '61; 31, 32, '66;
49, 50. '75.
5th ser. with 1876. 1, 2, '76; 11, 12, '81; 21, 22, '86; 81, 32, '91. Pogg. or Pogg. Ann. Aunaleu der Physik und Chemie; edited by J. C. Poggendorff. 8vo,
Leipzig, 3 vols. ami Preceded by Gilbert's Annalen (q.v.). Vols. 1, 2, 1824; 3-5, '25;
11, Index vol ; 18-20, '30; 27-29. '33; 30, Index vol.; 31-33, '34; 34-36, '35; 49-51, '40;
63-66 '45; 79-81, '50; 94-96, '55; 109-111, '60; 124-126, '65; 139-141, '70; 157-159, '76;
last vol., 160, "77 Also Erganzuugsbd (Erg.), 1, 2, '48; 3, '53; 4, '54; 5, '71; 6, 7, '76;
8, '78, and Jubelband, 1874. General Index (Sachregister) to the whole series, 1824-1877,
issued iu 1888
Edited since 1877 by G. Wiedemauu and called Wiedemaun's Anualeu; see Wied.
Ann: O. J. Sc. Braudes' Quarterly Journal of Science. 8vo. 2 vols. ann. after 1819. Published by
the Royal Institution. Vol. 1, 1816; 2, 3, '17, '17-18; 4, 5, '18; 6, 7, 8, '19; 9, 10, '20; 19,
20, '25; 27, 28, '29. Rec. Gen. Sc. Records of General Science; by The*. Thomson. 4 vols., 8vo, Edinburgh.
Vols. 1, 2, 1835; 3, 4, '36. Revista Minera. Revista Minera, Periodico cientinco e industrial redactado por una Sociednd
de Ingenieros. 2 vols., 8vo, Madrid. Vol. 1, 1850; 2, '51. Riv. Min. Rivista di Mineralogia e Cristallografia Italiana diretta da R. Pauebianco. Padua.
Begun in 1887. Vol. 1, 1887; 8, 9, 1891. Scherer's J. Allgemeines Journal der Chemie; conducted by A. N. Scherer. 10 vols., Leipzig
uud Berlin; 1, 1798; 2, 3, 1799; 6, 7, 1801; 10, '03. Continued as Gehlen's Journal (q.v.). . J. or Schweigg. J. Journal fur Chemie und Physik; conducted by J. S. C. Schweigger.
Niirnberg, 8vo. Also under the title Jahrbuch der Chemie uud Physik. 3 vols. a year;
1-3, 1811; 16-18, '16; 28-30, '20; afterward issued by Schweigger & Meinecke; then by J.
Introduction.
S. C. Schweigger & Fr. W. Schweigger-Seidel; then by Fr. W. Schweigger-Seidel; 81- 33, 1821; 46-48, '26; 61-63, '31; 67-69, '33 The next year began the J. pr. Ch. (q.v.), by Erdmauu & Schweigger-Seidel. Science. Au illustrated Journal oublished weekly. Begun Feb. 1883, Cambridge, Mass. Vol.
1, Feb.-June '83; 6, July-Dec. '85, New York.
Tasch. Min. Taschenbuch fur die gesammte Mineralogie, von C. C. Leonhard. 18 vols.,
12ino, Frankfurt a. M., 1 vol. ann. Vol. 1, 1807; 4, '10. 9, '15, 14, 18, '24. Tschermak's Mitth. See Min. Mitth. Wied. Ann. Annalen der Pliysik uud Chemie herausgegeben von G. Wiedemann, successor to
Poggendortf, Annaleu (see Pogg. Ann.), begun in 1877; 3 vols. anu. Vol. 1, 2, '77; 3-5,
'78; 24-26, '85; 42-44, '91.
Also, connected with this, Beiblatter zu den Auualen der Physik und Chemie, begun
in 1*77, 1 vol. ann. -Vol. 1, '77; 9, '85; 15, '91. Zs. Kr. Zeitschrift fur Krystallographie und Mineralogie, herausgegeben von Paul Groth,
Leipzig. Begun in 1877; vol. 19 closed- in 1891. Index *,o vols. 1-10, 1886 (Repertorium
der mineral, u. kryst. Literatur, 1877-1885).
2. Transactions, Etc., Of Scientific Societies.
Abh. Ak. Berlin. Abhaudlungen der konisrlicheu preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
Berlin. 4to, Berlin. Vol. 1 (for 1804-1811) issued in 1815. Abhandl. Senck. Ges. Frankfurt. Abhandlungeu von d. Senckenbergischen naturforschenden
Gesellschaft zu Frankfurt Begun in 1854. Vol. 7 in 1868; 16, '90. Act. Soc. Fenn. Acta Societatis scientiarum Feunicae. Helsingfors, Finland. Begun in
1842; 2-10, '47-75. Ak. H. Stockholm. K. Vet.-Akaclemiens Handlingar, Stockholm.
Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang. See Ofv. Ak. Stockh.
Amer. Assoc. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 8vo. Vol. 1, meeting at Philadelphia in 1848; 2, at Cambridge in '49; 3, at Charleston in '50; 4, at N. Haven, '50; 5, at Cincinnati, '51; 6, at Albany, '52; 7, at Cleveland, '53; 8, at Washington, '54; 9, at Providence, '55; 10, at Albany, '56; 11, at Montreal, '57; 12, at Baltimore, '58; 13, at Springfield, '59; 14, at Newport, '60; 15, at Buffalo, '66; 16, at Burlington, '67; and annually since then, 40, at Washington, '91.
Ann. Lye. N. Hist. N. Y. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Begun in 1824. Followed by the Annals of the New York Academy of Science. Vol. 1, 1879;
2, '82; etc.
Ann. Mus. Wien. Annalen des K. K naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, redigirt von Dr. Franz
Ritter von Hauer, Vienna. Begun in 1886; one vol. annually; vol. 6, 1891. Ann. Soc. G. Belg. Annales de la Societe geologique de Belgique. Vol. 1, '74-'75; 16, '89. Anzeig. Ak. Wien. Anzeiger der K. K. Akad. d. Wissenschaften. 8vo, Vienna. Begun in 1864.
1 vol. ann. Att. Ace. Line. Atti della R. Accademia dei Lincei. Memoires, 3d ser., vol. 1, 1876-77; vol.
19, 1884. 4th ser., vol. 1, 1884-85. Transiunti, 3d ser., vol. 1, 1876-77; 8, '83. Followed
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Att. Ace. Torino. Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze. Turin, vol. 1, 1866; 26, '90-'91. Att. 1st. Veneto. Atti delle Adunanze dell' R. Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti.
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6th ser., 1882-83.
Att. Soc. Tosc. Atti della Societa Toscana di Scienze Naturali Pisa. Begun in 1875. Ber. Ak. Berlin. Mouatsberichte der. K. preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. 8vo
Begun in 1836. Ber. Ak. Munchen. Sitzungsberichte der K. bayerischen Akad. der Wiss. zu Milnchen
(Munich). 8vo. Begun in i860. Since 1871 the volumes " der mathematisch-physika-
lischen Classe " numbered consecutively. Vol. 1, 1871; 10, '80; 20, '90. Ber. Ak. Wien. Sitzungsberichte der K. Akad. der Wiss., Wien (Vienna). Commenced in
1848, 8vo. Vol. 1, '48; 10, 11, '53; 12-14, '54; 15-18, '55; 39-42, '60. From '61 in two
sections, 2 vols. each; 51, 52, '65; 61, 62, '70. From '72 in three sections, and '88, 4
sections. Vols. 98, 99, '90. General Index to vols. 1-10, 11-50, 51-60, 61-64, 65-75,
76-80, 81-85, 86-90, 91-96. Ber. aus Ungarn. Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Berichte aus Ungarn. Begun in
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Ber. Sachs. Ges. Leipzig. Berichte der K. Sachs. Gesellschaft der Wiss., Leipzig. Boll. Com. G. R. Comitato Geologico d' Italia, Bolletiuo. Commenced in 1869, published in
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Introduction.
Bull. Ac. Belg. Bulletin cle la Academic Royale de Belgique. Vol. 1, '32-'34. 2d ser., 1 2
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St. Petersburg. Vol. 1, 1858; 10, 1867; 32, 8vo, '88; vol. 1 (33) of a new series (8vo)
in 1890. Preceded by the two Bulletins, B. physico-mathemalique, 17 vols. 4to, and B.
historico-puilologique, 16 vols. 4to; and these two preceded by the one Bull. Scientifique,
10 vols. 4to. Bull. Mus. Belg. Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique. Brussels
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1857-64. 2d ser., vol. 1, 2, '64; 15, 16, '71; 35, 36, '81; 49, 50, '88. 3d ser., vol. 1, 2, '89-
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2, '31-'32; 3, '32-'33; 4, '33-'34; 5. '34; 6, '34-'35; 7, '35- '36; 12, '40-'41; 14 '42- '43 2d
ser., vol. 1, '43-'44; 6, '48-'49; 11, '53-'54; 16, '58- '59; 21, '63-'64; 26, '68-'69; 29 '71-72
3d ser., vol. 1, '72-'73; 15, '86-'87, etc.
Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou. Bulletin de la Soc. Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou. 8vo. Bull. Soc. Min. Bulletin de la Societe Mineralogique de France, Paris. Begun in 1878, 1 vol.
annually; vol. 14, 1891; also Index to vols. 1-10, 1888. Since 1886 the title has been, La
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2, 3, '36; 12, 13, '41; 22, 23, '46; 32, 33, '51; 42, 43, '56; 52, 53, '61; 62, 63, '66; 72, 73 '71;
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'85-'86. 6fv. Ak. Stockh. Ofversigt af K. Vet.-Akad. Forhandlingar, Stockholm. Commenced in 1844.
1 vol. ann., 8vo; vol. 48, '91. Also a series of supplementary volumes. Bihaug till K.
Svc'iiska Vetenskfips-Akademiens Forliandlingar, vol. 1. 1*73; vol. 13. 1888, etc. Overs. Vid. Selsk. Copenh. Oversigi over del Kniigelige (ianske Videnskabernes Selskabs
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INTRODUCTION. h
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for 1665, '66. Vol. 182. '91. Phys. Arb. Fr. Wien. Pbysikalische Arbeiteu der eiutrachtigen Freunde in Wieu; published
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29, '91. Proc. Col. Soc. Proceedings of the Colorado Scientific Society, Denver, Colorado. Begun.
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Proc. Roy. Soc. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 8vo. (Abstracts of paper
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INTRODUCTION. liii
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liv INTRODUCTION.
Demeste, Lettres. Lettres sur la Mineralogie; by Dr. Demeste. 2 vols. 16mo, 1779.
Dioscor. Dioscorides Ilepi v\.rjS iaTpiKtjS (Materia Medica), written about A.D. 50. In the
mineral part treats especially of the medical virtues of minerals, but often gives also short
descriptions. Not alluded to among the many references in Pliny, but evidently cited
from. Doelter, Allg. Ch. Min. Allgemeine chemische Miner:ilo<j;ie; by C. Doelter. 277 pp. 8vo,
Leipzig, 1890. Domeyko, Min., 1845, 1860, 1883. Elementos de Mineralojia; by I. Domeyko. 8vo, Chili,
1st ed.; Serena, 1845. 2d ed., Santiago, IBtiO, with appendixes 1-6. 3d ed., 762 pp.,
1879; also appendix 1, 1881; 2, 1883.
Domeyko, Tratado de En ayes; by id. 2d ed., 8vo, Valparaiso, 1858. Dufr., Min., 1844, 1856-lb60. Traite de Miueralogie; by A. Dufrenoy. 4 vols. 8vo (the last
of plates), Paris, 1844; 2d ed., 5 vols.; 1, 2, '3, '56; 4, '59; 5, '60. Dx., Min. Mauuel de Miueralogie; by A. Des Cloizeaux. 572 pp., with 52 plates, 8vo, Paris,
vol. 1, 1863; vol. 2, ler Fasc., 908 pp., Paris, 1874. Dx., N. R. Nouvelles Recherches sur les Proprietes optiques des Cristaux, naturels ou
artificiels. et sur les variations que ces proprietes eprouvent sous 1'influeuce de la chaleur;
by id. 222 pp. 4to, Paris, 1867. (Memoires present, a 1'Institut imperial de France,
vol. 18.) Dx., Proptr. Opt. 1, 2. De 1'emploi des proprietes optiques birefringentes en Miueralogie; by
id. 1, 1857 (Ann. Mines, vol. 11, pp. 261-342). Also 2 (2e Memoire); by id., 1858 (ibid.,
vol. 14, pp. 339-420). The third memoir of this series is given in N. R. above. Still
another with description of instruments,. methods, etc , was published in 1864 — Memoire
su 1'emploi du microscope polarisant, etc', (ibid., vol. 6. 557-595, 1864). Dx., Quartz. Memoire sur la Crystallisation et la Structure inteiieure du Quartz; by A. Des
Cloizeaux. 212 pp. 4to, with 5 folded plates, Paris, 1858. Egleston, Min. Syn. Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms alphabetically arranged, 1889 (Bull.
TJ. S. Nat. Mus., No. 33); by Thomas Eglestou. Also republished, enlarged. 378 pp..
New York, 1891. Emmerling, Min. Lehrbuch der Mineralogie; by L. A. Emmerling. 8vo, Giessen, 1st ed.,
1793-'97; 2d ed., '99, 1802. Ercker, Aula Subt. Aula Subterranea (on Ores, Mining, and Metallurgy); by L. Ercker.
Written in 1574, published in 1595. Erdmann, Dannemora Jernm. Dannemora JernmalmsfSlt, etc.; by A. Erdmann. 12mo,
Stockholm, 1851. Also Uto Jernm., 1856.
Erdmann, Min. Larobok i Mineralogieu; by A. Erdmann. 8vo, Stockholm, 1853. Sstner, Min. Versuch einer Mineralogie. 3 vols. in 5 parts, 8vo, Vienna, 1794-1804. Estner, iiber Werner's Verbess. in Min. Freymiithige Gedankeu ilber Herrn Inspector Wer- ner's Verbesserungen in der Mineralogie, nebst einigen Bemerkungeu tiber Herrn Assessor
Karstens Beschreibuug des vom sel. Leske Miueralien-Cabinetts; by Abbe Estner. 64
pp. 18mo, Wien, 1790. Exner, Unt. Hart. Untersuchungen ilber die HSrte der Krystallflachen ; by Franz Exner.
166 pp. 8vo, Vienna, 1873. Fabricius, Met. De rebus metallicis ac nominibus observationes varue, etc., ex schedis Georgii
Fabricii. Tiguri, 1566. Issued with an edition of Gesuer's FOKS. Faujas, Vole. Viv. Recherches sur les Volnms eteiuts du Vivaraiset du Velay; by Faujas de
St. Fond. Fol., Grenoble et Paris, 1778. By the same, Miueralogie des Volcans, 8vo,
Paris, 1784. Fischer, Mikr. Min. Kritische mikroskopiseli-niineralogische Studien; by H. Fischer. 64 pp.
8vo, Freiburg i. Br., 1869. Erste Fortsut/uug, 64 pp., 1871. Zweite Fortsetzung, 96 pp.,
Fischer, Nephrit. Nephrit und Jadeit nach ihren miueralogischen Elgenschaften, so wie nach
ihrer urgeschichtlicheu und ethnographischeu Bedeutuug; by Heiurich Fischer. 411 pp.
8vo, Stuttgart, 1875; 2te Autiage, 1880.
Fors., Min. Minerographia; by Sigfrid Avon Forsius. 16mo, Stockholm, 1643. Fouque-Levy, Min. Micr. Mineralogie micrographique, roches eruptives Fran£aises; by F.
Fouque and A. Michel-Levy. 509 pp. 4to. Paris, 1879.
Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min. Synthese des Mineraux et des roches; by F. Fouque and Michel- Levy. 423 pp. 8vo, Paris, 1882. Frenzel, Min. Lex. Mineralogisches Lexicon fur das KQnigreich Sachsen; by August Freuzel.
380 pp. 12mo, Leipzig. 1874. Fuchs, Kiinst. Min. Die kuustlich dargestellten Mineralien, etc. ; by Dr. C. W. C. Fuchs. 174
pp. 8vo, Haarlem, 1872 (Nat. Verhandeliugen). Gallitzin, Diet. Min. Recueil de noms par order alphabetique apropries en Mineralogie; by
D. de Gallitzin Sm. 4to, Brunswick, 1801. Gdt , Index. Index der Krystallformen der Mineralien; by Dr. Victor Goldschmidt. 3 vols.,
1886-1891, Berlin. Gesner, Foss. De onmi rerura fossilium genere, Gemmis, Lapidibus, Metallis, etc.; opera
Conradi Gesneri. Tiguri, 1565.
INTRODUCTION. lv
Genth, Min. N. O. The Minerals of North Carolina. Bulletin of the U. S. G. Surv., No. 74. 119 pp., Washington, 1891. Also earlier, Minerals aud Mineral Localities of North Caro- lina. 122 pp., Raleigh, 1881 (Geol. N. Carolina, 1881).
Genth, Min. Rep. Fenn. Preliminary Report on the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania; by F. A. Geuth, with an appendix on the Hydrocarbon Compounds by S. P. Sadtler. 206 pp., 1875 (2d G. Surv. Penu., 1874). Second Preliminary Report; 31 pp., Harrisburg, 1876.
Geol. India. See Ball. Geol. India.
Geol. Rec. The Geological Record for 1874: an account of works on Geology, Mineralogy, and Palaeontology published during the year; edited by W. Whitaker, London, 1875. Also similar volumes for 1875, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879; for 1880-84 in two volumes.
Geol. Rev. Revue de Geologic pour 1'annee 1860; by M. Delesse and M. Langel. Vol. 16 for
Glocker, Handb., 1831, 1839. Handbuch der Miueralogie; by E. F. Glocker. 8vo, Nurn- berg, 1831; 2d edit., 1839.
Glocker, l3yn. Generum et Specierum Mineralium secundum Ordines Naturales digestorum Synopsis; by id. 8vo, Halle, 1847.
Gmelin, Min. Einleitung in die Miueralogie; by J. F. Gmelin. 8vo, Niirnberg, 1780. By the same, Grundriss einer Min. 8vo, Gottiugen, 1790.
Greg & Lettsom, Min. Manual of the Mineralogy of Great Britain and Ireland; by R. P. Greg aud W. G. Lettsom. 8vo, London, 1858.
Gurlt, Kiinstl. Min. Uebersicht der pyrogeuneten kunstlichen Mineralien, namentlich der krystullisirten Huttenerzeugnisse; by Dr. A. Gurlt. 8vo, Freiberg, 1857.
Groth, Edelsteinkunde. Grundriss der Edelsteinkuude; by Paul Groth. 165 pp. 8vo, Leip- zig, 1887.
Groth, Min -Samml. Die Mineralien Sammlung der Kaiser- Wilhelms-Universitat, Strassburg; eiu Supplement zu den vorhaudeuen mineralogischen Handblicheru; by Paul Groth. 271 pp. 4to, Strassburg, 1878.
Groth, Phys. Kryst. Physikalische Krystallographie und Einleitung in die kryrtallo- graphische Keuutniss der wichtigereu Substanzeu; by Paul Groth. 523 pp. 8vo, Leipzig, 1876. 2d ed., 710pp., 1885.
Groth, Tab. Ueb. Tabellarische Uebersicht der Mineralien nach ihreu krystallographisch- chemischen Beziehungen georduet; by id. 120 pp. 8vo, Braunschweig, 1874. 2d ed., 134 pp. 4to, 1882. 3d ed., 167 pp. 4to, 1889.
H., Tr., 1801, 1822. Traite de Miueralogie; by C. Haiiy. A 4to ed. of 4 vols., with atlas in fol.; also an 8vo ed., Paris, 1801; 2d ed1., 4 vols. 8vo, with fol. atlas, 1822.
H., Crist. Traite de Cristallographie; by id. 2 vols. 8vo, 1822.
H., Tabl. Comp. Tableau Comparatif des resultats de la Cristallographie et de 1'aualyse chimique relativemeut a la classification des Miueraux; by id. 8vo, Paris, 1809.
Haid., Min. Mobs. Treatise on Mineralogy, by F. Mohs; trl., with considerable additions, by Wm. Haidinger. 3 vols. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1825.
Haid., Min. Aufangsgrilnde d. Min.; by id. 8vo, Leipzig, 1829.
Haid., Handb. Handbuch d. bestimmenden Mineralogie; by id. 8vo, Vienna, 1845.
Haid., Ueb. Uebersicht der Resultate miueralogischer Forschungen im Jahre 1843; by id. Erlangeu. 1845.
Hartmann, Handworterb. Handworterbuch der Mineralogie und Geologic; by Hartmann. Leipzig, 1828. Also Haudbuch d. Min., 2 vols. Weimar, 1843.
Hausm., Versuch. Versuch eines Eutwurfs zu einer Einleituug in die Oryktoguosie; by J. F. L. Hausmaun. 8vo, Braunschweig, 1805; Cassel, '09.
Hausm., Handb., 1813, 1847. Handbuch der Mineralogie; by id. 3 vols. 12mo, Gottingen, 1813; 2d ed., 1st vol., introductory, '28; 2d, in two parts, '47.
Hbg., Min. Not. Mineralogische Notizen. 4to with plates, Frankfurt, 1-7, with Index in No. 7, 1854-'68; 8, '68; 9, '70; 10, '71; 11, 1873 (from the Abb. d. Senckeuberg. nat. Gesell- schaft, Frankfurt).
Heddle, Min. Chapter on Mineralogy in vol. 16 of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (pp. 346 to 431); by M. Forster Heddle. 1883.
Henckel, Pyrit. Pyritologia, oder Kiess-Historie; by J. Fr. Henckel(of Saxony). 8vo, Leipzig,
Hill, Foss. Fossils arranged according to their obvious characters; by John Hill. 8vo, Lon- don, 1771. (De Lisle says it was not issued till 1772.)
His., Min., Geogr. Swed. Mineralogisk Geografi over Sverige; by W. Hisinger. 8vo, Stock- holm. 1808. Also
His. Min., Geogr. Wohler. Versuch einer mineralogischen Geographic von Schweden, liber- setzt von F. Wohler. 8vo, Leipzig, 1826.
His., Handbok. Handbok for Mineraloger under Resor i Sverige; by W. Hisinger. 8vo, Stock- holm, 1S48.
Hintze, Min. Handbuch der Mineralogie; by C. Hintze. Vol. 2, Lief. 1-5, pp. 1-800 (Sili- caies, pt.). Leipzig, 1889 to 1891.
Hofer, Min. Karnth Die Mineralien Karnthens; by A. H5fer. 84 pp. 8vo, Klngenfurt, 1870.
Hoff IVTag. Mngazin fiir die geammte Min. , etc. ; by K. E. A. v Hoff. 1 vol. 8vo, Leipzig, 1801.
Hofmann, Min, Handb. d. Minerah gie; by C. A. S. Hnfmami. 4 vols. 8vo, Freiberg. Vol.
Ivi INTRODUCTION.
1, 1811; 2, part a, '12, b, '15; 3, parts a, b, '16; 4, part a, '17, 6, '18. Work, after 2d vol. part a, issued by Breithaupt, Hofmann having died March, 1813. Vol. 4, part b, consists of notes and additions by Breithaupt, and includes also the Letztes Min. of Werner (1817).
Hunt, Min. Physiology. Mineral Physiology and Physiography; a second series of Chemical
and Geological Essays; by Thomas Sterry Hunt. 710 pp. 8vo, Boston, 1886. Hunt, Syst. Min. Systematic Mineralogy based on a Natural Classification; by T S Hunt
391 pp. 8vo, New York, 1891.
Huot, Min. Manuel de Mineralogie; by J. J. N. Huot. 2 vols 16mo, Paris, 1841. Jameson, Min., 1804, 1816, 1820. A System of Mineralogy; by II. Jameson. 8vo Edin- burgh; 1st ed.. 2 vols., 1804; 2d, 3 vols., '16; 3d, 8 vols., 1820.
Published also a Manual of Min., 8vo, in 1821, and Mineralogy according to the Natural
System (from Encycl. Brit ), in 1837; also, in 1805, a Treatise on the External Characters
of Minerals, 8vo, Edinburgh.
Jasche, Kl. Schrift. Kleine min. Schriften; by C. F. Jasche. 12mo, Sondershausen, 1817. John, Untersuch. Chemische Untersuchungen mineralischer, etc., Substnnzen; by J. Fr. John.
8vo, Berlin, Fortsetzung d. chem. Laboratoriums, Berlin, which makes vol. 1 of series;
vol. 2, '10; 3, '13: 4, 16; 6, '21. Karsten, Mus. Lesk. Museum Leskeanum, Regnum minerale; by D. L. G. Karsten. 2 vols
8vo. Leipzig, 1789. Karst., Tab., 1791. Tabellarische Uebersicht der mineralogisch-einfacheu Fossilien; by id.
Fol., Berlin, 1791. Karst., Tab., 1800, 1803. Mineralogische Tabellen; by id. Fol., Berlin, 1800; 2d ed., fol.,
Berlin, 1808. Karst., Wern. Verbess. Min. Ueber Herrn Werners Verbesserungen in der Mineraloeie auf
Veranlassung der freimuthigen Gedanken, etc., des Herrn Abbe Estner; by id. "80 pn
12mo, Berlin, 1793. Kbl., Char. Charakteristik d. Mineralien; by Fr. von Kobell. 8vo, Niimberg, Abth. 1, 1830;
2, 1831.
Kbl., Min. Grundzliged. Mineralogie; by id. 8vo, Nurnberg, 1838.
Kbl., Taf., 1853. Tafeln zur Bestimmung d. Mineralien; by id. 5th ed., Miluchen, 1853. 8th
ed., 1864; ed., 1878.
Kbl. Min.-Namen. Die Miueral-Namen; by id. 8vo Miinchen, 1853. Kbl., Gesch. Min. Geschichte d. Min.; by id. 8vo, Miinchen, 1864. Kenng., Ueb. Uebersiqhte der Resultate mineralogischer Forschuugen; by G. Ad. Kenngott.
For the years 1844-'49, Wien, 1852; for years 1850-51, Wien, 1853; for '54, Wien 1854;
for '53, Leipzig, 1855; for '54, ib., 1856; for '55. ib., 1856; for '56, '57, ib., 1858- for '58
ib., 1860; for '59, ib., 1860; for '60, ib., 1862; for '61. ib., 1862; for '62-'65, ib., 1868. Kenng., Min, 1853. Das Mobs'sche Mineralsystem; by id. 8vo, Wien, 1853. Kenng. Min. Unt. Mineralogische Untersuchungen; by G. A. Kenngott. Part 1, 77pp. 8vo,
Breslau, 1849; 2. pp. 77-1 5<i, 1850. Kirwan, Min. Elements of Mineralogy; by R. Kirwan. 2 vols. 8vo, London, 2d edition,
1794-6. 1st eel. was issued in 1784, 8vo. Kk., Min. Russl. Materialen zur Miueralogie Russlands; by N. v. Koksharov. 8vo, St.
Petersburg. Vol. 1, 1853-54; 2, '54-'57; 3, '58; 4, '61-'66; 5, '66-'69; 6, '70-74; 7, '75-77;
8, '78- '83; 9, '84-'86; 10, '88-'91. Also Atlas, Tafeln i to Ixxxvii.
Also by same author, Vorlesungen ilber Mineralogie. Vol. 1, 4to, St. Petersburg,
Klapr. , Beitr. Beitrage zur chemischen Kenntniss d. Mineralkorpers; by M. H. Klaproth,
8vo, vol. 1. 1795; 2, '97: 3, 1802; 4, '07; 5, '10; 6, '15. Klein, Kryst. Einleitung in die Krystallberechnuug; by Carl Klein. 393 pp., 8vo, Stuttgart
Knop, Anorgan. System der Anorgr-aphie; by A. Knop. 8vo, Leipzig, 1876. Kopp, Gesch. Ch. Geschichte d. Chemie; by H. Kopp. 4 parts, 8vo, Braunschweig, 1843-47 Kronstedt. See Cronstedt. Kunz, Gems, N. A. Gems and Precious Stones of North America; by G. F. Kunz, 336 pp
8vo. New York, 1890. Kupffer, Preisschrift. Preisschrift ilber genaue Messung der Winkel der Krystallen; 135 pp
4to, Berlin, 1825 (Gekront— K. preuss. Akad. Wiss., 3 Juli, 1823). Also by id,, Haud
buch der rechnenden Krystallonomis. St. Petersburg, 1831. Lampadiu.s, Samml. Sam m lung practisch-chemischer Abliandlungen; by W. A. TJnni'"i;us.
3 vols. 8vo, Dresden. Vol. 1, 1795; 2, 1797; X, 1800. Landero, Min. Sinopsis Mineralogica 6 catalogo descriptivo <le los Minerales- by Carlos F. De
Landero. 528 pp., Mexico, 1888MM.
Lapparent Min. Cours de Mineraloirie; tar .A. de I/apparent. 560 pp., Paris, 1884. Lenz, Min. Versuch einer vollstftudigen Anleitung zur Kenntniss der Mineralien; by D. G. J.
Lenz. 2 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1794. By the same, Tabellen, 1781; Handbuch, 1791; Grinul-
riss, 1793: Mustertafeln, 1794; Tabel'len, fol., 1806; System, 1800, 1809; Handbuch, 1822. Leonh. . Syst. -Tab. Sysiematisch-tabelbirische Uebersicht und Char. d. Mineralkorper; by
C. C. Leonli.ird, K. F. Merz, and J. H Kopp. Fol., Frankfurt a. M., 1806.
INTRODUCTION, Ivii
Leonh., Orykt. Hatidbucb der Oryktogonosie; by K. C. Leonhard. 8vo, Heidelberg, 1821.
Also 2d ed., 8vo, Heidelberg. 1826. Leoiih., topogr. Min. Handworterbuch d. topograpbischen Mineralogie; by G. Leonbard.
Heidelberg, 1843. LeVy's Heuland or Levy Min. Description d'une collection de Mineraux, formee par M. Henri
Heulaud, et appartenant a M. Cb. H. Turner, de Rooksnest, dans lecomte de Surrey en
Angleterre; by A. Levy. 3 vols. 8vo, witb an atlas of 88 pi., London, T837. Levy-Lex., Min. Roches. Les Mineraux des Roches; by A. Michel-Levy and Alf. Lacroix.
334 pp., Paris, 1888.
Libavius, Alchem. Alcbemia, A. Libaviae. Frankfurt, 1597. Liebisch, Geom. Kryst. Geometriscbe Krystallographie; by Th. Liebisch. 464 pp. 8vo,
Leipzig, 1881.
Liebisch, Phys. Kryst. Physikalische Krystallographie; by id. 614 pp. 8vo, Leipzig, 1891. Liversidge, Min. N. S. W. Tbe Minerals of New South Wales; by Archibald Liversidge.
First published in Traus. R. Soc., N. S. W., Dec. 1874. 2d ed., 137 pp., Sydney, 1882
(Min. Prod. N. S. W., pp. 65-199). 3d ed., 326 pp. 8vo, London. 1888. Linn., Syst. Nat. Systema Naturae of Linuseus. 1st ed., 1735; 10th ed., T. 3, 1770. Lucas, Tabl. Tableau methodique des Especes Mineraux; by J. A. H. Lucas. Part 1, 8vo,
1806; 2, 1813, Paris. Tbe first part contains brief descriptions taken from Haiiy's work,
and also from his subsequent lectures and published announcements of his courses. The
second includes in the main Haiiy's Tabl., witb many additional notes. Ludwig's Min., or Ludwig's Wern. Haudbuch d. Mineralogie nach A. G. Werner; by C. F.
Ludwig. 2 vols. 8vo, Leipzig, 1803, '04.
Mallet, Min. India. A Manual of tbe Geology of India. Part IV, Mineralogy (mainly non- economic); by F. R. Mallet. 179 pp. 8vo, Calcutta, 1887. Marx, Crystallkunde. Geschichte der Crystallkunde; by Dr. C. M. Marx. 8vo, Carlsruhe and
Baden, 1825.
Matthesius, Sarepta Berg Postilla, oder Sarepta; by J. Matthesius. Fol., Nurnberg, 1562. Meunier, Meteorites. Meteorites; by Stanislas Meunier. 532 pp. 8vo, Paris, 1884 (Encycl.
Chimique, by M.Fremy). Meunier, Synth. Min. Les Methodes de Synthese en Mineralogie; by Stanislaus Meucier. 359
pp. 8vo, Paris, 1891. Min. India. See Mallet, Min. India. Min. Res. U. S. Mineral Resources of the United States. 1, 2, edited by Albert Williams,
for 1882; 2, 1883-84; 3-6 by David T. Day; 3, 1885; 4, 1886; 5, 1887; 6, 1888; 7,
1889-90 (in preparation).
Min.-Samml. Strassburg. See Groth, Min.-Samml. Mid., Crist Traite de Cristallographie geometrique et physique; by Ernest Mallard. 8vo,
vol. 1, 372 pp., Paris, 1879; vol. 2, Cristallographie physique, 599 pp., 1884. Mid., Opt. Anom. Explication des phenomenes optiques anomaux, que presentent un grand
uombre de substances cristallisees. Paris, 1877. Ann. Mines, 7th ser., vol. 10, pp.
60-196, 1876 (Abstr. Zs. Kr., 1, 309, 1877). Mohs, Null Kab. Des Herrn J. F. Null Mineralien-Kabinet, nach eiuem, durchaus auf aussere
Kennzeichen gegriindeten Systeme geordnet; by F. Mohs. 3 Abthl., 8vo, Vienna, 1804. Mohs, Char. Characteristic of the Natural History System of Mineralogy; by id. 8vo, Edin- burgh, 1820. Mohs, Min., 1822. Grundriss der Mineralogie; by id. 8vo, vols. 1, 2, 1822, '24, Dresden.
(Translated into English by W. Haidiuger. See Haid.) Mohs, Min., 1839. Anfangsgrilnde der Naturgeschichte des Mineralreichs; by F. Mohs.
Zweiter Theil bearbeitet von F. X. M. Zippe; 8vo, Vienna, 1839 (Erster Theil, intro-
tory, published in 1836). A first edition of tbis work in 1832. Mont. & Cov., Min. Prodromo della Mineralogia Vesuviana; vol. 1, Orittognosia. 8vo,
Naples, 1825.
Napione, Min. Element! di Mineralogia; by Napione. 8vo, Turin, 1770. Naumann, Kryst. Lehrbuch der Krystallographie; by C. F. Naumaun. 2 vols. 8vo, with
numerous figs., Leipzig, 1829. Naumann later published the smaller works, Anfaugs-
grilnde der Kryst., 8vo, 1854; Elemente der tbeoretischen Kryst., 8vo, 1856. Naumann, Min. Elemente der Mineralogie. 8vo, Leipzig, 1st ed., 1846; 2d, '50; 3d, '52;
4th, '55; 5th, '59; 6th, '64; 7th, 'eSSth, '70; 9th, '73. Later revised by Zirkel. See
N.-Z. Min.
Naumaun published also. Lehrbuch der Min., 8vo, Berlin, 1828. Necker, Min. Le regne mineral ramene aux uiethodes de 1'histoire naturelle; by L. A. Necker.
2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1835.
Nicol, Min. Manual of Mineralogy; by J. Nicol. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1849. Noggerath, Min. Stud. Geb. Niederrhein. Mineralogische Studien ilber die Gebirge am
Niederrheiu; by J. J. Noggerath. 8vo, Frankfurt a. M., 1808. A. E. Nd., Finl. Min. Beskrifning over de i Finland funna Mineralier; by A. E. Norden-
skiold. 8vo, Helsingfors, 1855. Also 2d ed., ib., 1863. N. Nd., Finl. Min. Bidrag till mirmare Kannedom af Finlands Mineralier och Geognosie; by
Nils NordenskiSld. 8vo, Stockholm, 1820.
iviii INTRODUCTION.
N. Nd., Verz. Verzeichn. d. in Finlaud gef. Miu.; by id. Helsingfors, 1852.
N.-Z., Min. Elemente der Mineralogie by C. F. Naurnann, 10th ed. revised by F. Zirkel, 714
pp. 8vo, 1877. ed. by Zirkel, 735 pp., Leipzig, 1881. 12th ed., 782 pp., 1885. Phillips, Min., 1823, 1837. Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy. 8vo, 3d ed., London,
1823. 4th ed. by R. Allan, 8vo, 1837. The 1st ed. appeared in 1816; and this was
republished in New York, in 1818. For Alger's Phillips, see Alger; for Brooke & Miller's
Phillips (1852), see B. & M. Min. Pisani. Min. Trait e elemeutaire de Mineralogie by F. Pisani. 415 pp. 8vo, Paris. 1875.
2ded.. 421 pp., 1883. Plattner, Probirk. Die Probirkunst mit dem Lothrohr; by C. F. Plattner. Edited by T.
Richter, 8vo, 1865. (A translation by H. B. Cornwall, assisted by J. H. Caswell, New
York, 1872.; 5te Autiage, T. Richter, 1877-78. Plin. Historia Naturalis C. Plinii Secundi. First published A.D. 77. Latin ed. consulted,
Sillig's, in 8 vols , 1851-58; and English, that of Bostock & Riley, 5 vols. 12mo, London,
1855. Pliny's Natural History is divided into xxxvii Books; and these into short chapters.
The numbering of the chapters differs somewhat in different editions; that stated in the
references is from the English edition. The last five books are those that particularly
treat of metals, ores, stones, and gems. Quenstedt Kryst. Grundriss der bestimmenden und rechnenden Krystnllographie nebst einer
historischen Einleitung; by Fr. Aug. Quenstedt. 443 pp., Tubingen. 1873. Quenstedt, Min. Handbuch der Mineralogie; by F. A. Quenstedt. 8vo, Tubingen, 1853. Also
2d ed., ib., 1863; 3d ed., ib , 1877. Raimondi, Min. Perou. Mineraux du Perou : Catalogue raisonne d'une collection des princi-
paux types mineraux de la Republiqne; by A. Raimondi. Translated from the Spanish
by J.-B. H. Martinet. 336 pp. 8vo, Paris, 1878. Rashleigh, Brit. Min. Specimens of British Minerals selected from the cabinet of Philip Rash-
leigh (descriptions and colored plates). 4to, London. Part 1. 1797; 2. 1802. Rep. G.-Cal. Report on the Geology of California; by J. D. Whitney. Large 8vo, San Fran- cisco, 1865. Rep. G. Can. Annual Reports on the Progress of the Geological Survey of Canada; by Sir
Win. E. Logan. Containing reports on mineralogy by T. S. Hunt. 8vo, 1845-'59. In
1863 a General Report for the years 1843-'63. Also Annual Reports for later years with
mineralogy by B. J. Harrington and G. Chr. Hoffmann. Rep. G. Mass. Report on the Geology of Massachusetts; by E. Hitchcock. 1st Rep., 1833,
8vo; 2d ed., 1835. 2d Rep., 184i, 4to. Rep. G. N. Y. Reports on the Geological Survey of New York. Annual Reports in Svo,
1837-'41; final in 4to. Rep. Min. N. Y. Report on the Mineralogy of the State of New York; by L. C. Beck. 4to,
J3f" [The many Geological Reports published both for the general government as also for
the different states during recent years cannot be mentioned in detail. See, however,
U. S. G. Surv.] Reuss, Min. Lehrbuch d. Mineralogie; by F. A. Reuss. 8vo, 1801-05, Leipzig. Divided
into parts, and the parts into vols. Pt. 1 and pt. 2, vol. 1. 1801; vol. 2, '02; vol. 3, 4, '03;
3d pt.. vol. 1, 2, '05; 4th pt.. including Index, '06. Rg., Handw. Handworterbuch des cheniischen Theils der Mineralogie; by C. F. Rammels-
berg. Svo, Berlin, 1841. Supplement 1, '43; 2, '45; 3, '47; 4, '49; 5, '53.
Rg., Kr. Ch. Handbuch der krystallogniphisch-physikalischeu Chemie. Abtheilung I : Ele- mente und anorganische Verbinduugen. 615 pp. Svo, Leipzig, 1881. Abth. II : Organ-
ische Verbindungeu, 1882.
Rg., Min J. J. Berzelius's neues chernisches Mineralsystem ; by id. Svo, Niirnberg, 1847. Rg., Min. Ch. 1860, 1875. Handb. d. Mineralchemie, by id. Svo, Leipzig, 1860. Do. ,2d
ed., part I, 136 pp.; part II, 744 pp., 1875. Erganzungsheft (Erg.), 276 pp., 1886. Rio, Min. Nuevo Sistema Minerale; by A. M. del Rio. Mexico, 1827. Rio, Orykt. Elementos de Oryktognosia, 6 del Conocimiento de los Fossiles, dispuestos segun
los principles de A. G. Werner; by id. 4to, Mexico, 1795. Rio, Tablf Min. Tablas rnineralogicas por D. L. G. Karsten; by A. M. del Rio. 4to, Mexico,
Robinson, Cat. Catalogue of American Minerals, with their Localities; by S. Robinson. Svo,
Boston, 1825. Rose, Reis. Ural. Reise nach dem Ural, dem Altai, und dem Kaspischen Meere; by Gustav
Rose Svo, Berlin; vol. 1, 1837; 2, '42.
Rose, Kryst. -Ch. Min. Das Krystallo-chemischen Mineral-System; by G. Rose. 8vo, Leip- zig. 1852. Rose Kryst. Elemente der Krystallographie. See Rose-Sbk., Kryst., also Sbk. Ang. Kryst.,
and Websky, Kryst. Rose-Sbk., Kryst. Gustav Rose's Elemente der Krystallographie, 3d ed., vol. 1, 181 pp.,
Rosenb., Mass. Gest. Mikroskopische Physiographie der massigen Gesteine; by H. Rosen
busch. 596 pp. Svo, Stuttgart, 1877. 2d ed., 877 pp., 1886-87.
INTRODUCTION. lix
Rosenb., Mikr. Phys. Mikroskopiscbe Physiogrupbie der petrographisch-wichtigen Mine-
ralieii; by H. Roseubuscb. 398 pp. Svo, Stuttgart, 1873; 3d ed., 664 pp., 1885. Also
accompanied by Hillfstabelleu zur mikroskopischeu Mineralbestimmung, Stuttgart, 1888. Rosenbusch-Iddings, Micr. Phys. English translation and abridgment of tbe above work.
333 pp., New York, 1888. Roth, Ch. G. Allgemeine und chemische Geologic; by Justus Rotb. Vol. 1, Bildung u. Um-
bildung der Miueralien, etc., 633 pp., Berlin, 1879. 2, Petrograpbie, 695 pp.. 1887. Sage, Min. Clemens de Miueralogie dociuiastique; by B. G. Sage. 2d ed., 2 vols., 1777. 1st
ed. appeared in 1772. Sandb., Unt. Erzgange. Untersuchungen liber Erzgange von Fridolin Sandberger. 430 pp.
Svo, Wiesbaden. 1882-85. Saussure, Voy. Alpes. Voyages dans les Alpes, par H. B. Saussure. 4 vols. 4to. Vols. 1, 2,
1779, '80; 3, 4, '96. Sbk., Ang. Kryst. Augewandte Krystallograpbie (Ausbildung der Krystalle, ZwilHugsbildung,
Krystallotektonik) nebst einem Aubaug liber Zoueulebre; by Alexander Sadebeck (Rose's
Elemeute der Krystallograpbie, II. Band). 284 pp. Svo, Berlin, 1876. Sbk., Kryst. See Rose-Sbk. Scacchi, Mem. Min. e Geol. Memorie mineralogicbe egeologicbe; by A. Scacchi. 8vo, Na-
poli, 1841. Scacchi, Crist. Quadri Cristallografici, e Distribuzione sistematica dei minerale; by id. Svo,
Napoli, 1842. Scacchi, Mem. G. Campania. Memorie geologiche sulla Campania; by id. 4to, Napoli, 1849.
By tbe same, Memoria sulla Inceudio Vesuviano, 1855. Napoli, 1855. Polisimmetria
dei Cristalli. 4to, 1864.
Scacchi, Contr. Min. Contribuzioni mineralogicbe per servire alia Storia dell' Incendio Vesu- viano, del mese di Aprile. 1872. Part I, Naples, 1872; Part II, Naples. 1874. 'Scacchi, Min. Vesuv. Catalogo dei Minerali Vesuviaui. Naples, 1887. Also Catalogo dei
Miuerali e delle Rocce Vesuviane per servire alia Storia del Vesuvio ed al commercio dei
suoi prodotti, 1889 (Att. Accad. Napoli, 4tb ser., vol. 1). Schrauf, Atlas. Atlas der Krystall-Formen des Mineralreicbes. 4to, vol. 1, A-C., Vienna, 1865-
1877. 1 Lief., Tf. i-x, 1865; 2, Tf. xr-xx, 1871; 3, Tf. xxi-xxx, 1872; 4, Tf. XXXI-XL,
1873; 5, XLI-L, 1875. Schrauf, Edelsteinkunde. Handbuch der Edelsteinkunde; by Albrecbt Schrauf . 252 pp. Svo,
Vienna, 1869. Schrauf, Phys. Min. Lebrbucb der physikaliscben Miueralogie. Svo, vol. 1, 253 pp., 1866;
vol. 2, 4'36 pp., Vienna, 1868. Schumacher, Verz. Versuch eiiies Verzeicbnisses der in den Daniscb-Nordiscben Staateu sicb
findenden einfacben Mineralien. 4to, Copenbagen, 1801. Schiitz, Nordamer. Foss. Bescbreibung einiger uordamerikanischen Fossilien; by A. G.
Schiitz, of Freyberg. 16mo, Leipzig, 1791. Contains tbe first notice of celestine, a min- eral named by Werner from Schiitz 's American specimens.
Sella, Min. Sarda. Studii sulk Miueralogia Sarda; by Quintino Sella. 4to, Turin, 1856. Selle, Min. Cours de Mineralogie et de Geologic, by Albert de Selle. Vol. 1, Mineralogie,
589 pp. Svo, Paris, 1878. Senft, Min. Synopsis der Mineralogie und Geognosie; by F. Senft. He Abtheilung, Mineralogie,
931 pp. Svo, Hannover, 1875. Shep., Min., 1832-1835, 1844, 1852, 1857. Treatise on Mineralogy; by C. U. Shepard.
1st part, 1 vol. 12mo. New Haven, 1832; 2d part, 2 vols., New Haven, 1835. Also, 2d
ed. (witb only the 1st part revised), New Haven, 1844. Also, 3d ed., Svo, New Haveu,
No. 1, 1852; No. 2, '57. Shep., Min. Conn. Report on tbe Geological Survey of Connecticut; by id. Svo, N. Haven,
Sohncke, Kryst. Eutwickelung einer Theorie der Krystallstruktur ; by L. Sobncke. 247 pp. Svo,
Leipzig, 1879. Steffens, Handb. Handb. d. Oryktognosie; by H. Steffens. 3 vols. 18mo, Halle; vol. 1, 1811;
2 '15; 8, '19. Stromeyer, Unt. Untersuchungen liber die Mischung der Mineralkorper, etc.; by Fr. Stro-
meyer. Svo, Gottingeu, 1821. Tabl. Min. See Adam, Tabl. Min. Theophr. Tbeopbrastus Ilepi Xttoov (on Stones); written about 315 B.C. Only a portion of
the whole work is extant, but sufficient to show tbat tbe author was precise in bis knowl- edge of minerals aud careful in tbe statement of facts. T. born about 371 B.C., and d.
28B B.C. Thomson, Min., 1802, 1836. Outlines of Mineralogy, Geology, and Mineral Analysis; by T.
Thomson. 2 vols. Svo, London, 1836. A treatise on Mineralogy published also with
preceding editions of his Chemistry, the earliest in 1802. Traube, Min. Schlesiens. Die Minerale Scblesiens; by H. Traube. 285 pp. Svo, Breslau,
., Min. Lehrbuch der Mineralogie, von Dr. Gustav Tscbermak. 589 pp. Svo, Vienna,
x INTRODUCTION.
Ullmann, Syst.-tab Ueb. Systematisch-tabellarische Uebersicht der min.-einfachen Fossilien:
by J. C. Ullmann. Small 4to, Cassel and Marburg, 1814. Ulrich, Contr. Min Viet. Contributions to the Mineralogy of Victoria; by G. H. F. Ulrich
32 pp. 8vo, Melbourne, 1870. U. S. G. Sury. United States Geological Survey.
Bull. Bulletins 1 to 81. 8vo. A catalogue of those previously issued is given with each
number.
Ann. Rep. Annual Reports. 4to. Vol. 1, for 1880-81; 10 for 1888-89.
Mon. Monographs. 4 to Vols. 1 to 16.
Vogl's Joach. Gangverhaltnisse und Mineralreichthum Joachimsthals; by J. Fl. Vogl 8vo
Teplitz, 1857. Volger, Studien, etc. Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Mineralien; by G. H. O. Volger.
8vo, Zurich, 1854. Other works : Entwiekl. der Min. d. Talk-Glimmer Familie, 1855;
Arragonit und Kalcit. 1855; Monographic des Borazites, Hannover, 1855; Epidot und
Grauat, Beobachtungen liber das gegeuseitige Verhaltuiss dieser Krystalle, Zurich, 1855;
Krystallographie, Stuttgart, 1854. Wall., or Wall., Min. Mineralogia, eller Miueralriket; by J. G. Wallerius. 12mo, Stockholm.
Wall., Fr. Trl. French edition of Wallerius's Min. of 1747. 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1758. Pub- lished anonymously.
Wall., Min., 1772, '75. Systema Mineralogicum. 8vo, Holmiae, vol. 1, 1772; 2, '75. Wall., Min., 1778. Syst. Min. 2 vols. 8vo, Vienna, 1778. Waltersh., Vulk. Gest. Ueber die vulkanischen Gesteine in Sicilien und Island [Iceland], und
ihre submarine Umbilduug; by W. Sartorius v. Waltershausen. 8vo, Gottingeu, 1853. Watts, Diet. Ch. Dictionary of Chemistry; hy H. Watts. 5 vols. ; 1 in 1863: with supplements. Two volumes (A— In) of a revised edition have been published, 1888, '89, edited by
H. F. Mork-y and M. M. Pattison Muir.
Also two volumes of a companion-work, Dictionary of Applied Chemistry, edited by
T. E. Thorpe, 1890, '91. Websky, Kryst. Anwendung der Lineai projection zum Berechnen der Krystalle; by Martin
Websky (Rose's Elememe der Krystallographie, III Band). 377 pp. 8vo, Berlin, 1887. Websky, Min. Sp. G. Die Mineral Species nach den fiir das specifische Gewicht derselbeu
angenommenen uud gefuudeueu Werthun; by Martin Websky. 170 pp. 4to, Breslau,
Weisbach, Synops. Min. Synopsis Mineralogica, systematische Uebersicht des Mineralreiches;
by Albin Weisbach. 78 pp. 8vo, Freiberg, 1875. 2d ed., 184. Wern., Auss. Kennz. Foss. Von d. ausserlichen Kennzeichen d. Fossilien; by A. G. Werner.
8vo, Leipzig, 1774. Wern., Letzt. Min. Syst. Letztes Mineral-System. 8vo, Freiberg & Wien, 1817. A Catalogue
with notes. Werner or his scholars issued, from time to time, a tabular synopsis of his
Mineral System revised to the time of publication, on folio sheets, or published them in
other works. The earliest after that of Werner's Cronstedt was issued by Hofmann in
Bergm. J., 1789, vol. 1, p. 369. Emmerling's Min., vol. 1, 1799, contains the synopsis of
1798, and Ludwig's Miu. contains that of 1800 and 1803. Leon hard's Tasch., vol. 3, 261,
that of 1809. Wern., Min.-Kab. Pabst. Verzeichniss des Mineralien-Kabinets des Herrn K. E. Pabst von
Ohain; by A. G. Werner. 2 vols., Freiberg, 1791, '93. Wern., Ueb. Oronst. Cronstedt's Versuch einer Miu. ilbersetzt und vermehrt von A. G.
Werner. Vol. 1, part 1, Leipzig, 1780. Westrumb, Kl. Phys.-Oh. Abh. Kleine physikalisch-chemische Abhandlungen; l>y J. F.
Westrumb. 8vo, Leipzig, vol. 1, 1785; 2, '87; 3, '88; 4, '89; Hannover, 5, 6, '93; 7, '95;
8, '97. Whitney, Lake Sup. Report on the Geology of the Lake Superior Land District; by J. W.
Foster and J. D. Whitney. 8vo, Part 1, 1850; 2, '51. Whitney, Met. Wealth. The Metallic Wealth of the United States, described and compared
with that of other countries; by J. D. Whitney. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1854. Whitney, Miss. Lead Region. Report of a Geological Survey of the Upper Mississippi Lead
Region; by id. (Made by authority of the State of Wisconsin.) 8vo, 1862. Whitney, Rep. G. Cal. See Rep. G. Cal. Whitney, Berz. Blowpipe. Berzelius on the Blowpipe; translated by J. D. Whitney. 8vo,
Boston, 1845. Withering, Trl. Bergm. Sciagr. Outlines of Mineralogy, trl. from the original of Bergmann;
by Wm. Withering. 8vo, 1783. (Reprinted in vol. 2 of Mem. and Tracts of the late Dr.
Withering, London, 1822.) Wiik, Min -Kar. Mineral-Karakteristik : En Handledning vid Bestammandet af Mineralier
och Bergarter; by F. J. Wiik. 218 pp. 12mo, Helsingfors, 1881. Williams, Cryst. Elements of Crystallography for Students of Chemistry, Physics, and
Mineralogy; by G. H. Williams. 250 pp. 12mo, New York, 1890. Woodward, Foss. Fossils of all kinds digested into a Method suitable to their mutual Relation
and Affinity. 8vo, London, 1728.
Introduction.
Zepharovich, Min. Lex. Mineralogisehes Lexicon fiir das Kaiserthum Oesterreich ; by V. R.
v. Zepbarovich. 8vo, Vienna, 1859. Vol. 2, ibid., 1873. Zirkel, Mikr. Besch. Die mikroscopische Beschaiienheit der Mineralien utid Gesteine; by
Ferdinand Zirkel. 502 pp. 8vo, Leipzig, 1873. See also N.-Z., Min.
The works in the above catalogue which are most important for the sandy of the history of mineral species are the following, the order cited being that of time:
Tueophrastus; Dioscorides; Pliny's Natural History; Agricola's works; Linnaeus's Systema Naturae, 1st ed., 1735; Wallerius's Mineralogy in the original Swedish, 1747 (the first system ;ttic, descriptive work, following in its system of classification mainly the 1st ediiiou of Linnaeus, which the author alludes to in his preface, among other Swedish works by Forsius, Hiserne,. Bromell, and Swedeuborg); Croustedt's Mineralogy, 1757 (a new chemical system); Linuajus's Systema Naturae, 10th ed., 1768; Rome de Lisle's Crystallography, 1172, 1783 (the first sys- tematic effort to apply the principles of crystallography to the science); Wallerius's Min. of 1772, 1778 (the system and facts are little changed from the earlier edition); Werner on the External Characters of Minerals, 1774, and his Croustedt, 1780; Bergmann's Opuscula, 1780, and Scia- graphia, 1782; Hofmuuu's exposition of Werner's system in the Bergm. J., 1789; Emmerling's Mineralogy, 1793-'97, and 1799-1802; Leuz's Mineralogy, 1794; Klaproth's Beitrage, 1795-1810; Karsten's Tabellen, 1800; Haily's Treatise on Mineralogy, 1801; lieuss's Mineralogy, 1801-1806; Ludwig's Werner, 1803, 1804; Mohs's Null Kab., 1804; Karsten's Tabellen, 1808; Lucas's Tableau, part 1, 1806 (giving views of Hauy of 1801 to 1806); Brongniart's Mineralogy, 1807; Rally's Tableau comparatif, 1809; Hausmanu's Handbuch, 1813; Hoffmann's Minera- logie, 1811-1817; Ullmanu's Uebersicht, 1814; Jameson's Mineralogy, 1816, 1820; Werner's Last Mineral System (Letztes, etc.), 1817; Cleveland's Mineralogy, 1816, 1822; Berzelius's Nouv. Systeme, 1819; Leonhard's Haudbuch, 1821, 1826; Mohs's Mineralogy, 1822; Haidinger's transla- tion of Mohs, 1825; Breithaupt's Charakteristik, 1820, 1823, 1832; Beudaut's Treatise, 1824, 1832; Phlllips's Miu., 1823, 1837; Glocker's Min., 1831, 1839; Shepard's Min., 1832-'35, and later editions; vou Kobell's Gruudziige, 1838; Mohs's Miu., 1839; Breithaupt's Min., 1836-1847; Haidinger's Handbuch, 1845; Hausinann's Haudbuch, 1847; Dufrenoy's Min., 1844-1847 (also 1856-1859); Glocker's Synopsis, 1847; Brooke & Miller, 1852; Rammelsberg's Haudworterbuch aud Supplements, 1841-1853, also his Miueralcbemie, 1860, 1875; Hessenberg's Notizen, 1854 to 1873; Koksharov's Mineralogie Russlands, 1854 to 1891; Keungott's Uebersicht, 1844-1865; Des Cloizeaux's Mineralogy, 1862, 1874; von Kobell's Geschichte, 1864; Naumaun's Min. (and Nau- inanu-Zirkel), 1846 to 1885; Tschermak's Min., 1881; Goldschmidt's Index, 1886-'91; Hintze's Min. (1889-'91), five parts only completed, but with greater detail of treatment than has been before attempted. To the above list are to be added the earlier editions of this work by James D. Daua, 1837, 1844, 1850, 1854, 1868.
Vi. Abbreviations.
l. GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TITLES, ETC.
Abh Abhandlungen.
Ac. or Acad Academy.
Accad Accademie (Ital.).
Ak. or Akad Akadernie (Germ.).
Am. or Amer American.
{Annals, Aunales, Anualen.
Att
B O.
Atti (Ital.).
British Columbia
( Berichte or ' 1 Sitzungsberichte.
Bulletin.
( Canada. ( Canadian, f Chemistry, I Chemical, j Chemie, [Chiniie, etc. Dan. Danish.
Ber.
Bull. Can.
Oh ,
Ed. or Edinb Edinburgh.
Eng. . Engineers,
I Engineering.
Erg Erganzung.
Fr. . .' French.
G Geological, etc.
Germ German.
Ges Gesellschaft.
Inst Institute.
Ital Italian.
J . Journal.
Jb. or Jahrb Jahrbuch.
JB. or Jahresb. . . . Jahresbericht.
Mag Magazine.
( Memoires.
/ Mineralogy, Min. , Mineralogical,
' Mineralogische, etc. Mitth. Mittheilungen.
Introduction.
Mng Mining.
Mon Monograph.
N. A Worth America
N. S Nova Scotia.
N. S. W. New South Wales.
N. Z New Zealand.
Ont Ontario.
Phil. . . . , J Philosophy,
' ( Philosophical.
Froc Proceedings.
Q Quarterly
Rend Rendiconti.
Rep. . Report.
S. A South America.
Sc. Science.
Soc Society.
Span Spanish.
ijirans j Transactions,
' i Trausiuuti (Ital.). Vh. or Verb. Verhaudlungen.
Zs Zeitschrift.
Ztg Zeitung.
2. Abbreviated Names Of The United States (U. S.).
Ala Alabama.
Ark Arkansas.
Cal California.
Col., Colo Colorado.
Ct., Conn Connecticut.
Dak Dakota.
Del Delaware.
Ga Georgia.
Ill Illinois.
Ind Indiana.
Kan Kansas.
Ky Kentucky.
Mass Massachusetts.
Md Maryland.
Me Maine.
Mich Michigan.
Minn Minnesota.
Miss Mississippi.
Mo Missouri.
Mont Montana.
N. Car North Carolina.
N. H., N. Hamp. . . . New Hampshire.
N. J New Jersey.
N. Y New York.
O Ohio.
Pa., Penn Pennsylvania.
R. I Rhode Island.
S. Car South Carolina.
Tenn . Tennessee.
Va Virginia.
Vt Vermont.
Wise Wisconsin.
3. Abbreviations Of Proper Names Used In References To Authors
And In Titles.
Ach. ... A. D'Achiardi, Pisa.
Arz. ... A. Arzruni, Aachen.
Baumh. . . H. Baumhauer, Ludinghausen.
Bdg. . . . C. Bodewig, Cologne.
Bgr. . . . W. C. Brogger, Stockholm.
Bkg. . . . H. Bucking, Strassburg.
Breith. . . J. F. A. Breitliaupt (1791-1873).
Brk. . . . H. J. Brooke (1771-1857).
Brz. ... A. Brezina, Vienna.
Btd. . . . E. Bertrand, Paris.
E. S. D. . . E. S. Dana, New Haven.
J. D. D. . J. D. Dana. New Haven.
Dbr. ... H. Dauber (1823-1861).
Dmr. ... A. Damour, Paris.
Dx. ... A. Des Cloizeaux, Paris.
Erem -I von Ereineyev, St. Peters-
i burg (Germ,. Jeremejew).
Fzl. ... A. Frenzel, Freiberg.
Gdt. ... V. Goldschmidt, Heidelberg.
Grl. . . . J. Grailich (1829-159).
H R. J. Haily (1743-1822).
Haid. . . . W. von Haidinger (1795-1871).
Hausm. . . J. F. L. Hausmanu (1782-1859).
Hbg, . . . Fr. Hessenberg (1810-1874).
Hkl. . . . W. Hankel, Leipzig.
Hkr. . . . R. Helmhacker, Leobeu.
Kbl. . . . Fr. von Kobell (1803-1882).
Kenng. . . A. Keungott Zurich. Kk j N. von Koksliarov, St. Peters
( burg (Germ. Kokscharow).
Kin. . . . C. Klein, Berlin.
Knr. . . . J. "A. Kreimer, Buda Pesth.
Lasp. . . . H. Laspeyres, Kiel.
Lex. ... A. Lacroix, Paris.
Lsx. ... A. von Lasaulx (1839-1886).
Mg. . . . O. Mugge, Hamburg.
Mgc. . . . Ch. Marignac, Geneva.
Mid. . . . E. Mallard, Pans.
Mir. . . . W. H. Miller (1801-1880).
Ph. ... W. Phillips (1775-1828).
Introduction.
Pfd. . Rath. . Rg. .
Rosenb. Sbk. . Sbs.
S. L. Penfield, New Haven. G. vom Rath (1830-1888). C. F. Rammelsberg, Berlin. H. Rosenbuscli. Heidelberg. A. Sadebeck (1833-1880). J. Scbabus, Vienna.
Sec. ... A. Scacchi, Naples. Sf. . . . .A. Schrauf, Vienna. Slg. . . . G. Seligniaun, Coblenz. . . . . G. Tschermak, Vienna. Weisb. . . A. Weisbach, Freiberg. Zeph. . . . V. von Zepharovich (1830-1890)
4. Miscellaneous Abbreviations.
References are given below to the places in the preceding pages where the meaning ot certain general terms, symbols, etc., is more fully explained.
Alt. . .
Anal. . .
Artif. . .
Ax. pi. .
B. B. . .
Bx, Bxa .
Bx0. . .
Comp.
Obs. . .
O. F. . .
O. ratio . priv. contr.
pt. . . .
Altered forms, p. xl. . Analyses.
Artificial forms, p. xl. , Optic axial plane, p. .
Before the blowpipe, p. xl. j Bisectrix, i.e. acute bisectrix ( or first mean line, p. . j Obtuse bisectrix, or second ( mean line, p. .
Composition, p. xxxvii et seq.
Specific Gravity, p. xxxiv.
Hardness, p. xxxiv.
Observations, p. xiii.
Oxidizing flame, p. xl.
Oxygen ratio, p. xxxix. j Private contributions (i.e. of ( unpublished observations).
Part, in part.
Pyr.
Ref.
R. P. .
Tw. axis Tw. pi. Var.
j Pyrognostics or blowpipe char- i acters, p. xl.
{References (p. xiii); also used of abstracts of original ar- ticles found in certain jour-, nals, e.g. Jb.Miu.,Zs.Kr.,etc. . Reducing flame, p. xl. . Twinning axis, p. xviii. . Twinning plane, p. xviii. . Varieties.
a,M,a,McJCrystallographic axes, P. xh
( et seq.
a, i), c, . . Axes of elasticity, p. . a S v Axial angles, p. xxxii; also in.
' ( dices of refraction, p. . 2E, 2V, 2H, j Optic axial angle in air, etc., 2K, 2G, . t p. .
J-,
A
The following signs are frequently employed :
{Plus and minus, as defining the optical character of crys- tals, p. .
Parallel to, as ax. pi. [ a.
( Perpendicular or normal to, ' 1 as Bx ± c.
All temperatures are given on the Centigrade scale.
( Angle between two forms, as 1 100 A 110 45°. ( Mean of two (or three, etc/ analyses; also, in some cases ( of separate determinations.
Descriptive Mineralog-Y.
General Classification.
I. NATIVE ELEMENTS. II. SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES, ANTIMONIDE&
III. Sulpho-salts.— SULPHARSENITES, SULPHANTIMONTTES, SULPHOBISMUTHP:,
IV. Haloids.— CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES; FLUORIDES. V. OXIDES.
VI. Oxygen-Salts.
1. Carbonates.
2. Silicates, Titanates.
3. Niobates, Tantalates.
4. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates; Antimonates. Nitrates.
5. Borates. Uranates.
6. Sulphates, Chromates, Tellurates.
7. Tungstates, Molybdate&
VII. Salts of Organic Acids: Oxalates, Mellates, etc.
Viii. Hydrocarbon Compounds.
Native Elements.
I. NATIVE ELEMENTS. I. Non-Metals. II. Semi-Metals. III. Metals.
I. Non-Metals.
I. Carbon Group.
1. Diamond 0 Isometric
2. Graphite . 0 Rhombohedral b — 1-3859
2. Sulphur Group.
3. Sulphur S Orthorhombic a : 1 : 6 0-8131 : 1 : 1-9034
4. Selensulphur (Se,S)
5a. Selenium (artif .) Se Monoclinic, like the monoclinic forms of sulphur.
II. Semi-Metals.
3. Tellurium-Arsenic Group. Rhombohedral.
rr' c
5b. Selenium (artif.) Se 93°
6. Selen- tellurium (Te,Se) —
7. Tellurium Te 93° 3' 1-3298
8. Arsenic As 94° 54' 1-4013
9. Allemontite SbAs,
10. Antimony Sb 92° 53' 1-3236
11. Bismuth Bi 92° 20' 1-3036
12. Zinc (only artif.?) Zn 93° 46' 1-3564
Zinc belongs with this rhombohedral group, and connects the semi-metals to the metals; it is also stated to be isometric like mercury.
III. Metals. 4. Gold Group. Isometric.
13. Gold Au
Electrum (Au,Ag)
14. Silver Ag
15. Copper Cu
16. Mercury Hg
17. Amalgam AgHg, AgsHgs , etc.
1, Arquerite Ag12Hg
2. Kougsbergite Ag36Hg
18. Lead Pb
19. Tin (cryst. only artif.) Sn Tetragonal 6 0-3857
Orthorhombic & : I : 6 0-3874 : 1 : 0-3557 Tin is closely related to lead.
5. Platinum-Iron Group. Isometric, also in part Rhombohedrai. Isometric. Rhombohedral.
20. Platinum Ft with Fe
also with Ir, Rh, Os
21. Iridium (Ir, Ft) 22. Iridosmine (Ir,0s) rr' =95C 8'
Platiniridium (Ft, Ir) 1. Siserskite 6 =1-4105
2. Nevyanskite
Carbon Group— Diamond.
Isometric.
23. Palladium Pd
25. Iron Fe with Ni, Co, also Mn
Awaruite Fe Nia
Schreibersite, Khabdite, etc.
Rhombohedral.
24. Allopalladium Pd
1. Carbon Group.
1. DIAMOND. Adamas, punctum lapidis pretiosior auro, Manilfus, Astron., 4, 1. 926 (the earliest distinct mention of true diamond). Adamas, in part, Plin., 37, 15. Diamant Germ. Diamaat FT. Diamante ItaL, Span.
Isometric; tetrahedral. Observed forms1:
a (100, i-i o (111, 1)
/(310, z-3)
e(210, z-2) 0(320, t-f)
O(430, z-4) A (11 -10-0, P (221 , 2)
0 (511 , 5-5) n (211 , 2-2)
u (431 , 4-|) £ (near 0) (near d)
(651 , 6-f)
No distinction can be made between the -f and — tetrahedral forms, and the hemihedral character of the species has been questioned.
Fig. 1, S. Africa. 2, Haidinger. 8, 7, 8, Rose-Sadebeck. 9, Groth.
4 Native Elements.
Twins: tw. pi. 0 very common, both contact- and penetration-twins; the former often flattened o; also tw. axis a cubic axis, the twins with parallel axes, symmetrical to a cubic plane, and interpenetrating each other. Faces commonly much curved, and often striated, most frequently intersection with o. Inverted triangular depressions common on o (f. 1), also others of diagonal quadrilateral form on a; octahedral faces built up of successive plates. Crystals distorted into elon- gated, pear-shaped forms, also irregular; and in groups. In spherical forms with radiated structure and rough exterior. Rarely massive.
Cleavage : o highly perfect. Fracture conchoid al. Brittle. H. 10, but greater on a than on o. G. 3-516 — 3'525 crystals; 3'499 — 3'503 bort; 3-15 — 3'29 car- bonado, E. v. Baumhauer.3 Luster adamantine to greasy, sometimes dull. Color white or colorless; occasionally various pale shades of yellow, red, orange, green, blue, brown; sometimes black. Usually transparent; also translucent and opaque. Eef ractive and dispersive power high ; indices :
TOT 2-4135 % 2-4195 %r 2'4278, Dx3.
ne 2-40845 Li ny 2-41723 Na ngr 2'42549 Tl, Schrauf 4.
Becomes phosphorescent when exposed to light radiation or to an electric discharge in a vacuum tube. Positively electrified by friction ; a non-conductor of electricity. Often shows abnormal double refraction, rarely distinctly uniaxial; also occasionally 'exhibits asterism.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. In crystals usually with rounded faces and varying from those which are colorless and free from flaws (first water) through many faint shades of color, yellow the most common ; rose, green, -and blue shades are rare, especially the last ; often full of flaws and hence of value only for cutting purposes.
The crystals often contain numerous microscopic cavities (Brewster), and some are rendered nearly black by their number ; and around these cavities the diamond shows evidence, by polarized light, of compression. Sometimes crystals bear impressions of other crystals. Inclu- sions of small diamonds are common ; also others of a green chloritic mineral, of hematite, of carbonaceous matter, of rutile (?) have been noted.
2. Bort or Boort ; rounded forms with rough exterior and radiated or confused crystalline structure, often aggregated together, or enclosing crystals. No distinct cleavage obtainable. Hardness greater than in the crystals, and specilic gravity less. Luster greasy. Color grayish to blackish. Translucent. There are gradual transitions from the perfectly crystallized diamond through the forms imperfectly crystallized or made up of several individuals to the true bort, as again between the bort and carbonado. Crystals or fragments of crystals useless as gems are also called bort in the trade.
3. Carbonado or Carbon ; black diamond. Massive with crystalline struc- ture, sometimes granular to compact, without cleavage. Hardness as great as, or greater than with the crystals and less brittle, but specific gravity less, due in BORT. part to slight porosity. Luster resinous to adamantine. Color black or gray-
ish black. Opaque. Found occasionally in large masses up to 731 carats (Boutan). The true carbonado seems to graduate into the distinctly crystallized mineral. It is obtained chiefly from the province of Bahia, Brazil.
Comp. — Pure carbon, except in the anthracitic variety, carbonado, from which Eivot obtained on combustion an ash varying from 0'24 to 2'03 p. c. (Dx.).
Pyr., etc. — Unaffected by heat except at very high temperatures, when (in an oxygen atmo- sphere) it burns to carbon dioxide ; out of contact with the air it is transformed into a kind of coke.5 Not acted upon by acids or alkalies.
Obs.— The diamond occurs chiefly in alluvial deposits of gravel, sand or clay, associated with quartz, gold, platinum, zircon, octahedrite, rutile, brookite, hematite, ilmeuite and also anda- lusite, chrysoberyl, topaz, corundum, tourmaline, garnet, etc.; the associated minerals being those common in granitic rocks or granitic veins. Also found in quartzose conglomerates, and further in connection with the laminated granular quartz rock or quartzose hydromica schist, itacolumyte, which in thin slabs is more or less flexible. This rock occurs at the mines of Brazil and the Urals ; and also in Georgia and North Carolina, where a few diamonds have been found It has been reported as occurring tn situ in a pegmutyte vein in gneiss at Bellary in India (Cluiper'). It occurs further in connection with an eruptive peridotyte in South Africa. It has been noted as grayish purtu: es forming o.ie cent of the meteorite which fell at Novo-Liei, Govt. Pensa. Kuss a, Sept. 22, 1886 ; also in the form of black diamond ,H. U) in the meteorite of Caicote, Chili8. (Cf also Cliftmiite, p. 6.) Daubree has pointed out the analogy existing between the occurrence of the diamond in Souih Africa (see below) and in meteorites, C. R, 110, 18, 1890.
Carbon Group— Diamond. 5
India was the chief source of diamonds from very early times, as recorded by Sanskrit writers, down to the discovery of the Brazilian mines. There are three principal localities. The first in southern India, in the Madras presidency, embraces the districts of Kadapah (or Cuddapah), Bellary, Karnul, Kistna and Godavari. This region includes the famous " Gol- conda mines," the name, however, as stated by Ball, being to some extent a misnomer since it was merely the mart where the diamonds were bought and sold; it was originally applied to the capital now represented only by an abandoned fort near Hyderabad, and wasihence extended to the surrounding district. A second region farther north covers a large tract between the Maha- nadi and Godavari rivers ; it includes the neighborhoods of Sambalpur and Wairagarh 80 miles southeast of Nagpur. Connected with this tract there are also two or three localities within the province of Chutia Nagpur, where diamonds have been found. A third region is in Bundel- khand, in central India, especially near the town of Panna. In addition to the preceding some diamonds have also been reported as obtained from a hill stream near Simla. The Indian diamonds were obtained in part from alluvial washings, in part from a quartzose conglomerate ; at Panna this conglomerate (Rewah group) appears to be largely made up of fragments of a lower sandstone (Semri sandstone) which it has been suggested may represent the original matrix. The yield of the Indian mines, once so large, is now insignificant ; it is mentioned, however, that one stone, weighing when rough 67 and as cut 25 carats, was found in 1881 in the Bellary district (Mallet).
The diamond deposits of Brazil have been worked since the early part of the 18th century, and have yielded very largely, although at the present time the amount obtained is small. The most important region was that near Diamantina in the province of Minas Geraes. It is situated along the crest and on the flanks of the Serro do Espinhaco, the mountain ridge which separates the Sao Francisco river and its branches, especially the Rio das Velhas on the west, from the Jequitinhonha, and the Doce on the east. The diamonds are obtained in part from river wash- ings (servicos do rid), as conspicuously those of the bed of the Jequitinhonha, and in part from prairie washings (servicos do campo) as on the high ridge known as the heights of Curralinho. The river deposits (cascalJio) consist of rolled quartz pebbles, mixed with or cemented by a ferru- ginous clay, which usually rests on a bed of clay. The most common associated minerals are rutile, octahedrite, brookite, hematite, martite, ilmenite and magnetite, with also quartz, cyanite, tourmaline, lazulite, gold, and many others as garnet, zircon, euclase, topaz, etc. The diamonds are most abundant in the ealdeiroes, which seem to be large potholes or giant kettles. In the upper plateau diggings, the diamond occurs in part in a sort of conglomerate called the gurgullio, consisting of quartz fragments which are less rolled than those of the cascalho, as are also the accompanying minerals, which occur too in less abundance. At some of these mines, as those of Stlo Jofio da Chapada, the diamonds occur in clay (barro) which has been regarded as the result of the decomposition in situ of veins traversing the hydromica schist and itacolumyte formation. At Grao Mogor, farther north, diamonds have been obtained in the quartzose schist (called itacolumyte), though most of the specimens showing this association are fraudulent.
Other Brazilian localities are those of Bagagem and Abaethe, southwest of Diamantina; further the Lenc&es and other mines of the province of Bahia, discovered in 1844, and finally on the Salobro and other branches of the Rio Pardo, two days' journey from the little port of Canavieiras, discovered in 1881.
The discovery of diamonds in South Africa dates from 1867. The diamonds occur in the gravel of the Vaal river, from Potchefstroom, capital of the Transvaal Republic, down to its junc- tion with the Orange river, and thence along the latter stream as far as Hope Town. The principal river diggings, however, are along the Vaal river between Klip Drift and its junction with the Hart river. These have yielded well, including some large stones (as the "Stewart," and " Star of South Africa"), but are now comparatively unproductive, and have been nearly abandoned for the dry diggings, discovered in 1871.
These are chiefly in Griqualand-West, south of the Vaal river, on the border of the Orange Free State. There are here a number of limited areas approximately spherical or oval in form, with an average diameter of some 200 to 300 yards, of which Kimberley, De Beer's, Du Toil's Pan and Bultfoutein are the most important. A circle 3£ miles in diameter encloses the four principal diamond mines.
The general structure is similar : a wall of nearly horizontal black carbonaceous shale with upturned edges enclosing the diamantiferous area. The upper portion of the deposit consists of a friable mass of little coherence of a pale yellow color, called the "yellow ground." Below the reach of atmospheric influences, the rock is more firm and of a bluish green or greenish color; it is called the " blue ground " or simply "the blue." This consists essentially of a serpentinous breccia: a base of hydrated magnesian silicate penetrated by calcite and opaline silica and enclos- ing fragments of bronzite, diallage, vaalite, also garnet, magnetite,- and ilmenite, and less com- monly smaragdite, pyrite, zircon, etc. The diamonds are rather abundantly disseminated through the mass, in some claims to the amount of 4 to 6 carats per cubic yard. The original rock seems to have been a peculiar type of peridotite which has been called Kimberlyte. These areas are believed to be volcanic pipes and the occurrence of the diamonds is obviously connected with the eruptive outflow, whether brought up from underlying rocks (as the large number of broken stones suggests) or formed by the action of heat upon the carbonaceous shales is uncertain.
Since the discovery of the South African mines in 1867, up to 1886, it has been estimated that the region has yielded stones aggregating upward of 30 million carats, of a value of from 200 to 250 million dollars ; the yield for 1886 was over 3 million carats. (Jb. Min., 2, 81, 1887.) Another
6 Native Elements.
estimate (1889) gives as the amount obtained from Kimberley's, De Beer's, Du Toit's Pan, and Bultfontein, between Sept. 1882 and the end of 188, 18 million carats valued at nearly 100 million dollars ; further, the entire production of the 18 years (1871-1889 incl.) is estimated as exceeding 40 million carats, or more than eight tons. The single mine of Kimberley is said to have yielded from 1871 to the end of 1885 about 17£ million carats (3| tons), while the total amount of reef and ground excavated exceeded 20 million tons. (J. Soc. Arts, Oct. 4, 1889.) In 1889 the yield is stated to have been 3 million carats valued at over 20 million dollars.
Diamonds are also obtained in some quantity in Borneo, associated with platinum, etc.: thus on the west in the basin of the Kapoeas river near the town of Pontianak, and also in the south- east near Bandjermassim. In Australia, in alluvial deposits near Mudgee on the Cudgegong river and Bingera in the valley of the Horton river in New South Wales. Other localities, chiefly in connection with gold-washings, have been noted in Victoria, Queensland, and South Australia.
The Ural diamonds were discovered in l2y ; they occur iu the detritus along the Adolfskoi rivulet near Bisersk, where worked for gold, and also at other places.
In the United States a few crystals have been met with in Rutherford Co., N. C., and Hall Co., Ga. ; they occur also at Portis mine, Franklin Co., N. C. (Genth) ; one handsome one, over £ in. in diameter, in the village of Manchester, opposite Richmond, Va. ; one weighing carats was found in 1886 at Dysortville, McDowell Co., N. C.
In California, at Cherokee ravine, in Butte Co. ; also in N. San Juan, Nevada Co. ; in French Corral, one of 1£ carats ; at Forest Hill, El Dorado Co., of carats ; Fiddletown, Aniador Co. ; near Placerville. Reported from Idaho and from Oregon with platinum.
The largest diamond of which we have any knowledge is mentioned by Taveruier (1676) as in possession of the Great Mogul. As figured by him it had the form and size of half a hen's egg. It is stated to have weighed originally 790 carats, but there is some question as to this amount, and it may have been much less. Some authors believe that the Kohinoor is identical with this diamond, perhaps reduced in size by cleavage.* The Kohinoor weighed when brought to England 186 carats, and as recut as a brilliant, it weighs now 106 carats. Other famous diamonds are: the Orlov, 193 carats ; the Regent or Pitt, 137 carats ; the Florentine or Grand Duke of Tuscany, 133 carats ; the Sancy, 53 carats. The " Star of the South," found in Brazil in 1853, weighed before and after cutting respectively 254 and 125 carats. Also famous because of the rarity of their color are the green diamond of Dresden, 40 carats, and the deep blue Hope diamond from India, weighing 44 carats. The history of the above stones and of others is given in many works on gems.
Of more recent stones from South Africa may be mentioned : The Victoria (or the Imperial) from one of the Kimberley mines, which weighed as found 457 carats ; it was reduced to 230 carats by cutting, and later was recut ; is now said to be a perfect brilliant of 180 carats. The Stewart weighed before and after cutting 288 and 120 carats respectively ; the Star of South Africa, 83 and 46 carats. The Tiffany diamond, of a brilliant golden yellow, weighs, cut as a double brilliant, 125 carats. The colorless Porter Rhodes diamond, found at Kimberley in 1880, weighed 150 carats uncut. The Julius Pani diamond, 241 carats (uncut) was found at the new Jagerfonstein United mine in 1889.
Artif. — Repeated attempts to form the diamond artificially have been unsuccessful ; further, its method of formation in nature is a matter of vague hypothesis and speculation.
Ref.— ' See the monograph of Rose-Sadebeck, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1876 ; Zs. G. Ges.., 30, 605, 1878. Some of these planes (e.g., O, A, u, 2) must be regarded as doubtful because of their rounded faces. Cf. also Hirschwald, Zs. Kr., 1, 212, 1877 ; Groth, Min. Samml. Strassb., 4,
3 Wied. Ann., 1, 462, 1877. 3 N. R., p. 7, 1867. 4 Wied. Ann., 22, 424, 1884. B On the phenomena accompanying combustion, see Rose, Pogg., 148, 497, 1873; Schrotter, Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 462, 1871 ; E. v. Baumhauer, 1. c. 6 On inclusions, see Goeppert, Nat. Vh. Haarlem,
1 On the occurrence of diamonds in India, see V. Ball, Geol. India, vol. 3, pp. 1-50, 1881; Chaper, C. R., 98, 113, 1884. In Brazil, of later writers, Gorceix, C. R., 93, 981, 1881 ; Derby, Am. J. Sc., 24, 34, 1882. In South Africa, Dunn, Q. J. G. Soc., 30, 54, 1874, 33, 879, 1877, 37, 609. 1881 ; J. A. Roorda Smit, Arch. Neerl., 15, 61, 1880; A. Moulle, Ann. Mines, 7, 193, 1885 ; H. C. Lewis, Proc. Brit. Assoc., 1887. In the Ural, Kk., Min. Russl., 5, 373, 1866. In New South Wales, Liversidge, Min. N. S. W., 116, 1888. United States, Kunz, Gems and Precious Stones of North America, 1890.
8 Diamond in meteorites, Erofeyev and Lachinov, Vh. Min. Ges., 24, 263, 1884; Sandb., Jb. Min., 2, 173, 1889 ; Will and Pinnow, Ber. Ch. Ges., 23, 345, 1890.
The general literature -contains such books as the Edelsteinkunde of Kluge (1871), Schrauf (1869), Groth (1887); Burnham on Precious Stones (Boston, 1886). A good summary of all points in regard to the diamond is given by M. E. Boutan, Le Diamant, Paris, 1886, 323 pp., with numerous plates, etc.; pp. 312-320 give a very full bibliography.
CLIFTONITE. Fletcher, Min. Mag., 7, 121, 1887.
In minute cubic crystals, sometimes with dodecahedral faces, or with those of a low tetra-
A discussion of this subject is given in Ball's Translation of Tavernier's Travels in India, London, 1889.
Carbon Group— Graphite. 7
hexahedron. No cleavage. Faces often depressed. H. 2'5. G. 2'12. Color and streak black. COMP.— Carbon, like graphite, with which it agrees in characters except form and hard- ness. From the Youudegin, West Australia, meteoric iron, found in 1884. Named after R. B. Cliftou, Professor of Physics at Oxford, England. Graphitic crystals, of cubo-octahedral form, occur in the Cocke Co., Tenn. (Sevier) iron.
Haidinger (Pogg. , 67, 437, 1846) described graphite crystals from the Magura, Arva meteorite, regarded by him as pseudomorphs after pyrite, but suggested by Rose to_be4)seudomorph after diamond, Beschr. Meteor. , 40, 1864. Brezina has studied the Arva crystals further, identifying the forms (310, 320) ; he shows that they and the cliftonite are to be regarded as pseudomorphs after diamond, Ann. Mus. Wien. 4, 102, 1889.
2. GRAPHITE. Plumbago, Molybdaena, Bly-Ertz, Bromell, Min. , 58. 1739 [not Plumbago Agric., Gesner]. Blyertz pt., Mica pictoria uigra, Molybdaena pt., Wall., 131, 1747. Mica des Peintres, Crayon, Fr. Trl. Wall., 1753. Black Lead. Reissblei Drawing-lead) Germ. Molyb- daeuum Linn., 1768. Plumbago Scheele (proving its carbon nature), Ak. H. Stockholm, 1779. Plombagine de Lisle, Crist., 1783. Graphit Wern., Bergm. J., 380, 1789, Karst., Mus. Lesk., 2, 339, 1789. Melangraphit Haid., Handb., 513, 1845. Fer carbure Fr. Grafite, Pombaggine Ital. Grafita Span.
Khombohedral. Axis 6 1-3859; 0001 A 1011 *58° Kenngott1.
Forms2: c(0001, 0); a (1120, z-2); r(1011, R); <(2246, |-2); s(1121, 2-2). Angles: ct 42° 44'; 70° 10'; rr' 94° 31'.
In six-sided tabular crystals striated edge c/r, faces rarely distinct. Com- monly iu imbedded foliated masses, also columnar or radiated; scaly or slaty; granular to compact; earthy. Rarely in globular concretions with radiated structure. Cleavage: basal, perfect, r indistinct(?). Thin laminae flexible, inelastic. Feel greasy. H. 1-2. G. 2-09-2"23; 2'229 Kenng. Luster metallic, some- times dull, earthy. Color iron-black to dark steel-gray. Opaque. A conductor of electricity.
Comp. — Carbon, like the diamond; often impure from the presence of iron sesquioxide, clay, etc.
The purest forms usually yield upon combustion a little ash, from a fraction of one per cent upwards (see 5th Ed. p. 24). The specific gravity varies with the amount of impurities. Ram- melsberg obtained as the residue upon ignition of purified graphite : Ticonderoga 0'24 p. c., Siberia (Alibert) 0'60, Areudal 0'64, Upernavik 1'97. Min. Ch., 1, 1875.
Pyr., etc. — At a high temperature some graphite burns more easily than diamond, other varieties (e.g. Ticonderoga) much less so (Rose, cf. Rg. 1. c.). B.B. infusible ; fused with nitre in a platinum spoon, deflagrates, converting the reagent into potassium carbonate, which effer- vesces with acids. Unaltered by acids.
Obs.— Graphite occurs in beds and embedded masses, laminae, or scales, in granite, gneiss, mica schist, crystalline limestone. It is in some places a result of the alteration by heat of the coal of the coal formation. Sometimes met with in basaltic rocks, as with the metallic iron of Ovifak, Greenland. It is often observed in meteoric irons3, either in nodules or in veins; the Sevier iron yielded a nodule weighing 92 grams. Cf . also Cliftouite.
A fine variety of graphite occurs at Borrowdale in Cumberland, in nests in trap, which occurs in clay slate ; in Glenstrathfarrar in Inverness-shire, forms nests in gneiss ; at Arendal in Norway, in quartz ; at Pargas in Finland ; in the Urals, Siberia, Finland ; in various parts of Austria; at Passau in Bavaria ; France ; at Craigmau, Ayrshire, it occurs in coal-beds which have been altered by contact with trap. In Irkutsk, in the Tunkinsk Mts., in eastern Siberia, the Alibert graphite mine affords some of the best graphite of the world and in large quantities (Kk. Min., 4, 158, 1862). Large quantities are brought from the East Indies, especially from Ceylon.
Forms beds in gneiss, at Sturbridge, Mass.; also at North Brookfield, Brimfield, and Kins- dale, Mass. ; in Cornwall, near the Housatpnic, and in Ashford, Conn. ; at Goshen, Sullivan Co., N. H. ; also in Brandon, Vt. ; at Grenville, Pr. Q., associated with titanite and wollastonite in granular limestone. Foliated graphite occurs in large quantities at Ticonderoga, on Lake George ; also upon Roger's Rock, associated with pyroxene and titanite. Near Amity, Orange Co., N. Y., it is met with in white limestone, accompanying spinel, chondrodite, .hornblende, etc.; at Rossie, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., crystallized with iron ore, and in gneiss ; at Hillsdale, Columbia Co., N. Y. ; at Bloomingdale, N. J. ; at Franklin, N. J., in rounded concretions radiated within ; in Loudon Co., Va. ; in Wake Co., N. C. ; on Tiger River, and at Spartanburgh near the Cowpens Furnace, S. C. ; also in Bucks Co., Penn., three miles from Attleboro', associ- ated with wollastonite, pyroxene, and scapolite ; and one and a half miles from this locality, it occurs in abundance in syenite, at ManselFs black-lead mine ; also at Byers, Chester Co. A graphitic earth is mined for paint in Garland, Montgomery, Hot Spring and Polk Cos., Arkansas.
In California, at Sonora, Tuolumne Co., a deposit was formerly worked ; occurs also at
NAT I VK LLEllh.\ Tti.
Summit City, Alpine Co.. near Fort Tejon, Kern Co., Tejunga, Los Angeles Co., Boser Hill. Fresno Co., and elsewhere. In Humboldt Co., Nevada; Beaver Co., Utah; Albany Co., Wyoming. A large deposit occurs at St. John, New Brunswick.
In the United States, the mines of Ticouderoga furnish most of the graphite mined commer- cially; 5.10,000 Ibs were produced in 1883, 415,500 in 1886, 328,000 in 1887; also the Heron mine near Raleigh, N. C.. yielded 20,000 Ibs. in 1887.
The name black lead, applied to this species, is inappropriate, as it contains no lead. The name graphite, of Werner, is derived from ypa(peiv, to write.
Artif — A common product in iron furnaces.
Ref. — ' Ticonderoga, Min. Not , xiv. 10 ; Ber. Ak. Wien, 13, 1854. Nordenski5ld made the graphite from Ersby and Storgard mouoclinic, Pogg., 96, 110, 1855. The author's observations on Ticonderoga crystals.coutirm Keungott. Hj. bjogreu has shown that the species must be regarded as hexagonal, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 41, No. 4, 29, 1884. aCf. Kenug., 1. c. — some doubt surrounds the measurements and planes because of the extraordinary texibility of the material. Cf. Dx., Min., 2. 23, 1874. 3Meunier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 17, 46, 1869 ; J. L Smith, Am. J. Sc., 11, 388, 433, 1876.
TREMENHEEKFTE, Piddington Appears to be impure graphite, or is between coal and graphite ; it is scaly in structure, and highly metallic in luster. Sent from Tenasserim by Capt. Tremeuheere. Cf. Mallet, Min. India, p. 11, 1887.
GIIAPHITOID from the mica schists and phyllytes of the Saxon. Erzgebirge, is a form of com- bustible carbon, burning in the flame of a Buusen burner. Analysis : C 99'76, H 0'24 100. Occurs as an incrustation, also impregnates the rock mass in fine bands. Sailer, Zs. G. Ges., 37, 441, 1885.
SCHUNGITE, from the Olonels Government, Russia, is a similar amorphous form of cnrbou intermediate between anthracite and graphite, occurring in phyllite. Named (1884) from the locality Schuuga. G. 1'98. Contains 0'40 p. c. hydrogen. Ino&tranteev, Jb. Miu., 1, y?, 1880; 1,92, 1886.
2. Sulphur Group.
3. SULPHUR. Schwefel Germ. Svafvel 8wed. Soufre Fr. Solfo Ital. Azufre Span.
Orthorhomic. Axes a : I : 6 — 0'81309 : 1 : 1-90339 Koksharov1.
100 A HO 39° 6' 51", 001 A 101 66° 52' 8", 001 A Oil 62° 1?' 1".
Forms2 :
a (100, i-l) A; (120, i-2)
6(010, *-i) M(i08, i-i)
c(001, 0) e(m't li)
J) v (013 , i-i)
w (023
71(011 ,
$ (031 #(119,
0,3(117,
(113, i)
1)
i) 6 (221 , 2) i (344 , 1 J)
|)4 y(831 , 3)3 2(135, f-jh
ft (915, 3)" (|33, 1-3)
a (313, 1-3)6 9<131. WU
r(311, 3-3)
Figs. 1 — 5, simple forms. 6, Swoszowice, Zeph. 7, Phlegraean Fields, Sec.
Sulphur Group— Sulphur.
mm kk
cu ce uu' eel
vd ww nri
78' 14' 63° 11'
37° 58' 66° 52' 75° 56' 133° 44'
64' 47' 103° 31' 124° 34'
cif) 18" 32' coo — 23° i9' ct =31° 6V co 37° 2' cs 45C 10' cy 56° 28' cp =71° 39f c8 80° 86V cy 83° 42'
eft 55C 30'
cr
cz ex eg
it'
88'
yy' PP'
zz
82° 10V 50° 59' 64° 4V 80° 48' *36° 40V
47° 16' 66° 46' 80° 35' *94° 52' 34° 17'
xx't tt"'
88'"
yy"
aa rr'"
39° 54' 43° 59'
38° 3' 53° 9' 63° 27' 73° 34' 24° 54' 27° 59' 30° 2V
Twins7: tw. plane (l).e (101), sometimes as symmetrical penetration twins; (2) m rather rare; (3) n (Oil). Crystals commonly acute pyramidal (figs. 1-4); sometimes thick tabular 6', also sphenoidal in habit (hemihedral ?), as in f. 6. Also massive, in spherical, reniform shapes, iucrusting, stalac- titic and stalagmitic; in .verier.
Cleavage : c, m, p imperrect. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Rather brittle to imperfectly sectile. H. 1 '5-2*5. G. 2*05-2-09. Luster resinous. Color sulphur-yellow, straw- and honey-yellow, yellowish brown, greenish, red- dish to yellowish gray. Streak white. Transparent to translucent. A non-conductor of electricity; by friction negatively electrified.
Optically +. Double refraction strong. Ax. plane I h. Bx c. Dispersion p v. Axial angles, Dx.8: Rabbit Hole, Nev.5
2Ha.r =103° 18' ft, =2-029 2Vr =69° 2' 2Ha.y 104° 12' ft? 2 043 2Vy 69° 5' 2Ha.bi 106° 16' /?w 2-082 2Vw 69° 13'
Refractive indices, Schrauf ':
Na(Dline) a 1-95047 ft 2 '03832 2-24052
Comp., Tar. — Pure sulphur; often contaminated with clay, bitumen, and other impurities.
Sometimes contains traces of Te, Se, etc. ; an orange-red variety from Japan (tellursul- phur, H. Carvill Lewis) gave Divers (Ch. News, 48, 284, 1883) S 99'76, Te 017, Se 0 06, As 0-01 100.
Sulphur may also be obtained in the laboratory in other allotropic forms, see below.
Pyr., etc.— Melts at 108° C., and at 270° burns with a bluish flame yielding sulphur dioxide. Insoluble in water, and not acted on by the acids, but soluble in carbon disulphide.
Obs.— The great repositories of sulphur are either beds of gypsum and the associate rocks, or the regions of active and extinct volcanoes. In the valley of Noto and Mazzaro, in Sicily; at Conil, near Cadiz, in Spain; Bex, in Switzerland; Cracow, in Poland, it occurs in the former situation; near Bologna, Italy, in tine crystals, embedded in bitumen. Sici.y and the neighbor- ing volcanic isles; the Solfatara, near Naples; the volcanoes of the Pacific ocean, e.g., Kilauea on Hawaii, etc., are localities of the latter kind. The crystals from Girgenti in Sicily are some- times two or three inches in diameter. It is also deposited from hot springs in Iceland; and iii Savoy, Switzerland, Hanover, and other countries, it is met with in certain metallic veins; with lead ores near Miisen and similarly at Monte Poni, Sardinia. Near Cracow and in Upper Egypt there are large deposits, and in the island of Melos. Abundant in the Chilian Andes- also obtained from China, Japan. India, the Philippine islands, etc.
Sulphur is found near the sulphur springs of New York, Virginia, etc., sparingly; in many coal deposits and elsewhere, where pyrites is undergoing decomposition; in microscopic crys- tals at some of the gold mines of Virginia and North Carolina; in minute crystals on cleavage surfaces of galena, Wheatley mine, Phenixville, Pa.; in small masses in limestone on the Poto- mac, twenty-five miles above Washington; in an extensive bed at Lake Charles, Calcasieu parish, La.; Tom Green Co., Texas.
Some of the more important deposits in the western U. S. are the following: in Wyoming, in the Uintah Mts., 30 miles s.e. of Evanston; in Nevada near Humboldt House, Humboldt county; also in the same county at the Rabbit Hole Springs; Steamboat Springs, Washoe Co Columbus, Esmeralda Co. In southern Utah in large deposits, now mined, at Cove Creek, Millard county. In California, at the geysers of Napa valley, Sonoma Co. ; in Santa Barbara in good crystals; near Clear lake, Lake Co., a large deposit, with a vein of cinnabar cutting- through it. In the Yellowstone Park, in deposits and about the fumaroles
10 Native Elements.
Artif. — Sulphur may also be obtained in the laboratory in several other allotropic forms. As given by Muthmann " they are as follows :
b:k
fi-sulphur Monoclinic 0'99575 y -sulphur 1 '06094
8 -sulphur " ?
f -sulphur Rhombohedral ?
1 : 0-99983 ft 84° 14' 1 : 0-70944 ft 88° 13'
/3-sulphur is obtained from fusion in prismatic crystals, often acicular or flattened fl 100, 100, 110, 210, Oil, 111, 111 ; 110 A HO 86° 28'. This form was early studied by Mitscherlich.10
T' -sulphur is obtained from fusion, also by separation by chemical means from hot saturated solutions of various compounds ; habit thin tabular 010, with 100, 210, 012, 111, 111.
d-sulphur obtained, but with difficulty, by separation by chemical means at low tempera- tures in thin pseudo-hexagonal plates.
e-sulphur is the black sulphur (schwarze Schwefel of Magnus) which, it has been suggested, may belong in the group with metallic selenium and tellurium. Sulphur is also obtained in an elastic rubber-like form when poured in the molten condition into water ; this soon, however, becomes brittle.
Ref. — ' Mm. Russl., 6, 368, 1874, on crystals from Germany, Spain, and Lower Egypt. Zephar- ovich obtained identical results on crystals from Swoszowice, Jb. G. Reichs.. 19, 225, 1869. Accurate measurements, showing some variation in the form, especially between natural and artificial crystals, have also been made by Mitscherlich, Ann. Ch. Phys., 24, 264, 1828, and 1. c. below; Scacchi, Mem. G. Campania, 1849; Schrauf. Ber. Ak. Wien, 41, 794, 1800; Brezina, ib., 60 (1), 539, 1870; Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 8, 338. 1884; Molengraaff, ib., 14, 43, 1888 ; Busz, ib., 15, 616, 1889.
See Brezina, 1. c., for early authorities; he adds oo, q, r, I on artif. cryst. 3 Friedlauder, Min.-Samml. Strassburg, p. 262, 1878. 4 Fletcher, Phil. Mag., 9, 186, 1880. 5E. S. D., Rabbit Hole, Nev., Am. J. Sc., 32, 389, 1886. 6 Molengraaff, Saba, W. I., 1. c. Cf. Rath, Pogg.. Erg., 6, 349, 1873; 155, 41, 1875. 8 N. R., 93, 1867. 9 1. c. 10 Abh. Ak. Berlin, June 26, 1823. Zs. Kr., 17, 336, 1890; cf. also Rg., Kr. Ch., 45, 1881.
4. SELENSULPHUR. Schwefelselen Stromeyer, . J., 43, 452, 1825. Seleuschwefel. Volcanite Adam, Tabl. Min., 54, 1869. Eolide Bombicci, Min., 2, 186, 1875.
An orange-red or reddish brownish mineral containing sulphur and selenium, but in unknown proportions ; occurs in crusts with sal ammoniac on the islands Vulcano and Lipari. A seleniferous sulphur occurs at Kilauea (J. D. D.), also in Japan.
In the laboratory mixtures of sulphur and selenium have been obtained in crystallized form. Muthmanu ' concludes that up to 35 p. c. of Se, the form corresponds to the orthorhombic a-sulphur ; between 35 and 66 p. c. to 7 -sulphur ; more than 66 p. c. to <r-seleuium, which, it is suggested, may correspond to 5-sulphur. Cf. sulphur and selenium.
Ref.—1 Zs. Kr., 17, 357, 1890, also earlier ; Rathke, Lieb. Ann., 152, 188, 1869, and Betten- dorff and Rath, Pogg., 139, 329, 1870.
5. SELENIUM. Selen Germ. Selenio Ital.
Del Rio has stated that a mineral from Culebras, Mexico, which he first announced a& selenide of mercury and zinc (riolite of Brooke), was later found by him to be a mixture of native selenium with selenides of mercury, etc. No confidence, however, can be attached to this conclusion. Cf. Phil. Mag., 4, 113, 1828; 8, 261, 1836.
In the laboratory selenium can be obtained in several allotropic forms. As given by Muth- mann, they are :
a
a-selenium Monoclinic 1 '63495 fi-selenium " I1 5916
y-selenmm Rhombohedral
1 '6095 ft 75° 58' 1-1352 /J-86°56'
a-selenium is obtained from hot saturated solutions in carbon disulphide, crystals thin tabular 001, of hexagonal habit.
/J-selenium is obtained by the evaporation of cold saturated solutions in carbon disulphide in short thick prisms, also tabular 100 and 001 ; this form was earlier measured by Mitscherlich.
-selenium or metallic selenium is rhombohedral, isomorphous with tellurium and occurs of similar habit. G. 4'5. It is a conductor of electricity, but its resistance varies widely under the action of light.
It has been assumed that the monoclinic selenium of Mitscherlich was isomorphous with the early known monoclinic sulphur (Rg., Kr. Ch., 47, 65, 1881), but Muthmann's measurements fail to show anv close resemblance in angle.
Tellurium-Arsenic Group— Selen-Tellurium, Etc. 11
3. Tellurium-Arsenic Group.
6. SELEN-TELLURIUM. E. S. Dana and H. L. Wells, Am. J. Sc., 40, 78, 1890.
Massive, with indistinct columnar structure.
Cleavage : hexagonal prismatic perfect. Brittle. H. 2-2J3,_ Luster metallic. Color blackish gray. Streak black. Opaque.
Comp. — Tellurium and selenium in a ratio of nearly 3 : 2.
Anal.— H. L. Wells, after deducting 65'68 p. c. gaugue, consisting largely of quartz with some barite: -
Te 70-69 Se 29 -31 100
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal fuses very easily, coloring the flame blue with a greenish tinge, and giving a strong characteristic odor of selenium; the sublimate, near the assay is white, and dull reddish at a distance. In the closed tube a nearly black sublimate with a reddish edge above (Se), and below drops with metallic luster (Te). In the open tube a grayish sublimate with a reddish fringe, and above this volatile crystals of SeO2; and below near the assay a copious sublimate of TeO2, fusing into colorless drops.
Obs. — Occurs embedded in a gangue consisting largely of quartz with some barite at the El Plomo silver mine, Ojojona district, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
7. TELLURIUM. Aurum paradoxum vel problematicum Mutter v. Reichemtein, Phys.. Arb., Wieu, 1, 1782. Sylvanite Kirwan, Min., 2, 324, 1796. Gediegen-Tellur Klapr., Beitr., 3, 2, 1802. Tellur, Gediegen Sylvan Germ. Tellure natif auro-f errifere H. Tellurio Ital.
Khombohedral. Axis 6 1-3298; 0001 A 1011 *56° 55£' Kose1. Forms: c (0001, 0); TO (1010, /) ; r (1011, R) ; r, (0111, -1). Angles: rr' 93° 3', rr, 49° 32.
Crystals minute hexagonal prisms with r, or both r andand then hexagonal in aspect. Commonly massive, columnar to fine granular.
Cleavage: m perfect ; c imperfect. Somewhat brittle. H. 2-2-5. G. 6-1-6-3. Luster metallic. Color and streak tin-white.
Comp. — Tellurium, with sometimes a little selenium, also gold, iron, etc. A specimen from Nagyag afforded Petz (Pogg., 57, 477, 1842): Tellurium 97'215, and gold 2*785, with a trace of iron and sulphur. Another from Faczebaja gave von Foullon : Te 93'31, Se 6'69 100, after deducting pyrite 12-40 p. c., quartz MO, Vh. G. Reichs., 269, 1884.
Pyr.— In the open tube fuses, giving a white sublimate of tellurium dioxide, which B. B. fuses to colorless transparent drops. On charcoal fuses, volatilizes almost entirely, tingeing the flame green, and giving a white coating.
Obs. — Occurs at the mine of Maria Loretto, near Zalathna, in Transylvania (whence the name Sylvan and Sylvanite), in sandstone, accompanying quartz, pyrite, and gold. In Boulder county, Colorado, at the Red Cloud mine ; also in Artif. cryst. Magnolia district at the Keystone, Dun Raven, and other mines ; in the Ballerat district at the Smuggler mine ; in Central district at the John Jay mine in large masses. An impure variety from the Mountain Lion mine has been called Lionite (Berdell).
Ref.— ' Rose, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 84, 1849; also on artif. cryst., s (1121 2-2). Penfield obtained on brilliant artif. crystals, rr' =93° W (priv. contr.) ; von' Foullon, on Fa6zebaja .crystals, mr 33° 6' (1. c.).
8. ARSENIC. Gediegen Arsenik, Arsen, Scherbenkobalt, Germ. Arsenic natif Fr. Ar- seuico native Ital., Span.
Rhombohedral. Axis 6 1-4013; 0001 A 1011 58° 17' Zepharovich1.
Forms : r (1011, R); also artif. cryst., c (0001, 0); z (1014, + J); e (Oll2, - i); h (0332, - f).
Twins : tw. plane e. Natural crystals rare, usually acicular. Generally gran- ular massive; sometimes reticulated, reniform, and stalactitic (Scherbenkobalt Germ.}. Structure rarely columnar.
Cleavage: c highly perfect; e imperfect. Fracture uneven and fine granular. Brittle. H. 3-5. G. 5'63-5'73. Luster nearly metallic, Color and streak tin-white, tarnishing soon to dark gray.
12 Native Elements.
Cornp. — Arsenic, often with some antimony, and traces of iron, silver, gold, or bismuth.
Anal. Janovsky (Ber. Ak. Wien, 71 (1), 276, 1875) from Joachimsthal : As 90 91, Sb 1'56, Ni 4-64, Fe 2'07, SiO2 0'55, Mn, S tr. 99'73. A variety from Valtellina, with G. 5'777, con- tained 83 to 10'8 p. c. Sb, Bizzarri and Campani, Zs. Kr., 12, 194, 1886.
Pyr. — B.B. on charcoal volatilizes without fusing, coats the coal with white arsenic trioxide, and affords a garlic odor; the coating treated in R. 1. volatilizes, tiugeing the flame blue.
Obs.— Native arsenic commonly occurs in veins in crystalline rocks and the older schists, and is often accompanied by ores of antimony, ruby silver, realgar, sphalerite, and other metallic minerals.
The silver mines of Freiberg, Annaberg. Marienberg, and Schneeberg afford it in consider- able quantities; also Joachimsthal in Bohemia, Audreasberg in the Harz, Kapuiknud Orawilza in Hungary, Kongsberg in Norway, Zmeov in Siberia in large masses, and at St. Maria aux Mines in Alsace; also Mt. Coma dei Darden, Valtelliua, Italy. Abundant at the silver mines at Chanarcillo, and elsewhere in Chili; at the argentiferous mines of San Augustin, Hidalgo, Mexico, and Kapanga gold mine, New Zealand.
In the U. S. at Haverhill, N. H., in thin layers in dark-blue mica slate; also at Jackson, N. H.; on the E. flank of Furlong Mtn., Greenwood, Me In nodules in a silver and gold mine near Leadville, Colorado. Watson Creek, Fraser R., British Columbia.
The name arsenic is derived from the Greek appevixov or dpaeviKov, masculine, a term applied to orpiment or sulphide of arsenic, on account of its potent properties.
Alt. — Oxidizes on exposure, producing a black crust, which is a mixture of arsenic and arsenolite (As3Os), also producing pure arsenolite.
Ref.— ' Joachimsthal, Ber. Ak. Wien, 71 (1), 272, 1875. Rose gives for artif. crystals, rr' 94° 56', Abh. Ak. Berlin, 82, 1849 ; Miller gives rr' 94 19', Miu. p. 117, 1852.
ARSENOLAMPRITE. — C. Hintze, Zs. Kr., 11, 606, 1886. Arsenik-wismuth, Werner; arsen- glanz, hypotyphit, Breithaupt.
Apparently an allotropic form of arsenic. Massive, with fibrous foliated structure, showing one cleavage. H. =2. G. 5'3-5'5. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color lead-gray. Streak black Composition, nearly pure arsenic. Werner's mineral contained 3 p. c. bismuth ; a specimen examined by Frenzel (Jb. Min., 677, 1874) gave: As 95'86, Bi T61, Fe 101, S 0'99 99*47. The original arsenglam is from Marienberg, Saxony; also reported from Mar- kirch in Alsace. Hintze obtained : As 98'43, Fe 1 '00, SiO2 0'05 ; his mineral was from Copiapo, Chili. Differs from ordinary arsenic in structure, softness, lower specific gravity and brilliant luster; the last character suggests the name from Xannpos lustrous.
9. ALLEMONTITE. Antimoine natif arsenifere H., Tr. 4, 281, 1822. Arsenikspiessglanz Zippe, Vh. Ges. Mus. BShmen, 1824, 102. Arsenik-Antimon Hausm. Arseuiure d'Antimoine Fr. Antimon-Arsen, Arsenantimon, Germ. Arsenical Antimony. Allemontit, Haiti., Handb. , 557, 1845
Rhombohedral. In reniform masses and amorphous; structure curved lamel- lar; also fine granular.
H 3*5. G. 6'203, Rg. Luster metallic, occasionally splendent; some- times dull. Color tin-white or reddish gray; often tarnished brownish black.
Com p. — SbAs3 Arsenic 65 -2, antimony 34'8.
Analysis, Rg. (Pogg., 62, 137, 1844), Allemont: Arsenic [62'15], antimony 37'85 100.
Pyr. — B.B. emits fumes of arsenic and antimony, and fuses to a metallic globule, which takes fire and burns away, leaving antimony trioxide on the charcoal.
Obs. — Occurs sparingly at Allemont; Pfibram in Bohemia, associated with sphalerite, antimony, siderite, etc. ; Schladming in Styria; Andreasberg in the Harz.
ANTIMONIAL ARSENIC. — An antimonial arsenic, containing, according to Schultz (Rg., Min. Ch., 984, 1860), 7'97 p. c. of antimony, occurs at the Palmbaum mine, near Marieuberg in Saxony. A similar compound, consisting, according to Genth (Am. J. Sc. , 33, 191, 1862), of arsenic 90'82 and antimony 9'18 17 As -j- 1 Sb), occurs at the Ophir mine, Washoe Co , Cali- fornia. in finely crystalline, and somewhat radiated, reniform masses, between tin-white and iron-black on a fresh fracture, but grayish black on tarnishing, associated with arsenolite. calcite, and quartz.
10. ANTIMONY. Gediget Spitsglas (fr. Sahlberg) Swab., Ak. H. Stockh., 10, 100. 1748, Cronst., Min., 201, 1758. Spiesglas, Gediegeu Antimon Germ. Antimoine natif Fr* Antimonio nativo ItaL, Span.
Rhombohedral. Axis 6 1-32362; 0001 A 1011 56° 48' 12" Laspeyres1.
Tellurium-Arsenic Group— Antimony— Bismuth. 13
Forms2: e (0001, 0); r (1011, R), z (1014, -f- i); e (0112, - also on artif. crystals* a (1120, t-2;, s (0221, - 2), (2358, - £5).
C3 20° 55' ce 37° 28' 36° 1' ee' 63° 27'
cr 56° 48' cs 71° 53' rr'= *92° 53' 10" 110° 47|'.
Twins4 : tw plane e, in complex groups, fourlings and siblings, also polysyn- thetic. Generally massive, lamellar and distinctly cleavable; also radiated; some- times botryoidal or reniforrn with a granular texture.
Cleavage3: c highly perfect ; e distinct ; s sometimes distinct ; a indistinct. Fracture uneven; very brittle. H. 3-3'5. G. 6-65-6-72. Luster metallic. Color and streak tin-white.
Comp. — Antimony, containing sometimes silver, iron, or arsenic.
Pyr. — B.B. on charcoal fuses, gives a white coating in both O. F. and R. F. ; if the blowing be intermitted, the globule continues to glow, giving off white fumes, until it is finally crusted over with prismatic crystals of antimony trioxide. The white coating tinges the R. F. bluish green. Crystallizes readily from fusion.
Occurs in lamellar concretions in granular limestone near Sala in Sweden; at Andreasberg in the Harz ; in argentiferous veins in gneiss at Allemoat in Dauphine; at Pfibram in Bohemia; in Mexico; Huasco, Chili; Sarawak in Borneo; at Warren, N. J. ; in Kern Co., Cal., between Kernville and Havilah; in argillyte at South Ham, Canada; in considerable quantities at Prince William parish, York Co., N. Brunswick, sf. Kunz. Am. J. Sc., 30, 275, 1885.
Alt. — Oxidizes on exposure and forms valentinite (Sb-,O3).
Ref.— ' On artif. cryst., Zs. G. Ges., 27, 574, 1875; Rose obtained rr' 92° 25' and c 1-3068, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 73, 1849. ''Andreasberg, described by Romer, Jb. Min., 310, 1848, but shown by Rose to be complex twins, with tw. plane e. 3 Lasp. 1. c. 4 Lasp. 1. c., also Mgg., Jb. Min., 2, 40, 1884, 1, 183, 1886.
11. BISMUTH. Bisemutum, Plumbum cinereum, Agric., Foss., 439, Interpr. 467. Anti- monium femininum, Tectum Argenti, Alchem. Gediegen Wismuth Germ. Bismuth natif Fr. Bismuto nativo Ital,, Span.
Rhombohedral. Axis 6 1-3036; 0001 A 1011 56° 24£' Rose1.
Forms' : c (0001, 0) ; r (1011, R) ; e (0112, - i), g (0445, - f)2, s (0221, - 2). Angles: rr' *92° 20', ce 36° 58', eg 50° 18', cs 71° 37V, 62° 46', gg1 83° 33f, M' 110° 33'.
Twins: tw. plane e, sometimes produced by pressure3. Natural crystals rare and usually indistinct; artificial crystals in parallel groups of cube-like rhombohe- drons. Usually in reticulated and arborescent shapes; foliated and granular.
Cleavage: 6' perfect, s less so; e indistinct. Sectile. Brittle, but when heated somewhat malleable. H. 2-2-5. G. 9-70-9-83. Luster metallic. Streak and color silver- white, with a reddish hue; subject to tarnish. Opaque.
Comp., Var. — Pure bismuth, with occasional traces of arsenic, sulphur, tellurium.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal fuses and entirely volatilizes, giving a coating orange yellow while hot, and lemon-yellow on cooling. Fuses at 265° C. Dissolves in nitric acid; subsequent dilution causes a white precipitate. Crystallizes readily from fusion.
Obs. — Bismuth occurs in veins in gneiss and other crystalline rocks and clay slate, accom- panying various ores of silver, cobalt, lead and zinc. It is most abundant at the silver and cobalt mines of Saxony and Bohemia, as at Schneeberg, Alteuberg, Joachim sthal. Johanngeorgenstadt, etc., with various bismuth minerals at Meymac, Corr£ze, France. Also at Modnm and Gjelle- biik in Norway, at Falun, aud elsewhere in Sweden. At bchneeberg it forms arborescent delineations in brown jasper. At Wheal Sparnon, near Redruth, and elsewhere in Cornwall, and at Carrock Fells in Cumberland, it is associated with ores of cobalt; formerly from near Alva in Stirlingshire; in a large and rich vein at the Atlas mine, Devonshire; at San Antonio, near Copiapo, Chili ; Mt. Illampa (Sorata) and Tazna. in Bolivia. In Victoria; the New England district, at Glen In ness, Kingsgate and elsewhere, New South Wales.
At Lane's mine in Monroe, Conn., it is associated in small quantities with wolframite, scheelite, galena, sphalerite, etc., in quartz, also at Booth's mine, Monroe; occurs also at Brewer's mine. Chesterfield district. South Carolina; near Cummins City, Colorado; also in the placers of French Creek, Summit Co., and the Las Animus mine, Boulder Co. (Randall).
Ref.—1 Abh. Ak. Berlin, 90, 1849. Fletcher, Phil. Mag., 9, 185. 1880. 3 Mgg., Jb. Min.. 1, 183, 1886.
Native Elements.
12. ZINC. Zink Germ. Zinco Ital.
Rhombohedral. Axis h 1-35643; 0001 A 1011 *57° 26'6' Williams and Burton1.
Forms1 : c (0001. 0), q (4047, f ), s (2023, f), r (1011, B), t (3032, f ), (6061, 6); also doubt- ful (5052, f), (8083, x (4041, 4), y (13-0-I8'3, -Vs-); also the corresponding negative forms TI (0111, - 1), etc. Angles: c? 41° 50', cs 46° 14', ct 66° 57', cu 83° 55f, m 49° 51', rr' 93° 46'.
Obtained artificially in hexagonal prisms with tapering pyramids, strongly striated horizon- tally— these are either barrel-shaped or tabular; also in complex crystalline aggregates. Zinc also appears to crystallize in the isometric system, at least in various alloys*
Cleavage: c perfect; also rhombohedral (?). Rather brittle. Percussion-figure parallel to edges cr and cri. H. 2. G. 6 9-7 "3. Luster metallic. Color and streak white, slightly gray- ish. Zinc fuses at 420° C. and boils at about 1000° C.
Obs. — Native zinc has been reported from near Melbourne, Australia (see 5th Ed. p. 17); also from northeastern Alabama, Am. J. Sc., 11, 234, 1876; also with sphalerite in Shasta Co., Cal. Its existence in nature, however, needs confirmation.
Ref.— ] Am. Ch. J., 11, 219, 1889. Cf. also Rose, Pogg., 83, 129, 1851. s Noggerath, ibid., 39, 323, 1836. Cf. Rose, ib., 85, 293, 1852. 107, 448, 1859. J. P. Cooke, Am. J. Sc., 31, 194,
4. Gold Group.
13. GOLD. Sol Alchem. Gediegen Gold Germ. Gediget Guld Swed. Or natif Fr. Oro native Ital. , Span.
Isometric. Observed forms1 :
a (100,
/(810, *-3)5 A; (520, i-%?
m (311 , 3-3) n(211, 2-2)? t (421 , 4-2)
s(321, 3-|)J
x (18-10-1, 18-f)7
Fig. 1, California, Alger9. 3, Ural, Rose. 4, Ural, Helmhacker. 5, 6, California, E. S. D.'
Gold Group— Gold.
White Bull Oregon, E.
Mine, S. D.1
Twins: tw. pi. o, often flattened o; also repeated and in complex Forms d, o common, also in. Crystals often elongated in direction of an octahedral axis, giving rise to rhombohe- dral forms (as m in f. 7, 8), and with parallel grouping to arborescent shapes ; also in plates flattened o, and branch- ing at 60° parallel either to the edges or diagonals of an o face. Skeleton crystals common; edges often salient, or again much rounded (f. 1, 4). Crystals irregularly dis- torted and passing into filiform, reticulated, dendritic shapes, and occasionally spongiform. Also massive and in thin laminae; often in flattened grains or scales and rolled masses in sand or gravel.
Cleavage none. Fracture hackly. Very malleable and ductile. H. 2'5-3. G. 15-6-19-3, 19-33 when pure, Eose. Luster metallic. Color and streak gold-yellow, sometimes inclining to silver-white and rarely to orange- red. Opaque.
Comp., Var. — Gold, but usually alloyed with silver in varying amounts and sometimes containing also traces of copper or iron; rare varieties with palladium, rhodium and bismuth have been described.
Var.— 1. Ordinary. Containing up to 16 p. c. of silver. Color varying accordingly from deep gold-yellow to pale yellow, and specific gravity from 19-3 to 15'5. The ratio of gold to silver of 3 : 1 corresponds to 15"! p. c. silver.
The purest gold which has been described is that from Mount Morgan, in Queensland, which has yielded 99'7 to 99'8 of gold, the remainder being copper with a little iron; silver is present only as a minute trace (Leibius, R. Soc. N. S. W., 18, 37. 1884). Gold from Maryborough, Victoria, assayed 99'3 p. c. The purest Uralian specimen analyzed by Rose gave: Au 98'96, Ag OM6. Cu 0 35. Fe 0'05 99'53, with G. 19' 10.
2. Argentiferous; Electrum. AevxoS XPV(TO$ Herod. ; "HkeKrpov Homer, Strabo; Electrum Plin,., 33, 23. Oroche Span. Color pale yellow to yellowish- white; G. 15'5-12'5. Ratio for the gold and silver of 1 : 1 corresponds to 36 p. c. of silver; H : 1, to 26 p. c. ; 2 : 1, to 21 p. c. ; 2i : 1. to 18 p. c. Pliny says that when the proportion of silver in the gold is one-fifth 20 p. c.) it is called electrum. The word in Greek means also amber; and its use for this alloy probably arose from the pale yellow color it has as compared with gold.
Electrum from Verespatak has afforded 38'7 p. c. Ag, from the Altai 38'4 p. c., from New Granada 17 6 to 35'1 p. c., from Peru 20 p. c. See 5th Ed. pp. 4, 5. The Bodie electrum has G 15 15, and contains Au 63'34, Ag 36'41 99'75. (Hanks, 4th Cal. Min. Rep., 191, 1884.) A specimen from Montgomery Co., Va., gave Porcher : Au 65'31, Ag [34-01], Cu 014, Fe 0'20, quartz>34 100; G. 15'46, Ch. News, 44, 189, 1881.
3. Palladium-Gold. Porpezite Frobel. A variety from "Porpez," Brazil, containing 10 p. c. of palladium, besides some silver, color pale ; also from Jacutinga and Condonga with 5 to 6 p. c. Pd. Poipez, however, is probably a corruption of Pompeo, an old mining settlement near Sahara, in which_ vicinity palladium-gold.occurs rather abundantly (Derby, priv. contr.). A speci- men from Taguaril, Minas Geraes, srave Seamon: Au 91'06, Pd 8'21, Ch". News, 46, 21fi. lss-2
4. Rhodium-Gold. Rhodite, Adam, Tabl. Min., 83, 1869. Contains, according to del Rio (Ann Ch Phys., 29, 137, 1825), 34-43 p. c. of rhodium; G. 15'5-16'8. Brittle. Requires reexamination
5. Bismuth-Gold. Black gold Austr. miners. Maldonite Ulrich, Contrib. Min. Victoria, 1870. Corresponds to Au2Bi Gold 6-r5, bismuth 34'5 100. Newbery (I.e.) found Au 64'5, Bi 35-5; and Mclvor Au 65'12, Bi 34'88 100, Ch. News. 55, 191, 1887. Color pinkish silver- white, tarnishing on exposure. Luster metallic. Occurs in quartz from Nuggety Reef, Maldon, Victoria. Shepard's doubtful bismulhaurite, or bismuthic gold, may be similar.
California gold is mostly from 87 to 89 per cent fine, the average being 88 (U. S. Mint); many analyses, however, run up to 95 p. c. or higher, while others are classed with electrum. The gold from Chaudiere, Canada, contains 10 to 15 p. c. silver, that of Nova Scotia is nearly pure. For the Australian gold (Miller, Liversidge), that from Victoria contains about 96 p. c. gold, 3-5 silver, and 0'5 of other metals. North of this in New South Wales the average fine- ness is 93 -5 gold, 6 p. c. silver, the assays ranging mostly from 90 to 96. In Queensland the average is 87-:i5 p. c. gold and 12 p. c. silver, and for Maryborough 85 p. c. gold and 14 p. c. silver. Farther north the gold becomes richer again, that from the Palmer river washings con- taining but little silver; that of Mt. Morgan (as noted above) is nearly pure. The New Zealand gold of the Otago, or southern fields, is said to contain less than 6 p. c. silver with a little copper, that of Nelson 10 to 14 p. c. silver, and that of the Thames or northern fields over 30 p. c. silver <S. H. Cox, Trans. N. Z. Inst. 14, 446, 1881).
10 Native Elements.
Rose (1. c., p. 191) gives the following determinations of specific gravity and silver percent- age from Uralian specimens.
G. Ag G. Ag G. Ag
19-10 0-16 17-59 902 16'87 13-19
18-44 5-23 17-48 1065 17'06 1615
17-955 8-35 17'40 12'07 14'56 L8 38
For analyses, see 5th Ed. pp. 4, 5. and authorities there mentioned, especially Rose, Pogg., 23, 161, 1831; Aydeyev, ib., 53, 153, 1841, for the Ural. Forbes, Phil. Mag., 29, 129.. 30, 142, 1865; and Boussingault Ann. Ch. Phys., 34, 408, 1827, for So. America; also, Domeyko, Min. Chili. E. W. Ward (in Clarke's Researches in Southern Gold Fields, Sydney, I860, p. 276) for Australia, also Liversidge, Min. N. S. W., 1888, pp. 14-17. Levol, Ann. Ch. Phys., 27, 310, 1849, for Africa. O. C. Marsh, Am. J. Sc., 32, 395, 1831, Nova Scotia.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily. Not acted on by fluxes. Insoluble in any single acid; soluble in nitro-hydrochloric acid (aqua-regia), the separation is not complete if more than 20 p. e. Ag is present (Rose).
Observations. — Native gold is found, when in situ, with comparatively small exceptions, in the quartz veins that intersect metamorphic rocks, and to some extent in the wall rock of these veins. The metamorphic rocks thus intersected are mostly chloride, talcose, and argillaceous schist of dull green, dark gray, aud other colors; also, much less commonly, mica and horn- bleudic schist, gneiss, diorite, porphyry; and still more rarely, granite. A laminated quartzyte, called itacolumyte, is common in many gold regions, as those of Brazil and North Carolina, and sometimes specular schists, or slaty rocks containing much foliated specular iron (hematite), or magnetite in grains. A quartzose conglomerate is sometimes richly auriferous as in Transvaal. Less frequently calcite is the vein material, as at Minersville, Trinity Co., Cal, (Diller), and at many points in New South Wales (Liversidge). Gold has also been noted in scales embedded in serpentine.
The gold occurs in the quartz in strings, scales, plates, and in masses which are sometimes an agglomeration of crystals; and tlie scales are often invisible to the naked eye, massive quartz that apparently contains no gold frequently yielding a considerable percentage to the assayer. It is always very irregularly distributed, :md never in continuous pure bands of metal, like many metallic ores. It occurs both disseminated throtiirh ilie mass of the quartz, aud in its cavities, the larger masses and the finer crystallizations mainly in the hitter.
The associated minerals are: pyrile, which far exceeds in quantity all others, and is gener- ally auriferous; next, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, each frequently auriferous; often tetradymite and other tellurium uies, native bismuth, native arsenic, stibnite, cinnabar, magnetite, hematite; sometimes barite, scheeliie, apatite, fluorite siderite, chrysocolla. The quartz at the surface, or in the upper part of a vein, is usually cellular and rusted from the more or less complete disappearance of the pyrite and other sulphides by decomposition; but below, it is commonly solid.
The gold of the world has been mostly gathered, not directly from the quartz veins (the quartz reefs" of Australia), but from the gravel or sands of rivers or valleys in auriferous regions, or the slopes of mountains or hills, whose rocks contain in some part, and generally not far distant, auriferous veins; and such mines are often called alluvial washings; in California placer-diggings. Pliny speaks of the " bringing of rivers from the mountains, in many instances for a hundred miles, for the purpose of washing the debris." and this method of hydraulic mining has been carried on in California on a stupendous scale. (See Silliman, in Am. J. Sc., 40, 10, 1865.) The auriferous gravel beds in California were of vast extent; those of the Yuba, an affluent of Feather River, varying from 80 to 250 feet in depth, and averaging probably 120 feet. Most of the gold of the Urals, Brazil, Austral i;;, and all other gold regions, has come from such alluvial washings. At the present time, however the alluvial washings are much less depended upon, in many regions all the gold being obtained direct from the quartz.
The alluvial gold is usually in flattened scales of different degrees of fineness, the size depending partly on the original condition in the quartz veins, and partly on the distance to which it has been transported. Transportation by running water is an assorting process; the coarser particles or largest pieces requiring rapid currents to transport them, and dropping first, and the finer (float gold) being carried far away — sometimes scores of miles. A cavity in the rocky slopes or bottom of a valley, or a place where the waters may have eddied, generally proves in such a region to be a pocket full of gold. The rolled masses when of some size are called nuggets (pepitas.Span. S.A.): in rare cases these occur very large and of great value. The Australian gold region has yielded many large nuggets; one of these found in 185.S weighed 184 pounds, and another (1869) weighed 190 pounds. In the auriferous sands, crystals of zircon are very common; also garnet and cyanite in grains; often also monazite, diamonds, topaz, corun- dum, iridosmine, platinum. The zircons are sometimes mistaken for diamonds.
Besides the free gold of the quartz veins and gravels, much gold is also obtained from aurif- erous sulphides or the oxides produced by their alteration, especially pyrite, also arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, marcasite, etc. At Steamboat Springs, Nevada, gold is being deposited at the present time and probably from solution in alkaline sulphides, together with sulphides of arsenic, antimony, and mercury, and other compounds, chiefly sulphides. (Cf. Becker, U. 8. Geol. Surv.. Mon. 13, 1888.)
Gold Group— Gold. It
Gold is widely distributed over the globe, and occurs in rocks of various ages, from the Archean to the Cretaceous or Tertiary. The schists that contain the auriferous veins were once sedimentary beds of clay, sand, or mud, derived from the wear of preexisting rocks. Through some process, in which heat was concerned, the latter were metamorphosed into the hard crys- talline schists, and at the same time upturned and broken, and often opened between the layers: and then all the fissures (cutting across the layers) and the openings (made between the layers, and therefore conforming with the lamination) became tilled with the quartz-veins containing
fold. The quartz was brought into the intersecting fissures, and the interlaminated open spaces, rom the rocks either side by means of the permeating heated waters (such heated waters, at a temperature much above that of boiling water, having great decomposing and solvent power t and carrying into cavities whatever they can gather up from the rocks). Thus, the gold of the .Veins was derived from the rocks adjoining the openings, either directly adjoining, or above, or below it; and it must therefore have been widely distributed through these rocks before they were crystallized and the veins were made, although in an infinitesimal quantity in a cubic foot. As schists with auriferous quartz veins were made in Archean time, so were they also in Paleozoic, especially at the great mountain-making epoch which closed the Paleozoic era; also later, in the Jurassic period, as in the Sierra Nevada; and still later in the Cretaceous and Ter- tiary periods, as in the Coast Ranges of California. But whatever the age of the schists and veins, the original source of all the Paleozoic and later gold deposits must be the original rocks of the globe, as they are the great source of the material of the shales and sandstones of subsequent ages, excepting such as may have been derived from aqueous solution or chemical deposition. Auriferous quartz veins are in no case igneous veins — that is, veins filled by injection of melted matter from below.
Gold exists more or less abundantly over all the continents in most of the regions of crystal- line rocks, especially those of the semi-crystalline schists; and also in some of the large islands of the world where such rocks exist. In Europe, it occurs with silver ores in Hungary at Konigsberg, Schemnitz, Kapnik, and Felsobanya, and in Transylvania at Verespatak, often finely crystallized, and Nagyag chiefly with tellurium minerals; it occurs also in the sands of the Rhine, the Reuss, the Aar. the Rhone, and the Danube; on the southern slope of the Pennine Alps from the Simplon and Monte Rosa to the valley of Aosta; in Piedmont; in Spain, formerly worked in Asturias; in many of the streams of , Cornwall; near Dolgelly and other parts of North Wales; in Scotland, in considerable amount, near Leadhills, and in Glen Coich and other parts of Perthshire; in the county of Wicklow, Ireland; in Sweden, at Edelfors; in Norway, at Kongsberg.
In Asia, gold occurs along the eastern flanks of the Urals for 500 miles, and is especially abundant at the Berezov mines near Ekaterinburg (lat. 56° 40' N.); also obtained at Petropav- lovski (60' N.); Nizhni Tagilsk (59° N.); Miask, near Zlatoust and Mt. Ilmen (55° N., where the largest Russian nugget was found), etc. Ekaterinburg is the capital of the mining district. The Urals were within the territory of the ancient Scythians; and the vessels of gold reputed, according to Herodotus, to have fallen from the skies, were probably made from Uralian nuggets. But the mines were not opened until 1819; soon after this they became the most productive in the world, and remained so until the discoveries in California. Siberian mines less extensive occur in the lesser Altai, in the Kolyvau mining region, about 1500 miles east of Ekaterinburg, near long. 100° E., between the Obi and Irtish, and 1500 miles west of the other great Siberian mining region, that of Nerchinsk, which is between 135° and 140° E., east of L. Baikal, includ- ing the Kara mines; among the localities are Zmeinogorsk and Ziryanovski, noted for affording the electrum Asiatic mines occur also in the Cailas Mountains, in Little Thibet, Ceylon, and: Malacca, China especially in the Amur district, Corea, Japan, Formosa, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, and other East India Islands ; at numerous points in British India, especially Mysore.
In Africa, gold occurs at Kordofan, between Darfur and Abyssinia; also, south of the Sahara in western Africa, from the Senegal to Cape Palmas; in the interior, on the Somat, a day's journey from Cassen. Also in Transvaal in southern Africa, at Lydenburg, both quartz veins and alluvial washings, and at Eersteling; recently the Kaap gold fields in southeastern Transvaal have become very productive: the chief town of the region is Barberton. The quartz reefs of Witwatersrand in the immediate vicinity of Johannesburg, farther west, have also some very rich mines; here the gold occurs largely in a quartzose conglomerate.
In South America, gold is found in Brazil (where formerly the 'larger part of the annual produce of the world was obtained) along the chain of mountains nearly parallel with the coast, especially near Villa Rica, and in the province of Minas Geraes; in the U. S. of Colombia, at Antioquia, Choco. and Giron; Chili; in Bolivia, especially in the valley of the Rio de Tipuani, east of Sorata; sparingly in Peru. Also in Central America, in Honduras, San Salvador, Guate- mala, Costa Rica, and near Panama; most abundant in Honduras, especially along? the rivers Guyape and Jalan, in Olancho, while found also in the department of Yoro, and in southern Honduras.
In Australia, the principal gold mines occur along the streams in the mountains of N. &. Wales (S. E. Australia), and along the continuation of the same range in Victoria. It was dis- covered in N. S. Wales, near Bathurst, in the;spring of 1851; and in August of the same year, the far richer deposits of Victoria became known: up to the present time these have yielded double the amount from the remainder of Australia with New Zealand and Tasmania included. Also obtained largely in Queensland, N. Australia, particularly at Mt. Morgan, Rockhampton
18 Native Elements.
district. Also occurs in Tasmania. In New Zealand there are three distinct gold fields, as already noted. Found also in New Caledonia.
In North America, there are numberless mines along the mountains of western America, and others along the eastern range of the Appalachians from Alabama and Georgia to Labrador, besides some in portions of the intermediate Arc-beau region about Lake Superior. They occur at many points along the higher regions of the Rocky Mountains, in Mexico, in New Mexico, near Santa Fe, Cerillos, Avo, etc. ; in Arizona, in the San Francisco, Wauba, Yuma, and other districts; in Colorado, abundant, the gold largely in auriferous pyrites, also in connection with tellurium minerals; also in Montana, the Black Hills of Dakota, Idaho especially the Cceur d'Aleue district, also Utah. Along ranges between the summit and the Sierra Nevada, in the Humboldt region and elsewhere. Also in the Sierra Nevada, mostly on its western slope (the mines of the eastern being principally silver mines). The auriferous belt may be said to begin in the Californian peninsula. Near the Tejon pass it enters California, and beyond for 180 miles it is sparingly auriferous, the slate rocks being of small breadth; but beyond this, northward, the slates increase in extent, and the mines in number and productiveness, and they continue thus for 200 miles or more. Gold occurs also in the Coast ranges in many localities, but mostly in too small quantities to be profitably worked. The regions to the north in Oregon and in Wash- ington and Alaska, with British Columbia, are at many points auriferous, and productively so, though to a less extent than California. The Cariboo region on the Fraser river, and the Cassiar district on the Stickeen have yielded considerable amounts. The Alaska quartz mines have been worked to some advantage, as also the gravels of the Yukon river.
The mines of California were first made known in 1849. They were for some years solely alluvial washings, but in 1852 quartz mining became prominent, and of late years placer mining has largely ceased. The quartz veins are often of great size. Some in the " Mariposa estate" average 12 feet, and in places expand to 40 feet in breadth. North of Mariposa county, the auriferous gravel, which has every where been a principal source of the gold thus far obtained, is very extensive. The thick deposits, often semi-Indurated, have been washed down by vast streams of water thrown by the pressure 'of a column of water of 150 feet, that do the work of running off the earth and gravel, and gathering the gold in an incredibly short time. Much of the auriferous gravel formation is unuer a covering 01 volcanic rock, either tufa or lavas, which has to be underworked, in one way or another, to get out the gold, making what is called table- mountain mining; the flat tops of hard volcanic material giving a table-like look to the heights. See J. D. Whitney's Geol. California (review in Am. J. Sc., 41, 231, 351, 1866). and, by the same author, The Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California, Cambridge, 1880 (Mem. Mus. Comp. Zo5l., 6, No. 1). Also Precious Metal Deposits of the Western United States, by S. F. Emmons and G. F. Becker, 1885; and Min. Res. U. S., 1882-1888.
In eastern North America, the mines of the Southern United States produced before the California discoveries about a million of dollars a year. They are mostly confined to the States of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia, or along a line from the Rappahaunock to the Coosa in Alabama. But the region may be said to extend north to Canada; for gold has been found at Albion and Madrid in Maine; Canaan and Lisbon, N. H.; Bridgewater, Vermont; Dedham, Mass. Traces occur also in Franconia to.wnship, Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. In Virginia, the principal deposits are in Spottsylvania county, on the Rappahannock.at the United States mines, and at other places to the southwest; in Stafford county, at the Rappahanuock gold mines, ten miles from Falmouth; in Culpepper county, at the Culpepper mines, on Rapidan river; in Orange county, at the Orange Grove gold mine, and at the Greenwood gold mines; in Goochland county, at Moss and Busby's mines; in Louisa county, at Walton's gold mine; in Buckingham county, at Eldridge's mine. In North Carolina, the gold region is mostly confined to the counties of Montgomery, Cabarrus, Mecklenburg, and Lincoln. The mines of Mecklen- burg are principally vein deposits; those of Burke, Lincoln. McDowell, and Rutherford, are mostly in alluvial soil; the Davidson county silver mine has afforded gold. In Georgia, the Sheltou gold mines in Habersham county have long been famous; and many other places have Tween opened in Rabun and Hall counties, Lumpkin county, at Dahlouega, etc. : and the Cherokee country. In South Carolina, the principal gold regions are the Fairforest in Union district, and the Lyuch's creek and Catawba regions, chiefly in Lancaster and Chesterfield districts; also in Pickens county, adjoining Georgia. There is gold also in eastern Tennessee.
In Canada, gold occurs to the south of the St. Lawrence, in the soil on the Chaudiere (where first found in 1835), aud over a considerable region beyond, having been derived probably from the crystalline schists of the Notre Dame range (T. S Hunt). In Nova Scotia, mines are worked near Halifax and elsewhere. Arsenopyrite is worked for gold at Deloro near Hastings, Ontario. Gold also occurs in the Port Arthur region, north of Lake Superior, and in the river-gravels of the Pacific slope, as before noted.
The world's yield of gold has very much increased in amount since the discovery of the mines of California. The mines of South America and Mexico were estimated by Humboldt, in the early part of the century, to yield annually $11,500,000, which considerably exceeds the present proceeds. It is estimated that, between 1790 and 1830, Mexico produced $31,250,000 in gold, Chili $13.450,000, and Buenos Ayres $19, 500,000, making an average annual yield of $16.050.000. The Russian mines in 1846 produced about $16,500,000; and in 1851, $15,000,000, while for 1887 the amount is $20.000,000. The yield of California in 1849, the first year after the dis- covery of the gold, was $5,000,000. It rapidly increased from that year until 1853, when it WHS nearly $60,000,000. Since then it has diminished, aud in 1866 the amount was but $27,000,000:
Gold Group— Silver.
and from 1881 to 1888 it has varied from $18,200,000 to $12,750,000. Montana, Colorado, Nevada, Dakota, Idaho, etc., raise the total from the United States for the year 1888 to over $88,000,000, with $59,206,700 for silver in addition. The silver production in the U. S. for 1890 was $70,485,714 (Leech). Australia produced' $60,000,000 for a numbers of years ; but for 1863, 1864, 1865, the average was not above $30,000,000, and from 1884 to 1887 the yield (including New Zealand and Tasmania) has varied from $28,284,000 to $26,425,000.
The following tables are taken from the report for 1891 of the Director of the U. S. Mint, Edward O. Leech; figures for recent years above from the reports of James P. Kimball
World'S Production Of Gold For 1890.
United States $32,845,000
Australasia 30,416,500
Russia 21,161,700
Africa 9,887,000
China 5,330,000
Colombia 3,695,000
British India 2,000,000
Dominion of Canada 1,495,000
Chili 1,436,600
Austria-Hungary $1,398,500
Germany 1,230,000
Venezuela 1,158,000
Mexico 767,000
Brazil 445,300
Japan 254,000
Italy
Peru. .
98,000 69,000 Other Countries* 2,322,300
Total. $116,008,900
United States Production Of Gold For 1890.
Alaska $762,500
680,000
204,000
, 118,500
100,000
90,000 40,000
Utah Washington. . N. Carolina. .
Georgia
S. Carolina. . . Michigan Other Statesf.
California $12,500,000
Colorado 4,150,000
Montana 3,300.000
Dakota, South 3,200,000
Nevada 2,800,000
Idaho 1,850,000
Oregon 1,100.000
Arizona 1,000,000
New Mexico 850,000
Total $32, 845,000
Ref.— l See Helmhacker for early authorities and description of crystals from Sysertsk, Min. Mitth., 1, 1877. Note also Rose, Pogg., 23, 196, 1831, Reis. Ural, 1, 198 et al., 1837, and Rath, Zs. Kr., 1, 1, 1877. Dx. mentions also z (543).
8 Lang, artif. cryst., Phil. Mag., 25, 435, 1863. 3 Erem. Orenburg gold sands, Vh. Min. Ges., 5. 402, 1870. see also Zs. Kr., 15, 526, 1889. 4 Lewis, Phil. Mag., 3, 456, 1877. 6 Fletcher, Berezov, ib., 9, 185, 1880. 6 Werner, Jb. Min., 1, 1, 1881. ' E. S. D., California, Am. J. Sc., 32, 132, 1886; Rose suggested the symbol 19'11'1 for this form; Naumann wrote it 15'9-1, Pogg., 24, 385, 1832. 8 See Rath and Werner; Helmhacker following Avdeyev assumes inclined hemihedrism to explain twins. 9 Am. J. Sc., 10, 102, 1850.
GOLD AMALGAM. — A variety of gold containing 57'4 p. c. mercury has been reported by Schneider as occurring in small grains with the platinum of Colombia, J. pr. Ch., 43, 317, 1848. An amalgam from California, Mariposa region, gave Sonnenschein 61 p. c. of mercury with G. 15-47, Zs. G. Ges., 6, 243, 1854.
14. SILVER. Luna AlcTiem. Gediegen Silber Germ. Gediget Silfver natif fr. Argento native Ital. Plata nativa Span.
Isometric. Observed forms1 :
h (410 , t-4) / (310 , t-8)5
a (100, i-i)
o (111 ' 1) Twins : tw. plane o.
e(210, t-2) 5(740, i-D*
X (552 , f 0 (331 , 3) m (311 , 3-3)
n (211 , y (751,
. Argent
2-2)4- 7-i)2-'
Often in groups, branching at 60°, parallel to the diag-
onals of an octahedral face7'. Crystals commonly distorted, elongated to acicular forms, often in reticulated or arborescent shapes; coarse to fine filiform. Also massive, in plates or superficial coatings, in flattened scales.
Cleavage none. Ductile and malleable. Fracture hackly. H. 2-5-3. G. 10*1— 11 '1, pure 10'5. Luster metallic. Color and streak silver-white, often gray to black by tarnish.
British Guiana $1,125,000, Dutch Guiana 541,000, France 266,000, Central Am'n States 150,000, Argentine R. 82,000, Bolivia 59,800, Sweden 58,500. Gt. Britain 33,000, Turkey 7,000. f Alabama, Maryland, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, Wyoming.
20 Native Elements.
Oomp., Yar. — Silver, with some gold, copper, and sometimes platinum, anti- mony, bismuth, mercury (Kougsberg, 0'4 p. c. Forbes).
Var. 1. Ordinary, (a) crystallized; (6) filiform, arborescent; (c) massive.
2. Auriferous; Kustelite. Giildisch-Silber Hausm., Handb. 104, 1813. Kilstelit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25, 169, 1866. Contains 10 to 30 p. c. of gold; color white to pale brass-yellow. There is a gradual passage to argentiferous gold (see GOLD).
The name Kustelite was given to an ore from Nevada, having the following characters H. 2~2'5; G. H'32-13'10; color silver-white, somewhat darker than native silver on a fresh surface; Richter found in it silver, lead, and gold, the first much predominating. From the Ophir mine, Nevada, in bean-shaped grains. Named after Guido Kustel.
3. Cupriferous. Contains sometimes 10 p. c. of copper.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal fuses easily to a silver-white globule, which in O.F. gives a faint dark red coating of silver oxide; crystallizes on cooling; fusibility about 1050° C. Soluble in nitric acid, and deposited again by a plate of copper. Precipitated from its solutions by hydrochloric acid in white curdy forms of silver chloride.
Obs. — Native silver occurs in masses, or in arborescent and filiform shapes, in veins trav- ersing gneiss, schist, porphyry, and other rocks. Also occurs disseminated, but usually invisibly, in native copper, galena, chalcocite, etc.; rarely in volcanic ashes (Mallet).
The mines of Kongsberg, in Norway, have afforded magnificent specimens of native silver, sometimes in very large masses. One in the collection at Copenhagen weighs upward of 5 cwt. The principal Saxon localities are at Freiberg, Schueeberg, and Johanngeorgenstadt; the Bohemian, at Pfibram and Joachimsthal. It also occurs in small quantities with other ores, at Andreasberg in the Harz; in Suabia; Hungary; at Allemont in Dauphine; in the Ural near Berezov; in the Altai, at Zmeov; and in some of the Cornish mines.
Mexico and Peru have been the most productive countries in silver. In Mexico, it has been obtained mostly from its ores, while in Peru it occurs principally native. A Mexican specimen from Batopilas weighed when obtained 400 pounds; and one from southern Peru (mines of Huantaya) weighed over 8 cwt. During the first eighteen years of the present century, more than 8,180,000 marks of silver were afforded by the mines of Guanajuato alone. In Durango, Sinaloa. and Sonora, in northern Mexico, are noted mines affording native silver.
In the United States it is disseminated through much of the copper of Michigan, occasionally in spots of some size, and sometimes in cubes, skeleton octahedrons, etc., at various mines; at Silver Islet and at Port Arthur on the north side of L. Superior. It has been observed at a mine a mile south of Sing Sing prison, which was formerly worked for silver; at the Bridge- water copper mines, New Jersey; at King's mine, Davidson Co., N. C.; rarely in filaments with barite at Cheshire, Ct. In Idaho, at the "Poor Man's lode," large masses of native silver have been obtained. In Nevada, in the Comstock lode, it is rare, and mostly in filaments; at the Ophir mine rare, and disseminated or filamentous; in California, sparingly, in Silver Moun- tain district, Alpine Co.; in the Maris vein, in Los Angeles Co.
In Colorado, at many localities, common at the Caribou mine, Boulder Co.; Georgetown, Clear Creek Co., with argentiferous ores; rather rare at the Leadville mines, less so in the Ruby district, Gunuison Co. In Montana, near Butte, Silver Bow Co., with manganese ores, also with pyrite and chalcopyrite. In Idaho, at the Jessie Benton mine, Atlanta. In Arizona, common at the Silver King mine, and with argentiferous ores elsewhere.
Alt. — Pseudomorphs, consisting of cerargyrite, red silver ore, argentite and stephanite.
Ref.— ' See Sbk., Min. Mitth., 1, 293, 1878; also Rose, Pogg., 23, 196, 1831. 2 Dbr., artif. cryst., Lieb. Ann., 78, 68, 1851. 3 Sbk. , Kongsberg, I.e. 4 Groth, Min.-Samml. Strassburg, 13, 1878. 'Fletcher, Chili, Phil. Mag., 9, 184, 1880. Rath, artif. cryst., Zs. Kr., 12,545, 1887. 7 On the various methods of grouping, see Sbk., 1. c. ; Rath, Zs. Kr., 3, 12, 1878; Rose, 1. c.
15. COPPER. Aes Cyprium Pliny. Venus Alchem. Gediegen Kupfer Germ. Gedlget Koppar *wed. Cuivre natif Fr. Rame nativo Ital. Cob re nativo Span.
Isometric. Observed forms1 :
a (100, i-i) /(310, £-3) 5(740, *-£)4 m (311 , 3-3)2 x (12'3'2, 6-4)1?
d(110, k (520 , £f)* Z(530, *-f)4 n (211 , 2-2)' z (11 -6-1, 11-VO1
o(lll, 1) <?(730, z-f)4 a? (511, 5-5)4 <(421, 4-2) y(18'10-5, V-f)3
A (410, *-4)4 c(210, t-2) //(411.4-4)4 v (531 , 5-f )4
Twins: tw. pi. o, very common (f. 7); often flattened in direction of twinning axis, also elongated f diagonal of twinning plane to acute spear-shaped forms (figs. 9, 10, 11), sometimes to thin plates. Forms with rhombohedral symmetry about the octahedral axis common especially with twins (f. 8). Often in complex groups branching at 60° in the direction of (1) the edges, and (2) the diagonals of the octahedral face, which is usually the twinning plane, the lower side then in twin- ning position to the upper, cf. figs. 12, 13, the former ideal; also grouped after more complex methods; sometimes in fiveliugs6. In parallel groupings of simple forme extended in the direction of the cubic axes (f. 14).
Gold Group— Copper.
The tetrahexahedrons e, h, k, I, the most common forms both in twins and simple crystals. Crystals often with cavernous faces ; also with elevations, especially octahedral plates hexagonal (e) or scalenohedral (h, etc.) in form. Crystals often irregularly distorted and passing into twisted bands of indistinct form and thus into wire-like forms. Often filiform and arborescent. Massive ; as sand.
1. 2. 3.
Copper crystals from Lake Superior1.
Cleavage none. Fracture hackly. Highly ductile and malleable. H. 2-5-3. G. 8-8-8-9, 8-838 Whitney. Luster metallic. Color copper-red. Streak metallic shining. Opaque. An excellent conductor for heat and electricity.
22 Native Elements.
Coin p. — Pure copper; often containing some silver, bismuth, mercury, etc.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses readily; on cooliiig becomes covered with a coating of black oxide. Dissolves readily in nitric acid, giving off red nitrous fumes, and produces a deep azure-blue solution with ammonia. Fusibility 780° C.
Obs. — Copper occurs in beds and veins accompanying its various ores, especially cuprite, malachite and azurite; also with sulphides, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, etc. It is often abundant in the vicinity of dikes of igneous rocks; also in clay slate and sandstone.
In Siberia, and on Nalsoe, one of the Faroer, it is associated with mesotype, in amygdaloid, and though mostly disseminated in minute particles, sometimes branches through the rock with extreme beauty. At Turiusk, in the Ural, in fine crystals; also at Nizhni Tagilsk, the Bogoslovsk mines, and elsewhere. In Germany, at the Fried richssegeu mine, near Oberlahnstein, Nassau; at Rheinbreitbach on the Rhine. Common in Cornwall at many of the mines near Redruth; and also in considerable quantities at the Consolidated mines, Wheal Buller, and others; one mass from Mullion weighed three tons. In serpentine in the Lizard district. Brazil, Chili, Bolivia, and Peru afford native copper; a mass now in the museum at Lisbon, supposed to be from a valley near Bahia, weighs 2616 pounds; north of Tres Puntos, desert of Atacama, a large vein was discovered in 1859. In Bolivia, at Corocoro, in sandstone, and called in commerce "Barilla de Cobre" (copper barilla). Also found at some localities in China and Japan. In South Aus- tralia it occurs abundantly at Wallaroo on Yorke Peninsula and other mines near Adelaide; at Bathurst and elsewhere in New South Wales.
Occurs native throughout the red sandstone (Jura-Trias) region of the eastern United States, in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and more abundantly in New Jersey, where it has been met with sometimes in fine crystalline masses, especially at New Brunswick, Somerville, Schuyler's mines, and Flemingtou. Near N. Brunswick a vein or sheet of copper, a line or so thick, has been traced for several rods. Near New Haven, Conn., a mass was found in the drift weighing nearly 200 pounds; another of 90 pounds and several smaller isolated masses have also been dug up at different times.
The Lake Superior copper region, near Keweenaw Point, in northern Michigan, is the most important locality in the world. The copper is obtained practically all in the native state, and is obtained over an area 200 miles in length. The yield of native copper in 1887 from this region was about 37,000 tons, the Calumet and Hecla mine yielding much more than half. Masses of great size were observed in this district near the Ontanagou river, by Mr. rtchoolcraft, in 1821. (Am. J. Sc., 3, 201, 1821.) The largest single mass yet found was discovered in Feb- ruary, 1857, in the Minnesota mine, in the belt of conglomerate which forms the foot-wall of the vein. It was 45 feet in length, 22 feet at the greatest width, and the thickest, part was more than 8 feet. It contained over 90 p. c. copper, and weighed about 420 tons. This copper con- tains silver, sometimes in visible grains, lumps, or strings, and occasionally a mass of copper, when polished, appears sprinkled with large silver spots, resembling, as Dr. Jackson observes, a porphyry with its feldspar crystals. The copper occurs in both amygdaloidal doleryte and sand- stone, near the junction of these two rocks. It is associated with prehnite, datolite, analcite, laumontite, pectolite, epidote, chlorite, wollastonite, and sometimes coats amygdules of calcite, etc., in amygdaloid. Strings of copper often reticulate through crystals of analcite and prehnite. Pseudomorphs after scaleuohedrons of calcite are sometimes met with. Besides this occurrence in the vicinity of trap, it is also in some parts of the Keweeuaw region distributed widely in grains through the sandstone, especially in a conglomerate of quartz and jasper pebbles.
Native copper occurs sparingly in California; at the Union and Keystone, Napoleon and Lancha Plana mines in Calaveras Co.; in the Cosumnes mine, Arnador Co.; in serpentine, in Sta. Barbara Co. Also in Arizona, common at the Copper Queen mine, Cochise Co. In Grant Co., N. Mexico, at the Santa Rita and other mines.
Alt. — Native copper is readily altered on exposure to cuprite, malachite, sometimes to azurite. Pseudomorphs of native copper after azurite occur in Grant Co., New Mexico (Yeates, Am. J. Sc., 38, 405, 1889); also replacement pseudomorphs after aragonite at Corocoro, Bolivia, see Forbes, Q. J. G. Soc., 17, 45, 1861; Domeyko, 6th App. Min. Chili, 6, 1878.
Ref.— ! See E. S. D., Am. J. Sc., 32, 413, 1886, or Zs. Kr.. 12, 569, 1887, for description of Lake Superior crystals, twinning, methods of grouping, etc. ; also for authorities, literature, etc. Important papers are the following: 3 Rose, Reis. Ural, 1, 313, 401; 2,453, 1837. who first described the complex groups; also 3 Rath, Zs. Kr., 2, 169, 1878; 4 Fletcher, Phil. Mag., 9 180, 1880; *Lsx., Ber. nied. Ges., 39, 95, 1882.
16. MERCURY. XtroS apyvpos TheopJir. ' TdpclpyvpoS tfatf eavrrfv [native] Dioscor., E, ex. Argentum vivum, Hydrargyros, Plin. 33, 32, 20, 41. Quicksilver. Mercurius Alchem. Gediegen Quecksilber Germ. Qvicksilf ver Swed. Mercure natif Fr. Mercuric Ital., Span.
Liquid. Occurs in small fluid globules scattered through its gangue. G. 13'596 Regnault. Luster metallic, very brilliant. Color tin-white Opaque.
Comp. — Pure mercury (Hg); with sometimes a little silver.
Gold Group— Amalgam. 23
Pyr., etc. — B.B. entirely volatile, vaporizing at 350° C. Becomes solid at — 40° C., crystal- lizing in regular octahedrons with cubic cleavage; G. 14 4. Dissolves readily in nitric acid.
Obs.— Mercury in the metallic state is a rare mineral; the quicksilver of commerce is obtained mostly from cinnabar. The rocks affording the metal and its ores are chiefly clay shales or schists of different geological ages. Also found in connection with hot springs in New Zealand, Iceland (?), and in California and Nevada.
AtCividale, in Venetian Lombardy, it is found in a marl regarded as a part of the Eocene nummulitic beds. Mercury has been observed occasionally in drift; and near Eszbetek, in Transylvania, and also Neuniarkt, in Galicia, springs, issuing from the Carpathian sandstone, sometimes bear along globules of mercury. Its most important mines are those of Idria, in Carniola, and Almadeu in Spain. At Idria it occurs interspersed through a clay slate, from which it is obtained by washing. It is found in small quantities at Wolfstein and M8rsfeld, in the Palatinate; in Carinthia, Hungary, Peru, and other countries; also at Peyrat le Chateau, in the department of the Haute Vienne, in a disintegrated granite, unaccompanied by cinnabar, also similarly near Montpellier in southern France; in California, at various cinnabar mines, especially at the Pioneer mine, in the Napa Valley, where quartz geodes have been found con- taining several pounds of mercury. Occurs with gold near Johannesburg, Transvaal, S. Africa; at Pakaraka, Bay of Islands, New Zealand.
On the distribution of mercury and cinnabar with a detailed account of the various localities, see Becker, U. S. G. Surv., Mon. 13, 1888.
17. AMALGAM. Quicksilfwer amalgameradt med gediget Silfwer (fr. Sala) Cronst., 189, 1758. Natiirlich Amalgam, Silberamalgam, Germ. Amalgam natif de Lisle, 1, 420, 1783. Mercure argental H. Pella natural Del Rio. Amalgaina Ital., Xpan. Plata mercurial Span.
Arquerite Berth., de B., & Duf., C. R., 14, 567, 1842, in Rep. on Art. by Domeyko, Ann. Mines, 20, 268, 1841. Bordosite Domeyko, Min. Chili, 3d Ed., p. 362. Kongsbergite Pisani, C. B., 75, 1274, 1872.
Isometric. Observed forms1 : a (100, i-i) d (110, i) o (111, 1) /(310, z-3) e (210, i-2) p (221, 2) n (211, 2-2) s (321,
Crystals often highly modified; common habit dodecahedral. Also massive in plates, coatings, and embedded grains.
Cleavage: d in traces. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Rather brittle to malleable. H. 3-3-5. G. 13-75-14-1. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color and streak silver-white. Opaque.
Comp. — (Ag,Hg), silver and mercury, varying from Ag,Hg3 to Ag36Hg.
Percentage composition for Ag2Hg3 silver 26 -4, mercury 73-6 100; AgHg silver 35'0, mercury 65'0 100. Also Ag5Hg3 silver 52'7; Ag3Hg silver 61 '8; Ag4Hg silver 68'3; Ag,Hg silver 76'4; AgJ2Hg silver 86*6; Ag36Hg silver 95-1.
Var. — 1. Ordinary amalgam, Ag2Hg3 or AgHg. In crystals often highly modified, rather brittle. No recent analyses have been published. Also Ag5Hg3 (anal. 5), etc. "
2. Arquerite, Ag,2Hg. G. 10 -8. Malleable and soft. Anal. 11-13.
3. Kongsbergite, Ag32Hg or Ag36Hg. In crystals. Anal. 16, 17; anal. 18 gives Ag39Hg. Anal.— 1, Cordier, J. Mines, 12, 1, 1802. 2, Klaproth, Beitr., 1, 182. 1795. 3, 5, 7, 8, 10,
13, 15, Domeyko, Miu. Chili, 3d Ed., 1879, anal. 15 by M. Silva. 4, NordstrOm, G. F5r. Forh., 5. 715, 1881. 6, Pufahl, Zs. G. Ges., 34, 817, 1882. 9, 14, Flight, Phil. Mag., 9, 146, 1880. 11, H. G. Hanks, Dana Min., App. m, 4. 12, 16, 17, Pisani, 1. c. 18, Darapsky, Jb. Min., 1, 67, 1888.
Moschellandsberg Levy-Schrauf.
1. Allemont? 27'5
2. Moschellaudsberg 36-0
3. Rosilla mines, Chili 43 -6
4. Sala, Sweden 46 30
5. Rosilla mines 53'3
6. Friedrichssegeu, G. 12'703 f 56'70
7. Rosilla mines 65'1
8. Bordos, Chili, Bordosite 69'21
9. Kongsberg 75'90
10. N. Chili 79-4
11. Br. Columbia. , 86'15
12. Kongsberg 86'3
Hg
72-51 100
64-0] 100
56-4] 100
51-12 gangue 2'03 99'45 [46-7] 100
43-27 Cu tr. 99'97 [34-9] 100
30-76 99-97
23-06 insol. 0'49 99'45 [20-6] 100
11-90 SiO2 0-45 98-50
13-7 100
24 Native Elements.
Ag Hg
13. Arqueros, Arqueriie 86'5 13'3 99'8
14. Kongsberg 92'45 7'02 gangue 1'50 99'97
15. Rodaito, Chili 94'4 [o'G] =100
16. Kongsberg, Kongsbergite f 94'94 [5 -06] 100
17. " " §95-26 [4-74] 100
18 Chili 95-8 3'6 =99-4
Darapsky ;1. c.) found the amount of mercury to vary somewhat widely even in different samples from the same specimen.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal the mercury volatilizes and a globule of silver is left. In the closed tube the mercury sublimes and condenses on the cold part of the tube in minute globules. Dissolves in nitric acid. Rubbed on copper it gives a silvery luster.
Obs. — From the Palatinate at Moschellandsberg, in tine crystals, and said to occur where the veins of mercury and silver intersect one another; at Friedrichssegen near Oberlahnstein, Nassau. Also from Rosenau in Hungary, Sala in Sweden, Kongsberg in Norway, Allemont in Dauphine, Almaden in Spain. In S. America, from the mines of Arqueros, Coquimbo, Chili (arquerite pt. ) ; Rodaito near Arqueros; Rosilla, prov. Atacama; Bordos (bwdosite). From Vitalle Creek, Br. Columbia (arquerite).
Artif. — Various artificial amalgams are known, cf. Rg., Kr. Ch., 170, 1881.
Ref.—1 See Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. vi, vii, 1864; also Gdt., Index, 1, 181, 1886.
18. LEAD. Plumbum nigrum Plin.. 34, 47. Saturn us Alchem. Gediegen Blei Germ. Gediget Ely Swed. Plomb natif Fr. Piombo nativo Hal. Plomo metalico Span.
Isometric. Observed forms' :
a (100, i-i) d(lW, t) 0(111, 1) h (410, i-4) it (551, 5) n (211, 2-2)
Twins: tw. pi. o. Crystals rare, octahedral or dodecahedral ; usually in thin plates and small globular masses, also in dendritic, wire-like forms.
Very malleable, and somewhat ductile. H. 1*5. G. 11/37. Luster metallic. Color lead-gray. Opaque.
Comp. — Nearly pure lead; sometimes contains a little silver, also antimony. The crystallized lead from the Harstig mine gave 99-71 p. c. Pb, with G. 11-372, Hamberg, 1. c.
Pyr. — B.B. fuses easily, coating the charcoal with a yellow oxide which, treated in R. F.. volatilizes, giving an azure-blue tinge to the flame. Fusibility 330° C. Dissolves easily in dilute nitric acid.
Obs. — Occurs usually in thin plates and embedded scales; thus in a compact dolomitic lime- stone with hematite, magnetite, and hausmannite, etc., at the iron and manganese mines of Pajs- berg, Harstig, and Langban in Wermland, Sweden; similarly at Nordmark; at the Sjo mines, Orebro, iu a mineral resembling neotocite. Crystals are known only from the Harstig mine, where they occur in cavities associated with the manganese silicate, caryopilite, and the arsenates. sarkiniteand brandtite. Hamberg regards the native lead to have been reduced by the oxidation of arsenious acid. Found also in the gold washings of the Urals at Ekaterinburg and in the Altai, also on the Kirghese Steppes.
Also reported (but some of these are doubtful) as occurring in globules in galena at Alston- moor; in lava in Madeira; at the mines near Carthagena in Spain; in Carboniferous limestone near Bristol, and at Keumare, Ireland; according to It. P. Greg, Jr , in thin sheets in red oxide of lead near a basaltic dike in Ireland; iu an amygdaloid near Weissig; in basaltic tufa, at Rautenberg, in Moravia; in the district of Zomelahuacau, in the State of Vera Cruz, in a granular limestone, containing in some places species of ammonites, in laminae, in a foliated argentiferous galena; at Huancavelica, Peru.
In the U S., reported from near Saratoga, N. Y., in crystalline limestone (but doubtful). At Breckinridge and Gunnisou, Colorado. Jay Gould mine, Wood River district, Idaho. In the gold placers of Camp Creek, Montana.
Artif. — Metallic lead has long been known to crystallize in the isometric system; Lehmann has obtained electrolytically, besides this form, another in plates for which he suggests the monoclio ic svstGm
Ref.—1 Ofv Ak. Stockh., 45, 483, 1888, Zs. Kr., 17, 253, 1889. 2 Zs. Kr., 15, 274, 1889.
19. TIN. Plumbum candidum Plin., 34, 47 Jupiter Alchem. Gediegen ' Zinn Germ Gediget Tenn Swed. Etain natif Fr. Stagno nativo Ital. Estafio nativo Span.
In irregular rounded crystalline grains, or aggregations of grains, from O'l to 1 mm. in size; color grayish white. Occurs with platinum, iridosmine, gold, copper,
Platinum-Iron Group— Platinum. 25
cassiterite, corundum in washings from the Aberfoil and Sam rivers (headwaters of the Clarence river) near Oban, New South Wales. Howell, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 30, 1885.
Native tin has also been reported as occurring with the Siberian gold ; in the Rio Tipuani valley, Bolivia (probably artificial, Forbes); in Guanajuato, Mexico, undciL bjsmutite (Frenzel). All these are doubtful.
Artificial crystals are : (a) tetragonal, and (ft) orthorhombic.
(a) Tetragonal. Axis c 0'3857, Mir.1 In prismatic crystals with a (100, i-i), m (110, 7), e (101, 1-t), t (801, 8-), P (111, 1), r (331, 3). Angles pp' 39° 35', pp" 57° 13', 29° 29', ee" 42° Ik'. Also twins: tw. pi. (1) p (111), and (2) r (331).
H. =2. G. 7-178, after fusion 7 '293 Mir. Somewhat malleable. Luster metallic. Color tin-white. Obtained by the electrolytic decomposition of tin protochloride. Also from fusion in oscillatory pyramidal forms.
(IS) Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : c 0'3874 : 1 : 0 3557, 100 A HO 21° lOf , 001 A 101 42° 33f , 001 A Oil 19° 34f, Trechmann2. In thin plates of prismatic crystals with a (100, b (010, il), m (110, I), y (340, z-f)3, e (120, i-2), k (101, 1-5), n (021, 2-), d (111, 1), p (121, 22>. Angles: mm' 42° 21', fo *68° 49f, bn 54° 34', dd' 81° 43', dd'" 29° 22', bd *75° 19'. The form approximates to that of the tetragonal variety, e.g., in the ratio of d :c.
Cleavage : b, k very imperfect. Brittle to mild. H. above 2. G. 6'54. Luster metal- lic. Color dark gray to bluish gray. Streak iron-gray, shining. Chemically nearly pure tin. Obtained from cavities of an arsenical slag produced in the process of tin-making, Cornwall.
Ref.— ' Min., p. 127; Phil. Mag., 22, 263, 1843. 2 Min. Mag., 3, 186, 1879. 3 Foullon, Vh. G. Reichs., 237, 1881; see also Jb. G. Reichs., 367, 1884; he describes both the dimorphous forms.
5. Plat inn in- 1 ro n Group.
20. PLATINUM. Platina (fr. Choco) Ulloa, Relac. Hist. Viage Amer. Merid., lib. 6, c. 10, Madrid 1748. Platina (fr. Carthagena) W. Brownrigg (who received it in 1741 from C. Wood), Phil. Trans., 584, 1750. Platina del Pinto Scheffer, Ak. H. Stockh., 269, 1752. Polyxen Hausm., Handb., 97, 1813, 20, 1847.
Gediegen Platin Germ. Platine natif Fr. Platino Hal. Platina Span.
Isometric. Observed forms1: a (100, i-i) d (110, t) o (111, 1) /(310, f-8) e (210, i-2) I (530, g (320, '-f)
Twins: tw. plane o. Crystals rare, cubes most common ; often distorted. Usu- ally in grains and scales, occasionally in irregular lumps or nuggets up to 20 pounds in weight.
Cleavage none. Fracture hackly. Malleable and ductile. H. 4-4*5. Gr. 14-19 native; 21-22 chem. pure. Luster metallic. Color and streak whitish steel-gray; shining. Sometimes magnetipolar.
Comp.— Platinum alloyed w'th iron, iridium, osmium and other metals.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Non-magnetic or only slightly magnetic. G. 16*5-18 '0 mostly. After washing in acid a distinction can be made between silver-white, gray, and iron-black grains.
2. Magnetic. G. about 14. Here is included Breithaupt's Iron-platinum (Eisenplatin), described as PtFe2 with H. 6 and G. 14'6-15'8. Much platinum is magnetic, and occasion- ally it has polarity, so that platinum magnets are spoken of, comparable in power to the lode- stone. The magnetic property seems to be connected with high percentage of iron, although this distinction does not hold without exception. Cf. Daubree, C. R., 80. 526, 1875.
A nickeliferous magnetic platinum from Nizhni Tagilsk gave Terreil: 8'18 Fe and 0'75Ni, C. R., 82, 1116, 1876.
Anal.— 1-14, Minchin, Min. Russl., 5, 184-190, 1866: anal. 3-7 of black grains washed with acid and then distinguished by color as given; anal. 8-12, ditto white grains. 15-17, Berzelius, Ak. H. Stockh., 113, 1828. 18, Claus, Rg., Min. Ch., p. 10, 1860. 19, Backing, Lieb. Ann., 96, 243, 1855. 20-23, Deville and Debray, Ann. Ch. Phys., 56, 449, 1859, and others. 24-26, Hoffmann, Trans. Roy. Soc., Canada, 5 (3), p. 17, 1887, anal. 24 of whole after separation of gold, 25, 26, of samples separated by the magnet. 27, Collier, Am. J. Sc., 21, 123
Native Elements.
G
Pt Fe Pd Rh Ir Os Cu Iridos.
Goroblag. non-
magnetic 17-726
tr.
—
—
98-51
Goroblag. magn. 14'25
tr.
—
98-75
N. Tagilsk wh.
non-magn. 17'22
tr.
99-38
N. Tagilsk gry. 16'44
tr.
99-50
W. 14-14
tr.
98-92
N. Tagilsk gry.
magn. 14 "82
tr.
98-88
N. Tagilsk blk. 13'35
tr.
98-07
N. Tagilsk wh. 17'21
tr.
98-98
" non-magn. 16 "54
tr.
99-20
tr.
98-07
N. Tagilsk magn. 14'63
tr.
97-76
tr.
98-40
N. Tagilsk
tr.
6-36"
98-37
"
tr.
0-98"
9865
N. Tagilsk non-magn. N. Tagilsk magn.
tr. tr.
2-30"
98-75 97-86
Goroblag. non-magn.
—
tr.
98-92
Goroblag.
2-IOtt
98-70
Borneo
—
—
Au 0-20 98 -3(
J
Australia
—
Au 1-20 sand 1-
20
Choco
—
Au 1 -00 sand 0-
California
—
Au 0-80 sand 2 '95
Oregon
—
Au 0-85 sand 3'
00
Br. Columbia 16-656
—
gangue 1 69
" non-magn. 17-017 f
—
gangue T95
" magn. 16 '095 f
—
gangue 1'27
Plattsburgh 17'35
tr.
—
gangue 2'05
a Including gangue.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible. Not affected by borax or salt of phosphorus, except in the state of fine dust, when reactions for iron and copper may be obtained. Soluble only in heated nitro- hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Platinum was first found in pebbles and small grains, associated with indium, osmium, palladium, gold, copper, and chromite, in the alluvial deposits of the river Pinto, in the district of Choco, near Popayan, in the U. S. of Colombia, South America, where it received its name platina (platiua del Pinto) from plata, silver. In the province of Anlioquia, in Brazil, it has been found in auriferous regions in syenite (Boussiugault, Ann. Oh. Phys., 32, 204, 1826).
In Russia, where it was first discovered in 1822, it occurs in alluvial material in the Urals at Nizhni Tagilsk, sometimes in nuggets of considerable size; also at Kushvinsk in the Gproblag- odatsk district and at other points; in Nizhni Tagilsk it has been found with chromite in a serpentine probably derived from a peridotyte. In the sand of the Ivalo river, northern Lap- land, associated with diamond and probably derived from a serpentine (altered peridotyte) con- taining chromite and diallage.
Platinum is also found on Borneo; in the sands of the Rhine; at St. Aray, Val du Drac; county of Wicklow, Ireland; on the river Jocky, St. Domingo; according to report, in Choloteca and Gracias, in Honduras. Also from the river Tayaka, in New Zealand, from a region charac- terized by a chrysolite rock (dunyte) with serpentine; similarly with nickeliferous metallic iron (awaruite) in the drift of the Gorge river; also from quartz lodes in the Thames gold fields (J. A. Pond). In New South Wales, reported as occurring in situ in the Broken Hill district, in a feldspathic rock with iridosmine; found in gold washings in small quantities at various points.
In California, in the Klamath region, at Cape Blanco, etc., but not abundant, in the gold washings of Cherokee, Butte Co.; in traces with gold in Rutherford Co., North Carolina; at St. Francois, Beauce Co., Quebec; at several points in British Columbia, thus on the Eraser river near Lillpoet, also on Tranquille river and on Granite Creek, a branch of the Tulameen; further on the tributaries of the Yukon river. A mass weighing 104 grams, with G. 10-45, and con- sisting of 46 p. c. platinum (anal. 27) and 54 chromite, was found near Plattsburgh, N. Y.
The metal platinum was brought from Choco, S. A., by Ulloa, a Spanish traveller in America, in the year 1735, and from Carthagena, by Charles Wood, who procured it in Jamaica. Ulloa speaks of specula made by the people of the country, of a peculiar metal, which Brown- rigg says was " platina," and the latter mentions a " pummel of a sword," and other articles of platinum, received by him from Carthagena.
Ref.— ' Cf. Eremeyev, Vh. Min. Ges., 14, r>5, 1879.
Pla Tinum-Iron Oro Up— Iridium— Iridosmine.
21. IRIDIUM. Gediegen Iridium Breitii., Berz.. JB., 14, 180, 1835, Ak. H. Stockh., 84, 1884. Platiniridium Svanberg, Berz. JB., 15, 205, 1834.
Isometric. Observed forms1:
o(100, i-i) d(110, i) o (111, 1) /(310, s?-3) O (430,
Twins : tw. plane o, commonly in polysynthetic groups. Crystals rare, gener- ally cubes. Usually in angular grains.
Cleavage: cubic, indistinct. Fracture hackly. Somewhat malleable. H. 6-7, G. 22'65-22<84!1. Luster metallic. Color silver-white, with tinge of yellow on surface; gray on fracture. Opaque.
Comp. — Iridium with platinum and other allied metals.
Anal. — Svanberg :
Pt Ir Pd Rh Fe Cu Os
1. N. Tagilsk 19-64 76-80 0'89 1-78 — 99-11
S.Brazil 55-44 27'79 0'49 6'86 4-14 3'30 trace - 98'02
Prinsep in a specimen from Ava in India found Ir 60, Pt20; this is called Avatie by Heddle, Enc. Brit., 16, 382, 1883.
Obs. — Occurs with the platinum of the Urals and Brazil; perhaps also with the California gold; Ava iu Burma.
Ref.— ' Erem., Vh. Min. Ges., 14, 155, 1879. 2 Of cubic crystals 22-647-22-668, of octahe- dral 22-770-22-773 from Sukho-Visim, from Nevyansk, 22-805-22-836, Erem. 1. c.
22. IRIDOSMINE. Ore of Iridium, consisting of Iridium and Osmium, Wollaston, Phil. Trans., 316, 1805 (Metals Iridium and Osmium, first announced by Tennant, Phil. Trans., 411, 1804). Native Iridium Jameson. Osmiure d'Iridium Berz., Nouv. Syst. Min., 195, 1819. Osmium-Iridium Leonli., Handb., 1821. Iridosmium; Osmiridium. Newjanskit, Sisserskit, Raid. Handb., 558, 1845.
Rhombohedral. Axis 6 - T4105; 0001 A 1011 58° 27' Eose.
jt-orms: c, (0001, 0), m (1010, 7), r (1011, R)*, z (Olll, - 1), $(2243, f 2). Angles: ex *62°, rr' 95° 8', xx' 52° 24'.
Rarely in hexagonal prisms; usually in irregular flattened grains. Cleavage : c perfect. Slightly malleable to nearly brittle. H.
G. 19'3-21'12. Luster metallic. Color tin-white to light steel-gray. Opaque.
Comp., Var. — Iridium and osmium in different propor- tions. Two varieties depending on these proportions have been named as species, but they are isomorphous, as are also the metals themselves (Rose). Some rhodium, platinum, ruthenium, and other metals are usually present.
Var.— 1. Nevyanskite. Newjanskit Haid.; H. =7; G. 18'8-19'5. white. Over 40 p. c. of iridium.
2. Siserskite. Sisserskit Haid. In flat scales, of ten six-sided, color grayish white, steel-gray. G. 20-21 2. Not over 30 p. c. of iridium. Less common than the light-colored variety.
Anal.— Deville and Debray, Ann. Ch. Phys., 56, 481, 1859.
Ural, Rose. In flat scales; color tin-
Ir
Rd
Pt
Ru Os Cu
Fe
N. Grenada
o-io
— [17-20] —
— —
"
—
6-37 35-10 0-06
o-io
California
—
43-40"
—
—
Australia
—
33-46"
—
Borneo
—
[38-94"
—
Ural
21 -00'
tr.
—
G.
18-9
'40-11
0-99
"
G.
18-8
—
22-90'
1-40
"
(!.
20-4
'48-85*
0-63
"
G.
20-5
23-Of
1-29
Pyr., etc.— At a high temperature the siserskite gives out osmium, but undergoes no further change. The nevyanskite is not decomposed and does not give an osmium odor. With niter, the characteristic odor of osmium is soon perceived, and a mass obtained soluble in water, from which a green precipitate is thrown down by nitric acid.
Obs. — Occurs with platinum in the province of Choco in South America; near Ekaterinburg, Zlatoust, and Kyshtimsk, in the Ural mountains; in auriferous and other drifts at various points
28 Native Elements.
as Bingera, Bathurst, etc., in New South Wales, Australia. Rather abundant in the auriferous beach-sands of northern California, occurring in small bright lead-colored scales, sometitaes six-sided. Also traces in the goldwashings on the rivers du Loup and des Plantes, Canada.
Ref.— ' Abh. Ak. Berlin, 97, 1849; Pogg., 29, 452, 1833. " Lsx., also a more acute m-2. pyramid, Ber. nied. Ges., p. 99, 1882.
23. PALLADIUM. Wollaston, Phil. Trans. 1808.
Isometric. In minute octahedrons, Haid. Mostly in grains, sometimes com- posed of diverging fibers.
Ductile and malleable. H. 4-5-5. G. H'3-11'8, Wollaston. Luster metallic. Color whitish steel-gray. Opaque.
Comp. — Palladium, alloyed with a little platinum and iridium.
Pyr., etc.— The blowpipe reactions of native palladium are undescribed. As prepared by Deville, it is the most fusible of the platinum metals. Oxidizes at a lower temperature than silver, but is not blackened by sulphurous gases.
Obs. — Palladium occurs with platinum in Brazil where masses of the metal are sometimes met with; reported from St. Domingo, also from the Urals (Breith., Berz. JB., 14, 181, 1835).
24. ALLOPALLADIUM. Selenpalladium Zinken, Pogg., 16, 496, 1829. Eugenesite Adam, Tabl. Min., 82, 1869.
Khombohedral. In small six-sided tables, Zinken. Cleavage: basal perfect. Luster bright. Color nearly silver-white to pale steel-gray.
Comp. — Palladium under the rliombohedral system, if Zinken's early observa- tions can be relied upon.
Obs. — From Tilkerode, in the Harz, in small hexagonal tables with gold.
25. IRON. Mars Alchem. Gediegen Eisen Germ. Jern Swed. Fer natif Fr. Ferro Ital. Hierro Span.
Isometric. Usually massive, rarely in crystals, a (100), o (111). Artificial crystals usually dendritic, with branches parallel to the cubic axes. Twins: tw. pi. o, as penetration-twins often repeated and producing embedded lamellae parallel the faces of the trisoctahedron p (221).
Cleavage: a perfect; also a lamellar structure o and d. Fracture hackly. Malleable. H. 4-5. G. ?*3-7'8 Luster metallic. Color steel-gray to iron- black. Strongly magnetic.
Var. — 1. Terrestrial; 2. Meteoric.
1. Terrestrial Iron. Found in masses, occasionally of great size (up to 20 tons), as well as in small embedded particles, in basalt at Blaaf jeld, Ovifak (or Uifak), Disco Island; also at Fortune Bay, Mellemf jord, Asuk, and other points on the same island, and at Niakornak, Disco Bay, and elsewhere on the coast of West Greenland.
The Disco iron was discovered in 1870 by A. E. Nordenskiold, although the fact that native iron was used by the Greenland natives for knives, utensils, etc., was known much earlier (Captain Ross, 1819). It was supposed at first to be meteoric, but its terrestrial nature has since been placed beyond doubt. It is uncertain, however, whether the iron was brought up as such by the basalt or whether it was reduced by the action of the carbonaceous shales through which the basalt passed; the latter seems most probable, and is confirmed by the presence of graphite and graphitic feldspar in the basalt.
The iron varies in character from the exterior or oxidized crust, to that which is compact and malleable; for the most part the iron oxidizes and disintegrates rapidly upon exposure, in part owing to a deliquescent iron chloride. Some of this iron exhibits when etched a crystalline structure which somewhat resembles that common with meteoric iron (see beyond).
Besides the Greenland irons, some other occurrences, usually classed as meteoric, may be in fact terrestrial; e.g., the Santa Catharina iron of Brazil discovered in 1875.
Analyses of various Greenland irons, 1-12, Loreuzen1:
G. Fe Ni Co Cu S C P SiO2b in sol.
1. Blaaf jeld, Ovifak 6'87 91'71 1-74 0'53 0-16 010 1-87. — 1'52 2-39= 99'52
2. " " 91-17 1-82 0-51 0-16 0'78 1'70 — 2'58 0'77 99'49
3. " " 82-02 1-39 0-76 0-19 0'08 1'27 — 1'67 8'03 95-41
4. " " 59-77" 1-60 0-39 0'23 ? 1'20 — 4'18 22-23= 89'60
5. Mellemf jord 7'5-7'9 93'89 2'55 0'54 0'33 0'20 0'28 — 0'46 1-48 99'73
6. " 6-90,7-57 92-41 0'45 0'18 0'48 tr. 0'87 — 1-50 4-57 100-46
Pl A Tinum-Iron Oro Up— Iron.
7. Asuk
8. Arveprindsens Is.
9. Niakornak
10. Fortune Bay, Dis-
co (1852)
11. Fiskernaes (1853)
12. Ekaluit
G
26
29
06
a
Fe
In part
Ni Co 0-34 006 Ir.f 1-92 0-93 2-54 0-58
2-73 0'84 2-85 1-07 oxidized.
Cu S 0-14 — 0-06 009 0-16 0-59 0-20 0-01
0-36 — 0-23 — b With A12
Os.
P
1-90 99-74 1-09 100-25 1-09 100-57 0-08 98-80
1-99 99-63 0-61 98-87
Analyses 13-16 J. L. Smith1: 1, exterior portion; 2, iron particles from interior of the same mass, separated from gangue; 3, malleable iron; 4, iron in irregular rounded masses.
G.
Fe
Ni
Co
Cu
S
P
13. Ovifak
08
01
34
—
—
H2O
4-50 101-53
Cl Fe2O:
tr. 76-21 0-02 9918
— SiO2 1-54 99-13 0-08 silicates 4'20 99*03
For other analyses see the authors quoted1.
A nickeliferous metallic iron, called awaruite Skey, (Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., 18, 401, 1885,) occurs in the drift of the Gorge river, -which empties into Awarua Bay on the west coast of the south island of New Zealand. It is associated with gold, platinum, cassiterite, chromite, and magnetite, and has probably been derived from a partially serpentinized peridotyte. It has H. 5, G. 8-1. Composition FeNia Iron 32'3, nickel 67'7 100. Compare anal. 14, p. 30. Analysis by W. Skey yielded:
G. 81 Fe31-02 Ni 67'63 Co 0'70 S 0-22 SiOa 0'43 100
Native iron also occurs sparingly in some basalts (Andrews et al.); in pyrite nodules in a Keuper limestone at Muhlhausen in Thuriugia; in the Planerkalk atChozenin Bohemia (ancient meteorite ?) Also reported from gold or platinum washings at various points, but they are not all free from doubt: thus in the Urals, Brazil, Montgomery Co., Va. , Burke Co., N. C., Camp Creek, Montana. Reported from shale near New Brunswick, New Jersey. Masses of metallic iron locally reduced from clay ironstone by the burning of a lignite bed have been noted 70 miles above Edmonton on the North Saskatchewan river, Alberta.
Bahr has observed graius of native iron in a fragment of petrified wood The iron was mixed with limouite and organic matter, and is supposed to have been produced by the deoxida- tiou of a salt of iron by the organic matter of the wood. He calls the iron sideroferrite.
SIDERAZOT 0. Silwstri, Pogg. Ann., 157, 165, 1876. Silvestrite A. D'AcJiiardi, I Metalli, 2, 84, 1883. A product of volcanic eruption, observed at Mt. Etna after the eruption of Aug., 1874, as a very thin coating on lava. Non-crystalline. Luster metallic, resembling steel. Slowly attacked by acids. An analysis gave: N 914, Fe 90'86 100, which corresponds to FesN2 which requires: Nitrogen 9-11, iron 90'89 100. This is the composition (Fremy) of the artificial iron nitride.
2. Meteoric Iron. Native iron also occurs in most meteorites, forming in some cases (a) the entire mass; also (b) as a spongy, cellular matrix in which are imbedded grains of chrysolite or other silicates; ic) in grains or scales disseminated more or less freely throughout a stony matrix. Rarely a meteorite consists of a single crystalline individual (Brauuau) with numerous twinning lamellae o (cf . above).
Cubic cleavage sometimes observed; also an octahedral, less often dodecahedral lamellar structure. Etching with dilute nitric acid (or iodine) com- m'only develops a crystalline structure2' 3, usually consisting of lines or bands crossing at various angles according to the direction of the section, at 60° if o, 90° a. etc. These figures (f . 1) are called Widmanstatten figures, because first described by Widmanstatten in 1808. They are formed by the edges of crystalline plates of the nickeliferous iron in different conditions, as shown by the fact that they are dif- ferently attacked by the acid (see also analyses below). These plates are usually parallel to the octahedral faces. Reichenbach named them " Balkeneisen" or kamacite, from Ka/iia. pole or shaft. " Bandeisen" or tcenite, from raivia, band, and "Fulleisen"or plessite; the first forms the broader plates marking the structure, supposed to be of purer iron and hence more readily attacked; the second forms thin plates bounding the first, rich in nickel, appearing also in thin lamellae; the third is the ground-mass. Enclosed in the " Balkeneisen" are sometimes areas of a white iron, re- sisting acids, and having a brilliant luster; this is Reichenbach's
XaTtpo lustrous. Irons with cubic structure and -with twinning lamellae (e.g., Braunau) have a series of fine lines corresponding to these developed by etching (Neumann lines') A damascene luster is also produced in some cases, due to quadrilateral depressions. From the distinctly octahe
Glorieta Mt., New Mexico. Glanzeisen" or lamprite, from
30 Native Elements.
dral iron, showing the figures most perfectly, there are many gradations to the irons which, show no distinct crystalline structure at all upon etching.
The exterior of masses of meteoric iron is usually more or less deeply pitted with rounded thumblike depressions, and the surface at the time of fall is covered with a film of iron oxide in fine ridges showing lines of flow due to the melting caused by the heat developed by the resistance of the air; this film disappears when the iron is exposed to the weather.
Comp. — Meteoric iron is always alloyed with nickel, which is usually present in amounts varying from 5 to 10 p. c. ; small amounts of other metals, as cobalt, manganese, tin, copper, chromium, are also often present. Occluded gases can usually be detected. ' Wright obtained from the Arva iron 44 volumes of mixed gases by heating up to low redness4.
Analyses of typical irons. — 1, Holger, Baumg. Zs., 7, 138, 1830. 2, Berzelius, Ak. H. Stockh., 163, 1834. 3, Taylor, Am. J. Sc., 22, 374, 1856. 4, Fickentscher, Buchner, Mete- oriten, 144. 5, Booking, Lieb. Ann., 96, 246, 1855. 6, Holger, 1. c. 7, Silliman and Hunt, Am. J. Sc., 2, 370, 1846. 8, Berzelius, Ak. H. Stockh., 106, 1832. 9, Bergemann, Pogg., 100, 254, 1857. 10, Id., ibid., p. 256. 11, Duflos and Fischer, Pogg., 72, 170, 475, 1847; 73, 590, 1848. 12. Rube, B. H. Ztg., 21, 72, 1862. 13, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 12, 73, 1876. 14, Taylor, ib. 24, 293, 1857. 15, Damour, C. R., 84, 478, 1877. 16, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 13, 213, 1877. 17, Id., ib., 19, 463, 1880. 18, Kinnicutt, Peabody Mus. Arch., 3, 383, 1884. 19, Riggs, ib., 30, 312, 1885. 20, Mackintosh, ib., 30, 238. 21, D. Fisher, ib., 34, 381, 1887. 22, Mackintosh, ib., 33, 225. 23, Whitfield, ib., 33, 499, 1887.
Fe Ni Co Cu Mn
1. Agram, May 26, 1751 83-29 11-84 1'26 — 0-64X2-97=100
2. Pallas Iron, 1749 88'04 10'73 0'46 0'07 0'13 CO'04, Sir., X 0-53=100
3. Toluca, 1784 90'72 8'49 0'44 — — P 0-18, X 0'63=100'46
4. Bemdego, 1784 G.=7'731 91-90 5'71 — — — X 0'46=98'07
5. Cape of Good Hope, 1793 813015-232-01 tr. — P 0-08, S tr., Sch. 0-88,
Sn tr. =99-50 Lenarto, 1814 85'04 8'12 3'59 — 0'61 X 2'64=100
7. Red River, 1814 90-91 8'46 — ' — — X 0-50=99 87
8. Bohumilitz, 1829 93'78 3'81 0'21 — — X 2'20=100
9. Sevier Iron, 1840 G.=7'26 90-10 6 '52 0 -33 — — P 0'02, X 2'23=99'20
10. Arva, 1840 8211 7'11 0'36 — — C 1'54, PO'34, Sch. 6'56,
Gr. 2-00=100-02
11. Braunau, July 14, 1847 91-88 5'52 0'53 2'07 C,Sfr-.=100
12 Rittersgnin, 1847 87-31 9-630-58 — — P 1'37, X 1 -38=100 27
23. Pittsburg, 1850 G.=7'74 92-81 4'67 0'39 0'03 0'14 S 0'04, P 0'25=98 33
14. Octibbeha Co., Miss., 1857 37-69 59'69 0'40 0'90 — P O'lO, X 0'41 =99-19
15. St. Catharina, 1875 G. =7*75-7 -84 63'69 33-97 1'48 — — C 0'20, S 0'16, P 0'05
=99-55
16. Bates Co., Mo., 1875 G.=7'72 89-12 10'02 0'26 O'Ol — P 0-12=99-53
17. Estherville, Iowa, May 10, 1879 92'00 7-100'69 tr. — P0'll=99-90
18. Turner Mound, Ohio, 1883 G.=7'894 89'00 10'65 0'45 tr. — insol. 0'09=100'19
19. Grand Rapids, Mich., 1883 88'71 10-69 — 0'07 — C 0'06, S 0'03, P 0'26
=99-82
20. Glorieta Mt., N. M., 1884 G.=7'66 87'93 11-15 0'33 — — P 0'36=99'77
21. St. Croix Co., Wis., 1884 G. =7-60-7-70 89-78 7'65 133 tr. — Ctr., PO'51,Sn*r.=99-27
22. Mazapil, Nov. 27, 1885 91'26 7-85065 — — P 0-30=100-06
23. Cabin Creek, Ark., Mch. 27, 1886 91 '87 6'60 tr. — — C,S 0'54, P0'41=99'42
X silicates, insol., etc. Sch. Schreibersite. Gr. Graphite.
The Octibbeha iron or octibbehile (anal. 14, supposing this correct) is exceptional in the amount of nickel present; it approximates to the terrestrial awaruite (p: 29). The Santa Catha- rina iron (anal. 15) is also remarkably rich in nickel, but this is regarded by some as of terrestrial origin.
The composition of the portions of the meteoric iron to whose separate formation the struc- ture of the Widmanstatten figures is due has been only partially determined. Meunier assigns to kamacite the formula FeJ4Ni with G. 7 652; to laenite Fe0Ni with G. 7'380; and to plessite FeioNi with G. =7850. Reichenbach assigned to plessite the formula FeagNiB. Analyses: 1, 2, 4, Meunier, Meteorites, 48-50, 1884. 3, Reichenbach , Jr , Pogg., 11 4, 258, 1861. See also p. 1037.
Fe Ni
1. Kamacite.— La Caille G. 7'652 91'9 7'0 98'9
2. " Charcas 92'0 7'5 99'5
3. Tanite.— Cockc Co. , Tenn. 85-71 13-22 Co 0'55 S 0'23 P 0'29 100
4. " La Caille 85'4 14-0 Co tr. 9'90
Weinschenk obtained for thin lamellae from the Arva iron: Fe 71 50, Ni 26'82, Co 1'68 100, corresponding to Fe6(Ni,Co)2 and approximating to the edmonsonite (see below) of Flight. He thinks these tsenite lamellae are really made up of two compounds, Fe8Ni and Fe6Ni.,. The subject obviously requires much more investigation.
Platinum-Iron Group— Iron. 31
The following are other more or less well defined iron compounds from meteoric irons:
EDMONSONITE W. Flight, Phil. Trans., 888, 1882.
An iron-nickel alloy forming fine lines in the Widmanstatten figures of the Cranbourne, Victoria, meteoric iron. Analysis: Fe 70-14, Ni 29'74 99'88. Flight identifies this with the meteorin of Abel, see Zimmermann, Jb. Min., 557, 1861, Named after George Edmonson, Head Master of Queenwood College, Hampshire.
CHALTPITE Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 43, 28, 1867. — A compound of iron and carbon found by Forchhaminer as a leading constituent of the Niakornak iron. The carbon varied from 7-11 p. c. Meunier uses the name (Ann. Ch. Phys., 17, 36, 1869; cf. also Meteorites, p. 52), and introduces another, Campbellite, for a compound with C 1 '50 p. c. , assumed by him as present in the Campbell Co., Tenn., meteoric iron, which was analyzed by J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 19, 159, 1855.
COHENITE E. Weimchenk, Ann. Mus. Wien, 4, 94, 1889.
In crystals, probably isometric but distorted. Brittle. H. 5'5-6. G. 6'977. Luster metallic. Color tin-white, becoming bronze-yellow on exposure. Composition (Fe,Ni,Co)3C. Analysis, after deducting a little schreibersite: f Fe 89'88, Ni(Co) 3'71, C 6'41, Su, Cu <r.=100. Named after Dr. E. Cohen of Greifswald.
SCHREIBERSITE Haid., Haid. Ber., 3, 69, 1847. Phosphornickeleisen Germ.
Crystallized; also in steel-gray folia and grains. In some cases brittle; again in flexible folia. H. 6-5. G. 7-01-7-22, Haid. Magnetic.
A phosphide of iron and nickel, (Fe,Ni)3P, in part FesNiP Phosphorus 15'4, iron 55'5, nickel 29-1 100. Analyses: 1, Patera, Haid. Ber., 1. c., and Am. J. Sc., 8, 439, 1849. 2, Fisher, Am. J. Sc., 19, 157. 1855. 3-5, J. L. Smith, ib. 6, Meunier. Ann. Ch. Phys., 17,43, 1869. 7, W. Flight, Phil. Trans., 892, 1882. 8, Cohen, Jb. Min., 1, 219, 1889.
P Fe Ni Co
1. Arva 7-26 87'20 4-24 — =98'70
2. Braunau 11 '72 55-43 25'02 — C 1 16, Cr 2'85, SiO 0'98=97'16
8. E. Tennessee 13'92 57'22 25'82 0'32, Cu, Zn tr., Cl 0'13, SiO, T62, AltO, 1-63=100'66
4. " G.= 7-027 undet. 56"04 26'43 0'41, Cu tr.
5. " 14-86 56-53 28-02 0'28, Cu Zr.=99'69
6. Toluca.G. =7-103 15-01 57'11 28"35 tr. Mg fo-.=100'47
7. Cranbourne 13'50 56'12 29'18 — =98'80
8. S. Juliao de
Moreira 15 74 69'54 14-86 — =10014
Flight gives analyses of other compounds corresponding nearly to FeBNijP4 and (Fe,Ni)4P. An iron-nickel phosphide from the Deesairon gave Meunier: P 10'29, Fe 60'00, Ni 26'75=97'04.
Schreibersite is named after Director Carl Fr. A. von Schreibers of Vienna (1775-1882). On Schreibersite of Shepard, see p. 79.
RHABDITE Rose. — A phosphide of iron and nickel, occurring in minute tetragonal prisms distributed parallel to the cubic edges in the meteoric irons of Braunau, Seelasgen, Misteca. A similar compound occurs in the Cranbourne, Australia, iron, in brittle square prisms, with G. 6 33-6-78. Analysis, Flight, Phil. Trans., 891, 1882:
P 12 95 Fe 49-34 Ni 38'24 100-53
An iron phosphide, formed by combustion in the coal mines of Commentry, France, is referred here by Mallard. Tetragonal. 'Axis c — 0'4880. Forms: a (100), m (110), e (101); 001 A 101 26° 1'; me *7l° 56', ee' 36° 8'. Hard. G. 7'14. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray. Brittle. Magnetic. Analysis, Carnot: P 12'10, Fe 84'28, As 1'65, S 1 '75, C tr. =99'78. Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 230, 1881.
APPENDIX. — Meteorites are usually classified according to the amount of iron they contain, as follows:
(a) Meteoric iron proper, siderites or holosiderites of Daubree, consisting of iron alone with only occasional veins, grains or nodules of troilite. carbon as graphite or diamond (cf. clifton- ite, p. 6), schreibersite, daubreelite, etc. Iron protochloride, lawrencite, is often present, and exudes forming drops of FeCl3 on the surface and often leading to rapid disintegration of the mass.
Upward of one hundred localities of these have been noted, and in a few instances they have been seen to fall.* Some of the masses are very large; the Butcher irons of the Bolson de Mapiui in the States of Chihuahua and Coahuila, Mexico, include several masses, one estimated to weigh 5 tons The Red River. Texas, iron (anal. 7) weighs 1635 pounds.
(b) Siderolites or syssiderites of Daubree, consisting of a more or less continuous spongy mass of iron with embedded grains chiefly of chrysolite, like the Pallas Iron of Krasnoyarsk, Siberia
The most important cases are Agram, Croatia, May 26, 1751; Charlotte, Tenn., Aug. 1, 1835; Braunau, Bohemia, July 14. 1847; Tabarz, Saxony, Oct. 18, 1854; Rowton, Shropshire, England, April 20, 1876; Mazapil, Mexico, Nov. 27, 1885; Cabin Creek, Johnson county, Arkansas, March 23, 1886.
32 Native Elements.
(hence called by Rose pallasites), "which was brought to St. Petersburg by Pallas in 1772 and which weighed originally 1600 pounds. Masses of a meteorite, closely resembling the Pallas Iron, were found in Kiowa Co., Kansas, in March, 1890; they aggregated from 1000 to 1200 Ibs. The siderolites graduate through the kinds in which the iron is more scattered (mesosiderites of Rose), though forming a large part of the whole, to the meteoric stones.
(c) Meteoric stones, sporadosiderites of Daubree, in which iron is more or less disseminated through the mass, including as named by Daubree ihepolysiderites, oligosiderites and cryptosiderites. Those stones which contain no iron are called by him asiderites.
Meteoric stones iiav also been classified according to the silicates present in largest amount, and a large number of luimes introduced, chiefly taken from the names of localities, by Rose, Shepard, Tschermak, Meuuier, Wadsworth and others. Many stones are characterized by the presence often to large extent of chondrules, or small spherical grains from the size of a cherry down, consisting usually of chrysolite or enstatite (cf. these species), the latter often with eccentric radiated structure — these stones are hence called chondrites.
Specimens of two hundred and tifty independent occurrences of meteoric stones have been, preserved, and for most of them the date and often the circumstances of the fall are known. In some cases large numbers of stones are the result of a single fall, as that of Pultusk, Poland, in Jan. 30, 1868. Of the Estherville, Iowa, meteorite (siderolite) in addition to large masses weighing 450, 200, 95 Ibs., and others, about 60 pounds of .minute individuals were picked up, mostly weighing less than an ounce and the smallest of the size of shot, these last chiefly iron. Another fall, remarkable for the number of small stones found, was that of Winnebago Co.,. Iowa, on May 2, 1890.
Ref.— ! On the Greenland irons, see Nordenskiold, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 1058, 1870, and 1, 1871, orGeol. Mag., 9, 1872; Nordstrom. Ofv. Ak. Stockb., 453. 1871; Nauckhoff, ib., Bihang. 1, April, 1872 (or Min. Mitth., 109, 1874); Daubree, C. R. 74, 1541. 1872, and 75. 240, 1872, and 84, 66, 1877; Wohler, G8tt. Gelehrt. Anzeig.. 197, 1872, and Jb. Min., 832, 1879; Tschermak, Min. Mitth., 165, 1874; Steeustrup, Ved. Medd. Copenhagen, 1875, Nos. 16-19 (or Zs. G. Ges., 28, 225, 1876); Tornebohm, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., Bihaug, 1878; Meunier. C. R., 89, 215, 1879; J. Lawrence Smith. Ann. Ch. Phys., 16, 452, 1879; J. Lorenzen, Medd. Grdnland, 1883, also in Min. Mag., 6, 14, 1884.
2 On the crystalline structure of iron In general, see Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 70(1). 449, 1874, who also gives the early literature of the subject. Also, 3on the Widmanstatteu and related figures, see Breithaupt, Schweig. J., 52, 172, 1828, who gives the history of the name; also Neumann, Nat. Abb. Raid., 3, pt. 2, 45, 1850; Reichenbach, Pogg., 114, 99, 250, 264, 477, 1861; Rose, see below; Brezina, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, 43, 1880, 44, 1881; Huntington, Proc. Amer. Acad., May 12, 1886, or Am. J. Sc., 32, 284, 1886.
4 On the gases occluded in meteorites, see Graham, Proc. Roy. Soc., 15, 502, 1867; Mallet, ib., 20, 365, 1872; Wright, Am. J. Sc., 9, 294, 459, 10, 44, 1875; Flight, Phil. Trans., 1882; Ansdell and Dewar, Proc. Roy. Soc., '40, 549. 1886.
5 On the classification of meteorites and the subject in general: Reichenbach, Pogg., 107, 155, 1859; Rose, Beschreibung und Eintheilung der Meteoriten, etc., Abh. Ak. Berlin, 23, 1863; Daubree, C. R , 65, 60. 1*67; Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 43, 22, 1867 (and others earlier); Tscherraak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 71(1), 1875, 75 d), 1877, 88 (1), 1883; Brezina (see below). Also Die mikroskopische Beschaffenheit der Meteoriten, 1883 et seq. S. Meunier, Meteorites, 532 pp., Paris 1884 (Encycl. Chem., vol. 2, Fremy); Wadsworth, Lithological Studies, Mem. Mus. Zoo!., Cambridge 11, 1884, who gives many observations on microscopic structure, also tables of analyses.
On the spectra of meteorites, discussion of origin, etc., see Lockyer, Nature, 1889; also on the latter subject, Newton, Tschermak and others.
See also Rg., Min. Ch., 901, 952, 1860, and Die chemische Natur der Meteoriten, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 75, 1870, 1, 1879; Buchner, Die Meteoriten, etc., 202 pp., Leipzig, 1863; Daubree, Etudes synthetiques de geologic experimenlale, Paris; Early papers of importance include those by Chladni, Howard, Blot, Carl von Schreibers, Haidiuger, etc.; also, later, Tschermak, Daubree, Maskelyne, Brezina, J. Lawrence Smith (collected in Original Researches, etc., 1884); W. Flight (collected in " A Chapter on Meteorites,'' 1887), and many others.
For a list of meteorites with localities, dates, etc., see the catalogues of the Vienna collection (Brezina, Jb. G. Reichs., 151-276, 1885), of the British Museum (Fletcher. 1888), of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Daubree, 1889), and others. A catalogue of the Yale collection (E. S. D.) is given in Am J. Sc., 32, appendix, 1886; one of the Harvard collection by O W. Huntington in Proc. Am. Acad., 23, 1887.
n. SULPHIDES, SELENIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES,
Antimonides.
The sulphides fall into two Groups according to the character of the positive- element.
I. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides of the Semi-Metals.
II. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides, Antimonides of the Metals.
I. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides of the Semi-Metals, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth; also Molybdenum.
1. Realgar Group. KS. Monoclinic.
26. Realgar
27. Orpiment
AsS
1-4403 : 1 : 0-9729
2. Stibnite Group. KaSs. Orthorhombic.
As,S,
28. Stibnite
Metastibnite.
29. Bismuthinite
30. Guanajuatite
31. Tetradymite
32. Joseite.
34. Molybdenite
Sb,S8
Bi.8,
Bi,Ses
0-9046 : 1 : 1-0014
& : 1:6 0-9926 : 1 : 1-0179
0-9679 : 1 : 0-9850 1 : 1 approx.
rr
98° 58'
( Bi,Tes Rhombohedral 2Bi2Te3.Bi,S,
33. Wehrlite.
3. Molybdenite Group. RSa.
MoS, Hexagonal or rhombohedral (?)
. 1. Realgar Group.
26. REALGAR. Savdapaterf Theophr.,325 B.C. SavSapax*? Dioscor., 50 A.D. Salt daracba Plin., 35, 6, 77 A.D. Sandaracha Germ. Reuschgeel, Rosgeel, Agric., 444, etc., 1529, Interpr., 468, 1546. Rauschgelb pt., Arseuicuin sulphure mixtum, Risigallurn pt., Realgar, Arsenicum rubrum, Wall., 224, 1747. Arsenic rouge Fr. Trl. Wall., 406, 1753. Realgar natif, Rubine d'Arsenic de Lisle, 3, 333, 1783. Red Sulphuret of Arsenic. Rothes Rauschgelb, Germ. Arsenic sulfure rouge Fr. Risigallo Ital. Realgar Span.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 1-4403 : 1 : 0-9729; ft *66° 5' 001 A 100- Marignac '.
100 A HO 52° 47', 001 A 101 40° 22$', 001 A Oil 41° 39'.
Sulphides, 8Elenide8, Tellurides, Etc.
Forms' :
P (520,
(120,
5 (Oil,
14)
/ (212, -1-2)
5(211,
a (100,
i'4)
i (210,
f-2)
(250,
*4)6
# (032,
H)
A (15-1 -15, 1-15)*
u (421,
4-2)
b (010,
i-l)
/? (820,
z-f)5
g
(101,
-l-i)8
X (052,
s (616, 1-6)5
l-i)s
c (001,
0)
(101,
1-1)
0(112,
i)&
rj (612, 3-6)
o (432,
2-f)4
h (610, i (410, Y (310,
i-Q)3 i-3)6
e (650, m (110, 7t (670,
f)
z
r t
(201,
(012, (034,
2-1) H)5
it (221,
1)
2)3,4
o- (414, 1-4)5 d (412, 2-4) r (214, f 2) (212, 1-2)
A: (232, 0 (141,
4-4)1
n I
y
m
'
Nagyag.
U" mm'
vv'
ac
a'a?
36° 26' 47° 23f 55° 33 66° 43' *105° 34' 53° 43'
66° 5' 25° 52' 73° 32V
cz a'z rr' W'
yy'
ce
cm'
Biunenthal, Hbg. 69° 53'
47° 57' 83° 81' 106° 17'
32° 6' 56° 9' 104° 12'
Nagyag?,
Mir.
tf
30°
51'
bf
en
463
20'
//u
cd
70°
59'
be
a'e
78°
3'
bd
af
43°
144]
ff
ar
68°
ee'
a'n
75°
7'
uu'
a'd
47°
4'
nri
a'u
41°
3'
dd'
72° 33' 64° £9' 46° 59' 71° 19 34° 53' 86° 2'
71° 29' 50° 1' 37° 22'
Also
Crystals short prismatic. Faces in prismatic zone striated vertically, granular, coarse or fine; compact; as an incrustation.
Cleavage: b, rather perfect; c, a, m, less so; also / (Dx.). Fracture small conchoidal. Sectile. H. 1*5-2. G. 3*556. Luster resinous. Color aurora- red or orange-yellow. Streak varying from orange-red to aurora-red. Trans- parent— translucent. Optically — . Double refraction strong. Ax. plane b. BxA t — + 11°. Dispersion inclined, strong. 2Hr 96° 20', 2Hy 92° 58', Dx.8.
Comp. — Arsenic monosulphide, AsS Sulphur 29*9, arsenic 70-1 100.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube melts, volatilizes, and gives a transparent red sublimate; in the open tube (if heated very slowly) sulphurous fumes, and a white crystalline sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B. on charcoal burns with a blue flame, emitting arsenical and sulphurous odors. Soluble in caustic alkalies.
Obs. — Often associated with orpiment; occurs with ores of silver and lead, at Felsobanyrv and Kapuik in Hungary, Nagyag in Transylvania, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia, at Schneeberg in Saxony, at Andreasberg in the Harz; at Tajowa in Hungary, in beds of clay; Binnenthal, Switzerland, in dolomite; at Wiesloch in Baden, in the Muschelkalk; on quartz in phyllyte at Kresevo, Bosnia; near Julamerk in Kurdistan; in Vesuvian lavas, in minute crystals, and the solfataras near Naples; also in the trachytic region of Tolfa near Rome, in the calcito veins of a micaceous sandstone. Strabo speaks of a mine of sandaro,ca (the ancient name of this species) at Pompeiopolis in Paphlagpnia.
In the U. S., in seams in a sandy clay beneath the lava in Iron county, Utah; also in Cali- fornia, 40 miles from the Needles. San Bernardino Co., and in Trinity Co., in calcite; Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, where it occurs with orpiment as a deposition from the hot waters.
The name realgar is from the Arabic Rah j al ghSr, powder of the mine.
Alt.— Changes on exposure to light to orpiment (As3S3) and arsenolite (AsaO3).
Artif. — Obtained in monoclinic crystals by Senarmout, C. R., 32, 41, 1851.
Ref._i Quoted by Dx., Ann. Ch. Phys., 10, 422, 1844; with Naumann the vertical axis
Stibnite Group— Orpiment.
has one half this length. " See Hbg., Min. Not., 1, 14, 1856; 3, 3, 1860; also Mir., Min. 177, 1852, and earlier Sec., Mem. G. Camp., 110, 1849; Levy, Min. Heul., 3, 277, 1887.
3 Hbg., 1. c., all Binnenthal except h and .ff from Berezov. 4 Groth, Binnenthal, Min. Samml., 20 1878. 5 Fletcher, Phil. Mag., 9, 189, 1880. 6 Kur., Kresevo, Bosnia, Foldt. Kozl., 13, 383, 1883. 7 Vrba, KreSevo, Zs. Kr., 15, 460, 1889. Propt. Opt. 2, 68, 1858; N. 11., 166, 1865.
2. Stibnite Group.
27. ORPIMENT. 'AppeviKov TTieophr. 'ApcreviKov Dioscor. Auripigmentum, .rrhe- nicum, Plin., 33, 22, 34, 56. Auripigmentum, Germ., Operment, Agric., Interpr., 463. 1546. Orpiment Rauschgelb pt., Risigallum pt., Arsenicum flavum, Wall., 224, 1747. Arsenic jaune Fr.trl. Wall., 1, 406, 1753. Gelbe Arsenblende, gelbes Rauschgelb, Germ. Arsenic sulphure jaune Fr. Orpimento Hal. Oropiment Span. Yellow sulphuret of Arsenic.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : 5 : 0-60304 : 1 : 0-67427 Mohs '.
100 A HO 31° 5, 001 A 101 48° 11£', 001 A Oil 33° 59$'.
Forms1 : a (100, b (010. i-i), t (710, i-7)4, s (320, m (110, 7), u (120, 8-2); o (101, 14), p (111, 1); ft (232, H)2. (121, 2-2)'.
43° 48' pp' 85° 40' ' 76° 21' mf 67° 20*
mm'" *62° 11' pp" 105° 6' " 112° 53' w" 120° 34'
uu' 79° 20' pp'" - 48° 24 "' 67° 59' w'" 83° 55'
oo' *96° 23'
Crystals small and rarely distinct. Usually in foliated or columnar masses; sometimes with reniform surface.
Cleavage : b highly perfect, cleavage face vertically striated ; a in traces; gliding-plane 001 (Mgg., cf. stibnite). Sectile. Cleavage laminae flexible, inelastic. H. 1-5-2. G. 3-4-3'5. 3 '480 Mohs. Luster pearly on b (cleavage); elsewhere resinous. Color lemon-yellow of several shades; streak the same, but paler. Subtransparent — subtranslucent. Optically +. Ax. pi. c. Bx JL a. Ax. angle large, Dx.&
Comp. — Arsenic trisulphide, As2S3 — Sulphur 39-0, arsenic 61-0 100.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube, fuses, volatilizes, and gives a dark yel- YV
low sublimate; other reactions the same as under realgar. Dissolves in V
aqua regia and caustic alkalies.
Obs.— Orpiment in small crystals is embedded in clay at Tajowa, near Neusohl in Upper Hungary. It is usually in foliated and fibrous masses, and in this form is found at Moldawa in the Bauat; at Kapnik and also Felsobanya inHungary_it exists in metalliferous veins, associated with realgar and native arsenic; at Kre&evo, Bosnia, on quartz crystals in a micaceous phyllyte; at Hall in the Tyrol it is found in gypsum; at Wiesloch in Baden in the Muschelkalk; at St. Gothard in dolomite; with calcite in a micaceous sandstone in the trachytic region of Tolfa, near Civita Vecchia, Italy; at the Solfatara near Naples it is the result of vol- canic sublimation; in Fohnsdorf, Styria, found in brown coal. Near Julamerk in Kurdistan there is a large Turkish mine. Occurs also at Acobambillo, Peru. Small traces are met with at Edenville, Orange Co., N. Y., on arsenical iron. Occurs with realgar in seams in compact clay beneath lava in Iron county, Utah. Occurs among the deposits of the Steamboat Springs, Nevada (Becker); also with realgar in the Yellowstone Park.
The name orpiment is a corruption of its Latin name auripigmentum, "golden paint," given in allusion to the color, and also because the substance was supposed to contain gold.
Artif. — A common artificial product, sometimes called King's yellow (KSnigsgelb Germ.).
Ref.— ' Min., 2, 613, 1824; some authors make m 120, with Groth m 320. 2 Phillips gives a doubtful prism g with gu — 2° 6' (6'13'0?), Min., 277, 1823; for ft he gives fio 34° 10'. 3 Mir. Min., 176, 1852. 4 Knr., Foldt. K5zl., 13, 381, 1883. 5 Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 108, 1882.
DIMORPHITE. ' Dimorfina A. Scacchi, Mem. Geol. Campania, Napoli, 116, 1849.
Minute (to £ mm.) orange-yellow crystals with adamantine luster. H. 1'5. G. 3'58. A sulphide of arsenic (As4S3 suggested). From a fumarole of the Solfatara, Phlegraean fields. Described as occurring in two types. TYPE A with a : b : c 0'895 : 1 : 0'776, and the forms (7(100), 5(010). 4(001). o(HO), o2(120), e(011). TO (111). TYPE With & : l:b 0'907: 1 :0'603, and the forms C (100), 5(010), o2 (120), z(101), e (Oil), m (111). In the positions taken the lateral axes are nearly equal, while the vertical axes are as 9 : 7 (or 5 : 4 or 4 : 3 approx.). Type A,
]
u m
m
a
n
36 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
however (see 4th ed. p. 32), is near orpiment in habit and angles and probably identical with it. This is seen when the crystals are placed so that C', B, A, o, 02, e, m correspond to a, 001, 6, o, 102, 021, v. Then a : b : c 0'5765: 1 : 0'6441. The angles for dimorphite (Sec., meas.) and orpimeut (calc.) are respectively: 00' *96° 20', 96" 33'; 102 A 102 58" 19', 58° 28'; b A 021 38° 5'., 36° 32'; av 55° 37', 56° 19, bv *49° 20', 48D 2'.
The relations of type B are less clear; in the position corresponding to the above, the planes C, B, 02, i, e, m may perhaps be a, 6, 102, 250, 052, 252. The angles are then for dimorphite (Sec., meas.) and orpiment (calc.) respectively: 102 A 102 58° 12', 58° 28'; 010 A 052 31° 9 , 30° 39', etc.
Or if placed so that e dimorphite (ee 62° 18') corresponds to m orpiment (mm'" 62° 17'), then, as shown by Kenng. (Jb. Min., 537, 1870), the planes become 001, 6, 083, 403, m, 443. In the latter case the correspondence of angle is closer.
28. STIBNITE. 2 rin fit, 2rifit, /7Ao:ri>d06aAyuoj', Dioscor. Stimmi, Stibi, Stibium, Plin., 33, 33, 34. Stibi, Spiessglas, Basil Valentine (who proved it to contain sulphur), 1430. Lupus metalloruni Alchem. Spiess-Glass-Erz Briickmann, Berkwerke, 1727. Spitsglasmalm, Minera Antimonii, Antimonium Sulphure mineralisatum, Wall., 237,1747. Grauspiessglaserz, Grauspiessglanzerz, Antimonglanz, Germ. Antimoine sulfure Fr. Sulphuret of Antimony; Gray Antimony; Antimony Glance. Stibina, Antimonio grigio Ital. Antimonio gris Span. Stibine Beud., Tr., 2, 421, 1832. Antimonit Raid., Handb., 568,1845. Stibnite Dana, Min.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-99257 : 1 : 1-01788 E. S. D.1
100 A HO 44° 47' 11", 001 A 101 45° 43' 16", 001 A Oil 45° 30' 28".
Forms8:
a (100, i-l)
6 (170, f-7)4 ,
h (310, t-3) 2 (203, H)4
.n(210, -2) *(101, 1-t)
i (320, $ (901, 9-i)4
on , ..X (2oO, t-f)
*(140, i-4) Z(150, t-5) 0(160, z-6)4
Mnt Ofl° O'
00 ol
nri" 52° 47' mm" — 89° 34' oo' 53° 28' qq 37° 8'
Ll' =37° 45'
yy' 54° 17V
zz 91C 26V
yy' 37° 29'
tea;' 53° 57'
Nn' - 68° 19'
Qq 107° 14'
,7(053, |-i)
.7(031, 3-i) F(041, 44)4 (092, f-i)3
5 (3-3-17,
nn
ms
mit
fi (3-3-13, T*V)'
tt (211, 2-2)
(114, i)4
Aa (323, l-l)4
f (5-5-19,
a (434, 1-i)
v (227, f )4
X(431, 4-|)4
s (113,
A, (656, 1-f)4
Tt (112, i)
e(878, 1-f)
o-a (223, f)4 .
Z (9-10-3 10
n (445, |)6 S (9-9-10, A)8
ft (676, H)
fiM-5-19, JL.
6(881.8)
3f (413, f 4)
o-, (629, 1-3)4
A, (313, 1-3)4
T(521, 5-I)4
/ (214, i-2)
o-(213, f-2)
mp
ss'
Tctc' —
pp'
Tt
vo'
ww'
127° 41'
64° 17' 54° 9' 46° 4' 34° 41' 12° 59V
.u
T346 l r(343 H)
JE. (15-20*16, if)' (15-20-8, V-f)4
o-3 (233, H)4 .
W (20-30-9, -1/-!)4
(10-15-8, 5-|)4 (583,H)4
(15-25-6, V-f)4
35° 58V
49° 7' 71° 24V 62° 37V *553 1' 48° 39V 51° 35' 35° 24'
pp TT"
bv bw —
bo-3
5lc 26' HO3 38' 119° 6' 126° 28' 150° 30'
54° 36' 46° 33'
40° 10V 35° 8' 25° 8' 30° 16'
74° 21'
e (123, f-2)
o-4 (243, f 2)4
(121, 2-S)
oo3 (5 10-3, Y')4 A (361, 6-2)
t (188. 1-8)'
.(263, 2-3)4
2 ftv4
60° 44*
ss'"
35° 36'
TCTt'"
- 48° 44'
pp'"
70= 48'
Mm'"
22° 39
Tt'"
42° 35'
aotCdi'"
37° 50
'"
31° 18'
<72cr2'"
58° 31'
Tt'"
86° 55'
T1?'"
*99° 39'
aj.GB,"'
119° 28'
Stibnite Group— Stibnitk
Crystals prismatic, often acutely terminated; vertical planes striated or deeply furrowed longitudinally; crystals often curved, bent in knee-shaped forms or twisted, especially in the axial plane b : 6. Common in confused aggregates of
3. 4. 5.
California. Hungary. Japan. Kapnik, Knr. FelsSbanya, Knr.
acicular crystals, also in radiating groups; massive, coarse or fine columnar, less often granular to impalpable.
Cleavage : b highly perfect, the face often striated or bent transversely; also a, m imperfect; c, to cleavage, a gliding-plane8. Crystals flexible under moderate pressure in the plane b : L Slightly sectile. Fracture small subconchoidal. H. 2. G-. 4-52-4'6#. Luster metallic, highly splendent on cleavage or fresh crystalline surfaces. Color and streak lead-gray, inclining to steel-gray: subject to blackish tarnish, sometimes iridescent.
Comp. — Antimony trisulphide, Sb2S3= Sulphur 28*6, antimony 71'4 100. Sometimes auriferous, also argentiferous.
Pyr., etc. — Fuses very easily (at 1), coloring the flame greenish blue. In the open tube sulphurous (SOa) and an- timonial (Sb4O3) fumes, the latter' condensing as a white sublimate which B.B. is non-volatile. On charcoal fuses, spreads out, gives sulphurous fumes, and coats the coal white with antimony trioxide; this coating treated in R.F. volatilizes and tinges the flame greenish blue. When pure perfectly soluble in hydrochloric acid; in nitric acid decomposed with separation of antimony pentoxide.
Obs. — Occurs with quartz in beds or veins in granite and gneiss, often accompanied with various other antimony minerals produced by its alteration. Also associated in metalliferous deposits with sphalerite, galena, cinnabar, barite, quartz; sometimes accompanies native gold.
Met with in veins at Wolfsberg. in the Harz; at Braunsdorf , near Freiberg; at Pfibram; at Casparizeche, near Arnsberg, Westphalia; Felsobanya, Schemnitz, and Kremnitz, in Hungary, where it often occurs in diverging prisms, several inches long, accompanied by crystals of heavy spar and other mineral species; at Pereta, in Tuscany, in crystals; in Ekaterinburg, in the Ural; in Dummess-shire, fibrous and laminated; in Cornwall, abundant near Padstow and Tiniagel; also crystallized at Wheal Boys; at Hare Hill, in Scotland; in Perthshire. Also found at differ- ent Mexican mines. In Algeria. Also abundant in Borneo. In Victoria and New South Wales. Magnificent groups of splendent crystals up to 20 inches in length have been brought from the extensive antimony mines in the Province of lyo, island of Shikoku, Japan.
IntheUnited States it occurs sparingly at Carmel, PenobscotCo., Me.; at Cornish and Lyme, N. H.; at "Soldier's Delight," Md.; as a vein of considerable extent in Sevier county, Ark.: abundant in California at San Emigdio, Kern county, and near Alta, Benito Co. ; also with cinnabar at the Stayton mines, the Knoxville district and elsewhere; in the Humboldt mining region in Nevada, and usually argentiferous; also in the mines of Aurora, Esmeralda Co., Nevada; in Iron county, southern Utah; fine granular and compact in Cceur d'Alene Mts., Sho- shone county, Idaho. Also found in New Brunswick in Prince William, York county, 20 m. at Fredericton; in Rawdon township, Hants Co., N. S.; Foster's Bar, Fraser river, B. C.
This ore was employed by the ancients for coloring the hair, eyebrows, etc., to increase the apparent size of the eye; whence they called the ore platyophthalmon (n\arvotpa'knov\ from s, broad, and o00aA//o5, eye.
38 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
Alt. — Changes on exposure by partial oxidation to kermesite (2Sb2S3.Sb.iO3), and by further oxidation to valentinite (Sb2O3). Antimony ochre also results from its alteration.
Artif.— Obtained in crystals by several methods, cf. Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., 317, 1882.
Ref. — ' Japan, Am. J. Sc., 26, 214, 1883. See Kreuuer for early authorities, etc., and many new planes, Ber. Ak. VVien, 51, 436, 1865; also Gdt., Index, 1, 221, 1886, for a careful revision and correction. 3 Slg., Arusberg, Jb. Min., 1, 135, 1880. 4 E. S. D., Japan, 1. c. s Knr., Japan, . KozL, 13, 304, 1883. Bruu, Bibl. Univ., 11, 514, 1884. ' Koort, Inaug. Diss., Berlin, 1884; he adds also numerous new planes for the stibnite of Wolfsberg and Arns- berg, but for the most part they are very doubtful, cf. Gdt., 1. c., and Grtinling, Zs. Kr., 12, 78, 1886. 8 Cf. Mgg., Jb. Min., 2, 19, 1883.
METASTIBNITE G. F. Becker, Am. Phil. Soc., 25, 168, 1888. U. S. G. Surv., Monograph 13, pp. 343, 389, 1888. An amorphous brick-red deposit of antimony trisulphide, SbaS3 , occurring with cinnabar and with sulphide of arsenic upon siliceous sinter at Steamboat Springs, Washoe Co., Nevada.
29. BISMUTHINTTE. Visimutum Sulphure mineralisatum (fr. Riddarhyttan) Oronst., 193, 1758. Wismuthglanz Germ. Bismuth sulphure Fr. Sulphuret of Bismuth. Bismuth. Glance. Bismuthine Beud., Tr., 2, 418, 1832. Bismutholamprite Glock., Syn., 27, 1847. Bis- mutina Hal.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-9679 : 1 : 0'9850 Groth1. 100 A 110 44° 4', 001 A 101 45° 30', 001 A Oil 44° 34'.
Forms1: a (100, i-l), b (010, i-l); w(110, /), e(130, t-3), r(101, 1-i). Angles: mm'"=*88° 8', ee' 38°, rr' *91°. On artif. cryst. see Phillips2 and Rose3; the latter observed a, b, m, also 410, 120, 140, with mm'" 89° 20'.
In acicular crystals. Usually massive, with a foliated or fibrous structure.
Cleavage: b perfect; a, m imperfect. Somewhat sectile. H. 2. G. 6'4-6'5. Luster metallic. Streak and color lead-gray, inclining to tin-white, with a yellowish or iridescent tarnish. Opaque.
Comp.— Bismuth trisulphide, Bi.S, Sulphur 18'8, bismuth 81-2 100. Sometimes contains a little copper and iron.
Analyses see 5th Ed., p. 30. Forbes gives for the Bolivia mineral G. 7 '2.
Pyr., etc. — Fusibility 1. In the open tube sulphurous fumes, and a white sublimate which B.B. fuses into drops, brown while hot and opaque yellow on cooling. On charcoal at first gives sulphurous fumes; then fuses with spirting, and coats the coal with yellow bismuth oxide; with potassium iodide a bright red coating of bismuth iodide is obtained. Dissolves readily in hot nitric acid, and a white precipitate falls on diluting with water.
Obs. — Accompanies molybdenite and apatite in quartz, at Brandy Gill, Carrock Fells, in Cumberland, having a foliated structure; near Redruth; at Botallack, near Land's End; at Herlaud Mine, Gwennap: with childrenite, near Callington; at Lanescott mine, near St. Austell. In France at Meymac, Corr&ze; at Johanngeorgeustadt, Altenberg, Schneeberg, in limestone; at Wittichen, Baden; witli cerium ore at Riddarhyttan, Sweden; at the San Baldomero mine, near Sorata, Bolivia, foliated, massive, and acicular; also from Cerro de Tazna.
Occurs with gold, pyrite, and chalcopyrite in Rowan Co., N. C.,at the Earnhardt vein. Reported by Shepard to have been found with chrysoberyl at Haddam, Ct. Sparingly at Wil- limantic, and Portland. Conn., in part altered to bismuth carbonate. Abundantly with alman- dine garnet and barite in the Granite mining district, Beaver county, Utah; also at Oasis, Mono Co., and in northeastern Fresno Co., Cal.
Alt. — Occurs altered to anhydrous bismuth carbonate, cf. bismuiospharite, 2i)0.
Artif.— Obtained in crystals by Senarmont et al.. cf. Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., 318, 1882.
Ref.—1 Tazua, Bolivia, Zs. Kr., 5, 252, 1880. 2 Phil. Mag., 2, 181, 1827. 3 Pogg., 91, 401,
BOLIVITE Domeyko, 6th App. Min. Chili, p. 19, 1878. Described as a bismuth oxysulphide, BiaO3 with Bi2S3. It is derived from the oxidation of the sulphide bismuthiuite, and is of very uncertain composition. The description would apply to a mixture of the oxide with the original sulphide, which is enclosed in it. The uncertain character of the mineral seems to have been later accepted by Domeyko, for in the 3d Ed. of his Mineralogy (1879, p. 304) the occurrence is only mentioned briefly, and without any name. Locality, mines of Tazna, in the province of Chorolque, Bolivia.
30. GUANAJUATITE. Una nueva especie mineral de bismuto Castillo, Naturaleza 2, 274, 1873; Jb. Min., 225, 1874. Guanajuatite V. Fernandez, "La Republica" of Guanajuato,, July 13, 1873. Selenwismuthglanz Fremel, Jb. Min., 679, 1874. Frenzelite 2nd Append. Dana's Min., 22, 1875. Castillite Domeyko, Miu. Chili, p. 310. 1879. ' ,
Tetradtmite. 39
Orthorhombic, isomorphous with stibnite; mm'" 90° approx. In acicular prismatic crystals, striated longitudinally, often forming semi-compact masses. Also massive with granular, foliated or fibrous structure.
Cleavage: b distinct. Somewhat sectile. H. 2-5-3-5. G. 6 '25-6 -62. Luster metallic. Color bluish gray. Streak gray, shining.
Comp. — Bismuth selenide, Bi2Se3 Selenium 36'3, bismuth 100; a small part of the selenium is replaced by sulphur.
Anal.— 1, Frerizel, Jb. Min., 679, 1874. 2, Mallet, Am. J. Sc., 15, 294, 1878, after deducting 6'72 p. c. halloysite and 0'56 SiOa.
Se S Bi
1. 24-13 6-60 67-38 98-11
2. 34-33 0-66 65-01 100
Pyr. — B.B. on charcoal fuses with a blue flame, giving a strong odor of selenium; with potassium iodide on charcoal a red coating of bismuth iodide. Decomposed by aqua regia on slow heating.
Obs. — From the Santa Catarina mine, Sierra de Santa Rosa, near Guanajuato, Mexico. Associated with native bismuth and pyrite.
SILAONITE V. Fernandez and 8. Navia, " La Republica," Guanajuato, Mexico, Dec. 25, 1873. A massive, bluish gray mineral. H. 2*75. G. 6'43-6'45. Described as having the com- position Bi3Se. Shown subsequently by Fernandez, and also by H. D. Bruns (Chem. News, 38, 109, 1878), to be a mixture of guanajuatite and native bismuth, and not a homogeneous mineral.
31. TETRADYMITE. Ore of Tellurium (fr. Tellemark) Esmark, Trans. G. Soc., 3, 413, June 1, 1815. Tellurwismuth (fr. Riddarhyttan) Berz., Ak. H. Stockh., 1823. Telluric Bis- muth. Tetradymite, Rhomboedrische Wismuthglanz (fr. Schubkau) Haid., Baumg. Zs., 9, 129, 1831. Bismuth tellure, Tellure selenie bismuthifSre Fr. Bornine Beud., Tr.. 2, 538, 1832. Bismuthotellurites pt, Olocker, Syn., 19, 1847. Tellurbismuth Balch, Am. J. Sc., 35, 99, 1863.
Khombohedral. Axis 6 1-5871; 0001 A 1011 61° 22£ ' Haidinger1.
Forms : c (0001, 0), e (0112, - astw. pi., /(2021, 2), fi (0441, -4). Angles : ce 42° 30', rf 74° 44*', cju 82° 14', rr' 98° 58', /' 113° 20', w' 118° 12'.
Twins: tw. pi. cc — *95°; in fourlings. Crystals small and rarely distinct; acute rhombohedral, resembling hexagonal prisms; rhombohedral faces horizontally striated. Also in bladed forms and foliated to granular massive.
Cleavage: basal perfect. Laminse flexible; not very sectile. H. =1-5-2; soils paper. G. 7'2-7*6. Luster metallic, splendent. Color pale steel-gray. Thermo- electrically positive in part, also sometimes negative5.
Comp., Var. — Consists of bismuth and tellurium, with sometimes sulphur and a trace of selenium; the analyses for the most part afford the general formula Bi2(Te,S)r Some authors regard the species as' an isomorphous compound of bismuth and tel- lurium, and place it in the group of the rhombohedral metals.
Var.— 1. Free from sulphur. Bi2Te3=Tellurium48-l, bismuth 51 '9; analyses 1-4. G.= 7'868 from Dahlonega, Jackson; 7'642, id., Balch.
2. Sulphurous. 2Bi2Te3.Bi2S3 Tellurium 36'4, sulphur 4'6, bismuth 59 '0 100. This includes tetrudymite Haid. from Schubkau, whose crystals yielded the above data; also other varieties analyzed by Genth. The name Bornine, after von Born, was given by Beudant in 1832, and Wehrle's analysis of the Schubkau ore was the only one cited.
Anal.— 1, Geuth, Am. J. Sc.. 19, 16, 1855. 2 Id., ibid., 31, 368, 1861. 3, Balch, ibid., 35, 99, 1863. 4, Genth, ibid., 45, 317, 1868. 5, Wehrle, Baumg Zs , 9, 133, 1831. 6, Berzelius, Jahresb., 12, 178, 1833. 7, Hruschauer. J. pr. Ch , 45, 456, 1848. 8, C. T. Jackson, Dana's Min., 712, 1850. 9, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 16. 81, 1853. 10, Id., ibid., 45, 317, 1868. 11, 12, Id., Am. Phil. Soc. Philad., 14, 224, 1874. 13, Id., Am. J. Sc., 40, 114, 1890. 14, Frenzel, Jb. Min., 799, 1873.
Variety 1. without sulphur. Te Bi
1. FluvannaCo., Va. 48 -35 52'80 Se tr. 10M5
2. Dahlonega, Ga. f 47'73 50'90 Se tr., Fe 0'21, Cu 0'06, Au, SiOa, etc., 0'7ft
99-66
3. " " G. 7642 f 48-50 51-51 =100-01
4. Highland, Montana. " 47'90 50'43 Fe2O3 0'90, SiO? 0 78 100 01
40 Sulphides, Selenide8, Tellurides, Etc.
Variety 2, containing sulphur. Te S Bi
5. Schubkau G. 7'500 35'24 4'92 59'84 Se tr. 100
6. " 36-05 4-32 58'30 Se tr., gangue 0'75 99'42
7. " 358 4-6 592 99'6
8. Whitehall, Va. 35 05 3'65 58-80 Au, Fe8O, , SiO2 2'70 100'20
9. Davidson Co., N.C., G.=7'287 33'84 5'27 61 '35 Se tr. 100'46
10. Cabarrus Co., N. C. 36'28 5'01a 57'70 Fe 0'54, Cu 0-41 99'94
11. Montana G. 7'33 [34 -90] 4'26 60'49 Sei!r., AuO'21, Cu tr., FeO'09, SiOa 0'05
100
12. " G. 7-54 [34-41] 5'16 59'24 Se 0-14, Cu 0'47, SiO2 0'58 100
13. Yavapai Co., Arizona. 3325 4'50 62'23 99 98b
14. Orawitza 35'92 4-26 59'33 99 '51
.8 S 4'40 after deducting 1-15 pyrite. b Deducting 15'6 % quartz, 1-8 Fe2O3.
Pyr. — In the open tube a white sublimate of tellurium dioxide, which B.B. fuses to color- less drops. On charcoal fuses, gives white fumes and entirely volatilizes; tinges the R.F. bluish green; coats the coal at first white (TeO2), and finally orange-yellow (Bi2O3); some varieties give sulphurous and selenous odors.
Obs. — Occurs at Schubkau near Schemnitz; at Rezbanya; at Orawitza in the Bauat; at Tel- lemark in Norway ; at Bastnaes mine, near Riddarhyttau, Sweden.
In the United States, in Virginia, at the Whitehall gold mines, Spottsylvania Co., at Monroe mine, Stafford Co., and Tellurium mine, Fluvanna Co., with native gold; in North Carolina. Davidson Co., about 5 m. W. of Washington mine, in foliated scales and lamellar masses with gold, chalcopyrite, magnetite, epidote, limonite, etc.; and at the Phoenix mine, CabarrusCo.. and in gold washings of Burke and McDowell counties; in York district. So. Carolina; in Georgia, Lumpkin Co., 4 in. E. of Dahlouega, and also in Cherokee and Polk and Spaulding counties, In the gold washings of Highland, Montana, and at Uncle Sam's Lode. Rare at the Red Cloud mine, Colorado. In quartz with gold at the Montgomery mine, Hassayampa distr., Arizona also near Bradshaw City, Yavapai Co., in bladed crystals in quartz.
Named from rerpdSvuuS, four-fold, in allusion to the twin crystals.
Ref.— Schubkau, Baumg. Zs., 9, 129, 1831, cf. also Pogg., 21, 595, 1831. 2 From Schub- kau and Orawitza, positive; from Georgia, negative, Schrauf and Dana, Ber. Ak. Wien, 69 (1), 151, 1874, or Am. J. Sc., 8, 262, 1874.
32. JOSEITE. Tellurure de Bismuth Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 372, 1845. Borning. Tellure bismuthifere du Bresil, Dufr. [not Bornine Send.] Joseit Kenng., Min., 121, 1853.
In laminated masses with perfect cleavage resembling tetradymite. Soft. Fragile. G. 7-924-7-936. Luster metallic. Color grayish black, steel-gray.
Comp. — Bismuth and tellurium with some sulphur and selenium; the formula doubtful.
Anal.— 1, 2, Damour, 1. c. 3, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc. Philad., 23, 31, 1885.
Te S Se Bi
1. San Jose, Brazil 15'93 3-15 1-48 79'15 99'71
2. " " 15-68 4-58 78'40 98 '66
3. 14-67 2-84 1'46 81'23 100'20
Rammelsberg obtained from an allied mineral, from Cumberland, England (Min. Ch., 5- Tellurium 6 '73, sulphur 6 -43, bismuth 84 '33 97'49.
Pyr. — B.B. the Brazil ore acts nearly like tetradymite. In an open tube it gives off some sulphur, then while fumes of tellurium dioxide, and then affords a decided odor of selenium ; and in the upper part of the tube a white coating with some brick-red over it, due to the selenium; and a yellowish residue below, due to the bismuth oxide.
Obs. — Found in granular limestone at San Jose, near Mariana, province of Minas Gomes. Brazil, and first brought to France by Mr. Claussen.
33. WEHRLITE. Argent molybdique de Born, Cat. de Raab., 2, 419, 1790. Wasserblei- silber, Molybdan-silber, Wern., Letztes Miu. Syst., 18, 48, 1817. Molybdic silver. Wismuth- glanz Klapr., Beitr., 1, 254, 1795. Tellurwismuth Berz., Ak. H. Stockh., 1823. Wismuthspiegel Weiss. Spiegelglanz Breith. Tetradymite pt. many authors. Wehrlite Ifuot, Min.. 1, 188,* 1841. Pilsenit Kenng., Miu., 121, 1853.
In foliated masses witli perfect cleavage resembling tetradymite. Thin folia, a little elastic. H. 1-2. U. 8-37-8-44. Luster metallic, bright. Color tin- white to light steel-gray.
Molybdenite Group— Molybdenite. 41
Comp. — Bismuth and tellurium with some sulphur; a little silver is present, probably as silver sulphide.
Anal.— 1, Wehrle, Baumg. Zs., 9, 144, 1881. 2, 3, Sipocz, Zs. Kr., 11, 212, 1885.
G. Te S Bi Ag
1. Deutsch-Pilsen 8'44 29'74 2'33 61-15 2-07 =_95'29
2. " " 8-368 35-47 — 59'47 4'87 99Tu
3. " " 28-52 1-33 70'02 0'48 100'35
Analysis 2 corresponds to AgBi7Te7, and 3 to Bi8TesS, or Bi3Tea, excluding AgaS. Pyr., etc. — Like tetradymite.
Obs. — From Deutsch-Pilsen, in Hungary. First reported as an ore of silver and molyb- denum. Named after Mining Commissioner Wehrle, of Hungary.
3. Molybdenite Group.
34. MOLYBDENITE. Not Molybdsena [ product fr. partial reduct. and oxid of Galena] Dioscor., Plin., Agric. Blyertz, Molybdena pt. [rest graphite] Wall., 131, 1747, Linn., 1748, 1768. Sulphur ferro et stanno saturatum (fr. Bastnaes, etc.), Wasserbley pt., Molybdena pt. , Cronst., 139, 1758. Scheele Opuscula, 1, 1778. Molybdsena (with discov. of metal) Hielm, Ak. H. Stockh., 1782, 1788-1793. Wasserblei Wern. Molybdanglanz Germ. Molybdena Kirw., Min.. 1796 (calls the metal Molybdenite). Sulphuret of Molybdena. Molybdenite Brongn., 2, 92, 1807, citing Kirwan as authority.
Hexagonal (?). Crystals hexagonal in form, tabular, or short prisms slightly tapering, ex 75° Renfrew, resembling some mica. Prismatic planes horizontally striated; on the base sometimes striae normal to the edges. Commonly foliated, massive or in scales; also fine granular.
Cleavage: basal eminent. Laminae very flexible, but not elastic. Sectile. H. 1-1 '5. G. 4'7-4'8; 4*708 Biellese, Cossa. Luster metallic. Color pure lead-gray; a bluish gray trace on paper, porcelain slightly greenish. Opaque. Feel greasy.
Comp. — Molybdenum disulphide, MoS2 Sulphur 40*0, molybdenum 60-0=100.
Pyr., etc.— In the open tube sulphurous fumes and a pale yellow crystalline sublimate of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3). B.B. in the forceps infusible, imparts a yellowish-green color to the flame; on charcoal the pulverized mineral gives in O.F. a strong odor of sulphur, and coats the coal with crystals of molybdic oxide, which appear yellow while hot, and white on cooling; near the assay the coating is copper-red, and if the white coating be touched with an intermittent R.F., it assumes a beautiful azure-blue color. Decomposed by nitric acid, leaving a white or grayish residue (molybdic oxide).
Obs. — Generally occurs embedded in, or disseminated through, granite, gneiss, zircon- syenite, granular limestone, and other crystalline rocks. At Numeclal in Sweden, Arendal, Selba, and Tellemarken in Norway, Nerchinsk in Eastern Siberia, and Auerbach in Saxony, it has been observed in hexagonal prisms. Found also at Altenberg and Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony; Schlackeuwald and Zinnwald in Bohemia; Rathausberg in Austria; near Miask, Urals; Bastnaes, etc., Sweden; in Finland; Laurvik in Norway; Chessy in France; in Piedmont, Italy, at Traversella and Biellese; Peru; Brazil; Calbeck Fell, Carrock Fells, and near the source of the Oaldew in Cumberland, associated with scheelite and .apatite; several of Ihe Cornish mines; in Scotland at East Tulloch; at Mount Coryby on Loch Creran, etc.
In Maine, at Blue Hill Bay and Camdage farm, in large crystallizations; also at Brunswick, Bowdoiuham, and Sanford, but less interesting. In Conn., at Haddam and the adjoining towns on the Connecticut river, in gneiss in crystals and large plates; also at Say brook. In Vermont, at Newport, with crystals of white apatite. In N. Hampshire, at Westmoreland, four miles south of the north village meeting-house, in a vein of mica slate, abundant; at Llandaff in regular tabular crystals; at Franconia. In Mass., at Shutesbury, east of Locke's pond; at Brim- field, with iolite. In N. York, two miles southeast of Warwick, in irregular plates associated with rutile, zircon, and pyrite. In Penn., in Chester, on Chester Creek, near Reading; near Concord, Cabarrus Co., N. C., with pyrite in quartz. In California, at Excelsior gold mine, in Excelsior district and elsewhere. In Canada, at Balsam Lake, Terrace Cove. Lake Superior; north of Balsam Lake, on a small island in Big Turtle Lake, with scapolite, pyroxene, etc., in a vein of quartz intersecting crystalline limestone; at St. Jerome, Quebec; at Seabeach Bay, near Black River, N. W. of L. Superior (48° 46' N., 87° 17' W.). In large crystals (1 to 2 inches across) in Renfrew county, Ontario, also in Aldfield township. Pontiac Co., Quebec.
Named from /uohvfidoS lead; the name, first given to some substances containing lead, later included graphite and molybdenite, and even some compounds of antimony. The distinc- tion between graphite and molybdenite was established by Scheele in 1778-79.
42 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
Artif. — Obtained crystallized by Schulten by melting together potassium carbonate, sulphur and molybdic oxide in a platinum crucible, G. 5'06, G. F5r. Forh., 11, 401, 1889.
II. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides, Antimonides of the
Metals.
A. Basic Division.
B. Monosulphides.
1. Galena Group. Isometric, holohedral.
2. Chalcocite Group. Orthorhombic*
3. Sphalerite Group. Isometric, tetrahedral.
4. Cinnabar— Wurtzite— Millerite Group. Hexagonal and rhombohedral.
C. Intermediate Division.
Embraces Polydymite Ni4S4 ?, Melonite Te2Sa, etc. ; also Bornite Linnseite CoS.CoaSs, Chalcopyrite CuaS.Fe2S3, etc.
D. Disulphides, Diarsenides, etc.
1. Pyrite Group. Isometric, pyritohedral.
2. Marcasite Group. Orthorhombic.
3. Sylvanite Group.
II. Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, etc., of the Metals.
A. Basic Division. Dyscrasite Group.
a : 5 : t
35. Dyscrasite Ag3Sb, Ag8Sb, etc. 0-5775 : 1 : 0-6718
Arsenargentite, Hnntilite Ag3As?
36. Horsfordite Cu6Sb
37. Domeykite Cu3As
38. Algodonite Cu6As
39. Whitneyite Cu9As
40. Chilenite Ag6Bi ?
41. Stiitzite Ag4Te? Hexagonal? 1-2530
35. DTSCRASITE. Argentxim nativum antimonio adunatum Bergm., Sciagr., 159, 1782, Spiesglanz-Silber Selb, Lempe Mag., 3, 5,1786. Silberspiessglanz, Spiesglas-Silber, Antimon- Silber Germ. Antimonial Silver. Argent Antimonial Fr. Discrase Beitr., 2, 613, 1832. Dis- crasit Frobelf, Prodr. St5chiolitk, 1837.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-5775 : 1 : O-GS Hausmann1. 100 A HO 30° 0$', 001 A 101 49° 19', 001 A Oil 33° 53*'.
Forms ' :
c (001, 0) q (130, '-8)
(011, 14)
y(lll, 1)
a (100, i-l)
m (110, /) r (150, *-5)
p (021, 2-i)
(133, 1-3)
b (010, i-J)
n (120. i-%) d (101, 1-1)
s(112, J)
mm'" 60° 1'
dd' 98° 38' cy
53° 20'
35° 41'
nri 81° 46'
ee' 67° 47' cs
37° 48'
ez'"
32° 23'
gq' 59° 59'
pp' 106° 41' zz'
57° 44*'
yy'"
*47° 18'
rr' - 38° 12'
ce — 33° 53' yy'
*88° 0'
88'"
64° 7'
Dyscrasite Group— Dt8Crasite. 43
Twins: tw. pi. m, producing stellate forms, pseudo-hexagonal. Planes c striated b. Also massive, granular fine, or coarse and foliated.
Cleavage: c, e distinct, m imperfect. Fracture uneven. Sectile. H. 3-5-4. G. 9-44-9-85. Luster metallic. Color and streak silver-white, inclining to tin-white; somtimes tar- nished yellow or blackish. Opaque.
Comp. — A silver antimonide, including Ag3Sb Antimony 27-1, silver 72'9 100, and Ag6Sb Antimony 15-7, silver 84-3 100, and perhaps other compounds.
Analyses (see 5th Ed., p. 35) vary widely, some conforming also to Ag2S, Ag4(Sb,As)3, etc. Of the following, 1 and 2 agree with Ag3Sb, SwithAg.Sb. 1, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 16, 618, 18(59. 2, 3, Petersen, Pogg., Andreasberg ?, Mir. 137, 377, 1869.
Sb Ag
1. Andreasberg cryst. G. 9'73-9'77 [27-56] f 72-44 100
2. Wolfach cryst. G. 9*611 f 27'20 71-52 98-72
3. " fine gran. G. 10'027 15-81 83-85 99-66
Another fragment of the crystal analyzed by Rammelsberg (1) gave (f) Ag 74'79, with G. 9-851. A coarse granular form from Wolfach gave Petersen Sb 23 06, Ag 76'65, As tr. 99 -71, with G. 9'960. Petersen calls the compound Ag3Sb, stibio-triargentite, and AgSb, stibio-Jiexargentite.
Because of the similarity of form with chalcocite, etc., it has been urged that the true com- position is Ag2Sb, and that the variation is due to mechanical admixture, cf. Kenngott", Groin8. The analogy, however, of the copper arsenides and still more of artificial compounds (Cooke4) of zinc and antimony (ZnnSb), which latter are near dyscrasite in form, speak against this.
Domeyko mentions silver ores with only 4 to 6 p. c. antimony. A silver-white mineral from Chanarcillo conforming approximately to the formula Ag4(Sb,As)3 has been called chanarcillite. (5th Ed., p. 36, 1868.)
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal fuses to a globule, coating the coal with white antimony trioxide and finally giving a globule of almost pure silver. Soluble in nitric acid, leaving anti- mony trioxide.
Obs. — Occurs in the Wenzelgang near Wolfach, Baden, where it is the chief silver ore (cf. Sandb., 1. c.); it is crystalline, and in part fine granular, in part coarsely foliated; the latter forming masses in concentric layers, varying in structure and somewhat in composition; also at Witticheu in Suabia, and at Andreasberg in the Harz, commonly associated with other ores of silver, native arsenic, galena, etc.; also at Allemont, Isere in France, Casalla in Spain, and in Bolivia, S. A. Named from dvaK/jacriS, a dad alloy. Chanarcillite, from Chanarcillo, is a silver-white ore for which Domeyko gives Ag2(As,Sb)s ; 5th Ed., p. 36.
Alt. — Occurs at Wolfach, altered to pyrnrgyrite and native silver, cf. Sandberger, 1. c.
Ref.— ' Handb. Min., p. 57. 1847. Sandberger adds a pyramid probably 332, Unt. Erzg., 2, 298, 1882. Her. Ak. Wien, 9, 548, 1852. 3 Tab. Ueb. 20, 1882. "Am. J. Sc., 18, 229, 1854; 20, 222, 1855; cf. Rg., 1. c., p. 623.
ARSENICAL SILVER. Arseniksilber,, from Andreasberg, analyzed by Klaproth (Beitr., 183, 1795), and DuMenil (Schweig. J., 34, 357, 1822), is regarded by Rammelsberg as a mixture perhaps of arsenopyrite, arsenical iron, and dyscrasite (Pogg., 77, 262. 1849, and Min. Ch., 27, 1875). Called pyritolamprite by Adam, Tabl. Min., 39, 1869.
MACFARLANITE, HUNTILITE, ANIMIKITE. The ores from Silver Islet, Lake Superior, appar- ently contain a silver arsenide (huntilite} and perhaps also a silver antimonide (animikite), the latter related to or identical with dyscrasite. The name macfarlanite was given by Sibley to the complex ore consisting of a reddish-brown sectile metallic mineral mixed with silver and other species; this has been investigated by T. Macfarlane (Can. Nat., Feb. 1, 1870; Trans. Am. lust. Mng. Eng., 8, 236, 1880). The name huntilite, after Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, was given by Wurtz (Eng. Mng. J., 27, 55, 1879) to the supposed silver arsenide, stated to be dark gray to black and massive, G. 7'47; also slate-color and cleavable. Semi malleable. G. 6-27. The analyses were made on too impure material to allow of any decision as to the composition. Ag3As As 18-8, Ag 81-2 100) is sugested. Compare Koeuig, Proc. Acad Philad., 276,1877. Animikite, Wurtz, 1. c. p. 124, occurs on huntilite. Structure fine granular. Somewhat sectile. G. 9'45. Color white to grayish white. The formula Ag9Sb is proposed, but very doubtful. Named from animike, thunder, whence Thunder Bay. For analyses, etc., see further Min. 5th Ed., App. Ill, 71, 1882.
ARSENARGENTITE J. B. Eannay, Min. Mag., 1, 149, 1877. Stated on the basis of a partial examination of a single specimen of doubtful source (Freiberg ?) to be Ag3As, occurring in orthorhombic acicular crystals in native arsenic. G. =8'825. Analysis: As [18'43], Ag 81'37 — 100. Needs confirmation.
Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
36. HORSFORDITE. A. Laist and T. H. Norton, Am. Ch. J., 10, 60, 1888-
Only known massive.
Brittle. Fracture uneven. H. =4-5. G. 8-812. Luster metallic; brill- iant, but tarnishing easily. Color silver-white. Opaque.
Comp. — A copper antimonide, probably Cu6Sb Antimony 24 '0, copper 76 'ft 100.
Anal.— Laist and Norton:
Sb 26-86
Cu 73-37 100-23
Pyr. — B.B. fusibility 1'5. Reacts for antimony and copper.
Obs. — Occurs as a large deposit in Asia Minor not far from Mytilene.
Named for E. N. Horsford, f ormerly Rumf ord Professor of Chemistry in Harvard University.
Artif.— On octahedral crystals containing Cu6Sb, see Brand, Zs. Kr., 17, 264, 1889.
37. DOMEYKITE. Arsenikkupfer (fr. Copiapo) Zinken, Po."g., 41, 659, 1837. Arseniure de cuivre Domeyko, Ann. Mines, 3, 3, 1843; Cobre Blanco id., Min., 138, 1845. Weisskupfer Hausm. Cuivre arsenical Fr. Arsenical Copper. Domeykite Haid., Handb., 562, 1845. Con- durrite W. Phillips, Phil. Mag., 2, 286, 1827.
Heniform and botryoidal; also massive and disseminated.
Fracture uneven. H. — 3-3'5. G. 7'2-7'75. Luster metallic, but dull on exposure. Color tin-white to steel-gray, with a yellowish to pinchbeck-brown, and aftei-ward an iridescent tarnish.
€omp. — A copper arsenide, Cu3As Arsenic 28*3, copper 71*7 — 100.
Anal. — 1, Domeyko, after deducting 2'55 gangue, Ann. Mines, 3, 6, 1843. 2. 3, Field, J. Ch. Soc., 10, 289, 1857. 4, Frenzel, Jb. Miu., 26, 1873. 5, Forbes, Q. J. G. Soc., 17, 44, 1861. 6, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 33, 193, 1862. 7, 8, Frenzel, 1. c. 9, Wiukler, Jb. Min., 2, 255, 1882.
1. Coquimbo (Calabozo), Chili
3. Copiapo
4. " (S. Antonio) "
5. Corocoro, Bolivia
6. L. Superior. Portage Lake
8. Cigazuala, Mexico
9. Zwickau H. 5.
As
G.
6-70
G.
7-75
G.
7-207
G.
7-547
G.
6-84
Cu
71-64 =100 71-48 -99-74 71-56 100
70-16 Fe,Mn 3'50, S 0'49, insol. 0'45 100'49 71-13 AgO-46 100 70-68 =9993 72-02 100-31 72-99 100-09
65 08 Fe 0'64, Ni 0'44, O 2-49, gangue 3 84
9894
Pyr., etc. — In the open tube fuses and gives a white crystalline sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B. on charcoal arsenical fumes and a malleable metallic globule, which, on treatment with soda, gives a globule of pure copper. Not dissolved in hydrochloric acid, but soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — From the Chilian mines of Algodones in Coquimbo, in Illapel, San Antonio io Copiapo, etc. Also from Zwickau, iu Saxony, in porphyry.
In N. America, found on the Sheldon location, Portage Lake; and mixed with uiccolite at Michipicoten Island, in L. Superior.
Domeykite is named for the Chilian mineralogist, Ignacio Domeyko.
Condumte is a mixture, the result of alteration (of tennantite?, Rg.). It is b.aek and soft, soiling the fingers. It has been investigated by Rammelsberg (Pogg., 71, 305, 1847) and Wink- ler (B. H. Ztg., 18, 383, 1859), also earlier by Faraday, Blyth and Kobell. Cf. 5th Ed., p. 37. From the Condurrow mine, near Helstone, and Wheal Druid mine at Carnbrae, near Redruth, Cornwall.
ORILEYITE D. Waldie, Proc. Asiat. Soc., Bengal, p. 279, September, 1870.
Massive. H. 5'5. G. 7 '343-7 428. Color steel-gray on fresh fracture with purplish tint. Luster metallic. Streak dark gray. Analysis, D. Waldie: As 3845, Sb 0'54, Cu 12'13, Fe 42-12, X 6'19. Insol. 0'12 99'55. X oxidized matters soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid CuO 121, FeO 1-97, PbO 1'89, As2O3 1-12 6'19. Soluble in nitric acid. From Burma, but exact locality not known. Named after Mr. O'Riley, Deputy Commissioner of Martaban, Burma.
The analysis corresponds approximately, as shown by Mallet (Min. India, 14, 1887), to (Cu,,Fe)s (As,Sb)j, which if confirmed makes the mineral allied to domeykite.
As
Cu
Ag
99-84
tr.
99 37
99-84
99-37
Dyscrasite Group— Algodonite— Whitneyite— Chilenite. 45
38. ALGODONITE. F. Field, J. Ch. Soc., 10, 289, 1857.
In incrustations minutely crystalline. Commonly massive and distinctly granular.
Fracture subconchoidal, affording a granular surface. H. 4. G. 7*62, Chili, Genth. Luster metallic and bright, but becoming dull on_exposure. Color steel-gray to silver-white, the latter on a polished surface. Opaque.
Comp. — Cu6As Arsenic 16'5, Copper 83'5 100. AnaL— 1, F. Field, 1. c. 2-4, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 33, 192, 1862.
1. Chili
2. " G. 7-603
3. L. Superior
In analysis 3, a little whitneyite was mixed with the ore, and hence the higher percentage of copper (Genth).
Pyr. — The same as with domeykite, but less fusible.
Obs. — In Chili, at the silver mine of Algodones, near Coquimbo, in the Cerro de los Seguas, Department of Rancagua; in the United States, in the Lake Superior region. A transported mass of mixed whitneyite and algodonite, weighing 95-100 Ibs., was found on St. Louis R. The color is grayer, and the texture more granular and less malleable, than in whitneyite.
39. WHITNEYITE. Genth, Am. J. Sc., 27, 400, 1859, 33, 191, 1862. DarwiniteD. Forbes, Phil. Mag., 20, 423, 1860.
Massive. Crystalline; very fine granular.
Malleable. H. 3'5. Gk 8'4-8'G. Luster dull and sub-metallic on surface of fresh fracture, but strong metallic where scratched or rubbed, soon tarnishing. Color pale reddish to grayish white, pale reddish white on a rubbed surface; becom- ing yellowish bronze, brown, and brownish black on exposure. Sometimes iridescent. Opaque.
Comp. — Cu9As Arsenic 11'6, copper 88 — 100.
Anal.— 1-3, F. A. Genth, 1. c. 4, Id.. Am. „ . N 45, 306, 1868. 5, D. Forbes, 1. c.
As Cu Ag & insol.
1. Michigan G. =8-408 1161 88-13 0-40 =100-14
2. " 12-28 87-48 004 99 '80
3. " G. =8-47 12-28 87'37 0'03 99'68
4. Sonora 11 -46 88'54 tr. 100
5. Chili G. =8-64 £ 11-58 8814 0'28 =100
Pyr. — Less fusible than algodonite; otherwise as in domeykite.
Obs. — In Houghton Co., Michigan, coated with red copper. A loose mass, weighing about 15 Ibs., and consisting partly of algodouite, was found on the Pewabic location, 1 m. from Han- cock village. Portage Lake; also found in place on the Sheldon location, near Houghton, Mich. ; stated to occur at the Albion location, about a mile from the Cliff mine, in a vein 4 inches wide; also at the Minnesota mine; also in Sonora (Genth), near La Laguna, a ranch on the road to Libertad, Gulf of California, 35 m. fr. Saric; reported also from the Lape and Fuller mine, Austin, Nevada Darwinite (anal. 5) is stated to occur near Potrero Grande, southeast of Copiapo, Chili.
Named after Prof: J. D. Whitney of Cambridge, Mass. , formerly State Geologist of Cali- fornia.
A mineral related to whitneyite, from Fortuna di Paposa, Chili, gave Bertranrl 7'5 p. c. As, Ann. Mines, 1, 413, 1872.
40. CHILENITE. Aleacion de plata con bismuto Domeyko, Min., 187, 1845. Plata bis- mutal Id., ib. 185, 1860. Chilenite Dana, Min.. 1868, 36.
Amorphous; granular.
Soft. Silver- white, but tarnishing easily to yellowish.
Comp.— Contains bismuth and silver, perhaps Ag,Bi Bismuth 13'8, silver 86'2. Domeyko obtained: Bi 10-1, Ag 60 1, Cu 6'8, As 28, gangue 19'0, corresponding to B5 14'4, silver 85'6. Also (Ann. Mines, 5, 456, 1864) Bi 15'3, Ag 84-7. For the last the material was separated from: a mass containing 8 to 10 p. c. of it disseminated in small points.
Obs. — From the mine of San Antonio, Potrero Grande, in Copiapo.
For the bismuth silver of Schapbach, see p. 122.
46 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellueides, Etc.
41. Ctiitzite. Tellursilberblende Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 2, 245, 1878.
Hexagonal, or pseudo-hexagonal. If hexagonal, axis c 1'2530; 0001 A 1011 55° 21'.
Forms : c (0001, 0); a (1120, f-2), m (1010, /), h (2130, i-f). I (4130, z-$), d! (1014, ±), /(1012, i), 0 (1011, 1), s (3032, fj. (1126, £-2), z (1124, |-2), # (1122, 1-2), x (1121, 2-2); i (2132, f-f), o (3142, 2-|). Angles: cf - 35° 53', cs 65° 16 , cs 32C 4', e# 51° 24f , ex 68° 15'.
Schrauf prefers a monoclinic parameter, viz, a : b : c 1 '73205 : 1 : 1-25829, ft — 89° 33'. A similarity in form to dyscrasite (as also to chalcocite is apparent, and it may be orthorhombic and pseudo-hexagonal like them.
Crystals highly modified. Faces mostly brilliant; m horizontally striated.
Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Luster metallic. Color lead-gray, with reddish tinge. Streak blackish lead-gray.
Comp. — A silver telluride, perhaps Ag4Te Tellurium 22'5, silver 77'5 100. The silver percentage determined approximately with the blowpipe in two trials 72 p. c. and 77 p. c.
Pyr. — Easily fusible to a dark bead, from which a silver globule is obtained by reduction with soda; yields tellurium dioxide in the open tube.
Obs.— Identified on a single specimen in the collection of the Vienna University; locality probably Nagyag, Transylvania. Associated with gold and hessite on quartz. Named after Stiltz, who, in 1803, described a tellurium mineral from Nagyag, which is regarded by Schrauf as probably identical with this.
B. Monosulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, etc. 1. Galena Group. ES. Isometric, holohedral. Monosulphides, etc., of silver, copper, lead and mercury.
42. Argentite Ag2S
Jalpaite (Ag,Cu)2S
43. Hessite AgaTe
44. Petzite (Ag,Au)2Te Massive
45. Galena PbS
Cuproplumbite, Alisonite (Pb,Cua)S, (Cu,,Pb)S
46. Altaite PbTe
47. Clausthalite PbSe
48. Naumannite (Ag2,Pb)Se
49. Berzelianite CuaSe Massive
50. Lehrbachite (Pb,HgJSe
51. Eucairite Cu2Se.Ag2Se "
52. Zorgite (Pb,Cu,,Ag,)Se? "
53. Crookesite (Cu,Tl,Ag),Se "
42. ARGENTITE. Argentum rude plumbei coloris et Galense simile, cultro difflndltur, dentibus compressum dilatatur, Agric., 438, 1529; Germ. Glaserz, Agric., Interpr., 463, 1546; Henckel, Min., 1734 (proving it a sulphur compound). Silfverglas, Minera argenti vitrea, Argentum sulphure mineral isatum. Wall., 308, 1746; Sage, Ann. Ch., 2, 250, 1776 (with earliest anal.). Glanzerz, Silberglas, Silberglanz, Schwefelsilber, Weichgewachs, Germ. Vitreous Silver, SulphuKet of Silver, Silver Glance. Argent sulfure Fr. Argyrose Beud., Tr., 2, 392, 1832. Argentit Haid., Handb., 565, 1845. Argyrit Glock., Syn., 23, 1847. Argirose Ital. Plata sulfurea Span. Petlanque nero Span., 8. A.
Isometric. Observed planes ' :
a (100, i-i) /(310, -3)2 p (221, 2) 2(322, f-f)
o (111, 1) g (320, n (211, 2-2) a (533, f-f)
Penetration-twins: tw. plane o. Forms a, d, o most common; crystals often distorted, frequently grouped in parallel position making reticulated, arborescent forms; also filiform. Massive, embedded or as a coating.
Galena Group— Hessite. 47
Cleavage : a, d in traces. Fracture small subconchoidal. Perfectly sectile. H. — 2-2-5. G. =7-20-7-36; 7'296 Freiberg, Dbr. Luster metallic. Color and streak blackish lead-gray; streak shining. Opaque.
Comp.— Silver sulphide, Ag2S Sulphur 12-9, silver 87'1 100.
Pyr., etc.— In the open tube gives off sulphurous fuines. B.B. on charcoal fuses with intu- mescence in O. F., emitting sulphurous fumes, and yielding a globule of srfver.
Obs. — Found at Freiberg, Auuaberg, Joachimsthal of the Erzgebirge; at Schemnitz and Kremnitz in Hungary; in Norway near Kongsberg; in the Altai at the Zrueiuogorsk mine; in the Urals at the Blagodatsk mine; in Cornwall; in Bolivia; Peru; Chili; Mexico at Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Catorce, San Pedro del Potosi, etc.
Occurs in Nevada, at the Comstock lode, at different mines, along with stephauite, native gold, etc.; in the vein at Gold Hill; common in the ores of Reese river; probably the chief ore of silver in the Cortez district; in the Kearsarge district, Silver-Sprout vein. At the Silver King mine, in Arizona. At mines near Port Arthur on north shore of Lake Superior. Occurs with native silver and copper in northern Michigan.
Acanthite (p. 58) may be only argentite in distorted crystals with orthorhombic symmetry, Krenner.
Alt. — Native silver, at Joachimsthal. Also a mixture called silver-black (Silberschwarze Germ.).
Ref.— Of. Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 165, 1871, and Atlas, Taf. xxiii. 3 Groth, Min. Samml., Strassburg, 50, 1878.
JALPAITE Breithaupt, B. H. Ztg., 17, 85, 1858. — A cupriferous argentite from Jalpa, Mexico. Isometric in cleavage, and malleable like ordinary argentite; color blackish lead-gray; G. 6-877-6-890. Composition according to T. Richter (I.e.): S 14'36, Ag 71-51, Cu 13'12, Fe 0'79 99-78, affording the formula 3AgaS.Cu2S.
Bertrand obtained for a brittle mineral from Tres Puntas, Chili, associated with argentite: S 14-02, Ag 71-63, Cu 13'06, Fe 0 57 99'28; Ann. Mines, 1, 413, 1872. Cf. stromeyerite.
43. HESSITE. Tellursilber G. Rose, Pogg., 18, 64, 1830. Savodinskite Huot, Min., 1, 187, 1841. Telluric Silver. Hessit Frobel, Grundz. Syst. Kryst., 49, 1843. Tellursilberglanz Germ.
Isometric. Observed forms1 :
n (211, 2-2)*, z (322, f-f)3.
Crystals sometimes highly modified, and often much distorted. Also massive, compact or fine-grained; rarely coarse granular.
Cleavage indistinct Fracture even. Somewhat sectile. H. 2-5-3. G. — 8-31-8-45; 8'89. Luster metallic. Color between lead-gray and steel-gray.
Comp.— Silver telluride, Ag.Te Tellurium 36*7, silver 63'3 100. Gold is often present, replacing part of the silver; it thus graduates toward petzite.
Anal.— 1, Rose, 1. c. 2, Pets, Pogg., 57, 467, 1842. 3, Becke, Min. Mitth., 3, 301, 1880. 4, 5, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 45, 311, 1868. 6-8, Id., Am. Phil. Soc., 14, 226, 1874. 9, Raht (blowpipe), quoted by Genth, ib., 17, 115, 1877.
Te Ag Au
1. Savodinski, Altai G. 8-41-8-56 §3693 62'37 — Fe 0-37 99'67
2. Nagyag G. 8-31-8-46 [37-76] 61-55 0 69 Fe Pb, S tr. 100
3. Botes, Transylvania G. 8-318 37'22 60'69 1-87 SiO2 0'40 99'68
4. Stanislaus Mine, Cal. [39'64] 55'60 3'22 Ni 1-54 100
5. " " " 44-45 46-34 3 28 Pb 1'65,-Ni 4'71 100'43
6. Red Cloud Mine, Col. G. 8'178 37'86 59'91 0'22 Fe 1'35, PbO'45, Cu 0'17=99'96
7. " " " " G. 8-789 37-17 59'75 3'33 Fe 0-18, Cu 0'06, SiO2 0 15
100-64
8. " " " " G. =8-897 34-91 50-56 13-09 Fe 0'36, 'Cu 0-07, Pb 017,
Zn 0-15, SiO, 0-70 lOO'Ol
9. Kearsage Mine, Utah undet. 58'79 O'lO
Pyr. — In the open tube a faint white sublimate of tellurium dioxide which B.B. fuses to colorless globules. On charcoal fuses to a black globule; this treated in R.F. presents on cool- ing white dendritic points of silver on its surface; with soda gives a globule of silver.
Obs.— Occurs in the Savodinski mine, about 10 versts from the rich silver mine of Zyrianpv- ski, in the Altai, in Siberia, in a talcose rock, with pyrite, black sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Specimens in the museum of Barnaul, on the Ob, are a cubic foot in size. Also found at Nagyag in Transylvania, and in highly modified crystals at the Jacob and Anna mines, Botes Mt., between Zalathna and Veresrpatak; also at Rezbanya, Hungary. In Chili, near Arqueros,
48 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
Coquimbo. A silver telluride (hessite or petzite) has been noted at the Maria mine, Karangahake. New Zealand.
lu the U. S., at the Stanislaus mine. Calaveras Co., Cal. Sparingly at the Red Cloud mine: Boulder county, Colorado; also at the Kearsarge mine, Dry Canon, Utah.
Named after G. H Hess of St. Petersburg (1802-1850).
Ref.— ' Schrauf, Rezbanya, Zs. Kr., 2, 242, 1878; also'Knr., Botes, Transylvania, ibid., 4, 542, 1880. 3 Becke (1. c.) concludes from irregularity in angles, earlier noted by Schrauf, that the crystals are triclinic. Kenngott referred crystals to the orthorhombic system, Ber. Ak. Wien, 9, 20, 1853; Hess to the rhombohedral, Pogg., 28, 407, 1833; cf. Schrauf, 1. c.
44. PETZITE. Tellursilber Petz, Pogg. 57, 470, 1842. Tellurgoldsilber Hausm. Handb., 2, 51, 1847. Petzit Raid., Handb., 556, 1845.
Massive ; fine granular to compact.
Fracture subconchoidal. Slightly sectile to brittle. H. 2-5-3. G.= 8*7-9 *02. Luster metallic. Color steel- or iron-gray to iron-black; often tarnishing.
Comp. — A telluride of silver and gold (Ag,Au)2Te, if Ag : Au 3:1 Tellurium 32'5, silver 42'0, gold 25'5 100.
Anal.— 1, Petz., 1. c. 2, 3, 4, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 45, 310, 1868. 5, 6, Id., Am. Phil. Soc. 14, 226, 1874.
Te Ag Au
Nagyag G. 8'72-8'83 [34-98] 46-76 18'26 Fe,Pb,S tr. 100
Stanislaus Mine, Cal. f [32-23] 42 14 25'63 100
Golden Rule Mine, Cal. 32'68 41-86 25-60 100-14
[34-16] 40-87 24-97 100
Red Cloud Mine, Col. G. 9'01 33-49 40'73 24-60 Bi 0 41, PbO-26, Zn 0'05, FeO'78,
SiO, 0-62=100-44 G. 9-020 [32-97] 40'80 24-69 Zn 0'21, Fe 1-28, SiOa 0'05 100
Pyr. — Like hessite, but yields a globule containing both gold and silver. Obs. — Occurs at Nagyag, Transylvania. In the U. S. at the Red Cloud mine, Boulder Co., Colorado; at the Stanislaus and Golden Rule mines, California. Named after W. Petz. Groth suggests that petzite may be orthorhombic and hence belong to the chalcocite group.
45. GALENA, or GALENITE. Galena Plin., 33, 31 [not Galena or Molybdaeua litharge- like product from the ore), Plin., 34, 47, 53]. Molybdaena pt. , Plumbago pt., Galena, Pleiertz, Plei Glanz Agric., 1546. Plumbago pt. , Blyglants, Galena, Plumbum sulphure et argcuta mineralisatum, Wall., 292, 1747, Cronst., 167, 168, 1758. Galeuit von KM., Min., 201, 1858. Lead glance. Lead sulphide. Bleiglauz Germ. Blyglans Swed. Galene, Plomb sulfure Fr.
Plumbago, Pleischweis ? Agric., Interpr. , 467, 1546. Bleischveif, Plumbago, Plumbum sulphure et arsenico mineralisatum, Wall., 294, 1746. Steiumannite Zippe, Verh. Ges. Mus. Bohmen., 1833, 39. Targionite Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 60. 1852. Supersulphuretted Lead Johnston, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 572, 1833; Thomson, Min., 1, 552, 1836; Johnstonite Greg & Lettsom, Min., 448, 1858.
Isometric. Observed forms1 :
a (100, w(554, f) c (36-1-1, 36-36)' r (15-2-2, V6-V5)S ft (322, f -f )
d(110, t) r (774, J) C (16-1-1, 16-16)3 z (Oil, 6-6) ' a (433, f-£)8
0(111,1) p (221, 2) (15-1-1, 15-15)8 £(511,5-5)?
5(15-1-0, z-15)8 q (331, 3) b (12-1-1, 12-12) fi (411, 4-4)* A (821, 8-4)
/(310, t-8) p (441, 4) o- (10-1-1, 10-10)6 n (211, 2-2) y (521, 5 f)4
A (10-10-9, V-)8 & (40-40-1, 40)e 0 (911, 9-9)s £ (533, f-|)8 s (321, 3-f)
Twins : tw. pi. o, both contact- and penetration-twins, sometimes repeated ; twin crystals often tabular o. Also tw. pi. p (441)e, m (311)9, and q (331)'° as seen in polysynthetic tw. lamellae often giving rise to striations on a cleavage surface; in some cases these are secondary and due to pressure.12 Commonly in cubes, or cubo-octahedrons, less often habit octahedral. Also in skeleton crystals, reticu- lated, tabular. Massive cleavable, coarse or fine granular, to impalpable; occasion- ally fibrous or plumose.
Cleavage: cubic, highly perfect; less often octahedral. Fracture flat subcon-
Galena Group— Galena.
choidal or even. H. 2-5-2-75. G. 7*4-7 -6. Luster metallic. Color and streak pure lead-gray. Opaque. Thermo-electrically " positive, Sardinia, G. 7-428; also negative, Pfibram, G. 7'575.
Fig 1 Freiberg. 2, Neudorf, Schruuf. 3, Itossie, J. D. D. 4, Oberlahr, Schrauf. 5, Neudorf, Sbk. 6, Freiberg, Sbk.
Comp., Var.— Lead sulphide, PbS Sulphur 13'4, lead 86-6 100. Contains silver, and occasionally selenium, zinc, cadmium, antimony, bismuth, copper, as sulphides; besides, also, sometimes native silver and gold; and even platinum has been reported as occurring in a galena from the Dept. of Charente, France.
Var.— 1. Ordinary, (a) Crystallized; (b) somewhat fibrous and plumose; (c) cleavable, gran- ular coarse or fine; (rf) cryptocrystalline.
The variety with octahedral cleavage is rare; the following cases have been noted: Lancaster Co., Penn., with G. 7'63; Habach, Salzburg, G. 7 '50, BiaSs 1 97; Glacier Leschant, Mont Blanc, with G. 7'67 and Bi2S3 1 p. c.; Nordmark, Sweden, G. 7'508, BiaSs 0'91. In these cases the usual cubic cleavage is obtained readily after heating to 200° or 300° (then G. 7-475 Nordmark), cf. Cooke, Torrey. Am. J. Sc., 35, 126, 1863; Zeph, Zs. Kr., 1, 155, 1877; Brun, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 260, 1881; H. Sj., G. For. F5rh,, 7, 124, 1884. It has been suggested that the peculiarity 6f cleavage may be connected with the bismuth usually present.
2. Argentiferous. All galena is more or less argentiferous, and no external characters serve to distinguish the kinds that are much so from those that are not. The 'silver is detected by cupellatiou, and may amount from a few thousandths of one per cent to one per cent or more; when mined for silver it ranks as a silver ore.
3. Containing arsenic, or antimony, or a compound of these metals, as impurity. Here belong the following, which appear to be merely impure galena. Bleischweif from Clausthal with 2-22 Zn, 0'34 Fe, 0'22 Sb (Kg.); targionite from Argentiera. Tuscany, with 5'77 Sb, 1'77 Fe, I'll Cu, 1 '33 Zn, 0'72 Ag (Bechi); and steinmannite from Pfibram, with both arsenic and anti- mony. Super sulphuretted lead of Johnston and others (or Johnstonite) contains an excess of sulphur owing to a decomposition of a portion of the mass, setting part of the sulphur free.
Pyr. — In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal fuses, emits sulphurous fumes, coats the coal yellow near the assay (PbO) and white with a bluish border at a distance (PbSO3), and yields a globule of metallic lead. Decomposed by strong nitric acid with the separation of some sulphur and the formation of lead sulphate.
Obs.— One of the most widely distributed of the metallic sulphides. Occurs in beds and veins, both in crystalline and uncrystalline rocks. It is often associated with pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite. arsenopyrite, etc., in a gangue of quartz, calcite, barite or fluor, etc.; also with cerussite, anglesite, and other salts of lead, which are frequent resut j of its alteration. It is also common with gold, and in veins of silver ores.
50 Sulphwes, 8Elenides, Tellurides, Etc.
in Catalonia, Grenada, and elsewhere; at Clausthal and Neudorf in the Harz, and at Pfibram in Bohemia, it forms veins in clay slate; in Styria it occurs in the same kind of rock in beds; at Sala in Sweden it forms veins in granular limestone; through the graywacke of Leadhills and the killas of Cornwall, in veins; filling cavities in the Subcarboniferous limestone in Derbyshire, Cumberland, and the northern districts of England; also in Bleiberg, and the neighboring locali- ties of Carinthia. In the English mines it is associated with calcite, pearl spar, fluorite, barite, witherite, calami ne, and sphalerite. Other localities are Joachimsthal, where it is worked prin- cipally yor the silver; in France, at Poullaouen and Huelgoet, Brittany, also Villefort, Lozere; in Spain, in the Linares district; in Catalonia; in Sardinia; in Nerchinsk, East Siberia; in Algeria; near Cape of Good Hope; in Australia; Chili; Bolivia, etc.
Extensive deposits of this ore in the United States exist in Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin. The ore occurs not in veins but filling javities or chambers in stratified limestone, of different periods of the Lower Silurian, especially the Trenton, also in part Subcarbouiferous. It is associated with sphalerite, smithsonite ("dry-bone" of the miners), calcite, pyrite, and often an ore of copper and cobalt. The lead of Missouri was first noticed in 1700 and 1701, and redis- covered in 1720 by Francis Renault and M. la Motte; the mines are situated in the counties of Washington, Jefferson, and Madison and others. Good crystals are obtained at Joplin, Jasper Co. The upper Mississippi lead region embraces 62 townships in Wisconsin, 8 in lowaand 10 in Illinois (Owen). The productive lead district is bounded on the west, north, and east by the Mississippi, Wisconsin, and Rock rivers. From a single spot, not exceeding fifty yards square, 1,500 tons of ore have been raised.
In Illinois, at Cave-in-Rock, associated with fluorite. In New York, at Rossie, St. Lawrence Co., in veins from one to three or four feet in width, the crystals often very large, with calcite, and chalcopyrite, and some sphalerite and celestite; near Wurtzboro, Sullivan Co., in a large vein in millstone grit, with sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite; at Ancrarn, Columbia Co.; in Ulster Co. In Maine, veins of considerable extent exist at Lubec, where the ore is associated with chalcopyrite and sphalerite; also less extensively at Blue Hill Bay, Biugham, and Parsons- ville. In New Hampshire, at Eaton, with sphalerite and chalcopyrite; and also at Haverhill, Bath, and Tamworth. In Vermont, at Thetford. In Connecticut, at Middletown, in a vein in argillyte, massive and crystalline. In Massachusetts, at Southampton, Leverett, Newburyport, and Sterling. In Pennsylvania, at Phenixyille and elsewhere. In Virginia, Austin's mines in Wythe Co., Walton's gold mine in Louisa Co., and other places. In Tennessee, at Brown's Creek, and at Haysboro, near Nashville, with sphalerite and barite. In Michigan, in the re/don of Chocolate river and elsewhere, and Lake Superior copper district; on the N. shore of L. Superior, in Neebiug on Thunder Bay, and around Black Bay.
In California, at many of the gold mines. In Nevada, abundant in the Eureka district, and at Steamboat Springs, Washoe Co. In Arizona, in the Castle Dome, Eureka, and other districts. In Colorado, at Leadville there are productive mines of argentiferous galena, also at Georgetown .and in the San Juan district and elsewhere. Mined for "silver in the Cceur d'Alene region in Idaho; also at various points in Montana.
Th name galena is from the Latin galena (yaXrfvr)}, a name given to lead ore or the dros from melted lead. In Spanish South America, galena is called carne de vaca, when showic broad crystalline surfaces; when presenting small surfaces, soroche; when granular ttcerttla;' of a fibrous structure, frangilla. Galena, coarse-grained and in lumps large enough to be use to glaze potlers' ware, is sometimes called potters' ore/ also called Glasurerz Germ., alquifoux Fr., archifoglio Ital.
Alt. — Minium, anglesite, cerussite, pyromorphite, wulfenite, tetrahedrite, chalcocite, rhodochrosite, quartz, limonite, pyrite, pistomesite (pistopyrite Breith.), calamine, occur as pseudomorphs after galena, partly from alteration, and partly through removal and substitution. A change to the carbonate (cerussite), with the setting free of sulphur which is sometimes found in crystals, is the most common.
Galena also occurs as pseudomorph after pyromorphite (Blaubleierz Germ.) at Bernkastel on the Mosel and elsewhere. Breithaupt called it plumbeine, or one species of his Sexangulites, regarding this lead sulphide as crystallized in hexagonal prisms, and not a pseudomorph.
Fournetite of Ch. Mene (C. R., 51, 463, 1860), supposed to be near tetrahedrite, is pronounced by Fouruet (C. R., 54, 1096, 1862) a mixture of galena with copper ore.
Artif. — Galena is sometimes a furnace product. It has been made in crystals by heating oxide or silicate of lead with vapor of sulphur (Wurtz); also by suspending lead sulphate in a bag in water saturated with carbon dioxide, and in which putrid fermentation is kept up (as by an oyster in the water), there resulting an incrustation of galena upon the shells (Gages, Brit. Assoc., 206, 1863). Cf. Doelter, Zs. Kr., 11, 33, 41, 1885, also Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., 308, 1882, and Weiuschenk, Zs Kr., 17, 497, 1890. Occurs as a recent formation on coins at Bourbonne-les-Bains, Daubree. It has been deposited as a specular film by means of a thiocur bamide (Reynolds).
Ref.— ' See Schrauf, Atlas, xxxiv-v; also Sbk., Zs. G. Ges., 26, 617, 1874. 2 Klein, Jb. Min. , 311, 1870. 3 D'Achiardi, Bottiuo, Boll. Com. G., 2, 160, 1871. 4 Groth, Freiberg, Min.-Samml. 48, 1878. 5 Schimper, Derbyshire, ib., p. 49. 6 Freuzel-Arzruni, Portugal, Min. Mivth., 3, 50K, i880- also other doubtful forms. ' Traube, Bottino, Jb. Min., 2, 253, 1888. Shk., 1. c. 9 Zeph, Habach, Salzburg, Zs. Kr., 1, 155, 1877. 10 W. Cross, Colorado, Proc. Col. Soc. 2, 171, 1887, 11 Stefan, Ber. Ak. Wien, 51 (1), 2GO, 1865; Schrauf & E. S. D., ib., 69 (1), 15, Itf74. and Am. .J. Sc., 8, 264. 1874.
Galena Group— Altaite. 51
12 On percussion-figures, see Weiss, Zs. G. Ges., 29, 209, 1877; on gliding-planes, etc., Bauer, Jb. Min., 1, 138, 1882, 1, 191, 1886; on etching figures, Becke, Mm. Mitth., 6, 237, 1884, 9, 16, 1887.
HUASCOLITE Dana, Min., 42, 1868. Galena blendosa Domeyko, Min., 168, 1860. Sulphide of lead and zinc D. Forbes, Phil. Mag., 25, 110, 1863. The characters are mostly those of galena. It has a granular or saccharoidal structure, a lead-gray color rather paler than ordinary galena, but little luster, and is apparent' homogeneous and without anyTnlxiure of sphalerite. Domeyko obtained (1. c.) S 19'2, Pb 48'6, Zn 25'6, gaugue 31; which corresponds nearly to> PbS. ZnS. It comes from Ingahuas, in the province of Huasco, where it forms large aggregated masses or nodules in the lower part of the vein.
A massive mineral having a bluish-gray color is referred to huascolite by Raimondi (Min.. Perou, p. 202, 1878). He obtained after deducting 14'50p. c. gangue: S 27'76, Pb26'86, Zn 44 50, Fe 0-88 100; from the Poderosa mine, Province Dos de Mayo, Peru, where it is called. c/mmbe bianco or pavonado bianco. Domeyko describes a mineral from Morochocha, Peru, cor- responding in composition to PbS. (Zu,Fe)S, with Zn 16'59 p. c. ; another from Corocoro, Bolivia, afforded 5 p. c. ZnS (6th App. Min. Chili, p. 17, 1878).
Another similar mineral occurs in the East Ovoca district, county of Wicklow, Ireland, and also in Anglesey; it has been called kilmacooite, after the district called Kilmacoo, and is locally kfiown as bluestone. It is hard, with fine-grained saccharoidal structure. G. 4'736. Color steel-gray. According to C. R. C. Tichborne, who characterizes it as an "argentiferous galeuitic blende," it consists of ZnS 37'68 p. c., PbS 29'07, Ag2S 0-275. Sc. Proc. R. Dublin fcjoc., 4, 300. 1885.
CUPROPLUMBITE Breith., Pogg. , 61, 672, 1844. Kupferbleiglanz Oerm. Galena cobriza Domeyko, 168, 1860. Alisouite Field, Am. J. Sc., 27, 387, 1859. Plumbocuprite Adam, TabL Min., 56, 1869.
Cuproplumbite is a massive mineral varying in structure, color, and luster from those of galena to nearly those of chalcocite and covellite; the color a little darker, and passing to iron- gray and indigo-blue; the luster generally feeble and sometimes almost wanting. The specimens contain disseminated ores of copper, and come from a mine in Catemo (Aconcagua), Chili, f&ttner's analysis (1 below) corresponds to Cu2S.2PbS.
AJisonite (named after R. J3. Alison) is also massive with a deep indigo-blue color quickly urcishing; the analysis (2) corresponds to 3Cu2S.PbS; from Miua Grande, near Coquimbo, £hili. Ulrich mentions a similar mineral from Victoria, Australia.
Analysis 4, corresponding to 2Cu2S.PbS, is of a massive, dark bluish gray mineral from an abandoned mine at. St. Maurice in the Val Godemas, Hautes Alpes; it is associated with chalco- pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and an argentiferous tetrahedrite.
Anal.— 1, Plattner, Pogg., 61, 671, 1844. 2, Field, 1. c. 3, Id., J. Ch. Soc., 14, 160, 1860. 4. Lodin, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 178, 1883.
S Pb Cu Ag
1. Cuproplumbite G. 6-41-6'43 [15'1 ] 64-9 19'5 0'5 100
2. Alisonite G. 6'10 17'00 28'25 53'63 — 98 88
3. " 17-69 28-81 53 28 — 99'78
4. Val Godemas G. 6-17 17'54 35'87 44'52 O'll Sb 0'62, As tr., Fe 0'79, SiO2 0'25
99-70
Whether all the above minerals represent definite homogeneous compounds, or only ill- defined alteration products, is uncertain, and if so it is not clear whether they should be classed with isometric galena or with orthorhombic chalcocite. It may be noted that an artificial com- pound, crystallizing in the isometric system, consists of Cu2S,PbS and-FeaS according to Brand,. Zs. Kr., 17, 264, 1889.
46. ALTAITE. Tellurblei G. Hose, Pogg., 18, 68, 1830. Elasmose Huot. , Min., 1, 1841; 0. d'Halloy, Introd. a la Geol., 1833 (not of Beud. Tr., 1832), etc. Altait Haid., Handb., 556, 1845. Plomo telural Domeyko.
Isometric. Usually massive; rarely in cubes.
Cleavage: cubic. Fracture subconchoidal. Sectile. H. 3. G. 8*16, G. Rose. Luster metallic. Color .tin-white, with a yellowish tinge tarnishing to bronze-yellow. Opaque.
Coiup.— Lead telluride, PbTe Tellurium 37-7, lead .62-3 100. Anal.— 1, 2, Genth; 1, Am. J. Sc., 45, 312, 1868; 2, Am. Phil. Soc. Philad., 14, 225, 1874.
Te Pb
1. Stanislaus Mine, Cal. 37'31 6071 Ag 1-17, Au 0'26 99'45
2. Red Cloud Mine, Col. 38'48 61'52 =100
Pyr. — In the open tube fuses, gives fumes of tellurium dioxide, forming a white sublimate,, which B.B. fuses into colorless drops. On charcoal in R.F. colors the flame bluish, fuses to a globule, coats the coal near the assay with a lustrous metallic ring of lead telluride, outside of
52 Sulphides, 8Elenide8, Tellurides, Etc.
which it is brownish yellow, and in O.F. still more yellow. Entirely volatile, except a trace of silver.
Obs. — From the Savodinski mine near Zyrianovski, in the Altai, with hessite. Also in Coquimbo, Chili, at the Condorriaco mine.
In California at the Stanislaus mine, and the Golden Rule mine, Calaveras Co. ; in Colorado at the Red Cloud mine, Boulder county, with native tellurium, sylvanite, pyrite, siderite, quartz. North Carolina, at the King's Mountain mine, Gaston Co., in saccharoidal quartz with gold, galena, pyrite, tetrahedrite, and rarely nagyagite.
Named after the original locality.
HENRYITE Endlich, Eng. Mng. J., Aug. 29, 1874. An impure altaite, containing admixed (Genth).
47. CLAUSTHALITE. Selenblei Zinken, 1823, Pogg., 2, 415, 1824, 3, 271; H. Rose, ib., 2, 415, 3, 281. Ploinb seleuie Fr. Clausthalie Send., Tr., 2, 531, 1832. Clausthalite.
Kobalt-Bleiglanz Hausm., Nordd. Beitr. B. H., 3, 120. Kobaltbleierz Hausm., Handb., 183, 1813; id. Strom. & Hausm., Gott. gel. Anz., 329, 1825. Selenkobaltblei H. Rose, Pogg., 3, 388, 290. Tilkerodite Haid., Handb., 566, 1845.
Isometric. Occurs commonly in fine granular masses; some specimem foliated.
Cleavage: cubic. Fracture granular. H. 2-5-3. G. 7'6-8'8. Lustei metallic. Color lead-gray, somewhat bluish. Streak darker. Opaque.
Comp., Yar. — Lead selenide, PbSe Selenium 27'7, lead 72'3 100.
Tilkerodite Haid., is a cobaltiferous variety; it gave Rose 3'14 p. c. Co. Analyses 5th Ed., p. 43.
Pyr. — Decrepitates in the closed tube. In the open tube gives fumes of selenium and a red sublimate. B.B. on charcoal a strong odor of selenium; partially fuses. Coats the coal near the assay at first gray, with a reddish border (selenium), and later yellow (lead oxide); when pure entirely volatile; with soda gives a globule of metallic lead. The tilkerodite yields a black residue, and gives a cobalt-blue bead with borax.
Obs. — Much resembles a granular galena. Found by Zinken, near Harzgerode, in the Harz with hematite, at Clausthal, Tilkerode, Zorge, and Lehrbach; at Reinsberg, near Freiberg, in Saxony; at the Rio Tinto mines near Seville, Spain; Cacheuta mine, Mendoza, S. A.
48. NAUMANNITE. Selensilber G. Rose, Pogg., 14, 471, 1828. Selenbleisilber, Selen- silberglauz. Seleniure d'Argent Fr. Naumannit Haid., Handb., 565, 1845.
Isometric. In cubes. Also massive, granular, and in thin plates.
Cleavage: cubic, perfect. H. 2'5. G. 8*0. Luster metallic, splendent. Color and streak iron-black.
Comp. — A selenide of silver, or of silver and lead, (Aga,Pb)Se. If pure, Ag2Se Selenium 26'8, silver 73'2 100.
Anal.— 1, Rose, 1. c. 2, Rg., Min. Ch., 34. 1860.
1. Tilkerode G. 8'0 Se [29'53] Ag 65'56 Pb 4'91 100
2. " 26-52 11-67 6015 98'34
No. 2 corresponds nearly to Ag2Se.5PbSe and approximates to clausthalite. Domeyko (C. R., 63, 1064, 1866) obtained for an ore from Cacheuta: Se 30'0, Ag 21 '0, Pb 435, Cu 1.8, Co 0-7, Fe 2-2 99'2. Adam calls this cacheutaite, Tabl. Min., 52, 1869.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. en charcoal melts easily in the outer flame; in the inner, with some intu- mescence. With soda and borax yields a bead of silver.
Obs. — Occurs at Tilkerode in the Harz.
Named after the crystallographer and mineralogist, C. F. Naumann (1797-1873).
According to Del Rio, another selenide of silver occurs at Tasco in Mexico, crystallized in hexagonal tables. Beud., Tr., 2, 535, 1832.
49. BERZELIANITE. Selenkupfer Berz., Afh., 6, 42, 1818. Cuivre selenie Fr. Ber- Beud., Tr., 2, 534, 1832. Berzelianite Dana, Min., 509, 1850.
In thin dendritic crusts and disseminated. Soft. G. 6-71. Luster metallic. Color silver- white, soon tarnishing. Streak -shin ing
Comp. — Copper selenide, CuaSe Selenium 38-4, copper 61-6 100.
Galena Group— Lehrbachite— Eucairite— Zorgite. 53
AnaL— Nordenskiold, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 23, 364, 1866.
Se On Ag Fe Tl
1. 39-85 53-14 4'73 0"54 0'38 98-64
2. 38-74 52-15 8'50 0'35 tr. 99'74
NordenskiOld remarks that the varying percentage of the silver is possibly ue to an admix- ture of eucairite, and that the amount of thallium in the analyses is probably too low.
Pyr. — In the open tube gives a red sublimate of selenium, with white crystals of selenium dioxide. B.B. on charcoal fumes of selenium, and with soda yields a globule of copper.
Obs.— Occurs at Skrikerum in Sweden disseminated through calcite as a black or blackish- blue powder, also in crusts; also near Lehrbach in the Harz.
Named after the Swedish chemist, J. J. Berzelius (1779-1848).
50. LEHRBACHITE. Selenblei mit Selenquecksilber H. Rose, Pogg., 2, 418, 1824, 3, 297, 1825. Selen-Quecksilberblei Leonh., Handb., 592, 1826. Lehrbachite B. & M., Min., 153, 1852. Lerbachite.
Massive, granular.
Brittle. G-. 7'804-7'876. Color lead-gray, steel-gray, iron-black. Comp. — Selenide of lead and mercury, PbSe with HgSe. Anal.— 1, Rose, 1. c. 2, 3, Schultz, Rg., Min. Oh., 1011, 1860.
Se Pb Hg
1. Tilkerode 24'97 55-84 16'94 97-75
2. " G. 7-089 27-68 61 '70 8-33, S 0'80, Fe2O3 0'64 99'15
3. " G. =8104 24-41 16'93 55-52, S 1 '10 97-96
Pyr. — In the closed tube gives a lustrous metallic gray sublimate ofmercury selenide; with soda, a sublimate consisting of globules of mercury. In the open tube gives reactions for selen- ium, and a sublimate of selenate of mercury condensing in drops. On charcoal like clausthalite.
Obs.— From Tilkerode and Lehrbach, in the Harz.
51. EUCAIRITE. Eukairit Bern., Afh. 6, 42, 1818. Cuivre selenie argental H. Selen- kupfersilber Germ.
Isometric. Massive and granular; also in black metallic films, staining the calcite in which it is contained.
H. 2 -5. G. 7*50. Luster metallic. Color between silver- white and lead- gray. Streak shining.
Comp. — A selenide of copper and silver, Cu2Se.AgaSe Selenium 31-6, copper 25-3, silver 43-1 100.
Analyses by Berzelius and Nordenskiold agree rather closely, 5th Ed. pp. 39, 797.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. gives copious fumes of selenium, and on charcoal fuses readily to a gray metallic globule, leaving a bead of silver selenide. With borax a copper reaction. Dissolves in boiling nitric acid.
Obs. — Occurs in small quantities in the Skrikerum copper mine in Smaland, Sweden, in a kind of serpentine rock, embedded in calcite. In Chili at Aguas Blancas. near Copiapo, and at the mines of Flamenco, a few leagues north of Trespuntas, in the desert of Atacama. Also on the east side of the Andes of Chili, in the province of San Juan, where it occurs in a narrow vein (10-12 mm. broad), and has a lead-gray color, tarnishes easily, and is partly granular, and partly very imoerfectly lamellar; at the Cacheuta mine, in the province of Mendoza, Argentine Repub., with other selenides. Domeyko has examined the selenides from- Cacheuta in the province of Mendoza (C. R., 63, 1064, 1866), and considers them to consist of mixtures or com- binations of three selenides: (A) A compound analogous to eucairite; (B) a selenide of cobalt and iron; and (C) a selenide of lead. See 5th Ed. p. 798, cf. Naumannite.
Named by Berzelius from evKaipcoS, opportunely, because found by him soon after the discovery of the metal selenium.
52. ZORGITE. Selenblei mit Selenkupfer H. Rose. Pogg., 2, 415. 1824. Selenkupferblei, Selenbleikupfer, Rose, ib., 3, 293, 294, 296. Zorgite B. & M 153, 1852. Raphanosrnit Kbl, Taf., 6, 1853. Glasbachite Adam, Tabl. Min., 52, 1869.
Massive, granular, like clausthalite.
Brittle. H. 2'5. Gr. 7-7'5. Luster metallic. Color dark or light lead- gray, sometimes inclining to reddish, and often with a brass-yellow or blue tarnish. Streak darker.
54 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
Com p. — A selenide of lead and copper in varying amounts; perhaps only a mixture of clausthalite with other ingredients.
Anal.— 1, 2, H. Rose, Pogg., 3, 290, 1825. 3, 4, Kersten, ib., 46, 265, 1839. 5, Billandot, J. Ch. Soc., 42, 1269, 1882.
Se Pb Cu
1. Tilkerode
3. Glasbach
21) -35
5. Argentine R. oU 80
1-29 Fe2O3,PbO 2'08 100'51
— Fe 0-77 (Pb), insol. I'OO 99'26 0-05 Fe2O3 2-00 S tr., quartz 4'50 98'31 0-07 Fe,S tr., quartz 2'06 99'30
— Hg 1 -66, Fe 6-0, sand 4-6 99-06
No. l.is Rose's Selenbleikupfer , No. 2 his elenkupferblei.
Pyr. — Like clausthalite, but yielding a black residue and a globule of copper, with usually, when cupelled, a trace of silver.
Obs. — Occurs uuder similar circumstances witli clausthalite at Tilkerode and Zorge in the Harz; at Glasbach near Gabel in Thuringia, in argillaceous schist with galena, chalcopyrite, malachite, in a gangue of calcite, siderite, fluorite, and quartz. With azurite, malachite, chry- socolla at Cacheuta, Mendoza, Argentine Republic.
Other analyses of the South American seleuides by Pisani (C. R., 88, 391, 1879), and by Heusler, Klinger and Wittkopf (Ber. Ch. Ges , 18, 2556, 1885), show a varying composition due to admixture. Analyses: 1-4, Pisani. 5-8, H. & K. 9, 10, Wittkopf.
Se
Pb
Cu
Ag
G. 5-5
—
gangue
1-2 100-8
G. 6-38
Co 0-8,
Fe 0.8, gangue 1'7 98'5
G. 7-55
—
Co 0-2,
Fe 0-3
G. 6-26
—
Co 0-3,
Fe 0-4
Light col.
Co tr.
100-10
G.
"
Co 0-39
99-92
Dark col.
[1-64]-
100
"
"
[3-791
100
"
[3-451
100
8 Incl. Co
Pisani calls the locality the Peruvian Andes, but (as noted by H. & K.) the specimens probably came from Cacheuta, Mendoza, Argentine Republic, like those examined by Domeyko, 5th Ed. p. 798 (cf. also Naumannile). They consist in part of a light-colored nearly silver- white mineral and another dark and lead-colored. Cdcheuttiite, Adam, belongs here.
53. CROOKESITE. A. E. Nordenskidld, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 23, 365, 1866.
Massive, compact; no trace of crystallization.
Brittle. H. 2'5-3. Gr. 6'90. Luster metallic. Color lead-gray. Comp. — A selenide of copper and thallium with a small amount of silver, (Cu,Tl,Ag)2Se.
Anal. — Nordenskiold :
Se
[33-27]
Cu
Ag
Fe
Tl
18 55 100 16-27 99-08 16-89 99-57
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses very easily to a greenish black shining enamel, coloring the Same strongly green. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid; completely soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — -From the mine of Skrikerum in Sweden. Formerly regarded as copper selenide or berzelianite. Named after Wm. Crookes, the discoverer of the metal thallium.
The Galena Group also includes the silver sulpho-selenide, Aguilarite, AgaS.Ag2Se, from Guanajuato, Mexico. See p. 1025.
Chalcocite Group— Chalcocite.
2. Chalcocite Group. ES.
Chalcocite Cu2S
Stromeyerite AgaS. C uJ3
Sternbergite Ag2S.Fe4Ss
Frieseite
Argyropyrite, Argentopyrite.
Orthorhombic.
a : b 0-5822 : 1
0-58221 : 0-9668 0-5832 : 1 : 0'8391 0-5970 t 1 : 0-7352
57. Acanthite Ag,S 0-6886 : 1 : 0-9944
The supposed orthorhombic Ag2S, acanthite, may be only a distorted argentite.
54. CHALCOCITE. &s rude plumbei coloris pt., Germ. Kupferglaserz, Agric., Interpr., 461, 1546. Koppar-Glas pt., Cuprum vitreum, Wall., 282, 1747. Cuivre vitreux Fr. Trl. Wall., 1, 509, 1753. Kopparmalm, Cuprum sulphure mineralisatum pt., Cronst., 174, 1758. Vitreous Copper, Sulphuret of Copper. Cuivre sulfure Fr. Kupferglanz Germ. Copper Glance. Chal- oosine Beud., Tr.. 2,408, 1832. Cyprit Glock., Syu., 1847. Redruthite Nicol, Min., 1849. Kupreiu Breith., B. H. Ztg., 22, 35, 1863. Cobre sulfureo Span. Calcosina, Rame vetroso ItaL.
Digeuit Breith., Pogg., 61, 673, 1844. Carmeuite H. Hahn, B. H. Ztg., 24, 86, 1865.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0'5822 : 1 : 0-9701 Miller1.
100 A HO 30° 124', 001 A 101 59° If, 001 A Oil 44° 74'.
Forms'. 2:
m (110, /)
/ (012,
A; (053, fi)
v (US,
a (100,
i-l)
n (230, /-£)
e (023,
H)
d (021, 2-1)
#(111, 1)
b
(010,
i-l)
I (130, z-3)
0(011,
i-D
a (113, J)
a; (441, 4)
(001,
0)
mm
'"
*60°
25'
99'
88°
16'
43°
57'
Pp'
100° 13'
nri 11'
—
97° 59°
44' 35'
kk' dd'
116° *125°
32'
28'
cp ex
62°
82°
37'
zz'" m'"
31° 34' 40C 52'
ff'
51°
45'
qo°
Aa>
zz'
55°
43'
Pp'"
53° 34
ee'
—
65°
47'
Vm
vo'
73°
43'
Bristol.
Joachimsthal, Vrba.
'Bristol, J. D. D.
Twins: (1) tw. pi. in, producing pseudo-hexagonal stellate forms, sometimes drillings; (2) (032) cruciform twins, crossing at angles of 111° and 69°; (3) v (112). Simple crystals often hexagonal in aspect. Faces c striated edge b/c; also c, d in oscillatory combination. Also massive, structure granular to compact and impalpable.
Cleavage: m indistinct. Fracture conchoidal. Rather brittle. H. 2-5-3. G. 5-5-5-8; 5'702 Thomson; 5'648 Ural, Erem. Luster metallic. Color and streak blackish lead- gray, often tarnished blue or green, dull. Opaque.
Comp. — Cuprous sulphide, Cu2S Sulphur 20-2, copper 79-8 100.
Most analyses (5th Ed. pp. 52, 53) agree closely with this formula; Bristol,
sometimes iron in small amount is present, also a little silver.
56 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellueides, Etc.
Pyr., etc. — Yields nothing volatile in the closed tube. In the open tube gives off sulphurous fumes. B.B. 011 charcoal melts to a globule, which boils with spirting; the hue powder roasted at & low temperature on charcoal, then heated in R.F., yields a globule of metallic copper Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — Cornwall affords splendid crystals where it occurs in veins and beds with other ores of copper, and especially in the districts of Saint Just, Cambome, and Redruth (redruthite). It occurs also at Fassnetburn in Haddiugtonshire, in Ayrshire, and in Fair Island, Scotland. In crystals (f. 2) at Joachirnsthal, Bohemia. In Tellemarken, Norway. The compact and massive varieties occur in Siberia, Hesse, Saxony, the Banat, etc.; Mt. Catini mines in Tuscany; Mexico, Peru, Bolivia. Chili. Near Angina, Tuscany, a crystal has been obtained, weighing half a pound.
In the United States, compact varieties occur in the red sandstone at Simsbury and Cheshire, Conn.; also at Schuyler's mines, N. J. Bristol. Conn., has afforded large and brilliant crystals. In Virginia, in the United States copper mine district, Blue Ridge, Orange Co. Between New- market and Taueytown, Maryland, east of the Mouocacey, with chalcopyrite. In Arizona, near La Paz; in N. W. Souora. In Nevada, in Washoe, Humboldt. Churchill and Nye counties. In Montana, massive at Butte City. In Canada, with chalcopyrite and bornite at the Acton mines and elsewhere in the province of Quebec; at the Canada West mines, L. Huron and Prince's location. L. Superior. In Nova Scotia, in nodules in sandstone.
The Argent en epis or Cuiwe, spiciforme of Haiiy, which is merely vegetable matter impreg- nated with this ore, occurs at Fraukeuberg it. Hessia, and also Mahoopeny, Penn.
Under the name Cupreine (coperite Domeyko), Breithaupt separated the larger part of the specimens, referred to chalcocite, on the ground alleged that they were hexagonal instead of orthorhombic, and had a lower specific gravity, but his conclusions were doubtless erroneous.
Alt. — Occurs altered to chalcopyrite, bornite, covellite, and melaconite.
Specimens are often penetrated with the covellite, or indigo copper, resulting from the alteration. Digenite of Breithaupt (1. c.) is probably a mineral of this kind. Carmenite of Halm from Carmen island, in the Gulf of California, approaches digenite. It is an impure chalcocite, containing visibly much covelite. Lindstrom has analyzed a mineral of apparently the same nature from Sunuerskog, G. F5r. Forh., 7, 678, 1885
HARRISITE of Shepard from Canton mine, Georgia, and the Polk Co. copper mines in East Tennessee, is chalcocite with the cleavage of galena, and, as Genth has proved, is pseudo- morphous after galena. Unaltered galena has been observed within crystals of harrisite both at the Georgia and Tennessee localities. Its color is dark lead-gray and bluish black. Named for W. F. Harris. See further on the above in 5th Ed. p. 58.
Artif. — Chalcocite has been formed by Durocher by the action of sulphuretted hydrogen gas on vapors of copper chloride. Cf. Doelter, Zs. Kr., 11, 34, 1885, also Fouque-Levy, Synth. Miu., 294, 1882. Formed as a recent product on Roman coins at Bourbonue-les-Bains (Daubree) and elsewhere.
The artificial CuaS belongs in part to the isometric system, Mitsch.
Ref.— Miu., 159, 1852. J. D. D., Min., 46, 1854. 52. 1868; for the twin (2) the angles given correspond to (032), not (043). On Joachimsthal crystals (f. 2) cf. Vrba, Zs. Kr., IB, 208, 1888; on those from the Tugrinsk copper mines in the Ural, Erem.,Vh. Miu. Ges., 25, 315, 1389,
55. STROMEYERITE. Silberkupferglanz Ilausm. & Strom., Gel. Anz. Gott., 2, 12J9, 1816; . J., 19, 325, 1817. Argent et cuivre sulfure Bournon, Cat., 212, 1817. Sulphuret of Silver and Copper. Argentiferous Sulphuret of Copper. Kupfersilberglanz Germ. Cuivre sulfure aigentifere Fr. Stromeyerine Bead., Tr., 2, 410, 1832. Stromeyerite Shep., 2, 211, 1835.
Orthorhombic. Axes a:b :t G'5822 : 1 : 0'9668 Kose1. 100 A HO 30° 12£', 001 A 101 58° 56f, 001 A Oil 44° 2'. Forms1 . b (010, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110. /); u (012, H), (021, 24); w (114, J), p (111, 1). Angles, mm" - *60° 25', cu 25" 48', bu *64° 12', ce 62° 39', cw 25° 39f, cp 62J 30', ww' 43° 57', ww'" 25° 10'.
Twins": tw. pi. m. Form prismatic, m, b, with u, w, resembling an hexagonal prism with low terminal pyramid. Also massive, compact.
Fracture subconchoidal. H. 2 '5-3. G. 6-15-6-3. Luster metallic. Color and streak dark steel-gray. Opaque.
Comp. — Sulphide of silver and copper, (Ag,Cu)aS, or Ag3S.CuaS Sulphur 15-8, silver 53'1, copper 31*1 100. The ratio of Ag : Cu often varies slightly from 1:1; most analyses show a little iron.
Anal.— 1, Stromeyer, . J., 19, 325, 1817. 2, Sander, Pogg., 40, 313, 1837. 3, Siewert, Min. Mitth., 251, 1873. 4, G. A. Koenig, Proc. Ac. Philad., 281, 1886.
S Ag Cu
1. Siberia mass. G. 6'26 15-78 52'27 30'48 Fe 0'33 98-86
2. Rudelstadt cryst. 15-92 52*71 30'95 Fe 0'24 99'82
3. Argentine Republic G. 6-17 14-38 52-60 31-61 iusol. 1-07 99'66
4. Zacatecas G. 6'230 15'81 50-18 33-69 insol. 0-26 99'94
Chalcocite Group— 8Ternbergite.
Pyr., etc.— Fuses, but gives no sublimate in the closed tube. In the open tube sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal in O.F. fuses to a semi-malleable globule, which, treated with the fluxes, reacts strongly for copper, and cupelled with lead gives a silver globule. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — Found associated with chalcopyrite at the Zmeinogorsk mine, near Kolyyan in Siberia; at Rudelstadt, Silesia; also in Chili; at Combavalla in Peru; on the Hoyada, province of Cata- marca, Argentine Republic, with chalcopyrite and galena; Zacatecas, Mexico; -at the Heintzel- man mine in Arizona. Reported from the Black Prince mine, Summit Co., Colorado, and the Yankee Girl mine, Ouray Co.; cf. also p. 58.
Named after Fr. Stromeyer (1776-1835), Professor of Chemistry at Gottingen, who first analyzed and established the species.
Ref.— ' Pogg., 28, 427, 1833. 2 Min., p. 158, 1852; Rose says twins as with chalcocite.
66. STERNBERGITE. Haidinger, Trans. Roy. Soc., Ed., 11, 1, 1827, and Ed. J. Sc., 7, 242, 1827. Silberkies Bretth., . J., 68, 289, 1833. Argyropyrrhotin Blomstrand, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 26, 1870. Frieseite Vrba, Zs. Kr., 2, 153, 1878.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : 1 : 6 0-5832 : 1 : 0-8391 Haidinger1. 100 A 110 *30° 15', 001 A 101 *55° 12', 001 A Oil 40° 0'. Forms': 5(010), c (001, 0); m (110, J) tw. pi.; w (301, 3-i); e (021, 24), u (O'lO'l, 10-0; (111,1), 0(221, 2), d (121, 2-2).
cs 59° 1' as' 95° 34' cv 73° 17' vv' 111° 39' cd 65° 40' dd' 72° 45'
88'" 51° 11'
w"' 57° 42' dd'" 87° 33'
Sternbergite, Haid.
Frieseite, Vrba.
mm"' 60° 30' ww' 153° 55' ee' 118° 25' uu' 166° 24'
Twins: tw. pi. m. Crys- tals tabular fl c. Faces c striated edge c/w\ pyra- mids striated intersec- tion with c. Commonly in implanted crystals, forming rose-like or fan- like aggregations.
Cleavage: c, highly per- fect. Thin laminae flex- ible, like tin-foil. Leaves a trace on paper like graphite, H. 1-1-5. Gr. 4'215 Haid., 4*101 Breith. Luster metallic, of c most brilliant. Color pinchbeck-brown, occasionally a violet-blue tarnish on some faces. Streak black. Opaque.
For FRIESEITE, axes a : b : k 0'5970 : 1 : 0'7352 approx. Vrba2.
100 A HO 30° 50*', 001 A 101 50° 55*', 001 A Oil 36° 19*'. also r (102, y (101, 1-i), q (032, t (181, 3-3).
Angles: bb *61° 40*', rr' 63° 15', yy' 101° 51', ww' 149°
Twins: tw. pi. m. Crystals thick tabular c; faces c striated J edge c/r, a feather-like stria- tion on twins. Cleavage: c, perfect. Laminae flexible. H. 2'5. G. 4'212-4'220. In very thin plates dark greenish gray, translucent.
Comp., Var. — Sulphides of silver and iron.
1. Sternbergite. AgFeaSs or Ag2S.Fe4S6 Sulphur 30-4, silver 34-2, iron 35'4 100.
2. Frieseite. Physical characters as above; analyses 4, 5 below, corresponding to Ag2Fe5Ss Sulphur 34-1, silver 28'7, iron 37'2 100.
Anal.— 1, Zippe. Pogg., 27, 690, 1833. 2, Rg., Min. Ch., 66, 1875. 3, Janovsky, Zs. Kr., 3, 187. 1878. 4. 5, Preis, ibid.
S Ag Fe
30'0 33-2 36-0 99-2
29-10 35-27 35-97 100'34
33-87 30-69 35'44 100
33-0 29-1 37-4 99'5
5. " " 33-9 27-6 37'3 98'8
Sternbergite, Haid.
Observed forms: b, c, wj 43', cw *74° 51*',
1. Joachimsthal, Sternbergite
4. " Frieseite
58 Sulphides, Selenide8, Tellurides, Etg.
Pyr., etc.— In the open tube sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal gives off sulphur and fuses to a magnetic globule, the surface of which shows separated metallic silver. The washed mineral, treated with the fluxes, gives reactions for iron; on charcoal yields a globule of metallic silver. Soluble in aqua-regia with separation of sulphur and silver chloride.
Obs.— Sternbergite occurs with ores of silver, particularly pyrargyrite and stephauite, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia, and Johaimgeorgenstadt in Saxony, also at Schneeberg (Breith.). Named after Count Caspar Sternberg of Prague.
The Flexible silver ore (Argent sulfure flexible Bourn., biegsamer Silberglanz Germ.) from the Himmelsfiirst mine, near Freiberg, is referred here.
Frieseite occurs with dolomite, proustite, and pseudomorphs of " Silberkies" (see below, .) on massive marcasite at Joachimsthal; the crystals of frieseite and " Silberkies" some- times in parallel position.
Ref.— l Min., p. 180, 1852; see earlier Haid., 1. c., or Pogg., 11, 483, 1827. 2 L. c. and Zs. Kr., 5, 426, 1881; for q the symbol (04o) and angle given do not agree, viz., cq 47° 28' meas.
ARGENTOPYRITE. Silberkies 8. v. Waltershausen, Nachr. Ges. Gott., 9, 66, 1866.
Described as monoclinic; in six-sided twin crystals. No cleavage Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3'5-4. G. 6'47(?). Luster metallic. Color steel-gray to tin-white; tarnishing. Analysis (6) below. From Joachimsthal.
Tschermak' later described pseudomorphs in small hexagonal crystals consisting of argentite, marcasite, pyrrhotke and pyrargyrite, which he regarded as being the argeutopyrite of v. Wal- tershausen. Schrauf 'l, however, sustained the latter species making it orthorhombic, but pseudo- hexagonal by_repeated twinning.
Axes a : b : c 0'581S : 1 : 0-2749, or near that of sternbergite if c be multiplied by 3. Forms: 6, c, m, n (130), y (Oil), z (021), p (111), it (421). Angles: mm'" *60° 20', cy 15° 22, bx *61° 12', cp 28° 45' c A 113 sternbergite). Silver 22-3 p. c.
Streng3 has also described a ' ' SILBERKIES" from Andreasberg. occurring in prismatic crystals, pseudo-hexagonal by twinning, with the planes m, n, x (as above). No cleavage. Fracture uneven. Rather brittle. H. 3'5-4. G. 4'18. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color bronze- yellow, tarnishing on surface. Weak magnetic. Analysis (7) below. Weisbach4 has described a similar mineral from Marienberg, like the above in form. Brittle. G. 4'06-4'12. Also another from the Himmelsfurst mine, Freiberg, similar in form but with cleavage c; crystals often grouped in hemispherical forms. Not brittle. G. 4*206. Color on fresh fracture bronze-yellow. Analysis by Winkler (8) below. To these varieties the name AKGYT?OPYRITE was attached.
Anal.— 6, Waltershausen, 1. c. 7, Streng, 1. c. 8, Winkler, Jb. Min., 908, 1877.
S Ag Fe
6. Joachimsthal, Argentopyrite [34'2] 26'5 39"3 100
7. Andreasberg. " Silberkies" 30'71 32'89 35-89 Cu 0'19 99'68
8. Freiberg, Argyropyrite 32'81 29'75 36'28 98'84
The relations of the above minerals are yet uncertain. It seems probable that there may be two independent species: 1, Sternbergite (including frieseite) usually in tabular crystals, cleava- ble, soft, flexible; and 2, Argentopyrite usually in prismatic, pseudo-hexagonal forms, without cleavage, harder, brittle. The fact that the two forms occur together seems to point to- this. The " argyropyrite" from Freiberg seems to be intermediate between them. The vari- ation in composition is probably more apparent than real. Streug suggested the formula Ag2S -f- £>FenSn-i for the group (i.e. acanthite -f pyrrhotite), but no simple numerical relation exists and pyrrhotite is yet to be shown to be other than true hexagonal in form.
Ref.—1 Ber. Ak. Wien, 54 (1), 342, 1866. Ib., 64 (1), 192, 1871. 3 Jb. Min., 785, 1878. 4 Ib., 906, 1877.
57. AOANTHITE. Akanthit Kenng., Ber. Ak. Wien, 15, 238, 1855, Pogg., 95, 462, 1855. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-6886 : 1 : 0-9944 Dauber1. 100 A HO 34° 33', 001 A 101 55° 17f ', 001 A Oil 44° 50f .
Forms: m (110, /) e (301, 3-1) x (214, £-2) n (122, 1-2) ao (141, 4-4)*
a (100, -i) a (120, i-2) d (0n 1 n (211, 2-2) k (121, 2-2) ft (152, f-5)
c (001, 0) . (113, i) g (181> 3.3) 0 (168t 2.6)
0 (8-20-1, 20-|).
Krenner shows the close correspondence between the angles of acanthite, as given by Dauber, and those required by the isometric system, and argues from this that the crystals of acanthite are simply distorted forms of argentite. This conclusion seems plausible (cf. gold, silver, also hessite), but cannot be regarded as proved, cf. Zs. Kr., 14, 388, 1888.
Sphalerite Group— Sphalerite.
mm aa' oo' uu'
69°
71° 58' 110° 36' 141° 48'
ee' 154" 0'
dd' 89° 41'
ex 30° 18'
cp 60° 18'
en 71° 52'
cr 39° 20' ek 67° 52' pp' 91° 21 nri 127° 57' kk' 65° 57'
Pp
nn"
kk"
88"
49° 18f 59° 2' 36° 3' 97° 6' 119° 1'
Twins: tw. plane o. Habit prismatic, crystals usually slender; sometimes monoclinic, in development of planes.
Cleavage indistinct. Fracture uneven. Sectile. H. 2-2-5. G. 7-2-7-3; 7-196, Freiberg, 7'246, Joachimsthal, Dbr. Luster metallic. Color iron-black. Opaque.
Comp. — Silver sulphide like argentite, Ag,S Sul- phur 12-9, silver 87'1 100.
Pyr. — As for argentite.
Obs.— At Joachimsthal, with pyrite, argentite, and calcite, a
usually on quartz; also at the Hiininelst'iir.si and other mines, near Freiberg, Dbr.
Freiberg in' Saxouy, along with argentite and stephanite. A
specimen found in 1860 shows brilliant crystals 22mm. long. At Schneeberg with native silver and argentite.
Named from axavQa tJiorn, in allusion to the shape of the crystals.
Ref.— i Crystals from Himmelsfurst mine, Ber. Ak. Wien, 39. 685, 1857. 2 Groth, Anna- berg, crystals with marked monoclinic symmetry, Min. Samml., 51, 1878.
Artif. — A silver sulphide, Ag2S, in acicular crystals resembling acanthite has been obtained by Weiuschenk, Zs. Kr., 17, 497, 1890.
DALEMINZITE Breith., B. H. Ztg., 21, 98, 1862, 22, 44, 1863. Silver sulphide (Ag2S) in an orthorhombic form regarded as distinct from acanthite; crystals short prisms with 010, 001, 110, 121, with mm'" — 64°. G. 7'049. It may be a pseudomorph after stephanite, cf. Frenzel, Mm. Lex. Sachs., 76, 1874. Found in 1858 at the Himmelfahrt mine at Freiberg with argentite.
3. Sphalerite Group. ES. Isometric, tetrahedral.
58. Sphalerite ZnS
59. Metacinnabarite HgS
Guadalcazarite (Hg,,Zn)S
60. Tiemannite HgSe
61. Onofrite Hg(S,Se)
62. Coloradoite HgTe
63. Alabandite MnS
Massive.
64. Oldhamite
65. Pentlandite
CaS
2FeS.NiS
58. SPHALERITE or BLENDE. Galena inanis, Germ. Blende, Agric., Interpr., 465,
1546. Blande, Pseudo-galena, Zincum S, As, et Fe mineralisatum, Wall., Min., 248, 1747. Zincum cum Fe, S mineralisatum Bergm., Sciagr., 1782. Sulphuret of zinc. Zinc sulfure Fr. Zinc Blende. Sphalerit Glock., Syn., 17, 1847. Black- Jack, Mock-Lead, False Galena Enr/l. Miners. Blende or Zink blende Germ. Blenda Ital., Span. Chumbe Span. S. A.
Cleiophane Nuttal. Cramerite. Marmatite (fr. Marmato) Boussingault, Pogg., 17, 399, 1829. Przibramite Huot, Min., 298, 1841. Marasmolite Sheph., Am. J. Sc., 12, 210, 1851. Christophit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 22, 27. Rahtite Sheph., Am. J. Sc., 41, 209, 1866.
Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
Isometric; tetrahedral. Observed forms1 :
' a (100, i-i) d(110, i)
o(lll, 1)
a (810, t-8)6 A (410, f-4) (210, £-2) 9 (320, 4)
Becke1 states that the positive octants are poor in planes, the faces even, or striated with straight lines; m is usually positive. lu the negative octants the secondary planes are more common, faces often rounded or with vicinal elevations. The etching figures on o 1) and on a are dep depressions; on o, (— 1) and on d they are acute elevations. In general the etching-figures developed belong to the positive octants. The size and luster of the faces does not serve to distinguish the positive and negative octants. Observations of Krenner do not entirely agree with the above9.
(211, 2-2)9
ju, (411,
-4-4)
v (951, 9-f)8
?(381, 3)7
r, (722,
c(661, 6)8
p, (221, - 2)
m, (311,
-3-3)
s, (321, — 3-f)6
q, (331, -3)
o-, (833,
'3'" 3/
6(12-1-1, 12-12)4
0, (553, - f)6
ft, (522,
5
y, (15-11-7, --V-
ft (411. 4-4)
€, (55 1, -f)8
p, (944,
- H)6
s, (432, - 2-f)6
r (722, H)
i>, (885, - 1)6
n, (211,
4 4
-2-2)
M, (431, -4-f)
w(811, 3-3)
A, (15-15-2, -V)4
(744,
(975. — ff)6
ft (522, |.f )
S, (511. - 5-5)
w, (ll-lO'l, — 11-
Fig. 1, Bottino, Becke. 2, St. Agnes, Id. 3, Schernnitz, Sbk. 5, Lockport. 6, Freiberg, Sbk.
Twins: tw. pi. o, the comp. face usually o, but also o. Twinning often repeated, and sometimes producing narrow polysynthetic lamellae. Crystals frequently highly complex and distorted,, sometimes resembling rhombohedral forms; the faces d, m often rounded together into a low conical form. Commonly massive cleavable, coarse to fine granular and compact; also foliated, sometimes fibrous and radiated or plumose; also botryoidal and other imitative shapes. Cryptocrystalline to amorphous, the latter sometimes as a powder.
Cleavage: dodecahedral, highly perfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. — 3-5-4. G. 3-9-41; 4-063 white, N". J. Luster resinous to adamantine. Color commonly yellow, brown, black; also red, green to white, and when pure nearly colorless. Streak brownish to light yellow and white. Transparent to translucent. Kefractive indices, Eamsay10:
nr 2-34165 Li ny 2-36923 Na ngr - 2-40069 Tl
Sometimes shows abnormal double refraction. Pyro-electric, polar in the direction of the trigonal axes, Friedel ".
Sphalerite Group— Sphalerite.
Comp. — Zinc sulphide, ZnS Sulphur 33, zinc 67 100. Often containing iron and manganese, and sometimes cadmium, mercury and rarely lead, and tin. Also sometimes contains traces of indium, gallium and thallium; may be argentifer- ous and auriferous.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Containing little or no iron; colors white toyellowisb_brown, sometimes black; G. 4-0-4-1. The pure white blende of Franklin, N. J., is the cleiopfiane (anal. 1). A kind occurring at Nordmark, Sweden, in snow white crystals, consists of pure ZnS with neither Fe nor Mn. The red or reddish brown transparent crystallized kinds are sometimes called ruby blende or ruby zinc.
The massive cleavable forms are the most common, varying from coarse to fine granular; also cryptocrystalliue. Schalenblende (Germ., also Leberblende) is a closely compact variety, of a pale liver-brown color, occurring in concentric layers with reniform surface; galena and marcasite are often interstratified. The fibrous forms (faserige Zinkblende Germ.) are chiefly wurtzite (p 70). Rarely occurs as a soft white amorphous deposit, resembling the zinc sulphide precipitated by hydrogen sulphide in the laboratory, cf. below.
2. Ferriferous; Marmatite. Containing 10 p. c. or more of iron; dark brown to black; G. 3 9-4-05. The proportion of FeS to ZuS varies from 1 : 5 to 1 : 2, and the last ratio is that of the christophite of Breithaupt, a brilliant black sphalerite (anal. 11) from St. Christophe mine, at Breitenbruun, near Johanngeorgenstadt, having G. 3-91-3-9'23. A similar variety from St. Agnes, Cornwall, gave Collins 26 p. c. Fe, Min. Mag., 3, 91, 1879.
3. Cadmiferous; Pribramite, Przibramiie. The amount of cadmium present in any sphalerite thus far analyzed is less than 5 per cent.
4. Mercurial. A specimen from Aviles, Asturia, yielded Soltsien, 0 135 p. c. Hg, Jb. Min., 2, 272 ref., 1887; other sphalerites (Sweden, Rhine) have given (H)2 p. c.
5. Sta.nniferom. Specimens of the black sphalerite from Freiberg, with 12-13'4 p. c. Fe and G. 3-95-3-99, yielded 0 06-0-55 p. c, Sn, present as sulphide, also some cassiterite as impurity. Cf. Stelznerand Schertel, Zs. Kr., 14, 398, 1888.
Anal.— 1, Henry, Phil. Mag., 1, 23, 1851. 2, 3, 7, 9, P. N. Caldwell, priv. contr. 4-6, 8, L. Sipocz, Zs. Kr., 11, 216, 1885. 10, Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 61, 1852. 11, Heinichen, B. H. Ztg., 22, 27, 1863.
1. Franklin Furnace, wh.
2. Picos de Europa, yw.
3. Joplin, Mo., yw.
4. Schemnitz. yw.
5. Kapnik, yw. brn.
G
S
Zn
Cd
Fe
Mn
tr.
—
—
99-68
—
—
100-35
—r-
—
100-04
—
100-02
Pb 0-05.
Cu
Sb 0'04, As i
!r.=li
Pb 0-06,
Cu
Sb 0-08, As :
(r.=l
—
—
100-32
99 66
— Pb 1-01 100-02
tr.
—
Cu tr. 97'
Sn tr. 99-43
0-06, tr.,
6. Nagyag, brn.
7. Roxbury Ct. , brn.
8. Rodua, blk.
9. leisobuuya, blk.
10. Bottino. Marmatite
11. Breitenbruun, Cristophite
On the sulphides of lead and zinc which are probably to be regarded as mixtures of galena and sphalerite, see huascolite, kilmacooite, p. 51. The brass-ore, Messingerz Germ., of early mineralogists is a mixture of sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Shepard's marasmolite is a partially decomposed sphalerite containing some free sulphur.
Pyr., etc. — In the open tube sulphurous fumes, and generally changes color. B.B. on char- coal, in R.F., some varieties give at first a reddish brown coating of cadmium oxide, and later a coating of zinc oxide, which is yellow while hot and white after cooling. With cobalt solu- tion the zinc coating gives a green color when heated in O.F. Most varieties, after roasting, give with borax a reaction for iron. With soda on charcoal in R.F. a strong green zinc flame. Difficultly fusible.
Dissolves in hydrochloric acid with evolution of hydrogen sulphide. Some specimens phosphoresce when struck with a steel or by friction.
Obs. — Occurs very commonly in both crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and as a frequent associate of galena; also associated with chalcopyrite, barite, fluorite, "siderite; common in silver mines. It often forms beds of considerable magnitude filling cavities in limestone. Crystals of sphalerite have been observed associated in parallel position with tetrahedrite, also with chal- copyrite (cf. Becke, Min. Mitth., 5, 331, 1883).
Some of the chief localities for crystallized sphalerite are: Alston Moor in Cumberland, black variety; Derbyshire, St. Agnes and elsewhere in Cornwall; Oberlahnstein in Nassau, Ems, red; Andreasberg, yellow and brown; Neudorf in the Harz, Freiberg, Breitenbrunn and other localities in Saxony, black and brown; Pfibram, green or yellow, and Schlackenwald in Bohemia, black; Kapnik in Hungary, green or yellow; Nagyag in Transylvania, brown; Rodna, black; the Binnenthal in Switzerland, isolated crystals of great beauty, yellow to brown
62 Sulphides, Selex1Des, Tellurides, Etc.
in color, in cavities of dolomite; Sala in Sweden; Nordmark, black, brown and also snow white. A beautiful transparent variety yielding large cleavage masses is brought from Picos de Europa, Province of Sautander, Spain, where it occurs in a brown limestone. Fibrous varieties (see wurtzite) are obtained at Pribram, Geroldseck in Baden, Raibel; also in Cornwall. The original Marmatite is from Marmato near Popayan, Italy. Large beds occur at Ammeberg on Lake Wetter in Sweden. The new element gallium was first identified in the sphalerite of the Pierrefitte mine, Vallee d'Argeles, Pyrenees, L. de Boisbaudrau, C. R., 81, 493, 1875.
Abounds with the lead ore of Missouri, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois. In N. York, Sulli- van Co., near Wurtzboro', it constitutes a large part of a lead vein in millstone grit, and is occasionally in octahedrons: in St. Lawrence Co., occurs at Cooper's falls; at Mineral Point with galena, and in Fowler, on the farm of Mr. Belmont, in a vein with iron and copper pyrites traversing serpentine; at the Aucram lead mine in Columbia Co., of yellow and brown colors; in limestone at Lockport and other places, in honey and wax -yellow crystals often transparent; with galena on Flat Creek, two miles south-west of Spraker's Basin. In Mass., at Sterling, of a cherry-red color, with galena; also yellowish brown at the Southampton lead mines; at Hat- field, with galena. In N. Harnp., at the Eaton lead mine; at Warren, a large vein of black blende. In Maine, at the Lubec lead mines; also at Bingham, Dexter, and Parsousfield. In Conn., yellowish-green at Brookfield; at Berlin, of a yellow color; brownish black, sometimes finely crystallized at Roxbury, and yellowish brown at Lane's mine, Monroe. In N. Jersey, a white variety (cleiophane of Nuttall) at Franklin Furnace. In Penn., at the Wheatley and Perkiomeu lead mines, in handsome crystallizations; near Friedensville. Lehigh Co., a white waxy var. In Virginia, at Walton's gold mine, Louisa Co., and more abundantly at Austin's lead'mines, Wythe Co., where it occurs crystallized, or in radiated crystallizations. In Michigan, at Prince vein, Lake Superior, abundant. In Illinois, near Rosiclare, with galena and calcite; at Marsdeu's diggings, near Galena, in stalactites, some 6 in. or more through, and covered with cryst. marcasite. and galena. In Wisconsin, at Mineral Point, in fine crystals, and many of large size (3 in. through, or so), altered to smithsouite. In Tennessee, at Haysboro', near Nash- ville. In Missouri, in beautiful crystallizations with galena, marcasite and calcite at Joplin and other points in the southwestern part of the state; the deposits here occur in limestone and are of great extent and value. The original sphalerite in places has been removed and redeposited as calamine or smithsonite, or again as sphalerite, usually in crystals. A variety, formed by reprecipitation, occurs as a soft white powdery mass in Galena, Cherokee Co., southeastern Kansas, adjoining the zinc region of Missouri; the deposit as first exposed extended for 30 feet with a thickness of at least 4 feet. (Am. J. Sc., 40, 160, 1890.)
Named blende because, while often resembling galena, it yielded no lead, the word in German meaning blind or deceiving. Sphalerite is from cr0aAe/3o5, treacherous.
Alt. — Sphalerite by oxidation changes to the zinc sulphate, goslarite. Calamine, smith- sonite, and limonite occur as pseudomorphs.
Artif. — Made in crystals from a solution of sulphate containing some putrifyiug animal matter; in an experiment by Gages, using oysters for the animal matter, the shells were turned partly into carbonate of zinc and selenite, and some sphalerite incrusted them. Also may be made by subjecting heated oxide or silicate of zinc to vapors of sulphur. Cf. further Fouque- Levy, Synth. Min., 297, 1882.
Rahtite Shepard is an impure uncrystalline sphalerite, with G. 4'128, containing iron and copper, see 5th Ed., p. 50.
Ref.— i See Sbk., Zs. G. Ges.. 21, 620, 1869; 24, 180. 1872; 30, 573, 1878; also earlier Hbg., Miu. Not., 1, 28, 1856, Kapnik with h and u; 6, 7, 1864, Cumberland and Schemnitz; Rath, Binuenthal, with u, Pogg., 122, 396, 1864. Later Becke, Min. Mitth., 5, 457, 1883. The dis- tinction between the planes of the -f- and — octants was made out by Sbk., and revised and extended by Becke on the basis of etching experiments; the results of the latter (see above) are followed here. Some planes are in doubt as between the --j- and — position.
2 Klein, Kapnik, Jb. Min., 492, 1871. 3 Id. Binuenthal, ibid., 897, 187_2; Klein called it 722, but Becke's etching makes the prominent tetrahedron for this locality (111) and reverses the position taken by other authors. 4 Sbk , 1. c. 5 Groth, Min. Samml , 23, 1878. 6 Becke, 1. c.
I Hintze, Striegau, Zs. Kr.,13, 161, 1887. " Flink, Nordmark, Bihang, Ak. H. Stockh., 13. (2), No. 7, 15, 1885. Foldt. K5zl., 18, 151, 1888.
10 San lander, Picos de Europa, Zs. Kr., 12, 218, 1886. On effect of change of temperature, etc., on indices of refraction, see Calderon, Zs. Kr., 4, 504; and Voigt, ib. 5, 113, 1880.
II Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 32. 1879; Id. and Curie, 6, 191, 1883.
On the effect of heat on molecular structure, Mid., Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 235, 1882, cf. also Hautefeuille, C. R., 93, 774, 1881. Experiments in hardness, Exner, Unt. Harte Kr., p 38,
59. METACINNABARITE. G. E. Movre J. pr. Ch., 2, 319, 1870; Am. J. Sc., 3,
1872. Metazinnober Germ.
Isometric; tetrahedral. Observed forms' :
o (111, + 1) o, (111, - 1) n (211, 2-2) ft (322, f-f) v (975, H)
Sphalerite Gro Up— Metacinnabarite— Tiemannite.
Twine: tw. plane o, common. Habit tetrahedral, faces rough and unpolished. Also massive; amorphous.
Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. =3. G. 7 -81, Pfd., cryst. ; 7'701-7'748, Moore, amorphous. Luster metallic. Color grayish black. Streak black. Opaque.
Comp. — Mercuric sulphide, like cinnabar, HgS Sulphur 13-8, mercury 86-2 100.
AnaL— Moore, 1. c.
Quartz
100-07 100-42
Hg Fe
85-69 0-33
85.89 0-45
Pyr. — See cinnabar.
Obs. — From the Reddington mine, Lake county, California, with cinnabar in acicular crystals, quartz and raarcasite. Also at the Baker mine near Knoxville; some tons have been found at New Idria, Fresno Co. (Becker). At Huitzuco, Mexico, in pseudomorphs of cinnabar after stibnite (Sandb.). At the mercury mines in the Palatinate. Also reported from Herms- dorf near Waldeuburg, Silesia (Traube). Probably at Pakaraka, Bay of Islands, New Zealand, where Mutton in 1870 noted the occurrence of native mercury and a "black ore of mercury
a sulphide containing some iron." H. =5, G. 9'224(?) Trans. N. Z. Inst., 3, 252, 1870.
Metaciunabarite is the equivalent of the black mercuric sulphide of the laboratory, also called *d£lhiops mineral (Quecksilber-Mohr Germ.).
Ref.— ' Pfd., Am. J. Sc , 29, 452, 1885. Melville has described crystals from New Almaden, Cal., which he regards as rhombohedral and hernimorphic, with 0001 A 1011 15° 19', Am. J. Sc., 40, 291 1890, and p. 1041.
GUADALCAZARITE Schwefelselenquecksilber Castillo and Burkhart, Jb. Min., 414, 1866. Guadalcazite Adam, Tabl. Min., p. 59, 1869. Guadalcazarite Petersen, Min. Mitth., 69, 1872; Burkhart, ibid., 243.
Near metacinnabarite, but contains a little zinc. Occurs massive, with cinnabar, barite, quartz at Guadalcazar, Mexico. H. =2. G. 7'15. Castillo mentions rhombohedral forms. Anal.— 1, Petersen, 1. c. 2, Rg., Min. Ch. p. 79, 1875.
Se Hg Zn
1-08 79-73 4-23
tr. 83-90 2-09
The ratio of Hg : Zn 6 : 1 in anal. (1), and 12 : 1 in (2).
LEVIGLIANITE D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., 2, 112, 1876. Stated to be a ferriferous variety of guadalcazarite (metacinnabarite); but not fully examined. From the mercury mines of Levigliani, near Seravezza in the Apuan Alps, Italy.
60. TIEMANNITE. Selenquecksilber Marx, . J. 54, 223, 1828. Selenmercur, Tiemannit, Naumann, Min., 425, 1855.
Isometric; tetrahedral. Observed forms1:
a (100, f-f ); o (111, 1), o, (111, - 1); ao (511, 5'5), m (311, 3'3), (733, H)i (311, - 3-3). Also doubtful b (131 -1), c (17-2-2), e (13'2'2).
1. G. 7-15
S
Cd tr.
Fe
tr. ='99-62 — 100
Utah, Penfield.
Twins: tw. pi. o. Crystals tetrahedral in habit, o usually dull, o bright; zone a b c e GO 0 striated intersection-edges; also m striated edge m /a. Com- monly massive; compact granular.
Cleavage none. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. 2-5. Cr. 8'19 Utah, cryst. ; 8-30-8*47 Clausthal9. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray to blackish lead-gray. Streak nearly black. Opaque.
64 . Sulphides, 8Elenide8, Tellurides, Etc.
Comp. — Mercuric selenide, HgSe Selenium 28*3, mercury 71*7 100. Anal.— 1, Penneld, 1. c. 2, Petersen, JB. Ch., 919, 1866.
Se S Hg Cd
1. Utah 29-19 0'37 69'84 0'34 insol. 0-06 99-80
2. Clausthal 24'88 0'20 75-15 Pb 0*12 100'35
Earlier analyses (.>lh Ed., p. 56) were made on more or less impure material.
Pyr.— Decrepitates in the closed tube, and, when pure, entirely sublimes, giving a black sublimate, with the upper edge reddish brown; with soda a sublimate of metallic mercury. In the open tube emits the odor of selenium, and forms a black to reddish brown sublimate, with a border of white selenate of mercury, the latter sometimes fusing into drops. On charcoal volatilizes, coloring the outer flame azure-blue, and giving a lustrous metallic coating.
Obs.— Occurs with chalcopyrite near Zorge in the Harz; at Tilkerode; near Clausthal. In California, in the vicinity of Clear lake. Near Marysvale, Piute Co., in southern Utah, with barite, manganese oxide and calcite in a vein in limestone, the ore in part 4 feet in thickness. Of. Becker, U. S. G. Surv., MOM. 13, 1888. Named after the discoverer, Tiemann.
Ref.— i Pfd., Am. J. Sc., 29, 449, 1885. Ibid., p. 453; earlier determinations with G. 7*1-7-37 were probably made on impure material.
61. ONOFRITE. Selenschwefelquecksilber H. Rose, Pogg., 46, 315, 1839. Merkur- Glanz Breith., Char., 316, 1832. Onofrite Haid., Handb., 565, Ib45.
Massive; fine granular.
Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 2*5. G. — 7*98-8*09, Pfd.1 Luster metallic. Color and streak blackish gray. Opaque.
Comp. — Sulpho-selenide of mercury, Hg(S,Se), with S : Se 6 : 1, Brush, or 4 : 1, Rose. The first requires: Sulphur 11*5, selenium 4*7, mercury 83*8 100; the second: Sulphur 10'6, selenium 6'6, mercury 82*8 100. Anal.— 1, H. Rose, 1. c. 2, Comstock, Am. J. Sc., 21, 314, 1881.
S Se Hg Zn Mn
1. Mexico 10-30 6-49 81'33 — — 98'12
2. Utah f 11-68 4'58 81 '93 0'54 0'69 99'42
Pyr- — In the closed tube decrepitates and then gives reactions for sulphur and mercury, coating the tube grayish black and leaving a slight nou- volatile residue. In the open tube gives- sulphurous fumes and sublimates of mercury and sulpho-seleuide of mercury. On charcoal gives copious fumes with selenium odor and a sublimate with metallic luster which touched by R.F. disappears, tiugeing the flame azure-blue. Gives faint zinc and manganese reactions.
Obs. — Occurs with calcite and barite at San Onofre, Mexico. With the pure mercuric seleuide, tiemanuite, forming a seam 4 inches wide in limestone near Marys vale, southern Utah.
Ref.—1 Am. J. Sc., 29, 453, 1885.
Del Rio early called attention to a sulpho-selenide of mercury. He mentions two ores occurring in limestone at Culebras, Mexico (Phil. Mag., 4. 118, 1828), one red. the other gray. These were called culebrite and riolite (also rionite other authors) by Brooke, ib., 8, 261, 1836.. No confidence can be placed in Del Rio's chemical determinations. C'f. native selenium, p. 10.
62. COLORADOITE. F. A. Oenth, Am. Phil. Soc., 17, 115, 1877. Massive; granular.
Cleavage none. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. H. — 3. G. 8'627. Luster metallic. Color iron-black, inclining to gray.
Comp.— Mercuric telluride, HgTe Tellurium 38*5, mercury 61*5 100. The material analyzed (see Appendix III. 5tli Ed., p. 29 for analyses) was very impure. Pyr.— In the tube slightly decrepitates, fuses and yields metallic mercury as a sublimate, also tellurium dioxide in drops, and next to the assay metallic tellurium. Soluble in nitric acid. Obs. — Occurs very sparingly at the Keystone, Mountain Lion, and Smuggler mines, in Colorado, with quartz, gold, native tellurium and sylvanite ; it sometimes has a columnar structure due to alteration from sylvanite.
63. ALABANDITE. Schwarze Blende (fr. Transylvania) Miiller v. ReicJienstein, Phys. Arb. Fr. in Wien, 1, 2nd Quart., 86, 1784; Bindlieim, Srhrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl.. 5, 452, 1784 (making it comp. of Mn, S, Fe, Ag). Schwarzerz Klapr., Beitr., 3, 35, 1802. Braun stein kies Leonh., Tab., 70, 1806 Braunsteinblende Manganblpnde] Blumenbach, Handb., 1, 707, 1807. Manganglanz Karst., Tab., 72, 1808. Manganese sulfure H., Tab., 3, 1809. Schwefel
Oldhamite— Pentlandite. 65
Mangan Germ. Alabandine Beud., Tr. 2, 399, 1832. Blumenbachit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 22, 193, 1866.
Isometric; tetrahedral '. In cubes or dodecahedrons with tetrahedral planes; also n (211, 2-2). Twins2: tw. pi. o; sometimes repeated, consisting of five octahedrons. Usually granular massive.
Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H.:= 3*5-47 tL 3'95-4'04 4*036, Mexico. Luster submetallic. Color iron-black, tarnished brown on exposure. Streak green.
Comp. — Manganese sulphide, MnS Sulphur 36*9, manganese 63*1 100.
Pyr. — Unchanged in the closed tube. In the open tube sulphurous fumes. Roasted on charcoal, the assay is converted into the oxide, which, with the fluxes, gives the reactions of manganese. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, with evolution of hydrogen sulphide.
Obs. — Occurs in veins in the gold mines of Nagyag, in Transylvania; also Kapnik and Offenbanya in Hungary, associated with tellurium, rhodochrosite, and quartz; at Gersdorf, near Freiberg, a variety containing a trace of arsenic; in Mexico, at the mine Preciosa in Puebla, with tetrahedrite. From the Morococha mines, Peru. Crystallized and massive on Snake River, Summit county, Colorado, with rhodochrosite, galena, argentite, pyrite.
Named from Alabanda ia Caria, Asia Minor.
Artif.— Cf. Doelter, Zs. Kr., 11, 32, 1885, and C. R., 105, 1372, 1887; also Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 17, 500, 1890.
Ref.— ' Peters, Jb. Min., 365, 1861. Schrauf, Nagyag, Pogg., 127, 348, 1866.
64. OLDHAMITE. Maskelyne, 1862; Phil. Trans., London, 195, 1870. Isometric. In small, nearly round spherules, generally coated by calcium sulphate as result of alteration.
Cleavage: cubic. H. 4. G. 2*58. Color pale chestnut-brown, transparent when pure. Isotropic.
Comp. — Calcium sulphide, CaS Sulphur 44'5, Calcium 55 100. Anal. — After deducting foreign matter (enstatite, etc.): Oldhamite. Incrustation.
CaS MgS CaSC-4 CaCO, troilite
1. 89-37 325 3'95 3-43 — 100
2. 90-25 326 4'19 2'30 100
Maskelyne suggests that the MgS may be considered either as a mechanically mixed ingre- dient, or as a constituent of the mineral.
Pyr.— Readily dissolved in acid with the evolution of hydrogen sulphide and deposition of sulphur.
Obs. — Found embedded in enstatite or augite in the Busti meteorite, and apparently also in that of Bishopville, South Carolina. Named after Dr. Oldham, Director (1862) of the Indian Geological Survey.
OSBORNITE Maskelyne, Phil. Trans., 198, 1870. Small golden yellow regular octahedrons occurring in oldhamite and in augite in the meteorite from Busti, India. It is supposed to be a sulphide, or an oxysulphide, of calcium and probably titanium. Named after Mr. George Osborne
65. PENTLANDITE. Eisen-Nickelkies Scheerer, Pogg.. 58, 315, 1843 Pentlandite Dufr , Min., 2, 549, 1856. Nicopyrite Bhep., Min., 307, 1857. Lillhammerit Weisbach, Synops. Min., 57, 1875.
Isometric. Massive, in granular aggregates.
Cleavage octahedral. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3'5-4. G-. 4'60. Luster metallic. Color light bronze-yellow. Streak light bronze-brown. Opaque. Not magnetic.
Comp.— A sulphide of iron and nickel, (Fe,Ni)S. In part, 2FeS.NiS SuL phur 36-0, iron 42'0, nickel 22*0 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Scheerer, 1. c. 3, J. K. Mackenzie, priv. contr.
S Fe Ni Cu
1. Lillehammer 36'45 42-70 18 35 1-16 98'66
2. 36-64 40-21 21'07 1-78 99'70
3. Sudbury 34'25 25-81 39'85 0'24 100-15
With Co tr
Sulphides, Selenides, Tellubides, Etc.
An analysis of the Sudbury nickel ore by Clarke and Catlett gave: S40'80, Fe 15'57, Ni 41-96, Cu 0-62, SiOa 1'02 — 99'97, G. 4'541; this corresponds to Ni3FeS6, or the general formula of polydymite (p. 75), Am. J. Sc., 37, 372, 1889. Cf. also pyrrhotite.
Pyr. — In the open tube sulphurous fumes. The powdered mineral roasted on charcoal gives with the fluxes reactions for nickel and iron.
Obs. — Occurs with chalcopyrite in a hornblende rock near Lillehammer in southern Norway. The mineral from Sudbury, Ontario, (anal. 3) is mined extensively for nickel; it carries a little platinum (0'006 to 0'024 p. c.) probably as sperrylite, Clarke and Catlett. Pent- landite was named after Mr. Pentland.
The Sudbury mineral, examined by Penfield (priv. contr.), shows distinct octahedral cleav- age (or parting) which identifies it with the original pentlandite.
4. Cinnabar-Wurtzite-Millerite Group.
Cinnabar Covellite
Trapezohedral
Khombohedral or Hexagonal.
68. Greenockite CdS
69. Wurtzite ZnS
70. Millerite NiS
Hemimorphic
or 0-9364
71. Niccolite NiAs 0-8194
72. Breithauptite NiSb 0-8586
Arite Ni(Sb,As)
Troilite FeS
Pyrrhotite FeS,,, etc. 0-8701 1-0047
If, as suggested by Groth, the prominent, pyramids of wurtzite, greenockite, etc., be made pyramids of the second series (e.g., x 1122, instead of 1011), then the values of c in the second column are obtained, which correspond to millerite. The form of several of these species, however, is only imperfectly known. A rhombohedral form for greenockite has been suggested but not proved.
66. CINNABAR. KtvrdfiapiS (fr. Spain) Theophr. "Afinov Dioscor. Minium Vilruv., Plin. Minium uativum, Germ. Bergzinober, Agric., Interpr., 466, 1546. Cinnabarite.
Zinnober, Schwefelquecksilber, Merkur-Blende Germ. Cinnober Kwed. Ciuabre Fr. Cinabro Ital. ' Cinabrio Span.
Rhombohedral ; trapezohedral like quartz.
Axis 6 1-14526; 0001 A 1011
*52° 54' 15" Schabus1.
Forms2:
ft (3035, |)4
A (5051, 5)4
n, (0221, - 2)
y (2243, f2 r, I)4
c (0001, 0)
h (2023, f)
n (6061, 6)4
0 (0552, - f)4
u (1121, 2-2)
m (1010, /)
y (7079, |)4
p (7071, 7)4
o (0331, - 3)4
1 (2241, 4-2)*
-a.(1120, z-2)3
(4045, f)4
<r(10-0-10-l, 10)4
p (0-32-32-9, -V)
#(5-1-6-13, TVf)6
a(i"0"i"i5 -rV)1
r (1011, -R)
b (16-0-16-1, 16)'
9, (0441, -4)
D (2137, f-!)6
\-LVi iw, -j"6/
ft (1-0-1 -12, TS)'
6 (10-0-Io-9,J/)4
(0119, — t)4
A, (0551, - 5)4
0 (1017, I)1
77 (bObo,
6 (0118, - i)
(4263, 2- f)5
e (1015, W
JT, (0114, - i)
s (0-16-16-3, —
v (130-13-9, yr
e (0338, — f )
t (0881 , — 8)
r(2356, -M)6
i (5'0'5, 14, T5T)7
# (5058,
//Aoopi -
T (0'ii'iri,— ii)
Z (6-4-10-23, §-|)6
$ (3-0-3-10, T85V
f,(l$-0-i&-9,y
g, (0112, -
5(1-1-2-20, Tv2)7
(6157, H O4
rf (1013, i)
m (9095, f)1
h, (0223, -
C (1126, f 2)7
5 (8-8-5 -18, Tv!1)4
/(2025, f) a (4049, |)4
w (2021, 2) oo (3031, 3)4
A (0111, - 1)
P(1123, |-2r)6
//(4-16-1217,-jH // (1-3-4-10, -ft)6
0 (1012, i)
© (io-o-io-3, Y)4
A; (0554, - f )
x (2245, f -2)4
5(1842, -2-|)6
t (lO-O-iO-19,)1 to (5059, I)1
It (7072, £): (4041, 4)
I, (0443, - f)
(7-7-14-18, f. 2)' J (5-5-10-8, |-2)7
C (2641. - 6-| r)4 8 (2-8-10 5, - 2-f)6
Cinnabar.
sK= 18° 18' 23° 47' ,;/ 27° 53' eg 33° 28V eh 24' ci 46° 37' el 60° 26£' 69° IT coo 75° 51' eg - 79° 18'
cA =81° 24'
cb 9° 23'
ck 58° 50'
ct 84° 36'
KK' 31° 33' dd' 40° 531'
ff 47° 46V 57° 4' 69° 53' 78° 0V
M'
nri
Q3G3
Aa'
W
M'
87° 23' 97° 45' 108° 12' 114° 14' 116° 38' 117° 48' 16° 14' 95° 38' 119° 7V 32° 1'
47° Of 55° 46' 58° 51' 66° 25' 77° 41' 81° 43' 54" 33' 58° 29' 59° 19'
Twins: tw. axis c, often penetration-twins5; with also tw. pi. a, sometimes like the "Brazil twins" of quartz6. Crystals usually rhombohedral or thick tabular in habit, rarely showing trapezohedral planes; also acicular prismatic. In crystalline incrustations, granular, massive; sometimes as an earthy coating.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Almaden?, Sbs.
Mt. Avala, Schmidt. California.
Mt. Avala, Schmidt.
Cleavage: m perfect. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Somewhat sectile. H. 2-2-5. G. 8-0-8-2; 8-090 G. E. Moore. Luster adamantine, inclining to metallic when dark colored, and to dull in friable varieties. Color cochineal-red, often inclining to brownish red and lead-gray. Streak scarlet. Transparent to opaque. Optically +. Indices: oor 2*854, er 3-201, Dxe. Polarization cir- cular, chiefly left handed; twins sometimes showing Airy's spirals5.
Var. — 1. Ordinary: either (a) crystallized; (b) massive, granular embedded or compact; bright red to reddish brown in color; (c) earthy and bright red.
2. Hepatic. Quecksilberlebererz and Quecksilberbranderz, Germ. Inflammable cinnabar. Of a liver-brown color, with sometimes a brownish streak, occasionally slaty in structure, though commonly granular or compact. Cinnabar mixed with an organic substance called idrialine (q.v.) occurs at Idria. The corallinerz of Idria is a curved lamellar variety of hepatic cinnabar.
Comp. — Mercuric sulphide, BgS Sulphur 13'8, mercury 86-2 100. Usually impure from the admixture of clay, iron oxide, bitumen.
Fyr. — In tlu closed tube alone a black sublimate of mercuric sulphide, but with sodium carbonate one of metallic mercury. Carefully heated in the open tube gives sulphurous fumes and metallic mercury, which condenses in minute globules on the cold walls of the tube. B.B. on charcoal wholly volatile, but only when quite free from gangue.
Obs. — Occurs chiefly in veins in slate rocks and shales, and rarely in granite or porphyry9. It has been observed in veins, with ores of iron. The Idria mines are in the Carboniferous formation; those of New Almaden, California, in partially altered Cretaceous or Tertiary beds. It sometimes occurs in connection with hot springs as the result of solfataric action. Pyrite and marcasite, sulphides of copper, stibnite, realgar, gold, etc., are associated minerals; calcite quartz or opal, also barite, fluorite, are gangue minerals; a bituminous mineral (cf. napalite) is common.
The most important European deposits are at Almaden in Spain, and at Idria in Carniola, where it is usually massive. Considerable amounts are now obtained at Bakhmut in southern Russia, where it occurs as an impregnation of a bed of Carboniferous sandstone from 14 to 17 feet in thickness. Good crystals occur in the coal formations of Moschellandsberg and Wolf- stein in the Palatinate. Also found at Reichenau in Upper Carinthia; in gray wacke at Windisch Kappel; in beds traversing gneiss at Dunbrawa in Transylvania; in fine crystals at the recently reopened mines of Mt. Avala, near Belgrade, Servia; at Neumarktel in Carniola; at Ripa in Tuscany; at Schemnitz in Hungary. In the Urals and the Nerchinsk ngion in Transbaikal. At the mines of Kwei Chaw in China abundantly, and in Japan. In Guadulcazar, Huitzuco. San
68 Sulphides, 8Elenides, Tellurides, Etc.
Onofre and elsewhere in Mexico; at Huancavelica in southern Peru, abundant; in the provinces of Coquimbo aud Copiapo in Chili. Also in New South Wales, New Zealand, and Transvaal, S. Africa.
In the U. S. forms extensive mines in California, in the Coast Ranges at many different points from Clear Lake in the north (near which there is a vein in a bed of sulphur) to Santa Barbara Co. in the south; important mines are at New Almaden and the vicinity , in Santa Clara €o., about 60 m. S.S.E. of San Francisco. It is now forming by solfataric action at Sulphur Bank. Cal., and Steamboat Springs, Nevada. Also occurs in southern Utah; in Idaho, but only as rolled masses. In Douglas Co., Oregon. In British Columbia, sparsely disseminated through a crystalline limestone at the Ebenezer Mine, Hector (Kicking Horse) Pass, Rocky Mts.
The name cinnabar is supposed to come from India, where it is applied to the red resin, dragon's blood. The native cinnabar of Theophrastus is true cinnabar; he speaks of its afford- ing quicksilver. The Latin name of cinnabar, minium, is now given to red lead, a substance which was early used for adulterating cinnabar, and so got at last the name. It has been said <Kiug on Precious Stones) that the word mine (miniera, Ital.) and mineral come from the Latin for quicksilver mine, miniaria (Fodina miniaria).
Alt. — Pseudomorphs after pyrite, tetrahedrite, dolomite have been described (Blum, Pseud., Nachtr., 2, 123, 124, 3, 262); also after stibnite (Sandb.). Heated nearly to the point of sublimation aud suddenly cooled cinnabar is changed to the black sulphide, HgS; cf. meta- cinnabarite.
Art. — St. Claire Deville and Debray have obtained rhombohedral crystals of cinnabar by sublimation, see Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., p. 313, 1882; also Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 17, 498,
Ref. — ' Ber. Ak. Wieii, 6, 63, 1851; angles confirmed by Koksharov, Min. Russl., 6, 257, 1870. 2 See Sbs. , 1. c. for early literature, new planes, etc.; also later Mgg., Jb. Min , 2, 29, 1882. The distinction between -j- and — forms is not always surely made, cf. Schmidt6. 3 D'Achiardi, as a trigonal prism, tetartohedral. Ripa, Tuscany, Boll. Com. G , 2, 163. 1871. Min. Tosc., 2, 282, 1873. 4 Mgg , Almaden, Spain, 1. c. 5 ., Nikitovka, Min. Mitth., 7, 361, 1886. 6 A. Schmidt. Mt. Avala, Servia, Foldt. Kozl., 17, 555, 1887, and Zs. Kr., 13, 433, 1887; no attempt is made to distinguish between -(-and — rhombohedrons, nor between r and I trapezohedrons. 7 Traube, Mt. Avala, Zs. Kr., 14, 563, 1888. 8 Propr. Opt., 1, 77, 1857.
9 On the genesis of cinnabar deposits, see Phillips, Q. J. G. Soc., 1879; Christy, Am. J. Sc., 17, 453. 1879; also LeConte, ib., 24, 23, 1882; 25, 424, 26, 1, 1883; Becker., ib., 33, 199, 1887, and Mon., 13, U. S. G. Surv., 1888. In the latter there is given a full description of the occur- rence of cinnabar, especially in California and also throughout the world. Becker concludes that the cinnabar, pyrite and gold of the quicksilver mines of the Pacific Slope reached their present position in hot solutions of double sulphides leached from the adjacent granite or the masses underlying it (p. 449).
ETHIOPSITE Adam, Tabl. Min., 59, 1869. Black mercurous sulphide, Hg2S; it Is an unstable compound, not known to occur in nature.
67. COVELLITE. Freiesleben, Geogn. Arb.,3, 129 (fr. Sangerhausen); Kupferindig.Z?m77i., in Hoftm. Min., 4. 2, 178, 1817. Bi-solfuro di rame che formasi attualmente uel Vesuvio Covelli (1826), Att. Ace. Napoli, 4. 9, 1839. Indigo-Copper; Blue Copper. Covelline, Sulfure de cuivre du Vesuve, Beud., 2, 409, 1832. Breithauptite Chapm., Min. 125, 1843. Cautonite Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 22, 449, 1856, 23, 409, 1857. Cobre anilado Span. 8. A.
Hexagonal or rhombohedral. Axis 6 1-1466; 0001 A lOll 52° 56£' Kenngott1.
Forms: c (0001, 0), a (1120, t-2), (1122, 1-2), y (2241, 4-2;.
Angles: ex 48° 54', cy 77° 42', xz' - 44° 16f , yy' 58° 29', yy* *24° 36'.
Karely in hexagonal crystals with faces m and x horizontally striated. Com- monly massive or spheroidal; surface, sometimes crystalline.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. Flexible in thin leaves. H. 1*5-2. G. 4*590, 4*636 crystals, Zeph. Luster of crystals submetallic, inclining to resinous, a little pearly on cleavage-face; subresinous or dull when massive. Color indigo-blue or darker. Streak lead-gray to black, shining. Opaque.
Comp. — Cupric sulphide, CuS Sulphur 33'6, copper 66*4 100. Analyses, 5th Ed., p. 84.
Pyr. — In the closed tube gives a sublimate of sulphur; in the open tube sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal burns with a blue flame, emitting the odor of sulphur, and fuses to a globule, which reacts like chalcocite.
Obs. — With other copper ores near Baden weiler in Baden; at Leogang in Salzburg with chalcopyrite, sometimes in small crystals; at Kielce in Poland; Sangerhausen in Saxony; Mansfeld, Thuringia; Vesuvius, on lava; common in Chili.
Named after N. Covelli (1790-1829), the discoverer of the Vesuvian covellite.
Greenockite.
Covellite is a result of the alteration of other ores of copper, and is often mixed with chalcocitc, from which it has been derived. (See Digenite and Carmenite, p. 56.)
Artif. — Formed at low temperatures (to 200° C.) from CuO, while at higher temperatures, as too from Cu2O, chalcocite (Cu2S) results, Doelter, Zs. Kr., 11,34,1885; also Weinschenk, in crystals, ib., 17, 497, 1890.
Ref, — ' Leogang, Ber. Ak. Wien, 12, 22, 1854; the suggestion of Groth as to position is here followed, since it shows the probable relation to cinnabar.
CANTONITE is covellite from the Canton mine, Georgia, occurring in cubes, with a cubical cleavage. It is associated with liarrisite (pseudomorphs of chalcocite after galena, see p. 56), and is regarded by Genth as a pseudomorph of covellite after the harrisite.
68. GREENOCEITE. Greenockite Jameson, Ed. K Phil. J., 28, 390, 1840. Sulphuret of Cadmium Connel, ib., 392. Cadmium-Blende. Cadmium sulfure Fr.
Hexagonal; hemimorphic. Axis 6 0-81091; 0001 A 1011 43° 7' 3" Miigge1.
Forms1 : c (0001, 0)
TO (1010, /) a (1120, z-2) k (2130, i-f)
n (1017, y (3-0-3-20,
it (1015, t) (1012. i) P (2023, f1)
J(8054, x (1011, 1)
P (4043, q (8085, o (5053, f)
y (7074, J) z (2021, 2)
u (30§1, 8) w (10-0-10-3, v (4041, 4)
r (5051, 5) t (6061, 6) s (1121, 2-2)
Of the above forms y, it, p have been observed only at the lower extremity of the crystals. The form of greeuockite is near that of the other hemimorphic species, iodyrite and ziucite.
on 7° 37' cy — 8° 0' at 10° 36|' ci 25° 5' cp 31° 58f cl - 35° 5'
cp 51° 18' eg 56° 17' co 57° 21' cy 58° 36' cz *61° 53' 55" cu 70° 24'
cw 72° 14' cv 75° 3' cr 77° 56V ct 79° 54i' cs 58° 20f if 24° 29'
xx' 39° 58' 22' 52° 20£' W 57° 46|' ss' 50° 23' ms 42° 30f ma;' 70° 1'
Crystals hemimorphic, terminated by c, ex, or cynpx below, above more complex; the pyramidal faces often striated horizontally, and in oscillatory combination.
Cleavage: a distinct, Fdl.; c imperfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 3-3-5. G. 4-9-5-0. Luster adamantine to resinous. Color honey-, citron- or orange- yellow; also bronze-yellow. Streak-powder between orange- yellow and brick-red. Nearly transparent. Optically +. Double refraction weak, oa — 2 "688 Mir.
Comp.— Cadmium sulphide, CdS Sulphur 22 -3, cadmium 77 -7 100.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube assumes a carmine-red color while hot, fading to the original yellow on cooling. In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal either alone or with soda, gives in R.F. a reddish-brown coating. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, affording hydrogen sulphide.
Obs. — Occurs in short hexagonal crystals at Bishoptou, in Renfrewshire, Scotland, in a porphyritic trap and amygdaloid, associated with prehnite; also at Bowling near Old Kilpatrick, and at the Boylestone quarry, Barrhead near Glasgow. At Pfibram in Bohemia, as a coating especially on sphalerite; similarly elsewhere not uncommon, as atBleiberg, Carinthia, Pierrefitte, Basses Pyrenees, Laurium, Greece; so too in theU. S. at the Ueberoth zinc mine, near Friedens- ville, Lehigh Co., Pa., and in the zinc region of southwestern Missouri; in Marion Co., Ark., occurs coloring smithsonite bright yellow.
Named after Lord Greenock (later Earl Cathcart). The first crystal was found about 1810 by Mr. Brown of Lanfyne, and was taken by him for sphalerite. It was over half an inch across.
Artif.— Obtained by Hautefeuille in hemimorphic crystals resembling the natural ones, C. R., 93, 824, 1881. Not an uncommon furnace product.
Ref.—1 Jb. Min., 2, 18, 1882; for first description of crystals see Breith., Pogg., 51, 507, 1840: he calls attention to the relations of the group of hexagonal (and rhombohedral) sulphides. Greg and Lettsom, and Mir. give only c a m i x z v. Kk. gave in 1871, b 0-81257, Bull. Acad. St. Pet., 15, 219; later also c 0-817247, Min. 8, 125, 1881. Schiller regarded artif. cryst examined by him as rhombohedral, Lieb. Ann., 87, 40, 1853.
70 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
69. WURTZITB. C. Friedel, C. R., 52, 983, 1861. Spiauterit BreitTi., B. H. Ztg., 21, 98, 1862, 25, 193. Faserige Blende, Schalenblende pt.
Hexagonal; hemimorphic. Axis 6 0-81747; 0001 A lOll 43° 204' Friedel1.
Forms1 : c (0001, 0); m (1010, 7), a (1120, a-2); a; (4045, £), p (1011, 1), o (2021, 2). Angles: ex 37° 3f, co *62° 5' '4, xx' 35° 4', #P' - 40° 9', oo' 52° 27'.
Natural crystals quartzoids (p) with also m, both planes horizontally striated. Also fine fibrous or columnar, massive.
Cleavage: a easy; c difficult. H. 3-5-4. Gr. 3-98. Luster resinous. Color brownish black. Streak brown. Optically Double refraction weak.
Var.— 1. Crystals, hemimorphic like greenockite. 2. Massive, fibrous, including the varieties of " Schalenbleude" having a fine columnar structure (Noelting).
Comp.— Zinc sulphide, ZnS Sulphur 33, zinc 67 100.
Pyr. — Same as for sphalerite.
Obs. — From a silver-mine near Oruro in Bolivia. Also from Albergaria Velha in Portugal; from Quesbesita, Peru, in tabular crystals grouped and forming a crust, some of the crystals £ inch across. In fine pyramidal crystals with sphalerite and quartz at the " Original Butte " mine, Butte City, Montana.
The massive fibrous forms of " Schalenblende" occur at Pfibram, Liskeard, etc. Other forms, from Stolberg. Wiesloch, Altenberg, are in part wurtzite, in part sphalerite.
Named after the French chemist, Adolphe Wurtz.
Artif.— First made by St. Claire Deville and Troost by fusing zinc sulphate with CaF2 and BaS in equal parts (C. R., 52, 920, 1861); also in crystals by a long and high heating of amorphous sphalerite (Sidot, C. R., 62, 999, 1866); or by subliming the sphalerite in a current of sulphurous oxide, long, transparent, colorless hexagonal prisms have been formed (ib., 63, 188, 1866). Cf. also Hautefeuille; also Noelting (Inaug. Diss., Kiel, 1887). who traces out the relations of sphalerite and wurtzite, and shows that the latter has often been produced in nature from the former.
Ref.— ! On artif. cryst., C. R., 62, 1002, 1866; Foerstner ; obtained c 0'8002, Zs. Kr., 5, 363, 1881. 8 On nat. cryst., Bolivia, only c, m, a, o, 1. c.
ERYTHROZINCITE Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 156, 1880. Probably a mangauesian variety of wurtzite. Occurs in thin plates. Optically uniaxial, positive (Dx., ib. 4, 40, 1881). Soft. Color red. Streak pale yellow. Translucent. Contains sulphur, zinc, manganese. In veins of lapis lazuli from Siberia.
70. MILLERITE. Haarkies (as a var. of Schwefelkies) Wern., Bergm. J., 383, 1789 (fr. Johanng.); Hofmann. id., 175, 1791. Fer sulfure capillaire (as a var. of Pyrite) H.. Tr., 4, 1801. Capillary Pyrites. Gediegen Nickel Klapr., Beitr., 5, 231, 1810. Schwefelnickel Berz.; Arf- vedson, Ak/H. Stockh., 427, 1822. Harkise Beud., Tr., 2, 400, 1832. Capillose Chapman, Min., 135, 1843. Millerit Raid., Handb., 561, 1845. Trichopyvit Glock., Syn., 43, 1847.
Nickelkies Qerm. Sulphuret of Nickel. Nickel sulfure Fr. Sulfuro di Nickel, Archise Ital. Sulfuro de niquel Span.
Bhombohedral. Axis 6 0-9883; 0001 A 1011 48° 46J' Miller1.
Forms1: m (1010, 1), a (1120, *-2), k (2130, z'-f); r (1011, R); also as cleavage-faces: e (1016, i), d (1013, i); e, (0116, - £), d, (0113, - $).
Angles: ee 18° 371', dd' *35° 52', rr' 81° 17', dd, 20° 29'.
Usually in very slender to capillary crystals, often in delicate radiating groups; sometimes interwoven like a wad of hair. Also in columnar tufted coatings, partly semi -globular and radiated.
Cleavage: e, et, d, d,, all perfect, Mir. Fracture uneven. Brittle; capillary crystals elastic. H. 3-3-5. G. 5-3-5-65; 5-65 fr. Saalfeld, Eg. Luster metallic. Color brass-yellow, inclining to bronze-yellow, with often a gray iridescent tarnish. Streak greenish black.
Comp.— Nickel sulphide, NiS Sulphur 35-3, nickel 64-7 100.
Pyr., etc. — In the open tube sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a globule. When roasted, gives with borax and salt of phosphorus a violet bead in O.F., becoming gray in R.F. from reduced metallic nickel. On charcoal in R.F. the roasted mineral gives a coherent metallic mass, attractable by the magnet. Most varieties also show traces of copper, cobalt, and iron with the fluxes.
Obs. — Occurs commonly in capillary crystals, in the cavities and among crystals of other minerals. Found at Joachimsthal in Bohemia; Jolianngeorgenstadt; Pfibram; Riechelsdorf;
Andreasberg; Himmelfahrt mine near Freiberg and Marieuberg in Saxony; at Micheroux, Belgium; Cornwall; near Merthyr Tydvil, at Dowlais, occupies cavities in nodules of siderite.
Occurs at the Sterling mine, Antwerp, N. Y., in radiating groups of capillary crystals with ankerite in cavities in hematite; in Lancaster Co. , Pa., at Gap mine, with pyrrhotite, in thin coatings of a radiated tibrous structure, often with a velvety surface of crystals, or tufts of radiated needles. With calcite, dolomite and nuorite, forming delicate tangled hair-like tufts, in geodes in limestone, often penetrating the calcite crystals, at St. LoUisrMo. ; similarly near Milwaukee, Wis.
Stated to occur in considerable deposits in quartz near Bentoii in Saline Co., Arkansas (Min. Res. U. S , 128. 1887). Sparingly present with pyrite and marcasite atone of the cinnabar mines in Pope Valley, Mayacmas distr., Cal. With a green chromiferous garnet in Orford Township, Quebec, disseminated in grains in calcite.
Identitied in the nickelilerous metallic iron of Santa Catariua, Brazil (Meunier).
Artif. — Obtained in groups of acicular crystals by Weiuscheuk, Zs. Kr , 17, 500, 1890; also earlier by Baubigny, Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min.. 306, 1882.
The capillary pyrites, Haarkies, of Werner was true millerite, from Johanngeorgenstadt, according to Hofmann, Min., 4, 168, 1817. But capillary pyrite and marcasite have sometimes gone by the same name.
Ref.— ' Phil. Mag , 6, 104, 1835, or Pogg., 36, 476, 1835, and Min., p. 163, 1852. Cf. Breith., Pogg., 51, 511, 1840.
JAIPURITE. Sulphuret of Cobalt Middleton, Phil. Mag., 28, 352, 1846. Syepoorite J. Nicoll, Min., 458, 1849. Jeypoorite Ross, Proc. Roy. Soc. , 21, 292, 1873. Jaipurite F R. Mallet, Records Geol. Surv. India, 14, pt. 2, 190, 1880, and Min. India, 16, 1887. Rutenite Adam, Tabl. Min., 55, 1869. Kobaltsulfuret pt., Schwefelkobalt pt., Kobaltkies pt., Graukobalterz,. Kobaltblende Germ.
Described as a simple cobalt sulphide (CoS), occurring massive, with G. 5'45, and of a steel-gray color, stated to have been found at the Khetri mines, Jaipur (Syepoore, Jeypoor), Rajputana, India, and to be " used by Indian jewelers for staining gold of a delicate rose color." Mallet (1. c.) questions the existence of the mineral, he having found only cobaltite and danaite at the locality. Moreover the cobalt ore from the Khetri mines, sold to Indian enamelers under the name of " sehta, " is used in enameling in different shades of blue (not red) on gold and silver.
It is to be noted here that Weinschenk describes an artificial cobalt monosulphide, CoS, in tin-white crystals resembling those obtained of the nickel sulphide, millerite. See Zs. Kr., 17, 500, 1890.
71. NICOOLITE. Kupfernickel Hiarne, Anledn. Malm og Berg., 76, 1694. Cuprum Nicolai [mistaken trl.] /. Woodward, Foss., 1728. Kupfernickel, Arsenicum sulphure et cupro mineralisatum, aeris modo rubeute, Wall., 228, 1747. Niccolum ferro et cobalto arsenicatis et sulphuratis miu. (fr. Saxony) Cronst. Ak. H. Stockh., 1751, 1754 (first cliscov. of metal); Min., 218, 1758. Cuprum miu. arseu. fulvum Linn., 1768. Mine de cobalt arsenicale tenant cuivre Sage, Min., 58, 1772; de Lisle, Crist., 3, 135, 1783. Niccolum uativum Bergm.. Opusc., 2, 440, 1780 Rothuickelkies, Arseniknickel, Germ. ' Copper Nickel, Arsenical Nickel. Nickeline Beud., Tr., 2, 586, 1832. Arsenischer Pyrrotin Breith., J. pr. Ch., 4, 266, 1835. Niccolite Dana, Niquel rojo Span.
Autimonarsennickel Petersen, Pogg., 137, 396, 1869. Aarite Adam, Tabl. Min., 40, 1869. Arite Pisani, C. R., 76, 239, 1873.
Hexagonal. Axis 6 - 0-8194; 0001 A 1011 *43° 25' Breithaupt1. Forms: c (0001, 0), m (1010, /); x (1011, 1). Angle: xx' 40° 12'.
Crystals rare. Usually massive, structure nearly impalpable ; also reniform with a columnar structure; also reticulated and arborescent.
Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5-5'5. G. 7'33-7'67. Luster metallic. Color pale copper-red, with a gray, to blackish tarnish. Streak pale brownish black. Opaque.
Comp.— Nickel arsenide, NiAs Arsenic 56'1, nickel 43-9 100. Usually contains a little iron and cobalt, also sulphur; sometimes part of the arsenic is replaced by antimony, and then it graduates toward breithauptite. The intermediate varieties have been called ante.
Anal.— 1, Petersen, Pogg., 134, 82, 1868. 2, Winkler, Jb. Min., 818, 1872. 3, L. Sipocz, Zs. Kr.. 11, 215, 1885. 4, Genth, Am Phil. Soc., 20, 403, 1882. 5-7, Berthier, Ann. Mines, 4, 467, 1819: ibid., 7, 537, 1835. 8, Petersen, Pogg., 137, 396, 1869. 9, Pisani, 1. c.
72 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
1. Ordinary.
As Sb S Ni Fe
1. Wittichen G. 7'526 53-49 — 1-18 43'86 0 67 Bi 0'54= 9974
2. Telhadella mine, Portugal G. 7'33 50'78 — 385 42-41 1-40 SiO2 1'65 100'09
3. Dobsina G. 7'513 53-33 2'03 2'30 42'65 0'17 Bi O'lO 100-58
4. Silver Cliff, Col. G. =7-814 46-81 2'24 2'52 44-76 0-60 Cu 1-59, Co 1-70
100 22
2. Antimonial.
5. Allemont 48'80 8-00 2'00 39-94 tr. Co 0'16 98-90
6. Balen 32'3 28'0 2'5 34'5 1-4 SiO3 2'0 100-7
7. " 33-0 [27-8] 2.8 33'0 1-4 SiO2 2'0=100
8. Wolfach G. =7-50 30'06 28-22 1-77 39'81 0'96 Co ?r. 100-82
9. Arite G. =7-19 11-5 48'6 1-7 37'3 Zn 2-4 101'5
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube a faint w~hite crystalline sublimate of arsenic trioxide. In the open tube a sublimate of arsenic trioxide, with a trace of sulphurous fumes, the assay becoming yellowish green. On charcoal gives arsenical fumes and fuses to a globule, which, treated with borax glass, affords, by successive oxidation, reactions for iron, cobalt, and nickel; the antimo- nial varieties give also reactions for antimony. Soluble in aqua regia.
Obs. — Accompanies cobalt, silver, and copper in the Saxon mines of Annaberg, Schneeberg, etc.; also in Thuringia, Hesse, and Styria, and at Allemont in Dauphine; at the Ko mines in Nordmark, Sweden; at Balen in the Basses Pyrenees (arite); occasionally in Cornwall, as at Pengelly and Wheal Chance; formerly at the Hilderstone Hills, Scotland; at Chanarcillo, near Copiapo, and at Huasco, Chili; abundant at Mina de la Rioja, Oriocha, in the Argentine Republic.
Found at Chatham, Conn., in gneiss, associated with smaltite; sparingly at Franklin Furnace, N. J. (Koenig); Silver Cliff, Colorado; Tilt Cove, Newfoundland.
Named from the contained metal. The name of the species should be formed from the Latin word for nickel, niccolum, proposed by Cronstedt, and hence should be written niccoline, or better niccolite, in place of Beudant's nickeline.
Ref.—1 L. c., Pogg., 51, 515, 1840.
72. BREITHAUPTITE. Antimonnickel Stromeyer & Hausm., Gel. Anz. Gott., 2001, 1833. Antimonial Nickel. Hartmannite Chapman, Min., 1843. Breithauptit Raid., Handb., 559, 1845.
Hexagonal: Axis 6 0-8586; 0001 A 1011 44° 45£' Breithaupt1.
Forms: c (0001, 0), m (1010, J); (1012, i), to (3032, f), v (2021, 2)2. Angles: ci 26° 22', cw *56° 5', cv 63° 14', ii' 25° 40', ww' 49° 2'.
Crystals thin tabular, rare; also hexagonal prisms (artif."). Arborescent and disseminated, massive.
Fracture uneven to small subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 5-5. G. 7*541 Breith. Luster metallic, splendent. Color on the fresh fracture light copper-red, inclining strongly to violet. Streak reddish brown. Opaque.
Comp.— Nickel antimonide, NiSb Antimony 67-2, nickel 32'8 100. Arsenic is sometimes present; compare analyses 5-9 under niccolite.
Pyr. — In the open tube white antimonial fumes. On charcoal fuses in R.F. , gives off anti- monial f limes, and coats the coal white; if lead is present, a yellow coating near the assay; treated with soda the odor of arsenic may be distinguished in most specimens.
Obs. — Found in the Harz at Andreasberg, with calcite, galena, and smaltite. Has been observed as a furnace product, crystallized, cf. ref.2 below.
Named after the Saxon mineralogist, J. F. A. Breithaupt (1791-1873). Ref.—1 Pogg., 51, 512, 1840. Brand, on artif. cryst,, Zs. Kr., 12, 234, 1886.
73. TROILITE. Pyrrhotite pt. Troilit Haiti., Ber. Ak. Wien, 47(2), 283, 1863. Usually massive.
H. — 4-0. G. 4-75-4-82. Color torn back-brown. Streak black. Comp — Iron sulphide, usually accepted as FeS — Sulphur 36-4, iron 63-6 100; it may, however, be identical with pyrrhotite, as urged by Meunier.
Anal.— 1, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc.. 19, 156, 1855. 2, Id., C. R., 81, 976, 1875, also Rg., I.e. 3, Rg., Min. Ch., 53, 1875, cf. also Pogg., 74, 443, 1848, 122, 365, 1864. 4, E. Geinitz, Jb. Min., 608, 1876. 5, 6, Meunier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 17, 36, 1869.
Pyrrhotite.
1. Tazewell Co., Tenn.
2. Sevier Co., Tenn. G. 4'813
3. Seelasgen G. 4'787
4. Nenntmannsdorf
5. Toluca G. 4'799
S
37 '36
Fe
Ni
Cu tr. SiO,, CaO 0'64 99'01 99-69 99-26
101-18
Cu tr. 99-18
6. Charcas
G. 4-780 39-21 56'29 8'10 98-60"
Pyr., etc. — Same as for pyrrhotite.
Ob's.— Common in iron meteorites in nodules disseminated more or less sparingly through the mass, also iu narrow veins usually separated from the iron by a thin layer of graphite.
It is assumed by Rose that the iron sulphide of meteoric iron is troilite, that of meteoric stones (sometimes crystallized) is pyrrhotite, but as remarked above, they may be both pyrrhotite.
Named after Dominico Troili, who, in 1766, described a meteorite that fell that year at Albareto in Modena, which contains this species.
Artif. — The simple iron monosulphide is a common laboratory product. Weinschenk has obtained it in crystals, small hexagonal tables, showing the basal plane and pyramids (or rhom- bohedrons), Zs. Kr., 17, 499, 1890.
74. PYRRHOTITE. Vattenkies, Pyrites fusca, Minera hepatica, pt., Wall., Miu., 209, 212, 1747. Pyrites en prismes hexagonales Forst., Cat., 1772; Bourn., de Lisle's Crist., 3, 243, 1783. Magnetischer-Kies Wern., Bergm. J., 383, 1789. Magnetic Pyrites Kirwan, 1796. Magnetic Sulphuret of Iron. Maguetkies Germ. Fer sulfure magnetique Fr. Leberkies pt. Germ. Leberkies LeonK, Haudb., 665, 1826. Leberkise Beud., Tr., 2, 404. 1832. Magneto- pyrite Glocker, Grundr., 1839. Pyrrotiu pt., Maguetischer Pyrrotin, JSreiih., J. pr. Ch., 4, 265, 1835. Magnetkis Swed. Pirrotina Ital. Pirita magnetica Span.
Hexagonal. Axis 6 0'8701; 0001 A 1011 45° 7|' Rose1.
Forms2: c (0001, 0), m (1010. J), a (1120, i-2), 8 (1011, 1), 2(2021,2), u (4041, 4), (6061, 6)3 ? y (20-0-20-3, )4; v (1121, 2-2).
cs 45° 8' cz 63 3 32' cu 76° 0'
ew 80° 35' cy 30 cv 60° 7'
zz *53° 11' uu' 58° 3'
m' 51° 22' av =41° 20' ms' — 69° 15'
Cyclopean Is., Slg. Elizabethtown*.
Magnetic, but varying much in intensity;
Twins: tw. pi. s, with vertical axes nearly at right angles (f. 2). Distinct crystals rare, commonly tabular; 1. 2.
also acute pyramidal with faces striated horizontally. Usually mas- sive, with .granular structure.
Parting: c sometimes distinct; a less so. Fracture uneven to sub- conchoidal. Brittle. H. 3*5-4 '5. G. 4'58-4'64. Luster metallic. Color between bronze-yellow and copper-red, and subject to speedy tarnish. Streak dark grayish black, sometimes possessing polarity.
Comp. — A sulphide of iron, often containing also nickel; formula chiefly FejjS,,,, which is also the composition of the artificial compound (Doelter). Analyses, however, vary from Fe5S6 up to Fe16S17, while conforming to the general formula FenSn + 1. Percentage composition Fe.,8,, Sulphur 38'4, iron 61-6 100; Fe,S8 Sulphur 39-6, iron 60-4 100; Fe8S9 Sulphur 39-2, iron GO'S 100.
The analyses collected and tabulated by LindstrSm, and later with additions by Habermehl, show a variation from Fe : S 1 : 1'1902, corresponding to Fe5S6, to 1 : 1-0610 or Fei.Sn. The material may not in all cases have been homogeneous. Habermehl obtained from the Bodenmais pyrrhotite, Fe 60'57, as the mean of -14 determinations, ten of them essentially identical, on portions separated successively from the fine powder suspended in water by a strong magnet; the material was thus proved to be homogeneous and to conform closely to Fe7St. On the other hand Bodewig and also Doelter have obtained FenSiS. The FeS of anal. 4 needs confirmation.
For a discussion of the composition see Rg. , Pogg., 121, 337, 1864; Lindstrom. Ofv. Ak. Stockh . 32, No. 2, 25, 1875; Habermehl, Ber. Oberhess. Ges., 18, 83, 1879; Bodewig, Zs. Kr., *7. 174, 1882; Doelter, Min. Mitth., 7, 535, 1886.
Sulphides, 8Elenides, Tellurides, Etc.
Anal.— 1-3, Bodewig, 1. c. 4, Gutknecht, Jb. Min., 1, 164, 1880. 5, Doelter, 1. c; 6-11. Lindstrom, 1. c. 12, Nilsson, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 41, No. 9, 39, 1884. 13-15, 17, J. F. Mackenzie, priv. contr. 16, Harrington, Am. J. Sc., 11, 387, 1876. 18, 19, Rg., 1. c. 20, Funaro, Att. Soc. Tosc., 172, 1881. 21, Mutschler, Lieb. Ann., 185, 208, 1877.
1. Ordinary.
1. Schreibersb.au
2. Pallanza
3. Bodenmais
4. Tavetscbthal G. 4 '62
5. Schneeberg
6. Freiberg G. 4-642
7. Uto G. 4-627
8. Kongsberg G. 4'584
9. Tammela
10. Smorvik
11. Adolf sgrufva
12 Vestr. Silfberg G. 4'35
13. Monroe, Conn.
14. Brewster, N.Y. G. 4'66
15. Fort Montgomery,
Putnam Co., N. Y. G. 4'64 15a. " pt., magnetic
156. " pt., non-magnetic
16. Elizabethtown G. 4'622
2. Nickeiiferom.
17. Sudbury G. 4*51
18. Hilsen G. 4 '577
19. Gap Mine, Pa. G. 4'543
20. Frigido
s
Fe
Co 0-29 100-18
Co 063 99-97
99-98
99-50
Co tr. 100-87
Cu tr., SiO2 0-57, CaCO3 0'30 99'93
Cu tr., SiO2, etc., 0'97 100- 10
SiO2 0-98 100-07
Ni 0 09, Cu 0-12, SiO2 0'45 10016
Ni 0-51, Cu tr., SiO2 1-22 99'90
Ni 0-04, Cu tr., SiO3 1 91 100'57
99-36
99-87
Ni 0-25 100-07
39 28 60-03 Ni 0'78 100-09
38-99 60-04 Ni 1'02 100'OS
39-85 58-73 Ni 1-58 lOO'll
39-02 60-56 NiO'll, Co,Mn,Cu 0'31 100
21. Todtmoos
G. 4-12-4-20
S
[40-27]
[38-59]
Fe
Ni
99-96
100
100
Cu tr., SiOa 5-90 100-71
56-58 1-82 Cu 0-54, Co 0-48 99-88
Forbes (Phil. Mag., 35, 174, 180, 1868) has described a sulphide of iron and nickel from, Scotland, which seems to lie between pyrrhotite and peutlaudite. Massive, strongly magnetic. Occurs near Inverary Castle, Argyleshire, anal. 1, after deducting impurities; also from the Craigmuir mine, eight miles below Inverary, anal. 2. In both the ratio of Fe : Ni 5 : 1 nearly.
G.
S
§8-01
Fe
Ni
Co.Cu tr. 100
Co 1-02, As 0-04, Cu tr. 99'93
This is called inverarite by Heddle, Enc. Brit., 16, 392, 1883.
Pyr., etc. — Unchanged in the closed tube. In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes. On charcoal in R.F. fuses to a black magnetic mass; iu'O.F. is converted into red oxide, which with fluxes gives only an iron reaction when pure, but many varieties yield small amounts of nickel and cobalt. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid, with evolution of hydrogen sulphide,
Obs. — Occurs at Kongsberg, Modum, Snarum, Hilsen, in Norway; Klefva and Fahlun in Sweden; Andreasberg and Treseburg, Harz; Bodenmais in Bavaria; Breitenbrunn, Saxony; Joachimsthal. Bohemia; Nizhni Tagilsk; Minas Geraes in Brazil, in large tabular crystals; the lavas of Vesuvius; Cornwall; Appin in Argyleshire.
In N. America in Maine, at Standish in crystals with andalusite; in Vermont, at Stafford, Corinth, and Shrewsbury. In many parts of Massachusetts. In Connecticut, at Trumbull with topaz, in Monroe, and elsewhere. In N. York, m. N. of Port Henry, Essex Co. ; near Natural Bridge in Diana, Lewis Co. ; at O'Neil mine and elsewhere in Orange Co. In N. Jersey, Morris Co., at Hurdstown, cleavable massive. In Pennsylvania, at the Gap mine, Lancaster Co., niccoliferous. In Tennessee, at Ducktown mines, abundant. In Canada, in large veins at St. Jerome, Elizabethtown, Ontario; at Sudbury (anal. 17), etc.
Pyrrhotite is often present in disseminated particles or crystals in meteoric stones; the iron sulphide of meteoric irons (p. 29) is generally referred to troilite (Rose, 1. c., cf. troilite).
Named from nvpporrj, reddish.
Alt. — Occurs altered to pyrite (G. Rose, ZS. G. Ges., 10, 98, 1858); also to limonite and siderite.
Ref.— l Crystals from the Juvinas meteorite, which fell June 15, 1821, Pogg., 4, 180, 1825. Other determinations: Kenng., Kongsberg, es' 53° 22', Ber. Ak. Wien, 9, 1852; Slg., Cyclopean Is. on analcite. cu 75° 18' and uu' 57° 51', whence c 1'6502, Zs. Kr., 11. 343, 1886 An orthorhombic form for pyrrhotite has been suggested but not confirmed, cf. Streng. Jb. Min.. 799. 1878, 1, 183, 1882.
Poltdtmite. 75
2 Rose observed c, a, m, s, z, v; Bournon early gave figures and measurements from which Rose deduces 2021 and 1122 (cf. Ph., Min., 213, 1887). Slg. gives c, m, s, u. 3 D'Achiardi, Bottino, Att. Soc. Tosc., 2, 114, 1876. 4 E. S. D., Elizabethtowu, Ontario, Am. J. Sc., 11, 386, 1876; w and y may be identical, the measured angles given are 80|° and 81° respectively.
KRGEBERITE D. Forbes, Phil. Mag., 29, 9, 1865. Kroeberite is a strongly magnetic mineral, in copper-colored crystals, not yet analyzed, which Forbes says "appears to be principally a sub- sulphide of iron." The reasons for this opinion are not stated. Named_after P. Kroeber. It is from between La Paz and Yungas, on the eastern slope of the Andes.
HORBACHITE, Knop, Jb. Min., 521, 1873. In crystalline masses, showing an imperfect cleavage direction. H. 4'5. G. 4-43. Color resembling pyrrhotite but darker, pinchbeck- brown to steel-gray. Streak black. Analysis, Wagner, 1. c.
S 1 45-87 Fe 41-96 Nill'98 99'81
This corresponds pretty nearly to 4Fe2S3.Ni2S3. If confirmed, it would belong in the fol- lowing section. An earlier analysis by Rg. gave different results, viz.: S 40'03, Fe 55'96, Ni 3-86 99-85, G. 4'7; the latter called it simply pyrrhotite. Pogg., 121, 361, 1864.
Decomposed rather easily under the influence of air and water, forming iron and nickel vitriol. Occurs with chalcopyrite in irregular masses in the serpentinized gneiss at Horbach near St. Blasien, in the Black Forest.
C. Intermediate Division. Group 1.
75. Polydymite Ni4S6 Isometric
76. Beyrichite Ni3S4
Polydymite and Beyrichite may prove to be the same species.
77. Melonite Ni,Tes
75. POLTDYMITE H. Laspeyres, J. pr. Ch., 14, 397, 1876.
Isometric. In octahedrons; frequently in polysynthetic twins with tw. pi. 0; often tubular.
Cleavage: cubic, imperfect. H. 4'5. Gr. — 4'54— 4'81. Luster metallic, brilliant on the fresh fracture. Color light gray to steel-gray; easily tarnished. Opaque.
Comp. — A nickel sulphide, perhaps Ni4SB Sulphur 40*6, nickel 59 '4 100. Anal. — 1, 2, Laspeyres, on 0'28 and 0-2 gr.
S Ni Co Fe Sb As
1. Grunau G. 4'81 40'27 53'51 0'61 3*84 0'51 1-04 99'78
2. " 3920 53-13 4'12 1-15 2'30 99'90
After deducting impurities (gersdorffite, ullmannite 5 p. c.), anal. 1 becomes: S41-09, Ni 54-30, Co 0-63, Fe 3-98 100.
Fyr., etc. — Insoluble in hydrochloric, soluble in nitric, acid, with separation of sulphur. B.B. decrepitates, in the closed tube gives a sulphur sublimate and fuses to a dark-green magnetic bead.
Obs. — Occurs intimately mixed with gersdorffite, ulimannite, millerite, siderite, quartz, sphalerite, galena, bismuthiuite, and other minerals, at Grunau, in Sayn-Altenkirchen, Westphalia.
A nickel ore from Sudbury, Ontario, analyzed by Clarke and Catlett (Am. J. Sc., 37, 372, 1889, cf. p. 65) corresponds to Ni3FeS5, conforming to the general formula of polydymite; another Sudbury ore agrees with pentlandite (cf. p. 65), and still another is a nickeliterous pyrrhotite (p. 74).
Named from TtoXvS many, SidvftoS twin, because observed in polysynthetic twinned forms.
GRUNAUITE. Nickelwismuthglanz Kbl , J. pr. Ch., 6, 332, 1835. Bismuth Nickel. Grunauite NicoL, Min., 458, 1849. Saynit Kbl., Taf., 13, 1853. Wismuthnickelkies, Wismuth- nickel kobaltkies Germ.
Described as isometric, with octahedral cleavage. H. 4'5. G. 5'13. Luster metallic. Color light steel-gray to silver-white, often tarnished. Streak dark gray. Analyses: 1, Kobell, I. c, 2, 3, Schnabel, Rg., Min. Ch., 108, 1860.
76 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
S Bi Ni Fe Co Cu Pb
1. 38-46 14-11 40-65 3'48 0"28 1'68 1-58 100-24
2. 31-99 10-49 22-03 5'55 11 '24 11'59 7'11 100
3. 33-10 1041 22-78 6'06 11'73 11'56 4'36 100
Found at Grilnau, in Sayn-Altenkirchen, with quartz and chalcopyrite. According to Laspeyres this supposed species is a polydymite, impure through the admixture of bismuthinite, also chalcopyrite, and galena.
76. BEYRICHITE. Ferber; K. Th. Liebe, Jb. Min., 840, 1871.
In complex prismatic crystals longitudinally striated, grouped radially or twisted screw-like. Terminated by a single plane (cleavage) with another plane inclined 81° to vertical axis, and a third 36° to this.
H. 3-3'5. G. 4 '7. Luster metallic. Color lead-gray. Comp.— Perhaps Ni3S4 or 2NiS.NiS2 Sulphur 42-1, nickel 57 '9 100. Analysis. — Liebe, 1. c.
S 42'86 Fe 2-79 Ni 54-23 99'88
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in the closed tube decrepitates and gives a sublimate of sulphur, on charcoal fuses to a brass-yellow magnetic globule. Soluble in aqua regia, yielding an emerald- green solution.
Obs. — From Lommerichskaul mine in Westerwald, where it is associated with millerite, and into which it is believed to change readily.
Artif. — An artificial nickel sulphide, having the composition Ni3S4, has been obtained by Senarmont, Ann. Ch. Phys., 32, 165, 1851.
77. MELONITE. Genth, Am. J. Sc., 45, 313, 1868. Tellurnickel Eg., Min. Ch., 17,
Hexagonal, with eminent basal cleavage. Generally in indistinct granular and foliated particles.
Luster metallic. Color reddish white, rarely tarnished brown. Streak dark gray.
Comp.— A nickel telluride, perhaps NisTje3 Tellurium 76'2, nickel 23-8 100. Anal. — Genth, 1. c., after deducting 22 '2 p. c. quartz and 3 '26 gold:
Te 73-43 Ni 20-98 (Co tr.) Ag 4-08 Pb 0'72 99-21
Genth considers the analysis to correspond to 6'60 p. c. hessite, l'17altaite, 2 -29 native tellurium, and 89'25 melonite.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in the open tube gives a sublimate fusing to colorless drops, leaving a gray mass; on charcoal burns with a bluish flame, giving a white volatile coating, and a greenish gray residue; in R.F. with soda a gray powder of magnetic metallic nickel. Soluble in nitric acid, giving a green color, and on evaporation yielding a white crystalline powder of tellurium dioxide.
Obs. — Found with other tellurium minerals at the Stanislaus mine, California. Probably also at the Forlorn Hope mine, Boulder Co., Colorado (Hillebrand).
Group 2.
The species here included are sometimes regarded as Sulpho-salts : Sulpho- ferrites, etc. Cf. Groth, Tab. TJeb., 25, 1889.
78. Bornite 3Cu0S.Fe0S, Isometric
79. Linnaeite CoS.Co.,S8 Isometric
80. Daubreelite FeS.CraS, Massive
81. Cubanite CuS.Fe,S3 Massive
82. Carrollite CuS.Co.,S3 Isometric
83. Chalcopyrite Cu,S.FeaS8 Tetragonal 0-3868
Barnhardtite
84. Stannite CuS.FeS.SnS, Massive
Boenite.
78. BORNITE. Kupferkies pt., Kupfer-Lazul Henckel, Pyrit., 1725. Lefverslag, Brun Kopparmalui, Minera Cupri Hepatica, Cuprum sulfure et ferro mineralisatum, Wall., 283, 1747. Cuivre vitreuse violette Fr. Trl. Wall., 1753. Koppar-Lazur, Minera Cupri Lazurea, Cronst., 175, 1758. Buutkupfererz Wern. Purple Copper Ore Kirw. Variegated Copper Ore. Cuivre pyriteux hepatique, H. Cuivre panache Fr. Phillipsite Beud., Tr., 2, 411, 1832. Pyrites erubescens Dana, Min., 408, 1837; Poikilopy rites Glock., Grundr.. 328, 1839. Bornit Haid., Handb., 562, 1845. Poikilit Breith. Erubescite Dtma, Min., 510, 1850. Cobre abigarrado, Cobre panaceo, Pecho de paloma, Span. 8. A. Peacock ore pt. Eng. -Miners. Brokig koppar malm tied. Chalcomiklit Blomstrand, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 24, 1870.
Isometric. Observed forms:
a (100, i-i) d(110, i) o (111, 1) n (211, 2-2)
Twins : tw. pi. o, often penetration-twins, hexagonal in form. Habit cubic, faces often rough or curved. Massive, structure granular or compact.
Cleavage : o in traces. Fracture small conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. H. 3. G-. 4*9-5 *4. Luster metallic. Color between copper-red and pinchbeck-brown on fresh fracture, speedily iridescent from tarnish. Streak pale grayish black. Opaque.
Comp., Tar.— A sulphide of copper and iron, but varying in the proportions of these metals. The crystallized mineral agrees with Cu3FeS3 Sulphur 28*1, copper 55'5, iron 16*4 100; this may be written SCuJS.FeS,, (Groth) or Cu.S.CuS.FeS (Rg.).
Analyses of massive varieties give from 50 to 70 p. c. of copper and 15 to 6 '5 p. c. of iron. The variation is due, in part at least, to mechanical admixture, chiefly of chalcocite; this com- monly accepted view has been confirmed by Baumhauer by microscopic examination. Zs. Kr., 10, 447. 1885.
Anal.— 1. Plattner, Pogg., 47, 351, 1839; also other analyses. 2, Chodnev. Pogg., 61, 395, 1844. 3, Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 61, 1852. 4, Collier, Dana Min., p. 45, 1868. 5, Ch. Staaf, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 5,66, 1848, deducting 4'09 gangue. 6, Hisinger, Afh. Phys., 4, 359. 1815. 7-14, quoted by Cleve, G. For. Forh., 2, 526, 1875. 7, A. Euren. 8, S. R. Paijkull. 9, G. Ekman. 10, F. Svenonius. 11, 12, N. EngstrSm. 13, Hj. Bjorklund. 14, A. Ekelund. 15, Katzer, Min. Mitth., 9, 404, 1887. 16, 17, Plattner, 1. c.
Crystallized.
1. Condurra Mine, Cornwall
2. Redruth
S
Cu
Fe
99-84
gangue 0'04 99 '71
3. Mte. Catini
4. Bristol, Ct.
5. Norbarg
6. Vestanfors
7. Tunaberg
G.
5-071
8. Nummedal
G.
4-988
9. Dalsland
G.
5-060
10. Svappavaara
G.
4-99
11. Ranavaara
G.
5-05
12. Falun
G.
4-81
13. Ragisvaara
G.
5-248
14. Aardal
G.
5-425
15. Woderad
G.
4-91
16. Sangerhausen
17. Eisleben
,
98-84
Ag tr.
100
98-83
100-17
99-74
99-59
100-25
100-31
99-88
99-73
100-72
insol. 1-23 100-46
99-99 -
99-91
Many analyses of the massive mineral, as urged by Cleve, agree closely with Cu5FeS4 or 5Cu2S.Fe2b3 — Sulphur 25-5, copper 63'3, iron 11'2. Other analyses deviate more widely from the above formula, cf. 5th Ed., p. 45.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives a faint sublimate of sulphur. In the open tube yields sulphurous fumes, but no sublimate. B.B. on charcoal fuses in R.F. to a brittle magnetic globule. The roasted mineral gives with the fluxes the reactions of iron and copper, and with soda a metallic globule. Soluble in nitric acid with separation of sulphur.
Obs.— Occurs with other copper ores, and is a valuable ore of copper. Crystalline varieties are founa in Cornwall, and mostly in the mines of Tincroft and Dolcoath near Redruth, where it is called by the miners " horse-flesh ore." Other foreign localities of massive varieties are at Ross Island, Killarney. in Ireland; at Monte C'jitini, Tuscany; in cupriferous shale in the Mansfeld district, Germany; in the Ardennes; in Norway, Sweden (see above anal. 5 to 15),
Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
Siberia, Silesia, and Hungary. It is the principal copper ore at some Chilian mines, especially those of Tamaya and Sapos; also common in Peru, Bolivia, and Mexico.
At the copper mine in Bristol, Conn., abundant, and often in flue crystallizations. At Cheshire, sparingly in cubes, with barite, malachite, and chalcocite. Massive at Mahoopeny, near Wilkesbarre, Penu., and in other parts of the same State, in cupriferous shale, associated in small quantities with chalcocite; also in granite at Chesterfield, Mass.; in New Jersey. A common ore in Canada, at the Acton and other mines, along a belt of 15-20 m., between L. Memphremagog and Quebec. Howe Inlet, Br. Columbia.
Named after Ignatius von Born, a distinguished mineralogist of the last century (1742-1 791). Tlie name phillipsite has a prior use for another species.
Artif.— Cf. Doelter, Zs. Kr., 11, 36, 1885.
CASTILLITE Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 18, 23, 1866. A massive mineral from Guanasevi, Mexico, resembling bornite in color and tarnish. H. 3. G. 5'19-5'24. Analysis, Rg.:
S 25-65 Cu 41-11 Zn 12-09 Pb 10'04 Ag 4'64 Fe 6'49 100'02
Rammelsberg writes the formula (Cu,Ag)5S.2(Cu,Pb,Zn,Fe)S, but it can hardly be regarded as other than a mixture, probably an impure bornite.
79. LINN.SJITE. Kobolt med Jern och Svafelsyra (fr. Bastnaes) G. Brandt, Ak. H. Stockh., 119, 1746. Kobalt med forvswafladt Jam, Cobaltum Ferro Sulphurate miueralisatum, Cronst., 213, 1758. Cobaltum pyriticosum Linn., 1768; de Born, Lithoph., 1, 144, 1772. Mine de Cobalt sulfureuse de Lisle, 3, 134, 1783. Kobalt-Glanz pt. Wern., Kirwan, etc. Svafelbundeu Kobolt Hisinger, Afh., 3, 316, 1810. Kobaltkies Hausm., Handb , 158, 1813. Schwefelkobalt. Sulphuret of Cobalt; Cobalt Pyrites. Cobalt sulfure Fr. Koboldine Beud., Tr., 2, 417, 1832. Linneit Raid., Handb., 560, 1845. Kobaltnickelkies [not Kobaltkies] Rg. Siegenite (fr. Miiseu) Dana, Min., 687, 1850. Koboltkis Swed.
Isometric. Commonly in octahedrons. Twins: tw. pi. octahedral. Also massive, granular to compact.
Cleavage: cubic, imperfect. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. Etching figures similar to those of magnetite1. H. 5*5. G. 4*8-5. Luster metallic. Color pale steel-gray, tarnishing copper-red. Streak blackish gray.
Com p., Var. — A sulphide of cobalt, Co3S4 CoS.Co2S3 analogous to the spinel group. This requires: Sulphur 42'1, cobalt 57*9 100. The cobalt is replaced by nickel and to some extent by iron and copper in very varying proportions.
The niccoliferous variety has been called siegenite, Dana, Min., p. 687, 1850. The name linnceite, after Linnaeus, was given by Haidinger to the Bastnaes mineral.
Anal.— 1, Wernekinck, . J., 39, 306, 1823. 2, Schnabel, Rg. Min. Ch., 110, 1860. 3, Ebbinghaus, ib. 4, Rg., J. pr. Ch., 86, 340, 1862. 5-7, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 23, 419, 1857. 8, 9, P. T. Cleve, G. For. Forh., 1, 125, 1872.
1. Miisen
2. " Sieg. G. 4'8
3. " Sieg. G. 5'0
5. Mineral Hill, Sieg.
6. " Sieg.
7. Missouri, Sieg.
8. Bastnaes G. =4'755
9. Gladhammar G. 4'825
S
Co
Ni
Fe
Cu
gangue 0'67 94*94 100 100-63 98-90 insol. 0-45 99'59
[50-761
insol. 1-26 100
37
tr.
Pb 0-39, Sb tr.,
insol
99-35
r
4'
100-42
A portion lost.
Hisinger obtained 14'4 p. c. Cu in the Bastnaes mineral, but it is not certain that it all belonged to the pure linnaeite.
Pyr., etc. — The variety from Miisen gives, in the closed tube, a sulphur sublimate; in the open tube, sulphurous fumes, with a faint sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B. on charcoal gives sulphurous (and arsenical) odors, and fuses to a magnetic globule. The roasted mineral gives with the fluxes reactions for nickel, cobalt, and iron. Soluble in nitric acid, with separation of sulphur.
Obs. — In gneiss, with chalcopyrite, at Bastnaes, near Riddarhyttan, Sweden, also at Glad- hammar; at Miisen, near Siegen, in Prussia, with barite and siderite; at Siegen (siegenite). in octahedrons; at Mine la Motte, in Missouri, mostly massive, sometimes octahedral and cubo- octahedral crystals; and at Mineral Hill, in Maryland, in a vein in chlorite slate, with chalco- pyrite, bornite, sphalerite, pyrite, etc.
Alt.— Occurs altered to yellow earthy cobalt so-called (gelb Erdkobalt), which is a mixture of <erythrite and pitticite.
Ref.-1 Becke, Min. Mitth., 7, 225, 1885.
DA i'BREELITE—GUBANITE—CARROLLITE. 79
80. DAUBREELITE J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 12, 109, 1876; 16, 270, 1878. Massive; somewhat scaly, structure crystalline.
Cleavage in one direction. Brittle. Fracture uneven. G. 5*01. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color black. Streak black. Not magnetic.
Comp.— FeS.Cr2Ss Sulphur 44'3, chromium 36'3, iron 19'4_= 100.
Anal.— Smith, 1. c. f S 42'69 Cr 35-91 Fe 20-10 98'70
Fyr. — B.B. infusible, loses luster and (R.F.) becomes magnetic. With borax reacts for chromium. Not attacked by cold nor by hot hydrochloric acid, but completely dissolved in nitric acid, without the liberation of. free sulphur.
Obs.— Occurs associated with troilite, on the borders of troilite nodules, or as minute veins running across them, in the meteoric irons from Cohahuila, Mexico. Also identified in the irons of Toluca, Mexico, of Sevier, Tenn., and of Cranbourne. Australia. Named after M. Daubree, of Paris
The name schreibersite was given by Shepard to a supposed chromium sesquisulphide, occurring in the Bishopville meteorite (Am. J. Sc., 2, 383. 1846). It is not contained in cjhepard's list of meteoric minerals (ibid., 43, 28), published in 1867.
81. CUBANITE Weisskupfererz pt. Cuban Breitli., Pogg., 59, 325, 1843. Cubanite Chapman.
Isometric. Massive.
Cleavage: cubic, and rather more distinct than in ordinary pyrite, Breith. Color between bronze- and brass-yellow. Streak dark reddish bronze, black. H. 4. G. 4-026-4-04,4 Br.; 4-169 Booth.
Comp.— CuFeaS4 CuS.FeQS3 Sulphur 35-4, copper 23-3, iron 41'3 100.
Anal. — 1, Eastwick, Dana, Min., p. 68, 1854. 2, Magee, ib. 3, Stevens, ib. 4, Scheid- hauer, Pogg., 64, 280, 145. 5, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 18, 381, 1851 6, 7, 8, Carlin, Brodin, Liudstroui, G. F5x. Forh., 1, 105, 1873.
S Cu Fe SiO2
1. Cuba 3901 19-80 38-01 230 99-12'
2. " 39-35 21-05 38'80 1'90 101-10
3. " 39~-05 20-12 38'29 2'85 100-31
4. " 34-78 22-96 42'51 Pb tr. 100-25
5. " G. 4-180 39-57 18'23 37-10 SiO2Fe2O3 4'23 9913
6. Tunaberg G. 4'03 35'86 23'32 40-04 99'22
7. " 34-77 24-68 40'26 99'71
8. Kafveltorp 3462 22'69 40-71 Zn Ml, insol. 0'38 99'51 Pyr. — In the closed tube a sulphur sublimate; in the open tube sulphur dioxide. B.B. on
charcoal gives sulphur fumes and fuses to a magnetic globule. The roasted ore reacts for copper and iron with the fluxes; with soda on charcoal gives a globule of metallic iron with copper.
Obs. — From Barracan ao, Cuba; Tunaberg and Kafveltorp, Sweden.
CHALCOPYRRHOTITE. Chalkopyrrhotin Blomstrand, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 23, 1870.
Massive. Color like that of pyrite with a tinge of brown. H. 3'5-4. G. 4'28. Analysis: f S 38-16, Fe 4822, Cu 12'98, residue 0'74 10010. which gives the formula Fe4CuS6. Occurs at Nya Kopparbejg, Sweden, in small imbedded portions with magnetite, sphalerite, calcite, and chondrodite.
A "Weisskupfererz" (cf. p. 96) from Halzbrilcke, near Freiberg, gave Frenzel: S 44'83, Fe 40-47, Cu 10-75, Co 2'61 98"66. Jb. Min., 785, 1873.
82. CARROLLITE. Faber, Am. J. Sc., 13, 418, 1852. Isometric. Rarely in octahedrons. Massive.
Fracture subconchoidal or uneven. H. 5'5. G. 4-85. Luster metallic. Color light steel-gray, with a faint reddish hue.
Comp. — A sulphide of copper and cobalt, CuCo2S4 or CuS.Co2S3= Sulphur 41'5, cobalt 38-0, copper 20-5 100.
Anal.— 1-3, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 367, 1853. 4, Genth, ib., 23, 418, 1857. S Co Ni Fe Cu As
1. Patapscomine 41-93 37'25 1-54 1'26 17-48 tr. 9946
2. " 40-94 38-21 1 54 1-55 17'79 tr. 100-04
3. " 40-99 37-65 1'54 1'40 19-18 tr. 100 76
4. 41-71 38-70 1-70 0"46 17'55, quartz 007 100-19 Pyr. — Like siegenite, except that the roasted mineral reacts for copper with the fluxes. Obs.— In Carroll Co., Maryland, at the Patapsco mine, near Finksburg; and also at the
Springfield mine, associated and mixed with chalcopyrite and chalcocite.
Sulphides, 8Elenide8, Tellurides, Etc.
83. OHALCOPYRITE. ? Xa\KiriS (fr. Cyprus) Aristotle. ? XaA.KinS, Ilvpirrjc, pt., Dioscor., ? Chalcites pt., Pyrites pi., Plin. Pyrites serosus pt., Pyrites aureo colore, Germ. Geelkis o. Kupferkis Agric., 212, luterpr., 467, 1546. Pyrites pt., Germ. Kupferkies, Gesner, FOBS., 1565. Pyrites flavis, Chalcopyrites, Henckel, Pyrit., 1725. Gul Kopparmalm. Cuprum sulphure et t'erro miueralisatum, Chalcopyrites, Wall., 284, 1747. Cuivre jauue, Pyrite cuiv- reuse, Fr. Trl. Wall., 2, 514, 1753. Copper Pyrites. Pyritous Copper. Chalcopyrite, Beud., 2, 412. 1832. Towanite B. & M. Miu., 182, 1852.
Kupferkies Germ. Cuivre pyriteux Fr. Kopparkis Swed. Kobberkis Dan. Calcopirite, Rame giallo, Pirite di rame Ital. Cobre amarillo, Bronze amarillo, Bronze de cir.vre Span. Peacock ore pt. (when tarnished).
Tetragonal: sphenoidal. Axis 6 — 0-98525; 001 A 101 44° ° ' J/ Haidinger1.
Forms2 :
9 (203,
ft)
P (Hi,
1)
r, (332,
-1)
*(511, 5-5)
a.
7--V ?
c(001,
0)
0(1-4,
101)
r (332,
1)
t, (221,
-2)
I (825, f-4)6
(316
— 4-3)
a (100, tra (110,
i-i) I)
h (302, z (201,
s-i) 2-t)
d, (114,
2)
u, (441,
40, i-20)3
y (313, \-3f i (6-3-16, f-2)
U.
(423,' (647,
- I-I)4
w (310,
e-3)
d (114,
i)
x, (113,
-i)
B (22-4
5, v-V)4
q (647, f-|-)4
(10-8
H, -iff)4
n (112,
4)
P, (111,
-1)
s (513,
I-5)3
/J(323, 1-|)?5
Also 0 (772, I)' and (122, 1-2)1 doubtful (f. 10), tbe former probably due to the oscillation of a prism, the latter perhaps of a pyramid of the second order.
1, Freiberg, Haid. 3, Ramberg, Daaden, Sbk. 4, Ellenville, Id. 5, Cornwall,
Fletcher (o p, 00= p). 7, Neudorf, Sbk.
hh!
zz'
" ee ' hh"
*z"
71
45° 41' 59" 30
42'
11'
89° 9' 111° 50'
i26r ir
da/
w,
rr
aa'
7?-/l' W,'
rr'
26° 54'
79° 16'
83° 27'
3S° 25'
*108° 40'
128" j")2'
9,9,
UUt
cs ck cy
en,
— 49° 49' 159° 39'
59° 9'
78° 44f
46° 5'
27° 26-J'
66° 9V
.- 54° 56'"
— 50° 22'
Cealcoptrite.
Twins": (1) t\v. pi. p (111), comp.-face usually p, f. G, and f. 15 a penetration- twin, aiso sometimes repeated as a fiveling, f. 7. (2 Tw. pi. and comp.-face e, f. 5, often in repeated twins. (3) Tw. pi. m, tw. axis c, complementary penetra- tion-twins. Rarely by twinning (f. 13) pseudo-rhombohedral in symmetry.
Crystals commonly tetrahedral in aspect, the sphenoidal faces p large, dull in luster or oxidized, and diagonally striated; while pt aremall, brilliant, not oxidized, not striated; scalenohedral faces often prominent and often striated intersection with p. Sphenoidal and other faces also striated as :r_ figs 8-15. Often massive, compact.
Cleavage: z, sometimes distinct; c, indistinct. Fracture . uneven. Brittle. H. 3-5-4. G. 4-1-4-3. Luster metallic. Color brass-yellow; often tarnished or iridescent. Streak greenish black. Opaque.
Comp. — A sulphide of copper and iron, CuFeS2 or Cu2S.Fe2S3 Sulphur 35-Q, copper 34*5, iron 3O5 100. Analyses often show variation from this formula due in most cases certainly to mechanical admixture of pyrite.
Figs. 8-15, French Creek, Perm., Penfield.
Sometimes auriferous and argentiferous (Gualda Span. S. A.). Traces of selenium Lave been noticed by Kersten in an ore from Reinsberg near Freiberg; and that from Rarumelsberg near Goslar must contain the same, it being one of the furnace products (Rg., Min. Ch., 120, 1860). Thallium is also present in some kinds, and more frequently present in this ore than in pyrite.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives a sulphur sublimate, in the open tube sulphurous fumes. On charcoal fuses to a magnetic globule; with soda the roasted mineral gives a globule of copper containing iron. The roasted mineral reacts for copper and iron with the fluxes. Dissolves in nitric acid, excepting the sulphur, and forms a green solution; ammonia in excess changes the green color to a deep blue, and precipitates red ferric hydroxide.
Obs.— A widely disseminated mineral in metallic veins and nests in gneiss and crystalline schists, also in serpentine rocks; often intimately associated with pyrite, also with siderite, tetra- hedrite, etc., sometimes with nickel and cobalt sulphides, pyrrhotite, etc. Observed coated with tetrahedrite crystals in parallel position, also as a coating over the latter.
Chalcopyrite is the principal ore of copper at the Cornwall mines; it is there associated with cassiterite, galena, bornite, chalcocite, tetrahedrite, sphalerite. The copper beds of Falun in Sweden are composed principally of this ore, which occurs in large masses surrounded by a coating of serpentine, and embedded in gneiss. At Rammelsberg, near Goslar in the Harz, it forms a bed in argillaceous schist, and is associated with pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and minute
82 Sulphides, Se Lex Ides, Tellurides, Etc.
portions of silver and gold; associated with nickel and cobalt ores in the Kupferschiefer of Mansfeld. The Kurpriuz mine at Freiberg affords well-defined crystals; also Horhauseu, Dilleii- burg, Neudorf, Milsen; Schlackenwald in Bohemia. It occurs also in the Banat, Hungary, and Thuringia; in Scotland in Kirkcudbrightshire, Perthshire and elsewhere; at Mte. Catiui in Tuscany; at New South Wales; in South Australia. Extensively worked in Nainaqualand, S. Africa; in tine crystals at Cerro Blanco, near Copiapo, Chili, and elsewhere in large deposits.
In Maine, at the Lubec lead mines; at Dexter. In N. Hump., at Francouia, in gneiss; at Unity, on the estate of Jas. Neal; Warren, on Davis's farm; at Eaton, 2 in. N.E. of Atkins's tavern; Lyme, E. of E. Village; Haverhill, etc. In Vermont, at Stafford, Corinth, Waterbury Shrewsbury. In Mass., at the Southampton lead mines; at Turner's falls on the Connecticut, near Deertield, and at Hatiield and Sterling. In Connecticut, at Bristol and Middletown, some- times in crystals. In New York, at the Ancram lead mine; five miles from Rossie, beyond De Long's mills at the Rossie lead mines, in crystals; in crystals and massive near Wurtzboro', Sullivan Co.; very large crystals (f. 4) and massive at Ellenville, Ulster Co. In Pennsylvania, at Phenixville; at the French Creek mines, Chester Co., with pyrite, magnetite, byssolite, calcite, etc., sometimes in large skeleton sphenoidal crystals formed by parallel grouping; also in small isolated crystals embedded in chlorite (Lgs 8-15). In Maryland, in the Catoctiu Mts. ; between Newmarket and Taueytown; near Finksbury, Carroll Co., abundant (Patapsco and other mines), with bornite, carrollite. and malachite. In Virginia, at the Phenix copper mines, Fauquier Co., and the Walton gold mine, Louisa Co. In N. Carolina, near Greensboro', abundant massive (Fenress or North Carolina, and Macculloch mines), along with siderite in a quartz gangue. In Tennessee, 30 miles from Cleveland, in Polk Co. (Hiwassee mines). In Missouri, with sphalerite at Joplin, Jasper Co.
In Gal., in different mines along a belt between Mariposa Co. and Del Norte Co., on west side of , and parallel to, the chief gold belt; occurring massive in Calayeras Co., at Union, Keystone, Empire, Napoleon, Campo Seco, and Laucha Plana mines,' and in crystals on Domingo Creek; in Mariposa Co., at the La Victoire and Haskell claims, and on the Chow- chillas river; in Amador Co., at the Newton mine; in El Dorado Co., at the Cosumnes, Hope Valley, Bunker Hill, El Dorado, Excelsior mines; in PlumasCo.,at the Genesee and Cosmo- politan mines. Abundant in Montana, near Butte, with bornite, pyrite, etc.. also at other points, and often argentiferous and auriferous. In Colorado abundant in Gilpin. Boulder, Chaflee, Guunisou Counties, etc.; commonly associated with pyrite, tetrahedrite, sphalerite, and often highly argentiferous; well crystallized and sometimes coated with tetrahedrite in the mines near Central City. Also mined in Arizona, Utah, but in most cases chiefly for silver and gold. Grant Co., New Mexico.
In Canada, in Perth and near Sherbrooke and at many points in the eastern part of the province of Quebec; in the Nipissiug distr., Ontario, at various points; extensively mined at Sudbury; at the Bruce mines, onLakeHuron; at Point-au-Miues and elsewhere on Lake Superior.
Alt.— Changes on exposure with moisture, especially if heated, to a sulphate. Malachite, covellite, chrysocolla, melaconite, chalcocite, and iron oxide are other forms into which it is sometimes altered; also to tetrahedrite.
Named from ja/Ao?, brass, and pyrites, by Henckel, who observes in his Pyritology (1725) that chalcopyrite is a good distinctive name for the ore. Aristotle calls the copper ore of Cyprus cJmlcitis; and Dioscorides uses the same word; but what ore was intended is doubtful. There is no question that copper-pyrites was included by Greek and Latin authors under the name pyrites (q.v., p. 86).
Artif. — Obtained in crystals by the action of H2S upon a mixture of 2CuO,Fe2O3 slightly heated in a glass tube, Doelter, Zs. Kr., 13, 35, 1885. Has been observed as a furnace-product. Occurs as a recent formation at Bourbonne-les-Bains (Daubree).
Ref.— ' Mem. Wern. Soc., 4, 1, 1822, also Ed. J. Sc., 3, 66, 1825. Haidinger first correctly determined the system to which the crystals belong, gave accurate measurements (confirmed by Sbk., and Kk., Min. Russl., 6, 277), and described the three twinning Jaws.
'Mir. Min., p. 182, 1852; Sbk., monograph, Zs. G. Ges., 20, 595, 1868. 3 Sbk., 1. c. 4 Schimper, Min.-Samml. Strassburg, 53, 1878. 6 Rath, Anxbach, Ber. nied Ges., Jan. 9, 1882. fi Mayer, Holzheim, Zs Kr., 13, 47, 1887. 7 Pfd., Am. J. Sc., 40, 207, 1890. s Cf. Fletcher, Phil. Mag., 14, 276, 1882; Zs. Kr., 7, 321, 1882.
BARNHARDTITE Genth, Am. J. Sc., 19, 17, 1855; 28, 247, 1859. Compact massive. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. H. 3'5. G. 4 521. Luster metallic. Color bronze-yellow. Streak grayish black, slightly shining. Tarnishes easily, giving pavonine tints, or becoming pinchbeck-brown.
Anal.— 1, W. J. Taylor, Am. J. Sc., 19, 18, 1855. 2, F. A. Genth, ibid. 3, P. Keyger, ibid. 4, Higgins, ibid., 45, 319, 1868.
S Fe Cu
1. Earnhardt's Land 29*40 22 -23 47 61 Ag tr. — 99 '24
2. Pioneer Mills 29'76 2241 46'69 =9886
3. " " 30-50 21-08 4840 99'98
4. Bill Williams' Fork 28-96 20'44 50-41 99-81
Occurs in N. Carolina with other copper ores, on Dan Earnhardt's land, Pioneer Mills, Phenix mine, and Vauderburg mine, in Cabarrus Co.; also near Charlotte, Mecklenburg Co.;
Stannite. 83
at Bill Williams' Fork, in California, with chalcopyrite, etc. It may be a chalcopyrite, partly altered to chalcocite, as would be inferred from Genth's later observations.
HOMICHLIN Breithaupt, B. H. Ztg., 17, 385, 424, 1858; 18, 65, 321, 1859. Closely related to the preceding, and may be chalcopyrite partly altered to bornite. Occurs in tetragonal octa- hedral crystals, but mostly massive; H. 4-5; G. 4'472-4'480; color more bronze-like than in chalcopyrite; streak black. Analysis by Richter, ibid., 18, 321:
S 30-21 Fe 25-81 Cu 43'76 9978
Occurs with malachite and other copper ores at Plaueu in Voigtland; also said to occur, by Breithaupt, in Bavaria, Hesse and Nassau, Silesia, the Harz, at Rheinbreitbach on the Rhine, in Algeria, in Chili at Remolinos and Tocopilla, and in Japan.
DUCKTOWNITE Skepard. A blackish copper ore from Ducktown, Tenn. G. J. Brush has shown that it is not homogeneous, and only a mixture, grains of pyrite being visible through the mass, and also a softer gray mineral, which is probably chalcocite. See Rep. on Mt. Pisgah Copper Mine, N. Haven, 1859, and Am. J. Sc., 28, 129, 1859.
84. STANNITE. Geschwefeltes Zinn (fr. Cornwall) Klapr., Schriften Nat. FT. Berlin, 7, 169, 1787, Beitr., 2, 257, 1797, 5, 228, 1810. Zinnkies Wern., Bergm. J., 1789, 385, 397. Tin Pyrites Kirw., 2, 300, 1796. Bell Metal Ore. Etain sulfure Fr. Stannine Beud., Tr., 2, 416,
Massive, granular, and disseminated'.
Cleavage: cubic, indistinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 4. G. =4/3- 4-522; 4 506, Zinnwald, Eg. Luster metallic. Streak blackish. Color steel-gray to iron-black, the former when pure; sometimes a bluish tarnish; often yellowish from the presence of chalcopyrite. Opaque.
Comp, — A sulphide of tin, copper, iron and sometimes zinc, perhaps Cu2S.FeS-SnS2 Sulphur 29'9, tin 27'5, copper 29-5, iron 13'1 100.
Anal.— 1, Kudernatsch, Pogg., 39, 146, 1836. 2, Mallet, Am. J. Sc., 17, 33. 1854. 3, Rg., Pogg., 88, 607, 1853. 4a, Adger, Ch. News, 25, 259, 1872. 46, deducting insol. Also Klaproth, 1810; Johnson, 1839; see 5th Ed., p. 68.
S Sn Cu Fe Zn
!. Wheal Rock 29'64 25'55 29'39 12-44 1-77 gangue 102 99'81
2. St. Michael's Mt. G. =4'522 29'46 26'85 29-18 6'73 7'26 gangue 0'16 99'64
3. Zinnwald 29'05 25'65 29-38 6'24 9'68 100
4. Cornwall G. 4'46 27'94 22'04 27'77 12'75 3'62 insol. 6'39 100'51
4i. 29 68 23-42 29'50 13'55 3'85 100
Fyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives a faint sublimate; in the open tube sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a globule, which in O.F. gives off sulphur, and coats the coal with tin dioxide; the roasted mineral treated with borax gives reactions for iron and copper.
Decomposed by nitric acid, affording a blue solution, with separation of sulphur and tin dioxide.
Obs. — Formerly found at Wheal Rock, Cornwall, and at Carn Brea, where it constituted a considerable vein, and was accompanied by pyrite, sphalerite, and other minerals; more recently in considerable quantity in granite at St. Michael's Mount; also at Stenna Gwynn, St. Stevens, and at Wheal Primrose. Wheal Scorrier, and occasionally at Botallack mine, St. Just; also at the Cronebane mine, Co. Wicklow, in Ireland; Zinnwald, in the Erzgebirge, with sphalerite and galena, It frequently has the appearance of bronze or bell metal, and hence the name bell- metal ore.
Ref. — ' Usually accepted as tetrahedral upon the authority of Breithaupt; this, however, is 3tated by Weisbach (priv. contrib.) to be a mistake, the observations having been made upon a specimen of tetrahedrite from South America, not upon stannite.
Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
D. Bisulphides, Diarsenides, etc. 1. Pyrite Group. BSa,RAsa,RSba. Isometric, pyritohedral.
Pyrite Hauerite Smaltite Chloanthite
FeS,
MnSa CoAsa
NiAs
Species 87, 88 are united by many intermediate compounds, (Co,Ni) ASN
and (Ni,Co)Asa
Cobaltite CoSCoAs,
Gersdorffite NiSa.NiAsa
Corynite NiSa.Ni(As,Sb)a
Ullmannite NiS,.NiSb,
Also in part, tetrahedral. Sperrylite PtAsa
Laurite RuS0?
95. Skutterudite
CoAs
Isometric, pyritohedral.
85. PYRITE. 27tivoS Theophr. IIvpirTfS pt. Dioscor., E. 143. Pyrites pt. Plin., 36 30. Pyrites pt., Arab. Marchasita, Germ. Kis, Apric., 334, 431, 467, 1529, 1546. Pyrites pt., Marchasita cryst. Pyr.) Henckel, Pyrit., 1725. Kies pt., Svafelkies pt.. Pyrites pt. mass and nodular Pyr.), Marchasita cryst. Pyr.), Wall., 208, 211, 1747. Pyrites pt. glob, var., etc.); Marcasite cryst. Pyr.), Mimdic massive var.) Hill, Foss., 324-332, 1771. Xantbo, pyrites Olock., Handb., 314. 1839.
Scbwefelkies, Eisenkies, Germ. Svafvelkis Swed. Svovlkis Dan. Iron Pyrites. Bisulpburel of iron. Fer sulfureV. Pirite Ital. Pirita, Pirita arnarilla, Bronce Span, and Span., S. A.
Isometric ; pyritohedral. Observed forms' :
a (100, 4-4)
g
(320, 4-D
d (110, 4)
r
0 (111, 1)
£,
(19'14'0, 4'-J)8
b (910, 4-9)4 e (710, 4-7)? d (610, t'6)1,11 a (920, 4-f)
A
(430, 4-|) (540, t-|) (11-9-0, 4-V-) (650, -t)
A (410, 4-4)
4,
(io-iro,-4-H:
r (720. 4-|)
£,
(890, - 4-f)6?
e (IO'3'O, M£)
7T,
(780, - 4-f)
/ (310, f-3)
P,
(13 15-0, -i-tt;
C (11-40, 4-V-)
Ct
(670, - f-J)
k (520, 4-D
V,
(560, - 4-|)
77 (940, 4-|)
X'/
(450, - 4 1)
e (210, 4-2)
0(
(340, - 4-|)
(12-7-0, 4-Y-)
0,
(230, - -t)
(530, 4-f)
?7,
(470, - 4-J)9
k
(120, - 4-2)ls (250, - 4-D h (140, - 4-4)13 B, (180, - 4-8)3
r (332, D
r (885, |)5
p (221, 2)
q (381, 3)
Q (661, 6)8
/? (322, X (433,
rf
a; (721, 7-|)4 (621, 6-3)10 y (932, |-3) fi, (15-6-5, 3-f)4
0(911,
yU (411,
m (811,
9-9)
5-5)10
3-3)
2-2)
f (12-6-5, -V2-2)? M (632, 3-2) t (421, 4-2) to (841, 8-2) T (10 5-1, 10-2) 8 (13-6-1, 12-2)4 -B (742, ft)3
§ (13-7-3, Jj£ V-)3 2(532, f-f)3 £ (531, 5-t)
r (io-6-i, lo-f)
It (851. 8-?)
F (22-14-7, V-V)4
s (321, 3-D
P (13-9-6, V-V-)3
Jt-(751, 7-|)4
M (432. 2-|)
£ (10-8-7, -V°~f)
(14-11-10, Jh4/
(453, - t-f ) MI (842, - 24) H, (341, - 4-f) s, (231, - 3-D
(241, - 4-2)
Twins: tw. ax a, usually penetration-twins (f. 11) with parallel axes; rarely contact-twins. Cube and the pyritohedron e (210) most common forms, the faces of both often striated in one direction edge a/e, the striation due to oscillatory combination of these forms and tending to produce rounded faces (f. 5); pyritohedral faces also striated to this edge; octahedron also common. Crystals sometimes acicular by elongation in direction of a cubic axis; also abnormally developed with tetragonal "or orthorhombic symmetry (f. 7, 8).M Also frequently massive, fine granular; sometimes subfibrous radiated ; reniform, globular, stalactitic.
Cleavage: a, o indistinct. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. C-6'5,
Ptbite Group— Pyrite.
O. 4-95-5-10; 4-967 Traversella, 5-027 Elba, Rg. Luster metallic, splendent to glistening. Color a pale brass-yellow, nearly uniform. Streak greenish black or brownish black. Opaque. Shows both + and — varieties thermo-electrically16. Paramagnetic.
Comp., Var.— Iron disulphide, FeS, Sulphur 53-4, iron 46-6 100.
Nickel, cobalt, and thallium, and also copper in very small quantities, sometimes replace part of the iron, or else occur as mixtures. Gold is sometimes present, distributed invisibly through it, auriferous pyrite being an important source of gold. Thallium occurs in traces in much pyrite, showing its presence often in the chimneys of furnaces where pyrite, or ores con- taining it, are roasted. A variety from near Ribadeo in Galicia, from which tin and zinc were obtained, has been called ballesteronte, after Lopez Ballesteros, Schulz and Paillette, Bull. G. FT. *1, 16, 1849. Pyrite sometimes contains traces of selenium.
Arsenic is rarely present, a variety in octahedral crystals from French Creek, Penn., gave Hamburger (cf. Genth, Am. J. Sc., 40, 114, 1890):
S 54 08 As 0 20 Fe 44'24 Co 1'75 Ni 0-18 Cu 0'05 100-50
For analyses of pyrite, see MSne, C. R., 64, 867, 1867, also Girard and Morin, Ann. Ch. Phys., 7, 229, 1876.
2. 3. 4.
Figs. 1-6, Simple forms. 7, 8, French Creek, Pfd.14
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube a sublimate of sulphur and a magnetic residue. B.B. on charcoal gives off sulphur, burning with a blue flame, leaving a residue which reacts like pyrrhotite. Insoluble in hydrochloric, but decomposed by nitric acid.
Obs. — Pyrite occurs abundantly in rocks of all ages, from the oldest crystalline to the most recent alluvial deposits. It usually occurs in small cubes, pyritohedrons, or in more highly modified forms; also in irregular spheroidal nodules and in veins, in clay slate, argillaceous sandstones, the coal formation, etc.
Crystals have been observed associated in parallel position with those of marcasite, also with arsenopyrite.
Cubes of gigantic dimensions have been found in some of the Cornish mines; pyritohedrons and other forms in great variety occur with hematite on the island of Elba, sometimes five to six inches in diameter; also with magnetite at Traversella in Piedmont, and at Brosso in fine crystals. Other localities for crystals are Miisen near Siegen; Freiberg, Saxony; Schneeberg; Waldenstein in Carinthia; Pfibram, Bohemia; Schemnitz, Hungary; large octahedral crystals are found at Persberg in Sweden. Magnificent crystals come from Peru. Alston-Moor, Derby- shire, Falun and Langban in Sweden, Kongsbergin Norway, are well known localities The clay at Vlotho near Minden, Westphalia, and the chalk at Lewes in Surrey, have afforded some remarkable compound crystals. It lias also been met with in the Vesuviau lavas.
In Maine, at Corinna, Peru, Waterville, and Farinington, in crystals; at Bingham (saw- mills). Brooksville, and Jewell's Id., massive. In Jf. Hampshire, at Unity, massive. In Mass., at Heath, in cryst.; at Rowe, Hawley and Hubbardston, massive. In Vermont, at Shoreham, in limestone, crystals abundant; Hartford, in cubes 2-4 in. In Conn., at Lane's mine, Monroe, in octahedrons; Orange and Milford, in cubes in chlorite slate; Middletown lead mine, some- times acicular; Roxbury, finely crystallized; at Stafford, in mica slate; massive at Colchester, Ashford, Tolland, Stafford, and Union. In JV. Yoi'k, at Rossie, fine crystals (dodecahedral, f. 14 occur at the lead mine in green shale; at Schoharie, a mile west of the court-house, in
Sulphides, Selenide8, Tellurides, Etc.
single and compound crystals, often highly polished and abundant; in interesting crystals at Johnsburgh and Chester, Warren Co.; in gneiss near Yonkers; in Orange Co., at Warwick and Deerpark; in Jefferson Co., in Champion and near Oxbow on the banks of Vrooman's lake, in modified octahedrons; massive in Franklin, Putnam, and Orange Cos., etc. In Pennsylvania, in crystals at Little Britain, Lancaster Co. ; at Chester, Delaware Co.; iu Carbon and York Cos.; at Kuauertown, Chester Co. ; at French Creek mines, octahedrons and other forms, sometimes tetragonal or orthorhombic iu symmetry. In Cornwall, Lebanon Co., in lustrous cubo-octa- hedrons. with a steel tarnish; in N. Cur., near Greensboro', Guilford Co., iu crystals. In Colorado in tine complex crystals in mines near Central City, Gilpin Co., and elsewhere. Auriferous pyrite is common at the mines of Colorado, and many of those of California, as well as iu Virginia and the Stales south.
In Canada, 2 miles N. W. of Brockville, Ontario, a cobaltiferous var., in the Laurentian; on the river Assumption, seignory of Daillebout, and at Escott, a niccoliferous var., containing also some cobalt.
Large quantities of massive pyrite are mined at the Rio Tinto and other mines in Spain, also in Portugal. Among important deposits in the U. S. are those at Rowe, Mass. ; Herman, St. Lawrence Co., and Ellenville, Ulster Co., N. Y.; Tolersville, Louisa Co., Va.; Dallas, Paulding Co., Ga.
13, Gilpin Co., Col , Aynes. 10, Elba. 11. Vloilio. Westphalia, Sbk. 12. Elba, Svr. 14, Rossie.
The name pyrite is derived from itvp, fire, and alludes to the sparks from friction. Pliny Mentions several things as included under the name (36, 30): (1) a stone used for grindstones; J2) a kind which so readily fires punk or sulphur that he distinguishes it as pyrites irivus, and tvhich may have been flint or a related variety of quartz, as has been supposed, but more proba- bly was emery, since he describes it as the heaviest of all; (3) a kind resembling brass or copper; (4) a porous stone, perhaps a sandstone or buhrstone. The brassy kind was in all probability our pyrite. But with it were confounded copper pyrites (chalcopyrite), besides marcasite and pyrrhotite, although these three kinds of pyrites fail of the scintillations. In fact, Dioscorides calls pyrite an ore of copper, yet in the next sentence admits that some kinds contain no copper; and, moreover, he states that the mineral gives sparks. This confounding of iron and copper pyrites is apparent also in the descriptions of the vitriols (sulphates of iron and copper) by Pliny and other ancient writers, and equally so in the mineralogy of the world for more than fifteen centuries after Pliny, as is even now apparent in the principal languages of Europe; jfupferwasser (copper-water) of the Germans being the copperas of the English and couperose of the French. It is quite probable that copperas and couperose are in fact corruptions of the German word, instead of derivatives from cuprosa or cuprirosa, as usually stated, for the Latin u would not have become ou in French.
Under the name marcasite or marchasite, of Spanish or Arabic origin, the older mineralogists Henckel, Wallerius, Linnaeus, etc., included distinctively crystallized pyrite, the cubic preemi- nently; the nodular and other varieties being called pyrites, and the less yellow or brownish and
Ptfj Te Gro Up— Ha Iterite—Sma Ltite-Chloaxthite. 87
softer kinds, wasserkies, this last including our marcasite and pyrrhotite, and some true pyrite. Werner made pyrrhotite a distinct species. The " marcasite " used for personal ornaments in the last century was pyrite.
Alt. — Pyrite readily changes to an iron sulphate by oxidation, some sulphur being set free. Also to limouite on its surface, and afterward throughout, by the action of a solution of bicar- bonate of lime carrying off the sulphuric acid as change proceeds, and from limonite to red iron oxide. Green vitriol, limonite, gothite, hematite, quartz, graphite, ochreous clay, occur as pseudomorphs after pyrite. Of. also marcasite on the relative stability-of -the two compounds.
Artif. — May be made by the slow reduction of ferric sulphate in presence of some carbonate. Also by heating together iron sesquioxide, sulphur, and sal ammoniac (Wohler), the crystals obtained seemed to have a tetrahedral form; cf. Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 17, 487, 1890. See further Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., 321, 1882, and Doelter, Zs. KT., 11, 30, 1885.
Pyrite has been observed as a recent formation at Bourbonne-les-Bains, Daubree, C. R., 80, 605, 1875.
Ref.— ' See Struver, Mem. Ace. Torino, 26, 1869, and Alt. Ace. Torino, 6, 374, 1871 , for list of planes with early authorities, and many new forms; also Helmhacker. Miu. Mitth., 13, 1876. Koksharov adds (962) from A. Nordenskiold, whose 3-f is, however, au obvious misprint for 3-f.
Zeph., Lolling, Ber. Ak. Wien, 60 (1), 814, 1869. 3 Hkr., Waldenstein, 1. c. Groth, Min.-Samml., 31, 1878. Zeph.. Bockstein, Salzburg, Lotos, 1878. 6 Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 31, 222, 1879; these forms are uncertain. ' Vrba, Pfibram, Zs. Kr., 4, 357, 1880. Brugnatelli, Brosso, Piedmont, Att. Ace. Torino, 20, 808, 1885. 9 Jackson, Calaveras Co. , Cal., Cal. Acad., No. 4, p. 365, 1886. 10 Fliuk, Langban, Ak. H. Stockb., Bin., 13, (2), No. 7, 5, 1888. " Hoefer, Rotzgraben, Styria, Miu. Mitth., 10, 157, 1888. " E. F. Ayres, Colorado, Am. J. Sc., 37, 236, 1889. 13 Cathreiu, Monzoni, Min. Mitth., 10, 395, 1889. u Pfd., French Creek, Am. J. Sc. 37, 209. 1889.
15 Thermo-electrical character, Friedel, Ann. Ch. Phys., 17, 79, 1868; Rose, Pogg., 142, 1, 1871; Schraufand Dana, Ber. Ak. Wien, 69 (1), 145, 157, 1874; Curie, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 127,
On elasticity, Voigt, Nachr. Ges. Gottingen, 310, 1888. On etching experiments se Becke, Min. Mitth., 8, 239, 1886, 9, 2, 1887.
86. HAUERITE. Hauerit Raid., Nat. Abh. Wien, 1, 101, 107, 1846, or Pogg., 70, 148,
Isometric; pyritohedral. Observed forms :
Commonly in octahedrons; sometimes in globular clusters.
Cleavage: cubic, imperfect. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. H. =4. G. 3-463. Luster metallic-adamantine. Color reddish brown, brown- ish black. Streak brownish red.
Comp. — Manganese disulphide, MnS2 Sulphur 53-9, manganese 46 — 100. Anal.— 1, Patera, quoted by Haid. 2, E. Scacchi, Rend. Accad. Napoli, April 1890.
S Mn Fe
1. Kalinka 5364 42'97 1*30 SiO2 1-20 99'11
2. Sicily G. 3 366-3-411 53'76 46'05 99-81
Pyr. — In the closed tube a sublimate of sulphur; in the open tube sulphurous fumes, and becomes green. On charcoal sulphurous fumes; the roasted mineral reacts for manganese tvith the fluxes.
Obs. — From Kalinka, Hungary, in clay with gypsum, sulphur, and realgar in a region like a solfatara: trachytic, and other eruptive rocks decomposing and adding to the clay, and the sulphur given off at the same time making depositions of sulphur and sulphides. One crystal found measured 1£ inches through. The hauerite crystals are sometimes coated with pyrite; an unknown flesh-red or greenish mineral also accompanies it. Also in the crystalline schists of the Wakalipu district, New Zealand (Cox, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 14, 426, 1881). At Raddusa, Catania, Sicily, in octahedral crystals at a depth of 50 meters embedded in a clay carrying layers of sulphur, gypsum and calcite.
Artif.— Synthetic experiments partially successful, Doelter, Zs. Kr., 11, 32, 1885.
87, 88. Smaltite-Chloanthite.
Smaltite. ?Cobaltum cineraceum Agric., 459, 1529. Koboltmalm, Koboltglants, Minera Cobalti cinerea, Cobaltum arsenico mineralisatum. pt. (Cobaltite here included), Wall., 231, 1747. ?Cobaltum Ferro et Arsenico mineralisatum, Giants-Cobalt (fr. Schneeberg), Cronst., 212, 1758. Mine de Cobalt grise De Lisle, Crist., 383, 1772; Mine de Cobalt arsenicale De Lisle, 3, 123, 1783. Weisser Speisskobold, Grauer Speisskobold. Wern. Gray Cobalt ore Kirw., 1796s Tin white cobalt. Speiskobalt Hausm., H:mdb , 155, 18 3 Smaltine Bend., Tr., 2. 584. 1852.
Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
Ohloanthite Breith., Pogg., 64, 184, 1845. Weissnickelkies, Weissnickelerz pt. Weisser Kupfernickel, Arseuikuickel, Rg. Rammelsbergit Haid., Handb., 560, 1845. Chathamite Shepard, Min., 158, 1844; Am. J. Sc., 47, 351, 1844.
Isometric; pyritohedral, Groth1. Observed forms1 :
a (100, d(110, o( 1); n (211, 2-2); e (IO'1'O, z-10), 5(510, z-5), /(S10, z-3); 3(831, 8-|) ?
Penetration-twins8: tw. pi. o, comp. -face 211, normal to o; often in complex and distorted forms. Also massive, and in reticulated and other imitative shapes.
Cleavage: o distinct; a in traces. Fracture granular and uneven. Brittle. 'H. 5*5-6. G. 6*4 to 6*6. Luster metallic. Color tin-white, inclining, when massive, to steel-gray, sometimes iridescent, or grayish from tarnish. Streak grayish black. Opaque. Shows both -f- and — varieties thermo-electrically .
Comp. — SMALTITE is essentially cobalt diarsenide, CoAsa Arsenic 71/8, cobalt 28-2 100. CHLOANTHITE is nickel diarsenide, NiAs, Arsenic 71/9, nickel 28-1 100.
Cobalt ami nickel are usually both present, and thus these two species graduate into each other, and no sharp line can be drawn between them. Iron is also present in varying amount; the variety of chloanthite containing much iron has been called chathamite, a name given by Shepard to the mineral from Chatham, Conn. Further sulphur is usually present, but only in small quantities. Sometimes argentiferous, anal. 20.
Many analyses do not conform even approximately to the formula RAsa, the ratio rising from less than 1:2 to 1 : 2"5 and nearly 1 : 3, thus showing a tendency toward skulterudite (RAs3), perhaps due to either molecular or mechanical mixture. Part of the variation is due to want of homogeneity in the substances analyzed. Baumhauer has shown that even the crystals often have a zonal structure, Zs. Kr. , 12, 18, 1886. Moreover, Volkhardt has analyzed such crystals, and shown that, after being acted upon by hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate, a part containing less arsenic went into solution, and the residue was richer in arsenic than the original (76'19 p. c. and 73'46 in one case). Similarly the same author found skutterudite (RAs3) to be more difficultly soluble than smaltite and chloanthite. Zs. Kr., 14, 407, 1888.
Much that has been called smaltite (speiskobalt) is shown by the high specific gravity to belong to the species safflorite, p. 100. Without the determination of either the form or specific gravity the classification is uncertain.
Anal. — 1, McCay, Inaug. Diss., p. 44, 1883, deducting 10'62 p. c. quartz and 1'44 Bi. 2, Id., ib., p. 31, see below. 3. Petersen, Pogg., 134, 70, 1868. 4, van Gerichten, Ber. Ak. Milncheu, 137, 1873. 5, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 25, 284, 1873. 6, Smith, Gillis Exped., 2, 102. 7, lies, Am. J. Sc., 23, 380, 1882.
8, Booth, Am. J. Sc., 29, 241, 1836. 9, Rg., Min. Ch., 23, 1860. 10, 11, Bull, Rose, Kr.-Ch. Syst., 52, 1852. 12, 13, McCay, 1. c.. pp. 39, 40. 14, Berthier, Ann. Mines, 11, 504, 1837. 15, Rg., J. pr. Ch., 55, 486, 1852. 16, Id., Zs. G. Ges., 25, 283, 1873 17, Koenig, Proc. Ac. Philad., 184, 1889. 18, Genth, Dana Min., 512, 1854. 19, Kbl., Ber. Ak. Munchen, 402, 1868. 20, Hillebrand, Proc. Col. Sc. Soc., 3, 46, 1888. See further 5th Ed., pp. 70, 71.
1. Smaltite.
1. Schueeberg
2. " Cheleutite
3. Wittichen
4. Bieber
5. Usseglio
6. Atacama
7. Gunuison Co., Col.
G.
As
S
Co
Ni
tr.
Fe Cu
7-31 0-01 99-32 5-22 1-60 99-80 5-05 0-94 Bi 0 97,Sb <r.=100'00 4-45 3-24 101-01 7-84 0-22 Sb 0-32, Zn 411 4-05 0-41'= 100-75 101'47 15-99 0-16 Pb 2-05, Bi 1-18, SiOa 2-60, Agir. =98-89
2. Chloanthite. Riechelsdorf 6'6
Schneeberg, Stangelkobalt 6'537 Val d'Anniviers Allemont 6'411
[65-02]
3-37 20-74 10-80 25-87 4-56 12-25 3-32 12-04 3-42 11-90 4-20 24-95 3-93 26-75 tr. 18-71
— 100 — 100 — 99-72 0-94 98.67 0-39 99 34 — Bi 0-21 — 100 — 98 93
Annaberg
[76-38]
60 18-96
— Sb 0-31, Bi 0-34=100
Franklin
Furnace
37 18-63
— Zu
tr., CaCO3 0-89
Chatham,
Chathamite
82 9-44
— 100
100-40
Andreasberg
94 7-00
— 9
Grant Co.
, N. M.
19-52"
0-04 Ag
4-78,
Pb 0-03
98-98
a
Ni : Co
3: 1
approx.
Pyrite Group— Cobaltite.
Analysis 2 by McCay is of the Schneeberg ore called Wismuthkobalterz by Kersten (. J., 47, 265, 1826), and from which he obtained : (f) As 77'96, S 1'02, Co 9'89, Ni I'll, Fe 4'77, Cu 1'30, Bi 3-89 99'94. Breithaupt called it cheleutite (cf. McCay, p. 25). It is isometric, with cubic habit and cleavage; H. 5; color slate-gray. McCay shows that the bismuth, of which he obtained 0'78 p. c., is an impurity; the ratio of R : As= 1 : 2'80, which with the cubic cleavage shows it to be closely allied to skutterudite.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives a sublimate of metallic arsenic; iiLth£ open tube a white sublimate of arsenic trioxide, and sometimes traces of sulphur dioxide. B.B. on charcoal gives an arsenical odor, and fuses to a globule, which, treated with successive portions of borax-glass, affords reactions for iron, cobalt, and nickel.
Obs. — Usually occurs in veins, accompanying ores of cobalt or nickel, and ores of silver and copper; also, in some instances, with niccolite and arsenopyrite; often having a coating of annabergite.
Occurs with silver and copper at Freiberg, Annaberg, and particularly Schneeberg in Saxony; at Joachimsthal in Bohemia, the reticulated varieties frequently found embedded in calcite; also at Wheal Sparnon in Cornwall; at Riechelsdorf in Hesse, in veins in the copper schist; at Tuna- berg in Sweden; Allemont in Dauphine; at the silver mines of Tres Puntas and others in Chili, but only in small quantities.
At Chatham, Conn., the chloanthite (chathamite) occurs in mica slate, associated generally with arsenopyrite and sometimes with niccolite. At Franklin Furnace, N. J., at the Trotter zinc mine in octahedral crystals (anal. 17) with traces of a pyritohedron (SO'1'0)?.
Alt. — Occurs altered to erythrite (arseuate of cobalt), a change due to the oxidation of the arsenic and cobalt on exposure to moisture.
Ref.— ] Groth, Pogg., 152, 249, 1874; Min.-Samml. Strassburg, p. 43, 1878; Naumann, Pogg., 7, 337, 1826, 31, 537, 1834. 9 Rath, Zs. Kr., 1, 8, 1877; cf. Groth, Min.-Samml., p. 44.
89. COBALTITE. Cobaltum ciiin ferro sulfurato et arsenicato mineralisatum, Glants- Kobolt pt. (fr. Tunaberg), Cronst., 213, 1758. Mine de Cobalt blanche de Lisle, Crist, 334, 1772. Mine de Cobalt arsenico-sulfureuse de Lisle, Crist., 3, 129, 1783. Glanz-Kobold Wern. Kobalt- Glanz Germ. Cobalt gris pt. H. Glance Cobalt; Bright- White Cobalt. Glanzkobaltkies Glock., Grundr., 1831. Cobaltine Beud., Tr. 2, 450, 1832. Koboltglans Swed. Sehta Indian jewelers.
Isometric; pyritohedral. Observed forms1:
a (100, i-i) d (110, f)
o (111, 1) h (410, -4)
e (210, f-3) P (221, 2)
oo (522, f X (433, ft)
s (321, 3-|) y (432, 2-|)
Commonly in cubes, a, or pyritohedron s, e, or combinations of these, with faces striated as in pyrite (cf. f. 1-5, p. 85); also with o. Also lamellar, granular massive to compact.
Cleavage: cubic, rather perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5'5. G. 6-6-3. Luster metallic. Color silver-white, inclined to red; also steel-gray, with a violet tinge, or grayish black when containing much iron. Streak grayish black. Shows both -f- and — varieties thermo- electrically.2
Comp.— Sulph-arsenide of cobalt, CoAsS or CoS2.CoAs4 Sulphur 19-3, arsenic 45-2, cobalt 35 '5 100. India, JViallet.
Iron is present, and in the variety ferrocobaltite in large amount- this is the so-called Stahl- kobalt, Rg. 4th Suppl., 116, 5th, 148, 1853; ferrocobaltine, Dana Min., 58, 1854.
Anal.— 1, Stromeyer, . J , 19, 336, 1817. 2-5, Schnabel, Rg. Min. Ch., 60, 1860. 6, McCay, Inaug. Diss , p. 41. 7, Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang 12 (2), No. 2, 5, 1886. 8, Mallet.
Ron d SIITTT Tnrlin 1A 1 QO 1880
Fe
3-23 99-87
1-63 100
6-38 100 25-98 Sb 2-84 100 28-03 100-75
5-30 Ni 3-20 99 "55
4-72 Ni T68 100-57
7-83 Ni, Sb. tr. gangue 0'80 100-26
The mineral analyzed by McCay had H. 5, and gave in the closed tube a distinct sublimate of arsenic sulphide and metallic arsenic, like arsenopyrite.
Pyr., etc. — Unaltered in the closed tube. In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes, and a crystalline sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B. on charcoal gives off sulphur and arsenic, and
Rec. G. Surv. India, 14, 190, 1880.
As
S
Co
Skutterud
G.
6
Siegen, massive
" "
' ' plumose
i. it
6,
Schladmiug
a.
5
Nordmark
Khetri, India
G.
6-00
SULPHIDES, tiELENLDBS, TELLURIDES, ETC.
fuses to a magnetic globule; with borax a cobalt-blue color. Soluble iu warm nitric acid, with the separation of sulphur.
Obs. — Occurs at Tunaberg, Riddarhyttan, and Hakansbft, in Sweden, in large, splendent, well-defined crystals; at the Ko and Bjelke mines of Nordmark; also at Skutterud in Norway. Other localities are at Querbach in Silesia; Schladrning, Styria; Siegeii in Westphalia (from the Hamberg mine the ferrocobaltite); Botallack mine, near St. Just, in Cornwall; Khetri mines, Rajputana, India, called sehta by the Indian jewelers, who use it for giving a blue color to gold ornaments, cf. p. 71.
Ref.— See Phillips, Min. 278, 1823, also Naumann, Pogg., 16, 486, 1829, Groth, Miu.- Samml., 41. 1878; Zs. G. Ges., 23, 661, 1871. a Cf. references under pyrite, p. 87.
90. GERSDORFFITE. Niccolum Ferro et Cobalto Arsenicatis et Sulphuratis minerali- satura, Kupfernickel, pt. (white, var. fr. Loos), Cronst., 218, 1758, Ak. H. Stockh., 1751, 1754. [The species later taken for Kupferuickel and Cobalt ore, until 1818.] Nickelglauz, Weisses Nickelerz, Pfaff, . J., 22, 260, 1818; Berz., Ak. H. Stockh., 251, 1820. Sulfo-arseniure de nickel Beud., 1824. Nickelarsenikglauz, Nickelarseuikkies, Arseuikuickelglanz, Germ. Nickel Glance. Disomose*.Bewd., Tr., 2, 448. 1832. Toinbazite pt. Breith., J. pr. Ch., 15, 330, 1838. Gersdorfflt (fr. Schladrning) pt. Lowe, Pogg., 55, 503, 1842. Amoibit pt. Kbl, J. pr. Ch., 33, 402, 1844. Dobschauite (fr. Dobschau).
Isometric; pyritohedral. Observed forms:
a (100, i-i) o(lll,l) (210, £2)
Also lamellar and granular massive.
Cleavage: cubic, rather perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5*5. G. 5 '6-6 '2. Luster metallic. Color silver-white to steel-gray, often tarnished gray or grayish black. Streak grayish black. Opaque.
Comp. — Essentially a sulph-arsenide of nickel, NiAsS or NiSa.NiAs3 Sulphur 19*3, arsenic 45'3, nickel 35 '4 100. Iron replaces the nickel, often to consider- able amount; also sometimes cobalt.
With normal gersdorffite are classed a number of minerals, in part doubtless mixtures, which have yielded different results, many of them approximating toward chloanthite. The analyses below include some of these; see further 5th Ed., p. 73. Anal. 9 corresponds to NiS2.2NiAs2, the mineral had cubic cleavage.
Anal.— 1, Berzelius, 1. c. 2, Rg , Pogg., 68, 511, 1846. 3, Schnabel, Rg., Min. Ch., 62, 1860. 4, Id. , Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 8, 307, 1851. 5, Bergemann, J. pr. Ch., 75, 244, 1858. 6, Heidingsfeld, Rg., Min. Ch., 62, 1860. 7, 9, Sipocz, Zs. Kr., 11, 213, 214, 1885. 8, Genth, Am. Ch. J., 1, 324, 1879. 10, Lowe, Pogg., 55, 505. 1842. 11, 12, Piess, Lieb. Ann., 51, 250, 1844. 13, Kobell, 1. c. 14, 15, Forbes, Phil. Mag., 35, 181, 1868.
1. Loos, Sweden
2. Harzgerode
3. Miisen, cryst.
4. Ems, massive
5. ' ' cryst.
6. Lobenstein
7. Orawitza
8. Benahanis
9. Dobsina 10. Schladming
G
Plessite
13 Lichtenberg, Amoibite 6'08
14. LochFyne 5'49-565
15. "
As [39-40] [45-34]
S Ni Fe Co
tr.
tr.
35-84 19-75 23-16 11 02 6'64
SiO2 0 90 100-58 Sb 0-86 100 100
Cu2-75 101-96 Sb 0-61 100-14 Cu 0-11, Sb 0-33 100-W Bi 0-] 99-62 Cu 0 25 100-46 101-19
SiO2 1-87 99-12 100-23 99-69 100
Pb 0-82 100
Mn 0-33, Mg 0'66, insol.
[2-71 99-19
Mn 0-33, Mg 0'66, insol.
[2 60 100
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives a yellowish brown sublimate of arsenic trisulphide. In the open tube yields sulphurous fumes, and a white sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B. B. on charcoal gives sulphurous and garlic fumes and fuses to a globule, which, with borax- glass gives at first an iron reaction, and, by treatment with fresh portions of the flux, cobalt and nickel are successively oxidized.
Decomposed by warm nitric acid, forming a green solution, with the separation of sulphur.
Obs. — Occurs at Loos in lielsmgland, Sweden; Lempiila, Finland; in the Albertine mine, near Harzgerode in the Harz, with chalcopyrite, galena, calcite, fluorite, and quartz; at
Ptr1Te Gro Uf—Comyxite— Ullmannite.
Schladming in Styria; Kamsdorf in Lower Thuringia; Haueisen, near Lobenstein, Voigtland; at the quicksilver mine and at Pfingstwiese, near Eins. At the Craigtnuir mine, Loch Fyue, Scotland. Also found as an incrustation of cubes, on decomposed galena and sphalerite, at Phenixville, Pa.
SOMMARUGAITE is stated to be an auriferous gersdorffite from Rezbanya, Hungary. Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 143, 1878.
TOMBAZJTE according to Zerrenner, is pyrite, from Lobenstein.
91. COJfcvYNITE. Korynit v. Zepliarovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, 51 (1), 117, 1865. Arsenantimon- nickelglanz pt. Germ.
Isometric. In octahedrons, with convex faces. Also in globular groups.
Fracture uneven. H. 4'5-5. G. 5-994; 5-95-6-029 Zeph. Luster metallic. Color silver-white, inclined to steel-gray on fresh fracture. Streak black. Opaque.
Comp. — Essentially a sulph-arseuide of nickel like gersdorffite, but with antimony replacing part of the arsenic, and thus connecting it with the arsenical varieties of ullmannite; formula Ni(As,Sb)S. Anal. — Payer, 1. c.:
G. 5-994
As
Sb
S
Ni
Fe
1-98 99-31
Pyr., etc. — In the open tube affords sulphurous fumes and a crystalline white sublimate of arsenic trioxide. In the closed tube also finally a narrow yellowish-red and a broader yellow zone. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily at surface, yielding sulphurous and arsenical fumes. With borax-glass reactions for iron, cobalt, and finally nickel, with an arsenical odor.
Obs.— From Olsa, in Carinthia, with bournouite; crystals about mm. through.
Named from Kopvvrj, a club.
92. ULLMANNITE. Nickelspiesglaserz (fr. Siegen) Ullmann (his discov. in 1803), Syst.- Tab., 166, 879, 1814. Nickelspiessglanzerz Havsm., Handb., 192, 1813. Antimonnickelglanz, Nickelantimonglanz, Autimon Arseniknickelglanz, Arsenantimonnickelglanz pt. Germ. Nickel Stibine; Nickeliferous Gray Antimony. Antimoine sulfure nickelifere H., 1822. Ullmannit Frdbel, 1843.
Observed forms:
Isometric: pyritohedral,1 Klein; tetrahedral, Zeph." a (100, i-i), d (110, o (111, 1), e (210, i-2), p (221, 2), q (331, 3),
(881, 8), n (211, 3-2).
Sarrabus, Klein
L511ing. Zeph.
In crystals from Sarrabus1 with a, d, e and rarely q with pyritohedral striations on a (f. 1). Also from the LSlling2 in tetrahedral crystals with d, o, o , n, ng, p, £; also in tetrahedrite-like twins with parallel axes (f. 2). These two varieties have the same composition (anal. 4, 5) and their relation is somewhat uncertain, cf. Klein3. It may be noted that artificial crystals of pyrite, of apparent tetrahedral form, have been described.
Also massive, structure granular.
Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H.— 5-5-5. G. 6'2-6'7. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray inclining to silver-white. Streak grayish black.
Corap. -Sulph-antimonide of nickel, NiSbS or NiS2.NiSb2 Sulphur 15'2, antimony 57'0, nickel 27'8 100. Arsenic is usually present in small amount.
92 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
Anal.— 1, H. Rose, Pogg., 15, 588, 1829. 2, Rg., Pogg., 64, 189, 1845. 3, Lill, Vh. G. Reichs., 131, 1871. 4, 5, Jaunasch, Jb. Min., 2, 169, 1887; also earlier, ibid., 1, 186, 1883. 6, Gintl, Ber. Ak. Wien, 60 (1), 812, 1869. 7, Behrendt, Rg., Min. Ch., 41, 1875. 8, Ullik Ber. Ak. Wien, 61 (1), 17, 1870; also other analyses on less pure material.
Sb As S Ni
1. Siegen 55-76 — 15 98 27'36 99-10
2. Harzgerode G. 6'506 50-84 2 65 17-38 29'43 Fe 1'83 102-13
3. Rinkenberg G. 6'63 56'07 0"94 15'28 27'50 Co tr. 99'79
4. Sarrabus, pyrit. G. 6'733 5573 0'75 14'64 28'17 Co tr., Fe 0'17, insol. O'll 9957
5. Lolling, tetrahed. G. 6'625 55-71 1'38 14'69 2813 CoO'25, FeO'09, insol.0-27100'52
6. " " " G. 6-74 52-56 3'23 15-73 28'48 100
7. Nassau 50'56 5'08 16-00 26'05 Co 1'06, FeO'43, CuO'40 99'58
8. Waldenstein G. 6'53-6-56 56'01 — 14'81 28 85 Pb 0'61 100'28
An alteration-product of the Waldenstein crystals gave Ullik (1. c., p. 19). after deducting impurities. Sb 52'44, O 16'15, CaO 13'52, NiO 3-27, FeO 3'13, MgO 0'21, H2O 11'26 99"98. For this the formula 3CaO.2Sb2O6.6H2O is calculated.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives a faint white sublimate. In the open tube sulphurous and antimonial fumes, the latter condensing on the walls of the tube as a white non-volatile sublimate. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a globule, boils, and emits antimonial vapors, which coat the coal white; treated with borax-glass, reacts like gersdorffite. Some varieties contain arsenic.
Decomposed by nitric acid, forming a green solution, with separation of sulphur and antimony trioxide.
Obs. — Occurs in the Duchy of Nassau, in the mines of Freusburg, with galena and chalcopy- rite; in Siegen, Prussia; at Harzgerode and Lobenstein; also Lolling and Waldenstein in Carinthia; Montenarba, Sarrabus, Sardinia. Named after J. C. Ullmann (1771-1821).
Ref.— ' Klein, Jb. Min., 1, 180, 1883. 2 Zeph., Ber. Ak. Wien, 60 (1), 809, 1869. Klein, Jb. Min., 2, 169, 1887. See p. 1051. Kallilite, p. 1039, is NiBiS. '
Rammelsberg calls an ore from Wolfsberg in the Harz bournonit-nickelglam. It occurs in cubes; H. 4'5. G. 5-635-5'706. Analysis, Pogg., 77, 254, 1849:
As 28-00 Sb 19-53 816-86 Ni 27'04 Co 1-60 Pb 5'13 Cul'33 Fe 0'51 100
Heusler describes a massive light to dark steel-gray ore from Gosenbach near Siegen. Analysis gave : Sb 32'90, As 5'27, S 34'40, Ni 27'43, Pb.Zn tr. 100.
This corresponds to 3 NiS. f [ S3. Ber. nied. Ges., p. 67, 1887.
93. SPERRYLITE. Horace L. Wells, Am. J. Sc., 37, 67, 1889; S. L. Penfield, lb., p. 71.
Isometric; pyritohedral. Observed forms:
In minute crystals, usually in cubes, or cubo-octahedrons; dodecahedral and pyritohedral faces rare.
Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 6-7. Gr. 10-602. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color tin-white. Streak black. Opaque.
Comp. — Platinum arsenide, PtAs2 Arsenic 43'5, platinum 56'5 100. Antimony and rhodium are also present in small quantities. Anal.— H L. Wells:
As Sb Pt Rh Pd Fe
40-98 0-50 52-57 0'72 tr. 0'07 SnO2 4'62 99'46
Pyr. — B.B. decrepitates slightly. In the closed tube remains unchanged at the fusing point of glass. In the open tube gives readily a sublimate of arsenic trioxide and does not fuse il slowly roasted, but if rapidly heated it melts very easily after losing a part of the arsenic. When dropped on a red-hot platinum foil, instantly melts, gives off white fumes of arsenic trioxide having little or no odor, and porous excrescences are formed on the platinum which do not differ in color from the untouched foil.
Obs.-r-Found at the gold quartz Vermillion mine, district of Algoma, 22 miles west of Sudbury, Ontario, Canada; occurs with pyrite, chalcopyrite, and cassiterite as a loose material occupying small pockets in the decomposed ore. Also probably present in small amount disseminated through a nickel-iron sulphide, cf. p. 66.
Named after F. L. Sperry of Sudbury, Ontario, who first called attention to the mineral.
Artif. — The artificial PtAsj has long been known.
Pyrite Group— Laurite— Skutterudite, 93
94. LAURITE. F. Wohler Nachr. Ges. Gottingen, 155, 1866; 327, 1869. Isometric. Observed forms : a (100, f-i ) o (111, 1) e (210, f-2) m (311, 3-3) n (211, 2-2)? s (321, 3-f)?
Commonly in minute octahedrons; faces often rounded like the diamond; also in spherical forms and grains.
Cleavage: o distinct. Fracture subconchoidal. Very brittle. H. 7 '5. GL 6-99. Luster metallic, bright. Color dark iron-black; powder dark gray.
Comp. — Sulphide of ruthenium and osmium, probably essentially RuS, (cf. below).
Anal.— Wohler, 1. c., on 0'3 gr.
831-79 Ru65-18 Os [3'03] 100
a Containing some osmium.
Pyr., etc. — Heated it decrepitates. B.B. infusible, giving first sulphurous and then osmic fumes. Not acted upon by aqua regia, nor by heating with potassium disulphate.
Obs.— From the platinum washings of Borneo. Found among fine-grained platinum which had been brought from Borneo. Also reported as occurring with the platinum of Oregon.
Named by Wohler as a compliment to the wife of a personal friend.
Artif.— St. Claire Deville and Debray have made artificially a ruthenium sulphide (RuS-i S 381, Ru 61 '9 100) in isometric crystals, octahedrons, and cubes. Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 185, 1879.
95. SKUTTERUDITE. Tesseral-Kies, Hartkobaltkies, Breith., Pogg., 9, 115, 1827. Arsenikkobaltkies Sc/ieerer, Pogg., 42, 553, 1837. Hartkobalterz, Hausm., Handb., 69, 1847. Skutterudit Haid., Handb., 560, 1845. Modumite Nicol, Min., 457, 1849.
Isometric; pyritohedral3. Observed forms1 :
s (321, 3-f)3, y (643, 2-f
Also massive granular.
Cleavage: a distinct; d in traces. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 6. G. 6-72-6-86. Luster bright metallic. Color between tin-white and pale lead-gray, sometimes irides- Q1 T"i v, cent. Shows both + and - varieties thermo-electrically4. ad>
Comp. — Cobalt arsenide, CoAs3 Arsenic 79-3, cobalt, 20-7 100.
Anal.— 1, Scheerer, 1. c. 2, 3, Wohler, Pogg., 43, 591, 1838.
As Co Fe
1. G. 6-78 77-84 20-01 1-51 S 0'69, Cu tr. 100'05
2. Cry st. 79-2 18 -5 1-8 99 '0
3. Mass. 79-0 19'5 1-4 99'9
A " chloanthite " from Markirch in Alsace gave Vollkardt: As 77'94, Ni 12-01, Co 3'69, Fe 5'07; corresponding to RAs3; it was in crystals (100, 111) with G. 6'32. Other crystals are stated to have conformed to RAs2. Zs. Kr., 14, 408, 1888.
Pyr.— Reactions like those of smaltite, but gives a more copious sublimate of metallic arsenic in the closed tube.
Obs.— From Skutterud. near Mod um, in Norway, in a hornblendic gangue in gneiss, with titanite and cobaltite, the crystals sometimes implanted on those of cobaltite.
Ref.— ' Scheerer, 1. c. - Rath, Pogg., 115, 480, 1862. 3 Fletcher, Phil. Mag., 13 474, 1882, or Zs. Kr., 7. 20, 1882; cf. also Rath, Zs. Kr., 14, 257, 1888. " Schrauf and Dana, Ber. Ak Wien, 69 (1). 153, 1874.
A mineral from an unknown source in small crystals (not measured) in quartz has been analyzed by Ramsay (J. Ch. Soc., 29, 153, 1876) and called a bisrnuth-skutterudite, but it homogeneity may well be questioned, the corrected results (after deducting SiO,FeSa) are: G. 7-55 As 46-10 Bi 37'64 Co 1018 Ni 5'66 Fe 0'55 10013
94 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
2. Marcasite Group. RSa, RAsa, etc. Orthorhombic.
The species falling in this group are closely parallel to those of the Pyrita group, p. 84.
96. Marcasite FeSa 0-7662 : 1 : 1-2342
97. Ldllingite FeAs2 0-6689 : 1 : 1-2331
Leucopyrite Fe3As4
98. Arsenopyrite FeS2.FeAs2 0-6773 : 1 : 1-1882
Danaite (Fe,Co)Sa.(Fe,Co)Asa
99. Safflorite CoAss
100. Rammelsbergite NiAsa
101. Glaucodot (Co,Fe)S2.(Co,Fe)Asa 0-6942 : 1 : 1-1925
102. Alloclasite (Co,Fe)(As,Bi)S
103. Wolfachite NiSa.Ni(As,Sb)a
96. MARCASITE. Not Marchasite Cryst. Pyrite] Arab., Agric., 1546; Henckel, 1725; Wall, 1747. Cronst., 1758; Linn., 1768; de Lisle, 1783. ? Pyrites argeuteo colore, Germ. Wasser- kies o. Weisserkies, Agric. Interpr., 477, 1546; Ferrum jecoris colore, Germ. Lebererz, pt., Agric., ib., 469. Vattenkies pt., Pyrites fuscus pt. , P. aquosus pt., Wall., 212, 1747. Swafwel- kies pt. Cronst., 184, 1758. Pyrites lamellpsus Born., Lithoph., 2, 106, 1772. P. aquosus? id., 107. Pyrites rhomboidales pt. de Lisle, Crist., 1772, 3, 242, 1783. Pyrites lamelleuse en creles de coq Forst., Cat., 1772; de Lisle. Crist,, 3, 252, 1783. Pyrites fuscus lamellosus Wall., 2. 134, 1778. Strahlkies. Leberkies pt., Wern., Bergtn J., 1789 Fer sulfure var. radie/f., Tr., 1801, Brongn., Tr. , 1807. Wasserkies (Dichter o. Leberkies, Strahlkies, Haarkies pt.) Hausm., Hand!)., 149, 1813. Fer sulfure blanc pt. H. White Pyrites Aikin, Min., 1814. Fer sulfure prisraatique rhomboidale Bourn., Cat., 301, 1817. Prismatic Iron Pyrites James., 3, 297, 1820. Kammkies, Speerkies. Zellkiespt., Germ. Cockscomb, Spear, and Cellular Pyrites. Markasit Haid., Handb., 467, 561, 1845. Pirite bianca Ital. Marcasita, Pirita blauca, Span.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 - 0*7662 : 1 : 1-2342 Sadebeck1. 100 A HO 37° 27f , 001 A 101 58° 10', 001 A Oil 50° 59'.
Forms2 : b (010, i-i) m (110, /) r (014, \-l) y (025, fi) I (Oil, 14)
a (100, a) e (001, 0) e (101, 1-i) (018, f 2 (012, H) (HI, 1)
mm'" - *74° 55' rr' 34° 18' yy' 52° 33' cs 63° 46'
ee' 116° 20' vo' 44° 43' ez' 63° 21' ss =66° 7'
Ii' *101° 58' M'" 90° 48'
Twins: (1) tw. pi. m (f. 4), often repeated (f. 5), sometimes producing stellate ftvelings (f. 3); also (2) tw. pi. e, less common (f. 6), the crystals crossing at angles of nearly 60°. Crystals commonly tabular c, also pyramidal; the brachydomes deeply striated edge b/c. In stalactites with radiating internal structure and exterior covered with projecting crystals. Also globular, reniform, and other imitative shapes.
Cleavage: m rather distinct; I in traces. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 6-6'5. G. 4-85-4'90. Luster metallic. Color pale bronze-yellow, deepening on exposure. Streak grayish or brownish black. Opaque.
Comp. — Iron disulphide, like pyrite, FeS, Sulphur 53 -4, iron 46-6 100.
Var. — The varieties that have been recognized depend mainly on state of crystallization.
1. Radiated (Strahlkies, Germ.): Radiated; also the simple crystals. 2. Cockscomb P. (Kammkies, Germ.): Aggregations of flattened twin crystals iuto crest-like forms. 3. Spear P. (Speerkies Germ.): Twin crystals, with re-entering angles a little like the head of a spear in form 4. Capillary (Haarkies. Germ.): In capillary crystallizations.
5. Hepatic P. (Leberkies, Germ.) and 1'yrites fuscus pt. : The massive of dull colors, being named from ffnap, liver; but including, among the older mineralogists especially, brown specimens of any pyrite, altered more or less to limonite.
6. Cellular P. (Zellkies, Germ.): In cellular specimens, formed by the incrustation of the crystals of other minerals that have disappeared; partly pyrite.
Marcasite Gro Up— Marcasite.
7. Arsenical: Nearly white in color (in part kyrosite Breith., and Wemkupfererz, see below); contains a small amount of arsenic.
8. Stalactitic: In stalactites, sometimes with radiated structure, sometimes compact; the exterior distinct crystals, or rough; also in layers with galena or sphalerite, or both, resembling the " Schalenbleude, " and hence sometimes called " Schalenmarcasite. "
Pyr., etc.— Like pyrite; very liable to decomposition, more so than pyrite.
Obs.— The spear variety occurs abundantly in the plastic clay of thebrown coal formation at Littmitz and Altsattell, near Carlsbad in Bohemia, and is extensively mined for its sulphur and the manufacture of ferrous sulphate. The radiated variety occurs at the same place; also at Joachimsthal, Bohemia, and in several parts of Saxony. The cockscomb variety occurs with galena and fluorite in Derbyshire; in chalk marl between Folkestone and Dover; Castleton in Derbyshire; near Alston Moor in Cumberland; near Tavistock in Devonshire; and radiated at East Wlieal Rose and elsewhere in Cornwall. Schemnitz in Hungary, Andreasberg, Clausthal, etc. , in the Harz are other localities.
1, Common Form. 2, Schemnitz, Sbk. 3, Freiberg, Id. 4, Galena, 111. 5, Folkestone.
6, Freiberg, Sbk.
At Warwick, N. Y., it occurs in simple and compound crystals, in granite, with zircon. Hustis's farm, in Phillipstown, N. Y. , affords small crystals, referred by Beck to this species, occurring in magnesian limestone. Massive fibrous varieties abound throughout the mica slate of New England, particularly at Cummiugtou. Mass., where it is associated with cummingtouite and garnet. Occurs at Lane's mine, in Monroe, Conn., and in the topaz and fluorite vein in Trumbull; also in gneiss at East Haddam; at H;iverhill. N. H., with common pyrite. Galena, 111., in stalactites with concentric layers of sphalerite, galena, the exterior commonly marcasite in twin crystals pyramidal in aspect (f. 4). Mineral Point, Wis., in fine crystals; on sphalerite at Joplin, Mo. In Canada in Neebing, a few miles east of the Kamanistiquia R., north-west shore of L. Superior.
The word marcasite, of Arabic or Moorish origin (and variously used by old writers, for bis- muth, antimony), was the name of common crystallized pyrite among miners and mineralogists in later centuries, until near the close of the last. It was first given to this species by Haidinger in 1845.
The species is probably recognized by Agricoia under the name wasserkies and lebererz, and also under the same by Cronstedt; and it is Wasserkies of Hausmann in both editions of his great work. This name, wasserkies (pyrites aquosus, as Cronstedt translates it), is little applicable; yet may have arisen from the greater tendency of the mineral to become moist and alter to vitriol than pyrite— if it be not an early corruption, as Agricoia seems to think (see above), of Weisser fetes (white iron pyrites). It appears to have been used also for easily decomposable pyrite; and pyrrhotite was also included under its other name, pyrites fuscus. The rhombic
Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
crystallization is mentioned by de Lisle; but Haiiy long afterward considered it only an irreg- ularity of common iron pyrites. Weisskupfererz (also called weisskupfer and weisserz) occurs as the name of a species in all the mineralogical works of last century, from Henckel's Pyritology, in 1725, where it is called a whitish copper ore, and placed near tetrahedrite: and the light color, from Henckel down, is attributed to the presence of arsenic. It has finally been run out as mostly impure marcasite; and the domeykite and related species are now the only true white copper.
Marcasite is made by Breithaupt (J. pr. Ch., 4, 257, 1835) a generic name for the various species of pyrites. He used the names Lonclddite or kausirnkies for varieties in which Plattner fouud 4 4 p. c. As; kyrosite or wemkupfererz, the latter an old term of varied signification; hepatopyrite, leberkies Werner; hydropyrite or weicheisenkies, wasserkies (see above). Cf. Frenzel, Min. Lex. Sachseu. pp. 197-2U1, 1874.
MetaloncJiidite of F. Sandberger (Oest. Jb. B. ., 35, 531, 1887) is a marcasite containing about half as much arsenic as Breithaupt's lonchidite. G. 5'08. Analysis by F. Pecher gave: 8 49 56, As 2-73, Fe 45'12, Is'i 1-29, Cu 0'72, Pb M2, Ag O'Ol 100'55. Locality, the St. Bern- hard vein near Hausach, Baden.
Alt. — Limonite and pyrite occur as pseudomorphs after marcasite, also (D611) bournonite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, sphalerite. Julieii has shown that the greater liability of marcasite to undergo atmospheric alteration has a profound influence upon the durability of building-stones; the two forms of iron pyrites occur together either though crystallization or alteration, and as the proportion of marcasite increases, the specific gravity falls, the color becomes paler, and the danger of change is increased. Ann. N. Y. Acad., 4, 1888.
Artif.— Not yet formed artificially, cf. Doelter, Zs. Kr., 11, 31, 1885.
Ref. — 1 Pogg., Erg. Bd., 8, 625, 1878, these results cannot claim a high degree of accuracy, exact measurements being impossible and considerable variation having been noted. See Gehmacher for measurements and observations on vicinal planes which have led him to suggest a monoclinic parameter and complex twinning. Zs. Kr., 13, 242, 1887. Cf. Mir., Min., p. 170, 1852.
97. LOLLINGITE. Prismatic Arsenical Pyrites (communic. by Mohs) pt. Jameson, 3, 272, 1820. Axotomer Arsenik-Kies pt. Mohs, Grundr., 525, 1823. Arsenikalkies, Arsenikeisen Giftkies, Arseueisen, pt., Germ. Leucopyrite pt. Sheph., Min., 2, 9, 1835. Arsenosiderit pt. Glock., Grundr., 321, 1839. Mohsine pt. Chapman, Pract. Min., 138, 1843. Lollingit pt. Haid., Handb., 559, 1845. Satersbergit Kenng., Min., Ill, 1853. Glauzarsenikkies Breith., J. pr. Oh., 4, 260, 261, 1835. Hilttenbergite Breith Geierite (fr. Geyer) Breith.. B. H. Ztg., 25, 167, 1866. Leucopyrite Dana, p. 76, 1868. Lollingite Zeph., Vh. Min. Ges., 3, 84, 1867. Pharmakopyrit Weisbach, Synops. Min., 57, 1875. Glau copy rite Sandberger, J. pr. Ch., 1, 230, 1870.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-66888 : 1 : 1'2331 Brogger1.
100 A 110 33° 46f, 001 A 101 61° 31 J', 001 A Oil 50° 57£'.
Forms: m (110, /) e (101, 1-5) u (014, \-i) t (013, f I) I (Oil, l-) o (112, J). Angles: mm'" *67° 33i', ee' 123C 3', uu' 34° 16', 44° 41', II 101° 55', oo' 76° 14', oo" 95° 55', oo'" 48° 46'.
Twins: tw. pi. e (101), crossing at ;mgles of nearly 60°, sometimes trillings.
Cleavage: basal, sometimes dis- tinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5-5-5. G. 7-0-7-4 chiefly, also 6 "8. Luster metallic. Color between silver-white and steel-gray Streak grayish black.
Comp.,Var. — Essentially iron diar- senide, FeAs2, but passing into Fe3As4; also tending toward arseno pyrit-e (FeAsS) and safflorite (CoAsJ. Bismuth and antimony are some- times present.
Var.— 1. Lollingite, FeAs2 Arsenic 72'8, iron 27'2 100. G. 7'234 Hiittenberg, Zeph.
2. Leucopyrite, Fe3As4 Arsenic 64'1, iron 35'9 100. G. 7'0-7'2
3. Geyerite, containing sulphur, anal., 17-20. G. 6'25-6.8.
4. Cobaltiferous. Glaucopyrite belongs here, cf. anals 689
Anal.— 1, Scheerer, Pogg., 50, 156, 1840. 2, Weidenbusch, Rose, Kr.-Ch. Min.. 54, 1858, 3 Illing, Rg., Mm. Ch., 19, 1860. 4, Nd., G. For. Forh.. 2, 242, 1875. 5, Niedzwiedzki, Min. Mitth., 161, 1872. 6, Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 27, 353, 1884. 7, Loczka, Zs. Kr 11 261 1885 8 Frenzel Jb. Min , 677, 1875. 9, R. Senfter, J. pr. Ch., 1, 230, 1870. 10-12, Guttler, Jb. Mm., 81 1871. 13, Meyer, Pogg., 50, 154, 1840. 14, Weidenbusch, 1. c. 15, Hofmann, Scheerer, Pogg., 25, 485, 1832. 16, McCay, Inaug. Diss., p. 48, 1883. 17, Behncke Pogg 98 187
Stoko, Br5gger.
Marcasite Oro Up— Arsenopyrite.
1856. 18, Petersen, ib., 137, 393, 1869. 10, 436, 1837 (deducting 64 p. c. SiOs).
19, McCay, 1. c., p. 45, 1883. 20, Jordan, J. pr. Oh.,
1. Fossum, Satersberg
2. Schladming
3. Audreasberg
4. Brevik, Satersbergite
5. Dobschau
6. Gunnison Co , Col.
7. Andreasberg
G. 6-80
G. 7-15
G. 7-40
As
S
Fe
G. 7-475 68-08 0 84 27-32
to.
Mte. Cballanches, massive Guadalcanal. Olaucopyrite G. 7'181 Reicbenstein, massive G. 6'97 G. 7-05 cryst. G. 7'41
" Htittenbergite " Geyer Wolfach
Breitenbrunn, Geyerite
G. 6-246 G. 6-797 G. 6 58
62-i!9
8'35
Co
— 99-64
— -80
— 100-91 tr. =99-68
— Eitr. 99-13
4.37 Hi 0-21, Cu 0-39, Bi 0'08 99-75
— Sb 4-03, Cu 0-10, SiO3 010
1Uo 47
6-44 Sb 5-61 100-59 4-67 Sb 3-59, Cu 1'14 100'04
— gangue 2'06 98'86
— gaugue 1 14 99-11
— gangue 0'92 99'59
— gaugue 3'55 98'56
— gaugue 1-04 99'25
— gaugue 2-17 98'16
— 99-16
— Sb 1-37 99-30
4-40 Sb 4 37 Mn tr. 100'57
— 99-33
— Ag 0-01 99-80
Fyr. — In the closed tube gives a sublimate of metallic arsenic; in the open tube a white sublimate of arsenic trioxide, with traces of sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal gives the odor of arsenic; in O.F. a white coating of arsenic trioxide, and in R.F. a magnetic globule. With the fluxes the roasted mineral reacts for iron.
Obs. — Lollingite occurs with siderite, also bismuth and chloanthite, in the Lolling- Hutten berg district in Carinthia; with niccoliteat Schladming; at Ehrenfriedersdorf, in Saxony; Andreasberg in the Harz; at Satersberg, near Fossum, in Norway; on StokO and at other points in the augite-syeuite of southern Norway, there associated with homilite and meliphamte.
The arsenical iron from Reichenstein, Silesia, is in part lollingite, but mostly leucopyrite; it often carries gold. Geyerite is from Geyer in Saxony, in crystals and massive with quartz: also- from other localities. Olaucopyrite is from Guadalcanal, Andalusia, Spain. In the U. 8., lollingite occurs at the head of Brush Creek, Gunnison Co., Colorado (anal. 6), it is often em- bedded in barite or siderite. Other localities for arsenical iron (not yet analyzed) are Edenville and Monroe, N. Y. ; Roxbury, Conn.: Paris, Me. A crystal of arsenical iron, weighing two or three ounces, was found in Bedford Co., Penn., but it is not known under what circumstances, and in Randolph Co., N. C., a mass of nearly two pounds weight. The composition of these has not been determined.
Named by Chapman after Mohs. by whom the mineral was first described, and who men- tions Lolling as the first locality at which it was found; but as mohsite was previously given to a variety of iluieuite. Haidinger's name was adopted in the 5th Ed., 1868, for the Reichenstein mineral, Fe3As4, and Shepard's name leucopyrite (from Aet-oS, white) given to the arsenical iron conforming to FeAs2. A little earlier, however, the same names were used by Zepharovich, but reversed, lollingite for FeAs2 and leucopyrite for Fe3As4; this arrangement was adopted in subsequent reprints of the 5th Ed. In view of the variation of composition of other minerals of this and of the corresponding isometric group (e.g., arsenopyrite, smaltite, etc.) it seems best to unite the varieties under the most generally accepted name.
Ref.— ' Norway (anal. 4). Zs. Kr., 16, 8, 1890. The measurements of Schrauf, Jb. Min., 677, 1875, were probably made on arsenopyrite from Mte. Challanches near Allemont, not lollingite as supposed, cf. Groth, Ber. Ak. Milnchen, 384, 1885.
PACITE Breithaupt, B. H. Ztg., 25. 167, 1866. In form and color near arsenopyrite. Qi 6-3. An analysis by Wiukler gave: As 64'84, S 7'01, Fe 24'35, Co 0'13, Cu (Ml, Bi O'lO, Au,Ag 0-006, gangue 2-88 99-426. From La Paz in Bolivia, in masses and thin plates in the gangue, with native gold and bismuth.
98. ARSENOPYRITE, or MISPICKEL. ? Lapis subrutilus atque non fere aliter ac argent! spuma splendens et friabilis, Germ. Mistpuckel, Agric., Interpr.. 465, 1546. Pyrites candidus, \Vasserkies, pt., Oesner , Foss., 1565. Arsenikaliskkies, Mispickel, Henckel. Pyrit , 1725. Arsenikaliskkies, Hvit Kies Pyrites albus), Mispickel. Arsenik-Sten, Wall., 227, 228, 1747; Mispickel, Pyrite blanche, Fr. trl.. Wall., 1753. Arsenikkies Wern.. 1789. Rauschgelbkies. Fer arsenical Fr. Arsenical Pyrites. Dalarnit. Giftkies. Glanzarsenikkies. Breith., J.'pr. Ch , 4. 230, 201, 1835 Arsenopyrite Glock.. Syn., 38, 1847. Plinian Breith., Pogs., 69, 430, 1846: B Ii. Ztg., 25, 168, 1866. Bronce bianco Span.. S. A.
Sulphides, Selenide8, Telluride8, Etc.
Danaite Cobaltic Mispickel (fr. Franconia) Hayes, Am. J. Sc., 24, 386, 1833. Kobaltar- senikkies Germ. ? Vermontit (fr. U. S.) Breith , 1. c. Thalheimit, Giftkies, Breith.. B. H Ztg 25, 167, 1866.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : c 0-67726 : 1 : 1-18817 Arzruni1.
100 A HO 34° 6£', 001 A 101 60° 19', 001 A Oil 49° 54£'.
Forms2 :
b (010, i-l)
c (001, 0)
m (110, /)
e (101, 1-i)
a (0-1 -24, s £ (0-1-16,
r (018, (016, H)s P (015, H)3 w (014, f i)
(018, w (012, 0 (023,
2 (on,
k (021, 2-0 r (031, 8-i)
(331, 3) w (212, 1-2) a; (321, 3-})
1, 8, Common forms. 2, Schladming, Rumpf. 4, Danaite, Franconia. 5, Deloro. 6, Servia
Schmidt. 7, Wetter, Bkg.6
mm"' *68° 13'
120° 38' *59° 22'
8° 30' 16" 54' 26° 44'
ee
46'
uu' tt' nri 00' qq'
33° 5' 43° 13' 61° 26' 76° 46' 99° 50'
M' 134° 21' Tt' 148° 39
mg 25° 16' mv 8° 56f
gg' 96° 58'
gg" 129° 28'
60° 57'
w' 109° 45'
Icw
ww'
xx' xx" xx'"
67° 17' 112° 54J' 32° 47' 127" 48' 160 21' 47° 50f
Twins: tw. pi. (1) m, as contact- or penetration-twins, sometimes repeated like marcasite (f. 5); (2) e in cruciform-twins (f. 6), also in trillings5 sometimes star- shaped (f. 7) crossing at angles of 59° and 62°. Crystals prismatic m, or flattened vertically by the oscillatory combination of n (012). Brachydomes horizontally striated; also faces m often finely striated edges m/eorwith m/n. Also columnar, straight, and divergent; granular, or compact.
Cleavage: m rather distinct; c in faint traces. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5-5-6. G. 5-9-6-2; 6-269 Franconia, Kenng. Luster metallic. Color silver-white, inclining to steel-gray. Streak dark grayish black. Opaque. Thermo- electrically7 both positive and negative.
Comp., Tar. — Sulph-arsenide of iron, FeAsS or FeSa.FeAsa Arsenic 46-0, sulphur 19-7, iron 34'3 100. Part of the iron is sometimes replaced by cobalt.
Marcasite Gro Up— A Rsenopyrite.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Containing little or no cobalt. The analyses show considerable variation, and it lias been proved that this is accompanied by a change in the angles, as exhibited below. Antimony is present in small amount (to 0'28 p. c.) Loczka. 1. c.; also bismuth, Caruot, 1. c. Pliniiin of Breithaupt, supposed to be mouocliuic, belongs here, anal. 12; G. 63.
2. Cobaltiferous: Danaite. Containing from 4 to 10 p. c. of cobalt replacing the iron, and thus graduating toward glaucodot.
3. Niccoliferous. Anal. 23.
Anal.— 1, Rumpf, Min. Mitth., 178, 1874. 2-4. 6, 7. 9, 10, 13-17, Ar/ruui, Zs. Kr., 2, 430 et seq. 1878, and Arzruni and Barwald, ib.,
7, 3o7. 1882. 5, C. v. Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 400, 1853.
8, Balson, quoted by Arzruui. 9, Zimmermann, Ber. Ak. Miinoht-n, 385. 188o. 11, Magel. Ber. Oberhess, Ges., 22, 297, 1882. 12, Planner, Pogg., 69 430, 1846. 18. Scheerer,
Schladming, after Rumpf.
42, 546, 1837. 19, Wohler,
ib., 43, 591. 1838. 20, Hayes, 1 c 21, J. L. Smith, Gilliss Ex., 2, 102. 22, Forbes, Phil. Mag., 29, 7. 1865 23, Kroeber, ibid.
Also Genth, Alabama, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 39, 1885; Loczka, varieties from Hungary, continuing from 0'14 to 0'28 p. c. Bb, Zs. Kr., 11, 269, 270, 1885; 15, 40. 1888; Oebbeke- Bottiger, Wunsiedel, Zs. Kr., 17, 384, 1890; Carnot, varieties from Meymac containing both bismuth and antimony, C. R., 79, 479, 1874.
1. Ordinary.
J. Schladming
2. Reichenstein
3. Sangerberg
4. Marienberg
5. Mitterberg
6. Freiberg. I.
7. Hohenstein
9. Mte. Challanches
10. Ehreufriedersdorf
11. Auerbach, II.
12. Elirenfried., Plinian.
13. Sala
14. Auerbach, I.
15. Joachimsthal
16. Freiberg, II.
17. Binnenthal
G.
mm!"
ee'
67° 37'
58° 55'
67° 43'
58° 53'
59° 1'
—
67° 54'
59° 5'
—
67° 59'
59° 9'
—
68° 11'
59° 7'
68° 13'
59° 22'
As [47-27]
S
Fe
34-47"
67° 35'
68° 17' 68° 15' 68° 24' 68° 29' 68° 36' 68° 36' 68° 39' 69° 11'
(58° 24') 59° 15£
59° 10' 59° 32'
60° 21V (61° 34') (60° 1') With 0-29 Ni.
[45-52]
[42-63]
21-36 33-52 99'88
2. Cobaltiferous; Danaite.
As
18. Skutterud 46-76
19. " 47-45
20. Franconia, Danaete 41 -44
21. Copiapo 44-30
22. Mt. Sorata 42'83
23. Bolivia 43'68
S Fe Co
17-34 26-36 9 01 99'47
17-78 30-91 4-75 100'89
17-84 32-94 6'45 98'67
20-25 30 21 5-84 100'60
18 27 29-22 3'11 Ni 0'81, Mn 512, Bi 0'64 100
16-76 34-93 tr. Ni 4'74, Ag 0'09 100-20
Fyr., etc. — In the closed tube at first gives a red sublimate of arsenic trisulphide, then a black lustrous sublimate of metallic arsenic. In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes and a white sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B. on charcoal reacts like lOllingite. The varieties con- taining cobalt give, after the arsenic has been roasted off, a blue color with borax-glass when fused in O.F. with successive portions of flux until all the iron is oxidized. Gives fire with steel, emitting an alliaceous odor. Decomposed by nitric acid with the separation of sulphur.
Obs. — Found principally in crystalline rocks, and its usual mineral associates are ores pf silver, lead, and tin, also pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Occurs also in serpentine.
Abundant at Freiberg and Munzig, where it occurs in veins; at Reichenstein in Silesia, in serpentine; at Auerbach in Baden; in beds at Breitenbrunn and Raschau, Andreasberg, and Joachimsthal; at Tunaberg in Sweden; at Skutterud in Norway; at Wheal Maudlin and Unanimity, Cornwall, and at other localities; in Devonshire at the Tamar mines. In S. America, in the San Baldomero mine of Mt. Sorata in Bolivia, the arsenopyrite and danaite. the forinei having crystallized out of the latter and the most abundant ore; also both at Inquisivi in Bolivia; also, niccoliferous var., (anal. 23) between La Paz and Yungas in Bolivia; at many localities in New South Wales, sometimes highly auriferous.
Sulphidks, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
In New Hampshire, in fine crystallizations in gneiss, at Franconia (danaite) associated with chalcopyrite; also at Jackson, and at Haverhill. In Maine, at Blue Hill, Corinna; Newfield (Bond's mountain), and Thouiaston (Owl's Head). In Vermont, at Brookfield, Waterbury, and Stockbridge. In Mass., at Worcester and Sterling. In Conn., at Chatham, with smaltite and niccolite; at Monroe, with wolframite and pyrite; at Derby, in an old mine associated with quartz; at Mine Hill, Roxbury, in fine crystals with siderite. In New Jersey, at Franklin. In N. York, massive, in Lewis, ten miles south of Keeseville, Essex Co., with hornblende; in crys- tals t.nd massive, near Edeuville, on Hopkins's farm, and elsewhere in Orange Co., with scorodite, iron sinter, and thin scales of gypsum; also in fine crystals at two localities a few rods apart, four or five miles north-west of Carrnel, near Brown's serpentine quarry in Kent, Putnam Co. la California, Nevada Co., Grass valley, at the Betsey mine, and also at Meadow lake, with gold, 'he danaite in crystals sometimes penetrated by gold.
In crystals at St. Frampois, Beauce Co., Quebec; on Moulton Hill, near Lennoxville, Sher- brooke Co.; large beds occur in quartz ore veins at Deloro, Marmora Township, Hast'ngs Co., Ontario, where it is mined for gold.
Alt. — Pseudomorphs consisting of pyrite.
Ref. — ' Hohensteiu, this variety is taken as fundamental because conforming most closely to the formula FeAsS, Zs. Kr., 2, 434, 1878; cf. also, ib., 7. 337, 1882; on the variation of angle in the cobaltiferous varieties, cf. Becke, Miu. Mitth., 101, 1877, and earlier, Scheerer, Pogg., 42, 546, 1837.
See Hausm., Haudb., 2, 72, 1847; Mir., Miu.. 188. 1852, and later Arzruni, 1. c., and Gdt., Index, 1, 256, 1886; Hausm. gives also (340), (370). (027). Miller's a; 312 is apparently a mis- take for 321. 3 Gam per, Joachimsthal, Vh. G. Reichs., 354. 1876; cf. Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 1, 396, 1877. Magel, Auerbach, Ber. Oberhess. Ges., 22, 297, 1882. Schmidt, Servia, Foldt. Kozl., 17, 557, 1887, and Zs. Kr., 14, 573, 1888. 6 Magel, 1. c.. Bucking, Mitth. G. Land. Els Lothr., 1, 114. ' Schrauf and Dana, Ber. Ak. Wien, 69 (1), 152. 1874.
The name mispickel is an old German term of doubtful origin. Danaiteis from J. Freeman Dana of Boston (1793-1827), who first made known the Frauconia locality.
CRUCITE (Crucilite) Thomson, Min., 1, 435, 1836. Cruciform crystals, twins or trillings crossing at angles of 60° and 120°, disseminated in clay slate at Clonmell, county of Waterford, Ireland. They are red in color and consist largely of iron sesquioxide. They have been referred to staurolite (pseudomorphous), but Des Cloizeaux has shown that they are probably pseudomorphs after arseuopyrite (cf. f. 7, p. 98), Bull. Soc. Min. 11, 63, 1888.
99. SAFFLORITB. Breith., J. pr. Ch., 4, 265, 1835. Faseriger Weisser Speiskobalt Werner. Grauer Speiskobalt, Arsenikkobalt Rose, Kr.-Ch. Min., 50, 1852. Eisenkobaltkies, Spathiopyrit, Der rhombische Arsenkobalteisen, Quirlkies Sandberger, Jb. Min., 410, 1868; 59, 1873: Ber. Ak. Munchen, 135, 1873. Schlackenkobalt Schneeberg miners.
Orthorhombic. Form near that of arsenopyrite. Forms combinations of m (110, /) and a macroclome (hOl, m-l), the latter brilliant in luster. Twins: tw. pi. in, probably in fivelings; also often in cruciform-twins crossing at angles of nearly 120° with tw. pi. probably (101) like marcasite and arsenopyrite. Also massive and with fibrous radiated structure.
Cleavage : b distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 4'5-5. G. 6'9-7'3 ; 7'123-7'129 Breith. Luster metallic. Color tin-white, soon tarnishing to dark gray. Streak grayish black. Opaque.
Comp. — Like smaltite, essentially cobalt diarsenide, CoAs2 Arsenic 71'8, cobalt 28*2 100. Nickel and iron are also present in varying amounts, especially the latter. Compare remarks under smaltite.
Anal.— 1, Varrentrapp, Pogg., 48, 505, 1839. 2, Petersen, Jb., Min., 410, 1868. 3, Hofmann, Pogg., 25, 485, 1832. 4, McCay, Am. J. Sc., 29, 373, 1885. 5, Id., Inaug. Diss., p. 20, 1883. 6,_Jckel, Rose, Kr.-Ch. Min., 53, 1852. 7, McCay, ib., p. 21. 8, Van Gerichten, Ber. Ak.
Cu
— 98-74
1-78 Bi 0-33 100-28 1-39 Bi 0-01 =99-88 0-62 Bi tr. 99"97 0-69 99-55 1-90 Bi 0-04 101 -26 0-26 100-45 4-22 99-49
— Bi tr. 100
In anal. 5, 5'82 quartz and 0'37 Bi have been deducted; also in 7, l-24 Bi. McCay suggests that in anal. 9 the percentages of Co and Fe may have been exchanged, cf . anal. 4.
il
UUVllCU, J.UO, 1OIO. i7, iXUl.,
vjri uuu/
G.
i. 1T1111. ,
As
out;, i
s
ooo.
Co
Ni
Fe
Tunaberg
Wittichen
Schneeberg
Schlackenkobalt
—
"
—
"
—
Bieber
14-56 i
" Hpathiopyrite
—
Schneeberg, Eisenkobaltkies
tr.
9-44(?)
—
18-48(?)
Marcasite
Pyr. — See smaltite.
Obs. — Occurs with smaltite, and implanted upon it, at Schueeberg in Saxony. Also similarly associated at Biebei near Hanau, in Hesse; at Wittichen in Baden : Tunaberg in Sweden.
Kenngott's Einfach-Arsenik-Kobalt from Bieber, supposed to be hexagonal in crystallization, is probably this species, Jb. Miu.. 754, 1869.
The name snfflorite is from the German Safflor, safflower, bastard saffron, in allusion to its use. Spathiopyrite (from aritdftrf) is the equivalent of the German
The true position of safflorite was established by McCay, 1. c.
100. RAMMELSBERGITE. Arseniknickel Hofm., Pogg., 25, 491, 1832. Weissnickel- kies Breith., Pogg., 64, 184, 1845. Rammelsbergite Dana, Min., 61, 1854. [Not Rammels- bergite, Syn. of Chloanthite, Raid., Haudb., 1845.] Niguel bianco Domeyko.
Orthorhombic; mm'" 56° to 57°. Crystals prismatic with a brachydome, resembling arse nopy rite. Also massive.
Cleavage : prismatic. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5*5-6. G. 6*9-7*2; 7*099, 7'158 Breith. Luster metallic. Color tin-white with a tinge of red. Streak grayish black.
Comp. — Same as that of chloanthite, essentially nickel diarsenide, NiAs, Arsenic 71*9, nickel 28'1 100. Cobalt and iron are present in small amount. Anal.— 1, Hofmann, 1. c. 2, Hilger, Ber. Ak. Munlhen, 202, 1871. 3, McCay, Inaug. Diss., p. 8, 1883. Some of the analyses quoted under chk>aiithite may belong here; cf. p. 88.
1. Schneeberg
G. 7-19 G. 69
As
S
tr.
Fe
Cu tr.
Bi
2-19 102-27 2-66 99-67 100
In 3, 5'11 p. c. bismuth have been deductei,
A mineral from Hiittenberg, referred here Ni 13-37, Co 5-10, Fe 13 49 97 -56. Vh.
Pyr. — In the closed tube gives a subl with niccolite (p. 71).
Obs. — Occurs at Schneeberg and white nickel by Breithaupt. i
Domeyko refers here a massive from Morado, Department of Huasc
Sepharovich, gave Weyde: As 60'40, S 5-20,
3, 90, 1868. ictallic arsenic; other reactions the same as
. It was first separated from the isometric from Portezuelo del Carrizo, Chili, 3 to 4 leagues
101. GLAUCODOT. GlaukodAt Breith. & Plattn., Pogg., 77, 127, 1849. Glaucodot. Kobalt arsenkies p<. Glaucodote. Ackontit Breith., J. pr. Ch., 4, 258, 1835.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0*69416 : 1 : 1-1925 Lewis1.
100 A HO 34° 46', 001 A 101 59° 47f ', 001 A Oil 50° 1'.
Forms : a (100, i-l)
p (610, t-6)4
e (101, 1-i) s (012, -B)
I (Oil, l-) u (021, 24)3
T (031, 34)? o (111, I)4
w (212, 1-2)4
mm'" *69° 32' ee' 119° 35f ss' 61° 36f
U' - *100° 2' uu' 134° 30' TT' 148° 46'
mo 25° 33i' oo' 56° 1' ww' 111° 45'
oo'" 61° 55' ww'" 33° 24'
Twins: tw. pi. (l)m; (2) e, cruciform-twins, also in trillings. Crystals commonly
matic a; faces a vertically, also brachydomes horizontally, striated. Massive.
Cleavage: c rather perfect; m less so. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5.
102 3Ulphides, Selenide8, Tellurides, Etc.
G-. 5*90-6'01. Luster metallic. Color grayish tin-white. Streak black. Opaque. Shows both -j- and — varieties thermo-electrically5.
Coinp. — A sulph-arsenide of cobalt and iron,(Co,Fe)AsS or (Co,Fe)Sa.(Co,Fe)Ast, (if Co : Fe 2 : 1) Sulphur 19'4, arsenic 45'5, cobalt 23-8, iron 11-3 100.
Anal.— 1, Plattner, Pogg., 77, 128, 1849. 2, Ludwig, Ber. Ak. Wien, 55 (1), 447, 1867. 3. Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 102, 409, 1867.
As S Co Ni Fe
1. Chili 43-20 20'21 24'77 tr. 11'90 SiO2 tr. 100'Oe
2. Hakansb8 G. 5'973 44 03 19 80 16-06 19'34 99'23
3. " G. 5-96 44-30 19-85 15 00 0'80 19'07 SiO2 0 98 100
Pyr. — In the closed tube gives a faint sublimate of arsenic trioxide. In the open tube sulphurous fumes and a sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B. on charcoal in R.F. gives off sulphur and arsenic, fusing to a feebly magnetic globule, which is black on the surface, but on the fracture has a light bronze color and a metallic luster. Treated with borax in R.F. until the globule has a bright metallic surface, the flux shows a strong reaction for iron; if the re- maining globule is treated with a fresh portion of borax in O.F., the flux becomes colored smalt-blue from oxidized cobalt.
Obs. — Occurs in chlorite slate with cobaltite, in the province of Huasco, Chili. In fine crystals, often twins, with chalcopyrite and pyrite at Hakansbo, Sweden ; this is probably the akontite of Breithaupt, cf. Lewis, 1. c. The supposed glaucodot of Orawitza is alloclasite.
Named from y&avKoS, blue, because it is used for making smalt.
Ref.— ' Hakansbo, Phil. Mag., 3, 354 1877. Becke obtained mm'" 68° 4' to 8£', IV" — 80' 7i', and Sbk. mm'" 69° 26', IV" 80° 0'; cf. Min. Mitth., pp. 101, 353, 1877. Mir.. Huasco, Min., 190, 1852, gives c, m, I. 3 ., Ber. Ak. Wien, 55 (1), 447, 1867. 4 Lewis, 1. c. Schrauf and Dana, Ber. Ak. Wien, 69 (1), 153, 1874.
102. ALLOOLASITE. Alloklas Tsckermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 53 (1), 220, 1866. Glaucodot pt. BreitJi.
Orthorhombic. Rarely in crystals, with mm'" 74°, ee' — 58° (e 101, 1-i). Commonly in columnar to hemispherical aggregates.
Cleavage: m perfect; c distinct. H. 4'5. G. 6'6. Color steel-gray. Streak nearly black.
Comp. — Probably essentially Co(As,Bi)S with cobalt in part replaced by iron; ihat is, a glaucodot containing bismuth.
Anal.— 1-6, Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 5, 181, 1883. Also 5th Ed., p. 81.
6. 28-22 32-83 16'06 20'25 271 0'22 100'29
The mechanically mixed gold has been deducted, viz.: 1*24, 1-10, 110, 1-20, 1-10, 170 p. c. respectively.
Pyx-., etc. — B.B. on charcoal gives arsenical fumes, and a bismuth coating. Fuses to a dull globule. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — Occurs at Orawitza, Hungary.
Named from aAAoS, KXdeiv, to break, because its cleavage was believed to differ from that of arsenopyrite and marcasite, which it resembles.
103. WOLFAOHITE. F. Sandberger, Jb. Min., 313, 1869.
Orthorhombic. In small crystals with m (110, /), and x (Okl, m-i) and some- times b (010, i-t), resembling arsenopyrite. Also in columnar radiated aggregates.
Brittle. Fracture uneven. H. 4-5-5. G. 6'372. Luster metallic. Coloi silver-white to tin- white. Streak black.
Comp.-5-Probably Ni(As,Sb)S, near corynite. Anal.— Petersen, Pogg., 137, 397, 1869.
As Sb S Ni Co Fe
38-83 13-26 14-36 29-81 tr. 374 100
As
Bi
S
Co
Fe
Cu
102-04
101-65
100-00
30 '48
98-39
100-10
8Tlvanite Group— Sylvanite.
A little lead (l-32 p. c.) and silver (0'12) have been deducted.
Pyr. — See corynite.
Obs. — From Wolfach in Budeu.
104. Sylvanite
3. Sylvanite Group.
(Au,Ag)Tea Monoclinic
105. Krennerite
Calaverite AuTe0
a : I : 6 /3
1-6339 : 1 : 1-1265 89° 35*
a : b : 6
Orthorhombic 0-9407 : 1 : 0-5044 Massive
106. Nagyagite Au,Pb14Sb3Te7S17? Orthorhombic 0-2810 : 1 : 0-2761
104. SYLVANITE. Weissgolderz Mutter v. Reiclienstein, Ph. Arb. eintr. Fr. Wien, Qu/3,. 48. Or blanc d'Offenbanya, ou graphique, Aurum graphicum, v. Born, Cat. de Raab, 2, 467, 1790. Prismatisches weisses Golderz v. Ficlitel, Min. Bemerk. Carpathen, 2, 108, 1791, Min., 124, 1794; Aurum bismuticum Schmeisser , Min., 2, 28, 1795. Schrifterz Esmark, N. Bergm. J., 2, 10, 1798, Wern., 1800. Sylvane graphique Broch., 1800. Tellure ferrifere et aurifere H., 1801. Schrift-Teilur Hausm.. 1813. Graphic Tellurium Aikin, 1814. Goldtellur. Tellure auro-argeutifere H. , 1822. Sylvane Beud., Tr. , 1832. Sylvanit Necker, Min. , 1835. Aurotellurite Dana, Min., 390, 1837. Tellursilberblende. Tellurgoldsilber. Silvanite, Oro-grafico, Silvano- grafico, Ital. Oro grafico, Metal escrito Span.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 1-63394 : 1 : 1-12653; ft — 89° 35' 001 A 100 Schrauf1.
100 A HO 58° 31' 55", 001 A 101 34° 27' 0", 001 A Oil 48° 24' 16".
Forms2 :
a (100, i-l) b (010, i-i) c (001, 0)
8 (510, f-5) /(210, i-2) m (110, /) R (120, i-2)
w(201, -2-1) ®(301,- 3-i)
M (101, l-) N(2Ql, 2-1) F(801, 84)
x (012, |-i) d (Oil, 1-i) #(021, 2-1)
r (lll.-l) #(221, -2)
5 (223, t)
A (221, 2)
(414,- 1-4) y(814,-f-S) t3 (313,- 1-3) 13 (811, -3-3) h (621, -6-3) y, (218, -i-2)
I (211, -2-2) t'a (421, -4-2)
t (323, -1-1)
i (321, -3-|)
T(721, 7-|)
X (§21, 6-8)
A.3 (311, 3-3)
/s (521, 6-f )
T3 (213, i-2)
r2 (212, 1-2)
A (211, 2-2)
h (421, 4-2) T (323, 1-1)
(542, f-l)
y (123, -i-2) P (122, -1-2) (121, -2-2) w (381, -8-|) o(131, -3-3)
j(141
C(671 ?r (341 JT(231 T (123 .77(122, o-(121, /i (381
1-2) 1-2) 2-2)
8-f) 44)
in
M
Offenbanya, etc., Schrauf.
104 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
ff" 78° 30' dd' 96° 48*' al 47° 23' ss' 123° 11'
mm'" 117° 4' KK ' 132° 8' a?- 65° 11' A A' 106° 1'
J?# 34° 2' -9o 4., as 74° 13' pp 85C 53'
-00 ,7. OQO !£ a'p 65° 38' o-o-' 123° 30'
en 53 47 cm — 89 47 / q9, r . 9oo 9,-,
CQ° KO' *Q° A' & CT — i<± 66 OS xiO
C® bd 52 cp 56 0 , ,7o 1V
cM 34° 43' cs 66° 54' II' 66° 46|' r, So
cN 54° 19' co- 67° 6' it" 88° 43'
xx' 58° 47' ai 49° 54'
Twins: tw. pi. m, (1) as contact twins; (2) sometimes as twinned lamellae; (3) as penetration-twins giving rise to branching arborescent forms resembling written characters and crossing at an angle of 69° 44', rarely 55° 8' as too 90°. Crystals in part nearly orthorhombic in symmetry, with a, or nt, or a and b predominating; again monoclinic and usually with m or a largely developed ; cr also sometimes prominent. Skeleton forms common. Also bladed and imperfectly columnar to granular.
Cleavage: b perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 1-5-2. G. 7-9-8-3. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color and streak pure steel-gray to silver-white, inclining to yellow.
Comp. — Telluride of gold and silver (Au,Ag)Te2 with Au : Ag 1:1; this requires: Tellurium 62'1, gold 24-5, silver 13-4 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Petz, Pogg., 57, 472, 1842. 3, Sipocz, Zs. Kr., 11, 210, 1885. 4, Hanko, Zs. Kr., 17, 514, 1890. 5, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 14, 228, 1874. 6, F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 14, 286, 1877. Also 5th Ed., p. 82, and Jennings, Trans. Am. Mng. Bug., 6, 507, 1877.
Te Au Ag Pb Sb
1. Offenbanya G. 8'28 [59-97] 26'97 11'47 0'25 0'58 Cu 0'76 100
2. " [58-81] 26-47 11-81 2'75 0'66 100 [100'72
3. " G. 8-073 62-45 25'87 11 -90 — — Cu O'lO, Fe 0'40
4. Nagyag G. 8'036 61'98 26-08 11-57 tr. — Cu 0'09, Fe 0'30
5. Red Cloud mine, Col. G. 7'94 59-78 26'36 18'86 — — 100 [100-02
6. Grand View mine, Col. 5891 2935 11-74 — — 100
Pyr., etc. — In the open tube gives a white sublimate of tellurium dioxide which near the assay is gray; when treated with the blowpipe flame the sublimate fuses to clear transparent drops. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a dark gray globule, covering the coal with a white coating, which treated in R F. disappears, giving a bluish green color to the flame; after long blowing a yellow, malleable metallic globule is obtained. Most varieties give a faint coating of lead oxide and antimony trioxide on charcoal.
Obs. — With gold, at Offeubanya in Transylvania, in narrow veins, which traverse porphyry; also at Nagyag. In California, Calaveras Co., at the Melones and Stanislaus mines. In Boulder Co., Colorado, at the Red Cloud, Grand View and Smuggler mines; also associated with tetrahedrite near Lake City.
Named from Transylvania, the country in which it was first found, and in allusion to sylvanium, one of the names at first proposed for the metal tellurium Called graphic because of a resemblance in the arrangement of the crystals to writing characters.
Ref. — ' Zs. Kr., 2, 211, 1878. Early made orthorhombic (Miller) but shown to be mono- clinic by Koksharov. 'J From Schrauf, 1. c., whom see for a careful discussion of earlier results and literature. See also Mir., Min., 134, 1852. Kk., Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 6, 192, 1865, or Vh. Min. Ges., 1, 6, 1866; also Min. Russl., 10, 165, 1889.
MULLERINE Beud., Tr., 2, 541, 1832. Gelberz Karsten, Tab., 56, 1800. Weisstellur, Weisserz. Petz, Pogg.. 57, 473, 1842. A white to brass yellow telluride from Nagyag, occurring in bladed foliated forms, cleavable and massive. Analyses have shown the presence of antimony and lead, in part due to impurities, and it has been formerly referred with a ques- tion to sylvanite. Krenner and Schrauf make it identical with krennerite, see references under these species.
Anal. — Petz, 1. c.
Te Sb Au Ag Pb
1. WJiitecryst. G. 8'27
2. " G. 7-99
3. Yellow cryst. G. — 8 '33
4. " massive
"49-96"
2-50 24-89 14-68 2 '54 100
8-42 28-98 10'69 3'51 100
5-75 27 10 7-47 8'16 100
8-54 25-31 10-40 11-21 100
3-82 29-62 2'78 18-82 100
Named after Fr. J. Muller von Reichenstein (1740-1825), the discoverer of tellurium (1782).
Stl Vanite Oro Up— Krennerite— Na G Ya Gite.
105. KRENNERITE. BUNSENIN Krenner [Termesz. Fiizetek, 1877], Wied. Ann., 1, 637, 1877. Krennerite wm Rath, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 292, 1877; Zs. Kr., 1, 614, 1877.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 0-94071 : 1 : 0-50445 Rath '.
100 A HO 43° 15', 001 A 101 28° 12f , 001 A Oil 26° 46f .
t (o!sO, i-f) O (,111, i)
IX" 64° 11' mm'" *86° 30'
99' =30° 1' W 56° 24' ee' 53° 32'
co 36° 22' oo' =51° 10'
oo"' 47° 56' M'" 42° 55'
me *72° !
In prismatic crystals, vertically striated.
Cleavage: c perfect. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. G. 8-353 Sipocz. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color silver-white to brass-yellow. Opaque.
Comp. — A telluride of gold and silver, composition \nf uncertain.
Anal.— la, Scharizer, Jb. G. Reichs., 30, 604, 1880; 16, after deducting admixed stibnite assumed to be present. 2, Sipocz, Zs. Kr., 11, 210, 1885.
Anal. 16 corresponds to AgAuTe2 (or AgaTe.AuaTes)=:Te 45-1, Au 35-5, Ag 19-4 100. Schrauf obtained Te [48], Au 31, Ag 21 100, Zs. Kr., 2, 236, 1878. Anal. 2, on the contrary, is (Ag,Au)Tea like sylvanite, with Ag : Au 3 : 10.
la.
G. 5-598 G. 8-353
Te
Au
Ag
Sb [9-75]
S 4-39 100
100
Cu 0-34, Fe 0'59 - 100-82
Pyr. — Decrepitates violently; see sylvanite and calaverite.
Obs. — Found at Nagyag, Transylvania, associated with quartz'and pyrite.
Ref.— ' Knr., and Rath, 1. c., andZs. Kr., 2, 252, 1878. Schrauf, ib., 2, 235. See also p. 1039.
CALAVERITE F. A Genth, Am. J. Sc., 45, 314, 1868.
Massive, indistinctly crystalline. Brittle. Fracture uneven, inclining to subconchoidal. H. 2'5. G. 9'043. Color pale bronze-yellow. Streak yellowish gray.
Comp.— Like sylvanite (Au,Ag)Te2 with Au : Ag 6 : 1 or 7 : 1, the latter (anal. 4) requires: Tellurium 57'4. gold 39'5, silver 3'1 100.
Anal.— 1-4, Genth. 1, 2, 1. c. 8, Am. Phil. Soc., 14, 229, 1874. 4, Ib., 17, 117, 1877. From 2, T45 p. c. quartz deducted, from 4, 4'96 p. c.
1. California
3. Boulder Co., Col.
G. 9 043
Te
Au
Ag
100-11
[56-00]
100
100-50
99-10
Pyr., etc.— B.B. on charcoal fuses with a bluish green flame, yielding globules of very yellow gold. Dissolves in aqua regia, with separation of silver chloride.
Occurs with petzite at the Stanislaus mine, Calaveras county, California. Also at the Red Cloud mine, Colorado, with sylvanite and quartz; and at the Keystone and Mountain Lion mines.
Calaverite has the same general formula as sylvanite but a much higher percentage of gold, and may belong with it; or if anal. 2 of krennerite expresses its true composition, it may be the crystallized form of calaverite.
106. NAGYAGITE. Aurum Galena, Ferro et particulis volatilibus mineralisatum, Scopoli, Ann. Hist. Nat., 3, 107; v. Born, Lithoph., 1, 68, 1772. Nagiakererz Worn. Bergm. J., 1789. Or gris lamelleux v. Born, Cat. de Raab, 1790. Blattererz Karst., Tab., 56, 1800. Foliated Tellurium; Black Tellurium. Elasmose Beud., Tr., 2, 539, 1832. Elasmosine Huot, Min., 1, 185, 1841. Nagyagite Haid., Handb., 566, 1845.
Sulphides, Selenides, Telluridks, Etc.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 - 0-28097 : 1 : 0-27607 Schrauf!
100 A Ho 15° 41
Forms2 : b (010, i-l) m (110, /)
e (120, i-2) i (130, i-3) o (160, -6)
001 A 101 44° 29f, 001 A Oil 15° 26'.
€ (101, l-l)
f (031, 3-i)
g (051, 5-2) (111, 1) s (343, |4)
r (121, 2-2) P (252, H)
x (181, 3-3)
y (141, 44).
mm'"= 31° 23' 58° 40'
be ii! oo'
*60° 40' - 80° 15' 118° 39'
ee' 88° 59f dd' 30° 52' id *74° 34' ff' 79° 16' gg' 108° 9i'
rr' rr'
86° 53' 91° 10' 22° 17' 81° 24' 42° 594'
88'" 29° 25'
pp" 52° 25'
axe"' 61° 9'
yy"' 76° 27'
Te
S
J. i , Ui
Sb
L-±, ionj
Pb
Au
Ag
—
G.
—
—
—
G.
—
G.
—
Crystals tabular b. Faces b striated a and c. Also granular massive-,, particles of various sizes ; generally foliated.
Cleavage: b perfect. Thin laminae flexible. H. 1-1 -5. G. 6'85-7'2. Luster metallic, splendent. Streak and color blackish lead-gray. Opaque.
Comp. — A sulpho-telluride of lead and gold; recent analyses show the presence also of about 7 p. c. of antimony. Sipocz writes Au2Pb14Sb3Te,S17.
Anal.— 1, P. Schonlein, J. pr. Ch., 60, 166, 1853. 2,3, Folbert [Vh. Sieb. Ver. Her- manustadt, 8. 99] Kenng., Ueb., 179, 1856. 4, S. J. Kappel, JB. Ch., 770, 1859. 5, SipOcz, Zs.
Cu 0-99 100
— Se tr. 97-34
— Se tr. 97-83
— Se 1-66 100
— Fe 0 41 100-60
— Fe 0-32 99-78
Pyr., etc. — In the open tube gives, near the assay, a grayish sublimate of imtimonate- and tellurate, with perhaps some sulphate of lead; farther up the tube the sub- limate consists of antimony trioxide, which volatilizes when treated with the flame, and tellurium dioxide, which at a high temperature fuses into colorless drops. B.B. on charcoal forms two coatings: one white and volatile, consisting of a mixture of antimonate, tellurate, aud sulphate of lead; and the other yellow, less volatile, of lead oxide quite near the assay. If the mineral is treated for some time in O.F. a malleable globule of gold remains; this cupelled with a little assay lead assumes a pure gold color. Decomposed by aqua regia.
Obs. — At Nagyag in Transylvania, in foliated masses and crystalline plates, accompanying rhodonite, sphalerite, and gold; and at Offeubanya associated with antimonial ores. Reported from Colorado with other tellurides.
Berthier has analyzed another ore, very similar to the above in physical Schrauf. characters, consisting of: Tellurium 13'0, sulphur 11 '7, lead 63'1, gold 6'7, antimony 4'5, copper I'O 100. It is called Blntterine (Blatterin, Blattererz Germ.} by Huot, Min., 1, 189, 1841.
Ref. — ' Zs. Kr., 2, 239, 1878, earlier regarded as tetragonal, to which it closely approximates; cf. also Fletcher, Phil. Mag., 9, 188, 1880.
SILBERPHYLLINGLANZ Breith., . J., 1, 178, 1828. Nobilite Adam, Tabl. Min., 35, 1869. Occurs in gneiss at Deutsch-Pilsen, Hungary, appears to be related to nagyagite Color blackish gray. Structure foliated massive. One perfect cleavage. H. 1 2. G. 5'8-5'9.
According to Plattner (Probirkunst, 3d Ed., 421) the constituents are: antimony, lead, tel- lurium, gold, silver, and sulphur — 4-9 p. c. of gold, 0-3 of silver — the sulphur probably in com- bination with the antimony and lead. Only a trace of selenium was found, contrary to the earlier determinations of Harkort and Breithaupt.
107. Kermesite Sb,S,0
108. Voltzite Zn.8,0
Oxysulphides.
Monoclinic
a : 6 1 : 1-4791 /3 77° 51*
107. KERMESITE. R6d Spitsglasmalm, Antimonium Sul. et Ars. mineralisatum, Minera Ant. colorata. Wall., 239, 1747 (fr. Braunsdorf), Cronst., 203, 1758. Antimonium
Oxysulphides—Voltzite. 107
plumosum v. Bofu, Lithoph., 1, 137, 1772. Mine d'aiitimoine en plumes, ib. granuleuse, Kermes mineral uatif , Sage, Miu., 2, 251, 1779, de Lisle, Crist., 3, 56, 60, 1783. Roth-Spies- glaserz Wern., 179. ilothspiessglanzerz Emmerling, Min., 1793; Klapr., Beitr., 3, 132, 1802 (with anal., making it an oxysulphide). Antimoiue oxyde sulfure H., Tabl., 1809. Red antimony. Spiessglauzblende pt. Hausm. Handb., 225, 1813. Antimony Blende Jameson, Min. 3, 421, 1820. Antimonblende Leonh., Handb., 157,1821. Kermes Beud., Tr., 2, 617, 1832. Kerme'site Chapman, Min., 61, 1843. Pyrostibit Olock., Syn., 16, 1847. - Pyrantimonite Breith, Antimouio rosso Hal. Autimouio rojo Span.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 6 1 : 1-4791; ft *77° 51' OOlAlOO Kenngottr.
Forms : a (100, i-i, p), c (001, 0, u), s (103, f I), o (101, l-l). Angles: a 28° 16 , co - 64° 32', a'o *373 37'.
Usually in tufts of capillary crystals, prismatic orthodiagonal. Cleavage: a perfect. Sectile; thin leaves slightly flexible. H. 1-1'5. G. 4'5-4 '6. Luster adamantine, inclining to metallic. Color cherry-red. Streak brownish red. Feebly translucent.
Comp. — Antimony oxysulphide, Sb2S.20 or 2Sb2S3.Sb203 Antimony tri- sulphide 70'0, antimony trioxide 30*0 — 100; or antimony 75-0, sulphur 20 '0, oxygen 5'0 100. Analyses, Kose, 5th Ed., p. 187.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube blackens, fuses, and at first gives a white sublimate of antimony trioxide; with strong heat gives a black or dark-red sublimate. In the open tube and on charcoal reacts like stibnite.
Obs. — Results from the alteration of stibnite. Occurs in veins in quartz, accompanying stibnite and valentinite at Malaczka near Posing in Hungary; at Braunsdorf near Freiberg in Saxony; at Allemont in Dauphine; at New Cumnock in Ayrshire, Scotland.
At South Ham, Wolfe Co., Quebec, Canada; in cavities in native antimony and stibnite at the Prince William mine, York Co., New Brunswick.
The tinder ore (Zundererz) has been shown to be wholly distinct from red antimony.
Named from kermes, a name given (from the Persian qurmizq, crimson) in the older chemistry to red amorphous antimony trisulphide, often mixed with antimony trioxide.
Ref.— ' Min. Unt., 1, 1, 1849, Breslau; cf. Mohs, Min., 2, 598, 1824.
108. VOLTZITE. Voltzine Fournet, Ann. Mines, 3, 519, 1833. Leberblende Breith., J. pr. Cb., 15, 333, 1838, B. H. Ztg., 22, 26. Voltzit Eg., Handw., 260, 1841.
In implanted spherical globules; structure thin curved lamellar.
H. 4-4-5. Gr. 3-66-3'80. Luster vitreous to greasy; or pearly on a cleavage surface. Color dirty rose-red, yellowish, brownish. Opaque or subtrans- lucent. Optically uniaxial, positive.
Comp. — Zinc oxysulphide, ZnBS40 or 4ZnS.ZnO Zinc sulphide 82 47, zinc oxide 17-3 100.
Anal. — 1, Fournet, 1. c. 2, Linclaker, Yogi's Min. Joach., 175.
ZnS ZnO Fe203
1. Rosieres G. 3'66 82'82 15'34 1-84 100
2. Joachimsthal 82 -75 17-25 — 100
Pyr., etc. — B.B. like sphalerite. In hydrochloric acid affords fumes of hydrogen sulphide.
Obs. — Occurs at Rosieres, near Pont Gibaud, in Puy de Dome; Elias mine near Joachims- thai, with galena, sphalerite, native bismuth, etc.; near Marienberg (the leberblende); Hoch- muth near Geyer; at Bernkastel on the Mosel, in pseudomorphs after quartz; Cornwall, prob- ably at Redruth.
Named after the French mining engineer, Voltz.
Supposed artificial voltzite from the Freiberg smelting- works has been shown to be sphalerite.
Appendix to Sulphides, etc.
ARSENOTELLTJRITE. Hannay J. Ch. Soc., 26, 989, 1873. A supposed new telluride. Stated to occur in small brownish scales upon arsenical iron-pyrites. Analysis: Te 40-71, As 23-61, 8 35-81 100-13. No locality given.
. BOLIVIANITE. Bolivian Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25, 188, 1866. Orthorhombic. In acicular rhombic prisms, tufts, and fine columnar. Resembles stibnite. H. 2'5. G. 4'820-4'828. Cleavage: brachydiagonal distinct. Luster submetallic. Color lead-gray, a little darker than in stibnite. According to T. Richter, an antimonial silver sulphide containing 8'5 p. c. of silver. From Bolivia.
108 Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Etc.
KANEITE. E. J. Kane, Q. J. Sci., 28, 881, 1829; Haid., Handb. 559, 1845. Arsenikmangan. Described as a manganese arsenide (MnAs) occurring in botryoidal, granular masses attached to galena. G. 5 '55. Color grayish white, tarnishing black. Luster metallic. Supposed to be from Saxony. Needs confirmation.
PLAKODIN. Breithaupt, Pogg., 53, 631, 1841. Plattner, ib., 58, 283, 1843. Placodine. A supposed nickel arsenide (NiAs2) in monoclinic tabular crystals. Stated by Breithaupt to occur at Milsen, near Siegen, with siderite and gersdorfflte, but probably only a furnace product Cf Schnabel, Pogg., 84, 585, 1851; Rose, Kr.-Ch. Min., 47, 1852. Dana, Min., 3d Ed., 475, 1850 '
PLUMBOMANGANITE. Hannay, Min. Mag., 1, 151, 1877. Massive, crystalline. G. 4'01. Color dark steel-gray, with a bronze tinge when exposed to the air for some time. Analysis- Mn 49-00, Pb 30'68, S 20'73 100'41. Of unknown source.
PLTJMBOSTANNITE. A. Raimondi, Mineraux du Perou, p. 187, 1878.
Amorphous; structure granular. H. 2. Feel greasy, like graphite. Slightly ductile. Luster feebly metallic. Color gray. Analysis (deducting 38'8 p. c. quartz):
G. =4-5 825-14 Sb.16'98 Su 16'30 Pb 30-66 Fe ,<r.8 Zn 0'74 100
B.B. gives on charcoal antimonial fumes and a lead coating: yields metallic tin. Dissolves, completely in hydrochloric acid to which a little nitric acid has been added. With concentrated nitric acid leaves a white residue of the oxides of tin and antimony and lead sulphate.
From the district of Moho, province of Huancane, Peru; occurs with cassiterite and sphalerite.
SULPHIDE OP COPPER AND SILVER. A massive mineral from the Gagnon mine, near Butte, Montana, resembling bornite has been described by R. Pearce. H. 3'5-4. G. 4'95. Analysis: S 20'51, Cu 4MO, Ag24'66, Zn 9'80, Fe 2'09, insol. 1'02 99'18. This conforms to 3Cu2S.AgaS.2ZnS. Col. Sc. Soc., 2, 70, 1887. Hillebrand obtained for the same mineral: 820-88, Cu 40-24, Ag21'80, Zn 12-83, Fe 1'98, Pb 1-46 99-19. G. 5'407. Ibid., 3, 45, 1888. It is not certain that the mineral was homogeneous. Cf. jalpaite, p. 47; castillite, p. 78.
Another ore from Idaho Springs, Col., is regarded by Pearce as a mixture of bornite and stromeyerite (ibid., p. 188); it gave: S 19'40, Cu 4249, Ag 26'31, Fe 6'22, Pb, insol. undet. 94-42.
VALLERIITE. Blomstrand, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 19, 1870. A massive metallic mineral resem- bling pyrrhotite in color; very soft. Contains sulphur, copper, iron, alumina, magnesia, and water. Of doubtful purity. Found sparingly at the Aurora mine, Nya-Kopparberg, Sweden. Named for the Swedish mineralogist Vallerius. For analyses see 5th Ed., App. II., p. 58, 1875.
YOUNGITE. Hannay, Min. Mag., 1, 152, 1877; 2, 88, 1878. A metallic mineral of doubtful homogeneity, containing sulphur, lead, zinc, iron, and manganese. One specimen analyzed was of unknown source, another from Ballarat, Australia. For analyses, etc., see 5th Ed., App. III., p. 133, 1882.
Iii. Sulpho-Salts.
I. Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, Sulphobismuthites. II. Sulpharsenates, etc.
The species here included are chiefly salts of the sulpho-acids of trivalent arsenic, antimony and bismuth. The most important acids are the ortho-acids, H3AsS3, etc., and the meta-acids, H2AsS2, etc.; but H4As2SB, etc., and a series of others are included. A smaller section includes the sulpharsenates, etc., chiefly normal salts of the acid H3AsS4, analogous to H3As04. The metals present as bases are chiefly copper, silver, lead; also, iron, zinc, mercury, rarely others (as Ni,Co) in small amount. In view of the hypothetical character of many of the acids whose salts are here represented, there is a certain advantage, for the sake of comparison, in writing the composition after the dualistic method, RS.AsaS3, 2RS.As,,Ss, etc.
I. Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites. etc.
A. Acidic Division. KS : (As,Sb,Bi)4S3 1 : 2, 2 : 3, 3 : 4, 4 : 5.
B. Meta- Division. ES : (As,Sb,Bi),S, 1:1.
General formula: RAs2S4, RSb2S4, RBi,S4.
C. Intermediate Division. RS : (As,Sb,Bi)2S3 5:4, 3:2, 2:1, 5:2.
D. Ortho- Division, RS : (As,Sb,Bi)2S3 3:1.
General formula: R3As2S6, R3Sb2S6, etc. Also R3AsS3, R3SbS3.
E. Basic Division. RS : (As,Sb,Bi)2S3 4:1, 5:1, 6 : 1, 9 : 1, 12: 1.
A. Acidic Division.
109. Livingstonite HgS.2Sb2S3
110. Guejarite Cu2S.2Sb2S3 Orthorhombic a : I : 6 0-8221 : 1 : 0-7841
111. Chiviatite 2PbS.3Bi2S3
112. Cuprobismutite 3Cu2S;4Bi2S3
113. Rezbanyite 4PbS.5Bi3S3
109. LIVINGSTONITE. Mariano Barcena, Naturaleza, 3, 35, 172, 1874. Am. J. Sc., 8, 145, 1874; 9, 64, 1875.
In groups of slender prismatic crystals; also columnar massive, resembling stibnite.
H. 2. G. 4-81. Luster metallic. Color bright lead-grey. Streak red. Opaque.
Comp.— HgSb4S7 or HgS.2SbaSs Sulphur 22'1, antimony 53-1, mercury 24-8 100.
Anal.— 1, Barcena, 1. c. 2, Id., Naturaleza, 4, 268, 1879. 3, Venable, Chem. News, 40, 186, 1879. 4, Page, ib. , 42, 195, 1880.
S Sb Hg
1. Huitzuco 29-08 53-12 14-00 Fe 3-50 99'70
2. " 22-97 53-12 20'00 gangue and loss 3'91 100
3. f 28-78 53-75 22 52 100
4. Guadalcazar 24-50 52'21 22-61 Fe 0'68 100
110 Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, Etc.
The results under (3) and (4) have been obtained by recalculation, after deducting impurities (chiefly gypsum, free sulphur, insol. residue), viz. in (3), 13 to 16 p. c. , in (4), 37'6 p. c. Groth suggests the formula may more properly be written Hg3S.4Sb2S3 Sulphur 21 '9, antimony 57'0, mercury 21 '1 100.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. very fusible, giving off white antimonial fumes freely. Yield's me- tallic mercury in the open tube, or in the closed tube with soda. Not sensibly attacked by cold nitric acid, but dissolved by warm acid, with the separation of antimony trioxide.
Obs. — Occurs at Huitzuco, State of Guerrero, Mexico, in a matrix of calcite and gypsum wita sulphur, cinnabar, stibnite, and valentinite. Also at Guadalcazar, in San Luis Potosi, with gypsum* sulphur, etc.
Named after David Livingstone (1813-1873), the African explorer and missionary.
Alt. — Page (1. c.) gives an analysis of an ill-defined alteration product of livingstonite.
Artif. — Baker, by fusing together HgS and SbaS3 in an atmosphere of CO2 has obtained a crystalline mass resembling livingstonite and yielding on analysis: S 24'83, Sb 53'20, Hg 22'71 100-74. Chem. News, 42, 196, 1880.
110. GUEJARITE. Cumenge, Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 201, 1879.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-8221 : 1 : 0-7841 Friedel1.
100 A 110 39° 25£', 001 A 101 43° 39', 001 A Oil 38° 6'.
e (Oil, 1-?). Also doubtful 410, 310, 032, and two pyramids x, z, with bx 56° 24', be 39° 58'.
Angles : hh'" 44° 41', bh *67° 89f , kk'" 51° 27', mm"' 78° 51', IV 78° 5'; dd' 29° 18', ee' 76° 12', be *51° 54'.
In prismatic crystals, flattened b.
Cleavage: I nearly perfect. Brittle. H. 3 -5. G. 5*03. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray, with a tinge of blue. Streak black. Opaque.
Comp.— Cu2Sb4S7 or Cu2S.2SbaS3 Sulphur 27'0, antimony 57 '8, copper 15-2 100.
Anal.— Cumenge, 1. c.
S 25-0 Sb 58-5 Cu 15'5 Fe 0'5 Pb tr. 99'5
Pyr. — B.B. on charcoal gives off antimouial fumes, and yields metallic copper when treated with soda.
Obs.— Occurs with siderite at the copper mines at the foot of Muley-Hacen, in the district of Gueiar, Sierra Nevada, Andalusia.
Ref.— ! Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 203, 1879. 2 Given as (730) and (370) which correspond with the angles less well than these, which, however, are only approximate.
111. CHIVIATITE. Chiviatit Rammelsberg, Pogg., 88, 320, 1853. Foliated massive ; resembling bismuthinite.
Cleavage in three directions in one zone, one making an angle with the second of 27°, and with the third of 47°, Mir. G. 6'920. Luster metallic. Color lead-gray.
Comp.— Pb,Bi6Sn or 2PbS.3BiaS3= Sulphur 17'5, bismuth 61-9, lead 20 "6 100. Part of the lead is replaced by copper. Anal. — Rammelsberg, 1. c.
S Bi Pb Cu Fe Ag insol.
18-00 60-95 16-73 2"42 1'02 tr. 0'59 99'71
Pyr. — Same as for aikinite, Rg.
Obs. — From Chiviato, in Peru, with pyrite and barite.
112. CUPROBISMUTITE. Sulphobismuthite of copper and silver Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 27, 355, 1884. Kupfersulfobismutit Brezina. Cuprobismutite Dana.
In groups of slender prismatic crystals, deeply striated longitudinally and resembling bismuthinite ; also compact.
G. 6 -31-6 -68. Luster metallic. Color dark bluish black. Streak black. Opaque.
Comp.— Probably CueBi8S16 or 3Cu2S.4Bi2S3 Sulphur 19-1, bismuth 65-9, copper 15'0 100. The copper is sometimes in part replaced by silver.
REZBANTITE. Ill
Anal.— 1-8, Hillebrand, 1. c.
S Bi Cu Ag Pb Fe Zn
1. Missouri Mine 19-94" 60'80 15-96 0'89 — 2'13 0 10 99'82
2. M 18-b3 63-42 12'65 4'09 0'59 0'07 99'65
3. Missouri Mine? 17-90 62'51 6'68 9'89 2-74 J)'K) 0 '07 99 89
Calculated.
From (1) 4-43 p c. gangue have been deducted; from (2) 59 '75 p. c. ; from (3) 47 '57 p. c. There remain in (1) 6'97 chalcopyrite; in (2) 1*91 p. c. ; in (3) 0'33 p. c.; also a little sphalerite. Deducting these the ratio of R2 : Bi : S corresponds to 3 : 8 : 15.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube a sublimate of sulphur; a bismuth coating on charcoal; soluble in acids.
Obs. — Occurs in a quartz gangue associated with chalcopyrite and wolframite at the Missouri mine, Hall's Valley, Park Co., Colorado; the ore is auriferous, sometimes highly so.
DOGNACSKAITE Foldt. Kozl., 14, 564, 1884. Briefly mentioned by Krenner as a " Wismuthkupfererz " with the following characters:
Cleavage in one direction; color gray, tarnishing on exposure to the air. Analysis by Maderspach:
S 15-75 Bi 71-79 Cu 12-28 99'82
Occurs at Dognacska, Hungary, with gold, pyrite, chalcocite, and bismuth ocher.
113. REZBANYITE A. Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 5, 175, 1883. Massive; fine granular to compact.
Cleavage indistinct. H. 2-5-3. Gr. — 6-09-6-38. Luster metallic. Color light lead-gray, becoming darker. Streak black. Opaque.
Comp.— Pb4Bi10S19 or 4PbS.5BiiS1=Sulphur 17-3, bismuth 59-1, Iead23'6 100. Anal.— 1-3, Frenzel, 1. c.
S Bi Pb Ag Cu Zn
1. 17-85 59-08 19-80 1'89 1'71 tr. 100'33
2. 16-61 62'57 15'10 1'89 3'71 012 100
3. 16-89 62-88 18-88 2'46 3'77 0'12 100
The above results obtained after the deduction of chalcopyrite: in (1) 4'64 p. c., in (2) 3'63, in (3) 6-58; also calcite in (1) 5'00 p. c., in (2) [4'72], in (3) [4 -08].
Obs. — Occurs at Rezbanya, Hungary, intimately mixed with chalcopyrite aud calcite; also embedded in quartz. Named from the locality. The same name was given by Hermann to a lead-gray bismuth ore from Rezbanya, which was probably an impure cosalite, cf. p. 121.
Pyr. — Like galenobismutite.
B. Meta- Division. RAsaS4, RSb2S4, EBia84. Zinkenite Group. B8.(A8,3b,Bi)tSs. Orthorhombic.
114. Zinkenite PbS.Sb0S. 0-5575 : 1 : 0'6353
0-5389 : 1 : 0'6188 0-5430 : 1 : 0-6256 1 : 0-6065
115. Sartor ite
PbS.As2S3
116. Emplectite
Cu2S.BisS,
117. Chalcostibite
Cu2S.SbJ3.
118. Galenobismutite
PbS.Bi2S3
119. Berthierite
FeS.SbA
120. Matildite Ag3S.BiaS3
Plenargyrite
It is uncertain whether matildite and plenargyrite are the same species, isomorphous with miargyrite ; or whether, as seems probable, the compound AgBiS,
112 Sulpharsenite8, Sulphantimonites, Etc.
is dimorphous, matildite belonging to the zinkenite group, and plenargyrite with miargyrite.
a :i :6 ft
121. Miargyrite AgaS.SbaS, Monoclinic 2-9945 : 1 : 2-9095 81° 23'
Zinkenite Group.
114. ZINKENITE. Zinkenit G. Rose, Pogg., 7, 91, 1826. Bleiantimonglanz Froth, Tab. TJeb., 25, 1882. Zinckenit.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : 1 : 6 0-5575 : 1 : 0-6353 Rose1.
100 A HO 29° 8$', 001 A 101 48° 44', 001 A Oil 32° 25f '.
Crystals seldom distinct; sometimes in nearly hexagonal forms through twinning. Lateral faces longitudinally striated. Also columnar, fibrous, massive.
Cleavage not distinct. Fracture slightly uneven. H. 3-35. G. =5-30-5 -35. Luster metallic. Color and streak steel-gray. Opaque.
Comp.— PbSb2S4 or PbS.Sb2S3 Sulphur 22-3, antimony 41-8, lead 35-9 100. Arsenic sometimes replaces part of the antimony.
Anal.— 1, H. Rose, Pogg., 8, 99, 1826. 2, Kerl B. H. Ztg., 12, 20, 1853. 3, Hilger, Lieb. Ann., 185, 205, 1877. 4, W. F. Hillelmiud, Proc. Col. Soc., 1, 121, 1884.
S Sb Pb
1. Wolfsberg 22'58 44-39 31-84 Cu 0'42 - 99'23
2. " 21-22 43-98 30'84 Ag 0'12, Fe 1-45 97'61
3. Kinzigthal 23'04 46'18 30'80 100-02 98'71
4. Red Alt., Col. G. 5-21 22'50 35-00 32'77 As 5'64, Cu 1-20, Ag 0-23, gangue, etc., 1'37
Pyr., etc. — Decrepitates and fuses very easily; in the closed tube gives a faint sublimate of sulphur, and antimony trisulphide. In the open tube sulphurous fumes and a white sublimate of antimony trioxide; the arsenical variety gives also arsenical fumes. On charcoal is almost entirely volatilized, giving a coating which on the outer edge is white, and near the assay dark yellow; with soda in R.F. yields globules of lead.
Soluble in hot hydrochloric acid with evolution of hydrogen sulphide and separation of lead chloride on cooling.
Obs. — Occurs in the antimony mine of Wolfsberg in the Harz; the groups of columnar crystals occur on a massive vai'iety in quartz; the crystals sometimes over half an inch long and two or three lines broad, frequently extremely thin aud forming fibrous masses. From the Ludwig mine, Adlerbach near Hausach, Kiuzigthal, Baden. Pontgibaud, Puy de Dome, France. In the U. S., at the antimony mines of Sevier County, Arkansas ; in Colorado at the Brobdignag mine, Red mountain, San Juan Co.
Named after J. K. L. Ziukcn (1798-1862), director of the Anhalt mines (also written Zincken).
Ref.— ' 1. c. Kenng., Ber. Ak. Wien, 9, 1852.
115. SARTORITE. Skleroklas -f Arsenomelan Walter shausen, Pogg., 94, 115. 1855, 100, 537, 1857. Skleroklas Rath, ib., 122, 380, 1864. Biunit C. Heusser, Pogg., 94, 335, 1855, 97, 120, 1856. Dufrenoysite, pt., Dufr., Tr.. pi. 235, f. 66; Dx., Ann. Mines, 8, 389,1855. Arseno- melan Petersen, Oft'enb. Ver., 7, 13, 1866. Sartorite Dana, Min., 87, 1868. Bleiarsenglanz Oroth Tab. Ueb., 22, 1882.
Orthorhombic. Axes &:t:6 0-5389 : 1 : 0-6188 Rath1.
100 A HO 28° 19£', 001 A 101 48° 56$', 001 A Oil *31° 45'.
Forms2 :
a (108 1-i)
e (102, i-i)?
(ioi, i-o
co (10-0-1, 10 i)
d (021, 2-i)
a (100, i-l)
M (509, B)
A (504, B)
f /M i i
A (041, 4-i)
b (010. i-i) c (001, 0)
Y (5-0-14, ff-l) 6 (5-0-11,
0 (507, B)
y (503, B) a; (501, 54)?
y V,\/J. l , i. fr/
e (043 --?) i (032,' §4)
0(111, 1)
aa' —
16° 20' zz'
87° 28V
ft5ft3' 170°
3'
136° 0'
ft ft'
32° 2' w>'
97° 54'
if' - fi°°
Oa'
'K Group— Emplechte—Chalcostibitk. 113
Crystals slender, elongated axis b; also striated or channeled in this direction.
Cleavage: c distinct. Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle. H. =3. G.
5 -393. Luster metallic. Color dark lead-gray. Streak reddish brown. Opaque.
Comp.— PbAs2S4 or PbS.As2S3 Sulphur 26-4, arsenic 31-0, lead 42-9 100,
Anal.— Uhrlaub, Pogg., 94, 124, 1855. Other analyses, 5th Ed., p. 87.
S As Pb Ag Fe
25-91 28-56 44'56 0'42 0-45 99"90
The excess of lead is probably due to admixed dufrenoysite.
Pyr., etc. — Nearly the same as for dufrenoysite, but differing in strong decrepitation.
Obs.— From the Binnenthal with dufrenoysite and binnite.
Named after Sartorius v. Waltershausen (1809-1876) who first announced the species; tcleroclase is from ffKAjfpoS, hard, violent, and KXdeiv, to break, in allusion to its brittle character.
Ref. — ' Pogg., 122, 380, 1864; see earlier (1. c.) Heusser, Dx. and Mgc., but note Rath's criticism of Dx. (1. c. p. 392 et al.), whose determinations were made in part on crystals of jordanite. 2 Cf. Rath, 1. c. ; the symbols of some of the macrodomes need confirmation; the measurements of earlier observers (see above) add other planes in the two series of domes, but mostly of doubtful position.
116. EMPLEOTITE. Wismuth-Kupfererz (fr. Tannenbaum) Sett, Tasch. Min., 11, 441, 451, 1817. Kupferwismuthglanz R. Schneider, Pogg., 90, 166, 1853. Emplektit Kenng., Ueb., 125, 1853. Tannenite Dana, Min., 73, 1854. Hemichalcit Kbl., Gesch. Min., 600, 1864.
Orthorhombic. Axes: a : : 6 0-5430 : 1 : 0-6256 Weisbach1. 100 A HO 28° 30£', 001 A 101 49° 2£', 001 A Oil 32° 1|'.
Forms: b (010, i-l) u (509, f-i) z (506, f-5) x (501, 5-1) k (061, 6-?)
a (100, i-l) c (001, 0) g (507, f-i) y (503, ft) d (021, 24)
Angles: uu' 65° 15', gg' 79° 2', zz' 87° 40', yy' 124° 59', xx' 160° 18', dd' 102° 44', kk' 150° 10', cz *43° 50', kc *75° 5'.
In thin striated prisms, elongated I.
Cleavage: c perfect; b less so; also z (?) distinct. Fracture conchoidal to un- even. Brittle. H. 2. G. 6*3-6-5. Luster metallic. Color grayish to tin- white. Opaque.
Comp.— CuBiS2 or CuaS.Bi2Ss Sulphur 19-1, bismuth 62'0, copper 18-9 100. Anal.— 1, Schneider, Pogg., 90, 166, 1863. 2, Petersen, Jb. Min., 847, 1869. 3, Daw, Gh. News, 40, 225, 1879. 4, Loczka, FOldt. Kozl., 14, 564, 1884.
S Bi Cu
1. Tannenbaum f 18-83 6216 18-72 99'71
2. Freudenstadt 19-06 59'09 20'32 Fe 0'40 98'87
3. Aamdal 19'20 57-72 17 23 Ag 2-91, Pb tr., SiO2 1'30 98'36
4. Rezbanya G. 6-521 18'61 63-20 16'84 Te 016, Pb 1-14, Ag 0'20, Fe Oil - 100-26
Pyr., etc. — In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily, with frothing and spirting; treated with soda coats the coal dark yellow from bismuth oxide, and gives a globule of copper. Decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur.
Obs. — Occurs embedded in quartz at the mines of Tannenbaum. near Schwarzenberg, also near Pohla, and on the Schreckenberg at Annaberg, Saxony. At Christophsau near Freuden- stadt, Wiirteinberg; Rezbanya, Hungary. At the Aamdal copper mines, Telemarken, Norway. From Cerro Blanco in Copiapo, Chili.
Named from ejuitheKto?, entwined, interwoven, in allusion to its intimate association with quartz.
Artif.— Obtained by Schneider, J. pr. Ch., 40, 564, 1889.
Ref.—1 Pogg., 128, 435, 1866; see also Dbr., ib., 92, 241, 1854.
117. CHALCOSTIBITE. Kupferantimonglanz Zinken, Pogg., 35, 357, 1835. Sulphuret of Copper and Antimony; Antimonial Copper. Rosite Huot, Min., 1, 197, 1841. Chalkostibit Olock, Syn., 32, 1847. Wolfsbergite Nicol, Min., 484, 1849.
Orthorhombic. Axes: b : 6 1 : 0*6065 Rose1.
Forms: b (010, i-l), c (001, 0), d (021, 24), h (041, 44). Angles: de *50° 30', dd' 101°. 4A' - 135° 12.
In small aggregated prisms, elongated a ; also fine granular, massive.
114 Sulphaksenites, Sulphantimonites, Etc.
Cleavage: c perfect: a less so. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 3-4. G. 4-75-5'G. Luster metallic. Color between lead-gray and iron-gray. Opaque.
Comp.— CuSbS, or CUjS.Sb.S, Sulphur 25-9, antimony 48-5, copper 25-6 100.
Anal.— 1, H. Rose, Pogg., 35, 361, 1835. 2, T. Richter, B. H. Ztg., 16, 220, 1857.
S Sb Cu Fe Pb
1. Wolfsberg 26'34 46 -81 24 -46 1-89 0'56 99'56
2. Guadiz G. 5'015 25'29 48'30 25'36 1-28 — 100-18
The iron is supposed to exist as pyrite, and the lead as jamesonite.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates at first, and then fuses, giving a faint sublimate of antimony trisulphide, which on cooling is dark red; in the open tube gives sulphurous and antimonial fumes, the latter forming a white sublimate. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a globule, emitting antimonial fumes, coating the coal white; the globule treated with borax reacts for iron; with soda gives a globule of metallic copper.
Decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur and antimony trioxide.
Obs. — From Wolfsberg in the Harz, in nests embedded in quartz; and at Guadiz, Spain. It is usually covered with a coating of pyrite. Glocker's name antedates Nicol's. Rosite has an earlier use.
Ref.— ' Pogg., 35, 360, 1835. See also p. 1030.
118. GALENOBISMUTITE. H. Sjogren, G. F5r. F6rh., 4, 109, 1878. Alaskaite Koenig, Am. Phil. Soc., 472, 1881. Bleiwismuthglanz Groth, Tab. Ueb., 25, 1882. Selenbleiwismuth- glanz Id., Tab. Ueb., 28, 1889.
Crystalline, columnar with indistinct faces; also massive, foliated or radiated to compact.
H. - 3-4. G. 6-88; 7-145 Falun. Luster metallic. Color dark to light lead -gray to tin- white. Streak grayish black. Opaque.
Comp., Var.— PbBi2S4 or PbS.BiQS3 Sulphur 17'1, bismuth 55-4, lead 27'5 100. The lead is sometimes replaced in part by silver and copper, and the sulphur by selenium.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. — Analyses 1, 2. H. Sjogren, 1. c.
2. Argentiferous— Alaskaite. Analyses 3, 4, Koenig, 1. c. ; in 3, 2'3 p. c. chalcopyrite and 15 p. c. barite have been deducted; in 4, 4-7 p. c. chalcopyrite and 2'8 p. c. barite. G. 6 878. 5. Id., ib., 22, 211, 1885.
3 Seleniferous. — A variety from Falun, Sweden, more or less impure, see Atterberg, G. F6r. ForL., 2, 76, 1874, who gives an analysis of a mineral (with Se 1-15 p. c.) regarded as a mixture of native bismuth and a sulphobismuthite of lead; also NordstrSm, ib. 4, 268, 1879, with Se 4'79-5'H p. c. Anal. 6, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc. 23, 34, 1885. H. 2. Color dark lead-gray. Cleavage in one direction, eminent. 7, Weibull, G. For. Forh., 7, 657, 1885.
S Se Bi Pb Ag Cu Zn
1. Nordmark G. 6'88 17-35 — 54'69 27'65 — — — 99'69
2. " 16-78 — 54-13 27-18 — — — 98 09
3. Alaskaite G. 6'878 17'63 — 56-97 11'79 8'74 3'46 0 79 Sb 0'62 100
4. " 17-62 — 55-81 19-02 3'26 4'07 0'22 100
5. " G. 6-782 17-98 — 53'39 12'02 7'80 5'11 0'34 Fe 0'84, insol. 1-80 '6. Falun G. 7'145 f 9'75 12'43 49'88 27'88 0'33 — — 100'27 99'28 7, " G. 6 97 9-82 13'61 49'73 24'62 — 0'77 — Fe 0'61 9916
Fyr. — B.B. fuses easily on charcoal, giving bismuth and lead coatings. The argentiferous variety yields silver, and the seleuiferous the odor of selenium. Dissolves with difficulty in hydrochloric acid, readily in strong nitric acid.
Obs. — Occurs with bismutite at the Ko mine, Nordmark in Wermland, Sweden, where it sometimes carries gold. Also intimately mixed with quartz, barite, chalcopyrite, and tetra- hedrite, at the Alaska mine, Poughkeepsie Gulch, Colorado (alaskaite). The seleniferous variety is from Falun, Sweden; it occurs with native bismuth.
119. BERTHIERITE. Haidingerite Berthier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 35, 351, 1827; Pogg., 11, 478, 1827. Berthierit Raid., Ed. J. Sc., 7, 353, 1827. Eisenantimonglanz Germ.
In elongated prisms; also fibrous massive, plumose; granular.
Cleavage: longitudinal, rather indistinct. H. 2-3. G. 4-4-3. Luster
Matildite. 115
metallic. Color dark steel-gray, inclining to pinchbeck-brown; surface often covered with iridescent spots. Opaque.
Comp.— Probably FeSb,S4 or FeS.SbaS3 Sulphur 30-2, antimony 56-6, iron 13-2 100.
Analyses show a somewhat varying composition, doubtless due to the impurity of the material examined, cf. Fischer, Zs. Kr., 4, 362, 1880.
Anal.— 1, Berthier, 1. c. 2, Rg., Pogg., 40, 153, 1837. 3, Pettko, Haid. Ber., 1, 62, 1847. 4, Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 635. 1853. 5, Sackur, Rg., Min. Ch., 988, 1860. 6, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 18, 244, 1866.
S Sb Fe Zn
1. Chazelles 30'3 52'0 16'0 0'3 98-6
2. Braunsdorf 31-33 54'70 11'43 0"74 Mn 2'54 100-74
3. Aranyldka G. 4-043 29'27 57-88 1285 — =100
4. Braunsdorf 30'53 59'30 10-16 — 99-99
5. " 28-77 56-91 10'55 — Mn 3'73 99'96
6. 8. Antonio, Cal. G. 4'062 29-12 56'61 10-09 — Mn 3'56 99'38
Other analyses by Berthier (Ann. Mines, 3, 49, 1833) gave:
Anglar Sb2S3 80'6 FeS 19'4 deducting 7 p.c. gangue. Martouret 84'3 15'7 " 60 "
These correspond approximately to FeS.SbaSs and 3FeS.4Sb2S3. while anal. (1) above gives 3FeS.2SbaS3; little dependence can be placed upon them. N. Nordenskiold in his Atom.-Ch. Min. System, 1848, introduces for the three varieties analyzed by Berthier the following names: Anglarite for FeS.Sb2S3, CJiazellite for 3FeS.2SbaS3, Martourite for 3FeS.4SbaSs.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube fuses, and gives a faint sublimate of sulphur; with a strong heat yields a black sublimate of antimony oxysulphide, which on cooling becomes brownish-red. In the open tube gives off fumes of sulphur and antimony, reacting like stibnite. B.B. on charcoal gives off sulphurous and antimonial fumes, coats the coal white, and the antimony is expelled, leaving a black magnetic slag, which with the tluxes reacts for iron.
Dissolves readily in hydrochloric acid, giving off hydrogen sulphide.
Obs. — At Chazelles and Martouret in Auvergne, associated with quartz, calcite, and pyrite; in the Vosges, Commune of Lalaye; at Anglar, Depart. La Creuse; also at Braunsdorf near Frei- berg in Saxony, and at Padstow in Cornwall: at Arany Idka in Hungary; at Real San Antonio, Lower California, massive; N. Brunswick, probably from the antimony mine in Prince William parish. 25 miles from Fredericton, York Co.
Named after the French chemist, Pierre Berthier (1782-1861).
120. MATILDITE. Silberwismuthglanz Rammelsberg , Zs. G. Ges., 29, 80, 1877. Matil- dite A. D'Achiardi, I Metalli, 1, 136, 1883. Morocochite Heddle, Enc. Brit., 16, 394, 1883, Argento-bismutite Oenth, Am. Phil. Soc. 23, 35. 1885.
In slender striated prismatic crystals; also massive, compact.
Soft. G. 6'92. Luster metallic. Color gray. Streak light gray. Opaque.
Comp.— AgBiS, or Ag2S.Bi2S3 - Sulphur 16-9, bismuth 54-7, silver 28-4 100. Sometimes with lead replacing part of the silver and hence tending toward galenobismutite (p. 114).
Anal. — 1, Rg., 1. c., after deducting some galena. 2, Genth, 1. c.
S Bi Ag Pb
1. Peru G. 6-92 f 17-24 54'50 28'26 — 100
2. Colorado [16'66] 52 89 26 39 4'06 100
Pyr. — B.B. fuses readily on charcoal, giving a coating of bismuth oxide and on long blowing a globule of silver. Soluble in nitric acid with separation of sulphur.
Obs. — Associated with tetrahedrite, galena, sphalerite, and pyrite at the Matilda mine, near Morococha, Peru. Also from Lake City, Colorado.
Artif.— Obtained by Schneider, but not in distinct crystals, J. pr. Ch., 41, 414, 1890.
PLENARGYRITE Sandberger, Erzgange, 1, 96, 1882.
In indistinct crystals and crystalline groups, apparently like miargyrite in form. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 2'5. G. 7'22 (calc.). Luster metallic. Color iron-black. Streak black. Opaque.
COMP. — Probably like matildite, AgBiSaor AgaS.BiaS3. Anal. — Zeitszchel, after deducting 15'83 p.c. pyrite, l-46 quartz:
S 18-31 Bi 55-20 A<r 26'49 100
8Ulphab8Enite8, Sulphantimoniies, Etc.
Occurs intimately associated with pyrite, chal copy rite, and quartz at Schapbach, Baden. The name is stated to have been given in allusion to the fact that it contains less silver than miargyrite.
121. MIARGYRITE, Hemiftrianatiacne liuoin-Biende (fr. Braunsdorf) , wundr., 606, 1824. Miargyrit H. Eose, Pogg., 15, 469, 1829. Hypargyrite, Hypargynui- Blende (fr. Clausthal) Breith., Char., 286, 333, 1832. Kenngottite (fr, Feto5btaya) Haid., Ber. Ak. Wien. 22, 236, 1856.
2-99449 : 1 : 2=90951; /5
..:.: ncclinic. Axas & -. t A 100 Lewis1.
:.}0 A 1"-0 71° 20' 12", 001 A 101 39° 53' 45", 001 A Oil
52"
. oraas2 .
(100, i-l) ") (010, i-l) 5 (001, 0)
(702, -f-i) J£ (103, H) u (203, f -i) o (101, 1-i)
S (15 -1-1, -15-15)? # (811, -8-8) .0(711, -7-7) rf (611,— 6-6)
s (211, -2-2) (12-1 15, flS) r/v'12-l-3. 4-13; 3(ol8, 1-6:
(210, i-2)
.8(201, 2-*:) Jv (301, 34)
.Z*7 (511, -5-5)
?" (414, 1-4:
H (104, -f I) /I (102,— i-l)?
ft (013, f I)
CD (Oil, 1-1)
s (13-4-4, -y 45;
d (311, -3-3)
g (313, T-8) i(311. 3-3)
£(703',-fi)
*(111,— 1) nil. 1)
e(522,-H) (212, -1-2)?
s:su |4)
I (213, |-2)
jc (124, -i-2)
T'132, -J-2)
(121. -2-2)
; (137, -f 8)
.3 (181, -8-8)
'(876, H) : (233, 1-|)5
', (122,1-2)
Lewis adds as doubtful (119), (139), (1-6-16), (I'2'IO), and several others still more uncertain
111°
55'
cA
74°
16'
as
55°
28'
dd"
—
*96° 2"'
-t QO
Sr
cd
70°
34'
at —
69°
45f
ss
ss
102° 21'
Id
n A t
cs
69°
32'
aco
87°
11'
kk'
—
107° 1
:;3lt
41°
54°
36'
ak
77°
19'
Aa
—
131° 50-.
;i?
63° 35° *48° *50° 69° 78°
87° 141°
30' 21'
21' 10" 16' Is" 45'
57'
36'
40'
eg
Of
GfT
arj
ad
57° 82° 51°
78°
21° 26° 37°
44°
49' 8' 56 ' 35f
0' 58' 0'
47'
a'i a'cr a' A
a'x
a'g
U' dd'
47° 59° 74° 83° 70° 59°
125° 83°
44' 29' 53'
42' 8' 11'
4f
Xx'
99'
Yy'
Till' PP'
ii' arar'
96° 25 73° 26 58° 2?' 48° 18 40° 54 88° 49 81° 48' 109°
Crystals usually thick tabular c or a; also prismatic o. Paces in
zones a o c and ads often deeply a' striated, parallel to their mutual
intersections; hence a shows two sets of striations edges a/d and ,i. less uniformly edge a/o. AIsc massive.
Cleavage: b in traces, Frac ture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 2-2-5. G. 5-1- 5'30. Luster metallic-adamantins. Color iron-black to steel-gray, ir. thin splinters deep blood-red,
Briumsdorf, after Lewis.
Strsait cherry-red. Nearly opaque.
Comp.— AgSbS, or Ag3S.Sb,S3 Sulphur 21-9, antimony 41'2, silver 36 100.
Anal.— 1, H. Rose, 1. c. 2, Sotomayor and Cortez, Min. -Chili, 2d Append., p. 40, 186' 8, 4, L. Sip5cz, Min. Mitth., 37.3, 13?7, 5, Jenkins, Jb. Min., 2, 109, 1880. 6, Andreasch. Mi- MitVi ?-., 185, 188!.
Miarg7Rite.
1. Braunsdorf
2. Tres Puntas
3. Felsobanya
4. Kenngottite
5. Hypargyrite
6. Pfibram
G. 5-298 G. 5-337
G. 5-077
s
f 21-35
Sb
Ag
Pb
Cu
Fe
99-17 99-99 99-96 97-91 As 0-79 -=-99-54
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates, fuses easily, and gives a sublimate of antimony oxysulphide; in the open tube sulphurous and autimonial fumes, the latter as a white sublimate, BB on charcoal fuses quietly with emission of sulphur and antimony fumes to a gray bead, which after continued treatment in O.F. leaves a bright globule of silver. If the silver globule is treated with phosphorus salt in O.F., the green glass thus obtained often shows traces of copper when fused with tin in R.F.
Decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur and antimony trioxide.
Obs. — At Braunsdorf, near Freiberg in Saxony, associated with tetrahedrite, pyrargyrite, etc.; Felsobanya (kenngottite) with pyrite, galena, sphalerite, barite; Pfibram in Bohemia; Clausthal (hypnrgyrite); Guadalajara in Spain; at Pareuos, aud the mine Sta. M. de Catorce, San Luis Pot<>si, Mexico; also at Molinares, with rhodochrosite; at Tres Puntas, Chili.
Named from juetoov, less, apyvpos, silver, because it contains less silver than some kindred ores.
Artif.— Formed artificially by Doelter, Zs. Kr., 11, 39, 1885.
Ref. — ' Result deduced (recalc., E.S.D.) from many measurements, Zs. Kr., 8, 545, 1884. For earlier observations see Naumann, Pogg., 17, 142, 1829; Miller, Min., p. 214; Weisb., Pogg., 125, 441, 1865, and Zs. Kr., 2, 55, 1877; Friedlander, Min.-Samml. Strassburg, p. 58, 1878; Rath, Zs. Kr., 8, 25, 1883; Lewis, ib., 545, 1884. With Weisb. and Rath a 101,
o 100, g 110, etc. In general for h k I (Lewis) and p qr (Weisb.), h — p, k , l=p r.
sSee Rath and Lewis for authorities, etc., but note Lewis's explanation of Miller's error in identifying the forms, and the consequent rejection of several planes included by Rath.
C. Intermediate Division.
a : i : 6 ft
122. Plagionite 5PbS.4Sb2S3? Monoclinic 1-1331 : 1 : 0-4228 72° 50'
123. Binnite
3Cu2S.2As2S3? Isometric
124. Klaprotholite 3Cu,S.2Bi,S3
Orthorhombic
0-740 : 1
125. Schirmerite
126. Warrenite
3(Ag,,Pb)S.2Bi2S3 3PbS.2Sb2S3
127. Dnfrenoysite
128. Cosalite
129. Schapbachite
130. Jamesonite
131. Kobellite
Jamesonite Group. 2RS.(As,Sb,Bi),S3. Orthorhombic.
a : b : 6
0-9381 : 1 : 1-5309 0-9187 : 1 : 1-4601
PbS.Ag,S.Bi,S,
2PbS.Sb2S, 0-8915 : 1
2PbS.(Bi,Sb)2S3
2PbS.As2S3 2PbS.BiS
132. Brongniardite 2(Ag2,Pb)S.Sb2Ss. Isometric.
133. Semseyite
7PbS.3Sb2S3?
a : o : 6 ft
Monoclinic 1-1442 : 1 : 1-1051 71°
Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, Etc.
134. Diaphorite
135. Freieslebenite
U(Ag!1,Pb)S.2SbaS3
a: b:6 Orthorhombic 0-4919:1:0-7345
J
a:b:6 /3
Monoclinic 0-5871:1:0-9277 87° 46'
122. PLAGIONITE. Ein neues Spiessglanzerz C. Zincken, Pogg., 22, 492, 1831. Plagionit G. Rose, ib., 23, 431, 1833.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 1-1331 : 1 : 0-4228; /3 *72° 49£' 001 A 100 Luedecke1.
100 A 110 47° 16i', 001 A 101 17° 48f , 001 A Oil 21° 59£'.
Forms' : a (100, i-l) c (001, 0)
S (0-20-3,
o (111, - 1)
r (221, - 2) (773, - I)'2
x (441, - 4)' y (661, - 6)"
z (778, co (111, 1)
dd' 145° 37'
cp 14° 19' co 25° 53' cr 41° 26|' ex *56° 14'
ey 62° 48' coo 31° 12'
pp' 21° 23' oo' 38° 13' rr' 59° 30'
xx' *77° 6-8' ar 50° 13f
yy' 83° 39' ax 46° 24'
GOOD' 45° 42' ay 45° 47f
ao 57* 12' a'a 85° 42*
Crystals thick tabular c, or short prismatic r ; often grouped in druses
and geodes. Faces c smooth, pyra- mids striated edge c/o. Also mas- sive; granular to compact.
Cleavage: r tolerably perfect. Frac- ture couchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 2*5. G. 5*4. Luster metallic. Color and streak blackish lead-gray. Opaque.
Comp.— Perhaps 5PbS.4Sb2S3 Sulphur 21-5, antimony 37 -8, lead 40-7 100.
Anal.— 1, H. Rose, Pogg., 28, 422, 1833. 2. Kudernatsch, ib., 37, 588, 1836. 3, Schultz, Rg., Mm. Ch., 1006, 1860.
Figs. Wolfsberg; 1, Rose; 2, after Luedecke.
1. Wolfsberg
S Sb Pb
21-53 3794 40'52 9999
21-49 [3753] 40'98 100
21-10 37-84 39-36 Cu 1'27 99'57
Pyr. — Same as for zinkenite.
Obs. — At Wolfsberg in geodes and druses of crystals in massive plngionite, or crystallized on quartz, discovered by Zincken; also at Wolfach, Baden; Arnsberg, Westphalia.
Named, in allusion to its unusually oblique crystallization, from TtXdyioS, oblique.
Ref.— ' Jb. Mizi., 2, 112, 1883; Rose obtained earlier (1. c.) ac 72° 28', rr' 59° 11', cr 41° 8', etc. 2 Luedecke, 1. c.
123. BINNITB. Dufrenoysite Walter shausen, Pogg., 94, 119, 1855; G. Heusser, Pogg., 94, 334, 97, 115. Binnite Dx., Ann. Mines, 8, 389, 1855.
Isometric. Observed forms1 :
$ (711, 7-7)' 0 (611, 6-6)
ju (411, 4-4) n (211, 2-2)
s (321, 3-|)
a (100, i-i) o(lll, 1) co (441, 4)
d (110, f ) r (332, f) (lO'l'l, 10-10)
In complex crystals; also massive.
Cleavage not distinct. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 2*5-3. G. 4 '477. Luster metallic. Color dark steel-gray to iron-black, sometimes brownish. Streak reddish brown. Opaque.
Klaprotholite-Schirmerite. 119
Comp.— Perhaps Cu6As4S9 or 3Cu1S.2As1S, Sulphur 29 '8, arsenic 31-0, copper 39-2 100.
Anal.— Uhrlaub, Pogg., 94, 120, 1855.
S ' As Cu Pb Ag Fe
27-55 30-06 37'74 2'75 1'23 0'82 10015
A second analysis (of the same mineral ?) by Stockar-Escher (5th Ed., p. 90) is near enargite; as also another by Mclvor, viz.: S 32'46, As 18-79, Cu 46'05, Ag 2'43 99'73. Ch. News, 30, 103, 1874. The true character and place of binnite is hence in doubt.
Pyr. — In the closed tube gives a sublimate of arsenic trisulphide; in the open tube a crystal- line sublimate of arsenic trioxide, with sulphurous fumes. B.B. on charcoal gives an arsenical odor and a faint white coating, fuses with intumescence to a dull iron-black globule which yields metallic copper with soda.
Obs. — In the Binnenthal in cavities in crystalline dolomite with realgar, orpiment, sphale- rite, pyrite, sartorite, and dufrenoysite.
Ref. — ' Hbg., Min. Not., 1875, p. 6, gives authorities and new forms, and discusses the sup- posed hemihedral character of the species with a negative conclusion. Lewis, Zs. Kr., 2, 192,
124. KLAPROTHOLITE. Kupferwismutherz, Wismuthkupfererz, pt. Klaprothit, Petersen and Sandberger, Jb. Miu., 415, 1868. Klaprotholite, G. J. Brush, Dana Miu.. App. I., 8, 1872.
Orthorhombic. Occurs in longitudinally furrowed prismatic crystals, with a, m, and u (hQl, m-l)?; mm'" 73° approx. Twins: tw. pi. m.
Cleavage: a distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 2'5. G.= 4*6 Petersen. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray, tarnishing to brass-yellow or iridescent. Streak black.
Comp.— Cu6Bi4S9 or 3Cu,,S.2Bi,Ss Sulphur 19-3, bismuth 55-4, copper 25-3 100.
AnaL— 1, Schneider, Pogg., 127, 309, 1866. 2, Petersen, 1. c.
S Bi Cu Fe
1. Wittichen f 18'69 51-40 28'82 0'91 99'82
2. " 18-66 53-87 23'96 1'70 98 19
Pyr. — Same as for emplectite.
Obs.— Occurs with other bismuth minerals, and especially with cobalt tetrahedrite and chalcopyrite at the Daniel mine near Wittichen, Baden; at Freudenstadt; Eberhard mine near Alpirsbach, and other localities in the Black Forest. The mineral examined by Schneider was referred to wittichenite by Hilger.
The name klaprothite (after the German mineralogist, M. H. Klaproth, 1743-1817) was given to lazulite by Beudant in 1824, hence the change of Petersen's name to klaprotholite.
125. SCHIRMERITE. Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 14, 230, 1874. Massive, finely granular, disseminated.
Cleavage none. Fracture uneven ; soft; brittle. G. 6*737. Luster metal- lic. Color lead -gray, inclining to iron-black.
Comp.— 3(Ag2,Pb)S.2Bi2S3 Sulphur 11-8, bismuth 47'3, lead 16-4, silver 24-5 100, if Ag, : Pb 2 : 1.
Anal. — 1, 2, Genth, 1. c. ; in 1, 1 p. c. quartz deducted, in 2, 1'07 p. c. deducted.
S Bi Pb Ag Zn Fe
1. 14-41 46-91 12-69 22'82 0-08 0 03 96'94
2. 15-02 [47-27] 12'76 24'75 0'13 0'07 lOO'OO
Pyr. — B.B. fuses easily, and gives sulphurous fumes with reactions for bismuth, lead, and silver.
Obs. — Occurs with several tellurium minerals at Treasury lode, Park Co., Colorado.
Named from J. F. L. Schirmer, Esq.
Rchirmerite of Endlich (Eng. Mng. J., Aug. 29, 1874), containing tellurium, gold, silver iron, is a mixture according to Genth.
Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, Etc.
126. WARRENITE. Sulphantimonite from Colorado L. G. Eakins, Am J. Sc., 36, 450 1888. Domingit Groth, Tab. Ueb., 30, 1889.
In aggregates of acicular crystals, forming matted, wool-like masses. Luster metallic, dull. Color grayish black, sometimes iridescent in spots. Opaque.
Comp.— Pb,Sb4S, or 3PbS.2Sb,S, Sulphur 20-8, antimony 34-6, lead 44-6 100. Iron is present in small amount. Anal. — Eakins, 1. c. S 21-19 Sb 36-34 Pb 39'33 Fe 1-77 Ag, Cu, Mn tr., gangue 0'52 99'15
Pyr., etc. — Fuses easily. In the closed tube a slight sublimate of sulphur; in the open tube sulphurous fumes and a white sublimate of antimony trioxide. On charcoal sublimates of the oxides of lead and antimony, and in R. F. a lead button. Soluble in hot hydrochloric acid with evolution of hydrogen sulphide.
Obs. — From the Domingo mine, Gunnison Co., Colorado, where it occurs in cavities in a decomposed siliceous rock mixed with some calcite, locally called " mineral wool."
Named by Eakins after Mr. E. R. Warren of Crested Butte, Col.
127. DUFRENOYSITE. Dufrenoysite Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 14, 379, 1845. Gott- hardit .%. , Berz. Ch. Min., 229, 256, 1847. Arsenomelan and Scleroclase pt. Waltersh. Pogg., 94, 115, 1855. Dufrenoysite pt. Dx., Ann. Mines, 8, 389, 1856. Skleroklas Petersen. Offenb. Ver., 7, 13, Jb. Min., 203, 1867. Bleiarsenit, Groth, Tab. Ueb., p. 18, 1874.
Orthorhombic. Axes: & : b : 6 0-9381 : 0 : 1-5309 Rath1.
100 A HO 43° 101', 001 A 101 *58° 30', 001 A Oil 56° 50f '.
Forms':
a (100, i-l)
c (001, 0) m (110, /)
g (102, H) / (203, f-i)
e (201, 2-1) I (012, H)
k (023, f -i) i (Oil, 14)
0(111, 1) P (221, 2)
mm'" 86° 20|' hh' - 44° 23'
gg 78° 25f f 94° 49f
dd' 117° 0' ee' 145° 56'
Ii' 74° 52' 91° 10'
ok *45° 35' n" 113° 42'
co 65° 55'
cp 77° 24' oo' 83° 30' oo'" 77° 19'
a'
Binnenthal, Berendes. Anal. — 1, 2, Damour, 1. c.
Crystals sometimes one inch in length, usually thick rectangular; prismatic b; and somewhat tab- ular c', faces in zone ac horizontally striated. Also massive.
Cleavage: c perfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. - 3. G. - 5-55-5-57. Luster metal- lic. Color blackish lead-gray. Streak reddish brown. Opaque.
Comp.— PbaAs2SB or 2PbS.AsaSs Sulphur 22-2, arsenic 20-7, lead 5?-l 100. 3, Berendes, Inaug. Diss., Bonn, 1864.
1. Binnenthal
G. 5-56
As
Pb
Ag
Fe
Cu
0-30 99-53
0-22 100-49
— 99-0
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube easily fuses and gives a sublimate of sulphur and arsenic trisulphide ; in the open tube gives sulphurous fumes (SO8) and a white crystalline sublimate of arsenic irioxide. On charcoal decrepitates, fuses, yields fumes of arsenic and a globule of lead, which on cnpellalion yie'ds silver.
Obs.— From the Binnenthal in Switzerland, in cavities in crystalline dolomite, along with sartorite, jordanite, binnite, realgar, orpiment, sphalerite, pyrite.
Damour, who first studied the sulpharsenites of the Binnenthal, analyzed the massive ore and named it dufrenoysite (after the French mineralogist, P. A. Dufrenoy, 1792-1857). He inferred that the crystallization was isometric from some associated crystals, and so published it. This led von Waltershausen and Heusser to call the isometric mineral dufrenoysite, and thw
Jameson Ite Group— Cosalite
'latter to name the orthorhombic binnite. Von Waltershausen, after studying the prismatic mineral, made out the species arsenomelan and scleroclase, yet partly on hypothetical grounds, Later it was found that three orthorhombic minerals existed at the locality, as announced by vona Rath, who identified one, by specific gravity and composition, with Damour's dufrenoysite; another he made scleroclase of von Waltershausen (sartorite, p. 112); and the other he named jordanite (p. 141).
Ref.—1 Pogg., 122, 373, 1864. See earlier Dx., Ann. Mines, 8, 3891865; Heusser, Poggs> 97, 120, 1856; Bereudes, Inaug. Diss., Bonn, 1864. Of. Berendes, 1. c.
128. COSALITE. Genth, Am. J. Sc., 45, 319, 1868. Ett nytt vismutsvafladt svafveibiy Lundstrom, G. For Forh., 2, 178, 1874. Bleibismutit Oroth, Tab. Ueb.. 18, 1874. Bjelkite £L Sjogren, G. For. Forh., 4 107, 1878.
Orthorhombic. Axes: a : I : 6 0-91874 : 1 : 1-4601 Flink.1 100 A HO 42° 34' 30", 001 A 101 57° 49' 14", 001 A Oil *55° 35' 36''.
Forms:
i (100, i-l)
b (010, i-l) c (001, 0)
4(140, i-4) d (104, i-i)
e (101, 1-1) /(OH, 1-i)
k (221, 2) g (144, 1-4)
h (142, 2-4)
ii - 30° 27' cd *2I° 40' 6" ee' 115° 38f
cf *55° 35' 36" ff' 111° 11' ck 76° 57'
eg 56° 32f ch =71° 43' kk' 91° 41'
kk'" 82° 28' gg' 25° 19 hh' - 28° 52'
Usually massive with indistinct crystalline structure; fibrous, radiated.
Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 2-5-3. G. 6 -39- 6-75. Luster metallic. Color lead-gray, steel-gray. Streak black. Opaque.
Comp — Pb2Bi,SB or 2PbS.Bi,S3 Sulphur 16-2, bis- muth 42 -0, lead 41-8 100. The lead is sometimes in part replaced by silver and copper. Nordmark, Flink.
Anal.— 1, 2, Genth, 1. c., after deducting 6'79 p. c. and 11-68 p. c. cobaltite. 3, 4, Frenzel, Jb Min., 681, 1874. 5, LundstrOm, 1. c., containing some pyrrhotite. 6, 7, EL Si., 1. c. 8, G. LindstrSm, G. For. Forh., 11, 171, 1889. 9, Tilden, Proc. Col. Soc., 1, 74, 1884. 10, W. F., Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 27, 354, 1884. 11, 12, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 36, 1885. 13, Koenig Am. Phil, Soc., 22, 211, 1885. 14, Low, Proc. Col. Soc., 1, 111, 1884.
1 Cosala
3 ftezbanya G. 6-22-6-33
4. "
5. Mordmark Bjelkite
6. ' G. 6-39-6 75
8 Gladhammar G. 7'0-7'07
9 Candamena
10 Comstock mine, Col
11 Gladiator mine. Col.
12, Alaska mine, Co\
i4. Bed Mt , Coi.
Ag Cu Fe 2-65 — — 100 3-21 — — 100 [99V84
1-37 0-86 2 96 Zu 1 54, As 3'02 0-22 3-49 1-18 Zn 0 18, As 2'82
— — 5-13 100 [100-98
— — 0-67 insol. 2'19 100'49
— 0-69 0-16 Zn 0'05, insol. 0-45 15-66 1-63 — 99-12 99-16
8-43 7-50 0-70 Zn tr. 99"20 5-75 5-84 — Sb 0 84, Zn 0'58
16-80 44-95 28-10 T44 8'00 — 2n 0'24, Sb 0'51, As
[0-04, Se<r.=10008
17-13 43-54 26-77 T35 8'78 0 52 Zn tr., Sb undet.,
[insol. 0-60 98-69 [18-64] 36-22 28'22 8'7C *-74 4'48 100
S
Bi
Pb
Pyr. — B.B. fuses easily, giving the usual reactions for sulphur, bismuth, and iead; some varieties yield a small globule of silver.
Obs. — Found associated with quartz and cobaltite in a silver mine at Cosala, Province of Sinaloa, Mexico. An argentiferous variety (anal. 9) occurs at Candamena, Chihuahua. In cal- cite at the Bjelke mine, at Nordmark, Wermland, Sweden (bjelkite); also at Gladhammar. At Rezbanya, Hungary, with sphalerite, pyrite, and chalcopyrite ; an impure form of this mineral was called rezbanyite (retzbanyite) by Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 75, 450, 1859; cf. Frenzel, 1. c.
In the U. S., from the Comstock mine (anal. 10), near Parrott City, La Plata county, Col., in a quartz vein with pyrite, sphalerite, a telluride probably sylvanite and native gold. Also from the Gladiator and Alaska mines, Colorado, and at the Yankee Girl mine, Red Mt , San Juan county.
Ref.—1 Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), No. 2, 6, 1886.
122 Sulpharsenites, 8Ulphantimonites, Etc.
129. SOHAPBACHITE. Wismutisches Silber Selb, Crell's Aim., 1, 10, 1793. Wismuth- bleierz. Schapbachit Kenngoti, Min., 118, 1853. Sandberger ErzgJinge, 1, 90, 1882.
Orthorhombic ? In minute acicular crystals, with b, c, m; mm" 75°. Also fine granular, massive.
Cleavage: basal, distinct. Fracture uneven. H. 3 '5. G. 6'43. Luster metallic. Color lead-gray. Streak black. Opaque.
Comp.— PbAg,Bi1SiorPbS.AgaS.BiiS, - Sulphur 16-1, bismuth 41 -6, lead 30-7, silver 21'G 100.
Anal. — Hilger, 1. c., after deducting 1'86 p. c. pyrite.
S 16-08 Bi 42-02 Pb 20'82 Ag 21-08 100
This species may be regarded as an argentiferous variety of cosalite.
Obs. — From Schapbach, Baden, intimately associated with galena, pyrite and chalcopyrite, quartz and native bismuth or bismuthinite. Earlier regarded as merely a mixture of bis- muthinite, argentite and galena (cf. Sandberger, Jb. Min., 22, 1864).
130. JAMESONITE. Gray antimony pt. Jam., Syst. ,3, 390, 1820. Axotomous Antimony. Glance Jam., Man., 285. Axotomer Antimon Glanz Mo/is, Grundr., 586, 1824. Jamesonite Raid., Trl. Mohs's Miu., 1, 451 (3, 26), 1825. Bleischimmer Pfaff, . J ., 27, 1. Pfafflte Huot., 1, 192, 1841. Antimpnialisk Fadererz pt., Minera antiuionii plumosa pt., Wall., 1747; Federerz Germ., Mine d'antimoine au plumes Fr.; Feather ore, Plumose Autimonial ore, pt. (rest mostly Stibuite), through last cent. Antimoine sulfure capillaire pt. [or var. of Stibnite] H., Tr., 1801; Haarformiges Grauspiessglanzerz pt. Karst., Tab., 52, 1800; Haarf. Antiuionglauz Mohs, 1824, Leonh., 1826. Federerz of Wolfsberg H. Rose, Pogg , 15, 471, 1829; Bend., Tr., 2, 425, 1832 Federerz, var. of Jamesonite, Kbl., Char., 2, 175, 1831. Wolfsbergite Huot., Min., 1,193. Plumosit Haid. Haudb., 569, 1845. Plumites Block., Syn., 30, 1847. Heteromorphit Rg., Pogg., 77, 240, 1849. Federerz, var. of Jamesonite, Rg., Min. Oh., 71, 1860. Bleiantimonit Qrolh, Tab. Ueb., 18, 1874. Querspiessglanz, Oerm.
Orthorhombic. Axes: a:b 0.8915 : 1. Angles: mm'" 78° 40', bin 50° 40'. Usually in acicular crystals, with /;, m; common in capillary forms, cobweb- like. Also fibrous massive, parallel or divergent; compact massive.
Cleavage: basal, perfect; b, less so. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. 2-3. G. 5'5-6-0. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray to dark lead-gray. Streak grayish black. Opaque.
Comp.— Pb9SbsS5 or 2PbS.Sb,S3 Sulphur 19'7, antimony 29-5, lead 50'8 100. Most varieties show a little iron (1 to 3 p. c.), and some contain also silver, copper, and zinc.
Anal.— 1, Boficky, Ber. Ak. Wien, 56 (1), 32, 1867. 2, Burton, Am. J. Sc., 45, 36, 1868. 8, Siewert, Min. Mitth., 248, 1873. 4, Sari ay, il>., 355, 1877. 5, Dunniugton, Anier. Assoc., 184. 1877. 6, Wait, Trans. Am. Mug. Bug., 8, 51, 1880. 7, Genth, Am.'Cli. J., 1, 325, 1879. 8, Pisani, C. R., 83, 747, 1876. For early analyses, 5th Ed , p. 91.
S Sb Pb Ag Cu Fe Zn
1. Pfibram 20'21 30'81 47'17 — — 1-35 — As tr. 99'54
2. Star City G. 6'03 f 19 06 29 26 43'86 6'14 1'55 0'05 - - =99 92
3. Famatina G. 5'54 21 -75 32'00 39 05 1'34 345 2'00 0'62 As 0'20 100-41
4. Wiltau G. 5-2 21 -66 34-02 40'39 — - 3'43 — As 0'39 99 -89
5. Arkansas 22'18 32'89 36'78 — — 2'62 5'07 SiO2 0'74 100'28
6. " G. 5-15 22-07 35'06 38'44 0'22 O'Ol 2'53 — Bi.Cd O'Ol SiOa 1'58
7. Huelva G. 5'47 22'31 34'03 38'49 — — 5'16 — 99'99 99'92
8. Arnsberg G. 5;59-5'73 19'90 31 -20 47 '86 — — — 0'60 99'56
Heteromorphite
Pyr. — Same as for zinkenite.
Obs. — Occurs principally in Cornwall, associated with quartz and minute crystals of boumonite; occasionally also in Siberia, Hungary, at Valentia d'Alcantara in Spain, and Brazil; at the antimony mines in Sevier Co., Arkansas; at the Montezuma mine, Nevada. Named after Prof. Robert Jameson of Edinburgh (1774-1854).
Thefeat7ier ore (Federerz Oerm.) occurs at Wolfsberg in the Eastern Harz; also at Andreas- berg and Clausthal; at Freiberg and Schemnitz; in the Auhalt at Pfaffenberg and Meiseberg; in Tuscany, near Bottino; at Chonta in Peru. It was regarded as a species by nearly all the min- eralogists of last century, but included capillary stibnite; made a variety of stibnite by v. Born, Karsten, Hauy, Mohs, Leonhard, and other authors, until 1829; and a distinct species again by most authors after the analysis by Rose in 1829; but referred to Jamesonite by v. Kobell in 1830, and Rammelsberg in 1860.
Kobellite—Bronqniardite—Semseyite. 123
Zundererz, or Bergzunderz [ Tinder Ore] of G. Lehmann (Mem. Ak. Berlin, 20, 1758), which is soft like tinder and dark dirty red in color, has been referred to kermesite, but proves to be an impure jamesonite or feather ore sometimes mixed with red silver and arsenopyrite; also with free sulphur. From Andreasberg and Clausthal in the Harz.
Alt. — The lead antimonate, bindheimite, is a common alteration product.
Artif. — Obtained by Doelter in forms resembling the natural mineral, Zs. Kr., 11, 40, 1885.
131. KOBELLITE. Kobellit Satterberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 188, 1839; Berz. Jahresb., 20, 215. Massive, sometimes fibrous and radiated, resembling stibnite; also fine
granular.
H. 2-5-3. G. 6-29-6-32 Satterberg; 6-334 Keller. Color blackish lead- gray to steel-gray. Streak black.
Comp.— Pb2(Bi,Sb)2S5 or 2PbS.(Bi,Sb)2Sa (if BirSb 2:1) Sulphur 17-2, bismuth 29-8, antimony 8-6, lead 44-4 100. Silver is also present.
Anal.— 1, Satterberg, recalculated by Rammelsbeag, Min. Ch., 100, 1875. 2, H. F. Keller, Zs. Kr., 17, 67, 1889, deducting impurities.
S Bi Sb Pb Ag Cu Fe
I.Sweden [18-61] 28-37 9'38 40-74 — 0'88 2-02 100 2. Colorado £ 17-76 30-61 8-13 38 95 3'58 0'97 — 100
Pyr., etc. — B.B. decrepitates, and fuses easily; in the open tube sulphurous fumes and a sublimate of antimony trioxide; on charcoal, a yellow coating (BiaO3) near the assay and beyond white (SbnOs); with potassium iodide and sulphur a bright red coating (bismuth iodide). Soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid with evolution of hydrogen sulphide.
Obs. — From the cobalt mine of Hvena in Sweden, associated with actinolite, chalcopyrite, and small reddish white crystals of a cobaltiferous arsenopyrite (Kobaltarsenikkies). Also from the Silver Bell mine at Ouray, Colorado, associated with chalcopyrite and barite.
Named after the Bavarian mineralogist and poet, Franz von Kobell (1803-1882).
Rammelsberg rejected Satterberg's analysis, and on the basis of analyses by himself and Genth deduced the composition 3PbS.(Bi,Sb)2S3. Keller, however, has proved the existence of the compound 2PbS.(Bi,Sb)sSs, to which Satterberg's analysis conforms, and to the other has given the name of lillianite (p. 130); cf . also Groth, Tab. Ueb., pp. 30, 31, 1889. If this conclusion is correct, both these compounds must occur at the Swedish locality.
132. BRONGNIARDITE. Damour, Ann. Mines, 16, 227, 1849. Bleisilberantimonit Groth, Tab. Ueb., 18, 1874.
Isometric. In octahedrons (0) with truncated edges (d). Massive without cleavage.
H. above 3. Gr. 5-950. Luster metallic. Color and streak grayish black.
Comp.— PbAg2Sb,S5 or PbS.AgaS.Sb2S3 Sulphur 19-5, antimony 29-2, silver 26-2, lead 25-1 100.
Anal. — Damour, 1. c.:
S Sb Ag Pb Cu Fe Zn
f 19 24 29-77 24'77 24-91 0'62 0'26 0 36 99'93
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube a feeble orange sublimate with a white one above; in the open tube fuses, affords an odor of sulphur and a white sublimate of antimony trioxide. B B. on charcoal decrepitates, fuses easily, giving off an odor of sulphur and white vapors; after roasting, yields a globule of silver, with a yellow coating of lead oxide. Rapidly attacked by concentrated nitric acid.
Obs. — From Mexico. Named for the French mineralogist, Alexandre Brongniart (1770-1847).
133. SEMSEYITE. Krenner [Mag. Akad. firtes., 15, 111, 1881], Ungar. Revue, 367, 1881; Zs. Kr. 8,532, 1883.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 1-14424 : 1 : 1-10515; ft 71° 4' 100 A 001 Krenner1.
100 A HO 47° 15$', 001 A 101 34° 49$', 001 A Oil 46° 16±'. Forms: a (100, i-l), c (001, 0), s (113, - £), p (111, - 1), ?(221, - 2), t (113. £).
Sulphar8Enites, Sulphantimonites, Etg.
Angles: cs *22° 44', cp 46° 35', cq *59° 38', ct 27° 20', 33° 50', pp 66° 19', gj' 81° 2', 9?" *98° 58', 40° 27'.
In small tabular crystals, often elongated b.
Cleavage: pyramidal, p. G. 5*952 Sipocz. Luster metallic. Color gray. Opaque.
Com p. — Near jamesonite, perhaps Pb,Sb6S16 or 7PbS.3Sb2Ss Sulphur 19-1, antimony 26-9, lead 54'0 100.
Anal.— Sipocz, Zs. Kr., 11, 216, 1885.
S 19-42 Sb 26-90 Pb 53'16 Fe O'lO 99'58
Obs.— Occurs with galena, also diaphorite, sphalerite and pyrite at Felsobanya, Hungary. Named for Andor von Semsey. Ref.— ' Zs. Kr., 8, 532, 1883.
134. DIAPHORITE. Freieslebeftte pt. Diaphorit Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 130, 1871.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-49194 : 1 : 0*73447 Zepharovich. 100 A HO 26° llf, 001 A 101 56° 11|', 001 A Oil 36° 17f.
Forms:
m (110, /)
P
(150, i-
5)
u (012,
w (021, 2-i)
e (534,
a (100,
i-l)
n (120
a
(1-11-0,
i-ll)
r (Oil,
1-i)
z (114,
C (122,
1-2) tw.
b (010, t (310,
M)
k (5-12-0, -Y) it (130, a-3)
jf
(102, f (101, 1-
S
v (032, ? (053,
f?
y (us, i)
(314, i-3)
o (134, d (144,
1-3) 1-4)
18°
374'
xx'
112°
22'
ww
— ]
.11° 31' ao
7r
54'
mm'"
52°
23'
ax
*33°
oryo OK' ®y
73'
36'
nri
90°
56'
uu'
40°
20'
mi ay
—
67 25
54° 59'
*71°
45'
W
73°
29'
rr'
72°
36'
After Zepharovich.
Twins: tw. pi. (1) n (120); (2) C (122). Habit prismatic, faces in zone a m often vertically striated.
Cleavage not observed. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 2 '5-3. G. 5-902 Zeph.; 6-042 Vrba. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray. Opaque.
Comp.-(Pb,Ag2)BSb4Sn or 5(Fb,Ag,)S.2Sb1S1. If Pb : Ag2 4:3, this requires: Sulphur 18-7, anti- mony 25-5, lead 31-3, silver 24-5 100. The composi- tion is the same as for freieslebenite.
Anal.— 1, Helmhacker, Kenng. Ueb. 294,, 1865. Referred here (Zeph.) on the ground that freieslebenite is not found at Pfibram. 2, Morawski, Zs. Kr., 2, 101, 1878.
1. Pfibram
S
Sb
Pb
Ag
Fe
Cu
0-73 100-12 — 99-35
Pyr. — As for freieslebenite.
Obs.— Occurs at Pfibram and at Brftunsdorf near Freiberg; freieslebenite is also found at Freiberg. Reported from Zancudo, U. S. of Colombia, 8. A.,with sphalerite and heteromorphite. Named from dia&opd, difference, because distinct from, while similar to, freieslebenite.
135. FREIESLEBENITE. Mine d'antimoine grise tenant argent (fr. HimmelsfUrst) de Lisle, Descr. de Min., 35, 1773, Crist., 3, 54, 1783. Dunkles Weissgiiltigerz (id. loc., known since 1720) Klapr., Beitr., 1, 173, 1795. Schilf-Glaserz Freiesleben, Geogu. Arb.. 6, 97. 1817. Antimonial Sulphuret of Silver, Sulphuret of Silver and Antimony. Argent sulfure antimoni- fere et cuprifere Levy, Descr. Min. Heulaucl, 1888. Donacargyrite Chapm., Min., 128, 1843. Freieslebenit Haid., 569, 1845.
Freieslebenite.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 0-58714 : 1 : 0-92768; /3 *87° 46' 100 A 001 Miller1.
100 A HO 30° 24', 001 A 101 *56° 5', 001 A Oil 42° 49f '.
Forms2 :
t (310, j-3)
o (230, e-|)4
(150, t-5)4
r (Oil, 1-1)
/ (Hi, - 1)
a (100, i-i)
fi (210, x-3)
k (120, i-2)
3(101.-!-!)
d (054,4)1
h (414, - 1-4N
b (010, i-i)
(430,
n (350, 1-4)
£ (101, 1-i)3
v (032, f-i)
g (312, -|-3)
c (001, 0)
n (250, i-4)8
w (021, 2-1)
z (212, - 1-2)
q $10, t-8)
I (560, t-|) o- (450,
p (130, t-3)3
(012, £-i) 6 (034, f-i)4
V (112, - i)
0 (112, i)
Pp"
mm'
22° 8'
32° 42' *60° 48'
91° 17'
80° 53'
68° 34' 59° 12'
31° 41'
59° 16'
a'€ 32° 58'
uu' 49° 44'
rr' 85° 40'
Mow' — 123° 19'
cy =41° 36V
cf - 59° 54'
cm — 88° 4'
c0 43° 22'
ch 56° 22'
my 46° 28'
mf 28° 11' .
ag 24° 34'
az 34° 14'
of 40° 61'
ff hh'
zz' 99'
64° It 69° 39?
51° 57' 13° 53' 27° 23' 20° 9'
00' 40° 41'
Twins : tw. pi. a. Habit prismatic, prismatic planes vertically striated.
Cleavage : m imperfect. Fracture subconchoidal to un- even. Rather brittle. H. 2- 2-5. G. 6-2-6-4; 6-194 Hausm., 6*35 Vrba. Luster metallic. Color and streak light steel- gray inclining to silver-white, also to blackish lead-gray. Opaque.
Comp.-(Pb,Ag,)6Sb4Su or 5(Pb,Ag2)S.2Sb2S3 =(if Pb: Ag, 4:3) Sulphur 18-7, antimony 25-5, lead 31'3, silver 24-5 100. antimony 25-7, lead 55*4 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Wohler, Pogg., 46, 153. 1839. 3, Escosura [Rev. Minera, 6, 358], Ann. Mines, 8, 495, 1855. 4, Payr, Jb. Min., 579, 1860. 5, Morawski, Zs. Kr., 2, 161, 1878. 6, L. G. Eakins, Am. J. Sc., 36, 452, 1888.
Also (anal. 6) Pb5Sb4Sn Sulphur 18'9,
1. Freiberg
3. Spain
4. Pfibram
5. Spain
6. Colorado
G. 6-230 G. 6-040
s
Sb
Pb
Ag
18-98ft 25-99 55-52 By calculation.
tr.
Fe
0-11 Cu 1-22 100
— 99-60
— 98-78 0-63 100
— Cu 0-13 99-36 tr. 100-49
Pisani refers here the massive dark Weissgultigerz analyzed by Klaproth, who obtained (I.e.) 822-00, Sb 21-50, Pb 41-00. Ag 9'25, Fe 1*75, AlaO3 I'OO, SiO4 0-75 97-25, considering part of the silver as here replaced by lead.
Pyr. — In the open tube gives sulphurous and antimonial fumes, the latter condensing as a white sublimate. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily, giving a coating, on the outer edge white, from antimony trioxide, and near the assay yellow, from lead oxide; continued blowing leaves a globule of silver.
Obs. — With argentite, siderite. and galena, in the Himmelsfi'irst mine, at Freiberg in Saxony; at Kapnik in Hungary; at liatieborzitz, the ore of which locality contains bismuth, according to Zincken; at Felsobanya; at Hiendelencina in Spain, with argentite, red silver, siderite, galena, etc. In groups of ncicular crystals of a bright steely grayish black color from
126 Sulpharsenite8, Sulphantimonites, Etc.
the Augusta Mt. , Gunnison Co., Colorado (anal. 6). Formerly regarded as occurring at Pfibram, but this mineral is referred to diaphorite (Zeph.). Named after J. K. Freiesleben (1774-1846).
Ref.— Min., p. 208, 1852. 2 See Miller, 1. c. 3 Zeph., Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 130, 1871. Bkg., Spain, Zs. Kr., 2, 425, 1878.
D. Ortho- Division. R8AsaS6, E3SbaSg, etc.; also R3AsS3, etc. Bournonite Group. 3RS.(As,Sb,Bi)2S3. Orthorhombic.
The crystalline form of only a part of the species provisionally included here is definitely known.
a : b : 6
136. Bournonite 3(Cu2,Pb)S.SbaS3 0-9380 : 1 : 0-8969
137. Wittichenite 3CuaS.BiaS3
138. Aikinite 3(Pb,Cu,)S.Bi,S, 0-9719 : 1
139. Boulangerite 3PbS.Sb,S,
140. Lillianite ggjjfi
141. Stylotypite 3(Cu2,Ag2,Fe)S.SbaSs 0-941 : 1
142. Guitermanite 3PbS.As,S3?
148. Tapalpite 3Aga(S,Te).Bi,(S,Te)s?
Pyrargyrite Group. 3AgaS.(As,Sb)8Ss. Ehombohedral, hemimorphic.
144. Pyrargyrite 3Ag2S.SbaS3 6 0-78916
145. Proustite SAgS-AsS, 6 0-80393
a:b:6 ft
146. Pyrostilpnite 3Ag2S.Sb,S3 Monoclinic 0-3547:1:0-1782 90°
147. Rittingerite Monoclinic 0-5280 : 1 : 0-5293 89° 26'
Bournonite Group.
136. BOURNONITE. Ore of Antimony (fr. Endellion) P. Rashleigh (Spec. Brit. Min., 1, 34, pi. xix., 1797. Triple Sulphuret of Lead, Antimony, and Copper Bournon (with figs.), Phil. Trans., 30, 1804; Ch. Hatchett (anal.), ib. 63., Bournonite, Antimonial Lead Ore, Jameson, Syst., 2, 579, 1805, 3, 372, 1816. Spiessglauzblei Karst., in Klapr. Beitr., 4, 82, 1807, and Tab., 68, 1808. Plomb sulfure antimonifere H., Tabl., 1809. Endellione Bourn., Cat. Min., 409, 1813. Schwarz Spiesglanzerz Wern. Schwarzspiessglaserz, Antimonbleikupferblende Germ. Anti- moine sulfure plum bo-cuprif ere H., Tr.,4, 1822. Radelerz Wheel Ore] Kapnik miners. Endellionite Zippe, Char. Min., 213, 1859. Canutillo Span. 8. A.
Prismatischer Spiesglas-Glanz Mohs, Char., 1820; Prismatoidischer Kupfer-Glanz Mohs, Grundr., 2, 559, 1824. Antimonkupfer-Glanz Breith. W5lchit Haid., Handb., 564, 1845. W5lchite.
Orthorhombic. Axes: & : 1 : 6 0-93797 : 1 : 0-89686 Miller1.
100 A HO *43° 10', 001 A 101 *43° 43', 001 A Oil 41° 53J-'.
Bo Urnonite Gro Up— Bo Urnonite.
T (321, 3-l)
F(454, H)6 F(355, w (346, f f) J"(123, f-2)6 TT (122, 1-2) p (121, 2-2) r (134, f -3) 9(131, 33) #(275, H) A (144, 1-4)
Miers' adds as doubtful forms: (610), (6-18-0), (5-16-0), (270), (350), (580), (190); (907); (0-1-14), (014); (445), (20-20-21), (12-12-11), (14-14-11), (17-17'H); (22-11-84), (10-20-88); (368), (132), (1-10-9), (1-18-19).
Forms8 :
oo (340, -f )
n (114, )6
g (221, 2)
a (100, i-l)
a (230, i-|)
a; (102, i-i)
0 (H3, i)
Jv (11 -1-11 1
b (010, i-l)
/ (120, t-2")
ft (203, |-i)
w (112, i)
w (7 -2-14,
e (001, 0)
t (130, a-3)
ft (304, |-i)?
P (10-10-19.
I (316, i-8)
77 (310, i-3) e (210, t-2) / /son vjn
S (3-10-0, *~V°-)6 $ (140, i4) £ (150, i-5)
' o (101, 1-i) (504, f i)? g (201, 2-4)
5 (559, f )6 -#(558, |)6
P (223,
17(314, f-3)6 (214, i-2) 6 (213, |-2)
, d (160, i-6) r (1-0-18, A-*)1
5 (301, 3-i) ? C (401, 4-1)
X (334, I)
y (in, i)
8 (212, 1-2) (211, 2-2)
(430, £f)
,/3(108, H)?
K- (013, -J)
Z (443
A (7-4-14, f]
.Jf (970, i-f k (540, z'-f ) m (110, I)
' [7 (105, f i)6 (104, l-l) $ (207, f -i)?
(023, f-i) n (Oil, 14) 2 (031, 3-Q4
(17-17-12, H (332, T (885, |)6
yv 4 tOj "g"""!/
D (322, l-f)6
W (560, z-f
fc e (103, f I)
ee'"
50° 16'
If"
64° 2'
mm'"
86° 20'
ff
56° 8'
H
39° 8'
u'
26° 53'
ee'
35° 21'
xx'
51° 6'
oo'
87° 26'
zz'
124° 47'
55' 141° 34'
yy' 61° 45' nri - 83° 46f 22' 139° 13'
cu cp cy en
eg
c£ 27° 50'
cs 46° 34'
cv 64° 40'
cp 63° 48'
33° 15'
41° 9'
52° 40'
- 63° 3'
69° 7'
pp' yy'
99'
m'
nit' 39° 11'
57° 22' 70° 53' 85° 55' 109° 50'
uu
pp' yy
99' ss"
vo"
pp'
44° 3'
53° 31'
65° 54'
79° 28'
35° 55'
45° 8'
104° 43'
77° 57'
pp' 49° 56'
Fig. 1, Harz, Levy.
2, 5, Nagyag, Zirkel. 3, Kapiiik, Hbg.-Schrauf. 4, Harz, Zirkel. 6, Liskeard, Miers.
Twins: tw. pi. m, often repeated forming cruciform and wheel-shaped crystals, with also enclosed twin lamella?. Crystals usually short prismatic to tabular; often aggregated in parallel position; prismatic faces often vertically striated, also macrodomes horizontally. Also massive; granular, compact.
Cleavage: b imperfect; a, c less distinct. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Rather brittle. H. — 2'5-3. G. 5-7-5-9. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color and streak steel-gray, inclining to blackish lead-gray or iron-black. Ouaaue-
Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, Etc.
Comp.— (Pb,CuJISb,S. or 3(Pb,Cu2)S.Sb2S3 PbCnSbS, (if Pb : Cua 2 : Sulphur 19-8, antimony 24-7, lead 42-5, copper 13-0 — 100.
Anal.— 1, Wait, Ch. News, 28, 271, 1873. 2. Helmhacker, Min. Mitth., 86, 1875. 3, 4, Hidegh, Zs. Kr., 8, 534, 1883, ref. 5, Sipocz, Zs. Kr., 11, 218, 1885. 6, Lesiiisky, J. pr. Ch., 40, 232, 1889. Also 5th Ed. , p. 96.
1. Liskeard G. 5 826
2. Pfibram
3. Felsobanya G. 5'86
4. Kapnik G. 5 -737
5. Nagyag G. 5'766
6. Neudorf
S Sb As Pb Cu Ag Fe
19-36 23-57 0'47 41.95 13 27 — 0'68 99-30
19-94 24-74 — 39'37 13'52 1 69 0'13 Zn 0'09 99'66
19-78 23-80 — 42-07 12.82 — 0'20 98'67
l'J-37 22-42 0-41 40'98 14'75 0'40 0'81 99 14
20-22 18-42 3-18 43'85 12'87 — 0'51 Mn 0'26, Zn 0'20 99'51
19-90 26 35 — 40-20 12'55 — — gangue 0'50 99'50
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives a dark red sublimate. In the open tube gives sulphur dioxide, and a white sublimate of antimony triuxide. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily, and at first coats the coal white; continued blowing gives a yellow coating of lead oxide; the residue, treated with soda in R.F., gives a globule of copper.
Decomposed by nitric acid, affording a blue solution, and leaving a residue of sulphur, and a white powder containing anti- mony and lead.
Obs. — Occurs in the mines of Neudorf in the Harz (which in- clude the Meiseberg localities), where the crystals occasionally exceed an inch in diameter; also at Wolfsberg, Clausthal, and Andreasberg in the Harz; jit Pfibram in Bohemia; with quartz, tetrahedrite, and phosphorescent sphalerite, at Kapnik in Hungary, in flattened crystals; at Servoz in Piedmont, associated with pearl spar and quartz. Other localities are the parish of Briiuusdorf and Gersdorf in Saxony, Olsa in Carinthia, etc.; Endellion at Wheal Boys in Cornwall, where it was first found, and hence called endellione, by Count Bouruon, after whom it was subsequently named; in Mexico; at Huasco-Alto in Chili; Mina Beatriz, Sierra Gorda, Atacama; at Machacamarca in Bolivia; in Peru.
In the U. S. , at the Boggs mine, Yavapai Co , Arizona (Blake), with pyrite, chalcopyrite, etc.: also from Montgomery Co., Arkansas, with galena, tetrahedrite, etc. (F. W. Gibb). Also reported from the Bear and Anvil Mts., San Juan Co., Colorado. In Canada, in the township of Marmora. Hastings Co., and Darling, Lanark Co., Ontario.
Alt. — Occurs altered to cerussite, malachite, azurite, and also (as Rammelsberg has shown) to the mineral called wolcliite, (Antimonkupferglauz Germ.), which occurs in similar crystals, with the same hardness and same sp. gr. (5 '88-5-94 Rg.). It was originally from Wolch in Carinthia, but occurs also at Olsa, with true bournonite. Rammelsberg found, as the mean of 4 analyses (Min. Ch., 80, 1860), S 16'81, Sb 24-41. Pb 15'59, Cu 42'83, Fe 0'36 100, excluding the ad- mixed carbonate, sulphate, and autimonial sails of lead and copper, and some water. See Min. Ch., 102, 1875.
Artif.— On synthetic experiments, Doelter, Zs. Kr., 11, 38, 1885. Also later (Anz. Ak. Wien, 101, 1890), where it is shown that bournonite when digested in water as a fine powder in a sealed tube at 80° is slightly soluble; in connection with these experiments crystals of the common twinned form were obtained.
Ref.—1 Min. p. 201, 1852; cf. Rose, Pogg., 76, 291, 1849, and Zirkel, Ber. Ak. Wien, 45 (1), 431, 1862. 2 See Zirkel, 1. c.; Hbg., Min. Not., 5, 32, 1863; Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. xxxvi-xxxviii, 1871-72; Miers, Min. Mag., 6, 59, 1884; Gdt., Index, 1, 327 et seq., 1886. 3 Zeph., Lotos, 1876. 4 Rath, Zs. Kr., 1, 602, 1877. 6 Groth, Min.-Samml., 61, 1871. 6 Miers, 1. c.
137. WITTICHENITE. Kupferwismutherz Selb., Denks. d'Aerzte u. Nat. Schwab., 1, 419; Klapr., Beitr., 4, 91, 1807. Bismuth sulphure cuprifere Fr. Cupreous Bismuth; Cupriferous Sulphuret of Bismuth. Wismuth-Kupfererz Leonh., 1826. Wittichit Kbl,, Taf., 13, 1853. Wittichenit Kenng., Uebers., 1853, 118, 1855.
Orthorhombic. In crystals resembling bournonite with a, b, c, m, o, n, Breith. Massive and disseminated ; also coarse columnar, or an aggregate of imperfect prisms.
Fracture conchoidal. H. 3'5. G. — 5, Hausm.; 4-3, Gallenbach, Hilger. Color steel-gray, tin-white, tarnishing pale lead-gray. Streak black..
Comp — Cu3BiS, or 3CuaS.Bi.S. Sulphur 19-5, bismuth 42-1, copper 38*4 100.
Anal.— 1, Petersen, Pogg., 136, 500, 1869. 2, G. Liudstrom, G. F5r. F5rh., 9, 523, 1887. Also 5th Ed., pp. 98, 99.
Boubnonite Grouiaikinite—Boulanoerite. 129
S Bi Cu Pb
1. Gallenbach G. 4-45 20-30 41-13 36'76 — As 0-79, Sb 0'41, Ag 0'15, Zu 0-13,
[Fe 0-35 100-02
2. Gladhainmar G. 6 70 17'70 42'94 20'86 18"04 Zn 0'06, Fe 0'68, insol. 0'16 100'44
It is a question whether anal. 2 belongs here; cf. lillianite.
Pyr. — In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes and a white sublimate erf bismuth sulphate. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily, at first throws out sparks, and coats the coal with bismuth trioxide, the residue with soda in R.F. gives a globule of metallic copper. Soble in hydrochloric acid, with evolution of hydrogen sulphide; decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur.
Obs. — From cobalt mines with barite, near Wittichen, Baden; also at Zell, near Wolfach; at Christophsau near Freudenstadt. Chiefly at the Neugltick mine, BOckelsbach, also Anton mine in Heubach, David mine in Silberberg, and King David (anal. 1.) in Gallenbach. A related mineral (anal. 2) occurs at Gladhammar, Sweden.
Alt. — Undergoes easy alteration, becoming yellowish brown, then red and blue externally, forming apparently covellite; also changing to a greenish earthy mineral, which is a mixture of malachite, bismuth oxide, and hydrated iron sesquioxide; also to an earthy yellow bismutite and bismuth-ochre. Saudberger, Jb. Min., 274, 1865.
Artif.— Obtained by Schneider, Pogg., 127, 302, 1866.
138. AIKINITE. Nadelerz Mohs, Null's Kab., 3, 726, 1804. Bismuth sulfure plumbo- cuprifere H., Tabl., 105, 1809. Needle Ore; Acicular Bismuth; Cupreous Bismuth. Aikinite Chapman, Min., 127, 1843. Patrinite Raid., Handb., 568, 1845. Belonit Olock., Syu., 27, 1847. Aciculite Nicol, Miu., 487, 1849.
Orthorhombic. Axes : a : b G'971-9 : 1 Miers. Forms: b (010, t-i), e (210, i-2), m (110, /), /(120, i-2), i (130, -8).
Angles: 51° 50', mm'" *88° 22', ff ' 54° 27', ii 37° 52'; be - 64° 5', bf 27* 13f , bi - 18° 56', measured 63° 26', 26° 34', 19° 4'.
Crystals embedded, acicular, longitudinally striated. Also massive.
Fracture uneven. H.= 2-2'5. G.= 6-1-6-8; 6;757 Frick. Luster metallic. Color blackish lead-gray, with a pale copper-red tarnish. Opaque.
Comp.— 3(Pb,Cu2)S.Bi2S3 or (if Pb : Cu, 2 : 1), PbCuBiS3 Sulphur 16-8, bismuth 36'2, lead 36'0, copper 11-0 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Frick, Pogg., 31, 529, 1834. 3, Chapman, Phil. Mag., 31, 541, 1847. 4, Her- mann, J. pr. Ch., 75, 452, 1858.
S Bi Pb Cu Ni
1. Berezov G. 6-757 16'05 34'62 35-69 11-79 — =98-15
2. " 16-61 36-45 36'05 10'59 — 99'70
3. " G. 6-1 18-78 27-93 40-10 12'53 - 99-34
4. " 16-50 34-87 36"31 10'97 0'36 Au 0 09 99'10
Pyr., etc. — In the open tube gives sulphurous fumes, and also a white sublimate, which may be fused into clear drops that are white on cooling; the assay becomes surrounded with a black fused oxide, which on cooling is transparent and greenish yellow. B.B. on charcoal fuses and gives a white coating, yellow on the edge nearest the assay; with the fluxes, reactions for copper, and after long blowing a globule of metallic copper.
Decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur and lead sulphate.
Obs.— Occurs at Berezov near Ekaterinburg, Urals, with gold, malachite, and galena, in white quartz. In the United States perhaps at Gold Hill, Rowan Co., N. Carolina (possibly cosalite, Genth).
Ref. — ! Berezov, Min. Mag., 8, 206, 1889; Miers gives 410 instead of 210, but the former does not agree with the measured angle. Hoernes gave a prismatic angle of 70°.
139. BOULANGERITE. Plomb antimonie sulfure Boulanger, Ann. Mines, 7, 575, 1835. Schwefelantimonblei Antimonbleiblende Germ. Sulphuret of Antimony and Lead. Boulan- gerit Thaulow, Pogg., 41, 216, 1837; Hamm., ib., 46, 281. Embrithite, Plumbostib, Breith., J. pr. Ch., 10, 442, 1837.
In plumose masses, exhibiting on the fracture a crystalline structure; also granular and compact.
H. 2 '5-3. G. 5*75-6 -0. Luster metallic. Color bluish lead-gray; often covered with yellow spots from oxidation. Opaque.
Comp.— Pb3Sb2S6 or 3PbS,Sb2S3 Sulphur 18'3, antimony 22-8, lead 58'ft 100.
Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, Etc.
Anal.— 1, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 45, 320, 1868. 2, 3, Rath, Pogg., 136, 430, 1869. 4 5 Frenzel, J. pr. Ch., 2, 360, 1870. Also 5th Ed., pp. 99, 795.
S Sb Pb Ag
1. Echo Distr., Nevada 17-91 26'85 5482 tr. Fe 0'42 100
2. Silbersand G. 5'935 18 62 22'93 55'82 — 97'37
3. 18-51 25-65 56'14 — 100-30
4. Plumbostib G. 6'17 f 18'09 20'49 59'54 — Cu 0'88 - 99'00
5. Embrithite G. 6'32 1808 21-47 59-30 — Cu 0'80 - 99'65
The last two correspond nearly to 10PbS.3Sb2S3, but the material analyzed may not have been quite pure. Cf. Guitermanite.
Pyr. — Same as for zinkenite.
Obs. — Quite abundant at Molieres, department of Gard, in France; also found at Nasafjeld in Lapland; at Nerchinsk; Ober-Lahr in Sayn-Altenkirchen; Silbersand near Mayen iu the Eifel; Wolfsberg in the Harz; Pribram in Bohemia; near Bottino in Tuscany, both massive, acicular, and fibrous. Also in acicular crystals embedded in quartz in Echo District, Union county, Nevada.
Named after C. L. Boulanger (1810-1849).
Embrithite is from the locality of boulangerite at Nerchinsk. It is granular in texture, of a lead-gray color. Named from euBpiQr'/S, heavy. Plumbostib is also from Nerchinsk; it is columnar to fibrous in structure. Named from plumbum and stibium.
140. LILLIANITE. H. F. Keller, Zs. Kr., 17, 67, 1889. Kobellite. Massive, crystalline.
Luster metallic. Color steel-gray. Streak black. Opaque. . Comp.— Pb3Bi2S6 3PbS.Bi2S3 Sulphur 15-7, bismuth 33-8, lead 50-5 100. Also Pb3BiSbS3 Sulphur 16'9, bismuth 18'2, antimony 10'5, lead 54'4 100. Further the lead may be in part replaced by silver, in anal. 1-3, Pb : Ag =4:1.
Anal.— 1-3, H. F. & H. A. Keller, J. Am. Ch. Soc., 7, 194, 1885. 4, Kg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, .237, 1862, .after deducting 5- 61 cobaltite, 3'67 chalcopyrite. 5, Gent, Rg., Min. Ch., 100, 1875.
S Bi Sb Pb 1. Colorado
4. Sweden G. 6'145
Obs.— From Hvena, Sweden, with cobaltite and chalcopyrite. Cf . Kobellite. p. 123. In the U. S. , an argentiferous variety occurs with galena in the mines of the Lillian Mining Co., Printerboy Hill, near Leadville, Colorado.
S
Bi
Sb
Pb
Ag
Cu
—
tr.
—
0-03
—
tr.
—
— Fe
0-43 9
—
l-46Fe
1-70 9
141. STYLOTYPITE. Stylotyp v. Kobell, Ber. Ak. Milnchen, 1, 163, 1865. 'Orthorhombic; prismatic angle 86£° approx. Twins: cruciform, angle of intersection near 90°.
Fracture imperfectly conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. H. 3. G. 4*79. Luster metallic. Color iron-black; streak black.
Comp. — 3(Cu2,Ag2,Fe)S.Sb,!S3, the species being an iron-silver-copper bournonite (ratio Cu2 + Ag2: Fe 2 : 1, and Cu2: Ag2 6:1) Sulphur 25-0, antimony 31-3, copper 28'3, silver 8-1, iron 7'3 100. Anal.— Kobell, 1. c. :
S 24-30 Sb 30-53 Cu 28-00 Ag 8-30 Fe 7'00 Pb, Zn tr. 98'13
Pyr., etc.— B.B. decrepitates, and fuses very easily. On charcoal a steel-gray globule, which is magnetic; fumes of antimony.
Obs. — From Copiapo in Chili.
Named from erruAo?, column, and TVTto$,form, in allusion to the columnar form, in which It differs from tetrahedrite, although approaching it in composition.
A related mineral from the Great Eastern mine, Park county, Colorado, has been examined by Page.
Structure crystalline. H. =4. G. 4'89. Color steel-gray. Streak dark red. Analysis-
S 2688 Sb 34-47 Cu 23-20 Pb 1-19 Zn 7'14 Fe 1'38 gangue 5'86 100'12
Pyrargyite Group— Pyrargyite. 131
The copper is stated to be present one half as CuaS, the rest as CuS (Ch. News, 46, 215, 1882).
DUBFELDTITE Raimondi, Miners MX du Perou, p. 125, 1878.
In masses with indistinct fibrous structure, also in tine needles. H. 2'5. G. 5'40. Color light gray. Luster metallic. Associated with quartz as gaugue. After deduction of impurities (31 '3 p. c. gangue), the composition is :
824-15, Sb 80-52, 'Pb 25-81, Ag 7'34, Cu 1'86, Fe 2"24, Mii"8'08 100.
From the Irismachay mine, Auquiniarca, province Cajatambo, Peru. Named after Richard Durfeldt.
142. GUITERMANITE. Hillebrand, Proc. Col. Sc. Soc., 1, 129, 1884.
Massive, compact.
H. — 3. G. 5-94. Luster metallic. Color bluish gray. Opaque. Comp.— A sulphide of arsenic and lead, 10PbS.3As2Ss or 3PbS.As2S3. Analysis, after deducting 2'6 lead sulphate, also free sulphur and pyrite, gangue, etc.:
S 19-49 As 14-33 Pb 65'99 Cu 0'19 100
The formula lOTbS.3As2S3 requires : S 19'5, As 14'4, Pb 66'1 100; but an analysis of purer material needed to settle the composition. It may prove to conform to the general formula of the preceding group, i.e., 3PbS.As2S3 Sulphur 20-0, arsenic 15'6, lead 64'4 - 100.
Obs.— Occurs intimately mixed with zunyite at the Zuni mine, near Silverton, San Juan, Co. Colorado. Named for Mr. Franklin Guiterman.
143. TAPALPITE. Pedro L. Monroy, A. del Castillo, Naturaleza, 1, 76, 1869. Tellurwis- mutbsilbsr rtammelsberg, Zs. G. Ges., 21, 81, 18(59.
Granular, massive. Sectile, somewhat brittle. G. 7'803. ucter metallic. Color pale steel-gray, inclining to lead-gray, tarnished.
Comp. — A sulpho-telluride of bismuth and silver, perhaps 3Ag,(S,Te).Bi.1(S,Te)3, (if S : Te 3 : 2) Tellurium 20-3, sulphur 7'8, bismuth 28-1, silver 43-8 100. Anal.— 1, Rg., 1. c. 2, 3, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 24, 41, 1887, after deducting 7-8 p. c. galena. These analyses vary widely; the above formula is based on those of Genth.
Te S Bi Ag Cu
1. 24-10 3-32 48-50 23'35 tr. 99'27
2 19-76 8-07 28-41 43'76 — =100
3. G. 7-74 21-67 7-25 24-99 46-09 — 100
Pyr. — Fuses easily in the closed tube, giving; a faint white sublimate. B.B. on charcoal gives off fumes and leaves a white and yellow coating; finally yields a silver globule. Dissolved in the cold by nitric acid forming a green solution, which on heating becomes colorless with a white precipitate.
Obs. — Occurs at San Antonio mine, San Rafael district, Sierra de Tapalpa, Jalisco, Mexico.
Pyrargyrite Group.
144. PYRARGTRITE. Argentum rude rubrum pt. Germ. Rothgolderz, Agrtc. 362, Interpr., 462, 1546. Argentum rubri cploris pt., Gemein Rothguldenerz, Gesner., Foss., 62, 15(55. Rothgylden pt. , Argentum arsenico pauco sulphure et ferro mineralisatum pt., Minera argenti rubra var. opaca, var. nigrescens, Wall., 310, 1747. Mine d'argent rouge Fr. Trl. Wall., 1753. Ruby Silver Ore pt., Red Silver Ore pt. , Hill, Foss, 1771. Dunkles Rothgultigerz, Lichtes id. pt., Wern., 1789. Dark Red Silver Ore; Antimonial Red Silver. Argent antimonie sulfurept. H., Tr., 1801. Argent rouge antimoniale Proust., J. Phys., 59, 407, 1804. Erosit Selb, Denks. Nat. Schwab., 1, 311, Tasch. Min., 401, 1817. Rubinblende pt. Mohs. Antimon- silberblende. Pyrargyrit Glock., Handb., 388, 1831. Argyrythrose Beud., Tr., 2, 430, 1832. Argento rosso antimoniale Hal. Rosicler oscuro Span. Petlanque Mexico.
Rhombohedral; hemimorphic, Axis: 6 0-78916; 0001 A 1011 42° 20£' Slier e1,
Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, Etc.
Forms8;
Gt (7189. |S)
T, (5-3-8-11, Tv)
Go (2358, -|6)
c (0001, 0)
q (5388, i4)
f (1235, — £3)
m (1010, /)
(5167, 4 )
i (5386, i4)
d (1232, -|3)
a (1120, z-2)
(5164, I3)
P, (5385, f4)
e (3698, -fO
i (4150, £f) ,
0 (4156, i*)
7 (5382, I4)
r/ (5-10-I5-8, -f3)
i (3140, i-f) 0 (2130, z-f)
(4153, 1S) Q (14-4-18-13, f1)
S (21-13-34-26, Ty) J (17 11 -28 6, 1¥)
a (2573, -I1) ff(8-2 81-18, -j[**)
u (1014,
7 (5058, f)
(3142, 10
cr(3'254, 5)
J£(1341, -20
V (5056, ) a (3034, r (1011, JB)
u (8-311-8, f1*)
y (3251, P)
J (19-13 32-6, 1¥) Tf (7 5'12 8, £6)
p (2797, -f1) (4-15-19-4, -Vt!)
n (3032, r (5052,1)
7(12-5-17-10, s (7-3-IO-4, 1s)
Jt (17-18-SO-4, 1¥) T, (4-3-7-10, TVO
(1451, -31) Jt (2-9-11 2,
jw (0118, -|)3
B (U -5-16-9, fs)
5 (4376, I1)
j (4-20-24-11, -jf1)
c (0112, — Ji (0332, -|)3 (0221, -2)
t (2134, 5- (2132, |3)? £(10-5-15-8, |3)
2 (4374, i7) C (4371, I1) TT (9-7-16-2, 1)
P (1562, -21)
r (0772, — /(0551, -5)
(2131, I3)
ti (14-11-25-15, ffi Z (5491, I9)
g (1671, -5?) 5 (2-13-15-7, — V-H)
p (1123, f-2) J. (2243, |-2)
C (9-5-14-4, I1)
m (6-5-11 7, (7-6-13-19, TV13)
6(2-15-17-8, -J/*J)
f) (4483, f-2)
A (7-4-H-15, £ )
Jv, (17-15-32-2, I16)
p (17-1-18-1, 16S)
0 (7-4-11 -8, f1*)
2 (6 7-13-20, -,Vj)
Z>(1-12-13-1,-11 )
X (11 1-12-1, 10f)
F(7-4-li-6, f*1)
i(4595,-i9t
cu 12° 50'
„,' *71° 22'
gg" 29° 11'
Ee' - 26° 84'
ca 84° 21'
77Jj 88° 41'
Ot' 74° 25'
Pp' 16° 38
cr 42° 20f
Tt 104° 56'
m" - 35° 12'
qq' — 14° 51
c/7 53° 49'
ee' 42° 5'
cT 66° 18'
s*' 98° 48'
ay 19" 12
ce 24° 30'
rr( 111° 27'
yy' 70° 37'
ay 15° 34
cs 61° 15'
ff =115° 32'
2/yT 45° 20'
av 24° 54'
cr 72° 35V cf 77° 37'
cp - 27° 45' pp' 26° 55f
wwv 15° 9' 22' 55° Of 22' 40C 32'
an 39° 53' ar 54° 19' a<v 70° 15'
uu' 22° 11' aa' 58° 30'
39° 30' tf 19° 27'
aa' 28° 24'
ap 76C 32'
Twins: tw._pl. (1) a, very common, the axes 6 parallel (f. 6), and c the comp. face. (2) u (1014), also common, the composition-plane usually u, the axes then being inclined 25 40' to each other, sometimes n; repeated, all three faces of u as tw. pi. (f. 5), also as twinning lamellae (in some cases secondary in origin) as shown by fine striations. (3) r, not common, the crystals crossing nearly at right angles. (4) e (0112) rare. Crystals commonly prismatic and hemimorphic3, as /sometimes shown by development of the two ends when distinct; also by the occur- rence c-f m as a trigonal prism; also by the unsymmetrical development of striations on a due to the form g (1671). The hemimorphic character is often obscured by twinning. Also massive, compact.
Cleavage: r distinct; e imperfect. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 2*5. G. 5'77-5'86; 5'85 if pure. Luster metallic-adamantine. Color black to grayish black, by transmitted light deep-red. Streak purplish red. Nearly opaque, but transparent in very thin splinters. Optically negative. Double re- fraction strong. Indices, Fizeau (Dx.):
GO 3-084 e 2-881
Comp — Ag3SbS3 or 3Ag2S.Sb2S3 Sulphur 17-8, antimony 22-3, silver 59-9 100. Some varieties contain small amounts of arsenic, see proustite p. 134.
Pyearg Trite Gro Up—Ptrarg Trite.
Figs. 1-4, 7, from Miers. 5, Andreasberg, Sbk.
Anal.— 1, Senfter, J. pr. Ch., 106, 144, 1869. 2, Petersen, ib., p. 143. 3, 4, 5, Rethwisch, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 4, 95, 1886. 6, Streng, Jb. Min., 916, 1878 7-14, G. T. Prior, Min. Mag., 8, 94, 1888. 15, Traube, Jb. Min., 1, 286, 1890. Also 5th Ed., p. 95.
1. Wolfach
2. Andreasberg
4. Freiberg
5. Andreasberg
6. Dolores
7. Andreasberg
8. Guanajuato
9. Zacatecas
10. Andreasberg
11. Freiberg
12. Chanarcillo
13. Harz
14. Audreasberg
15. Kajanel
G.
s
Sb
As
Ag
—
57-01
58-03
—
59 73
60-63
60-78
60-53
—
59-75
59-91
60-04
60-24
60-17
60 07
60-21
6085
[1787]
60-45
Henckel found arsenic in ruby silver (Pyritol., 169, 1725). and both light and red silver ores Tvere afterwards considered arsenical, until Klaproth's analysis, detecting antimony alone, in 1794 (Beitr. , 1, 141); after this both were supposed to be antimonial, until Proust, in 1804, showed that there were two species, an antimonial and an arsenical. The existence of inter mediate compounds is shown by several of the analyses above.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube fuses and gives a reddish sublimate of antimony oxysulphide; in the open tube sulphurous fumes and a white sublimate of antimony trioxide. B.B. on char- coal fuses with spirting to a globule, coats the coal white, and the assay is converted into silver sulphide, which, treated in O.F., or with soda in R.F., gives a globule of silver. In case arsenic is present it may be detected by fusing the pulverized mineral with soda on charcoal in R.F. Decomposed by nitric acid with the separation of sulphur and of antimony trioxide. Obs.— Occurs principally with calcite, native arsenic, and galena, at Andreasberg in the Harz; also at Freiberg, Saxony, with proustite, argentite, etc.: Pfibram, Bohemia, with argen- tiferous galena; Schemnitz, Kremnitz, etc., in Hungary: Kajanel, Transylvania; Kongsberg, Norway, with native silver; Gaudalcanal in Spain; in Cornwall. In Mexico it is worked at Guanajuato and elsewhere as an ore of silver. In Chili it is found in crystals with proustite Chanarcillo near Copiapo.
Sulpharsenites, 8Ulphantimonites, Etc.
In Colorado, not uncommon; thus with silver and tetrahedrite in Ruby District, Gunnison Co.; with sphalerite in Sneffle's distr., Ouray Co.; Marshall Creek, San Miguel Co.; near Rico and elsewhere, Dolores Co. ; also Clear Creek Co. and near Central City, Gilpin Co. In Nevada, at Washoe in Daney Mine; in Ophir mine, rare; abundant about Austin, Reese river, but no good crystals; at Poorinan lode, Idaho, in masses sometimes of several hundred- weight, along with cerargyrite; also at the Monarch and other mines in the Atlanta district. In New Mexico, at Gold Hill near Silver City, Kingston, Sierra Co.. with silver, argeutite, etc.; Bullard's Peak district, Grant Co. In Utah and Arizona with silver ores at various points.
Named from 7rvp,fire, and apyvpoS, silver, in allusion to the color.
Alt.— Occurs like proustite, changed to argentite (Ag2S); to pyrite. Also occurs pseudo- morph after silver.
Ref.— 'Min.' Mag., 8, 37, 1888, and Zs. Kr., 15, 129, 1888; cf. also Rethwisch, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 4, 31, 1886: the latter attempted to show a variation in angle between pyrargyrite and proustite corresponding to variation in composition, but this is not confirmed on the specimens examined by Miers and Prior, cf. also Min. Mag., 7, 196, 1887.
s This is chiefly the list of Miers (1. c.), based upon a critical study of the earlier observations of other authors and with many additions; a large number of forms regarded as doubtful are not included here; cf. also Rethwisch, Jb. Min., 2, 1 ref.. 1890. Other lists, also critical, have been given by Rethwisch (1. c.) and Gdt., Index, 3, 59, 1888. With earlier authors the forms for pyrargyrite and proustite have not been separated. References to the literature are given in full by Rethwisch and by Miers 3 Traube, Kajanel, Jb. Min., 1, 286, 1890. On the hemi- morphic forms and twinning, see Schuster, Zs. Kr., 12, 117, 1886, also Miers, 1. c.
145. PROUSTITE. Argentum rude rubrum translucidum carbunculis simile Germ. Durchsichtig Rodtguldenerz Agric., 362, Interpr. , 462, 1546. Argentum rubri coloris pellu- cidum, Schon Rubin Rothguldenerz, Gesner, Foss. , 62, 1565. Miuera argenti rubra pellucida Wall., 311, 1747. Ruby Silver Ore pt. Hill. Argent rouge arsenicale Proust, J. de Phys. 59, 404, 1804. Lichtes Rothgultigerz pt., Arsenikalisches id , Arseniksilberblende Germ. Rubin- blende pt. Arsenical Silver Ore; Light Red Silver Ore. Proustite Send., Tr., 2, 445, 1832. Argento rosso arsenicale Ital. Rosicler claro Span.
Khombohedral; hemimorphic. Axis 6 0-80393; 0001 A 1011 42° 52' Miers1.
Forms' :
e (0001, 0)1 m (1010, J) a (1120, *-2) r (4150, -f )
u (1014, J)
r (1011, R)
e (0112, - £) £(0332, -f)? (0221, - 2)
P (1 123, |-2)
cu cr ce
C8
uu' 22° 35 rr' *72° 12'
13° 4' 42° 52'
24° 54' 61" 4U'
w (3145, |s)
p (5279, fcs)
£ (H-5-16-12, (2134, is)
42° 46' 99° 22' 74° 39' 35° 18' 49° 8'
v (2131, I3) C '9-5-14-4, I7) y io382, I4) .V (3251, I6)
A (19-13-32-6, 1 Mm' 29D 15'
Mm
aa' cm' PP'
49° 47' 28" 31' 76° 1' 16° 41' 92° 59'
W (4377, ')
3f(3587, -f4)
cr (2573, - P (1562, - 8*)
ay =15° 20' ay 18° 55f at>' 24° 34' ar' 53° 54' mv - 28° 56'
1, Chanarcillo, Streug. 2, Miers.
Comp. — Ag3AsS3 or 100.
Twins: tw. pi. (1) it (1014), common, some times as tw. lamellae; (2) r, also common; (3) c, (4) e, both rare, cf. pyrargyrite. Crystals often acute rhombohedral or scalenohedral. Also massive, compact.
Cleavage: r distinct. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. - 2-2 -5. G. 5 -5 7-5 -64; 5 57 if pure. Luster adamantine. Color scarlet- vermilion; streak same, also inclined to aurora- red. Transparent to translucent. Optically negative. Double refraction strong. Dichroism weak 6 cochineal-red, a blood-red. Indices, Fizeau (Dx.):
&?r 2-9789 Li ep 2-7113
&?y=3-0877Na ey 2-7924
3Ag!1S.As.1S3 Sulphur 19 '4, arsenic 15--2, silver G5'4
PYRObTILPNITE.
Anal.— 1, Petersen. J. pr. Ch., 106, 144, 1869. 8-7, G. T. Prior, Min. Mag., 8, 98, 1888.
2, Rethwisch, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 4, 94, 1886.
1. Wittichen
2. Chanarcillo
3. Mexico
4. Chanarcillo
5. "
6. "
7. Saxony?
G.
5'555
5'57
5'59
S
19'52 19'52 19'24
As 15'57 15'03 14'81 [12-29]
Sb tr.
0'26 T41 3'74
Ag
63'38 9911 65'10 99'65 65*89-= 99'89 65'37 100-01 65'38 99'84 65'06 99'96 64'43 100
Probably too high.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube fuses easily, and gives a faint sublimate of arsenic trisulphide;. in the open tube sulphurous fumes and a white crystalline sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B. on charcoal fuses and emits odors of sulphur and arsenic; by prolonged heating in O.F., or with soda in R.F. , gives a globule of pure silver. Some varieties contain antimony.
Decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur.
Obs. — Occurs at Freiberg, Johaungeorgenstadt, Marienberg, and Annaberg in Saxony; at Joachimsthal in Bohemia; Wolfach in Baden; Markirchen in Alsace: Chalanches in Dauphine; Guadalcanal in Spain; in Mexico; Peru; Chili, near Copiapo, at Chanarcillo in magnificent crystallizations, some crystals 3 inches long.
In Colorado, Ruby Distr., Gunnison Co.; Sheridan mine, San Miguel Co.; Yankee Girl mine, Ouray Co. In Arizona, with silver ores at various points. In Nevada, in the Daney mine, and in Comstock lode, but rare; in veins about Austin, Lander Co.; in microscopic crystals in Cabarrus Co., N. C., at the McMakin mine; in Idaho, at the Poorman lode, with. pyrargyrite, native silver and gold, and cerargyrite.
Named after the French chemist, J. L. Proust (1755-1826).
Ref.— l Cf. references under pyrargyrite; earlier authors have not attempted to separate the forms characteristic of proustite from those of pyrargyrite.
146. PYROSTILPNITE. Feuerblende Bretth., Char., 285, 333, 1832. Fireblende Dana, Mm., 543. 1850. Pyrostilpnite, Dana, Min., 93, 1868. Pyrichrolite Adam, Tabl. Min., 60, 1869. Pyrochrotit Breiitiaupt, Frenzel, Min. Lex. Sachsen, 252, 1874.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-35465 : 1 : 0-17819; ft 90° 100 A 001 Luedecke1.
100 A HO 19° 31f, 001 A 101 26° 40fc', 001 A Oil 10° 6£'.
d (140, f-4) TT (121, -2-2) 77(121,2-2)
Forms:
(010,
c (001, 0)
(110, /) . (120; .
d (101, -
Tt (121, -2-2)
P <141' - 4i) o (191, - 9-9)
(1W. 9-9)
mm'" 39° 3' 109° 18' dS' 70° 21'
dD 53° 21' an 64° 401'
a&> 75° 7' oca *29° 46 mt' 35° 20f
pp' 64° 59' oo' *110° 11'
striated
Twins: tw. pi. a. In slender prismatic crystals, tabular Z>; faces edges b/o), b/oo'. Usually grouped in small tufts resembling stilbite.
Cleavage: b perfect. Somewhat fusible. Fracture conchoidal. H. 2. G. 4'2-4'25. Luster adamantine, on b pearly. Color hyacinth-red. Trans- lucent. Extinction (b) inclined 8°-ll° to 6, or extinction-angle 16°-22° in twins. Comp. — Same as pyrargyrite, Ag3SbS3 or 3 Ag2S. Sb2S3 Sulphur 17 '8, antimony 22'3, silver 59 -9 100. Anal.-Hampe, Zs. Kr., 6, 572, 1882.
S 18-11 Sb 22-30 Ag 59'44 99'85 Plattner's early trials gave 62'3 p. c. silver. Pyr. — Like pyrargyrite
Obs. — A rare mineral at Andreasberg in the Harz, with native arsenic, galena, etc.; also at the Kurprinz and other mines near Freiberg; at Reichstadt, near Altenberg; at Pfibram and
nd (TTiXnvfa shinin
probably at Schemnitz. in allusion to the color.
Ref.—1 Andreasberg, Zs. Kr., 6, 570, 1882
Cf. also rittingerite. Named from nvp, fire, and
shining,
136 Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, Etc.
147. RITTINGERITE. Rittingerit Zippe, Ber. Ak. Wien, 9, 2, 345, 1852.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 — 0-52801 : 1 : 0-52934; /? *89° 26' 100 A 001 Schrauf '.
100 A HO 27° 50', 001 A 101 45° 21|', 001 A Oil 27° 53$'.
Forms1: d (0-16-3, (001,0) /(H5, w(110, 2) o(112, -$
row'" *55° 40' dd' 141° 0' co 29° 25'
cp 48° 18'
In very small crystals, tabular c; sometimes twins with tw. pi. a and c.
Cleavage: c imperfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. =2-2-5. G.=5-63. Luster submetallic-adamantine. Color blackish brown to iron-black by reflected light. Translucent and dull honey-yellow to hyacinth-red by transmitted light. 'Streak orange-yellow.
Com p. — A compound of arsenic, selenium, and silver, with 57*7 p. c. Ag, Schrauf, 1. c.
Obs. — From Joachimsthal, Bohemia, with proustite, argentite, galena. Also from Schemnitz, Hungary, on quartz with pyrargyrite, pyrite, and probably pyrostilpnite. Named after Rittinger, an Austrian mining official.
A mineral from Chanarcillo, Chili, described by Streng (Jb. Min. 917, 1878, 547, 1879) as pyrostilpnite, has the angles of rittingerite (Schrauf, ibid., 144, 1879) and may belong here; for this Streng (Jb. Min., 1, 57, 1886) suggests the composition Ag3As(S,Se)3 analogous to pyro- stilpnite. Groth places rittingerite near stephanite, basing his conclusion upon the silver per- centage given above, and a certain resemblance in form noted by Schrauf.
Ref.— ! Ber. Ak. Wien, 65 (1), 227, 1872.
e (334, - 1)
q (16-16-3,-
-V-) ?(334,f) p (332,1)
P(1H, -1)
0 (115, i)
7T (11
1,1) £ (16-16-3, J
r (332, -
" (112, i)
cr 59° 10'
C/3
59° 55'
nn' 41° 11'
cm 89° 30'
oo'
26° 81'
np 48° 11'
coo 29° 40'
pp
40° 49
a'n 48° 44'
en - *48° 52'
Good'
26° 43'
pn 83° 5'
£. Basic Division. Tetrahedrite Group. 4ES. (Sb,As)2Ss. Isometric, tetrahedral.
148. Tetrahedrite 4Cu2S.Sb,Ss
4Cu2S.(Sb,As)J3s
149. Tennantite 4Cu2S.As2S3
Also 4Cu,S.(Sb,Bi)aS8 4 (Cu3,Ag2)S.Sb2S, 4(Cu,,Hg,)S.Sb,S, 4(Cu,,Pb)S.Sb,Ss
a : b : b
150. Jordanite 4PbS.AsaS, Orthorhombio 0-5375 : 1 : 2-0305
151. Meneghinite 4PbS.Sb2S3 " 0-5289 : 1 : 0-3632
152. Geocronite 5PbS.Sb2Ss 0-5805 : 1 : 0-5028
153. Stephanite 5Ag2S.Sb2S3 0-6291 : 1 : 0-6851
154. Kilbrickenite 6PbS.Sb2S3
155. Beegeriie
Eichmondite
Tetrahedrite Group— Tetrahedrite—Tennantite. 137
a : b : 6 156. Polybasite 9AgaS.Sb2S3 0-5793 : 1 : 0-9131
157. Polyargyrite 12AgaS.Sb,S,
148-149. Tetrahedrite—Tennantite.
Tetrahedrite. Argentum arsenico cupro et ferro mineralisatum, Falerts, Grauerts, Miners
etc., v. Born, ib., 108. Fahlerz, Kupferfahlerz, Schwarzerz pt., Antimonfahlerz, Germ. Graugiltigerz Germ. pt. Mine de cuivre grise de Lisle, Crist., 3, 315 (with figs, cryst.), 1783. Cuivre gris Fr. Cobre gris, Pavonado Span. Gray Copper Ore. Panabase Beud., Tr., 2. 438, 1832. Tetraedrit Raid., Handb., 563, 1845. Clinoedrit pt., Fahlit, Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25, 181.
Argentif.: Argentum rude album pt. Agric., Foss., 362, 1546. Weisgylden, Minera argenti albapt., Wall.. 312, 1747; Cronstedt, 156,1758. Weissgtlltigerz pt. , Silberfahlerz, Graugiltigerz pt., Schwarzgiltigerz pt., Germ. Aphthouite Smnberg Berz. JB., 27, 236, 1848. Freiberglt Kenng., Min., 117, 1853. Polytelit Kbl., Taf., 10, 1853 [not of Glock., Syn., 31, 1847]. Leukargyrit Weisbach, Synops. Min., 62, 1875.
Mercurial: Schwarzerz pt. Wern. Quecksilberfahlerz Germ. Graugiltigerz pt. Hausm. Spaniolith Kbl., Min. Namen, 98, 1853. Schwatzit Kenng., Min., 1. c., 1853. Hermesit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25, 182.
Malinowskite Raimondi, Domeyko Min. Chili, 5 App. 1876; Min. Perou, 122, 1878. Nepaulite Piddington, J. Asiat. Soc., 23, 170, 1854. Studerite Fellenberg, Mitth. Ges. Bern, 178, 1864. Coppite Bechi, A. D'Achiardi, Min. Tosc., 2, 341, 1873. Frigidite A. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., 172, 1881. Nickelfahlerz Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 7, 629, 1884. Kobaltfahlerz Sandberger, Jb. Min., 584, 1865.
Tennantite. Gray Sulphuret of Copper in dodecahedral crystals Sowerby, Brit. Min., 1817. Tennantite Wm. & R. Phillips, Q. J. Sc., 7, 95, 100, 1819. Arsenikalfahlerz Germ. Kupfer- hlende Breith., Char., 131, 251, 1823, Pogg., 9, 613, 1827. Sandbergerit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25, 187, 1866. Erythroconite Adam, Tabl. Min., 59, 1869. Ziukfahlerz Germ. Julianite Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 23, 486, 1871. Fredricit Hj. Sjogren, G. For. F6rh., 5, 82, 1880.
Annivite Brauns, Mitth. Ges. Bern, 57, 1854. Rionite Brauns, Petersen, Jb. Min., 590, 1870. Kobaltwismuthfahlerz Sandberger, Erzgange, 892, 1885.
Isometric; tetrahedral. Observed forms1 :
d (110, ,') e (210, 2)3 m ' ' g3 n, (211, - 2-2) (521, - 5-f)
(221, 2)
Twins1: (1) tw. pi. o, con tact-twins with the comp.-face either or to the tw. pi. , and penetration-twins, both common, twinning often repeated; also rarely twins (2) with axes parallel and symmetrical with reference to a cubic plane. Habit tetrahedral; crystals sometimes in parallel position8, as on chalcopyrite, sphalerite. Also massive; granular, coarse or fine; compact.
Cleavage none. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Rathei brittle. H. 3-4 '5. G. 4'4-5°l. Luster metallic, often splendent. Color between flint- gray and iron-black. Streak like color, sometimes inclining to brown and cherry- red. Opaque; sometimes subtranslucent (cherry-red) in very thin splinters.
Comp., Yar.— For TETRAHEDKITE, essentially Cu8Sb2S7 or 4Cu9S.Sb2S3= Sulphur 23-1, antimony 24'8, copper 52 '1 — 100.
For TENNANTITE. essentially CuBAsS or 4Cu,S.As,S9 Sulphur 25-5. arsenic 17-0, copper 57*5 100.
Antimony and arsenic are usually both present and thus these two spe*cies graduate into each other and no sharp line can be drawn between them. There are also varieties containing bismuth, chiefly at the arsenical end of the series.
Further the copper is replaced by iron, zinc, silver, mercury, lead, and rarely cobalt and nickel, and in traces tin (Sandb.) and perhaps platinum.
Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, Etc.
1. Tetrahedrite. ANTIMONIAL SERIES.
Var. — 1. Ordinary; lichtes Fahlerz Germ. Contains little or no silver. Color steel-gray to dark gray and iron-black. G. 4 -75-4-9.
2. Argentiferous; Freibergite, Weissgiltigerz Germ. Color usually steel-gray, lighter than the ordinary varieties; sometimes iron- black; streak often reddish. G. 4'85-5'0.
3. Mercurial; Schwatzite. Color dark gray to iron-black. Luster often dull. G. 5'10- chiefly. Breithaupt attempted to distinguish varieties here under the names spaniolite and hermesite.
4. Plumbiferous. Here belongs malinowskite, also a variety from Arizona (anal. 34), per- haps also polytelite, p. 141.
Other varieties, more or less closely conforming to the tetrahedrite formula, occur, containing iron, nickel, and cobalt, in considerable amount. Platinum occurs in an ore from Guadalcanal, Spain, according to Vauquelin.
3,
Figs. 1, 2, Simple forms. 3, after Sbk. 4, 5, Dillenburg, Cramer. 6, Clausthal, Sbk.
II. Tennantite. ARSENICAL SERIES.
Var. — 1. The original tennantite from Cornwall contains only copper and iron (to 9'75 p. c., Phillips). In crystals, habit dodecahedral, also cleavage d in traces. G. 4'37-4'49. Color blackish lead-gray to iron-black.
2. Kupferbletide Germ., Sandbergerite. Contains zinc in considerable amount.
Fredricite from Sweden has, besides copper, also iron, lead, silver, and tiu.
Rionite and annivite carry bismuth in considerable amount as well as antimony. The wismuthkobaltfahlerz of Saudberger with bismuth has also cobalt.
I. Antimonial Series.
Anal.— 1, Reuter, Rg., Min. Ch., 105, 1875. 2. Ellen H. Swallow. Proc. Bost. Soc., 17, 465, 1875. 3, Kuhlemann, Zs. Nat. Halle, 8, 500, 1856. 4, Mutschler, Jb. Min., 275, 1877. 5, Hiclegh, Miu. Mitth., 2, 350, 1879. 6, Genth. Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 38, 1885. 7, Hidegh, 1. c. 8, Ralmondi, Min. Perou. 114, 1878. 9. Rg., Min. Ch., 107, 1875. 10, Untrhj. Mitth. Ver. Steiermark, p. 60, 1872, Jb. Min., 874, 1872. 11, Becke. Min. Mitth., 273, 1877. 12, 13, Bibra, J. pr. Ch., 96, 204. 1865. 14, Hidegh, 1 c. 15. Genth, Am. J. Sc., 45. 320, 1868. 16, Corn- stock, ib., 17, 401, 1879. 17, 18. Nilson, Zs. Kr., 1, 417, 1877. 19 Hidegh, 1. o. 20, 21, Rg. Pogg., 77, 251, 1849. 22, Forbes, Phil. Mag.. 34, 350, 1867. 23, Burton, Am. J. Sc., 45, 320, 1868. 24. H. Rose, Po£g., 15, 579, 1829 (also other anals.). 25, Mann. Babanek. Min. Mitth., 6, 82, 1884. 26, H. Rose, 1. c. 27, 28. Carl v. Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 98. 1832 (and other analyses). 29, Kersteri, Pogg., 59,131, 1843. 30, Weidenbusch, Pogg., 76, 86, 1849. 31. Rath, ib., 96, 322, 1855. 32, CEllacher, Jb. Min., 596, 1865. 33, Raimomli, Domeyko. Min. Chili, 5th App., 1876, and Min. Perou, 122, 1878;- 29'3 p. c. srangue have been deducted, other analyses, on still more impure material are given. 34, F. W. Clarke and Marv E. Owens. Am. Ch. J., 2, 173, 1880 35, Bechi, 1. c. 36, Funaro, quoted by D'AchiardiJ. c. 37, Felleuberg. 1. c. 38, 39, Hilger, Jb. Min., 586, 592. 1865.
Tetrahedrite Gro Up— Tetrahedrite— Tennantite.
Sb As Cu Fe Zn Ag
1. Ordinary. 1. Liskeard G. 5'09
23-95 23-97 — 44'08 2"17 3'64
2. Newburyport
27-60 25-87 tr. 35'85 2'66 5-15
3. Andreasberg G. 4 -90
25-22 27-38 0'67 37 18 3'94 5'00
4. Kahl G. 4-75
259 24-9 2-6 36'3 3'6 4'5
5. Kapnik G. 4 91
25 31 24-21 2-88 37'83 0 94 7'25
6. Lake City, Col. G. 4'885
25-97 25-51 3'22 37'68 0'64 7'15
7. Herrengrund G. 4'77
25-75 22-82 4'75 39 81 4'75 1 44
8. Cajabamba
23-51 17-21 7 67 42'00 8 28 0'49
9. Milsen G. 4'793
25-46 19-15 4-93 39'88 3'43 3'50
10. Brixlegg
25-59 20-44 6'96 39'37 3'26 4-43
11. " G. 4-721
26-55 15-80 8-50 40'84 1'44 6'26
12. Algodon,
21-14 11 64 20-05 38'72 6'33 —
19-66 18-00 19-30 36'35 4'29 —
14. Nagyag G. 4'61
26-52 11-35 12-07 39'75 1-77 5 55
2. Argentiferous.
15. Prescott, Arizona
26-97 24-67 tr. 38-16 1'05 6'23
16. Huallanca. Peru G. 4'70
26-74 9-06 13-49 39-09 5'46 2'14
17. G'£i'dsi'6,aphthoniteQ. 4'53
24-16 27-48 — 36'53 0'79 4'73
22-78 26 13 — 36'96 2'84 4'72
19. Kapnik G. 4-885
24'25 25-63 1'08 32-59 0'90 5'77
20. Meiseberg, mass. G. 4 '53
24-69 25-74 — 32'46 4'19 3'00
21. " cryst. G. 4'852
24-80 26 56 — 30'47 3 52 3'39
22. Isle of Man G. 4'97
27-48 24-85 — 22'62 4'80 4'65
23. Star City, Nevada G. 5'0
.f 24-44 27-60 — 27'41 4'27 2'31
24. Wolfach
23-52 26-63 — 25'23 3'72 3'10
25. Pfibram, Weissgiltigerz
24-9 23-0 — 10-8 2"4 2'0
26. Freiberg
21-17 24-63 — 14-81 5'98 0'99
1-31 99-12 2 30 99-43 1-58 100-97 0-5 Co 0-5, Bi tr. — T-32 99-74 [98-8 0-60 Bi 0-37, Mn 010 101-24 0-05 99-37 0-55 99-71 0-60 Ni, Co 1-64=98-59 — 100-05 0-23 99-62 0-45 Pb,Hg/r. =98-33 0-58 Hg tr. 98-18 0-29 Mn 1-23 98'53
3-21 100-29
3-86 99-84
6-15 99-84
6-07 99-50
6-76 Mn 0-83 97'81
7.55 97-63 10-48 Pb 0-78 100 13-57 Pbl-43,insol. 0-34 99-74 14-54 100-57 17-71 99-91 26-1 Pb 10-8 100 31-29 98-87
' 3. Mercurial.
27. Poratsch G. 4 -733
28. " G. 5-107
29. V. di Castello G. 5'092
30. Schwatz G. 5'107 81. Kotterbach G 5'356 32. Moschellands-
berg
S Sb As Cu Fe Zn Ag Hg
24-89 30-18 tr. 32'80 5'85 — 0 07 6L.-57 99-36
24-37 25-48 tr. 30'58 1'46 — 0'09 16'69 98"67
24-17 27-47 — 35'80 1-89 6'05 0'33 2'70 98'41
22-9621-35 — 34'57 2'24 1'34 — 15'57 gang. 0'80 98 83,
22-53 19-34 2'94 35'34 0'87 0 "
— 17-27 Pb 0.21, Bi 081 100
G. =5-095 21-90 23'45 0'31 32'19 1-41 O'lO — 17-32 Co 0'23, Bi 1-57,
[gang. 1-39=99-87
4. Plumbiferous.
33. Peru, Malinowskite
34. Arizona G. 4'35
S Sb As Cu Fe Zn Ag Pb
24:27 24-74 0'56 14'38 9'12 1'93 11'92 13'08 100 21-67 24-72 — 33'53 0'56 — 1'80 16'23 98'51
Other Varieties.
Coppite Frigidite
G. G.
4-713
4-8
tr.
Studerite Schwarzwald
G. G.
4-657 4-9
49
98
39. Kaulsdorf
G. =4-
28-34 15-05 10-19 32-04 4'85 3'84
— 99-80
0-04 Ni 7-55, SiO2 2'20 96-97
0-96PbO-38,BiO-58 100
1-37 Co 4-21, Ni tr., Bi
[4-55 98-41)
0-33 Co 2-95, Pb 0'4H.
[Bi 1-83 99 74
Anal.— 1, Rg., Min. Ch., 88, 1860. 2, Wackernagel, ibid. 3, Plattner, Pog., 67, 422, 1846. 4, Merbach, B. H. Ztg., 25, 187, 1866. 5, 6, Orosi, quoted by A. D'Achiardi, N. Cim., II, 3, May, 1870. 7, Websky, 1. c. 8, Hidegh, Min. Mitth., 2, 355, 1879. 9, Petersen, Jb. Min, 1, 262, 1881. 10, Harrington, Trans. R. Soc. Canada, 1, 80, 1883. 11, Orosi, quoted by Raimondi, Min. Perou, 116, 1878. 12, Hj. SjSgren, G. F5r. Forh., 5, 82, 1880. 13, Brauns, quoted by Petersen, ]. c. 14, Brauns, 1. c. 15, Petersen, Jb. Min., 464, 1870.
Sulpharsenites, Sulphaxtimonites, Etc*
As Sb Bi Cu Fe Zn
Tennantite. Cornwall, cryst. G. Freiberg, Kupferblende
Morococha, Sandbergerite. Jucud mines, cryst.
4-69 26-88
G.=4'37 25-12
tr.
— 51-62 — 48-68 — 41-07
— 41-08 — 43-20
" " mass.
— 38-45
Julianite
G.
5
12
— 52-30
Szaska
G.
4
o-io
— 53-60
Wilhelmine mine
G.
4-87
tr.
0-98 46-66
Capelton, Quebec
G.
4
— 42-09
Cajamarca
— 43-30
Falun, Fredricite
G.
4
65
tr.
— 42-23
- 99-21
— 99-18
8-89 Pb 0-34, Ag tr. 99-51
7-19 Pb 2-77 100-48 2-00 Pb tr. 98-15 3-40 Pb 2-15 9988
— Ag 0-54 98-33
— Ag 0-08 99-26 0-88 Ni.Co 0-30=99-93 4-56 Ag 0 21, Pb 0'25
[=98-73 2-00 tr. 98-25 Sn 1-41, Pb 3-34, Ag [2-87 100-16
Bismuthiferous.
13. Cremenz, Biomte
14. Val d'Anniviers, Annivite
15. Neubulach
29-10 11-44 2-19 13-07 37'52 6'51 — Ag 0-04, Co 1-20
101-07
23-75 10-96 8-80 4-94 35'57 3 85 2 01 insol. 9'40
[100-28
G. 4-908 24-85 13-53 4'28 6'33 41'43 3'74 3-82 Ag tr., Pb 1-52
[Co.Ni =99'50
Pyr., etc. — Differ in the different varieties. In the closed tube all the antimonial kinds fuse and give a dark red sublimate of antimony oxysulpnide; when containing mercury, a faint dark gray sublimate appears at a low red heat; and if much arsenic, a sublimate of arsenic trisulphide first forms. In the open tube fuses, gives sulphurous fumes and a white sublimate of antimony; if arsenic is present, a crystalline volatile sublimate condenses with the antimony; if the ore contains mercury it condenses in the tube in minute metallic globules. B.B. on charcoal fuses, gives a coatiug of the oxides of antimony and sometimes arsenic, zinc, and lead; the arsenic may be detected by the odor when the coating is treated in R.F. ; the oxide of zinc assumes a green color when heated with cobalt solution. The roasted mineral gives with the fluxes reac- tions for iron and copper; with soda yields a globule of metallic copper. To determine the presence of a trace of arsenic by the odor, it is best to fuse the mineral on charcoal with soda. The presence of mercury is best ascertained by fusing the pulverized ore in a closed tube with about three times its weight of dry soda, the metal subliming and condensing in minute globules. The silver is determined by cupellation.
Decomposed by nitric acid, with separation of sulphur and antimony trioxide.
Obs. — Tetrahedrite is often associated with chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and various other silver, lead, and copper ores; also siderite. It occurs at many Cornish mines; thus at the Herodsfoot mine, Liskeard, in tetrahedral crystals often coated with iridescent chalcopyrite; at the Levant mine near St. Just; the Comlurrow mine; near St. Austell. Prominent localities are Andreasberg and Clausthal in the Harz; Freiberg in Saxony; Dillenburg and Horhausen in Nassau; at Miisen; various mines in the Black Forest; Kahl in the Spessart; Pfibram in Bohemia; Kogel near Brixlegg in Tyrol; Kapnik, Kremnitz, and Herrengrund in Hungary; Baigorre near St. Etienue in the Pyrenees. In Mexico, at Durango, Guanajuato; Chili; Bolivia, etc. The argentiferous variety occurs especially at Freiberg; Pfibram; the Foxdale mine, Isle of Man; Huallanca in Peru and elsewhere in South America and Mexico. The mercurial variety at SchmSlnitz, Hungary; Poratsch, Zavatka, and Kotterbach near Iglo; Schwatz in Tyrol; and the valleys of Angina and Castello in Tuscany. Coppite and frigidite are from the mines in the Val del Frigido, in the Apuan Alps. Studerite is from Ausserberg, Ober-Wallis, Switzerland; named after Prof. Bernhard Studer.
In the U. S. , tetrahedrite occurs at the Kellogg mines, 10 m. N. of Little Rock, Arkansas, with galena. In Colorado, near Central City, Gilpin Co., in fine crystals, often in parallel posi- tion coating chalcopyrite; also in Clear Creek and Summit Cos.; the Ulay mine, Lake Co.; further in Hinsdale, San Juan, Ouray, and Miguel Cos. ; with pyrargyrite in Ruby District, Gunnison Co. In Nevada, abundant at the Sheba and De Soto mines, Humboldt Co., massive and rich in silver (the De Soto containing 16 "4 p. c. of silver, Allen); near Austin in Lander Co.; Isabella mine, Reese river. In Utah. In Arizona at the Heintzelman mine, containing l£ p. c. of silver; at the Santa Rita mine; at various points in British Columbia.
Tennantite has been found at the Cornish mines, particularly at Wheal Jewel in Gwennap, and Wheel Unity in Gwinear, usually in splendent crystals investing other copper ores; also at the East Relistian mine; at Freiberg (Kupferblende); at the Wilhelmine mine in the Spessart. Also at Skutterud in Norway. At Capelton, Pr. Quebec, Canada. Named after the chemist, Smithson Tennant (1761-1815). See further p. 1049.
Julianite is from the Friedrich-Julian mine, at Rudelstadt, Silesia. Annivite from the Val d'Anniviers. Switzerland. Fredricite from Falun, Sweden.
Jordanite.
Alt. — Chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite, amalgam, bournonite, erythrite, cinnabar, covellite, occur as pseudomorphs after tetrahedrite.
Artif. — Obtained by Durocher in tetrahedral crystals and of varying composition. C. R., 32. 823, 1851.
Occurs as a recent formation at Plombifires and at Bourbonne-les-Bains (Daubree).
Ref.— l Sadebeck, monograph with authorities, description of methods of twinning, etc., Zs. G. Ges., 24, 427, 1872. J Slg., Horhausen, Zs. Kr., 1, 335, 1877. 3 Groth, Miu.-Samml., 66, 1878. i Cathrein, Brixlegg, Zs. Kr., 9, 353, 1884, Min. Mitth., 10, 56, 18~S8. 5 Rath, Bolivia, Ber. nied. Ges., June 7, 1886. 6 Sbk, 1. c., also Becke, Min. Mitth., 5, 331. 1882.
NEPAULITE H. Piddington, J. Asiat. Soc., 23, 170, 1854. Described as a carbonate of bis- muth, copper, etc.; shown by Mallet (Rec. G. Surv. India, 18, 235, 185, Miu. India, 30, 1887) to be simply tetrahedrite. From near Khatmandu, Nepal.
FIELDITE. An ore from mine Altar, 30 leagues from Coquimbo, afforded F. Field (J. Ch. Soc., 4, 332, 1851), S 30'35, As 8'91, Sb 20'28, Cu 36-72, Zn 7-26, Fe 1-28, Ag 0'075, Au 0'003. It is soft, of greasy appearance, greenish-gray, slightly reddish, with powder bright red. Domeyko considers it impure with sphalerite, pyrite, and galena. Ettling observes (ib., 6, 140, 1854) that the constitution is analogous rather to enargite than tetrahedrite. Kenngott has named it Fieldite.
POLYTELITE Olock., Syn., 31, 1847. Weissgiiltigerz Germ. pt. Consists mainly of lead, silver, antimony, and sulphur. Glocker cites the following analysis by Rammelsberg (Pogg., 68, 515, 1846) of an ore from the Hoffnung Gottes mine near Freiberg, a tine-granular ore, having G. 5-438-5'465, apparently homogeneous but somewhat mixed with sphalerite and pyrite. Klaproth also analyzed a related weissgultigerz from the Himmelsfurst mine near Frei- berg (Beitr., 1, 166, 1795; cf. 5th Ed., p. 104). Analysis, Rg. :
S 22-53 Sb [22-39] Cu 0'32 Fe 3'83 Zn 6'79 Pb 38'36 Ag 5'78 100
Rammelsberg makes the mineral, from his analysis, a silver-lead tetrahedrite, with the formula 4(Pb,Ag,Fe,Zn)S.Sb2S3, in which the ratio Fe : Zn : Pb + Ag 2 : 3: 6, and Pb : Ag 7 : 1. Cf. malinowskite, p. 137.
CLAYITE W. J. Taylor, Proc. Ac. Philad., p. 306, Nov. 1859. In tetrahedrons with dodeca- hedral planes. Crystals small. Also massive, incrusting. PI.= 2'5. Luster metallic. Color and streak blackish lead-gray. Opaque. Analysis — W. J. Taylor:
S 8-22 As 9-78 Sb 6'54 Pb 68'51 Cu 7'67 Ag trace 100-72
From Peru. Probably a result of alteration. Requires further investigation. after Messrs. Joseph A. Clay and J. Randolph Clay.
Named
150. JORDANITE. Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., 21, 34, 1864; Pogg., 122, 387, 1864. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-53747 : 1 : 2'0305 Rath1. 100 A HO 28° 15 J', 001 A 101 75° 10$', 001 A Oil 63° 46f.
Forms : c (001, 0)
m (110, /) n (130, i-3)3
u (103, 14) v (205, f 4)3
w (102, 14) x (203, f 4)3
y (ioi, 14)
d (029, f 4) e (014, f J) / (027, f
g (013, 14)
h (025, f 4) A (047, f i) i (023, |4) #(011, 14) g (021, 2-?)
a (119, 1) ft (118, i) Y (H7, S (116, i) f (115, 1) C (114, i) n (227, f )
x (H2, I) i (225, I)' A (Ill, 1) M (332, f)2 y (441, 4)2
A (137, |-8) B (136, i-3) C (134, |-3) .D(183, 1-3) .#(132, f-8) -F'(131, 3-3)
mm'"
56° 31'
nri
63° 37'
uu'
103° 6'
ww'
124° 12V
yy'
150° 21'
ee'
53° 50'
99'
- 68° 11'
90° 52'
11'
107° 5V
PP't
127° 34'
127° 34'
cS - 35° 881'
cC 47° 0'
c& - 55° 2' CK - *65° 0'
cA 76° 52V
Cfi - 81° 10'
cv — 86° 40'
cB
cG
50° 4' 60° 50'
cD 67° 17'
ch cF
74° 241' 82° 3'
Cs'
80° 12'
Oo'
92° 24'
Kk'
105° 56'
Aa'
118° 9'
40° 81'
45° 39'
Kk'"
*50° 49'
Aa'"
54° 55'
Dd'
58° 11'
Jtp"
62° 56'
103° 15'
Ff" 114° 38'
Twins: tw. pi. m, common; often repeated, producing pseudo-hexagonal forms, like those of aragonite. Crystals six-sided with c predominating, sometimes; tabular; the pyramidal planes narrow and often striated.
Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonite8, Etc.
Cleavage: 1) distinct. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. =3. G. 6-393. Luster metallic. Color lead-gray. Streak black. Opaque.
Comp.— Pb4As2S7 or 4PbS.As.,S3 Sulphur 18-7, arsenic 12-5, lead 68-8 100.
Anal.— 1, Sipocz, Min. Mitth., 29, 1873. 2, Ludwig, ib., p. 216, material containing a little galena.
1. Binnenthal
2. Nagyag
G. 6-393
As
Sb Oil
Pb
69 97 100-95 70-80 99-63
Pyr.— Cf. sartorite.
Obs. — From Imfeld in the Binnenthal in cavities in a crystalline dolomite with the related minerals dufrenoysite, sartorite, binnite, also sphalerite, etc. With sphalerite and galena at Hagyag in Transylvania.
Named after Dr. Jordan of Saarbriick.
Ref.— l Pogg., 122, 387, 1864, and ib. Erg.-Bd., 6, 363, 1873. ._ Nagyag, Min. Mitth., 215, 1873. 8 Lewis, Binnenthal, Zs Kr., 2, 191, 1878. See p. 1039.
151. MENEGHINITE. Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 60, 1852.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-52891 : 1 : 0-36317 Miers1.
100 A HO 27° 52' 29", 001 A 101 34° 28' 30", 001 A Oil 19° 57' 34'
Forms1 :
f (350. i-f)
d (6-018,
(100, i-l)
T7 (120,
0J (102, i-i)
b (010, i-i)
0 U30, f-S)
0 (203, |-i)
c (001. 0)
(270, t-J)
9 (405, fi)
e (320, -f)
£7(140, 4)
(101, 1-i)
A (i-io-o, z-ib)
w (501, 5-t)
8 (340, i-\ )
A; (1 -12-0,2)
71 (Oil. l-l)
I (930, '-J)
y (308, |4)
Tt(043, |4)
ee'"
38° 51' 00'
49° 12'
Wito'"
55° 45' m'
68° 57'
55'
109° 37' an
or
39° 55'
Tt
86° 47' Qq'
71° 59'
Uu"
50° 36'
prO° Olf
mT
dd'
37° 54' -8s
57° 47'
Q (021, 24)
p (121, 2
g (0-24-11, f
p (12-24-
r (111, 1) TT (24-24-13,
tt)
w (144, 1 A (6-24-1:
x (18-24-13, J
fi (142, 2 cr (6-24-1
(122, 1-3)
// (184, 2
# (12-24-13, -
ff*)
Tt 63° 27'
35° 46'
Tp 45° 1'
Uu 68° 7'
tt'" PP'
37° 55'
58° 7'
Z7J8 51° 13'
Pp"'
61° 50'
rr' 65° 41'
31° 3'
Aq° Kq'
rr'" 33° 20'
Pp
oo oy
as *64° 10i'
Bottino, after Miers. 1870. 7, B. J. Harrington, Trans. R. Soc. Canada, 1, 79, 1883.
Crystals slender prismatic, vertically striated. Also massive, fibrous to compact.
Cleavage: a perfect, but interrupted; c difficult. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 2-5. G. 6-34- 6-43; 6-399 Miers, 6*432 Loczka. Luster metallic, bright. Color blackish lead-gray. Streak black, shin- ing. Opaque.
Comp.-Pb4Sb2S, or 4PbS.Sb,S3 Sulphur 17'4, antimony 18 -6, lead 64-0 100. Copper is usually present in small amount.
Anal.— 1, E. Bechi, 1. c. 2, Rath, Pogg., 132, 376. 1867. 3, Martini & Funaro, Att. Soc. Tosc., 2, 116, 1876. 4, Loczka, FSldt. K5zl., 13, 356, 1883. 5, 6, Frenzel, Pogg., 141, 443.
S Sb Pb Cu Fe
1. Bottino 17-52 19 28 59-21 3'54 0 35 99'90
2. " G. 6-342 16-97 18-37 61-47 0'39 0'23 insol. 0 82 98'25
3. " 16-98 19-50 60-37 — 2 63 99'48
4. " G. 6-432 17-49 16-80 61 '05 2'83 0-30 As 0'23. Ag O'll 98-81
5. Saxony G. 6-367 17-04 I960 61'33 1'38 undet. 99'35
6. " 18-22 19-11 60-09 1'56 0'25 99'23
7. Canada G. 6 33 16-81 19-37 61 "45 1'36 0-07 As tr., Ag 0'08 9914
Geo Croxite—Stephanite.
Pyr. — Like ziukeuite.
Obs. — Occurs at Bottino, near Serravezza, in Tuscany, with galena, boulangerite. jamesouite, etc., and also crystals of albite; also in the neighboring valley of Castello. From the Ochsen- kopf near Schwurzenberg, Saxony, disseminated through emery; at Goldkrouach. Also with quartz and dolomite as a vein in gneiss at Marble Lake, Barrie township, Ontario, Canada.
First observed by Prof. Meneghini, of Pisa (1811-1889), after whom it was named.
Ref.— ! Bottino, Min. Mag., 5, 325, 1884; Krenner (. Kozl., 13287, 350, 1883) obtained nearly the same results. Rath made the species monoclinic, Pogg., 132, 372, 1867. Cf. also Schmidt, Zs. Kr., 8, 613, 1884; Hintze, ib., 9, 294, 1884. The position of Miers is here retained.
152. GEOCRONITE. Geokronit Svanberg, Ak. H. Stockholm, 184, 1839. Schulzit Hausm., Handb., 166, 1847.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-5805 : 1 : 0-5028 Kerndt1. 100 A HO *30° 8', 001 A 101 40° 54', 001 A Oil 26
13'
Forms: a (100, m (110, /); k (211, 2-2).
Angles: mm"' 60° 16', kk 114° 16', *122°, kK" 28°
Crystals rare. Usually massive; granular and earthy.
Cleavage: m distinct; k less so. Fracture uneven. H. 2'5. G. G'3-6'45. Luster metallic. Color and streak light lead-gray to grayish blue. Opaque.
Comp.— PbBSb2S8 or 5PbS.Sb2Sa lead 67-6 100. Part of the arsenic, and the lead by copper.
Anal.— 1, Svauberg, 1. c. 2, Sauvage, Ann. Mines, 17, 525, 1840. 3, Kerndt, Pogg., 65, 302, 1845. 4, Nauckhoff, G. For. Forh. 1, 88,
Sulphur 16*7, antimony 15 -7, antimony may be replaced by
Kerndt.
Sb
As Pb Cu Fe
1. Sala, Sweden G. 5'88 16-26 9-58 4-70 65'45 1-51 0'42 Zn O'll 99'03
2. Merido.Sc/iwfezfe G. =6-43 16-90 16-00 — 64'89 1'60 — 99'39
3. Tuscany G. 6 -45-6 '47 17'32 9'69 4'72 66"55 1-15 1-78 101-16
4. BjSrkskogsnas G. 6'26 17-73 17'33 — 57'95 5"93 0 11 99'05
Pyr. — Same as for zinkenite.
Obs. — From the silver mines of Sala in Sweden; also in a fine crystalline dolomite at Bjork- skogsniis, Orebro; from Galicia, Merido in Spain, in nodules in galena; Val di Castello near Pietro Santo, in Tuscany. Also at Owen's Valley, Iiiyo Co., Cal.
The name geocronite is derived from yr/, earth, and KpovoS, Saturn, the alchemistic name for lead.
A mineral found at Tinder's gold mine, Louisa Co., Va., may be this species It contains, according to Genth (Am. J. Sc., 19, 9, 1855), S 16, Pb 60, Ag 0'25, with antimony and arsenic. G. 6-393.
An antimomal ore from between La Paz and Yungas, in Bolivia, is referred here by D- Forbes (Phil. Mag., 29, 9, 1865).
Ref.—1 From Val di Castello, Pogg., 65, 302, 1845.
153. STEPHANITE. Argentum rude nigrum?, Germ. Schwarzerz, pt., Agric., Interpr., 463. 1456. Svartgyldeu, Schvartsertz, pt. Minera argenti nigra spongiosa (fr. Freiberg) Wall., 313, 1747. Argentum mineralisatum nigrum fragile (fr. Schemnitz, etc.), Roschgewachs (of Hung, miners) Born., Lithoph., 1, 81,- 1772. SprOdglaserz Wern., 1789. Sprodglanzerz. Brittle Silver Ore, or Glance. Brittle Sulphuret of Silver. Argent noir pt. H., Tr., 1801. Argent sulfure fragile Fr. Schwarzgilltigerz Leorih., Handb., 638, 1826. Psaturose Beud., Tr., 2, 432, 1832. Stephanit Haid., Handb., 570, 1845. Antimonsilberglanz Breith., 1830. Schwarzsilberglanz Glocker, 1831. Prismatischer Melanglanz Mohs, 1824. Tigererz Germ. Rosicler negro, Plata agria Span.
Orthorhombic; hemimorphic. Axes a : I : 6 0-629129 : 1 : 0-685135 Vrba1.
100 A HO 32° 10' 31 ", 001 fl 101 47° 26' 24", 001 A 011=*34° 24' 59",
Sulpharsenites, Sulphantimonites, Etc.
Forms2 :
(012, *4)
(554, f)
y (351,5-f)
w (131, 3-3)
a (100, i-l)
t (028, f-i)
Pi (443,
(3-116, Y-¥
b (010, e'4)
a (045, |4)
P (332,|)
TF(3-ll-3, ±±-±£
c (001, 0)
A (Oil, 14)
r (221, 2)
H (122, 1-2)
T (142, 2-4)
A (310, i-8)
K- (043, f 4)
n (773, 1)
M (243, |-2)
ju (281, 84)
X (210, i-2)
.7 (032, f 4)
ra (331, 3)
.B (121, 2-2)
(3-13-6, V-¥,
m (110, 7) u (350, M)
d (021, 2 i) e (041, 44)
B (916, |-9) r (512, 1-5)
p (241, 4-2) T (371, 7-|)
(156, f-5) £T (155, 1-5)
£T (120, i-2)
E (061, 64)
(313, 1-3)
a- (258, f-|)
n (153, |-5)
7T (130, *-3)
/ (150, i-5)
<5, (071, 74) <52 (0-15-2, V-*)
I (312, f-3) C (311,3-3)
e, (5-15-27, f-3)
O (152, |-5) Y (151, 5-5)
(1-11-0, i-fl)
83 (081, 8-i) S4 (0-14-1, 144)
2 (211, 2-2) 0 (535, 1-f)
oo (134, |-3) <u, (3-9-11, TT-3)
rf (3-15-1, 15-5)
y, (172, |-7)
/3, (102, |4) /?, (203, f 4)
Si (115,
(532, f-f)
co4 (267, f-3) co5 (3-9-10, TV3)
v2 (193, 3-9) (192, f-9)
ft (101, 14) 0 (201, 2-1)
If (113, i)
A ni2 AI
x (461, 64) Ai (356, |4)
oot (13-39-40, ff 3) / (133, 1-3)
€ (2-22-7, V-lT
G (301, 34)
£ (223,
S (354, f-|)
a (013, £4)
P (111, 1)
X (352, H)
Also uncertain (212, 1-2), (727, 1-|), vt (4-21'13,
AA1" 23° 41' kK — 68° 50' c2
mm'" 64° 21' dd' 107° 45' ctt
UU' 76° 57' M' 139° 54' cw
Ttn> 55° 50' cg 17.50, Cr
ft 57° 8' cJf= 23° 13' JlOf
/5/J' 94° 53' ch 32° 45' hh'
gg' 130° 41' cP *52° 8' 40" PP
or (3-16-10,
66° 21' 60° 16' 66° 44'
- 74° 27'
38° 58V 54° 30f 83° 52' 29° 6'
M'" Pp"
bw by bv
24' 14' 33° 30' 49° 44' 31° 544 22° 41'
35° 44' 23° 21' 47° 56'
Figs. 1, 2, Simple forms. 3, Pfibram. 4, Andreasberg. 5, 6, Pfibram. 3-6, Vrba.
Twins: tw. pi. (1) m, often repeated, hence pseudo-hexagonal; (2) n (130); (3) a or b, and comp.-face c, observed in hemimorphic crystals. Crystals usually ehort prismatic 6; also elongated a, and tabular c. Hemimorphism3 shown by want of symmetry in striations on m edge m/F. Also massive, compact and disseminated.
Kilbrickenite—Beegerite. 143'
Cleavage: b, d imperfect. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 2-2'5. G. b' "2-6 -3. Luster metallic. Color and streak iron-black.. Opaque.
Comp.— Ag6SbS4 or 5Ag2S.Sb.,S3 Sulphur 16'3, antimony 15'2, silver 68 '5 100.
Anal.— 1, Freuzel, Jb. Mm., 788, 1873. 2, Kolar, Zs. Kr.,5, -43rl881. Also 5th Ed., p. 106.
S Sb Ag
I.Freiberg G. 6'28 16-49 15-76 68'64 - 100'89
2. Pfibram G. 6'271 15-61 16-48 67'81 Cu, Fe tr. 99'90
Pyr.— In the closed tube decrepitates, fuses, and after long heating gives a faint sublimate of antimony oxysulphide. In the open tube fuses, giving off antimonial and sulphurous fumes. B. B. on charcoal fuses with projection of small particles, coats the coal wiih antimony trioxide,. which after long blowing is colored red from oxidized silver, and a globule of metallic silver is obtained.
Soluble in dilute heated nitric acid, sulphur and antimony trioxide being deposited.
Obs.— In veins,, with other silver ores, at Freiberg, Schneeberg, and Johanngeorgenstadt in Saxony (see Freuzel, Min. Lex. Sachs.); at Pfibram and Ratieborzitz in Bohemia; at Schemnitzs and Kremuitz in Hungary; at Audreasberg in the Harz; Kongsberg, Norway; Wheal Newton, Cornwall; Zacatecas and Guanajuato in Mexico; in Peru; Chanarcillo, Chili.
In Nevada, a rather abundant silver ore in the Comstock lode; at Ophir and Mexican mines in tine crystals; in the Reese river and Humboldt and other regions. In Idaho, at the silver mines at Yankee Fork, Queen's River district and elsewhere.
Named after the Archduke Stephan, Mining Director of Austria.
Alt. — Crystals occur altered to silver.
Ref. — ' Pfibram, Ber. Bohm. Ges., p. 119, 1886; closely similar results were obtained by Haidinger, Min Mohs, 2. 588. 1824; Schroder, Andreasberg, Pogg., 95, 258, 1855; Morton, Kougsberg. Zs. Kr., 9, 239, 1884.
See Vrba's monograph for authorities, literature, many new forms, full list of calculated angles, etc.; also, earlier, Schroder, 1. c. ; Schimper, Min. -Sam ml. Strassburg, 69, 1878; Vrba, Zs. Kr., 5, 418, 1881; Lewis, Wheal Newton, Zs. Kr., 7, 574, 1883; Morton . c.; Rath, Mexico, Zs. Kr., 10, 173, 1885. 3 Miers, Min. Mag., 9, 1, 1890.
154. KILBRICKENITE. Ajyohn, L'Institut, 9, 111, 1841 (read before R. Irish Acad.,
June 20, 1840).
Massive. Gr. 6-407. Luster metallic. Color lead -gray. Comp.— Perhaps Pb6Sb,S9 or 6PbS.SbaS3 Sulphur 16'3, antimony 13 -6, lead 70-1 - 100.
Anal.— Apjohn, 1. c.
S Sb As Pb Cu Fe G. 6-407 16-36 14"39 — 68'87 — 0-38 100
Obs. — From Kilbricken, Co. Clare, Ireland.
155. BEEGERITE. Koenig, Am. Ch. J., 2, 379, 1881. Indistinctly crystallized (isometric ?). Also massive.
Cleavage apparently cubic. G. 7-273 Koenig. Color light to dark gray. Luster brilliant metallic. Opaque.
Comp — Pb6Bi2S9 or 6PbS.Bi2S3 Sulphur 14 -8, bismuth 21-4, lead 63-8 100. Silver is sometimes present.
Anal.— 1, Koeuig, 1. c., 2'6 p. c. quartz deducted. 2. Id., Am. Phil. Soc., Philad., 22, 212, 1885. 3, Genth, on 0'03 gr., ib., 23, 37, 1886.
S Bi Pb Ag Cu
1. Park Co. 14'97 20'59 64-23 — 1 '70 101 '49
2. OurayCo. G. 6565 16'39 19'35 45-87 9'98 1'12 Fe 2-89, insol. 0-12, loss 4-28
3. Park Co. [14'63] 19'81 50'16 15-40 — 100 100
Pyr. — B.B. fuses on charcoal to a globule, giving lead and bismuth coatings; sulphurous fumes in the open tube. Dissolved by hydrochloric acid slowly in the cold, quickly on heating.
146 Sulphab8Enite8, Sulphantimonites, Etc.
Obs.— From the Baltic Lode, near Grant P. O., Park Co., Colorado; also the Treasury Vault mine. Park Co. (anal. 3); Poughkeepsie Gulch, Ouray Co. Named after Mr. Hermann Beeger, of Denver.
RICHMONDITE W. Skey, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 9, 556, 1877. Massive, crystalline. Brittle H. 4-5. G. 4-317. Luster metallic. Color black, inclining to reddish in parts.
Comp. — Approximately 6RS.Sb2S3, but needs further examination.
Analysis. — Skey, after deducting 15'4 gangue, SiOa, etc., also some antimony oxysulphide:
Sb2S3 Bi2S3 PbS CuaS Ag2S FeS ZnS MnS
22-20 tr. 36-12 19'31 2'39 13'59 5'87 0'52 100
From Richmond Hill, New Zealand.
156. POLTBASITE. Sprodglaserz pt. Wern. Polybasit H. Rose, Pogg., 15, 573, 1829. Eugenglanz Breith., Char., 266, 1832.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-5793 : 1 : 0-91305 Mierp'.
100 A HO 30° 5', 001 A 101 — 57° 36£, 001 A Oil 42° 23f.
Forms: c (001, 0); m (110, J); w (019, n (Oil, 14), t (021, 24); r (112, i), p (111, 1), f (221, 2).
mm'" *60° 10' cr 42° 19f rr' 71° 16' rr"' 39° 27'
ww' 11° 35' cp *61° 14' pp' 98° 40' pp'" 52° 8'
nri 84° 48' cs 74° 39' sa' 113° 7' as'" 57° 49'
In short six-sided tabular prisms, with beveled edges; c faces with triangular striations; in part repeated twins with tw. pi. m.
Cleavage: c imperfect. Fracture uneven. H. 2—3. G. 6-0-6-2. Luster metallic. Color iron-black, in thin splinters cherry-red. Streak black. Nearly opaque. Ax. pi. a. Bx c. Ax. angle variable, 2E 62° 44', 78°, 88° 15', Dx'.
Comp — Ag9SbS or 9Ag2S.Sb2S3 Sulphur 15-0, antimony 9-4, silver 75 -6 — 100. Part of the silver is replaced by copper, e.g., Ag : Cu 8 : 1 ; also arsenic replaces antimony.
Anal.— 1, H. Rose, 1. c. 2, 3, Id., ibid., 28, 156, 1833. 4, C. A. Joy, Rg., Min. Ch., 102, 1860. 5, Tonner [Lotos, 85, 1859], Jb. Min., 716, 1860. 6, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 39, 1886.
S Sb As Ag Cu Fe Zn
1 Durango Mexico 17'04 5"09 3'74 64'29 9'93 0'06 — 10015
2. Schemuitz 16 '88 0'25 6'23 72'43 3'04 0'33 0'59 99'70
3. Freiberg 16'35 8'39 1-17 69'99 4-11 0 29 — 100-30
4. Cornwall 15'87 5'46 3'41 TO'Ol 3'36 0'34 — 100'45
5. Pfibram G. 6'03 15'55 11-68 — 68'55 336 0'14 — 99-18
6. Colorado G. 6'01 [16-70] 1018 0'78 62'70 9'67 0"07 — 100
Pyr., etc. — In the open tube fuses, gives sulphurous and antimonial fumes, the latter form- ing a white sublimate, sometimes mixed with crystalline arsenic trioxide. D.B. fuses with spirting to a globule, gives off sulphur (sometimes arsenic), coat "he coal with antimony trioxide; with long-continued blowing some varieties give a faint yellowish white coating of zinc oxide, and a metallic globule, which with salt of phosphorus reacts for copper, and cupelled with lead gives pure silver,. Decomposed by nitric acid.
Obs.— Occurs in the mines of Guanajuato and Guadalupe y Calvo in Mexico; also at Guarisamez in Durango, with chalcopyrite and calcite; at Tres Puntos, desert of Atacama, Chili; at Freiberg and Pfibram. In Nevada, at the Reeso mines and nt the Comstock Lode; in Idaho, at the silver mines of the Owhyhee district. In Colorado, at the Terrible Lode, Clear Creek Co., with argentiferous galena and pyrite. In Arizona, at the Silver King mine.
Named from TtoX.vS, many, and fida-i?, base, in allusion to the many metallic bases present.
Alt. — Stephanite and pyrite occur as pseudomorphs after polybasite.
Ref.— Min. Mag., 8, 204, 1889. 2 N. R., 85, 1867.
157. POLYARGYRITE. Sandberger, Jb. Min., 310, 1869. Petersen, Pogg., 137, 886, 1869.
Isometric. In cubo-octahedrons, usually distorted and indistinct; d (110, i), x (hll, mrm) also observed.
Cleavage: cubic. Fracture uneven. Malleable and sectile. H.=2'5. G-. 6'974 Luster metallic. Color iron-black to blackish gray. Streak black. Opaque.
Sulpharsenates, Sulphantimonates, Etc.
Comp — Ag,4Sb,S1B or 12AgaS.Sb9Ss Sulphur 14-5, antimony 7'4, silver 78-2 100.
Anal. — Petersen, 1. c.
S Sb Ag Pb Fe Zn
G. 6-974 14-78 698 76'70 tr. 0'36 0-30 99-12
Mean of 76'63 and 76'77; another sample gave 78-85 p. c.
Pyr. — B.B. on charcoal fuses easily to a black globule, giving off antimonial fumes, and yielding a brittle globule of silver. Soluble with difficulty in nitric acid with separation of sulphur, readily by fuming acid.
Obs. — Occurs at Wolfach in Baden with argentite, etc.
II. Sulpharsenates, Sulphantimonates, etc. Enargite Group.
158. Enargite
Clarite, Luzonite
159. Famatinite 30utS.Sb,S§
3CuaS. As2S5 Orthorhombic a : b : 6 0-8711 : 1 : 0'8248
160. Xanthoconite 3AgaS.AsaS6 Rhombohedral rr' 108° 25' 6 2-31 6a
161. Epiboulangerite 3PbS.SbaSB
162. Epigenite
Regnolite
163. Argyrodite
4CuaS.3FeS.AsaS5?
Orthorhombic
a : o : 6 3AgaS.GeSa Monoclinic 0-6780 : 1 : 0-6144 ft 70°
158, 159. Enargite— Famatinite.
158. ENARGITE. Enargit Breith., Pogg., 80, 383, 1850. Guayacanite Field, Am. J. Sc.. 27, 52, 1859. Garbyite W. Semmons, Min. Mag., 6, pp. xxvi, 49, 124, 1884.
Orthorhombic. Axes: & : b : 6 0*8711 : 1 : 0-8248 Dauber1.
ICO A HO 41° 3$', 001 A 101 43° 264;', 001 A Oil *39° 31'.
Forms2: a (100, i-l)
I (130, -§)8 ft (201, 2-1)
0(115,
l-l) t-V)
fy\
V)
rr'"
32° 23'
U.'
35° 2'
88'
79' 2'
Pp'
47° It
xx'"
60° 17'
nri
50° 40'
152° 44'
oo'
72° 18'
mm'" hh'
*82° 7' 59° 43'
kk
Juju
86° 52f 124° 20'
cq
14° 6'
OO° t*ft t
PP'" oo'"
40° 53'
11'
41° 53'
cp
Co
51° 28f
148 8Ulpharsenates, Sulphantimonates, Etc.
Twins: tw. pi. x (320), with a a 60° 17', sometimes star-shaped trillings re- sembling chrysoberyl. Crystals usually small; prismatic planes vertically striated ; also c edge c/a. Also mas- sive, granular, or columnar.
Cleavage: m perfect; a, b distinct; c indistinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3. G. 4-43-4-45. Luster metallic. Color grayish black to iron-black. Streak grayish black. Opaque.
Comp.— Cu3AsS4 or 3Cu2S.As,S6 Sulphur 32-6, arsenic 19-1, copper 48'3 100. Some antimony is often present, thus graduating toward famatinite. Anal. — 1, Quoted by D'Achiardi, Nuov. Cimento, 3, May, 1870. 2, B. S. Lurton, Am. J. Sc., 45, 34, 1868. 3, E. W. Root, ib., 46, 201. 4, E. S. D., ib.. 6, 127, 1873. 5, Siewert & Doring, Min. Mitth., 242, 1873. 6, Schickendantz, Domeyko, 3d App. Min. Chili, p. 26, 1871. 7, Ten-ill, Min. Mag., 6, 50, 1884. Also 5th Ed., p. 108.
S As Sb Cu Ag Fe Zn
1. Morococha 37'45 15-23 — 33'25 0 04 5'66 7'72 Pb tr. 99'35
.2. Willis Gulch, Col. G.=4'43 f 31-56 17-80 T37 47'58 — 1'04 — 99'35
:3. Alpine Co., Cal. G.=4'34 f 31 "66 13-70 6'03 45'95 — 0'72 — SiOa 1-08 99'14
4. Shoebridge mine, Utah G.=4'861 34'35 1720 095 46'94 tr. . 1-06 tr. — 100*50
5. FamatiuaMts. G.=4'36 30'48 17'16 1'97 47'83 — 1 31 0'52 Pb 0"73 100
6. Catamarca 33'40 18-78 — 48'05 — 0'36 — 100'59
7. Montana G.=4'3 32'69 19 '47 — 47'84 — — — 100
Pyr. — In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives a sublimate of sulphur; at a higher temperature fuses, and gives a sublimate of sulphide of arsenic. In the open tube, heated gently, the powdered mineral giv:s off sulphurous and arsenical fumes, the latter condensing to a sublimate containing some antimony trioxide. B.B. on charcoal fuses, and gives a faint coat- ing of the oxides of arsenic, antimony, and zinc; the roasted mineral with the fluxes gives a globule of metallic copper. Soluble in aqua regia.
Obs. — From Morococha, V.. Jilleras of Peru, at a height of 15,000 feet, in large masses, occasionally with small druses of crystals, along with tenuantite, embedded in crystalline lime- stone; Cordilleras of Chili (guayacanite}; mine of Hediondas, Prov. Coquimbo; mines of Santa Anna, U. S. of Colombia, in cavities in quartz; Argentine Republic at several mines in the Sierra de Famatina, also in the province of Catamarca; at Cosihuirachi in Mexico. In twin crystals at Matzenkopfl, Brixlegg, Tyrol; and in similar twins from Mancayan, island of Luzon.
In the U. S., at Brewer's gold mine, Chesterfield district, S. Carolina; in Colorado, at mines near Black Hawk and Central City, Gilpin Co.; in Park Co., at the Missouri mine; also on Red mountain in San Juan and Ouray counties. In southern Utah at the Sboebridge mine .in crystals and massive; also massive, cleavable at the Mammoth and American Eagle mines in the Tintic district, where it appears as the parent mineral of a number of copper arsenates; at several mines near Butte, Montana, associated with chalcocite, boruite, etc. Morning Star mine, Alpine county, California.
Ref.— ! Pogg., 92, 237, 1854. 2 Dauber, Peru. 1. c., be adds as doubtful (310). (210), (130), (403), (132), but see below. 3 Zeph., Brixlegg, Zs. Kr., 3, 600, 1879. 4 Rath, Argentine Repub., ib., 4, 426, 1880. 8 Zettler, Luzon, Jb. Min., 1, 159 ref., 1880.
LAUTITE Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 3, 515; 4, 97, 1881. Described as having the composition (Cu,Ag)AsS, from Lauta, near Marienberg, Saxony. Later shown to be a mechanical mixture of arsenic with a mineral near enargite, cf. Weisbach, Jb. Min., 2, 250, 1882.
LUZONITE Weisbach, Min. Mitth. , 257, 1874.
Massive with uneven fracture. Brittle. H. 8'5. G. 4'42. Luster metallic. Color dark reddish steel-gray. Streak black.
Comp.— CusAsS4 or 3CuaS.As,,S like enargite, with which it is regarded as being dimorphous.
Analysis. — Winkler, 1. c.
S 33-14 As 16-52 Sb 2'15 Cu 47-51 Fe 0-93 100-25
Obs. — Occurs in the copper veins of Mancayan, district of Lepanto, Island of Luzon, associated with the following minerals, named in the order of their deposition: quartz, pyrita (luzonite), enargite, quartz, tetrahedrite, barite. See p. 1041.
CLARITE Sandberger, Jb. Min. 960, 1874; 382, 1875. Another mineral having the com position of enargite. Regarded as monoclinic with cleavage a, b. In tufted groups of crystals. H. 3'5. G. 4'46. Luster metallic. Color dark lead-gray. Analysis.— Petersen:
8 32-92 As 17-74 Sb 1-09 Cu 46 -29 Fe 0'83 Zn tr. 98-87
Fama Tinite—Xanthoconite—Epibo Ulangerite. 149
Occurs on barite at the Clara mine, near Schapbach, Baden. Sometimes altered to chalco- pyrite and covellite.
Note also remarks under binnite, p. 119.
169. FAMATINITE. Stelzner, Min. Mitth., 243, 1878.
Orthorhombic ; isomorphous with enargite. Observed forms*: a, f, /. Also massive, sometimes reniform.
Fracture uneven. Rather brittle. H. 3"5. Gv= 4*57. Color gray with a tinge of copper-red. Streak black. Opaqjae.
Comp.— Cu3SbS4 or 3Cu,S.Sb2S5 Sulphur 29'3, antimony 27-4, copper 43-3 100. Arsenic replaces the antimony in part.
Anal.— 1, 2, Siewert, Min. Mitth., 242, 1873. 3a, Frenzel, Jb. Min., 679, 1875. 3i, id., after deducting 13'8 pyrite assumed to be present.
S Sb As Cu Fe Zn Gangue
1. Mej. Upulungos mine G. 4-59 f 29'17 21'23 4-07 44-12 0'82 0'59 — 100
2. Mej. Verdiona mine G. 4'52 f 29'63 20"54 3'63 45'34 0'51 0'59 0'63 100'87 3a. Peru 33'46 1093 7'62 41-11 6'43 — — 99"55 Sb. " 30-45 12-74 8'88 47"93 — — — 100
Fyr. — In the closed tube decrepitates, giving off sulphur readily, and on stronger heating also some sulphide of antimony. On charcoal gives off white fumes of antimony, leaving a black, br'tle metallic globule.
Obs. — Occurs with enargite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, etc., in the Sierra de Famatina, Argentine Republic. Also found at Cerro de Pasco, Peru.
Ref.— ' Rath, Zs. Kr., 4, 426, 1880, Ber. nied. Ges., Nov. 4, 1878. See p. 1041.
160. XANTHOOONTTE. Xanthokon Breith., J. pr. Ch., 20, 67, 1840. Rhombohedral. Axis 6 2-3163; cr *69° 30', rr' 108° 25' Breith.1
Observed forms: c (0001, 0), r (1010, K), e (0221, - 2). ce 79° 25'. In thin tabular crystals. Also reniform masses with granular structure.
Cleavage: c, r. Brittle. H. 2. G. 5-0-5-2; 4-11-4-16 Breith. Luster adamantine. Color orange-yellow to dull red or clove-brown. Streak yellow. Transparent to translucent.
Comp.— Ag8AsS4 or 3 AgaS.AsaSB= Sulphur 24-3, arsenic 14-3, silver 61'4 100. Anal.— Plattner, Pogg., 64, 275, 1845.
S As Ag Fe
1. Brown 21 "36 [13-49] 64-18 0'97 100
2. Yellow 21-80 [14-32] 63"88 — 100
Pyr. — In the closed tube, at a gentle heat, the yellow color is changed to dark red, but on cooling it regains its original color; at a higher temperature fuses, and gives a faint sublimate of sulphide of arsenic. In the open tube, and on charcoal, behaves like proustite.
Obs. — Occurs with stephanite at the Himmelsftlrst mi ic near Freiberg.
Named in allusion to its yellow powder, from £arQ6$, yeltotjo, and KovtS, powder.
Ref.—1 Pogg. , 64, 272, 1845.
161. EPIBOULANGERITE. M. Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 21, 747, 1869. Orthorhombic? occurring in striated prismatic needles. G. 6-309. Lustei
metallic. Color dark bluish gray, almost black. Structure granular, acicular.
Comp.— Pb3Sb2S8 or 3PbS.Sb,S5=Sulphur 21'5, antimony 23-0, lead 55-5 100. Anal.— 1, 2, Websky :
S Sb Pb Ni Fe Zn
1. Granular 21 89 20'77 56'11 0'20 0'60 0'29 99'86
2. Needles 21-31 20'23 54 '88 0 30 0'84 1-32 9888
Websky considers the mineral as probably a product of the decomposition of boulangerite from which it, differs in containing more sulphui and correspondingly less antimony
Obs. — Found with galena, pyrite, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite at AHenberg in Silesia
15u
Sulpharsenates, 8Ulphantimonates, Etc.
162. EPIGENITE. Arsenwismuthkupfererz Sandberger, Jb. Min., 415, 1868. Epieenit Id., ibid., 205, 1869.
Orthorhombic. In short prisms (69° 10') with macrodome and brachydome, resembling arsertopyrite.
Fracture uneven. H. — 3'5. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray. Streak black. Opaque.
Comp.— Perhaps (Groth) R7As2S12 with E7 4Cua + 3Fe, or 4CuaS.3FeS.AsaS6 Sulphur 31'5, arsenic 12*3, c pper 41*5, iron 14-7 — 100.
AnaL— Petersen, Pogg., 136, 502, 1869, after deducting 5 p. c. wittichenite.
S 32-34
As 12-78
Cu 40-68
Fe 14-20 100
Fyr. — In the closed tube gives first sulphur, then sulphide of arsenic. B.B. on charcoal gives an arsenic reaction and a magnetic slag with copper globules. Soluble in nitric acid with sepa- ration of sulphur.
Obs. — Occurs sparingly at Neugluck mine in the B5ckelsbach at Wittichen, Baden. So named from eniyiyrecr&ai, to follow after, because always observed implanted upon the barite vein masses.
REGNOLITE A. D'Achiardi, I Metalli, 1, 293, 294, 1883. Nuovo Cimento, 3, May 1870. In tetrahedral crystals resembling (as it does in other characters) the sandbergerite with which it is associated. Analysis :
S 37-45 As 15 23 Cu 33 25 Ag 0 04 Fe 5'66 Zn 7"72 Pb tr. 99'35
Calculated composition essentially Cu7As2S]S or 5CuS.FeS.ZnS.As3S6 Sulphur 39-5, arsenic 15-4, copper 32'6, iron 5'8, zinc 6'7 100.
From the Jucud mines near the source of the Jucud river, Cajamarca, Peru. Named after Dr. Carlo Regnoli.
Weisbach, Jb. Berg.-Hiltt., 1886; Jb. Min., 2, 67, 1886. a : I : 6 - 0-6780 : 1 : 0-6144; ft 70° 001 A 100
163. Argyrodite.
Monoclinic. Axes : Weisbach1.
100 A HO 32° 30', 001 A 101 33° !£', 001 A Oil 30°. Forms : m (110, /), /(108, fi), q (101, l-l), k (601, 6-i), o (Oil, 1-1), v (232, -f-|)?, n (691. 9-*f)?. Angles: mm'" *65°, oo' *60°, vv1 — 58° (meas 50°), mv 31° 49', edge m/m" A o/o' *110°, A v/v' 143° 2' (141°), A 169° 33' (170"), A q' 120° 59' (121*°). A / 92° 26' (96°). Twins: tw. pi. k, geniculated; also as trillings (f. 2). Crystals small and indistinct; usually grouped in verruciform or renit'orm shapes. Faces k brilliant;
f somewhat less so; o smooth but rounded; m striated parallel edge m/m. Also in rounded forms and compact massive.
No cleavage observed. Fracture uneven to flat conchoidal. Some- what brittle. H. 2-5. G. =6-085- 6'111. Luster metallic. Color steel- gray, on a fresh fracture, with a tinge of red turning to violet. Streak gray- ish black, shining.
Comp. — A sulpho-salt containing silver and the rare element ger- manium, first discovered in this species, SAg.S.GeS. Sulphur 18-2, germanium 8-3, silver 73 '5 100. Anal. — Winkler, 1. c.
S 17-13
Ge 6 93
Ag 74-72
Fe 0'66
Zn 0-22 99-66
Argyrodite. 151
On the chemical properties of germanium see Winkler, J. pr. Ch., 34, 177, 1886; 36, 177, 1887. This new element has also been identified in euxenite.
Pyr. — In the closed tube gives a brilliant black sublimate; in the open tube fumes of sulphur dioxide. On charcoal fuses to a bead, giving near the assay a faint white sublimate; after long blowing an orange-yellow sublimate and a silver globule.
Obs. — Found at the Himmelsfilrst mine, Freiberg, associated with siderite, marcasite abundant also sphalerite, pyrite, galena, further argentite, pyrargyrite* p_plybasite, stephanite; implanted sometimes on argentite and again on marcasite or siderite.
Ref. — ]L. c., the measurements only approximate; the symbols of some ol the planes are doubtful because measured and calculated angles vary widely; perhaps shoulii be 454, for which we have 454 A 454 49° 35'.
Iv. Haloids.— Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides;
Fluorides.
I. Anhydrous Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides; Fluorides. II. Oxychlorides ; Oxyfluorides. III. Hydrous Chlorides; Hydrous Fluorides.
I. Anhydrous Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides; Fluorides.
Calomel Group. R,C1,.
184. Calomel Hg.Cl, Tetragonal 1-7229
165. Hantokite Cu.Cl, Isometric
Halite Group. RC1, RBr, BI. Isometric.
Chlorides, etc., of sodium, potassium, ammonium, and silver.
186. Halite NaCl
167. Bylvite KC1
188. Sal Ammoniac (NH4)C1
189. Cerargyrite AgCl
170. Embolite Ag(Cl,Br)
171. Bromyrite AgBr
172. lodobromite Ag(Cl,Br,I)
Silver Iodide (artif.) Agl
173. lodyrite Agl Hexagonal 0-8196
Tocornalite (Ag,Hg)I?
Ooccjnite Hgl?
n ii Fluorite Group. RC1,, RF,. Isometric.
171 Hydrophilite OaOl, 175, Fluorite CaF,
176. Ohloromagneiite MgOl,
177. Bellaite MgK, 'h-h.i-onal £ - 0-6596
178. Lawrenoite i|, ll<-\:igoiml (artif.) 170. Boaoohite .Mi, (I
Calomel Group— Calomel.
180. Cotunnite
181. Moly&ite
182. Tysonite
PbCl,
Orthorkombic
d: J :6 0-9976 : 1 : 1-6S05
FeCl, Hexagonal (artif.) $6 0-6675
(Ce,La,Di)F, Hexagonal 6 0-6868
3NaF.AlF3 Monoclinio
Isometric
5NaF.3AlF, Tetragonal 2KF.SiF4? Isometric
Cryptohalite 2(NH4)F.SiF4
Hydrofluorite HF Proidonite SiF4
183. Cryolite
Elpasolite
184. Chioiite
185. Hieratite
d:6:d ft
0-9663 : 1 : 1-3882 89° 49'
6 1-0418
Calomel Group. R,C1,.
164. CALOMEL. Horn Mercury (fr. Deux Fonts) Woutfe, Phil. Trans., 618. 1776. Mine de mercure cornee de Lisle, Crist., 3, 161, 1783. Quecksilber-Hornerz Wern., Bergm. J., 881, 1789- Horn Quicksilver; Dichloride of Mercury. Kalomel, Chlorquecksilber, Chlormercur, Quecksilberchlorur Germ. Mercure chlorure Fr. Calomelano Ital. Hercorio eorneo Span.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 1-72291; 001 A 101 59C
Forma*:
1 (920,
f-f)4 ft (504, |-i)4 y
(559, f) p (331, 3)* p (315, f-3)
e (001, 0)
a (100, i-i) m (110, /) H (710, f-7) g (610, t-6)*
? (105, r (104, z (103,
. ... 8 (201, 2-i) x
H) C (119, J 1-f) a(118,t) P
(558, f)' o.ifl.i.10 4JM (818,
/1 1 0 w to 1 iu, T-O; iQio a
(2212)9 iffliiSi A 04-5-10.1
fl/l
119° 44'
<w" 156° 48' 68° 81f
9° 28'
<w" 147° 38'
pp" 164° 25' 81° 58'
aw
12° 32' 45° 0'
aa' 52° 57' ft" 66° 16'
Yy'
32° 29'
rr' =81° 43'
pp' 38°28j' -JJ"8?'
41° 14'
oo' 87° 41'
ee'
75° 24'
pp' 88° 57'
Pp " 1U i%. o
*8'
85C 33'
aa" 78° 10'
55'" 36° 144' V=4787f
Yy"
a"
46° 36' 59° 44'
ft" 101° 14' rr" 135° 22'
7fff' 36° ?
„"
Fig. 1, El Doktor, Mexico, Websky3. 2, Moschellaudsberg, Websky3. 3, Moschellandflberg,
after Schrauf.
Twins: tw. pi. e, contact- and penetration-twins. Crystals sometimes tabular c; also pyramidal; often highly complex.
Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluorides.
Cleavage: a rather distinct; also?-. Fracture conchoidal. Sectile. H. 1-2. G. =.6'482 Haid. Luster adamantine. Color white, yellowish gray, or ash-gray, also grayish, and yellowish white, brown. Streak pale yellowish white. Trans- lucent— subtranslucent. Optically-)-. Double refraction strong. Indices- &)r 1-96 er — 2'GO Senarmont"
Comp. — Mercurous chloride, Hg.jCl.j Chlorine 15'1, mercury 84-9 100.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube volatilizes without fusion, condensing in the cold part of the- tube as a white sublimate; with soda gives a sublimate of metallic mercury. B.I> 011 charcoal volatilizes, coating the coal white. Insoluble in water, but dissolved by aqua regia; blackens when treated with alkalies.
Obs. — At Moschellandsberg in the Palatinate, coating the cavities of a ferruginous gangue, associated with cinnabar — crystals often large and well-defined; also at the quicksilver mines of Idria in Caruiola; Almadeu in Spain; Horzowitz in Bohemia; with cinnaber at Mt. Avala near Belgrade in Servia5. From El Doktor near Zimapan, Queretaro, Mexico".
Calomel is an old term of uncertain origin and meaning, perhaps from KYrAo'?, beautiful, and yue/lz, honey, the taste being sweet, and the compound the Mercurius dulcis of early chemistry; or from K"aAoS and /ueArrS, black.
Ref.— ! Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. XL, 1872; cf. earlier Brooke, Ann. Phil., 6, 285, 1823; Sbs. artif. cryst., Ber. Ak. Wien, 9, 394, 1852; Hbg., Abh. Senck. Ges., 1. 24, 1S54-5. '2 See Schrauf, 1. c. 3 Websky, El Doktor, Mexico, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 461, 1877; also (3'Ml), p, (5 3'11), and pa (419) doubtful. 4 Traube, Mt. Avala, Belgrade, Zs. Kr.. 14, 571, 1888. b Vrba, Mt. Avala, ib., 15, 455, 1885. 6 Quoted by Dx., Propr. Opt., 1, 40, 1857.
MERCURIC CHLORIDE. — The occurrence of native corrosive sublimate (HgCl2) is reported by Besnou near Iquique, in the desert of Atacama; the determination, however, was based only on some qualitative trials. Assoc. Franc. Adv. Sc., 533, 1878. The artificial salt is orthorhombic, cf. Rg., Kr. Ch., 257, 1881.
165. NANTOKITE. Nantoquita Sieveking, Domeyko, 2d App., Min. Chili, 51, 1867; 3d App., 22, 1871. Nantokit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 27, 3, 1868; Jb. Min., 814, 1872.
Isometric. Granular, massive, not in distinct crystals; artificial crystals tetrahedral.
Cleavage: cubic. Fracture conchoidal. H. 2-2*5. G. 3'930. Luster adamantine. Colorless to white or grayish. Transparent to translucent.
Comp. — Cuprous chloride, CCl, — Chlorine 35'9, copper 64 -1 — 100.
An analysis by Sieveking (1. c.) gave: Cl 35'52, Cu 64-17 99'69.
Pyr. — B.B. on charcoal fuses, coloring the flame intensely azure-blue; a globule of copper finally remains. Easily soluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids, also in ammonia. Gives off chlorine when struck with a hammer. Oxidizes readily on exposure to the air.
Obs. — Occurs with cuprite, native copper, and hematite, also chalcocite and other copper minerals at the mine Carmen Bajo, near Nantoko, Chili. Atacamite is sometimes formed by the oxidation of nantokite.
Halite Group. RC1, etc.
166. HALITE. COMMON or ROCK SALT. Muriate of Soda, Sodium Chloride. Kochsalz, Steinsalz, Bergsalz Germ. Soude muriatee, Chlorure de sodium. Sal gemme Fr. Sal mare Beud., Tr., 1882 Halites Glock., Syn., 290, 1847. Sal gemma, Alite Ital. Sal gema, Sal marina, Span.
Isometric. Observed forms1:
Usually in cubes, rarely octahedral ; crystals sometimes distorted, or with cavernous faces. Rarely showing twinning lamellae 20*20 -7)2. Also massive, granular to compact; less often columnar.
Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Fracture conchoidal. Per- cussion-figure on a easily obtained, rays d. Rather brittle. H.=2'5. G. -1-2 -6; pure crystals 2-135. Luster vitreous. ColorlesB or white, also yellowish, reddish, bluish, purplish. Transparent to translucent. Soluble; taste saline. Refractive index 1-5442 Na., Langley3. Highly diather- manous. Sometimes exhibits anomalous double refraction. Comp. — Sodium chloride, NaCl Chlorine 60-6, sodium 39'4 =100. Com-
Halite Group— Halite. 155
monly mixed with calcium sulphate, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and sometimes magnesium sulphate, which render it liable to deliquesce.
For analyses quoted and references to others, see 5th Ed., p. 112; also under sylvite for Scacchi's observations on Vesuvian chlorides with KC1 (natrikalite Adam, Tabl. JVlin., 69, 1869).
S. W. Johnson attributes the bluish or indigo color of some varieties from Stassfurt to sodium subchloride, Ochsenius to the presence of sulphur; this color-disappears on heating. Wittjen & Precht (Ber. Chem. Ges., 16, 1454, 18s8) regard the color as an optical effect due to the presence of thin cavities having parallel surfaces with gas inclusions; they rind the color distributed in lines mostly o, seldom a.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube fuses, often with decrepitation; when fused on the platinum wire colors the name deep yellow. Added to a salt of phosphorus bead which has been saturated with oxide of copper,it colors the flame a deep azure-blue. Dissolves readily in three parts of water.
Oba. — Common salt occurs in extensive but irregular beds in rocks of various ages, associ- ated with gypsum, polyhalite, anhydrite, carnallite, clay, sandstone, and calcite; also in solution forming salt springs; similarly in the water of the ocean and salt seas.
In Europe and England occurs in the Triassic, associated with red marl or sandstone, but not confined to these rocks. At Durham, Northumberland, and Leicestershire, England, salt springs rise from the Carboniferous series; in the Alps, some salt works are supplied from Oolitic rocks; the famous mines of Cardona in Spain and Wieliczka in Poland are referred, the former to the Green Sand formation, and the latter to Tertiary rocks. Salt springs also occur in volcanic regions. In the United States the brines of New York come from Upper Silurian strata; those of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, mostly from Devonian and Subcarboniferous beds; those of Michigan, mainly from the Subcarbouiferous and Carboniferous; while in Louisiana, at Petit Anse, there is a thick bed of large extent of pure salt in the Post-tertiary or more recent deposits of the coast. Salt also occurs as an essential part of the efflorescences ovei the dry prairies and shallow ponds or lakes ot the Rocky mountains, California, Atacama, etc.; and in most desert or semi-desert regions there are numerous salt lakes.
The principal mines of Europe are at Wieliczka, in Poland; at Hall, in Tyrol; Stass- furt, near Magdeburg; and aloug the range through Keichenthal in Bavaria, Hallein in Salz- burg. Hullstndt, Ischl, und Ebeusee, in Upper Austria, and Aussee in Styria; in Hungary, at Marmoros and elsewhere; in Transylvania; Wallachia, Galicia, and Upper Silesia; Vic and Dieuze in France; Valley of Cardoua and elsewhere in Spain, forming hills 800 to 400 feet high; Bex in Switzerland; and Northwich in Cheshire. England. At Cheshire it occurs in a basin-shaped deposit, and is arranged in spheroidal masses, from 5 to 8 feet in diameter, which are composed of concentric coats, and present polygonal figures. It is but little contaminated with impurities, and is prepared for use by merely crushing it between iron rollers. At the Austrian mines, where it contains much clay, the salt is dissolved in large chambers, and the clay thus precipitated. After a time the water, saturated with the salt, is conveyed by aqueducts to evaporating houses, and the chambers, after being cleared out, are again filled.
Salt also occurs, forming hills and covering extended plains, near Lake Urumia, the Caspian Lake. etc. In Algeria; in Abyssinia. In India in enormous deposits in the Salt Range of the Punjab; tlnis at the Mayo mines there are five great beds having an aggregate thickness of 275 feet alternating with another of 275 feet of Kallar or impure salt. Also in the Kohat district immense beds, in one place exceeding 1000 feet in thickness; at Mandi in the northwestern Himalayas; also at the salt lakes of Rajputana, and as an important part of a saline efflorescence (ReJi) in alluvial deposits at various points (Mallet). In China and Asiatic Russia; in South America, in Peru, and at Zipaquera and Nemocon, the former a large mine long explored in the Cordilleras of U. S. of Colombia; .clear salt is obtained from the Cerro de Sal, San Domingo. Occasionally formed at the eruptions of Vesuvius, as in 1855, when it was found in cubes, incrustations, and stalactites.
In the United States, salt has been found in large amount in central and western New York. Salt wells (see below) had long been worked in this region, but the presence of rock salt was first discovered by boring in 1878, and since then the industry has been rapidly developed. Salt is now known to exist over a large area from Ithaca at the head of Cayuga lake, Tompkins Co., und Canandaigua lake. Ontario Co., through Livingston Co., also Geuesee, Wyoming, and Erie Cos. The salt is found in beds with an average thickness of 75 feet, but sometimes much thicker, and at varying depths from 1000 to 2000 feet and more; the depth increases southward with the dip of the strata. The rocks belong to the Saliua period of the Upper Silurian. Salt has aiso been found near Cleveland, Ohio, associated with gypsum; there are here several beds, the widest 164 feet including shale, at depths from 2154 to 2475 feet. Also in Washington Co., West Virginia, in the Holston and Kanawha valleys; in Kansas, in beds from 10 to 100 feet in thickness at a depth of 700 feet or more in Ellsworth, Rice, Reno, Kingman, and Harper counties; the salt beds lie near the base of the Trias; at Petite Anse, Louisiana (see above); along the Rio Virgin in Lincoln Co., Nevada, in extensive beds of great purity; in Utah, near Nephi, Juab Co., and Salina, Sevier Co.; in Arizona, on the Rio Verde, with thenardite, etc., and mostly impure; the headwaters of Salt river, and Tonto basin, Gila Co.; in California, at Dos Palmas, San Diego Co. In Canada, salts occurs in Bruce, Huron, and Lampton Cos., Ontario, along the eastern shore of Lake Huron; it was first found at Goderich in 1866 at a depth of 964 feet, also at Clinton at a depth of 1180 feet, and later at other points.
156 Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluorides.
Brine springs are very numerous in the Middle and Western States. These springs are worked at Salina, Syracuse, and elsewhere, N. Y.; in the Kanawha Valley, Va. ; Muskiugum, Ohio; Michigan, at Saginaw and elsewhere; in Kentucky and Tennessee; also at Goderich, Ontario, Canada. The salt water is obtained by boring, and raised by means of machinery, and thence conveyed by troughs to the boilers, where it is evaporated by artificial heat; or to basins for evaporation by exposure to the heat of the sun.
Composition of Syracuse brines, according to analyses by Dr. C. A. Goessmann (private communication):
I. Ii. Iii. Iv.
NaCl 16-7503 15-5317 18-2465 13-3767
CaSO4 0-5673 0'5772 0'5117 05234
CaCla 0-1594 0-1533 0'1984 0'1037
MgCl, 0-1464 0-1444 0'1784 0'1336
MgBra 0-0022 0'0024 0'0025 0'0017
Kc1 . 0-0110 0-0109 0-0119 0'0086
FeCO, 00034 0-0044 0-0036 0-0015
H2O 82-3600 83-5757 80-8470 85-8508
100 100 100 100
No. I has G. 1-1300 at 16° Baume and 20° C. No. II has G. 1-1225 at 15° Baume and 21° C. The Saginaw brines, Michigan, afford about 19 '250 of salt.
Vast lakes of salt water exist in many parts of the world. Lake Timpanogos in the Rocky mountains, 4,200 feet above the level of the sea, now called the Great Salt Lake, is 2,000 square miles in area L. Gale found in this water 20-196 per cent, of sodium chloride (Stansb. Exped., cited in Am. J. Sc., 17, 129, 1854). The Dead and Caspian seas are salt, and the waters of the former contain 20 to 26 parts of solid matter in 100 parts. Gmelin, who analyzed a portion of these waters of specific gravity 1-212, found them to contain CaCla 3'336, MgCls 12'167, NaCl 7-039, CaSO4 0-052, MgBr2 0'443, KC1 1-086, A1C13 0'144, NH4C1 0-007, MnCl 0161, 24-435, with 75-565 water 100. This result is given as corrected by Marchand.
An analysis of the water of Great Salt Lake (1869) by O. D. Allen (U. S. G. Surv. 40th Par. 2, 433) gave:
NaCl MgCl2 Na2SO4 K2SO4 CaSO4 Cl
79-11 9-75 6-22 3'58 0'57 0'57 100
" Excess.
Salt is obtained on a large scale commercially, in the U. S., by the evaporation of the waters of the Great Salt Lake, and in California from the sea- water in San Francisco Bay.
Alt. — Anhydrite, gypsum, polyhalite, occur as pseudomorphs after this species; also celestite, dolomite, quartz, hematite, pyrite; the removal of the salt cubes by their solution leaves a cavity which any mineral may then occupy. The hopper-shaped crystals often leave an impression of their form in clays.
Ref.— ' Luedecke, Neu-Stassfurt, Zs. Nat. Halle, 58, 662, 1885. 2 Brauns, Jb. Min., 1, 126, 1889. 3 Am. J. Sc., 30. 477, 1885, cf. also Lagerborg, Ak. H. Stockh. Bihaug, 13 (1), No. 10, 1887. Cf. the researches of Melloni, Magnus, Tyndall; also recently Laugley, 1. c., et al., Baur, Wied. Ann., 19, 17, 1883.
On etching: cf. Sohncke, Pogg., 157, 329; Exner. ib., 158, 319, 1876; Brauus, Jb. Min., 1, 115, 1889. Hardness: Exner. Hiirte Kryst., p. 11, 1873. Constants of elasticity: Voigt, Pogg., Erg.-Bd., 7, 1, 177, 1876, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 4, 232, 1885; Groth, Pogg., 157, 115, 1876. Double refraction: Jb. Min., 1, 165, 1883; by pressure, Wied. Ann., 39, 440, 1890. Dispersive power: Ketteler, Wied. Ann., 31, 322, 1887.
MARTINSITE Karsten, J. pr. Ch., 36, 127, 1845. Halite containing 9 p. c, MgSO; from Stassfurt.
HUANTAJAYITE Raimondi, Doineyko, Min. Chili, 5th Append., 1876; Min. Perpu, p. 64, 1878. An argentiferous variety of halite, if homogeneous. Described as occurriug in cubes, also in incrustations made up of minute cubic crystals, also fibrous. H. 2. Color white, not altered by exposure. Transparent. Fragile, not sectile like cerargyrite. Composition: 20NaCl -T- AgCl ; an analysis (f) gave: NaCl 89, AgCl 11 =100. B.B. decrepitates and fuses easily; on charcoal yields silver with soda. Occurs in a calcareous gangue with cerargyrite, embolite, etc., at the mine of San Simon, Huantajaya, Tarapaca, Chili. Called lechedor by the miners.
HYDROHALITE A lam, Tabl. Min., p. 69, 1869. A hydrous sodium chloride described by Mitscherlich; see Hausm. Handb., p. 1459, 1847.
167. SYLVITE. Muriate of Potash (fr. Vesuvius) SmilTison, Ann. Phil., 6, 258, 1823. Chloride of Potassium, Potassium chloride. Chlorkalium, Germ. Sylvine Beud., Tr. , 2, 511, 1832. Hoevelit H. Oirard, Jahrb. Min., 568, 1863. Leopold it E. Reichardt, Jahrb. Min. 331, 1866 Schatzellit and HSvellit (fr. Stassfurt), B. H. Ztg., 24, 276, Ann. Ch. Phys., 5, 318, 324.
Halite Group— Sal-Ammoniac. 15?
Isometric. Observed forms1:
o (111, 1) g (711, 7-7) n (211, 2-2) (421, 4-2)
Brauns has obtained by etchiug faces of 931 (9-3 r) as a trapezohedal hernihedral form2.
Habit cubic; a, also a with o, most common. Also in granular crystalline masses, rarely columnar; compact.
Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 2. G. 1-97- 1-99 Prietze, 1. c. Luster vitreous. Colorless, white, bluish or yellowish red from inclusions. Transparent when pure. Eet'ractive index8, ny 1-49031 Na. Soluble; taste, much like that of common salt, but somewhat bitter. Sometimes exhibits anomalous double refraction. Highly diathermanous4.
Comp. — Potassium chloride, KC1 Chlorine 47'6, potassium 52-4 100. Sometimes contains also sodium chloride.
A. Milller (VI). Ges. Basel, 113, 1854) found a Vesuvian salt pure with only a trace of A)dium. Scacchi (Contrib. Min. Vesuv. , II, 23) gives analyses of fifteen varieties with K : Na 100 : 6'2, 10 : 17'5, etc., up to 10 : 94'8; some of the varieties contained also the alkaline sulphates, with (K.Na)Cl : ;K,Na)2SO4 100 : 0'43. 100 : 6'45, 100 : 4'50, etc. Prietze, quoted by Huyssen (Zs. G. Ges., 20, 461, 1868, and Jb. Min., 484, 1868) found in some of the Stassfurt sylvite 12 to 13 p. c. NaCl and 0'5 SO3, but other analyses of material carefully separated from halite showed the pure KC1.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in the platinum loop ftises, and gives a violet color to the outer flame. Added to a salt of phosphorus bead, which has been previously saturated with oxide of copper, colors the O.F. deep azure-blue. Dissolves in water, 100 parts taking up 34'5 at 18'75° C. Heated with sulphuric acid gives off hydrochloric acid gas.
Obs.— Occurs at Vesuvius, about the fumaroles of the volcano. Also at Stassfurt, in the carnallite beds of the salt formation; at Leopoldshall (leopoldite); at Kalusz in Galicia, where- with the accompanying picromerite it has been derived (Tschermak, 1. c.) from the alteration of carnallite.
The compound is the Sal digestivus SyMi of early chemistry, whence Beudant's name for the species.
Ref.— ' Tschermak, Kalusz, Anz. Ak. Wien, p. 24, 1868; Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 308, 1871. 'Jb. Min., 1, 224, 1886; also, 1, 121, 1889. Stefan, Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (2), 241,1871. Magnus, Pogg., 134, 302, 1868.
For experiments in elasticity, see Voigt, Nachr. Ges. G6tt., 330, 1888; on hardness, Exner, Harte Kryst., p. 37, 1873.
168. SAL-AMMONIAC. Natiirliches Salmiak (fr. Bucharia) J. O. Model, Versuch tiber ein nat. Salmiak, Leipzig, 1758. Muriate of Ammonia; Chloride of Ammonium. Salmiak Germ. Ammoniaque muriatee Fr. Salmiac Beud., Tr., 1832. Clorammonio Ital.
Isometric. Observed planes1 :
a (100, i-i) d (110, o (111, 1) n (211, 2-2) s (321, 3-f)
Artificial crystals show trapezohedral hemihedrism in the form 875 (f-f r) Tschermak3. Naumann2 has described forms with 311 developed with tetragonal symmetry, and others with 411, 310, having rhombohedral symmetry.
Twins: tw. pi. o. Also stalactitic, and in globular masses; in crusts, or as an efflorescence.
Cleavage: o imperfect. Fractvfre conchoidal. Rather brittle. H. 1-5-2. G. 1*528. Luster vitreous. Color white, yellowish, grayish. Transparent to translucent. Index ny 1*6422 Grailich.
Comp. — Ammonium chloride, NH4C1 Chlorine 66*3, ammonium 33-7 100. Chloride of iron is sometimes present giving a yellow color.
Pyr., etc. — Sublimes in the closed tube without fusion. Pulverized with calcium hydrate, or heated with a solution of caustic alkali, gives off pungent ammoniacal vapors. Soluble in three times its weight of water.
Obs. — Occurs about volcanoes, as at Etna, the island of Vulcano, Vesuvius, Stromboli, Sandwich Islands, and near Hecla after the eruption of 1845, as observed by Bunsen. Observed after the eruption of Vesuvius in 1855, in rhombic dodecahedrons with cavernous faces, and again in the lava of 1868 (Sec., 1. c.) in more complex crystals, in part twins. It occurs usually where the lava has spread over soil and vegetation. Also found in small quantities in the vicinity of ignited coal seams, as at St. Etienne in France, and also at Newcastle, and in Scot- land; crystallized near Duttweiler in Prussia, where a coal seam has been burning for more than a hundred years. It occcurs also in Bucharia; at Kilauea in Hawaii, a variety which con. tains iron, and becomes rusty yellow on exposure; in <ruano from the Chincha Islands.
158 Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluorides.
The As djuaoviaKoS, sal-ammoniac of Dioscorides, Celsius, and Pliny, is proved by Beckmann (Hist, of Inventions, 4, 360) to be common rock salt, dug in Egypt, near the oracle of Ammon. The name was afterward transferred to this compound, when subsequently manu- factured in Egypt. Sal-ammoniac is supposed to have been included by the ancients, with one or two other species, under the name of nitrum, which, according to Pliny, gave the test of ammonia when mingled with quicklime.
Ref.— ' Scacchi. Rend. Ace. Napoli, Oct., 1872. Naumann, J. pr. Ch., 50, 11, 810, 1850. -Min. Mitth., 4, 531, 1881.
169. OERARGYRITE. Argentum cornu pellucido simile (fr. Marienberg), Germ. Horn- farbs-Silber, Gesner, Foss., 63, 1565. Argeutum rude jecoris colore, lucem corneam habens (fr. Freiberg, etc.) G. Fdbricius, De Rebus Met., 1566. Glaserz, dursichtig wie ein Horn in einer Lantern, Matthesiw, Sarept. , 1585. Horn-Silfver, Minera argenti cornea, A. sulphure et arsenico mineralisatum, Wall., 310. 1747. Argento acido salis mineralisatum, Hornerz, Gronst., 159,1758. Buttermilcherz (first mentioned early in 17th century). Kerargyre Beud., Tr., 2, 501, 1832 Kerat Haiti,., Handb., 506, 1845. Argyroceratiie Glock., Syn., 249, 1847. Chlorar- gyrit Weisbach, Synops. Min., 37, 1875. Kerargyrite.
Silberhornerz, Silberkerat, Hornsilber, Chlorsilber, Germ, Chlorsilfver, Silfverhornmalm Swed. Horn Silver, Corneous Silver. Argent muriate, Argent corne, Chlorure d'argent Fr. Cherargirio, Argento cornea Ital. Plata cornea Span.
Isometric. Observed forms' :
Twins: tw. pi. o. Habit cubic. Usually massive and resembling wax; sometimes columnar; often in crusts.
Cleavage none. Fracture somewhat conchoidal. Highly sectile. H. 1-1-5. O. 5*552. Luster resinous to adamantine. Color pearl-gray, grayish green, whitish to colorless, rarely violet-blue; on exposure to the light turns violet-brown. Transparent to translucent. Index2, ny 2-0611 Na.
Comp.- Silver chloride Chlorine 24-7, silver 75-3 100.
Some varieties contain mercury; Domeyko (Min. Chili, 3d Ed., p. 416, 1879) describes one from the La Julia mine, of the Cerro de Caracoles, Atacama, which yielded: Cl 22-64, Ag 66'68, Hg 2 20 91 '52, with impurities and loss 8'48. Moesta gives 1-31 p. c. mercury for the cerar- gyrite of Los Bordos, Copiapo. See also huantajayite under halite (p. 156), and the species which follow.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube fuses without decomposition. B.B. on charcoal gives a globule of metallic silver. Added to a bead of salt of phosphorus, previously saturated with oxide of copper and heated in O.F., imparts an intense azure-blue to the flume. A fragment placed on a strip of zinc, and moistened with a drop of water, swells up, turns black, and finally is entirely reduced to metallic silver, which shows the metallic luster on being pressed with the point of a knife. Insoluble in nitric acid, but soluble in ammonia.
Obs. — Occurs in veins of clay slate, accompanying other ores of silver, and usually only in the higher parts of these veins It has also been observed with ocherous varieties of brown iron ore; also with several copper ores, calcite, barite, etc.; upon stibiconite.
The largest masses, and particularly those of a green color, are brought from Peru, Chili, and Mexico, where it occurs with native silver. In Chili, at some mines, it is a much, less common ore than embolite; often contains, intimately mixed with it, native silver in very minute grains; it occurs at Tres Puntas, Atacama, Chanarcillo near Copiapo, and elsewhere in Chili. Also in Nicaragua near Ocotal; in Dept. of Gracias, Honduras. It was formerly obtained in the mining districts of Johanngeorgenstadt and Freiberg, but is now rare; a mass weighing six and three- quarter pounds, from this region, is in the Zwinger collection at Dresden. It also occurs in the Altai, at the mines of Zmeinogorsk and Krukovskoi; at Kongsberg in Norway; in Alsace; rarely in Cornwall, and at Huelgoet in Brittany. In thin incrustations on stibiconite from Sonora, Mexico.
In the U. S., in Colorado, near Leadville, Lake Co.; near Breckenridge, Summit Co., and elsewhere. In Nevada, about Austin, Lander Co., abundant; at mines of Comstock lode. In Arizona, in the Willow Springs distr., veins of El Dorado canon, in San Francisco distr. In Idaho, at the Poorman mine, in crystals, some half an inch across, mostly cubes and cubo- octahedrons, but occasionally with other planes, and in twins consisting of two interpenetrating cubes, the angles of One projecting from the faces of the other; also at various mines in Custer Co.. Alturas Co., and at the Horn Silver and other mines, Tara Creek. In Utah, in Beaver, Summit and Salt Lake counties.
At Andreasberg in the Harz, an earthy variety is met with, called by the Germans Butter- milk ore (Buttermilcherz, thonige Hornsilber), which, according to Klaproth (Beitr. , 1, 137, 1795), contains: Silver 24'64, chlorine 8'28, alumina (Cu tr.) 67'08. Funckens describes it as "weiss und wie eine Buttermilch" (Lenz Min., 2, 101, 1794).
Named -from KepaS, horn, and eipyvpof, silver — C&raiargyriU, the proper derivative, beinj contracted to Cerargyrite. The Greek k becomes c, as in other cases.
Halite Group— Embolite—Bromyrite. 159
Ref.— ] Cf. Gdt.. Index, I, p. 437, 1886. " Wernicke, Pogg., 142, 560, 1871.
BORDOSITE Bertrand, Ann. Mines, 1, p. 412, 1872. A mineral substance, color yellow to red, occurring with amalgam and resulting from its decomposition. It becomes dark rapidly on exposure to the air. Analysis: AgCl 31 '23, HgCl 4553, HgO 22 70 99 '46 Bertrand regards the HgO as adventitious, and proposes for it the name hydrargyrite ; deducting this there remain : AgCl 40'69, and HgCl 59'31 100, or AgCl + HgCl, to which he gives the name of bordosite. Both species are very uncertain. Locality Los Berries, Chili.
170. EMBOLITE. Chlorobromure d'argent Domeyko, Ann. Mines, 6, 153, 1844; Berthier, ib., 2, 540, 1842. Plata cornea verde Domeyko, Min., 202, 1845. Embolit Breith., Pogg., 77, 134, 1849. Chlorobromide of Silver. Chlorbromsilber. Megabromite, Microbromit, Breith. , B. H. Ztg., 18, 449, 1859.
Isometric Observed forms:
a (100, M) d (110, o (111, 1) e (210, i-2)
Usually massive; sometimes stalactitic or concretionary on surface.
Cleavage none. Fracture uneven. Sectile. H. 1-1*5. G. 5-31-5*43 Domeyko; 5*53 Yorke; 5*79-5 '81 Breith. Luster resinous, somewhat adamantine. Color grayish green and asparagus-green to yellowish green ; yellow, often dark and becoming darker on exposure. Transparent to translucent.
Comp. — Ag(Cl,Br), the ratio of the chlorine to the bromine varying indefinitely, the yellowish varieties and those of deeper green colors containing the largest proportion of bromine.
Anal.— 1, W. von Beck, Jb. Min., 165, 1876. 2, Munro, Ch. News, 53, 99, 1886. 3, C. Wood quoted by Welch, ib., 54, 94, 162, 1886.
Br Cl Ag
1. Orenburg, cryst. 28'44 8'20 63'36 100
2. St. Arnaud, Victoria 25'84 9'70 64 '45 99 '99
3. " " 24-16 10-73 65-14 100'03
For other analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 116, these show variations from AgCl 81 '4 and AgBr 18 '6 to AgCl 51 and AgBr 49. Cf. Welch, 1. c., for a discussion of the various analyses published.
The megabromile and microbromite of Breithaupt are varieties of embolite based on the pro- portion of bromide to chloride; and are even indistinct as varieties, these extremes being con- nected by indefinite shadings.
Obs. — Abundant in Chili, constituting the principal silver ore of the mines of Chanarcillo, and found also at Agua-Amarga, Tres-Puntas, Rosilla, and at all the new openings in the province of Copiapo; found also at Eulalia in Chihuahua, Mexico; at the mine of Coloal in Gracias, Honduras. At St. Arnaud, Victoria; in New South Wales, at Sunny Corner, Bathurst, and in the Silverton mines.
Named from ejifioXiov, an intermediate, because between the chloride and bromide of silver.
171. BROMYRITE. Bromure d' Argent, Plata verde Mex. (fr. Mexico and Huelgoet), Berth., Ann. Mines, 19, 734. 742, 1841,' 2, 526, 1842. Bromide of Silver; Bromic Silver. Brom- silber Germ. Bromit Haid,, Handb., 506, 1845. Bromyrite Dana, Min., 93, 1854. Bromargyril Rg., Min, Ch., 196, 1860. Plata cornea amarilla melada Domeyko, Min., 214, 1860.
Isometric. Observed forms:
o(100, t-f) d(110, t) o(Hl,l)
Crystals rare. Usually in small concretions.
Cleavage none. Fracture uneven. Sectile. II. 2-3. G. 5*8-6. Luster resinous to adamantine. Color, when pure, bright yellow to amber-yellow; slightly greenish; often grass- or olive-green externally; little altered on exposure. Transparent to translucent. Index, Hy 2*2533 Na, Wernicke.
Comp — Silver bromide, AgBr Bromine 42*6, silver 57*4 100. Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube and with metallic zinc reacts like cerargyrite. B.B. on char- coal emits pungent bromine vapors and yields a globule of metallic silver. Fused with potassium bisulphate in a matrass gives off yellowish brown vapors of bromine. Insoluble in nitric acid. Difficultly soluble in ammonia.
Obs. — With other silver ores in the district of Plateros, Mexico, and at the mine of San Onofre. seventeen leagues from Zacatecas, associated with cerargyrite and cerussile; also in crystals at Chanarcillo, Chili, with cerargyrite, sometimes embedded in calcite; also at Huelgoet in Brittany, with cerargyrite.
Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluorides.
172. lODOBlOMITE. Jodobromit A. wn Lasaulx, Jb. Miu., 619, 1878. Jodbromchlor silber Germ.
Isometric. In octahedrons with cubic planes.
Cleavage: u indistinct. Sectile. Soft. G. 5-713. Luster resinous. Color sulphur-yellow, sometimes greenish.
Comp — 2AgCl.2AgBr.AgI Chlorine 7'9, bromine 17'8, iodine 14-1, silver 10-2 100.
Anal.— Lasaulx, 1. c.
01 7-09 Br 17 30 I 15-05 Ag 59'96 99'40
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal gives off bromine vapors and leaves a silver globule. Obs. — Found in small cavities in ferruginous quartz at the " Schone Aussicht " mine, near Dernbach, Nassau, associated with beudantite, carminite, aud iodyrite.
173. IODYRITE. lodure d'Argent Vauquelin, Ann. Ch. Phys., 29, 99, 1825; Domeyko, Ann. Mines, 6, 158, 1844. Plata cornea amarilla clara Domeyko, Min., 205, 1845. lodic Silver. lodsilber Germ. lodit Raid., Handb., 506, 1845. Iodyrite Dana, Min., 95, 1854. lodargyrit Kg., Min. Ch., 197, 1860. lodsilber, Jodsilber Germ. Argent iodure Fr.
Hexagonal; hemimorphic. Axis 6 0-81960; 0001 A 1011 43° 25' 20" Zepharovich1.
Forms5: m (1010, 7) e (3034, f) as tw. pi. g (3032, f) / (3031, 3)
c (0001, 0) ft (1012, i) o (1011, 1) i (2021, 2) u (4041, 4)
Also on artif. crystals3: a (1120, i-2); v (2023, f)?, e (3034, f), n (4045, ft (9'9'18-20, &-2)?.
en - 25° 19'
ce -- 35° 22' eg — 54° 50'
ci 62° 9'
cf 70° 36'
cu 75° 12' oo' 40° 12'
if 52° 28f uu' 57° 49'
Iodyrite is homceomorphous with greenockite. An isometric form is also known,4 into which the hexagonal form passes on increase of temperature, and conversely. The former change accompanied by absorption of heat5.
Natural crystals in hexagonal prisms; rarely twins6 with tw. pi. e. Also massive,
and in thin plates with a lamellar structure.
Cleavage: c perfect. Sectile, plates flexible.
Soft. G. 5-60-5-70; 5'707 Dmr.; 5'609 Eath. Luster resinous to ada- mantine. Color citron- and sulphur- yellow to yellowish green, sometimes brownish. Streak yellow. Translucent. Index, 7/y 2-1816 Na, Wernicke.
Conip — Silver iodide, Agl — Iodine New Mexico, Rath6. Artif. cryst., Zeph'. 54, silver 46 .100.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube fuses and assumes a deep orange color, but resumes its Yellow color on cooling. B.B. on charcoal gives fumes of iodine and a globule of metallic silver. With zinc reacts like cerargyrite and bromyrite. Fused with potassium bisulphate in a matrass, yields violet vapors of iodine.
Obs.— Occurs in thin veins or seams in hornstone at Albarradon, near Mazapil, in Mexico; at Algodones, 12 leagues from Coquimbo; less abundantly at Delirio mines of Chanarcillo, Chili, where the crystals are sometimes half an inch broad : also at Guadalajara in Spain. At Dern- bach, Nassau, with iodobromite. In Arizona at Cerro Colorado mine In New Mexico, with vanadinite and descloizite at Lake Valley, Sierra Co.
Ref.— ' Artif. cryst., Zs. Kr., 4, 119, 1879; Dx. obtained c - 0'81438, Ann. Ch. Phys., 40, 85, 1854. '2 See Dx., 1. c. Also Slg., Dernbach, hemimorphic crystals with coin above and c i below; Chanarcillo cm gu/ holohedral, Zs. Kr., 6, 229, 1881. 3 Zeph., 1. c., hemimorphic crystals with o above and below and ju v it ft only below. 4 Lehmann, Zs. Kr., 1, 492, 1877. 6 Mallard and Le Chatelier, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 181, 1883; J. Phys., 4, 305, 1885. Rath, Lake Valley, New Mexico, Zs. Kr., 10, 474, 1885.
TOCOKNALITE Domeyko, 2d App. Min. Chili, 41, 1867. Plata iodurada mercurial. Granular massive. Color pale yellow, becoming darker on exposure. Streak yellow. An iodide of silver and mercury.
Analysis gave: Ag 33'80, Hg 3-90, 141-77, siliceous residue 16-65 - 96-12. The loss is
Fluorite Group— Hydrophilite— Fluorite. 161
due to some water belonging with the residue, and probably some iodine. From the mines of Chanarcillo, Chili. Named after M. A. Tocornal, rector of the Santiago university.
Several minerals, chloro-iodides of silver and mercury but of variable composition, are mentioned by Domeyko, Min. Chili, 3d Ed., 431, 1879.
COCCINITE. lodure de Mercure Del Rio, Ann. Mines, 5, 324, 1829; Beud., Tr., 2, 515, 1832. Coccinit Haid., Handb., 572, 1845. Mercure iodure Fr. lodquecksilber Germ. Chlorselen- quecksilber del Castillo.
In particles of a reddish brown color on seleuide of mercury, adamantine in luster, at Casas Viejas, Mexico; and supposed by Del Rio to be an iodide of mercury. But Castillo says (Colegio de Min. Mexico, 1865) that specimens labeled by Del Rio contain no iodine, and appear to be largely chlorine and mercury, yet are not calomel. Castillo describes it from Zimapan and Culebras, both massive and in acute, aciculur, rhombic pyramids, 2-6 mm. long; color tine red to yellow, and sometimes yellowish green, changing to greenish gray and dark green on exposure; transparent to translucent. In a closed tube affords a sublimate, white when cold, of HgjCla, and leaves a residuum which is dull red while hot, orange-yellow when cold, and which B.B. turns aurora-red, and is dissipated with an odor like that of selenium.
ZIMAPANITE Adam, Tabl. Min. , 70, 1869. A hypothetical vanadium chloride, credited to Del Rio.
BUSTAMENTITE Adam, Tabl. Min., 67, 1869. Hypothetical lead iodide, PbI3, not known to occur in nature. The artificial compound is hexagonal, cf. Rg., Kr. Ch. , 305, 1881.
ZINC IODIDE — ZINC BROMIDE. — Iodine and bromine are stated by Mentzel to occur along with a cadmiferous zinc in Silesia, and hence it is inferred that iodide and bromide of zinc exist in nature, though not yet distinguished. Ann. Mines, 5, 324, 1829.
Fluorite Group. R(C1,F)S. Isometric.
174. HYDROPHILITE. Hydrophilit Hausm., Handb., 857, 1813. Chlorure de Calcium, Beud., Tr., 2, 512, 1832. Clorocalcite Scacchi, Rend. Ace. Sc. Napoli, Oct. 12, 1872; Contrib. Min. Vesuv., n. 37 (Mem. Ace. Sc. Napoli, Dec. 13, 1873). Chlorocalcite.
Isometric. In cubic crystals, sometimes with o and d. As a crystalline or mealy incrustation.
G. 2*2 artif. Color white, sometimes stained violet. Transparent to trans- lucent. Taste bitter. Deliquesces readily.
Comp. — Calcium chloride, CaCl2 Chlorine 64/0, calcium 36 '0 100.
The chlorocalcite from Vesuvius contained also the chlorides of potassium, sodium, and manganese.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fusible. Very soluble in water, attracting moisture from the air and rapidly deliquescing.
Obs. — Occurs at Luneburg in anhydrite and gypsum, and associated with halite (Hausm.). At Vesuvius in crystals (chlorocalcite) in bombs ot the eruption of April, 1872.
At Guy's Cliffe, "Warwickshire, as an impure slimy exudation on sandstone. Mixed with clay in the province of Tarapaca and elsewhere in Peru. From crevices between ejected blocks near the middle of a solfatara in the crater of Barren island, Bay of Bengal, chiefly as a red and orange deliquescent incrustation mixed with ferric oxide and basic aluminium sulphate (Mallet).
Named from vdcap, water, and 0/Ao?, friend, in allusion to its hygroscopic properties.
The hydrous calcium chloride (CaCl2 -(- 6H3O) is known in artificial crystals belonging to the hexagonal system, cf. Rg., Kr. Ch., 265, 1881.
175. FLUORITE or FLUOR SPAR. Fluores lapides gemmarum similis sed minus duri — qui ignis calore liquescunt [whence he derives the name] — Colores varii, jucuiidi, (1) rubri, (2) purpurei (vulgo amethysti), (3) candidi, (4) lutei, (5) cineracei, (6) subnigri, etc. [with mention also of its use as a flux in smelting], Agric., Berm., 458, 1529; Germ. Flusse id., Interpr., 464, 1546. Fluor mineralis Stolbergicus, Lithophosphorus Suhlensis, Woodward, Cat., 1728. Glas- Spat, Spatum vitreum. Wall.,Q4, 1747. Fluss, Flussspat, Glasspat, Cronst., 93, 1758. Flussaures Kalk Scheele, Ak. H. Stockh., 1771. Calx fluorata Bergm., Sciagr., 1782. Spath fusible, Spath vitreux, de Lisle, Crist., 1772, 1783. Fluorite Napione, Min., 373, 1797. Fluor Spar, Fluate of Linn.. Fluoride of Calcium; Derbyshire Spar, Blue- John .Vulg. Chaux fluatee Fr. Fluorine Beit'l.. Tr, 2. 517, 1832. Liparit Glock., Syu. 282, 1847. Bruiachite Macadam, Min. Mag., T, IS86. Fhmrina. Spato fluore Ital. Espato fluor, Fluspat, Span.
Var. — Chlorbphane (fr. Nerchinsk) Th. De Grotthaus; Detameth., J. de Phys., 45, 39d 1794. Ratofkit Fischer, John, Ch. Unters., 6, 232, 1812.
Isometric. Observed forms1 :
Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluorides.
a (100,
.F (10-3-0, i-
d (110,
f (310, e-3)
o (111, 1)
A; (520, '-4)
C (32-1-0, z-32)? 6 (610, -6) a (920, t-|) (410, z-4)
#(12-5-0, e (730, e (210, z-2) I (530, f-f)
£ (11 "30, i-)1?
Jv(443, |)4
P (221, 2)
w (211, 2-2)
(731, 74)
? (331, 3)
ft (322,1-f)
x (11-5-3, -V--V-)
p (441, 4)*
z (25"6'2 25-£5)
!T (24-12-5, -V-2)8?
(811, 8-8) M (411, 4-4)9 r (722, f !) (311, 3-3)
w (821, 8-4T y (10-4-3, -1/-!) F (15-6-2, V-i)10 u (732, f |)3
s (321, 3-f) (20-14-3, -sg°-Y-)? 0 (431, 4-|)6
oo (833, f -f )
Figs. 1-4, simple forms.
5, Freiberg.
6, 7, Alston Moor, England.
Twins: tw. pi. o, commonly penetration-twins (f. 6, 7). Habit cubic, often modified; less frequently octahedral or dodecahedral ; forms/, e (fluoroids) common; also the vicinal form C, producing striations on a (f. 8) ; hexoctahedron t also com- mon. Cubic crystals sometimes grouped in parallel position, thus forming a pseudo- octahedron. Also massive; granular, coarse or fine; rarely columnar; compact.
Cleavage: o perfect. Fracture flat-conch oidal; of compact kinds splintery. Brittle. H. 4. G. 3-01-3-25; 3-180-3-189 Kenngott, mean 3-183. Luster vitreous, sometimes splendent; usually glimmering in massive varieties. Color white, yellow, green, rose- and crimson-red, violet-blue, sky-blue, and brown : wine- yellow, greenish blue, violet-blue, most common; red, rare. Streak white. Trans- parent— subtranslucent. Sometimes presenting a bluish fluorescence. Phospho- resces when heated gently. Refractive index for Na: ny 1-4339 Sarasin; ny 1-4324 (gray), 1-4342 (black), Kohlrausch. The index diminishes slightly with increase of temperature. Etching, natural and artificial, develops depressions corresponding usually to faces of w (311) or / (310) ; also other forms. Exhibits a difference of electrical potential between the faces and angles of a cube, both under the action of heat (pyro-electric) and of light (photo-electric). Sometimes exhibits anomalous double refraction". See also p. 1034.
Hussak finds that all fluorite shows double refraction with varying degrees of intensity, the crystals consisting of a series of lamellae crossing one another and apparently parallel to the dodecahedral planes. Isotropic spots also occur, though rarely. The structure of the crystals is that of the orthorhombic system with the axis of least elasticity normal to a cubic face. The abnormal double refraction is probably to be regarded as secondary and due to internal tension; it does not disappear at a red heat.
Comp. — Calcium fluoride, CaF2 — Fluorine 48'9, calcium 51-1 100. Chlorine is sometimes present in minute quantities.
Var. — 1. Ordinary; (a) cleavable or crystallized, very various in colors; (b) fibrous to columnar, as the Derbyshire blue-John used for vases and other ornaments; (c) coarse to tine granular; (d) earthy, dull, and sometimes very soft. A soft earthy variety from Ratovka, Russia, of a lavender-blue color, is the ralovkite or ratofkite.
Fluorite Group— Fluorite. 163
The finely colored fluors have been called, according to their colors, false ruby, topaz, emerald, amethyst, etc. The colors of the phosphorescent light are various, and are independent of the actual color; the kind affording a green color is the chlorophane (fr. AajpoS, green, and <f>aivear$ai, to appear) or pyro-emerald.
Wyrouboff attributes the various colors to compounds of carbon and hydrogen, derived from a slight infusion of organic matters in the solvent waters; he found (Bull. Soc. Ch., 5, 334, 1866) that the blue and violet colors changed to purple on heating, and supposes thai two CH substances, a blue and a red, were present, the former more volatile, and therefore leaving the color reddish after partial heating.
Breithaupt obtained for fluorite : G. 3'017, fr. Alston Moor, Cumberland, white; 3'170, Euba, blue; 3-176, ib., white; 8'171, fr. Siberia, blue; 3'183, ib., white; 3'166, fr. near Marienberg, green; 3-172, ib., blue; 3'169, fr. Boseubrunn in Voigtland, green; 3186, ib., blue, 3'188. ib., white; 3'18o. fr. Cornwall, fluorescent; 3-188, fr. Switzerland, rose-red; 3'193, fr. near Freiberg, green; 3 255, fr. Mexico, emerald-green transparent oct. ; 3'324-3'357, fr. Siberia, violet-blue. For Kenugott's observations on specific gravity see Ber. Ak. Wien, 10, 1853.
2. Antoznnite of Schonbein. Stinkfluss Germ. The dark violet-blue fluor of WOlsendorf, Bavaria, afforded Schrotter 0'02 p. c. of ozone, which Schoubein (J. pr. Ch., 83, 95, 1861, 89, 7, 1863) called antozone, whence his name for this variety. Its strong odor is said often to produce headache and vomiting in the miners. More recently antozone has been shown to have no real existence, and the odor of this variety has been attributed to free fluorine.
Fyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates and phosphoresces. B.B. in the forceps and on charcoal fuses, coloring the flame red, to an enamel which reacts alkaline on test paper. With soda on platinum foil or charcoal fuses to a clear bead, becoming opaque on cooling; with an excess of soda on charcoal yields a residue of a difficultly fusible enamel, while most of the soda sinks into the coal; with gypsum fuses to a transparent bead, becoming opaque on cooling. Fused in an open tube with fused salt of phosphorus gives the reaction for fluorine. Treated with sulphuric acid gives fumes of hydrofluoric acid which etch glass.
Obs. — Sometimes in beds, but generally in veins, in gneiss, mica slate, clay slate, and also in limestones, both crystalline and uncrystalline, and sandstones. Often occurs as the gangue of metallic ores, especially of lead. In the North of England, it is the gangue of the lead veins which intersect the coal formation in Northumberland, Cumberland, Durham, and Yorkshire. In Derbyshire it is abundant, and also in Cornwall, where the veins intersect metamorphic rocks, The Cumberland and Derbyshire localities especially have afforded magnificent specimens. Common in the mining district of Saxony; fine near Kongsberg in Norway. In the dolomites of St. Gothard it occurs in pink octahedrons; at Miinsterthal in Baden in flesh-red Lexocta? hedrons. Rarely in volcanic regions, as in colorless octahedrons in the Vesuvian lava; also in massive form with other fluorine compounds in ejected masses inclosed in the tufa of Fiano and at other points in the Campania.
In Maine, on Long Island Blue Hill Bay, in veins. In N. Hampshire, at N. village of Westmoreland, 2 m. S. of meeting-house, white, green, purple, constituting a vein in quartz; at the Notch in the White Mts., green oct. in quartz, rare. In Vermont, at Putney, in green cubes. In Massachusetts, at the Southampton lead mine. In Connecticut, at Trumbull, the chlorophane yar., with topaz; at Plymouth, in octahedral and dodecahedral crystals; at Willimantic, purple, in a vein in gneiss, and also sparingly at the topaz vein; at the Middletown lead mine. In New York, in Jefferson Co. , at Muscolonge lake, formerly abundant, in gigantic cubes, sometimes modified, of grass-green and pale-green shades, in granular limestone; in St. Lawrence Co., at Rossie and Johusburgh, rarely in fine crystals: also at Macomb, where a large cave was recently opened (cf. Kunz, Am. J. Sc , 38, 72, 1889), lined with cubic crystals, of a sea-green color, from 1 to 6 inches in diameter, some of the groups weighing 1000 pounds and the whole cavity estimated to contain 15 tons; at Lockport, occasionally in cubes, with selenite and celestite in limestone; also similarly near Rochester and Manlius; Amity, in thin seams, with spinel and tourmaline; at Brewster, at the iron mine in colorless to purple crystals, sometimes dodecahe- dral. In New Jersey, near the Franklin Furnace, Sussex Co. In Virginia, near Woodstock, in limestone; on the Potomac, at Shepardstown, in white limestone; at the mica mines of Amelia Court House, Amelia Co., a finely phosphorescent variety of green or purple color. In Illinois, Gallatin Co., for 30 m. along the Ohio. 10 to 15 m. below Shawueetown. and at other places, dark purple, often in large crystals, in Carboniferous limestone, with galena, and through the soil. In Missouri, in cavities in limestone at St. Louis, with calcite, dolomite, millerite. In California at Mt. Diablo, rare in white cubes In Arizona, in Castle Dome dist.. white, pink, green, purple. In Nova Scotia, at Mabou harbor, green. Near Lake Superior, a few miles from the N.E. corner of Thunder Bay, in large violet cubes on amethyst, affording magnificent specimens.
Alt. — Fluorite is slightly soluble in waters containing calcium bicarbonate in solution. The alkaline carbonates decompose it, producing calcium carbonate or calcite, and a subsequent change of the calcite may produce other forms of pseudomorphs. Fluorite occurs changed to quartz, by substitution, and also to limonite, hematite, lithomarge, psilomelane, calamine, smithsonite, cerussite, kaolinite.
Artif. — Made by Scheerer and Drechselin crystallized forms, J. pr. Ch., 7, 63, 1873.
Ref.— J Klocke, monograph, Ber. Ges. Freib., 6, No. 4, 1876, who gives early authorities, etc. Dx. adds the vicinal (40'1'0); Gdt. includes also e (510), v (12'M), Index, 2, 51, 1888. Cf, Grailich, Kr. Opt. Unt., 70, 1858, on peculiar distorted forms. Lsx., Jb. Min., 134, 1875. 3 Id.,
164 Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluorides.
Zs. Kr., 1, 359 seq., 1877. 4 Groth, Breitenbriinn, Min.-Samml., 16, 1878. 6 Busatti, Att. Soc. Tosc., 6, 12, 1883. 6 Van Calker, Zs. Kr., 7, 451, 1883. 7 Hintze, liieseugrund, Zs. Kr., 14, 74, 1888. 8 Hoefer, Sarnthal, Min. Mitth., 10, 158, 1880. 9 Flink, Nordmark, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 13 (2), No. 7, 46, 1888. 10 Busz, Cornwall, Zs. Kr., 17, 553, 1890.
11 Bibl. Univ., 10, 303, 1883; cf. Kohlrausch, Zs. Kr., 2, 101, 1877, and Dufet, Bull. Soc. Min.. 8, 257, 1885. 12 Anomalous optical characters, Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 115, 1876; Hussak, Zs. Kr., 12, 552, 1887.
On fluorescence, Bonn, Phil. Mag., 34, 109, 1867. On etching, cf. Baumh., Jb. Min., 605, 1876; Lsx., Zs. Kr., 1, 363, 1877; Werner, Jb. Miu., 1, 14, 1881; van Calker, Zs. Kr., 7, 449, 1883. Hardness, Exner, Harte Kryst., 31, 1873. Pyro-electricity, Photo-electricity, etc., Hankel, Wied., 2,66, 1877, 11, 269, 1880. Elasticity, Klang, Wied., 12, 321, 1881; Voigt, Jb. Min., Bei,.-Bd., 4, 236, 1885.
BRUIACHITE Macadam, Min. Mag., 7, 42, 1886. Incrusts barite at Loch Bruithaich, In- verness-shire, Scotland. It was first noted by T. D. Wallace, ib., 6, 169, 1885; its identity with fluorite was shown by Heddle, ib., 8, 274, 1889.
GUNNISONITE Clarke and Perry, Am Ch. J., 4, 140, 1882. Massive, deep purple; color of
nrder the same. Easily scratched by a knife. G. 2'85. Analysis by E. A. Kebler, after ucting 12-75 p. c. admixed CaCO3: CaF2 74'89, CaO 11 '44, SiO2 6 '87, AOj 5'95, Na,O 0'85 100. From near Gunnison, Colorado. Probably an altered or impure fluorite.
176. CHLOROMAGNESITE. Cloruro di Maguesio A. Scacchi, Mem. Incend. Vesuv., 181, 1855. Cloromagnesite Id., Att. Ace. Napoli, 6, 1873.
Magnesium chloride, MgCl.,; found with other deliquescent salts of Vesuvius.
177. SELLAITE. Striiver, Att. Ace. Torino, 4, 35, 1868. Tetragonal. Axis 6 0-6596; 001 A 101 33° 24£' A. Sella1.
Forms8: r (320, vf)3 (301, 3-z)3 s (111, 1) a (525, 1-f)3 6(212. l-2)
a (100, 1Q1 i ff ,n2 v n (221, 2) € (733, H)3 / (323, 1-f)3
L /(605, H)3 u (558, f)3 W<TO1. 5) d <y44' t'V A (y7' VT)
ss' - 57° 40i' nn" 123° 37' w>" 126° 23' WTli 30° 47'
*s" rr 86° 1' ee' 45° 50' aa-"11 24° 504' jT"H 40"J 19'
ft/3" 50° Of ee" 66° 49'
The form of sellaite is near that of the species of the Rutile Group, p. 233.
In crystals, usually prismatic in habit and somewhat fibrous in structure.
Cleavage: a, in perfect; also e (Mid.). Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5. G. 2-972 Svr. ; 3'15 Sella. Luster vitreous, brilliant. Colorless, transparent. Optically -f. Refractive indices : o?D 1-3780, eD 1*3897, Sella.
Comp. — Magnesium fluoride, MgF2 Fluorine 61'4, magnesium 38'6 100.
Anal. — 1, A. Sella, 1. c. 2, 3, A. Cossa, on the corresponding artificial compound, Zs. Kr., 1, 208, 1877.
1. F Mg
1. Gebroulaz glacier G. 3'15 [61-58] 38'42 100
2. Artif. G. 2-857 [60-791 39-21 100
3. " [61-06] 38-94 100
The natural mineral gave Striiver 39-64 p. c. Mg. Pyr., etc.— B.B. in small fragments fuses with intumescence. Insoluble in water; also in acids, except concentrated sulphuric acid: with this it evolves hydrogen fiuoride.
Obs.— Found embedded in anhydrite or in sulphur, also associated with albite, dolomite, magnesite, fluorite, celestite; from the moraine of the Gebroulaz glacier in Savoy near Moutiers, north of Modane. Named after the Italian mineralogist and statesman, Quintino
hah Sella (1827-1884).
Sellaite, after Strttver. Artif.— Formed artificially by A. Cossa (1. c.) in short prismatic
or tabular crystals, with a, m ; sometimes twins e. H. 6.
G. 2'857. Phosphorescent, with a violet light in a powerful induction-current, which is also true of the natural compound. Difficultly fusible.
Ref.— Mem. Ace. Line., 4. 455. 1887; StrUver obtained c 0'6619, Att. Ace. Torino, 12, 59, 1876. Cf. also Mid., Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 302, 1888. 2 Cf. StrUver. 3 A. Sella, 1. c., also some other doubtful forms.
La Wrencite—Sca Cchite— Cot Unnite—Mol Y8Ite. 165
178. LAWRENCITE. Daubree, C. R., 84, 69, 1877. Eisenchloriir Germ. Solid, becoming soft on exposure. Color green to brown. Comp. — Ferrous chloride, FeCl2 Chlorine 55 '9, iron 44 100.
Obs. — Present in meteoric irons, as those of Tazewell Co., Tenn., and Rockingham Co., N. C., as identified by J. Lawrence Smith (1818-1883), Am. J. Sc., 19, 159, 1855, ib., 13, 214, 1877, after whom the species is named. Probably also present in the~~Oreeuland native iron (Daubree). Drops of ferric chloride, FeCl3 (cf. molysite), formed from lawrencite, often exude in drops (stagmatite , Daubree) from the surface of meteoric irons.
The existence of this substance at Vesuvius was announced by Monticelli and Covelli. The artificial FeCl2 is hexagonal, uniaxial.
179. SOACCHITE. Protocloruro di Manganese A. Scacchi, Mem. Incend. Vesuv., 181, 1855. Scacchite Adam, Tabl. Min., 70, 1869.
Manganese protochloride, MnCl2 — Chlorine 56*4, manganese 43*6 100.
A deliquescent salt observed with magnesium chloride and other salts at Vesuvius.
CHLORALLUMINITE. Cloralluminio A. Scacchi, Att. Accad. Napoli, 6 (read Dec. 13, 1873)-
Aluminium chloride (A1C1S -f-HO), produced with molysite and chloromagnesite, at Vesuvius.
at the eruption of April, 1872.
180. COTUNNITE. Cotunnia Monticelli & Covelli, Prodr. Min. Vesuv., 1825. Cotunnite KbL, Char., 2, 179, 1830. Lead chloride. Chlorblei Germ.
Orthorhombic. Axes a :b :6 0-9976 : 1 : 1-6805 Schabus1.
100 A HO 44° 56', 001 A 101 59° 18J', 001 A Oil 59° 14f '.
Forms: ft (010, f-i) e (120, i-2) ju (102, $-5) p (111, 1)
a (100, i-l) c (001, 0) u (104, f I) v (101, 1-i) q (122, 1-2)
ett 53° 14f w' 118° 37' pp' 81° 29' qq' 46° 36'
vu' 45° 40J' ap *49° 15f pp" 134° 24£' qq" 123° 58f
IJLU' 80° 13' pp'" *81° 15' qq" 104° 14'
In acicular crystals. Also in semi-crystalline masses. Cleavage : perfect.
Soft; scratched by the nail. G. 5*238; 5-83 Rg. Luster adamantine; inclining to silky or pearly. Color white, also yellowish or with a tinge of green. Streak white.
Comp.— Lead chloride, PbCl, Chlorine 25-5, lead 74-5 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Scacchi, Not. Min., i, p. 39 (Att. Ace. Nap., March 12, 1870): 1, wax-yellow var. ; 2, white laminae. Traces of fluorine are present.
1. Cl 25-36 Pb 74-98 99'65
2. 25-33 73-98 99-31
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal fuses readily, spreading out on the coal and volatilizing, gives a white coating, the inner edge of which is tinged yellow from lead oxide; the coating in R.P. disappears, tingeing the flame azure; with soda gives metallic lead. Added to a salt of phos- phorus bead, previously saturated with copper oxide, gives the reaction for chlorine (see cerargyrite). Soluble in about 22 parts of hot water.
Obs. — Found by Monticelli and Covelli, in the crater of Vesuvius, after the eruption of 1822, accompanied by sodium chloride, and chloride and sulphate of copper; also by Scacchi and Guiscardi on the lava of 1855, and by Scacchi on that of 1868 (1. c.). Occurs massive with other lead minerals, Mt. Challacollo, Tarapaca, Chili.
Named after Dr. Cotugno of Naples.
Ref.— ' On artif. cryst., Ber. Ak. Wien, 4 (1), 456, 1850; with Miller (Min., p. 616), /j. — 110, e Oil, q — fll, etc.; the crystals deviate at most but 3 or 4 minutes from the tetragonal type, and are near calomel in angle, as noted by Schrauf .
PSEUDOCOTUNNITE. Pseudocotunnia A. Scacchi, Att. Accad. Napoli, 6, 1873 (Contrib. Min., 11, 38). Observed in acicular yellow opaque crystals, destitute of luster, accompanying cotun- nite, at Vesuvius, as a result of the eruption of 1872. Composition believed to be PbCla.KCl, but uncertain.
181. MOLYSITE. Eisenchlorid Hausm., 1819, Handb., 1463, 1847. Molisite Scacchi. Molysite Dana, Min., 5th Ed., 1868, p. 118.
Incrusting. Color brownish red, light or dark, and yellow. Comp.— Ferric chloride, FeCl3 Chlorine 65'5, iron 34-5 100.
Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluorides.
Obs. — Noticed by Hausmann at Vesuvius in 1819, forming a brownish red incrustation on lavas; and by Scacchi in the same region, as a result of recent eruptions (Eruz. Vesuv., 1850-55, Min. Contrib. Vesuv., n, 43, 1873), who attributes the yellow color of the lavas about the fumaroles or steam-holes partly to this species; by its decomposition a reddish brown deposit, insoluble in water, is formed.
Named from /uohv <ns, stain, in allusion to its staining the lavas.
The artificial salt, FeCl3, is hexagonal.
182. TYSONITE. Allen and Comstock, Am. J. Sc., 19, 390, 1880. Fluocerite pt. Hexagonal. Axis 0-68681; 0001 A 1011 *38° 25' E. S. Dana1.
Forms: c (0001, 0); a (1120, f-2), m (1010, 7); p (1011, 1), q (2021, 2); s (1121, 2-2).
Angles: cq - 57° 46', cs 53° 57', pp' 36° 12', ms 45° 34', ps 26° 20'. In thick prisms with c a m, also tabular; crystals mostly altered to bastnasite. Also massive, cleavable.
Cleavage: c perfect. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 4'5-5. Gr 6'12- 6"14. Luster vitreous to resinous, on cleavage surface somewhat pearly. Color pale wax-yellow, when fresh, changing to yellowish and reddish brown. Trans- parent to translucent. Optically negative.
Comp. — A fluoride of the cerium metals, (Ce,La,Di)F3, ratio of Ce : La(Di) 14 : 11.
Anal. — Allen and Comstock, 1. c.
f Ce 40-19a La.Di SO'ST* F [29-44] lOO'OO
a Atomic weight 141 '2. b Joint atomic weight 138.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. blackens, but does not fuse. In closed tube decrepitates, changes color to a light pink. Insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids, but soluble in sulphuric acid, with evolution of hydrogen fluoride.
Obs. — Tysonite occurs in feldspar in the Pike's Peak region, El Paso Co., Colorado.
The original fluocerite occurs at Finbo and Broddbo near Falun, in Sweden, embedded in. quartz and albite, accompanying pyrophysalite and allanite; it is described as being hexagonal with basal cleavage. The Broddbo mineral occurs in crystals with cq 61° 2' (A.Nd.). There seems every probability that this mineral is identical with tysonite, although the imperfect analysis of Berzelius (5th Ed., p. 126) has left its composition in doubt. The fluocerite from Osterby, analyzed by Weibull and Tedin, seems to be quite distinct, see p. 175.
Alt.— Commonly altered to the fluocarbonate called bastnasite (hamartite, or hydrofluo- cerite), p. 291.
Ref.— l Am. J. Sc., 27, 481, 1884. The mineral from Broddbo, Swe_den, called fluocerite by NordenskiGld (see above) probably belongs here; he found 0001 A 2021 61° 2', Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 550, 1870.
183. CRYOLITE. Chryolith, Thonerde mit Flussaure Abildgaard, Scherer's J., 2, 502, 1799; d'Andrada, ib., 4, 37, 1800. Kryolith Karst., Tab., 28, 73, 1800; id. (with anal.), Klapr., J. de Phys., 51, 473, 1800, Beitr., 3, 207, 1802; Vauq., Ann. Ch., 37, 89, 1801. Alumine fluatee alcaline, H., Tr., 2, 1801. Cryolite. Eisstein Germ.
I : 6 0-96626 : 1 : 1-38824; /3 89° 49'
Monoclinic. Axes a : b 001 A 100 Krenner1.
100 A HO 44° 1', 001 A 101 55° 2|', 001 A Oil *54° 14'.
Forms8 :
a (100, i-l) c (001, 0)
m (110, /) v (101, -1-i) k (101, 1-i)
r (Oil, 14)
e (112, — i) as tw. pi.
q (111, 1) e (323, -1-
s (121, -2-2) t (121, 2-2) x (176, -f 7)
Figs. 1-3, Greenland, Krenner.
Cryolite. 167
mm"' — *88° 2' cm *89° 52' a'q 50° 2f #' 115° 37'
av 34° 47' eg 63° 31' as 63° 59V ee' — 55° 40'
cA 56° 17' cs 72-11' at 64° 5f . „-. 9ft,
p-O O O A ' IllJC rt I iW A
02 44° 54' J5)' 76° 45' wr 55° 35'
wi2 44° 58' ap 49° 55' qq' 76° 55' vm 53° 48'
mp 26° 34' ar 89° 53}' 115° 27' £m' 53° 51'
cp 63° 18'
Twins3: tw. pi. (1) wt, contact-twins with mm 3° 56', also as polysynthetic lamellae resembling plagioclase; (2) z (112) contact-twins, and since cz mz nearly, the prism of one individual sensibly coincides with the base of the other, while the other prismatic faces unite in a diagonal line at a very obtuse angle; also (with tw. pi. 112) shown as enclosed lamellae, which may be produced by application of heat. (3) a, with c-face nearly m, seen in enclosed lamellae; and perhaps also (4) c. Crys- tals of ten cubic in aspect and grouped in parallel position. Faces m striated edges m/r, m/v, also m/c. Massive, cleavable.
Cleavage: c most perfect, also m, k somewhat less so. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 2 '5. Gr. 2-95-3-0. Luster vitreous to greasy; somewhat pearly on c. Colorless to snow-white, sometimes reddish or brownish to brick-red or even black. Transparent to translucent.
Optically +. Double refraction weak. Ax. pi. J_#; Bxa 6 — 43° 54' in white light. Dispersion p v; also horizontal. Axial angles:
2Er - 58° 50' 2Ey 59° 24' 2Ebl 60° 10' Krenner4.
Refractive index (for a prism with edge Bx0) 1*364 Na, Knr. ; also 1-3343 Websky6, or differing but little from that of water. On etching-figures, cf. Baum- hauer8.
Com p. — A fluoride of sodium and aluminium, Na3AlF6 or 3NaF.AlF3 Fluorine 54'4, aluminium 12'8, sodium 32-8 100. A little iron sesquioxide is, sometimes present as impurity.
Anal.— 1, 2, Brandl, Zs. Kr., 7, 386, 387, 1883. 3, Hillebrand, Bull. 20, U. S. G. Surv., p. 48, 1885.
F Al Na
1. Greenland 54-15 18-07 32'56 99'78
2. " 54-28 13-01 32-41 99'70
3. Colorado G. 2-972 53-55f 12'81 32'40 FeaO3 0'40, Ca 0'28, H2O 0'30 99'74
Pyr., etc. — Fusible in small fragments in the flame of a candle. B.B. in the open tube heated so that the flame enters the tube gives off hydrofluoric acid, etch ng the glass; the water which condenses at the upper end of the tube reacts for fluorine wit Brazil-wood paper. In the forceps fuses very easily, coloring the flame yellow. On c.i areoal fuses easily to a clear bead, which on cooling becomes opaque; after long blowing, the assay spreads out, the fluoride of sodium is absorbed by the coal, a suffocating odor of fluorine is given off, and a crust of alumina remains, which, when heated with cobalt solution in O.F., gives a blue color. Soluble in sulphuric acid, with evolution of hydrofluoric acid. Slightly soluble in water, 1 part in 2730 at 12° C., Johnstrup.
Obs. — Occurs in a bay in Arksuk-fiord, in West Greenland, at Ivigtut (or Evigtok), about 12 m. from the Danish settlement of Arksuk, where it constitutes a large bed in a granitic vein in a gray gneiss. The crystals occur in cracks in the massive mineral. The first specimens of cryolite came through Denmark from Greenland, and the earliest notice of it was by Schumacher in the Abh. Nat. Ges. Copenhagen, 4, 1795. The locality was described from personal observa- tion by Giesecke in Ed. Encyc., 10, 97, and Ed. Phil. J., 6, 141, 1822; by J. W. Taylor in the Q. J. G. Soc., 12, 140; and more recently by Johnstrup (FOrh. Skaud. Nat., 12, 234, 1880). Johnstrup finds the cryolite limited to the granite; he distinguishes a central and a peripheral part; the former has an extent of 500 feet in length and 1000 feet in breadth and consists of cryolite chiefly, with quartz, siderite. galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and wolframite irregularly scattered through it. The peripheral portion forms a zone about the central mass of cryolite; the chief minerals are quartz, feldspar, and ivigtite, also fluorite, cassiterite, molyb- denite, arsenopyrite, columbite. Its inner limit is rather sharply defined, though there inter- venes a breccia-like portion consisting of the minerals of the outer zone enclosed in cryolite; beyond this it passes into the surrounding granite without distinct boundary. Also occurs spar- ingly near Miask, in the Ilmen Mts., in a topaz mine with chiolite (and chodneffite).
Cryolite and its alteration products, pachnolite, thomsenolite, prosopite, etc., also occur in very
Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluorides.
limited quantity at the southern base of Pike's Peak, El Paso county, Colorado, north and west of Saint Peter's Dome; they are found in vein-like masses of quartz and microcline embedded in granite; zircon, astrophyllite, and columbite are associated minerals. Also reported from the Yellowstone Park (Min. Res. U. S., 1886, p. 693).
Named from xyjiioS, frost, Az'Oo?, stone, hence meaning ice-atone, in allusion to the translu- cency of the white cleavage masses.
Artif., Alt. — On artificial alteration products, showing that the sodium may be replaced by the alkaline earths (Ca, Mg, etc.), see Noellner, Zs. G. Ges., 33, 139, 1881. The related minerals, pachnolite, thornseuolite, etc., are largely secondary products due to the alteration of the original cryolite.
Ref. — l Nat. Ber. aus Ungarn, 1, 151, 1883. Cryolite, at first regarded as orthorhombic, was made triclinic by Des Cloizeaux, Propr. Opt., 1, 64, 1857, N. R., p. 201, 1867, and by Websky, Jb. Miu., 810, 1867; cf. also Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 254. 1883, and Groth, Zs. Kr., 10, 642, 1886. Knr., 1. c. 3 See Mgg., Jb. Hamb., 1, 67. 1883-84, Zs. Kr.. 11, 167, 170, 1885; also Cross and Hillebrand, Bull. 20, U. S. Geol. Surv., 45, 1885. 4 Knr., 1. c. 5 Websky, 1. c. 6Zs.Kr., 11,133, 1885.
ELPASOLITE Cross and Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 26, 283, 1883; Bull., 20, U. S. Geol. Surv. p. 57, 1885. Massive or showing an indistinct isometric form; optically isotropic. Colorless to white. An imperfect analysis (Hillebrand) gave:
F 46-98 (calc.) Al 11-32 Ca 0'72 Mg 0'22 K 28'94 (approx.) Na 9 '90 (approx.) 98-08
This suggests a composition analogous to cryolite with sodium in part replaced by potassium. Occurs sparingly in cavities in the massive pachnolite from the Pike's Peak region, El Paso county, Colorado.
184. OHIOLITE. Chiolith (fr. Miask) Hermann & Auerbach, J. pr. Ch., 37, 188, 1846. Arksutite G. Hagemann, Am. J. Sc., 42, 94, 1866.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 1-0418; 001 A 101 46° 10' Koksharov1.
In small pyramidal crystals, o (111, 1), with an undeter- mined zirconoid, z, and rarely c (001, 0), Angles: oo' *71° 37', 00" 111° 40£'.
Twins: tw. pi. 0, contact-twins sometimes prismatic in aspect. Distinct crystals rare and very small. Usually massive granular, resembling cryolite; structure crystalline. Cleavage: o? H. - 3-5-4. G. 2-84-2-90 Eg.; 2 -99 Lindstrom. Color snow-white. Luster vitreous. Trans- parent to translucent. Optically negative, Dx., Knr.
Comp. — A fluoride of aluminium and sodium, 5NaF.3AlF3 Fluorine 57 -7, aluminium 17-5, sodium 24-8 100, Groth-Brandl. Anal.— 1, Brandl, Zs. Kr., 7, 478, 1883. 2, 3, G. Lindstrom, G. For. Forh., 8, 172, 1886.
1. Miask
2. Ivigtut
G. 2-994
F
57-16"
57-74"
Al Calculated.
Na
24-97 99-93
24-72 Ca 0"22, Mg 0'05 99'43 24-49 Mg 0-11 100-02
Earlier analyses (5th Ed., p. 128) on less pure material were made by Hermann and Ram- melsberg. The analysis of Hagemann, upon which " arksutite " was based, was shown by Groth (Zs. Kr., 7, 479, 1883) to be untrustworthy, and the identity of the mineral with chiolite was later established by NordenskiSld on the strength of Liudstr5m's analysis (I.e.); cf. also Krenner, who noted the resemblance in form, Nat. Ber. aus Ungarn, 1, 170, 1883.
Pyr. — Like cryolite, but somewhat more fusible.
Obs. — From the Ilrnen Mts., near Miask, where it occurs in granite, with topaz, fluorite, phenacite, and cryolite. Also with cryolite at Ivigtut, Greenland, in white granular masses, occasionally showing cleavage.
Named from xiay< snow, Az'doS, stone, in allusion to its appearance and similarity to cryolite ice-stone).
Ref.—1 Vh. Min. Ges., p. 1, 1850-51; Min. Russl., 4, 393. Cf. Kenng., Ber. Ak. Wien, 11, 980, 1853, who made the crystals orthorhombic.
CHODNEPPITE. Chiolith (fr. Miask) v. Worth & Chodnev, Vh. Min. Ges., 1845-46, 208, 216, 1846. Chodneifite Dana, Min., 234, 1850; Cryolite, ib., 97, 1854. Chodnewit. Nipholith Naum., Min., 219, 1864.
Separated from chiolite on the basis of analyses by Chodnev ;ind Rammelsberg (5th Ed., p.
Hieratite. 169
129); but as shown by Groth, the differences are almost certainly due to want of purity in the material analyzed. The formula deduced (and still preferred, Rg.) forchiolitewas3NaF.2AlF3; that for chodneffite, 2NaF.AlF3.
185. HIERATITE. A. Cossa, Trans. Ace. Line., 6, 141, 1882; Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 61,
Isometric. In octahedrons or cubo-octahedrons forming, with scales of sassolite, stalactitic concretions of grayish color and spongy texture.
The concretions contain also selen-sulphur, arsenic sulphide, and the alums of potassium, caesium, rubidium, and, in small quantities, thallium. They are four-fifths soluble in boiling water, from which, on cooling, a gelatinous precipitate, later becoming crystalline, separates out; the latter consists of isotropic crystals, cubes with octahedral faces.
For these the composition 2KF.SiF4 was obtained on analysis Fluorine 51 '9, silicon 12'7, potassium 35 -4 100.
Obs. — From the fumaroles of the crater of Vulcano (Greek name, Hiera), one of the Lipari Islands.
The following fluorides are mentioned by Scacchi as occurring at Vesuvius, Alt. Ace. Napoli, 6, 1873 (Contr. Min., n, 1874):
HYDROFLUORITE. Idrofluore A. Sec. Hydrofluoric acid gas (HF) observed especially after the eruptions of 1870, 1872.
PROIDONITE. Proidonina, A. See. Silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) observed in the exhalations at the time of the eruption of 1872.
CRYPTOHALITE. Criptoalite, A. Sec. A fluo-silicate of ammonium, perhaps 2NH4F. SiF4, observed with sal ammoniac at a Vesuvian fumarole.
II. Oxychlorid.es, Oxyfluorides.
A. Oxychlorides.
186. Matlockite PbCl2.PbO Tetragonal 6 1'7627
187. Mendipite PbCl,.2PbO " 6 0-8005
188. SchwartzembergitePb(I,Cl)a.2PbO Ehombohedral
a: b: 6
189. Laurionite PbCL,.Pb(OH), Orthorhombic 0-7328 : 1 . 0-8315
190. Daviesite " 0-7940:1:0-4777
a: b: 6 /?
191. Fiedlerite Monoclinic 0-81.92 : 1 : 0-8915 77° 20'
192. Percylite CuCla.Pb(OH)s? Isometric
d:b: 6
193. Atacamite CuCl2.3Cu(OH)2 Orthorhombic 0-6613 : 1 : 0-7515
Melanothallite CuCla.Cu(OH)!I.HsO?
194. Daubr6eite
B. Oxyfluorides.
195. Nocerite 2(Ca,Mg)F2.(Ca,Mg)0 Hexagonal
196. Fluocerite K,08.4RF, K Ce, etc.
A. Oxychlorides.
186. MATLOCKITE. R P. Greg, Phil. Mag., 2, 120, 1851. Eg., Pogg., 85, 144, 1852. Tetragonal. Axis 6 =.1-7627; 001 A 101 *60° 26' Millor'.
170 Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluorides.
Forms: c (001, 0); m (110, 1); e (101, 1-z); r (111, 1).
Angles: ee 75° 54f, ee" 120° 52', cr - 68° 8f , rr' 82° 2', rr" 136° 17', me 52C 3'.
Crystals tabular c. Cleavage : c imperfect. Fracture uneven, slightly con- choidal.
H. 2*5-3. G. 7'21. Luster adamantine, oc- casionally pearly. Color clear yellowish, sometimes a little greenish. Transparent to translucent.
Comp.— An oxy chloride of lead, PbaOCl,or PbCl2.PbO — Chlorine 14'2, oxygen 3'2, lead 82'6 100, or Lead chloride 55-5, lead oxide 44'5 100.
Anal.— 1, R. A. Smith, Phil. Mag., 2, 120, 1851. 2, Rg., 1. c.; he gives Cl 13'88, Pb 8216, and G. 5'395; the last cannot be correct.
PbCl, PbO
1. 5518 44-30 ign. 0'07 99'55
2. 52-45 46-42 98'87
Pyr., etc. — Like mendipite.
Obs. — From an old mine at Cromford near Matlock in Derbyshire, with phosgenite; also, as a sublimation-product, at Vesuvius after the eruption of 1858, R. Cappa, C. R., 50, 955, 1860. Probably from Mt. Challacollo, Tarapaca, Peru, in crystalline crusts in a quartzose gangue; an analysis, after deducting 32 p. c. quartz, gave: PbCU 65-37, PbO 34'63. The excess of lead chloride is attributed to cotunnite, but the identification is incomplete. Raimondi, Min. Perou, 170, 1878.
Ref.— ' Min., p. 620, 1852.
187. MENDIPITE. Saltsyradt Ely (Salzsaures Blei) Ben., Ak. H. Stockh.. 184, 1823; Ed. J. Sc., 1, 379, 1824. New ore of lead from Mendip, Peritomous Lead-baryte, Haid., Min. Mohs, 2, 151, 1825. Muriate of Lead, Chloride of Lead. Plomb chlorure, pt., Fr. Kerasiue pt. [rest phosgenite] Beud., Tr., 2, 502, 1832. Chlor-Spath Breith., Char., 61, 1832. Berzelite Levy, Min. Heul., 2, 448, 1837. Mendipit Glock., Gruudr., 604, 1839.
Orthorhombic. Axes: & : b 0-8005 : 1. 100 A HO 38° 42' Miller1. Forms; a (100, i-l), b (010, c (001, 0), m (110, /). Angles: am 38° 42', mm'" — 77° 24'.
Occurs in fibrous or columnar masses, often radiated.
Cleavage: m highly perfect; a, b less perfect. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. H. 2 '5-3. G. 7-7*1. Luster pearly, inclining to adamantine upon cleavage face. Color white, with a tinge of yellow, red, or blue. Streak white. Feebly translucent to opaque.
Comp.— Pb.0,01, or PbCl2.2PbO Chlorine 9-8, oxygen 4-4, lead 85-8 100, or Lead chloride 38'4, lead oxide 61 '6 100. Analyses see 5th Ed.", p. 120.
Pyr., etc. — lu the closed tube decrepitates and becomes more yellow. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily, and is reduced to metallic lead with elimination of acid vapors, giving the coal a white coating of lead chloride, the inner edge of which is yellow from lead oxide. With salt of phosphorus bead, previously saturated with oxide of copper, colors the O.F. azure-blue. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — Formerly found near Churchill in the Meudip Hills, Somersetshire, in small radiated crystalline masses with galena on earthy black manganese; also occurs at mine Kunibert near Brilon in Westphalia. Reported in opaque white crystals from Tarnowitz, Silesia; these, how- ever, have been shown to be altered phosgenite.
Ref.—1 Mir., Min., 621, 1852.
188. 8OHWARTZEMBERGITE. Oxychloroi'odure de plomb (fr. Atacama) Domeyko, Ann. Mines, 5, 453, 1864; Plomo oxichloro-ioduro, Min. Chili. Schwartzembergite Dana, 1868. Plumbiodite Adam, Tabl. Min., 67, 1869.
Rhombohedral. Optically uniaxial, negative, Btd.1 In druses of small crystals. Also in thin amorphous crusts, compact, passing into earthy.
Brittle. H. — 2-2'5. G. 6-2-6-3 Liebe. Luster adamantine. Color honey-yellow, when purest; also straw-yellow, inclining to lemon-yellow, sometimes a little reddish. Streak straw-yellow.
LA URIONITE—DA VIESITE. Ill
Comp.— Probably Pb(I,Cl)2.2PbO, with I : Cl 3 : 2. This requires: Lead chloride 13-4, lead io"dide 33-1, lead oxide 53'5 100. Anal.— Liebe, Jb. Min., 159, 1867:
PbCl2 PbI2 PbO PbSO4 PbC03 Sb2O3
11-40 30'89 48-92 551 1-88 0'9r99'51
Liebe regards all the ingredients as impurities except the iodide and oxide of lead.
Pyr., etc.— Very fusible, like cerargyrite; in fusing loses its color; on charcoal metallic globules. In a matrass abundant violet vapors of iodine. No effervescence with nitric acid, but loses color, becoming first brownish and then white, and, if some water be added, it dissolves completely on heating.
Obs.— Forms crusts on galena at a mine 15 leagues from the port of Paposo in the desert of Atacaina, where it was discovered by Mr. Schwartzemberg. At the San Rafael mine in Bolivia.; Sierra Gorda, in Peru.
Ref.— Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 87, 1881.
189. LAURIONITE. EocJilin, Ann. Mus. Wien, 2, 188, 1887. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0'7328 : 1 : 0-8315 Kochlin1.
100 A HO 36° 14', 001 A 101 48° 36f, 001 A Oil 39° 44f. p (151, 5-5); also uncertain 410, 320, 340, 160, and a pyramid near 141.
II" ' - 40° 15' nri 68° 37' bd *67° 25f pp" 153° 52'
mm'" 72° 28' dd' 45° 9' pp' 29* 44' pp'" — 140° 1'
bm — *53° 46'
In minute prismatic crystals flattened b; faces b with feather-like stria-
Cleavage: a distinct; perhaps also c. H. 3-3*5. Luster adamantine, on a silky. Colorless. Transparent.
Comp.— PbClOH or PbCla.Pb(OH), Chlorine 13-7, oxygen 3-1, lead 79-7, water 3 '5 100, or Lead chloride 53'5, lead oxide 43*0, water 3'5 100. Anal.— Bettendorff, Ber. nied. Ges., p. 153, 1887.
Cl 13-77 O 3-17 Pb 79'38 H2O 8'68 100
Pyr. — B.B. fuses easily and quietly to a yellowish opaque bead; on charcoal with soda a lead globule. Soluble in nitric acid, also in part in hot water when in powder. The water is driven off above 142° C.
Obs. — Occurs in groups of crystals together with phosgenite and cerussite in cavities of lead slag at Laurion, Greece, as a result of the action of sea-water to which the slag had been ex- posed for some 2000 years.
Ref.—1 L. c., and ib., 2, 83, 127 (Notizen); the symbol of p is erroneously given as (2'10'1). €f. also Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., p. 150, June 6, 1887.
190. DAVIESITE. L. Fletcher, Min. Mag., 8, 174, 1889. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-7940 : 1 : 0-4777 Fletcher. 100 A HO *38° 27', 001 A 101 *31° 2', 001 A Oil 25° 32'.
r (251, 5-1)
Forms: m (110, /) 6 (010, 4) d (101, 14)
/ (Oil, 14) g (031, 34)
®(221, 2) t (211, 2-2)
r
c (001, 0)
? (301, 84)
h (051, 54)
s (121, 8-2)
wm'" — 76°
54'
66'
122°
1'
. cv
56°
56i'
br
33°
ISjt'
dd' 62°
4'
00'
110°
11'
bt
73°
m'
62°
49
ff' 51°
4'
M'
- 134°
33'
bv
58°
35'
ss'
78°
37'
In minute prismatic crystals; faces b sometimes striated horizontally.
No cleavage observed. Fracture subconchoidal. Luster vitreous to adaman- tine. Colorless. Optically +. Ax. pi. 100. Bx c.
Comp. — An oxychloride of lead, but exact composition doubtful. Pyr. — Yields metallic lead on charcoal with soda. Readily dissolved in nitric acid, more so than mendipite.
172 Chlobides, Bromides, Iodide'S— Fluorides.
Obs. — Occurs sparingly, associated with caracolite and percylite, on a matrix of massive anglesite at the Mina Beatrix, Sierra Gorda, Atacama. Near mendipite in prismatic angle, but without its perfect cleavage, and more easily dissolved in nitric acid.
Named after Thomas Da vies, Esq., of the Mineral Department, British Museum.
191. FIEDLERITB. G. vom Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., p. 154, June 7, 1887.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-81918 : 1 : 0-89153; ft — *77° 20'= 001 A 100 Bath.
100 A HO *38° 38', 001 A 101 40° 36$', 001 A Oil 41° 7'.
Forms: a (100, i-i), c (001, 0); n (650, m (110, /); x (506, £4), y (503, f4); o (111, - 1), „ (544, s.|) ,- (577) !.j)f p (5-12-12, - I-1/-), e (5'24-24, - l-¥).
Angles: ex 47° 50f , cy 71° 12', co - 47° 56', oo' 56° 8', ao 44° W. mo *32° 12'. Crystals minute, tabular a; twins with tw. pi. a. Faces a smooth, or with fine striations edge a/0; c dull.
Cleavage: c distinct. Luster adamantine. Colorless. Transparent. Comp. — Contains lead and chlorine, perhaps an oxychloride.
Soluble completely in nitric acid, but less readily than laurionite.
Obs.— Occurs with laurionite, wh. see p. 171.
Named after the Saxon Commissioner of Mines, Fiedler, director of the Grecian exploration.
192. PERCYLITE. H. J. Brooke, Phil. Mag., 36, 131, 1850. Isometric. Observed forms:
a (100, i-i) d (110, i) o (111, 1) e (210, i-2)
Crystals minute cubes, other forms rare. Also massive. H. — 2-5. Color and streak sky-blue.
Comp. — A hydrated oxychloride of lead and copper, perhaps PbCuOHjCl,, Chlorine 18-9, oxygen 4-3, lead 55-1, copper 16'9, water 4-8 100.
An analysis by Flight, but of very impure material, gave : Cl 13'37, Cu 8'78, Pb 37'64, H3O 2'87, Ag 8-98, PbSO4 22-98, O undet., CO2 1 39 96 01. J. Ch. Soc., 25, 1051, 1872.
Pyr. — In the closed tube yields water and odorless fumes. B.B. tinges the name green, with blue on the edges. With borax reacts for copper.
Obs. — The original mineral was found with gold, and supposed to be from Sonora, Mexico. Since obtained from South Africa with anglesite, cerussite, and cerargyrite. Also at the Mina Beatrix, Sierra Gorda, Atacama, with caracolite, daviesite, and numerous other lead salts, and perhaps Mina San Rafael, Galeria del Norte, Bolivia, and Mt. de Challacolla, Tarapaca, Chili. Named after Dr. John Percy, the English metallurgist (1817-1889). See Boleite, p. 1028.
193. ATACAMITE. Sable vert cuivreux du Perou, Chaux cuivreuse unie S un peu d'acide muriatique et d'eau, Rochefoucauld, Baume & Fourcroy, Mem. Ac. Paris, 1786 (pub'd in 1788); Berthollet, ib., 474 (note added iu 1788). Kupfersand, Salzsaures Kupfer, Karst., Tab., 46, 76, 1800. Cuivre muriate H., Tr., 1801. Muriate of copper. Atacam.it, Salzkupfererz, Blumen- bach, Handb. Nat., 1805. Kupferhornerz, Atacamit, Ludwig, Min.,2,178, 1804. Smaragdochal- citHausm.. Handb., 1039, 1813. Halochalzit Breith., Handb., 165, 1841. Remolinite B. & M., Min., 618, 1852. Marcylite Shep., Marcy's Expl. Red River, 135, 800, Washington, 1854, Am. J. Sc.. 21, 206, 1856; Dana, ib., 24, 122, 1857. Botallackite A. H. Church, J. Ch. Soc., 18, 212, 1865.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-66126 : 1 : 0-75149 Zepharovich-Klein1. 100 A HO 33° 28$', 001 A 101 48° 39±', 001 A Oil 36° 55£'. Forms': m (110, /) x (140, i-l) e (Oil, 14) r (111, 1) y (321, 3-})
c (001, 0) s (120, i-2) (031,34) w(992, f) € (142, 2-i)3?
k (130, t-S) 8 (023, |4) / (211, 2-2)
mm'" 66° 57' ee' *73° 50' 56" rr"' 52° 48' zz'" - 64° 474'
ss' 74° 11' oo' 112° 43f qq' 103° 5' sn 27° 57
axe' 41° 25' , #.00 1K, 1Q,, go" 139° 42' nri 64° 23'
- Q7° Ifti' Z' - ftf° q? 9?'" 63° 23' nn>" 89° 35'
M -lS°W "=107°ir =108° 14' ™n 33° 35f
dd1 132 30 rr 107 27 „ 153o 3Q, 7Qo
Atacamite.
Twins : tw. pi. m. Commonly in slender prismatic crystals, vertically striated, with terminal planes (e, r) bright; also tabular b. In confused crystalline aggregates; also massive, fibrous or granular to compact; as sand.
Cleavage: b highly perfect; u (101) imperfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. — 3-3*5. G. 3-75-3-77. Luster adamantine to vitreous. Color bright green of various shades, dark emerald-green to blackish green. Streak apple- green. Transparent to translucent. Optically—. Ax. pi. a. Bx J. b. Dispersion p v. Axial angles, Dx.4
m
Chili, Brogger.
2Hr 91° 50'
2Hr 91° 33'-94° 30'
2Hy 93° 11' 2Hbl 100° 23' Chili
2Hbl 102° 30'-105° 1' Australia
Comp.— Cu,ClH,0, or CuCla.3Cu(OH)a Chlorine 16-6, copper 14-9, cuprio oxide 55-8, water 12'7 UK).
Anal.— 1, J. A. Cabell, Ch. News, 28, 271, 1873. 2, Ludwig, Min. Mitth., 35, 1873. 3 T C Cloud, Ch. News. 34, 254, 1876. 4, Hiortdahl, Nyt Mag., 13, 153, 1864. 5-11, Darap- sky Jb Min., 2, 1, 1889. Also Genth, Am. J. Sc., 40, 207, 1890; for earlier analyses see 5th Ed., p. 121.
1. Australia, cryst.
G.
4-314
G.
3-769
3. So. Australia
4. Chili
5. Copiapo
6. El Cobre
G.
3-11
7. Llano de Chueca
8. Copiapo
9. Los Bordos
10. Atacama
Cu
CuO
H2O
99-77
99-99
[13-51] insol. 1-47
100
insol. 0-21
99-72
100
100
100
100-14
100
100
From anal. 5-11, the impurities have been deducted. Darapsky (1. c.) gives a discussion of the variation in composition.
Analyses of an ore from Cobija, Bolivia, and of botallackite give half more water (see 5th Ed.). Liversidge obtained for a crystallized specimen from New South Wales 69 -9 p. c. CuO and 14-3 CuCl, (Proc. Roy. Soc., N. S. W., Nov. 3, 1880).
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives off much water, and forms a gray sublimate. B.B. on charcoal fuses, coloring the O.F. azure-blue, with a green edge, and giving two coatings, one brownish and the other grayish white; -continued blowing yields a globule of metallic copper; the coatings, touched with the R.F., volatilize, coloring the flame azure-blue. In acids easily soluble.
Obs. — This species was originally found in the state of sand in the Atacama province, north- ern part of Chili. It occurs in different parts of Chili, especially at Los Remolinos; also in veins in the district of Tarapaca, Bolivia; at Tocopilla, 16 leagues north of Cobija, an important locality, in Bolivia; with malachite at Wallaroo in South Aiistralia; in New South Wales, probably at the Cobar mines, Robinson Co.; in the Nellore district, India; at the malachite locality in the Serra do Bembe, near Ambriz, on the west coast of Africa; at the Estrella mine in southern Spain- at St. Just in Cornwall, in crusts and stalactitic tubes. In large pseudo- morphous crystals. 2 inches long, altered to malachite, at the Medno-Rondiansky mine near Nizhni Tagilsk and in the Turginsk mines. In the TJ. S., with cuprite, gerhardtite, etc., at the United Verde mine, Jerome, Arizona.
Botallackite occurs at the Botallack mine. Cornwall, in thin crusts of minute interlacing crystals, closely investing killas; Schwarzenberg in Saxony; also supposed to invest some of the lavas of Vesuvius, but questioned by Scacchi, the mineral so called being a basic sulphate (Mem. Incend. Vesuv., 1855).
Atacamite is sometimes ground up in Chili, and sold under the name of Arsenillo as sand for letters.
Alt. — Occurs altered to malachite, cf. Tschermak (Min. Mitth., 39, 1873), who has imitated this result; also Kk., Bull. Soc. St. Pet., 18, 186, 1872. Also altered to chrysocolla, cf. Rose, Reis. Ural., 1, 409, 412, 1837, and Barwald, Zs. Kr., 7, 169, 1882.
174 Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluoridbs.
Artif.— On artificial atacamite, see Field, Phil. Mag., 24, 123, 1862; Debray, Bull. Soc. Ch. 7, 104, 1866; Friedel, C. R., 77, 211, 1873; on analogous oxybromide, C. R., 109, 266, 1889. Occurs as a recent formation on bronze coins at Bourbonne-les-Baius (Daubree).
Ref. — ' Mean deduced by Zepharovich (Ber. Ak. Wien, 68(1), 120, 1878) from measurements by himself and Klein (Jb. Min., 495, 1871) on Australian crystals; the angles in the prismatic zone show great irregularities (cf. E.S.D., Min. Mitth., 103, 1874); compare also Br5gger's results on Chilian crystals, Zs. Kr., 3, 488, 1879. With Dx., u 110, b 001, etc.
2 See Zeph., 1. c. and ib., 63 (1), 6, 1871, for authorities, etc.; cf. also Miller, Min., p. 618, 1852; Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. xxiv; Gdt., Index, 1, p. 261, 1886. 3 Bgr., Chili, 1. c. 4 N. R., p. 39, 1867; cf. also Bgr., 1. c.
A black oxychloride of copper, differing somewhat from atacamite, is described by Domeyko (3d Append., Min. Chili, 1871). It was amorphous, grayish black, without luster. Compact to granular. Fracture even or subconchoidal. It takes a semi-metallic polish under the knife. Composition as obtained by Stuven, deducting impurities, CuCl2 16'94, CuO 68 67, H2O 14-39.
Marcylite of Shepard, as originally described, was an impure atacamite of a black color; a trial afforded Shepard: Copper 54'80 O and Cl 39 20, H 9*50. G. 4-4'l. From the south part of the Red River, near the Wachita Mts. (See further under Melacouite.)
TALLINGITE A. H. Church, J. Ch. Soc., 18, 77, 213, 1865.
In thin crusts, consisting of irregular aggregations of minute globules, appearing botryoidal under the microscope. Subcrystalline. H. =3. G. 3'5 approx. Color bright blue, inclin- ing to green. Streak white. Subtranslucent. Hygroscopic.
A hydrated copper chloride, according to Church. Analysis yielded: Cl 11-33, CuO 66'24. which is explained as Cl 11 '33, CuO 53'57, Cu lO'll, H2O 24'99 100, for which Groth writes Cu6(OH)8Cl2-j-4H2O. Another sample contained more water.
Occurs at the Botallack mine, Cornwall. Named after R. Tailing, of Lostwithiel, by whom the mineral was collected.
MELANOTHALLITE. Melanotallo A. Scacchi, Att. Ace. Napoli, May, 1870.
In thin scales at first black and gradually changing from without to green.
Composition perhaps CuCl2.CuO.2H2O CuCl2 53 8, CuO 31 8, H2O 14'4 100. Analy- sis: E. Scacchi, Rend. Ace. Napoli, Dec., 1884, and Zs. Kr.. 11, 405, 1886.
CuCla 58-25 CuO 31'37 H,O (100°) 10 38 100
57-37 31-39 11 '24 100
Dissolves in water, giving an acid reaction. Found with euchlorine and hydrocyanite at Vesuvius.
ERYTHBOCAI.CITE. Eriocalco A. Scacchi. A hydrated copper chloride found in wool-like aggregates of a bright blue color; from the eruption of 1869 at Vesuvius.
It deliquesces on exposure. Composition CuCl2 with an undetermined amount of water; an analysis of the aqueous solution gave: Cu 48 '08, Cl 51 '92. E. Scacchi, Rend. Ace. Napoli, Dec., 1884, Zs. Kr., 11, 405, 1886.
ATELITE. Atelina A. Scacchi, Att. Ace. Napoli, 6, 1873, Contr. Min., n, 22, 1874. Observed as more or less complete pseudomorphs after tenorite, and formed by the action on the latter of fumes of hydrochloric acid; as a result the black color is changed to green. An analysis gave: CuO 45'59, CuCl2 38'19, H2O and loss 16'22 100. This corresponds to 2CuO.CuCla.3H.iO. Found at Mt. Vesuvius, as a result of the eruption of April, 1872. It is not far from atacamite. Named from areA?/S, imperfect.
194. DAUBREEITE. Daubreite / Domeyko, C. R., 82, 922, 1876; Min. Chili, p. 297,
Amorphous; structure compact, earthy, in part fibrous. H. 2-2-5. Gr. 6-4-6-5. Color yellowish to grayish white. 'Opaque. Comp. — A hydrated oxychloride of bismuth, perhaps 2Bi203.BiCl3.3H!10 Anal. — Domeyko, 1. c.
BiaO3 89-60 Cl 7-50 H2O 3'84(?) Fe2O8 0'72 101 '66
Pyr.— In the closed tube gives off acid water, and becomes grayish in color; but on con- tinued heating below fusion turns yellow again. B.B. colors the flame slightly blue; in very thin splinters fuses on the end instantly, the fused part becoming black and compact. Soluble in hydrochloric acid in the cold without residue; the solution has a more or less yellow color.
Obs. — Occurs at the Constancia mine, Cerro de Tazna, Bolivia. Named after M. Daubree, of Paris.
195. NOCERITE. Nocerina A. Scacchi, Ace. Line. Trans., 5. 270, 1881. Nocerin. Hexagonal. In very slender white acicular crystals. Optically negative,
uniaxial, Btd1.
Fluocerite. 175
Comp.— Perhaps 2(Ca,Mg)F,.(Ca,Mg)0, but doubtful. Anal E. Fischer :mtl Lederer, Zs. Kr., 10, 270, 1885.
F Al Mg Ca Na K O
37-60 4-38 17-52 26'92 2'47 0*51 11'40 100 80
Obs. — Occurs in volcanic bombs in the tufa of Nocera, near Naples, Italy; it is associated with fluorite, some brown crystals referred to amphibole, and minute crystals in hexagonal prisms, perhaps a variety of microsommite. Th exterior of the bombs is covered with mica.
Ref.— ' Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 142, 1882.
FLTJOSIDEKITE A. Scacchi; E. Fisher, Zs. Kr., 10, 270, 1885.
In minute crystals forming a granular crust of a bright red color underneath the mica covering of the bombs of Nocera which have yielded the uocerite (see above). Composition unknown; some measurements, but not leading to definite results, have been made by vomKath, Ber. uied. Ges., Dec. 4, 1882.
PSEUDONOCERINA A. Scacchi, Mem. Accad. Napoli, 2, 1885; Vulcaui fluoriferi, p. 69.
In minute, transparent acicular crystals, resembling uocerite and also containing fluorine, but of unknown composition. Fusible B.B. Dissolves in boiling hydrochloric acid with difficulty; with sulphuric acid fluorine is liberated. Found in bombs inclosed in the tufa of Pacognano, near Vico Equense on the south side of the Bay of Naples.
196. FLUOCERITE. Neutralt flussspatssyradt Cerium Berz., Afh., 6, 56, 1818. Neutrales flusssaures Cerer, Flusscerium ceriumfluat, Germ. Neutral Fluate of Cerium. Cerium fluatee Fr. Flucerine Beud., Tr., 2, 519, 1832. Fluocerit Haid., Handb., 500, 1845.
Massive.
H. 4. Gr. — 5-70 W.; 5'93 Osterby, Nd. Luster resinous. Color reddish yellow. Snbtranslucent to opaque.
Comp. — R2OF4 or Ra03.4RFs, where R cerium metals chiefly, with some of the yttrium group.
Anal.— M. Weibull and Tedin, G. For Forh., 8, 496, 1886; b recalculated on basis of atomic weights: Ce 141, Di,La 143, Y, etc. 97'5.
Ce,Os (La,Di)aOs (Y,Er,Yt)3O3 F H2O
G. 5-70 46-03 36-00 3'96 19'49 1-78 C1,A1263 tr.,
[CaCO, 1-50 108-76
Ce La,Di Y,Er,Yt F O H2O
39-53 30-82 3'19 19'49 4'43 1'78 CaCO, 1-50
Deduct O F) 8-21 100-55
Fyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water, and at a high temperature corrodes the glass; the water contains fluorine, and tinges Brazil-wood paper yellow; the assay changes from yellow to white by heat. B.B. on charcoal infusible, but darkens in color. With soda it is not dissolved, but divides and swells up; the soda is absorbed by the charcoal, and leaves a gray mass on the surface.
Obs.— Occurs at Osterby in Dalarne, Sweden, in pegmatyte veins with gadolinite, orthite, et&
Cf. remarks under tysonite, p. 166.
III. Hydrous Chlorides, etc.
A. Hydrous Chlorides. 197. Bischofite MgCl, + 6H,0 Monoclinic (artif.)
198. Kremersite KCl.NH4Cl.FeCls + H,0 Isometric
a -.1:6
199. Erythrosiderite 2KCl.FeCl.4- H2O Orthorhombic 0-6911 : 1 : 0'71?8
200. Douglasite 2KCl.FeCl, + 2H00 Monoclinic (artif.)
176 Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluorides.
a : b : 6
201. Carnallite KCl.MgCl, + 6H,0 Orthorhombic 0-5936 : 1 : 0-6906
202. TacMiydrite CaCl,.2MgCla + 12HaO Khombohedral 1-90
B. Hydrous Fluorides.
a: b:o
203. FlueUite A1F3 + HaO Orthorhombic 0-7700 : 1 : 0-8776
204. Prosopite CaF,.2Al(F,OH)3 Monoclinic 1-3188: 1:0-5950 85° 40'
a:b:6' ft
205. Pachnolite ) -VT ™ n -™ ™ TT n Monoclinic 1-1626 : 1 : 1-5320 89° 40'
206. Thomsenolite aF-CaFa-A1Fs + HaO „ Q.9975 . 1 .
207. Gearksutite CaFa.Al(F,OH)3 + HaO
208. Ralstonite (Mg,Naa)F2.3Al(F,OH)3 + 2HaO Isometric
209. Yttrocerite
A. Hydrous Chlorides.
197. BISCHOFITE Ochsenius [Die Bildungder Salzlager, Halle, 18771, JB. Ch., pp. 1284, 1285, 1877.
Crystalline-granular and foliated, sometimes fibrous. H. 1-2. G. — 1-65. Colorless to white. Luster vitreous to dull. Comp.— MgCl, + 6H,0 Chlorine 35-0, magnesium 11-8, water 53'2 100. Anal. — Koenig:
f Cl 35-04 Mg 11-86 H2O [53-10] 100
Soluble in 0'6 parts of cold water.
Obs. — Occurs in layers 2-3 cm. thick in halite, with kieserite and carnallite; the fibers transverse to the layers, at Leopoldshall, Prussia. The assumption of water is said to commence as soon as the layer is exposed to the air. The artificial salt is monoclinic, cf. Rg., Kr. Ch., 264,
Named after Dr. Gustav Bischof, the German chemist and geologist (1792-1870).
198. KREMERSITE. Eisenchlorid mit den Chloralkalien Kremers, Pogg., 84, 79, 1851. Kremersit Kenng., Min., 9, 1853.
Isometric. In octahedrons. Color ruby-red. Easily soluble.
Comp.— KCl.NH4Cl.FeCl3 + H20 Potassium chloride 24-2, ammonium chloride 17-3, ferric chloride 52-6, water 5 -9 100; or Chlorine 57-5, potassium 12-7, ammonium 5-8, iron 18-1, water 5 -9 100. Anal. — Kremers, 1. c.: '
Cl 55-15 Fe 16'89 K 12-07 NH4 6'17 Na 0'16 H [9'56] 100
Obs. — From fumaroles at Vesuvius, associated with ferric chloride as a product of sublimation.
Named after the chemist Dr. P. Kremers.
199. ERYTHROSroERITB. Eritrosidero A. Scacchi, Contr. Min., n, p. 42, 1874. Rend. Ace. Napoli, Oct., 1872.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : 1 : 6 0-6911 : 1 : 0-7178 Scacchi.
100 A HO *34° 39', 001 A 101 46° 5', 001 A Oil 35° 40}'.
Forma: a (100. i-i); d (102. H), e (101, 1-1). Andes: mm'" 69° 18', dd' 54° 53'. ee' 92° 10', ad 62° 33', ae 43" 55'.
Do Uglasite— Carnallite.
Crystals somewhat tabular a. Color red, very deliquescent. eomp.-2KCl.FeCl3.H20 Chlorine 53-8, iron 17'0, potassium 23-7, water 5-5 100.
Anal. — Scacchi, 1. c.:
Cl 53-30 Fe 16'81 K 24 '21 H8O 100
Obs. — Found at the cone of Vesuvius embedded in the lava of April, 1872, and undoubtedly formed at that time.
Named from epv&poS, red, and (ridr/poS, iron.
200. Douglasite.
chlorkalium Germ.
Ochsenius, Precht, Ber. Ch. Ges., 13, 2328, 1881. Eisenchlorur-
A salt associated with carnallite at Stassfurt and stated to have the composition l.FeCl,.2H,0 Chlorine 48-2, potassium 26'6, iron 19-1, water 6-1 100.
Cf. Sbs., Ber. Ak. Wien, 4 (1), 475, 1850,
2Kc1
The artificial salt is monoclinic with G. 2'162. and Rg., Kr. Ch., 273, 1881.
201. OARNALLITE. Carnallit H. Rose, Pogg., 98, 161, 1856. Kalium-Magnesium chlorid Germ.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 0-59356 100 A 110 30° 41$', 001 A 101 49C
1 : 0-69062 Hessenberg1. 19f, 001 A Oil 34° 37$'.
Forms* : c (001, 0)
b (01 Q,i-Y) m (110, /)
mm'" *61° 23' ii' 133° 29' dd' 85° 17' ee' 108° 114'
i (201, 2-i) d (043, J-I)
ff' 140° 12'
C8 42° 3'
co *53° 32'
ck 69° 43'
e (021, 2-i) /(041, 44)
ss' 70° 20' oo' 87° 30' kk' 107° 32'
s (223, f ) o(lll, 1)
ss'" 39° 59' oo'" 48° 28' 57° 13'
k (221, 3)
granular.
Crystals rare, resembling hexagonal pyramids. Commonly massive, No distinct cleavage. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 1. G. 1'60. Luster shining, greasy. Color milk-white, often reddish and with a metallic schiller due to minute enclosed scales of hematite. Transparent to translucent. Strongly phosphorescent. Taste bitter. Deliquescent. Optically Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. b. Bx (100).
2Er 115° 1', 2Ebl 117° 0' Dx.3
Comp.— KMgCl3.6H20 or KCl.MgCl, + 6H,0 Chlorine 38*3, potassium 14'1, magnesium 8*7, water 39*0 100 or Potassium chloride 26*8, magnesium chloride 34*2, water 39*0 100.
Analyses (5th Ed., p. 118, also Hammerbacher, Inaug. Diss., p. 21, Erlanger, 1874) show the presence of some sodium and calcium chlorides, Hessenberg.
calcium sulphate, etc. It also sometimes incloses besides iron oxide more or less organic matter. Hammerbacher found thallium in the Stassfurt mineral.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. fuses easily. Soluble in water, 100 parts of water at 18'75° C. taking up 64 5 parts; deliquescent.
Obs. — Occurs at Stassfurt, where it forms beds in the upper part of the salt formation, alter- nating with thinner beds of common salt and kieserite, and also mixed with the common salt. Its beds consist of subordinate beds of different colors, reddish, bluish, brown, deep red, some- times colorless. The red varieties inclose scales of iron oxide and resemble some varieties of oligoclase (sunstone) from Tvedestrand (Groth). Sylvite occurs in the carnallite and may have oeen formed from it (Tscbermak); as may also have been true at Kalusz, Galicia. Also found with salt at Maman in Persia.
Named after von Carnal! 01 the Prussian mines.
Artif. — Occurs artificially formed in the salt-pans at Halle.
Ref. — ' On natural crystals, a secondary formation at Stassfurt, Min. Not.. 7, 12, 1866. Rg. (Kr. Ch., 204, 1855) made the artificial crystals hexagonal with co — 53° 42'; they were later shown to be orthorhombic, Dx., Ann. Mines, 6, 593. 1864, and N. R., 46, .1867. Marignac ob- tained on artificial crystals: mm'" 61°, co 53° 35', Ann. Mines, 12, 3, 1857. The axes of Hbg. are calculated from his measured angle mm'" — 61° 23' and an angle (Rg.) for artif. crystals.
178 Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluorides.
viz.: oo1* 72° 40', that is co 53° 40'. 2 Hbg., 1. c., all but i observed by Dx. (I.e.) on artificial crystals. 3 Oil masses from Stassfurt, 1. c.
202. TACHHYDRITE. Tachhydrit Eammelsb&rg , Fogg., 98, 261, 1856. Tachyhydrite, Tachydrite.
Ehombohedral. Axis 6 1-90; rr' 104° Groth1.
Massive; in roundish masses with easy rhombohedral cleavage, and twin- lamellae forming planes of parting.
Color wax- to honey-yellow. Transparent to translucent. Very deliquescent on exposure. Optically uniaxial, negative, Dx.2
Comp.— CaMg,Cl6.12H,0 or CaCl2.2MgCL, + 12HaO Chlorine 41-1, calcium 7*7, magnesium 9*3, water 41*9 100, or Calcium chloride 21*4, magnesium chloride 36-7, water 41 -9 100.
Anal.— Hammerbacher, Inaug. Diss., p. 24, Erlangen, 1874. Also Rg., 1. c.; 5th Ed., p. 119. f Cl 40-85 Ca 7'16 Mg 9-97 H2O 42'50 100'48
Pyr., etc. — Fuses easily. Very soluble; 100 parts of water at 18-75° C. dissolving 160-3 of the salt.
Obs. — From the salt mines of Stassfurt, in thin seams with carnallite and kieserite, in an- hydrite.
Named in allusion to its ready deliquescence, from rouS, quick, and vdoop, water.
Ref.— i Tab. Ueb., 74, 1874. N. R., 20, 1867.
203. FLUELLITE. Fluellite Levy, Ann. Phil., 8, 242, 1824. Fluateof Alumine, Fluorid of Aluminium.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-7700 : 1 : 1-8776 Miller1.
100 A HO - 37° 35f, 001 A 101 67° 42', 001 A Oil 61° 57f '.
In rhombic pyramids (r, 111) with basal plane.
Angles: rr' *97° 48', rr" *144°, rr'" - 70° 56', cr 72°.
Cleavage: r indistinct. H. 3. G. 2-17. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent. Ax. pi. 100. Bx c. Ax. angle large, 100° approx. Groth. Refractive index 1-47.
Comp. — A hydrous fluoride of aluminium, A1F3 HaO Fluorine 56-0, aluminium 26 -4, water 17 -6 100, Grotli-Brandl. Anal.— Brandl, Zs. Kr., 7, 484, 1883.
F 56 25 Al 27-62 Na 0'58 H2O [15-56J 100
Obs. — A rare mineral found at Stenna-gwyn, Cornwall, in minute crystals on quartz, with wavellite and torbernite.
Ref.-'Min., p. 607, 1852.
204. PROSOPITE. Prosopit Scheerer, Pogg., 90, 315, 1853, 92, 612, 1854, 101, 361, 1857.
Monoclinic (or triclinic): Axes: a : I : 6 1-3188 : 1 : 0-5950; ft 85° 40' 001 A 100 Dx.1
100 A HO 52° 45', 001 A 101 23° 30f, 001 A Oil 30° 40f.
Forms4: b (010, m (110, /), o (Oil, 1-1), t (111, 1), z (211, -2-2), y (231, -3-|).
mm'" 105° 30' 58° 13' bz - *66° 59' me *43° 28'
bm *37° 15' 22' 46° 2' by 38° 7' mt 54° 59'
oo' 61° 22' yy' 103° 46'
In embedded crystals; also granular massive. Crystals sometimes tabular b.
Cleavage: z distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 4'5. G.= 2-88-2-89. Luster vitreous, weak. Colorless, white, grayish. Transparent to translucent. Op- tically -J-. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. b. Bx nearly edge z/z'. Disper- sion p v. Ax, angles, Dx. : 2Har 65° 9' .-. 2Er=104°14'also2H0.r 120°56'.-. 2Vr=63° 30' /?P =1-500
Pachnolite.
SH 64° 21' .'. 2Ey 102° 50' also 2H0.y 121° 42' . 2Vy =62° 45' /3y =1-502 2Ha.bl=60° 35' . 2Ebl= 96° 24' " 2H0.bl= 124° 38' .-. 2Vbl=59° 20' /Jw= 1-506
Comp. — A hydrous fluoride of aluminium and calcium, CaAla(F,OH)8 or CaF,.2Al(F,OH)3 Groth-Brandl.
Anal.— 1, Brandl, Zs. Kr., 7, 490, 1883. 2, Hillebraud, Bull. 20, U. S. G. Surv., 64, 1885. An earlier incomplete analysis was made by Scheerer.
1. Altenberg
2. Colorado G. — 2'
F Al
3501 23-37 f 33-18 22-02
Ca
Mg
Na
HaO
O
[12-58] 100' [13-41] 100
Pyr., etc.— In the glass tube affords water and silicon fluoride, acid. The water goes off above 260° C.
Obs. — Occurs at the tin mines of Altenberg, in crystals, part of which are a kind of kaolin, and others, according to observations by G. J. Brush (Am. J. Sc., 25, 411, 1858), cleavable violet fluorite, and others still. fJuorite partly kaolinized. Also found at the Schlackenwald tin mines. In cellular pachnolite, derived from the alteration of cryolite, with fluorite and astrophyllite at St. Peter's Dome near Pike's Peak, Colorado.
Named from Ttpocrooitelov, a mask, in allusion to the deceptive character of the mineral.
Ref.— Made triclinic by Dx. (N. R, 190, 1867). but as shown by Groth (Zs. Kr., 7, 489, 1883) the variations in angle lie within the probable errors of observation, and hence it seems better to regard it as monoclinic, at least provisionally. These axes are calculated from the funda- mental angles of Dx., the mean of 010 A HO, 010 A 110, also of 010 A 211, 010 A 211, being taken. 2 Scheerer, Pogg., 101, 361, 1857.
Decomposed by sulphuric
Colorado.
Altenberg.
205. PAOHNOLITB. Pachnolit Knop, Lieb. Ann., 127, 61, 1863. Pyroconite Wohler, Lieb. Ann., 180, 231, 1875.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 T1626 : 1 : 1-5320; /3 89° 40' 001 A 1.00 Groth1.
100 A HO 49° 18', 001 A 101 52° 35f, 001 A Oil 56° 52'.
Forms1 :
a (100, t-l)ss tw. pi. c (001, 0)
mm'" *98° 36' cp 63° 30' cm 89° 47' ce 76° 26' op 54° 7'
m (110, /)
P (Hi, -1)
s (554, - f )2
t (553, - f q (221, - 2)2
9 (331, - 3)2 a? (561, -5)
mp 26° 17' ms — 21° 34' mq 13° 53' mv 9° 22'
mx 5° 39' pp' 85° 27' 89° 30' qq' 47° 20'
a (111, 1) e (811, -3-3)a
m' ee'
96° 45V 41° 8' *0° 40'
Pp
*71° 46'
Twins: tw. pi. a, the crystals having thus an orthorhombic appearance. Crystals prismatic, commonly acutely terminated; also terminated by c. Faces m striated edge m/c.
Cleavage: c indistinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3. G. 2-93-3-0. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent to subtransparent. Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Bx A t + 68° 5'. Ax. angle large, 2E 120° approx. Dispersion p v weak ; horizontal strong, Dx.
Corap. — A hydrous fluoride of aluminium, calcium, and sodium, NaCaAlF6.H,0 or NaRCaF,.AlF,.H90 Fluo- rine 51-5, aluminium 12-2, calcium 17*9, sodium 10-3, water 8'1 100.
Anal.— 1-4, Hillebrand, Bull. 20, U. S. G. Surv., 54, 1885.
Greenland, Knr,
Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluorides.
5, Knop, 1. c. 6, Hagemann, Am. J. Sc., 41, 119, 1866. 7, W5hler, 1. c. 8, Koenig, Proc. Ac. Philad., 42, 1876.
1. Colorado, compact G. 2'
5. Greenland
cryst.
G. 2-965 G. 2-923
G. 2-929 G. 3-008
F
Al
Ca
Na
[50-27]
[51-19]
[51-39]
[49-78]
H2O
7-91 Mg 0-13 100
8-72 JVlg 1-53, K0-13= 100
8-10 99-86
8-05 100
9-60 102-94
8-63 99-63
8-20 100
819 100-60
Obs. — Occurs with cryolite, thomsenolite, etc., at Ivigtut," Greenland, and at St. Peter's Dome, Colorado.
Pachnolite is from ;' frost, Az'do?, stone. Pyroconite from nvp, fire, and Kovia, powder, because it falls to pieces when ignited B.B.
Ref.— i Zs. Kr., 7, 462, 1883. Cf. also Knr., Nat. Ber. aus Ungarn, 1, 166, 1883, and Kk., Jtin. Russl., 8, 425, 9, 1. Knr., 1. c. 3 Hillebrand, 1. c.
206. THOMSENOLITE. Dimetric Pachnolite G. Hagemann, Am. J. Sc., 42, 93, 1866. Thomsenolite Dana, Min., 129, 1868.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 0-9975 : 1 : 1-0329; ft — 86° 48' 001 A 100 Krenner1.
100 A 110 44° 53', 001 A 101 47° 39J', 001 A Oil 45° 53'. Forms: c (001, 0); m (110, 7); t (101, 1-i), x (302, f-I); (331, - 3), g (III, 1), r (221, 2), a (331, 3).
mm'" 46' ct 47° 39' ex 59° 30'
cv 75° 0' cm *87° 44' cq 57° 10'
cr 73° 9' cs — 79° 19' w' 86° 2'
qq' *72° 48' rr' 85 3' us 87° 53i'
Greenland, Knr.
Crystals often cubic in aspect (c, m); also prismatic, with prismatic and also pyramidal faces striated edge c/m\ often grouped in parallel position. Twins not ob- served. Also massive, opal, or chalcedony- like.
Cleavage : c perfect ; m less so. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 2. G. 2-93-3-0. Luster vitreous, on c somewhat pearly. Colorless to white, or with a reddish tinge. Transparent to translucent. Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bx A - 52° 22'. Dis- persion p v. Ax. angles:
2Er -- 69° 10' 2Ey 69° 36' also 2Hr 48° 28' 2Hbl 49° 14' Knr.
Comp. — Same as pachnolite, NaCaAlF6.H20.
Anal.— 1, Hagemann, 1. c. 2, W5hler, Nachr. Ges. Gottingen, Nov. 17, 1875. Proc. Ac. Philad., p. 42, 1876. 4, Nordenskiold, G. F5r. Forh., 2, 84, 1874.
3, Koenig. 5-7, Brandl, Zs
Kr., 7, 470, 1883.
Greenland
F Al Ca Na H2O
G. 2-75 50-08 14-27 14-51 7-15 9'70 SiO2 2-0 97-71
G. 2-929 [49-78] 18-48 17-84 10-75 8'20 100
G. 2-937 50-37 13-74 16'79 10-10 9'00 100
[52-25] 14-22 15'88 8'87 8'92 Mg 0'36, K tr. 100
50-65 13-04 17-22 10-02 8'48 Mg 0'39 99-80
50-62 13-00 17-21 10-49 8'33 Mg 0'20 99'85
50-61 13 26 17-22 10-43 8'42 99'94
Pyr., etc.— Fuses more easily than cryolite to a clear glass. The massive mineral decrepi- tates remarkably in the flame of a candle. In powder easily decomposed by sulphuric acid.
Gearksutite—Ralstonite. 181
Obs. — Pound with pachnolite 011 the cryolite of Greenland, as a result of alteration of the latter. First noticed by Dr. Julius Thomsen of Copenhagen, the originator of the cryolite industry, after whom it is named. It differs strikingly from pachuolite in its pearly basal cleavage and its nearly square prisms; and from cryolite in the horizontal striae of the same and the facility of cleavage. The compact variety referred here by Dr. Hagemann has much of the aspect of chalcedony; it incrusts cryolite or occupies seams or cavities in it, and is covered by the chalky gearksutite; the incrustations are sometimes half an inch or roorejhick.
Also occurs sparingly with pachnolite and other fluorides at St. Peter's Dome, near Pike's Peak, Colorado.
Ref.— Nat. Ber. aus Ungarn, 1, 162, 1882.
HAGEMANNITE Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 42, 246, 1866. Closely resembles in aspect and con- dition the compact thomsenolite, but passes sometimes into a yellow, opaque, jaspery variety. It incrusts the cryolite, and also constitutes seams to i inch thick. It sometimes traverses a drusy ferruginous pachnolite. It is ocher-yellow to wax-yellow in color, rarely faint greenish, dull, or with only a faintly glimmering luster, and looks like an iron flint, or yellow chloropal. H. 3-3-5. G. 2-59-2-60. Adheres but feebly to the tongue.
Hagemann obtained in an analysis: F 40'30, Al 12'06, Fe 5 96, Mg 2'30, Ca 11-18, Na 8'45, Si 7-79. HaO 10-44. G. 2-83. Decrepitates surprisingly in the flame of a candle.
No probable formula can be deduced. Excluding the Si.Mg.Fe, the composition is that of thomsenolite; it is consequently probably an impure thomsenolite. Cf. Groth, Zs. Kr., 7, 480,
207. GEARKSUTITE Hagemann; Dana, Min., p. 130, 1868. Evigtokite Flight, J. Ch. Soc., 43, 140, 1883.
Earthy, kaolin-like in aspect, but consisting of very minute colorless needles, with oblique extinction.
H. 2. Luster dull. Color white.
Conlp.— Perhaps CaFQ.Al(F,OH)3.H,0 Fluorine 42-9, aluminium 15-1, calcium 22-4, water 15-1, oxygen 4-5 100, if F : OH 2 : 1, Hillebrand.
Anal.— 1, Hillebrand, Bull. 20, U. S. G. Surv., 59, 1885. 2, G. LindstrOm, G. F6r. Forh., 7, 687, 1885.
F Al Ca Na K HaO O
1. Colorado f 42-07 15-20 22'30 O'lO 0'04 15'46 [4'83] 100
2. Ivigtut 41 -81 15-37 21-02 1-06 0'23 1503 4-82 Fe 0'30, Mg 0'16, Cl 0'20=100
Direct determination 40-55.
Hagemann's analysis (5th Ed., p. 130) is shown by Hillebrand to be incorrect in the determination of fluorine and water; the same author shows that Flight's evigtokite is identical with gearksutite. Flight gives: Al 16-28, Ca 22'39, Na 0'43 or A1FS 4987, CaF2 43'66, NaF 0-76. H2O [5 71] 100.
Pyr. — B.B. fuses easily to a white enamel. Gently heated in the tube gives off neutral water, but more strongly heated attacks the glass. Soluble in acids.
Obs. — Occurs sparingly with the Greenland cryolite, and is one of the results of its alteration. The underlying material is compact thomsenolite. Also more abundant with the fluorides, cryolite, pachnolite, etc., of St. Peter's Dome near Pike's Peak, Colorado.
Named from yrj, earth, and arksutite, alluding to its earthy aspect.
208. RALSTONITE. O. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 2, 80, 1871. Isometric. In octahedrons, also with cubic planes.
Cleavage none. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 4*5. G. 2'56-2'62. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white, milky, often yellow on the surface. Trans- parent to translucent. Often shows weak double-refraction, Btd.1
Comp — A hydrous fluoride of sodium and aluminium, (NaMg)Ft.8Al(F,OH)t.- 2H,0, Penfield and Harper. If Na : Mg 1 : 1 and F : OH 2 : 1, this requires: Fluorine 43*4, aluminium 23 '0, magnesium 4'5, sodium 4 '4, water 17'9, oxygen 6-8 100.
Kr
Anal.— 1, Nordenskiold, on 0'22 gr., G. For. ., 2 ., 7, 474. 1883. 3. Penfield. Am. J. Sc.. 32. 380. 1886.
, 81, 1874. 2, Brandl, on 0'5 gr., 4 Peufield and Harper, ibid.
Zs.
F
Al
Mg
Na
Ca HaO
G.
2-60
[50-05]"
14-84 K tr., P
aO6 tr.
10-00 99-85
undet.
18-41 K 0-11
4. '
G.
2 58
f 39'91
18 73 K 0-12 91-70
This, as calculated, includes F 38'13, O 10'69.
182 Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides— Fluorides.
Penfleld and Harper confirm Nordenskiold in finding the fluorine insufficient to unite with the bases; they complete analysis 4 by calculating the amount of hydroxyl required, viz. 16 "27 8-61 H2O), here P : OH 2 : 1.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube whitens, yields water at first, then a copious white sublimate which etches the tube. The water reacts acid. B.B. on charcoal a faint white sublimate. In the forceps whitens, colors the tiauie yellow, but does not fuse. With cobalt solution gives a deep blue. In salt of phosphorus dissolves completely to a colorless bead in both flames. Soluble with effervescence in a bead of sodium carbonate. Decomposed by sulphuric acid with evolution of hydrofluoric acid.
Obs. — Occurs with cryolite and thoinseuolite at Ivigtut, Arksuk Fiord, Greenland.
Ref.— ' Bull. Soc. Miii., 4, 34, 1881.
209. YTTROOERITE. Yttrocerit Gahn & Berzelius, Afh., 4, 151, 1814. Yttrocererit Leonh., Handb., 573, 1826. Yttria tiuatee Fr. Fluate of Cerium and Yttria. Ytterflussspath, Flussyttrocalcit, Germ. Yttrocalcil Glock., Syn., 283, 1847.
Massive: crystalline-granular and earthy.
Cleavage: in two directions inclined to each other 71° 30'. Fracture uneven. H. 4—5. GL 3*447 Berz. ; 3'363 Rg. Luster glistening; vitreous to pearly. Color violet-blue, inclining to gray and white, often white; sometimes reddish brown.
romp. — A fluoride of calcium with the metals of the cerium and yttrium groups. According to Rammelsberg the formula is 2(2RF3.9CaF2) -f- 3H20, with R Ce(La,Di) : Y(Er) 1:2; further the cerium metals consist one-half of lan- thanum and didymium, and the yttrium contains 30 p. c. of erbium.
Anal.— 1, 2, Rg., Ber. Ch. Ges., 3, 857, 1870. Also earlier, Gahn and Berzelius (1. c. and . J., 16, 241, 1816), 5th Ed., p. 125.
CaO Ce2O3 YSOS H2O
1. G. 3-363 47-27 9'3o 14'87 2'52
2. 49-32 16-14
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives water. B B. on charcoal alone infusible; with gypsum the yttrocerite of Finbo fuses to a bead, not transparent, and that of Broddbo is infusible With the three fluxes the Finbo mineral behaves like fluorite; the glass is, however, yellow in the oxidizing flame as long as hot, and becomes opaque sooner than the glass given by fluorite. In a pulverized state it dissolves completely in heated hydrochloric acid, forming a yellow solution.
Obs. — Occurs sparingly at Finbo and Broddbo, near Falun in Sweden, embedded in quartz, and associated with albite and topaz. Also at Amity, Orange Co., N. Y.; in Mass., probably Worcester Co.; at Mt. Mica, in Paris, Maine.
V. Oxides.
I. Oxides of Silicon. XL Oxides of the Semi-Metals: Tellurium, Arsenic, Antimony,
Bismuth ; also Molybdenum, Tungsten. III. Oxides of the Metals.
Hydrogen and Titanium are included here.
I. Oxides of Silicon.
210. Quartz SiO, Khombohedral, trapezohedral 6 1-09997
211. Tridymite SiO, Hexagonal 6 1-6530
or Pseudo-hexagonal Asmanite
212. Opal SiOwHO Amorphous
210. QUARTZ. KpucrraA.A.ot TheopJir., etc. Crystallus (with allusion to its hexagonal form and pyramidal terminations) Plin., 37, 9, 10; Silex Plin., 36, 371. Crystallus, Quart/urn, candidissirnum [auriferous], Germ. Quertze, Kiselstein, Agric., 276, etc., 444, 459, 465, 1546, 1529. Quartz, Kisel, Wall., 102, 1747. Quarz, Kiesel, Germ. Quarts Swed. Quarzo Ital. Cuarzo Span.
Khombohedral; with trapezohedral tetartohedrism. Axis: 6 1-09997;
0001 A 1011 - 51° 47' 10" KupfEer1.
Forms, pt.2: I (2021,2) i (2112, 1-2 1) v (1451, - 5-f 1)
c (0001, 0) rare M (3031, 3) a, (2111, 2-2 1) // (134\ - 4-| 1)
m (1010,7), r (4°'4) Zone™* TF(8-7-10-8, -
(5160 H r) ' (516!, 6-f r
(3140, i-4 r) GO (0113, - 1) y (4151, 5-f r) r
kt (6150, i-fl),etc. I, (0221, — 2) r (1343, — |-f 1) 52 (4156, f -f r)
d (1012 1) Jf, (0331, -3) ri(i454,-Hl) B3 (2134, r)
r lOll' R) (0551' -
8r
! r
(3032, (1122, 1-2 r) Zone m'sr
i (5053,|) s (1121, 2-2 r) p (1561, - 6-f 1)
For most of these forms the complementary left or right planes, respectively, have heen ob- served: thus, x, (6151, 6-f 1), t. (5233, f-f 1), etc., also p, (1651, - 5 f r), rt (1433, r)> /J (2799, — 1-$ 1) f. 14, etc. The distinction between the right and left forms has not usually been made out, and that between and — forms only imperfectly.
Oxides.
mk 8° 57' mk* 13° 54' mk< 19° 6'
md 57° 35'
mr — 38° 13'
mi 25° 17'
ml 21° 29' mM= 14° 42'
my - 11° 8'
me 8° 57'
ra£ 7° 28i
mT
—
4°
30'
mv
—
8°
52'
mft
76°
fi7°
3'
mx
—
12°
1'
90°
0'
VfL $
—
D i
6°
4°
25' 6'
my mu ms
14° 18° 37°
35'
29'
58'
m'p mv
12' 14°
1'
35'
Oogo'
—
39°
28' f
mL
49°
29'
m' ti
18°
29'
dd'
—
55°
mr
—
54°
33'
m'e
25°
5'
rr'
85°
46*
TOTi
—
57°
21'
m's
37°
58'
re
*46°
15' 52"
wrs
—
59°
7'
m't
45°
5'
%
42° 24°
164'
27
mz
60° 61° 66°
20' 13' 52'
m'r m'y rs
66° 81°
28°
52' 54' 54'
Figs. 1-6, simple forms. 7, Typical right-handed crystal. 8, Left-handed crystal. 9-12, TV irs. 13, Distorted crystal. 9, 10, Sbk. 11, Switzerland, Dx. 12, Madagascar, Pfd.
Crystals commonly prismatic, with the m faces horizontally striated (f. 11); terminated either by both rhombohedrons (f. 1, 5, 6), or by one only (f. 3). Often in double six-sided pyramids or quartzoids through the equal development of r and z (f. 2); rarely r predominates (f. 4), the form then having a cubic aspect (rrf 85° 46'). Crystals frequently distorted (f.
6, 13), when the correct orientation may be obscure except as shown by the striations on m. The faces and st also often striated edge r/m' (s), or edge r /mv (st), cf. figs.
7, 8, 14; also striations common in other zones, f. 17, 18. Crystals often elongated to acicular forms, and tapering through the oscillatory combination of successive rhombo- hedrons with the prism. Occasionally twisted or bent.
Frequently in radiated masses with a surface of pyramids, or in druses.
Quartz.
The + rhombohedron (r) is usually the predominating form, where r and z are not equally developed, and its faces often show a higher luster than those of 2; it can always be recognized by the shape of the etching figures (cf. figs. 26, 27), and also in most cases by pyroelectrical phenomena when these are distinct (see below). As shown by Rose, simple crystals are either right- or left handed. On a right-handed crystal (f. 7), s, if present, lies to the right of the m face, which is below the plus rhombohedron r, and with this belong the plus right trapezo- hedrons, as x, alsoM, y, and l(f. 15, 16), and minus left trapezohedrons (f717)7asp, r, also a (left). On a left-handed crystal (f. 8), s (properly s,) lies to the left of the m below r, and with it (f. 18, 19, 20, the last two twins) the plus left and minus right trapezohedrons. also a (right). The right- and left-handed forms (except apparently and £,) occur together only in twins. In the absence of trapezobedral planes the striatious on s (cf . above and f. 16), if distinct, serve to distinguish the planes r and z, and hence show the right- and left-handed character of the crystals.
Twins3: (1) tw. axis 6 (tw. pi. m), axes hence parallel, the individuals both right- or both left-handed but unsymmetrical, r then parallel to and coinciding with z, the resulting form, as in fig. 9, mostly penetration-twins, the parts often irregularly united (cf. f. 19, 20), as shown by dull areas (z) on the plus rhombohe- dral face (r) ; otherwise these twins are recognized by pyro-electrical phenomena.
Figs. 15-21, Rath: 15, Dissentis; 16-21, Alexander Co., N. C.
(2) Tw. pi. a, sometimes called the Brazil laiv, the individuals respectively righix and left-handed and the twin symmetrical with reference to an a face (f. 10), usually as irregular penetration-twins; in these twins r and r, also z and z, coincide. This kind of twinning sometimes gives rise to successive zones of alternate character (as in amethyst) ; the composition is seen by the simultaneous appearance of planes characterizing both forms (right and left), and in irregular areas on the surface having different physical character; also in the optical behavior of cross-sections (_L as well as by pyro-electrical phenomena. (3) Tw. pi. £ (1122), contact-twins (f. 11, 12), the axes crossing at an angle of 84° 33', and a plane m coincident in both individuals; the like rhombohedral faces are usually symmetrical, i.e., r to r, etc., but sometimes unsymmetrical, that is, r corresponds to z, etc. Groupings which simulate twins are common; pseudo-twins, with s as the approximate twinning-
Oxides.
plane, are also produced by the arrangement of crystals in parallel position on the — £ R faces of calcite.
Massive forms common and in great variety, passing from the coarse or fine granular and crystalline kinds to those which are flint-like or cryptocrystalline. Sometimes mammillary, stalactitic, and in concretionary forms; as sand.
Cleavage : r, z, difficult and not often observed, also in, and sometimes c, more difficult; sometimes developed by sudden cooling after being heated; also (Mid.4) by the pressure of a sharp point on thin sections, e.g. cut 6 and m. Also a lamellar structure r and z as gliding-planes, sometimes developed by secondary means (Judd4). Fracture couchoidal to subconchoidal in crystallized forms, uneven to splmtery in some massive kinds. Brittle to tough. H 7. Gr. 2'653, 2'654 in crystals, Beud. ; 2*660 cryst., Herkimer, Pfd. ; cryptocrystalline forms somewhat lower (to 2'60) if pure, but impure massive forms (e.g. jasper) higher. Luster vitreous, sometimes greasy; splendent to nearly dull. Colorless when pure; often various shades of yellow, red, brown, green, blue, black. Streak white, of pure varieties; if impure, often the same as the color, but much paler. Transparent to opaque.
Optically +. Double refraction weak. Polarization circular; axial figure hence having a colored center. Eotation sometimes right-handed, also left-handed, the optical character corresponding to right- and left-handed character of crystals, as defined above; in twins (law 2) both right and left forms sometimes united, sections then often showing Airy's spirals in the polariscope; of. figs. 23, 24, also 25-
Figs. 23, 24, Basal sections in polarized light, showing interpenetration of right- and left-handed portions, Dx. 25, Same, showing also secondary lamellae (at a, b), alternately right- and left-handed, Judd.
Rotatory power proportional to thickness of plate. Refractive indices5 for the Fraunhofer lines; also rotatory power8 for sections of lmm- thickness:
A
B
D
E
F
G
G?
1-53913
e
1-54805
12°-67
15° '75
17° -32
21° -71
27° -54
32°-77
42° -60
For D3 a 21° '684, for D, a 21° '736.
Pyro-electric7; also electric by pressure or piezo-electric. By change of tem- perature a simple crystal is divided into -f- and — electrical zones parallel to the alternate prismatic edges; in right-handed crystals the right edges below r, and in left-handed the corresponding left edges (f. 7, 8), become negative on cooling, the alternate edges positive. In twins (1) two adjacent edges may have the same character; in twins (2, Brazil law) all the prismatic edges may have the same sign. Cross-sections & are divided into sectors, and the irregular penetration is well exhibited by this method. A non-conductor for electricity, acting, in the form of fine threads, as an insulator in a remarkable degree even in a moist.
Quartz.
atmosphere. Comparable as a conductor, in the direction of the vertical axis, to glass at high temperatures, but not conducting normal to this direction8.
Etching figures11, developed by the action of hydrofluoric acid or alkaline carbonates, exhibit the right- and left-hand character of the crystals (Leydolt, Penfield, Molengraaff) as shown in figs. 26, 27. A spherejfrom a simple right- handed crystal subjected by Penfield to the action of acid was attacked rapidly in the direction of the vertical axis, but not at all at the + extremities of the axes. Cf. figs. 28, 29.
Figs. 2P-29, Crystals etched by hydrofluoric acid, Penfield. 26, right-handed, 27, left-handed, crystal. 28, 29, sphere cut from simple right-handed crystal after being etched by acid for 7 weeks: 28, basal view; 29, front view; circle shows original form of sphere, dotted hexagon the position of axes.
Comp. — Silica, or silicon dioxide, SiOa Oxygen 53-3, silicon 46-7 100.
In massive varieties often mixed with a little opal-silica. Impure varieties contain iron oxide, calcium carbonate, clay, sand, and various minerals as inclusions.
Var. — 1. PHENOCRYSTALLINE: Crystallized, vitreous in luster.
2. CRYPTOCRYSTALLINE: Flint-like, massive.
The first division includes all ordinary vitreous quartz, whether having crystalline faces or not. The varieties under the second are in general acted upon somewhat more by attrition, and by chemical agents, as hydrofluoric acid, than those of the first. In all kinds made up of layers, as agate, successive layers are unequally eroded.
A. Phenocrystalline Or Vitreous Varieties.
1. Ordinary Crystallized; Rock Crystal. — Colorless quartz, or nearly so, whether in distinct crystals or not. Ordinary as above described. Here belong the Bristol diamonds, Lake George diamonds, Brazilian pebbles, etc. Some variations from the common type are: (a) cavernous crystals, having deep cavities parallel to the faces — occasioned by the interference of impurities during their formation; (b) cap-quartz (Kuppen-quartz Germ.), made up of separable layers or caps, due to the deposit of a little clayey material at intervals in the progress of the crystal; (c) drusy quartz, a crust of small or minute quartz crystals; (d) radiated quartz, often separable into radiated parts having pyramidal terminations; (e) fibrous (Faserkiesel Germ.), rarely deli- cately so, as a kind from Griqualand West, South Africa, altered from crocidolite (see cat's-eye ielow, also crocidolite p. 400).
2. Asteriated; titar-quartz (Stern-quartz Germ.). — Containing within the crystal whitish or colored radiations along the diametral planes. Occasionally exhibits asterism somewhat like that of the asteriated sapphire.
3. Amethystine; Amethyst, AjueOvorov, Theophr., etc. — Clear purple, or bluish violet. The color has been supposed to be due to manganese.
4. Rose. — Rose-red or pink, but becoming paler on exposure. Common massive, and then usually much cracked. Luster sometimes a little greasy. Fuchs states that the color is due to titanium; he found 1 to p. c. in specimens from Rabenstein, near Bodenmais. It may come in part from manganese.
5. Yellow; False Topaz or Citrine. — Yellow and pellucid, or nearly so; resembling somewhat yellow topaz, but very different in crystallization and in absence of cleavage.
6. Smoky; Cairngorm Stone. Mormorion Plin., 37, 63; Morion. (Rauch-quartz Germ.) — Smoky-yellow to smoky-brown, and often transparent; but varying to brownish black, and then nearly opaque in thick crystals. The color is probably due to some organic carbon-nitrogen compound (Forster). Called cairngorms from the locality at Cairngorm, S. W. of Banff, in Scotland. The name morion is given to some dark colored, nearly black, varieties.
188 Oxides.
7. Milky — Milk-white and nearly opaque. Luster often greasy, and then called greasy quartz.
8. Siderite, or Sapphire-quartz. — Of indigo or Berlin-blue color; a variety occurring in an impure limestone at Golliug in Salzburg.
9. Sagenitic. — Containing within acicular crystals of rutile (a), often in reticulated net- like forms; the mineral called from such specimens sagenile (fr. crayr/vrj, a net) by de Saussure (see RUTILE).
Other included minerals in acicular forms are: (5) black tourmaline; (c) gothite; (d) stibnite; (e)asbestus; (/) actinolite; (#) hornblende; (h) epidote.
Cat's-Eye (Katzenauge Germ., CEil de Chat Fr.) — Exhibiting opalescence, but without pris- matic colors, especially when cut en cabochon, an eflect sometimes due to libers of asbestus. Also finely present in the siliceous pseudomorphs, after crocidolite, called tiger eye (see crocido- lite, p. 401). The highly-prized Oriental cat's-eye is a variety of chrysoberyl.
11. Aventurine. — Spangled with scales of mica, hematite, or other mineral.
12. Impure from, the presence of distinct minerals distributed densely through the mass. The more common kinds are those in which the impurities are: (a) ferruginous (Eiseukiesel Germ.). either red or yellow, from anhydrous or hydrous iron sesquioxide; (6) chloritic, from some kind of chlorite; (c) actinolitic; (d) micaceous; (e) arenaceous, or sand. Sinopel is a red ferruginous quartz from Schernnitz, Hungary.
Quartz crystals also occur penetrated by various minerals, as topaz, corundum, chrysoberyl, garnet, different species of the amphibole and pyroxene groups, cyanite, zeolites, calcite, and other carbonates, rutile, stibuite, hematite, gOthite, magnetite, fluorite, gold, silver, anthra- cite, etc.
13. Containing liquids in cavities. These liquids are seen to move with the change of posi- tion of the crystal, provided an air-bubble be present in the cavity; they may be detected also by the refraction of light. The liquid usually is either water (pure, or a mineral solution), or some petroleum-like or other compound. Quartz, especially smoky quartz, also often contains inclusions of both liquid and gaseous carbon dioxide. The water-cavities also occasionally con- tain minute cubes of sodium chloride. Cf. Hartley, Hawes1'2. Wright has 'shown the presence of the gases COa, N, HSS, SO2, H3N and F in the smoky quartz of Branchville, Conn.
B. Cryptocrystalline Varieties.
1. Chalcedony. Murrhina Plin., 37, 7. lacntif, pt. Theophr. laspis pt. Plin., 37, 37. Murrhina, Germ. Chalcedonius, Agric., 466, 1546. Chalcedon, Achates vix pellucida, nebulosa, colore griseo mixta, Wall., 83, 1747. Chalcedon Germ. Calcedoine Fr. — Having the luster nearly of wax, and either transparent or translucent. G. 2'6-2'64. Color white, grayish, pale brown to dark brown, black; tendon-color common; sometimes delicate blue. Also of other shades, and then having other names. Often mammillary, botryoidal, stalactitic, and occurring lining or filling cavities in rocks. It often contains some disseminated opal-silica. The name Enhydros is given to nodules of chalcedony containing water, sometimes in large amount.
Embraced under the general name chalcedony is the crystalline form of silica which forms- concretionary masses with radial-fibrous and concentric structure, and which, as shown by Rosenbusch (Mikr. Phys. Min., 345, 1882), is optically negative, unlike true quartz. It has nt 1'537; G. 2'59-2'64. Often in spherulites, showing the spherulitic interference-figure. Becker proposes to distinguish it under the name chalcedonite (U. S. G. Surv., Mon., 13, 390, 1888). Cf. lussatite of Mallard, p. 197, which has a like structure, but is optically -j- and has the specific gravity and refractive index of opal.
2. Garnelian. Sapdtov Theophr. Sarda Plin., 37, 23, id. Germ. Carneol, Agric,, 468, 1546. Carneol, Agates fere pellucida, colore rubescente, Watt. ,82, 1747. Sard. Cornaline Fr. — A clear red chalcedony, pale to deep in shade; also brownish red to brown, the latter kind (Sardoine Fr.) reddish brown by transmitted light.
3. Chry&oprase (not Chrysoprasus antiq.). An apple-green chalcedony, the color due to the presence of nickel oxide. Klaproth found in that of Silesia I'O p. c. NiO; and Rammelsberg, in the same, 0'41 p. c. NiO.
4. Prase. — Translucent and dull leek-green; so named from itpdcrov, a leek. Always regarded as a stone of little value. The name is also given to crystalline quartz of the same color. " Vilioris est turbae Prasius" says Pliny.
5 Plasma. laspis pt. Plin., 37, 37. — Rather bright green to leek-green, and also sometimes nearly emerald-green, and subtranslucent or feebly translucent; sometimes dotted with white.
Heliotrope, or Blood-stone, is the same stone essentially, with small spots of red jasper, look- ing like drops of blood.
The laspis, or jasper of the ancients, was a semitransparent or translucent stone, and in- cluded in Pliny's time all bright-colored chalcedony excepting the carnelian (sard). He gives special prominence to sky-blue and green, and mentions also a shade of purple (the color of the best, he says), a rose-color, the color of the morning sky in autumn, sea-green, terebenthine color (yellow like turpentine, as interpreted by King), smoke-color (his capnias), etc. ; but in general there is a tinge of blue, whatever the shade. The green kinds may have been chryso- prase or plasma; or perhaps a variety of jade, a stone known in Europe since the Stone age.
Quartz. 189'
The green, with a line running through it (Mouogrammos), may have been plasma, or jade, with a narrow seam of white quartz.
Pliny's Prasius, spotted with red, was our heliotrope; his Heliotrope (37. 60) was a leek- green stone (prase or plasma) veined with blood-red (jasper); and the jasper was so abundant a part as to give a general red reflection to the whole when it was put in water in the face of the sun, whence the mime from ?/A/o?, sun, and rpeneiv, to turn.
6. Agate. 'AzdryS [fr. Sicily] Theophr. Achates pt. Plin., 37, 54. — Onyx pt. Plin., ib.,. 24. — A variegated chalcedony. The colors are either (a) banded; or (b) in clouds; or (c) due to visible impurities.
(a) Banded. The bands are delicate parallel lines, of white, tendon-like, wax-like, pale and dark brown, and black colors, and sometimes bluish and other shades. They follow courses, sometimes straight, more often waving or zigzag, and occasionally concentric circular, as in the
, -eye-agate (Leucophthalmus Plin., 37, 62, and Triophthalmus ib., 71). The line translucent agates graduate into coarse and opaque kinds. The bands are the edges of layers of deposition, the agate having been formed by a deposit of silica from solutions intermittently supplied, in, irregular cavities in rocks, and deriving their concentric waving courses from the irregularities- of the walls of the cavity. As the cavity cannot contain enough of the solution to fill it with, silica, an open hole has been supposed to be retained on one side to permit the continued supply; but it is more probable that it passes through the outer layers by osmosis, the denser solution outside thus supplying silica as fast as it is deposited within. The colors are due to- traces of organic matter, or of oxides of iron, manganese, or titanium, and largely to differences, in rate of deposition. The layers differ in porosity, and therefore in the rate at which they are etched by hydrofluoric acid; and consequently the etching process brings out tlie different layers, and makes engravings that will print exact pictures of the agate. Owing also to the unequal porosity, agates may be varied in color by artificial means, and this is done now to a large extent with the agates cut for ornament.
(b) Irregularly clouded. The colors various, as in banded agate.
A whitish clouded variety is probably the Leucachates Plin. (fr. Aeu/co?, white); a wax- colored, his Cerachates (fr. cera, wax), a name that may have been applied also to ordinary wax- colored chalcedony, as the stone was one in little repute; (c) a reddish, his tfardachates, or carnelian-agate. The last probably included also banded kinds. Hemachates (fr. 'W, blood) was probably a true light-colored agate, blotched with red jasper, "blushing with spots of blood," as says Solinus (King, p. 207), of which there are very beautiful kinds, and not simple red jasper. laspachates must have been an agate in which bluish and greenish shades (laspis). predominated. These names are given by Pliny without accompanying descriptions. Ruin- agate or Fortification-agate is a variety with light to dark brown shades, showing, when polished, curious markings well described by the name.
(c) Colors due to visible impurities, (a) Moss-agate or Mocha-stone, filled with brown moss-like or dendritic forms, as of manganese oxide, distributed through the mass, (b) Dendritic Agate, containing brown or black dendritic markings. These two are the Dendrachales Plin. (fr. SerSpov, a tree).
There is also Agatized wood: wood petrified with clouded agate.
7. Onyx. 'Oi'vxioi' Theophr. Onyx pt. [rest agate, or stalagmite, p. 268] Plin., 37,24. Onice Ital. — Like agate in consisting of layers of different colors, but the layers are in even planes, and the banding therefore straight, and hence its use for cameos, the head being cut in one color, and another serving for the background. The colors of the best are perfectly well defined, and either white and black, or white, brown, and black alternate ; also white and red. Onicolo Ital. (dimin.) is a name given to a kind of onyx in which a thin layer of white over black gives a bluish tinge.
8. Sardonyx Pliu , 37, 23. — Like onyx in structure, but includes layers of carnelian (sard): along with others of white or whitish, and brown, and sometimes black colors.
9. Agate-Jasper — -An agate consisting of jasper with veiuings and cloudings of chalcedony.
10. Siliceous sinter. — Irregularly cellular quartz, formed by deposition from waters contain- ing silica or soluble silicates in solution. See also under opal, p. 195.
11. Flint. Silex pt. Plin., Feuerstein Germ. — Somewhat allied to chalcedony, but more opaque, and of dull colors, usually gray, smoky-brown, and brownish black. The exterior is often whitish, from mixture with lime or chalk, in which it is embedded. Luster barely glistening, subvitreous. Breaks with a deeply conchoidal fracture, and a sharp cutting edge. The flint of the chalk formation consists largely of the remains of diatoms, sponges, and other marine productions. The silica of flint, according to Fuchs, is partly soluble silica. There is usually a small amount of alumina and iron sesquioxide, with some water. The coloring matter of the common kinds is mostly carbonaceous matter. Flint implements play an impor- tant part among the relics of early man.
12. Hornstone. Silex pt,, Plin. (Hornstein Germ.) — Resembles flint, but more brittle, the fracture more splintery. Chert is a term often applied to hornstone, and to any impure flinty rock, including the jaspers.
13. Basanite ; Lydian Stone, or Touchstone. Lapis Lydius Plin., 33, 43? Basanites id., 36, 11, Lydite. — A velvet-black siliceous stone or flinty jasper, used on account of its hardness and black color for trying the purity of the precious metals. The color left on the stone after rubbing the metal across it indicates to the experienced eye the amount of alloy. It is not splintery like hornstoue. It passes into a compact, fissile, siliceous, or flinty rock, of grayish and
190 Oxides.
other colors, called siliceous slate, and also Phthanyte; and then resembles ordinary jasper of grayish and other shades, especially the banded jaspers.
14. Jasper. — Impure opaque colored quartz, (a) Red (Hsematitis Plin., 37, c. 60, not his Haematites), iron sesquioxide being the coloring matter, (b) Brownish, or ocher yellow, colored by hydrous iron sesquioxide, and becoming red when so heated as to drive oil' the water, (c) Dark green and brownish green, (d) Grayish blue, (e) Blackish or brownish black. (/) Striped or riband jasper (Bandjaspis Germ.), having the colors in broad stripes, (g) Egyptian jasper, in nodules which are zoned in brown and yellowish colors, (h) Jasponyx. Jasperized wood.
Poi'celain jasper is nothing but baked clay, and differs from true jasper iu being B.B. fusible on the edges. Red porphyry, or its base, resembles jasper, but is also fusible on the edges, being aeually an impure feldspar.
C. Besides the above there are also:
1. Granular Quartz, Quartz-rock, or Quartzyte. — A rock consisting of quartz grains very irmly compacted; the grains often hardly distinct. 2. Quartzose Sandstone. 3. Quartz- Conglomerate. A rock made of pebbles of quartz with sand. The pebbles sometimes are jasper and chalcedony, and make a beautiful stone when polished. 4. Itacolumyte, or Flexible Sand- stone. A friable sand-rock, consisting mainly of quartz-sand, but containing a little mica, and possessing a degree of flexibility when in thin laminae. 5. Buhrstone, or Burrstone. A cellular, flinty rock, having the nature in part of coarse chalcedony.
6. Pseudomorplious Quartz. — Quartz appears also under the forms of many of the mineral species, which it has taken through either the alteration or replacement of crystals of those species. The most common quartz pseudomorphs are those of calcite, barite, fluorite, and siderite. (a) Tabular quartz consists of intersecting plates of quartz, and is probably a result of the quartz being deposited among intersecting plates of other minerals, as barite. (b) Haytorite of C. Tripe (Pnil. Mag., 1, 40, 1827) is a pseudomorph after datolite. (c) Babel-quartz is quartz which has, on the under surface, impressions of cubes of fluorite, arising from its having been deposited over the crystals; from Beer-Alston, Devonshire, (d) Silicified shells are proper pseudomorphs in quartz; they occur through many rock strata, including limestones, (e) Silici- fied wood is quartz pseudomorph after wood. The texture of the original wood is usually well retained, it having been formed by the deposit of silica from its solution in the cells of the wood, and finally taking the place of the walls of the cells as the wood itself disappeared.
Beekite (Beckite Dufr,) is a chalcedonic chert formed by the replacement of limestone fragments in the New Red conglomerate of South Devon, England; it often takes the form of calcareous shells or other fossils. Named after Dr. Beek, Dean of Bristol. See Hughes for occurrence, literature, etc., Min. Mag., 8, 265, 1889.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. unaltered; with borax dissolves slowly to a clear glass; with soda dissolves with effervescence; unacted upon by salt of phosphorus. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid, and only slightly acted upon by solutions of fixed caustic alkalies, the cryptocrystalline varieties to the greater extent. Soluble only in hydrofluoric acid. When fused and cooled it becomes amorphous silica, having G. 2'2.
Obs. — Quartz occurs as one of the essential constituents of granite, syenite, gneiss, mica schist, and many related rocks; as the principal constituent of quartz-rock and many sand- stones; as an unessential ingredient in some trachyte (liparyte), porphyry, etc.; as the vein- stone in various rocks, and for a large part of mineral veins; as a foreign mineral in the cavities of basalt, and related rocks, some limestones, etc., making geodes of crystals, or of chalcedony, agate, caruelian, etc.; as embedded nodules or masses in various limestones, constituting the flint of the chalk formation, the hornstone of other limestones — these nodules sometimes becoming continuous layers; as masses of jasper occasionally in limestone. It is the principal material of the pebbles of gravel-beds, and of the sands of the sea-shore, and sand-beds every- where.
In graphic granite (pegmatyte) the quartz is arranged in parallel position in feldspar. The quartz grains in a fragmental sandstone are often found to have undergone a secondary growth by the deposition of crystallized silica with like orientation to the original nucleus. Of. Sorby, Q. J. G. Soc., 36, 1880, Pres. Address, p. 62 ; Irving, Am. J. Sc., 25, 401, 1883.
Quartz crystals occasionally occur of enormous size.- A group in the museum of the university at Naples weighs nearly half a ton. A crystal belonging to Sig. Rafelli, of Milan, measures 3ift. in length and 5£ in circumference, and its weight is estimated at 870 Ibs.; another in Paris is 3 ft. in diameter and weighs 8 cwt. About a century since a drusy cavity was opened at Zinken, which afforded 1,000 cwt. of rock crystal, and at that early period brought $300,000. One crystal weighed 800 Ibs. A single cavity in a vein of quartz near the Tiefen Glacier, in Switzerland, discovered in 1867, afforded smoky quartz crystals weighing in the aggregate about 20,000 pounds; a considerable number of the single crystals having a weight of 200 to 250 pounds, or even more. A group from Moose Mountain, New Hampshire, at Dart- mouth College, weighs 147£ Ibs.. and contains 48 crystals; four of them are from 5 to 5£ inches in diameter, ten from 4 to 4£ inches. A crystal from Waterbury, Vt., 2 ft. long and 18 inches through, weighs 175 Ibs.
Switzerland, Dauphine, Piedmont, the Carrara quarries, and numerous other foreign localities, afford fine specimens of rock crvstal; also Japan, whence the beautiful crystal spheres, in rare cases up to 6 inches in diameter. Smoky quartz crystals of great beauty, and often highly complex in form, occur at many points in the central Alps, also at Cairngorm, Scotland. The most beautiful amethysts are brought from India, Ceylon, and Persia, also from Brazil; inferior
Quartz. 191
specimens occur in Transylvania, in large crystalline groups; in the vicinity of Cork, and on Achill Is. , Co. Mayo, Ireland. The false topaz is met with in Brazil. Hose quartz occurs in a vein of manganese, traversing the granite of Rabenstein, near Zwiesel in Bavaria Prase is found in the iron mines of Breiteiibrunn, near Schwarzenberg in Saxony; and in Brittany, near Nantes and Renues. The amygdaloids of Iceland and the Faroer Islands afford magnificent specimens of chalcedony; also Hilttenberg and Leoben in Carinthia, etc. A smalt-blue variety, in cubical crystals (pseudomorphs of fluorite), occurs at Tn-ez'yan in Transylvania; — T-he finest carneliams and agates are found in Arabia, India, Brazil, Surinam, also formerly at Oberstein and Saxony. Scotland affords smaller but handsome specimens (Scotch pebbles). Chrysoprase, at Kosemiltz in Silesia. Aventurine quartz, at Cape de Gata in Spain. Oafs-eye, in Ceylon, the coast of Malabar, and also in the Harz and Bavaria. Plasma, in India and China, whence it is usually brought in the form of beads. Heliotrope, in Bucharia, Tartary, Siberia, and the island of Rum in the Hebrides. Float stone, in the chalk formation of Menil Montant, near Paris, and in some of the Cornish mines. The banks of the Nile afford the Egyptian jasper; the striped jasper is met with in Siberia, Saxony, and Devonshire. A yellow jasper is found at Vourla. bay of Smyrna, associated with opal, chrysoprase, and horustone. The plains of Argos are strewn with pebbles of red jasper.
In New York, quartz crystals are abundant in Herldmer Co., at Middleville, Little Falls, Salisbury, and Newport, loose in cavities in the Calciferous sand-rock, or embedded in loose earth, and sometimes, according to Beck, in powdered anthracite. Fine quartzoids, at the beds of hematite in Fowler, Herman, and Edwards, St. Lawrence Co., also at Antwerp, Jefferson Co. In Gouverueur, crystals, with tourmaline, etc., in limestone, which have rounded angles as if they bad been partially fused. On the banks of Laidlaw lake, Rossie, large im- planted crystals. At Palatine, Montgomery Co., crystals, having one end terminated with the usual pyramid, while the other is rounded and smooth. At Ellenville lead mine, Ulster Co., in fine groups. At Diamond island and Diamond Point, Lake George, quartz crystals, as in Herkimer Co. In Mass., crystals with unusual modifications, sparingly at the Somerville syenite quarry. Pelham ai:d Chesterfield, Mass., Paris and Perry, Me., Benton, N. H.. Sharon, Vt., and Meadow Mount, Md., are other localities of quartz crystals. At Chesterfield, Mass., small unpolished rhornbohedrons, in granite. At Paris, Me., handsome crystals of brown or smoky quartz. In large crystals, often perfect and weighing several pounds, at Minnesota mine, Lake Superior, occasionally enveloped in metallic copper, as if cast around the crystals. Drusy quartz, of brown, apple-green and other tints, at Newfane, Vt. Beautiful colorless crystals occur at Hot Springs, Arkansas. Alexander Co., N. C., has afforded great numbers of highly complex crystals, with rare modifications. Cf. Rath, 1. c., Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 1881, 1883. Fine crystals of smoky quartz come from the granite of the Pike's Peak region, Colorado. Geocles of quartz crystals, also enclosing calcite, sphalerite, etc. , are common in the Keokuk lime- stone of the west. For other localities, see the catalogue of localities in the latter part of this volume.
Hose quartz, at Albany, and Paris, Me., Acworth, N. H., Williamsburg, Mass., Southbury, Conn., and Port Henry, Essex Co., N. Y.; smoky quartz, at Goshen, Mass., Richmond Co., N.Y., etc.; amethyst, in trap, at Keweenaw Point, Pic bay, and Gargontwa, on Lake Superior; with fossilized wood at Specimen Mt., Yellowstone Park; at Bristol, Rhode Island, and sparingly throughout the trap region of Massachusetts and Connecticut; in Surry, New Hampshire; in Pennsylvania, in East Bradford, Aston, Chester, and Providence (one fine crystal over 7 Ibs. in weight), in Chester Co.; very handsome at the Prince vein, Lake Superior, but now hardly ob- tainable, as the mine is not worked; also very large fine crystals, near Greensboro, N. C. Crys- tallized green quartz, in talc, at, Providence, Delaware Co., Penn.; at Ellenville, N. Y., with chlorite. Chalcedony and agates of moderate beauty, in the same trap region; more abundantly about Lake Superior, the Mississippi, and the streams to the west; at Natural Bridge, Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; about the Willamette, Columbia, and other rivers in Oregon; abundant and beautiful on N. W. shore of Lake Superior. Belmont's lead mine, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., has afforded
food chalcedony and chrysoprase, associated with calcite. Red jasper is found on Sugar Loaf It., Maine; in pebbles on the banks of the Hudson at Troy; yellow, with chalcedony, at Chester, Mass.; red and yellow, near Murphy's, Calaveras Co., Cal. Heliotrope occupies veins in slate at Blooming Grove, Orange Co., N. Y.
Smoky quartz in large crystals, some over 100 Ibs., have been found on Paradise R., Nova Scotia.
Agatized and jasperized wood of great beauty and variety of color is obtained from the petrified forest called Chalcedony Park, near Carrizo, Apache Co.. Arizona; also from the Yellowstone Park: near Florissant and elsewhere in Colorado: Amethyst Mt., Utah; Napa Co., Calicornia. Moss agates from Humboldt Co., Nevada, and many other points. On the occur- rence of the ornamental varieties of quartz, see Kunz, Gems and Precious Stones of N. America,
The word quartz is of German provincial origin. Agate is from the name of the river Achates, in Sicily, whence specimens were brought, as stated by Theophrastus.
Alt. — Pseudomorphs of pyrite, cassiterite, magnetite, hematite, voltzite, after quartz, have been described. Quartz pseudomorphs after fluorite, barite, and other species are not uncommon.
Artif. — Repeatedly produced, both in well-formed crystals and in chalcedonic varieties; thus (Senarmont) from gelatinous silica in a closed tube -with excess of water at a high
Oxides.
temperature; also (Daubree) by the prolonged action of water vapor upon glass under pressure; again (Hautefeuille) by fusing a mixture of alkaline phosphates and fluorides with silica and alumina, orthoclase was obtained at the same time. By the fusion of silica and lithium chloride at a low red heat quartz crystals were obtained (Hautefeuille and Margottet) ; at a bright red, crystals of tridymite. Cf. Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., 81, 1882; Bourgeois, Reprod. Min., 79, 1884.
Ref.—1 Preisschrift, p. 61, 1825; cf. Kk. Min. Russl., 8, 129, 1878; Dbr. obtained rz 46° 16' 4" 8, Fogg., 103, 107, 1858.
On the crystallization of quartz see: Rose, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 217-274, 1844, a monograph of the first importance; he gives also the earlier bibliography (Weiss, Haid., Wackeruagel, etc.), Dx Mem. Ac. Sc., 15, 404, 1858. a second equally important memoir, an abstract in Ann. Ch. Phys., 45, 129, 1855; also later Min., 1, 7, 1862. Bella, Ac. Sc. Torino, 17, 1858 (Min. Sarda). E Weiss, Abh. Ges. Halle, 51, 51, 1860. Also papers by Websky, Pogg., 99, 296, 1856; Zs. G Ges., 17, 348, 1865; Jb. Miu., 1871, 1874. Hbg. Min. Not., 1, 11, 2, 3, etc. Rath, Zs. G. Ges.. 22, 619, 1870; Zs. Kr., 5. 1, 490, 1881. 10, 156, 475, 1885, Cassel Festschrift, 1886, et al. Scharff, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges., 1874. Artiui. Val Malenco, Mem. Ace. Line., 5. April, 1888.
Cf. Rose, E. Weiss, Dx., and later Gdt., Index, 3, 1, 1888. 3 On twins, laws (1) and (2), also fourlings, see Groth, Zs. Kr. 1, 297. 1877. Twins with inclined axes (? tw. pi.) Rath, Pogg., 155, 57 1875, he also gives earlier literature. A variety of supposed twins with inclined axes have been described by Jenzsch, Pogg., 130, 597. 1867, 134, 540, 188. Cf. also4 Cleavage: Mid., Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 61, 1890. Secondary lamellar structure. Judd, Min. Mag., 8, 1, 1888.
On refractive indices*: For A by Van der Willigen (ref. p. 271), others Rudberg, Pogg., 14, 45, 1828- also, ultra-violet, Sarasin, C. R. , 85, 1230, 1878. 6 Rotatory power: Soret and Sarasin, C. R., 81, 610, 1875, 83, 818, 1876, 84, 1362. 1877. Also earlier, Biot. Mem. Acad., 20, 221, 1849- on effect of temperature to increase the rotation, Lang, Ber. Ak. Wien, 71 (2), 1875; Joubert, C. R , 87, 497, 1879. 7 On pyro-electricity, etc.: Hankel, Abh. Sachs. Ges., 12, 1881, et al Wied. Ann.. 10, 618, 1880; Kundt, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 16. 1883: Wied. Ann., 20, 592, 1883-'Koleuko, Zs. Kr., 9, 1, 1884; Jacques and P. Curie, C. R., 91, ','94, 384, 1880; Friedel and J. Curie, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 282. 1882; Rontgen, Ber. Oberhess. Ges , 22, 1882.
On elasticity: Voigt, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 5, 90, 1887. "Elasticity of fine threads, Boys, Phil Mag., 30, 99. 1890. Dilatation Fizeau, later Le Chatelier, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 112, 1890: 9 Boys, Nature, May 16. 1889. 10 Tegetmeier & Warburg, Wied., 32, 442, 1887. On magnetism: Koenig, Wied. Ann., 31. 273. 1873. " On etching-figures: Leydolt, Ber. Ak Wien 15, 59, 1855. Baumh., Wied. Ann., 1, 157. 1877; Pfd., Conn. Acad., 8. 158, 1889; Moienoraaff, Zs Kr., 14, 173, 1888. 17, 137, 1889. Inclusions: Hartley, J. Ch. Soc., 29, 137, 1876; Hawes, Am. J. Sc., 21. 203, 1881; A. W Wright, ib., 21, 209, 1881.
COTTEKITE Harkness, Min. Mag., 2, 82. 1878. A variety of quartz, having a "peculiar metallic pearly luster," and forming a coating on ordinary quartz crystals, from Rockforest, Ireland.
211. TRIDYMITE. G torn Rail*, Pogg., 135, 437, 1868.
Hexagonal or pseudo-hexagon;;]. Axis 6 1-65304; OOOi A 1011 62° 21' Rath1.
p (1011, 1). Also q (1016, and r (3034, f) as tw. planes.
Angles- ml — 10° 53|', mi 13° 54', mp *27° 39', pp' 52° 35', co 32° 28', eg 17° 39', cr 55° 4', cp 62° 21'.
Crystals usually minute, thin tabular c.
m
m
" P
Figs. 1-8, Pachuca, Mexico, Rath.
Twins very common: (1) tw. pi. q (1016) f. 2; often in trillings (f. 3), both contact- and penetra- tion-twins. The twinning angle cc — 35° 18', while in trillings it is 70° 36', approximating closely to the regular octahedron; hence pseudo-isometric forms occur among the compound crystals. (2) r (3034), often combined with twins (1), cc 69° 52', also near the octahedral angle. Also united with polysynthetic twinning in fan-shaped groups and spherical rosettes.
Cleavage: prismatic, not dis- tinct; parting c, sometimes ob- served. Fracture conchoidal.
Tridymite. 198
Brittle. H. 7. G. — 2 -28-2 -33. Luster vitreous, on c pearly. Colorless to white. Transparent. Optically -4-. Double refraction weak. Mean refractive index 1*476 for D, Mid. Often exhibits anomalous refraction phenomena.
A basal section often exhibits a series of differently orientated doubly refracting and biaxial bands, whose existence has been explained3 by the assumption of a complex twinning of monoclinic or triclinic individuals with a prismatic plane (60°) as Iwinjiing-plane. These may be secondary, however, since at a moderately elevated temperature the sections become isotropic and uniaxial4.
Comp. — Pure silica, Si02, like quartz.
Pyr., etc.— Like quartz, but soluble in boiling sodium carbonate.
Obs.— Occurs chiefly in acidic volcanic rocks, trachyte, andesyte, liparyte, less often in doleryte; usually iu cavities, often associated with sanidine, also hornblende, augite, hematite; sometimes in opal. First observed in crevices and druses in an augite-andesyte from the Cerro San Cristobal, near Pachuca, Mexico; later proved to be rather generally distributed. Thus in trachyte of the Drachenfels and Perlenhardt of the Siebengebirge; of Euganean Hills in N. Italy; Puy Capuciu (Mont-Dore) in Central France, and Alleret, Haute Loire; in porphyryte of Waldbockelheirn; in augite-andesyte of Gerenczes in Transylvania.
In the ejected masses from Vesuvius consisting chiefly of sanidine. In the andesyte of Krakatau (Zs. Kr., 10, 174, 1885); at Lyttleton Harbor, near Christchurch, New Zealand, in compound crystals approximating to isometric forms (cf. above, and Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., July 7, 1886). With quartz, feldspar, fayalite in lithophyses of Obsidian cliff, Yellowstone Park. In the andesyte of Mt. Rainier, Washington. In the opal of Zimapan and elsewhere, as in the cacholong of Iceland and Huttenberg, Carinthia.
Named from rpiSvuoS, three-fold, in allusion to the common occurrence in trillings.
Alt.— The tridymite of the Euganean Hills (pseudo tridymite, Mid.) has the common form of the species, but, as shown by Mallard, its specific gravity is very near that of quartz, with which it also agrees in optical characters; it is then to be regarded as a paramorph. Bull. Soe Min., 13, 162, 1890.
Artif.— First formed by Rose by dissolving a silicate in a salt of phosphorus bead, the skeleton of silica, consisting of tridymite; later also by Hautefeuille. Again by Friedel and Sarasin by heating gelatinous silica at a red heat with an alkaline solution in a closed tube. Cf. p. 192; afso Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., 85, 1882; Bourgeois, Reprod. Min., 81, 1884. As a recent for- mation at Plombieres (Daubree). Observed in the vitrified walls of the muffles of a zinc furnace with gahnite and willemite.
Ref.— ] Pogg. , 152, 1, 1874. 2 Mallard on pseudo-tridymite (see above), Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 162, 1890. 3 Schuster, Min. Mitth., 1, 71, 1878; Lsx., Zs. Kr., 2, 253, 1878. 4 Merian, Jb. Min., 1, 193, 1884.
ASMANITE Maskelyne, Phil. Trans., 161, p. 361, 1871. Bath, Pogg., Erg. Bd., 6,382, 1873. Winkler, Nov. Act. Leopold, Car. Akad., 40, 339, 1878.
A form of silica found in the meteoric iron of Breitenbach, in very minute grains, generally much rounded aud stained with iron on the surface. It is mixed with bronzite (after the re- moval of the iron, troilite, and chromite), and constitutes about one-third of the mixed siliceous minerals. Also (in irregular particles) in the Rittersgriln iron, making up about one-fourth of the non-metallic portion, with troilite and bronzite, which together form about one-half of the whole.
Described as orthorhombic, with a : b : c 1'7437 : 1 : 3-.3120. Observed forms: 100, 001, 110, 013, 012, 023, Oil, 043, 116. 112, 223. Angles (calc.,Mask.): 110 A 110 59° 40', OOlAOll 62" 14', 001 A 112 62° 21' (mm' ='60°, cp 62° 21' tridymite).
Cleavage: c good, with vitreous luster; m difficult. Very brittle H. 5'5. G. 2'245, Breitenbach. Luster generally resinous, resembling opal. Colorless. Transparent. Optically biaxial, negative. Ax. pi. a. Bxl6. 2E 107°-107i°. Dispersion p >v. Composition, nearly- pure silica. Analyses: 1, 2, Maskelyne, 1 on 0 3114 gr., 2 on 0'2653 gr. 3, Winkler, 1 c p. 358.
SiO, Fe2O3 CaO MgO
1. Breitenbach 97'43 1-12 0'58 1'51 100'64
2. " 99-21 0-79 etc. 100
3. Rittersgriln 97'84 165 tr. — ign. 1 01 100'SO
It has been pretty conclusively proved that asmanite is identical with tridymite, as suggested by Lasaulx (Zs. Kr., 2, 274, 1878), Weisbach (cf. Winkler, 1. c.), and Tschermak, Ber. At. Wien, 88 (1), 348, 1883. Groth regards tridymite as orthorhombic and isomorphous with brookite (TiO3).
CRISTOBALITE G. vom Rath, Jb. Min., 1, 198, 1887. Christobalite
In regular octahedrons up to 2 mm., in part spinel twins. Angle oo' 70° 21' Mid. The forms sometimes skeleton-like with depressed faces. No cleavage. H. 6-7. G. 2'27 Rath; 2-34 Mid. Luster dull. Color white. Translucent. Shows abnormal double refraction, hence pseudo-isometric Mid. Mean refractive index 1-432. oo — e 0'00053 Mid. Heated to 175° C. the double refraction disappears suddenly, reappearing on cooling.
194 Oxides.
Composition, pure silica, SiOa. Analysis, Rath, on 0'08 gram, containing some gangue (FeaO,, etc.): SiOa 91'0, FeaO3,Al2O3 6-2 97'2.
B.B. infusible. Occurs with tridyinite in cavities in the andesyte of the Cerro S. Cristobal near Pachuca, Mexico.
The similarity between the pseudo-isometric twinned forms of tridymite and the octahe- drons of cristobalite was pointed out by Ruth; and the relation between the two forms of silica is minutely discussed by Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 172, 1890.
GRANULINE. Granulina A. Scacchi, Rend. Ace. Napoli, 21, 176, October 1882. A form of silica, probably identical with tridymite, occurring as a white pulverulent incrustation on Vesuvian lava. Very hygroscopic, regaining in the air the water (17'4 p. c.) lost on ignition. G. 1-73, after ignition 2'20. Readily soluble in sodium carbonate. White pearly hexagonal plates of tridymite occur with it which consist also of silica and water, losing 12'5 p. c. by ignition.
MELANOPHLOGITE A. D. Lasaulx, Jb. Min., 250, 627, 1876; 513, 1879. Melanoflogite G. Spezia, Mem. Ace. Line., 15, 800, 1883.
ID minute cubes and spherical aggregates. The cubes have an isotropic crust, while the in- terior has aggregate polarization like chalcedony. H. 6'5-7. G. 2'04. Luster vitreous. Color light brown or colorless. Transparent. The double refraction is sometimes after the analogy of pseudo-isometric species. Mallard (Bull. Soc. Min.. 13, 180, 1890) shows that the crystals are made up of the fibrous rnelanophlogite turning black upon ignition, with G. 2'04, with enclosed particles of quartz with G. 2'65, both probably present by alteration from some earlier mineral.
Analyses.— 1, Lasaulx, 1. c. 2, Spezia, 1. c. 3, Pisaui, Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 298, 1888.
SiO, SOS H2O C Fe203
1. 86-29 7-20 2-86 — 0'70 SrO 2'80 99'85
2. 89-46 560 2'42 1 '33 0'25 99 06
3. G. 2-02 91-12 5-30 152 0 43 (A1,O,) 98'37
The carbon is present in minute yellow grains whose composition is undetermined; separated by use of hydrofluoric acid and heated on platinum foil they turn black and disappear. The mineral turns black superficially when heated B.B. (hence name from weAaS, black, and (f)\eye(T&ait to be burned] in consequence of the presence of this enclosed carbon.
Occurs with calcite and celestite implanted upon an incrustation of opaline silica over the sulphur crystals of Girgenti, Sicily.
This anomalous substance can hardly be regarded as other than of pseudomorphous origin.
SULPURICIN Guyard, Bull. Soc. Chim., 22, 61, 1874. Brezina, Min. Mitth., 243, 1876.
A white porous silica, having a sour taste and impregnated with sulphur. From Greece. An analysis gave Guyard: SiO2 80'38, SO3 6'80, 8 4'10, H2O 6'10, A1O3 0'43, Fe2O3 0 57 (in orig. 8 57), MgO 0'37, CaO 1'25 100. Cf. melanophlogite.
VESTAN Jenzsch, Pogg., 105, 320, 1878. A supposed triclinic form of silica from the melaphyre of Saxony and the Thiiriuger Wald. Cf. 5th Ed., p. 198.
JENZSCHITE Dana, Min., 5th Ed., p. 201. A name proposed for certain kinds of opal silica, described by Jenzsch (Pogg., 126, 497, 1865), having the specific gravity of quartz but soluble in a hot solution of caustic potash. The kinds here referred to are a white cacholong from Hilttenberg in Carinthia. G. 2'591; from Hutberg, near Weissig, in amygdaloid. G. 2'633- 2-647; from the porphyry of Regensberg, G. 2'620; from Brazil, G. 2"596. They are generally associated with chalcedony, and Jenzsch regards them as a result of its alteration.
PASSYITE E. Marchand. Ann. Ch. Phys., 1, 392, 1874. An impure variety of silica .occurring in white earthy masses at Contremoulins, Caux, France.
.212. OPAL. Opalus, Paederos, Plin., 37, 31, 22. Quartz resinite H., Tr., 2, 1801.
Amorphous. Massive; sometimes small reniform, stalactitic, or large tuberose. Also earthy.
H. 5-5-6'5. G. l'9-2'3; when pure 2'l-2'2. Luster vitreous, frequently subvitreous; often inclining to resinous, and sometimes to pearly. Color white, yellow, red, brown, green, gray, blue, generally pale ; dark colors arise from foreign admixtures; sometimes a rich play of colors, or different colors by refracted and reflected light. Streak white. Transparent to nearly opaque. Refractive indices, Dx.
nr 1-4374, 1-4555 hyalite 1-450 fire-opal 1-442, 1'446 precious opal
nr 1'406 white hydrophane 1-446 same, with absorbed water
Often shows double refraction similar to that observed in colloidal substances due to tension. The mammillary form, hyalite, often yields the uniaxial interference cross of a negative substance
Opal. 195
in parallel polarized light; this is referred to tension by Schultze, Ber. nied. Ges., 69, 1861. 1'he cause of the play of color in the precious opal was investigated by Brewster (Ed. Phil. J., 38, 385, 1845), who ascribed it to the presence of microscopic cavities. Behrends, however, has given a monograph on the subject, Ber. Ak. Wien, 64 (1), 1871, and has shown that this explanation is incorrect ; he refers the colors to thin curved lamellae of opal whose refractive power may differ by O'l from that of the mass. These are conceived _to have be'en originally formed in parallel position, but have been changed, bent, and finally cracked and broken in the solidification of the ground -maes.
Comp. — Silica, like quartz, with a varying amount of water, SiOj.wH.,0. The water is sometimes regarded as non-essential.
The opal condition is one of lower degrees of hardness and specific gravity, and, as generally believed, of incapability of crystallization. The water present varies from 2 to 13 p. c. or more,, but mostly from 3 to 9 p. c. A hyalite gave 3 p. c. H2O; milk-opal 4'3 p. c. ; fire-opal 6-8 p. c.; precious opal from Hungary gave 10 p. c.; geyserite 9-13 p. c. Small quantities of ferric oxide, alumina, lime, magnesia, and alkalies are usually present as impurities. Quartz is often mixed with the opal. For analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 198, also Rg., Min. Ch., pp. 164-168, 1875.
Var. — 1. Precious Opal. — Exhibits a play of delicate colors, or, as Pliny says, presents various refulgent tints in succession, reflecting now one hue and now another. Seldom larger than a hazel-nut; a mass in the Vienna museum has the size of a man's fist and weighs 17 oz.,. but has numerous fissures, and is not wholly free from the matrix. Harlequin opal is a kind presenting a variegated play of colors in a reddish ground, resembling the fire-opal.
2. Fire-opal. Feueropal, fr. Mexico, Humboldt, Karsten, Klapr. Beitr., 4, 156, 1807. — Hyacinth-red to honey-yellow colors, with fire-like reflections, somewhat irised on turning.
3. Oirasol. — Bluish white, translucent, with reddish reflections in a bright light.
4. Common Opal. — In part translucent; (a) milk-opal, milk-white to greenish, yellowish, bluish; (b) Resin-opal (Wachsopal, Pechopal. Oerm.), wax-, honey- to ocher-yellow, with a
resinous luster; (c) dull olive-green and mountain-green; (d) brick-red. Includes Semiopal, Halbopal Wern.; also
(e) Hydrophane, which is translucent, whitish, or light-colored, adheres to the tongue, and becomes more translucent or transparent in water (to which the name, from vdaop, water, and <paivecr§ait to make clear alludes), a common quality of opal. Pyrophane is a name (from nvp, fire) given to a kind which by th absorption of melted wax is made translucent when hot, but becomes opaque again on cooling. The name has also been used for fire-opal.
(/) Forcherite Aichhorn [Wien. Ztg. Abendbl., Jul. 11, I860]; an orange-yellow opal, colored by orpiment; G. — 2'17 Maly (J. pr. Ch., 86, 501, 1862). It is from Knittenfeld, in Upper Styria.
Blackmorite A. C. Peale (Hayden's, 6 Ann. Rep., U. S. G. S., 169, 1873) is a yellow variety of opal from Mt. Blackmore, Montana. Analysis gave: SiO2 85'20, H2O at 110° 7'40, ign. 2'40, Fe2O3 2-68, CaO 1-48 MgO 0'37, Na3O tr. 99'53; G. 2'172.
5. Cacholong. Kascholong Oerm. Perl-mutter-opal Karst., Tab., 1808. — Opaque, bluish white, porcelain-white, pale yellowish or reddish; often adheres to the tongue, and contains a little alumina. The word is of Tatar origin.
6. Opal-agate. — Agate-like in structure, but consisting of opal of different shades of color.
7. Menilite. Pechstein de Menil Montant Delarbre & Quinquet, J. de Phys., 31, 219, 1787; Menilite de Saussure, Delameth. T. T., 2, 169, 1797. Leberopal JTor.Tab., 24, 1800.-ln con- cretionary forms, tuberose, reniform, etc., opaque, dull grayish, grayish brown,, occurring em- bedded in a shaly argillaceous deposit.
8. Jasp-opal. Karst. Tab., 26, 1808; Opal-jasper, Eisenopal, Hausm., Handb.. 428, 1813.— Opal containing some yellow iron oxide and other impurities, and having the color of yellow jasper, with the luster of common opal.
9. Wood-opal. Holz-opal Oerm.— Wood petrified by opal; sometimes called lithoxyle when showing a woody structure.
10. Hyalite. Mullerisches Glas Muller's Glass, after the discoverer]; Hyalit Wern.. Hoffm. Min., 2, a, 134, 1812, Karst., Tab., 22, 1800; Gummistein Blumenb., Nat., 553; Glasopal Hausm., Handb., 424, 1813. Jalite Ital.— Clear as glass and colorless, constituting globular concretions, and also crusts with a globular, reniform, botryoidal, or stalactitic surface; also passing into translucent, and whitish. Less readily dissolved in caustic alkalies than other varieties.
11. Fiorite, Siliceous Sinter. Kieselsinter Germ.; Santi, Viaggio al Montomiata, Pisa, 1795, Crell's Ann., 2, 589, 1796; Thomson, J. de Phys., 39, 407, 1791. Breve Notizia di un Viaggiatore sulle Incrost, Sil. termali dltalia, etc., 1795, Crell's Ann., 1, 108, 1796, Bibl. Brittan, 185, 1796 (? name fiorite here given); Pfaff., Crell's Ann., 2, 589, 1796; Resinite termpgino (Ital.').
Includes translucent to opaque, grayish, whitish, or brownish incrustations, porous to firm in texture; sometimes fibrous-like or filamentous, and, when so, pearly in luster (then called Pearl-sinter); formed from the decomposition of the siliceous minerals of volcanic rocks about fumaroles, and deposited from the siliceous waters of hot springs, in part by the action of vege- tation. It graduates at times into hyalite.
(a) The original fiorite (or pearl-sinter), as described by Thomson, occurs in tufa in the vicinity of Santa Fiora, Italy, and also on Ischia, and at the Solfatara near Naples, in globular,
196 Oxides.
botryoidal, and stalactitic concretions, pearly in luster. Thomson also mentions (1791) a similar incrustation as formed from the hot waters of the Sasso lagoons. It was referred by Werner to hyalite in 1816.
(b) The Michaelite (J. W. Webster, Am. J. Sc., 3, 391, 1821) is similar, from the island of St. Michaels, one of the Azores, where it occurs in snow-white incrustations, capillary or fili- form in structure, pearly in luster, with G. 1%866.
(c) Geyserite. Kieseltuff (fr. Geysers) Klapr., Beitr., 2, 109, 1797; GvysiriteDelameth., Min., 1812; Damour, Bull. G. Fr., 157, 1848. Constitutes concretionary deposits about the geysers of the Yellowstone Park, Iceland, and New Zealand, presenting white or grayish, porous, stalactitic, Filamentous, cauliflower-like forms, often of great beauty; also compact-massive, and scaly- massive; H. 5; rarely transparent, usually opaque; sometimes falling to powder on drying in the air. Pealite F. M. Endlich (Hayden's 6 Ann. Rep., U. S. G. S., p. 153, 1873) is a variety of geyserite from the Yellowstone region containing but a small amount of water ; one sample gave 1-5 p. c. with G. 2-49. Named after A. C. Peale, chemist to the U. S. G. S. Viandite E. Goldsmith (ibid., 12 Ann. Rep., Pt. 11, 407, 1883) is a form of silica, deposited by some of the hot springs of the Yellowstone Park, in thin sheets or sponge-like forms resembling a vegetable growth. It becomes soft and leather-like when dry. Contains when first collected a large, but probably not definite, quantity of water; this is estimated as forming 80 p. c. of the whole.
Analyses of ordinary geyserite from the Yellowstone region by A. C. Peale gave 9-1 3 4 p. c. H3O; others from the Steamboat Springs, Nevada, by R. W. Woodward, gave 5-5 p. c. (U. S. G. S., 40th Par., 2, 82|'5. 1877). For description of thermal springs, etc., see A. C. Peale, Hayden's 12 Ann. liep. , U. S. G. S., Pt. n, pp. 65, 448, analyses (and by Leffmann)on p. 411, also (Iceland, New Zealand, quoted) p. 413. Leffmanu's analyses are also given in Ch. News, 43, 124. 1881. On the essential part played by vegetable growth in the deposition of siliceous sinter, see Weed, Am. J. Sc., 37.351, 1889, with analyses by Whitfield; alsoU. IS. G. Surv.,9 Ann. Kep , pp. 619-676.
12. Float-stone. Quartz neclique, H., Tr , 2, 1801; Schwimmstein Germ. — In light concre- tionary or tuberose masses, white or grayish, sometimes cavernous, rough in fracture. So light, owing to its spongy texture, as to float on water. The concretions sometimes have a flint-like nucleus.
13. Tripolite. Tripel, Terra Tripolitana (fr. Tripoli, in part), Wall., 32, 1747. Infusorial earth; Bergmehl, Kieselmehl, Kieselguhr, Germ. Farina fossilis. Raudauite Salvetat, Ann. Ch. Phys., 24, 348, 1848. — Formed from the siliceous shells of Diatoms (hence called diatomite) and other microscopic species, as first made known by Ehreuberg, and occurring in deposits, often many miles in area, either uncompacted or moderately hard, (a) Infusorial Earth, or Earthy Tripolite, a very fine-grained earth looking often like an earthy chalk, or a clay, but harsh to the feel, and scratching glass when rubbed on it.
(b) Randannite (Randanite wr. orthog.), a kaolin-like variety from Ceyssat (Ceyssatite Gon- nard, Lvon, Feb. 15, 1875, who explains that the hamlet Randauue has been confounded with the larger town Randan) and Randaune, in Dept. Puy-de-D6rne, and from Algiers, with 9 to 10 p. c. H2O. A deposit at Santa Fiora in Tuscany was made known b}' G. Fabbroni in 1794 (Gioru. Fis.-med di D. Bruugnatelli, p. 154; CrelFs Ann., 2, 199, 1794; Bergmehl v. Santa Fiora Klaproth. Beitr., 6, 348). It consists of a grayish white, loose, mealy earth; Fabbroni states that he made bricks of it which would float like those which Pliny described as made in Spain from a sort of pumice-like earth (35, 49), and supposes the material the same. Ehreuberg has shown it to be an infusorial earth.
(c) Tripoli slate (Polishing slate, Polirschiefer, Tripelschiefer, Saugkiesel, Klebschiefer, Germ), a slaty or thin laminated variety, fragile; G. 1'909-2'08. Often much impure from mixture with clay, magnesia, iron oxide, etc. (d) Alumocalcite (fr. Eibenstock, Breith ., Char., 97, 336. 1832) is a milk-white material, having a hardness of only 1 to 1; G. 2174; it may be & variety of tripolite, containing a little lime and alumina.
Pyr.. etc.— Yields water. B.B. infusible, but becomes opaque. Some yellow varieties, containing iron oxide, turn red Soluble in hydrofluoric acid somewhat more readily than quartz; also soluble in caustic alkalies, but more readily in some varieties than in others.
Obs. — Occurs filling cavities and fissures or seams in igneous rocks, as trachyte (Opalmutter Germ) porphyry, also in some metallic veins. Also embedded, like flint, in limestone, and sometimes, like other quartz concretions, in argillaceous beds; also formed from the siliceous waters of some hot springs; also resulting from the mere accumulation, or accumulation and partial solution and solidification, of the siliceous shells of infusoria, of sponge spicules. etc , — which consist essentiallyof opal-silica. The last mentioned is the probable source of the opal of limestones and argillaceous beds (as it is -of flint in the same rocks), and of part of that in igneous rocks. It exists in most chalcedony and flint. Common opal and hyalite are products of the decomposition of a Roman cement at the hot springs of Plombieres in France.
Precious opal occurs in porphyry at Czerwenitza, near Kashau in Hungary; at Frankfort; at Graciasa Dios in Honduras; Esperanza, Queretaro in Mexico, with fire opal, milk-opal, and other kinds; a beautiful blue opal, with delicate play of colors, on Bulla Creek, Queensland (Phil. Soc. Glasgow, 13, 427, 1882); Abercrombie R., New South Wales. Fire-opal occurs at Zimapan in Mexico; the Faroer; near San Antonio. Honduras. Common opal is abundant at Telkebanya in Hungary; near Pernstein, Luckau, and Smrezet in Moravia; in Bohemia; at Kosemtltz in Silesia; Hubertsburg in Saxony: Stenzelberg and Quegstein in Siebengebirge; Steinhoim near Hanau; in Iceland; the Giant's Causeway, and the Hebrides; also within j m. and to the S.W. of the watering-place at Vourla, tlie harbor of Smyrna, with yellow jasper and horn-
Opal. 197
stone, embedded in a low ridge of yellowish compact limestone; of a wax-yellow and grayish green color, occasionally white, at the Giant's Causeway. Hyalite occurs in amygdaloid at Schemuitz, Hungary; in clinkstone at Waltsch, Bohemia. Wood-opal forms large trees in the pumice conglomerates of Saiba, near Neusohl; Kremnitz, Hungary; near Hobart Town, Tasmania; and in many other regions of igneous rocks.
In U. S., hyalite occurs sparingly in N. York, at the Phillips ore _bed, Putnam Co., in thin coatings on granite; in connection with the. trap rock of New Jersey and Connecticut; rarely in N. C. . Cabarrus Co. , with the auriferous quartz; in Georgia, in Burke and Scriven Cos., lining cavities in a siliceous shell-rock; in Washington Co., good tire-opal; at the Suanna spring, Florida, small quantities of siliceous sinter. A remarkable specimen of hydrophane from Colorado absorbed half its own volume of water and became perfectly transparent (Kunz, Am. J. Sc., 34, 479, 1887, Church, Min. Mag., 8, 181, 1889). A water-worn specimen of fire-opal has been found on the John Davis river, in Crook Co., Oregon.
Common opal is found at Cornwall, Lebanon Co., Penn.; at Aquas Calientes, Idaho Springs, Col.; a white variety at Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras Co., Cal , and on the Mt. Diablo range. Geyserite occurs in great abundance and variety in the Yellowstone region (cf. above); also siliceous sinter at Steamboat Springs, Nevada. Other localities are given by Kunz, Gems and Precious Stones of N. A , 1890.
Artif. — Formed by the gradual drying of a siliceous jelly. See Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., 92, 1882 ; Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 57, 1880.
LTJSSATITE Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 63, 1890. A form of silica, similar in structure to chalcedony but having a low specific gravity, G. 2'04, near that of opal; refractive index (for D) 1'446 like opal, but crystalline and optically positive. It consists of pure silica, probably anhydrous, and is associated with true amorphous opal-silica. Observed in the well-known blue " chalcedony " of Tresztyan, Hungary; also forming an envelope with fibrous structure over clear quartz crystals in the bitumen of Lussat, near Pont-du-Chateau, Puy-de-D6me; also from Cornwall; the Faroer. Cf. also observations on chalcedony, p. 188.
Colloid silica, probably directly derived from the remains of siliceous sponges, occurs in beds in the Lower Cbalk of Berkshire and Wilton, England, similar to the malmstones of the Greensand. Jukes-Browne, Q. J. G. Soc., 45, 403, 1889; Hinde, Phil. Trans., pt. 2, 403, 1885.
TABASHEER. Tabaschir Germ. Amorphous, opal -like silica deposited within the joints of the bamboo. Color milk-white. G. 0'54 and when calcined less than 0'67. Refractive index, l-119Dx. It absorbs water and becomes translucent like hydrophane; in certain oils it becomes as transparent as glass with a remarkable increase in refractive power. See Hintze, Zs. Kr., 13, 392, 1887; Blasius, ib., 14, 258, 1888; also Judd, Nature, 35, 488, 1887.
II. Oxides of the Semi-Metals ; also Molybdenum, Tungsten. 1. Arsenolite Group. KQ03. Isometric.
213. Arsenolite As203
214. Senarmontite Sb203
2. Valentinite Group. E,03.
a : b : 6 ft
215. Claudetite As203 Monoclinic 0-4040 : 1 : 0-3445 84° 3'
216. Valentinite Sb,03 Orthorhombic 0-3910 : 1 : 0-3364
The above species are near one another in form although belonging to differ- ent systems.
a : I : 6 "217. Bismite (artif. cryst.) Bi203 Orthorhombic 0-8166 : 1 : 1-0649
198 Oxides.
3. Tellurite Group. E0a. Orthorhombic.
a : I : 6
218. Tellurite Te03 0-4566 : 1 : 0-4693
Selenolite SeOa?
4. Molybdite Group. E03.
a : I : 6
219. Molybdite Mo03 Orthorhombic 0-3874 : 1 : 0-4747
220. Tungstite W03 " 0-7002 : 1 : 0-3991
221. Cervantite Sb203.Sb205
222. Stibiconite H,Sb,0.?
1. Arseiiolite Group. E203. Isometric.
213. ARSENOLITE. Arsenicum nativum farinaceum, A. n. crystallinum, Wall., 224, 1747. A. calciforrae Gronst., 207, 1758. A. cubicum, etc., Linn.. 1768. White arsenic Hill, 1771. Natiirlicher Arsenikkalk. Arseuikbluthe Karst., Tab., 79, 1800. Arsenic oxide H. Arsenit Haid., Handb., 487, 1845. Arsenolite Dana, Min., 139, 1854. White arsenic, Arsenious acid, Arsenious oxide. Arsenige Saure Germ. Arsenikblornma Swed. Acide arsenieux, Arsenic blanc natif Fr. Arsenico bianco Ital. Arsenico bianco, Acido arsenioso Span.
Isometric. In octahedrons. Usually in minute capillary crystals, in stellar aggregates, or as crusts. Also botryoidal, stalactitic; earthy.
H. 1'5. Gr. 3-70-3-72. Luster vitreous or silky. Color white, occasion- ally with a yellowish or reddish tinge. Streak white, pale yellowish. Transparent to opaque. Taste astringent, sweetish. Eefractive indices: nT 1-748 Li, ny 1'755 Na at 17° C., Dx.1 Sometimes shows anomalous double refraction1. Comp. — Arsenic trioxide, As203 Oxygen 24'2, arsenic 75*8 — 100.
Pyr., etc.— Sublimes in the closed tube, condensing above in minute octahedrons. B.B. on charcoal volatilizes in white fumes, giving a white coating and an alliaceous odor. Slightly soluble in hot water.
Obs. — Accompanies ores of silver, lead, arsenical iron, cobalt, nickel, antimony, etc., as a result of the decomposition of arsenical ores. Occurs at Andreasberg in the Harz; at Wheal Sparnou in Cornwall; Joachimsthal in Bohemia; Kapnik in Hungary; the old mines of Bieber in Hanau; the Ophir mine, Nevada; the Armagosa mine, Great Basin, California.
Alt. — Native arsenic is often covered by a blackish crust or powder, which has been con- sidered a suboxide ; but according to Suckow, it is a mixture of metallic arsenic and arsenic trioxide.
Ref. — ' See references under senarmontite.
214. SENARMONTITE. Antimoine oxyde octaedrique H. de Senarmont, Ann. Ch. Phys., 31, 504, 1851. Senarmoutite Dana, Am. J. Sc., 12, 209, 1851.
Isometric; in octahedrons. Also granular massive; in crusts. Cleavage: octahedral, in traces. H. 2-2'5. G. 5'22-5'30. Luster resinous, inclining to subadamantine. Transparent to translucent. Colorless or grayish. Streak white. Eefractive indices: nT 2-073, ny 2-087 Dx.1 Anoma- lous double refraction strongly marked, resembling boracite1.
Comp — Antimony trioxide, Sb203 Oxygen 16-7, antimony 83-3 100. Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube fuses and partially sublimes. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily, and gives awhile coating; this treated in li.F. colors the outer flame greenish blue. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — A result of the decomposition of stibnite and other ores of antimony. First found in the district of Haraclas in Algeria; occurs also at Pernerk nearMalaczka in Hungary. Endellion in Cornwall; the antimony mine of S. Ham, Wolfe Co., Quebec. Canada. The octahedrons from Algeria are sometimes nearly £ inch in diameter.
Named after H. de Senarmont (1808-1862), who first described the species.
Valentinite Qro Up—Cla Udetite— Valentinite. 199
Ref.— ' Cf. Dx., N. R, 3, 9, 1867; Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 108, 1876; Groth, Pogg., 137. 1869; Grosse-Bohle, Zs. Kr., 5, 222, 1880; Prendel, Min. Mitth., 11, 7, 1889.
Alt. — Crystals from South Ham have been noted which were superficially altered to stibnite; 428, also others changed throughout, by paramorphism, to valentinite (Hintze).
2. Valentinite Group. Ka03.
215. OLAUDETITE. Prismatic Arsenious Acid F. Claudet, Proc. Ch. Soc., 1868, Ch. News, 22, 128, 1868; Claudetite Dana, Miu., 796, 1868. Rhombarsenite Adam, Tabl. Min., 41, 1869. Arsenphyllite. Acide arsenieux prismatique Fr.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-4040 : 1 : 0-3445; /3 86° 3' 001 A 100 Schmidt '.
100 A HO 21° 57', 001 A 101 38° 47', 001 A Oil 18° 58'.
Forms1 : m (110, I) 8 (130, e-3)2 d (101, - 14) y (Oil, 14) o (111, - 1).
a (100, i-i) r (120, z-2)2 t (IIO'O, i-10)2 ? (101, 14) ft (021, 24) 0(111,1)
b (010,
mm'" 43° 54' a'g 51° 50f mo 45° 25' oy *37° 24'
rr' 102° 15i' yy' 37° 56' ao 48° 52' a'g 53° 23f
ss' - 79° llf by *71° 2' <w' 28° 24' gg' 30° 19'
ad 47° 16' /?/3' 69° 0' bo *75° 48'
Crystals in thin plates, resembling selenite; tabular b, with the pyramids o, g prominent; often penetration-twins, with a as twinning-plane.
Cleavage : b perfect ; fibrous fracture m. Flexible like selenite. H. 2 -5. G. 3*85 Claudet; 4-151 Groth. Luster on cleavage surface pearly, otherwise vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent to translucent. Optically Ax. pi. J. Bx A t + 5i°. 2Hr 66° 14' Li, 2Hy 65° 21' Na. Dispersion p v. Comp. — Arsenic trioxide, like arsenolite, As90s Oxygen 24*2, arsenic 75'8 — 100.
Fyr. — As for arsenolite.
Obs. — Occurs in. seams in an ore of arsenical pyrites, at the San Domingo mines, Portugal. Also observed as the result of the burning of a mine at Szomolnok (or Schmollnitz) in Hungary, Szabo, Foldt. KOzl., 18, 49, 1888, Schmidt, 1. c.
Alt. — -Crystals consisting of octahedral crystals (paramorphs) have been noted, Ulrich.
Ref.—1 Szomolnok, Zs. Kr., 14, 575, 1888. Cf. also Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 303, 1887. Groth (Pogg., 137, 414, 1869), who made the crystals orthorhombic, observed on crystals from a Freiberg furnace, a number of other planes, which are thus referred by Schmidt to the monocliuic axes, viz.: (1'0'12) 001, y (1-1212) Oil, (210), /z (250), r (150), n (171). a (1-48-12) 041, p (1 -24'12) 021. Schmidt, 1. c.
216. VALENTINITE. Chaux d'antimoine native (fr. Chalanches) Mongez, J. de Phys., 23, 66. 1783; (fr. Pfibram) Riissler, Crell's Ann., 1, 334, 1787. Antimonium spatosum album Racquet, ib., 1, 523, 1788. Weiss- Spiesglaserz Wern., Hoffm., Bergm. J., 385, 398, 1789. Weiss-Spiessglanzerz Klapr., Crell's Ann., 1, 9. 1789; Beitr., 3, 183, 1802. Antimoine oxyde H., Tr.,4, 1801. White Antimonial Ore Kirwan, 1, 251, 1796. Antimonblilthe v. Leonh., Handb., 160, 1821. Exitele Beud., Min., 615, 1832. Exitelite Chapman, Min., 39, 1843. Valentinit Haid., Handb., 506, 1845. White antimony, Antiinonious acid, Antimony trioxide. Antimonige Silure Germ. Antimonblomma Swed. Acide antimonieux Fr. Antimonio bianco Ital. Antimonio bianco pt. Span.
Orthorhombic. Axes d : b : 6 0-3910 : 1 : 0'3364 Laspeyres1.
100 A HO 21° 201', 001 A 101 40° 42£', 001 A Oil 18° 35fc'.
Forms2: a (540. z-f) I (011,14) g (021, 24) s (0-16'3, 4) (5-10-8, f -3)
a (100, i-l) m (110, I) i (054, f-?,) / (073, f h (071, 7-?)? y (481, 8-8)
b (010, i-f) p (160, i- 6) k (043, |4) r (041, 44) d (0-27-4, V'*) u (8-10-8.
n (310, £-3) £ (508, f 4) Q (032, |4) e (092, f 4) t (O'16'l, 164) x (1-20-15, f 20)
(210. i-2) e (101, 14) g (Q-15'8, V-*)
TITT'" 14° 51' II' 37° 11' rr' - 106° 46' m' 52° 44'
uu'" — 22° 7V ii' 45° 37' ss' 121° 44' W" 40° 39'
mm" 42° 41' gg' 67° 52' uu'" 80° 44' xx' 48° 15'
ee 81° 25' ff 76' 15'
'200
Oxides.
Commonly prismatic either 6 (m) or a (i, g, q, r, or ; also tabular b ; often rounded by striations tn/m' and i/i'. Crystals often aggregated in fan-shaped or stellar groups, in bundles and druses and as aggregations of thin plates. Also massive; structure lamellar, columnar, granular.
Cleavage: b perfect; also m. H. 2-5-3. Gr. 5*566. Luster adamantine, b often pearly; shining. Color snow-white, occasionally peach-blossom red, and ash-gray to brownish. Streak white. Translucent to subtransparent.
Ax. pi. c for red rays, c for blue, for yellow nearly uniaxial; dispersion p v strong (Braunsdorf); also in other crystals (Pribram, Algeria), the axes for red are sensibly united, those for other colors lie and p v. Bx always a; axial angles small. Heated to 75° C. the axes c unite slightly, those c open slightly, Dxs.
BrSunsdorf, Lasp.
Pribram, Id.
Constautiue, Id.
Comp. — Antimony trioxide, Sb,03 Oxygen 16*7, antimony 83 -3 100.
Pyr., etc.— Same as for senarmontite.
Obs. — Occurs with other antimonial ores, and results from their alteration. Found at Pri- bram in Bohemia, in veins traversing metamorphic rocks; at Felsobanya in Hungary, with stibnite and arsenopyrite; Malaczka in Hungary; Braunsdorf near Freiberg in Saxony; Allemont in Dauphiue; Sernpsa, Province of Coustantine, Algiers. Also at the antimony mine of South Ham, Wolfe Co., Quebec; with native antimony at the Prince William mine, York Co., N. B.
The prismatic form of Sb2O3 is obtained from solutions at a temperature above 100° C.
Named after Basil Valentine, an alchemist of the 15th century, who discovered the proper- ties of antimony.
Alt. — Observed as a paramorph after senarmontite.
Ref.— ' Mean of results for Braunsdorf crystals, Zs. Kr., 9, 162, 1884;. cf. also Groth, Pogg., 137, 429, 1869; Tab. Ueb., 84, 1874; and Breziua, Ann. Mus. Wien, 1, 145, 1886; the last suggests i as Oil. but without very distinct advantage. 2 See Brz. for critical summary of results of earlier authors, also Lasp., who adds many new planes. 3 H. R., 58, 1867, also Groth, 1. c.
Antimonophyllite of Breithaupt, of unknown locality, occurring in thin angular six-sided prisms, is probably valentin ite.
217. BISMITE. Bismuth trioxide, Bismuth Ocher pt. Wismuthoxyd, Wismuthocker, Germ. Bismuth oxyde Fr. Bismutocra Ital. Bismite Dana
Orthorhombic. Axes & :b : b — 0-8166 : 1 : 1-0649 Nordenskiold1. Forms (artif.): c (001, 0); m (110, /); q (034, f-), r (Oil, 14), s (032. %-i), t (031, 3-D. Angles: mm'" *78° 28', rr' 93° 36', edge m/m' A r/m *129° 31'
Habit of artif. cryst. prismatic. Natural mineral not crystallized; occurs massive and disseminated, pulverulent, earthy; also passing into foliated.
Fracture conchoidal to earthy. G. 4-361 Biisson. Luster adamantine to dull, earthy. Color greenish yellow, straw-yellow, grayish white.
Comp. — Bismuth trioxide, Bi203 Oxygen 10 4, bismuth 89*6 100. Iron and other impurities often present.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube most specimens give off water. B.B. on charcoal fuses, and is easily reduced to metallic bismuth, which in O.F. gives a yellow coating of oxide. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — Occurs pulverulent at Schneeberg in Saxony, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia; wiUi native gold at Berezov in Siberia; in Cornwall, "at St. Roach, and near Lostwithiel.
Tellurite Group— Tellurite. Molybdite Group— Molybdite. 201
Dr. Jackson reports an oxide of bismuth not carbonated, as occurring with the tetradymite of Virginia.
See further, BISMUTITE, p. 307, which includes some bismuth ocher.
Ref.—1 Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 17, 447, 1860, and Pogg., 114, 622, 1861.
KARELINITE Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 75, 448, 1858. Massive. Structure crystalline. Cleavage in one direction rather distinct. H. =2. G. 6'60. Luster strongly metallic within. Color lead-gray. Analysis, Hermann: O [5'21], S 3'53, Bi 91 '26 100.
From the Savodinski mine in the Altai, with hessite. The mineral is not homogeneous, containing along with the metallic substance a gray, earthy mass of bisinutite. By treating the powdered mass with hydrochloric acid, a metallic powder remains, free from any native bismuth, which is the supposed mineral karelinite. Named after Mr. Karelin, the discoverer.
VANADIC OCHER. Vanadic acid Tescliemacher, Am. J. Sc., 11, 233, 1851. A yellow pulver- ulent substance, encrusting masses of native copper, along with quartz, at the Cliff mine, Lake Superior, according to Teschemacher. The color before the blowpipe changed to black; also the powder, boiled in nitric acid, afforded an apple-green solution, from which, on partial evaporation, after standing some weeks, red crystalline globules formed on the surface, which, as they enlarged, fell to the bottom; by means of these crystalline masses the vanadates of silver and lead were made. As no metal was found in the first solution, the yellow mineral was inferred to be probably vanadic oxide.
TANTALIC OCHER. Tantalochra A. E. Nordenskidld, Finl. Min., 27, 1855. A tantalic ocher of brownish color occurring on crystals of tantalite at Pennikoja in Somero, Finland.
3. Tellurite Group. R(X. Orthorhombic.
218. TELLURITE. Tellurige Saure Pete, Po 429, 1849. Tellurocker., Min. Ch., 175, }875.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6
100 A Ho 24° 32$', 001 A 101
Forms' : b (010, i-l), m (110, /), r (120,
Angles: mm!" 49° 5', rr1 95° 12'
pp'" 36° 14', bp *71° 52-8'.
In slender prismatic crystals grouped in tufts; in spherical mas
Cleavage : b perfect. Flexib1 Color white, yellowish white, hon Optically — . Ax. pi. a.
Comp. — Tellurium dioxi
Pyr. — In the open tube fuses
Obs. — With native tellurium as an incrustation on native tellu Co., Colorado.
Ref. — ' Faczebaja, Ann. Mus.
57, 478, 1842. Tellurite Nicol, Min.,
*96° 58'8',
1 : 0-46927 Brezina1.
', 001 A Oil 25° (140, i-l), p (111, 1). JL= 57° 18', pp' 85° 53', pp"
b, and often striated vertically; also h radiated structure.
— 2. G. — 5 '90. Luster subadamantine. r straw-yellow. Transparent to translucent. 2 Hy 140° 8' Na (n 1-6567) Knr. 02 Oxygen 20'4, tellurium 79'6 100.
strongly heated, to brown drops and sublimes, zebaja and Zalathna, Transylvania. In cavities in and at the Keystone, Smuggler, and John Jay mines, Boulder
fien, 1, 135, 1886; cf. Knr. [Term. Filz., 10, 81, 106, 1886], Zs. Kr.. 13, 69. Brz., 1. c. ; vicinal planes o (3'16'0), n (3'34 0), it (l-42'l) also appear.
SELENOLITE. Selenious oxide (SeO2) is noted by Bertrand as probably occurring with some selenium minerals at Cacheuta, Argentine Republic. Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 92, 1882.
4. Mblybdite Group.
219. MOLYBDITE. Molybdena or Molybdic Ocher. Molybdic Acid. Molybdanocker, Molybdanoxyd, MolybdansSure Germ. Molybdine Greg & Lettsom, Dana, Min., 144, 1854. Brit. Min., 348, 1858. Molybdite BreitJi., B. H. Ztg., 17, 125, 1858.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-3874 : 1 : 0-4747 Nordenskiold1. Forms : a (100, i-l), b (010, i-l), c (001, O); m (110, J), // (430, z-f), t (103, -l), a (102, r (203, f-5).
Angles, mm'" 42° 16', bjn *73° 48', cs *31° 30'.
In capillary crystallizations, tufted and radiated; also subfibrous massive; and as an earthy powder or incrustation.
202 Oxides.
Cleavage: c distinct; also a and b. H. 1-2. G. 4-49-4-50 Weisbach, Luster of crystals silky to adamantine, on c pearly; earthy. Color straw-yellow, yellowish white. Optically +. Ax. pi. a. Bx c. Axial angles, Dx.2 :
2H0.r 117° 15' 2H0.y 119° 23' 2H0.bl 127° approx.
Comp. — Molybdenum trioxide, Mo03 Oxygen 33'3, molybdenum 66 '7 100.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal fuses and coats the charcoal with minute yellowish crystals of molybdic oxide near the assay, becoming white near the outer edge of the coating. This coating treated for an instant in R.F. assumes a deep blue color, which changes to dark red on continued heating. With borax gives in O.F. a yellow bead while hot, becoming colorless on cooling; in R.F. a saturated bead becomes brown or black and opaque. With salt of phosphorus gives a yellowish bead in O.F., becoming green when treated in R.F. and allowed to cool.
Obs.— Occurs with molybdenite, from which it is probably derived, at the foreign localities of that species; Ad un-Chulon Mis. in Eastern Siberia, and at Pitkaranta on L. Ladoga, in silky tufts of capillary crystals.
In N. Hamp., at Westmoreland, earthy; in Penu., at Chester, Delaware Co.; Georgia, Heard Co. , in silky fibrous tufts; in the gold region, a few miles north of Nevada City, Cal., in subtibrous masses, and tufted crystal I izatious of a deep yellow color (motybdate of iron of D. D. Owen, Proc. Ac. Philad., 6, 108 but shown by Geuth to be this species mixed with limouite).
Ref.— i Artif. cryst., Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 17, 300. I860, Pogg., 112, 160. N. R.. 26, 1867.
ILSEMANNITE H. Hofer, Jb. Min., 566, 1871. Crypto-crystalliue. Color blue-black to black, on exposure becoming blue. Soluble in water, giving a deep blue solution. The solution con- tained on analysis chiefly a molybdate of molybdic oxide, and yielded on evaporation deep blu& crystals, which were considered to be identical with the known compound MoO2.4MoO3, which is also supposed to be the composition of the mineral. A product of the decomposition of metallic molybdates, and occurs embedded in barite and associated with wulfeuite at Bleiberg- in Carinthia. Named after Mining Commissioner J. C. Ilsemanu (1727-1822).
220. TUNGSTITE. Tungstic Ocher B. Silliman, Am. J. Sc., 4, 52, 1822. Wolframocker,, Wolframsaure, Scheelsaure Germ. Wolfrauiine Lettsom & Greg, Dana, Min., 1854, Brit. Min. 349, 1858.
Orthorhombic. Axes: a : b : 6 0-7002 : 1 : 0-3991 Nordenskiold1.
Forms: a (100, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, /), n (021, 2-1). Rather uncertain 031, 041, 051, 081. Angles: am *35°, en — *38° 36'. '
Pulverulent and earthy. Color bright yellow, or yellowish green. Comp.— Tungsten trioxide, W03 Oxygen 20'7, tungsten 79'3 100.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal becomes black in the inner flame, but infusible. With salt of phosphorus gives in O.F. a colorless or yellowish bead, which treated in R. F. gives a blue glass on cooling. Soluble in alkalies, but not in acids.
Obs. — Occurs with wolframite in Cumberland, and Cornwall, England; at Lane's mine, Monroe, Ct., filling small cavities in other ores of tungsten, or coating them, and has resulted from their decomposition; in Cabarrus Co., N. C.; at St. Leonard, near Limoges, rarely in dis- tinct crystals of a sulphur-yellow color on wolframite and quartz.
Ref.—1 Artif. cryst., Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 17, 449, I860, and Pogg., 114, 623, 1861.
MEYMACITE Carnot, C. R., 79, 639, 1874.
A hydrated tuugstic oxide, formed from the alteration of scheelite. Sometimes yellow or
freenish yellow, with the structure and cleavage of scheelite; sometimes when the alteration as been more complete, the mineral is friable between the fingers and has a yellow or brown- ish color. Luster resinous.
Analyses: 1 and 2 on friable material, color yellow to brownish, streak sulphur-yellow. G. 3'80. 3, firm, with lamellar structure and yellowish streak. G. 4'54.
WOS Ta2O5 Fe2O3 Mn2O3 CaO H2O gangue
71-85 1-00 6-00 0-75 2'50 12'93 4'50 99-53
74-25 1-05 6-10 0-65 4'65 11-75 1'85 100'30
75-12 0-70 6-25 0'32 7'00 6'85 2'55 98'79
Deducting the calcium tungstate and hydrated iron oxide, regarded as impurities, Carnot deduces the formula WO3.2H2O. In the tube gives off water. On charcoal turns black. With salt of phosphorus, gives in the O.F. a yellow bead, nearly colorless on cooling. In R.F. gives a bead colored violet to red (iron and tungsten together). With acids gives the reaction of tungsten when treated in the usual way. / Found with wolframite and scheelite at Meymac, Correze, France.
Cervantite—Stibiconite. 203
221. OERVANTITE. Spiesglanzokker pt. Earst., Mus. Lesk.. 1, 534, 1789, Tab., 54, 78, 1800. Antimony Ocber pt. Antimonocker pt. Germ. Gelbantimonerz (from Hungary) Breith., Char., 98, 1823, 224, 1832. Acide antimonieux Dufr., Min., 2, 654, 1845. Anti- monous Acid, Antimonoso-antimonic Oxide. Cervantite Dana, Min., 1854.
Orthorhombic. In acicular crystallizations. Also massive; as a crust, or a powder.
H. 4-5. Gr. 4-084. Luster greasy or pearly, also bright or earthy. Color isabella-yellow, sulphur-yellow, or nearly white, sometimes reddish white. Streak yellowish white to white.
Comp.— Sb204 or Sb203.Sb205 Oxygen 21-1, antimony 78'9 100. Pyr., etc.— B.B. infusible and unaltered; on charcoal easily reduced. Soluble in hydro- chloric acid.
Obs.— Occurs at various mines of stibuite, and results from the alteration of this and other antimonial ores. Found at Cervantes in Galicia, Spain; Chazelles in Auvergne; FelsQbanya, KremnHz, and elsewhere in Hungary; Pereta in Tuscany; near St. Minvers, at Wheal Lea, at Wheal Kine, and at Endellion, in Cornwall; in Ayrshire, Scotland, at Hare Hill; in Borneo, in rhombic prisms half an inch long, terminating in two planes, and also massive; at the Carmen mine at Zacualpan in Mexico; at South Ham, Wolfe Co., Quebec; in California,- Tulare Co., at Pass of San Amedio, with stibnite; witii oilier antimony min- erals in Sevier Co. , Ark.
222. STIBIOONITE. Antimony Ocher pt. (Syn. under Cervantite). Stibiconise Beud., Tr., 2, 616, 1832. Stiblith Blum & Delffs, J. pr. Ch., 40, 318, 1847. Stibiconite Brush. Am. J. Sc., 34, 207, 1862.
Massive, compact. Also as a powder and in crusts.
H. — 4-5 '5. G. — S'l-5'28. Luster pearly to earthy. Color pale yellow to vellowish white, reddish white.
Comp.— Probably H,Sb,0. or Sb204.H20 Oxygen 19-9, antimony 74-5, water 5'G — 100. Usually more or less impure.
Anal.— 1. Blum & Delffs, 1. c. 2, Santos, Chem. News, 36, 167, 1877. 3, Sharpies, Am. J. Sc., 20, 423, 1880.
O Sb As H2O
1. Goldkronach G. 5'28 19'54 75'83 tr. 4"63 100
2. Sevier Co., Arkansas G. 5'58 19'85 [76-15] — 3'08 insol. 0'92 100
3. Sonora G. 5'07 [20'Q] 75'0 — 5-0
Pyr. — In the closed tube gives off water, but does not fuse; on charcoal decrepitates, fuses with difficulty to a gray slag, and gives a white coating.
Obs. — From Goldkronach, Bavaria; with Cervantite in Borneo, cf. Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 298, 1877. Probably from other localities of antimony ocher. Forms extensive deposits in Sonora, Mexico, usually massive. H. C. Lewis speaks of glassy octahedral crystals with G. 4'9; he found 3-l p. c. H2O (Amer. Nat., 608, 1882). Raimondi mentions a similar mineral derived from the alteration of stibuite from Chayramonte, Cajamarca, Peru.
VOLGERITE. Antimony Ocher pt. Hydrous Antimouic Acid. Volgerite Dana, Min., 142, 1854. Cumengite Kenng., Min., 29, 1853.
Massive, or as a powder. Color white. Analysis: Cumenge, Ann. Mines, 20, 80, 1851.
O 17-0 Sb 62 0 H3O 15'0 FeQO3 TO gangue 3'0 98'0
This corresponds perhaps to Sb2O6.4H2O.
From the province of Constantine, Algeria. Volger remarks that white antimony ocher (Sb2O6.5H2O) is a common result of the alteration of stibnite. Entwickl. Min., 77.
The following are uncertain minerals containing chiefly oxide of antimony.
RIVOTITE Ducloux, C. R., 78, 1471, 1874.
Amorphous, compact, with a stony look. Fracture uneven. Fragile. H. 3 '5-4. G. 3-55-3-62. Opaque. Color yellowish green to grayish green. Streak grayish green. Analysis.— Ducloux :
Sb2OB 42-00 Ag2Ol-18 CuO 39'50 CO3 21 '00 CaO tr. 103-68
Occurs in small irregular masses disseminated through a yellowish white limestone, on the west side of the Sierra del Cadi, province of Lerida. Named after Prof. Rivot of the Ecole des Mines, Paris
STIBIANITE E. Goldsmith, Proc. Ac. Philad., 154, 1878. An alteration product of stibnite, from Victoria, Australia. Massive, porous. H. =5. G. 3 67. Color reddish yellow, of
Oxides.
powder pale yellow. Luster dull. Analysis by W. H. Dougherty. 1. c.: SbaO6 81'21, H2O 4'46;, gtingue 13'55. After deduction of the impurities: SbaO6 94'79, H2O 5'21 100, which, if the results could be trusted, would correspond to the formula Sb2O6.H2O.
STIBTOFERRITE E. Goldsmith, Proc. Ac. Philad., p. 866, 173. Amorphous. Brittle, fracture uneven to couchoidal. H. 4. G. 3'598. Luster slightly resinous. Color yellow to brownish yellow. Streak dull yellow. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. Analysis :
Sb2O6 42-96 Fe2O3 3 85 H2O 15-26 SiOa 8'84 loss 1-09 100
Occurs as a coating, sometimes £ inch thick, on stibnite from Santa Clara Co., Cal.
PARTZITE A. Arents, Am. J. Sc., 43, 362, 1867. Apparently a hydrous oxide of antimony mixed with various metallic oxides, as pronounced by Blake (ib., 44, 119). It varies in color from yellowish green to blackish green and black; has G. 3'8; H. 3-4; and an even con- choidal fracture.
An analysis afforded Arents : Sb2O3 47-65, Cu,O 82-11, Ag2O 6'12, PbO 2'01, FeO 2'33, H2O 8"29 96'Si. It occurs in the Blind Spring Mts., Mono Co., California, with argentiferous galena, and antimonial ores of lead and silver, from whose decomposition it has probably proceeded. Named for Dr. A. F. W. Partz.
A related mineral occurs at the mine of San Lorenzo, province of Huaylas, and mine des Italiens, province of Cajatambo, Peru, Raimondi, Min. Perou, pp. 83, 86, 87, 1878.
STETEFELDTITE E. Eiotte, B. H. Ztg., 26, 253, 1867. Appears to be very similar to partzite. It occurs massive; blackish and brown in color; H. — 3-5-4-5; G. 4'12-4'24, with a shining streak. Stetefeldt (ib., p. 281) found as a mean of two analyses: SbaO4 43'77, S 4'7, Ag 23'74, Cu 12-78, Fe 1-82, HQO 7'9; and thence deduces Sb2OB46-47, S 4'59, Ag 23'23, Cu2'27, FeO 2'41, CuO 13-28, H2O 7-75 100.
It comes from southeastern Nevada, in the Empire district; also in the Philadelphia district. Named for the mining engineer, Ch. Stetefeldt.
An antimonite of copper, resembling stetefeldtite, has been described by Domeyko as oc- curring at the Potochi copper mine, near Huancavelica, Peru. It is amorphous, compact. Fracture smooth or uneven, in parts coarsely granular. Color blacker greenish black. Streak yellowish green. Luster weakly resinous. An analysis on the purest material obtainable (though still mixed with some sub-sulphate of copper) gave: Sb2O4 32 93, CuO 32'27, Fe2O3 11-14, ZuO 0-50, SO, 1-00, H2O (loss at low redness) 18-58, insoluble 1 '57 96'94. B.B. infusible. Dissolves readily in hydrochloric acid. Domeyko regards the mineral as probably having come from the decomposition of chalcostibite. 3d Appendix Min. Chili, 1871.
III. Oxides of the Metals. A. Anhydrous. B. Hydrous.
A. Anhydrous Oxides.
I. Protoxides, R20 and RO.
II. Sesquioxides, R203 ii in
III. Intermediate, RR,04 or RO.R,0S, etc.
IV. Dioxides, R08.
I. Protoxides, R,0 and RO.
223. Water, Ice H20 Hexagonal 6 T4026
224. Cuprite CuaO Isometric
Periclase Group. KO. Isometric.
225. Periclase MgO
226. Manganosite MnO
227. Bunsenite NiO
228. Zincite ZnO Hexagonal 1-6219
& :b:6 $29. Massicot PbO Orthorhombic 0-6706 : 1 : 0'9764 (artif.)
a :b:6 /3
fc30. Tenorite CuO Monoclinic 1-4902 : 1 : 1-3604 80° 28'
Melaconite
223. WATER. Wasser Germ. Vatten Swed. Eau Fr. Acqua Ital. Agua Span.
Water exists in three states: (1) a solid, ICE, at or below 0° C.; (2) a liquid, WATER proper, between 0° and 100°; (3) a gas, STEAM and AQUEOUS VAPOK, the former at 100° C. under a pressure of 760 mm., or at higher or lower temperatures with requisite increase or decrease of prbvrfure, the latter in the atmosphere at all temperatures.
ICE. Eis Germ. Is Swed. Glace Fr. Ghiaccio Ital.
Hexagonal; probably hemimorphic. Axis 6 1*4026 approx. ; 0001 A 1011 58° 18f Nordenskiold.
Forms' : c (0001, 0), m (1010. 1); r (1012, s (1011, 1), t (4041, 4).
Angles: cr *39°, cs 58° 18f , et 81° 13f , rr' 36° 41', aa' 50° 21f, 59° 14'.
Distinct faces rare. Usually, as snow crystals, in compound six-rayed stellate forms of great variety and delicacy; occasionally as hail3, with hexagonal crystals projecting from a solid nucleus, or rarely in distinct quartzoids. Also granular and compact massive.
Brittle at low temperatures, but somewhat less so near the melting-point. H. 1"6. G. 0'9167 Bunsen2. Fracture conchoidal. Luster vitreous. Color- less to wnite when pure, but in thick layers pale blue. Transparent. Optically uniaxial, positive. Kefractive indices, Eeusch* :
oot 1-30598 er 1-30734 &v 1-3120 1-3136 oov - 1'317 ev= 1-321
Also Meyer5:
G?r 1-2970 Li at -8°0. coy 1-3090 Na at 8° G?gr 1-3107 Tl at - 3-8° er 1-3037 " ey 1-3133 " " egr 1-3163 "
Comp — H20 Oxygen 88-9, hydrogen 111 100.
Obs. — Formed as a coating over ponds, lakes, rivers, etc. , at low temperatures; also direct from water vapor In the atmosphere as snow, often in crystals of great beauty and variety of form; also as frost, hail, etc. Forming permanent fields of snow at definite altitudes, depending upon the latitude; under favorable conditions changed into solid ice and descending as glaciers far below the snow-line; also, when the latter reach the sea, forming icebergs carried by ocean currents into lower latitudes.
Ref.— ] Of. Ak. Stockh., 17, 439, 1860, or Pogg., 114, 612, 1861; the measurements aronly approximate, and but little weight can be given to them; forms apparently orthorhombic or tetragonal were also observed. Cf. also Clarke, Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc., 1, 210, 1821; Bravais, on halos, etc., Ann. Ch. Phys., 21, 361, 1847; Leydolt, Ber. Ak. Wien, 7, 477, 1851; Listing, Pogg., 122, 161, 1864. Later Koch, Jb. Min., 449, 1877; Klocke, ib., 272, 1879; 1, 23, 18?' Berlin, Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 283, 1878. A great variety of snow-crystals are figured by
Oxides.
Scoresby in his History and Description of the Arctic Regions, 1820. 2 Pogg., 141, 7, 1870 3 Cf. Pogg., 146, 475, 1872, Nature, Dec. 12, 1889 (figures from Abicli, Tifiis, 1871); Am. J. Sc., 40, 176, 1890. 4 Pogg., 121, 573, 1864; earlier, Bravais, 1. c. 5 Wied. Ann., 31, 321, 1887.
224. CUPRITE. Acs caldarium rubro-fuscum, Germ. Lebererzkupfer, Agric., Foss., 334, Interpr., 462, 1546. Minera cupri calciformis pura et indurata, colore rubro, vulgo Kupferglas, Kupfer Lebererz., Cronst., Miu., 173, 1758. Cuprum tessulatum nudum Linn., Syst,., 172, tab. viii , 1756; Cuprum cryst. octaedrurn ib., 1768. Octahedral Copper Ore, Ked Glassy Copper Ore, Hill, Foss., 1771. Mine rouge de cuivre Sage, Min., 1772. Mine de cuivre vitreuse rouge de Lisle, Crist., 1772, 1783. Rothes Kupferglas Pallas, Nord. Beitrage, 5, 283, 1793. Rothkupfererz. Cuivre oxidule. Oxydulated copper. Zigueline Beud., Tr.. 2, 713, 1832. Ruberite Chapm., Pract. Min., 63, 1843. CuprilHrrid., Hamlb, 548, 1845. Ruby copper.
Ziegelerz Tile Ore; Kupferlebererz; Hepatinerz. Zigueliua Hal.
Haarformiges Rothkupferers. Cuivre oxidule capillaire, H. Kupferbliithe Hausm. Capillary Red Oxide of Copper. Chalkotrichit Glock , ., 369, 1839. Plush Copper Ore.
Isometric; with trapezohedral hemihedrism. Observed forms':
a (100, i-i)
o (111, 1) 77 (510, z-5)
e (210. i-2) P (221, 2)
9(331, 3) n (211, 2-2)
5 (533, ft (322,
(321,
Also x (986, f-|) developed as a trapezohedral hemihedral form, f. 3, Miers4. Commonly in octahedrons; also in cubes and dodecahedrons, often highly modified. Sometimes cubes lengthened into capillary forms. Also massive, granular; sometimes earthy.
Cleavage: o interrupted; rarely Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. H. 3'5-4. G. 5'85-6'15; 5 '992, Haid. Luster adamantine or submetallic to earthy. Color red, of various shades, particularly cochineal-red, sometimes almost black; occasionally crimson-red by transmitted light. Streak several shades of brownish red, shining. Subtransparent to subtranslucent. Kefractive index high, nr - 2-849 Fizeau5.
Arizona.
Gov't Perm, Kk.
Cornwall, Miers4.
Var.— 1. Ordinary, (a) Crystallized; commonly in octahedrons, dodecahedrons, cubes, and intermediate forms; the crystals often with a crust of malachite; (b) massive.
2. Capillary; Chalcotrichite. Plush copper Ore. In capillary or acicular crystallizations, which are cubes elongated in the direction of the octahedral axis (Knop. Jb. Min., 521, 1861).
3. Earthy; Tile Ore, Ziegelerz Germ. Brick-red or reddish brown and earthy, often mixed with red oxide of iron; sometimes nearly black. The hepatinerz. or liver ore, of Breithaupt has a layer-browu color. Von Bibra found (J. pr. Ch., 96, 203, 1865) the tile-ore of Algodon bay, Bolivia, to be a mixture of atacamite, cuprite, hematite, and other earthy material.
Comp.— Cuprous oxide, Cu20 Oxygen 11-2, copper 88 -8 100.
Pyr., etc. — Unaltered in the closed tube. B.B. in the forceps fuses and colors the flame emerald-green; if previously moistened with hydrochloric acid, the color imparted to the flame is momentarily azure-blue from chloride of copper. On charcoal first blackens, then fuses, and is reduced to metallic copper. With the fluxes gives reactions for copper. Soluble in con- centrated hydrochloric acid, and a strong solution when cooled and diluted with cold water yields a heavy, white precipitate of subchloride of copper.
Obs. — Occurs at Kamsdorf and Saalfeld in Thuringia; at Les Capanne Vecchie in Tuscany; on Elba, in cubes; in Cornwall, in fine translucent crystals with native copper and quartz, at Wheal Gorland and other Cornish mines; in Devonshire near Tavistock; in isolated crystals, sometimes an inch in diameter, in lithomarge, at Chessy, near Lyons, which are generally coated
Pericla8E Group— Periclase—Maxganosite. 207
with, or entirely altered to, malachite; at Ekaterinburg in the Ural; in South Australia; also abundant in Chili, Peru, Bolivia; very fine crystals from Andacollo near Coquimbo.
In the U. S. it has been observed at Schuyler's, Somerville, and Flemington copper mines, N. J., crystallized and massive, associated with chrysocolla and native copper; also near New Brunswick. N. J., in red shale; 3 m. from Ladenton, Rockland Co.. N. Y., with green malachite in trap; in soft earthy form in sandstone at Cheshire near New Haven, Conn.; at Cornwall, Lebanon Co., Pa.; in the Lake Superior region; at the copper mines irTStrGeuevieve Co., Mo. With malachite, limonite, etc., at the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee. Arizona, sometimes in fine crystals; beautiful chalcotrichile at Morenci; at Clifton, Graham Co., in crystals, and massive.
Named cuprite by Haidinger from the Latin cuprum, copper.
Artif. — An occasional furnace-product. Cf. Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 18, 58, 1890. Also a recent formation on buried copper coins, bronze utensils, etc., cf. Fletcher, Min. Mag.. 7. 187, 1887.
Alt. — A deoxidation of cuprite sometimes takes place, producing native copper It also becomes carbonated and green, by means of carbonated waters, changing to malachite or azurite; or through a silicate in solution it is changed to chrysocolla; or by taking oxygen it becomes melaconite. Limonite occurs as a pseudoraorph by substitution after cuprite.
Ref.— ' Cf. Mir., Min., 223, 1852; Schrauf, Atlas. L. An early paper illustrated with 9 plates and 108 figures is given by Phillips in Trans. G. Soc. London, 1, 23. 1811. Schrauf, Liskeard, Cornwall. Min. Mitth., 106, 1871. 3 Miers, Wheal Phoanix, Min. Mag., 8, 207, 1889. 4 Phil. Mag., 18, 127, 1884. 5 Quoted by Dx., N. R., 10, 1867.
HYDROCUPRITE Genth, Report Min. Peun., 46, 1875. From Cornwall, Lebanon Co., Penn. Is perhaps a hydrated cuprite. Amorphous, orange-yellow to orange-red; forms very thin coat- ings, sometimes rag-like, upon magnetite. A similar substance has been noted with cuprite at Schapbach, Baden (Sandb.).
Periclase Group. KO. Isometric.
225. PERICLASE. Periclasia Scacchi, Mem. Min., Naples, 1841. Periklas Germ. Peri- clasite.
Isometric. In cubes or octahedrons. Also in grains.
Cleavage: cubic, perfect; octahedral less distinct. H.= nearly 6. G.= 3'674, Vesuvius; 3'90, Nordmark. Colorless to grayish, and dark green. Transparent to translucent.
Comp. — Magnesia, MgO Oxygen 40, magnesium 60 — 100. Iron or manga- nese may be also present.
Anal.— 1, 2, Damour, Ann. Mines, 3, 381, 1843, and Bull. Soc. G. Fr., 6, 311, 1849; also earlier, Sec., 1. c. and 5th Ed., p. 134. 3, A. Sj5gren, G. F5r. F5rh., 9, 526, 1887. 4, G. Liudstrom, ibid.
MgO FeO MnO ZnO ign.
1. Vesuvius G. 3'674 93'86 5-97 — — — - 99'83
o 93*38 6'01 99'39
3! Nordmark G. 3-90 4 86 "38 0'46 8'27 1-98 1 '45 98 "54
4. " 87-38 0-19 9-00 2'52 — 99"09
'" Incl. some MnO.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. unaltered and infusible; the manganesian variety becomes dark colored. With cobalt solution after long blowing assumes a faint rlesh-red color. The pulverized mineral shows an alkaline reaction when moistened, and dissolves in mineral acids without effervescence.
Obs.— Occurs disseminated through ejected masses of a white limestone, and in spots of small clustered crystals, on Mt. Somma, sometimes with forsterite and earthy magnesite. At the Kitteln manganese mine, Nordmark, Wermland, Sweden, in small grains in a dolomitic limestone together with hausmannite; the grains are surrounded by a more or less distinct zone of brucite formed by alteration.
Peculiar pseudomorphs of serpentine (and in part of dolomite), showing a structure ap- parently corresponding to a highly perfect cubic cleavage, have been observed at the Tilly Foster iron mine at Brewster, N. Y. (J. D. D., Am. J. Sc.. 8, 375, 1874). The nature of the original mineral is in doubt; Tschermak has suggested that it may have been periclase.
Named from nepi, about, and KXdcriS, fracture, in allusion to the cleavage.
Artif. — Formed in crystals of a cubo-octahedral form by making lime to act at a high temper- ature on magnesium borate (Ebelmen); by the action of hydrochloric acid gas on magnesia (Deville); by the action of magnesium chloride on lime (Daubree).
226. MANGANOSITE. Manganosit Blomstrand, G. F5r. F6rh., 2, 179, 1874. Isometric. In minute octahedrons, with d and rarely a.
208 Oxides.
Cleavage: cubic. H. 5-6. G. 5-18. Luster vitreous. Color emerald green when fresh, becoming black on exposure. Isotropic.
Comp. — Manganese protoxide, MnO Oxygen 22 -6, manganese 77'4, 100. Anal.— Blomstrand, 9 For. Fohr., 2, 182, 1874.
MnO FeO MgO CaO
98-04 0-42 1-71 016 - 100'33
Fyr., etc. — B.B. blackens, without sensibly fusing. Dissolves with difficulty in strong nitric acid, forming a colorless solution. Reacts for manganese with the fluxes.
Obs. — Occurs with pyrochroite and manganite, in a manganiferous dolomite (anal. ; CaCO3 56-47, MnCO3 30'10, MgCO, 13;56, FeCO3 p-18 100'31, Blomstrand) at Langban, Wermland, Sweden; also in calcite, brucite, or dolomite, with hausmannite, pyrochroite, garnet,, etc., at the Moss mine, Nordmark, Wermland, Sweden.
227. BUNSENITE. Nickeloxydul C. Bergemann, J. pr. Ch., 75, 243, 1858. Bunsenite Dana, Min., 134, 1868.
Isometric. In minute octahedrons, sometimes having truncated edges. H. 5-5. G. 6-398. Luster vitreous. Color pistachio-green. Streak brownish black. Translucent. Artificial crystals observed in slags have a metallic luster, and brownish black color.
Comp — Nickel protoxide, NiO Oxygen 21-5, nickel 78*5 100. Obs. — Occurs in cavities with other nickel ores, and ores of uranium, at Johanngeorgenstadt.. Named after Prof. R. W. Bunsen of Heidelberg (b. 1811), who observed long since artificial crystals of this nickel oxide.
228. ZINOITE. Red Oxide of Zinc A. Bruce, Bruce's Min. J., 1. No. 2, 96, 1810. Zink- oxyd, Rothzinkerz, Germ. Zinc oxyde Fr. Red Zink Ore. Zinkit Haid., Handb., 548, 1845. Spartalite B. & M., 218, 1852. Sterliugite F. Alger, Min., 565, 1844.
Hexagonal; hemimorphic. Axis 6 1-6219; 0001 A 1011 *61 °54' Einne1.
Forms2 : c (0001, 0), m (1010, /), p (1011, 1). Also on artif. cryst.3: a (1120, £2), s (1013, £),. p (2025, f), n (1012, oo (3035, q (2023, f ), £ (8089, f)6 as tw. pi., v (8085, f), y (2021, 2); d:il21, 2-2)5; fj. (2133, 1-|)4.
Angles: pp' 52° 21', cp 36° 50', coo 48° 20', cv 71° 33', cd 72° 52'.
Natural crystals rare, hemimorphic (f. 1); usually foliated massive, or in coarse particles and grains; also with granular structure.
Artif. crystals generally prismatic (m) or quartzoids (p) with c; hemimorphic in habit (as also shown by etching-figures, Rinne, 1. c.j like wurtzite, greenockite, iodyrite, with which species it is homceo- morphous. Also twinned, with ? as tw. pi., Rath6; also with c tw. pi. and comp.-face, Riune.
Cleavage: c perfect; prismatic, sometimes distinct. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 4—4*5. G. — 5*43 -5'7; 5'684, cryst., Blake. Luster subadamantine. Streak orange-yellow. Color deep red, also orange-yellow. Trans- lucent to subtranslucent. Optically -f . Comp. — Zinc oxide, ZnO Oxygen 19 -7, zinc 80 -3 100. Manganese protox- ide is sometimes present.
Anal.— Stone, Sch. Mines, Q., 8, 149, 1887. See also 5th Ed., p. 135.
ZnO MuO Fe2Os
1. Sterling Hill G. 5'531 93"28 6'50 0'44 100-22
2. " " G. 5-507 94-30 5'54 0'36 100'20 '
Pyr., etc.— Heated in the closed tube blackens, but on cooling resumes the original color. B.B. infusible; with the fluxes, on the platinum wire, gives reactions for manganese, and on charcoal in R.F. gives a coating of zinc oxide, yellow while hot, and white on cooling. The coating, moistened with cobalt solution and treated in O.F., assumes a green color. Soluble in acids without effervescence. On exposure to the air it suffers a partial decomposition at the surface, and becomes invested with a white coating of zinc carbonate.
Massicot— Tenorite. 209
Obs. — Occurs wiih franklinite and willemite, at Sterling Hill near Ogdensburg, and at Mine Hill, Franklin Furnace. Sussex Co , N. J., sometimes in lamellar masses in pink calcite. It was first noticed, described, and analyzed by Dr. Bruce. Has been reported as forming pseudomorphs after sphalerite at Schneeberg.
Artif. — Mitscherlich has observed minute six-sided prisms in the iron-furnaces of Konigs hiltte, in Silesia. Similar crystals have been met with in the zinc f uruacetHiar Siegen ; also in the furnaces and roast-heaps at the New Jersey zinc mines; surface drusy, color white to amber- yellow (Am. J. Sc., 13, 417, 1852); in hexagonal prisms in the zinc furnaces at Bethlehem, Pa., and Newark, N. J.; by L. Stadtmtiller at the iron furnace of Van Deusenville, Mass.; also at other furnaces in Europe and America. Cf. also ref. below and Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 36, 1887.
Ref. — 'Artif. cryst. from Lerbach in the Harz, Jb. Min., 2, 164, 1884; Rose gives pp' 52° 17' to 52° 20', Kr.-Chem. Min., 64, 1852. 2E. S. D., Franklin Furnace, N. J., Am. J. Sc., 32, 389, 1886. 3 Cf. Hausm. for a reconciliation of earlier observations, Handb., 2, 199, 1847. [Stud., Gott. Ver. Bergm. Freunde, 5, 215]; some of these planes are doubtful; also Greta), Ber. Oberhess. Ges., 24, 1886. 4 Rath, Pogg., 122, 406, 1864. 6 Busz, artif. cryst., Zs. Kr., 15, 621, 1889. 6 Id., Pogg., 144, 580, 1871; cf. Levy, Ann. Mines, 4, 516, 1843. See p. 1052.
CALCOZINCTTE Shepard, Contrib. Min., Amherst, 1876, Am. J. Sc., 12. 231, 1876. A sub- stance from Sterling Hill, New Jersey, described as having a line granular to columnar structure, light orange-yellow color. It is probably a mechanical mixture of zincite and calcite, as an analysis indicates.
229. MASSICOT. Huot, Min., 346, 1841. Massicottite A. D'AcJiiardi I Metalli, 1, 221, 1883. Lead ocher, Plumbic ocher, Lead oxide. Bleiglittte, Bleioxyd, Germ. Chrysitin Weisbach, Synops. Min., 54, 1875. Plomb oxide jaune Fr. Piombo ossidato Hal. Litarjirio native Span., Domeyko, Min. Chili, 1879.
Massive; structure scaly crystalline or earthy.
H. =2. G. 8-0; 7-83-7-98, Mexico, Pugh; 9-2-9-36 when pure. Luster dull. Color between sulphur- and orpiment-yellow, sometimes reddish. Streak lighter than the color. Opaque. Does not soil.
Artif. cryst. early described as isometric, later shown to be orthorhombic; crystals thin tabular H with a (100), c (001), d (hOl), r (111), (455), t (233), and two other undetermined brachypyramids g, v Nd.1 See also Mitsch.2, who describes rhombic pyramids, also Grail.3, Rg.4, and Ludecke5, who mention tetragonal forms; also Michel6, who finds them optically negative.
Comp.— Lead monoxide, PbO Oxygen 7-2, lead 92'8 100. The natural mineral is more or less impure.
Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 136.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses readily to a yellow glass, and on charcoal is easily reduced to metallic lead.
Obs. — It is said to occur at Badenweiler in Baden, in quartz. Gerolt states that it has been ejected from the volcanoes of Popocatapetl and Jztaccituall, in Mexico. It is found in many places in the provinces of Chihuahua and Cohahuila in considerable quantities, having been collected along the streams between Ceralvo and Monterey, being supposed to come from the range of mountains running nearly north of Monterey. The specimens (often 2 or more cubic inches in size) are between orpiment- and sulphur-yellow in color, and glisten like a granular mica of a nearly golden color. The natural surface is slightly crystalline and shining, and when broken it shows a scaly texture.
Occurs also at Austin's mines, Wythe Co., Va.
Artif. — Artificial crystals have been obtained among furnace-products and by direct chemical methods, as well as from fusion. The yellow powder (PbO) obtained by heating lead in a cur- rent of air is called massicot; if, however, the heat is sufficient to fuse the oxide, the product, crystallizing usually in yellowish red scales, is called litharge.
Ref.— 'Pogg., 114, 619, 1861. Ber. Ak. Berlin, 11, 1840. 3 Ber. Ak. Wien, 28, 282, 1858. Kr. Ch., 1, 181, 1881. 5 Zs. Kr., 8, 82, 1883. 6 Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 56, 1890.
230. TENORITE. Kupferschwarze Fern., Bergm. J., 1789. Melaconite Huot, Min., 326, 1841. Tenorite Semmola, Opere Minori, 45, Napoli, 1841, Bull. G. Fr., 13, 206, 1841-42. Mela- conisa A. ScaccM, Distrib. Sist. Min., 40, Napoli, 1842. Melaconite Dana, Min., 518, 1850. Black copper; Black Oxide of Copper. Kupferoxyd Germ. Cuivre oxyde noir Fr. Nero ram e Hal. Cobre negro Span.
Monoclinic (or Triclinic). Axes: a : I : 6 1-4902 : 1 : 1'3604; ft 80° 28' 001 A 100 Maskelyne1.
100 A 110 55° 46', 001 A 101 38° If, 001 A Oil 53° 18'.
210 Oxides.
Forms: a (100, t'-i), .c (001, 0); x (601, - 6-i), q (Oil, 14), u (111, - 1), o (111. 1), e (611, - 6-6).
Angles: qq' — 106° 36', uu' 85° 6', oo' 94° 38', au 57° 4', ag 84° 19', 65° 50.
The axial ratio of Maskelyne given above (lie gives no angles) was deduced by him from melacouite crystals from Cornwall. Artif. crystals were described by Jenzsch as ortliorhombic, but his results agree better with those of Maskelyne (Scacchi, Kalkowsky). Tenorite crystals from Vesuvius have been described by Scacchi, and later by Kalkowsky, who makes them tri- clinic on optical grounds. Supposed isometric crystals of melaconite from Lake Superior were perhaps pseudomorphs.
Twins: tw. pi. a. Often in thin shining flexible scales. Earthy; massive; pulverulent.
Cleavage: c easy, also u (111) Mask. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. H. 3-4. G.= 5'825 cryst.,Mask.; 6-25, massive, Whitney; 5'952, id., Joy. Luster metallic, and color steel- or iron-gray when in thin scales; dull and earthy, with a black or grayish black color, and ordinarily soiling the fingers when massive or pulverulent.
Var. — 1. Tenorite. In minute scales with metallic luster, found at Vesuvius. 2. Melaconite. Earthy black massive.
Comp. — Cupric oxide, CuO Oxygen 20'2, copper 79-8 100.
Pyr., etc.—B.B. in O.F. infusible; other reactions as for cuprite, p. 206. Soluble in hydro- chloric and nitric acids.
Obs. — Found OQ lava at Vesuvius in scales from a twentieth to a third of an inch across, often hexagonal knd sometimes triangular; and also pulverulent. Common in the earthy form about copper mines, as a result of the decomposition of chalcopyrite and other copper ores. Abundant thus at the Ducktowu mines in Tennessee, and also formerly at Copper Harbor, Keweunuw Point, L. Superior. Named after Sr. Teuore, President of the Naples Academy.
Ref.— 'Brit. Assoc., 33, 1865. Jenzsch, Pogg., 107, 647, 1859. Kalkowsky, Zs. Kr., 3, 279, 1879. On paramelaconite, see p. 1043.
MARCYLITE Shepard, Marcy's Expl. Red River, 135, 1854, Shep. Min., 405, 1857. An un- certain mixture from the Red River, near the Wachita Mts., Arkansas. Supposed to consist of oxide of copper, sulphide of copper, with water. It is evidently a result of the alteration of a copper sulphide. See 5th Ed., p. 137.
A similar mixture from Peru is mentioned by Raimondi, Min. Perou, 137, 1878.
LIME. Calcium oxide. Calce Scacchi.
Found at Vesuvius enveloped in the lava of 1631, as a result of the alteration of calcium carbonate.
PALLADINITE Adam, Tabl. Min., 82, 1869. Palladium oxide, PdO; credited to Lainpadius.
II. Sesquioxides, R203.
Hematite Group.* Rhombohedral.
rr' 6
231. Corundum Ala03 93° 56' 1-3630
232. Hematite Fe20s 94° 0' 1-3656
233. Ilmenite (Fe,Ti)203 Tetartohedral 94° 29' 1-3846
231. CORUNDUM. Corindon Sapphire, Corundum, and Emery united) H., Gilb. Ann., 20, 187. 1805, Lucas Tabl., 1, 257, 1806.
1. SAPPHIRE. — "TaKivftoS Or.; Hyacinthos Plin., 37, 44; Asteria, ibid., 49. Jacut Arab. "AvQpaZ pt., Theophr. Carbunculus, Lychnis, pt., Plin., 37, 25, 29. Saphir, Sapphirus,
Wall., Min., 116; Orientalisk Rubin, id., 117, 1747. Telesie H., Tr., 1801. Corindon hyalin H., 1805.
2. CORUNDUM.— AdamasSideritesPm., 37, 15. Karund Hind. Corivindum, Corivendum, Woodw., Cat. Foss., 1714, 1725. Adamantine Spar Black, 1780, according to Greville and Klaproth (v. seq.). Demantspath Klapr., Mem. Acad.,' Berlin, 1786-87, Berlin, 1792; Beitr., 1, 17. 1795; Wern., Bergm. J., 1, 375, H90, 1789. Spath adamantin Delameth., J. de Phys., 30, 12, 1787; ffauy, ib., 193. Corundum Oremlle, Phil. Trans., 1798. Corindon H., Tr., 1801. Corindon harmophane H. Corindon adamantiu Brongn., Min., 1, 429, 1807. Korund Germ.
Includes also pyrophanite, MnTiO3, p. 1045, and perhaps langbanite. pp. 543, 1039.
Hematite Group— Corundum.
3. EMERY. — ' 'AKovrj H'Apjuerias Armenian Whetstone], TheopJir. 2/uvpi? Dioscor., 6, 165. Naxium, Naxium ex Armenia, Plin., 36, 10. Pyrites vivus (?) Plin., 36, 30. Smyris, bmiris, Agric., Foss., 1546. Smergel, Sniiris ferrea, Wall., Min., 267, 1747. Smirgel, SchmirgeL Germ. Emeril H., Tr., 1801; Corindon granuleux H., 1805.
Rhombohedral. Axis 1-3630; 0001 A 1011 57° 34' 8" Miller1.
Forms2
d (1013,
c (0001, 0) d (1012,
(0221, - 2) ft (0772, -
m (1010, /) a (1120, z-2) f (7180, j-f)
y (lois,
r (1011, 1) b (7072, |)3 (7071, 7)5
77 (0111, - 1)
o (2245, |-2)6 5 (7-7-14-9, -1, (1121, 2-2)
k (7-7-14-6, |-2)
(4483, f-2)
u (11 -11 -22-6, V-2)5
z (2241, 4-2)
A (7-7-14-3,
6 (8-8-16 3,
v (4481, 8-2) oo (14-14-28-3,
g (3254, i5)
p (2-8-10-9, - |S)
1, Ceylon. 2, Burma, Mallet. 3, Zanskar, Id. 4, 5, Ceylon, Haid. 6, IlmenMts., Kk.
af 23° 25' mf 6° 35'
cy 17° 28' cS 27° 41' cd 38° 12' cs 72° 22V cb 79° 43'
en, 61° 11'
Cs 64° 45'
cw 69° 51'
ck 72° 33'
74°
37'
cz
79°
36'
cA
81°
4'
cB
82C
10'
84°
coo
85°
30'
59°
1'
eg
59°
45'
cp
58°
2'
yy'
30°
dd'
47°
27'
64° 46' *93° 56' 111° 15' bb' =116° 53'
rrf 49° 56'
51° 58' 53° 46' 55° 59V 56° 58V 57° 38V 58° 55'
rr
nn
55'
Aa'
59° 12'
69'
59° 23'
vv'
59° 43V
K)K)'
59° 48'
ii'
68° 17'
ii"
46° 46'
S3'
61° 59'
*
40° 91
ppv
79° 47'
Pp'
18° 27'
ar
43° 2'
as
34° 22V'
Twins: tw. pi. r; sometimes penetration-twins; often polysynthetic, and thus producing a laminated structure. Crystals often rough and rounded, especially if large. Planes in zone ca deeply striated horizontally; c striated edge c/r, or divided into sectors by lines radiat- ing from center normal to edges c/a. Also massive, with nearly rectangular parting or pseudo-cleavage; granular, coarse or fine.
Parting: c, sometimes perfect, but interrupted; also r due to twinning, often prominent. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle, when compact very tough. H. 9. G. 3'95-4'10. Luster adamantine to vitreous; on c sometimes pearly. Occasionally showing asterism. Color blue, red, yellow, brown, gray, and nearly white; streak uncolored. Pleochroic in deeply colored varieties. Trans- parent to translucent.
Normally uniaxial, negative; sapphire 1"7676 to 1-7682 and er 1*7594
Ilmen Mts., Kk.
212 Oxides.
to 1-7598; ruby 1-7675, e 1-7592, Dx.7 Often abnormally biaxial8. Phos- phorescent with a rich red color, and yielding a double crimson line (at A 6937, 6942) in the spectroscope (Crookes).
Var.— There are three subdivisions of the species prominently recognized in the arts, a-nd until early in this century regarded as distinct species; but which actually differ only in purity and state of crystallization or structure. Haiiy first (in 1805) formally united them under the name here accepted for the species, though the fact that adamantine spar and sapphire were alike in crystallization did not escape the early crystallographer Rome de Lisle, and led him to suggest their identity.
VAR. 1. SAPPHIRE, RUBY. — Includes the purer kinds of fine colors, transparent to translu- cent, useful as gems. Stones are named according to their colors: Sapphire blue; true Ruly, or Oriental Ruby, red; 0. Topas, yellow; 0. Emerald, green; 0. Amethyst, purple. A variety having a stellate opalescence when viewed in the direction of the vertical axis of the crystal, is the Asteriated Sapphire or Star Sapphire (Asteria of Pliny). The ruby sapphire was probably included under the avtipas of Theophrastus, aud the Carbunculus aud Lychnis of Pliny. The blue sapphire (Ceylon) was called Salamsteiu by Werner.
Barklyite is a more or less opaque magenta-colored ruby from Victoria, cf. Liversidge, Min. N. S. W., 198, 1888. Chlorsapphir is a deep green variety occurring in bombs of a "sanidine- gneiss" enclosed in an ancient trachytic tufa at Kouigswiuter on the Rhine, cf. Polig, Ber. nied. Ges.,May7. 1888.
2. CORUNDUM.— Includes the kinds of dark or dull colors and not transparent, colors light blue to gray, brown, and black. The original adamantine spar from India has a dark grayish smoky-brown tint, but greenish or bluish by transmitted light, when translucent, and either in distinct crystals, often large, or cleavable-massive. It is ground and used as a polishing material, and being purer, is superior in this respect to emery. It was thus employed in ancient times, both in India and Europe. The ''Armenian stone " is supposed by King to have been corundum rather than emery.
3. EMERY. Schmirgel Germ.— Includes granular corundum, of black or grayish black color, and contains magnetite or hematite intimately mixed. Sometimes associated with iron spinel or hercyuite. Feels and looks much like a black fine-grained iron ore. which it was long considered to be. There are gradations from the evenly fine grained emery to kinds in which the corundum is in distinct crystals. This last is the case with part of that at Chester, Massachusetts. The specific gravity varies rather widely, G. 3'75-4'31 Smith.
Comp. — Alumina, A1203 Oxygen 47"1, aluminium 52*9 100. The crystal- lized varieties are essentially pure; analyses of emery show more or less impurity, chiefly magnetite.
For analyses, etc., see J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 10, 354, 1850, 11, 53, 1851, 42, 83, 1866, and 5th Ed., p. 139.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. unaltered; slowly dissolved in borax and salt of phosphorus to a clear glass, which is colorless when free from iron; not acted upon by soda. The finely pulverized mineral, after long heating with cobalt solution, gives a beautiful blue color. Not acted upon by acids, but converted into a soluble compound by fusion with potassium bisulphate.
Obs. — Usually occurs in crystalline rocks, as granular limestone or dolomite, gneiss, granite, mica slate, chlorite slate. The associated minerals often include some species of the chlorite group, as prochlorite, corundophilite, margarite, also tourmaline, spinel, cyanite, diaspore, and a series of aluminous minerals, in part produced from its alteration. Occasionally found in ejected masses enclosed in younger volcanic rocks, as at Konigswinter, Niedermeudig, etc. Rarely observed as a contact-mineral. The fine sapphires are usually obtained from the beds of rivers, either in modified hexagonal prisms or in rolled masses, accompanied by grains of magnetite, and several kinds of gems, as spinel, etc. The emery of Asia Minor, Dr. Smith states, occurs in granular limestone.
The best rubies come from the mines in Upper Burma, north of Mandalay, in an area cover- ing 25 to 30 square miles, of which Mogok is the center. Also found in the marble hills of Sagyin, 16 miles north of Mandalay. The rubies occur in situ in crystalline limestone, also in the soil of the hillsides and in gem-bearing gravel. All the crystallized varieties of the species occur here; the spinel ruby is a common associate. A ruby weighing 304 carats is said to have been found here in 1890. Rubies and sapphires have also been reported from other localities, and the massive varieties are common especially in the crystalline rocks of southern India. Ruby mines have also been worked at Jagdalak, 32 miles east of Kabul, Afghanistan. Some fine sapphires were obtained in 1882 from the Zanskar range of the Kashmir Himalayas near the village Machel in Padar, and since then mining has been carried on there with some success (Mallet, Min. India; La Touche, Rec. G. Surv. India, 23, 59, 1890) Blue sapphires are brought from Ceylon, often as rolled pebbles, but also as well-preserved crystals. Corundum occurs in the Carnatic on the Malabar coast, on the Chantibun hills in Siam, and elsewhere in the East Indies; also near Oantou. China. At St. Gothard. it occurs of a red or blue tinge in dolomite, and near Mozzo in Piedmont, in white compact feldspar. Adamantine spar is met with in large coarse, hexagonal nwivpids in Gellivara, Sweden.
Emery is found in large boulders at Naxos, Nicaria, and Sarnos of the Grecian islands; also
Hematite Group— Hematite. 213
in Asia Minor, 12 m. E. of Ephesus. near Gumuch-dagh, where it was discovered in situ by Dr. J Lawrence Smith, associated with margarite, chloritoid, pyrite, calcite, etc.; and also at Kulah, Adula, and Manser, the last 24 m. N. of Smyrna; also with the nacrite (?) of Cumberland, Eng- land. Other localities are in Bohemia, near Petschau; in the Ural, near Ekaterinburg; and in the Ilmen mountains, not far from Miask; in the gold-washings northeast of Zlatoust as small crystals (called solmonite after Senator Soimonov) in barsovite (Kk. Min. Russl., 1, 30, 2, 80). Corundum, sapphires, and less often rubies occur in rolled pebbles in the-d4aiond gravels on the Cudgegong river, at Mudgee and other points in New South Wales.
In N. America, in Maine, at Greenwood, in cryst. in mica schist, with beryl, zircon , lepidolite, rare. In Massachusetts, at Chester, corundum and emery in a large vein, consisting mainly of emery and magnetite, associated with diaspore, ripidolite, margarite, etc.; the corundum occa- sionally in blue pyramidal crystals. In Connecticut, at W. Farms, near Litchneld, in pale blue crystals; at Norwich, with sillimanite, rare. In New York, at Warwick, bluish and pink, with spinel, and often in its cavities; Amity, white, blue, reddish crystals, with spinel and rutile in gran, limestone. Emery with magnetite and green spinel (hercynite) in Westchester Co. in Cortlandt township, near Cruger's Station, and elsewhere (Am. J. Sc., 33, 194. 1887). In 2iew Jersey, at Newton, blue crystals in gran, limestone, with grass-green hornblende, mica, tour- maline, rare; at Vernou, near State line, red crystals, often several inches long. In Pennsyl- vania, in Delaware Co., in Aston, near Village Green, in large crystals; at Mineral Hill, in loose cryst.; in Chester Co., at Union ville, abundant in crystals, some masses weighing 4,000 Ibs., and crystals occasionally 4 in. long, with tourmaline, margarite, and albite; in large crystals loose in the soil at Shimersville, Lehigh Co. In Virginia, in the mica schists of Bull Mt., Patrick Co.
Common at many points along a belt extending from Virginia across western North and South Carolina and Georgia to Dudleyville, Alabama; especially in Madison, Buncombe, Hay- wood, Jackson, Macou, Clay, and Gaston counties in North Carolina. The localities at which most work has been done are the Culsagee mine, Corundum hill, near Franklin, Macon Co., N.C., and 26 miles S. E. of this, at Laurel Creek, Ga. The corundum occurs in beds in chrysolite (and serpentine) and hornblendic gneiss, associated with a species of the chlorite group, also spinel, etc., and here as elsewhere with many minerals resulting from its alteration. (Cf. Shepard. Am. J. Sc., 4, 109, 175, 1872; also Genth, 1. c.) Fine pink crystals of corundum occur at Hiawassee, Towns Co., Georgia.
In Colorado, in small blue crystals in mica schist near Salida, Chaffee Co. Gem sapphires are found near Helena, Montana, in gold-washings and in bars in the Missouri river, especially the Eldorado bar. In California, in Los Angeles Co., in the drift of San Francisqueto Pass. In Canada, at Burgess, Ontario, red and blue crystals.
Alt. — Corundum undergoes extensive alteration, a series of aluminous minerals being the result. The commonest change is to the potash mica damourite, also to spinel, cyanite, fibrolite, zoisite, margarite, and other species. Cf. Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 361, 1873; ibid., 20, 381, 1882: Am. J. Sc., 39, 47, 1890.
Artif.— Formed by decomposing potash alum by charcoal (Gaudin); in crystals by exposing to a high heat 4 pts. of borax and 1 of alumina (Ebelmen); by subjecting in a carbon vessel aluminium to the action of boric acid, the process yielding large rhombohedral plates (Devillu & Carou); by addition to the last of chromium fluoride in varying amounts, affording the nrt sapphire or blue sapphire, or a fine green kind; by action of aluminium chloride on lime (Daubree . Again by the fusion of alumina and minium in siliceous earthen crucibles, yielding a fusible lead aluminate which was subsequently decomposed by the silica, setting free the alumina in hexagonal crystals of considerable size (Fremy and Feil); under varying conditions rubies, sapphires, etc., being obtained. Also by the decomposition of aluminium chloride by magnesium and water vapor at a high temperature in a sealed tube (Meunier). Cf. Fouque-Lew, Synth. Miu., 218-224. 1882; Bourgeois. Reprod. Min., 62, 1884.
Ref.— ! Min., p. 242, 1852. 2 Cf. Mir., 1. c., and Svr., Att. Ace. Torino, 7, IJ77. 1871. 3 Klein, Ceylon, Jb. Min., 486, 1871. 4 Kk., Ceylon, Min. Russl., 6, 223, 1874. 6 Busz, Ceylon. Zs. Kr., 15, 622. 1889. 6 Bruhns, ibid., 17, 554, 1890. ' Dx., Propr. Opt., 2, 18. 1858. Cf. Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 150, 1876, who makes the species orthorhombic; also Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 95, 1878; Tschermak, Min. Mitth., 1, 362, 1878, who regards it as monocliuic; Lsx., Zs. Kr., 10, 346, 1885.
232. HEMATITE, 'zyuarz'rs Blood-stone] pt. Tlieophr., 325 B.C.; Dioscor., 5, 143, A.D. 40. Haematites pt. Plin., 36, 28, 38, A.D. 77. (1) Galenae genus tertium omnis metalli inanissimum, Germ. Eisenglanz, (2) Haematites pt. Germ. Blutstein, Glaskopf, Agric , Interpr., 465, 468, 1546. (1) Speglande Jernmalm, Mineraferri specularis. (2) Haematites ruber, (H) Ochra rubra, Wall., 259-266, 1747. Rotheisenstein. (1) Jarnmalm tritura rubra, Speglande Eisen- glimmer, (2) Haematites ruber, (3) Ochra pt., Cronst., 178-185, 1758. Specular Iron ; Red Hematite, Red Ocher. Specularite. Fer speculaire, (2) Hematite rouge, Sanguine, Fr. (1) Eisenglauz, (2) Roth Eisenstein, Rother Glaskopf, Rother Eisenrahm, Wern., Bergm. J., 1789. IronGlance, Red Iron Ore, Red Oxide of Iron, Micaceous Iron Ore. (1) Fer oligiste, (2) Fer oxyde rouge, H.,Tr.. 1801. Hiimatit Hausm., Haid. Handb.. 552, 1845, Hausm. Handb., 232, 1847. Jem- glans. Rod Jernmalm, Blodsten, ROdmalm, Swed. Ematite rossa, Oligisto, Ferro specolare Itol Hematita rojo, Hierro oligisto Span.
Oxides.
Rhombohedral. Axis 6 1-36557 ; 0001 A 1011 57° 37' 4" Koksharov1.
Forms- :
(5058, 1)
$ (0665, - f)4
c (0001, 0)
r (1011, R)
JV(0554, - f )
m (1010, I)
a (0332, -
a (1120, i-2)
m (4041, 4)
s (0221, - 2)
h (4150, z-f)
a (O'l 123, —
p (0551, - 5)
6 (2130, i-J)
9 (1126,t-2)
A (10M6, Tv)
n (0-2-21:?,- A
.) n (1123, |-2)
O (1019, £)
(0115, - i)
F<2245, f-2)
M (1014, i)
o (0114, - i)
n (224:5, f2)
V (3-0-3-10, T)3
(0227, - 1)
JT(4483, f-2)
e (2025,
F(3362, 3-2)
d (1012, 4)
p (0557, - 4)
x (5'5 iO'3, -V0-:
B (4047, f)
yf (0445, - £)
3 (2241,4-2)
r (3035, f)
77 (0111, - 1)
t (29-4-33-31, ff11)
w(5161, 4§) q (S-2-10'9, |3)3
0 (7298_, f1)
e (3-1-4-32, TV) / (6281, 42)
0(5276, ij)
(15-7-22-2, 4V) (2134, i8)
1 (4265, f3) A (2131, I3) ff (3254, i-5)
cr (6-4-10-5, I5)
Bucking adds : (9 5-14-0, z-V); n (5054, f ), 0(2021,2); (0559,- H (24-6 30-5, -V-'). (16-8-24-25, 3), D (15-8-23-23,
C (3475, - J') .Q (6-8-14-13, - TV) C (2355, - i5) IF (4-6-10-7, - f 5) £ (2352, - i5) Z (1238, — i3) rf} (1235, - £3) p (2467, - f3) $ (7-14-21-20, - X (1232, - i3)
(2576, -
(0 8-8-11, -
), 5(26-6 32'7, -27°-),
(14-8-22-38, T\I:});
(5-9-14-20, - I
(8-I5-2Jh9, - T75¥), A (10-20-30-27, -
M (7-14-21-18, — |3), .2 (M5-16-4, — Scaccbi mentions sevenil doubtful pyramids and scalenohedrons.
rr'
*94° 0'
C/J.
17°
30'
76°
17'
15'
rrj
49° 57'
cA
51
36'
ex
ss
77°
37'
<'C
44°
3'
M
9° 45'
ca
67°
5'
cz
ss
79°
87f
Cc"
40'
uu' ee' dd' TT 11' tnm
37° 2' 55° 2' 64° 51' 73° 3' 114° 10' 117° 36'
cs cp
yy'
Hv-
ee'
Aa'
72° 82°
19° 30° 64°
85°
24' 46'
17' " 12' 51' 29'
nri
ww'
WW" ee eeT ff'
51° 101° 17° 14° 4° 91'
59' 12' 47' 29' 39' 45'
??v
i wv
zz
Z/S
44° 57' 54° 17° 35°
08' 38' 1' 49' 25' 14'
cA
5° 38'
aa
105°
49'
ff"
27°
41'
W
24"
13'
cu
21° 31'
ss'
111°
17'
it'
56'
24'
49°
36'
ct cd cT cm cy
32° I4i' 38° 15' 43° 25' 75° 46' 80° 59i' 11° 9'
PP' eg
CTf
cT en
118'
24° 42°
47° 61°
74°
28f 19' 32' 13' 39'
it" u' U" kk' kk 99'
27° 68° 32°
79° 37° 62°
20'
20' 37' 7' 1'
Pp'
ppr
flP fift*
tan'
ooca"
29° 60°
37° 81°
27°
72°
3' 12' 56' 5' 24' 37'
Twins: tw. pi. (1) c, penetration-twins; also comp. face often c as in f. 5. (2) r, less common, usually as polysynthetic twinning lamellae5, producing a fine striation on c, and giving rise to a distinct parting or pseudo-cleavage r. Crys- tals often thick to thin tabular c, and grouped in parallel position or in rosettes ; c faces striated edge c/d and other forms due to oscillatory combination; also in cube-like rhombohedrons ; rhombohe- dral faces u horizontally striated and often rounded over in convex forms. Also columnar to granular, botryoidal, and stalactitic shapes; also lamellar, laminae joined parallel to c, and variously bent, thick or thin; also granular, friable or compact.
Parting: c, due to lamellar structure; also r, caused by twinning. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle in compact forms; elastic in thin laminae; soft and unctuous in some loosely adherent scaly varieties. H. 5'5-6'5. G. 4'9-5'S; of crystals mostly 5'20-5'25; of sorno com- pact varieties, as low as 4 '2. Luster metallic and occa
Ural, Kk.
Hem A Tite Gro Up— Hem A Tite.
fuonally splendent; sometimes dull. Color dark steel-gray or iron-black; in very thin particles blood-red by transmitted light; when earthy, red. Streak cherry-red or reddish brown. Opaque, except when in very thin laminae. Optically negative, artif. cryst., Michel. Sometimes feebly magnetic, and occasionally magnetipolar. Electrical conductivity c nearly double that c, the conductivity for both electricity and heat conforming to the crystalline symmetry, Backstrom6.
Var. 1. Specular. Luster metallic, and crystals often spier lent, whence the name specular- iron (Glanzeiseuerz Germ.), (b) When the structure is foliated or micaceous, the ore is called micaceous hematite (Eisenglimmer Germ.); some of the micaceous varieties are soft and unctuous (Eisenrahm Germ.).
2. Compact columnar; or fibrous. The masses often long radiating; luster submetallic to metallic; color brownish red to iron-black. Sometimes called red hematite, the name hematite among the older mineralogists including the fibrous, stalactitic, and other solid massive varieties of this species, also limonite and turgite. Often in reniform masses with smooth fracture, called kidney ore (rother Glaskopf, Blutstcin. Eismniere, Germ.).
3. Red Ocherous. Reddle or Ruddle (Rothel Germ.). Red and earthy. Often specimens of the preceding are red ocherous on some parts. Reddle and red chalk are red ocher, mixed with more or less clay.
1-4, Simple forms. 5, Vesuvius, Sbk. 6, Binnenthal, Calderon. 7, 8, Elba. 9, St. Gothard,
4. Clay Iron-stone; Argillaceous hematite. Hard, brownish black to reddish brown, often in part deep red; of submetallic to unmetallic luster; and affording, like all the preceding, a red streak. It consists of oxide of iron with clay or sand, and sometimes other impurities.
(b) When reddish in color and jasper-like in texture, often called jaspery clay iron-stone.
(c) When consisting of minute flattened concretions, it is the lenticular iron ore; also called fos- sil ore. Foerste has shown that this oolitic ore in the Clinton group consists largely of the f rag- mental remains of bryozoan corals. Itabiryte is a schist resembling mica-schist, but "outuiniug much specular ore in grains or scales, or in the micaceous form.
Comp. — Iron sesquioxide, Fe203 Oxygen 30, iron 70 100. Somel.mes contains titanium and magnesium, and passing into ilmenite, wh. see.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible; on charcoal in R.F. becomes magnetic; with borax gives the iron reactions. With soda on charcoal in R.F. is reduced to a gray magnetic metallic powder. Soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — This ore occurs in rocks of all ages. The specular variety is mostly confined to crys- talline or metamorphic rocks, but is also a result of igneous action about some volcanoes, as at Vesuvius. Many of the geological formations contain the argillaceous variety or clay iron-stone, which is mostly a marsh-formation, or a deposit over the bottom of shallow, stagnant water; but this kind of clay iron-stone (that giving a red powder) is less common than the corresponding variety of limonite. The beds that, occur in metamorphic rocks are sometimes of very greaf thickness, and, like those of magnetite in the same si'i.j.-.ioii, have resulted from the alteration
216 Oxides.
of stratified beds of ore, originally of marsh origin, which were formed at the same time with the enclosing rocks, and underwent metamorphism, or a change to the crystalline condition, at the same time.
Beautiful crystallizations of this species are brought from the island of Elba, which has afforded it from a very remote period, and is described by Ovid as " Insula iuexhaustis chalyb- dum generosa metallis." The surfaces of the crystals often present an irised tarnish and brilliant luster. St. Gothard affords beautiful specimens, composed of crystallized tables grouped in the form of rosettes (Eisenrosen), and accompanying crystals of adularia. Near Limoges, France, it occurs in large crystals. Fiue crystals are the result of volcanic action at Etna and Vesuvius, and particularly in Fossa Cancharone, on Monte Somma, where it iucrusts the ejected lavas; also formed iu most recent eruptions about the fumaroles; in that of 1855, in fine crystallizations -about the fumaroles, some so thin as to be blood-red by transmitted light (Scacchi). Areudal in Norway, Langban and Nordmark in Sweden, Framout in Lorraine, Dauphine, Binnenthal -and Tavetsch, Switzerland, also Cleator Moor in Cumberland, afford splendid specimens. Red hematite occurs in reniform masses of a fibrous concentric structure, near Ulver- stone in Lancashire, in Saxony, Bohemia, and the Harz. In Westphalia it occurs as pseudo- morphs after calcite. In Brazil it is associated with quartz. In Spain, also Chili, there are immense beds.
In N. America, widely distributed, and sometimes in beds of vast thickness in rocks of the Archaean age, as in the upper peninsula of Michigan, in the Marquette district, also iu Meuominee county and west of Lake Agogebic in Gogebic county; further through northern Wisconsin, Florence, Ashland and Dodge Cos., and in Minnesota near Vermilion lake, St. Louis Co. ; in Missouri, at the Pilot Knob and the Iron Mtn.; the former 650 feet high, consisting mainly of an Archaean quartz rock, and having specular iron in the upper part, the iron ore in heavy beds interlaminated with quartz; the latter 200 feet high, and consisting at surface of massive hema- tite in loose blocks, many 1 0 to 20 tons in weight.
In New York, in Oneida, Herkimer, Madison, Wayne Cos., a lenticular argillaceous var. (fos- sil ore), constituting one or two beds in the Clinton group of the Upper Silurian; the same in Pennsylvania, and as far south as Alabama; and in Canada, and Wisconsin to the west; in Ala- bama, there are extensive beds along each border of the anticlinal valleys, through Jackson, Marshall, Blount, Cherokee, Etowah, Jefferson, Tuscaloosa counties (Min. Res. U. S., 1887); prominent mines are near Birmingham.
Besides these regions of enormous beds, there are numerous others of workable value, either crystallized or argillaceous. Some of these localities, interesting for their specimens, are in northern New York, at Gouverueur, Antwerp, Hermon, Edwards, Fowler, Canton, etc.; Woodstock and Aroostook, Me.; at Hawley, Mass., a micaceous variety; at Piermont, N. H., id.; in North and South Carolina a micaceous variety in schistose rocks, constituting the so-called specular schist, or itabiryte.
Named hematite from afijna} blood, it seeming, says Theophrastus, as if formed of concreted blood. This old Greek author speaks afterwards of a second kind of hematites ('Ai/taTtrrtS avftrj}, which was of a yellowish white color, probably a yellow ocher, an impure form of limonite, the species long called brown hematite.
Alt. — By deoxidatiou through organic matter forms magnetite or protoxides; and from the latter comes siderite by combination with carbonic acid; or by further deoxidation through sulphureted hydrogen forms pyrite. By combination with water forms limonite. Limonite, magnetite, and pyrite constitute occurring pseudomorphs after hematite.
Artif. — Formed in crystals by the action of steam on ferric chloride, regarded as the probable method of origin of the hematite of lavas; also by the action of ferric chloride on lime (Daubree); by the action of a stream of hydrochloric acid gas on Fe2O3, the application being made very slowly, lest it be all converted to chloride, etc.
On the formation of hematite by sublimation, see Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 18, 44, 1890, who also gives literature.
Ref.— ' Vesuvius, Min. Russl., 1, 3, 1853; Mohs gives 94° 2': Levy, Mir., 93° 50'. 8 Cf. Mir., Miu , 236, 1852; also earlier, Hbg., Min. Not., 5, 43, 1863, 6, et seq., 1864 (list of planes on p. 6), 8, 33, 41, 9, 52, 1870; Rath, Pogg., 128, 420, 1866; Svr., Att. Ace. Torino, 7, 377, 1872; Sec., Coutr. Min., n, 1 (Att. Ace. Napoli, 6, 1873). Also Bkg., Zs. Kr.. 1, 562. 1877, 2, 416,
3 Flink, Pajsberg, also the following rhouibohedrons not all above doubt: rO'1'10, 2-Q-2-15, 1017, 1016, 1015, Ol-I-ll, 0117, 0116, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 13 (2), 7, 25, 1888. 4 Id., Nord- mark, ibid., p. 32.
6 Bauer, Zs. G. Ges., 26, 186, 1874; Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 216, 1884, 2, 35. 1886. This seems to have been observed by Mohs as noted by Struver, Rend. Accad. Line., 4, 347. 1888. 6 Back- strom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh.. 45. 533. 1888; also thermo-electric behavior, ibid , p. 553.
MARTITE. Martit Breith., Char., 233, 1832. Martite is iron sesquioxide under an isometric form, occurring in octahedrons or dodecahedrons like magnetite, and believed to be pseudomor- phous after magnetite; perhaps in part also after pyrite. Parting octahedral like magnetite. Fracture conchoidal. H. 6-7. G. 4-809-4'832, Brazil, Breith.; 4'65, Puy-de Dome; 4'35, Frassem, Dewalque: 5'15, Brazil, Rg. ; 5'194-5-205, Brazil, Lex.; 5'33. Monroe, N. Y , Hunt. Luster submetallic. Color iron-black, sometimes with a bronzed tarnish. Streak reddish brown or purplish brown. Not magnetic, or only feebly so. The crystals are sometimes embedded ia
Hematite Group— Ilmenite. 217
the massive sesquioxide. They are distinguished from magnetite by the red streak, and very feeble, if any, action on the magnetic needle.
Found at the localities mentioned; also in Vermont at Chittenden; in the Marquette iron region south of Lake Superior, where crystals are common in the ore, as if all of it, or the greater part, were martite; Bass lake, Ontario; at Monroe, N. Y.; in a rock containing quartz, feldspar, and hornblende, and embedded in each of these minerals in Digby county, Nova Scotia; at the Cerro de Mercado, Durango, Mexico, in large octahedrons (Silliman, Am. JrSc. , 24, 375, 1882); in the schists of Minas Geraes, Brazil; at the Rother Adler mine near Rittersgrun, Saxony; in Moravia, near Schonberg, in granite.
The martite of Monroe contains some FeO, Brush. The octahedral crystals from Chittenden, Vt., according to D. Olmstead, are part true magnetite, with a black powder; part give a slightly reddish streak, with little FeO; and part give a red powder and contain no FeO.
Whether the crystals of martite are original crystals or pseudomorphs after either magnetite or pyrite, or both, is still questioned (cf. Lex., Bull. Soc. Miu., 12, 49, 1889); but the latter seems to be much the most probable view. Rammelsberg found 1 "83-2 '30 p. c. FeO in the Brazil crys- tals. The octahedrons from the fumaroles of Vesuvius afforded him (Min. Oh., 159, 1860) FeaO? 92-91, FeO 6'17, MgO 0-82 99'90; G. 5'235. The crystals from Frassem, France, contain 0'2 p. c. of sulphur, which suggests that these may be pseudomorphs after pyrite. The Brazilian crystals are pure Fe2O3, as found by Lacroix.
RAPHISIDERTTE. Rafisiderite A. Scacchi. Alt. Accad. Napoli, Mem., 3, read Dec. 1, 1888. A form of iron sesquioxide occurring in the tufa of Piauura and Fiano in the Campania; it appears in minute acicular crystals for which an orthorhoinbic form is suggested.
233. ILMENITE or MENACCANITE. Specular Iron pt., Eisensand pt., of last cent. Meuachanite (fr. Cornwall) Wm. McGregor, J. de Phys., 72, 152, 1791, Crell's Ann., 1791, and Kirwan's Min., 1796 (making it to consist of iron and an oxide of a probably new metal). Eisenhaltige Titauerz, Menakanit (from Cornwall) Klapr., Beitr., 2, 226; (fr. Aschaffenberg) ib., 232, 235, 1797. Titane oxyde ferrifere H., Tr., 1801. Manaken Karst., Tab., 74, 1808. Titaneisenstein, Titaneisen, Germ. Titanic or Titaniferous Iron. Crichtonite (spelled Craitonite) Bourn., Cat.. 430, 1813. Axotomes Eisenerz (fr. Gastein) Mohs, Grundr., 2, 462, 1824, Kib- delophan Kbl., Schweig. J., 64, 1832. Ilmenit (fr. L. Ilmen) A. T. Kupffer, Kastu. Arch., 10, 1, 1827. Mohsite (f r. Dauphine) Levy, Phil. Mag., 1, 221, 1827. Hystatisches Eisenerz, Hys- tatite (fr. Arendal), Breith., Uib., 64, 1830, Char., 236, 1832. Haplotypite Breith. Basanomelan (fr. St. Gothard, Eisenrose) Kbl. , Grundr., 318, 1838. Washingtonite (fr. Conn.) Shep., Am. J. Sc., 43, 364, 1842. Titanioferrite C/iapm., Min., 1843. Paracolumbite (fr. Taunton) Shep., ib., 12, 209, 1851. Parailmenite, ib., 20, 56, 1880. Titanjeru, Titanjernmalm Swed.
Rhombohedral; tetartohedral. Axis 6 1'38458; 0001 A 1011 *57° 58' 30" Koksharov1.
Forms5 : u (1014, £) I (5052, f ) p (0551, - 5) n, (242 f-2 1)
c (0001, 0) C (2025, f) (0112, - *(1218, f 2 1) £ (5-5-10-8, -J/-2)
m (1010, /) r (1011, R) a (0221, - 2) n (2243, f 2 r) x (6-4-10-6, 1) a (1120, i-2)
cu-21° 47' cp 82° 52' ee' 65° 28' e§ 77° 46*'
cC - 32° 36' uu' 37° 30' 111° 29f mt , 8!l° 39'
cl 75° 57' K' 55° 87f pp' 118° 29' nn, - 5'3° 10'
ce 38° 38' rr' 94° 29' CTC 42° 42f
cs 72° 38' II 114° 38' en 61° 33'
Twins: (1) tw. pi. c; (2) r, as tw. lamellae, less common than with hematite. Crystals usually thick tabular; also acute rhombohedral. Often in thin plates or laminge. Massive, compact; in embedded grains, also loose as sand.
Fracture conchoidal. H. 5-6. G. 4'5-5. Luster submetallic. Color iron-black. Streak submetallic, powder black to brownish red. Opaque. Influ- ences slightly the magnetic needle.
Comp., Tar.— If normal, FeTiO, Oxygen 31 -6, titanium 31-6, iron 36-8 100, or Titanium dioxide 52'7, iron protoxide 47'3 100; or (Fe,Ti)2Oa since FeaOs and Ti203 are isomorphous. The ratio of titanium to iron varies widely, usually corre- sponding (Rg.) to mFeTiOt.Fe,Ov Sometimes also contains magnesium, replacing the ferrous iron.
The varieties recognized arise mainly from the proportions of iron to titanium. They have
been named as follows, commencing with that containing the most titanium. No satisfactory
external distinctions have yet been made out, and their true relations are in many cases in doubt.
1 Kibdelophane. About 30 p. c. titanium. In crystals, but usually massive, or in thin
plates; rr1 94° 1'; G. 4'661, Gastein, Mohs; 4'723-4'735, ib., Breith.
Oxides.
2. Crichtonite. Composition essentially like that of the preceding. In acute rhombohedrons, with basal cleavage; G. 4'79, from St. Cristophe (original); 4'689, same compound from Ingelsberg, Kg. ; luster bright.
3. Ilmenite. Contains 26-30 p. c. titanium, and near the preceding in composition, but with more sesquioxide of iron (anal. 9). Crystallized and massive; G. 4 "895, from llmen Mts. (original), Breith.; 4'81-4'873, ib., Rg. For same compound fr. Egersund, 4 '744-4 791, Rg.; fr. Kragero 4-701.
4. Menaccanite. About 25 p. c. of titanium, and with more iron sesquioxide than in the preceding. Massive, and in grains or as a sand (Eisensand). G. 4*7-4 '8, fr. near Menaccau, Cornwall (orig.). Similar compound from Iserwiese, 4'676-4'752, Rg.
5. Hyslatite. 15-20 p. c. titanium, and much FeaO3. rr' — 93° 50'; G. 5, Areudal (orig.). Washingtonite belongs here. Occurs in large tabular rather dull crystals; rr' 94° approxi- mately; G. =4968, Westerly, R. I., and 5-016, Litchneld, Ct. (orig.), Shepard; for hitter, 4-986, Rg.
6. Uddevallite D. About 10 p. c. titanium and 70 p. c. of Fe2O3. The Aschaffeuberg titanic iron is near this. It occurs massive and in plates, and has G. 4'78.
7. Basanomelan (Eisenrosen of the Alps). 6 to 8 p. c. Ti, and 75 to 83 of FeaO3; G. 4'95- 5'21. It is properly a titauiferous hematite. See hematite.
8. Kragero hematite. Containing less than 3 p. c. of titanium.
9. Magnesian Menaccanite; Picrotitanite D. Contains 10 to 15 p. c. of magnesia; formula (Fe,Mg)TiO3: G. 4 '293-4 313. Named from itiKpoS, bitter, in allusion to the magnesia.
The Mohsite is of uncertain locality and composition. Crystals tabular; in twins; na cleavage observable.
1, llmen Mts., Kk.
2, Washingtonite. 3, Crichtonite, Dx. 4, llmen Mts., Kk.
The loose Iron-sand of Iserwiese, called iserine, is in part, at least, in isometric octahedrons; and the trappisches Eisenerz, Breith., is similar. See iserine beyond.
Paracolumbite or Parailmenite of Shepard is an iron-black mineral from 1 m.S. W.of Taunton, Mass., having H. about 5. Pisani has proved it to be this species. He found G. 4 -353, H. 45.
Anal.— 1, Marignac, Ann. Ch. Phys., 14, 50, 1845. 2, Rg., Fogg., 104, 497 et seq., 1858; Min. Ch., 148 et seq., 1875. 3, 4, H. F. Keller, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 42, 1885. 5, Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 29, 342, 1885. 6, 7, Rg., 1. c. 8, Tamin, G. For. Forh., 2, 46, 1874. 9, 10, Rg. 11, Petersen, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 146, 1873. 12, Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 12, 44, 1886. 13-16, Rg. 17,Mgc., 1. c. 18, Rg. 19, Kuerr and Brunner, Am. Ch. J.,6,413, 1884. 20, Rg. 21, Cohen, Jb. Min.. 695, 1877. 22-25, Rg.
Also Harrington, Geol. Canada, 1874; Heddle, Trans. R. Soc., Edinburgh, 30, 438, read Feb., 1882. 5th Ed., p. 144-145.
G.
1. St. Cristophe, Crichtonite 4'727
2. Gastein, Kibdelophane 4'689
3. Carter's Mine, N. Carolina 4'67
4. " " " 4-68
5. Brazil 4-3
6. Egersund 4'7dl-4'791
9. llmen Mts., llmenite 4-811-4 -873
10. KragerO 4'701
11. Frauenberg 4'70
12. Furstschlagl, Zamserthal
TiOa FeaO3 FeO MuO 52-27 1-20 46-53 — 53-03 2-66 38-30 4'30 52-73 8-08 33-08 — 52-64 10-07 31-11 — 59-20 32-11 4-90 1'73 51-30 8-87 39-83 — 45-77 14-10 39-51 — 41-96 22-22 3M6 0'28
45-93 14-30 36-52 2'72
46-92 11-48 39-83 —
46-21 12-32 40-50 tr.
44-50 19-55 33-72 —
MgO
— 100 1-65 99-94
5-33 SiO2 0-14 99-36 5-33 99-15
— SiOa 1-16 99-10 0-40 100-40
1-14 100-52 3-16SiO20-GO,P2O50-02, [C:i( )0'55= 99-95. 0-59 - 100-06 l-,>2 99-44 1-54 CraO3 t>: 100-.V7 3-03 100-80
Hematite Group— Ilmenite. 219
G. TiOa Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO
13. Iserwiese, Iserine 4'676 42-20 28-36 30-57 1-74 1-57 99-44
14. " 4-745 41-64 28-87 25-00 1-00 466 101-17
15. " 39-70 27-02 30'34 2-23 99'29
16. " 4-752 37-13 28'40 29'20 3'01 2'97 100'71
17. Litchfield, Washington 4-992 22-21 59-07 18-72 — — 100
18. " " 23-72 53-71 22'39 0'25 ~t)'5d 100-57
19. Adamstown, Pa. 4'6 . 13'31 53'36 32-38 — — SiO2 0'50 99'55
20. Warwick 4'303 57'71 — 26'82 0'90 13'71 99'14
21. Du Toil's Pan, S. Africa 4'436 53'79 7'05 27'05 — 12-10 99'99 2-. Snarum 4 '943 10 -47 80 '63 8 '90 — — — 100
23. Binnenthal 5'127-5-150 9'18 81 '92 8'60 — — 99'70
24. St. Gothard, Eisenrose 5-187 9'10 83-41 7'63 0-44 — 100'58
25. Kragero 5'24 3'55 93'63 3'26 — — 100 44
On the composition of titanic iron, see Rg., Pogg., 104, 497, 1858, Min. Ch., 148, 1875 Friedel and Guerin, Ann. Ch. Phys., 8, 38, 1876, who describe artif. cryst. of TiaO3 with cr 56° 40', also isomorphous mixtures of Ti2O3 and FeaO3
Pyr., etc. — B.13. infusible in O.F., although slighly rounded on the edges in R.F. With borax and salt of phosphorus reacts for iron in O.F., and with the latter flux assumes a more or less intense brownish red color in R.F. ; this treated with tin on charcoal changes to a violet-red color when the amount of titanium is not too small. The pulverized mineral, heated -with hydrochloric acid, is slowly dissolved to a yellow solution, which, filtered from the undecom- posed mineral and boiled with the addition of tin-foil, assumes a beautiful blue or violet color. Decomposed by fusion with bisulphate of sodium or potassium.
Obs. — Occurs in beds in gneiss and other crystalline rocks; also in small particles in many crystalline rocks, often associated with magnetite. The principal European localities of this species have been enumerated above in connection with the statement of varieties. One of the most remarkable is at Kragero, Norway, where it occurs in veins or beds in diorite, which sometimes afford crystals weighing over 16 pounds. Others are Egersund, Arendal, Snarum in Norway; Miask in the Ilmen Mts. ; Bourg d'Oisans, Dauphine; St. Gothard, etc.
Fine crystals, sometimes an inch in diameter, occur in Warwick, Amity, and Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y., embedded in serpeutime and white limestone, and associated with spinel, chondrodite, rutile, etc.; also 4 m. west of Edenville, and near Greenwood furnace with spinel and chondrodite; also at Chester and South Royalston, Mass.; Litchfield, Conn, (washingtonite); Troy, Vt., with chlorite. Vast deposits or beds of titanic ore occur at Bay St. Paul in Quebec, Canada, in syenite; one bed, 90 feet thick, continues on in view for 300 feet, and probably far beyond; also in the Seignory of St. Francis, Beauce, mixed with magnetite as a bed 45 feet thick in serpentine; G. 4'56-4'66; also with labradorite at Chateau Richer. Grains are found in the gold sand of California.
ISERINE. Titaneisenstein pt., Magnetischer Eisen-Sand pt., Wern. Iserin (fr. Iser) Wern., Letztes Min., 26, 52, 1817, Hoffm. Min., 4, 258, 1817. Oktaedrisches Titaneisen-Oxyd Wern. Iserin Breith., Char., 51, 1820. Hexaedrisches Eisen-Erz Mohs, 436, 1839. Iserite. Supposed to be isometric titanic iron, and, like martite, to be pseudomorphous. Anals. 13-16, above. The locality of Iserwiese gave the name to this mineral. The titanic iron-sand is partly in octahedral forms, and this portion, if not all, is the iserine. Yet it is still doubted whether the octahedrons are regular octahedrons, or whether they are acute rhombohedrons with truncated apices, and therefore true ilmenite. Similar sands come from many other localities, as from Bohemia, Saxony, Calabria, Puy-de-D6me in France.
Alt. — The titanic iron of massive rocks is extensively altered to a dull white opaque sub- stance, called leucoxene by Giirnbel (Die palaolith. Eruptivgesteine d. Fichtegebirges, 22, 1874). This for the most part is to be identified with titanite. Cf. Catbrein, Zs. Kr., 6, 244, 1881, also Rosenb., Mikr. Phys. Min., 332, 1885.
Ref.— J Min. Russl., 6, 350, 1874. 2 Cf. Kk., ib., 1, 16 and 1. c.t also Mir., Min., p. 239, 1852. A crystal from the Binnenthal, regarded as tetartohedral and distinct from the associated hema- tite, gave Bkg., T(M5, f-21),g (1216, f 21), Zs. Kr., 1 576, 1877. Cf. also Sbk., Jb. Min., 287, 1878. Planes on crystals from Cavradi, and on the Swiss " Eisenrosen," are referred to hematite. Bucking includes in his list of planes a large number of forms given by Strilver for corundum !
HYDROILMENITE C. W. Blomstrand, Minnesskrift Fys. Sallsk., Lund, No. 3, p. 4, 1878.
A partially altered variety of ilmenite. It forms thin curved plates with tolerably dis- tinct rhombohedral cleavage [pseudo-cleavage]; rr' 93°-94°. G. 4-066-4'136. Color iron- black. Streak dark gray. Luster metallic. Not magnetic. Analysis:
TiOa SiO, Fe3O, FeO MnO CaO MgO HaO
54-23 1-40 14-99 21-91 6'34 Q'45 0'19 1-88 100'84
The mineral decomposes readily, and finally becomes coated with a yellowish white_ crust consisting essentially of TiO2. Probably altered from normal ilmenite by the assumption of water. From Smaland, Sweden.
FERROZINCITE Adam,T&b\. Min., 78, 1869. A hydrous mineral containing Fe2Os and ZnO.
Oxides
III. Intermediate Oxides.,
The species here included are retained among the oxides, although chemically considered they are properly oxygen-salts, aluminates, ferrates, manganates, etc., and hence in a strict classification to be placed in section 5 of the Oxygen-salts.
Spinel Group. KK204 or RO.R,,0S. Isometric.
234. Spinel
Ueylonite
Chku-ospinel
Picotite
235. Hercynite
236. Gahnite
Automolite
'Dysluite
Kreittonite
237. Magnetite
238. Magnesioferrite
239. Franklinite
240. Jacob site
241. Chromite
242. Chrysoberyl
243. Hausmannite
244. Minium
245. Crednerite
246. Pseudobrookite
247. Braunite
MgO.Al203
(Mg,Fe)O.Al,03
MgO.(Al,Fe),03
(Mg,Fe)0.(Al,Fe,Cr)a08
FeO.Al203
ZnO.Al,03
(Zn,Fe,Mn)0.(Al,Fe)203
(Zn,Fe,M<r)0.(A],Fe)fOt
FeO.Fe.O,
(Fe,Mg)0:Fe,03
MgO.Fe203
(Fe,Zn,Mn)0.(Fe,Mn)aO,
(Mn,Mg)0.(Fe,Mu),0, '
FeO.Cr.O,
(Fe,Mg)0:(Cr,Fe)203
BeO.Al203 Orthorhombic 0-4701 : 1 : 0-5800-
MnO.Mn203 SPbO.PbO, 30u0.2Mn,03
2Fe203.3TiOa 3Mn203.MnSi03
Tetragonal 1-1743
Monoclinic
Orthorhombic Tetragonal
a : b
0-8878 : 1 : 6 0-9850
234. SPINEL. 1. RUBY SPINEL. " Avftpa'c, pt., "AvQpaKa itepl MiXrjrov, Theophr. Carbunculus pt., Lychnis pt. [rest ruby sapphire], Plin., 37, 25, 29. Spinella, Carbunculus pt., Rubinus pt., Garb, ruber parvus, Germ. Spinel, Ballagius (a pallidocolore videtur appellasse), Germ. Dallas, Lychnis, Germ. Gelblichter Rubin, Agric., Foss., 293, Interpr., 463, 1846. Rubin orientales octaedrici, seu octo hedris comprehensi, quse modo triaugula sunt, modo trapezia, aliquando hedrse oblongae angulos solidos occupant, etc., Cappeler, Prod. Crystallogr. Lucerne, 1723. Rubiuus pt. (Spinell, Ballas, Rubicelle), Wall., Min., 115, 1447. Rubis spiuelle octafidre (Spinelle, Balais), de Lisle, Crist., 2, 224, 1783 [by de L. first made distinct in species from Ruby Sapphire].
2. CEYLONITK. Ceylanite Delameth., J. de Phys. , 42, 23, 1793. Zeylanit Karst., Tab., 28. 72, 1800. Zeilanite Pleonaste H., Tr., 1801. Ceylonit Rg. Candite (fr. Candy, Ceylon) Bourn.
3. CHLOHOSPINEL O. Rose, Pogg., 50, 652, 1840. Gulmit B. de Marni, 1833.
Spinel 3 Ro Up— Spinel.
4. PICOTITE Charpentier, J. Mines, 32, 321, 1812; Gilb. Ann., 47, 205, 1814. Chrom- ceylonite.
Isometric. Observed forms' :
a (100, i-0* rare d (110, i) o (111. 1)
/ (310, e-3)3 7t (776, |)6 r (332, f )
(221, 2) 9 (331, 3)3 ? (771, 7)3
0 (611, 6-6)3
To (811, 3-3)
(211, 2-2)z
a? (531, 5-f)3
Twins: tw.-pl. and comp.-face o common (f. 1), hence of ten called spi ne l-twins; also repeated (f. 4) and polysynthetic5, producing tw. lamellae with stria tions on 0. Habit octahedral; o faces sometimes convex; habit rarely cubic.
Cleavage: o imperfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 8. G. 3 '5-4-1. Luster vitreous; splendent to nearly dull. Color red of various shades, passing into blue, green, yellow, brown and black; occasionally almost white. Streak white. Transparent to nearly opaque. Refractive indices:
nr 1-7121 Li Hy 1-7155 Na wbl 1-7261 Dx.7
Phosphorescent with a red light, yielding a crimson line (A. 6857 Crookes), in the spectroscope. Etching-figures as with magnetite8.
1, Spinel twin. 2, Crystal flattened o. 3, Amity, N. Y. 4, Struver5.
Comp., Tar. — Magnesium aluminate, MgAl204 or MgO.Al203 Alumina 71-8,, magnesia 28 -2 100. The magnesium may be in part replaced by ferrous iron or manganese, and the aluminium by ferric iron and chromium.
Var.— 1. RUBY SPINEL or Magnesia Spinel. — Clear red or reddish ; transparent to translucent; sometimes subtranslucent. G — 8'52-3'58; 3'63-3'71 Church. Composition normal, with little or no iron, and sometimes chromium oxide to which the red color has been ascribed. The varieties are: (a) Spinel- Ruby, deep red; (b) Balas-Ruby, rose-red; (c) Rubicelle, yellow or orange- red; (d) Almandine, violet.
2. CETLONITE or Pleonaste, Iron- Magnesia Spinel. — Color dark green, brown to black, mostly opaque or nearly so; G. 3 '5-3 6. Contains iron replacing the magnesium and perhaps also the aluminium, hence the formula (Mg,Fe)0 A12O3 or (Mg,Fe)O.(Al,Fe)aO3.
3. CHLOROSPINEL or Magnesia-Iron Spinel. — Color grass- green, owing to the presence of copper; G. 3'591-3'594. Contains iron replacing the aluminium, MJUO.(Al,Fe)2Os.
4. PICOTITE or Chrome- Spinel. — Contains chrmiur.. and also ha? th. magnesium largely replaced by iron, (Mg,Fe)O.(Al,Cr)2O3, hence lying between spinel proper and chromite. G. 4-08. Color dark yellowish brown or greenish brown. Translucent to nearly opaque. The original occurs in disseminated grains, rarely octahedral crystals, in a rock occurring about L. Lherz, called Lherzoliie by Delametherie (T. T. , 2, 281, 1797), and earlier described by Picot de la Peyrouse (Mem. Ac. Toulouse, 3, 410), after whom picotile is named.
The analyses of Thomson (Min., 1, 214, 1836), showing considerable lime, e. g. 10'6 p. c., in a spinel from Amity, N. Y., are probably erroneous.
A red octahedral mineral from Dornbach is a titaniferous variety (5'68 p, c. TiO2) rich in iron, according to Kosmann. Ber. nied. Ges., p. 144, July 19, 1869.
Anal.-- -1, 2, Abich, Pogg., 23. 305, 1831, also De Spinello, Inaug. Diss. (in Latin), Berlin, 1831. 3, Vogel, Rg. Miu. Ch , 136, 1875. 4, Reuter, ibid. 5, A. M. Thomson, Liversidge, Min. N. S. W., 202, 1888. 6, Gmelin, Berz. JB.. 4, 156, 1825. 7, Lorenzen, Medd Gronl., 7, 1884. 8. 9, Abich. 1. c. 10, Rg., Min. Ch., 135, 1875. 11, Pisani, C. R, 63, 49, 1866. 12, Wolle, Am. J. Sc., 48, 350, 1868. 13, Nikolayev, Kk. Min. Russl., 5, 368, 1866. 14, H. Rose, Poii-sr.. 50, 652, 1840. 15, Damour, Bull. G. Soc., 19, 413, 1862. See also oth Ed.., pp. 147, 14*.
222 Oxides.
A12O3 Fe2O3 Cr2O3 FeO MgO
1. Ceylon, red 69-01 — 1-10 0-71 26-21 SiO2 2'02 99-05
2. Aker, blue 68'94 — — 3'49 25-12 SiO2 2'25 100'40
3. Franklin, N. 3.,grn. black 67-01 2'17 — 8 -55 21 -97 99'70
4. Amity, N. Y., black 69'71 1'62 — 4'61 24'63 100'57
5. Mudgee, N. S. W., " G. 8'77 64"29 — 4"62 4'49 21-95 SiO2 2'75 98-10
6. Ceylon, Ceylonite 57"20 — — 20'51 18'24 SiO2 8-15 99'10
7. Greenland 70'05 — — 9'86 21 -25 SiO2 0'23 101'39
8. Monzoni 66'89 — — 8'07 23'61 SiO3 T23 99'80
9. Vesuvius 67'46 — — 5'06 25'94 SiO2 2'38 100'84
10. Ramos, Mexico G. 3 '865 68'46 — — 1 1 -64 19 '90 100
11. Auvergne, blk. G. 3'871 59'06 10-72 — 13-60 17-20 100-58
12. Peekskill, green G. 3'58 60'?9 5'26 — 21-7412-84=100-63
13. Zlatoust, Ural, pseud. G. 3'589 68'96 — — 18'01 10-82 SiO2 2-96 100'75
14. Ural, Cttlorospinel G. 3'593 64-18 8'70 — — 26'77 CaO 0'27, CuO 0'27
100-14
15. L. Lberz, Picotite G. =4'08 56'00 — 8'00 24'90 10-80 SiO2 2'00 101-20
Pyr., etc. — B.B. alone infusible; red variety changes to brown, and even black and opaque, as the temperature increases, and on cooling becomes first green, and then nearly colorless, and at last resumes the red color. Slowly soluble in borax, more readily in salt of phosphorus, with which it gives a reddish bead while hot, becoming faint chrome-green on cooling The black varieties give reactions for iron with the fluxes. Soluble with difficulty in concentrated sul- phuric acid. Decomposed by fusion with potassium bisulphate.
Obs. — Spinel occurs embedded in granular limestone, and with calcite in serpentine, gneiss, and allied rocks. Ruby spinel is a common associate of the true ruby. Common spinel is often associated with choudrodite. It also occupies the cavities of masses ejected from some volcanoes. Picotite is common in grains in peridotyte and the serpentine derived from it, also enclosed in chrysolite in other rocks.
In Ceylon, in Siam, and other eastern countries, it occurs of beautiful colors, as rolled pebbles in the channels of rivers. In upper Burma it is found with ruby (cf. p. 212). Pleonaste is found at Candy, in Ceylon. At Aker, in Sweden, is found a pale blue and pearl- gray variety in limestone. Small black splendent crystals occur in the ancient ejected masses of Monte Sornma, with mica and vesuviauite; also at Pargas, Finland, with chondrodite, etc.; in compact gehlenite at Monzoni, in the Fassa valley. In granular limestone (cipolin) enclosed in gneiss at Mercus and Arignac north of Tarascon, on the borders of 1'Ariege, where the association with brucite, chondrodite, scapolite, pyroxene, etc., is very similar to that at War- wick, New York, and at Pargas (Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 518, 1889). In the gold sands of New South Wales at various points.
From Amity, N. Y., to Andover, N. J., a distance of about 30 miles, is a region of granular limestone and serpentine, in which localities of spinel abound ; colors, green, black, brown, and less commonly red, along with chondrodite and other minerals. A mile S.W. of Amity, on J. Layton's farm, is a remarkable locality; also on W. Raynor's farm, a mile N.; another half mile N". affording grayish red octahedrons; and others to the south. Localities are numerous about Warwick, and also at Monroe and Cornwall, though less favorable for exploration than those ai Amity. Franklin, N. J., affords crystals of various shades of black, blue, green, and red. which are sometimes transparent, and a bluish green ceylonite variety here has the luster of polished steel; Newton, N. J.. pearl-gray crystals, with blue corundum, tourmaline, and rutile; at Byram, red, brown, green, and black colors, with chondrodite; Sterling, Sparta, Hamburgh, and Vernon, N. J., are other localities. Light blue spinels occur sparingly in lime- stone in Antwerp, Jefferson Co., N. Y., m. S. of Oxbow, and rose and reddish brown in Gouverneur. 2 m. N and f m. W. of Somerville. St. Lawrence Co. ; green, blue, and occasion- ally red varieties occur in granular limestone at Bolton, Boxborough, Chelmsford.and Littleton, Mass. Octahedral crystals tessellated like chiastolite occur embedded in slate near Springfield, Mass. Soft octahedral crystals occur in Warwick, which are pseudomorphs, consisting partly of steatite or serpentine. With the corundum of North Carolina, as at the Culsagee mine, near Franklin, Macon Co.; similarly at Dudley ville, Alabama. Spinel ruby at Gold Bluff, Hutn- boldt Co., Cal.
Good black spinel is found in Burgess, Ontario; a bluish spinel having a rough cubic form occurs at Wakerield, Ottawa Co.; blue with cliutonite at Daillebout, Joliette Co., Quebec.
Alt.— Observed altered to steatite, serpentine, hydrotalcite, mica.
Artif. — Formed in crystals by heating a mixture of alumina and magnesia with boracic acid, and also, for red spinel, some oxide of chrome; for black, oxide of iron (Ebelmen); by using fluoride of aluminium and magnesium and boracic acid, with heat (Deville & Caron); by action of aluminium chloride in vapor on magnesia (Daubree). See also Meunier, who uses cryolite and aluminium chloride, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 191, 1887; and, in general, Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., 227-232, 1882; Bourgeois, Reprod. Min., 69-76, 1884.
Ref.— ' Mir., Min., p. 263, 1852. Hbg., Min. Not., 8, 45, 1868. 3 Svr., pleonaste from the Albani Mts., Zs. Kr., 1, 233, 1877. 4 Erem., Turkestan, ibid., 4, 642. Svr., Zs. Kr., 2,
Spinel Group— Hergtnite— Gahnite. 223
480, 1878. 6Cathrein, Monzoni, Min. Mitth., 10, 398, 1888. ' Dx., N. R., 204, 1867. Becke, Miu. Mitth., 7, 234, 1885.
An unknown mineral, occurring in colorless octahedrons and supposed to belong to the spinels, has been noted in the phonolyte of Olbriick; see Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 85, 1886, also Jb. Min., 2, 180, 1886.
235. HERCYNITE. Hercynit F. X. Zippe, Min. B6hm., 1839. Hercinite bad ortJiogr. Iron Spinel.
Isometric. Occurs massive, fine granular.
H. — 7-5-8. G. 3-91-3-95. Luster vitreous, externally dull. Color black. Streak dark grayish green to leek-green. Opaque.
Comp, — Iron aluminate, FeAla04 Alumina 58 '6, iron protoxide 41*4 100. Anal.— B. Quadrat, Lieb. Ann., 55, 357, 1845.
A12O3 61-17 MgO 2-92 FeO 35'67 - 99-76
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible. The heated powder becomes brick-red, and gives iron reactions. With soda fuses only imperfectly to an olive-green mass.
Obs. — From Rousberg, at the eastern foot of the Bohmerwald, with corundum, iron hydroxide; also scattered through the granulytes of Saxony, Kalkowsky, Zs. G. Ges., 33, 533, 1871. A related iron-alumiua spinel, with about 9 p. c. MgO, occurs with magnetite and corundum in Cortlandt township, Westchester Co., N. Y. (Williams, Am. J. Sc., 33, 194, 1887).
Named from the Latin of the Bohemian Forest, Silva Hercynia (Plin., 4, 25, 28).
236. GAHNITE. Zinc-Spinel. Automolite (fr. Falun) Ekeberg, Afh., 1, 84, 1806. Gahnit v. Moll, Efera., 3, 78, 1807. Spinelle Zincifere H., Tabl., 67, 99, 1809. Dysluite (fr. Sterling, N. J.) Keating, J. Ac. N. Sci., Philad., 2, 287, 1821; Shep., Min., 1, 158, 1832,
2, 176, 1835; Thomson, Min., 1, 220, 1836. Kreittonite Kbl., J. pr. Ch., 44, 99, 1848. Spluellus superius Breith. , Handb., 623, 1847.
Isometric. Observed forms:
a (100, s-0 d (110, t') o (111, 1) m (311, 3-8)
Twins: tw.-pl. o. Habit octahedral, often with planes striated edge d/o; also less commonly in dodecahedrons and modified cubes.
Cleavage: o indistinct. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 7*5-8. G. 4-Q-4-6. Luster vitreous, or somewhat greasy. Color dark green, grayish green, deep leek-green, greenish black, bluish black, yellowish, or grayish brown ; streak grayish. Subtransparent to nearly opaque.
Comp., Var. — Zinc aluminate, ZnAla04 Alumina 55'7, zinc oxide 44 '3 100. The zinc is sometimes replaced by manganese or ferrous iron, the aluminium by ferric iron.
Var.— 1. AUTOMOLITE, or Zinc Gahnite.— Zn AlaO4 , with sometimes a little iron. G. =4'l-4-6. Colors as above given.
2. DYSLUITE. or Zinc-Manganese-Iron Gahnite.— (Zn,Fe,Mn)O.(Al,Fe),Os. Color yellowish brown or grayish brown. G. 4-4'6. Form the octahedron, or the same with truncated edges.
3. KKEITTONNITE, or Zinc-Iron Gahnite.— (Zn,Fe,Mg)O.(Al,Fe)2O3. Occurs in crystals, and granular massive. H. 7-8. G. — 4'48-4'89. Color velvet-black to greenish black; powder grayish green. Opaque.
Anal.— 1, 2, Abich. 1. c. (see p. 221). 3, J. S. Adam, Am. J Sc.. 1, 28, 1871. 4. Genth, Proc. Ac. Pliihid., 50, 1889. 5, Id., Pioc Am. Phil. Soc., 20, 397, 1882. 6. H. F. Kellar, ibid. 7, Genth, Am. J. Sc , 33, 196, 18fi2. 8, Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 93, 1878. 9, A. G. Dana Am. J. Sc., 29, 455, 1885. 10, Thomson, Min.. 1, 221, 1836. 11, Mauro, Trans. Aoc. Line.,
3, 65, 1879. 12, Kbl., 1. c.; 126, as corrected (Kbl.) for undecomposed mineral, oxidation of iron, etc.
G. A12O3 Fe2O3 ZnO FeOMnO MgO
1. Falun, Automolite 55-14 — 30'02 5'85 tr. 5'25 SiO2 3'84 lOO'lO
2. Franklin furnace 1 5709 — 34'80 4'55 tr. 2'22 SiO2 1'22 - 99'88
3. " " 4-90 |49-78 8-58 39'62 — 1-18 0"13 SiO, 0'57 99'81
4. Delaware Co., Pa. 4'587 57'22 — 38'14 3'55 070 0'26 CuO 0'06 — 99'93
5. Mitchell Co., K C. 4'576 54'86 4-50 38'05 1'14 0'29 0'79 CuO 0'30 99'93
6. Chaff ee Co., Col. 60'76 0-5823-774-56 — 1033 100 [=10035
7. Canton Mine. Ga. 53-37 6'68 30'27 3'01 0'20 3'22 SiO, 2'37. CuO 1 -IS
OXIDEti.
Brazil
Rowe, Mass.
G.
4-52-4-56
A12O3 Fe2O3 ZnO FeO MnO MgO
Sterling, N. J.,Dysl. 4'551
11. Calabria
12a. Bodenmais, Kreitt.
59 41 33-82 6'17 —
54-83 3 00 36-92 3 '37 tr.
30-49 41-93 16-80 — 7'60
63-64 — 21 28 4'53 —
44-66 16-63 24'00 — 1-80
49-73 8-70 26-72 8'04 3"41
— ign. 0-14 99-54 l-93SiO2 0-53 100'58
— SiO2 2-97, H2O 040
100-lft
12-34 Sb2O3 0 35 102-14 3-05 insol. 10 99 64 1-45 98-05
Pyr., etc. — Gives a coating of zinc oxide when treated with a mixture of borax and soda on charcoal; otherwise like spiuel.
Obs.— Occurs in talcose schist at Falun, Sweden (automolite); at Tiriolo, Calabria; at Boden- mais, Bavaria (kreittonite); Minas Geraes, Brazil.
In the U. S., at Franklin Furnace, N. J., with franklinite and willemite; also at Sterling Hill, N. J. (dysluite); with pyrite at Rowe, Mass.; at a feldspar quarry in Delaware Co., Penn.; sparingly at the Deake mica mine, Mitchell Co., N. C.; at the Canton Mine, Georgia; with galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite at the Cotopaxi mine, Chaifee Co., Col., in part altered to a chloritic mineral (cf. Genth, 1. c.).
Named after the Swedish chemist Gahn. The name Automolite, of Ekeberg, is from avrojuoho?, a deserter, alluding to the fact of the zinc occurring in an unexpected place. Von Moll objected to such an idea in nature, and named the species the next year after J. G. Gahn, the discoverer (1745-1818). His name is here applied to the whole group of zinc spinels, and automolite retained for the special variety so named.
Artif. — Observed with tridymite in a zinc furnace from the alteration of the distillation vessels, Jb. Min., 1, 120, 1881; also in a fayalite slag at the Freiberg furnaces, ibid., 1, 170,
237. MAGNETITE. 'Hpdtfheia \ffloS (fr. Heraciea, in Lydia) Gr. ayovcra Theophr. -Not /.layvrjns Az'0oS Talc] Theophr. Mayrf/s Az'SoS Dioscor., 5, 147. Magnes, Sideritis, Heraclion, Plin., 36, 25; Id., Germ. Siegelstein Agric., Foss., 243, 466. (1) Miuera ferri nigricans, magneti arnica. (2) Magnet, (3) Jern Sand, Wall., 256, 262, 1746. Minera Ferri attractoria, Magnet, Cronst., 184, 1758. Magnetischer Eisenstein (incl. Eisen- sand) Wern. Fer oxydule H. Magnetite Haid., Handb., 551, 1845.
Magnetic Iron Ore: Octahedral Iron Ore; Oxidulated Iron. Magneteisenstein, Magnetei- senerz, Eisenoxydoxydul, Germ. Magnetjernmalm, Svartmalm, Swed. Fer oxydule, Fer oxyde magnetique, Aimant, Fr. Ferro ossidolato, Ferro magnetico, Calamita, Ital. Hierro magnetic Span.
Isometric. Observed forms1 :
a (100, i-i) d (110, o (111, 1)
(310, z-3
e (210,
f'-2)
q (331,
3)
if> (722,
a
(533,
H
u
(432, 24)
L (950, I (530, c (970,
0 (553,
(16-1
y (io-l
Tt (611,
p (511,
1,16-16) 1, 10-10) 6-6)?
5-5)'
x- (522 A (944, n (2il,
3-3)'2
H)6 t-!)6
2-2)s
w
s
(21 -T (531, (321,
V:
V-3)3 I)2
i)
(971, 9-f)6 (543, f-f)1 (654, i-f (13-11-9, -1,
P (221,
2)
Twins: tw.-pl. o, sometimes as polysynthetic twinning larnellse", producing striations on an octahedral face and often a pseudo-cleavage (f . 1). Most commonly in octahedrons, also in dodecahedrons with faces striated edge d/o from oscillatory combination (f. 2); in dendrites between plates of mica; crystals some- times highly modified; cubic forms rare. Massive with laminated structure; granular, coarse or fine; impalpable. Cleavage not distinct; parting octahedral, often highly developed9. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 5-5-6-5. G. 5-168-5-180 crystals. Luster metal- lic and splendent to submetallic and rather dull. Color iron-black. Streak black. Opaque, but in thin dendrites in mica nearly transparent and pale brown to black. Strongly magnetic, sometimes possessing polarity.
Etching-figures developed by acids on an octahedral
Port Henry, Kemp.
face are inverted triangular pits, often with truncated edges; on a cubic face, quadrilateral elevations formed by dodecahedral planes or planes nearly coinciding with them; the chief etching-zone, in which the planes forming the figures lie
Spinel Gro Up—Ma Gnetite.
(e.g., 443, 223, 337, etc.), is that of the trigonal trisoctahedrons; a secondary zone
is tnat of the tetragonal trisoctahedrons.
ii in
Coinp., Yar.— FeFe204 or FeO.Fe303 Iron sesquioxide 69-0, iron protoxide 31-0=100; or, Oxygen 27'6, iron 72'4 100. The ferrous iron sometimes re- placed by magnesium, and rarely nickel; also sometimes titaniferotts.
Var. — 1. Ordinary, (a) In crystals. (6) Massive, with pseudo-cleavage, also granular, coarse or fine, (c) As loose sand. The property of polarity which distinguishes the lodestone (less properly written loadstone) is exceptional
The Scalotta crystals gave Cathreiu : Fe2O3 68"51, AlaO3 110, Cr2O3 0'55, FeO 27'70, MnO 0-42, MgO 2-09 100-37, Zs. Kr., 12. 37, 1886.
2. Magnesian. Talk-eisenerz, Breith. . J., 68, 287, 1833.— (Fe,Mg)O.Fe2Os. G. 4 '41-4-42; luster submetallic; weak magnetic; in crystals from Sparta, N. J. An ore from the Mourne Mts., Ireland, contains 6'45 p.c MgO (Andrews), and an octahedron from Eisenach gave 1'20 p.c. MgO (Rg.). A New Zealand magnetite with G. 4'67 has 7'15 MgO and 4-63 Mn3O4 (Chester, Min. Mag., 8, 125, 1889).
3. Niccoliferous. Petersen obtained in a magnetite from Pregratten in the Tyrolese Alps: FeaO, 68-92, FeO 29 -32, NiO 1'76, MnaOa.Ci'sOa.TiO, tr. 100. It occurred in a schistose serpentine in dodecahedral crystals; G. 5-167. Jb. Min., 836, 1867.
2, Nonlmark. Fiink. 3 Scalotta, Cathrein. 4, Oberhollersbachthal, Pinzgau, Brugnatellr.
4 Titaniferous. Knop found 24'95 p. c. TiO2 in octahedrons from Meiches, Vogelsberg, Lieb. Ann., 123, 348, 1862; also 4'08 TiO2 with 6'85 A12O3, 4'57 MgO in a magnetite from Oberbergeu, K;dserstuhl. Nordstrom gives 6'01 TiO2, Kristianstad, G. For. Forh., 1, 14, 1872; Koenig gives 325 TiO2 for a variety from Magnet Cove, Ark., Proc. Ac. Philad., 293, 1877. It is to be noted, however, that rutile, titanite, etc., have been observed in microscopic form intimately associated with magnetite. Cf. Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 8, 321, 1883.
5. Manganesian, Manganmagnetite. A variety from Vester Silf berg, Sweden, gave Weibull 3-80 p. c. MnO; another gave 6'27 p. c. G. 5'064. Min. Mitth., 7, 109, 1886. See also jacobsite. Cf. also results of Chester quoted under 2.
6. OcJierous. Eisenmulm Germ. A black, earthy variety as that from Siegen. Eisenmohr is in magnetic scales, regarded as pseudomorph after micaceous hematite, as at Johann- georgeustadt.
A variety containing vanadium and chromium in minute amounts is mentioned by Claassen.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. very difficultly fusible. In O.F. loses its influence on the magnet. With, the fluxes reacts like hematite. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Magnetite is mostly confined to crystalline rocks, and is most abundant in meta- morphic rocks, though found also in grains in eruptive rocks. In the Archaean rocks the beds are of immense extent, and occur under the same conditions as those of hematite. It is an ingredient in most of the massive variety of corundum called emery. The earthy magnetite is found in bogs like bog-iron ore. Occurs in meteorites, and forms the crust of meteoric irons.
Present in dendrite-like forms in the mica of many localities following the direction of the lines of the percussion-figure, and perhaps of secondary origin. A common alteration- product of minerals containing iron protoxide, e.g., present in veins in the serpentine result- ing from altered chrysolite.
The beds of ore at Arendal, Norway, and nearly all the celebrated iron mines of Sweden, consist of massive magnetite: Dannemora and the Taberg in Smaland are entirely formed of it. Still larger mountains of it exist at Kurunavara and Gelivara. in Lapland. Falun, in Sweden, and Corsica, afford octahedral crystals, embedded in chlorite slate. Splendid
226 Oxides.
dodecahedral crystals occur at Nordmark in Wermland. The most powerful native magnets are found in Siberia, and in the Harz; they are also obtained on the island of Elba. Other localities for the crystallized mineral are Traversella in Piedmont; Achmatovsk in the Ural; Scalotta near Predazzo in Tyrol, also liothenkopf and Wildkreuzjoch; the Binnenthal; a cubic variety occurs in serpentine near Kraub.it in Slyria.
In N. America, it constitutes vast beds (some scores of feet thick) in the Archaean, in the Adirondack region, Warren, Essex, and Clinton Cos., in Northern N. York, while in St. Law- rence Co. the iron ore is mainly hematite; fine crystals and masses showing broad parting sur- faces and yielding large pseudo-crystals are obtained at Port Henry, Essex Co.; similarly in New Jersey; in Canada, iu Hull, Greuville, Madoc. etc.; at Cornwall in Pennsylvania, and Magnet Cove, Arkansas. It occurs also York, in Saratoga, Herkimer, Orange, and Putnam Cos.; at O'Neil mine, Oraugo Co., in crystals; at the Pine Swamp mine, Greenwood, in masses with dis- tinct parting; at 1 ho Tilly Foster iron mine, Brewster, Putnam Co., in crystals and massive accompanied by chondrodite, etc. In Maine, Raymond, Davis's Hill, in an epidotic rock; at Marshall's island, masses strongly magnetic. In N. Hampshire, at Franconia, in epidote and quartz; at Swan ey near Keeue, and Unity. In Vermont, at Marlboro', Rochester, Bethel, and Bridgewater, in crystals in chlorite slate. In Conn., at Haddam, in crystals, etc. In 2f. Jersey, at Hamburg, ne.a- Franklin Furnace and elsewhere. In Penn., at Goshen, Chester Co , and at the French Creek mines; at Webb's mine. Columbia Co.; in dendritic delineations forming hexagonal figures, in mica at Pennsbury and New Providence. In Maryland, at Deer Creek. Good lodestones are obtained at Magnet Cove, Arkansas.
In California, in Sierra Co., abundant, massive, and in crystals; iu Plumas Co.; Mariposa Co., east of the Mariposa estate, on the trail to the Yosemite; Placer Co., Utt's ranch; Los Angeles Co.. at Canada d las Uvas; El Dorado Co., near the Boston copper mine, in oct., and at the El Dorado Excelsior copper mine. In Washington, in large deposits.
Named from the loc. Magnesia, bordering on Macedonia. But Pliny favors Nicander's derivation from Magnes, who first discovered it, as the fable runs, by finding, on taking his herds to pasture, that the nails of his shoes and the iron ferrule of his staff adhered to the ground.
Alt. — By deoxidation through organic matter changed to protoxide, which may become a carbonate or siderite. By oxidation becomes iron sesquioxide or hematite.
Artif. — Formed in crystals by the action of hydrochloric acid on the sesquioxide heated, producing a partial deoxidation (Deville); by decomposition of the sesquioxide with boracic acid(Deville and Caron); by the action of iron upon alkaline sulphates (Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, J74, 1887); also by a variety of other methods.
Dimagnetite of Shepard (Am. J. Sc., 13, 392, 1852) appears to be a magnetite pseudomorph, perhaps after ilvaite. See 5th Ed., p. 151. From Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y.
Ref.— Mir., Min.. p. 259; z, y by Breithaupt. A summary with authorities is given by Brugnatelli, Zs. Kr., 14, 237, 1888. Scheibe notes 511, H'9'7, ll'7'O, but gives no measure- ments, Zs. G. Ges., 38, 469, 1886: also Brogger (861. 8-f)? from the Brevik region, Zs. Kr., 16. 59. 1890. Scacchi, Vesuvius. Accad. Napoli, 1842. 3 Sbk., Pitorsky, Achmatovsk, Zs. G. Ges., 21, 489, 1869; w also earlier by Kk. Min. Russl., 3, 51, 1858. 4 Erofeyev, Min. Russl., 8, 226. 5 Svr., Zs. Kr., 1, 230, 1877. 6 Cathrein, Scalotta, Zs. Kr., 8, 219, 9. 365, 1884. 7 Brugna- telli, Alps, 1. c. 8 Flink, Nordmark, Ak. H. Stockh., Bih., 13 (2), 7, 39, 1888; he earlier men- tions the vicinal planes 46-9'0, 55'9'9, and 92 9'9, ib., 12 (2), 2, 14. 9 Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 12, 47, 1886, Min. Mitth., 10, 53, 1888; Mgg., Jb. Min., 1. 244, 1889; Kemp, Am. J. Sc., 40, 62, 1890. 10 Becke, Min. Mitth., 7, 200, 1885; 9, 1, 1887.
NICKEL OXIDE. The occurrence of a niccoliferous sand in the gold-washings of the Fraser river, British Columbia, is noted by James Blake (Proc Cal. Acad., 5, 200, 1874). It occurs with magnetic-iron sand, from which it i distinguished by its yellow color, resembling pyrite. It is inferred to have the composition Ni3O4 or NiO.Ni2O3, analogous to magnetite.
This compound has been formed artificially by Baubigny in regular octahedrons of a gray color, non-magnetic. C. R., 87, 1082. 1878.
238. MAGNESIOFERRITE. Magnof errit Rammelsberg, Pogg. , 107,451, 1859. Magne- ferrit Kenng., Ueb. J., 98, 1859, 96, 1860.
Isometric. In octahedrons, and octahedrons with truncated edges. H. G-6'5. Gr. 4'568-4'654. Luster, color, and streak as in magnetite. ;Strongly magnetic.
romp. — MgFe04 or MgO.Fe203 Magnesia 20, iron sesquioxide 80 100. Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 152.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. like hematite Difficultly soluble in hydrochloric acid. Obs. — Formed about the fumaroles of Vesuvius, and especially those of the eruption of 1855, as observed by Scacchi, who particularly described the crystals and their associations. The laminae of hematite intersecting the octahedrons have rhombohedral planes on their edges. Crystals of hematite occur at the same fumaroles. These crystals have been also described by JRath, Jb. Min., 386, 1876.
Rammelsberg first detected the magnesian nature of the crystals, and, in allusion to it, named
Spinel Qro Up—Franklinite—Ja Cobsite.
the species magnoferrite. Rutmagno has its own different signification in Latin; and the word should be mag nesiofer rite.
Artif.— Formed in crystals by heating together Fe303 and MgO, and subjecting to the action of hydrochloric acid vapor (Deville).
239. FRANKLINITE. Francklinite B&i-hier, Ann. Mines, 4, 489, 18T9. Isometric. Observed forms:
a (100, i-i); d (110, o (HI, 1); p (221, 2); m (811, 3-3).
Habit octahedral; edges often rounded, and crystals passing into rounded grains. Massive, granular, coarse or fine to compact.
Pseudo-cleavage, or parting, octahedral, as in magnetite. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 5'5-6*5. G. 5'07-5'22. Luster metallic, sometimes dull. Color iron-black. Streak reddish brown or black. Opaque. Slightly magnetic.
Comp.— (Fe,Zn,Mn)0.(Fe,Mn)203, but varying rather widely in the relative quantities of the different metals pres- ent, while conforming to the general formula of the spinel group.
Anal.—), 2, Seyms, Am. J. Sc., 12, 210, 1876. 3-6, Stone, Sch Also 5th Ed., p. 152.
Mines Q., 8, 150, 1887.
Fe2Os Mn,Os ZnO MnO FeO
1. Mine Hill, N. J.
2. Sterling Hill. N. J.
3. Mine Hill
5. Sterling Hill
—
G.
5187
G.
5-136
G.
5-215
—
G.
5-074
—
— 101-42
15-65 AlaO3 0-65 100 04
— 99 56
— 99-37
— 100-04
— 98-91
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible. With borax in O.F. gives a reddish amethystine bead (manga- nese), and in R.F. this becomes bottle-green (iron). With soda gives a bluish green manganate,. and on charcoal a faint coating of zinc oxide, which is much more marked when a mixture with borax and soda is used. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, sometimes with evolution of a small amount of chlorine.
Obs. — Occurs in cubic crystals near Eibach in Nassau; in amorphous masses at Altenberg, near Aix- la-Chapel le.
Abundant at Mine Hill, Franklin Furnace, N. J., with willemite and zincite in granular limestone; also at Sterling Hill, two miles distant, where it is associated with willemite, in a large vein, in which cavities occasionally contain crystals from one to four inches in diameter.
Artif. — Formed in crystals by action of ferric chloride and zinc chloride on lime, with heat (Daubree).
240. JAOOBSITE. Damour, C. R., 69, 168, 1869. Jakobsit. Manganomagnetit Flink, Ak. H. Stockh. Bihang, 12 (2), 2, 20, 1886.
Isometric; in distorted octahedrons. Also in cleavage forms bounded by planes which seem to correspond to the hexoctahedron (60'50'3, 20-f)1.
H. G. Gr. 4-75. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color deep black. Streak blackish brown. Magnetic. ' ;
Comp.— (Mn,Mg)0.(Fe,Mn)a03.
Anal.— 1, Damour, I.e., and Rg., Min. Ch., 132, 1875. 2, Lindstrom, G. For. FOrh., 3, 384, 1877. 3, Flink, 1. c. 4, Igelstr5m, G. For. Forh. , 12, 137, 1890.
1. Jakobsberg G. 4'75
2. Langban
3. " G. 4-761
4. Glakarn
Fe2O3 Mn2O3 MnO 68-25 4-03 20-72 58-39 6-96 29'93 43-85 54-80 57-55 86-74'
MgO
6-41 99-41 [2-17 100-81
1-68 CaOO-40, PbO T22, PaO5 0'06, insol.
0-94 Si02 0 74, CaO 0'41 100'74
0-72 insol. 6 02 101'03
With some Mn2Os.
228 Oxides.
Pyr. — B.B. infusible. It does not lose weight when ignited. With the fluxes reacts for Iron and manganese. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, with a slight evolution of chloriue.
Obs.— From Jakobsberg, in Nordmark, Werrnlaud, Sweden, where it occurs associated with white mica and native copper in a crystalline limestone; also at Langban, Wermland, with tephroite and calcite; at the Sjo and also the Glakfirn mine, Orebro.
Ref.— l Flink, 1. c., anal. 3.
241. OHROMITE. Per chromate alumine (fr. Var) Vauq., Bull. Soc. Philom. 55, 57, 1800. Eisenchrom (fr. Ural) Meder, Crell's Ann., 1, 500, 1798; Karst., Tab., 56, 79, 1800, 74, 1808. Fer chromate H.. Tr., 4, 1801. Chromate of Iron, Chromic Iron. Chromsaures Eisen, Chrom- eisensteiu Germ , Eisenchrome Beud., 1832. Siderochrorne Huot., 1, 287, 1841. Chroruoferrite Chapm., Miu., 1843. Chromit Haid., Haudb., 550, 1845. Chromjernmalrn Swed. Fer chrome, Fer chromate, Fr. Siderocromo, Cromite, Cromof errite, Ferro cromato, Ital. Hierro cromado Span.
Isometric. In octahedrons; also with d (110, i), m (311, 3-3). Commonly massive; fine granular to compact.
Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5-5. G. 4-32-4-57. Luster submetaliic to metallic. Color iron-black to brownish black, sometimes yellowish red in thin sections. Streak brown. Translucent to opaque. Sometimes feebly mtipfiiftif.
Comp. — FeCr204 or FeO,Cr203 Chromium sesquioxide 68'0, iron protoxide 32-0 100. The iron may be replaced by magnesium as in magnochromite (magnesiochromite) below; also the chromium by aluminium and ferric iron. The varieties containing but little chromium (up to 10 p. c.) are hardly more than varieties of spinel and are classed under picotite.
Analyses: see 5th Ed., p. 153; Kg., Min. Ch., 141-144, 1885, etc. For an exhaustive table of the analyses which have been published, see Wadsworth, Lithological Studies, 1884, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 11, Pt. 1.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in O.F. infusible; in R.F. slightly rounded on the edges, and becomes magnetic. With borax and salt of phosphorus gives beads which, while hot, show only a reac- tion for iron, but on cooling become chrome-green; the green color is heightened by fusion on charcoal with metallic tin.
Not acted upon by acids, but decomposed by fusion with potassium or sodium bisulphate.
Obs. — Occurs in serpentine, forming veins, or in embedded masses. It assists in giving the variegated color to verde-antique marble. Not uncommon in meteoric irons, sometimes in nodules as in the Coahuila iron, less often in crystals (Lodran).
Occurs in the Gulsen mountains, near Kraubat in Styria; in crystals in the islands of Unst and Fetlar, in Shetland; in the province of Trondhjem in Norway; in the Department du Var in France; in Silesia and Bohemia; abundant in Asia Minor (Am. J. Sc., 7, 285, 1849); in the Eastern and Western Urals; in New Caledonia, affording ore for commerce.
At Baltimore, Md., in the Bare Hills, in large quantities in veins or masses in serpentine; also in Montgomery Co., 6 m. north of the Potomac; at Cooptown, Harford Co., and in the north part of Cecil Co. , Md. In Pennsylvania, in W. Gosheu (crystals), Nottingham, Mineral Hill, and elsewhere; Chester Co.. near Unionville, abundant; at Wood's Mine, near Texas, Lan- caster Co., very abundant. Massive and in crystals at Hoboken, N. J.. in serpentine and dolo- mite; in the south-western part of the town of New Fane, and in Jay, Troy, and Westn'eld, Vt.; Chester and Blanford, Mass. In California, in Monterey Co.; also Santa Clam Co., near the N. Aimaden mine. On I. a Vache, near San Domingo; at Bolton and Hani, Quebec, Canada.
The two following are properly varieties of chrornite:
CHROMPICOTITE T. Petersen, J. pr. Ch., 106, 137, 1869. From the dunyte of Dun Mt., New Zealand. H. =8. G. =4'115. Color black. Analysis, Petersen and Senfter: Cr;,O3 56-54, A1203 12-13, FeO 18T-01, MgO 14-08, MnO 0'46. CoO, NiO tr. 101'22.
MAGNOCHROMITE Bock [Inaug. Diss., Breslau 1868], Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 25, 394, 1873. Alumisches Eisenerz Breith., Char., 234, 1832. A magnesian variety of chromite from Grochau, Silesia. Analysis. Bock, after deducting assumed impurities: Cr303 40'78, A12O3 29'92, FeO 15-30, MgO 14'00 100.
J. pr. Ch., 23, 276, 1841. Described by Hermann as occurring in the Urals In black shining octahedrons, with G. 6'506, and as consisting of: Iridium 56-04, osmium 9'53, iron9'72, chromium 9 40, traces of manganese, with a loss of 15'25, which he reckoned as oxygen. But Claus has shown that the mineral is only a mixture of iridosmine, chromite, etc. (ib., 80, 285. 1860).
PLUMBOFERRITE L. J. Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 38. No. 8, 27, 1881.
In cleavable masses. H. 5. Color nearly black. Streak red, like hematite. Acts very feebly on the magnet. Analysis, deducting 8 p. c. CaCO3:
FeO, 60-3 PbO 23'12 FeO 10 68 MnO 2 20 MgO 1'95 CaO 1-67 100
Chrtsosertl.
For this the composition 2FeO.FeaO3.PbO.Fe2p3 is suggested. Dissolves readily in hydro-, -chloric acid with evolution of chlorine and formation of lead chloride.
Found at the Jakobsberg manganese mine, Nordniark, Wermland, Sweden; it occurs in narrow veins iu a granular limestone, associated with jacobsite.
242. CHRYSOBERYL. [Not Chrysoberyl var. Beryl) of the Ancients.] Krisoberil Wern., Bergm. J., 373, 387, 1789; 84, 1790. Chrysobervll Karsten, Lens, etc. Cymophane H., J. Mines, 4, 5, 1798. Alexandrite Nordenskiold, . Min. Ges., St. Petersb., 1842. Alaunerde Kieselerde Klap., Beitr., 1, 97, 1795; Arfvedson, Ak. H. Stockh., 1822. Aluminate of Glucina, mainly, Feybert, Am. J. Sc., 8, 105, 1824; Bergemann, De Chrys., G5tt.,1826.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 0-47006 : 1 : 0-58002 Haidinger'. 100 A HO 25° 10$', 001 A 101 50° 58-f , 001 A Oil 30° 6*'.
ms*: 7ra(110,/)
d (160, *-6)3
'0, *4) 1, O)3
u (230, z-|) s (120, i-2) r (130, -3)
y (102, 14) e (203, |4) a; (101, 14)
mm'"
50° 21'
xx'
101° 57'
uu'
88'
rr' dd'
109° 871' 93° 32' *70° 41' 39° 2'
ii' kk PP'
60° 14'
98° 281' 120° 14'
yy'
m
63° 21'
78° 53'
oo' oo"
*93° 44' 107° 29'
i (Oil, 14")
D (211, 2-2)
k (021, 24)3
(132, 1-2)
p (031, 34) tw.
pi.
n (121, 2-2)
o (111, 1)
e (Ml- 6-6)
oo'"
40° 7'
nri
77' 43*
m'
129° 48'
nn"
118° 53'
m"
136° 57'
nn'"
72° It
vo'"
24° 35'
bo
69° 56
ww'
56° 11'
bn
53° 51
ww"
80° 31'
be
24C 32
ww'"
52C 33*
1, Norway, Me. 2, Alexandrite, Cathrein. 3, do., Kk. 4, 5, Haddam: 6, Alexandrite,
after Klein.
Twins: tw. pi. p (031), both contact- and penetration-twins; often repeated ;and forming pseudo-hexagonal crystals with or without re-entrant angles4. Crystals generally tabular a. Face a striated vertically, in twins a feather-like striation, cf. f. 3-5.
230 Oxides.
Cleavage: i (Oil) quite distinct; b imperfect, a more so. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. 8-5. G. 3-5-3-84. Luster vitreous. Color asparagus-green, grass-green, emerald-green, greenish white, and yellowish green; greenish brown; yellow; sometimes raspberry- or columbine-red by transmitted light. Streak uucolored. Transparent to translucent. Sometimes a bluish opalescence or chatoyancy, and asteriated. Pleochroic, vibrations b b) orange yellow, c 6) emerald-green, a a) columbine-red, cf. Haid., 1. c. Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Bx c. Indices:
a 1-7470 /3 1-7484 y 1-7565 .-.2F=45°20' 2E 84° 43' The measured axial angles vary widely because of want of homogeneity. Ele- vation of temperature causes the axes to unite and open again in a plane c, Dx.5
Var. 1. Ordinary.— Color pale-green, being colored by iron; also yellow and transparent and then used as a gem. G. 3'597, Haddam; 3'734, Brazil; 3'689, Ural, Rose; 3 835, Oren- burg, Kk.
2. Alexandrite. — Color emerald-green, but columbine red by transmitted light; valued as a gem. G. 3-644, mean of results, Kk. Supposed to be colored by chromium. Crystals often very large, and in twins, like fig. 3, either six-sided or six-rayed.
3. Cat's Eye. — Color greenish and exhibitiner a fine chatoyant effect; from Ceylon.
Comp. — Beryllium aluminate, BeAl304 or BeO.AlaOs Alumina 8U'2, glucina 19-8 - 100.
Analyses, see 5th Jfid., p. 156.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. alone unaltered; with soda, the surface is merely rendered dull. With borax or salt of phosphorus fuses with great difficulty. With cobalt solution, the powdered mineral gives a bluish color. Not attacked by acids.
Obs. — In Minas Geraes, Brazil, and also in Ceylon, in rolled pebbles, in the alluvial deposits of rivers; at Marscheudorf in Moravia; in the Ural, 85 versts from Ekaterinburg, in mica slate with beryl aiul pheuacite, the variety Alexandrite, of emerald-green color, columbine-red by transmitted light; in the Orenburg district, S. Ural, yellow; in the Mourne Mts., Ireland.
In the U. 8., at Haddam, Ct., in granite traversing gneiss, with tourmaline, gurnet, beryl, automolite, and columbite; in the same rock at Greenfield, near Saratoga, N. "V., with tour- maline, garnet, and apatite; Orange Summit, N. H., in granite at the deep cut of the Northern railroad; Norway, Me., in granite with garnet, also at Stonehatn, with fibrolite, at Canton, Peru, and Stowp
Chrysoberyl is from jpucros, golden, fit/pvA.A.oS, beryl. Cymophane, from Kujna, wave, and (pcxii'G), appear, alludes to a peculiar opalescence the crystals sometimes exhibit. Alexandrite is after the Czar of Russia, Alexander IL
Artif. — Formed in crystals by exposing to a high heat a mixture of 6 of alumina, 1'62 glucina, and 5-0 boric acid (Ebelman); by putting a mixture of beryllium fluoride and aluminium fluoride, in the proportions of their equivalents, in a carbon crucible, and at the center of the fluorides a small carbon crucible with a little fused boric acid, and heating for some hours (Deville and Caron), the process yielding fine crystals easily.
Ref.— Pogg., 77, 228, 1849. 2 See Dx., Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 329, 1845; Mir., Min., 267, 1852; Kk., Min. Russl., 4, 54, 1862, 5, 113, 1866; Dana, Min , 155, 1868; Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. XLV, 1877. 3 Klein, Jb. Min., 548, 1869; 479, 1871. 4 Cf. Cathrein, Zs. Kr.. 6, 257, 1881. 8 Dx., Propr. Opt., 1, 59, 1857, 2, 28, 1859, N. B., 54, 1867; cf. Mid., Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 237,
243. HAUSMANNITE. Schwarz Braunsteinerz pt. Wern., Bergra. J.. 386, 1789. Schwarz Manganerz pt. Karst., Tab. 72, 100, 1808. Black Manganese. Blattricher Schwarz- Braunstein Hausm., Handb., 293, 1813. Manganese oxyde hydrate H., Tr;, 1822. Pyramidal Manganese Ore Raid., Mohs, Min., 2, 416, 1824. Hausmannite Haid., Trans. R Soc. Ed., 11, 127, 1827. Glanzbraansteiu Hausm., Handb., 405, 1847. L'oxyde rouge de manganese Fr. Scharfmanganerz Germ.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 1-1743; 001 A 101 49° 35' Haidinger1. Forms'2: c (001, 0)3; e (101, l-); s (113, J), a (112, )3, p (111, 1), n (221, 2)3, r (313, l-3)s. 34', ep 37° 17'.
Twins: tw. pi. e, often repeated as fivelings (f. 2). Habit octahedral; faces usually bright and smooth, p striated edge p/s, often dull. Also granular massive, particles strongly coherent.
Cleavage: c nearly perfect; e, p indistinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5-5-5. G. 4-722, 4-856 Kg. Luster submetallic. Color brownish black. Streak chestnut-brown. Opaque.
Minium— Ceednerite.
Comp. — Mns04 or MnO.Ma03 Manganese sesquioxide 69 -0, manganese pro- toxide 31-0 100.
Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 162.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. like nianganite. Dissolves in heated hydrochloric acid, yielding chlorine.
Obs. — Occurs in porphyry, along with other manganese ores, in tine crystals, near Ilmenau In Thuringia; Ilefeld in the Harz; Fifipstad in Wermlaud, Sweden; afro,-as the chief vein mineral with mangauosite, pyrochroite, rhodochrpsite, etc., at Langban andatNordmark; at the Sjo mine, Grythyttan. Reported from Framont in Alsace. Also reported from Lebanon, Penn. (but very doubtful, Genth).
Artif.— Obtained by Debray, Deville et al. by various methods (cf. Fouque Levy, Synth. Min , 243, 1882); also by Gprgeu in crystals (G. 4'80) by keeping fused manganese chloride- for several hours in an oxidizing atmosphere saturated with water vapor, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 136, 1883.
1. 2. 3.
1, JJlngban, Flink. 2, Haidinger. 3, Langban, Flink.
Ref.— ' L. c., also Ed. J. Sc., 4, 41, 1826, and Pogg., 7, 232, 1826. 2 Haid, 1. c ; Mir.*, Min., 257, 1852. 3 Flink, Langban, Ak. H. Stockh., Bih., 12 (2), No. 7, 40, 1888; he gives pp' 74° 14'. See also p. 1036.
244. MINIUM. Mennige Germ. Plomb oxide rouge H. Minio, Piombo ossidato rosso Ital. Azarcon native Span., Vomeyko.
Pulverulent, occasionally exhibiting, under the microscope, crystalline scales. Also (artif .) in prismatic crystals.
H. 2-3. GL 4 '6. Luster faint greasy, or dull. Color vivid red, mixed with yellow; streak orange-yellow. Opaque.
Comp.— Pb304 or 2Pb(XPb02 Oxygen 9'4, lead 90 -H 100.
Pyr. — In the reducing flame of the blowpipe, on charcoal, globules of lead are obiamed.
Obs. — Usually associated with galena, and also with calamine, and sometimes constituting* pseudomorphs after galena and cerussite.
Occurs at Bleialf in the Eifel; Badenweiler in Baden; Brillon in Westphalia; island of Anglesey; Grassingtou Moor and vv etmiuic in j.ugi.iuu; Leadhills in Scotland; Zmeinogorsk mine in Siberia. Reported from Ziniapan, Mexico.
In the U. S., found at Austin's mine, Wythe Co.. Va. , along with cerussite: reported as oc- curring with native lead at the Jay Gould mine. Alturas Co.. Idaho; at the Rock mine, Leadville, Col., having in part the structure of the galena from which it has been derived (Hawkins).
Artif. — Obtained in small prismatic crystals by heating amorphous lead carbonate in a bath of potassium and sodium nitrate kept at a temperature near 300° C., Michel, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 56, 1890.
245. CREDNERITE. Kupferhaltiges Manganerz Credner, Jahrb. Min., 5, 1847. Man- gankupferoxyd Hausm., Handb., 1582, 1847. Mangankupfererz, Crednerit, Rg., Pogg., 74, 559,
Monoclinic. Foliated crystalline.
Cleavage: basal, very perfect; less distinct in two other directions obliquely inclined to one another. H. 4-5. G. — 4'9-S'l; 4'959, 4-977 Rg. Luster metallic. Color iron-black to steel-gray. Streak black, brownish.
r-Comp. — Cu3Mn409 or 3Cu0.2Mn203 (Rg.) Cupric oxide 43*0, manganese sesquioxide 57 '0 100.
Oxides.
Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 166.
Pyr.,' etc.— B.B. fusible only on thin edges. With borax in O.F. gives a dark violet color (manganese); with salt of phosphorus a green glass, which on cooling is blue, aud in R.F. be- comes red (copper). Soluble in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine.
Obs. — From Friedrichsrode, with volborthite, malachite, and manganese ores. Rammels- berg observes that this ore is undoubtedly the source of the cupreous manganese (p. 258), a secondary product.
246. PSEUDOKOOKITE. A. Koch, Min. Mitth., 1, 77, 344, 1878. Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 0-87776 : 1 : 0-88475 Schmidt1. 100 A HO *41° 16|', 001 A 101 45° 13f, 001 A Oil 41° 30'.
Forms : a (100, i-l)
e (001, 0) m (110, J) e (130, -8)
I (101, l-l) M (201, 2-1)
y (Oil, l-l) p (133, 1 3)
q (132, f-3)4? r (131, 3-3>?
mm'" 82° 33' ee' 41° 35' nri 53° 30' 90° 27'
HH'-= 127° 14' afj. *26° 23' yy' 83° 0'
pp' 28° 15' pp" - 86° 51' pp"' 79° 58'
cp 43° 25' eg 62° 9' cr 70° 3ff
Aranyer Berg, inann, Min. Mitth., 9, 47, 1887.
Usually in minute crystals, tabular a and often prismatic b; a faces striated horizontally; also in large coarse crystals.
Cleavage: c distinct. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. H. 6. G. 4-390 Cederstrom, 4'98 Koch. Luster ada- mantine; on the fracture greasy. Color dark brown to black, nearly opaque; on thinnest edges red, translucent. Streak ocher-yellow or reddish brown. Optically -f. Ax. pi. b. Bx JL a. Dispersion v p. Axial angle: 2H 84° 30' Lattermann6.
Comp — Probably Fe4(TiOJ3 or 2Fe,08.3TiOs Titanium dioxide 42-9, iron sesquioxide 57*1 100, Cederstrom.
Anal.— 1, Koch, on O'l gr., Min. Mitth., 1, 344, 1878. 2, Latter- 3, Cederstrom, Zs. Kr., 17, 133. 1889.
1. Aranyer Berg G. 4'98
2. Katzenbuckel
3. Bamle G. 4'39
TiOa
Fe,O3 42-29"
MgO
[4-28] ign. 0-69 100 4-53 99-96 100-68
A1.O, tr. b Also CaO.
Pyr. — B.B. nearly infusible, with the fluxes reacts for iron and titanium. Decomposed partly by boiling hydrochloric acid, wholly by sulphuric acid.
Obs. — Found with hypersthene (the so-called szaboite) in cavities of the andesyte of Arauyer Berg, Transylvania; with hypersthene and tridymite in the trachyte of Riveau Grand, Mt. Dore, Puy-de-D6me; in the uephelinyte of the Katzenbuckel in the Odenwald; with the apatite from Jumilla, Spain; in andesyte from Berings Is.; on recent lava (1872) from Vesuvius.
In large crystals several inches long, prismatic b, at Havredal. Bamle, Norway, embedded in kjerultine (wagnerite) altered to apatite, also associated with quartz, feldspar, titanic iron (Bgr., G. F5r. Forh., 10, 21, 1888, Cederstrom, 1. c.).
Ref.— i Aranyer Berg [Term. Filz., 4, No. 4, 1880], Zs. Kr., 6, 100. The position taken is that originally proposed by Groth. showing relation to brookite, ibid., 3, 306, 1879; with Koch, Oroth, 1889, and others, the axes b and c as here taken are interchanged. The angles vary rather widely, see Koch, 1. c., and Zs. Kr., 3, 306; Lewis, Jumilla, Spain, ib., 7, 181, 1882; Oebbeke, Mt. Dore, ib., 11, 370, 1886.
9 Koch, Groth, 1. c. 3 Schmidt, 1. c. 4 Oebbeke, 1. c. 5 Lattermann, 1. c.
247. BRAUNITE. Brachytypous Manganese-Ore, Braunite, Raid., Ed. J. Sc., 4, 48, 1826, Trans. R. Soc., 11, 137, 1827. Hartbraunstein Hausm., Handb., 222. 1847. Marceline Beud., 2, 188, 1832. Heteroklin Breith., Pogg., 49, 204, 1840 (in art. by Evreinov), Handb., 3, 801, 1847. Leptonematite. Pesillite Adam, Tabl. Min., 75, 1869.
Bra Unite.
Tetragonal. Axis 0-9850; 001 A 101 44° 34' Haidinger1.
Forms1 : c (001, 0); a (100, i-i)3, m (110, /)3, e (101, 1-0* as tw. pi., p (111, 1), (221, 2)
y (423, f 2)4, a? (421, 4-2).
Angles: cp 54° 19f, cs 70° 15', 77° 13', 2p" *108° 39', pp' 70° 7', 83° 27', xx' - 35° 56', xxv" 51° 43'.
Twins: tw. pi. e. Commonly in octahedrons, nearly isometric in angle. Faces c faintly stri- ated I edge c/p', s uneven and striated edge p/s; x smooth, even. Also massive.
Cleavage: p perfect. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brit- tle. H. 6-6-5. G. 4-75- 4-82; 4-752, Elgersburg, Kg.; 4-818, ib., Haid.; 4-77, St. Marcel, Dmr. Luster submetallic. Color dark brownish black to steel-gray. Streak same.
Comp. — 3Mn203.MnSi03 (Rg.) Silica 10-0, manganese protoxide 11-7, man- ganese sesquioxide 78'3 100.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Min. Ch., 160, 1875; Pogg., 124, 515, 1865. 2, Dmr., as given by Rg., 1. c. -3, Igelstrom, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 421, 1885.
1, 2, Langban, Flink.
1. Elgersburg
2. St. Marcel
3. Jakobsberg
Si02
MnO O CaO
80-94 8-08 0-91 BaO 0'44, H2O 1-00 100
81-42 [8-14] 1-25 FeaO, 1'49 100
80-23 8 17 0-95* PbO 0"65, FeO 1-83 100
Including MgO.
Marceline (heterocline) from St. Marcel, Piedmont, is impure braunite. Cf. Dmr., Ann. Mines, 1, 400, 1842.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. infusible. With borax and salt of phosphorus gives an amethystine bead in O.F. , becoming colorless in R.F. With soda gives a bluish green bead. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid evolving chlorine, and leaving a residue of gelatinous or flocculent silica (Rg.). Marceline gelatinizes with acids.
Obs. — Occurs both crystallized and massive, in veins traversing porphyry, at Oehrenstock, near Ilmenau; at Elgersburg in Thuringia; near Ilefeldin the Harz; at St. Marcel in Piedmont; at Elba; at Botnedal, Upper Tellemark, in Norway; at the manganese mines of Jakobsberg, Sweden, also at Langbau, and at the Sjo mine, Grythyttan, and Glakaru, Orebro. At Vizianagram, Bimlipatam and elsewhere in India in large quantity (Mallet, Min. India, 55. 1887). In the Wellington district and elsewhere in New South Wales (Liversidge, Min. N. S. W., 110, 1888).
Named after Mr. Braun of Gotha.
Ref.— ' Ed. J. Sc., 4, 48, 1826, or Pogg., 7, 234, 1826. Schuster has attempted to show that the Jakobsberg crystals belong to the rhornbohedral system with tetartohedral development, but his conclusions seem very doubtful, Min. Mittb... 7, 443, 1884. 2 Rath, Pralorgnan mine, St. Marcel, Piedmont, Ber. nied. Ges., Dec. 4, 1882; he gives pp' 70° 8' and 70° 13'. 3 Schmidt, Maderanerthal, Zs. Kr., 11, 603, 1886. 4 Flink, Langban, Ak. H. Stockh., Bib... 32 (2), No. 7, 38, 1888; he gives pp' 70° 19'. See also p. 1029.
IV. Dioxides, R0f.
248. Cassiterite
249. Polianite
250. Rutile
251. Plattnerite
Rutile Group.
SnO, MnO, TiO, PbO.
Tetragonal.
Oxides.
"With the Rutile group is also sometimes included:
Zircon ZrO2.SiOa c 0'6404.
In this work, however, Zircon is classed among the silicates, with the allied species. Thorite, ThO2.SiOa, c 0'6402. See p. 482.
A tetragonal form, approximating closely to that of the species of the Rutile Group, belongs also to a number of other species, as Sellaite, MgF2; Tapiolite, Fe(Ta,Nb)2O8; Xenotime, YPO4, etc.
252. Octahedrite TiO,
253. Brookite TiO,
254. Pyrolusite MnO,
Tetragonal
Orthorhombic
Orthorhombic?
6 - 11771 b : 6 0-8416
1 : 0-9444
Butile Group.
248. CASSITERITE. Ore of the KacrairepoS of the Greeks (Herod., etc.), and of the Plumbum album of Plin., 34, 47, etc.; not of the Stannum a pewter-like alloy] of Plin. Zinnsten, Staunum ferro et arsenico min., Wall., Min., 303, 1747. Mine d'Etaiu, Fr. Trl. Wall., 1753. Tin Ore, Tin Stone. Zinnstein, Zinnerz Germ. Stannum calciforme (Oxide of Tin) Bergm., Opusc.. 2, 436, 1780; Klapr., Beitr., 2, 245, 1797. Etain oxyde Fr. Cassiterite Beud., 2, 618, 1832. Kassiterit Germ. Tennmalm Swed. Stagno ossidato Ital.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 0-67232; 001 A 101 33° 54f Becke1.
y (335, f)
8 (223, f)
8 (111, 1)
o- (665, |)6 i (552, Tf (551, 5) f (771, 7)
Forms8:
r, (430, z-l)
c (001, 0)
ft (870, 14)'
a (100, t'-*)
k (14-13-0, i
m (110, /)
e (101, 1-0
h (210, i-2)
w (501, 5-i)
r (320, z-|) P (750, i-D
x (114, i)
r (514, f-5)6? C (3-1-12, £-3) (313, 1-3) u3 (942, f-f ) M, (742, H) 0 (645, £-£)6
(2M4-18,f s (321, 3-|) y (752, H)* I/ (766, H)4 € (761.7-1) M (19-16-7, -1, M2 (17-13-6,
ee'
—
46°
28'
ii'
81°
21'
ww'
—
85°
20'
87°
34'
ee"
S3
67°
50'
xas"
26°
44f
ww"
146°
52'
yy"
59°
241'
axe'
Ss
18°
49'
88"
87°
7'
yy'
41°
1'
ii"
134°
23'
8*'
58°
19'
w?r" 156° 14J' 29° 58;
zz' 20° 58i' 22-" 61° 42' 7-2 22° 25'
mz 24° 59'
my 60° 18'
ms *46° 26f
mi 22° 43'
35° 19i'
cz 67° 35'
Stoneham, Me.
Cornwall.
Zinnwald, Sbk.
Zinnwakl, Brown.
Twins: tw. pi. e, both contact- and penetration-twins; often repeated produc- ing complex forms, sometimes stellate five! ings. Faces c, in often uneven; faces in zone s, e, as also those in prismatic zoiie, often striated parallel to their re-
Rutile Group— Cassiterite. 235
'spective intersections. Often in reniform shapes, structure fibrous divergent; also massive, granular or impalpable; in rolled grains.
Cleavage: a imperfect; s more so; m hardly distinct. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. — 6-7. G. 6'S-7*1. Luster adamantine, and crystals usually splendent. Color brown or black; sometimes red, gray, white, or yellow. Streak white, grayish, brownish. Nearly transparent to opaque. Optically-)-. Indices: a>y 1/9966,
ef '2-0934. Grrubenmanri (Rosenb.).
Var. — 1. Ordinary, Tin-stone. In crystals and massive. G. of ordinary cryst. 6-96; of colorless, from Tipuani R., Bolivia, 6'832, Forbes; of honey-yellow, from Oruro, 6'704, id.; of very pure crystals from Carabuco, 6-4, id ; of black cryst. fr. Tipuaui, 7'021, id. The acute pyramidal variety (f. 2) is called needle tin we Cornwall, Haid.
(Nadelzinuerz Germ.). The twin crystals are called by the German miners, Zwitter, Zinngraupen.
2. Wood Tin (Holzzinnerz Germ.). In botryoidal and reniform shapes, concentric in struc- ture, and radiated fibrous internally, although very compact, with the color brownish, of mixed shades, looking somewhat like dry wood in its colors. Toad's-eye tin is the same, on a smaller scale. G. of one variety 6'514.
Stream tin is the ore in the state of sand, as it occurs along the beds of streams or in the gravel of the adjoining region. It has been derived from the wear and decomposition of the rocks carrying tin ore.
Comp.— Tin dioxide, SnO, Oxygen 21-4, tin 78'6 100. A little Taa06 is sometimes present, also Fes03.
Analysis, by Becke, of a dark colored crystal, 1. c. :
Schlackenwald SnO, 98'74 Fe2O3 0'12 CaO 0'41 SiOa 0'19 99'46.
Other analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 158, also Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 24, 26, 1887. Genth shows of Mexican cassiterite that the red varieties carry FeaO3 up to 6 p. c. and more, with G. 6-54-6-91; the yellow carry As2O6 to 10 p. c., and ZnO to 3 p. c., with G. 6'16-6'51; these constituents are to be regarded simply as impurities.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. alone unaltered. On charcoal with soda reduced to metallic tin, and gives a white coating. With the fluxes sometimes gives reactions for iron and manganese. Only slightly acted upon by acids.
Obs.— Occurs in veins traversing granite, gneiss, mica schist, chlorite or clay schist, and porphyry; also in finely reticulated veins forming the ore-deposits called stockworks, or simply impregnating the enclosing rock. The commonly associated minerals are quartz, wolframite, scheelite, also mica, topaz, tourmaline, apatite, fluorite; further pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite; molybdenite, native bismuth, etc
Formerly very abundant, now less so, in Cornwall, i-n fine crystals, and also as wood-tin and stream-tin; in Devonshire, near Tavistock and elsewhere; County of Wicklow, Ireland; in pseudo- morphs after feldspar at Wheal Coates, near St. Agnes, Cornwall; in fine crystals, often twins, at Schlackenwald, Graupeu, Joachim st-hal, and Zinnwald, etc.. in Bohemia ; Ehreufriedersdorf, Altenberg, etc., in Saxony; at Limoges in splendid crystals; also in Galicia; Greenland, with cryolite at Ivigtut; Sweden, at Finbo; Finland, at Pitkaranta.
In the E. Indies, on the Malay peninsula of Malacca and the neighboring islands, Banca, and Bilitong near Borneo. In Australia, abundant, thus : In New South Wales, over an area of 8500 sq. miles, also in Victoria; in Queensland in alluvial deposits over a large area along the Severn river and its tributaries, also in numerous veins in granite. In large amount in Tasmania. In Bolivia, S. A., in the gold region along the Tipuaui R. ; at Oruro tin mines; and at Carabuco, Bolivia; in Mexico, in Durango; also Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Jalisco.
In the United States, in Maine, sparingly at Paris, Hebron, Wiuslow and Stoneham. In Mass., at Chesterfield and Goshen, a few crystals, with albite and tourmaline. In N. Hamp., at Lyme, and somewhat more abundantly in the town of Jackson. In Virginia, sparingly in some gold mines; also more abundantly on Irish Creek, Rookbridge Co., with wolframite, etc., Glen- wood, Mason, W. Va. In Alabama, in Coosa Co. In South Dakota near Harney Peak and near Custer City in the Black Hills, where it has been mined to some extent, but with indiffer- ent success; in the Nigger Hill district in Lawrence Co In Wyoming, in Crook Co. In Mon- tana, near Dillon. In California, in San Bernardino Co., at Temescal (see p. 1030). In Idaho, on Jordan creek, near Boonville.
Artif.— Formed in crystals by the action of a stream of hydrochloric acid gas on SnO3 (Deville); by action of steam on chloride or fluoride of tin (Daubree). Also Bourgeois, Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 68, 1888.
Alt.— Substitution pseudomorphs after orthoclase, quartz, tourmaline occur in Cornwall; -also after hematite and magnetite in Mexico (Genth).
Oxides.
Ref.— ' Graupen, Boliemia, Min. Mittb., 243, 1877; Mir. gives ce 33° 55' '2 .-. c 0'6725, Min., 230; Nd., Pitkaranta, ce 33° 53f , c 0'6718, Pogg., 101, 637, 1857.
Cf. Mir., also Becke, 1. c., the latter for authorities, etc.; also earlier, Hbg., Min. Not, 1, 28, 6, 18, 1864; Gadoliu, Vh. Min. Ges., 161, 1855-56 (who adds many doubtful planes not included here); Nd., 1. c. An early paper by Phillips on the Cornish forms is elaborately illustrated with 235 figures, plates 15-26, Trans. G. Soc., London, 2, 336, 1814 3 Becke, 1. c. 4 Erem., Transbaikal, Vh. Min. Ges., 11, 273, 1876. 5 Bodewig, Min.-Samml. Strassburg, 104, 1878. 6 Zeph., Schlackenwald, Lotos, 1880. 7Busz, Zinnwald, Zs. Kr., 15, 623, 1889. Seep. 1030.
STANNITE Breith., Handb., 3, 772, 1847. An amorphous, pale yellowish white substance, from Cornwall, with H. 6'5, G. 3 545; has been regarded as a pseudomorph after feldspar, containing much tin dioxide as a mixture with the other ingredients.
AINALITE A. E. Nordenskiold, Finl. Min., 162, 1855, 26, 1863. A cassiterite containing nearly 9 p. c. of tantalum pentoxide. Isomorphous with cassiterite, and presenting the planes e, s. H. 6-6'5; G. 6 6-6 '8. Luster vitreous to adamantine; color black to grayish black; streak light brown; opaque. Analysis by Nordenski51d:
SuO, 88-95
Ta2O6 8-78
Fe2O3 2-04
CuO 0-78 100-55
From Pennikoja in Somero, Finland, with tantalite and beryl in albite.
Cf. Tapiolite,
249. POLIANITE. Pyrolusite pt. Lichtes Graumanganerz Breithaupt, Char., 231, 1832. Polianit, id., Pogg., 61, 191, 1844.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 0-66467; 001 A 101 33° 36f E. S. Dana1. Forms1 : a (100, m (110, /); h (210, i-2); e (101, 1-z), g (201, 2-a); (111, 1), n (221, 2);
Figs. 1-3, Flatten, Bohemia.
ah 26° 34'
hh' 36° 52' ee' 46° 5' gg' 68° 49'
ee" 67° 13' gg" 106° 6' 88' *57° 56'
nri 77° 15$'
ss" nn zz'
86° 27' 123° 59' 20° 51' 61° 35'
ee az — mz —
45° 18' 41°46J' 39° 50' 25° 11'
Often in composite parallel groupings of minute crystals, the resulting form having a rough summit and rhombic form. Also forming the o'uter shell of crys- tals having the form of manganite.
Cleavage: m perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 6-6-5. G. 4-992 Pfd.; 4-838, 4-880 Breith.; 5-026 Rg. Luster metallic. Color light steel-gray or iron -gray. Streak black. Opaque.
Comp. — Manganese dioxide, MnO, Oxygen 36-9, manganese 63-1 100.
Anal.— 1. Plattner, Pogg., 61, 192, 1844 and Rg., Min. Ch. 174, 1875. 2, Rg., 1. c. 8, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 35, 247, 1888.
1. G. 4-84-4-88
2. G. 5-026
3. G. 4-992
MnO
O
Fe,Oa
SiO,
0-16 0-36
HaO
insol.
0-13 100
— 99-42
0-16 99-93
The loss by ignition in (1) was 12-43, in (2) 12-44; in an other analysis by Penfield 12'42, Witt only a trace of HO. Plattner's analysis gave: Mn3O4 87 27, O 12-11.
But1Le Group— Rutile.
Pyr.— B.B. alone infusible; on charcoal loses oxygen- the usual reactions for manganese with the fluxes. Evolves chlorine when treated with hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs at Flatten, Bohemia. It is distinguished from pyrolusite, with which it has often been confounded (though the distinction was insisted upon by Breithaupt) by its hardness and its anhydrous character. Like pyrolusite it is often a pseudomorph after manganite. The name refers to the gray color, from jtoX.iaivecr$ai, to become gray.
Ref. — ' Am. J. Sc., 35, 243, 1888. The form was earlier regarded-fts -orthorhombic, but only imperfectly made out. Cf. also Breith., 1. c., and Kochlin, Min. Mitth., 9, 29, 1887.
250. RUTILE. Schorl rouge de Lisle, Crist., 2, 421, 1783: Born., Cat. de Raab, 1, 168, 1790. Rother Schorl pt., Titaukalk, Klapr., Beitr., 1, 233, 1795 (discov. of metal Titanium). Red Schorl Kirw., Min., 1, 271, 1794. Titanite, id., 2. 329. 1796 [not Titanite Klapr., 1794 Sphene]. Schorl rouge, Sagenite, Saussure, Alpes, 4, § 1894, 1796. Crispite (fr. Crispalt, St. Gothard) Delameth., T. T., 2. 333, 1797. Rutil Wern., 1800, Ludwig's Weru, 1, 55, 1803. Titane oxyde H., Tr., 1801. Edisonite W. E. Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 36, 272,
Schwarzer Granat Lampadius, Samml., 2, 119, 1797. Eisen- haltiges Titanerz (fr. OUihpian) Klapr., Beitr., 2, 235, 1797 Nigrin Karst., Tab., 56, 79, 1800. Ilmenorutile Koksharov, Min. Russl., 2, 352, 1854.
Tetragonal. Axis 6
0-644154; C
47' 16" Miller
Forms* :
x (410,
i-4)
k
a
M
t
u
(001, 0)
(100, i-i) (110, 7)
(810, i-8)* (710, f-7)
I (310, if> (940, h (210, r (820,
"t
d
t
w
(101, (301, 3-*)
7°
71'
dd"
—
43° 51V
au
8°
8'
ee"
—
*65° 34' 32"
ax
14°
2'
vv"
s;
125° 17'
al
18°
ww"
—
145° 30'
aA aQ
ar
26° 30° 33°
34'
58' 41'
ss'
Pp'
ss"
56° 52i' 76° 37' 84° 40'
ee'
45°
2'
Utt"
91° 24'
vv'
77°
48'
Pp"
122° 29'
ww'
84°
57'
ca
14° 35'
Alexander Co., N. C., W.
a (227, )9 ft (112, I)9 s (111, 1) M (998, P (221, 2)
a- (441, 4)
T! (518, f-5)5
n (515, 1-5)5
t (313, 1-3)
r (525, I-!)1
9 (212, l-2)<
? (531, 5-f) / (323, 1-f) z (321, 3-|) r (651, 6-f)8
c/3 24° 29'
cd 31° 16'
cs 42° 20'
cp -61° 14'
co- 14° 39'
ct 34° 10
eg 35° 464'
cf 37° 45'
cz 66° 42'
nri 35° 28'
"
zz
mt mz
29° 6' 20° 28' 21° 18' 30° 18' 13° 47' 39° 42' 20° 45' 61° 16' 36° 23' - 25° 45V
Twins10 : tw. pi. (1) e, often geniculated; also contact-twins of very varied habit, sometimes sixlings and eightlings. (2) v (301) rare, contact-twins (f. 9); rarely both methods observed in the same crystal; sometimes shows tw. lamellae" also11 902. Crystals commonly prismatic, vertically striated or furrowed; often slender acicular. Occasionally compact, massive. .
Cleavage: a and m distinct; s in traces. Parting due to twinning 90211. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 6-645. G. 4*18-4*25; also to 5'2. Luster metallic-adamantine. Color reddish brown, passing into red; sometimes yellowish, bluish, violet, black, rarely grass-green; by transmitted light deep red, Streak pale brown. Transparent to opaque. Optically +. Double refraction strong. Refractive indices high : <wy 2-6158, ey 2*9029 for Na, Barwald1". Sometimes abnormally biaxial, cf. Mid13.
Comp., Var.— Titanium dioxide, TiOa Oxygen 40'0, titanium 60'0 100. A little iron is usually present, sometimes up to 10 p. c.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Brownish red and other shades, not black. G. 4 18-4 '25. Trans- parent quartz is sometimes penetrated thickly with acicular or capillary crystals, and this variety is the Sagenite (fr. (raytjvrf, a net), also named Crispite. Dark smoky quartz penetrated with the acicular rutile is apparently the Veneris crinis of Pliny (Fleches d 'amour Fr., or Venus hair- stoueV Acicular crystals often implanted in parallel position on tabular crystals of hematite* also somewhat similarly on magnetite.
Oxides
Ediaonite (1. c.) was supposed to be an independent orthorhombic form of TiO2) though
approximating closely in angle to rutile ("un mineral qui parait offrir une forme dimorphe du rutile," Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 184, 1886). There can be no doubt, however, that it is similar to the forms from the Ural and from Snarum (f. 2), described by Mugge11, peculiar in showing a parting 0 (902), 00iv (902 A 902) 38° 4'. Found very sparingly in the gold washings of Polk Co., N. C. Named after the inventor, Thomas A. Edison.
2. Ferriferous, (a) Nigrine. Color black, whence the name. Contains 2 to 3 p. c. of Fe2O3. But as ordinary rutile has 1 to 2 p. c., the distinction is very small. G. - 4-249, Olahpian; 4'242 Freiberg. A jet- black rutile from St. Peter's Dome, Colorado, with 3'77 p. c. FeO (Eakins), and G. 4'288, belongs here, cf. W. B. Smith, Proc. Col. Soc., 2, 175, 18W7. Another black rutile from Colorado closely resembles common twins of cassiterite.
(b) Ilmenorutile. A black variety from the II men Mts., containing up to 10 p. c. or more of Fe2O3, and Cf. Erem.3, also Kk., Min. Russl., 5, 193.
A~black rutile occurring in the granite of the Black Hills, Dakota, is in twin crystals. prismatic and orthorhombic in habit by extension of two pyramidal faces (s)\ it has G. 5'29- 5'31, and contains 8'01 p. c. FeO and 1'35 SnO2 according to W. P. Headden (Am. J. Sc., 41, 249, 1891). A similar form has been described by Miklucho-Maclay, Jb. Miu., 2, 88, 1885.
2, Form with parting 902, Mgg. 3, Pseudomorph after hematite, Bin- nenthal, Rath.
having G. 5 -074-5 '133.
Figs. 4, 5, Common forms. 6, Magnet Cove, Rath. 7, 8, Graves Mt., Rose. 9, Alexander Co., N. C., Rath. 10, Geniculated twin.
8. Chromiferous. Titane oxyde chromifere H. A grass-green variety, containing chrome, which gives the color Cf. below, also Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 8, 334, 1883.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. infusible. With salt of phosphorus gives a colorless bead, which in R F assumes a violet-color on cooling. Most varieties contain iron, and give a brownish yellow 01 red bead in R.F., the violet only appearing after treatment of the bead with metallic tin on charcoal. Insoluble in acids; made soluble by fusion with an alkali or alkaline carbonate. The solution containing an excess of acid, with the addition of tin-foil, gives a beautiful violet color when concentrated.
Rut1Le Group— Rutile, Plattnerite. 239
Obs. — Rutile occurs in granite, gneiss, mica slate, and syenitic rocks, and sometimes in granular limestone and dolomite; common, as a secondary product, in the form of microlites in many slates. It is generally found in embedded crystals, often in masses of quartz or feldspar, and frequently in acicular crystals penetrating quartz; also in phlogopite (wh. see), and has been observed in diamoud. It lias also been met with in hematite and ilnienite, rarely in chromite. It is common in grains or fragments in many auriferous sands.
Proniiueut localities are: at Arendal and Kragero in Norway; Horfsj5b~erg, Sweden, with lazulite and cyanite; Saualpe, Carinthia; in the Urals; in Tyrol; at St. Gothard; Binnenthal-, at Yrieux, near Limoges in France; Krummhennersdorf , near Freiberg; in Castile, in geniculated crystals, often large; at Ohlapian in Transylvania, nigrine in pebbles; in large crystals in Perthshire, Scotland; at Crianlarich, at Craig Calleach near Killin, and on Benygloe; in Donegal Co., Ireland. A variety from Kariugsbi Icka in Sweden contains, according to Ekeberg (Ak. H., Stockh., 46, 1803), 3 p. c. of chrome, and is the titane oxyde chromifere of Haily; grass-green needles, supposed to be chromiferous, have been found in the Swiss Alps. The llmenorutile is from the phenacite and topaz mine of the Ilmen Mts., in the Ural.
In Maine, at Warren, along with tremolite and chalcopyrite. In N. Hamp., sparingly at Lyme, with tourmaline; near Hanover, acicular crystals in quartz, only in loose masses. In Vermont, at Waterbury, Bristol, Dummerston, and Putney; also in loose bowlders in middle and northern Vermont, acicular, some specimens of great beauty in transparent quartz. In Mass., at Barre, in gneiss, crystals occasionally an inch and a half in diameter; at Windsor, in feldspar veins intersecting chlorite slate; at Shelburne, in fine crystals in mica slate; at Leyden, with scapolite; at Conway, with gray epidote. In Conn., at North Guilford; at Lane's mine, Monroe, and in the adjoining town of Hu:)tington. In If. York, in Orange Co., 1 m. E. of Edenville, with pargasite in limestone bowlders; 2 m. E. of Warwick, in granite with zircon; 1 m. E. of Amity, in quartz with brown tourmaline, and 2 m. W., with spinel and corundum, and also 2 m. S. W., with red spinel and chondrodite; near Warwick, in slender prisms penetrating quartz; in N. York Co., at Kingsbridge, in veins of quartz, feldspar, and mica traversing granular lime- stone; in the limestone of Essex Co. In Penn., in fine long crystals, at Sadsbury, Chester Co., and the adjoining district in Lancaster Co.; at Parksburg, Concord, West Bradford, andNewlin, Chester Co.; at the Poor House quarry, Chester Co., in delicate crystals, sometimes iridescent, on dolomite. In If. Jersey, at Newton, with spinel. In JV. Car., at Crowder's Mountain; at Stony Point. Alexander Co., in splendent crystals of varied habit with dolomite, muscovite, hiddenite, emerald, etc. In Georgia, in Habersham Co.; in Lincoln Co., at Graves' Mountain, with lazulite in large and splendent crystals, some 3£ by in. In Arkansas, at Magnet Cove, commonly in twins with brookite and perovskite, also as paramorphs after brookite. In Colorado and Dakota, as. noted above.
In Canada, small crystals, with hematite at Button, Quebec; in the ilmenite of Bay St. Paul, orange translucent grains, pure TiO2, and probably rutile or brookite.
Artif. — Formed in crystals by heating together to redness titanic acid and protoxide of tin, and then heating the mass with silica to a cherry -red heat (Deville); by the action of steam on fluoride or chloride of titanium (Daubree, Hautefeuille). Hautefeuille observes that in this process crystals of rutile are formed when the heat used is red heat; of brookite, when it is between that required for volatilizing cadmium and zinc; and of octahedrite, when the heat is a little below that required for the volatilization of cadmium.
Has been observed in crystals as a furnace product by Scheerer.
Alt. — Observed as a paramorph after brookite, also pseudomorph after hematite. Cf. Rath, Jb. Miii., 397, 1876, Zs. Kr., 1. 13, 1877. Also altered to ilmenite, Lsx., Zs. Kr., 8, 55, 1883.
Ref. — ' Phil. Mag., 17, 268, 1840; the measurements of Koksharov agree very closely, viz.: 32° 47' 20", 6 — 0' 64418, Min. Russl., 1, 50. Zeph. obtained ce 32° 47', is 0*64404, Zs. Kr., 6, 238, 1881. Washington obtained from fine N. Carolina crystals ce 32° 47' 30", b 0*64425, Am. J. Sc., 33, 501, 1887. These angles show great constancy for the species.
8 See Kk., 1. c. Dx., Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 436, 1845. Hftid., Ber. Ak. Wien, 39, 5, 1860. Hbg., Min. Not., 1, 30, 2, 11, 1858, 5, 25, 1863. Arzruni (list of planes, literature, etc.), Zs. Kr., 8, 336, 1883. 8 Erem., ilmenorutile, Vh. Min. Ges., 4, 201, 1869, 6, 376. 1871; Bull. Ac. St. Pet,, 24, 534, 187c. 4 Zeph., Stillup Thai, 1. c. B Arzruni, 1. c. 6 Schrauf, Brazil, Zs. Kr., 9, 461, 1884. 7 Rinne, Binnenthal, Jb. Min., 2, 20, 1885. " Rath, Alexander Co., N. C., Ber. nied Ges., May 3, 1886. 9 Hidden and Washington, Stony Pt., N. C., 1. c.
10 Dx., 1. c.; also the valuable paper by Rose, Pogg., 115, 643, 1862: Rath, 1. c., and Magnet Cove, Zs. Kr., 1, 13, 1877; Dx., Min., 2. 197, 1874. 1! Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 221, 1884, 1, 147, 1886, 1, 231, 1889. Zs. Kr., 7, 167, 1882. 13 Ann. Mines, 10, 134, 1876; cf. also Lsx., Zs. Kr., 8, 67, 1883.
ISEKITE Janomky, Ber. Ak. Wien, 80 (1), 34, 1886. Found among the black grains of the so-called " iseriu " of the Iserwiese, Bohemia. Distinguished from the true iserin by the absence of conchoidal fracture and the brown color. In thin fragments honey-yellow. Crystal- line form like rutile, occasionally in twins; cleavage imperfect. G. 4*52. Analysis. TiO3 69-51 (f), FeO 28*67 (f), MnO 1*41, MgO 0*32, NbaO6, SiOa 0'44 100*45. This corre. ponds to the formula: FeTiaO6.
251. PLATTNERITE. Schwerbleierz Breith., J. pr. Ch., 10, 508, 1837. Plattuerit Said., Handb., 504, 1845. Brauubleioxyd Hausm., Handb.. 202. 1847.
Oxides.
Tetragonal. i,
Figs. 1, 2, Idaho, Ayres.
Axis 6 0-67643; 001 A 101 34° 4|' Ayres1.
2- Forms: c (001, 0); a (100, i-i); e (101, 1-z), (301, 8-);
o:(332, Angles: as' 46° 41', w' 78" 44', ee" 68° 9' vv" *127° 32', 55° 8', vx 39° 22'.
Earely in crystals, habit prismatic; usually massive; sometimes in globular or mammillary forms.
Cleavage not observed. Fracture subcorichoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 5-5 '5. G. 8'5. Luster sub- metallic. Color iron-black. Streak chestnut-brown. Translucent to nearly opaque. Optically negative2.
Comp. — Lead dioxide, PbOs Oxygen 13'4, lead 86-6 100.
Anal.— 1, E. Kinch, Min. Mag., 7, 63, 1886. 2, W. S. Yeates, priv. contr. Also H. A. Wheeler (G. 9'41), Am. J. Sc., 38, 79, 1889, and J. D. & E. N. Hawkins (G. -- 7-25), ib., p. 165.
Pb O
1. Leadhills G. 8-54 86-01 12-85 H2O,CO2,Fe2O3,CaO tr.
2. Idaho G. 8'56 83-20 12-93 (Fe,Al)aO3 1-71, Cu 0'14, Ag tr., insol. 0'82 98-80.
Pyr. — B.B. fuses at 2. giving off oxygen; yields metallic lead on charcoal. Soluble in acids.
Obs.— Described by Plattner (G. 9'39-9'45) on specimens probably from Leadhills, Scot- land, apparently pseudomorphous after pyromorphite. Later identified from Leadhills with cerussiteand pyromorphite, and from Wanlockhead (G. 9-27, Heddle). Also recently obtained, massive, rarely in crystals (figs. 1. 2), at the " As You Like" mine, nuu.uau, Cceur d'Alenf- Mts., Idaho, with pyromorphite. limonite, and quartz.
Named for the mineralogist, K. Fr. Plattner (1800-1858)
Ref. — ' E. F. Ayres, priv. contr. 2 Michel, artif. cryst., Bull. Soc. Miu.. 13, 5<l 1890.
252. OCTAHEDRITE. Schorl bleu indigo (fr. Oisaus) Bourn. , de Lisle's Crist., 2, 406, 1783; Schorl octaSdre rectanguiaire id., J. Phys., 30, 386, 1787. Octaedrite Sauss., Alpes, § 1901 1796. Oktaedrit Wern., 1803, Ludwig's Wern., 2, 218, 1804. Disunite Deltimeth., T. T., 2, 369, 1797; H., J. Mines, 5, 273, 1799. Auatase//., Tr., 3, 1801. Dauphiuit.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 1-7771; 001 A 101 *60° 38' Miller1.
Figs. 1, 2, Bourg d'Oisans. 3, 4, Binnenthal, Klein. 5, Brazil, Dx. 6, Binnenthal, Zeph.
7, Biunenthal, Klein.
Octahedrite.
Forms c (00:., 0)
a (100, i-i)
u (105, fz) (103, i-O1 (101, 1-t')
y (902, |-08 fir (701, 7-t) £{801, 8-i)5 p (1-1-40, TV
(116, (115, (114,
)
(225' (5-5-1
(112
(335, |)3 (223, f)3 (111, 1) (15-15-8, V-) (221, 2) (331, 3)
(21-1-3, 7-21)1 (11-1-4, -V--11)1' (39-4-6, Jj£-\9-)8. (17-3-2, ¥-¥) (5-1-20, i-5)?
7i (513, 6 (3-T13 0 (319, f r (313, 1- fi (520, f (9-4-12, a- (2-1-10, C (5 3-20, (532, 4-
-5)11
//
3)3 3)3
ft)11?
i-2)11
f f )?
tt
xx' ee'
qq,
oo'' uu"
xx"
20° 2i 27° 24' 42° 15' 76° 5' 85° 48' 88° 3'
28° 29' 39° 8' 61° 17'
ee" 121° 16'
gg" 148° 34'
U'
vv'
rr'
zz'
kk'
W'
19° 51'
27° 39 37°
54
2' 1'
67° 11' 74° 46'
Pp
II" vo" U" rr''
ff' zz" kk" ee"
82° 9'
39° 30'
45° 27' 53° 22' 64° 17'
79° 54f 102° 58J' 112° 54'
pp
ww" dd"
rrv"
118" 20'
136° 86"
157° 80"
164° 53'
9° 17" 19° 17r 32° 24' 27° 33' =60° 41'
Commonly octahedral in habit, either acute or obtuse (y); also tabular, c predominating; rarely prismatic crystals; frequently highly modified.
Cleavage: c and p perfect. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 5*5-6..
G. 3-82-3-95; sometimes 4*11— 4-16 after heating. Luster adamantine or metallic- adamantine. Color various shades of brown, passing into indigo-blue, and black; greenish yellow by transmitted light. Streak uncolored. Transparent to nearly opaque. Optically — . Double refraction rather strong. Indices &?y 2-554, ey 2-493 Mir. Sometimes abnormally biaxial, cf. Mid1".
Comp. — Titanium dioxide, Ti03 Oxygen 40'0, titanium 60-0 100.
Pyr., etc. — Same as for rutile.
Obs. — Most abundant at Bourg d'Oisans, in Dauphine, witb feldspar, axinite, and ilmenite. Found in mica slate in the Grisons; in Bavaria; near Hof in the Fichtelgebirge; Norway; the Urals; in chlorite in Devonshire, near Tavistock; with brookite at Tremadoc, in North Wales; in Cornwall, near Liskeard and at Tintagel Cliffs; in Brazil in quartz, and in detached crystals so splendent as to be sometimes mistaken for diamonds.
In Switzerland in the Binnenthal the variety wiserine, long supposed to be xenotime, but correctly determined by Klein (1. c.); also in Cavradi, Tavetsch; Kauris, Salzburg in the Eastern Alps, also at Pfitsch Joch.
In the U. States, at the Dexter lime rock, Smithfield, K. I., in dolomite; in the washings at Brindletown, Burke Co., N. C., in transparent tabular crystals.
De Saussure's name octahedrite has the priority, and is particularly appropriate, the crystals being usually octa- hedrons. Hatty's anatase is No. 3 in order of time, and was brought forward after he had once adopted for a while Delametherie's name oisanite; it is from aVofracrrS, erec- tion, and was intended to signify, as Hatty says, that the common octahedron was longer than that of other tetragonal species; but length is not in the meaning of the Greek word.
.tn"
Binnenthal, after Zeph.
Artif. — Formed in crystals by the action of steam on chloride or fluoride of titanium (Daubree); by the action of a stream of hydrochloric acid gas on TiO2 (Deville); by fusing TiOa with salt of phosphorus B.B. in R.F., and then exposing the bead to the point of the blue flame, when minute transparent crystals of octahedrite separate (G. Rose).
Ref. — ! Min., p. 229. 2 Klein gives list of planes, authorities, calculated angles, etc., Jb. Min., 337, 1875. See too Dx., Min., 2, 200, 1874, and earlier (Brazil) Ann. Ch. Phys., 10, 418, 1844. 3 Klein, Binnenthal, 1. c., and ibid., 900, 1872. 4 Brz. on "wiserine," Min. Mitth., 7, 1872. 5 Klein, Jb. Min., 852, 1875. 6 Groth, Min.-Samml. Strassb., 108, 1878. Vrba, Kauris, Zs. Kr., 5, 417, 1881. 8 Slg., Binnenthal, Jb. Min, 2, 269, 1881, 2, 281, 1882: see also Zeph. ' Zeph.. Lotos, 1880. and Jb. Min., 2, 325, ref., 1881; Zs. Kr., 6, 240, 1882. 10 Wein, Zs. Kr., 8. 532, 1884. Slg., Zs. Kr., 11, 337, 1886. 12 Ann. Mines, 10, 137, 1876.
Oxides.
253. BROOKITE. Jurinite Soret, 1822. Brookite Levy, Ann. Phil., 9, 140, 1825. Arkan- site Shephard, Am. J. Sc., 2, 250, 1846.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-84158 : 1 : 0*94439 Koksharov1. 100 A HO 40° 5', 001 A 101 48° 17f ', 001 A Oil 43° 21f '.
Forms :
/3 (320, z'-l)8
d (043, |4)2
u (784, 2-f)1?
6 (5-14-18, f
a (100, i-i)*
I (210, z-2)3
t (021, 24)2
C (3-4-12, H)1
e (134, f-3)8
b (010, )2
Hi (110,
2 (112, £)'
c (001, 0)*
0 (120, z-2)12
0 (111, I)3
Q (234, H)>o
/ (3-10-2, 5J
N (710, i-7) S- (23-4 0, tf-)1? jo (11-2-0, e-3?)1?
y (104, i-i)2 a; (102, f i) # (012, |4)13
r (221, 2)'
v (326, H)4 s (322, l-f)1
A; (124, j-2> (122, 1-S)2 n (121, 2-2)3
10 (272, H)3 A (142, 2-4> h (151, 5-5)3
(410, z-4)3
5 (Oil, I-?)8
The symbol of the plane 6 (5'14'18) has been established by several observers. Dx.8 adds the vicinal planes near e, A (9'22'30 or 6'15'20) and 8 (S'14'18 or S'13-16). Schrauf6, who makes the species monoclinic, gives e (940, a'-f), a (320, t-|); r (089, f-S); ±1) (9-4-18, ±f ±fl (949, ± l-f); P (7-5-14, - i-|); ± r (349, ± H). ± 1 (343> ± H)5 2 (256, + H). (4'10'1 3 + iff); (4-11 -14, - H-V-); (1-22-12, +-V-22).
kk'"
23°
46'
cz
36°
15'
a
76°
27'
ee'"
*78°
57'
11'"
45°
Co
55°
43'
nri
55°
24'
qq'"
102°
1'
mm'"
*80°
10'
cr
71°
10i'
Aa'
29°
25'
63°
244'
61°
26'
ex
28°
47'
Qq'
49°
12'
117°
29'
xx'
31°
58°
50° 86° 103° 124°
33'
12'
ce en
zz' oo' rr'
47° 65°
53°
78° 92° 28°
41'
48' 25'
48' 28'
ee'
Xx'"
ee'"
S8
m'" zz"1
25°
48° 68° 51° 30° 44°
47'
54' 35' 30' 42' 46'
oo'" nri" ww'" hh'" me mt
64° 102° 131° 144°
45° 55°
17'
6' 41' 42' 19'
ee'
44°
23'
Figs. 1-4, Magnet Cove, Arkanstte™ . 5, Elleuville. 6, Tremadoc, Rath. 7, Miask, after Kk.
Brookite— Pyrolu Site. 243
Only in crystals. Habit varied, often tabular f a; faces a, and prismatic faces striated vertically. Also prismatic (m), sometimes simulating rutile (f. 1); faces z, x often striated their intersection-edge. Sometimes in forms with e and m, nearly hexagonal (f. 4); since me — ee' nearly, also mm'" and ee'".
Cleavage: m indistinct; c still more so. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 5-5-6. G. 3-87-4-01 Tremadoc; 3-96, 4 -07 -Magnet Cove, Rath; 4-084 Magnet Cove, Pfd. Luster metallic-adamantine to submetallic. Color hair- brown, yellowish, reddish, reddish brown, and translucent; also brown to iron-black, opaque. Streak uncolored to grayish or yellowish.
Optically +. Bx a. Ax. pi. for red and yellow for yellow-green uniaxial. Earely ax. pi. for all colors
c; for green and blue c with p v. A section
a shows four sets of hyperbolic bands. On heating the axes b approach and those c open, but temporarily only, unless this is carried carefully to a bright red heat, when the change becomes permanent, Dx.14 Ax. angles somewhat variable for different localities; as obtained by Zepharovich and Lippich16:
2Ea 55° 2' red, Li 30° 16' yellow, Na 0° yw. -green 33° 48' green, Tl
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Thin tabular crystals often highly modified, brilliant luster. 2. Arkansite. Stout crystals brown to iron-black; often dull, and on the surface altered by paramorphism to rutile.
Comp — Titanium dioxide, Ti02 Oxygen 40'0, titanium 60-0 100.
Pyr.— Same as for rutile.
Obs. — Brookite occurs at Bourg d'Oisans in Dauphine; at St. Gothard, with albite and quartz; Maderaner Thai, Switzerland; in the Ural, district of Zlatoust, near Miask, and in the gold-washings in the Sanarka river and elsewhere; near Markirch in the Vosges, in pseudomorphs after titanite; rarely at Val del Bove, Etna, with rutile; in the gneiss of Beura; at Fronolen near Tremadoc, Wales. In relatively large crystals from the Tyrol, 44 X 39 mm. (Zeph.,1. c.)n.
In the U. S., in thick black crystals (arkansite) at Magnet Cove, Ozark Mts., Arkansas, with elaeolite, black garnet, schorlomite, rutile, etc.; in small crystals from the gold-washings of North Carolina; at the lead mine of Ellenville, Ulster Co., N. Y., on quartz (f. 5), with chalco- pyrite and galena; at Paris, Maine.
Named after the English crystallographer and mineralogist, H, J. Brooke (1771-1857). Jurinite is from the naturalist L. Jurin (1751-1819) of Geneva; Arkaneite from the locality.
Alt. — Paramorphs of rutile after brookite are not uncommon at Magnet Cove.
Ref.— ' From the Ural, Vh. Min. Ges., 1848-49, 2, an.} Miu. Russl., 1. 61, 1853; 2, 27& With some authors e is made 111. "Levy, Ann. Phil., 9, 140, 1824. 3 Brooke, Snowdon, credited by Mir. 4 Mir., Min., 226, 1852. 5 Leuchteuberg, Ural, Vh. Min. Ges., 7, 82, 1872. 6 Schrauf, Atlas. Tf. xxxix, 1873, and Ber. Ak. Wien, 74 (1), 535, 1876, see also, Zs. Kr., 1, 306, 1877, 9, 444, 1884. 7 Mgc., cf. Dx. 8 Dx., Min., 2, 203, 1874. 9 Rath, Atliansk, Pogg., 158, 405, 1876; also ib., 113. 435, 1861. 10 Groth-Bkg., Maderanerthal, Min. Samml. Strass- burg, p. 110, 1878. u Zeph., Tyrol. Zs. Kr., 8, 577, 1884. 12 E. S. D., Magnet Cove, Am. J. Sc., 32, 314, 1886; also Pfd., ib., 31, 387, 1886. 1S G. H. Williams, Magnet Cove, priv. contr. 14 Erern., gold-washings, Ural, Zs. Kr., 15, 542, 1889; also Vh. Miu. Ges., 23, 322, 1887. uDx., 1. c. , Zeph., 1. c. Cf. other observations by Zeph. ; also by Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 9, 444, 1884, who- gives 2Ha.r 26°-29°. Dx. found the 'axial plane c with p ®, for Snowdon crystals.
In addition to the several forms in which the oxide of titanium appears in nature, viz. rutile, octahedrite, brookite, also with iron oxide, ilrnenite and pseudobrookite, Riggs has noted a rhombohedral form in thin iron-black scales as inclusions in the tourmaline of Hamburg aud De Kalb. It seems to belong to ilmenite, but apparently contains very little iron, not becoming magnetic on heating. Am. J. Sc., 35, 51, 1888.
EUMANITE Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 12, 211, 1851. Minute crystals occurring with rubellite and microlite in the albite vein of Chesterfield, Mass., suspected to be related to brookite. On the crystalline form, see J. D. D., ib., 12, 211, 397; 13, 117, and Syst. Min., 5th Ed., p. 165,
254. PYROLUSITE. Lapis manganensis pt. Ceesalp., Metall., 1596. Brunsten — Mag- nesia pt. Wall . 268. 1747; Manganese pt. Fr. Trl. Wall., 1, 483, 1753. Manganaise grise pt. Forst., Cut , 177. Molybdoeuum magnesii Linnaeus. Grau Braunstein pt. Wern., Bergm. J., 386. 1789; id., Hausm., Handb., 288, 1813 Gray Oxyd of Manganese pt.; Anhydrous Binoxyd of Manganese. Mangan Hyperoxyd Leonfi., Handb., 240, 1826. Pyrolusite, Prismatic Man<raiifse-Ore, Raid., Trans. R. Soc. Ed., 11, 136, 1827. Weichbraunstein. Weichmangan, Germ Peroxide of manganese. Manganese dioxide.
Orthorhombic, but perhaps only pseudomorphous (cf. below). Commonly columnar, often divergent; also granular massive, and frequently in reniform coats.
Oxides.
Soft, often soiling the fingers. H. 2-2-5. G. 4-82 Turner; 4-73-4-86 Pfd. Luster metallic. Color iron-black, dark steel-gray, sometimes bluish. Streak black or bluish black, sometimes submetallic. Opaque.
Comp.— Manganese dioxide, Mn02, like polianite. Commonly contains a little water, it having had usually a pseudomorphous origin (after manganite).
Anal.— 1-3, Penfield, priv. contr. 4, Jarman, Am. Ch. J., 11, 39, 1889. Also 5th Ed., p. 166.
1. Salisbury G. 4-785
2. " G. 4-732
3. Negaunee G. 4'858
4. Augusta Co., Va. G. 4'69
MnO
O
2-33- CaO 0-25, SiO2 0'55, I/ 0'49 100-03 2-68* CaO 0-26, SiO2 0'48, L 0-59 99'89 1-94" CaO 0-56b, SiO2 0'18, L 0'31 99'93 2-08 Xd 1-91 99-87
Incl. loss at 100°, 0-18, 0-15, 0-17. Inol. 0-38 BaO. L Limonite d X CaO, NiO, CoO, K2O, NaaO, Fe2O3, insol.
It is uncertain whether pyrolusite is an independent species, with a crystalline form of its own, or only a secondary mineral derived chiefly from the dehydration of manganite; also from polianite (Breith.). Pseudomorphous crystals having distinctly the form of maugauite are
common (f. 1). Forms have been attributed to pyrolusite in part with prismatic angles of mangauite (mm'" 80C), in part with mm'" 86° 20' Haid. Crystals from Salisbury, Conn., have the form of fig. 2, with mm'" 84° 30', and another prism, n, with nri" — 73° 20 ; often in skeleton forms, f. 3. Cf. also Kochlin, Min. Mitth., 9, 34, 1887; and earlier, Haid., 1. c.
Pyr., etc.— Like polianite, but most varieties yield some water in the closed tube.
Obs. — This ore is extensively worked at Elgersberg near IJnieuau, and other places in Thuringia ; at Vorderehrensdorf near -Tru- bau, in Moravia, which place annually
1, Pseudomorph after manganite, Nova Scotia. 2, 3, Pyrolusite, Salisbury, Conn.
affords many hundred tons of the ore; at Flatten in Bohemia, and elsewhere; near Johann- georgenstadt; at Hirschberg in Westphalia; Matzka, Transylvania; also found sparingly in Cornwall; in Timor; in Australia; in India.
Occurs in the United States with psilomelane, abundantly in Vermont, at Brandon, Irasburg, Bennington, Monkton, Chittenden, etc., both crystallized and massive; at Con way, Mass., in a vein of quartz; at Plainfield and West Stockbridge, Mass.; at Winchester, N. H. ; at Salisbury and Kent, Conn., forming velvet-like coatings on limonite; Crimera and Old Dominion mines. Augusta Co., and elsewhere in Virginia; Pope, Pulaski, Montgomery Cos. , Arkansas. In California, on Red island, bay of San Francisco. In New Brunswick, 7 m. fr. Bathurst, in fine cryst. ; in Shepody Mtn. and elsewhere; near Upham in King's Co. In Nova rScotia, at Teuy cape, cryst. and massive; also at Walton, abundant; near Kentville; Pictou; .Amherst; Musquodobit.
The name is from , fire, and Xovetv, to wash, because used to discharge the brown and green (FeO) tints of glass; and for the same reason it is whimsically entitled by the French le sawn de wrriers.
255. Turgite
B. Hydrous Oxides. 2Fe303.H80
Diaspore Group. KO(OH) or EgOa.H30 Orthorhombic.
256. Diaspore
Ala03.H20
0-9372 : 1 : 0-6039 or 0*6443
Turqite. 245
257. Gothite Fea03.HaO 0-9185 : 1 : 0-6068 or 0-6606
258. Manganite Mna03.HaO 0-8441 : 1 : 0-5448 or 0'6463
259. Limonite 2Fea03.3HaO
260. Xanthosiderite Fea03.2HaO
261. Bauxite AlaOs.2HaO
Brucite Group. R(OH)a or KO.HaO. Ehombohedral.
262. Brucite MgO.HaO rr' 97° 37f d 1-5208
Manganbrucite (Mg.Mn)O.H80 $63. Pyrochroite MnO.H,0 rr' 94° 52' 6 1-3999
&::6 /3
264. Gibbsite Al(OH), or Al2Os.3HaO Monoclinic 1-7089 : 1 : 1 -9184 85° 29'
265. Sassolite B(OH)8 or BaOs.3HaO Triclinic a: 0-5771:1 : 0-5282
a 104° 17' ft 92° 33' y 89° 43'
266. Hydrotalcite 6MgO.AlaOs.15HaO Hexagonal
267. Pyroaurite 6MgO.Fea03.15HaO "
268. Chalcophanite (Mn,Zn)0.2MnO,.2HaO Khombohedral 3-5267
269. Psilomelane MnO, BaO, MnOa, HaO WAD : Bog manganese, asbolite, lampadite.
255. TURGITE. Hematite pt. Red Ocher pt. Turgit Herm., Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, 1, 252, 1845. Hydrohsematit5mM., Handb., 846, 1847. Turjit.
Compact fibrous and divergent, to massive; often botryoidal and staluctitic like limonite. Also earthy, as red ocher.
H. 5-6. G. 4-29-4-49, Hof, Breith.j 4-681, Horhausen, Mcrgemann; 4'14, Salisbury, Brusb. Luster, submetallic and somewhat sat n-like in the direction of the fibrous structure; also dull, earthy. Color reddish black to dark red, bright red when earthy; botryoidal surface often lustrous, like much limonite. Streak red. Opaque.
Comp.— Fe4H,0T or 2Fe203.H20 Oxygen 28-5, iron 66'2, water 5 -3 100, or Iron sesquioxide 94*7, water 5-3 100.
For analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 168. Heddle (Min. Mag.. 5, 3, 1882) has analyzed cubic crys- tals, pseudomorphs after pyrite, from the clay slate of the island of Kerrera, Argyllshire, which had the composition of turgite, with G. 3'534. Turgite is sometimes regarded as an inter- mediate stage in the alteration of limonite to hematite by loss of water.
Pyr., etc. — Heated in a closed tube, flies to pieces in a remarkable manner, and in this is dis- tinct from hematite and limonite; yields water. Otherwise like hematite.
Obs. — A common ore of iron, often taken for limonite, with which it is frequently asso- ciated, and which it resembles, except in its superior hardness, streak, and decrepitation. It also looks very much like fibrous hematite. Hermann's mineral was from the Tnrginsk copper mine near Bogoslovsk, in the Ural, and from the Kolyvan district, in the Altai; that of Breithaupt, from near Hof in Bavaria, and Siegen in Prussia; found also with limonite at Dusseldorf in Prussia; at the Louisa mine, Horhausen. In the United States it occurs abun- dantly, in large botryoidal masses, at the limonite ore bed of Salisbury, Ct. (Brush), usually con- stituting the exterior layer of the limonite, sometimes an inch or more thick. The line of demarcation between it and the limonite is very distinct, and separation along it is often easy.
Oxides.
256. DIASPORE. Diaspore Hauy, Tr., 4, 1801. Blattricher Hydrargillit Hausm., Handb., 443, 1813. Empholite Igelstrom, Bull. Soc. Mm., 6, 40, 1883; A. E. Nordenskwld> G. For. F6rh.,~9, 30, 1887.
Orthorhombic. Axes : & : b : 6 0-93722 : 1 : 0-60387 Koksharov1.
100 A HO 43° 8' 38", 001 A 101 32° 47' 40", 001 A Oil 31° 7' 35".
rms2: , i-i)
, 0)
h (210, t-2)
k (230, z-i) I (120, i-~2)
e (130, i-3) e (Oil, 1-J) n (150, t-5) (098, §4)
tt!(101, l-l)5 J9 (111, 1)
/(012, H) r (10-1-4, f-10)
s (212, 1-2) v (122, l-2> t (211, 2-2)3 x (133, 1-3) q (232, o (292, f|)
bJi
*64°
53f
ww
65"
35'
gg'
51°
2'
pp'" 53°
50'
hh'"
50°
ff'
33°
36'
44°
57'
rr'
' 9°
6'
mm"
86°
17*'
ee
62°
15'
w"
30°
50'
ss"
28°
29'
kk'
70°
51'
,
57°
45'
xx'
20°
50'
40°
38'
11' zz' nri
56° 39° 24°
w
rr' ss' tt'
115° 63° 95°
45' 20' 37'
pp"
gg"
sb
82° 96° *75°
54' 3' 45f
uu
' 74° 57° ' 59°
34' 4'
47'
(hh
I n
Figs. 1, 2, Ural, Kk. 3, Newlin. Penn. 4, Chester, Mass.
Crystals prismatic; usually thin, flattened Z>; sometimes acicular; faces often rounded, in prismatic zone vertically striated, also in zone ae, edge p/e. Also foliated massive and in thin scales; sometimes stalactitic.
Cleavage: b eminent; li less perfect. Fracture conchoidal, very brittle. H. 6-5-7. G. - 3-3-3-5; 3-432 Haiiy; 3-452 Dufr.; 3-30-3-34, fr. Schemnitz. Luster brilliant; pearly on cleavage-face, elsewhere vitreous. Color whitish, grayish white, greenish gray, hair-brown, yellowish, to colorless; sometimes violet- blue in one direction, reddish plum-blue in another, and pale asparagus-green in a third (of. Haid., 1. c.). Transparent to subtranslucent. Optically +. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. b. Bx a. Dispersion p v, feeble. Axial angles, Dx.6:
2Har 103° 34' 2Hay 103° 53' 2Ha.bl 104° 38' 2H0.r 121° 59'
j3T 1-719
/3y 1-722
/?„, 1-729
2H0.y 121° 32'
. 2Fr 84° 8' , 2 Fy 84° 20' , 2Fbl 85° 8' 2H0.bl 120° 48'
Comp — AIO(OH) or A1203.H20 Alumina 85-0, water 15-0 100.
Some varieties yield a little P2O6 (Hermann, Shepard), probably from impurity. Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 169.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates strongly, separating into white pearly scales, and at a high temperature yields water. The variety from Schemnitz does not decrepitate. In- fusible; with cobalt solution gives a deep blue color. Some varieties react for iron with the fluxes. Not attacked by acids, but after ignition soluble in sulphuric acid.
Dia8Pore Group— Gothite. 247
Obs. — Commonly found with corundum or emery in dolomite, chlorite schist, and other crystalline rocks, invests, or as implanted crystals on corundum and other minerals. Occurs near Kossoibrod, district of Ekaterinburg in the Ural, in granular limestone with emery; at Schemuitz, Hungary, in veins between dolomite and limestone; in agneissoid rock near Bournac in the Haute-Loire; at Broddbo near Falun; at the Horrsjoberg, Wermland, Sweden (empholite) embedded in pyrophyllite and damourite with tourmaline, rutile, and cyanite; sparingly in the nephelite-syenite veins of southern Norway, sometimes as an inclusion i&_same secondary min- erals, as the " spreustein " (Scheerer, cf. Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 50, 1890); with corundum in dolomite at Campolongo, near Dazio Grande, in the canton of Tessin in Switzerland; Greiner in the Zillerthal; at Gumuch-dagh and Manser, Asia Minor, and the Grecian islands Naxos, Samos, and Nicaria, with emery, as detected by J. L. Smith.
In the U. S. with topaz and margarodite at Trumbull, Ct., but rare; with corundum and margarite at Newlin, near Union ville, Chester Co., Pa.; at the emery mines of Chester, Mass., in large plates and crystals; in cavities in massive corundum at the Culsagee mine, neai franklin, Macoti Co., N. Carolina.
Named by Hally from SincrTteipeiv, to scatter, alluding to the usual decrepitation before the blowpipe. Le Lievre, as Haily states, first made known the species, having found it at a mineral-dealer's in Paris, and given it to Vauquelin for analysis. Its original locality is supposed to have been the Ural.
Ref.— ' Min. Russl., 3, 169, 1858. 2 See Kenng., Ber. Ak. Wien, 9, 595, 1852; earlier, Haid., Po*g., 61, 309, 1844; Marignac, Bibl. Univ., 6, 296, 1847; Kk., 1. c. 3 Rath, Campolongo, Pogg., 122, 400, 1864. E. S. D., u v, Chester, Mass., q, Newlin, Am. J. Sc., 32, 388 1886. 6 Cathrein, Greiner, Min. Mitth., 10, 62, 1888. 6 Dx., N. R., 55, 1867.
257. GOTHITE. Dttnnschuppiger, linsenfOrmiger, rubinrother, etc. Eisenglimmer (fr. Siegen), Becker, Min. Beschr. O.-Nass. Laude, 401, 1789. Kryst. f asriger Brauneisenstein Mohs Null Min. Kab., 3, 403, 1804. Gothit (fr. Eiserfeld near Siegen) J. G. Lenz, Tabell. ges. Mineral- reich, 46, Jena, 1806, fol., Moll's Efem., 4, 505, 1808, Ullmann's Ueb., 304, 1814. Pyrrhosiderit [not Pyrosiderit] Ullmann, Hausm. Handb., 268, 1813, Ullmann's Ueb., 144, 299, 304, 1814 [but given many years before to his class]. Schuppig-f asriger Brauneisenstein (fr. Hollerter Zug) Lepidokrokit Ullmann, Hausm. ib., 269, 1813, Ullmann's Ueb., 148, 316, 1814. Haarformiger Brauneisenstein Hausm. ib., 270, 1813 Nadeleisenerz BreitJi., Char., 1823. Brown Iron-stone pt., Brown Iron-ore pt., Brown Hematite pt., of Jameson, Phillips, etc. Sammteisenerz, Sa'm- metbleude pt. Przibramit in Glock. Handb., 549, 1831. Hierro pardo Span. Goethite.
Chileit Breith., 3. pr. Ch., 19, 103, 1840. Onegit(fr. L. Onega) Andre (of Briinn), Tageblatt, No. 18, 1802, Moll's Efem., 2, 109, 112, 1806 Ore of Titanium various auth. for 25 years Gothite later auth.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : b 0-9185 : 1 : 0-6068 Phillips1. 100 A 110 42° 34', 001 A 101 33° 27', 001 A Oil 31° 15'.
is2: 1, i-l)
d (210, z-2) u(\01 TO (110, J) e (Oil
i (052, f-?)4 $ P (111, 1) z $
, i-i)
I (120, i-2) g (021, 2-S)3
r (811, 3-3)
dd"'
*49° 20'
ee' *62° 30'
ds
36° 1'
rr'"
30° 34i'
mm'"
85° 8'
gg' - 101° 3'
rr'
118° 54'
88'"
28° 25'
U' uu'
57° 7f 66° 54'
ms 53° 59' mp 48° 6£'
ss'
Pp'
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64° 36'
58° 55' 39° 58'
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53° 42' 103° 23'
'In prisms vertically striated, and often flattened into scales or tables H b. Also fibrous; foliated or in scales; massive, renif or m and stalactitic, with concentric and radiated structure.
Cleavage : b very perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5- 5-5. G. — 4-0-4-4; 4'37, cryst., Lostwithiel, Yorke. Luster im- perfect adamantine. Color yellowish, reddish, and blackish brown. Often blood-red by transmitted light. Streak brownish yellow to ocher yellow. Optically +(?). Ax. pi. c. Bx b. Dispersion strong, p for red nearly uniaxial; for green and blue, 2E 50° approx.; cf. Palla, 1. c.
Var. — 1. In thin scale-like or tabular crystals, usually attached by one edge. Such is the original Gothite (Pyrrhosiderite or Rubinglimmer) of Siegen.
2. In acicular or capillary (not flexible) crystals, or slender prisms, often radiately grouped: the Needle- Ironstone (Nadeleisensteiri). It passes into a variety with a velvety surface: the Przibramite (Sammetblende) of Pfibram is of this kind-
Oxides.
Onegite is acicular gOthite penetrating quartz, like rutile, from an island in L. Onega, Russia, where it was found in loose stones, in 1800, by Mr. Armstrong, an Englishman. It has also been called Fullonite, after Mr. Fullon, a brother-in-law of Mr. A., who also possessed specimens.
3. Columnar or fibrous.
4. Scaly-fibrous, or feathery columnar, the lines consisting of more or less distinct scales, somewhat like plumose mica: the Lepidocrocite (fr. Aenrz'S, scale, and Kpoxis, fiber).
5. Also compact massive, with a flat conchoidal fracture, liver-brown to blackish brown and rust-brown color; sometimes reuiform or stalactitic with radiated structure.
6. Disseminated microscopic crystals of gothite are one source of the frequent aventurine and opalescent character of specimens of different feldspars, and of some other species.
Comp.— FeO(OH) or Fe203.H30 Oxygen 27'0, iron 62-9, water 10-1 100, or Iron sesquioxide 89-9, water 10-1 100.
Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 170.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives off water and is converted into red iron sesquioxide. With the fluxes like hematite; most varieties give a manganese reaction, and some, treated in the forceps in O.F., after moistening in sulphuric acid, impart a bluish green color to the flame (phosphoric acid). Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— Found with the other oxides of iron, especially hematite or limonite. Occurs at Eiserfeld near Siegen, in Nassau, in lamelliform and foliated crystallizations of a hyacinth-red color, with limouite; at Zwickau in Saxony; Oberkirchen in Westerwald, etc., near Clifton in Gloucestershire, near Bristol, England; in Cornwall, near Botallack and Lost ithiel, some of the crystals to 2 in. long and f in. across; in Somersetshire, at the Provi nee iron mines.
In the U. States, at the Jackson Iron mine, Negaunee, near Marquette, L. Superior, in lamelliform crystals; also in beautiful stalactitic forms with velvety surface and delicate radiated structure, often encrusting hematite; in Conn., at Salisbury; in Penn., near Easton, the var. lepidocrocite with limonite; with calcite in clay-ironstone concretions, Adair county, Mo.; in the Pike's Peak region, Colorado; in California, at Burns Creek, Mariposa Co., in quartz; in Oregon, 16 m. from Portland.
Named Gothite (Goethite) after the poet-philosopher Goethe (1749-1832); and Pyrrhosiderite from TtvppoS, fire-red, and (riftrjpoS, iron. The name Onegite has priority, but it was given without a proper description, and for 25 years the nature of the mineral was unknown.
Artif.— By submitting solutions of FeCl3 (30 to 85 pts. in 100) to the action of heat in closed tubes, Rousseau has obtained acicular crystals having the composition of gothite and like it orthorhombic, but, according to Fouque, differing from it in optical characters. It does not seem cerlain, however, that there is any essential difference. C. R., 110, 1032, 1890.
Ref. — ' Min., p. 226, 1823; Palla has discussed the vicinal planes and suggested amonoclinic axial ratio, Zs. Kr., 11, 23, 1885. Ph., 1. c., and Mir., Min., 273, 1852. 3 Groth, Min.-Samml., 91, 1878. Busz, St. Just, Zs. Kr., 17, 553, 1890.
258. MANGANITE. Manganaise cristallise de Lisle, Crist., 330, 1772. 3, 101, 1783. Manganese oxyde metalloide H., Tr., 4, 1801 (with figs.). Grau-Braunsteinerz pt. Wern., 1789; Karsten, Tab , 1800. Graumanganerz pt. Karsten, Tab., 1808. Grau-Braunstcin pt, Hausm., Handb 288 1813, 390, 1847. Gray Oxide of Manganese pt. Prismatoidisches Mangan-Erz MoJis Grundr, 488, 1824. Manganite Raid., Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 11, 122, 1827. Acerde5 Beud , Tr., 2, 678, 1832. Newkirkite Thorn., Min., 1, 509, 1836.
r — T
dd
1, L. Superior. 2, 3, Ilefeld, Groth. 4, Ilefeld, Sbk.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-84407 : 1 : 0-54484 Haidinger1. 100 A HO 40° 10', 001 A 101 32° 50£', 001 A Oil 28° 35'.
Diaspore Group— Mangaxite.
Forms3 :
A
(310,
*-3)3
(120,
i-2)
a
(100,
f-l) it
(520,
z-f)3
(250,
H)
b
(010,
I)
d
(210, i-2)
y (130,
(001 '
0)
(430,
H)
r
(150,
£-5)a
at
(30-1
, i
30)3
(650,
t (1-0-15, TVi)3
ft
(161
0, z-16)3
(10-9-0, *-V-)3
O (2-0-15, T8K-i)3
(12-1
0, z-12)3 m
(110,
rf (105, fi)3
Pi
(10-1-
, i
10)3
K
(12-13-0,e-H)
3 e
(205,
B)3
U
(610,
6j:i
k
(230,
Hi)
u
(101,
1-i)
h
(410,
4)
z
(350,
w(201,
2-i)
hh'"
23°
50'
ii
4°
56'
xx't
Xx"
—
31°
26'
9°
50'
ss
37°
irn'
14°
43'
ss'
dd"
45°
46'
ee'
28°
57'
Pp'
mm'
*80°
20'
uu'
65°
41'
m>'
kk
76°
86'
tow'
104°
29'
xx'
U' tt'
yy'
61°
50° 43°
17' 43' 6'
ee' — ff'
*57° 94°
10' 55'
nri PP"
rr'
26°
40'
cp
40°
11'
00 1,
cv
59°
23'
Vd
e (Oil, 14)
X (414, 1-4)3
j (021, 2-i)3
9 (313, 1-3)
P (Hi, 1)
cr (525, 1-|)3
((443, f)3
(212, 1-2)
v (221, 2)
Y (323, 1-f)3
I (20-1-20, 1-2"0)3 o (10-1-10, 1-10)3 T (616, l-6> p (515, l-5)s
~F(17'30-30, l-g)s? C (32-60-45, I--V-)3? x (365, J-g) n (121, 2-2) 0 (177, 1-7)3
65° 12'
ss" 70° 2'
64° 51'
nn" 103° 23'
63° 50'
82' 14' 35° 55'
47° 9f
13° 3'
ss" 25° 47' pp' ' 49° llf m' ' 67° 26'
80° 22f
gg' ' 17° 21'
96° 48'
o-o-'" - 20° 45'
118° 46'
nri" 84° 57
5, Ilefeld, after Groth.
Twins: tw. pi. e, both contact- and cruciform-twins; often repeated and with 'comp.-face either parallel or inclined, analogous to rutile. Crystals long prismatic and terminated (1) by c, or (2) by zone of macropyramids p, s, p, etc.; planes in this zone striated parallel to their mutual intersections. Also short prismatic (3) terminated by c and numerous macrodomes; or (4) highly modified with macropyramids predominating; the last two types generally as twins. The prismatic faces deeply striated vertically. Crystals often grouped in bun- dles. Also columnar; seldom granular; stalactitic.
Cleavage: b very perfect; m perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. II. =4. G. 4 -2-4-4; 4-315 cryst., Negaunee, Pfd. Luster submetallic. Color dark steel-gray to iron-black. Streak reddish brown, sometimes nearly black. Opaque; minute splinters, sometimes brown by transmitted light.
Comp.— MnO(OH) or Mn,p3.H,0 Oxygen 27-3, manganese 62 -4, water 10-3 100, or Manganese sesquioxide 89-7, water 10'3 100.
Anal.— Blomstraud, G. For. F6rh., 2, 183, 1874. Also 5th Ed., p. 171. L&ngban Mn2O3 88-51 FesO3 0'23 MgO 1'51 CaO 0-62 H2O 9-83 100-70
Pyr., etc. — lu the closed tube yields water; otherwise like braunite, p. 232.
Obs. — Occurs in veins traversing porphyry, associated with calcite and barite, at Ilefeld in the Harz; Ilmenau and Oehrenstock in Thuringia; Undenaes and Langban in Sweden; Chris- tiansand in Norway; Cornwall, at various places, occurring crystallized at Botallack mine, St. Just; Callington and at the Royal iron mines; also in Cumberland, Devonshire, Somerset; Abercleenshire, Scotland; near Ross and elsewhere in Ireland.
In the L Superior mining region at the Jackson mine, Negaunee, Michigan. Devil's Head, Douglas Co., Colorado. In Nova Scotia, at Cheverie, Hants Co., and Walton; also 10 m. W. of Walton, where it forms a bed of conglomerate, along with quartz pebbles. In New Brunswick, at Shepody mountain, Albert Co.; Tattagouche R., Gloucester Co.; Upham, King's 'Co. ; and Dalhousie, Restigouche Co.
Newkirkite of Thomson, from Neukirchen in Alsace, according to Lettsom, is nothing but mauganite.
Named acerdese by Bendant from aKepdrf?, unprofitable, because of little value for bleach- ing purposes (cf. pyrolusite).
Alt. — By loss of water changes to pyrolusite, hausmannite, or braunite; pseudomorphs of pyrolusite (see p. 244) are very common. Cf. Breith. , Pogg., 61, 187, 1844.
Ref.— ' Ed. J. Sc., 4, 41, 1826, or Pogg., 7, 225, 1826; Groth obtained similar results, also the author for L. Superior crystals. Hemihedrism has been suggested (Haid.) but seems
250 Oxides.
improbable; cf. Kochlin, Min. Mitth., 9, 24, 1887; Busz mentions crystals from Grettenich, Saarbriicken, with n (121) hemihedrally developed, Zs. Kr., 15, 624, 1889. 2 See Groth, Min.- Samml., Strassburg, 79, 1878, also some other doubtful forms. Brauns adds (17'0'20), Jb. Min., 1, 252, 1886; also Kochlin on pseudomorphous crystals 2 (10'5'1), 1. c. 3 Groth, 1. c.
259. LIMONITE. SXIOTOS /U9oS (fr. Iberia) Diosc. Schistus, Haematites, Plin., 36, 37, 38. Haematites pt. , Blodsten, pt. [rest red hematite], Wall., 260, 1747, Cronsl., 178, 1758. Hematite pt., Fr. Trl. Wall., 469, 1753. Braun-Eisen stein (incl. Eisenrahm, Brauner Glaskopf) Wern., Bergm. J., 383, 1789. Brauneisenstein pt. [rest Gothite] Hausm., Handb., 268, 1813. Braun- Eisenstein, Stilpnosiderit, Ullmann, Ueb., 146, 305, 148, 313, 1814. Brown Iron Stone pt., Brown Hematite, Brown Ocher, Jameson, Min., 253, 261, 1816. Limonite pt. [rest Gothite, Bog Ore] Beud., Tr., 2, 702, 1832 [not Limonit Hausm., 1813 Bog Ore only)]. Brun, Gul Jernnialm, Myrmalm, Sjomalm Swed. Hierro arcilloso, globoso, palustre, etc. , Span.
£li%pa [yellow and brown] Theophr. ?Sil Plin., 33, 56. Ochra nativa, Germ. Berggeel, Agric., 466, 1546. O. nativa, Sil, Berggelb, Ockergelb, Oesner, Foss., 8, 1565. Ochriger Brauneisenstein Wern., Karst. Brown Ocher pt., Yellow Ocher pt.
Minera Ferri subaquosa, Min. F. lacustris, v. palustris, SjOmalm, Myrmalm, Wall., 263, 1747. Mine de fer limoneuse Fr. Trl. Wall., 1753. Ferrum limosum, etc., Wall., 2, 256, 1775. Raseneisenstein (incl. Morasterz, Sumpferz, Wiesenerz) Wern., Bergm. J., 383, 1789. Marsh Ore, Bog Ore, Meadow Ore pt., Kirwan. Jameson, etc. Limouit Raseneiseusteiu or Bog Ore) Hausm., Handb., 283. 1813 [not Limonite of Beud., wh. incl. all hydrous oxides of iron]. Limnit Block., Syn., 62, 1847.
Not crystallized. Usually in stalactitic and botryoidal or mammillary forms, having a fibrous or subfibrous structure; also concretionary, massive; and occasion- ally earthy.
H. 5-5'5. G. 3'6-4*0. Luster silky, often submetallic; sometimes dull and earthy. Color of surface of fracture various shades of brown, commonly dark, and none bright; sometimes with a nearly black varnish -like exterior; when earthy, brownish yellow, ocher-yellow. Streak yellowish brown. Opaque.
Var. — (1) Compact. Submetallic to silky in luster; often stalactitic, botryoidal, etc. (incl. brauner Glaskopf Germ.) (2) OcJierous or earthy, brownish yellow to ocher-yellow, often im- pure from the presence of clay, sand, etc. (3) Bog ore. The ore from marshy places, generally loose or porous in texture, often petrifying leaves, wood, nuts, etc. (4) Brown clay -ironstone, in compact masses, often in concretionary nodules (including Adlerstein, Klappeustein Oerm.), having a brownish yellow streak, and thus distinguishable from the clay-ironstone of the species hematite and siderite; it is sometimes (a) pisolitic, or an aggregation of concretions of the size of small peas (Bohnerz Oerm.; bean ore); or (b) oolitic.
Part of the stalactitic iron ore, brown or yellow ocher, bog ore, and clay-ironstone contains more water than true limouite, and hence belongs to the species xanthosiderite (or limnite).
Kaliphite of Ivanov is a mixture of limonite, manganese oxide, silicate of zinc and lime, from Hungary.
Comp.— 2Fe203.3H20 Oxygen 25-7, iron 59'8, water 14 -5 100, or Iron sesquioxide 85 -5, water 14'5 100. In the bog ores and ochers, sand, clay, phos- phates, oxides of manganese, and humic or other acids of organic origin are very common impurities.
Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 172. Analyses are chiefly interesting from the technical side as showing the amount of impurity (SiO2, P2O5, etc.) present.
Pyr., etc. — Like gOthite. Some varieties leave a siliceous skeleton in the salt of phosphorus bead, and a siliceous residue when dissolved in acids.
Obs. — In all cases a result of the alteration of other ores, or minerals containing iron, through exposure to moisture, air, and carbonic or organic acids; derived largely from the change of pyrite, magnetite, siderite, ferriferous dolomite, etc. ; also various species (as mica, pyroxene, horn- blende, etc.), which contain iron in the ferrous state (FeO). It consequently occupies, as a bog ore, marshy places, into which it has been borne by streamlets from the hills around; also found at the bottom of lakes as in Sweden (S;j5malm Swed., Seeerz Oerm.); and in the more compact form it occurs iu stalactites as well as in tuberose and other concretionary forms, frequently making beds in the rocks which contain the minerals that have been altered into it. In moist places where a sluggish streamlet flows into a marsh or pool, a rust-yellow or brownish yellow deposit often covers the bottom, and an iridescent film the surface of the water: the deposit is a growing bed of bog ore. The iron is transported in solution as ferrous carbonate in carbonated waters, a sulphate, or as a salt of an organic acid. It is often associatedwith manganese ores. Limonite is a common ore in Bavaria, the Harz, Luxembourg, Scotland, Sweden, etc.
Abundant in the United States. A few localities only are here mentioned; reference may be made to the various geological reports for complete lists. Extensive beds exist at Salisbury and Kent, Conn., also in the neighboring towns of Beekman, Fishkill, Dover, and Amenia, N.
Xanthosiderite—Ba Uxite. 251
Y., and in a similar situation north; at Richmond, West Stockbridge and elsewhere in Berk- shire Co., Mass.; in Vermont, at Bennington, Monkton, Pittsford, Putney, and Ripton; in Pennsylvania widely distributed especially in the south-eastern part of the state; also in Tennes- see, Alabama. Ohio, etc.
Named Limonite from A-eijucov, meadow. Ullmann's name, Stilpnosiderite, from orikitvo?, shining, has priority; but the ore is characteristically not a shining ore,_although sometimes with a lustrous, varnish-like exterior. The name limonite was first appropriated especially to the bog ores by Hausmaun in 1813. But most bog ores are of the above species, and Beudant, recognizing this, in 1832 used limonite for the bog as well as other limonite.
Alt. — By deoxidation through organic matter, if carbonic acid is present, may form siderite. By losing water becomes hematite, which occurs as pseudomorphs after limonite. This species also forms numerous pseudomorphs after other species.
260. XANTHOSIDERITE. Gelbeisenstein Hausm., Handb., 279, 1813. Xanthosiderit B. E. Schmid, Pogg , 84, 495, 1851. Yellow Ocher pt. Bog Ore pt.
In fine needles or fibers, stellate and concentric. Also as -an ocher. H. 2*5, in needles. Luster silky or greasy; pitch-like; also earthy. Color in needles golden yellowish, brown to brownish red; as an ocher, yellow of different shades, more or less brown, sometimes reddish. Streak ocher-yellow.
Comp.— Fei03.2HaO - Oxygen 24 -5, iron 57'1, water 18'4 100, or Iron sesquioxide 81'6, water 18*4 100.
Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 174.
Pyr., etc. — Like those of limonite.
Obs. — Associated with manganese ores at Ilmenau, in silky needles, etc. ; as an ocher near Goslar, Bruchberg, Elbingerode in the Harz; as a pitchy ore at Kilbride, Wicklow Co. .Ireland, along with limouite and psilomelane.
Artif. — This hydrate is formed when oxide of iron is precipitated from hot solutions of its salts; and, according to Gmelin, also from cold solutions.
LIMNITE Dana, Min., 178, 1868. Quellerz Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 27, 53, 1842. Raseneisen- erz, Sumpferz, Wiesenerz Germ. A hydrated iron oxide, for the most part bog ore, recent in origin and containing organic acids with quartz sand, phosphoric acid, etc. The composition Fe(OH)3 or Fe2O3.3H2O, has been attributed to it. Cf. Rg., Miu. Ch., 187. 1865.
261. BAUXITE. Alunrtne nyflratee de Beaux Berthier, Ann. Mines, 6, 531, 1821. Beauxite Z>w/r. , Min. (2, 347), 3, 799, 1847. Bauxite Demlle, Ann. Ch. Phys., 61,309,1861. Wocheinite 4. Flechner, Zs. G. Ges., 18, 181, 1866, Jb. G. Reichs., 1866. Cliachite Adam, Tabl. Min., 73, 1869.
In round concretionary disseminated grains. Also massive, oolitic; and earthy, clay-like.
G-. 2'55, fr. Wochein, v. Lill. Color whitish, grayish, to ocher-yellow, brown, and red.
Var. — 1. In concretionary grains, or oolitic; bauxite. 2. Clay-like, wocheinite; the purer kind grayish, clay-like, containing very little iron oxide; also red from the iron oxide present.
Comp.— Essentially A1303.2H20 Alumina 73'9, water 26'1 100; some analyses, however, give A1203. H20 like diaspore.
Iron sesquioxide is usually present, sometimes in large amount (up to 50 p. c. Henatsch), in part replacing alumina, in part only an impurity. Silica, phosphoric acid, carbonic acid, lime, magnesia are common impurities.
Analyses, see 5th Ed., pp. 174, 175; also Coquand, Bull. Soc. G. Fr., 28, 98, 1871; Auge, ibid., 16, 345. 1888; John, Vh. G. Reichs.. 389, 1874; Lang, Ber. Ch. Ges., 17,2892, 1884; Heuatsch, Inaug. Diss., Breslau, 1879. The analyses are interesting chiefly on the technical side, as showing the amount of impurity present; thus Heuatsch gives 9 to 24 p. c. SiO2, 0'8 to 2'5 p. c. P2O5, etc.
Obs.— From Baux (or Beaux), near Aries, France, disseminated in grains in compact lime- stone, and also oolitic; also at Revest, near Toulon, brown to dark red, and massive, regarded as an iron ore; at Allauch, Dept. of Var, France, massive, o51itic, with a base of like nature, cemented by some calcium carbonate, the most common variety; at Htigel, in the Commune of Baux, a hard and firm variety; at Calabre, massive; also in Nassau; in French Guiana. Wocheinite occurs in Carniola, between Feistritz and Lake Wochein, in a deposit 12 feet thick, the junction of the Trias and Jurassic formations, part of it red from iron sesquioxide. The purest bauxite is used for the manufacture of aluminium, and is called aluminium ore.
In the U. S., bauxite occurs in Saline and Pulaski Cos., Arkansas.
Auge, 1. c., regards bauxite as a hydro-thermal deposit; he calls attention to the occurrence of hydrated alumina in the Yellowstone region.
Oxides.
Brucite Group. R(OH)a. Rhombohedral.
262. BRUCITE. Native Magnesia (fr. N. Jersey) A. Bruce, Bruce's Min. J., 1, 26, 1814 (with anal.). Hydrate of Magnesia A. Aikin, Min., 236, 1815, Cleaveland, Min., 429, 1822. F. Hall, Cat. Min., 28, 1824, 8. Robinson, Cat. Amer. Min., 166, 1825. Brucite, ou Hydrate de magnesie, Beud., Tr., 838 (Index), 1824. Talk-Hydrat, Maguesia-Hydrat, Germ. Monoklino- edrisches Maguesiahydrat oder Texalith (fr. Texas, Pa.) Herm., J. pr. Ch , 82, 368, 1861. Amian- thus (fr. Hoboken) J. Pierce, Am. J. Sc., 1, 54, 1818 Aniianthoid Maguesite, Nemalite, T. Nuttall, ib., 4, 18, 1821 Brucite (Talk-hydrat, " hierher zu gehoren scheint "), LeonJi., Handb., 245, 1826; J. D. Whitney, J. Soc. N. H., Boston, 36, 1849 (with anal). Manganbrucit Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 39, No. 2, 83, 1882.
Rhombohedral. Axis 6 1-52078; 0001 A 1011 60° 20' 26" Hessenberg1. Forms2: c (0001, 0), a (1120, i-2), r (1011, K), p (2021, 2); z (0113, - J), e (0112, - £), h (0775, - I), t (04ll, - 4).
cp 74° 6f cz 30° 20f ce 41° 17'
ch 67° 52' ct 81° 54' rr' 97° 37f
pp' 112° 48' zz1 51° 53' ee' 69° 42'
M 106° 41'
118° 3'
rz'" *89° 19'
Fig. 1, Low's Mine, Texas, Penn.
Figs. 2, 3, Wood's Mine, Texas.
Crystals usually broad tabular. Also commonly foliated massive; fibrous, fibers separable and elastic.
H. 2-5. G. 2-38-2-4; 2-388 Ural, Losch. Cleavage: c eminent. Folia separable and flexible, nearly as in gypsum. Sectile. Luster c pearly, elsewhere waxy to vitreous. Color white, inclining to gray, blue or green. Transparent to translucent. Optically +. Indices: oor 1-559, er — 1'5795 Bauer3. Pyro- electric, on cooling the extremities of 6 —, the edges Hankel4.
Comp., Tar.— Magnesium hydrate, Mg(OH)2 or MgO.H20 Magnesia 69'0> water 31-0 100. Iron and manganese protoxide are sometimes present.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. In plates, white to pale greenish in color; strong pearly luster on the cleavage surface.
2. Nemalite. A fibrous variety containing 4 to 5 p. c. iron protoxide, with G. 2-44 Nuttall.
3. Manganbrucite. Granular, massive. Color honey-yellow to brownish red; perhaps originally colorless; contains manganese in considerable amount, anal. 7; cf. also anal. 3.
Anal.— 1, E. F. Smith, Am. Ch. J., 5, 281, 1883. 2, 3, F. A. Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 40, 1885. 4, Smith, 1. c. 5, Rosenblad, G. F6r. F6rh., 7, 733, 1885. 6, T. Blyth, Mallet, Min. India, 161, 1887. 7, IgelstrOm, 1. c.; small amounts of SiO2 and CaCO3 have been deducted. Also 5th Ed., p. 176.
MgO
1. Fritz Island 66-78
2: " 67-64
3. G. 2-382 65-38
4. Sinking Spring 66'19
5. Ural G. 2 388 69-02
6. Afghanistan, fibrous 60-95
7. Jakobsberg, manganbrucite 57-81
FeO MnO H2O
32-52 99-74 30-92 100-01 29-70 99-42 31-05 CaO 1-68 100'16 30-23 CO2 0 09 99 95 29-32 insol. 0'38 101'79 14-16 28-00 99 97
Fe,O3.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives off water, becoming opaque and friable, sometimes turning gray to brown; the manganesian variety becomes dark brown. B.B. infusible, glows
Brucite Group- Pyrochroite. 253
with a bright light, and the ignited mineral reacts alkaline to test-paper. With cobalt solution gives the pale pink color of magnesia. The pure mineral is soluble in acids without effervescence.
Obs.— Accompanies other magnesian minerals in serpentine, and has also been found in limestone. Occurs in considerable veins traversing serpentine, at Swinaness in Unst, one of the Shetland Isles, where it is sometimes found in crystals; at Pyshminsk in the Urals; at Goujot in France; at the iron mine of Cogue, valley of Aosta, Italy; near FilipstaTilrin Wermland, in Sweden, in roundish masses in limestone.
At Hobokeu, N. J., in serpentine; at the Tilly Foster iron mine, Brewster, N. Y., well crys- tallized, also pseudomorph after dolomite and altered to serpentine; in Richmond Co., N. Y. ; on the peninsula east of New Rochelle, Westchester Co., N. Y.; at Wood's mine, Texas, Pa., in large plates or masses, and often crystallizations several inches across; at Low's mine, with hydromagnesite; at Fritz Island, near Reading, and near Sinking Spring, Spring Township.
Nemalite, the fibrous variety, occurs at Hobokeu, and Xettes in the Vosges. Manganbrucite occurs with hausmannite and other manganese minerals in the granular limestone of Jakobsberg, Nordmark, Sweden.
Named after A. Bruce (1777-1818), an early American mineralogist, who first described the species.
Alt. — Becomes white, pulverulent, and carbonated on exposure, and also crystallized, con- stituting then the mineral hydromagnesite; the latter is sometimes in pseudomorphous crystals after brucite. Also altered to serpentine (see above).
Artif. — Has been noticed in crystalline plates as a deposit in a steam-boiler (Luedecke, Zs. Kr., 7, 502, 1883). Also obtained by de Schulteu from a solution of magnesium chloride precipitated by an excess of caustic potash and heated to 200°; the crystals of brucite separate out on cooling.
Ref.—1 Texas, Penn., Min. Not., 4, 40, 1861. Of. Hbg.; also Mir., Min., 269. 1852, Rose, Zs. G. Ges., 12, 178, 1860; Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. XL; Erem., Vh. Min. Ges., 16, 310, 1881. 3 Ber. Ak. Berlin, 958, 1881. Wied. Ann., 6, 53, 1879. On the percussion-figure, Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 57, 1884.
EISENBRUCIT Sandberger, Jb. Min., 2, 288, 1880. A product of partially decomposed brucite from Siebenlehn near Freiberg. An anal, gave Petersen : MgO 38'92, FeO 18'73, CO2 7 38, H2O 30-46, SiO2 4'15, Al?O3,CaO tr. 99'64. After deducting the SiO2 as quartz, and 24'49 p. c. hydromagnesite believed to be present, the result is : MgO 39 '89, FeO 24'92, HaO 3519 100.
263. FYROCHROITE. Pyrochroit L. J. Igelstrom, Pogg., 122, 181, 1864, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 21, 2U5, 1864.
Ehombohedral. Axis 6 1-3999; cr *58° 15|', rr' 94° 52' Flink1. In hexagonal tabular crystals. Usually foliated, like brucite.
H. 2 -5. G. 3*258 artif., de Schulten. Luster pearly. Color white; but changing on exposure to bronze, and then to black. In thin pieces trans- parent, and having a flesh-red color by transmitted candle-light. Optically uniaxial, negative.
Comp. — Manganese hydrate, Mn(OH)3 or MnO.HQ0 Manganese protoxide 79-7, water 20-3 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, L. Stahre, G. F5r. Forh., 4, 163, 1878.
MnO FeO CaO MgO H2O CO2
1. Cryst. 76-56 0'47 0'29 2'39 18-57 1'99 100'27
2. Massive 77'67 0'20 tr. 1'33 20'00 1"07 100'27
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube a small piece becomes at surface verdigris-green, then dirty green, and finally brownish black. Yields water. B.B. reactions for manganese. In hydro- chloric acid forms easily a clear colorless solution.
Obs.— Occurs in veins 1 to 2 lines broad in magnetite at Pajsberg, Filipstadt, Sweden; at the Moss mine at Nordmark in Wermland; at the Sjo mine, Grythyttan, Orebro. It is commonly associated with hausmannite. Identified by Roepper at Franklin Furnace, N. J.
Named from itvp,fire, xpda. color, because of the change of color upon ignition.
Artif. — Obtained by de Schulten in hexagonal crystals, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 326, 1887.
Ref.—1 Flink, Nordmark, Ak. Handl. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), No. 2. 12. 1886.
Kenngott refers here (Jb. Miu., 440, 1866) a mineral which Wiser had announced as a hydrous carbonate of manganese, and which Haidinger (Handb., 493, 1845) named Wiseriie. It is described as yellowish white to gray in color, pearly to silky in luster, fibrous in structure, and as coming from Gonzen near Sarganz. the Canton of St. Gall, in Switzerland, where it is found in seams in a granulitic hausmannite, with rhodochrosite.
254 Oxides.
264. GIBBSITE. Wavellite (fr. Richmond) 0. Dewey, Am. J. Sc., 2, 249, 1820; Water and Alumina, id., ib., 3. 239. 1821. Gibbsite J. Torrey, N. Y. Med. Phys. J., 1, No. 1, 68, April, 1822. Hydrargiilite, Gibbsite of Torrey, CleaveL, 224, 782, 1822. Hydrargillite (f r. Tra!) G. Rose, Pogg., 48, 564, 1839.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 1-70890 : 1 : 1-91843; ft 85° 29£' 001 A 100 Brogger1.
100 A HO 59° 35£', 001 A 101 *50° 50', 001 A Oil 62° 23f.
Forms: c(001, 0) k (310, a-3)? n (870, z-f) s (312, f-3)
b (010, z-i) Z(410, t-4) fi (210, z-2) d (101, l-j) o (211, 2-2)?
Angles: 41° 28', W" - 46° 8', 80° 51' nn" 112° 17' OTTO'" *119 10£', em *87° 43'.
Twins: tw. pi. (1) m with cc — 4° 34', rare. (2) with cc — 9° 2', not common. (3) c, common, usually combined with one of the other laws. (4) tw. pi. c and intersecting c in a line inclined 119° 49£' to the edge c/ct, and 0° 31' to the edge c/m; very common, the faces c and c falling together, while the zone ca of one crystal coincides with the zone cm of the other; method of grouping very varied, in part analogous to the pericline twins of the triclinic feldspars. Also rare and somewhat uncertain, (5) tw. pi. (3'1'54, g-3?).
Crystals tabular c, the forms c a m. most common ; hence hexagonal in aspect. Occasionally in lamello-radiate spheroidal concretions. Also stalactitic, or small mammillary and incrustiug, with smooth surface, and often a faint fibrous structure within.
Cleavage: c eminent. Tough. Percussion-figure3 similar to that of mica, with rays normal to the hexagonal edges. H. 2-5-3-5. G. 2-3-2-4; 2*385, Eichmond, B. Silliman, Jr.; 2-287, Ural, Hermann; 2-420, Norway, Bgr. Color white, grayish, greenish, or reddish white; also reddish yellow when impure. Luster of c pearly; of other faces vitreous; of surface of stalactites faint. Trans- lucent; sometimes transparent in crystals. A strong argillaceous odor when breathed on.
Optically -f. For Uralian crystals (Dx. ), ax.pl. usually b, and inclined 41° 26' to a normal to c for red, dispersion strong p v, horizontal inappreciable; increase of temperature causes a gradual change in the axial plane until at 56°-5 and above the ax. pi. becomes b, the angles increasing with p v up to 171° C.; in all cases the bisectrix lies in the plane of symmetry; at 26° -5 nearly uniaxial for blue. In another section, ax. pi. b at ordinary temperature, and axes inclined respectively 50° 12' and 35° 9' (red) to a normal to c. Brazilian crystals (Dx.) similar to those from the Ural. The Norwegian crystals (Bgr.) are sensibly uniaxial with Bx A o — 21°. Refractive indices:
a fi 1-53471 Y 1*55769
Var. — 1. In crystals; the original Hydrargillite. 2. Stalactitic ; gibbsite. Comp. — Aluminium hydrate, A1(OH)3 or Ala03. 3HaO Alumina 65 -4, water 34-6 100.
Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 177. Also Eustis, Brazil, Ch. News, 48, 98, 1883; da Costa Sena, id., Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 220, 1884; Jannettaz, French Guiana, ibid., 1, 70, 1878.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube becomes white and opaque, and yields water. B.B. infusible, whitens, and does not impart a green color to the tianie. With cobalt solution gives a deep blue color. Soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid.
Obs. — The crystallized gibbsite (hydrargillite) was discovered by Lissenko in the Shishimsk mountains near Zlatoust in the Ural; it occurs, according to Koksharov, in cavities in a schist containing much magnetite. The larger crystals were 1 to '3 inches long. Also in crystals filling cavities in natrolite on the small islands. Lille- Aro and Eikaholm. in the Langesundfiord , Norway. With corundum at Gumuch-dagh, Asia Minor. In French Guiana. Ouro Preto and Marianna, Minas Geraes, Brazil.
In the U. S. on corundum at Unionville, Pa.(?); in stalactitic form at Richmond, Mass.,in a bed of limonite; also at Lenox, Mass.; at the Clove Mine, Union Vale, Dutchess Co., N. Y., on limonite; in Orange Co., N. Y.
Named after Col. George Gibbs, the original owner (after extensive foreign travel)
Sassolite. 255
of the large Gibbs cabinet acquired by Yale College early in the century. Cleaveland calls the Richmond mineral Tiydrargillite on p. 224 of his mineralogy, but on p. 782 adopts Torrey's name
Ref. — ' Norway, Zs. Kr., 16, 16, 1890. Earlier regarded as rhombohedral, Kk., Min. Russl., 4, 88, 1862, but proved by Dx. to be monoclinic, ibid., p. 398, and N. R , 138, 1867. It is shown by Bgr. that the orthopinacoid of Dx. is in fact the prism m. '2 jJb.JVlin., 1, 56, 1884.
RICHMONDITE. The substance labelled gibbsite from Richmond, Mass., in which Hermann states he found 37 p. c. P2O5 (see his analysis under gibbsite, 5th Ed., p. 178), has been named Richmondiie by Kenngott (Vierteljahrschr. nat. Ges. Zurich, 11, 225).
ZIRLITE Pichler, Jb. Min., 57, 1871, 51, 1875. An amorphous aluminium hydrate resem- bling allophane from near Zirl, Tyrol, also f rom Nassereit ; it occurs in yellowish white incrusta- tions in a sandy marl. Easily soluble in acids.
265. SASSOLITE. Sale sedativo naturale U. F. Hoefer, Memoria, Firenze, 1778; Mascagni, Mem. Soc. Ital., 8. 487. Native Sedative Salt. Acidum boracis, vulgo Sal sedativum, Bergm., Sciagr., 1782. Native Boracic Acid Kirw., 1796. Sassolin Karst., Tab., 40, 75, 1800. Acide boracique Fr. Boric Acid.
Triclinic. Axes: a : b : 6 0-57711 : 1 : 0'52824; a 104° 17$'; ft 92° 33$'; y 89° 41f Miller1.
100 A 010 89° 39f, 001 A 100 87° 26$', 001 A 010 75° 42$'.
Forms' : m (110, /') y (Oil, 1-*') (111, 1') u (111, 1,)
b (010, i-i) M (110, '/) x (Oil, 1-1) s (111, ,1) r (111, '!)
c (001, 0)
If the axes a and b are interchanged, and at the same time the axis k doubled, the axial ratio becomes: a : b : c 1'7328 : 1 : 1'8306, which brings into correspondence with gibbsite /hydra rgillite).
bm - *59° co 41° 6' cr 48° 26' b'r 78° 24'
b'M 59° 30' cm - *80° 33' cM *95° 3' bs 59° 4f
mM *61° 30' cu 50° 53' Mr *46° 37' b'u 77° 26'
cy 24° 21' cs 43° 14' bv 59° 51' ys — 36° 18'
ex 36° 27'
Twins: tw. axis cc 29° 2' (Mir.). Crystals tabular c, the plane angles of the basal plane nearly 120°. Usually small scales; sometimes grouped in stalactitic forms.
Cleavage: c; very perfect. H. =1. G. 1*48. Luster pearly. Color white, except when tinged yellow by sulphur ; sometimes gray. Feel smooth and unctuous. Taste acidulous, and slightly saline and bitter. Ax. pi. nearly coincident with axis b and c. Bx c. 2E 8° Mir. 2E 10° to 12° and unchanged by heat (to 75° C.) Dx. Dispersion zero.
Comp.— Boric acid, B(OH)3 or B.SHO Boron trioxide 56-4, water 43'6
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube gives water. B.B. on platinum wire fuses toa clear glass and tinges the flame yellowish green. Some specimens react for sulphur or ammonia in the closed tube. Soluble in water and alcohol. Dissolves in 2-97 parts of water at 100° C., and 10'7 parts at 50° C.
Obs. — This long known compound, the Sal sedativum Hombergii, w;'s first detected in nature by Hoefer in the waters of the Tuscan lagoons of Monte Rotondo and Castelnuovo, and after- ward in the solid state at Sasso by Mascagui. The hot vapors of the lagoons consist largely of boric acid. To collect it the vapors are .made to pass through water, which absorbs the boric acid; the waters are then evaporated by means of the steam from the springs. Have yielded seven to eight thousand pounds troy per day. These lagoons spread over a surface of about 30 miles; and in the distance, clouds of vapor are seen rising in large volumes among the mountains.
Exists also in other natural waters, as at Wiesbaden; Aachen; Kran ken heil near Folz; Clear Lake, in Lake Co., California; has been detected in the waters of the ocean.
Occurs also abundantly in the crater of Vulcano, one of the Lipari isles, forming a layer on sulphur, and about the fumaroles, where it was discovered by Dr. Holland in 1813.
Ref.— 'Trans Phil. Soc. Cam br., 3, 365, 1830, Pogg. Ann., 23, 558, 1831, Min.. p. 281. Kenugott made the artificial crystals monoclinic, Ber. Ak. Wien, 12, 26, 1854. Cf. also Dx., Min., 2, 1, 1874, and Haushofer, Zs. Kr., 9, 77, 1884, who gives new measurements.
256 Oxides.
266. HYDROTALCITE. Hydrotalkit Hochstetter, J. pr. Ch., 27, 176, 1842. Volknerite- H&rm., J. pr. Ch., 4O, 11, 1847, 46, 257, 1849.
Hexagonal. Also lamellar-massive, or foliated, and somewhat fibrous. Cleavage: basal, eminent; lateral, distinct. H. 2. G. 2'04-2'09; 2'091 Rg. Color white. Luster pearly. Translucent, or in thin folia transparent. Feel greasy.
Comp.— Perhaps Al(OH)t.3Mg(OH),.3H,0 or Al203.6Mg0.15H20 Alumina 16-7, magnesia 39 % water 44' 1 lUO.
Analyses (Hermann, Rg., see 5th Ed., p. 179) show the presence of a carbonate in consider- able amount (26 to 7'3 p. c. CO2, Kg.), so that the true nature of the mineral is not above doubt.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields much water. B.B. infusible, but exfoliates somewhat, and gives out light. A pale rose-red with cobalt solution. With the fluxes intuinesces and affords a clear colorless glass. The Snarum mineral reacts for iron.
Obs.— Occurs at the mines of Shishimsk, district of Zlatoust, Ural, implanted on schist (volknerite); at Snarum, Norway, in serpentine (hydrotalcite).
Named hydrotalcite in allusion to its resembling talc, but containing much more water; volknerite, after Captain Volkner.
HOUGHITE Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 12, 210, 1851. A hydrotalcite derived from the alteration of spinel. From near Oxbow, and near Somerville in Kossie, St. Lawrence Co., New York. Color white; luster faint, pearly. The crystals are in all conditions, from the pure spinel to octahedrons with rounded edges and pitted or irregular surfaces, and it also occurs in flattened nodules. The surfaces are sometimes soft and altered, when the edges or angles have the hardness of spinel. Analysis, see S. W. Johnson, ibid., p. 361, or 5th Ed., p. 179. Associated with dolomite, spinel, phlogopite, graphite, and serpentine. Named for Franklin B. Hough of Somerville.
267. PYROAURITE. Pyroatirit Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 22, 608, 1865. IgelstrSm- ite Heddle Min. Mag., 2, 107, 1878.
Hexagonal. In six-sided tables. Also with obscure fibrous structure. Luster pearly. Color gold-like or silvery white. Subtranslucent. Comp.— Perhaps Fe(OH)3.3Mg(OH),.3H20 or FesO,.6Mg0.15HaO Iron sesquioxide 23-9, magnesia 35*8, water 40'3 100.
Anal. — 1, Igelstrom, 1. c. 2, Heddle, 1. c.; also other analyses with some CO3.
Fe,O, MgO H3O CO2
1. Langban '23'92 34'04 34'56 7'24 99-76
2. Scotland, Igelstromite 23'63 36'85 40'02 — — 100-50
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. infusible, turns brown and becomes magnetic. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — From the Langban iron mine in Wermland. Sweden, in gold-like submetallic scales (pyroaurite). In thin seams of a silvery white color in serpentine in the island Haaf-Grunay, Scotland (igelstromite).
268. CHALCOPHANITE. G. E Moore, Amer. Chemist, July, 1875. Rhombohedral. Axis 6 - 3-5267; 0 '01 A 1011 76° 12f Moore.
In druses of minute tabular crystals, with small rhombohedral faces. Angles: rr' 114° 30', rr'" *65° 30'. Also in foliated aggregates; in stalactitic and plumose forms.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. Flexible in thin laminge. H. 2'5. G. — 3-907 Luster metallic, brilliant. Color bluish black to iron-black. Streak chocolate- brown, dull. Opaque.
Comp. — (Mn,Zn)0.2Mn02.2H!10 Manganese dioxide 60-3, manganese pro- toxide 6'1, zinc protoxide 21' 1, water 12'5 100; here MnO:ZnO 1:3. Anal. — 1, 2, Moore : 1, cryst. ; 2, stalactitic, deducting 1'27 p. c. limonite.
MnO3 MnO ZnO Fe2O3 H2O
1. 59-94 6-58 21'70| 0'25 11 '58 100'05
2. § 61-57 4-41 20-80 12'66 99'44
Pyr. — In the closed tube gives off water and oxygen, exfoliates slowly, and changes to a golden bronze color. B.B. becomes yellowish bronze to copper-red in color, and fuses slightly
Psilomelane. 257
on the edges. With borax a manganese bead; on charcoal with soda a zinc coating. Dissolves iu hydrochloric acid with the evolution of chlorine.
Obs. — Occurs at the calamiue deposits of Sterling Hill, near Ogdensburg, Sussex Co., N. J. Itis a product of the decomposition of f rauklinite. Named from orAds, brass, and (paive(r&ai,. to appear, in allusion to the change of color on ignition.
269. PSILOMELANE. Derb Brunsten pt. Wall., Min., 268, 1747. Magnesia indurata pt. Cronst., Min., 106, 1758. Schwarz Braunsteinerz pt. Wern., Bergm. J., 386, 1789. Ver- hartetes Schwarz-Braunsteinerz pt. Emmerling, Min., 4, 532, Karsten, Tab., 54, 1800. Verh. Schwarz-Manganerz pt. Karst., Tab., 72, 1808. Schwarz-Eisenstein pt. Wern., v. Leonh., etc. Black Hematite, Black Iron Ore, Compact Black Manganese Ore. Hartmauganerz. Psilomelane- Haid , Trans. li. Soc. Edinb., 11, 129, 1827. Schvvarzer Glaskopf Qerm. Calvonigrit Laspeyres,. J. pr. Ch., 13, 226, 1876.
Massive and botryoidal; reniform; stalactitic.
H. 5-6. G. 3-7-4-7. Luster submetallic ; dull. Streak brownish black,, shining. Color iron-black, passing into dark steel-gray. Opaque.
Comp. — A hydrous manganese manganate in which part of the manganese is of ten replaced by barium or potassium, perhaps conforming to H4MnOB (Laspeyres). The material analyzed is generally very impure, and the composition hence doubtful.
Anal. — 1, 2, Laspeyres. J. pr. Ch., 13, 1, 215, 1876. 3, 4, Langhans, Inaug. Diss., Jena, 1885. 5, 6, Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 21, 1890.
Also 5th Ed., p. 180; Rg., Min. Ch., 189-191, 1875; Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 30,
427, 1882.
MnOa MnO O BaO CaO MgO Na2O K3O Li2O H2O
1. Salm Chateau G. 4'328 £ 75'74 14-66 — 0-26 0'08 0'84 3'38 0-48 3'76
[SiO2 0-13, CuO 0-08, CoO 0'12, Fe2O3 0'17, A12O3 2 53 102-28
2. Kalteborn 67'87 13'66 0'20 0-10 0"20 0'39 0'38 0'21 6'42
[SiO2 0-36, CuO 1-15, CoO 0'47, Fe2O3 3'77, A12O3 6'32 101 "50
3. Voile Rose 74'97 15'06 0'61 1-18 0-52 0'18 2'59 — 3'06
[PbO 0-06, Fe2O3 0'37, A12O3 116, insol. 0'21 99'97
4. Heinrichglftck 69'76 13'93 6'50 0'52 0'66 0'76 2'17 — 3'90
[Fe2O3 0-49, A12O3 0'87, SiO2 2'74, iusol. 0'24 102'54
5. Eisenbach 67'29 12'19 6'43 1'33 0'21 0'69 1'89 tr. 3'10
[CuO 0-50, AljO3 I'lO, Fe2O3 0'50, SiO2 3'12, insol. 2'47 100'82
6. Romaneche 69'2 8'5 — 168 0'4 0"2 O'l — 4'8
[=100
7. Thuringia 71'6 8-2 — 8'5 1-1 0'7 — 1-0 — 8'9
lOtf
8. Lorca 83 '6 8'2 — I'O 0'2 0'2 1'4 — — 5'4
100
The psilomelane from Kalteborn, Siegen (anal. 2), is called calvonigrite by Laspeyres (1. c., p. 226).
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube most varieties yield water, and all lose oxygen on ignition; with the fluxes reacts for manganese. Soluble iu hydrochloric acid, with evolution of chlorine.
Obs. — This is a common ore of manganese. It is frequently in alternating layers with pyrolusite. It occurs in botryoidal and stalactitic shapes, in Devonshire and Cornwall; at Ilefeld in the Harz; also at Johaungeorgenstadt, Schueeberg, Ilmenau, Siegen, etc.; at Elgers- burg and Oehrenstock, Thuringia, and Nadabula, Hungary. In the' Orkneys.
It forms mammillary masses at Chittenden, Irasburg, and Brandon, Vt. In Independence Co., and elsewhere in Arkansas. With pyrolusite at Douglas, Hants Co., Nova Scotia.
Named from zAd?, smooth or naked "and //e/laS, black.
LITHIOPHOKITE Frenzel. J. pr. Ch., 2, 203, 1870; 4, 353, 1871; Jb. Min., 55, 1879. Lithion- psilomekn Laspeyres, J. pr. Ch., 13, 2, 1876.
A hydrated manganese ore containing (Winkler) 10 to 15 p. c. A12O3, 1'2-1'4 p. c. Li,O, and 12-6-1 5-4 p. c H2O. Occurs in fine scales, also compact, botryoidal. H. =3. G. 314- 3-36 Frenzel. Luster dull to metallic. Color bluish black. Streak blackish gray. Analyses, see Winkler, J. pr. Ch , 4. 353. 1871, or 5th Ed., App. i, p. 9.
Found associated with quartz in many localities in the Schneeberg mining district, also occurs at Sayu, and near Siegen.
WAD. (A) BOG MANGANESE. Magnesia friabilis terriformis Cronst., Min., 105, 1758. Earthy Ocher of Mang., Black Wad pt., Kirwan, Min., 1784. 1796. Schwarz Braunsteinerz Manganschaum, Karst., Tab., 1808. Brauner Eisenrahm Wern. Bog Manganese. Ouatite Hitot., Min., 241. 1841. Groroilite Berth., Ann. Ch. Phys., 51, 19, 1832. Reissacherit Haid.. Jb. G. Reichs., 7, 609, 1856. Wackenrodite Adam, Tabl. Min., 78, 1869. Vod Ital.
(B) ASBOIJTE. ?Cobaltum nigrum Ayric., Bermnnn. 459, 1529. Svart Kobolt-Jord, Min.
258 Oxides.
Cob. terrea fuliginea, Wall., Miu., 235, 1747. Kobalt-Mulm, Ochra Cob. nigra, Ch-onst., Min., 211, 1758. Kobolt-Erde, Schwarzer Erdkobalt, Russkobalt, Kobaltmanganerz, Germ. Earthy Cobalt, Black Cobalt Ocher. Cobalt oxyde noir H., Tr., 4, 1801. Kakochlor (fr. Lausitz) Breith., Char., 240, 1832, Handb., 896, 1847. Asbolan (fr. Kamsdorf, etc.) Breith., Handb., 332. 1847. Aithalite Adam, Tabl. Min., 78, 1869.
(C) LAMPADITE. Kupfermangan Lampadius, Neue Erfahr. im Gebiete der Ch., etc.. 2, 70. Kupfermauganerz Breith., in Hott'm. Miu., 4, b, 201, 1818. Cupreous Manganese. Kuper- schwarze Germ., pt. Pelokonit G. F. Richter, Pogg., 21, 591, 1831. Larnpadite Huot., Min., 238, 1841. Lepidophiiit Weisbach, Jb. Miu., 2, 109, 1880; Schaumiges Wad.
In amorphous aud reniforin masses, either earthy or compact; also incrusting or as stains. Usually very soft, soiling the lingers; less often hard to H. 6. G. 3 0-4 26; of leu loosely aggregated, aud feeling very light to the hand. Color dull black, bluish or brownish black.
The mineral substances here included are mixtures of various oxides, chiefly of manganese {MiiOu, also MnO), cobalt, copper, with also iron, aud from 10 to 20 p. c. water. They can hardly be regarded as representing distinct mineral species.
The following are the chief varieties; some other closely related substances are described in the pages 259, 260.
A. BOG MANGANESE. Consists mainly of oxide of manganese and water, with some oxide of iron, and often silica, alumina, baryta. The Derbyshire wad sometimes gives the angle of barite, with which mineral it is in part impregnated. The wad of Lead hills is pseudomorphous after calcite. Groroilite occurs iu roundish masses of a brownish black color, and reddish brown streak; with H. sometimes 6-6'5; it is from Groroi in Mayenue, Vicdessos, and Cautern, in France. Reissacherite is an ore analyzed by Horuig which is remarkable for containing a large amount of water. Wackenrodite is a wad from Baden containing 12 p. c. Pb (5th Ed., anal. 6, p. 182). The name wad is of English origin. Huot's name ouatite is from the French spelling of wad. The wad of the Cumberland miners is graphite, — a wrong use of the word, says Mawe in his Mineralogy of Derbyshire.
B. ASBOLITE. or Earthy Cobalt. Wad containing oxide of cobalt, which sometimes amounts to 32 p. c. Named from a<r/J6A.r?, soot (or Asbolan from dafioXaivGo, to soil like soot). Breithaupt's kakochlor includes the ore from Rengersdorf in Lausitz, having H. 2-2'5, G. 3-15-3-29.
C. LAMPADITE, or Cupreous Manganese. A wad containing 4 to 18 p. c. of oxide of copper, and often oxide of cobalt also. It graduates into black copper (Melaconite or Kup- ferschwarze). G. 3'l-3'2. Peloconite is a brownish black variety, having a liver-brown streak; H. 3; G. 2 508-2 '567; from Remolinos in Chili; cf. also Freuzel, Jb. Min., 801, 1873. Lepidophaite is a kind from Kamsdorf, Thuringia. Structure fine fibrous and scaly. Very soft, soiling the fingers. G. 2'89-3'04. Luster silky, dull. Color and streak reddish brown, the latter shining. Analysis, Jenkins: MnO2 58 77, MnO 9'59, CuO 11 '48, H2O21'05 100-89.
Analyses of the various kinds of wad vary very widely, see 5th Ed., pp. 181, 182. Also the following : A. Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 27, 1890; impurities in small amount have been deducted.
MnO2 MnO BaO CaO MgO CoO ZnO CuO PbO K3O Na2O H2O
1. Loc. unknown 66'2 7'9 — 5'0 2'0 — 1'6 02 tr. 1-8 [15-3] 100
2. Ronianeche 681 7-6 16'2 1-7 tr. — tr. tr. 0'3 — 0'8 5'3 =100
3. Giessen 83'1 7'1 — 0'26 — 0'5 — 0'5 — 4'05 I'O 349=100
The above ores are results of the decomposition of other ores — partly of oxides and sulphides, partly of manganesian carbonates. They occur at Clausthal, llmenau, Siegen, and many other places. Bog manganese is abundant in the counties of Columbia and Dutchess, N. Y., at Austerlitz, Canaan Centre, and elsewhere, where it occurs as a marsh deposit, and, according to Mather, has proceeded from the alteration of brown spar; also in the south-west part of Martinsburg. Lewis Co., in a swamp. There are large deposits of bog manganese at Blue Hill Bay, Dover, and other places in Maine.
Asbolite occurs at Riechelsdorf in Hesse; Saalfeld in Thuringia; at Nerchinsk in Siberia; at Alderley Edge in Cheshire ; New Caledonia. An earthy cobalt occurs at Mine la Motte, Missouri, which contains 10 or 11 p. c. of oxide of nickel, besides oxide of cobalt and copper, with iron, lead, and sulphur; also near Silver Bluff, South Carolina, affording 24 p. c. of oxide of cobalt to 76 of oxide of manganese.
Lampadite is found at Schlackenwald, and at Kamsdorf near Saalfeld; at Lauterberg in the Harz. Peloconite is from Remoliuos, Chili, where it occurs with chrysocolla, or malachite.
VARVICITE Phillips, Phil. Mag., 6, 281, 1829, 7, 284, 1830. Varvacite. An altered manganite, approaching wad iu composition; from Warwickshire. Some similar substances are noted in 5th Ed., p. 182; another, from Austinville, Wythe Co., Va., has been analyzed by P. H. Walker (Am. Ch. J., 10, 41, 1888):
<J. 3-27 MnO2 68'86 MnO 7'51 BaO 14-42 H2O 5'08 SiO2 1-98 Fe2O3,Al2O3 2-23 100 08
Oxides. 259
Appendix to Oxides.
BERNONITE Adam, Tabl. Min., 73, 1869. Contains: Al2O3)CaO,H2O.
DELAFOSSITE (J. Friedel, C. R., 77, 211, 1873. In small crystalline plates, cleavable into thin opaque lamina?. H. 2'5. G. 5'07. Color dark gray like graphite, with a more decided metallic luster. Streak blackish gray. Analysis, Friedel:
CuO 47-45 Fe2O3 47-99 A12O3 3-52 98'96
B.B. fusible with difficulty, coloring the flame green. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid, even in the cold. Found on yellowish white lithomarge from the region of Ekaterinburg, Siberia, perhaps also from Bohemia. Named for the mineralogist G. Delafosse.
HETEROLITE G. E. Moore, Am. J. Sc., 14, 423, 1877. Hetairite Naumann-Zirkel, Min., Ed., p. 371, 1881. In botryoidal coatings with columnar-radiate structure. Brittle. H. =5. G. 4-933. Luster metallic to submetallic. Color black. Streak brownish black. Opaque. Contains zinc and manganese, and stated to be a zinc hausmannite, but no analyses published. Occurs intimately associated with chalcophanite (whence name from eraipoS, companion) at the Passaic zinc mine, Sterling Hill, near Ogdensburg, Sussex Co., New Jersey.
HETEROGENITE Frenzel, J. pr. Ch., 5, 404, 1872. Amorphous, massive in globular, reni- form masses, with little luster. H. 3. G. =3-44. Color black, or blackish to reddish brown; streak dark brown. Composition, essentially, CoO.2Co2O3 6H2O (Frenzel). Analysis (after deduction of foreign constituents, Cu, Bi, etc.):
CoO 72 0 O 5-98 H,O 21-33 99-31
Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, with evolution of chlorine, leaving a residue. Occurs sparsely with calcite and pharmacolite in cobalt and nickel veins at Schneeberg; also at the St. Anton mine, Heubach, near Wittichen, Baden. It is a decomposition-product of smaltite.
HEUBACHITE. Kobaltnickeloxydhydrat F. Sandberger, Ber. Ak. Munchen, 238, 1876 ; Erzgange, 413, 1885. In thin soot-like incrustations; in dendritic or small spherical aggregates. H. 2-5. G. 3'75. Color deep black. Streak submetallic. Composition perhaps 3(Co.Ni,Fe)2O3 4- 4H2O. Analysis, Zeitschel, 1. c.:
CoaO3 65-50 Ni2O3 14'50 FeaO3 5'13 MnaO3 1-50 H2O 12-59 99'22
Soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid, with evolution of chlorine; the solution is deep bluish green, but on diluting with water becomes rose-red. Occurs as a secondary product coating barite at the St. Anton mine, in the Heubachthal, near Wittichen, Baden; also at the mine Eberhard, near Alpirsbach, Wilrtemberg.
HYDRATED TITANIC OXIDE. Oxyde de titane hydrate Gorceix, Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 179, 1884. In small flattened discs, like small beans. H. =6. G. 3 '96. Color yellow, reddish, with brilliant luster, compact; also grayish with earthy fracture. They contain besides TiO also P2O5, V2O6, A12O3, and small quantities of iron, lime, cerium, didymium, and yttrium. B.B. decrepitate violently and yield acid water in the closed tube. Common in the diamond gravels of the valley of the Jequitinhonha near Diamantina, Brazil. They are called favas by the local miners. The existence of the same substance in the diamantiferous gravels was noted by Damour (Bull. Soc. G. Fr., 13, 552, 1856).
HYDKOFRANKLINITE W. T. Roepper. Stated to be a new hydrous oxide of zinc, manganese, and iron. Occurs in small, very brilliant iron-black regular octahedrons; with highly perfect octahedral cleavage. H. 4-4'5. G. 4 06-4-09. From Sterling Hill, near Ogdensburg, Sussex Co., New Jersey. Not yet analyzed.
HYDROPLUMBITE Heddle, Min. Mag. , 8, 201, 1889. In minute crystalline scales (hexagonal?), forming thin white flakes with pearly luster. Soluble in nitric acid, the solution showing the presence of lead alone. B.B. yields water. Inferred (but on very insufficient grounds) to be 3PbO.HaO. Observed with cerussite and pyromorphite upon galena. Locality doubtful, or perhaps from Cumberland or Leadhills.
NAMAQUALITE A H. Church, J. Ch. Soc., 23, 1, 1870. In silky fibers and thin layers. H. 2-5. G. 2'49. Luster silky. Color pale blue. Transparent to translucent. Analysis, Church:
A12O3 15-29 CuO 44-74 MgO 3-42 CaO 2'01 SiO2 2-25 HeO 32-38 100'09 From Namaqualand, S. Africa. Approximates to A1(OH)3. 2Cu(OH)s. 2H2O.
PELAGITE A. H. Church, Min. Mag., 1, 50, 1876. A name given by Church to the manga- nese nodules obtained by the Challenger Expedition from the bottom of the Pacific, between Japan and the Sandwich Is., at a depth of 2740 fathoms. Characters, as follows:- Fracture con- choidal; fragile. H. 3'5. Color brownish black. Powder between blackish brown and clove-brown. The nodules have a concretionary structure, consisting of concentric layers with a core of indurated red clay, and, in one case, of pumice. Anal., Church:
260 Oxides.
SiO2 MnOj A1203 Fea HaO
10-37 30-22 3-30 20'02 34'55 Cl 0'71, MgO, CaO, CuO, Na,O, 01, P2OB, etc., 0'83 100
a At a red heat lO'O p. c.
Other aualyses by Schwager (quoted by Gilmbel, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 189, 1878). also by Dittmar (Rep. Chall. Ex.), by J. Y. Buchanan (Proc. Roy. Soc. Ed., 9, 287, 1877; Ch. News, 44, 253, 1881), of specimens from different localities, show a wide variation in composition. These nodules obviously do not represent a mineral species. Cf. also Report Challenger Exped 1
RABDIONITE F. wn Eobell, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 46, 1870. Stalactitic, in columnar or rod-like forms. Very soft, soiling the fingers. G. 2 '80. Luster dull, after rubbing is greasy to sub- metallic. Color black. Streak dark brown. Analysis:
FeaOs 45-00 Mn2O3 13-00 A12O3 1-40 CuO 14'00 MnO 7'61 CoO 5-10 H2O 13-50 99'61
B.B. fuses at 3 to a steel-gray, magnetic globule. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with evolu- tion of chlorine, giving an emerald-green solution. From Nizhni Tagilsk in the Ural. Near asbolite. Named from pdfidior, a little rod.
TKANSVAALITE T. B. McOhie and John Clark, Eng. Mng. J., 50, 96, 1890. An oxidation- product of cobalt arsenide occurring in black nodular masses forming veins in quartzyte. H. =4. G. 3-846. Analysis:
Co2O3 CoO NiO H2O Fe2O3 A12O3 CaO MgO SiO2 As2O5 ' 65-80 3-82 0-15 1219 2'41 2'68 040 0"30 6'35 5'79 99'89
Dissolves readily in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine. Occurs at the cobalt mine, 30 miles north of Middleburg, Transvaal, South Africa. Cf. heterogenite and heubachite, above; also winklerite.
WINKLERITE Breithaupt, Jb. Min., 816, 1872. Amorphous, massive. Fracture conchoi- dal. H. 3. G. 3-432. Luster dull. Color bluish "black to violet-black. Streak dark brown. A mixture regarded as containing a hydrated oxide of cobalt and nickel. Analyses. — 1, Winkler, after deducting iron sesquioxide and silica. 2, Iwaya, Jb. Min., 2, 256, 1882; the material analyzed consisted nearly one-half of a copper-calcium arsenate, deducting which the results in .2a are obtained, for which the formula (Co,Ni)2O3 + 2H2O is calculated.
As2O5 CuO Co2O3 CoO NiO CaO CO2 H2O
1. 10-83 13-89 10-86 33'10 5'62 10'90 14-80 100 100-49
3. G. 3-72 20-50 15'01 — 23'80 12'98 9'27 — 12-12 Bi2O3 1'70, O 1411
2a. — 46-2 25-2 — — 20'6 O 8'0 100
Co : Ni 11 : 1.
B.B. infusible, coloring the flame green. With the fluxes gives reaction for cobalt. Effer- vesces with hydrochloric acid, and the solution thus obtained upon heating evolves chlorine.
Found at Oria near Almeria in the Sierra Alhamilla, Spain, occurring with galapectite, also with erythrite and malachite. Formed (Breith.) by the gradual decomposition of erythrite, "Named after Dr. Clemens Winkler.
VI. Oxygen-salts. 1. CARBONATES.
A. Anhydrous Carbonates.
B. Acid, Basic and Hydrous Carbonates.
A. Anhydrous Carbonates. 1. Calcite Group. RC08. Ehombohedral.
rr' 6
270. Calcite CaC03 74° 55' 0-8543
271. Dolomite (Ca,Mg)C08 Tetartohedral 73° 45' 0-8322
Normal Dolomite CaC03.MgCOs 271A. Ankerite CaC03.(Mg,Fe)CO, 73° 48' 0-8332
272. Magnesite MgC03 72° 36' 0-8112
Breunnerite (Mg,Fe)C08
272A. Mesitite 2MgC03.FeC08 72° 46' 0-8141
Pistomesite MgC03.FeCO, 72° 42' 0-8129
273. Siderite FeC03 73° 0' 0-8184
(Fe,Mn)C08
274. Rhodochrosite MnCOs 73° 0' 0-8184
Manganosiderite (Mn,.Fe)C08 Manganocalcite pt. (Mn,Ca)C08
275. Smithsonite ZnCO, 72° 20' 0-8063
Monheimite (Zn,Fe)CO,
276. Sphaerocobaltite CoC08
2. Aragonite Group. RC08. Orthorhombic.
a : I :6
277. Aragonite CaC08 0-6224 : 1 : 0-7206
278. Bromlite (Ca,Ba)CO,
279. Witherite BaCO, 0-6032 : 1 : 0-7302
280. Strontianite SrCO, 0-6090 : 1 : 0-7239
281. Cerussite PbCO, 0-6100 : 1 : 0-7230
282. Barytocalcite
CARBONATES. 3. Barytocalcite Group. Monoclinic.
CaC03.BaCO,
/3
0-7717 : 1 : 0-6255 73° 52'
283. Bismutosphaerite
Bi,C06
284. Parisite
Kischtimite
285. Bastnaesite [(Ce,La,Di)F]COs
Weibyeiite
4. Parisite Group. Fluocarbonates. (CaF)(CeF)Ce(C03)3? Hexagonal
6 3-2891
5. Phosgenite Group. Chlorocarbonate. 286. Phosgenite (PbCl),CO, Tetragonal
6 1-0876;
1. Calcite Group. KCOS. Bhombohedral.
270. CALCITE. Marmor (Marble) pt. Plin. Lapis calcarius. Saxum calcis (Calx in Latin meaning burnt lime), Kalchstein Agric., De Nat. Foss., 320, Interpr., 468, 1546. Kalksten Wall., Min., 1747. Spatig Kalksten, Kalkspat, Cronst., Min., 13, 1758. Kalk, Kalkspath, Kalkstein, Germ. Calx aerata Bergm., 1774, and Opusc., 1, 34, 1780. Calc Spar; Calcareous, Spar; Limestone; Carbonate of Lime; Calcium carbonate. Chaux carbonatee Fr. C&lcit Haid., Handb., 498, 1845. Caliza, Espato caliza, Span.
Khombohedral. Wollaston1.
Axis 6 0-85430; 0001 A 1011 44° 36' 34" Mains,
Forms, pt.8:
v (13-0-13-1, 13)
(0331, — 3)
5 (4371, 1')
V (7-4-11 -15, i¥)
c (0001, 0)
p (16-0-16-1, 16)
X (0772, - f)
H (5491, I9)
F(4265, |3)
m(1010, /)
Go (28-0-28-1, 28)
7 (0441, - 4)
,Q, (6-5-11-1, 1")
.Z?(4261. 28)
a (1120, 4-2)
e (0112, - i)
(0551, - 5)
W (13-11 -24 -2, I12)
(8-16-24-5, |3)
C (3140, t-|)
D (0835, -
d (0881, - 8)
X (7-6 13-1, I13)
P (3584, — 14)
it (1123, f-2)
Z (0223, -
2 (0-11-11-1, - 11)
Zone re
J (2352, — |5)
a (4483, |-2)
1 (0445, -
$ (0-14-14-1, — 14)
C (6178, f J)
z (1235, - V>)
$ (2241, 4-2)
e (Oiii, - D
Zone ra
g (5167,
jp (4-8-12-5, - |s)
8 (3361, 6-2)
L (0887, - f)
v (6175, 1*)
0 (1231, - I3)
Y (8-8-16-3, Y-2;
) i (0665, —
ft (2461, - 2")
(1014, £)
0 (0554, - f) 4 (0443, -
A (3142, 1*)
F (6281, 4'2)
a? (1341. - 22)
& (5052, f)
n (0775, -
n (4153, 1s)
G (5279,
5 (2-8-10-3, - 2?)
- 5
Jf(4041, 4)
h (0332, - f )
(2131, I3)
(2134, i3)
K (1453. - 1s)
r (7071, 7)
/ (0221, - 2)
r (5382, I4)
JVr(4-16'20-3, - 4s).
# (10-0-10-1, 10)
g (0552, - f)
y (3251, I5)
-ff (3254, £5)
72(2573, - I5)
Calc11K (Jroup-Calcite.
2(53.
Carbonates.
91° 3'
27° 31'
: 41° 55'
20° 36V 33° 5(T 27° 21' 37° 30' 26° 44' 87° 51'
8° 15' 10° 34' 14" 38' 23° 31' 38° 4' 41° 2' 42° 59V 61° 18f 62° 56V 65° 19 69° 2' 75° 40' 28° 4'
A full table of angles is given in Irby's memoir (1. c.) and copied in Zs. Kr., 3, 610-622, 1879.
cu
13°
5'
bY
—
44°
364'
6k
—
67°
56'
cM
75°
47'
cr
81°
85°
cp
86°
coo
87°
ce
26°
15'
cD
—
30°
37'
cZ
33D
20'
—
38°
17'
—
49°
C(p
50°
eft
—
55°
57'
tf
ss
63°
7'
71°
20'
73°
51'
cs
—
78°
32'
cd
-B
82°
47'
— -
84°
44'
c$
85°
C7t
—
29°
40'
ca
—
66°
18'
—
73°
41'
cS
78°
58'
uu
23°
56'
rr
—
*74°
55'
kk'
—
106°
45'
Mm
114°
10'
Tt'
—
117°
59'
vv'
—
119°
24'
pp'
Ss
119°
36'
ooao'
119°
52'
ee'
45°
3'
Dd'
—
52°
21'
Zz
56°
50'
11'
—
64°
53i'
—
82°
50F
w
84°
324'
hh'
Sb
91°
42'
ff
Sb
101°
w
Ss
110°
16'
xx'
112°
ss' 116° 9' dd 118° 27' 22' 119° 10'
Ff
tt'
119° 29'
tt"
vv" AA' AA*
12° 0'
77° 49-
24° 10'
Yy
Ff'
nri —
78° 5'
fEX'
nnr —
18° 7'
Xx*
96" 8'
ap
vv'
75° 22' (X)
as
Vvv —
35 3 36' (Y)
ay
OTTl
47° Iv (Z)
av
Tt"
41° 46'
an
yy'
70° 59'
acr
45° 32'
av
29° 16'
aC*
55'
68° 21'
aE*
55V
49° 50'
aW
Ee"
13° 34'
aV
ww'
49° 23'
an"
wW
16° 0'
mv
24, Derbyshire. 25, Rossie. 26, Canary Is., Hbg. (fl 27, Port Henry, N. Y., Kemp — showing oscillatory combination of r with several scalenohedrons. 28, Basal projection of f. 24.
Habit of crystals very varied: from obtuse to acute rhombohedral (f. 1-9, 14); from thin tabular to long prismatic (f. 10-13); and scalenobedral of many types (f. 15-20) ; sometimes of wonderful complexity (cf. f. 26). Tbe basal plane c often rough and sometimes exhibiting a pearly luster; the rhombohedron r not very common
Calcite Group— Calcite.
-except in Iceland Spar; e (0112), / (0221), M (4041), all common; 0 (0554) is the cuboid of Haiiy (f. 4); the scalenohedron v (2131) very common both alone and in combination, also y (3151). Faces in the zone rr' over e (f. 28) often striated edge r/r', alsoe when alone rounded over in this direction; stnations in other zones common. Crystals grouped in parallel position, large scalenohedral crystals thus built up of minute rhombohedrons; also in rosettes and other forms.
29. 30. 31. 32.
29, 30, Rossie, Pfd. 33-35, Guanajuato, Pirsson— the forms (also f. 36, 37) distorted by the extension of certain of the scalenohedral faces. 36, 37, England, Haid. 38, Sbk.
Twins3: (1) tw. pi. f, common, the crystals having the same vertical axis (f. 29 -31). (2) tw. pi. e' (0112), very common, the vertical axes inclined 127° 29-J' and 52° 30 £' (f. 32-35); often producing twinning lamellae as in Iceland Spar, which are, in many cases, of secondary origin as in granular limestones.
These twins can be readily formed artificially by the pressure of a dull-edged knife on the obtuse cleavage edge as at a (f. 39), the result being to cause the reversal of a portion, this taking place without loss of transparency and giving a re-entrant angle between ced and ceg; the corresponding twinning lamellae can also be produced artificially. These twinning lamellae are often con- nected with minute hollow channels (hohle Canale of Rose) within, which produce a kind of asterism when a candle-flame is viewed through a cleavage mass.
(3) Tw. pi. r, not common; the crystals have their vertical axes inclined 90° 46' and 89° 14', and have one cleavage face in
266 Carbonates.
common (f. 36,37). (4) tw. pl./(0221), rare (f. 38); the axes intersect at angles of 53° 46' and 126° 14'.
Also fibrous, both coarse and fine; sometimes lamellar; often granular; from coarse to impalpable, and compact to earthy. Also stalactitic, tuberose, nodular, and other imitative forms.
Cleavage: r highly perfect. Parting! e (0112) due to twinning, also a less common, Mgg. Fracture conchoidal, obtained with difficulty. H. 3, but vary- ing with the direction on the cleavage face; earthy kinds softer. G. 2*713 Gdt., 2'714 Malus, 2'723 Beud., in pure crystals, but varying somewhat widely in impure forms, as in those containing iron, manganese, etc. (cf. p. 269 et seq.). Luster vitreous to subvitreous to earthy. Color white or colorless; also various pale shades of gray, red, green, blue, violet, yellow; also brown and black when impure. Streak white or grayish. Transparent to opaque.
Optically — . Double refraction strojg; hence the wide separation of the two rays into which the incident ray is divided, thus giving a double image of a spot or line seen though a cleavage fragment. Refractive indices for the Frauuhofer- tines, Ditscheiner (Schrauf) :
B C D E F G H
oa 1-65305 1-65454 1-65849 1'66362 1 -6812 1'67642 1-68338
e 1-48378 1 "48446 1 '48625 1 "48856 1-49066 1 "49458 1 '49770
Also 1-65382 Li er 1-48418 Li Thalen
cogr 1-66285 Tl egr 1 '48834 Tl
ForD2 co =1-658389 e 1 '486452 Hastings
Comp — Calcium carbonate, CaCO, Carbon dioxide 44-0, lime 56'0 100.. Small quantities of magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and lead may be present re- placing the calcium.
Var. — The varieties are very numerous, and diverse in appearance. They depend mainly on the following points: differences in crystallization and structural condition, presence of im- purities, etc., the extremes being perfect crystals and earthy massive forms; also on composition as affected by isomorphous replacement.
A. Varieties based chiefly upon crystallization and accidental impurities.
1. Ordinary. In crysta'iS and cleavable masses, the crystals varying very widely in habit as already noted. Dog-tooth Spar is an acute scalenohedral form; Nail-head Spar, a composite variety having the form suggested by the name. The transparent variety from Iceland, used for polarizing prisms, etc., is called Iceland Spar or Doubly-refracting Spar (Doppelspath, Germ.). The names Kanonenspath and Papierspath (Germ.) are given to crystallized varieties, the first to long prisms, the second to very thin tables.
Brunnerite Esmark, from amygdaloid in FSrOe, is calcite in cuboid crystals and massive, smalt-blue to violet in color, brownish-yellow by transmitted light, subtransparent to translucent, and chalcedonic in aspect.
Reichite Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 311, is a pure calcite from Alston Moor in Cumberland, white in color, with rr' 74° 40', according to Breithaupt's measurements, and G.= 2'666 -2'677; this needs confirmation.
As regards color calcite varies from the kinds which are perfectly clear and colorless through yellow, pink, purple, blue, to brown and black. The color is usually pale except as caused by impurities. These impurities may be pyrite, native copper, malachite, sand, etc.; they are some- times arranged in symmetrical form, as depending upon the growth of the crystals and hence produce many varieties.
Fontainebleau limestone, Lassonne, Mem. Ac. Paris, 1775, Chnux carbonatee quartzifere H., 1801 . Crystals from Fontaiuebleau and Nemours, France, which contain a large amount of sand, some 50 to 63 p. c. according to Delesse, with G. 2'53-2 84. the latter from one containing 57 p. c. of sand. Similar forms occur at other localities, the rhombohedron/ (0221, — 2) being the one commonly observed. A kind from Gersthof near Vienna consists of calcite and quartz grains in the ratio of 2 : 3 (Berwerth, Ann. Mus. Wien, 1, 31 not., 1886). The well-known crystals from Heidelberg have lost their calcite and are pseudomorphs of red sandstone after scalenohedral calcite: similar forms occur in the Vosges.
Hislopiie Haughton, Phil. Mag., 17, 16, 1859. A grass-green cleavable calcite from Central India, containing about 17 p. c. of a siliceous material like glaucouite, to which the color is owing.
2. Fibrous and lamellar kinds.
Satin Spar (Faserkalk, Atlasspath Germ.). Fine fibrous, with a silky luster. Resembles fibrous gypsum, which is also called satin spar, but is much harder than gypsum and effervesces with ncids.
Calcite Group— Calcite. 267
Argentine Kirwan, Min., 1, 104, 1794; Schieferspalh Hofmann, Bergm., J., 188, 1789; S'late Spar. A pearly lamellar calcite, the lamellae more or less undulating; color white, grayish, yellowish, or reddish.
Aphrite, in its harder and more sparry variety (Schaumspath Freiesleben), is a foliated white pearly calcite, near argentine; in its softer kinds (Schaumerde W., Silvery Chalk Kirwan, Ecume de Terre H.) it approaches chalk, though lighter, pearly in luster, silvery white or yellowish in color, soft and greasy to the touch, and more or less scaty in structure.
3. Granular massive to cryptocrystalline kinds: Limestone, Marble, Chalk.
Granular limestone or Saccharoidal limestone, so named because like loaf sugar in fracture. The texture varies from quite coarse to very fine granular, and the latter passes by imperceptible shades into compact limestone. The colors are various, as white, yellow, reddish, green, and usually they are clouded and give a handsome effect when the material is polished. When such limestones are tit for polishing, or for architectural or ornamental use, they are called marbles, (a) Statuary marble is pure white, tine grained, and firm in texture. The Parian marble from the island of Paros (the Lychnites of the ancients), Pentelican from the quarries near Athens, Luni marbles of the coast of Tuscany, and the Carrara of Modeua, Italy, are among the best of statuary marbles. Architectural marble includes both white and colored, (b) The Cipolin of Italy is white, with pale greenish shadings from green talc; it does not stand the weather well. (c) Giallo antico of Italy is ocher-yellow to cream yellow, with some whitish spots, (d) The Siena, or Brocatello de Siena, is yellow, veined or clouded with bluish red, having sometimes a tinge of purple, (e) The Mandelato is a light red with yellowish white spots. A red kind from Tiree (or Tyree), one of the inner Hebrides, Scotland, has different shades of red, as caruelian, rose red, flesh-red, reddish white; one from Tennessee is clouded with brownish and purplish red. (/) The Bardiglio is gray with crowded dark well defined cloudings, consisting partly of serpentine, from Corsica, (g) Turquois-blue marble, from the quarries of Seravezza near Carrara, has a fine grayish blue color, veined with white, (h) Verd- Antique is clouded green, the color, owing to the presence of serpentine, yellowish green to bluish green (see also serpen- tine).
Hard compact limestone. Varies from nearly pure white, through grayish, drab, buff, yellowish, and reddish shades, to bluish gray, dark brownish gray, and black, and sometimes variously veined. The colors dull, excepting ocher-yellow and ocher-red varieties. Many kinds make beautiful marble when polished.
(a) Black, (b) yellow, (c) red and (d) fetid kinds are common. Red oxide of iron produces different shades of red, from flesh-red or paler to opaque blood-red and brownish red, according to the proportions present; the latter Hausmaun names Httmatoconite (from ai/ia, blood, and KortS, powder, Handb., 1804, 1847), as in the marble Rosso antico of Italy. The hydrated oxide causes yellowish to opaque ocher-yellow and yellowish brown; the deeper, Sideroconite of Hausmann (ib., 1306). Shades of green are due to iron protoxide, chromium oxideiron silicate. The black marbles colored by carbonaceous matter are named Anthraconite (from arQpaE,, coal), by v. Moll, Lucullan by John, and Lucullite by Jameson; they include the Marmor Luculleum of Pliny. The Nero Antico of the Italians belongs here. The bituminous or fetid limestones are also called anthraconite when black; and also, from the odor, Swinestone (syn. Stinkstone; Stinkstine, Saustein, Stinkkalk, Germ.), some being light gray in color.
The Portor (d), called sometimes Egyptian marble, is of black color, handsomely veined with yellow dolomite, and conies from Porto- Venere, near Spezia; the rock is of the lower Lias. (e) Panno-di-Morte (Death's Robe) of Italy is black with some white fossil shells. (/) Marble of Languedoc is fine deep red or brownish red, with some white and gray due to fossils, and is from St. Beaume in France, (g) Griotte, from the Dept. of Herault, France, has a reddish brown base, with somewhat regularly arranged spots of clear red, and some whitish round spots due to goniatites. (h) Sarencolin marble, from the Pyrenees, is deep red mixed with gray and yellow, (i) Bird's-eye marble is gray, with whitish crystalline points, and is from central New York.
(k) Shell-marble includes kinds consisting largely of fossil shells; (I) Madreporic marble, those containing corals; (m) Encrinal, those containing encrinal (crinoidal) remains, (n) Luma chelie or fire-marble is a dark brown shell-marble, with brilliant fire-like or chatoyant internal re flections proceeding from the shells, from Bleiberg in Carinthia; and another kind, with the shells yellow, conies from Astrachan.
(o) Ruin-marble is a kind of a yellow to brown color, showing, when polished, figures bear- ing some resemblance to fortifications, temples, etc., in ruins, due to infiltration of iron oxide: from Florence, Italy.
(p) Lithographic sfcweisavery even-grained compact limestone, usually of buff or drab color; as that of Solenhofen.
(q) Breccia marble is made of fragments of limestone cemented together, and is often very beautiful when the fragments are of different colors, or are embedded in a base that contrasts well. The colors are very various.
(r) Pudding-stone marble consists of pebbles or rounded stones cemented. It is often called improperly breccia marble.
(s) Hydraulic limestone is an impure limestone which after ignition sets, i.e., takes a solid form under water, due to the formation of a silicate. The French varieties contain 2 or 3 p. c. of magnesia, and 10 to 20 of silica and alumina (or clay). The varieties in the United States contain 20 to 40 p. c. of magnesia, and 12 to 30 p. c. of silica and alumina. A variety worked
268 Carbonates.
extensively at Rondout, N. Y., afforded Professor Beck (Min. N. Y., 78): CO2 84-20, CaO 25'50, MgO 12'35, SiOa 15-37, AlaO3 9'13, Fe-iO3 2'25. Iron is rather prejudicial to it than otherwise. Vicat observes that in the best French there are 20 to 30 p. c. of clay, and in that only moderately good 10 to 12 p. c. An impure limestone of France, which needs no sand for making the cement, it containing calcite 54 p. c., clay 31, iron oxide 15 100, is called plaster -cement (Dufr. Min.).
Soft compact limestone, (a) Chalk is white, grayish white, or yellowish, and soft enough to leave a trace on a board. The consolidation into a rock of such softness may be owing to the fact that the material is largely the hollow shells of rhizopods.
The creta of the Romans (usually translated chalk) was mostly a white clay, true chalk being little known to the ancients. The kind described by Pliny as the most inferior kind of creta- ceous earth, and as used for marking the feet of slaves, was probably true chalk.
(b) Calcareous marl (Mergelkalk Germ.) is a soft earthy deposit, often hardly at all consoli- dated, with or without distinct fragments of shells; it generally contains much clay, and graduates into a calcareous clay.
Concretionary massive, (a) Oolite (Rogenstein Germ.) is a granular limestone, but its grains are minute rounded concretions, looking somewhat like the roe of n'sh, the name coming from 'ttjo, egg. It occurs among all the geological formations, from the Lower Silurian to the most recent, and it is now forming about the coral reefs of Florida. A more or less completely silicitied oolite occurs near College Center, Penn. (Barbour and Torrey, Am. J. Sc., 40, 246, 1890). (b) Pisolite (Erbsenstein TF!) consists of concretions as large often as a small pea, or even larger, the concretions having usually a distinct concentric structure. It is formed in large masses in the vicinity of the Hot Springs at Carlsbad in Bohemia.
Minute concretionary forms having a spherical concentric structure within and externally the form of a regular pentagonal dodecahedron (not pyritohedron) have been obtained from a calcareous spring near Eagle Rock, Idaho; their form has not been explained.
Deposited from calcareous springs, streams, or in caverns, etc.
(a) Stalactites (Tropf stein Germ.) are the calcareous cylinders or cones that hang from the roofs of limestone caverns, and which are formed from the waters that drip through the roof; these waters hold some calcium bicarbonate in solution, and leave calcium carbonate to form the stalactite when evaporation takes place. Stalactites vary from transparent to nearly opaque; from a crystalline structure with single cleavage directions to coarse or line granular cleavable and to radiating fibrous; from a white color and colorless to yellowish gray and brown.
(b) Stalagmite is the same material covering the floors of caverns, it being made from the waters that drop from the roofs, or from sources over the bottom or sides; cones of H sometimes rise from the floor to meet the stalactites above. It consists of layers; but these are very irregularly curved, or bent, owing to the knobs and couelets that are made over the floor; and polished specimens generally owe much of their beauty to the agate-like or onyx-like bandings.
Stalagmite, or a solid kind of travertine (see below) when on a large scale, is the Alabastrites or alabaster stone, in part (if not wholly) of Theophrastus, Pliny, and other ancient writers; that is. the stone of which ointment vases, of a certain form called alabasters, were made. (See GYPSUM, p. 936.) A locality near Thebes, now well known, was largely explored by the ancients, and the material has often been hence called Egyptian alabaster. It was also formerly called onyx and onychites because of its beautiful banded structure; Horace, in the 3d book of his Odes, speaks of an ointment vase of onyx. Pliny mentions columns of "onyx," or " alabastrites," that were 32 ft. in height, and mentions Damascus as affording a kind whiter than that of Thebes. In the arts it is often now called Oriental Alabaster or onyx marble; and sometimes also Gibraltar- stone, from the occurrence of the material in a cavern at Gibraltar. Very beautiful marble of this kind is obtained in Algeria. Mexican onyx is a similar material obtained from Tecali, Puebla, Mexico; also in a beautiful brecciated form from the extinct crater of Zempoaltepec in southern Mexico. Similar kinds occur in Missouri, Arizona, San Luis Obispo Co., California.
(c) Gale-sinter, Travertine, Calc Tufa. Travertine (Confetto di Tiwli) is of essentially the same origin with stalagmite, but is distinctively a deposit from springs or rivers, especially where in large deposits, as along the river Anio, at Tivoli, near Rome, where the deposit is scores of feet in thickness. It has a very cavernous and irregularly banded structure, owing to its mode of formation. It is the Lapis Tiburtinus of Vitruvius and Pliny; the word travertine being a corruption of tiburtine. It includes also, especially under the name of calc tufa, cellular deposi- tions from the waters of small springs or sources which often contain fossil leaves, twigs, moss, nuts, or seed, etc. The Osteocollux (Beinwelle, Beinbruch) Gesner (p. 31, 1565), " qui ossa fracta intra corpus sumptus," as was thought at the time (osteocolla of later authors), is, as long since shown, a cellular calc tufa, consisting of incrustings of fragments of reeds or other marsh plants. It means bone-glue. Inolite, Gallitzin, is also calc-sinter.
(d) Agaric mineral; Rock-milk (Bergmich, Montmilch, Germ.) is a very soft white material, breaking easily in the fingers, deposited sometimes in caverns, or about sources holding lime in solution.
(e) Bock-meal (Bergmehl Germ., Farina Fossilis Bruckm., etc.) is white and light, like cotton, becoming a powder on the slightest pressure. It is an efflorescence, and is common near Paris, bspecially at the quarries of Nanterre.
Calcite Group— Calcite. 269
B. Varieties based upon composition.
1 . T)f)lomitic calcite. Contains magnesium carbonate, thus graduating toward true dolomite.
a. Baricalcite. Neotyp Breith., Handb., 2, 313, 1841. Grayish white, and occurring in Thoinbohedrous/(0221, — 2), rr' 74° 57 , Breith. G. 2'819-2'840. Contains some barium carbonate. From Cumberland, England. A " barytocalcite " from Laugban, Sweden, has been analyzed by Lundstroin (G. For. F5rh., 3, 291, 1877): CO3 29"32, BaO-50'89, CaO 17 "64, FeO 0-42, MnO 0'24, MgO 0'40, PbO 0-37, insol. 0"70 99'98. It occurs in white granular masses with G. 3'46; associated with hedyphane, hausmannite, etc. According to Des. Cloizeaux this mineral is rhombohedral with a cleavage angle of about 75°. Bourgeois, notes that attempts to reproduce barytocalcite have uniformly led to the formation of a rhombo- hedral carbonate of calcium and barium, Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 464, 1889.
3. Strontianocalcite Genth, Proc. Ac. Sc. Philad., 6, 114, 1852. In opaque white crystals, occurring in globules which have a surface consisting of the terminations of acute rhombohedrons; H. 35. Contains some strontium carbonate, and hence gives a decided red flame before the blowpipe.
4. Ferrocalcite. Contains ferrous carbonate, and turns brown on exposure; one variety of unknown source gave Hunt 4-64, FeCO3. Dana Min., 438, 1854. G. 2 715.
5. Manganocalcite, pt. Spartaite Breith., B. H. Ztg., 17, 53, 1858. Calcimangite Shepard. Contains manganese carbonate and becomes black on exposiire. Spartaite occurs with frauklinite and zincite at Franklin Furnace and Sterling Hill, N. J. rr' 75° 2-' Breith. G. 2~808- 2-818. Jenzsch found in it: 11 '09 MuCO3, 0'58 ZnCO., and G. 2'788, Pogg., 96, 147, 1855. A similar variety from Langbau gave: 11'06 MnCO3, 2'06 BaCO3, Sjogren, G. For.-Forh., 4, 111, 1878; another 2'80 MnCO3, 1'09 ZnCO3l Lindgren, ib., 5, 557, 1885. In one from Wester Silf< berg, Weibull found 6'98 MnO with G. 2'804, rr' 75° 29', Min. Mitth., 7, 110, 1?85; other varieties contained much more. A specimen from Negauuee, Lake Superior, gave C. Percy Wilcox (priv. contr.): f CO2 42'37, CaO 39'22, MuO 18'56 100'15, G. 2'84; here Ca : Mn 3:1 approx. See further under rhodochrosite.
6. Zincocalcite. Contains some zinc carbonate; one specimen from Olkucz, Poland, gave Gibbs 4'07 ZnO, another from Alteuberg 1 '06-1 "65 ZnO, Monheim (lig.). Cf. manganocalcite above.
7. Plumbocalcite Johnston, Ed. Phil. J., 6, 79, 1829. White to yellowish and reddish brown; from Wanlockhead and Leadhills, Scotland. Contains variable amounts of lead carbonate. 1-3-5-2 p. c. and G 2-7-2-8. Collie. J. Ch. Soc., 55, 95, 1889; 2 7-95 p. c. with G. 2'72- 2-74, Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 36, 1885. Cf. Traube, Jb. Miu., 2, 278, 1887. Schoffel found in rhombohedral crystals from Bleiberg: 23'75 PbCO3; in a coating with silky luster 14 p. c. PbCO3 and G. 2'92; also in the underlying limestone 2 to 9 p. c. PbCO3 and G. 2'88; Hofer, Min. Karnt., 1870.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube sometimes decrepitates, and, if containing metallic oxides, may change in color. B.B. infusible, but becomes caustic, glows, and colors the flame reddish yellow; after ignition the assay reacts alkaline; moistened with hydrochloric acid imparts the characteristic lime color to the flame. In borax dissolves with effervescence, and if saturated yields on cooling an opaque, milk-white, crystalline bead. Varieties containing metallic oxides color the borax and salt of phosphorus beads accordingly. With soda on platinum foil fuses to a clear mass; on charcoal at first fuses, but later the soda is absorbed by the coal, leaving an infusible and strongly luminous residue of lime. In the solid mass effervesces when moistened with hydrochloric acid, and fragments dissolve with brisk effervescence even in cold aeul.
Obs. — Calcite, in its various forms, is one of the most widely distributed of minerals. Beds of sedimentary limestone, formed from organic remains, shells, crinoids, corals, etc., yield on metamorphism crystalline limestone or marble, and in connection with these crystallized calcite and also deposits in caves of stalactites and stalagmites often occur. Common with the zeolites in cavities and veins of igneous rocks as a result of alteration, and similarly though less common with granite, syenite, etc. A frequent mineral in metalliferous deposits, with lead, copper, silver, etc. Deposited from lime- bearing waters as calc sinter, travertine, etc., especially in con- nection with hot springs as at the Mammoth Hot Springs in the Yellowstone region.
Some of the best known localities for crystallized calcite are the following: Andreasberg in the Harz; the mines of Freiberg, Annaberg, Schneeberg, Braunsdorf, in Saxony; Auerbach on the Bergstrasse; Oberstein on the Nahe; Altenberg near Aachen; Kapnik in Hungary; Aussig in Bohemia; Bleiberg in Carinthia; Traversella in Piedmont; Elba. In England at Alston Moor and Egremont in Cumberland (Min. Mag., 8, 149, 1889); Matlock, Derbyshire; Beer Alston in Devonshire; at numerous points in Cornwall; Weardale in Durham; Stank mine, Lancashire; in Northumberland. In twin crystals of great variety and beauty at Guanajuato, Mexico.
The Iceland spar has been obtained from Iceland near Helgustadir on the Eske.fiord. It occurs in a large cavity in basalt. The crystals, usually showing the fundamental rhombo- hedron, are often coated with tufts of stilbite. It also occurs in the north-western part of the island near Djupidalr on the Breitiflord. The quantity is limited and is likely to be exhausted. The locality was early described by Dx., Bull. Soc. G., 4, 769, 1847 (Min., 2, 114, 1874); later see Zs. G. Ges., 40, 191, 1888; Zs. Instrumentenkunde, 8. 63, 1888. Also Thoroddsen, G. For. Forh., 12, 247. 1890, who gives sectional figures of the deposit.
In the U. States, crystallized calcite occurs in N. Yty.'k, in St. Lawrence and Jefferson Cos.,
270 Carbonates.
especially at the Rossie lead mine; crystals highly modified, and often transparent even when large; one nearly transparent, in the cabinet of Yale University, weighs 165 pounds; often covered in part by crystals of galena; at the Natural Dam, 2 m. from Gouverneur, in the same vicinity, good crystals; also at the Wilson vein in Gouverneur, and the Jepson vein in Rossie; at the Parish ore bed in Gouverneur, fine geodes, in specular iron; in Jefferson Co., near Oxbow, on the land of Mr. Bentou, from a decomposing limestone, large crystals sometimes as clear as Iceland spar; rose and purple varieties very beautiful; some large crystals weighing 100 Ibs. and upward; 4 m. S. of Oxbow, in Antwerp, a vein of calcite and lead, which affords beautiful cleavage masses of white, purple, and brownish shades; also interesting crystals; in Essex Co., town of Moriah, on Mill Brook, near Port Henry, crystals of calcite in white limestone; dog- tooth spar, in Niagara Co., nearLockport, with pearl spar, celestite, selenite, and anhydrite; in Onondaga Co., near Camillus, along the railroad; good crystals in Herkimer Co., 1m. S. of Little Falls, in the bed of a small stream; in Lewis Co., at Leydeu and Lowville, and at the Martiusburg lead mine; on the western bank of Dry Sugar River, near Boouville, Oueida Co.; at Anthony's Nose on the Hudson, formerly groups of large tabular crystals; at Watertown, agaric mineral, covering the sides of a cave; at Schoharie, fine stalactites in many caverns, of which Ball's cave is the most famous; at Camillus and Schoharie (near the barite locality), fibrous, in considerable abundance, and at De Long's Mill, St. Lawrence Co., of a tine satin luster. In Maine, at Thomaston, lenticular and prismatic crystals, common. In N. Hump., at the iron mines, Franconia, argentine. In Mass., at Williamsburg and Southampton, argentine. In Conn., at the lead mine, Middletown, in crystals. In N. Jersey, at Bergen, tine crystalliza- tions of yellow calcite, with datolite, etc.; at Franklin Furnace, a pink variety containing MnCO3, and good cleavage specimens. In Penn., in York Co., Iceland spar. In Virginia, at the celebrated Wier's cave, stalactites of great beauty; also in the large caves of Kentucky. At the Lake Superior copper mines, splendid crystals of wonderful variety and complexity of form often containing scales of native copper. At Warsaw, Illinois, in great variety of form, lining geodes and implanted on quartz crystals; at Quincy. At Hazelgreen, Wisconsin.
In Missouri, with dolomite near St. Louis; also with sphalerite at Joplin and other points in the zinc region in the south-western part of the state, the crystals usually scalenohedral and of a wine-yellow color. Fine transparent cleavage masses at the gadolinite locality in Llano Co., Texas. From the Bad Lands, South Dakota. In Arizona, at the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee, often green with enclosed malachite.
In Nova Scotia, at Partridge I., a wine-colored calcite, and other interesting varieties.
On the various localities furnishing marbles in the U. S., see Merrill: The Collection of Building and Ornamental Stones in the U. S. National Museum (Report Smithsonian Inst.,Pt.
II, pp. 277-648, 1885-86): a summary is also given of foreign marbles and their localities.
Artif. — On formation by fusion in alkaline chlorides; see Bourgeois, Bull. Soc. Min., 5
Iii, 1882.
Alt. — Calcite occurs under the forms of dolomite, calamine, siderite, malachite, azurite, gypsum, smithsonite, barite, fluorite, limonite, gothite, hematite, minium, meerschaum, chlorite, quartz, chalcedony, garnet, feldspar, mica, pyrolusite, hausmannite, mauganite, mar- casite, galena, sphalerite, native copper. Cf. Bischof, Chem. Geol.; Blum, Pseud., 1843, and Nachtrage; Roth, Chem. Geol., 1, 1879. Sandstone in the form of calcite, see Fontainebleau limestone, p. 266.
Ref.— ' Result obtained by Malus, Theorie de la double Reflexion, etc., p. 98, 1810, Paris; by Wollaston, Phil. Trans., p 159, 1812; also by Biot, Mohs, and usually accepted: recently confirmed by Hastings, who gives rr' 74° 54'"93 for 20° C.. Am. J. Sc., 35, 68, 1888., For other determinations, cf. Kupffer, rr' 74° 55' '5, Preisschrift, 65, 1825; Breithaupt, 74*' 54'- 74° 55', Handb., 209. 1841, . J., 24, 49, 1828; Rath, rr' 74° 55'"2; Koksharov, rr' 74° 56', Min. Russl., 7, 59, 1875.
Variation in composition brings a considerable change in angle (cf. Breith.). The cleavage angle also chances remarkably with variation in temperature; an elevation of 100° increases the normal angle rr' by 8' 34|", Mitsch., Pogg., 1O, 137, 1827, Abb. Ak. Berlin, 201, 1825.
This list gives the common forms, and some which are rarer; the complete list includes between 150 and 200 forms, with many more that are doubtful. An early and exhaustive monograph on the species was given by Zippe, Uebersicht der Krystallgestalten des rhomb. Kalkhaloides, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, 3. 109, 1852. Sella in 1856 gave a list of forms (Quadro). For later full and in part annotated lists of forms, seeDx., Min., 2, 97, 1874; Irby, Inaug. Diss., Bonn, 1878 (Zs. Kr., 3, 612); Gdt,, Index, 1, 371, 1886; Sansoni (for Audreasberg), Mem. Ace. Line., 19, 1884. Zs. Kr , 10, 545, 1885.
Of the many important memoirs devoted to the subject, in addition to these named, the following may be mentioned (see further the literature given by Irby, Sansoni, Gdt., as well as the Mineralogy of Hatty, of Levy, Breithaupt. Hausmann, et al.): Count de Bournon, Traite de la chaux carbonatee, etc., London. 1808; Sella, Min. Sarda, 1856; Hochstetter, Deuksch. Ak. Wien, 6, 89. 1854; Hbg., many original observations. Min. Not , 3-12; Rath, many valuable papers. 1867-1882, Pogg. Ann., 132, 135, Erg., 5. 152, 155, 158, also Zs. Kr., 1, 604, 6, 540, et al. Recent memoirs include: Morton, Arendal, etc., Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 41, No. 8, 65, 1884; Thttrling, Andreasberg, Jb. Min., Beil., 4, 327, 1886; Sansoni, Belgium, Zs. Kr., 11, 352, 1880: Id., Monte Catini, Att. Ace. Torino, 23, 1888; Id., Sweden and Norway, Giorn. Min , 1, 129, 1890; Cesaro, Rhisnes, Ann. Soc. G. Belg. Mem., 16, 1889. Some new forms are noted on twins by Pirsson, Am. J. Sc., 41. 61, 1891.
Calcite Group— Dolomite.
3 On twins see Sella, Min. Sarda, 1856; Rath, Pogg., 132, 534, 1867, et al. E. 8. D., Min Mittb.. 180, 1874, Groth, Min.-Samml., 120, 1878, but cf. Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 84, 1883. On th* structural phenomena connected witb twinning, cf. Brewster, Optics; Pfaff, Pogg., 107,336, 1859- Rose " Die hohlen Canale." Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1868; Reusch, "Gleitflachen," Pogg., 132, 441, 1867; 'Baumh., Zs. Kr., 3, 588, 1879. Also Milgge, Jb. Min., 1, 32, 81, 1883, who givea full literature, and ib. , 1 , 247, 1889.
On elasticity, Baumgarten, Pogg., 152, 369, 1874; Vater, Zs. Kr., 11, 577, 1886; Voigt, Wied 39 412 432, 1890. Hardness, Exner, Harte Kryst., 45, 1873. On etching and the asterism so produced, Kbl., Ber. Ak. Munchen, 1862; Baumh., Pogg., 138, 563, 1869, 139, 349, 140 271, 1870. On etching in general, Meyer, Jb. Min., 1, 74, 1883; Ebner, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 89 (2) 368, 1884, and 91 (2), 760, 1885. Velocity of attack by acids in planes and c nearly in ratio of oo ': Spring, Zs. Phys. Ch., 2, 13. 1888; cf. also Cesaro, Ann. Soc. G. Belg. Mem., 15, 219 1888 Sp. gravity, Beudaut, Ann. Ch. Phys. , 38. 398, 1828. Refractive indices, Rud- berg, Pogg., 1828; also Mascart, 1864; Van de Willigen, Arch. Mus. Teyler, 2, 153, 1869, 3, 34, 1874; in the ultra violet, Sarasin, Bibl. Univ., 8, 392, 1882. Double refraction, Schrauf, Zs. Kr,, 11, 5 1885; Hastings, 1. c. Fluorescence, Lommel, Wied. Ann., 21. 422, 1884.
On optical anomalies (biaxial, etc.), Zs. Kr., 7, 73, 1882. Thermo-electricity, Hankel, Pogg., 157 156,1876. Magnetic rotatoi-y power, Cjiauvin, C.R., 102, 972, 1886, J. Phys., 9, 5, 1890; also Wied., 31, 273, 1887. In magnetic field, Stenger, Wied., 20, 304, 1883.
THINOLITE King, Rep. Geol. 40th Parallel, 1, 508, 1878. A tufa deposit of calcium car- bonate occurring on an enormous scale in north-western Nevada, covering an area of several miles and 20 to 60 feet thick; named from Oi's, shore, as being a shore deposit of the Quaternary lake, L. Lahoutan. It also occurs about Mono Lake, California. It forms layers of interlaced crystals of a pale yellow or light brown color and often skeleton structure except when covered by subsequent deposit of cal- cium carbonate.
The crystals are prismatic or acute pyram- idal in form (f. 1), sometimes solid, again open skeleton forms with layers converging in one direction, and affording a rectangular rib-work on the cross-section (f. 2, section at a a, f. 1). The original mineral is shown to have had an acute pyramidal form approximating at least to the tetragonal type. Occasional forms resembling the Sangerhausen barley-corn pseudomorphs (after celestite, see p. 907) occur.
The original mineral from which the thinolite has resulted is in doubt; gay-lussite has been suggested, but does not agree with the observed form. A possible derivation from a calcium chlorocarbonate (CaCO3.CaCla or CaCO3.2NaCl) has suggested itself on the ground of a similarity in form of the thinolite to the pseudomorphs of cerussite after phosgenite (f. 3, p. 'J9'2). fcee further King. 1. c.; E. S. D., U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 12, 1884; Russell, 3d Ann. Rep. U. S. G. Surv., 1883, Monograph. 11, 1885.
PREDAZZITE Petzholdt pt., Beitr. Geogn. Tyrol, 194, 1843. PENCATITE Roth. Zs. G. Ges., 3, 140, 143, 1851. Massive granular rocks from the neighborhood of Predazzo in southern Tyrol, described at first as mineral species (See 0th Ed., p. 708), but later shown to be mixtures essen tially of culcite and brucite. See Damour. Bull. Soc. G. France, 4, lOoO. 1847; Haueuschild, Ber. Ak. Wien, 60, 795, 1869; Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 229, 1872; cf. also Roth, Ch. Geol., 1, 234. 1879.
Pencatite was named after Count Marzari Pencati.
271. DOLOMITE. Pierres calcaires trfis-peu effervescentes avec les acides D. Dolomieu, J. de Phys., 39, 1, 1791. Dolomie Saussure, Voy. Alpes, § 1929, 1796. Dolomite Kirwan, Min., 1, 111, 1794. Bitterspath, Rhomboidalspath, KohlensauerterKalkerde, Bittersalzerde (with anal.), Klapi-., Schrift. Nat. Fr. Berl., 5, 51 , 1784, Beitr., 1, 300. 1795; also Beitr., 3, 297, 4, 204, 236, 5, 103, 6,323. SpathmagnesienDetomA, Sciagr., 1, 207. 1792. MiemitKlapr.. Beitr., 3, 292, 1802 (discov. at Miemo by D. Thomson in 1791, and sent by him to Kl. labelled Magnesian spar). Rautenspath pt. Wern., 1800, Ludwig's Werner, 1, 51. 154, 1803. Chaux carbonatee, mag- nesifere pt., C. c. aluminifere (fr. Saussure's anal.), H., Tr., 1801. Bitterkalk pt. Hausm., Handb., 960, 1813; Perlspatb pt., Rauhkalk, Kalktalkspath, Germ. Pearl Spar pt., Brown Spar pt., Rhomb Spar pt., Maguesian Limestone. Spath perle Fr.
Conites, Flintkalk, Retzius, Min., 1795. Conite Schumacher, Verzeichniss, etc., 20, 1801. Konit Germ. Gurhofian Karst., Mag. Nat. Fr. Berl., 1, 4. 257, 1807, and Tabell., 50, 180a Tharandit Freiesleben, Geogn. Arbeit, 5, 212, 1820. Brossit Hirzel, Zs. Pharm., 24, 1850.
Rhombohedral; tetartohedral. Axis 6 0-83224; 0001 A 1011 =43° 51' 37" Wollaston'.
Carbonates.
Forms' :
(7 (4047, |)5
(0-1-1-10, -
e (0001, 0)
a (3034, f)'i
e (0112, -
m (1010,
p (4045, |)u
(0335, - 1)'
a (1120, t-2)
/? (14-014 17,
)8 (0445, - f).(
fe> (2130, t-f r)1
a r (1011, 1)
A (0332, - f)4
©, (3120, i-f 1)
is £ (3031, 3)4
f (0221, - 2)
-M (4041, 4)
d (0881, - 8)5
$ (16-0-IB-l, 16)
12 £"(4489, |-2 r)9
a (4483, |-2)12
a. (8443, |-2 I)'3 w (la.*j.g.lf 4,
(16-8-8-3, -2 I)8
ca (6331, 6-2 I)8."
(4265, f3 r)10
(2131, I3 r)
k (8-4-12-1, 43 r)13
a (6151, l)io
Of doubtful position £1 (9*1-10-2, 4*)8, y (3251, I6)3, x (5382, I4)4.
g (4592, - 1)
(5 8-13-3, -1¥ I)?1* 0(8-12-20-5. - I6!)11 g (2461, - 231)?13 t (8-16-24-1, - 83 1)1' r(12'16-4-l - 82r)
Figs. 1, Hoboken. 2, Saddle-shaped crystal, Tschermak. 3, Rezbanya, Becke. 4, Bex, Kk
cu =13° 30*'
c# 28° 46' ca 35° 47' cp 37° 33' cS 70° 52' cM 75° 25'
ce 25° 40' el 37° 33' ch 55° 15' c/ 62° 81' cd 82° 35' cH 36° 29*'
MM' 23° 20*' GG 49° 16' 22 60° 51' pp' 63° 43' *73° 45' 109° 49'
MM 113° 53' ee' 44° II' 63° 43'
rr
M' Jf'
90° 43*'
100° 24'
dd' 118° 22'
Twins14: tw. pi. (1) c, the vertical axes in common; (2) m, which is also a plane of symmetry for the twin; (3) a, complementary twins, with rhombohedral symmetry; also double twins by the combination of two of these laws; (4) r, analogous to calcite.
Habit rhombohedral, usually r or M; the presence of tetartohedral forms, rhombohedrons of the second or third series, very characteristic. The r faces often striated horizontally, also commonly curved (of. f. 2, p. 276) or made up of sub- individuals, and thus passing into saddle-shaped forms (f. 2). Also in imitative shapes; amorphous, granular, coarse or fine, and grains often slightly coherent.
Cleavage : r perfect. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 3-/)-4. G. =2'8 -2*9; 2*883 . ; 2'83 A. Sella. Luster vitreous, inclining to pearly in some varieties. Color white, reddish, or greenish white; also rose-red, green, brown, gray, and black. Transparent to translucent. Etching figures14 correspond in shape to the tetartohedral form. Optically — . Eefractive indices:
coy 1-68174 Na ey 1-50256 Na, Pizean (Dx.)
Comp. — Carbonate of calcium and magnesium (Ca,Mg)C03 ; for normal dolomite CaMgC2Oe or CaC03.MgCOs Carbon dioxide 47*8, lime 30*4, magnesia 21*7 100, or Calcium carbonate 54-35, magnesium carbonate 45*65 100. Varieties occur in which the ratio of the two carbonates varies from 1 : 1. The carbonates of iron and manganese also sometimes enter; rarely cobalt and zinc carbonates. Var. — 1. Structural, including:
(a) Crystallized. Pearl spar includes rhombohedral crystallizations with curved faces having & pearly luster.
(b) Columnar; also fibrous or pisolitic.
Calcite Group— Dolomite. 273
Miemite, from Miemo, Tuscany, is either in crystals, columnar, or granular, and pale asparagus-green in color.
(c) Granular, or saccharoidal, constitutes many of the kinds of white statuary marble, and white and colored architectural marbles, names of some of which have been mentioned under calcite.
(d) Compact massive, like ordinary limestone. Many of the limestone strata of the globe are here included, and much hydraulic limestone, noticed under calcite.
(e) Compact porcellanous, Gurhofian or gurhofite; snow-white and subtranslucent, with a con- choidal fracture, sometimes a little opal-like; from Gurhof, in lower Austria.
Also depending on Composition.
2. Normal dolomite is Ca : Mg 1:1; most common especially in crystals. Cf. anals. 1- 20, 5th Ed., p. 683, also Haushofer, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 220, 1881. The dolomite from the Gebroulaz glacier gave A. Sella (1. c.): CO2 47'67, CaO 31'37, MgO 21'23 100'27; G. 2'83.
The ratio may also be 3 : 2, 2 : 1 (includes gurhofiari), 3 : 1, etc., but in some cases the variation is due to mechanical admixture, and much so-called dolomite is merely a magnesian cal- cite; this is especially true of the massive forms. Cf. 5th Ed., p. 683. In conite the ratio is 1 : 3.
3. Ferriferous; Brown spar, in part. Contains ferrous carbonate, and as the proportion increases it graduates into ankerite (q.v.). The color is white to brown, and becomes brownish on exposure through the oxidation of the iron. A columnar kind, from Traversella, containing 10 p. c. of FeCO3, has been called Brossite; G. 2'915. Tharandite, from Tharand, near Dresden, is crystallized, and contains 4 p. c. of FeCO3.
4. Manganiferous. Colorless to flesh-red. A variety from Freiberg, with 5'2 p. c. MnCO3, had rr' 73° 37', G. 2'83 Ettliug, Lieb. Ann., 99, 204, 1856. One from Kapnik with 5'4 p. c. MuCO3 had rr' 73° 44', G. 2'89 Ott, Haid. Ber., 2, 403. 1847.
5. Cobaltiferous. Colored reddish. A kind from Pfibram gave 7 '4 p. c. CoCO3, G. 921 Gibbs, Pogg., 71, 564, 1847.
6. Zinciferous. Altenberg, with 1'4 ZnCO3, Monheim. Also Bleiberg, with 2 '4 ZnCO3, G. 2-87, rr' 73° 32', Gintl, Zeph., Lotos, 1877.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. acts like calcite, but does not give a clear mass when fused with soda on platinum foil. Fragments thrown into cold acid, unlike calcite, are only very slowly acted upon, if at all, while in powder in warm acid the mineral is readily dissolved with effervescence. The ferriferous dolomites become brown on exposure.
Obs. — Massive dolomite constitutes extensive strata, called limestone strata, in various regions, as in the dolomite region of the southern Tyrol. Crystalline and compact varieties are often associated with serpentine and other magnesian rocks, and with ordinary limestones. Some of the prominent localities are: Leogaug in Salzburg ; Schemnitz and Kapnik in Hungary; Freiberg in Saxony. In Switzerland, at Bex, in crystals; also in theBinnenthal mas- sive and in colorless crystals; Traversella in Piedmont ; Campolongo ; Gebroulaz glacier in Savoy with sellaite (see p. 164); the lead mines at Alston in Cumberland, etc. Guanajuato, Mexico.
In the U. States, in Vermont, at lloxbury, large, yellow, transparent crystals of the rhomb- spar variety, in talc. In Rhode Island, at Smithtield, a coarse cleavable variety, occasionally presenting perfect crystals, with white talc in calcite. In N. Jersey, at Hobokeo, white hexagonal crystals, and in rhonibohedrous. In N. York, at Lockport, Niagara Falls, and Rochester, with calcite, celestite, and gypsum; also at Glenn's Falls; in Richmond Co., at the quarantine, crys- tallized dolomite, in rhombohedrons, and at the Parish ore bed, St. Lawrence Co.; on Hustis's farm in Phillipstown, a variety resembling gurhofite, with a semi-opaline appearance and a frac- ture nearly like porcelain; at the Tilly Foster iron mine, Brewster, Putnam Co., with magnetite, chondrodite. In saddle-shaped crystals- with the sphalerite of Joplin, Missouri. In N. Car., at Stony Point, Alexander Co., in tine rhombohedral crystals with c) having nearly plane faces.
Named after Dolomieu (1750-1801), who announced some of the marked characteristics of the rock in 1791 — its not effervescing with acids, while burning like limestone, and solubility after heating in acids. He observes in his paper that, as early as 1786, he had found the white marble of many of the ancient statues and monuments of Italy to consist of this peculiar rock; and eighteen months before the date of his paper he discovered " immense quantities of similar limestones " in the Tyrol.
Alt. — Dolomite occurs altered to siderite, calamine, steatite, limonite, hematite, gothite, pyrolusite, and quartz.
Ref. — ' Wollaston, Mohs, Fizeau, Biot, Dx. ; this angle is somewhat variable. The tetarto- hedral character was first established by Tschermak, Min. Mitth., 4, 102, 1881. 2 Mir., Min., 581, 1852. Cf. also Dx., Min., 2, 127, 1874; Kk., Min. Russl., 7, 5, 1875; Gdt., Index, 1, 513, 1886; Becke. who identifies the ± r, ±1 forms, Min. Mitth., 10, 142, 1888, 11, 224, 1890. The list here given is essentially that of Becke (1890); he discusses several other doubtful forms (Dx., etc.), but overlooks A. Sella. Kk. calculates angles for several forms but not as observed planes, viz.: 5051, 6061, and 7071, etc., breunnerite, ib., p. 181; these are included by Gdt.
3 J. D. D., Hoboken, Min., 441, 1854. 4 Q. Sella, Traversella, Min. Sarda, 13 et seq., 1856. 5 Hbg., Binnenthal, Min. Not., 3, 13, 1860; also ib., 7, 41, where £, cf. Hintze11) is mis- printed -1/, and thence taken by Kk. 6 Rath, Binnentlial, Pogg., 122, 399, 1864. 7 Kenng.. Binuenthal, Miu. Schweiz, 301, 1866. 8 Dx., 1. c. 9 Groth, Miu.-Samml. Strassb., 127,1878. 10 ., 1. c. " Hintze, Binnenthal, Zs. Kr., 7, 438, 1883. 12 A. Sella. Gebroulaz, Mem. Ace. Line., 4, Nov. 13, 1887. IS Becke, 1. c. 14 Cf. ., Becke, 1. c. Experiments on Elasticity Voigt, Wied. Ann., 40, 642, 1890.
274 Carbonates.
r *27,11Ai Ankerite. Dolomite pt. Brown Spar and Pearl Spar pt. Paratomes Kalk-Haloid Mohs, Grundr., 1, 536, 1822, 2, 116, 1824. Kobwaud, Wandsteiu. Styrian Miners. Ankerit Hart. Mm Mohs, 1. 100, 1825. Tautoklin Breith., Char., 70, 1832, Uib., 20, 1830 Parankerit Borwky, Mm. Mitth., 47, 1876.
Khombohedral; rr' 73° 48' Styria, Mohs. In rhomboliedral crystals; also crystalline massive, coarse or fine granular, and compact.
Cleavage: perfect. H. 3-5-4. G. 2-95-3-1. Luster vitreous to pearly. Color white, gray, reddish. Translucent to subtransluceut.
Comp. — A sub-species intermediate between calcite, magnesite, and siderite; that is, containing the carbonates of calcium, magnesium, iron, r.nd in small quantities manganese. Formula CaC03.(Mg,Fe,Mn)003.
.Normal ankerite is 2CaCO3.MgCO3.FeCO3 Calcium carbonate 50'0, magnesium carbon- ate 21'0, iron carbonate 29 0 100.
Boricky writes the formula CaFeCsO -f w(CaMgCaO.) with n varying from 4 to 10- those varieties with a or more, he calls parankerite. Normal ankerite would then be CaFeC,O. 4- CaMgCaOe, and normal parankerite CaFeC,O. 4- 2CaMgC2O6 (or 3CaCO3.2MgCO3 FeCO,). For analyses see 5th Ed., p. 685, also Rg., Miu. Ch., 229, 1875. Boricky 1 c Ihe ankerite from Antwerp, Jefferson Co., N. Y., gave D. N. Harper, priv. coutr.:
CaCO, 55-98 MgCO, 28'57 FeCO, 14-66 MuCOa 1-66 100-87 Others from Nova Scotia gave Louis, Proc. N. S. Inst., 5, 47, 1878-79:
G. 2-998 CaCO, 53'75 MgCO, 22'75 FeCO, 22 70 MnCO3 0'80 100
71 23 9-34 16-41 2'65 iusol. 0'53 100-16
Tautodin Breith. is a grayish white variety, containing about 15 p. c. FeCOs, and having rr' 73J 44'; also G. 2-961, Ettling; from Beschertgliick, near Freiberg in Saxotiy.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. like dolomite, but darkens in color, and on charcoal becomes black and magnetic; with the fluxes reacts for iron and manganese. Soluble with effervescence in the acids.
Obs.— Occurs with siderite at the Styrian mines; also at Lobenstein, Freiberg, Schneeberg, Siegen, etc. With the hematite of northern New York (sometimes called siderite). In Nova Scotia near Londonderry, Colchester Co.
Named after Prof. Anker of Styria.
272. MAGNESITE. Kohlensaurer Talkerde Mitchell & Lampadius (first anal), Samml. pr. Ch. Abh., 3, 241. Reine Talkerde, Talcum carbonatum, Wern., Ludwig, 2, 154, 1803. Magnesite pt. Brongn., Min., 1, 489, 1807. Magnesit Karst., Tabell., 48, 92, 1808. Carbonate of Magnesia. Magnesie carbouatee Fr. Kohleusaure Talkerde, Talkspath, Germ. Baudisserite Delameth, Min., 2, 1812. Giobertite Beud.,Tr., 410, 1824. Breunnerite Haid., Min. Mohs, 1, 411, 1825. Breunerite. Walmstedtite Leorih., Handb., 297, 1826. Brown Spar pt.
Rhombohedral ; tetartohedra!4(?). Axis: 6 0-81123; 0001 A 1011 43° 7£', rr' *72° 36£' Koksharov1.
Forms2 : c (0001. 0), m (1010, I), a (1120, z-2), r (1011, S), f (0221, - 2)3, (2131, I8)3; also an undetermined negative scalenohedron4.
Crystals rare, usually rhombohedral, also prismatic. Commonly massive; granular cleavable to very compact; earthy.
Cleavage: r perfect. Fracture flat conchoidal. Brittle. H. — 3-5-4-5. G. 3-0-3-12, cryst. ; 3*083, Scaleglia, Becke ; 3-3-2, ferriferous. Luster vitreous; fibrous varieties sometimes silky. Color white, yellowish, or grayish white, brown. Transparent to opaque. Optically — . Double refraction strong.
Comp. — Magnesium carbonate, MgC03 Carbon dioxide 52-4, magnesia 47-6 100. Iron carbonate is often present.
Var. — 1. Ordinary, (a) Crystallized, rare. (6) Lamellar, cleavable. (c) Compact, tine gran- ular, (d) Compact, and like unglazed porcelain in fracture, (e) Earthy; being mixed with hydrated silicate of magnesia or sepiolite (meerschaum); including the Baudisserite, from Bau- dissero, near Turin, which has some resemblance to chalk, and adheres to the tongue. Even the purer varieties of compact magnesite usually contain more or less of the silicate.
Pinolite Rumpf (Min. Mitth., 265, 1873) is a rock consisting largely of milk-white magnesite crystals with clay slate filling the spaces between them, from Wald in Styria, from the Sem- mering, etc.
2. Ferriferous, Breunnerite; containing several p. c. of FeO; G. 3-3*2; white, yellow- ish, brownish, rarely black and bituminous; often becoming brown on exposure, and hence called Brown Spar.
Calcite Group— Mag Nesite. 275
The name Breunnerite was originally given by Haidinger (after M. Breunner) to the variety analyzed by Stroineyer containing 5 to 10 p. c. iron protoxide (or 8 to 17 p. c. of carbonate); and Walmstedite to an included kind from the Harz, differing only iu containing a little more manga- nese protoxide than usual (2 p c.). The breunnerite from Hall, Tyrol, gave Foullou: MgCO3 79-13, FeCO, 19'14, MnCO, 2'0-i 100-31, Jb. G. Keichs., 38, 2, 1888.
For analyses see 5th Ed., pp. 686, 687.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. resembles calcite and dolomite, and like the latter is but slightly acted upon by cold acids; in powder is readily dissolved with effervescence in warm hydrochloric acid.
Ob's.— Found in talcose schist, serpentine and other magnesian rocks, also gypsum: as veins iu serpentine, or mixed with it so as to form a variety of vent-antique marble (magnesitic ophiolite of Hunt); also, in Canada, as a rock, more or less pure, associated with steatite, serpentine, and dolomite. The breunnerite variety has been found iu a meteorite from Orgueil, Dx.
Occurs at Hrubschtitz iu Moravia, where it was first discovered by Mitchell; at Kraubat and Tragossthal, Styria; Maria-Zell iu Styria; Flachau in Salzburg; Greiuer in the Zillerthal, Tyrol; Gross-Reifling in the Ennsthal in prismatic crystals in gypsum; at Frankenstein in Silesia; Suarum, Norway; Baudissero and Castellamoute in Piedmont; at other localities men- tioned above.
In America, at Bolton, Mass., in indistinctly fibrous masses, traversing white limestone; at Lyuntield, Cavendish, and Roxbury, Mass, mixed with or veining serpentine; at Barehills, near Baltimore, Md.; in Peun., in crystals at West Goshen, Chester Co.; near Texas, Lancaster Co. ; iu Tulare, Alameda.Mariposa, and Tuoluume Cos. .California. A white saccharoidal rnagne- site resembling statuary marble has been found as loose blocks on an island in the St. Lawrence River, near the Thousand Island Park. Also occurs with serpentine, dolomite, steatite, in Brome Co., Quebec.
In Canton Upata. Venezuela, near Mission Pastora, looking like porcelain in the fracture, as observed by N. S. Manross.
Delametherie, in his Theorie de la Terre, 2, 93, 1795, uses the name magnesite for the carbonate of magnesia, sulphate, nitrate, and muriate, and the carbonate is placed first in the series. Brongniart, in his Mineralogy, 3, 489, 1807, applies the name to a group, including (1) the carbonate called Mitchell's magnesite, (2) meerschaum, (3) the Piedmont magnesite, and (4) other siliceous varieties. As both Brongniart and Delametherie gave the first place to the carbonate, the name magnesite would rightly fall to it in case of the division of the group. Karsten, in his Tabellen, 1808, recognized this division of the species, and formally gave to the carbonate the name magnesite. The German mineralogists have followed Karsten,' as should have been done by all. But in France, Beudant, in 1824, gave the name giobertite to the car- bonate, leaving magnesite for the silicate, and most of the French mineralogists have followed Beudant. Giobert analyzed only the siliceous variety from Baudissero, the true composition of the mineral having been ascertained by Lampadius, somewhat earlier, from specimens brought by Mitchell from Moravia.
The name Breunnerite is spelled also Breunerite. Haidinger gives the former.
Ref.— ! Tyrol, G. 3-118, Min. Russl., 7, 181, 1875. This angle varies for different locali- ties, e.g.. Putsch, 72° 37|' Mitsch.; Snarum 72° 32' Breith.; Greiner, Tyrol, 72° 37|', G. 3'17, Zeph.; Maria-Zell, 72° 31' Rumpf; Gross-Reifling, Ennsthal, 72° 44f Foullon, Vh. G. Reichs., 334, 1884; Scaleglia, 72° 33'6' Becke. Min. Mitth., 11, 250, 1890. 2 Rumpf, Maria-Zell, Min. Mitth. , 263, 1873. A. Bella, Gebroulaz, the crystals, hexagonal prisms (a) in anhydrite, were identified as magnesite by angles (cr 43° 16'), not analyzed, Mem. Ace. Line., 4, Nov. 13, 1887. 4 Becke, Scaleglia, 1. c.
272A. Mesitite. Mesitinspath pt. Breith., Pogg., 11, 170, 1827. Mesitin Breith., Pogg., 70, 148, 1847.
PISTOMESITE. Mesitin pt. Breith., Pogg., 11, 170, 1827. Pistomesit Breith., Pogg., 70, 146,
Rhombohedral; rr' 72° 42' to 72° 46' Breith. In rhombohedral crystals; also coarse granular.
Cleavage: r perfect. H. 3'5-4. G. 3'33-3'42. Luster vitreous, inclin- ing to pearly. Color yellowish white, yellowish gray, yellowish brown. Streak nearly white or colorless. Transparent to subtranslucent.
Comp., Tar. — A sub-species intermediate between the ferruginous variety of magnesite, breunnerite, and siderite.
1. MESITITE 2MgCO3.FeCO3 Magnesium carbonate 59'2, iron carbonate 40'8 100. rr' — 72° 46'. G. 3'35-3'86 Br. Usually in flat rhombohedrons (e,0112) with rounded faces.
2. PISTOMESITE MgCO3.FeCO3 Magnesium carbonate 42'0, iron carbonate 58'0 100. rr' 72° 42'. G. 3'42 Br.
Anal.— 1, W. Gibbs, Pogg., 71, 566, 1847. 2, Fritsche, ib.. 70, 147, 1847. 3, Patera, Haid. Ber., 2, 296, 1847. 4, Fritsche, 1. c. 5, Ettling, Lieb. Ann., 99, 203, 1853.
Carbonates,
MESITITE. 1. Traversella
3. Werfen rr' 72°
PlSTOMESITE.
4. Thurnberg
5. "
40'
G.
3'42
Co,
f 44-57
FeO
MgO
CaO
0-22 100 1-30 99-36 — 99-97
99-26 100-01
Pyr., etc. — B.B. blackens and becomes magnetic. But slightly acted upon in mass by acids; readily dissolved with effervescence when in powder by hot hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Mesitite is from Traversella, Piedmont ; Werfen, with lazulite.
Pistomesite is from Thurnberg, near Flachau, in Salzburg; also at Traversella in Piedmont.
Mesitite is named from /ueov'ryS, a go-between, it being intermediate between magnesite and siderite; pistomesite is from KIOTO? and //ecn'rs, named by Breithaupt after he had already used mesitine, and because pistomesite is nearer the middle between siderite and magnesite.
273. SIDERITE. ?Vena ferri jecoris colore optima, Germ. Stahelreich Eisen. Gesner, Foss., 90, 1565. Spatformig Jernmalm, Minera ferri alba spathiformis, Wall., 256, 1747. Jam med Kalkjord forenadt, Germ. Stahlsteiu, Cronst., 29, 1758 Ferrum cum magnesio et terra calcarea acido aereo mineralisatum Bergm., Opusc., 2, 184, 1780. Spathiger Eisen, Spatheisen- stein, Germ. Fer spatique de Lisle, 3, 281, 1788. Calcareous or Sparry Iron Ore Kirwan. Spathic Iron, Spathose Iron. Brown Spar pt. Steel Ore. Carbonate of Iron. Fer carbonate, Mine d'acier, Fr. Kohlensaures Eisen, Eisenkalk, Germ. Eisenspath Hausm., Haudb., 951, 952, 1813. Spherosiderit Hausm., ib., 1070, 1813. 1847, 1353. Siderose Beud., 2, 346, 1832. Junckerite Dufr., Ann. Ch. Phys., 56, 198, 1834; Breith., Pogg., 58, 278, 1843. Siderit Haid., Handb., 499. 1845. Chalybit Glock., Syn., 241, 1847.
Oligonspath Breith., Handb., 2, 235, 1841 Oligouit Hausm., Handb., 1362, 1847. Thomait Meyer, Jb Min., 200, 184o. Siderodot Breith., Haid. Ber., 1, 6, 1847. Sideroplesit Breith., B. H. Zti>M 17, 54, 1858. Pelosiderit N.-Z., Min., 457, 1885. Thoneisenstein Clay Iron Ore pt.
Rhonjbohedral. Axis 6 0-81841; 0001 A 1011 43° 22' 51" Wollaston1.
Forms' :
a (1120, -2)
e
(0112,
-i)
(0001,
0)
r (1011, R)
f
(0221,
-2)
m (1010,
1)
M (4041, 4)
ca (0773,
-i)3
cM
—-
75°
11'
cO
o
30'
Gooo'
ct
—
25°
m
ca
°
23'
dd'
tf
—
62°
7'
rr'
*73
0'
ss'
coo
—
65°
36'
Mm '
42'
£$'
cd
—
82°
28'
eel
43°
26'
aa'
78°
3'
ff'
54'
s (0551, - 5) d (0881, - 8)3 0 (4486. |-2)
a (4483, f-2)? v (2131, I3) ft (2461, - 23)4
104° 8'
118° 18
115° 50'
43° 16'
54° 4'
m' 74° 52' vv* 35' 23' mfl 48° 30' ft/f 37° 26f
fip 79° 52f
Fig. 1, Curved form, Haid. 2, 3, Cornwall.
Twins: tw. pi. e; often with inclosed twinning lamellse. Crystals commonly rhombohedral r or e, the faces often curved and built up of sub-individuals. Often cleavable massive to coarse or fine granular. Also in botryoidal and globular forms, subfibrous within, occasionally silky fibrous; compact and earthy.
Calotte Gboup—S1Derite. 277
Cleavage : r perfect. Fracture uneven or subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 3'5 -4. G. 3-83-3-88 Dmr. Luster vitreous, inclining to pearly. Color ash-gray, yellowish gray, greenish gray, also brown and brownish red, rarely green; and sometimes white. Str.v-k white. Translucent to subtranslucent. Optically — . Double refraction strong. Etching-figures in part symmetric, in part asymmetric, Tschermak.
Corap. — Iron protocarbonate, FeC03 Carbon dioxide 37'9, iron protoxide 62-1 —100 (Fe 48'2p. c.). Manganese may be present, also magnesium and calcium.
Var.— 1. Ordinary, (a) Crystallized, (b) Concretionary — Spherosiderite; in globular cou- cretious, either solid or concentric scaly, with usually a fibrous structure, (c) Granular to com- pact massive, (d) Oolitic, like oolitic limestone in structure, (e) Earthy, or stony, impure from mixture with clay or sand, constituting a large part of the clay iron-stone of the Coal formation and other stratified deposits; H. 3-7, the last from the silica present; G. 3'0-3-8, or mostly 3-15-3-65.
The varieties based on composition include, besides the nearly pure iron carbonate, also
2. Manga niferous. Containing several per cent of manganese carbonate. The oligonspar of Breithaupt, or oligonite, has 25 p. c. MnO, rr' 72° 56'; G. 3'714-3'745; color yellowish to between flesh- and iron-red; streak yellowish white; remarkably phosphorescent wheu heated.
3. Magnesian. Containing magnesium carbonate, and but little manganese. The aider oplesite, Breith., from Pohl, has' 12 p. c. MgCO3, with rr' 72° 54' Breith.; G. 3'616- 3'660. Here belong some varieties from Londonderry, Nova Scotia, analyzed by Louis, Trans. N. S. Inst., 5, 50, 1878-79. Zepharovich obtained from a cleavage rhombohedron from Salz- burg 10-5 p. c. MgO, rr' 72° 54f, and G. 3'699.
4. Calciferous. Containing 20 p. c of calcium carbonate and looking like some calamine, the color green; from Altenberg. The siderodot of Breithaupt is a calciferous siderite from Radstadt in Salzburg, having G. 3'41.
For analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 690.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates, gives off CO2, blackens and becomes magnetio- B.B. blackens and fuses at 4'5. With the fluxes reacts for iron, and with soda and niter on platinum foil generally gives a manganese reaction. Only slowly acted upon by cold acid, but dissolves with brisk effervescence in hot hydrochloric acid. Exposure to the atmosphere dark- ens its color, rendering it often of a blackish brown or brownish red color.
Obs. — Occurs in many of the rock strata, in gneiss, mica slate, clay slate, and as clay iron- stone in connection with the Coal formation and many other stratified deposits. It is often associated with metallic ores. At Freiberg it occurs in silver mines. In Cornwall it accompanies tin. It is also found accompanying copper and iron pyrites, galena, chalcocite, tetrahedrite. Occasionally it is to be met with in trap rocks as spherosiderite.
In the region in and about Styria and Carinthia this ore forms extensive tracts in gneiss, which extend along the chain of the Alps, on one side into Austria, and on the other into Salz- burg. At Harzgerode in the Harz, it occurs in fine crystals in gray-wacke; also in Cornwall of varied habit at many localities; at Alston-Moor, and Tavistock, Devonshire. Fine cleavage masses occur with cryolite in Greenland.
The Spherosiderite occurs in dolerite at Steinheim near Hanau and Dransfeld near Gottingen and Dransberg, and many other places. Clay iron-stone, which is a siliceous or argillaceous carbonate of iron, occurs in coal beds near Glasgow; also at Mouillar, Magescote, etc., in France, etc.
In the United States, in Vermont, at Plymouth. In Mass., at Sterling. In Conn., at Rox- bury, an extensive vein in quartz, traversing gneiss; at Monroe, Lane's mine, in small quantities. In N. York, a series of important basins occur in Columbia Co., near Burden, they belong to the Hudson River Epoch of the Lower Silurian; at the Rossie iron mines, St. Lawrence Co. In N. Carolina, at Fentress and Harlem mines. The argillaceous carbonate, in nodules and beds (clay iron-stone), is abundant in the coal regions of Penn., Ohio, and many parts of the country. In a clay-bed under the Tertiary along the west side of Chesapeake Bay for 50 m. A magnesian variety (like sideroplesite) occurs at Londonderry, Colchester Co., Nova Scotia.
Named Spherosiderite by Hausmann in 1813, from the concretionary variety, and retained by him for the whole. Haidinger reduced the name to Siderite, the prefix sphero being appli- cable only to an unimportant variety. Beudant's name Siderose has an unallowable termination. Chalybite, Glocker. should yield to Haidinger's earlier name siderite, as recognized by v. Kobell and Kenugott.
Alt. — Siderite becomes brown or brownish black on exposure, owing to the oxidation of the iron and its passing to limonite; and by a subsequent loss of water, it may pass to hematite or to magnetite, the last at times a result of deoxidation of the Fe2O3 by organic substances. It also changes by substitution, or through the action of alkaline silicates, to quartz.
Ref.— ' Phil. Trans , 159, 1812. '2 See Levy. Heuland, 3, 162, 1837; Breith., Lob'enstein. Pogg , 58, 279, 1843; Mir., Min., 586, 18o2. Kenng. describes crystals from Tavistock with a negative scalenohedron (— 4") but gives no measurements, Pogg., 97, 99, 1856. Gdt., Index, 1, 539, 1886. a Dx., Min., 2, 142, 1872. Klein, Jb. Min., 1, 256, 1884.
t-2)
e (0112,
-i)
X (0772, -
- I)4?
0 (2131, 1s)*
B)
/(0221,
- 2)8
t (2134,
r3)3?
y (3251, Ity-
rr'
73°
0'
w'
*74°
52'
yy'
70°
47f
ee'
43°
26'
35°
23'
yy
45°
26'
ff'
99°
54'
mvi
48°
30'
yy*
30°
15'
278 Carbonates.
THOMAITE Mayer, Jb. Min., 200, 1845. An iron carbonate, occurring in pyramidal crys- tallizations which are said to be orthorhombic; also massive. G. — 3'10. Luster pearly. From the Bleis-Bach, in the Siebengebirge. Named after Prof. Thoma of Wiesbaden.
Junckerite of Dufrenoy (1. c.) was described as having the same characters, but proved to be only common siderite; and the same fate may befall thom&ite. Named after M. Juncker, director of mines at Poullaouen.
274. RHODOCHROSITE. Magnesium acido ae"reo mineralisatum Bergm., Sciagr., 1782 (without descr. or loc.). Rother Braunsteinerz Red Manganese Ore], Rothspath, Magnesium ochraceum rubrum, Oxide de manganese couleur de rose, pt., of later part of 18i!A cent, (it being confounded with the silicate analyzed by Ruprecht in 1782, and Bergmanu's announcement being doubted). Luftsaures Braunsteinerz (or Carbonate, after Bergm.) pt. Lenz, Min., 2. 1794 (with mention of druses of small crystals in "Rhomben," others in " Pyramiden," but with cit. of Ruprecht's anal.). Manganese oxyde carbonate (after Bergm.) H., Tabl. comp., Ill, 1809. Dichter Rothstein pt. Hausm., Handb., 302, 1813. Rhodochrosit, ?Kohlensaures Magnesium oxydul (fr. Lampadius's anal, of a Kapnik sp'n, in his Pr. Ch. Abb.., 3, 239, 1800), Hausm., ib., 1081, 1813. Carbonate of Manganese. Manganspath Wern. Dialogite Jasche, Germar, . J., 26, 119 Blattrige Rothmanganerz Jasche, Kl. Min. Schrift., 4, 1817. Diallogite (wrong orthogr.). Rosenspath, Himbeerspath, Breith., Handb., 228, 229, 1841 (Char., 67, 68, 1832). Manganosiderit Bayer, Vh. Ver. Brilnn, 12, May 10, 1873. Manganocalcit Breith., Pogg., 69, 429, 1846. Rodocrosite Ital.
Ehombohedral. Axis 6 0-81840; 0001 A 1011 43° 22' 50" Sansoni1.
Forms2: a (1120, i-\
c (0001, O) r (1011, R)
cr 43° 23' ce 25° 17|' cf 62° 7'
Distinct crystals not common; usually the rhombohedron r ; also e, with rounded striated faces. Cleavable, massive to granular massive and compact. Also globular and botryoidal, with columnar structure, sometimes indistinct; incrusting.
Cleavage: r perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3*5-4'5. Gr. 3'45- 3 '60 and higher. Luster vitreous inclining to pearly. Color shades of rose-red; yellowish gray, fawn-colored, dark red, brown. Streak white. Translucent to subtranslucent. Optically — . Double refraction strong.
Comp. — Manganese protocarbonate, MnC03 Carbon dioxide 38-3, manganese protoxide 61'7 100. Iron carbonate is usually present, and sometimes the car- bonates of calcium, magnesium, zinc and rarely cobalt.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Pure MnCO3 or nearly so, in crystals, but more commonly cleavable massive to indistinctly crystalline. Cf. remarks below, Ref. '.
2. Ferriferous. Containing several per cent up to nearly 40 p. c. of FeCO3. A cleavable variety from Branchville, Ct., gave Pentield 16'8 p. c. FeCO3, rr' 73° 11', G. 3/76, Am. J. Sc., 18, 50, 1879. Manganosiderile is a Hungarian variety, resembling sphserosiderite, with 38-8 FeCO,.
3 Calciferous. Manganocalcite. Contains calcium carbonate. The original from Schem- nitz was flesh-red columnar. G. 3'037Br.; an early analysis gave: MnCO3 67-48, FeCO3 3-22, CaCO3 18-81, MgCO3 9-97 99-48, Rg., Pogg., 68, 511, 1846; a later examination, however, showed it to be a mixture of a carbonate and silicate, Rg., Min. Ch. Erg., 157, 1886; and this is confirmed by Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 72. 1884. It was supposed to be isomorphous with aragonite, but Krenner proves it to be rhoinbohedral, cf. Nat. Ber. aus Ungarn, 1, 201, 2, 355, 1884, and Zs. Kr., 8, 242, 1883. 9, 288, 1884. A variety from Wester Silfberg belongs here, G. 3-09; analysis: CO2 40'59, MnO 24-60, FeO 6'95, CaO 26'71, insol. 1-15 100, Weibull, Min. Mitth., 7, 110, 1885. See also p. 269.
A cleavable kind from Franklin Furnace, N. J., gave Roepper MnCO3 43 '54, FeCO3 0'76, CaCO3 50-40, MgCO3 5-69 100'39. G. 3'052. Am. J. Sc., 50, 37, 1870; it was called roepperiteby Kenngott, Jb. Min., 188, 1872.
4. Zinciferous. Contains zinc carbonate. A specimen from the Trotter mine, Mine Hill, Franklin Furnace, N. J., gave P. E. Browning: MnCO3 73'78, ZnCO3 2'28, CaCO, 20'37, MgCO3 3-74, FeCO3 0'35, Fe3O3 0'16 100'68. G. 3'47, Am. J. Sc., 40, 375, 1890.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. changes to gray, brown, and black, and decrepitates strongly, but is infusible. With salt of phosphorus and borax in O.F. gives an amethystine-colored bead, in R.F. becomes colorless. With soda on platinum foil a bluish green manganate. Dissolves with effervescence in warm Ii3rdrochloric acid. On exposure to the air changes to brown, and some bright rose-red varieties become paler.
Calcite Group— Smithsonite. 279
Obs. — Occurs commonly iu veins along with ores of silver, lead, and copper, and with other ores of manganese.
Found at Schemuitz and Kapnik in Hungary; Nagyag in Transylvania; near Elbingerode in the Harz; at Freiberg in Saxouy; at Diez near Oberueiseu in Nassau; at Daaden, Rhein-
Kovinz; at Moet-Foutaine in the Ardennes, Belgium; at Glendree in the County of Clare, slaud, where it forms a layer 2 inches thick below a bog, and has a yellowish gray color; botryoidal at Hartshill in Warwickshire.
It has been observed in a pulverulent form, coating triplite, at Washington, Conn., on the laud of Joel Camp; at Brauchville with manganesian phosphates in a vein of albitic granite; in New Jersey, with frauklinite at Mine Hill, Franklin Furnace. In Colorado, at the John Reed mine, Alicante, Lake Co., in beautiful clear rhombohedrons (r) up to inch across; also at the Oulay mine, near Lake City, in flat rhombohedrons (e). In Montana, at. Butte City, in rhombohedrous. Abundant at the silver mines of Austin, Nevada. At Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, in slates, fawn-colored and brown.
Named rhodochrosite from poSor, a rose, and /?, color; and dialogite, from SiaXoyrj doubt. The latter name is attributed to Jasche by Germar (1. c.).
Alt. — Quartz pseudomorphs occur near Klein-Voigtsberg.
Ref. — ' Horhausen, nearly pure MnCOa, with 1'14 FeO; another variety gave 72° 44', Zs. Kr., 5, 250,1880. The Lake Co., Colorado, variety in transparent rose-red rhombohedrons with fault- less surface gave rr' 73° 4' 30", E. S. D.; Mackintosh found in it 3'62 p. c. FeO, G. 3'69. cf. Kunz, Am. J. Sc., 34, 477, 1887. 2 See Mir., Min., 588, 1852. 3 Peters, Kapnik, Jb. Min., 458, 1861, no angles. 4 Sandb., Oberneisen, Fogg., 88, 491, 1853. 5 Weiss, Daaden, Zs. G. Qes., 31, 801, 1879, also Sansoni, 1. c.
275. SMITHSONITE. Calamine pt. Galmei pt. Zincum acido agro mineralisatum Bea-gm., Sciagr., 144, 1782, Opusc., 2, 209, 1780 (from his own anal.). Zinkspath, Kohlen- galmei, Germ. Carbonate of Zinc. Smithsonite Beud., Tr. , 2, 354, 1832. Zinkspath, Kapuit (or Capnit), Breith., Handb., 241, 236, 1841. Dry-bone Miners. Smitsonite Ital.
Rhombohedral. Axis 6 0-80633; 0001 A loll 42° 57' 20" Wollaston1.
Forms3: a (1120, t-2) M (4041, 4) /(0221, - 2) s (0551, - 5)
c(0001, 0) r(1011, H) e (0112, - i) x (0772, - J) v (2131, I3)
cM - 74° 58' cs 77° 52| ff' 99° 27' ae 68° 34'
ce 24° 58' rr' *72° 20' xx' 111° 46' vv' 74° 41'
c/ 61° 46' MM' 113° 31V 115° 42£' m" 35° 19'
ex 12° 56f ee 42' 53' ar — 53° 50' wvl 49° If
Rarely well crystallized; faces r generally curved and rough. Also reniform, botryoidal, or stalactitic, and in crystalline incrustations; also granular, and some- times impalpable, occasionally earthy and friable.
Cleavable: r perfect. Fracture uneven to imperfectly conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5. G. — 4-30-4-45; 4-45 Levy; 4 '42 Haid. Luster vitreous, inclining to pearly. Streak white. Color white, often grayish, greenish, brownish white, sometimes green, blue and brown. Subtransparent to translucent. Optically — .
Comp. — Zinc carbonate, ZnCOa Carbon dioxide 35-2, zinc protoxide 64*8 100. Iron and manganese carbonates are often present, also calcium and magnesium carbonates in traces; rarely cadmium.
Indium has also been detected (Tennessee), by Tanner, Ch. News., 30, 141 1874. For analyses see 5th Ed., pp. 692, 693.
A bright yellow variety from Marion Co., Arkansas, gave H. N. Stokes (priv. contr.):
CO, 34-68 ZnO 6412 CdO 0'63 FeO 0 14 CaO 0'38 Cu tr CdS 0'25 SiO2 0'06 100 26.
Var.— 1. Ordinary, (a) Crystallized; (b) botryoidal and stalactitic,, common, closely resem- bling similar forms of the silicate, calamiue; (c) granular to compact massive; (d) earthy, impure, in nodular and cavernous masses, varying from grayish white to dark gray, brown, brownish red, brownish black, and often with drusy surfaces in the cavities; " dry-bone" of American miners, which also includes some calamine.
2. Ferriferous. Monheimite, Zinkeisenspath, Eisenzinkspath, Germ. Contains over 20 p. c. of iron carbonate; Capnite Breith., having rr' — 72° 53', G. 4'17 Breith.
3. Manga niferous. Contains over 5 p. c. of manganese carbonate; G. 3-95-4-2.
4 Cupriferous. Herrerite of Del Rio. Apple-green, with rhombohedral cleavage; it was shown by Genth to belong here, Proc. Ac. Philad., 7, 232.
Pyr, etc.— In the closed tube loses carbon dioxide, and. if pure, is yellow while hot and white on cooling. B.B. infusible, moistened with cobalt solution and heated in O.F. gives a
280 Carbonates.
green color on cooling. With soda on charcoal gives zinc vapors, and coats the coal with the oxide, which is yellow while hot and white on cooling; this coating, moistened with cobalt solution, gives a green color after heating in O.F. Cadmiferous varieties, when treated with soda, give at first a deep yellow or brown coating before the zinc coating appears. With the fluxes some varieties react for iron, copper, and manganese. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with effervescence.
Obs. — Found both in veins and beds, especially in company with galena and sphalerite, also with copper and iron ores. It usually occurs in calcareous rocks, and is generally asso ciated with calamine, and sometimes with limonite. It is often produced by the action upon zinc sulphide of carbonated waters.
Found at Nerchinsk in Siberia, one variety of a dark brown color, containing cadmium, another of a beautiful bright green; at Doguaczka in Hungary; Bleiberg and Haibel in Cariuthia; Wiesloch in Baden, in Triassic limestone; Moresnet in Belgium; Alteuberg, near Aix la Chapelle (Aachen), in concentric botryoidal groups. In the province of Santander, Spain, between the Bay of Biscay and the continuation of the Pyrenees range, at Puente Viesgo, the mountains being only four leagues from the coast; the smithsouite here occurs in Mountain limestone; in other places it is found in dolomite, probably Muschelkalk; it is in vertical lodes, found frequently in scaieuohedrous as a pseudomorph after calcite. At Cigueuza, 5 miles E. of Santander, the lode varies in width from 1 to 2 meters to 1 inch; the mineral is drusy, caverB- ous; sphalerite is abundant, and changes into pure white smithsouite; the latter also occurs like chalcedony, in reuiforrn and botryoidal masses; it sometimes contains galena and cerussite. In England, at Roughteu Gill, Alston Moor, near Matlock, in the Mendin Hills, and elsewhere; in Scotland, at Leadhills; in Ireland, at Donegal. At Laurion, Greece, in great variety.
In the U. States, in Conn., at Brooklield in very small quantities. In N. Jersey, at Mine Hill, near the Franklin Furnace, only pulverulent from decomposition of zincite. In Penn., at Lancaster abundant, and often in fine druses of crystals, also sometimes pseudomorphous after dolomite; at the Perkiomen lead mine; at the Ueberroth mine, near Bethlehem, in scaleno- hedrous, also an earthy variety abundant as an ore. In Wisconsin, at Mineral Point, Shulls- burg, etc., constituting pseudomorphs after sphalerite and calcite. In Minnesota, at Ewing'B diggings, N.W. Dubuque, etc. In south-western Missouri associated with sphalerite and calamine in St. Francois, Jefferson, Newton, Jasper counties; also with the lead ores in the central part of the state. In Arkansas, at Calamine, Lawrence Co.; in Marion Co., sometimes colored bright orange-yellow by greenockite (CdS) and then locally known as "turkey-fat ore."
Named after James Smithson (1754-1829), who founded the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. The name calamine is frequently used in England, cf. calamine, p. 549.
Alt. — Smithsonite changes through the action of alkaline silicates to the silicate cahimine, or becomes incrusted with silica and forms quartz pseudomorphs. It is also sometimes replaced by limonite or gothite. The concretionary variety from Spain has a nucleus of calamine.
Ref.— ' Cf. Breith., 72° 21f , Handb., 1, 241, 1841; Levy also gives 72° 20', Ann. Mines, 4, 507, 1843. 2 See Levy and Breith.; also Dx., Min., 2, 150, 1874.
ORTHORHOMBIC ZINC CARBONATE(?) Griffiths & Dreyfus, Ch. News, 54, 67, Aug. 6, 1886. From southwestern Siberia, associated with galena and barite in limestone. Described as oc- curring in right rhombic prisms, often showing twinning. H. 5-6. G. 4'629. Analysis of crystals:
CO2 35-21 ZnO 50'08 FeO 2'77 CdO 0'92 MnO 0'12 SiOa 5'62 H2O 5-33 100
It is called by the author isodimorphous with calcite and aragonite, but needs confirmation. (Pseudomorphous ?)
276. SFH2EROCOBALTITE. Weisbach, Jb. Berg.-Hutt., 1877. Kobaltspath Germ. Ehombohedral. In small spherical masses, with crystalline surface and con- centric and radiated structure.
H. 4. G. 4-02-4-13. Luster vitreous. Color rose-red, altering super- ficially to velvet-black. Streak peachblossom-red.
Comp. — Cobalt protocarbonate, CoC03 Carbon dioxide 37'1, cobalt protox- ide 62-9 100.
Anal. — Winkler, 1. c.
CO, 34-65 CoO 58-86 CaO 1-80 Fe.O3 3'41 HaO 1-22 99'94
Pyr., etc.— B.B. in closed tube becomes black. Attacked slowly by cold acid; rapidly with effervescence when warmed. Reacts for cobalt with the fluxes.
Obs. — Occurs sparingly with roselite at Schueeberg, Saxony.
Artif.— An artificial rhombohedral cobalt carbonate is mentioned by Senarmont, Ann. Ch. Phys., 30, 137, 1850.
Aba G Onite Oro Up— Aba G Onite.
2. Aragoiiite Group. EC03. Orthorhombic.
277. ARAGONITE. Spath calcaire crist. en prismes hexagones dont les deux bouts sont stries du centre a la circouference, id. dont les deux bouts sont lisses (fr. Spain), Damla, Cat. Cab., 2, 50, 52, 1767. Arragonischer Apatit Wei-n., Bergm. J., 1, 95, 1788; Klapr., ib,, 1, 299, Crell's Ann., 1, 387, 1788 (making it carbonate of lime). Arragouisdier_Kalkspath Wern., Bergm. J., 2, 74, 1790 (after Klapr. anal.). Arragon Spar (var. of Calc Spar) Kirwan, Miu., 1, 87, 1794. Arragoiiit Wern., Estne.r's Min., 2, 1039, 1796. Exceutrischer Kalkstein Karsten, Tabell., 34, 74, 1800. Arragonite (first made distinct from Calc Spar through cryst.) Hauy, Tr., 2, 1801, and Broch. Min., 1, 576, 1800. Iglit (fr. Iglo, Transylvania) Esmark, Bergm. J., 3, 99, 1798; Igloit. Nadelstein Lenz. Erbsenstein pt., Faserkalk pt., Schallenkalkpt., Sprudelstein, Germ. Chimborazite E. D. Clarke, Ann. Phil., 2, 57, 147, 1821. Tarnovizit Breith., Handb., 252, 1841; Taruovicit Raid., Handb., 1845. Mossottite Luca, N. Cimento, 7, 453, 1858. Oserskit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 17, 54, 1858.
Stalactites Flos Ferri, Marmoreus ramulosus, Linn., Syst., 183, 1768. Stalagmites coralloidea Wall., 2, 388, 1778. Coralloidal Aragonite. Chaux carbonate coralloides H., Tr., 2, 1801. Eisenbliithe pt. Wern.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-622444 : 1 : 0-720560 Koksharov1.
100 A HO 31° 54', 001 A 101 49° 10' 42", 001 A Oil 35° 46' 30".
A (12-17-5, -1 € (126, f 2) H (125, |-2) T (124, -J-2) r (123, f-2) n (122, 1-2) t (243,f-2) (121, 2-2) 2 (362, 3-2) E (132, |-3) r (158, |-5) A (151, 5-5)
Forms2 :
k (Oil, 1-0
e (0-13-1, 13-0
a (991, 9)
a (100, i-l)
K (043, |-i)
# (0-14-1, 144)
6 (10-10-1, 10)
b (010, i-i)
I (032, |-0
H (0-16-1, 164)
8 (14-14-1, 14)
c (001, 0)
(021, 2-0
p (O-20'l, 20-0
W (20-20-1, 20)8
To (110, 1)
v (031, 3-0
rj (0-24-1, 244)
n (24-24-1, 24)
d (102, f 0 ff (304, i-0 u (101, 1-0 / (201, 2-0
e (051, 54) q (061, 6-0 ft (0-13-2, V-0 X (071, 7-0 v (081, 8-0
o (112, i)
P (HI, 1) C (441, 4) i (661, 6) (13-13-2, J)
V (215, f-2)
10 (25-27-24, f-f£) z (25-27-2, -ff)
a (013, f i)
A. (091, 9-0
(771, 7)
$ (561, 6-f)4
(012, f. 0
j (0-12-1, 12-0
Y (881, 8)
v (9-12-2, 6-f)
Fig. 1, Kamsdorf, Schmidt-Schrauf. 2, 3, Hilttenberg, Zeph. 4, Molina, Schrauf. 5, Her- rengrund, Id. 6, Horschenz, Id. 7, Oberstein, Lasp.
Carbonates.
mm'" — *63° 48'
dd'
99' uu
ff1 aa
Okc' Ii'
kk'
60° 7V 81° 56' 98° 21'
133° 17'
27° r
39° 38' 94° 27' 71°- 33'
bk ii' m' ee' 99'
*54° 18V
110° 29'
130° 21'
148° 58V
153° 57'
Yy' 160° 19'
33' 166° 48'
pit' 170° 5'
pp' 172° 4'
co 34° 17'
ep 53° 45'
c£ 79° 37'
ey 84° 46'
c9 85° 48'
cS 87° 0'
en 42° 45'
cs .61° 35'
00'
nn'
ss'
00'"
PP" nn'
57° 8J'
86° 24V
50° 19'
66° 51'
34° 38'
50° 27'
63° 54'
86° 35'
Twins6
tw. pi. m, commonly contact-twins, also penetration-twins, and as thin twinning lamellae producing fine striations; twinning commonly repeated, thus producing pseudohexagonal forms, often of complex structure as revealed by etching or optical examination (cf. f.' 8-12); a six-fold feather-like striation on c (resembling the markings on f. 6, p. 284) common with twins from Sicily. Crystals often acicular, and characterized by the presence of acute domes or pyra- mids. Also globular, reniform, and coralloidal shapes; sometimes columnar, composed of straight or divergent fibers; also stalactitic ; incrusting.
Cleavage : b distinct; also m; k (Oil) imperfect. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 3*5-4. G. 2'93-2'95; 2'99 tarnowitzite. Luster vitreous, inclining to resinous on surfaces of fracture. Color white; also and violet; streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Bx c. Dispersion p small. Refractive indices
gray, yellow, green
Optically — . Ax. pi. a.
(Rudberg6) and axial angles (Kirchhoff7) for the Frauuhofer lines:
Line B
' C
D
' E ' P ' G ' H
a
1 '70318
2E
30° 38' 30° 42 30° 54' 31° 9 31° 23' 31° 49' 32° 14'
18° 5'
18° 7' 18° 11' 18° 17' 18° 22' 18° 32' 18° 42'
Comp. — Calcium carbonate, CaC03 Carbon dioxide 44-0, lime 56*0 — 100. Some varieties contain a little strontium, others lead, and rarely zinc.
Var. — 1. Ordinary, (a) Crystallized in simple or compound crystals, the latter much the most common; often in radiating groups of acicular crystals G. 2'927 Biot; 2-931 Haid.; 2-932 Kamsdorf, Schmid : 2-945-2-947 small crystals, Beud. (b) Columnar; also fine fibrous with, silky luster, (c) Massive.
2. Scaly massive. Snow-white (ScJiaumkalk); G. 2'984; from Wiederstadt, a pseudornorph after gypsum.
3. Stalactitic or stalagmitic. Either compact or fibrous in structure, as withcalcite; Sprudel- stein is stalactitic from Carlsbad.
4. Coralloidal. In groupings of delicate interlacing and coalescing stems, of a snow-white color, and looking a little like coral; often called Flosferri (Eiseubluthe Germ.).
5. Tarnowitzite. A kind containing lead carbonate, from Tarnowitz in Silesia; with G. =2'99. Bottger found 3'89 p. c. PbCO3, Pogg., 47, 497, 1839, and Herde 8'56, Zs. Kr. 9, 199, 1884. Traube found in ;m aragonite from Tarnowitz 0'80, 0-46 p. c. PbCO3 and 1'38, 1'06 ZuCO3; the true taruowitzite, however, gave him 6'64 PbCO3 and only a trace of zinc, Zs. Kr., 15, 410,
Aragonite Group— Bkomlite. 283
A variety from Wythe Co., Va., gave Dunnington, 7'29 PbCO3, Proc. Am. Ch. Soc., 2, 14, 1878. Collie fouud in a " plumbo-aragouite" from Leadhills, G'8-1'3 p. c. PbCO3, G. 2'9, J. Ch. Soc., 55, 95, 1889.
Mossottite is a light green, columnar, radiated variety, from the Lias of Gerfalco, in Tuscany, containing nearly 7 p. c. of strontium carbonate and a trace of copper; G. 2 '884. Oserskite is columnar aragonite from Nerchinsk, Siberia; G. 2'854-2-855.
Fyr., etc. — B.B. whitens and falls to pieces, and sometimes, when containing stroutia, im- parts a more intensely red color to the flame than lime; otherwise reacts like calcite.
Obs. — The most common repositories of aragonite are beds of gypsum, beds of iron ore (where it occurs in coralloidal forms, and is denominated flosferri, "flower of iron"), basalt, and trap rock; occasionally it occurs in lavas. It is often associated with copper and iron pyrites, galena, and malachite. It is forming at an old mine in Monte Vasa, Italy, at a temperature below the boiling point of water; also at a temperature of 30° C. in the Eureka mine, Nevada, the formation going on rapidly, a rate of T6ff inch in three weeks being noted (J. S. Curtis, U. S. G. Surv.. Moii., 1, 57, 1884). It constitutes the pearly layer of shells. Minute pointed crystals occur in drusy cavities in the sinter of the thermal springs of Baden.
First discovered in Aragon, Spain, at Molina and Valencia, uear Migranilla, in six-sided prisms, with gypsum, embedded in a ferruginous clay. Since found at Bilin in Bohemia, in a vein traversing basalt in fine prisms; at Sasbach, Kaiserstuhl, Baden; at Baumgarten and Taruo- witz in Silesia; at Leogang in Salzburg, Austria; in Waltsch, Bohemia; Herreugrund, Hungary; Doguaczka; with sulphur in Sicily in fine prisms. Thejhs-ferri variety is found in great perfection in the Styrian mines, coating cavities and even caves of considerable extent, and associated with siderite. At Dufton, a silky, fibrous variety, called satin spar, occurs traversing shale in thin veins, generally associated with pyrite. In Buckinghamshire, Devonshire, etc., it occurs in stalactitic forms in caverns, and of snowy whiteness at Leadhills in Lanarkshire. At Alston Moor, fine tapering crystals. A banded and fibrous form ("alabaster") of a delicate blue at Caterno, Chili.
Aragonite in fibrous crusts and other forms occurs in serpentine at Hoboken, N. J. (it has been called magnesite). Coralloidal aragouite occurs sparingly at Lockport, N. Y., coating gypsum in geodes; at Edenville, N. Y., lining cavities of arsenopyrite and pharmacosiderite; at the Parish ore bed, Rossie, N. Y.; at Haddam, Conn., in thin seams between layers of gneiss; at New Garden, in Chester Co., Penn. ; at Wood's Mine, Lancaster Co., Penn.; at Warsaw, 111., lining geodes; Mine-la-Motte, Mo., in crystals; on the north boundary of the Creek nation, 16 m. from the crossing of the Arkansas, in hexagonal crystals nearly £ in. through. Flos-ferri in the Organ Mts., New Mexico.
Alt. — Aragonite may undergo similar changes with calcite. Pseudomorphs of copper after aragonite occur at Corocoro, Bolivia (see p. 22).
A change by paramorphism to calcite is not uncommon; the reverse change, yielding pseudomorphs of aragonite after calcite, is rare (cf. Bauer, Jb. Min., 1, 12, 1890). The change into calcite can be caused by elevation of temperature, as shown by the loss in specific gravity (Rose), and in the change to uniaxial character (Klein); cf. also Mgg. Jb., 1, 62, 1886.
Ref. — ! Bilin, Miu. Russl., 6, 261, 1875. The prismatic angle TOOT'" increases with rise of temperature, 2' 46" for 100° and kk diminishes 5' 29", Mitsch., Fogg., 10. 144, 1827. Becken- kamp makes the crystals hemimorphic both in the direction of the b and c axes, and hence ap- parent simple crystals would become twins with 6 or c as twinning planes, Zs. Kr., 14, 375,
2 See Mir., Min., 567, 1852; Schrauf, Atlas xxi-xxni, 1872, also Ber. Ak. Wien, 62 (2), 734, 1870, 65 (1), 250, 1872; Dx., Min., 2, 86, 1874; Zeph., Ber. Ak. Wien, 71 (1), 253, 1875, new planes, list, authorities, etc., he adds several vicinal prismatic planes; Gdt., Index, 1, 239, 1886. On the tapering forms with high indices, see Websky, tarnowitzite, Zs. G Ges., 9, 737, 1857; Schmid, Pogg., 126, 147, 1865; Zeph., Lauger, Zs. Kr., 9, 196, 1885. 3 Langer, I.e. 4 Traube, Turnowitz, 1. c.
5 Cf. Schrauf, 1. c., also Sen., Ann. Ch. Phys., 41, 60, 1854; Leydolt, Ber. Ak. Wien, 19, 10, 1856. 6 Rudberg, Pogg., 17, 7, 1829; cf. also Wilde, ib., 80, 225, 1850; Heusser, ib., 89, 532, 1853; Muttrich. ib., 121, 398, 1864; Lang, Ber. Ak. Wien, 83 (2), 671, 1881. 7 Kirchhoff, ib., 108, 567, 1859; also Dx., N. R., 34, 1867, Min., 2, 90, 1874. On pyro-electricity cf. Hankel, Abh. Sachs. Ges., 10, 1874; Beckenkamp, Zs. Kr., 14, 375, 18&8. On etching, Becken- kauip, I.e.
278. BROMLITE. Barytocalcite /. F. W. Johnston, Phil. Mag., 6, 1, 1835, 10, 373, 1837. Bicalcareo-carboiate of Barytes (from a wrong anal.) Thomson. Rec. Gen. Sc., 1, 373, 1835. Bromlite Thomson, Phil. Mag., 11, 45, 48, 1837. Alstonite Breith., Handb., 2, 255, 1841.
Ortho-rhombic ; form near witherite. The crystals are dihexahedral pyramids formed by complex twinning1; the faces are horizontally striated, and also divided vertically by a medial twinning line (f. 1, 2). Pyramidal angles 57° 30' adjacent, 38° basal, Dx.
Cleavage: m imperfect. Fracture uneven. H. 4— 4'5. G. 3-718, Th.; 3'70G, J. Luster vitreous. Colorless, snow-white, grayish, pale cream-color, pink.
Carbonates.
Translucent. Optically—. Ax. pi. a. Bx e. Dispersion nearly zero. Axial angles1 :
2Er 9° 50' at 17° C.,
11° 10' at 141-5° C., Dx,
Comp. — An isomorphous com- pound of the carbonates of barium and calcium, (Ba,Ca)C03; ratio of Ba : Ca — 1 : 1 (anal. 1, 2), also 3 : 4 (anal. 3), 1 : 2 (anal. 4). BaC03.CaC03 Barium carbonate 66'3, calcium carbonate 37"7, or Carbon dioxide 29-6, baryta 51*5, lime 18-9 — 100. Strontium carbonate is given in some, analy- ses.
Anal.— 1-4, Becker, Zs. Kr., 12, 222, Des Cloizeaux. 1886. Cf. also 5th Ed,, p. 698.
1. Alston Moor
CO2 BaO CaO
29-65 50-97 19'83 insol.0'25 100'70
29-52 51-45 19'89 MnO 0'20 101 06
31-71 44-69 23-40 MnO 0'29 100'09
32-21 37-41 29-06 MnO 0'30 98'98
Pyr., etc.— Same as for barytocalcite, p. 289.
Obs. — Found at the lead mine of Fallowfield, near Hexham in Northumberland, with witherite, aud at Bromley Hill near Alston in Cumberland, in veins with galena, whence the name Bromlite, given by Thomson. Most English mineralogical authors have set aside Thom- son's name, although the earliest and of British origin, for Breithaupt's. There appears to be no sufficient reason for this.
Ref.— ' Min., 2, 79, 1874.
279. WITHERITE. Terra ponderosa aerata Withering, Trl. Bergm. Sciagr., 29, 1783, Phil. Trans.. 293, 1784. Witherit Wern., Bergm. J., 2, 225, 1790. Aerated Barytes Watt, Mem. Manchester Soc., 3, 599, 1790. Barolite Kirwan, Min., 1, 134, 1794. Kohleusaurer Baryt Germ. Baryte carbonatee Fr.
Orthorbombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-6032 : 1 : 0-7302 Des Cloizeaux. 100 A HO - 31° 6', 001 A 101 50° 26£', 001 A Oil 36° 8±'.
Forms :
b (010, i-l)
c (001, 0) m (110, /)
bm *58° 54' mm'" 62° 12' 99' 57*51'
g (130, i-3) z (014, £4)
zz' 20° 41f xx' 40° 7 kk' 72° 16V
Crystals always repeated twins, with tw. pi. ///, closely simulat- ing hexagonal pyramids, (f. 1-5); structure often bighly complex (f. 6). Faces usually rough and horizontally striated. Also in globular, tuberose, and bot- ryoidal forms; structure colum- nar or granular; amorphous.
Cleavage: b distinct; m, x im- perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3-3-75. G. 4-29-4-35; 4-277 Dmr. Luster vitreous, inclining to resinous on
x (012, j-) A; (Oil, 14)
n' - 111° U *34°
z(021, 24) I (031, 34)
n (041, 44)
12'
IV 130° 56' nri 142° 12'
Section c,
Aba 0 Onite Gro Up—Strontianite.
surfaces of fracture. Color white, often yellowish, or grayish. Streak white. Subtransparent to translucent. Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bx c.
2Er 26° 30' at 17° C., 26° 24' at 121° C., Dx.
Comp. — Barium carbonate, BaC03 Carbon dioxide 22'Viaryta 77'7 100.
Thomson's Sulphate-carbonate of Baryta is witherite in crusted by barite, as shown by Beddle.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses at 2 to a bead, coloring the flame yellowish green; after fusion reacts alkaline. B.B. on charcoal with soda fuses easily, and is absorbed by the coal. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid; this solution, even when very much diluted, gives with sulphuric acid a white precipitate which is insoluble in acids.
Obs. — Occurs at Alston Moor in Cumberland, associated with galena, in veins traversing the coal formation ; at Fallowfield near Hexham in Northumberland, in large quantities, also in splendid crystals, sometimes transparent, and occasionally 6 in. long; at Anglezarke in Lan- cashire, a fibrous variety; at Arkendale in Yorkshire; near St. Asaph in Flintshire; Tarnowitz in Silesia; Szlana, Hungary; Leogang in Salzburg; Peggau in Styria; Zmeov in the Altai; some places in Sicily; the mine of Arqueros, near Coquimbo, Chili; L. Etang Island. Near Lexington, Kentucky, with barite. In a silver-bearing vein near Rabbit Mt., Thunder Bay, L. Superior.
Alt.— Witherite is altered to barite through the action of calcium sulphate in solution at the ordinary temperature, or by the action of other sulphates in solution, or of water containing sulphuric acid.
Artif. — Formed from fusion of alkaline chlorides by Bourgeois, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 111, 1882.
280. STRONTIANITB. Strontianit Sulzer, Lichtenberg's Mag., 7, 3, 68, Bergm. J., 1, 5, 433, 1791. Strontian Wern. Stroutiauit. Kohlensaure Strontianerde, Klapr., CrelPs Ann., 2, 189, 1793; 1, 99, 1794; Beitr., 1, 268. Mineral from Strontian, Strontian Spar (not Strontites — Strontia), Hope, Edinb. Trans., 4, 3, 1798 (read Nov., 1793). Strontiane carbonatee Fr.
Emmonite, Calcareo-carbonate of Strontiau Thomson, Rec. Gen. Sc., 3, 415, 1836. Calciostrontianit Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 14, 366, 1888. Barystrontianite, Stromnite, 8. Traill, Ed. Phil. J., 1, 380, 1819.
Orthorhombic. Axes d : I : 6 0-60901 : 1 : 0-72388 Naumann1. 100 A 110 31° 20|', 001 A 101 49° 55$', 001 A Oil 35° 54'.
Forms* :
b (010, t-K) c (001, 0)
m (110, 1) t (102, H)
e (012, i-*) (5(023, |4) A (Oil, 14) I (032, |4) i (021, 24) v (031, 34)
s (041, 44) q (061, 64) ? (081, 84) X (0-12-1, 124) rj (0-24-1, 244)4
e (113, o (112, P (445,
P (HI, 6 (332, h (221,
0(331, 3) A (441. 4) d (661, 6)5 § (881, 8) GO (1212-1, 12)4 $ (40-40-1, 40)1
Fig. 1, Hamm, Westphalia, Lasp. 2, Brixlegg, Calciostrontianite, Cathrein.
3, Clausthal, Hbg.
it'
ee'
Ss'
kk'
If
if —
*62° 41' 61° 27'
39° 48' 51° 31'
*71° 48' 94° 43'
110° 44'
vt 141° 54 qq' — 154° 4' K' 160° 24' XX' 166° 52' 7777' 173° 25'
ce 24° 53' co 34" 50'
cp 54° 18'
cQ 64° 24'
ch 70° 14'
ccp 76° 32'
cX 79° 49'
c£ 84° 52'
coo - 86° 34'
cit> — 88° 58'
PP hh'
PP hh'"
58" 24' 87° 50' 106° 59'
34° 34' 49° 58'
58° 37'
286 Carbonates.
Twins: tw. pi. m very common, usually contact-, rarely penetration-twins, also repeated, trillings, fourliugs, and again polysynthetic giving inclosed tw. lamellse. Crystals often acicular or acute spear-shaped, like aragonite, from the presence of acute pyramids and brachydomes; forms hhl and 0"2h'l often present together (f. 2) giving a pseudohexagonal aspect. Also in columnar globular forms; fibrous and granular.
Cleavage: m nearly perfect; b in traces. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3 '5-4. G-. 3'680-3'714 Dmr. Luster vitreous; inclining to resinous on uneven faces of fracture. Color pale asparagus-green, apple-green; also white, gray, yellow, and yellowish brown. Streak white. Transparent to translucent. Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bx c. Dispersion p v small.
2Er 12° 17' 2Ebl 12° 24'.
Comp. — Strontium carbonate, SrC03 Carbon dioxide 29'9, strontia 7(rl 100. A little calcium is sometimes present.
Of. analyses, 5th Ed., p. 699, Macadam obtained for selected strontianite from Strontian: SrCOa 94-50, BaCO3 0-21, CaCO3 4 -82 99'53. The white massive form gave, with 56'60 SrCO, and 6-81 CaCO3, etc., also 21'25 SrSO4, lO'Ol BaSO4 and 3'64 CaSO4. Miu. Mag., 6, 178, 1885.
Heddle describes a variety from Sutherland with 8'53 CaO, G. 3-447, Min. Mag., 5, 175, 1883. Vrba (1. c.) gives (anal, by Kovaf) 6'37 CaCO3 and G. 3'69, for the strontiauite from Altahlen.
Thomson obtained in his emmonite "from Massachusetts": SrCO3 82-69, CaCO3 12'50, Fe?O3 1'OO, zeolite 3 79 99'98. G. 2 946. Named for Prof. Emmous. Cathrein gives for a similar mineral (calciostrontianite) from Brixlegg, Tyrol: SrCO3 86 '89, CaC03 13-14 100'03. It occurs in highly modified crystals, f. 2, Zs. Kr., 14, 366, 1888.
Traill's stromnite is pronounced a mixture by Greg and Lettsom. It is from near Strom- ness, on Pomona, one of the Orkneys.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. swells up, throws out minute sprouts, fuses only on the thin edges, and colors the flame strontia-red; the assay reacts alkaline after ignition. Moistened with hydrochloric acid and treated either B.B. or in the naked lamp gives an intense red color. With soda on charcoal the pure mineral fuses to a clear glass, and is entirely absorbed by the-coal; if lime or iron be present they are separated and remain on the surface of the coal. Soluble in hydrochloric acid; the dilute solution when treated with sulphuric acid gives a white precipitate.
Obs. — Occurs at Strontian in Argyllshire, in veins traversing gneiss, along with galena and barite, in acicular diverging and fibrous groups, rarely in perfect crystals; in Yorkshire, England; Giant's Causeway, Ireland; Clausthal in the Harz; Braunsdorf, near Freiberg, Saxony. Leogang in Salzburg; on the Grosskogel, near Brixlegg, Tyrol (calciostrontianite); massive and in fine crystals in the neighborhood of Hanim, WesFphalia; at the Wilhelmine mine near Altahlen, Miluster, Westphalia, in large crystals up to 20 mm. in height and 16 mm. in breadth.
In the U. States it occurs at Schoharie, N. Y., in granular and columnar masses, and also in crystals, forming nests or geodes, often large, in the hydraulic limestone, associated with barite, pyrite, and calcite. At Clinton, Oneida Co. At Muscalonge Lake a massive and fibrous variety, of a white or greenish white color, is sometimes the matrix of fluorite. Chaumout Bay and Theresa, in Jefferson Co., N. Y., Mifflin Co., Penn., are other localities. Sparingly on St. Helen's Is., near Montreal.
Alt.— Strontianite is altered to celestite in the same way as witherite to barite.
Artif.— Formed by fusion in alkaline chlorides in elongated prismatic crystals, optically negative, Bourgeois Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 111, 1882.
Ref. — ' Credited by Zippe and by Hausmann. Strontianite is hemimorphic according to Beckeukamp, cf. aragonite. Cf. Mir., Min., 569, 1852. 3 Hbg., Clausthal, Min. Not., 9, 41, 1870. 4Lasp., Hamm, Westphalia, Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 23, 308, 1876. 8 Cathrein, Brixlegg, calciostrontianite, 1. c. 6 Vrba, Altahleu, Zs. Kr., 15, 449, 1889.
281. OERUSSITE. WipvQiov Theophr., etc., Cerussa Plin., etc., Agric., but only the artificial. Cerussa nativa ex agro Vicentino Oesner, Foss., 85, 1565. Blyspath Bleispath Germ.), Minera Plumbi spathacea. Wall., Min., 295, 1747. Plomb spathique Fr. Trl. Wall. Min., 1, 536, 1753. Bly-Spat, Spatum Plumbi (the hard); Bly-Ochra. Cerussa nativa fthe pulverulent), Cronst., Min., 1758. Plumbum acido aereo mineralisatum Bergm., Opusc., 2, 426, 1780. Weissbleierz Wern.; Plombe blanche Fr.; White Lead Ore. Kohleusaures Blei Germ. Carbonate of Lead. Plomb carbonate Fr. Ceruse Beud., Tr., 2, 363,1832. Cerussit Haid., Handb., 503, 1845. Iglesiasite (Zinc-Bleispath Kersten) Huot, Min., 618, 1841. Cerusite.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : c 0-609968 : 1 : 0-723002 Koksharov1.
100 A 110 31° 22' 55", 001 101 49° 50' 49", 001 A Oil 35° 52' 1",
Araoonite Group— Cerussite.
Forms5 :
y (102, i-i)
_R(052, f-i)8
P (111, 1)
£-(354, H)1/
(100, i-l)
e (101, 14)
(031, 84)
r(221, 2)
77 (352, H)
b (010, i-l)
TT (302, f 4)
z (041, 44)
e (331, 3)
K (351, 5-1)-
c (001, 0)
£ (201, 24)
n (051, 54)
b (14-14-1, 14)4
a (122, 12)
f (530, m (110, /) p (350, i-f) (120, i-2)* r (130, £-3) T (180, z-8>
C (016, H)4
y (013, 14)
x (012, -H) g (023, |4) A; (Oil, 14) e (087, f-?)4
t (061, 64) u (071, 74) C (081, 84) n (091, 94)* B (0-10-1, 104)4 f) (0-14-1, 144)*
$ (313, 1-3) A (311, 3-3) w (211, 2-2)
yU (324, f-|)
U (323, 1-1)
s (121, 2-2) A (377, 14) $ (134, |-3) ft (133, 1-3) 1 (394, |-3) 0 (131, 3-3) oo (154, f-5)6
(105, H)4
f (076, f i)4
h (114, i)
JVdl-18-1, 13-H)'
fi"(161, 6-6)8
# (104, H)8
0 (113, i)
S (562, 3-|)
o- (173, f7)
(103, i-i)
(021, 24)
o (112, i)
p (342, 2-4)
ITisjs. 1, 2, Phenixville. 3, Rezbanya, Schrauf. 4, PelsOcz-Ardo, Schmidt. 5, 8, Berezov, Kk. 6, Central City, Col., Brown. 7, Schrauf. 9, 10, Transbaikal, Kk.
288 Carbonates.
ff'" 40° 12' if 110° 40' cr 70° llf 1 35° 30|'
mm'" — *62° 45' 50" w' 130° 30' ce 76° 30' 00' 52° 47'
rr' 57° 19' a' 141° 51' cw 68° 2' ,„ 2r lg,
' RI° 18' 154° 2' cs 61° 52' ,,/ ,QO KQ,/
J/Jf Ol iO I -I -wo on' ,/u OQ= OQ' PP 4" 0-£
134° 15' " C(p aa"' 63° 46'
E' 71° 44' 54°14' '=51'18f
Twins6 : tw. pi. w, very common, contact- and penetration-twins, often repeated yielding six-rayed stellate groups; also less common tw. pi. r (130). Simple crystals often tabular b, prismatic a; also pyramidal. Brachydome faces and b usually horizontally striated, also p often striated edge m/p or i/p. Crystals grouped in clusters, and aggregates. Barely fibrous, often granular massive and compact; earthy. Sometimes stalactitic.
Cleavage : m and i (021) distinct ; b and x (012) in traces. Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle. H. 3-3-5. CT. 6-46-6-574 Dmr. Luster adamantine, inclin- ing to vitreous, resinous, or pearly; sometimes submetallic, if the colors are dark, from a superficial change. Color white, gray, grayish black, sometimes tinged blue or green by some of the salts of copper; streak uncolored. Transparent to sub- translucent. Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bx c. Dispersion p v large. In- dices and axial angles, Schrauf9 :
a ft y 2V 2E
Line B 1-79148 2-05954 2-06131 .-. 8° 22' 17° 16|'
" D 1-80368 2-07628 2-07803 .-. 8° 14' 17° 8'
" E 1-81641 2-09194 2-09344 .-. 7° 35' 15° 55'
Also 2Er 18° 22' at 12° C., 20° 20' at 71'5° C., 22° 2' at 95'5° C., Dx".
Comp. — Lead carbonate, PbC03 Carbon dioxide 16-5, lead oxide 83-5 100.
Kersten obtained for the iglesiasite (. J., 65, 365, 1832): PbCO3 92'10, ZnCO8 7'02 99-12. G. 59.
Pyr., etc.=In the closed tube decrepitates, loses carbon dioxide, turns first yellow, and at a higher temperature dark red, but becomes again yellow on cooling. B.B. on charcoal fuses very easily, and in R.F. yields metallic lead. Soluble in dilute nitric acid with effervescence.
Obs. — Occurs in connection with other lead minerals, and is formed from galena, which, as it passes to a sulphate, may be changed to carbonate by means of solutions of calcium bicarbon- ate. It is found at Johauugeorgenstadt in beautiful crystals: at Berezov in Siberia; in the Altai ; at Nerchinsk and in fine crystals in the Transbaikal at the Kadaiusk, Taininsk, and other mines; Monte Poni, Sardinia; Pajsberg, Sweden; near Bonn on the Rhine; Friedrichssegen near Braubach, Nassau; Badenweiler, Baden; at Clausthal in the Harz, and at Andreasberg (Bleiglimmer); at Bleiberg in Cariulhia; at Mies and Pfibram in Bohemia; at Rezbanya and Telekes, Hungary; Lauriuu, Greece; in England, in Cornwall, in the mine of St. Miuvers; delicate crystals 10 in. long were formerly found near St. Austell and elsewhere; at E. Tamar mine, Devonshire; near Matlock and Wirksworth, Derbyshire; in Cardiganshire, Wales; at Leadhills and Wanlockhead, Scotland, formerly in fine crystals; in Wicklow, Ireland, magnifi- cent, sometimes in heart-shaped twins. In pseudomorphs after anglesite and leadhillite, at Leadhills.
Found in Mass.. sparingly at the Southampton lead mine. In Penn., at Phenixville, in fine crystals, often large; also at Perkiomen. In N. York, at the Rossie lead mine, rare. la Frederick Co., Maryland, with anglesite at a lead mine, miles S. W. of Union Bridge. In Virginia, good crystals at Austin's mines, Wythe Co. In N. Carolina, in King's mine, Davidson Co. At Valle's diggings, Mo., but seldom crystallized ; in good crystals at Franklin Furnace, Washington Co ; in Wisconsin and other lead mines of the northwestern States, rarely in crystals; at Hazelgreen, crystals coating galena; near the Blue Mounds. Wis., at Brigham's diggings, in stalactites. In Colorado, atLeadville, and elsewhere. In Utah, at the Flagstaff mine in very thin delicate tables. In Arizona, at the Flux mine, Pima Co.. in large crystalline masses up to 60 Ibs. in weight; in crystals at the Red Cloud mine, Yuma Co.
Bleierde occurs in opaque earthy nodules at Tarnowitz, Kail in the Eifel, and elsewhere Bleischw/irze. a black carbonaceous lead carbonate, occ" rs at Tarnowitz. Mies. Badenweiler, ctr
&Arytocalcite Gbo Up—Barttocalcite.
Alt. — Cerussite occurs altered to pyromorphite, galena, minium.
Pseudomorphs after galena, phosgeuite, auglesite, leaduillite, linarite, etc., have been noted.
Artif.— Of. Ribau, 0. R., 93, 1026, 1881.
Observed as a recent formation at Pompeii; also similarly at Laurium, Greece.
Ref.— ' Mm. Kussl., 6, 100, 1870. For lists of planes, authorities, etc , cf. Mir., Min., 565, 1852; Lang, Vh. Min. Ges., 9, 152, 1874; Dx., Min., 2, 153, 1874; SchntufAtlas, XLI-XLII, 1877; Schmidt, Zs. Kr.. 6, 546, 1881; Gdt., Index, 1, 401, 1886. Cf. also Zeph., Ber. Ak. Wien, 62 (1), 439, 1870, Lotos, 1874, 1878; Kk., 1. c.; Schrauf, Min. Mitth., 203, 1873; Slg., Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 33, 244, 1876, Jb. Min., 1, 137, 1880; Miers, La Croix, Zs. Kr., 6, 598, 1882; Artini, Sardinia, Mem. Ace. Line., 5, read Dec. 2, 1888. Dannenberg gives a pyramid (4'86'45), Zs. Kr., 18, 64, 1890.
a Schmidt, 1. c. 4 Milgge, Spain, Jb. Min., 2, 39, 1882. 5 Liweh, Badenweiler, Zs. Kr., 9, 512, 1884. 6 Cf. Kk. and Schrauf, Slg., 1. c. ' Negri, Auronza, Riv. Min. Ital., 4, 41, 1889. 8 Artini, Sardinia, 1. c. 9 Ber. Ak. Wien, 42, 120, 1860. N. R., 49, 1867.
3. Barytocalcite Group. Mouoclinic. 282. BARYTOCALCITE. Brooke, Ann. Phil., 8, 114, 1824.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 — 0-77171 : 1 : 0-62545; /3 73° 52' 001 A 100 Brooke1.
100 A 110 36° 33', 001 A 101 *32° 26', 001 A Oil 30° 59£'.
Forms1: c (001. 0) g (120. *-2) x (121, 2-2) p (161, 6-6)
a (100, i-l) m (110, /) o (101, 1-i) y (151, 5-5)
mm'" *73° 6' gg' 68° ao =41° 26'
a'x 70° 54' ex =61° 35'
cm *77° 6' xx' 95° 8f
yy' 139° 50' pp 146° 7'
Crystals prismatic by extension of x, y. Faces a vertically striated ; also x, y, p each other. Also massive.
Cleavage : m nerfect ; c less so. Fracture uneven to sub- conchoidal. Brittle. H. 4. G. 3-64-3-66. Luster vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color white, grayish, green- ish, or yellowish. Streak white. Transparent to translucent. Optically — . Ax. pi. and Bx0 b. Bxa A t + 64° 22'. Dispersion p v, small; horizontal nearly zero. Axial angles i'or two sections Dx. :
2E, 23° 15', 3EW 22° 47'; also 2Er 24° 53' at 17° and 25° 38' at 170-8° C.
Comp. — Carbonate of barium and calcium, BaC03. CaCO, Barium carbonate 66'3, calcium carbonate 33'7 100, or Carbon dioxide 29'6 baryta 51-5, lime 18-9 — 100. Cf. bromlite, p. 283.
Anal.— 1-3 Becker, Zs. Kr., 12, 222, 1886. Also 5th Ed., p. 702.
Co2
f 29-52 £ 29-44 f 29-39
BaO CaO MnO
50-09 19-77 0-35 99'73
50-36 19-22 0-25 insol. 0'30 99'57
51-59 18-61 0-35 insol. 0'28 100-22
Pyr., etc.— B.B. colors the flame yellowish green, and at a high temperature fuses on the thin edges and assumes a pale green color (barium manganate, Plattner); the assay reacts alkaline after ignition. With the fluxes reacts for manganese. With soda on charcoal the lime is separated as an infusible mass, while the remainder is absorbed by the coal. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— Occurs at Alston-Moor in Cumberland, in attached crystals and massive, tn the Sub- carboniferous or Mountain limestone with barite and fluorite. Crystals 2 in long have been obtained.
aJ,SO Hald" P°gg" 160> 1825- Ex., Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 425, 1845; also Mm., 2, 80, 1874. With Mir. (Min., 574, 1852), x 110, m 111 (.<0. o 001.
Carbonates.
283. BISMUTOSPHARITB. Arsenikwismuth Werner, Min. Syst., 56, 1817. Luftsaures Wismuth Beyer, 1805. Bismutospharit Weisbach, Jb. Berg.-Hiitt., 1877.
In spherical forms with concentric and fine fibrous, radiated structure; also pseudomorphous after stibnite.
H. 3-3-5. G. 7-30 Weisb.; 7'42 Wells. Color bright yellow to dark gray or blackish brown.
Comp — BiaC06 or Bi,(C03)3.2BiaOs Carbon dioxide 8-7, bismuth trioxide 91-3 100.
Anal.— 1, Winkler (quoted by Weisb.) 1. c. 2, Id., Jb. Min., 2, 254, 1882 (cf. Frenzel, ib., 801 1873). 3, H. L. Wells, Am. J. Sc., 34, 271, 1887. 4, 5, E. S. Sperry, ibid. 6, Wells, 1. c.
1. Schneeberg G. 7 -30
2. Guanajuato G. 7'64
3. Willimantic G. 7'42
6. Portland
CO, Bi2O3
8-97 88'58 quartz 0 28, loss 2'17 100
8-29 91-68 SiO2,Fe2O3 tr. 99'97
8-03 91-64 H2O 0'47, SO3 0-84, insol. 0'08, FeaOs tr. 100 56
8-01 92-07 H2O 0-90 100-98
7-92 92-05 H20 0'54 100-51
7-54 89-03 H2O 0'94, Fe2O3, CuO, insol. 2'79 100-30
Pyr. — Gives no water, or only a minute amount, in the closed tube, fusing easily. Bismuth coating on charcoal. Dissolves entirely with effervescence in nitric acid.
Obs. — At Schneeberg, Saxony (Werner's arsenikwismuth, Weisb.) with quartz on brown spar, which last carries native bismuth and smaltite. At Guanajuato, Mexico, pseudomorphous. Also sparingly at Willimantic and Portland, Conn., as a result of the alteration of bismuthinite in a feldspar vein in gneiss. It retains the structure of the original mineral, but in cavities minute crystals in scales are noted which are probably the same mineral.
4. Parisite Group. Hexagonal.
284. PARISITE!. Musite Medici-Spada, 1835. Parisit Medici-Spada, Bunsen, Lieb. Ann., .€3, 147, 1845.
Hexagonal. Axis 6 3-2891; 0001 A 1011 75° 15' Des Cloizeaux1.
Forms1 : c (0001, 0) m (1010, /)
q (1012, i)
r (2023, f) p (1011, 1)
o (2021, 2) d (1128, f2) e (1126, f 2)
/ (H24, i-2) ff (1123, |-2) h (1122, 1-2)
k (2243, f 2) s (1121, 2-2)
eg 62° 14'
cr 68° 27' co *82° 30' cd 39° 26'
ce 47° 38' cf 58° 42'
eg 65° 29' eh 73° 5' ck 77° 9' cs 81° 21' qq' 52° 31' rr' 55° 25*'
pp' 57° 50' oo' 59° 26' dd' 37° 2' ff' =50° 35'
M' 57C 9
kk'
ss' xx' xx* ex
58° 21'
59° 15'
21° 29'
37° 41'
80° 35'
Crystals usually acute double hexagonal pyramids terminated by e; m rare. Faces c slightly uneven; planes in zone cs horizontally striated, of zone cp horizontally channeled.
Cleavage: c very perfect. Fracture small conchoidal. Brittle. H. 4-5. G-. 4/358 Dmr.; 4-364 Vrba. Luster vitreous; on c pearly or resinous. Color brownish yellow; streak yellowish white. Translucent; transparent in thin sections. Optically -f- Double refraction strong. Indices: GO 1-569, e 1*670, Sen.2
Comp. — A fluocarbonate of the cerium metals, composition per- haps (CaF)(CeF)Ce(C03)3 Groth, with the cerium replaced in part by didymium and lanthanum.
Muso, Vrba
Anal.— Damour & Deville, C. R., 59, 270, 1864 (as given by Rg., Min. Ch,. 251, 1875). Also Bunsen, see 5th Ed., p. 703.
G. 4-358
Co,
Ce
La
Di
Ca
F
O
[10-93]
Parisite Group— Bastnasite. 291
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube yields no water, but gives off carbon dioxide and becomes lighter in color.- B.B. glows and is infusible. With fused salt of phosphorus in the open tube gives B.B. the reaction for fluorine. With borax and salt of phosphorus in the platinum loop gives a glass, yellow while hot and colorless on cooling. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid with effervescence.
Obs.— From the emerald mines of the Muso valley, U. S. Colombia, where it was discovered by J J Paris, the proprietor of the mine, after whom it was named, ancT Troni which place it was sent in 1835 to Medici-Spada, of Rome, by Col. Acosta. The earlier name Musite (some- times written Mussite, the name of the valley being written both Muso and Musso, as well as Muzo) is objectionable, because of tbe use of the name Mussite for a variety of pyroxene.
A mineral is probably to be referred here (Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 650, 1890), which occur* very sparingly in hexagonal tabular crystals, sometimes in rosettes, with weibyeite at the eudidymite locality on Ober-Ar5, Langesundfiord, Norway.
Ref.— ' Min., 2, 162, 1874. Vrba gives, ch 73° 26' 50" and c 3'3646, Ber. Rohm. Ges., 647, 1886, and Zs'. Kr.. 15, 210, 1888. Quoted by Dx.
KISCHTIMITE. Kischtim-Parisit T. Karavayev, Bull. Ac. St. Pet,, 4, 401, 1861, J. pr. Ch.,85, 442, 1862. Kk., Min. Russl., 4, 40, 1862. Kischtirnite G. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 35, 427, 1863. Kyshtymo-parisite.
Massive. H. 4'5. G. 4'784. Luster between greasy and vitreous. Color dark brownish yellow. Streak much lighter than color. In small pieces translucent.
A fluocarbonate of the cerium metals near parisite. Analysis: Karavayev:
CO, La Ce F O H2O
17-19 36-56 27-81 6'35 [989] 2'20 100
From the gold washings of the Barsovka river, in the district of Kyshtymsk, Ural.
285. BASTNASITE. Basiskfluorcerium Hisinger, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 189, 1838. Bast- nftsite Huot, Min., 1, 296, 1841. Hamartite A. E. Nordenskiold, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 25, 399,
Basisk fmssspatssyradt Cerium Berz., Afh., 6, 64, 1818. Basisches Fluorcerium. Basic fluocerine. Basicerine Beud. Fluocerine Hausm., 1847. Hydrofluocerite.
Massive, and in hexagonal prisms1, pseudomorphous after tysonite. H. 4-4-5. Gr. 4-93 Nd. ; 5-19 Allen. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color wax-yellow to reddish brown. Streak light yellowish gray.
Comp.— A fluocarbonate of the cerium metals (RF)C03 or (CejlXDiCgOCe, La,Di)F3.
Anal. — 1, Nd., 1. c.; he also recalculates Hisinger's results and shows that they correspond to his, allowing for the CO,, which was overlooked. 2, Allen and Comstock, Am. J. Sc., 19, 890, 1880.
COa Ce2O3 (La,Di)aO3 F
1. G. 4-93 19-50 28-49 45'77 [5'23] HaO I'Ol 100
C2a. G. 5-19 f 20'15 41 '04 34'76
CO, (Ce,La,Di)aO3 (Ce,La,Di)
(2b*. 20-15 . 50-13 21-82 [7'90] 100
'Calculated from 2a; joint atomic weight 140 '2
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible. Slightly attacked by hydrochloric acid. Dissolves in strong sulphuric acid with effervescence (CO2) and evolution of hydrofluoric acid.
Obs.— Found in small masses embedded between allanite crystals at the BastnSs mine, Riddarhyttan, Sweden. Also as an alteration product of tysonite (p. 166) in the granite of the Pike's Peak region in Colorado. The basic fluocerine was from Finbo, Sweden.
Hamartite is from d/uapretr, to go astray, but bastnasite, from the locality, has the priority.
Ref. — ! The harnartite of Nordenskiold is described as occurring in hexagonal prisms (cf. also Dx. , Min., 2, 163, 1874), but it seems very probable that, like the mineral from Colorado, they are only pseudomorphs after an original fluoride like tysonite.
WEIBYEITE W. (J. Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 650, 1890. In minute pyramidal orthorhombic crystals with (111), also subordinate m (110), a prism (10'9'0) or (540), and a dome (201) or (021). Angles ppiv 95° 59 , pp' " 56° 44' or near zircon. Optically biaxial, negative. Bx 100 or 010. 2E 110° approx. Colorless within but covered with a thin yellow ocher-like crust, and penetrated to some extent by the same substance.
Analysis, G. Forsberg:
CO, CeaO, LaaO,,DiaO, CaO SrO F
19-16 35-38 31'58 3-42 0-97 5-04 Xb 0-23 95'78
Di2O3 — 9 p. c. approx.; at. weight 139-140. b X O in excess.
Carbonates.
Deducting O F) 2'12 the sum is 93'66, leaving H2O (and loss) 6 '34.
The mineral analyzed was mixed with the ocher-like substance mentioned, also with parisite or an allied mineral, and the interpretation of the analysis is otherwise doubtful, but a composition analogous to that of bastnasite is suggested.
Found as a later formation on eudidymite, also with analcite and natrolite, on the island called Ovre-ArO, in the Langesundfiord, Norway. Named for the Norwegian mineralogist, P. C. Weibye.
5. Phosgenite Group. Chlorocarbonate. Tetragonal.
286. PHOSGBNITE. Hornblei Karst., Tab., 78, 1800. Salzsaures Bleierze Klapr., Beitr., 3, 141, 1802. Corneous Lead Jameson. Bleihornerz, Chlorbleispath, Germ. Plomb carbonate muriatifere, Plomb chloro-carbonate, Plomb corne, FT. Phosgen-spath Breith., Char., 61, 1832. Kerasine Beud. , Tr., 2, 502, 1832. Phosgenit Breith., Haudb., 2, 183, 1841. Galenoceratite, Bleikerat, Olocker, Syn., 248, 1847. Cromfordite Greg & Lettsom, Min., 421,
Tetragonal. Axis 6 1-08758; 001 A 101 47° 24' 6" Koksharov1. Forms2: m (110, 1) h (210, t-2) o (201, 2-) (311, 3-3)a
c (001, 0) I (310, *-3)8 p (203, f-£)3 x (111, 1) s (211, 2-2)
a (100, i-f)
On pseudomorphs, also uncertain acute pyramids (f. 3), an octagonal prism4, etc.
co — 65° 19' cs 67° 39' sex' 72° 43' *svli 48° 52'
ex 56° 58' oo' 79° 57' ss' 34° 1' xs 19° 27'
Figs. 1, 2, Monte Poni, Kk. 3, Silesia (pseudomorph), Kr. v. Nidda4.
Crystals prismatic; sometimes tabular c.
Cleavage: m, a distinct; also c. Bather sectile. H. 2'75-3. Gr. 6'0-6'09, Lovisato; 6'305 Rg. Luster adamantine. Color white, gray, and yellow. Streak white. Transparent to translucent. Optically +. Indices: GO 2'114, e 2'140 orange rays, Sella (Dx.).
Comp — Chlorocarbonate of lead, (PbCl),C03 or PbC03.PbCls Carbon dioxide 8 chlorine 13'0, lead oxide 81-9 — 103 ; or Lead carbonate 49'0, lead chloride 5 1-0 100.
Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 703.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. melts readily to a yellow globule, which on cooling becomes white and crystalline. On charcoal in R.F. gives metallic lead, with a white coating of lead chloride. With a salt of phosphorus bead previously saturated with copper oxide gives the chlorine reaction. Dissolves with effervescence in dilute nitric acid.
Obs. — At Cromford near Matlock in Derbyshire, in crystals sometimes 2 or 3 inches long; very rare in Cornwall; in minute crystals at a lead mine near Elgin in Scotland; in large crystals at Gibbas, Monte Poni and Montevecchio in Sardinia; near Bobrek in Upper Silesia.
A recent formation at Bourbonne-les-Bains; also at Laurion, Greece, where it is the result of the action of the sea-water upon ancient lead slags, in the cavities of which it occurs with laurionite (wh. see, p. 171).
Carbonates.
Alt.— Occurs at the Elisabeth zinc mine, Upper Silesia, altered to lead carbonate, the crys- tals are acute tetragonal pyramids (f. 3), sometimes with a zirconoid or an octagonal prism; they are embedded in clay. Of. thinolite, p. 271.
Artif.— Cf. Friedel & Sarasin, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 175, 1881.
Ref.— i Mte. Poni, Min. Russl., 8, 118, 1881; cf. Hansel, Zs. Kr., 2, 291, 1878. Of. Mir. Min., 622, 1852. 3 Rath, Laurium, Ber. nied. Ges., 102, 1887. 4 Krug v. Kidda, Zs. G. Ges.. 2, 126, 1850.
B. Acid, Basic, and Hydrous Carbonates 287. Teschemacherite HNH4CO, Orthorhombic
a :l\6 ft
Cu,(OH)3C08 Monoclinic 0-8809 : 1 : 0-4012 61° 50'
Cu3(OH)2(C08), " 0-8501 : 1 : 0-8805 87° 30'
(Zn,Cu)B(OH).(C08), Zn8(OH)4C03?
292. Hydrocerussite Pb3(OH),(C08)5? Hexagonal
293. Dawsonite Na(Al(OH)a)008 Monoclinic?
288. Malachite
289. Azurite
290. Aurichalcite
291. Hydrozincite
294. Thermonatrite Na,C03+H,0
295. Nesquehonite MgCO,+3H,0
296. Natron
NaCO,+10H40
Orthorhombic 0-8268 : 1 : 0-8089 " 0-6445:1:0-4568
a:l\6 ft
Monoclinic 1-4828 : 1 : 1-4001 58° 52'
d\l:6 ft
NaaC08.CaC03+5H20 Monoclinic 1-4897 : 1 : 1-4442 78° 27'
a-.l-.b Laa(C03)8+9HaO Orthorhombic 0-9528 : 1 : 0-9023
a:l:6 ft
HNaC03.NaaC08+2H,0 Monoclinic 2-8460: 1:2-9697 77° 23'
a:i:t ft
300. Hydroma£nesiteMg4(OH)2(C03)3+3H20 Monoclinic ? 1-0379 : 1 : 0-4652 90°
301. Hydrogiobertite Mg,(OH)"2C03+2H20
297. Gay-Lussite
298. Lanthanite
299. Trona
302. Lansfordite
303. Zaratite
Mg4(OH)3(C03)3+21HaO Triclinic 0-5493 : 1 : 0-5655
or=95° 22', /?=100° 15', 28' Ni3(OH)4C03+4H20
294 Carbonates.
304. Remingtonite Hydrous cobalt carbonate
305. Tengerite Hydrous yttrium carbonate
306. Bismutite Hydrous bismuth carbonate
307. Uranothallite Ca2U(C03)4+10H20
308. Liebigite Hydrous carbonate of uranium and calcium
309. Voglite Hydrous carbonate of uranium, calcium, and copper
287. TESCHEMACHHRITE. Bicarbonate of Ammonia E. F. Teschemacher, Phil Mag , 28, 548, 1846. Teschemacherite Dana, Min., 705, 1868.
Orthorhombic. In crystals with prismatic cleavages 8-t 68°. H. 1*5. G. 1-45. Yellowish to white.
Coiup — Acid ammonium carbonate, HNH4CO, or (NH4)aC03.HaCO, Carbon dioxide 55-7, ammonia 32-9, water 11*4 100. Analysis.— Phipson, J. Ch. Soc., 16, 74, 1863.
CO2 CNH4)2O H2O CaO
Chincha Islands 51'53 29'76 ll'OO 6'02 P,06 060, MgO, SO3, Cl tr., alk. and uric
[acid 1-09 100
The material analyzed by Phipson was white, compact, crystalline, and fragile, and had a strong odor of ammonia, from which he infers the presence either of free ammonia or of sesqui- carbonate.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube for the most part volatilized, giving the odor of ammonia, a white sublimate of ammonium carbonate, while an abundance of water condenses on the tube. Soluble in water, and heated with a fixed alkali gives a strong odor of ammonia. Effervesces with acids. Reacts alkaline to test paper.
Obs.— From guano deposits on the coast of Africa and Patagonia, and the Chincha Islands. Forms a bed several inches thick in the lowest parts of the guano deposits of Patagonia, as an- nounced by Teschemacher; similarly at the Chincha Islands, according to Phipson.
On the form, etc., of the artificial ammonium carbonate, see Rose, Pogg., 46 400, 1839- also Rg., Kr. Ch., 1, 545, 1881.
KALICINE Pisani, C. R., 60, 918, 1865. Potassium bicarbonate. Announced as found under a dead tree at Chypis in Valais, as a result of recent decomposition. Pisani obtained for its composition: COa 42'20, KaO 42-60, HaO 7'76, CaCO3 2'50, MgCO3 1'34, sand, etc. 3'60 100.
288. MALACHITE. XpycroKoXXa pt. TheopJir., Dioscor., etc. Wevdqf 2fiapar$ot [False Emerald of Copper Mines] pt., Theophr. Chrysocolla, Molochites, pt., Plin., Agric. Berggrun. Germ. Molochit, Agric., Interpr, 154(5. Erugo nativa. Viride montauum pt., Koppargron, Barggront pt.. Malachit, Wall.. Min., 278, 279, 1747. Cuivre carbonate vert L'Abbe Fontana, J. de Phys.. 2, 509, 1778, proving the existence of a green carbonate. Green Carbonate of Copper; Green Malachite; Mountain Green pt Berggrun pt. Germ. Atlaserz [fib. var.] Germ. Rame carbonato verde, Verde di monte Hal. Malaquita Span.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 — 0-88093 : 1 : 0-40118; /3 *61° 50' 001 A 100 Hbg.-Lang.1
100 A HO 37° 50', 001 A 101 27° o|', 001 A Oil 19° 28f.
Forms: m (110, J) w (403, f I) e (623, 2-3) ft (534, f-f)
a (100, i-l) u ,ao4 y (302, f 4) a (524, f-J) d (323, 1-f )
(010, i-l) x Jj01' I ' 9 (go!, 2-i)? Y (423, |-8) C (321, 3-f)
-' i) (312, f-3) 11, 2-2)?
mm'" *75° 4ff a'w *81° 17' crj 42° 49' /?/?' 33° 18'
ax 91° 5' cy 41° 38' 22" 4f yy' 29° 37'
cv 84° 28' cz 54° 37i' aa' 22° 33' dd" 29° 56'
cv> 36° 53' cm 68° 7'
Mala Chite— Azurite.
Twins: tw. pi. a very common; often as penetration-twins. Crystals, usually slender, acicular prisms, grouped in tufts and rosettes. Form seldom distinct; faces uneven; a, m, b vertically striated; v, a, ft striated I edge V/OL. Commonly massive or incrusting, with surface tuberose, botryoidal, or stalactitic, and structure divergent; often delicately compact fibrous, and banded in color; frequently granular or earthy.
Cleavage: c perfect; b less so. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle. H. 3*5-4. G. 3-9-4-03. Luster of crystals adaman- tine, inclining to vitreous; of fibrous varieties more or less silky; often dull and earthy. Color bright green. Streak paler green. Translucent to subtranslucent to opaque.
Optically -. Ax. pi. j b. Bxa A t - 23° 29' red, 23° 31' yellow. Dispersion p v in the air, p v within, rather large; inclined feeble. Axial angles, Dx. :
2Er 89° 14', 2Ey 89° 18' ; fa 1-87, fa 1-88 . . 2Vr 44° 7', 2Vy 43° 54*
Comp. Basic cupric carbonate, CuC03.Cu(OH)., or 2CuO.C02.H.,0 Carbon dioxide 19-9, cupric oxide 71-9, water 8'2 100.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube blackens and yields water. B.B. fuses at 2, coloring the Same emerald-green; on charcoal is reduced to metallic copper; with the fluxes reacts like cuprite, p. 206. Soluble in acids with effervescence.
Obs. — Common with other ores of copper and as a product of their alteration; thus as a pseudomorph after cuprite and azurite. Occurs abundantly in the Ural; at Chessy in France; massive at Schwatz in Tyrol; in Cornwall and in Cumberland, England; Sandlodge copper mine, Shetland, Scotland; Limerick, Waterford, and elsewhere, Ireland; at Saalfeld; Rheinbreit- bach; Dillenburg, Nassau; Betzdorf near Siegen. At the copper mines of Nizhni Tagilsk a bed of malachite was opened which yielded many tons of malachite; one mass measured at top 9 by 18ft.; and the portion uncovered contained at least half a million pounds of pure malachite. Also in handsome masses at Bembe, on the west coast of Africa: with the copper ores of Cuba; Chili; at the Cobar mines and elsewhere in New South Wales; South Australia.
Occurs in Conn., sparingly at Cheshire. In N. Jersey, at Schuyler's mines, and still better at New Brunswick. In Pennsylvania, in the Blue Ridge, near Nicholson's Gap: near Morgan- town, Berks County; at Cornwall, Lebanon Co., in good specimens; at the Perkiomen and Pheuixville lead-mines. In Maryland, between Taneytownand Newmarket, E. of the Monocacy; in the Catoctin Mts. In Wisconsin, at the copper mines of Mineral Point, and elsewhere. In Califoi-nia, at Hughes's mine, in Calaveras Co. Abundantly in fine masses and acicular crystals, with calcite at the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee, Cochise Co., Arizona; also in Graham Co., especially at the Humming Bird mine, Morenci (6 rn. from Clifton), where beautiful stalactitic forms of malachite and azurite in concentric bands are obtained. At 'the Santa Rita mines, Grant Co., and elsewhere in New Mexico. Tintic district, Utah.
Named from /uaAa//, mallows, in allusion to the green color.
Artif.— Obtained by de Schulten in acicular crystals, C. R., 110, 202. 1890.
Ref.— ' The fundamental angles taken' by Dx. (Min., 2, p. 185) are accepted here, viz.: ae, mm'" Hbg., Rheinbreitbach (Min. Not., 6, 9, 7, 32), a'w Lang, Nizhni Tagilsk; with Lang 001 Phil. Mag., 25, 432, 1863, 28, 502, 1864. See also Zeph., Ber. Ak. Wien, 51 (1), 112,
LIME-MALACHITE. Kalk-malachit Zincken, B. H. Ztg., 1, 1842. Calco-malachite. Massive, reniform, botryoidal; structure fibrous and foliated. H. 2'5. Luster_ silky. Color verdigris- green. From Zincken's trials it is a hydrous carbonate of copper, with some carbonate and sulphate of calcium and iron. The original from Lauterberg in the Harz; a similar substance elsewhere, as in Arizona. Probably simply malachite impure with gypsum or calcite; ci in some cases both.
MYSORIN Thomson, Min., 1, 601, 1836. An impure malachite according to F. R. Mallet, Rec. Geol. Survey India, 12, 166, 1879, and Min. India, 156, 1887. From Mysore, India.
289. AZURITE. Caeruleum, Lapis armenius pt., Plin., 33, 57. Cseruleum, Germ. Lasur, Berglasur pt., Agric., 217, etc. Koppar-Lazur, Cuprum lazureum, Caeruleum montanum, Wall., Min., 280, 1747. Bleu de montague, Cuivre azure, FT. Trl., Wall., 1, 506, 1753. Kupferlasur Wern. Bergblau Germ. Abbe Fontana, J. de Phys., 2, 1778 (with anal, making it a carbonate). Blue Carbonate of Copper, Blue malachite. Chessy Copper. Azure Copper Ore. Cuivre car- bonate bleu Fr. Azurite Beud., Tr., 417, 18'24. Lasur Haid., Handb., 508, 1845. Chessylite B. & M., Min., 594, 1852. Lasurit <o. Kobell, Tafeln, 3a, 1853. Azzurrite, Rame carbonate azzurro, Bleu di Monte Ital. Azurita, Cobre nzu!
Carbonates.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 0'85012 : 1 : 0-88054; ft 87° 36'= 001 A 100 Schrauf' .
100 A 110 40° 20' 37", 001 A 101 44° 45' 56", 001 A Oil 41° 20' 25".
IForms* : a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l) (001, 0) '
w (110, /) w (120, i-2)
#(104, -i-l)
C (102, -H)
-o- (101, - 1-*)
99'"
ii'"
mm'
ww'
en
cQ cri
(108, B)
? (025, |-i)
(111,1)
n (105, H)
1 (023, f-i)
k (221, 2)
(104, f i)
/ (Oil, 14)
Jt (441, 4)
F (207, f4)
p (021, 2-i)
1 (321, - 3-f)
A (103, £4)
z (411, 4-4)
6 (101, 14) B (504, £4) 77 (302, J-*)
(Hi, -1) A (221, - 2)
2/ (211, 2-2) G (321, 3-|)4 #(12-10-5, -i/-:
0 (201, 24)
T (112, i.)
5 (243, - f -2)
if) (301, 34)
(447, f)4
r (121, - 2-2)
-8(014, i-i)8
(223, f )
(241, - 4-2) £(4-10-7, -ty
46° 1' 59° 24' 80° 41' 60° 58'
26° 5U' 42° 50f 62° 18' 27° 524' 47° 15f 58° 564' 66° llf
If
f PP'
ch
cm coo ex ck cd
38° 46' 60° 47' 82° 41' 120° 47'
52° 28' 68° 12' 88° 10' 75° 6' 54° 51' 71° 25' 54° 29'
co 77° 23|'
as 51° Of
aoo 59" 59'
a'y 33° 16'
ax 53° 15'
a' a 63° 50'
a'k 44° 55'
a'o — 60° 59'
hk =91° 20'
ax 75° 44'
M'
Gogo'
xx' aa'
yy'
kk' oo' dd'
J (132, - 1-3)
2 (232, H) v (353, H) (245, f 2) d (243, |-2) a (121, 2-2) ft (362, 3 2) o (241, 4-2) (134, f-3) A (2-10-3, -V°-5) A (2-18-3, 6-9)
61° 49'
73° 56'
112° 48f
63° 57'
102° 37'
42° 30'
75° 45'
114° 32'
89° 7'
Figs. 1, 2, Chessy. 3, Nizhni Tagilsk. 4, Chessy. 5, Banat. 1-6, after Schrauf (Rose, Zippe).
Twins: tw. pi. (1) v (201) Dx.; 2, 6 (101) Groth6; not common. Crystals varied in habit and highly modified; often tabular c, or cr (101) or B (101), also
prismatic 6, m prominent, and again elongated axis I; sometimes rhombohedral m aspect. Faces usually slightly undulating; c striated edge p/f, and a edge a/c. Also massive, and presenting imitative shapes, having a columnar composi- tion; also dull and oarthy.
Azurite.
Cleavage: p (021) perfect but interrupted; a less perfect; m in traces. Fracture X3onchoidal. Brittle. H. 3'5-4. Gr. 3'77-3'83. Luster vitreous, almost adamantine. Color various shades of azure-blue, passing into berlin-blue. Streak blue, lighter than the color. Transparent to subtranslucent.
Optically Ax. pi. b. Bxa A t —12° 36'. DispeTsion p v consid- erable; horizontal distinct. Axial angles for rays between green and blue:
2H 82° 5' and 2E 151°, Dx.
7-14, Arizona, Farrington.
Comp.— Basic cupric carbonate, 2CuC03.Cu(OH)a or 3Cu0.2C02H.,0 Carbon dioxide 25 -6, cupric oxide 69 "2, water 5'2 100.
For analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 716; they agree closely with the requirements of the formula.
Pyr., etc. — Same as in malachite.
Obs. — Occurs in splendid crystallizations at Chessy, near Lyons, whence it derived the name Chessy Copper or chessylite. Also in fine crystals in Siberia; at Moldawa in the Banat; at Wheal Buller, near Redruth in Cornwall; also in Devonshire and Derbyshire, England; in small quantities at Alston-Moor and Wanlockhead, etc.; at Puerto Cabello, S. A.; Cobar mines and elsewhere in New South Wales; South Australia.
Occurs in Penn., at the Perkiomen lead mine, in indifferent specimens, associated with galena, sphalerite, and cerussite; at Phenixville, in crystals; at Cornwall, in crystals on red shale; near Nicholson's Gap, in the Blue Ridge. In N. York, near Sing Sing. In N. Jersey, near New Brunswick. In Wisconsin, at the old copper diggings near Mineral Point, in good crystals; also at the Bracken mine, in small but fine crystals. In Arizona, at the Longfellow mine, also other mines in Graham Co. ; also with malachite in beautiful crystals at the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee; at the Clifton mines, Graham Co. In Grant Co., New Mexico. At the Mammoth mine in the Tintic district, Utah, with various copper arsenates. In California, Calaveras Co., at Hughes's mine, in crystals.
Alt. — Azurite is often altered to malachite through the loss of carbon dioxide and addition of water; also to native copper, as at Grant Co., New Mexico, Yeates, Am. J. Sc., 38, 405,
Artif.— Formed artificially by Debray, Becquerel, Michel; cf. Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 139,
Ref.— ' Ber. Ak. Wien, 64 (1), 123, 1871 and Atlas, xxvi-xxix, 1872. This is the position of Haidinger (Min. Mohs, 2, 167, 1825); Zippe, Pogg., 22, 393, 1831; Miller (Min., p. 594, 1852); with Rose (Reis. Ural, 1, 315, 541, 1837), Levy (Heuland, 3, 64, 1837). With Schrauf (1. c.) the vertical axis has double the length, i.e. h 111, etc. Schrauf points to a similarity of form between azurite and epidote.
298 Carbonates.
2 See Schrauf for review and correction of earlier authorities, also Dx., Min., 2, 190, 1874. A note in Zs. Kr., 8, 532, credits Kramer and Franzenau with having observed on crystals from Utah also (507), and (223), no angles given. Cf. also Gdt., Index, 2, 269, 1888, who gives some planes not included here. 3 H. S. Washington, Arizona, priv. contr. 4 Farrington, Arizona, Am. J. Sc., 41, 300, 1891. 6 Min.-Samml.. Strassb., 139, 1878.
ATLASITE Breith., B. H. Ztg , 24, 310, 1865. A carbonate of copper containing chlorine from Chanarcillo, Chili. It resembles atacamite, and may be a mixture of this species and azurite. See further 5th Ed., p. 716.
ZINKAZURITE Breith., B. H. Ztg., 11, 101, 1852. A blue mineral in small crystals, having G. 3'49, from the Sierra Almagrera in Spain. Heated, it affords a little water, with the reactions of copper and zinc. According to Plattner, it consists of zinc sulphate, copper carbonate, and some water.
290. AURICHALOITE. Calamine verdatre (containing "une bonne quantite de cuivre"), Mine de Laiton [— Brass-ore], Patrin, Aperyu d. Mines en Siberie, in J. de Phys., 33, 81, 1788. Mine de Laiton de Pise en Toscane, Aurichalchum of the ancients?. Sage, J. de Phys., 38, 155, 1791. Messingbluthe Oerm. Kupferzinkblilthe. Aurichalcit Bdttger. Pogg , 48, 495, 1839. Buratite Delesse, Ann. Ch. Phys., 18, 478, 1846. Orichalcit G locker, Syn.. 230, 1847. Messing- bluthe Risse, Ver. Rheinl., Corr.-Bl., 22, 95, 1865. Risseite, Messingite Adam., Tabl. Min., 26,
Monoclinic1?. In acicular crystals forming drusy incrustations; also columnar, divergent; plumose; granular; also laminated.
H. 2. G. 3 '54 — 3*64. Luster pearly. Color pale green, verdigris-green; sometimes sky-blue. Streak pale greenish or bluish. Translucent.
Comp. — A basic carbonate of zinc and copper, 2(Zn,Cu)COs.3(Zn,Cu)(OH)2, Penfield. If Zn : Cu 5 : 2, this requires: Carbon dioxide 16 -1, zinc oxide 53'2, cupric oxide 20-8, water 9 '9 100.
Buratite gave 8-62 p. c. CaO but probably from admixed calcite, it has G. 3-32 Delesse; Tschermak found no lime in the Banat mineral, and this is confirmed by Belar.
Anal.— 1, Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 43, 1885. 2-5, A. Belar, Zs. Kr., 17, 113, 1889. 6, 7, Penfield, after deducting 1-53, 0-64 p. c., CaCO3, Am. J. Sc., 41, 106, 1891.
COa HaO ZnO CuO
1. Laurium 15 45 14-75 50-45 18'07 iusol. 0'50 99'22
2. Morawitza 11 '38 13-53 54'70 20'39 100
3. " 26 78 53-57 21 '43 101-78
4. Campiglia 26-50 55-51 20'20 102'21
5. Sardinia 22'97 58'72 15-58 Fe2O3 2'17 100'44
6. Utah G. 3-54 16'07 10-06 5299 21 '21 100'33
7. " G. 3-64 16-04 9-99 54-36 20'00 100-39
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube blackens, and yields water. B.B. infusible; colors the Same deep green. With soda on charcoal gives a coating of zinc oxide; the fused mass removed from the coal and triturated in a mortar affords minute globules of copper. With the fluxes reacts for copper. Soluble in acids with effervescence.
Obs. — Aurichalcite occurs at Loktevski, at a copper mine in the Altai, where it is asso- ciated with calcite and limonite, sometimes forming a drusy covering upon these minerals; at Morawitza in the Bauat; Chessy, near Lyons; Rezbanya, in Hungary; Campiglia in Tuscany; at Matlock in Derbyshire, of a pale green color, laminated structure, and pearly luster; at Roughten-Gill, in Cumberland; Leadhills, Scotland; zinc mines of the province of Santander, Spain; at the zinc mines of Laurium, Greece.
In the U. S., at Lancaster, Pa.; from the Santa Caterina Mts., Arizona, in fine specimens, reported also from the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee. At the Kesler mine, Big Cottonwood, and the Cave mine in Beaver Co., Utah.
The mineral aurichalcite was first described as a greenish variety of calamine by Patrin, in 1788 (1. c.), and called Brass ore (Mine de Laiton), "because," as he says, " the compound of copper and zinc is here made by nature." Among the brass or copper ores of the ancients, aurichalcum was reputed the best (Pliny, 33, 2); and Sage was thence led to suggest (1. c. , 1791) that the cupriferous calamine (which afforded, as he showed by experiment, the best of brass, without the addition of either copper or zinc) might be the ancient aurichalcum. As the ore is a scarce one, this is not at all probable. But the idea explains the use of the word for the species. In addition, it is to be said that brass (or an alloy related to it) was called aurichalcum by Virgil and Horace, and also in the middle ages.
The Latin word aurichalcum is regarded by some good authorities as derived from ' op€txt(A.MoS mountain brass); and, in fact, the Latin poets just mentioned wrote it orichalcum. But others regard it as a hybrid word (from the Latin aurum, gold, and jaAK-6?, brass or bronze), and the o of the poets as an example of the admissible change in
Hydrozincite—Hydrover Ussite—Da Wsonite. 299
Latin of au to o. Glocker, in view of the first of these derivations, changes aurichalcite to orichalcite; but, whatever the derivation, as the use of aurichalcum dates from before Pliny's time, we moderns may as well let it stand without correction.
Buratite is named from M. Burat, who is stated to have discovered the mineral in Italy.
Artif.— Of. Delesse, 1. c. ; also Belar, who throws doubt upon the observations of Delesse.
Ref. — J For observations on the form see Belar, 1. c.
291. HYDROZINOITE. Calamine Smithson, Phil. Trans , 12, 1803. Zinkbltlthe Karst., Tabell., 70, 99, 1808. Hydro-carbonate of Zinc. Earthy calamine. Zinconise Beud., Tr., 2, 357, 1832. Zinc Bloom. Hydrozinkit Kenng., Min., 1853. Marionite Elderhorst, G. Rep. Arkansas, 153, 1858. Cegamit Weisbach, Synops. Min., 36, 1875.
Massive, fib'rous, earthy or compact. As incrustations, the crusts sometimes concentric and agate-like. At times reniform, pisolitic, stalactitic.
H. 2-2-5. G. 3'58-3'8. Luster dull. Color pure white, grayish or yellowish. Streak shining. Usually earthy or chalk-like.
Comp. — A basic zinc carbonate, exact composition uncertain, perhaps ZnCO,.2Zn(OH), or 3ZuO.CO.,.2H,0 Carbon dioxide 13-6, zinc oxide 75-3, water '11 -1 100.
Analyses vary somewhat widely probably, in consequence of want of homogeneity in the material examined: 1, Cossa, Att. Soc. Tor., 6, 189, 1870. 2, V. v. Zotta, Zs. Kr., 13, 143, 1887. Also 5th Ed., p. 711.
COa ZnO HaO
1. Auronzo 14'55 73'21 11 '83 99'59
2. Bleiberg 17'05 70'76 10-80 PbO 1-26, FeaOs 0-42, SiOs 0'36 100-15
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water; in other respects resembles smithsonite.
Obs. — Occurs at most mines of zinc, and is a result of the alteration of the other ores of this metal.
Found in great quantities at the Dolores mine, Udias valley, province of Santander, in Spain, along with calamine, smithsonite, and sphalerite, covering the floor of an extensive cavern to a depth of a yard and a half, and hanging in dazzling white branching stalactites from the roof; part is concretionary, pisolitic, nodular; it is intimately mixed with zinc silicate, and is pseudomorphous after it; and opal-like masses of silicate and hydrous carbonate are common, formed by the falling of drops of water holding the silicate in solution.
Also occurs in the neighboring province of Guipuzcoa, Spain, near La Nestosa, at the mines of Las Nieves and La Augustina; at Bleiberg and Raibel in Carinthia; near Reims- beck, in Westphalia; in Hollenthal, on the Zugspitze in Bavaria; at Taft in the province of Jesd in Persia.
In the U. S., at Friedensville, Pa.; at Linden, in Wisconsin, as a concretionary fibrous white crust on smithsonite; in Marion Co., Arkansas (marionite), in concentric and contorted laminae and botryoidal crusts; with sphalerite, etc., at Joplin, Mo.
Beudant's name zinconiye, from zinc and KovtS, powder, has priority, but is too badly formed to be retained.
Artif.— Deposited when hot solutions of zinc salts in water are decomposed by carbonates of the alkalies. The white substance formed on zinc, when moistened and exposed to the air, is a related compound. Belar (Zs. Kr., 17, 123, 1889) describes an artificial hydrous zinc carbonate, ZnCOs-j- H2O, in crystals resembling hydromagnesite in habit.
292. HYDROCERUSSITE. A. E. Nordenskiold, G. F5r. F6rh., 3. 381, 1877. Hydro- cerusite. Plumbonacrite Heddle, Min. Mag., 8, 201, 1889.
In thin hexagonal planes, optically uniaxial, negative Lex.1 Soft. G. 6'14, art if. cryst. Colorless. Luster pearly. Comp.— A basic lead carbonate, probably 2PbCO,.Pb(OH)2 or 3Pb0.2COa.HaO Carbon dioxide 11-4, lead oxide 86-3. water 2'3 '100.
Pyr., etc. — Yields lead on charcoal. Soluble in acid with evolution of carbon dioxide. Oba. — Occurs sparingly as a coating on native lead, at Langban, Wermland, Sweden, Also in cavities in galena at Wanlockhead, Scotland.
Artif. — An artificial basic lead carbonate with the above composition is described by Bourgeois, Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 221, 1888. Ref.—1 Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 35, 1885.
293. DA WSONITE. B. J. Harrington, Can. Nat., 7, 305, 1874. Monoclinic?. In thin incrustations of radiating bladed crystals.
300 Carbonates.
Cleavage: longitudinal easy. H. 3. G. — 2'40. Luster vitreous. Color white. Transparent to translucent. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. transverse to needles and nearly to the cleavage; axial angle large, Dx. '
Comp. — A basic carbonate of aluminium and sodium, Na3Al(C03)3.2Al(OH)3 or Na3O.AlaOs.2COa.2HaO Carbon dioxide 30-6, alumina 35-4, soda 21-5, water 12-5 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Harrington, 1. c. 3, Id., ibid., 10, 84, 1881 after deducting calcite. 4, Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 28, 1881.
COa A13O3 Na3O H2O
I.Montreal 29'88 32'84 20'58 11-91 MgO tr., CaO 5'95 10M6
2. " 30-72 32-68 20'17 [10'33] MgO 0'45, CaO 5'65 100
3. " 27-78 36-12 22 -86 13'24 100
4. Tuscany 29'09 35'89 19'13 12'00 MgO 1-39, CaO 0'42 97'92
Incl. K2O 0-38.
Pyr. — B.B. swells up, colors the flame deep yellow, and after ignition yields an alkaline reaction; gives a fine blue with cobalt nitrate; in the closed tube yields water and carbon dioxide. Soluble in acids with effervescence.
Obs. — Found as a crystalline coating, resembling tremolite, on the jointed surfaces of a feldspathic dike cutting the Trenton limestone near McGill College, Montreal; it is associated with calcite, dolomite, pyrite, etc. Also from the province of Siena, Piau Castagnaio, Tuscany, in a quartzose rock, impregnated with dolomite, in part argillaceous; associated with calcite, dolomite, pyrite, fluorite, and cinnabar.
Ref.— Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 8, 1878.
HOVITE. Native Carbonate of Alumina and Lime, J. H. & O. Gladstone, Phil. Mag., 23, 461, 1862.
A soft white earthy substance from fissures in flint at an old quarry in the Upper Chalk, at Hove near Brighton. Analyses show silica, carbon dioxide, alumina, lime and water; it may be a carbonate of alumina and lime, but very impure and of doubtful nature. See 5th Ed., p. 709.
294. THERMONATRITE. Nirpov and Nitrum pt. Vet. Natron, Alkali orientale Impurum terrestre, Jordblandadt Alkaliskt-salt, Wall., Min., 174, 1747. Nattirliches mineral- isches Alkali Warn. Prismatisches Natronsalz Mohs. Thermonatrit Haid., Handb. 487, 1845. Thermonitrit Hausm., Handb., 1411, 1847. Soude curbouatee prismatique Dufr.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-8268 : 1 : 0*8089 Marignac1.
100 A HO 39° 35', 001 A 101 44° 22£', 001 A Oil 38° 58f .
Forms (artif. cryst.): b (010, m (110, /) u (101, l-l) p (122, 1-5)
a (100, i-l) c (001, 0) g (102, H) (021, 2-)
mm'" *79° 10' gg' 52° 8' ee' 116° 38f pp" 86° 47'
ag *63° 56' uu' 88° 45' pp' - 41° 39' pp'" 72° 0|'
Often in flattened crystals c or a, also prismatic c. Usually as an efflorescence.
Cleavage: b difficult. Somewhat sectile. H. 1-1-5. G. 1-5-1-6. Luster vitreous. White, grayish, yellowish. Taste alkaline.
Comp. — Hydrous sodium carbonate, Na3C03 + H20 Carbon dioxide 35-5, soda 50-0, water 14-5 100.
Obs. — Occurs in various lakes, and as an efflorescence over the soil in many dry regions of the globe; also about some mines and volcanoes. It results from the efflorescence of natron.
Ref. — ' Ann. Mines, 12, 55, 1857; cf. the somewhat different results of Haid., Ed. J. Sc., 2, 327, 1825 or Pogg., 5, 369, 1825.
295. NESQUEHONITE. F. A. Oenth and 8. L. Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 39, 121, 1890.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-64446 : 1 : 0-45678 Penfield.
100 A HO 32° 48', 001 A 101 - 35° 19f ', 001 A Oil 24° 33'.
Forms: b (010 c (001, 0), m (110, /), d (Oil, l-l). Angles (approx.): mm'" *65°36', dd' *49° 6'.
Natron— 0 A T-L Ussite.
In prismatic crystals, usually united in radiating groups; prismatic faces deeply striated vertically.
Cleavage: in perfect; c less so. Fracture splintery m. H.2'5. G-. 1'83- 1*85. Luster vitreous or slightly greasy. Colorless to white. Transparent to translucent. Optically — . Ax. pi. c. Bx 100. Dispersion small, p v. Axial angles, Pfd. :
2Er 83° 55' Li 2Ey 84° 15' Na 2Egr 84° 22' Tl
Also (artif. cryst.) /Jy 1-501 yy 1'526 .'. 2Vy 53° 5' and a 1-495.
Comp. — Hydrous magnesium carbonate, MgC08 -f- 3H,0 Carbon dioxide 31-4, magnesia 29'0, water 39-1 100.
Anal. — 1, 2, Genth, I.e.: 1, original crystals; 2, material pseudomorphous c after lansfordite.
Co,
MgO
H20
40-32 99-76
42-92 100
Obs. — From an anthracite coal mine at Nesquehoning, 4 miles from Lansford, Schuylkill Co., Penn.; when found it formed the base of stalac- tites and incrustations, the remainder of which consisted of lansfordite, out of which it had been formed; later the entire stalactites became altered into a white chalky substance with fibrous structure which was also nesque- honite (cf. lansfordite, p. 305).
Artif.— Deposited in crystals from a solution of MgCO3 ii water containing carbon dioxide; they are identical with the natural crystals. Cf. Pfd., 1. c., aiso Mitsch., Mem. Soc. Gene've, 14, 252, 1855.
erniprismatisches Natronsalz Mohs. ate of Soda. Sodium Carbonate.
4001; ft *58° 52' 001 A 100
296. NATRON. Nirpov, Nitrum, of the Ancients. Natrit Weisbach, Synops. Min., p. 7, 1875. Soda. \Car Soude carbonatee.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 1-4828 : Haidinger1.
100 A HO 51° 46', 001 A 101 W° ]39$', 001 A 011'= 50 Forms (artif. cryst.)1: a (100, i-l), b (010, f 1)001, 0); m (110, /); s (101, 1-i); e (Oil, 1-1), P (112, i).
pp' 69° 55'.
Twins: tw. pi. c. Ctyfels4 tabular I.
Cleavage: c distinct ;lw7imperfect; m in traces. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 1-1-5. 1-42-1 -46. Vitreous to earthy. White, sometimes gray or yellow owing to impurities. Taste alkaline. Opti- cally—. Ax. pi. and b. Bx0 A + 41° 8'. Dispersion p v small. Axial angles :
2Er 112° 48' 2Ey 112° 42' Dx.
Comp. — Hydrous sodium carbonate, Na2CO, + 10H20 Carbon dioxide 15 '4, soda 21 '7, water 62 '9 100.
Obs. — Occurs in nature only in solution, as in the soda lakes of Egypt and else- where, or mixed with the other sodium carbonates. See Trona and Th,ermonatrite. Ref.— ' Ed. J. Sc., 2, 326, 1825, or Pogg., 5, 369, 1825. Cf. also Dx., Min., 2, 168, 1874; Rg., Kr. Ch., 549, 1881.
297. GAY-LUSSITE Boussingault, Ann. Ch. Phys., 31, 270, 1826. Gaylussite.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 1-4897 : 1 : 1-4442; ft 78° 26|' 001 A 100 Phillips1.
100 A HO 55° 35', 001 A 101 - 49° 41 J', 001 A Oil 54° 45'.
Carbonates.
Forms': a (100, & (010, c (001, 0); TO (110, I); s (101, 1-i); (Oil. 1-1); r (112;
mm'" *111° 10' a' a 51° 52'
ee' *109° 30' cr 43° 20'
cm *83° 30' rr' 69° 29'
42° 21 er 27° 44'
1, South America. 2, 3, Ragtown, Nevada.
Crystals often elongated a; also flattened wedge-shaped: surfaces usually un- even, e striated edge e/r.
Cleavage: m perfect; c rather difficult. Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle. H. =2-3. G. 1-93-1-95. Luster vitreous. Color white, yellowish white. Streak tmcolored to grayish. Translucent. Optically — . Ax. pi. and Bxa b. Bx0 A t —14° 48' red, —13° 8' blue. Dispersion p v, and crossed large. Axial angles:
At 17° C. 2Er 51° 38' 2Ebl 52° 53' At 71'5° 2Er 53° 32' Dx.
Comp. — Hydrous carbonate of calcium and sodium, CaC03.NaaC03 -+- 5HaO Calcium carbonate 33'8, sodium carbonate 35 '8, water 30'4 100.
Pyr., etc. — Heated in a closed tube decrepitates and becomes opaque. B.B. fuses easily to a white enamel, and colors the flame intensely yellow. Dissolves in acids with a brisk effer- vescence; partly soluble in water, and reddens turmeric paper.
Obs. — Abundant at Lagunilla, near Merida, in Venezuela, where its crystals are disseminated at the bottom of a small lake, in a bed of clay, covering urao; the natives call them claws or nails, in allusion to their crystalline form.
Also abundant in Little Salt Lake, or Soda Lake, in the Carson desert near Ragtown, Nevada. The lake is in a crater-shaped basin, and its waters are dense and strongly saline; the gay-lussite is deposited upon the evaporation of the water; it also occurs in another smaller Soda lake in the same neighborhood.
Named after Gay Lussac, the French chemist (1778-1850).
Artif. — Obtained by various methods, also in connection with soda manufacture. Cf. Arzruui, 1. c., and authors quoted by him; also Rg., J. pr. Ch., 35. 106, 1887.
Alt. — On the supposed pseudomorphs (natrocalcite) after gay-lussite from Sangerhausen ("Gerstenkorner ") and elsewhere, see p. 907 and p. 271.
Ref.-1 Accepted by Dx., Min., 2, 171, 1874; earlier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 7, 489, 1843. Cf. also Cordier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 31, 276, 1826; Ph., Phil. Mag., 1, 263, 1827; Mir., 597, 1852.
On Nevada crystals, Blake, Am. J. Sc., 42, 221, 1866. On the form and optical properties of artificial crystals, cf. Arzruui, Zs. Kr., 6, 24, 1882, who gives general literature.
298. LANTHANITE. Kohlensaures Cereroxydul Berz., Zs. f. Min., 2, 209, 1825; Kohl. Ceroxydul Hisinger, Afh. Min. Geog. Schwed., 144, 1826. Carbonate of Cerium. Carbocerine Bead., Tr., 2, 354, 1832. Lanthanit Raid., Handb., 500, 1845. Hydrolanthanit Glocker, Synops., 248, 1847.
Orthorhombic. Axes : a : b : 6 0'9528 : 1 : 0'9023 Lang1. 100 A HO *43° 37', 001 A 101 43° 26$', 001 A Oil 42° 3$'. Forms: a (100, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, 7); o (111, 1).
Angles: mm'" 87° 14', oo' - 70° 13', oo" 105° 12', oo'" 66° 28', oolT *74° 48'. In thin four-sided plates or minute tables c, with beveled edges. Also fine granular or earthy.
Cleavage: micaceous c. H. 2'5-3. Gr. 2'605 Genth; 2'666 (?) Blake. Luster pearly or dull. Color grayish white, delicate pink, or yellowish. Optically — . Ax. pi. I a. Bx J. c. Dispersion p v small. Axial angles:
Trona.
2Er 108° 1' 2Ebl 108° 39' Dx."
Comp. — Hydrous lanthanum carbonate, La2(C03)3 + 9HaO Carbon dioxide 21-4, lanthanum trioxide 52'4, water 26'2 100.
Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 710. Didymium is present with the lanthanum.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water. B.B. infusible; but whitens and becomes opaque, silvery, and brownish; with borax, a glass, slightly bluish, reddish, or amethystine, on cooling; with salt of phosphorus a glass, bluish amethystine while hot, red when cold, the bead becoming opaque when but slightly heated, and retaining a pink color. Effervesces in acids.
Obs. — Found coating cerite at Bastnfts, Sweden; also in Silurian limestone with the zinc ores of the Saucon valley, Lehigh Co., Pa., in masses consisting of aggregated minute tables, very rare; at the Sandford iron-ore bed, Moriah, Essex Co., N. Y., in delicate scales, and a thin scaly crust, in fissures in the ore, and on crystals of allanite.
Ref.— i Phil. Mag., 25, 43, 1863; cf. also Blake, Am. J. Sc., 16, 228, 1853. Min., 2, 177,
HYDROCONITE. Hydroconit Hausm., Handb., 2, 1405, 1847. A hydrous calcium carbonate, CaCO3 5HaO. It was formed artificially by Pelouze (Ann. Ch. Phys., 48, 301, 1831), and noted as a recent formation in a water pipe by Salm-Horstmar (Pogg., 35, 515, 1835), and as a deposit from a brook near Christiania, Norway, by Scheerer (ib., 68. 381, 1846) It is described as occurring in acute colorless rhombohedrons with G. 1*75; prismatic crystals obtained by Becquerel (Ann. Ch. Phys., 47, 5, 1831) are also mentioned, and dimorphism suggested.
299. TRONA. Trona Bagge, Ak. H. Stockh., 35, 140, 1773. Natrum von Tripole, Stralige Natrum, Klaproth, Beitr., 3, 83, 1802. Urao Boussingault, Ann. Mines, 12, 278, 1826.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 2-8460 : 1 : 2-9697; ft *77° 23' 001 A 100 Zepharovich. . 100 A 110 70° llf ', 001 A 101 39° 40', 001 A Oil 70° 57f.
Forms' : p (304, - f 1) ft (1-0-18, 4) (302, f-i) r (811, - 2-2)2
a (100, t-i) 6 (101, - 1-i)2 Y (2-0-18, A-) p (111, - I)2 o (111, 1)
c (001, 0)
Figs. 1, 2, Zepharovich. 3, Ayres.
cp 33° 7' ee 39° 40'
ca 77° 23' es 66° 41'
op 68° 12f co 75° 58f cr 67° 39' pp' 122" 20'
rr' 98° 21' oo' 132° 24f oo" *47° 85i'
ar 52° 59' op 67° 84*' a'o *74° 54'
Crystals elongated axis I, also flattened c. Faces in the or- thodome zone striated horizontally. Often fibrous or columnar massive.
Cleavage: a perfect; o, c in traces. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. H. 2'5-3. G. 2 '11-2 '14. Luster vitreous, glistening. Color gray or yellowish white. Translucent. Taste alkaline. Not altered by exposure to a dry atmosphere. Opti- cally — . Ax. pi. and Bxa b; Bx0 A 83° 6' Zeph. Disper- sion p v small. Axial angles :
2Ha,r 78° 2Ha.bi 79° 2HaT 73° 25'
43'
1'
2H0.r 107° 2H0.bi 106° 50'
2H0.y 99° 17f
2Ey
2Er 136° 46' 2Ebl 140° 12' 37° 7' 2V, 76°
1-500 J).\.' l-514Dx.
16'
Carbonates.
Comp.— Na2C03.HNaC03 + 2H20 or 3Na20. 4CO,.5H,0 Carbon dioxide 38-9, soda 41-2, water 19-9 100, Chatard.
Anal.— 1, Boussingault, 1. c. 2, Reinitzer, Zs. Kr., 13, 138, 1887. 3, T. M. Chaiard, Am. J. Sc., 38, 59, 1889, also other anals. on salts obtained by the evaporation of the water of Owen's Lake, and on artif. compounds.
1. Urao
2. Trona
3. Owen's Lake G. 2-147
CO2 NaaO H3O
39-00 41-22 18-80 99'02
38-93 40-77 19'96 Na,3O 0'20 - 99'86
38-13 41-00 20-07 Cl 0-19, SO3 070, insol. 0 02 100-11.
Chatard establishes the above composition for urao, and shows that trona, sometimes called " sesquicarbonate of soda," is an impure form of the same compound; he also shows the variation which may come from the admixture of other carbonates (cf. 1. c. , and Natural Soda, its occurrence and utilization, Bull. 60, U. S. G. Surv. , 1887-88).
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water and carbon dioxide. B.B. imparts an intensely yellow color to the flame. Soluble in water, and effervesces with acids. Reacts alkaline with moistened test paper.
Obs. — Found in the province of Fezzan, Africa, forming thin superficial crusts at numerous points especially in connection with certain salt lakes. Urao is found at the bottom of a lake at Lagunilla, Venezuela, S. A., a day's journey from Merida. Also near soda lakes at other localities.
Efflorescences of trona occur near the Sweetwater river, Rocky Mountains, mixed with sodium sulphate and common salt. An extensive bed iu Churchill Co. , Nevada. In fine crys- tals at Borax lake, San Bernardino Co., California, with hanksite, glauberite, thenardite, etc.; also formed by the spontaneous evaporation of the saline waters of Owen's Lake, Inyo Co., Cal. (Cf. Chatard. 1. c.).
Ref. — ' On artif. cryst., Zs. Kr., 13, 135, 1887; for earlier measurements cf. Haid., Ed. J. Sc., 2, 325, 1825, or Pogg., 5, 367, 1825. Dx., who makes o m (110), etc., adds two domes perhaps 407, 209 (Z.), N. R., 182, 1867, Min., 2, 169, 1874. E. F. Ayres, Am. J. Sc., 38, 65,
300. HYDROMAGNESITE. T. Wachtmeister, Ak. H. Stockh., 18, 1827. Hydromag- nesit 0. Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 4, 80, 1835. Hydrocarbonate of Magnesia. Lancasterite pt. Silliman,. Jr., Am. J. Sc., 9, 216, 1850. Magnesia alba Pharm.
Monoclinic ?. Axes d, : 1 : 6 1-0379 : 1 : 0-4652; ft 90° Dana1.
100 A HO — 46° 4', 001 A 101 24° 8', 001 A Oil 24° 56£'. Forms : a (100, i-i), m (110, /), y (121, 2-2). Angles: mm!" *92° 8', yy' *36° 20', 91° 51' yy1" 80° 40', ay *71° 50'.
Crystals small, usually acicular or bladed, and tufted. Also amorphous; as chalky or mealy crusts.
Brittle. H. 3'5 cryst. G. 2-145-2-18 S. & B. Luster vitreous to silky or subpearly; also earthy. Color and streak white.
Comp. — Basic magnesium carbonate, 3MgC03.Mg(OH)2 + 3H20 or 4Mg0.3C02.4H20 Carbon dioxide 36'3, magnesia 43'9, water 19-8 - 100.
Anal.— 1, Wachtmeister, 1. c. 2, v. Kobell, 1. c. 3. 4, Smith & Brush, of crystalline varieties, Am. J. Sc., 15, 214, 1853. 5, Tschermak, Min. Mitth., 113, 1871.
1. Hoboken
2. Negroponte
3. Texas, Pa.
5. Kraubat
G. 2-16
CO2 MgO H2O
36-82 42-41 18-53 SiO3 0'57, Fe2O3 0'27, earthy matter
36-00 43-96 19'68 SiO3 0'36 100 [1'39 99'99
36-69 43-20 19-83 Fe and Mn tr. - 99'72
36-74 42-30 20-10 Fe and Mn tr. 99'14
35-71 44-02 19-74 insol. 0'99 100'46
etc.— In the closed tube gives off water and carbon dioxide. B.B. infusible, but whitens, and the assay reacts alkaline to turmeric paper. Soluble in acids; the crystalline compact varieties are but slowly acted upon by cold acid, but dissolve with effervescence in hot acid.
Obs.— Occurs at Hrubschitz, in Moravia, in serpentine; also in acicular crystals in serpen- tine at Kraubat, Styria; in Negroponte, near Kumi; at Kaisevstuhl, in Baden, impure. In the
Hydrogiobertite-Laxsfordite.
U. S., crystallized, with serpentine and brucite, near Texas, Lancaster Co., Penn., at Wood's and Low's mines; also in a similar way at Hoboken, N. J., in acicular crystals, and in earthy crusts. The brucite of Hoboken sometimes changes on exposure to an earthy hydromagnesite.
The laneaaterite of Silliman (1. c.) is shown by Smith and Brush to be a mixture of brucite and hydromagnesite.
Pseudomorphs after brucite occur at Wood's mine.
Ref.— ' Made monoclinic by J. D. D. (Am. J. Sc., 17, 84, 1854), but the author's measure- ments make the variation from the orthorhombic type at least very small; this confirms Tschermak's optical results (1. c.).
301. HYDROGIOBERTITE. Idrogiobertite E. ScaccM, Rend. Accad. Sc., Dec. 12, 1885.
In spherical forms, 2 to 15 mm. in diameter; compact. G. 2'149-2'174.. Color light gray.
Comp.— MgC08.Mg(OH), -f 2H,0 or 2MgO.CO,.3H20 Carbon dioxide 24-7, magnesia 44-9, H20 30*4 100.
Anal. — 1, 2, K Scacchi, both calculated to 100 after deducting impurities.
MgO
Euo
29-93 100
30-43 100
Obs.— Found in an augitophyre from the neighborhood of Pollena, Italy; magnetite is often embedded in the mineral.
302. LANSFORDITE. H. A. Oenth, Zs. Kr., 14, 255, 1888. F. A. Oenth and S. L. Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 39, 121, 1890.
Triclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0'5493 : 1 : 0*5655; a 95° 21f; ft 100° 15', y 92° 27£' Penfield.
100 A 010 86° 31', 100 A 001 79° 27f, 010 A 001 *84° 6'.
hl>
cd — 44° 50', cp 44° 59', ap 42° 40f . For other angles, see Pfd.
In stalactitic forms, bounded at the free extremity with crystalline faces.
Forms :
M (110, '/)
P (111, 1')
o (112, f)
? (312, '|-3)
b (010, i-i) c (001, 0) m (110, /') h (150, i-5')
I (170, Y-7) / (201, ,24,) d (021, 24') e (021, '24)
y (in, ,i)
e (312, ,f-3) x (132, ,|-8)
n(lll, 1,) p (131, 3-3 ) .
P (111,' *1) '
r (10-12-11, r (132, 'f-a) (172, '1-7)
k (3lO, rf-8)
Cleavage: distinct, probably c. H. 2 5. G. 1-54 Stackhouse ; 1-692 Keeley. Luster on original crystalline faces vitreous. White and translucent, resembling paraffin, when unaltered, but speedily becoming dull white and opaque.
306 Carbonates.
Comp.— 3MgC03.Mg(OH), + 21H80 Carbon dioxide 19-2, magnesia 23'2, water 57'6 100.
Anal.— F. J. Keeley, Zs. Kr., 14, 255, 1888.
CO2 18-90 MgO 23-18 H2O 57'79 99-87
Of the water 26'38 p. c. are lost over H2SO4, 12'31 p. c. at 110° C., 9'76 at 185° C 9'39 at a red beat, Stackbouse (ib.) obtained: CO2 -f H2O [76 40], MgO 23'60 100.
Obs. — Wben first found, formed small stalactites (up to 20 mm. in length) attached to the carbonaceous shale forming the roof of a gallery in the anthracite mine at Nesquehouing near Lansford, Schuylkill Co., Penn. These were in part changed to nesquebonite (p. 300), and later when exposed to the exterior air the change became complete and they were converted into a white chalky mass showing dull crystalline planes at the extremity.
HYDRODOLOMITE. Hydrornagnesit v. Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 36, 304, 1845. Kalkmagnesit Hausm., Handb., 1404, 1847. Hydromanganocalcit Hartmann, Nachr., 299. Hydromagno- calcit pt. Hydrodolomit Bg. Hydronickelmaguesite Shep., Am. J. Sc., 6, 250, 1848. Peunite Herm., J. pr. Ch., 47, 13, 1849.
This includes the hydrodolomite of Vesuvius, which is stalactitic and in globular forms; G. 2 '495; white or yellowish white. Also pennite of Hermann, from Texas, Pa., which occurs in apple-green to whitish crusts, having a surface of minute spherules, on serpentine and chromite: the color is due to nickel; a substance called penuite also occurs at Swinaness and Haroldswick, Unst. Shetland.
Analyses (see 5th Ed., p. 708) show hydrodolomite to be a hydrated carbonate of calcium and magnesium, but probably a mixture of hydromagnesite and calcite. Geuth states that peunite is dolomite in minute hexagonal prisms, generally coated with deweylite, etc., so that the crys- tals can rarely be recognized.
HIBBERTITE Reddle, Min. Mag., 2, 24, 1878. A pulverulent, lemon-yellow substance occurring with chromite on the island of Unst. It is a hydrous carbonate of magnesium and calcium, probably a mixture like the above. See 5th Ed. , App. in, p. 58. Named after the discoverer of chromite on Unst.
303. ZARATITE. Hydrate of Nickel (fr. Texas, Pa.) Silliman, Jr., Am. J. Sc., 3, 407, 1847; Emerald Nickel Jd, ib., 6, 248, 1848 Nickel Smaragd Germ. Texasit Kenng., Min., 1853. Carbonate hidratado de Niquel (fr. Spain) A. Casares, A. M. Alcibar in Min. Revista of Madrid, 304, 1850; Zaratita Casares, ib., 176, March, 1851. Zamtit wrong orthogr.
Incrusting; often small stalactitic or minute mammillary; sometimes appear- ing prismatic with rounded summits. Also massive, compact.
Brittle. H. 3-3-25. G. 2 -57-2 -69. Luster vitreous. Color emerald- green. Streak paler. Transparent to translucent.
Comp. — A hydrated basic nickel carbonate, NiC03.2Ni(OH)Q + 4H20 or 3NiO.COa.6II20 Carbon dioxide 11-7, nickel protoxide 59-6, water 28'7 100.
Analyses, oth Ed., p. 711.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water and carbon dioxide, and leaves a grayish black magnetic residue. B.B. infusible. With borax reacts for nickel. Dissolves easily with effervescence in heated dilute hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs on chromite at Texas, Lancaster Co., Pa., associated with serpentine; also at Swinaness, Unst, Shetland.
Also in Spain, near Cape Hortegal in Galicia, where it occurs as an incrustation on a magnetite in which there is some nickel sulphide; it is in clear emerald-green, vitreous crusts, sometimes transparent, and also in stalactites. From the mines of Rapi, San Miguel, Peru. In a chromite mine with millerite in peridotyte from the Sommergraben near Kraubat, Styria.
Named after Sen. Zarate of Spain. Casares's name antedates that of Kenngott.
304. iiEMINGTONITE. J. C. Booth, Am. J. Sc., 14, 48, 1852.
A rose-colored incrustation, soft and earthy; opaque. Streak pale rose- colored.
Comp. — A hydrous cobalt carbonate, but precise composition not ascertained.
Pyr., etc. — Dissolves in hydrochloric acid with a slight effervescence, making a green solution, the color due to iron. Cobalt reaction with borax.
Obs. — Occurs as a coating on thin veins of serpentine, which traverse hornblende and epidote, at a copper mine near Finksburg, Carroll Co., Maryland. Named for Edward Rem- ington, superintendent of the mine at which it was found.
305. TENGERITE. Kolsyrad Ytterjord A. F. Svanberg and C. Tenger, Arsb., 16, 206, 1838. Teneerite Dana. Carbonyttrine Adam, Tabl. Min., 24, 1869.
Bismutite— Uranothallite. 307
Pulverulent. In thin coatings. Sometimes an appearance of radiated crystallization.
Luster dull, or like that of chalk. Color white.
Comp. — Stated to be an yttrium carbonate, but no analysis has been published. Pyr., etc.— Iii the closed tube yields a considerable amount of wateT(Brush). Effervesce* with acids.
Obs.— Occurs as a thin coating on gadolinite at Ytterby, and is evidently a result of its alteration. A similar mineral, sometimes in crystals, is associated with the gadolinite of Llano Co., Texas, but it has not been positively identified.
306. BISMUTITE. Bismuth Breith., Pogg., 53, 627, 1841. Kohlensaures Wismuthoxyd, Wismuthspath, Germ. Bismuthite. Carbonate of Bismuth.
Incrustiug, or earthy and pulverulent; amorphous.
H. — 4-4-5. G. 6*86-6-9 Breith.; 7 '67 Eg. Luster vitreous when pure; sometimes dull. Color white, mountain-green, and dirty siskin-green; occasionally straw-yellow and yellowish gray. Streak greenish gray to colorless. Subtranslucent to opaque.
Comp. — A basic bismuth carbonate, exact composition doubtful, perhaps Bi203.C02.H20 (Louis, anal. 4). Cf. bisrnutosphiirite, p. 290.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Pogg., 76, 564, 1849. 2, 3, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 23, 426, 1857. 4, Louis* Min. Mag., 7, 139, 1887.
CO, Bi2O, HaO
1. Chesterfield Distr. G. 7'67 6'56 90-00 3-44 100
2. " " 7-04 89-05 3-91 100
3. " " 7-30 87-67 5'03 100
4. Transvaal 8'04 88'95 3'00 100
The material in most cases is very impure; from the above analyses iron oxide, silica, etc., have been deducted, e.g., in 1, 7 p. c.; in 4, 10'5 p. c., G. 6'86 of the impure material.
Carnot obtained in bismuth carbonates from Meymac, Correze, France, with G. 6'9-7'6: 86-9-89-7 p. c. Bi,O3, 3-14-6'43 CO2, 1-94-4-86 H2O, C.R., 79, 304, 1874. Cf. also analyses by Frenzel, Liversidge, Wiukler, 5th Ed., App. in, p. 16.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates and gives off water. B.B. fuses readily, and on charcoal is reduced to bismuth, and coats the coal with yellow bismuth oxide. Dissolves in nitric acid, with slight effervescence. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid, affording a deep yellow solution.
Obs. — Bismutite occurs at Schneeberg and Johanngeorgenstadt, with native bismuth, and near Hirschberg in Russian Voigtland, with brown iron ore, native bismuth, and bismuthinite; at Joachimsthal ; Neustadtel, Saxony; near Baden. At Meymac, Correze, France; with auriferous quartz in the Lydenburg district of the Transvaal. In New South Wales, at Pond's Creek with stream tin.
In the U. S., in So. Carolina, at -Brewer's mine, in porous yellowish masses, sometimes reddish from iron oxide; surface of fracture white and vitreous, resembling somewhat calamine; in Gaston Co., N. C., in yellowish white concretions. In California, in gold placers on Big Pine Creek, Inyo Co. ; also from Phoenix, Arizona.
WALTHERITE Adam, Tabl. Min. , 27, 1869. A bismuth carbonate occurring with the bismutite of Joachimsthal in thin longish crystals, vitreous siskin-green to clove-brown, translucent. It contains, according to Lindacker (Yogi's Min. Joach., 168), bismuth oxide, carbon dioxide, water, silica; effervesces with acids, and B.B. gives bismuth reactions. Cf. Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 4 58. 1881.
AGNESITE. Carbonate of Bismuth W. Macgregor, Sowerby's English Min., Beud., Tr. , 2, 375, 1832; Agnesite B. & M. Min., 591, 1852. Gregorite Adam, Tabl. Min., 27, 1869. An earthy steatite-like mineral from St. Agnes in Cornwall, made by Macgregor a bismuth carbonate, but his results have been shown to be totally erroneous. See further 5th Ed., p. 793.
307. URANOTHALLITE. Kalk-Uran-carbonat Vogl, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 221, 1853, Flutherite Weisbach. Synops. Min., 48, 1875. Uranothallit Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 410, 1882.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-601 : 1 : 0'358 (approx.) Schrauf1.
Forms: b (010, i-i). m (110, /), n (130, i-3), u (201. 2-1), o (221, 2), 0 (263, 2-3). Measured angles: mm'" 60°-63°, um 47°-49°, m<p 56° 40', <po 25°-26°.
308 Carbonates.
Crystals minute and indistinct, united in scaly or granular aggregates, often incrusting.
Cleavage: a (100) easy but imperfect. H. 2'5-3'0. Luster vitreous, on cleavage-face pearly. Color siskin-green. Streak same but paler. Subtrans- parent to translucent.
Comp.— 2CaC03.U(C03)3.10H20 or 2CaO.UOa.4C03.10H90 Carbon dioxide 23-8, uranium dioxide 36 -8, lime 15-1, water 24-3 100.
Anal.— 1, Lindacker, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 221, 1853. 2, Schrauf, 1. c. 3, Foullon, Vh. G. Reichs., 269, 1883.
CO, UOa CaO H2O
1. 2418 37-03 15-55 23'24 100
2. 22-95 36-29 16'42 23'72 99'38
3. 23-13 35-45 16 28 22'44 FeO 2'48 99"78
Pyr. — B.B. on charcoal infusible; with borax and salt of phosphorus the reaction for uranium. Dissolves with effervescence in sulphuric acid, a white deposit being thrown down; solution in sulphuric and hydrochloric acids green, in nitric acid yellow.
Obs. — Occurs as an incrustation on uraninite at Joachimsthal, Bohemia.
Ref.— i L. c., cf. Brz., Vh. G. Reichs., 269, 1883.
308. LIEBIGITE. J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 5, 336, 1848, and 11, 259, 1851. Uran-Kalk- Carbonat Vogl, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 221, 1853.
In mammillary concretions, or thin coatings; cleavage apparent in one direction.
H. 2-2*5. Luster of fracture vitreous. Color beautiful apple-green. Transparent.
Comp. — A hydrous carbonate of uranium and calcium, formula perhaps CaCOs.- (U02)C03.20H,0 (Rg.) Carbon dioxide 11-1, uranium trioxide 36'4, lime 7'1, water 45'5 100. Anal.— J. L. Smith:
CO2 10-2 UO3 38-0 CaO 8'0 H,O 45'2 101'4
Pyr., etc. — In a matrass yields much water and becomes yellowish gray. At redness it blackens, without fusing, and on cooling returns to an orange-red color. At a higher heat it blackens, and remains so on cooling. With borax or salt of phosphorus reacts for uranium. Dissolves readily in dilute acids with effervescence.
Obs. — Occurs with medjidite on uraninite near Adrianople, Turkey; also at Johann- georgenstadt and Joachimsthal. Dr. Smith states that both the lime and uranium of this salt are derived from the uraninite. Named for Baron Justus Liebig (1803-1873), the German chemist.
309. VOGLITE. Uran-Kalk-Kupfer-Carbonat Vogl, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 222, 1853. Voglit Said., ib., 223.
In aggregations of crystalline scales. Scales rhomboidal somewhat like gypsum, with angles of 100° and 80°, Haid.
Luster pearly. Color emerald-green to bright grass-green. Dichroic. Comp. — A hydrous carbonate of uranium, calcium and copper. Anal. — Lindacker, ibid.
COa 26-41 UO 37-00 CaO 14-09 CuO 8'40 H2O 13'90 99-80
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube blackens and yields water. B.B. in the platinum forceps infusible, colors the flame deep green; if moistened with hydrochloric acid the flame is momentarily blue. With soda on charcoal yields metallic copper. With borax in O.F. the bead is yellow while hot and reddish brown on cooling; in R.F. green while hot and clouded when cold. Soluble in acids with effervescence.
Obs. — From the Elias mine, near Joachimsthal, implanted on uraninite.
SCHKOCKINGKRITE Schrauf, Min. Mitth., 137, 1873
Occurs at Joachimsthal on uraninite, in small, six-sided tabular crystals referred to the orthorhombic system; bm 58°. A bisectrix is normal to b. Color greenish to yellow. It is stated to be hydrous oxycarbonate of uranium, containing only traces of SO3. Loss by ignition (HO and COa) 36'7. Contains also a little lime. Named after Baron Schiockinger.
Carbonates. 309
RANDITE Koenig, Proc. Ac. Philad., 408, 1878. A canary-yellow incrustation on granite, at Fraukford, uear Philadelphia, Penn. A hydrous carbonate of calcium and uranium. An analysis (en 0 047 gr.) of impure material: [CO2 29'34], UaO3 31-63, CaO 32-50, HaO 6'53 100. T. D. Rand (ib., 274, 1880) shows that the coating consists largely of calcite, and after this has been removed by acetic acid, there remain the unattacked tufts of acicular crystals of raudite; these, dissolved in hydrochloric acid, yielded largely of calcium_and uranium, with a trace of phosphoric acid, alumina, etc.
SELBTTE. Luftsaures Silber (from anal, by Selb) Widenmann, Min., 689, 1794, Lenz, Min., 95. 1794; Grausilber; Carbonate of Silver, Selb, Tasch. Min., 9,394, 1817; Selbit Raid. , Handb., 506, 1845. A grayish ore, made a carbonate by Selb, who discovered it, in 1788. at the mine Wenzel near Wolfach. Baden. According to Walchner (Mag. f. Pharm., 25, 1) it is only a mixture; and, according to Sandberger (Jb. Min., 221, 1864). one of Selb's original specimens, under the lens, proved to contain within earthy argentite, dolomite and silver, and all parts afforded a sulphur reaction.
Del Rio described a silver carbonate from Real Catorce, Mexico, where it is called Plata Azul (Gilb. Ann., 71, 11, 1822), which also is regarded as a mixture. Plata , however, is a term somewhat loosely used for a number of silver ores. Cf. Domeyko, Mua. <,2hU*. 430, 1879.
Oxygen Salts. 2. SILICATES.
A. Anhydrous Silicates.
B. Hydrous Silicates.
This chapter closes with a section including the Titanates, Silico-titanates, Titano-niobates, etc., which connect the Silicates proper with the Niobates and Tantalates.
The line between the strictly anhydrous and hydrous silicates cannot be sharply drawn, since with many species which yield water upon ignition, the part played by the elements forming the water is as yet uncertain. Furthermore, in the cases of several groups the strict arrangement is deviated from, since the relation of the species is best exhibited by introducing the related hydrous species immediately after the others.
A. Anhydrous Silicates.
Some species strictly belonging here are placed among the Hydrous Silicates; see p. 563.
I. Disilicates, Polysilicates. II. Metasilicates.
III. Orthosilicates.
IV. Subsilicates.
The DISILICATES, RSi206, are salts of disilicic acid, H2Si206, and have an oxygen ratio of silicon to bases of 4 : 1, as seen when the formula is written after the dualistic method, R0.2Si02.
The POLYSILICATES, RaSi3Os, are salts of polysilicic acid, H4Si308, and have an oxygen ratio of 3 : 1, as seen in 2RO. 3Si02. They have been called trisilicates.
The METASILICATES, RSi03, are salts of metasilicic acid, H2Si03, and have an oxygen ratio of 2 : 1. They have hence been called bisilicates.
The ORTHOSILICATES, R2Si04, are salts of orthosilicic acid, H4Si04, and have an oxygen ratio of 1 : 1. They have hence been called unisilicates. The majority of the silicates fall into one of the last two groups.
Furthermore, there are a number of species characterized by an oxygen ratio of less than 1 : 1, e.g., 3:4, 2:3, etc. These basic species are grouped as SUBSILI- CATES. Their true position is often in doubt; in some cases they are to be regarded as basic salts belonging to one of the other groups.
The above classification cannot, however, be carried through strictly, since there are many species which do not exactly conform to any one of the groups named, and often the true interpretation of the composition is doubtful. Further- more, within the limits of a single group of species, connected closely in all essen-
Petalite Group— Petalite. 311
tial characters, there may be a wide variation in the proportion of the acidic element. Thus the triclinic feldspars, placed among the polysilicates, range from the true polysilicate, NaAlSi3Og, to the orthosilicate, CaAlaSi2Og, with many intermediate compounds, regarded as isomorphous compounds of these extremes. Similarly of the scapolite group, which, however, is included among the orfcrmsilicates, since the majority of the compounds observed approximate to that type. The micas form another example. For a further discussion of the matter see the special groups in the pages which follow.
It is possible to reduce the number of acids assumed, as suggested by Groth, by regarding polysilicic acid as compounded of disilicic and metasilicic acids, H4Si3O8 H5SijO6 -f H2SiOs. Or, as suggested by Becker, metasilicic acid may be regarded as formed from polysilicic acid and ortbosilicic acid, 4H2SiO3 H4Si3O8 + H4SiO4; while disilicic acid may be considered as a polysilicic acid from which orthosilicic acid has been isolated, 4H2SiaO5= 3H4Si3O8 — H4SiO4. Rammelsberg prefers to regard most of the more complex silicates, not conforming to the simple types, as compounds in varying proportions of metasilicates and orthosilicates, with sometimes disilicates, etc.
An excellent recent discussion of the composition of the Silicates as a whole is given by Groth in the last edition (1889) of his Tafoellarisclie Uebersicht der Mineralien, pp. 87-102. Brief but suggestive remarks are made by Tschermak in his Lehrbuch der Mineralogie (1883). Im- portant recent contributions to the subject have been made by F. W. Clarke, who has dis- cussed the matter from a more or less theoretical standpoint (Am. J. Sc., 29, 382, 1885, 31, 270, 1886, 38, 384, 1889, et al.) and' also attacked the problem by analytical methods (ib., 40, 303, 405, 452, 1890) with important results. Cf. also Id., U. S. G. Surv., Bull., 60, 13, 1890, 78, 11,
I. Disilicates, ESi306. Polysilicates, R,Si,08.
Petalite Group.
a : b : 6 ft
310. Petalite LiAl(Si,05), Monoclinic 1-1534 : 1 : 0-7436 67° 34'
311. Milarite HKCa1Al,(Si,05). Hexagonal 6 0-6620
a: I -.6 312. Eudidymite HNaBeSis08 Monoclinic 1-7107 : 1 : 1-1071 86
310. PETALITE. Petalit d'Andrada, Scherer's J., 4, 36, 1800. Castor (fr. Elba)jE?mYA., Lieb. Ann., 69, 436, 1849 Berzeliite Clarke, Ann. Phil., 11, 196, 1818.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 1-1534 : 1 : 0-7436; ft *67° 34' 001 A 100 Des Cloizeaux1.
100 A HO 46° 50', 001 A 101 25° 33|', 001 A Oil 34° 30|'.
Forms' : c (001, 0) y (101, - 1-1) z (905, fi)? cleavage e (021, 24)
a (100, i-l) m (110, 7) (403, - f-i) a (401, 4-1) x (241, 4-2)
b (010, i-l) g (120, z-2) o (201, - 2-i)
mm'" - 93° 40' coo — 30° 53f ca — 89° 37' ex 80° 23'
bm *43° 10' co — *38° 37' ce 53° 58' xx' 129° 32'
gg - 50° 15' cz - 62° 33' cm 74° 52' mo 53° 14'
The form of petalite approximates to that of the monoclinic pyroxenes, especially to spodumene; in composition also these two species are related, but in specific gravity they diverge widely.
Crystals rare, commonly tabular b or elongated the faces c, a, o smooth, the others often striated or rough. Usually massive, foliated cleavable.
Cleavage: c perfect; o (201) easy, z (905) difficult and imperfect. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal. Brittle. EL =6-6 -5. G. 2-39-2-46. Luster vitreous,
312 Silicates.
on c pearly. Colorless, white, gray, occasionally reddish or greenish white. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent.
Optically Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. and Bxa b; the ax. pi. in- clined - 87° 30' to c for red, hence Bx0.r A £ - 75° 4'; also Bx0.hl A c 74° 30'. Dispersion p v small; crossed, weak. Axial angles, castorite, Dx.8
2Ha.r 88° 27f 2Ha.y 86° 80fr' 2Ha.bi 86° 42' /?r 1-5078 ft, 1-5096 /?bl 1-6180
.'. 2Vr 83° 30' 2Vy 83° 34' 2Vbl 83° 52'
Also, petalite:
2Ha.r 86° 24' 2Ha.y 86° 28' 2Ha.bi 86° 43'
ary 1-504 fty 1-510 1-516 M. Levy-Lex.3
Var. — 1. Castorite, in distinct transparent crystals, affording the above angles. Dx. G. 2-38, Breith.; 2-397-2-405, Damour.
2. Ordinary petalite, cleavable massive; G. 2'412, 2'420, 2'465 Ut6, Dmr.
Comp — LiAl(Sis06), or LiiO.Al,0,.8Si01 Silica 78-4, alumina 16-7, lithia 4-9 100.
Anal.— 1, Sonden, G. F5r. F5rh., 6, 39, 1882. after deducting 0'5 p. c. apatite. 2, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Be., 16, 373, 1853. 3, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 13, 1878. 4, F. W. Clarke, priv. contr.
SiO2 A12O3 Li,O NaaO K2O
1. Uto f 77-97 17-08 4-22 0'73 — 100 [0'24 99'75
2. Bolton f 77-92 16 '24 3 63 0'51 tr. ign. 0'65, Fe3O3 0'56, Mg
3. Elba, Castorite G. 2'386 77-87 17-55 2'77 1-04 0'43 H2O 0'34 100 [100-28
4. Peru, Maine 77'29 16-95 2'62 2'39 tr. ign., 1-03, FeaO3,MnO tr.
The chemical composition and relation to spodumene are discussed by Doelter, Min. Mitth., 1, 529, 1878.
Pyr., etc. — Gently heated emits a blue phosphorescent light. B.B. on charcoal becomes glassy, subtransparent, and white, and melts only on the edges: gives the reaction for lithia. With borax it forms a clear, colorless glass. Not acted on by acids.
Obs. — Petalite occurs at the iron mine of Uto, Sweden, accompanying lepidolite, tourmaline, spodumene, and quartz; on Elba (castorite) in attached crystals.
In the U. 8., at Bolton. Mass., with scapolite; at Peru, Maine, with spodumene in albite. According to Bigsby, in a boulder containing tremolite, at York, near Toronto, Canada.
Lithia was first discovered in this mineral by Arfvedson. The name petalite is from nera- Xov, a leaf, alluding to the cleavage.
Ref.— ' Ann. Ch. Phys., 3, 264, 1864, and Pogg., 122, 648, 1864. Cf. Svr., Zs. G. Ges., 22, 668, 1870. 2 L. c., also Min., 2, xxxvi, 1874. 3 C. R., 106, 777, 1888.
HYDROCASTORITE. Idrocastorite G. Grattarola, Boll. Com. Geol., 323, 1876. A decom position product of Elba castorite. Occurs as a white mealy aggregate of fine crystalline needles, surrounding a nucleus of the original mineral. H. =2. G. 2'16. Anal. — 1, Grattarola, on material not entirely pure. 2, Sansoni, Att. Soc. Tosc., 4, 320, 1879.
SiO, AlaOs CaO MgO H,O
1. 59-59 21-35 4-38 — 14'66 99'98
2. 5813 19-70 4-17 0'50 15'96 98'46
311. MILARITE. Kenngott, Jb. Min., 81, 1870. Giufite Kuschel-KoJiler, ib., 926, 1877.
Hexagonal. Axis 6 0_;6620; 0001 A 1011 *37° 23f ' Rinne1. In hexagonal prisms with c (0001), m (1010), a (112"0), p (1011). Pyramidal angles : ppf 21', ;;pvi 105° 13'.
Cleavage not observed. Fracture conchoidiil. Brittle. II. =-5-5-6. G. 2'55 -2"59. Luster vitreous. Colorless to pal green, glassy.
Basal sections show, in polarized light, a division into six radial sectors (biaxial), often with a central core diagonally placed and also divided into six sectors. The central portion is sometimes uniaxial. Hence regarded as pseudohexagonal (analogous to witherite) by Tschermak", Des Cloizeaux3, Mallard4. Riune1, however, shows that the original position of equilibrium was hexagonal and the anomalous characters are secondary; this is confirmed by Ramsay6, who finds that increase of temperature makes the biaxial portions become uniaxial.
Comp.— HKCaaAl2(Si206)B or H2O.K20.4Ca0.2Ala03.24Si01 Silica 72'7, alumina 10-3, lime 11-3, potash 4-8, water 0'9 100.
Eudidymite.
Anal.— 1, Frenzel, Jb. Min., 797, 1873. 2, Finkener, ib., 62, 1874. 3, Ludwig, Min. Mitth., 347, 1877.
SiO2 AUO3
1 G. 2-59 71-12 8 45
2 G. 2-5 70 04 11 62 3. G. 2-553 f 71-81 10-67
CaO MgO Na,O
11-27 — [7-61]
10-05 0-20 0-65
11-65 tr. tr.
KaaO HaO
— 1-55 100
5-24 69 99-99
4-86 1-36 100-35
Pyr., etc.— B.B. in the closed tube becomes white and gives off water, but only at a high temperature. In the forceps fuses with intumescence to a white blebby glass. In salt of phosphorus slowly soluble to a colorless glass leaving a skeleton of silica. Insoluble in hy- drochloric acid.
Obs.— Occurs in Val Giuf, Grisons, Switzerland, in a granitic rock with smoky quartz, orthoclase, apatite, titanite, chabazite; the crystals are often coated or penetrated by scales of chlorite. Also reported from the Strim glacier in the Tavetschthal. It was first incorrectly announced as having been found in Val Milar, hence the name first given.
Ref.— ' Jb. Min., 2, 1, 1885; cf. Kenng., pp' — 35° 14'; also Tschermak2, who shows the variation from strict hexagonal symmetry. Min. Mitth., 350, 1877. 3 Jb. Min., 41, 371, 1878. 4 Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 241, 1882. Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 42, No. 9, 29, 1885.
312. EUDIDYMITE. W. C. Brogger> Nyt Mag., 31, 196, 1887.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 1-71075 : 1 : 1-10712; /3 86° 14£' 001 A 100 Brogger1.
100 A HO 59° 38|', 001 A 101 31° 46f, 001 A Oil 47° 51'.
Forms1 : I (310, t-8) x (lO'O'l, - 10-i) e (C'10'3, -4) o (111, - 1) (834, f)
b (010, d (502, - f4) q (501, 5-1) u (335, - f ) (552, - f) t (551, 5) c (001, 0)
Also doubtful 112, 332.
U'" 59° 16' cl *86° 44' cd 55° 35' eg 76° 17'
ee' 149° 37' cu 36° 49' co *50° 50' cs 70° 56'
cv 44° 45' ct 82° 59' uu' 62° 19' oo' *84° 2'
109° 21i'
wf 74° 51i' it' 117° 56'
Twins: tw. pi. (1) c, producing tw. lamellae, also as penetration-twins; also (2) a plane normal to c in l.
the zone co, contact- twins (f. 2), the axes crossing at angles of nearly 60°. Crystals always twins; habit tabular c. Faces c, also the pyramids, of ten striated their inter- section edges.
Cleavage : c perfect ;
t (551) less perfect. H. 6. G. 2-553. Luster on crystalline faces vitreous, on c pearly, also on fracture surfaces in zone co silky. Color white. Transparent to translucent.
Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Bx A c — 58° 30'. Kefractive indices :
ar 1-54444 /Sr 1 '54479
ay 1-54533 ftj 1 '54568
agr 1-54763 1-54799
Also measured axial angles:
2Har 30° 48'
2Hay 29° 43'
2HaKr 28° 54'
2Vr 30° 44' 2Vy 29° 55' 2Vfr 28° 52'
2Hor 155° 45' 2H0.y 157° 5' 2Hogr 158° 40'
2Vr 30° 28J' 2Vy 29° 19' 2V*r 28° 30'
Silicates.
Comp.— HNaBeSi308 or HaO.Na20.2Be0.6Si03 Silica 73-4, glucina 10-2, soda 12'7, water 3*7 100.
Anal.— 1, G. Fliuk, Nyt Mag., 1. c., as corrected by A. E. Nd., 1. c. 2, A. E Norden- skiold, G. For. Forh., 9, 434, 1887.
8iOa BeO Na2O H3O
72-19 11-15 12-66 3"84 99'84
73-11 10-62 12-24 3'79 MgO tr. 99'76
Pyr. — B.B. fuses easily to a colorless glass. Dissolves with difficulty and incompletely in acids. The water goes off completely only at a high temperature.
Obs.— Occurs very sparingly in zircon -syenite on the island Ovre-Aro, in the Langesund- fiord, with segirite, elaeolite, brevicite, apophyllite, natrolite, etc.; it was formed at the same time with the zeolites with which it is associated.
Named from ev, well, SiSvjuot, twin, in allusion to its occurrence in twin crystals.
It is interesting to note that a considerable number of the minerals containing beryllium as an essential constituent (e.g. beryl, phenacite) are hexagonal, like the element itself "(Brogger & Flink, Zs. Kr., 9, 228, 1884), or approximate to this in angle and method of twinning (e.g. eudidymite, chrysoberyl, beryllonite, bertrandite, etc.).
313. Orthoclase
Soda-Orthoclase
314. Hyalophaue
Feldspar Group. Monoclinic Section.
a : I : 6 ft'
KAlSi308 0-6585:1:0-5554 116° 3" (K,Na)AlSi308
(K2,Ba)Al2Si4Oia 0-6584 : 1 : 0-5512 115° 35'
315. Microcline
Soda-microcline 315A. Anorthoclase
ft. Triclinic Section.
KAlSi308
(K,Na)AlSi,08
(Na,K)AlSi308
Albite-anorthite Series.
NaAlSi308
316. Albite
317. Oligoclase
318. Andesine
319. LabradoriteJ
320. Anorthite CaALSLO
a
b : 6 a ft y
1 : 0-5577 94° 3' 116° 29' 88° 9'
1 : 0-5524 93° 4' 116° 23' 90° 5'
1 : 0-5521 93° 23' 116° 29' 89° 59'
1 : 0-5547 93° 31' 116° 3' 89C
1:0-5501 93° 13' 115° 55' 91'
Tne general characters of the species belonging in the FELDSPAR GROUP are as follows: 1, Crystallization in the monoclinic or triclinic systems, the crystals of the different species resembling each other closely in angle, in general habit, and in methods of twinning. 2, Cleavage in two similar directions inclined at an angle of 90° or nearly 90°. 3, Hardness between 6 and 6-5. 4, Specific Gravity varying between 2-5 and 2-9, and mostly between 2-55 and 2-75. 5, Colors white or pale shades of yellow, red or green, less commonly dark. 6, In composition sili- cates of aluminium with either, potassium, sodium, or calcium, and rarely barium,.
Feldspar Group— Orthoclase. 315
while magnesium and iron are always absent. Furthermore, besides the several distinct species there are many intermediate compounds having a certain inde- pendence of character and yet connected with each other by insensible gradations; all the members of the series showing a close relationship not only in composition but also in crystalline form and optical characters.
The feldspars furnish a striking example how a species, or group of species, may approx iinate in angle to a system of higher symmetry, while diverging widely from it in actual form. Thus of the commonly occurring planes of orthoclase: n (021), y (201) correspond in angle to cubic planes; q (203) to an octahedral; m, b, c, o (111) to dodecahedral, and 2(130), x (101) to trapezohedral. See further 5th Ed., p. 337, where this subject is developed and a relation to the isometric species leucite is shown.
The species of the Feldspar Group are classified, first as regards form, and second with reference to composition. The 'monoclinic species include (see above) : ORTHOCLASE, potassium feldspar and SODA-ORTHOCLASE, potassium-sodium feld- spar; also HYALOPHANE, barium feldspar.
The triclinic species include : MICROCLINE and ANORTHOCLASE, potassium- sodium feldspars; ALBITE, sodium feldspar; ANORTHITE, calcium feldspar.
Also intermediate between albite and anorthite the isomorphous sub-species, sodium-calcium or calcium-sodium feldspars : OLIGOCLASE, ANDESINE, LABRADOR- ITE.
a. Monoclinic Section.
313. ORTHOCLASE. Silex ex eo ictu ferri facile ignis elicitur — ex cubis aliisque flguris intersectis constans, Agric., Foss., 314, 1546. Felt-Spat, Spatum pyrimachum (VAR. album, cinereum, rubrum), Wall., Miu., 65, 1747. Faltspat, Spatum scintillans, Cronst., 60, 1758. Feldspath Germ., Pr. Feldspar Engl. Felspar bad orthogr. dating from Kirwan. Feldstein Hausm., Handb., 528, 1813, Orthose H., Tr., 4, 1801, in Index alone, p. 394, 4to edition. Adular Breith., Char., 35, 1820. [In the preceding, the whole group of feldspars is included in the one species.]
Feldspath (Albite excluded) Berz., 1815, N. Syst. Min. 1819. Feldspath (Albite, Labrador- ite, aud Anorthite excl.) G. Hose, Gilb. Ann., 73, 173, 1823. Orthoklas (id. excl.) Breith., Char., 1823; (id. -j- Oligoklas excl.) Breith., Pogg., 8, 79, 1826. Potash-feldspar. Kalifeld- spath Germ.
VAR. introd. as sp. Adulaire Pini, Mem. Feldsp., Milan, 1783; Adular Germ.; Adularia Engl.; Feldspath nacre IT; Mondstein var. Feldspath, Wern., Ueb. Cronst., 1780; id. Adu- laria Wern., Bergm. J., 375, 1789; Moonstone. Sanidin Nose, NOggerath Min. Stud. Geb. Niederrheiu, 1808; Glasiger Feldspath Klapr., Beitr., 1, 15, 1795, and others. Necronite Hayden, Am. J. Sc., 1, 306, 1819. Pegmatolith Breith., Char., 1823, 1832. Murchisonite W. Phillips, Phil. Mag., 1, 448, 1827. Ryakolith G. Rose, Pogg., 15, 193, 1829, 2§, 143, 1833; Rhyacolite. Valencianit, Mikroklin Breith., . J., 60, 322, 324, 1830. Erythrite, Perthite, Thorn., Phil. Mag., 22, 188, 189, 1843. Loxoklas Breith. , Pogg., 67, 419; Loxoclase. Chester- lite Seal, Dana Miu., 678, 18~>0. Felsit von Marienberg Breith., Pogg., 67, 421, Handb., 527, 1847 Paradoxit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25, 35, 1866. Felsit von Mulda id., Handb., 528 Muldan id., ib., 39, Cottait id., ib. Weissigit Jenzsch, Jahrb. Min., 396, 1853. Lasur-Feldspath N. Nd., Bull. Soc., Moscow, 30, 225, 1857.
Halleflinta, Petrosilex, Lapis Corneus, pt., Cronst., Min., 57, 1758. Felsite. Leelite (fr. Westmannland) Clarke, Ann. Phil., 1818.
Monoclinic. Axes a : t : 6 0-65851 : 1 : 0-55538; ft — 63° 56' 46" 001 A 100 Koksbarov.1
100 A HO 30° 36' 30", 001 A 101 50° 16' 34", 001 A Oil 26° 31' 0".
tf (10-8-1. 10-f)5' " B (12-10-1, 12-f)8
d (241, - 4-2) 0 (241, 4-2) s (131, 3-3) B (261, 6-3)T (151, 5-5)
Many planes with abnormal indices have been noted, especially on adularia, also others of doubtful character. Of these "vicinal planes" Websky8 describes a large number, and
Forms2 :
p (190, £9)'
I (706, 1-1}
i (061, 64)
a (100, i-l, k)
t (201. - 2-1)*
fl (504, f-i)5
e (111, - 1)
b (010, i4, M)
A (501, - 5-1)
r (403, |-i)
9 (112, $)
c (001, 0, P)
q (203, f 4)
y (201, 2-1)
0 (111, 1)
£ (210, z-2)'°
C (506, f -i)
u (221, 2)
m (110, /, T)
x (ioi, i-i)
h (028, f 1)
4(10-1-9, -ij£-lb
L (120, i-2)
O (10-0-9, -V0-*)'-9
n (021, 24)
/ (56-7-48, f 8)
z (130, 4-3)
w (807, f 4)9
Silicates.
others have been added by Becker4, Koksharov (1. c.), Des Cloizeaux', Cathrein9' I0, Hamberg19, Zepharovich13.
mm'" *61° 13' cy 80° 18' co 55° 14*'
LL 80° 24*' Jih' 36° 48' cu 81° 52'
a?' 58° 48' nri 89° 53' cd 55° 13'
ct =41° 2' 143° 3*' cv 84° 6'
eg 33° 53' ce 33° 30' ee' 35° 21'
50° 16*' cm *67° 47' 20" 00' - 31° 2'
cr 63° 23' eg 29° 6' oo' 53° 43'
bo *63° 8' 19'
uu1 65° 58'
dd' 81° 42'
vv' 104° 47'
a- a' 115° 46'
wi'y — 45° 42'
m'x 69° 19'
Striiver has deduced for sanidine, in part from his own, in part from Rath's angles, the following axial ratios:
a : b : c ft
Laach 0'64925 : 1 : 0-5517 63° 54'
Latium 0'6562 : 1 : 0 5522 63 57'
Vesuvius
0-6538 : 1 : 0'5526
64°
7'
' V
Figs. 1-5, Simple forms. 6, Loxoclase, Hammond, N. Y. 7, 8, Adularia, Brown.
Twins: tw. pi. (1) a, or tw. axis 6, the common Carlsbad twins, either of irregular penetration (f. 11) or contact type; the latter usually with b as composi- tion-face, often then (f. 10) with c and x nearly in a plane, but to be distinguished by luster, etc. ; also rarely united by a. (2) n (021), the Baveno twins forming nearly square prisms (f. 13, 14), since en 44° 56 and hence cc 89° 53'; often repeated as fourlings (f. 15), also in square prisms, elongated a. (3) c, the Mane* bach twins (f. 12), usually contact-twins with c as comp.-face. Less common than these, and usually of the penetration and cruciform type, often of Carlsbad twins: (4)w; (5) z(130); (6)102?; (7) #(201); (8) 051; (9) 0(111); (10)454; (11) 2-5-15. Some of these apparent twins . may be simply accidental groupings, analogous to those common with quartz.
Crystals often prismatic sometimes orthorhombic in aspect (f. 2, 7) since c and x are inclined at nearly equal angles to c; also elongated a (f. 9) with b and c nearly equally developed; also thin tabular b; rarely tabular a, a face not often
Feldspar Group— Orthoclase.
observed. Faces c, x often horizontally striated and united in oscillatory combina- tion, forming flat or rounded summits. Faces x often rough and thus distin- guished from c in twins (f. 10). Vicinal forms common, especially with adularia.
Often massive, coarsely cleavable to granular; sometimes lamellar. Also com- pact cry pto-cry stall ine, and flint-like or jasper-like.
Cleavage: c perfect; b somewhat less so; prismatic m imperfect, but usually more distinct parallel to one prismatic face than to the other. Farting" sometimes distinct parallel to a (100), also to a hemi-orthodome A (701, or 801), inclined a few degrees to the orthopinacoid (cA 73° to 74°); this may produce a satin-like luster or schiller, the latter also often present when the parting is not distinct. This parting and the schiller may be secondary in origin. Fracture conchoidal to un- Brittle. H. 6-6-5. G. 2 '5-2-62. Luster vitreous; on a cleavage-
even.
surface (c) often pearly. Colorless, white, pale yellow and flesh-red common, gray; rarely green. Streak uncolored.
10, 11, Carlsbad twins.
12, Manebach twin, Sbk. 13, 14, Baveno twins, Brown. 15, Do., fourling, Hbg.
Optically negative (Bxa a) in all cases. Ax. pi. usually b, sometimes b, also changing from the former to the latter on increase of temperature (see below). For adularia (Dx.) Bxa.r A c - 69° 11', Bxa.bl A 6 - - 69° 37'. Hence Bxa and the extinction-direction (cf. f. 3, p. 326) inclined a few degrees only to a, or the edge b/c; thus -f- 3° to + 7° usually, or up to + 10° or + 12° (in varieties rich in Na20) according to Eosenbusch. Dispersion p v; also horizontal, strongly marked, or inclined, according to position of ax. pi. Axial angles variable. Indices and axial angles at 18° C., Dx. :
Adularia: No. 1 cry 1-5190 £,=1-5287 y, 1-5260 .'. 2Vy 69° 43' 2Ey 121 " 6,
Also measured 2Er 120° 22', 2Ey 120° 12', 2EW 118° 37'
No. 2 or, 1-5181 flj 1-5223 1-5248 .'. 2Vy 69e 1' 2Ey 119" 11 Measured 2Err 120° 42', 2Ey 129° 46', 2EW 118° 18'
318 Silicates.
Sanidine, Wehr, ax. pi. b for red rays:
a 1-5170 ftr =1-5239 1-5240 .'. 2Vr 13° 34' 8Er 20° 45
Same, ax. pi. b for blue rays:
aw 1-5265 /?w 1-5355 yu 1'6856 .'. 2Vw 11° 51' 2Eu 18° 14'
Increase of temperature diminishes the axial angle when the ax. pi. is ± b, but increases it when b. In the former case the angles for the different colors successively become 0" and the ax. pi. changes to the second position. If the temperature is maintained as high as 600° to 1000° the change becomes permanent. Cf. Dx., Weiss.16 Pressure produces a like c'hauge.
Comp., Yar. — A silicate of aluminium and potassium. KAlSis08 or K2O.Al203.6Si02 - Silica 64-7, alumina 18-4, potash 16'9 100. ' Sodium is often also present, replacing part of the potassium.
The prominent varieties depend upon crystalline habit and method of occurrence more than upon difference of composition.
1. Adularia. The pure or nearly pure potassium silicate. Usually in crystals, like f. 7, 8 in habit; often with vicinal planes, especially on the Baveno twins, which are very common with this variety. G. 2'565 . Transparent or nearly so. Often with a pearly opalescent re- flection or schiller a or J; sometimes with a delicate play of colors; some moonstone (Hecatolite Ddameih., T. T., 2, 201, from eKarrj, the moon) is here included, but the remainder belongs to albite or other of the tricliuic feldspars.
The original adularia (AdularMs from the St. Gothard region in Switzerland. The name is derived from the Adular Mte.. which term as used by Strabo embraced the Central High Alps, including the Gothard region and the Adular Mts., etc. In the latter, in the present restricted sense, the adularia is not i'ound (Keuugott). The name is extended also to similar varieties from other points in the Alps and elsewhere. Valencitmite , from the silver mine of Valencia, Mexico, is adularia.
2. Sanidine or glassy feldspar. Occurs in crystals, often transparent and glassy, embedded in lava, trachyte, phouolyte, etc. Habit often tabular b (hence named from travis, a tablet, or board); also in square prisms (b, c); Carlsbad twins very common. Most varieties contain sodium as a prominent constituent. Cf. anal. 5-10.
Rhyacolite. Eisspath Werner. Occurs in glassy crystals at Monte Somma; named from .pvaz,, stream (lava stream), and /Iz'So?, stone; anal. 11.
8. Ordinary. In crystals (f. 1-6, and f. 10) Carlsbad and other twins common; also massive or clenvable, varying in color from white to pale yellow, red, or green, translucent; sometimes aventurine. Here belongs the common feldspar of granitoid rocks or granite veins. Usually contains a greater or less percentage of soda (soda-orthoclase, Natronorthoklas Germ. , cf . anal. 22, ~2'6). Compact cry pto-crystal line orthoclase makes up the mass of much felsite, but to a greater or less degree admixed with quartz; it occurs of various colors, from white and brown to deep red. There are two kinds: (a) the jasper-like, with a subvitreous luster; and (b) the ceratoid or wax-like, with a waxy luster. Some red kinds look closely like red jasper, but are easily distinguished by the fusibility. Leelite, named after 3. F. Lee, is a deep flesh-red variety, of waxy luster, from Grythyttan, Sweden. Other felsites contain soda and approximate to albite or oligoclase in composition.
Much of what has been called orthoclase, or common potash feldspar, has proved to belong to the related triclinic species, microcline. Cf. p. 323 on the relations of the two species. Chesterlite and Amazonite or Amazon stone, are microcline; also most aventurine orthoclase.
The following names belong to more or less distinctly characterized varieties of common orthoclase:
Loxodase. Contains sodium in considerable amount (anal. 21). In grayish white or yellow- ish crystals (f. 6). a little pearly or greasy in luster, feebly shining, often large, lengthened usually in the direction of the clinodiagoual. From Hammond, St. Lawrence Co.. N. Y. Named from Ao£6s, transverse, and xvlacrzs, fracture, under the idea that the crystals are peculiar in having cleavage parallel to the orthodiagonal section.
Paradoxite Breith. is a flesh red feldspar from the tin mines near Marienberg. Cottaite Breith. is a grayish white feldspar in twins from Carlsbad, Bohemia. Muldan is from Mulda near Freiberg. Pegmatolile Breith. is common feldspar.
Erythrite Thomson. A flesh-red variety from near Kilpatrick.
Necronite. A cleavable feldspar, fetid in odor when struck. The original was found by Hayden near the York and Lancaster road, 21 m. from Baltimore, in granular limestone, and was whitish or bluish in color. Named from vexpoS, a corpse.
Laeurfeldspar (Lasurfeldspath Germ.}. A feldspar having H. 6, and G. 2'597, has the cleavage of orthoclase, found near Lake Baikal with lapis lazuli.
Perthite. A flesh -red aventurine feldspar, consisting of interlaminated albite and orthoclase. From Perth, Quebec. See further p. 321.
Murchisonite. A flesh-red feldspar similar to perthite, with gold-yellow reflections in a di- rection l b and inclined 73° 13' to c (Dx.), hence nearly parallel to 701 or 801 (see cryptoperthite, p. 321). Stated to have also an unusual cleavage direction besides the two observed. From Dawlish and Exeter, England. Named after its discoverer, Murchison the geologist.
Feldspar Group— Orthoclase.
Weissigite Jeuzsch. In small whitish or reddish white twin crystals, from the cavities of amygdaloid at Weissig near Dresden; G. 2'538-2'546. I. Lea has named (Proc. Ac. Philad., May, 1866) a greenish orthoclase from Lenui, Delaware Co., Pa., "almost without cleavage," lennttite; other specimens of the same locality, pearly and distinctly cleavable, delawarite; and a dull bluish-green subtransparent kind, of an aventurine character, from Blue Hill, 2 m. N. of Media, Pa. , cassinile (see p. 322).
Anal.— 1, Abich, Pogg., 51, 528, 1840. 2, Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 50 (1), 577, 1865. 3 Abich 1. c. 4 Plattner, Pogg., 46, 299, 1839. 5, Lewinstein, J. pr. Ch., 68, 98, 1856. Rg Min. Ch., 1003, 1860. 7, Lewinstein, 1. c. 8, 9, Rath, Pogg., 135, 561, 564, 1868. 10, O. H. Drake, priv. contr. 11, Tschermak, 1. c. 12, Redner, Zs. G. Ges., 18, 394, 1866. 13, Kloos, Jb Min., 2, 106, 1884, after deducting apatite 0'26 p. c., and ignition. 14, Id., ibid., p. 109. In, Rath. Zs. G. Ges., 22, 652, 1870. 16-19, Id., Pogg., 144, 376-382, 1871. 20, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 43, 1885. 21, Ludwig, quoted by Tschermak, 1. c. 22, 23, Foerstner, Zs. Kr., 8, 128, 1883.
G.
SiO2 A12O3 CaO K2O Na2O
St. Gothard, Adularia
1 -01 Fe2Os tr.
: 100
,
1-3 99-3
Baveno
1-25 Fe2O3 tr.
: 99-90
Mexico, Valencianite
—
— Fe2O3 0-09
99-29
Perlenhardt, Sanidine
2-49 Fe203 0'91,
MgO 0-35
99-47
Drachenfels, "
3-42 MgO 0-39,
ign. 0-44
99-92
Pappelsberg, "
6-08 Fe2O3 0-52,
MgO 0-19 100-02
Laach, cryst,, "
4-29 BaO 0'41,
ign. O'll
100-38
K
—
6-94 ign. 0-07
Yellowstone 2'57-2'59
4-99 ign. 0-20 99'77
Mt. Somma, Rhyacolite
1-6 100-3
[ 100
Carlsbad twins
—
2-41 BaO 0-48,
MgO 0-14
Bodenmaia
2-90 BaO 0-29
: 100
"
1-98 BaO 0-10,
ign. 0'44
San Piero, Elba
—
3-40 99-39
98-66
Pargas
f 64-96
2-32 MgO 0-25 ="100-22
Laurvik
7 54 MgO 0-07 -
100-46
Monzoni
f 63-36
[8-89]
4-91 100
Bolton, Mass.
2-98 99-69
100-62
French Creek, Penn.
— Fe2O3 0-23,
ign. 0-67
Hammond, N. Y., Loxoclase
7-56 MgO 0-22
99-88
Pantelleria, Bagno d'acqua
7-63 FeO 0-54,
MgO 0-11
100-14
" Cala Porticello
7-57 Fe3O3 T53,
MgO 0-02
100-65
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses at 5; varieties containing much soda are more fusible. Loxoclase fuses at 4. Not acted upon by acids.
Obs. — Orthoclase in its several varieties belongs especially to the crystalline rocks, occurring as an essential constituent of granite, gneiss, syenite, also porphyry, further (var., sanidine) trachyte, phonolyte, etc. In the massive granitoid rocks it is seldom in distinct, well formed, separable crystals, except in veins and cavities; such crystals are more common, however, in volcanic rocks like trachyte.
Adularia occurs in the crystalline rocks of the central and eastern Alps, associated with smoky quartz and albite, also titanite, apatite, etc.; the crystals are often coated with chlorite. 'Thus in the St. Gothard region, especially on Mt. Fibia; also the Maderanerthal in Uri, Kreuzlithal and i'av fischthal, Lukmanier in Grisons, Guttanen in the Bernese Oberland (cf. Kenng., Min Schweiz, pp. 45-75). Further in the Eastern Alps, as at Schwarzenstein in the Zillerthal. Also in crevices in trachyte at Felsobanya. On Elba. Fine crystals of orthoclase, often twins, are obtained from Baveno, Lago Maggiore; the Fleimsthal, a red variety; Val- floriana; Bodeninais, Carlsbad and Elbogen in Bohemia; Striegau, Hirschberg, and Lomnitz in Silesia. Also Ekaterinburg in the Ural; Albaschka near Mursinka; Arendal in Norway, and near Shaitansk in the Ural; Land's End and St. Agnes in Cornwall; at Rubislaw in Aber- tleenshire, Scotland. The Mourne Mts., Ireland, with beryl and topaz. Tamagama Yama, Japan, with topaz and smoky quartz. Moonstone is brought from Ceylon.
Typical sanidine is prominent in the trachyte of the Drachenfels on the Rhine; at the Laacher See. Rhyacolite occurs in blocks on Mt. Somma and in the Albani Mts. ; in Latium near Rome; in the lavas of Ischia; near Naples.
In the U. States, orthoclase in crystals occurs in Maine, on the island Mt. Desert, fine green;
320 Silicates.
at the tourmaline locality, Paris; at Buckfield. In N. Hamp., at the Acworth beryl locality. In Mass., at South Royalston and Barre, often large crystals; at Three Rivers, in Palmer. In Conn., at the gneiss quarries of Haddam and the feldspar quarries of Middletown, crystals a foot long, and 6 or 8 in. thick; near Bradleysville, in the western part of Litchfield, crystals 2-3. in. long, abundant; at Willirnantic. In N. York, in St. Lawrence Co., at Rossie, 2 m. N. of Oxbow, the crystals are white or bluish white, and sometimes an inch across; also 8 m. from Potsdam, on the road to Pierrepont, where crystals a foot through are said to have been found; and near DeLong's mills m the town of Hammond, with apatite and zircon, where the loxoclase is obtained; in Lewis Co., orthoclase occurs both crystallized and massive in white limestone near Natural Bridge, with scapolite and titonite; in Orange Co., crystals near West Point; more abundant and interesting forms are found at Rocky Hill, in Warwick, with tourmaline and zircon; and at Amity and Edenville; in Saratoga Co., at the Greenfield chrysoberyl locality, white translucent crystals, usually coated with silvery mica. In Penn.,in crystals at Leiper- ville, Mineral Hill, Delaware Co. ; sunstone in Kennett Township; French Creek, a peculiar variety with divergent columnar structure of a reddish color (anal. 20). In N. Car., at Wash- ington Mine, Davidson Co., in white and yellowish crystals. At the Superior mine, Ontouagon, Lake Superior, in small reddish crystals, as a secondary product, in cavities in amygdaloid with epidote. In Colorado, at the summit of Mt. Antero, Chaff ee Co., in fine crystals, often Carlsbad and Baveno twins, with beryl, phenacite, bertrandite. etc.; at Gunnison; Black Hawk; Kokoma, Summit Co., also at other points. Also similarly in Nevada and California.
Orthoclase as a secondary mineral in cavities in a basaltic rock, with calcite and phillipsite at Eulenberg, Bohemia, was described by Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 91 (1), 158, 1885. Granzer has further studied the same occurrence, and finds the mineral to deviate somewhat (but probably not essentially) from normal orthoclase; thus the composition (H,K)AlSisO8 ia assigned to it, with H : K 1 : 8, Min. Mitth., 11, 277, 1890.
Alt. — Feldspar may be altered through infiltrating waters carrying more or less carbon dioxide in solution (Fprchhaminer, Fournet, Bischof); also through the action of waters rendered acid by the decomposition of sulphides (Mitscherlich); also by ordinary waters holding traces of alkaline and other ingredients in solution (Bischof).
The presence of iron sulphide, or a mineral containing iron protoxide, as some mica, garnet, etc., is often the first occasion of the change. The decomposition of the mineral with the attendant oxidation of the iron distributes ferruginous waters through the rock (or ferrous sulphate from the altered sulphide), and thus, by a decomposing action, prepares the way for other agencies.
When the infiltrating waters contain traces of carbon dioxide, the feldspar acted on first loses its lime, if a lime feldspar, by a combination of the lime with this acid; next, its alkalies are carried off as carbonates, if the supply of carbonic acid continues, or otherwise as silicates in solution. The change thus going on ends in forming kaolin or some other aluminous silicate. The carbonate of soda or potash, or the silicate of these bases, set free, may go to the formation of other minerals — the production of pseudomorphic or metamorphic changes — and the supplying fresh and marine waters with their saline ingredients. When the change is not carried on to the exclusion of the protoxide bases, certain zeolites may result, especially, as Bischof states, when labradorite is the feldspar undergoing alteration, which species he describes as giving origin to the species mesolite. Massive nephelite or elaeolite is a still more common source of zeolites. When the waters contain traces of a magnesian salt— a bicarbonate or silicate— the magnesia may replace the lime or soda, and so lead to a steatitic change, or to a talc when the alumina is excluded; and when augite or hornblende is present, it may give origin to chlorite. The action of sulphurous acid from volcanic fumaroles produces often a complete destruction of the feld- spar and other minerals present, giving rise to deposits or incrustations of silica, in some of its various forms, and also halloysite, kaolin, etc.
Steatite, talc, chlorite, kaolin, lithomarge, mica, laumontite, occur as pseudomorphs after orthoclase or albite; and cassiterite and calcite often replace these feldspars by some process of solution and substitution. Labradorite more rarely forms kaolin. The triclinic lime-soda feldspars are sometimes altered to saussurite (wh. see); also to scapolite, cf. Judd, Min. Mag., 8, 186, 1889.
On pseudomorphs of orthoclase after leucite, see E. Scacchi, Rend. Ace. Napoli, Dec. 1884. Sauer, Zs. G. Ges., 37. 456, 1885.
Artif. — Artificial feldspar has been observed in crystals in furnace scoria at Mansfeld, San- gerhausen, near Laimbach and near Stolberg.
Obtained by Hautefeuille in distinct crystals with'tridymite by heating at a temperature of 900° to 1000° a mixture of tungstic acid with an alkaline silico- aluminate of potash; also with quartz at a lower temperature after the addition of an alkaline fluoride, C. R., 85, 952, 1877, 90, 830, 1880. Again by Friedel and Sarasin in the wet way by the reaction of the silicates of alumina and potash and water under pressure, Bull. Soc. Min.. 2, 158, 1879, 4, 171, 1881. Cf. also Fouque and Levy, C. R., 87. 700, 830, 1878, and Synth. Min., p. 132, 1882.
Ref. — 'Min. Russl., 5, 115, 1866; cf. measurements by Rath onsanidine and adularia, Pogg., 135, 454, 1868, and later Struver on sanidine, Zs. Kr., 1, 243, 1877. A comparison of results is; given by Kk., Min. Russl., 5, 329, also 9, 252, 1886
4 Cf. Mir., Min., 364. 1852; Dx., Min., 1. 328 1862, 2, , 1874; Kk., 1. c.; Gdt , Index, 2,11.1888. See also the following: Weiss, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 231, 1816-17, 145, 1820-21. Rose. Gilb. Ann., 73, 181, 1823, Pogg., 15,19:5, 1829. Kupffer (early measurements), Pogg.,
Feldspar Group— Hyalophane. 321
13, 209. 1828. Hbg., JVlin. Not., 2, 6, 1858. Rath, Pogg., 113, 425, 1861, 135, 454, 1868, 158, 400, 1876.
3 Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 15, 677, 1863. 4 Becker, Inaug. Diss., Breslau. 1868. 6 Achiardi. Elba, Nuovo Cimeuto, 3, Feb., 1870. 6 Dx., also ft (29-37-1), 1. c., and Zs. Kr., 11, 605, 1886. 1 Cathrein, Valfloriaua, Zs. Kr., 9, 368, 1884. s Id., St. Gothard, Elba,-3s.-£r.. 11, 113, 1885. 9 Id., Schwarzeustein, he gives also e (950), (850), A (750), j (280-0-1). a (68 '7 -60), Zs. Kr., 13,332,1887. 10 Id., Schwarzeustein, also K (39 038). Miu. Mitth., 10, 59, 1888. Solly, Elba, Zs. Kr., 10, 524. 12 Hamberg, adular, new forms and corrosion phenomena, v (15'0'13), o- (11-4-9), T (18-2-19), Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 13 (2), No. 4, 1888. 13 Ber. Ak. Wieu, 98 (1), 404, 1889.
14 On twins, see the following:
Weiss, Carlsbad twins, Schweigg. J., 10, 223, 1814. Naumann, law 5, Kryst., 2, 343, 1830. Breith.,law9, B. &H. Ztg., 17, 1858. Blum, who names the Manebach twins, Jb. Min., 343, 1863. Lasp., laws 4, 8, 10, Zs. Kr., 1, 204, 1877. Haushofer, law 6, Zs. Kr., 3, 601, 1879: also 11 ib., 9, 93, Ber. Ak. Miiuchen, 641, 1882. Klockmaun, law 7, Zs. Kr., 6, 318, 493, 1882 Gonnard, Four la-Brouque twins Manebach), Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 265, 1883, 8, 307, 1885 Tschermak describes a group, which if not accidental has the normal to the edge c/m as tw axis, Min. Mitth., 8, 414, 1887.
15 On the schiller, or pearly opalescence observed in many varieties, see Reusch, Pogg., 116 392, 1862, 118, 256, 1863, 120, 95, 1863; Dx., Min., 1, 1862; Rath, Pogg., 135, 480, 1868; Cross, Am. J. Sc., 27, 94, 1884. See further Iddings under anorthoclase (p. 324) and Brogger under cryptoperthite, below.
16 Refractive indices and optical phenomena: Heusser, Pogg., 91, 514, 1854; Dx., Miu., 1, 332, 1862, N. R., 152, 1867, also references under microcliue; Ch. E. Weiss, Beitr. z. Kenntniss d. Feldspathbildung, Haarlem, 1866. Thermal expansion, Beckenkamp, Zs. Kr., 5, 452, 1881. Pyroelectricity, Hankel, Wied., 1, 280, 1877.
PERTHITE Thomson, Phil. Mag., 22, 189, 1843. A flesh-red aventurine feldspar from Perth, Quebec, Canada, called a soda-orthoclase, but shown by Gerhard (Zs. G. Ges., 14, 151, 1862) to consist of interlaminated orthoclase and albite. Many similar occurrences have since been noted, as also those in which microcline and albite are similarly iuterlaminated, then called microcline-perthite, or microcliue-albite-perthite; this is true in part of the original perthite. When the structure is discernible only with the help of the microscope it is called microperthite. See Mann, Jb. Min., 389, 1879; also Kloos, ib., 2, 89, 1884; Woitschach, Zs. Kr. , 7, 82, 1883.
Brogger has investigated not only the microperthites of Norway (Orthoklasmikroperthit Mikroklinrnikroperthit) but also other feldspars characterized by a marked schiller; he assumes the existence of an extremely tine interlamination of albite and orthoclase 801. not dis- cernible by the microscope (cryptoperthite, Kryptoperthit) and connected with secondary planes of parting 100 or Q 801, which is probably to be explained as due to incipient alteration. See further Zs. Kr., 16, 524, 1890.
KRABLITE Forchhammer, 1842. Baulite. Kraflit Flink, Of v. Ak. Stockh, Bihang. , 12 (2), No. 2, 64, 1886. Described as a kind of feldspar, very high in silica, but shown by BrOgger and Flink to be a liparyte, containing well formed crystals of orthoclase enclosing a plagioclase kernel, also quartz, etc. Flink calculates for the orthoclase: d : b : c 0*64374 . 1 : 0'55079; fi 63° 52'. From Krabla (Krafla), Iceland. See 5th Ed., pp. 359, 360.
314. HYALOPHANE. 8. von Walter shausen, Pogg. Ann., 94, 134, 1855; 100, 547, 1857.
Monoclinic. Axes d : I : b 0-6584 : 1 : 0-5512 ; /? 64° 25£' 001 A 10d Obermayer1.
100 A HO 30° 42£' , 001 A 101 49° 47', 001 A Oil
Forms*: a (100, a)4, 6_(010, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, J), z (130, z-3)1; x (101, 1-i), (302, f-i)4; p (111, I)3.4; r/> (141, 4-4)4.
Also probable, Ilinne4: S (103), 0 (102), A (605), t (113, — £), p (113, £), (112), e (775, and Kenng.3: q (203), y (201).
raw'" *61° 241' caa 67° 59f 73° 174' ifnfi' 127° 7' 22' 58° 37' cp 54° 46' a'p 68° 31 m'x *69° 21'
ex 49° 47' cm' — *111° 47' o' 53° 23'
Binnenthal,
In crystals, like adulana in habit. Also massive. Obermayer.
Cleavage: perfect; b somewhat less so. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 6-6'5. G. 2-805. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white; also flesh-red. Transparent to translucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. and Bx0 b. Bxa A t — 69° 25', i.e. extinction on
Silicates.
b inclined about -)- 5' angles, Kinne:
or 6° to edge b/c. Dispersion horizontal, distinct. Axial
2Ha.r 83° 2Ha.y 83° 2Ha.gr 83°
50' 25'
2'
2Ho.r 2Ho.y 2H0.gr
107° 107° 107°
17' 30'
52'
2Vr 79° 2Vy 79°
2Vct 78°
21' 3'
42'
flr 1-5388 Li fa 1-5392 Na flg, 1-5416 Tl
Comp. — A silicate of aluminium, barium, and potassium, (Ks,Ba)AlaSi40,a or K2O.BaO. 2 Al203.8Si02. This is usually written BaAlaSi2Oe. 2KAlSi,08, or a barium silicate analogous to anorthite with orthoclase. This requires: Silica 51*6, alumina 21-9, baryta 16-4, potash 10-1 100.
Anal.— 1, Stockar-Escher, Kenng. Ueb., 107, 1856-57; also Uhrlaub, Pogg., 100, 548, 1857. 2, Peterson, Jb. Min., 102, 1867. 3, Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 24, 15, 1867. 4, Id., Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 139, 1883.
1. Binnenthal
3. Jakobsberg
G. 2-801
SiO2
AlaO3
BaO
CaO
K2O Na2O
ign.
MgO
7-82 2-14
0-04
[10-03]
o-io
[9-06]
—
3-10
—
11-71 —
—
3-23
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses with difficulty to a blebby glass. Unacted upon by acids.
Obs. — Occurs in a granular dolomite, along with white barite, greenish tourmaline, mica, realgar, dufrenoysite, and sphalerite, near Imfeld, in the Biuuenthal in the Valais, in crystals 2 or 3 lines long, and rarely larger; also at the manganese mine of Jakobsberg in Wermland, Sweden, in limestone with a manganiferous epidote, in part looking much like common flesh-red orthoclase. also in bluish green varieties. A massive feldspar accompanies it, containing only 3-50 p. c. BaO, Igelstrom.
Ref.— Zs. Kr., 7, 64, 1882. Cf . Waltershausen, 1. c. 3 Min. Schweiz, p. 86, 1866. 4 Rhine. Jb. Min., 1, 207, 1884.
The following are analyses of other BARIUM FELDSPARS, more or less fully investigated: 1, Kuop, Jb. Min., 687, 1865; a monoclinic feldspar in the uephelite-doleryte of Meiches iii the Vogelsberg. 2, Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 84, 1878; a feldspar of unknown source; optically it lies between oligoclase and albite, cleavage angle be — 86° 37 , Dx. 3, Genth, Proc. Ac. Philad., p. 110, 1866, Rep. Min., Penn., 224, 1876. 4, Sperry, Am. J. Sc., 36, 326, 1888; cassinite of Lea from Blue Hill, Delaware Co., Penn.; shown by Pentield to be a monoclinic feldspar (extinc- tion on 5 -f 6°) with albite running through it m thin tapering plates parallel to the ortho- pinacoid. The analysis corresponds to 35 p. c. albite, 51 p. c. orthoclase, and 13 p. c. of BaAl2Si4O12. 5, 6, Igelstr5m, G. F5r. F6rh., 10, 416, 1888; a cleavable feldspar from the Sj5 mine, Grythyttan, Orebro, Sweden.
Mitscherlich also mentions finding 0'45 p. c. BaO in adularia, and small amounts (to 2 23) in other feldspars, J. pr. Ch., 81, 113, 1860; cf. anals. 8, 12, 13, 14, under orthoclase.
G.
1. Vogelsberg
2. 2;835
3. Cassinite 2 '692
5. Sjo mine, red
6. " " white
SiO2 A12O3 BaO CaO K2O Na20
59-69 21-04 2-27 0'95 8'61 6"55 SrO 0'36, FeO 2'27 101'74 55-10 23-20 7-30 1'83 0'83 7'45 MgO 0'56, Fe2O3 0'45, ign. 3'72
100-44
4-31 Fe2O3 0-12, ign. 0'19 100'04 Fe2O3 0-17, igu. 0 11 99'83 FeO.MnO 5'00, MgO 1'30 100 MgO 1-52 100
8-95 4-3
8-57 4-C
[6-02]
[12-47]
fl. Triclinic Section.
315. MIOROCLINE. Mikroklin Breith. Schweigg. J., 60, 324, 1830. Des CloizeauK, Ann. Ch. Phys., 9, 433, 1876.
Triclinic. Near orthoclase in angles and habit, but the angle be about
89° ""
30'.
Forms1 : a (100, i-l, k) b (010, i4, M) c (001, 0, P)
m (110, F, 1) M (110, 'I, T) / (130, t-8"')
z (130, 7-3) x (101, ,1-1,)
(io-o-9, ,-v
y $01, ,2-i,) h (301, ,3-1,) P (111, ,1)
9 (221, ,2) o (?11, 1,)
For amazonite, Dx. (1. c.) gives, be 89° 44', VM - 60" 58', cN - 68° 22'. For the white microcline from Leverett, Mass., b'M 60° 49', cm 67" 43', cM - 68° 43', mM 61° 29'.
Feldspar Group— Microcline.
Klockmann1 gives be 89° 53', ex 50° 45', cy 80° 33'. Also Schuster (N.-Z. Min., 690, 1885), be 89° 25' to 89° 30'; Saner and Ussing*, be =.89° 30', cM 67° 32', b'M= 61°.
Twins: like orthoclase, according to the Carlsbad, Baveno and Manebach laws. Also polysynthetic twinning according to the albite and pericline laws (p. 326) rarely absent; fine striations due to the former often observable on the basal face; the two methods together giving a double series of fine lanretlgff nearly at right angles to each other, hence the peculiar and very characteristic grating-structure of a basal section viewed in polarized light. This structure may be in part secondary3. Crystals usually like ordinary orthoclase in habit. Simple crystals without twinning very rare. Also massive cleavable to granular compact.
Cleavage: c perfect; b somewhat less so; M sometimes distinct; m also some- times distinct, but less easy. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 6-6*5. G. 2'54— 2'57. Luster vitreous, on c sometimes pearly. Color white to pale cream-yellow, also red, green. Transparent to translucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. nearly perpendicular (82°-83°) to b. Bx0 inclined 15° 26' to a normal to b. Dispersion p v about Bx0. Extinction-angle on c + 15° 30', on b + 5° to 6° (cf. f. 3, p. 326). Axial angles, Dx. :
2Ha.r 88° to 89° 2H0.r 101$° to 104°
For the simple crystals from the peginatyte of Gasern, Sauer and Ussing give: be 89° 30'; also extinction -angle (Na) on c -f- 15° 30', on b -4- 5° 15'; also for a section cleavages c, b, extinction-angle with the basal cleavage lines — 13" 48'. Axial angles, etc.:
2Ha.y 87° 30' 2H0.y 101° 7' y-ft 0'0032 ft-a 0'0040
2Vy 83° 41'
a, 1 -5224
1-5264
1-5296
Also to fix the position of the planes of the axes of elasticity :
6c A 001 83° 81' at A 001 12° 8' afi A 001 79° 48'
fit A 010 106° 1' ac A 010 97° 34' afi A 010 17° 48'
The essential identity of orthoclase and microcline has been urged by Mallard4 and Michel- Levy4 on the ground that the properties of the former would belong to an aggregate of sub- rnicroscopic twinning lamellae of the latter, according to the albite and pericline laws.
Comp., Yar.— Like orthoclase, KAlSi308 or K2O.Al203.6Si02 Silica 64-7, alumina 18'4, potash 16'9 100. Sodium is usually present in small amount.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. In crystals and cleavable masses chiefly in granitic veins, in external aspect not often to be distinguished from orthoclase. Much so-called aventurine feldspar belongs here, and this variety often encloses lamellae of albite, as is true to a greater or less extent of most forms.
2. Amnzonstone or amazonite. Bright verdigris-green. Often coated with albite crystals in parallel position.
3. Ohesterlite. In white crystals, smooth, but feebly lustrous, implanted on dolomite in Chester Co., Penn. It contains but little soda.
Anal.— 1-4, 6, 7, 10-12, Pisani, quoted by Dx. 5, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 42,. 1853. 8, 9, Dmr., quoted by Dx. 13, Scharizer, Jb. G. Reichs., 30, 593, 1880. 14, Oebbeke, Zs. Kr., 11. 256, 1885. 15. 16, Beutell, Zs. Kr., 8, 363, 1883. 17, Kloos, Jb. Min., 2, 9, 1884. 18, Peufield, Am. J. Sc., 20, 273, 1880. 19, F. J. Wiik, Zs. Kr., 7, 76, 1882. Also Sauer and Ussing, 1. c. ; et al.
ign.
0-85Fe,O, 074 101 -17
0-20 100 0-20 99-66 0-20 101-65 0-65 Fe,O, 0-50, CaO 0-81, [MgO 0-27 100-36
— 101-41
0-81 MgO 0-32 101-55 0-30 99-21
— Fe2O3 0-35 100-12
— FesO3 1-09 100-12
— 100-50
0 20 Fe2O3 0-28 101-20 0-88 Fe,O, 0-97, Ca 0'92 100-02
0-32 FeO 0-16. CaO 0-26, [MgO 0-09 100 63
1. Magnet Cove, Ark.
2. Ural, Amazonite
3 II men Mis., Amazonite 4. Ural
5. Chester, Penn., Chesterlite f —
6. Mursinka, Amazonite
7. Leverett, Mass.
8. Broye, Sa6ne-et-Loire
9. Sunganarsuk
10. Arendal
11. Sedlovatoi Is.
12. Mineral Hill, Penn.
13. Freistadt
G.
SiO2
A1203
K2O
Na2C
—
14. Forst, Tyrol
65-12 19-56 12 96 2'16
Silicates.
15. Striegau, cryst.
G.
SiOa
AlaO3
KaO
65-28 18-71 10-82
15*62 13'03
NaaO ign.
1-92 0-20 FeaO3 0'21, CaO 0'18 99-84
3-82 0-25 Fe2O3 019, CaO 0'30, [MgOO'64 100-01 0-31 CaO 1-38 99 '80 0-12 100 57 — CaO 0-36 100
17. L. Baikal 2'616 64'83 22-04
18. Branchville, pseud. f 64'55 19'70
19. Pargas, " Ersbyite" pseud. 2'57 66'18 19'52
Obs. — Much of the potash feldspar formerly called orthoclase belongs here; in general only an optical examination serves to establish the difference. It hence occurs under the same conditions as common orthoclase. Some localities are mentioned with the list of analyses; that from Magnet Cove, Arkansas, is nearly pure microcline. The beautiful amazonstone from the Ural, also in fine groups of large crystals of deep color in the granite of Pike's Peak, Colorado, is microcline. Cheslerlite from Poorhouse quarry, Chester Co., Penn., and the aveniurine feldspar of Mineral Hill, Penn., belong here.
Microcline, pseudomorph after spodumene (anal. 18), has been described by Brush and Dana from Branchville, where the species also occurs in very large cleavage masses and crystallized in a pegmatyte vein. Simple crystals occur in pegmatyte of the Gasernthal near Meissen, Saxony.
The name mikroklin was given by Breithaupt to a feldspar occurring chiefly in cleavable masses in the zircon-syenite of Fredriksviirn, also Laurvik and Brevik, Norway. Breithaupt made the angle between the two cleavage planes 90° 22'-90° 23', instead of 90°; and hence derived the name, from jmxpoS, little, and xXiveiv, toindine. Breithaupt referred to microcline the feldspar of Arendal, which afforded him the same angle, also feldspars from a number of other localities. The species, however, was first established by Des Cloizeaux. He shows moreover that the Fredriksvarn feldspar is true orthoclase (cf. remarks by Bgr., cryptoperthite, p. 321).
Ref.— i Cf. Dx., 1. c.; also Klockmann, Zs. G. Ges., 34, 410, 1882; Zs. Kr., 8, 317, 1883; Beutell, Zs. Kr., 8, 352, 1883; Kloos, Jb. Min., 2, 87, 1884. 2 Sauer and Ussing, Zs. Kr., 18, 192, 1890. 3 Rinne, Jb. Min., 2, 66, 1890. 4 Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 10, 1876; Michel-Levy, Bull. fioc. Min., 2, 135, 1879.
315 A. Anorthoclase. Anorthoklas Roseribusch, Mikr. Phys., 550, 1885. Anorthose Fr. Natronorthoklas pt. Natronmikroklin Foratner. Mikroklinalbit. Mikroklas F. J. Wiik.
A triclinic feldspar with a cleavage-angle, be, varying but little from 90°. Form like that of the ordinary feldspars. Twinning in accordance with the Carls- bad, Baveno, and Manebach laws; also polysynthetic according to the albite and pericline laws; but in many cases the twinning laminae very narrow and hence not distinct. Rhombic section inclined on b, 4° to 6° to edge b/c. G. 2 -57-2 "60. Cleavage, hardness, luster, and color as with other members of the group.
Optically — . Extinction-angle one, + 5° 45' to + 2°; on b, 6° to 9° -8. Bxa nearly y. Dispersion p v; horizontal distinct. Axial angles (Forstner).
2Ey 71° 40' Khagiar 88° 27' Eakhall /3y 1-5040 to 1-5810. Axial angle variable with temperature, becoming in part monoclinic in optical symmetry between 86° and 264° C., but again triclinic on cooling; this is true of those containing little calcium.
Comp.—Chiefly a soda-potash feldspar, NaAlSi30M and KAlSisO,, the sodium silicate usually in larger proportion (2 : 1, 3 : 1, etc.), calcium (CaAl2SiaOe) present jn relatively very small amount.
Anal.— 1-9, FOrstner, Zs. Kr., 8, 193, 1883. 10, J. Vogt, quoted by Bgr., 1. c., p. 261. 11, Jannasch, quoted by Klein, 1. c. 12, Kjerulf, Bgr,, 1. c., p. 295. 13, Fischer, Mgg., 1. c., p. 119, also other anals. 14, F. J. Wiik, Zs. Kr., 8, 203, 1883. 15, Fletcher, Min. Mag., 7, 131, 1887. 16. Hyland, Min. Mitth., 10, 256, 1888. 17, Peufield, U. S. G. Surv., 7 Ann. Rep., p. 269. 1885-86 (1888).
G. SiO3 A13O3 CaO KaO
7 99 Fe2O3 I'Ol, MgO 0'51 99'83 7-42 FeaO3 3'27, MgO 0'30=: lOO'Ol 6-93 Fe2O3 0-56, MgOO'13= 99'74
8 07 Fe2Os 0-96, MgO 0-04=100-50 7-13 FeaO3 0-95, MgO 0'09 99'48 7-10 Fe2O3 0-31 99'86
7-45 Fe2O3 1-03, MgO <H7 99'61 7-34 Fe2O3 0-91, MgO 0'13 100-28 7-31 Fe203 0-72, MgO 0'30 99'96 6-59 MgO 0-04 99 98 6-99 Fe2O3 0'45, MgO 0'13 100-89 2-97 FeaO3 4-68, MgO 0'71, H2O 0'96 99-07
G.
SiO2
A1203
CaO
KaO
Montagna Grande Mte. Gibele
Khania
Khagiar
Zichidi
(?.
Sidori
1-25"
RakhalS
S. Marco
Cuddia Mida
Svenor
4f66
Hohe Hagen
Lille Frogner
Feldspar Oro Up— Albite- Anorthite Series. 325
G. SiO2 AlaO3 CaO KaO Na2O
13. Tyveholmen 2'651 5951 22'69 5'05 2'50 6'38 FeaO3 2'47, MgOO'42, HaOl'34
100-36
14. St. Gothard, mik-
roklas 2'567 [66'40] 16 "23 — 11 '90 5 -47 100
15. Kilima-njaro f 60'78 23-00 2'84 4'50 6'65 HaO OlTeaOa 2'32 100'30
16. " 2-63 |61-30 23-10 3'02 5'34 7'11 H2O 0'09 99-96
17. Obsidian Cliff f 67'53 17'99 0'09 5'08 8'36 FeaO3 0'60, ign. 0'30 99'95
a Incl. some BaO.
Extinction on c
5° '75
6° -04
4° -59 6° -43
4° 6°
63 50
4° 6°
37
88
3°
7°
60 37
3°
8°
14 75
3° -80
8°-75
3° -50 9° -50
2° -10
9° -80
3° 5
6° -40
0° - 5°
to 3° to -
8°
o°o
to 2°
1° 6°
30'
to 5° to 10°
12'
Extinction on c
" b
Obs. — These triclinic soda-potash feldspars are chiefly known from the andesytic lavas of Pantelleria. Most of these feldspars come from a rock, called by Forstner pantellerite, which is characterized by the presence of cossyrite; a similar feldspar (anal. 11) resembling sani- dine occurs iu the basalt of the Hohe Hagen near GOttingen. Also from the augite-syenite of southern Norway and from the " Rhomben-porphyr " near Christiania. The feldspar of Kilima-njtiro investigated by Hylaud belongs here; probably also other feldspars from Teneriffe; Frejus in Esterel. An abnormal feldspar from Quatro Ribeiras is mentioned under albite. A feldspar in crystals of unusual habit, tabular c, and twinned according to the Manebach and less often Baveno laws occurs in the lithophyses of the rhyolyte of Obsidian Cliff, Yellowstone Park. It shows the blue opalesceuce in a direction parallel with a steep orthodome (cf. p. 317).
Ref.— Forstner, Zs Kr., 8, 125, 1883, and on the effect of heat upon the optical character, Zs. Kr., 9, 333, 1884; also earlier Zs. Kr., 1, 547, 1877, in which the feldspars examined were all referred to orthoclase. See also Klein, Nachr. Ges. G5tt., No. 14, 1878, Jb. Min., 518, 1879, who proves the triclinic character of the Pantelleria feldspar. On the feldspars from the " Rhom- ben-porphyr " of the Christiania region, as of Tyveholmen (2'5 p. c. KaO) and elsewhere, see Milgge, Jb. Min., 2, 107, 1881, Bgr., die Silur. Etagen, etc., im Kristiania-Gebiete, etc., pp. 252- 307, 1882.
Albite- Anorthite Series
Between the isomorphous species
ALBITE NaAlSi308 Ab
ANORTHITE CaAl,Si30, An
there are a number of intermediate subspecies, regarded as isomorphous mixtures of these molecules, and defined according to the ratio in which they enter; their composition is expressed in general by the formula AbnAnm. They are: OLIGOCLASE Ab6Ant to Ab3An,
ANDESINE AbgAn, to AbjAn,
LABEADOEITE Ab,An, to Ab,An3
and Bytownite Ab Ans to Ab,An6
From albite through the successive intermediate compounds to anorthite with the progressive change in composition (and specific gravity), there is also a corre- sponding change in crystallographic form, and as developed by Schuster in certain fundamental optical properties.
The relations of the triclinic feldspars, albite, anorthite, and the intermediate compounds in which both sodium and calcium enter, have been discussed by many writers, and various authors, as von Waltershatisen, Rammelsberg, Scheerer,and later Delesse and Hunt have made important contributions to the subject. The establishment of the view now accepted, however, is chiefly due to Tschermak1.
Crystalline form. The axial ratios and angles given on p. 314 show that these triclinic feldspars approach orthoclase closely in form, the most obvious difference being in the cleavage-angle be, which is 90° in orthoclase, 86° 24' in albite, and 85°
The triclinic feldspars of this series, in which the two cleavages b and c are oblique to each other, are often called in general plagioclase (from ithdvioS, oblique), a name first introduced by Breithaupt, Min., 3, 492, 1847.
Silicates.
50' in anorthite. The transition in form from albite to anorthite is distinctly shown in the change iii this angle, be. Thus
be
Albite
Oligoclase (sunstone)
Andesine
Labradorite
Auortkite
86° 86° 86° 86° 85°
24' 8'
14' 4'
50'
Rose
Mgc.
Rath
.
Mgc.
A series of similar measurements is given by Wiik, Zs. Er.. 11, 312, 1885.
There is also a change in the axial angle y, which is 88° in albite, about 90° in oligoclase and andesine, and 91° in anorthite. This transition appears still more strikingly in the position of the "rhombic section/' by which the twins according to the pericline law are united as explained below.
Twinning. The plagioclase feldspars are often twinned in accordance with the Carlsbad, Baveno, and Manebach laws common with orthoclase (p. 316). Twinning is also almost universal according to the albite law — twinning plane the brachypiuacoid; this is usually polysynthetic, i.e. repeated in the form of thin lamellae, giving rise to fine striations on the basal cleavage surface. Twinning is also jcommon according to the pericline law — twinning axis the macrodiagonal axis J; when polysynthetic this gives another series of fine striations seen on the brachypinacoid.
The composition-face in this pericline twinning is a plane passing through the crystal in such a direction that its intersections with the prismatic faces and the brachypinacoid make equal plane angles with each other. The position of this rhombic section ("rhombische Schnitt") and the consequent direction of the stria- tions on the brachypinacoid change rapidly with a small change in the angle y. In general it may be said to be approximately parallel to the base, but in albite it is inclined backward (-f, f. 1, of. also f. 3) and in anorthite to the front (— , f. 2); for the intermediate species its position varies progressively with the composition (Rath, Wiik, et al.). Thus for the angle between the trace of this plane on the brachypinacoid and the edge b/c, we have
Albite Oligoclase- Albite
Oligoclase
Andesine
Labradorite Bytownite
Anorthite
Ab
Ab6An, Ab3Ani Ab3An2 Ab4Au3 Abi Ani Ab3An4 Ab,An3 AbjAne An
+ 22° to + 20° + 20° to -f 10°
9° to -f
+ !" 0°
- r
to - 2°
- 9° to — 10°
- 15° to - 17°
For special observations see under the individual species beyond.
1, Rhombic section in albite. 2, Same in anorthite; 1, 2, after Rath. 3, Typical form showing- directions of light-extinction on c and b.
Feldspar Group— Albite.
Optical characters. There is also a progressive change in the position of the axes of light-elasticity and the optic axial plane in passing from albite to anorthite, as has been shown by Schuster. This is most 4.
simply exhibited by the position of the planes of light-vibration, as observed in sections parallel to the two cleavages, basal c and clinopiuacoidal b, in other words the extinction-angle formed on each face with the edge b/c (cf. f. 3).
The approximate position of the axes of elas- ticity for the different feldspars is shown in figure 4 (from Schuster). The axis of least elasticity (c) does not vary very much from the zone be, but the axis of greatest elasticity (a) varies widely, and hence the axial plane has an entirely different position in al- bite from what it has in anorthite. Furthermore albite is optically positive, that is c Bx, while anorthite is negative or a — Bx; for certain ande- sines the axial angle is sensibly 90°.
The following table gives the percentage composition of the various molecular compounds of albite and anorthite, with the calculated specific gravity (Tschermak), and also certain of the optical characters connected with them by the researches of Schuster and Mallard. These latter values are calculated by Schuster from an equation deduced by Mallard, in which certain observed values are assumed as fun- damental. Observed angles for many cases are given in the pages which follow.
Extinction-angle with edge c/b
Albite
Oligoclase- albite
Oligoclase Andesine
Labradorite
Bytownite Anorthite
Ratio of Albite to Anorthite
Percentage Composition
AbnAnm
n
m
G.
SiO,
A12O3
CaO
Na2O
10-9)
10-4 [
10-0 )
9-4)
8-7 [
6-9)
5-7 )
3-8 f
2-8 J
2-3)
1-6 [
on c + 4° 30'
-f- 3° 38'
to 2° 45'
on b 19°
+ 15° 35' to 11° 59'
+ 1°55' +8° 17' to - 0° 35' to — 2° 15'
- 2° 12' - 7° 58' to - 5° 10' to - 16°
- 7° 53' -20° 52' to - 17° 40' to - 29° 28'
-21° 5' -31° 10' to - 28° 4' to - 33° 40'
-37°
- 36°
Careful determinations of the specific gravity of these feldspars have been made by Gold- schmidt, see Jb. Min., Beil. Bd., 1, 203, 1881.
Ref.— ' Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 50 (1), 566-613, 1865 (read Dec. 15, 1864). Cf. also Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 18, 200, 1866; Streng, Jb. Min., 411, 1865, 598, 1871; Rath. Pogg., 144, 219,
2 Schuster, Min. Mitth., 3, 117, 1881, 5, 189, 1882. Dx., Min., 1, 1862, N. R., 1867; also. Ann. Ch. Phys., 4, 1875, 9, 433, 1876; Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 89, 1883. etc. Wiik, Ofv. Finsk. Soc., 19, 60, 1876-77. Zs. Kr., 8, 203, 1883, 11, 312, 1885. Mallard, Bull. Soc. Miu., 4, 96. 1881. Michel-Levy, Min. Micr., 1879, Ann. Mines, 12, 440, 1877. Thoulet, Ann. Mines, 14, 115. 1878.
3 Position of the rhombic section, Rath, Jb. Min., 689, 1876; Wiik, Zs. Kr., 2, 498, 1878- Schuster, 1. c., p. 240; Pfd., Am. J Sc., 34, 390, 1887. Gdt., Ueb. Proj., 64, 1887.
316. ALBITE. Feltspat hvit pt. Wall., 65, 1747. Feldspath pt., Schorl blanc pt., de Lisle, Crist,, 2, 409, PI. v., f. 15, 16, 1783. KnimmbHUterisrer Feldspath Hedenberg, Afh., 1, 118, 1806 Albit Oahn & Berz., Afh., 4, 180, 1815. Tetsirtin Br.itlt., Char., 1823. Soda Feldspar.
Silicates.
VAR. introd. as species. Cleavelandite (fr. Chesterfield) Brooke, Ann. Phil., 5, 381, 1823. Periklin Breith., Char., 1823; Pericline. Hyposklerit (fr. Arendal) Breith., . J., 3, 316, 1830. Peristerite (fr. Perth, Can.) Thorn., Phil. Mag., 22, 189, 1843. Olafix Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25, 88 Oligoklas-Albit Scheerer, Pogg., 89, 17. Adinole (fr. Sala) Beud., Tr., 2, 126, 1832. Zyg&dit Breith., Pogg., 59, 441, 1846. Tschermakit Fr. vonKobell, J. pr. Ch., 8, 411, 1873.
Triclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-63347 : 1 : 0-55771; a — 94° 3', ft 116° 28£', y 88° 8|' Dx. and Mgc.1
100 A 010 90° 3|', 100 A 001 63° 34f, 010 A 001 86° 24'.
Forms'2 : b (010, i-l, M) c (001, 0, P) m (110, JT, 0
yU (450, i-|')4?
/ (130, -3')
£ (150, -5')' Jf (110, '/, T) v (450/i-f)4? 2 (130, 'z-3)
7- (403, 44,)
(201, ,24,) (021, 2-i') (021, '24)
(in, ,D
ff (§21. ,2) 5 (112, V) o (111, 1,) T (665, f )
o- (§43, i) A (332, I,) u (221, 2,) T (132, f -5,)
# (552, 'f)3
Klookmann adds a number of doubtful planes: /3 (430), a (270), 6 (530), e (430), rj (120), #(140), i(150), K (1-20-0), 0(085), A (114), (15-16-1), p (1 20'1), o- (181), r (414).
bm
60° 26' 30° 24' 19° 23f 60° 20*' 30° 22' 59° 14'
b'M b'z mM fz' 119° 13V
ex 52° 16' cr 65° 28V
cy
82°
7'
cA —
67°
33'
ce en bn en
43° *46° *46° 89°
10' 46' 50' 56'
eg
Co
ccr
cu
81° 30°
57° 70° 85°
33' 11' 49' 21' 10'
cm cM=
65°
*69°
17' 10'
bp
60°
Cia'
cy cp
29° 55°
57' 53'
b'o
66°
18'
op 53° 15' by 70° 41V
b'8 78° 12V
me 51° 18' mp 94° 59' m'y — 45° 42V Mn *51° 36' Mo 98° 33' M 'y *42° 27'
M
Figs. 1, 2, Schneeberg, Passeir, Rumpf. 3, Pfitsch, Schrauf. 4, Zillerthal, Id. 5, Middletown. !J, Carlsbad twin; 7, Albiie and C'arlsbad twins combined, Schrauf.
Twins": similar to the (1) Carlsbad, (2) Baveno and (3) Manebach twins of orthoclase (p. 316); (4) tw. pi. b, albite law (p. 326), usually contact-twins, and polysynthetic, consisting of thin lamellae and with consequent fine striations on r; this twinning is rarely absent_ in embedded masses and may be sometimes of secondary origin. (5) tw. axis b, peri dine law, in contact-twins whose composition-
Feldspar Group— Albitk
face is the so-called rhombic section (cf. f. 1 p. 326); also often polysynthetic and then showing fine striations which on b are inclined backward + 22° to the edge b/c. (6) Tw. axis a, not common. (7) Tw. axis a line in 010 normal to 6.
Crystals often tabular b; also elongated axis b, as in the variety pericline. Also massive, either lamellar or granular; the laminae of ten _£iixved, sometimes divergent; granular varieties occasionally quite fine to impalpable.
Cleavage: c perfect; b somewhat less so; m imperfect. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. — 6-6-5. G-. 2'62-2'65. Luster vitreous; on a cleavage surface often pearly. Color white; also occasionally bluish, gray, reddish,
freenish, and green ; sometimes having a bluish opalescence or play of colors on c. treak uucolored. Transparent to subtranslucent.
8, 9, Pericline, Schrauf. 10, 11, Roc Tourne, Savoy, Rose.
Optically +. Plane (S) to Bxa inclined 100° to 102° to c on acute edge l/c,. Extinction-angle with edge b/c -f 4° 30' to 2° on c, and -f- 20° to 15 on b. Dispersion for Bxa, p v, also inclined, horizontal; for Bx0, p v; inclined, crossed, Dx. Change of axial angle on elevation of temperature small, 2° 30' from 21°-5 C. to 170°-8 Dx. Axial angles:
2Hft.r 80° to 84C
2H0.r 106° to 109C
The following table gives the extinction-angles on b and c; the angle formed by the trace of the rhombic section on b with the edge b/c; also so far as possible the lime percentage and spe- cific gravity. The authors quoted are Schuster, Rath, Beutell, Cathrein, Krenner, Wiik, Pen- field; for references see p. 327 and analyses below.
G. CaO
Kasbek 2'618 —
Fusch, Pinzgau —
Schmirn, Pericline —
Schwarzbach 0'47
Striegau (V45
Reichenbach 1-05
Brixlegg 2'630 0'72
Andreasberg, Zygadite 0'30
KragerO 0'35
Somero 2-622
Branchville 2'610 1'18
HitterO 2 "632 1-46
Haddam 2 -633 T80
Mineral Hill 2-627 1-85
Dan bury 2 "628 195
Extinction
on c
on b
+ 4° 12'
+ 18° 44'
3° 47'
17° 35'
3° 54' to 3° 40'
17° 54' to 17° 35'
4° 5'
16° 30'
4° 50'
19° 30'
3° 20'
20° 40'?
4°
18°
4° 36'
17° 12'
20°
15°
15° -
16°
12°
15°
Rhombic section.
22°
22° 20° 12° 14° 13° 12° 10°
The following table, from Des Cloizeaux, gives the extinction-angles, also the acute axial angle, about the + Bx and the real angle between the plane normal to Bx (S) and the plane c;
Silicates.
further the specific gravities and lime percentage, the last from analyses by Pisani, Damour, Dirvell (cf. Dx.):
Extinction
Axial Angle
CaO
on c
on b
2Ha
cS
Roc Tourne
+ 3° to 4°
+18° 34' to 20° 46'
80° to 82°
101° to 102°
Dauphiny
3° 52' to 5°
20°
84° to 87°
105°
Middletown
2° to 33 50
16° 30' to 20°
90° 20' to 91° 12'
101° to 102°
Noeskilu
2° to 3°
18° to 21°
Ural
3° 58'
16° 30' to 21°
83° 10' to 83° 54'
102° 30'
Bathurst, Canada,
Peristerite
3° 30' to 3° 50'
14° to 15°
89° to 91°
95° to 983 20'
Burgess, Canada,
Peristerite
1° 30' to 3°
15° to 16°
88° 30' to 91° 10'
95° to 97° 25'
Irigny, Rhone
1° 30' to 5°
11° to 14° 10'
90° 36' to 91° 36'
96° to 97°
Kararfvet
2° to 2° 36'
15° to 18°
87° 26' to 93°
97 3 to 100° 55'
Bamle,
TscJtermakite
2° to 3° 30'
15° to 17° 30'
86° 1 6' to 87° 42'
100° to 101°
Snarum, olqfite
1-56?
4C 8' to 4° 21'
19° 16' to 21°
81° 54'to*3°26'
101° 50'
St. Vincent, Styria
1° 40' to 2° 45'
13° 30' to 14° 30'
88° 30' to 91°
95° to 94° 25'
Mineral Hill, Pa.,
Moonstone
2° to 4°
15° to 17°
88° 4' to 91° 29'
93° to 94° 16'
An abnormal albite from Quatre Ribeiras, on Terceira, Azores (anal. 24), has been investi- gated by Fouque. Its extinction-angles on c and b are 1° 30' and 9° to 9° 30' respectively; it is optically — with Bxa nearly 1 y and Bx0 nearly ± b.
Comp. — A silicate of aluminium and sodium, NaAlSi308 or NaaO. Al2Os.6SiOs Silica 68-7, alumina 19'5, soda 11*8 100. Calcium is usually present in small amount, as anorthite (CaAl2Si208), and as this increases it graduates through oligo- clase-albite to oligoclase (cf. p. 332).
Var. — Ordinary. In crystals and massive. The crystals often tabular b. The massive forms are usually nearly pure white, and often show wavy or curved laminae.
Peristerite is a whitish adularia-like albite, slightly iridescent, having G. 2 '626; named from Trepiorepd, pigeon, the colors resembling somewhat those of the neck of a pigeon.
Aventurine and moonstone varieties also occur as under oligoclase.
Pericline from the chloritic schists of the Alps is in rather large opaque white crystals, with characteristic elongation in the direction of the b axis, as shown in figs. 8, 9, and commonly twinned with this as the twinning axis (pericline law, see above).
Hyposclerite is blackish green from Arendal; H. 5'5; G. 2'63-2'66; it contains, accord- ing to Rammelsberg, 5 p. c. of pyroxene. Named from vjto, under, crKkypoS, hard, with refer- ence to the inferior hardness.
Cleavelandite is a white lamellar kind found at Chesterfield, Mass., and similarly elsewhere, and named after Dr. P. Cleaveland (1780 1858), the mineralogist.
Olafite, called also oligoclase-albite by Scheerer, is an albite from Snarum, Norway.
Zygadite occurs in thin tabular twin crystals. Translucent or milky. Color yellowish white to reddish. G. 2'511-2-512, Breith. Found with milky quartz, stilbite, and sphalerite, in fissures in argillyte, at Andreasberg in the Harz. It was named from vyddrjv, in pairs, or twinned. The identity with albite was made probable by Des Cloizeaux (Min., 1, 326), and further proved by Krennerand Loczka, cf. anal. 13.
Tschermakite, Fr. von Kobell. Described as a magnesian oligoclase, but on the basis of an analysis of impure material; later shown to belong with oligoclase-albite. Cf. Hawes, anal. 14, also Pisani and Dx.. 1. c. From Kjorrestad near Bamle, Norway, where it occurs with quartz and wagnerite (kjerulfiue). Named for Prof. G. Tschermak of Vienna.
Anal.— 1, Barwald, Zs. Kr., 8, 48, 1883, cf. Schuster. Min. Mitth., 7, 373, 1886. 2. Rath, Jb. Min., 699, 1876. 3, G. Rose, Gilb. Ann., 73, 173, 1823. 4. Tlmulow. Pogg., 42, 571, 1837.
5. C. Hidegh, ., Ber. Ak. Wien, 50 (1), 587, 1865. 6, Ludwisr, after deducting 2'34 Fe2Os from pyrrhoiite, Min. Mittb., 100, 1874. 7, Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 50 (1), 578, 1865. 8, Beutell, Zs. Kr., 8, 360, 1883. 9, Id., ib., p. 369. 10, Id., ib., p 376. 11, Cathreiu, Zs. Kr., 7, 2.'59, 1882. 12, Rath, Pogg., Jbl. Bd., 547, 1874. 13, Loczka, Zs. Kr., 11, 260, 1885. 14, Hawes, Am. J. Sc., 7, 579, 1874. 15, Musgrave, Ch. News, 46, 204, 1882. 16, Leeds, Am. J. Sc., 6, 25, 1873. 17, Brush, Am. J. Sc., 8, 390. 1849. 18, Tschermak. Ber. Ak. Wien, 50 (1), 587, 1865. 19-23, F. L. Sperry, Am. J. Sc., 34, 392, 1877. 24, Fouque, Bull. Soc. Min.,
6, 197, 1883. See also 5th Ed., p. 351.
G.
1. Kasbek 2'618
2. Kragero 2'600
3. Arendal 2'616
4. St. Gothard, pericline
5. Pfitsch, Tyrol, " 2"620
El
Si02
A120,
CaO
Na2O
K,O
—
—
[12-10]
—
—
—
—
ign.
— 100-77
— 0-35 100
— FeaO3 0-28 99-99
— 100-10
— — MgO 0-03 99-67
Feldspar Oro Up—Albite.
SiO2
AlaO3
CaO
Na,0
[12-46]
KaO ign. 0-5 — Fe2O3 0-1 100-2
— 0-51 Fe2O3 0-26 - 99'73 JM2 99-55
1-15 0 100 21 0-29 — 100-12
— — 100 0-41 tr. 99-98
6604 20-33 1'29 lO'Ol 0'21 0'95 Fe2O30-29,MgO I'll 6844 19-35 — 11'67 0'43 — 99'89 100-28
0-08 MgO 0-11 99-56 — MgO 0'52 99-37
— 100-5
0-16 Fe2O3 0-07
100-27
0-27 Fe2O3 0-25
100-75
— FeaO3 0-18
100-19
0 38 99 71
0 19 FeaO3 0-12
99 92
— 100-43
G.
o Schneeberg, Passeir 2 -61
7. Windisch Matrei 2'624
8. Schwarzbach
9. Striegau
10. Reichenbach
11. Brixlegg 2-630
12. Langeuberg 2 '573
13. Andreasberg, Zygadite
14. Biimle, " Tscfiermak-
ite" 2-67
15. Amelia Co., Va. 2'605
16. Media, Perm., moon-
stone 2-59
17. Unionville, Perm.
18. Laacher See 2 "636
19. Brauchville, Ct. 2'610
20. Hittero 2 "632
21. Haddarn, Ct. 2 '633
22. Mineral Hill, Perm. 2'627
23. Danbury, Ct. 2-628
24. Quatre Ribeiras 2'593
Pyr., etc.— B B. fuses at 4 to a colorless or white glass, imparting an intense yellow to the flame. Not acted upon by acids.
Obs. — Albite is a constituent of many crystalline rocks. With hornblende it constitutes dioryte. It occurs with orthoclase (or microcline) in much granite, and in such cases is usually distinguishable by its greater whiteness. In perthite (p. 321) it is interlaminated with orthoclase or microcline, and similar aggregations, often on a microscopic scale, are common in many rocks. Albite is common also in gneiss, and sometimes in the crystalline schists. Veins of albitic granite are often repositories of the rarer minerals and of fine crystallizations of gems, including beryl, tourmaline, allanite, columbite, etc. It occurs also in some volcanic rocks, especially in the audesytes, as with allanite at Langenberg, near Heisterbach in the Siebengebirge ; similarly at Felsobanya. Hungary. It is found in disseminated crystals in granular limestone; thus in the limestone (Jura and Trias) of the Col du Bouhomme, near Modane in Savoy; also in microscopic crystals with quartz and orthoclase in limestone at Meylan near Grenoble; in minute crystals in fossil Radiplarians in limestone near Roveguo, Province of Pavia. Italy, also in the limestone itself; in limestone at Bedous, Basses Pyrenees, at the contact with diabase.
Some of the most prominent European localities are in cavities and veins in the granite or granitoid rocks of the Swiss and Austrian Alps, associated with adularia, smoky quartz, chlo- rite, titanite, apatite, and many rarer species; it is often implanted in parallel position upon the orthoclase. Thus in the St. Gothard region; Roc Tourne near Modane, Savoy; on Mt. Skopi (pericline); Tavetschthal ; Schmirn, Tyrol; also Putsch, Rauris, the Zillerthal, Kriml, Schnee- berg in Passeir in simple crystals. Also in Dauphine in similar association; on Elba. Also Hirschberg in Silesia; Peuig in Saxony; with topaz at Mursinka in the Ural and nearMiaskin the Ilmen Mts. At the foot of Kasbek in the Caucasus in cavities in granite, the crystals often sim- ple. Cornwall, England; Mourne Mts. in Ireland.
In the United States, in Maine, at Paris, with red and blue tounnalines. In Mass., at Chesterfield, with the same minerals, in lamellar masses (cleavelandite), slightly bluish, also fine granular, and rarely in small crystals; at Goshen. In New Hamp., at Acworth and Alstead; at the slide on Tripyramid Mt., White Mts., in small crystals implanted in parallel position upon orthoclase. In Conn., at Haddani, with chrysoberyl, beryl, columbite, and black tourmaline; nt the Middletown feldspar quarry, in fine transparent or translucent crystals (fig. 5); at Monroe, a fine granular variety containing beryl; at Branchville, in tine crystals and massive with microcline, and many rare species. In JV. York, at Granville, Washington Co., white transparent crystals; at Moriah, Essex Co., of a greenish color, with smoky quartz, and resem- bling green diallage. In Penn., at Uniouville, Chester Co., a granular variety is the matrix of the corundum, having the hardness of quartz; it had been taken for iudianite. In Virginia, at the mica mines near Amelia Court-House in splendid crystallizations. In Colorado, in the Pike's Peakregionwith smoky quartz and amazon stone coating the crystals, also in composite rosettes forming their base. In California, Calaveras Co., with native gold and auriferous pyrites.
In Canada, in fine crystals, at the Suffield silver mine, near L. Massawippi, N.E. of L. Mem- phremagog; at the Lakes of Three Mountains, Clyde, Ottawa Co., Quebec. Peristerite occurs in the township of Bathurst, Lanark Co., also on Stoney Lake, Burleigh, Peterborough Co., Ontario.
The name Albite is derived from albus, white, in allusion to its color, and was given the species by Gahn and Berzelius in 1814.
Alt. — Cf. remarks under orthoclase, p. 320.
Occurs as a pseudomorph after spodumene at Branchville, Ct. (cf . p. 368).
Artif. - Obtained by Hautefeuille and also by Friedel and Sarasin by methods similar to those
Silicates.
employed wit li orthoclase; by Fouque and M. -Levy direct from the fusion of the constituents. Further, the last-mentioned authors have obtained a series of feldspars intermediate between albite and anorthite, as well as these species themselves; also further certain feldspar-like com- pounds containing barium, strontium, and lead. For a summary of their results and those of others, see Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., pp. 128-150, 1882.
Ref.— ' Dx., Min., 1, 317, 1862, cf. Rose, Gilb. Ann., 73, 186, 1828, Pogg., 125, 457, 1865; Neumann, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 189, 1830; Rath, Pogg. Erg., 5, 425, 1870; Brz., Miu. Mitth., 19, 1873; Barwald, Kasbek, Zs. Kr., 8, 48, 1883, and Schuster, Min. Mitth., 7, 373, 1886. Cf. Levy, Min. Heuland, 2, 189, 1837; Mir., Min., 370, 1852, Dx., 1. c.; Schrauf, Atlas, n-iv, 1864. 3 Rumpf, Min. Mitth., 97, 1874. 4 Rath, Mt. Skopi, Zs. Kr., 5, 27, 1880. Klockmaun, Hirsch- berg, Zs. G. Ges., 34, 416, 1882, Zs. Kr., 8, 318, 1883.
On twins: Neumann, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 189, 1830; Kayser, Pogg., 34, 109, 301, 1835; Dx., 1. c.; Rose, 1. c., also Pogg., 125, 457, 1865; Streng, Jb. Min., 613, 1871; Rath, Jb. Min., 689, 1876 (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 147, 1876), also Pogg., Erg. 5, 425, 1870; Sbk., Ang. Kryst., 145, 1876; van Werweke, Jb. Min., 2, 97, 1883. On pyro-electricity , see Hankel, Wied. Ann., 1, 283, 1877.
317. Oligoclase. Natron-spodumen Berz., Arsb., 160, 1824 Soda-spodumene. Oligoklas Bretth., Pogg., 8, 79, 1826.
Triclinic. Axes: a : : 6 0-63206 : 1 : 0-55239; a 93° 4£', /3 116°
, Y 90° 4$' Kath1.
100 A 010 88° 23£', 100 A 001 63° 34£', 010 A 001 *86° 32'.
Forms9 : a (100, i-l, k) b (010, f-i, M) t (001, 0, P)
m (110, I')
f (130, C (150, i-5') MdlQ, '/) z (130, '*-3) L (150,. 7-5)
x (101, ,1-i,) r (403, ,fi.) y (201, ,2-1,)
e (021, 2-*')
n (021, '24)
, -n
m(lll, 1') p (in, ,i)
ff (221, ,2) o (111, 1,} u (221, 2,)
bm 59° 14'
bf 30° 2'
mM 59° 6'
ee 119° 7'
b'M *61° 40'
b'z 30° 61f
ex 51° 57'
cy =81° 52'
ce 42° 59'
be 43° 33'
en 46° 25'
an 72° 11'
en 89° 25'
cm 33° 7'
cm 65° 404'
cM *68° 48'
cp 55° 18*'
eg- 81° 17?
co 57° 50'
cw *84° 57'
bp 61° 50f
b'u *58° 13'
yu 32° 12'
gu 64° 10'
M
Figs. 1, 2, Vesuvius, Rath. 3, Fine, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Pfd.
Twins observed according to the Carlsbad, albite, and pericline laws. Crystals not common. Usually massive, cleavable to compact.
Cleavage: c perfect; b somewhat less so. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 6-7. G. 2'65-2-67. Luster vitreous to somewhat pearly or waxy. Color usually whitish, with a faint tinge of grayish green, grayish white, reddish white, greenish, reddish; sometimes aventurine. Transparent, subtrans- lucent. Optical characters, see pp. 326, 327, and 336.
Comp., Var. — Intermediate between albite and anorthite and corresponding to Ab.An, to AbsAn,, but chiefly to AbgAn,, p. 327.
Analyses, see p. 337; also 5th Ed., pp. 347, 348.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. In crystals or more commonly massive, cleavable. The varieties con- taining soda up to 10 p. c. are called oligoclase-albite.
2. Aventurine oligoclase, or sunstone. Heliolite Delameth, Pierre de Soleil Fr. Color
Feldspar Group— Andesine.
grayish white to reddish gray, usually the latter, with internal yellowish or reddish fire-like reflections proceeding from disseminated crystals of probably either hematite or gothite.
Much oligoclase has a faint greenish tinge and pearly luster, in which it somewhat re- sembles spodumene, whence the name soda-spodumene.
Pyr.,etc. — B.B. fuses at 3'5 to a clear or enamel-like glass. Not materially acted upon by acids.
Obs.— Occurs in porphyry, granite, syenite, serpentine, and also— m— different eruptive rocks, as andesyte. It is sometimes associated with orthoclase in granite, or other granite-like rock. Among its localities are Dauviks-Zoll near Stockholm; Kimito in Finland, forming with quartz and mica the granite containing colunibite; Pargas in Finland; Ariege and Arendal, with cal- cHe, epidote, etc., crystals sometimes 2 or 3 in. long; Shaitansk, Ural, greenish, in a gangue of quartz and mica and yellowish white feldspar; in gneiss of the Schwarzwald of Goggenau, north-east of Baden; in syenite of the Vosges; at Albula in the Grisons; in a dark green porphyry at Quenast in Belgium; at Bodeu near Marieuberg; in the amphibolyte of Marieubad, Bohemia; in a green porphyry near Elbingerode in the Harz; Chalanchesiu Allemont and Bourg d'Oisans; as sunstone at Tvedestrand in the Christian ia-fiord, Norway; at Hittero; Lake Baikal; in Donegal, Ireland, in granite, with orthoclase, etc. In lavas and trachyte (oligoclase-trachyte) at Teneriffe, ami in the Euganean Mts. near Padua; in the domyte (trachyte) of Puy-de-D6me; in the Eifel; in pumice at Arequipa in Peru; in obsidian, with sanidiue, at Ziniapan in Mexico.
In the United States, at Fine and Macomb, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., in good crystals; at Danbury, Ct., with orthoclase and danburite; Haddam, Ct., often transparent, with iolite and black tourmaline; at Orange Summit, N. Hamp., slightly greenish and pearly; at the emery mine, Chester, Mass., granular; at Unionville, Pa., with euphyllite and corundum; Mineral Hill, Delaware Co.; at Bakersville, N. C., in clear glassy masses, showing cleavage but no twinning (see p. 336 and anal. 18, p 337)
Named in 1826 by Breithaupt from oA.iyo$, little, and Kvla'oY?, fracture. Berzelius had previously (in 1824) recognized it as a new mineral from specimens from Danviks-Zoll; and he afterward named it Natron spodumen (soda-spodumene).
Alt., Artif.— See under Orthoclase and Albite.
Ref.— ! Pogg., 138, 464, 1869. The angles belong to crystals from Vesuvius whose composi- tion is given in anal. 5, p. 337; other Vesuvian crystals (anal. 16) are referred by Rath to ande- sine, cf. Pogg., 144, 225, 1871. Cf. Mir., Min., 372, 1852. See also Dx., Min., 1, 312, 1862, who gives 112 (/') and 112 (dl) on sunstone, omitted by Gdt., Index, 2, 31, 1888.
318. Andesine. Andesin Abick, Jahresb., 21, 167, 1841. Pseudoalbit. Saccharit J. pr. Ch., 34, 494, 1845. Andesite.
Triclinic. Axes: a : I : c 0-63556 : 1 : 0-55206; a 93° 22f, /3 ', y 89° 58£' Rath1. 100 A 010 - 88° 20£', 100 A 001 63° 28', 010 A 001 *86° 14'.
Forms'2: / (130, z-3')
b (010, i-i, M) M (110, 'I, T)
c (001, 0, P) z (130, Y-3)
m (110, T, 1) (101, ,14,)
y(201, ,3-i,)
€ (045, K) e (021, U) n (021, '2-i)
m(lll, 1')
9 (221, ,2)
Glocker, 116°
(111, 1,)
(111, 1)
bm — 59° b'M *61'
4' 35'
mM 59° 20' ex — 51° 42'
cy - 81° 44'
ce 42° 48'
en 46°' 31'
en 89° 19'
cm 65 cM *68 ep 54° 56' bp 61° 84
to 87° 39' co *57° 44' b'o *65° 20'
Twins observed according to the Carlsbad, albite, and pericline laws. Also2, tw. axis a, comp.-face c (f. 1); and since the axial angle is nearly 90°, these twins correspond closely to the Manebach twins of orthoclase. Crys- tals rare. Usually massive cleavable or gran- ular.
Cleavage: c perfect; b less so; also M sometimes observed. H. 5-6. G-. 2'68- 2*69. Color white, gray, greenish, yellowish, flesh-red. Luster subvitreous to pearly. Op- tical characters, see pp. 326, 327, and 336.
Comp. — Intermediate between albite and anorthite, corresponding to Ab : An in the ratio of 3 : 2, 4 : 3 to 1 : 1, see p. 327.
Analyses, see p. 337; also 5th Ed., pp. 344, 345.
Figs. 1, 2, Arcuentu, Sardinia, Hath.
334 Silicates,
Pyr., etc. — Andesine fuses in thin splinters before the blowpipe. Imperfectly soluble in acids.
Obs. — Occurs in the Andes, at Marmato, as an ingredient of the rock called andesyte; in the porphyry of 1'Esterel, Dept. of Var, France; in the syenite of Alsace in the Vosges; white at Servance, red at Coravillers; in the porphyry near Chagey, Haute Saone; at Vapnenord, Iceland, in honey-yellow transparent crystals; at Baumgarteu in Silesia; Bodenmais, Bavaria; Mt. Arcueutu (or Pollice di Oristano), Sardinia, in a pumice-tuff; at Sanford, Me., with vesu- viauite in distinct crystals (anal. 22).
Saccharite is granular massive, occurring in veins in serpentine at the chrysoprase mines near Frankenstein, in Silesia; originally referred to audesine, but shown by Lasaulx to be a mixture, Jb. Min., 623, 1878.
Ref. — 1 Mt. Arcueutu, Sardinia, Festschrift Ver. Cassel, 1886; the identification with ande- sine rests on the determination, SiO2 60'2 p. c., and the position of the axial plane oblique to b, extinction edge b/c (Dx.). '2 Rath, 1. c.
319. Labradorite. Labradorstein (under Feldspat) Wern., Ueb. Cronst. ,149, 1780, Bergrn. J., 375, 1789. Labradorstein, Schillernder Quarzspath Pallas, Nord. Beitrage, 2, 233, 1781. Pierre de Labrador Forst., Cat., 82, 1780; de Lisle, Crist., 2, 497, 1783. Labrador Feldspar. Labrador G. Rose, Gilb. Ann., 73, 173, 1823; Breith., Char., 1823. Lime Feldspar. Hafue- f jordite, Kalkoligoklas Forchhammer, Skand. Nat. Samml. i Stockholm, July 1842, J. pr. Ch 30, 389, 1842.
Mornite Thorn., Ed. N. Phil. J., 13, 1832. Silicite Thorn., Phil. Mag., 22, 190, 1843. Saussurite pt. Radauit Breith.. B. H. Ztg., 25, 87.
Triclmic. Form near that of andesine, but not accurately known. Cleavage angle be 86° 4' . Obermayer1 has calculated: a : b 0-6377 :1; also a — 93° 31', ft 116° 3', y 89° 54|'.
These are based upon the measured angles: b'c 93° 52', bA. 19° 2', bL' 19° 23', b'M 61° 22', cba — 63° 57'. A 150, L 150 are cleavage directions.
Forms like those of the other plagioclase species, and twinning common according to the albite law, also the pericline, Carlsbad, Baveno, and Manebach laws; also twinning2 with tw. axis a normal to 6 in the plane b. Crystals often very thin tabular b, and rhombic in outline bounded by cy or ex. Also massive, cleav- able or granular; sometimes cryptocrystalline or hornstoue- like.
Cleavage: c perfect; b less so; M sometimes distinct; also I and L sometimes observed, Obermayer; (180), (170) Schrauf, as parting surfaces. H. 5-6. G. 2'70-2 -72. Luster on c pearly, passing into vitreous; elsewhere vitreous or subresinous. Color gray, brown, or greenish; sometimes colorless and glassy; rarely porcelain-white; usually a beautiful change of colors in cleavable varieties, especially b. Streak uncolored. Translucent to subtranslucent. Optical characters, see pp. 326, 327, and 336.
Var.— 1. Cleavable. (a) Well crystallized, to (b) massive.
Play of colors either wanting, as in some colorless crystals; or pale or deep. Blue and green are the predominant colors; but yellow, fire-red, and pearl-gray also occur. Vogelsang3 regards the common blue color of labradorite as a polarization-phenomenon due to its lamellar structure, while the golden or reddish schiller, with the other colors, is due to the presence of black acicular microlites and yellowish red microscopic lamellae, or to the combined effect of these with the blue reflections. Schrauf3 has examined the inclusions, their position, etc., and given the names microplakite and micropJiyllite to two groups of them.
Hafnefjordile, or Hafnenordite, of Forchhammer from the dolerite of Hafnefiord, Iceland, is only labradorite as shown by Rath.
2. Compact massive, or cryptocrystalline; Labradorite- Felsite. The color sometimes gray to brownish red; but sometimes porcelain-white. Some of the so-called saussurite is here included. A variety from the gabbro of Baste in the Radau valley, Harz, is called Radauite by Breithaupt.
Carnatite is a feldspar, described by Beudant, occurring at the localities of corundum and indianite in the Carnatic, India; it is pronounced by Breithaupt and von Kobell to be labradorite.
Comp., Tar. — Intermediate between albite and anorthite and corresponding chiefly to Ab : An in a ratio of from 1 : 1 to 1 : 3, p. 327. For analyses see p. 337; also 5th Ed., p. 342.
Feldspar Group— Labradorite. 335
The feldspars which lie between labradorite proper and anorthite have been embraced by Tschermak under the name bytownite. The original bytownite of Thomson (Min., 1, 372, 1836) was a greenish-white feldspathic mineral found in a boulder near Bytown (now Ottawa) in Ontario, Canada. It was analyzed, 1, by Thomson (1. c.) and, 2, by Hunt (Am. J. Sc,, 12, 212, 1851). Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, 50 (1), 590, 1865) has recalculated the latter analysis, rejecting the water; his results are given in 3. Zirkel has shown, however, that the mineral is a mixture; see Min. Mitth., 61, 1871.
SiO2 A12O3 CaO MgO Na2O H2O
1. G. =2-80 |47-57 29-65 9'06 O40 7'60 1-98 Fe2O3 3'57 99*83
2. G. =2-73 47-40 30'45 14'24 087 2'82 200 FeO 0'80, K2O 0"38 98'96
3. 48-82 31-49 14'67 — 2'90 — FeO 0-82, K2O 0'39 99'09
Pyr., etc. — B. B. fuses at 3 to a colorless glass. Decomposed with difficulty by hydrochloric acid, generally leaving a portion of undecomposed mineral.
Obs. — Labradorite is an essential constituent of various rocks, especially of the basic kinds and usually associated with some member of the pyroxene or amphibole groups. Thus with hyperstheue in hyperyte and noryte, with diallage in gabbro, with some form of pyroxene in diabase, basalt, doleryte, also andesyte, tephryte, etc. Labradorite also occurs in other kinds of lava, and is sometimes found in them in glassy crystals, as in those of Etna, Vesuvius, the Sandwich Islands at Kilauea.
The labradoritic massive rocks are most common among the formations of the Archaean era. Such are part of those of British America, northern New York, Pennsylvania, Arkansas; those of Greenland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, and probably of the Vosges. Being a feldspar containing comparatively little silica, it occurs mainly in rocks which include little or no quartz (free silica) and no orthoclase.
On the coast of Labrador, labradorite is associated with hornblende, hypersthene, and magnetite. It is met with in place at Mille Isles, Chateau Richer, Rawdon, Morin, Aber- crombie and elsewhere, in Quebec; and in boulders at Drummond and elsewhere, in Ontario. It occurs abundantly through the central Adirondack region in northern New York; also occasionally in Orange, Lewis, Warren, Scoharie, and Greene Cos.; in the Wichita Mts., Arkansas.
Silicite and mornite are from Antrim Ireland.
Labradorite was first brought from the Isle of Paul, on the coast of Labrador, by Mr. Wolfe, a Moravian missionary, about the year 1770, and was called by the early mineralogists Labrador stone (Labradorstein), and also chatoyant, opaline, or Labrador feldspar.
Alt.— See remarks under orthoclase, p. 320; also Tschermak, Min. Mitth., 269, 1874. The alteration of labradorite is the common source of the zeolites and associated secondary minerals (calcite, datolite, etc.) frequently present in cavities and veins in basic igneous rocks.
Artif.— See p. 332.
Ref.-1 Zs. Kr., 7, 66, 1882. Groth gives the axis c 0'5547.
2 Rath, Pogg.. 144, 255, 1871. 3 Cf. Reusch, Pogg., 120, 95, 1863 (earlier Brewster, etc.); Vogelsang Arch. Neerland., 3, 32. 1868; Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 60 (1), 996, 1869.
MASKELYNITE Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 65 (1), 127, 1872.
Isometric; form a distorted cube (?). In grains, transparent, colorless, with milky portions arising from alteration. In microscopic sections seen to have a rectangular outline, and shown by optical properties to be isotropic. H. about 6'5. G. 2'65 corrected for im- purities. B.B. fusible with difficulty to a transparent glass. Analysis, la, also Ib, after de- ducting a little magnetite present:
SiO2 A12O3 CaO Na2O K2O
la. G. 2-71 54-3 24'8 111 4'9 1-2 FeQO3,FeO 4'7, MgO tr. 101 -0 16. G. 2-65 56-3 25'7 11-6 5'1 T3 100
Occurs in the meteorite from Shergotty, near Behar, India; also in other chondrites. Tschermak suggests that this apparently isometric mineral may be in fact a fused feldspar, which seems not improbable (Ber. Ak. Wien, 88 (1), 355, 1883). Groth, on the other hand is inclined to regard it as an independent species allied to leucite (Tab. Ueb., 136, 1889).
Optical Relations of OUgodase, Andesine, Labradorite.
The general position of the axes of elasticity and the consequent directions of the light extinction upon the base, c, and the brachypinacoid, b, of these feldspars are given on pp. 326, 327. The following are special observations.
The following table gives for a series of plagioclase feldspars, oligoclase-albite to bytownite (p. 327) the observed extinction-angles on b and c, and the angle made by the trace of the rhom- bic section on b with the edge b/c (cf. f. 1-3, p. 326); also the percentage of lime (cf. anals., p. 337) and the specific gravity. The observations are taken from Schuster, 1. c. ; Wiik, Zs. Kr., 2, 498, 1878; Pfd., Am. J. Sc., 34, 390, 1887; Schuster and Foullon, 1. c.: Bath, Jb. Min., 689, 1876.
Silicates.
Sobboth
Wilmington
Sillbole
Pierrepont
Tvedestrand
Kimito
Bodeumais
St. Raphael
Vesuvius
Stansvik
Lojo
Ojamo
Labrador
Kamenoi-Brod
Narodal
Vischegrad
G.
CaO
2-67 (anal. 2) 2-84 (anal. 8)
3-05 (anal. 4) 4-78 (anal. 11)
7-08 (anal. 18)
10-60 (anal. 25)
15-20 (anal. 33)
Extinction
on c
on b
2°
33'
+
36'
+
2°
29'
to
2°
03'
+ 11°
44'
to
11°
to
9°
+
6°
1°
10'
54'
—
1°
to
2°
20'
0 30' to
5°
—
1°
to
3°
6'
—
°
30'
to
8°
-10°
—
4°
30'
to
4°
42'
—
°
40'
5°
12'
to
24'
—
°
to
18°
—
°
—
6°
42'
to
6:
54'
to 21°
—
14°
30'
to
—
to 32°
Rhombic section
13'
15'
30'
15°
+ 10°
to 10°
4° to 5°
+
to
l°to 2°
± 0°
- 8° 48'
- 10°
The following are observations by Des Cloizeaux, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 89, 1883, 7. 249, 1884, 8, 6, 1885. He distinguishes four classes ranging from oligoclase-albite to audesine. Th observations quoted give the lime percentage (from complete analyses by Damour, Dirvell, etc.); the extinction-angles on c and b; the axial angle about the negative bisectrix, and the angle made by the base with the plane. S, normal to the plane of the optic axes.
1. Abnormal oligoclase. Ax. plane inclined 83° 10' to b. Plane to ax. pi. (S) truncates the acute edge b/c. Extinction (edge b/c) 4- 6° or 7° to 12° on b.
2. Abnormal oligoclase. Ax. plane c or b. Extinction-angle with edge b/c -f- 6° to 9°.
3. Normal oligoclase. Plane ax. pi. truncates obtuse edge b/c and inclined 98° to 104° on c. Ax. pi. cuts b, 84° 50' to 79° 50'. Extinction -f- 1° to 6° with b/c.
4. Andesine. Plane ax. pi. truncates obtuse edge b/c and inclined 110° to 120° to base. Ax. plane on b, 73° 50 to 63° 50'. Extinction - 1° to 10° to b/c.
CaO Extinction percentage on c on b
Axial angle (— Bx) 2Hr cS
Colton, N. Y. Arendal
+2° 40' to 4°
0° to -f 2°
9° toll0 30' 10° to 12° 30
96° 30' to 98° 2' 91° 10' to 93'
97° 30' to 98° 10' 94°
"
0° to 1° 30'
9° to 12°
96° 22' to 97° 54' 93° to 94*
"
0° to 2°
10° to 12°
96° 12' 94°
Colton
0° 30' to 3 30'
9° to 10°
95° 40 to 97° 40'
Ytterby Areudal
1° 30' 1° 30' to 2°
7° to 10° 6° to 8° 30'
90° 48' to 93° 54'
Mineral Hill, Pa.
1° 45'
6° to 9°
92° to 92° 48'
Ytterby Helle, Norway
2° 0° 30' to lc 30'
8° 30' to 9° 10' 7° 10' to 11°
95° to 95° 30'
96° 24' to 97° 28'
Banile
1° 15' to 1° 35'
2° 12'
89° 48' to 91 ° 46' 103° to 104° 30'
Norway Arendal
4 '20
1° to 2° 0° 30' to 1°
2° to 5° 2° to 4°
89° 2' to 91° 80' 101° 50' to 102° 87° 52' to 90= 50' 99° to 100°
Tvedestrand, sunstone
1° 30'
2° to 4°
89 : 8H' 106°
Freciriksvarn, sunstone Danviks-Zoll
0° 30' to 2° 0° 30' to 1°
1° 30' to 2° 1° to 3°
88° 40' to 89° 10' 102= to 103° 99 3 28' to 101° 28' 101° to 102° 40'
Moss, Norway Bodenmais
- 2° 30' — 3° 16' to 3° 20°
- 1° to - 2° 5° to 7°
88° 14' to 90° 50'" 112°
Coromandel
- 1° 30' to 2°
2° to 3°
93° 52' to 95° 18' 108°
Francheville, Rhone Tilasinwuori
- 3° 0" to - 3°
10° to 12° — 3° to 4° 30'
94° 23' to 95° 30' 110° to 112°? 94° to 96° 108° to 109°
Orijarvi
- 1° 57'
4° to 7°, 9°
91° 20 to91°38' 111° 50'
Esterel
- 2° 16'
- 2° to 7°
95° 40' to 96° 117°
Rochesauve
— 2° to - 3°
- 10°
79° 22' to 81° 50' 118°
Also larger values.
The glassy oligoclase from Bakersville, K. C., (anal. 13,) has an exceptionally abnormal character: extinction-angle on c 39° to -f- 40°, sections b give an optic axis with bar nearly (1 edge b/c. Cleavage angle be 88° 2', twinning entirely absent. Cf. Penfleld, Am. J. Sc., 36, 324, 1888.
Feldspar Group— Anorthite.
AiLal.—Oligoclase to Bytownite. 1, Rath, Pogg., 144, 256, 1871. 2, A. Smita, Min. Mitth., 265, 1877. 3, Teclu, ib., 55, 1871. 4, F. L. Sperry, Am. J. Sc., 34, 392, 1887. 5, Rath, Pogg., 138,466,1869. 6, Ludwig, Pogg., 141, 151, 1870. 7, Rath, Pogg., 147, 274, 1872. 8, Id., ib., 144, 240, 1871. 9, Id., ib., p. 236. 10, Id., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 165, 1876. 11, Scheerer, Pogg. , 64, 155, 1845. 12, Haushofer, Zs. Kr., 3, 602, 1879. 13, E. S. Sperry, Am. J. Sc., 36, 325, 1888; also F. W. Clarke, ib., p. 223. 14, Rath, Pogg.. 144, 242. 1871.— l&r Id., Pogg., 147, 276, 1872. 16, Id., Pogg., 144, 226, 1871. 17, Rg., Min. Ch., 607, 1860. 18, Schuster and Foullou, Jb. G. Reichs., 37, 219, 1887. 19, Rath, Pogg., 152, 39, 1874. 20, Sipocz, Min. Mitth., 3, 176, 1880. 21, Rath, Pogg., 144, 245, 1871, also earlier Rg. 22, W. B. Payne, priv. contr. 23, Tschermak, 1. c., p. 586. 24, Klement, Min. Mitth., 1, 366, 1878. 25, Pentield, Am. J. Sc., 34, 393, 1887. 26, Rath, Pogg., 152, 39, 1874. 27, Id., ib., 144, p. 246. 28, Id., ib., 144, p. 251. 29, Schuster, Min. Mitth., 1, 367, 1878. 30, Rath, Pogg., 144, 253, 1871. 31, Kersten. Pogg., 63, 128. 1844. 32. Dmr., Bull. Soc. G. Fr., 7, 88, 1850. 33, Ludwig, quoted by Schus- ter, Min. Mitth., 3, 203, 1880. 34, Holland, Min. Mag., 8, 154, 1889.
Oligoclase-Albite and Oligoclase.
G.
SiO,
A1-.O,
CaO
NaaO
K2O
ign.
Hartenberg
0-43 Fe2O3 0 66,
MgO 0-95
Sobboth, Styria
— 100-21
100-35
&
Wilmington, Del.
— 101-30
Pierrepont, N. Y.
0-40 Fe2O3 0-41
100-78
Vesuvius
0-13 98-83
Ytterby
H 64-81
— 100-66
Shaitausk
— MgO 0-06 99'77
Veltlin
0-53 101-28
Niedermendig
— 100-04
Bamle -t
[9-64]
—
0-32 100
Tvedestrand, sunstone
— Fe2O3 0-36
100
Dilrrsmorsbach
1-29 99-54
Bakersville, N. C.
0-10Fe2O30-08
99-95
Andesine.
Mte. Mulatto
f 60-35
0-26 MgO 0 03 -.
100-07
Uvelka, Orenburg
f 60-34
— Fe2Os 0-18
99-64
Vesuvius
f 58-53
— 100-14
Marmato
— MgO 0-14
100-86
Bodenmais
— MgO 0-28
99-79
Moganda, S. A.
— 100-44
St. Raphael
0-49 MgO 0-11 101-60
Frejus, Esterel
— 99-87
Sanford, Me.
l-58Fe2O3 0-22
99-78
Labradorite.
99-S
Labrador
— Fe2O3 0-7,
MgO 0-1
"
— Fe2O3 1-38
100-75
"
0-56 Fe2O3 0-69
100 02
Pomasqui
[5-09]
—
— 100
Veltlin
0-67 100-90
Tannbergthal
0-65 100-41
Kamenoi-Brod
— Fe2O3 1-03
100-53
Hafnefiord
tr.
0-07 MgO 0-11 100-47
Egersund
— Fe20, 1-00, MgO 0-16
99 6ft
Bytownite.
Berufiord
—
— Fe2Os 1-90
99-80
Narodal
—
— 100-60
Mull
tr.
0-52 99 65
320. ANORTHITE. Matrix of Corundum (fr. the Carnatic, India) Bourn., Phil. Trans., 1802. Indianite Bourn., Cat., 60. 1817; Phillips, Min., 44, 1823. Auorthit (fr. Vesuv.) G. Rose, Gilb. Ann., 73, 197, 1823. Cristianite (Christianite), Biotina (fr. Vesuv.). Mont. & Cov., Min. Vesuv., 1825. Tankit (fr. Norway) Breith., Schweigg. J., 55, 246, 1829. Thiorsauit (fr. Ice- land) Genth, Lieb. Ann., 66, 18. 1848; Thiorsanit badwihogr.
Latrobite (fr. Labrador) Brooke, Ann. Phil., 5, 383, 1823; Children, ib., 8, 38, 1824 Diploit Breith., C. G. Gmelin's Chem. Unters. Dipl.. Tubingen, 1825. Amphodelit (fr. Fin- land) N. Nd., Pogg.. 26, 488, 1832; Lepolit v. Jossa, Breith. Handb., 531, 1847. Cyclopit t>. Walt.. Vulk. Gest., 292, 1853. Anorthoi't Wiik, Zs. Kr., 8, 205, 1883. Lindsayit or Linseit N. Nd.. Vh. Min. Ges., 112, 1843
Silicates.
Triclinic. Axes & : I : 6 0-63473 : 1 : 0-55007: a 93° 13V, /? 115° 55i', y 91° 11|' Marignac1.
100 A 010 83° 54', 100 A 001 63° 57', 010 A 001 85° 50'.
Forms4 : a (100, i-l, b) c (001, 0, P)
m (110, /') 0 (120, -2')4 f (130, z-3')
C (120,
z (130, '*-3) (207, 'f4') 0 (201, '24') E (203, ,H) Z>(§04, £4,)31 a; (101, 14,)
Y (013, fi') 6) (023, f
(021, 24') r (061, 64') A (081, 84')3 5 (013, A; (023, 7i (021, '24) (041, '44) C (031, '34)3?
m(lll, 1') ft (241, 4-2') s (423, f 2) A (421, ,4-2)
p (in, ,i)
(221, .2)
w (241, ,4-2)
(423, 4-2,)
d (431, 4-2,)
8 (112, o (111, 1,) u (221, 2,) (241. 4-8,) n (131, 3-3 ) a (111, 1) X (241, '4-2) /o (131, '3-
Pigs. 1-4, Rath; 1, 2, 4, from Vesuvius, 3, Pesmeda Alp. 5, Lepolite, Kk.
&/ 29° 29f &77i 58° 4' d'Jf 62° 26i' ft? 30° 58' mM 59° 29'
eg — 34° 46' ex 51° 26' cy =81° 14'
C;K 9° 14' cQ 17° 49' ce - 42° 38i' cr 67° 41' c& 18° 38' en 46° 46' CK 75° 10'
cm 33° 17' em 65° 5?,'
ep 54" 17' eg 80° 18' cS - 30° 24' co 57° 52' cu 84° 50' ca 34° 10' cM 69° 20' 6OT 68° 51'
bp 62° 13' bx 88° 20' 60 64° 53' bw 38"' 41f bg 58° 13' by 90° 32f b'u 57° 26i' 6'® 38° 16' b'a 76° 82'
Twins6: (1) .4/fa'£e law, frw. pi. and comp.-face b, often polysynthetic. (2) Pericline law, tw. axis Z>, composition-face the rhombic section, whose trace on b makes an angle of — 14° to — 18° with the edge b/c (f. 2, p. 326). (3) Carlsbad law, tw. axis 6, the individuals also usually twinned according to law 1. (4) tw. axis6 J. d in b (010).
Crystals usually prismatic 6, less often elongated I, like pericline (f. 3). Also massive, cleavable, with granular or coarse lamellar structure.
Cleavage: c perfect; b somewhat less so. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 6-6-5. Gr. 2-74-2-76. Color white, grayish, reddish. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. nearly e, and its trace inclined 60° to the edge c/e
Feldspar Group— Anoethite.
from left above behind to right in front below (Schuster). Extinction-angles on c, — 34° to — 42° with edge b/c; on b, — 35° to — 43°. Dispersion p v, also inclined. Axial angles:
2Ha.r 84° 50', 2Ha.gr 85° 24', 2Ha.bl =~'85°-W.
The following table gives the extinction-angles and the position of the rhombic section, with CaO percentage (see anals. below), as observed by Schuster, 1. c., Lsx., 1. c., and Kikuchi, J. Coll. Sc. Japan, 2, i, 31, 1888.
Extinction angles
Rhombic
G.
Na,O
on c
on b
section
Vesuvius
-36° 37' to 37° 22'
-38° to 39° 44'
-- 16° 2'
Pesmeda
1-0 to 1-3
-37° 30'
- 38° 24'
- 17° 54'
Lojo, Lepolite
1-50K.O
- 35° to 40°
- 14° to 15'
Etna, Cyclopite
— 38° to 40°
- 35° to 36°
Mikaje, Japan
- 38° to 40°
-40cto41°
-15° to 17'
Comp. — A silicate of aluminium and calcium, CaAlSiO,, or CaO-AlOSSiO, Silica 43-2, alumina 36'7, lime 20'1 — 100. Soda (as NaAlSi30?) is usually present in small amount, and as it increases there is a gradual transition through bytowuite to labradorite.
Var.— Anorthite was described from the glassy crystals of Sornma; and christianite and biotine are the same mineral. Thiorsauite is the same from Iceland.
Indianite is a white, grayish, or reddish granular anorthite from India, where it occurs as the gangue of corundum, first described in 1802 by Count Bournon.
Amphodelite is a reddish gray or dingy peach -blossom-red variety, partly in rather large crystals, from Lojo, Finland, and Tunaberg, Sweden. Lepolite of Breithaupt (or, as he says, of von Jossa,who sent it to him) comes from Lojo and Orijiirvi in Finland, and is the same variety; some of the crystals are 2 inches long. It has been studied crystallograpbically by Koksharov (Min. Russl., 4 234), who finds the crystals highly complex and near Vesuvian anorthite in angle. Lindsayite (Liuseit, Lindseit) from Orijiirvi, Finland, is a somewhat altered variety of lepolite, cf. Wiik, Zs. Kr., 8, 205, 1888. LatroMte. from Amitok Island on the coast of Labrador, is pale rose-red, and closely resembles amphodelite.
Cyclopite occurs in small, transparent, and glassy crystals, tabular H b, coating cavities in the doleryte of the Cyclopean Islands and near Trezza on Etna. Its identity with anorthite was established by Lasaulx, Zs. Kr., 5, 326, 1881.
Anorikoite agrees in angles with auorthite but is different in habit, being prismatic a, with n and e prominent: it shows extinction a and in a direction normal it appears optically uniaxial. G. 2-76. A partial analysis gave: SiO2 37 to 38, A1QO3 32'2, CaO 13. The suggestion is made that it may be an anorthite partly altered to scapolite. The single crystal found was embedded in red limestone at the Sillbole iron mine in Finland. Cf. F. J. Wiik, Zs. Kr., 8,. 205, 1883.
Tankite occurs in cleavable masses, with be — 86° 20', of a gray or slightly pinkish color. The original crystals, examined by Dx. , are stated to have been brought from Areudal in 1825 by Mr. Tank of Fried riksh old (Dx.). It is (Dx.) a hydrated anorthite, cf. anal. 6.
Anal.— 1, Damour, Bull. G. Fr., 7, 88, 1850. 2, Deville, Ann. Ch. Phys., 40, 286, 1854. 3 Pisani, Ann Ch. Phys., 9, 492, 1876. 4, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 46, 387, 1849. 5, Walters
sen, Vulk. Gest., 2U2, 1853. 6, Pisani, Dx., N. R., 199, 1867.
hauseu
134, 1877. 9, Y. Kitamura, J. Coll. Sc. Japan, 2, i, 43, 1888.
Also 5th Ed., p. 339.
7, 8, Gamper, Vh. G. Reichs., 10, Abich, Pogg., 51, 519. 1840.
1. Thiorsa, Iceland
2. St. Eustache
3. Hammerfest
4. Lojo, Lepolite
5. Etna, Cyclopite
6. Arendal, Tankite
G.
SiO.
A12O3 CaO Na3O K2O
33-28 17-21 1-85 —
35-0 17-7 1-0 —
35-20 14-70 1-76
35-12 14-94 1-50 —
7. Pesmeda Alp, red
8. " " white
9. Miyake, Japan 2 761 10. Mt. Somma 2'763
29-83 20-83 2 '32 1'72
42-49 34-70 15'82 1-60" 0'63
41-08 36-04 17-91 1-03 1'05
42-79 34-78 15-98 1'36 0'62
44-03 36-80 1929 0'2H
I 43-96 35-80 Is'98 0'47 0'40
Incl. LisO.
igu.
— Fe2Os 1'12, gangue
[0 69 100-12
— MgO 0-9 100-4 1-62 MgO 0-73 100-81 l-56Fe2O3 1-50, MgO 2 '27
99-69 1-91 Fe2O3 2-20, MgO 0'66
[- 100-92 4-80 Fe2Os 0-74, MgO 0'30
101-08 4 79 101-90 4-13 09 66 0-12 MgO 0 20 100-67
— Fe,O, 0-63, MeO 0-45
100-19
340 Silicates.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses at 5 to a colorless glass. Anorthite from Mte. bomma, aud iudiauite from the Carnatic, are decomposed by hydrochloric acid, with separation of gelatinous silica.
Obs.— Occurs in some diorytes; occasionally iu connection with gabbro aud serpentine rocks; in some cases along with corundum; in many volcanic rocks, andesytes. basalts, etc.; as a con- stituent of some meteorites (Juvenas, Stannern).
Anorthite (christianite and biotine) occurs at Mount Vesuvius in isolated blocks among the old lavas in the raviuesof Monte Somma, associated with sanidiue, augite, mica, and vesuviauite; in the Albani Mts. ; on the island of Procida near the entrance to the bay of Naples; on the Pesmeda Alp, Monzoni, Tyrol, as a contact mineral; Aranyer Berg, Transylvania, in andesyte; in the Faroer; on Iceland, on the plain of Thiorsa, Hekla, and elsewhere; near Bogoslovsk in the Ural. In the lava of the island of Miyake, Japan, and also scattered on the lava field in well- defiued separate crystals evidently ejected by the volcano; further in the anorthite-basalt of Fusiyama and elsewhere in Japan.
The localities of the special varieties of anorthite have already been mentioned.
Anorthite was named in 1823 by Rose from avopftos, oblique, the crystallization being tri- clinic. Bournon's name, Indianite, derived from the locality in India, was first published in his Catalogue of the Royal Mineralogical Collection, in the year 1817. The species had been described by him as early as 1802 (I.e.), and his description is remarkably complete for the time, it including, besides physical characters, a chemical analysis by Chenevix, agreeing nearly in essential points with the later by Rose, and quite as well as his, with the true or normal composi- tion of the mineral. Bournou supposed that the grains might be rhombohedral in crystallization; but Brooke, in Phillips' Mineralogy (3d ed.), published in 1823, the year of Rose's publication, announced that there were two cleavages, inclined to one another 84° 45 and 95° 15', differing not widely from the same angle as ascertained by Rose. Justice seems to require that Bournon's name should be restored to the species. Beudant, in the first edition of his mineralogy, pub- lished in 1824, described indianite in full and called it lime-feldspar, mentioning anorthite only in his index.
Christianite was named by Monticelli and Covelli after the prince Christian Frederick of Denmark, who explored Vesuvius with them; Amphodelite from a/.i(pi, double, and o5eAo?, spear, the crystals being often twinned parallel to 010; Latrobite, after C. F. Latrobe, the dis- coverer of the variety.
Alt. — Lindsayite already mentioned is a partially altered anorthite; the same is probably true of sundvikite of A. E. Nordenskiold, Beskr. Finl. Min., 113, 1855; see 5th Ed., p. 340. Rosite and polyargite of Svanberg, Ak. II. Stockh., 1840, are pinite-like pseudomorphs; rosite is from Aker in Sodermanland, and polyargite from Tunaberg, Sweden. See 5th Ed., p. 480.
Crystals of anorthite altered to a saussurite-like substance from Franklin Furnace, N. J., have been described by Roepper (Am. J. Sc., 16, 364, 1878).
Artif.— See albite, p. 331.
Ref.— ] Kk., Min. Russl., 4, 200, 1862. Cf. also Rose, Gilb. Ann., 73, 197, 1823.
Mir., Min., 376, 1852. Hbg., Min. Not., 1, 6, 1856. Dx., Min., 1, 294, 1862. Kk., 1. c. Schrauf, Atlas. Tf. xvi, xvir, 1871. Gdt., Index, 2, 24, 1888. Rath, Pogg., 147, 22, 1872; Pesmeda Alp, Ber. nied. Ges., July 2, 1877. 3 Dx., tankite, N. R., 195, 1867. 4 Rath, Aranyer Berg, Zs. Kr., 5, 23, 1881. 5 Twins, Rath, Pogg., 138, 449, 1869, 147, 36, 1872; Jb. Min., 689,
BAUSOWITE G. Rose, Pogg., 48, 567, 1839. Massive; coarse to fine granular. Cleavage in two directions at 90°, extinction parallel to the cleavage. Orthorhombic (or monoclinic). H.= 55-6. G. 2'584 Bauer. Luster more or less pearly. Color white. Optically biaxial.
Composition probably like anorthite, CaAl2Si2O8 or CaO. Al2O3.2SiO2. Analyses: 1, Varren- trapp, Pogg., 48, 568. 2, Friederici, Jb. Min., 2, 71, 1880, after deducting the corundum present.
SiO2 A12O3 CaO MgO Alk.
1. f 48-74 33-90 15-29 1-54 — 99'44
2. f 41-54 36-59 19'82 2'05 100
B.B. fuses on the edges to a vesicular glass. Gelatinizes readily with hydrochloric acid, especially on heating.
Occurs in boulders in the auriferous sand of Barsovski near Kyshtymsk south of Ekaterin- burg in the Ural as the gangue of the blue corundum; the occurrence is similar to that of the indianite which is the gaugue of the corundum of the Carnatic. It is often intimately mixed with granular calcite, and incloses also corundum, spinel, and occasionally scales of a yellow mica. Bauer shows that it is chemically identical with anorthite, though apparent!}' different optically .and in specific gravity; it may yet prove to be that species, perhaps somewhat altered.
HURONITE Thomson, Min., 1, 384, 1836. An impure feldspar approaching anorthite. Occurs in spherical masses in diabase boulders on Drummond Id. in Lake Huron. Structure partly in imperfect folia, and partly granular. H. 3-3'5; G. 2'86; luster waxy to pearly: color light yellowish green; subtranslucent. Harrington has examined this mineral and con- firmed its relation to anorthite. He gives: H. 5'5; G. 2'814; fusibility about 5. An analysis by N. N. Evans gave:
SiOa 47-07 AUO3 32-49 Fe,O3 0-Q7 CaO 13'30 MgO 0'22 K2O 2'88 NaaO 2'03 ign. 2'72
101-68
Lettcite Group. 341
A mineral similar to huronile occurs in place near Sudbury, Ontario ; see Harrington, Trans. R. Soc. Canada, 4 (3), 82. 1886.
MIKROTIN G. Tscfiermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 50 (1), 606, 1865. A name proposed for glassy kinds of the plagioclaso feldspars, corresponding to the variety sanidine of orthoclase; it is derived from /.iiKpoTrfS, littleness, in allusion to the small form in which they commonly appear, as, for example, embedded iu volcanic rocks.
SIGTERITE C. F. Rammelsberg, Jb. Min., 2, 71, 1890.
Massive, granular. Cleavage easy, giving a surface with pearly luster; also in traces in a second direction, these regarded as corresponding in position to c (001) and m (110) of orthoclase. G. 2'600-2-622. Luster vitreous to pearly. Color gray. Translucent.
Sections parallel to the first direction of cleavage and normal to the second show polysynthetic twinning lamellae. For the former the angle between the directions of extinction is 7°-9°, i.e., the angle with the edge regarded as corresponding to c/b is ± 3° to 4|°. Sections parallel to the second cleavage show no twinning structure and give an extinction-angle for the edge c/b of + 16°. The axial plane is nearly normal to a direction corresponding to b and is inclined to c in the positive direction (Tenne).
Comp.— (Na,K),AlaSi,Oio or (Na,K)2O.AlaO3.3SiO2. With Na : K 5 : 1, this requires: Silica 51-5, alumina 29 '2, soda 14'8, potash 4'5 100.
Anal. — 1, Raschig. 2, Rg. Also 3, 4, the same as 1, 2, after deducting, respectively, 3'84 and 6'03 p. c. augite.
SiO, AlaO3 Na2O K2O
1. 49-71 29-54 13'31 5'00 FeO 1-34, CaO 0-66, ign. 0'42 99'98
2. 50-16 28-64 13'63 3'96 FeO 1'97, CaO 098, MgO 0'16, ign. 0'42 99'92
3. 50-01 30 86 13-90 5'23 100
4. 50-54 30-64 14'58 4'24 100
Occurs intimately associated with white albite and eudialyte at SigtesO, in the Langesund- fiord, southern Norway.*
II. Metasilicates. E8i03.
Salts of Metasilicic Acid, H2Si03 ; characterized by an oxygen ratio of 2 : 1 for silicon to bases.
The following include all the well-marked groups among the METASILICATES. The Division closes with a number of species, in part of somewhat doubtful com- position, forming a transition to the Orthosilicates.
1. Leucite Group.
2. Pyroxene Group.
3. Amphibole Group.
4. Beryl Group.
5. Eudialyte Group.
6. Melanocerite Group.
1. Leucite Group. Isometric.
In several respects leucite is allied to the species of the feldspar group, which immediately precede.
321. Leucite KAl(Si03)2 Isometric at 500°
Pseudo-isometric at ordinary temperatures.
322. Pollucite H,Cs,Al2(Si03)6 Isometric
A later optical investigation by Tenne (Jb. Min., 2, 206, 1891) has shown that the above supposed new species of feldspar is merely an intimate mixture of albite and elaeolite. This conclusion finds confirmation in the composition obtained, and is accepted by Rammelsberg. Brogger states further (priv. contr.) that the locality is SigtesO, not SigterO.
Silicates.
321. LEUCITE. Weisse Granaten, Weisse granat-f5rmige SchOrl-Crystallen (fr. Vesuvius), J. J. Ferber, Briefe aus Walschland, 165, 176, etc., 1773. Basaltes albus polyedrus granati- forrnis, etc., v. Born, Litboph., 2, 73. 1775. Schorl blanc Fr. Trl. of Ferber. Grenats blanca calcines (fr. Vesuvius, where called Occhio di Pernice, Rome, etc.) de Saussure, J. Phys., 7, 21, 1776. CEil de Perdrix, Grenats blancs, alteres par une vapeur acide qui ayant dissout le fer a laisse les grenats dans un etat de blancheur, Sage, Min., 1, 317, 1777; de Lisle, 2, 330, 1783. Weisse Granaten Hoffm., Bergm. J., 454, 474, 1789. White Garnet. Leucit Wern., Bergm. J., 1, 489, 1791, HSpfner's Mag. N. Helvet., 4, 241. Leucite H., J. Mines, 5, 260, 1799. Amphigene H., Tr., 2, 1801.
Isometric at 500° C. ; pseudo-isometric under ordinary conditions (see below). Commonly in crystals varying in angle but little from the tetragonal trisoctahedron n (211, 2-2), with a (100, i-i), and d (110, /) sometimes present as subordinate forms. Faces often showing fine striations due to twinning. Also in disseminated grains; rarely massive granular.
Cleavage: d (110) very imperfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5*5-6. G. 2 -45-2 -50. Luster vitreous. Color white, ash-gray or smoke-gray. Streak uncolored. Translucent to opaque. Refractive index: nr 1-507 Dx. (1862). Usually shows very feeble double refraction : GO 1*508, e 1-509 Dx. (1874).
The anomalous double refraction1 of leucite was early noted (Brewster, Biot, Dx.) and variously explained. In 1873, Rath, on the basis of careful measurements, referred the seemingly isometric crystals to the tetragonal system; the trapezohedral face 112 being taken as 111, and 211, 121 as 421, 241 respectively; also 101, Oil as 201, 021. Later Weisbach (1880), on the same ground, made them orthorhombio; Mallard, however, referred them (1876), chiefly on optical grounds, to the monoclinic system, and Fouque and Levy (1879) to the triclinic. The true sym- metry, corresponding to the molecular structure which they possess or tend to possess at ordi- nary temperatures, is in doubt, but it has been shown (Klein, Pfd.)that at 500° to 600° sections become isotropic; and further (Rosenbusch) that the twinning striations disappear on heating, to reappear again in new position on cooling. Sections ordinarily show twinning lamellae d (110); in some cases a bisectrix (4-) is normal to what corresponds to a cubic face, the axial angle being very small. The structure corresponds in general (Klein) to the interpenetration of three crys- tals, in twinning position d, which may be equally or unequally developed; or there may be one fundamental individual with inclosed twinning lamellae (cf . figs. 2-4).
1, Common form, with twinning striations, Rath. 2-4. Sections, showing twinning lamellae, as seen in polarized light, Klein : 2, section 001, showing fine tw. lamella? 110, also others less numerous and sharp, parallel to two other dodecahedral faces; 3, section 111, with tw. lamellae; 4, cubic face, composite crystal, of three individuals, cf. f. 2.
Comp.— A metasilicate of aluminium and potassium, KAl(Si03)2 or K2O.A1303.- 4Si(X Silica 55-0, alumina 23-5, potash 21-5 100.
boda is present only in small quantities, unless as introduced by alteration; traces of lithium, also of rubidium and caesium, have been detected.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Min. Oh., Erg., 151, 1886 2. Rath, Pogg., 147. 272, 1872; 3, Id., ibid.. Erg., 6, 209, 1873. 4. Lemberg, Zs. G/Ges.. 28, 537, 1876. 5, E. Scacchi, Rg., 1. c , 151, 1886. 6, Berwerth. Min. Mitth., 66, 1876. 7, Schulze, Jb. Min.. 2, 114, 1880. Also 5th Ed., p. 334.
SiO3 A12O3 K2O Na2O CaO
1. Vesuvius, erupt. 1845
5. Rocca Monfina
6. Acquacetosa
7. Albani Mts
G. 2-468 G. 2-479
G. 2-479
55-1fi
18-Po
22-85a 2148
— 100-75 0-26 100-25 0-43 100-38
0-20 H2O 0-32 100-25
— H,O 1-0-4 99-76 0-88FeO,MgO tr. 99"
— 99 65
Fe2O3. tr.
Leucite Group— Leucite— Pollucite. 343
Potash, regarded long as an alkali exclusively of the vegetable kingdom, was first found among minerals in this species by Klaproth, whose earliest analysis was made in 1796.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible; with cobalt solution gives a blue color (aluminium). Decom- posed by hydrochloric acid without gelatinizatiou.
Obs. — Leucite belongs peculiarly to the more recent volcanic rocks; thus it occurs in embedded crystals, grains or aggregates of grains, with uephelite in leucite-basalts and leucitytes (leucitophyr or amphigenyte); with nephelite and sauidine in 5.
phouolyte, and with plugioclase in leucite-tephrytes. The crystals usually show twinning lamellae in polarized light, and further are often characterized by the symmetrical arrangement of inclu- sions (f. 5) of glass, or of microlitesof augite, magnetite, etc. Clear glassy crystals occur in ejected volcanic masses or in crevices in lava, as at Mte. Sornma.
The prominent localities are, first of all, Vesuvius and Mte. Sornma, where it is thickly disseminated through the lava in grains, and in large perfect crystals; also in ejected masses. It occurs also near Rome, at Borghetta to the north, and Albano and Fras- cati to the south; some of the older lavas appear to be almost entirely composed of it. Prominent localities are Capo di Bove, Rocca Monnna, etc. The leucitic lava of the neighborhood of Rome has been used for the last iwo thousand years, at least, in the formation of mill-stones. Mill-stones of this rock have been bection with symmetrical in- discovered in the excavations at Pompeii. Further in leucite- elusions, Zirkel. tephryte at Proceuo near Lake Bolsena in central Italy. Outside of Italy, it is found about the Laacher See and at several points in the Eifel, as at Olbruck in phpnolyte; at Rieden near Anderuach; at Meiches in the Vogelsgebirge; in the Kaiserstuhlgebirge; in altered form at several points (see below).
Occurs in Brazil, at Piuhalzinho. At Byrock, near Bourke, and at El Capitan, near Cobar, New South Wales. In basalt on the island Bawean near Java. In leucite-basanyte on the south- east of Mt. Kibo, Kilima-njaro, Equatorial Africa. From the Cerro de las Virgines, Lower California. In the United States it forms a rock in the Green River Basin at the Leucite Hills, Wyoming (Zirkel): also in the Absaroka range, in northwestern Wyoming (Hague, Am. J. Sc., 38, 43, 1S89). See also p. 1041.
Named by Werner fromAei'K-oS, white, in allusion to its color. Hatty's name. Amphigene, is of later date, and is from a/t/0/, both, and yevoS, kind, in allusion to the supposed existence of cleavage in two directions, and to his fanciful inference therefrom of two "primitive forms;'1 it has therefore the best of claims for rejection.
Alt.— Feldspar, nephelite, and kaolin occur with the form of leucite, as a result of its altera- tion. The glassy feldspar pseudomorphs were first announced by Scacchi, and since by Blum. . Analcite is also a common alteration-product of leucite. For analyses of altered leucite see Rg., Min. Ch... 443, 1875, also 5th Ed., p. 335.
E. Scacchi has described crystals altered to orthoclase, Rend. Ace. Napoli, Dec., 1884; Sauer. others altered to potash feldspar and muscovite from the Oberwiesenthal in the Erzge- birge, Zs. G. Ges., 37, 441, 1885. Kuuz has described crystals having the form of leucite from Magnet Cove, Ark., and approximating to a potash feldspar in composition, Am. J. Sc., 31, 74, 1885; these are shown by Williams (cf. p. 426) to consist of orthoclase and ekeolite. The phouolyte (tinguayte) of the Serra de Tingua, Brazil, also contains pseudo-crystals of leucite (Hussak, Jb. Min., 1, 166. 1890).
Lemberg has shown that soda can be' readily introduced into the composition of leucite by the action of melting sodium chloride, a soda-leucite (Natronleucit) resulting; while it is possible to change the latter also back to a potash-leucite. Further he has shown that leucite can be resolved into a mixture of sauidine and auorthite- or microsommite, or all into andesine. See further Zs. G. Ges., 28, 611-615, 1876.
Artif. — Formed by Fouque & Levy, Bull. Soc. Min., 3. 118, 1880; also an iron leucite by Hautefeuille, C. R., 90, 313, 378, 1880. Ch. and G. Friedel have obtained leucite in tetragonal forms, optically — , by heating for two days at about 500° a mixture of muscovite with about half its weight of calcined silica and 0'7 of potash; orthoclase and nephelite were obtained at the same time, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 134, 182, 1890. See Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., 150-155,
Ref.— ' Rath, Pogg. Erg., 6, 198, 1873; Jb. Min., 113, 1873. 281, 403, 1876. Hirschwald, Min. Mitth., 227. 1875; Jb. Min., 519, 733, 1876; Min. Mitth., 1, 85, 1878. Mallard, Ann. Mines, 10, 79, 1876. Tschermak, Min. Mitth., 66, 1876. Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 1, 257, 1877; Min. Mitth., 1, 287. 1878. Fouque-Levy, Min Micr., 1879. Weisbacli, Jb. Miu., 1, 143, 1880. Klein, Nachr. Ges. Gottingen, 421, Nov. 26, 1884; Jb. Min., Beil., 3, 522. 1885; ibid., 2, 49. 1884. Pen- field, Jb. Min., 2, 224, 1884. Rath, Ber. iiied. Ges., 115, 1883, June 6, 1887. Roseubusch, Jb. Min., 2, 59, 234, 1885, and Mikr. Phys., 270, 1885.
322. POLLUCITE. Pollux Breith., Pogg., 69, 439, 1846. Isometric. Observed forms1:
a, (100, i-i); d (110, z); e"(210, £2)?; n (211.
344 Silicates.
Often in cubes with form n, also d striated transversely; rarely other forms more or less rounded. Also massive.
Cleavage in traces. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 6'5. G. 2-901 Pisani. Luster vitreous and bright on surface of fracture, but sometimes dull and gum-like externally. Colorless. Transparent. Eefractive indices: nr 1-515, My 1-517, nbl 1-527 Dxa.
Comp.— H,0.(Cs,Na),O.Al,0,.5SiO, Silica 47'0, alumina 16-0, caesium oxide 31-4, soda 2-8, water 2-8 100 Kg. Here Cs : Na 5 : 2. See further, p. 1044. Anal.— 1, Pisani, C. R., 58, 714, 1864. 2, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 9, 1878. 3, 4, Id., ib., 669, 1880. On an early analysis by Plattner and its interpretation, 5th Ed., p. 249.
SiOs
A12O3
Fe2O3 Cs2O
Na,O Li2O K2O
H20
G.
2-901
068 34-07
tf.
tr.
CaO 0-6
8=101-71
G.
2-868
[48-15]
— 30 '00
—
100
G.
2-885-2 897
— 30-71
—
99-8(
J
—
—
— 30-53
—
—
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube becomes opaque and yields water, but only at a high temper- ature. In the forceps whitens, fuses with difficulty, coloring the flame yellow. In hydrochloric acid slowly decomposes, with separation of pulverulent silica.
Obs. — Occurs very sparingly in the island of Elba, with petalite (castorite) in cavities in granite. Named from Pollux (the genitive of which is Pollucis), of heathen mythology.
Ref.— Corsi, Zs. Kr., 6, 200, 1881. N. R., 8, 1867.
2. Pyroxene Group.
Orthorhombic, Monoclinic, Triclinic. Composition RSi03 with R Ca,Mg,Fe chiefly, also Mn,Zn. Further RSi03
n i
with R(Fe,Al)2Si06, less often with RAl(Si03)2. Rarely including zirconium and titanium, also fluorine.
a.. Orthorhombic Section.
a : b : 6 or b : a : 6
323. Enstatite MgSi03 0-9702 : 1 : 0-5710 1-0307 : 1 : 0-5885
Bronzite (Mg,Fe)Si03
324. Hypersthene (Fe,Mg)Si03 0-9713 : 1 : 0-5.704 1-0319 : 1 : 0-5872
The second set of axial ratios, with a 1, brings out distinctly the similarity of the form to the monoclinic species. This resemblance is exhibited still more clearly if, as suggested by Rath and Tschermak and later adopted by Groth, the monoclinic species are referred to axes having ft 90° nearly (see pyroxene); on the other hand this change involves a sacrifice in simplicity of symbols and for other more fundamental reasons is not to be recommended.
ft. Monoclinic Section.
a : b : 6 ft
325. Pyroxene 1-0921 : 1 : 0-5893 74° 10'
DIOPSIDE -i CaMg(SiO,),
1 Ca(Mg,Fe)(Si03)a
Malacolite, Salite, Diallage, etc. HEDENBERGITE CaFe(SiOa)2
Manganhedenbergite Ca(Fe,Mn) (SiOa)2 SCHEFFEKITE (Ca,.Mg)(Fe,Mn)(Si03)2
Jeffersonite (Ca,Mg)(Fe,Mn,Zn)(Si03)2
AUGITE Ca(Mg,Fe)(Si03),
1 with (Mg,Fe)(Al,Fe)2Si06 Leucaugite, Fassaite, Augite. Also some Diallage.
Pyroxene Gmoup.
326. Acmite NaFe(Si03),
Aegirite
327. Spodumene LiAl(Si03).,
328. Jadeite NaAl(SiOJ4
1-0996 : 1 : 0-6012 73° 11'
1-1238 : 1 : 0-6355 69° 40'
Triclinia?
329. Wollastonite
330. Pectolite
331. Rosenbuschite
Lavenite Wohlerite
CaSiO,
HNaCa2(Si03)3 Na,Cas((Si,Zr,Ti)03)4
(Na4,Ca2,Mn2,Zr)((Si,Zr)03), 1-0964 12(Na2,Ca)(Si,Zr)03.RNb206 1-0549
a
6 ft
0-9676 84° 30'
0-9864 84° 40'
0-9572 78° 13'
0-7152 69° 42'
0-7091 70° 45'
In lavenite and wShlerite fluorine also enters, and lavenite like wOhlerite also contains niobium but in smaller amount, and both contain titanium; see further under these species.
y. Triclinic Section.
a : : 6 a ft y
334. Hiortdahlite (Na,,Ca)Fe((Si,Zr)03)2 0'9984: 1:0-3512 89°22|' 90°37' 90°6'
a : b : 6 a /3 y
or (p. 377) cf. wohlerite 1-0583: 1 : 07048 90°29' 108°49£' 90°8'
Hiortdahlite also contains fluorine and titanium in small amount.
d : b : 6 ex ft y
335. Rhodonite MnSiO, 1-0729: 1: 0-6213 103°18' 108°44' 81°39'
Paisbergite, Bustamite (Mn,Ca)Si03
(Mn,Fe)Si03 Fowlerite (Mu,Zn,Fe,Ca)Si03
d : b : 6
336. Babingtonite (Ca,Fe,Mn)Si03.Fe2(Si03)3 1-0691:0-6308
a 104° 21£' ft 108° 31' y 83° 34'
The PYROXENE GROUP embraces a number of species which, while falling in different systems — orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic — are yet closely related in form. Thus all have a fundamental prism with an angle of 93° and 87°, parallel to which there is more or less distinct cleavage. Further, the angles in other zones show a greater or less degree of similarity as exhibited in the descriptions which
follow. In composition the metasilicates of calcium, magnesium, and ferrous iron
ii in i
are most prominent, while compounds of the form E(Al,Fe)2Si06, EAl(Si03)2 are also important (Tschermak).
The species of the pyroxene group are closely related in composition to the corresponding species of the amphibole group, which also embraces members in the orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic systems. In a number of cases the same chemical compound appears in each group; furthermore, a change by paramorphism of pyroxene to amphibole is often observed. In form also the two groups are .related. Thus we have respectively for the typical monoclinic species :
Pyroxene a : 1 : 6 1-0921 : 1 : 0-5893 ft 74° 10'
Amphibole 1-1022 : 1 : 0-5875 ft 73° 58'
Silicates.
The relation is further shown in the parallel growth of crystals of monoclinic amphibole upon or about those of pyroxene. This and other related points are illustrated in the pages which follow.
The relation of the prominent members of the Pyroxene Group optically, especially as regards the connection between the position of the axes of light- elasticity and the crystallographic axes is exemplified in the following figures (from
in.
I, Enstatite, etc. II, Spodumene. Ill, Diopside, etc. IV, Hedenbergite, Augite. V, Augite.
VI, Egiriie (p. 366).
Cross, Am. J. Sc., 39, 359, 1890). A corresponding exhibition of the prominent amphiboles is given under that group.
a. Orthorliombic Section.
323. ENSTATITE. Diallage metalloi'de pt. H., Tr., 1801. Bronzit Karst., Klapr., Gehlen's J., 4, 151, 1807; Karsl., Tab., 40, 91, 1808; Klapr., Beitr., 5, 34, 1810. Blattriger Anthophyllit Wern., 1808, Hausm. Entw., 1809. Bronzite. Broncit. Chladnite Sliep., Am. J. Sc., 2, 381, 1846; Shepardite Rose, Beschr. Meteor., 29, 1864. Enstatit Kenng., Ber. Ak. Wien, 16, 162, 1855. Protobastit A. Streng., Zs. G. Ges., 13, 71, 1861. Victorite Meunier, Ber. Ak. Wien, 61 (2), 26, 1870.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-97020 : 1 : 0-57097 Lang1.
100 A HO *44° 8', 001 A 101 30° 28f ', 001 A Oil 29° 43£'.
Forms1: a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l) c (001, 0)
M (310, e-3) S (520, i-l) z (210, i-2)
m (110, I) d (350, z-|) n (120, i-2) A (250, £-f) / (140, z-4)
r (201, 24) a (502, f 4)
0 (016, H)2 h (014, £4)' k (012, £4) q (023, H)8 t (Oil, 14) ft (021, 24) (031, 34)
Figs. 1, 2, Barnle, Rath.
mm' nri
rr'
kk'
W' mr mo
mx
ee
r (233, o (111, x (221,
g (412, p (623, e (212,
51° 88° 54°
1) 2)
2-4) 2-3) 1-2) 2-2)
45'
16' 32'
99° 18'
10°
*31°
41°
61°
50°
31°
33°
52°
52'
52' 41'
20' 39'
ir
36'
y (421,
4-2)
C (321,
3-D
if> (432,
3-D
e (343,
ft)3
u (232, v (121,
Ii) 2-2)
w (252,
H)
cu
55°
81'
TT' oo'
40° 54°
16f
8'
xx'
75°
35'
ee'
59"
tt
91°
15'
uu
48°
10'
Tt "
oo' '
39° -- 52°
H1
24'
xx' '
72°
57'
ee"
27°
39'
ii"
20°
35'
uu"
72°
52'
Twins rare: tw. pi.4 li (014), forming twinning lamellae: also tw. pi. 101 as stellate twins crossing at angles of nearly 60°, sometimes six-rayed (Beckc) analo- gous to the pyroxene twins with tw. pi. 122. Distinct crystals rare, habit prismatic, usually massive, fibrous or lamellar.
Pyroxene Gro Up—Ensta Tite.
Cleavage : m easy. Parting b ; also a. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. =5'5. G. 3*l-3'3. Luster a little pearly on cleavage-surfaces to vitreous; often metal- loidal in the bronzite variety. Color grayish white, yellowish white, greenish white, to olive-green and brown. Pleochroism weak, more marked in varieties relatively rich in iron. Streak uncolored, grayish. Translucent to nearly "opaque.
Optically -)-. Ax. -pi. I. Bx J_c. Dispersion p v weak. Axial angle large and variable, increasing with the amount of iron, usually about 90° for FeO 10 p. c. Axial angles and FeO percentage6.
Aloysthal 2H0 133° 8' Fe(Mn)O 2 '76 Also, Levy-Lex.
Leiperville 123° 38'
a 1-665
Greenland 114° 15' ft 1-669
Balsflord Kraubat
112° 30' 106° 51'
8 42 9-80
Y, — 1-674 Offret
Lauterbach
101° 30'
2V 70°
Comp., Tar.— MgSi03 or MgO.SiO, Silica 60, magnesia 40 100. Also (Mg,Fe)Si03 with Mg : Fe 8 : 1, 6 : 1, 3 : 1, etc.
Var. — 1. With little or no iron; Enstatite. Color white, yellowish, grayish, or greenish white; luster vitreous to pearly; G. 3'10-3'13. Chladnite, Shepardite of Rose, which makes up 90 p. c. of the Bishopville meteorite, belongs here and is the purest kind. Victorite, occurring in the Deesa meteoric iron in rosettes of acicular crystals, is similar.
2. Ferriferous; Bromite. Color grayish green to olive-green and brown. Luster of cleavage- surface often adamantine-pearly to submetallic or bronze-like; this, however, is usually of secondary origin and is not essential.
With the increase of iron (above 12 to 14 p. c.) bronzite passes to hypersthene, the optic axial angle changing so that in the latter a Bxa and Bxa a.
Anal.— 1, Hauer, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 16, 165, 1855. 2, Rath, Zs. Kr., 1, 23, 1877; also Krafft. 3, Koenig, Proc. Acad. Philad., 198, 1877. 4, Maskelyne and Flight, Q. J. G. Soc., 30, 411, 1874. 5, Lorenzen. Medd-Gronland, 7, 1884 (" Kupfferite "), cf. Ussing, Zs. Kr.. 15, 614, 1889. 6, Pisani, Dx. Min., 1, 537, 1862 (Genth says probably from Castle Rock, Delaware Co., Penn.). 7, Knop, Jb. Min., 698, 1877. 8. Farsky, Vh. G. Reichs., 206, 1876. 9, 9a, Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 327, 328, 1882. 10, Rg., Pogg., 141, 514, 1870. 11, Dmr., Bull. Soc. G. Fr., 19, 414, 1862. 12, Breidenbaugh, Am. J. Sc., 6, 211, 1873. 13, Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 36, 303, 1845. 14, Streng, Zs. G. Ges., 13, 73, 1861.
15, J. Lawrence Smith, Am. J. Sc., 38, 225, 1864. 16-18, Maskelyne, Phil. Trans., 160, 204, 1870. 19, Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 61 (2), 469, 1870. 20, Maskelyne, Phil. Trans., 161, 360, 1871. 21, Rath, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 33, 1872. 22, 23, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 314, 1870, Miu. Ch., 383, 1875.
Enstatite, etc.
1. Aloysthal
2. Bamle
3. Georgia
4. Du Toil's Pan, S. A.
5. Fiskernas
6. Leiperville?
7. Lutzelberg
8. Kosakow
9. Kfemze
10. Dreiser Weiher
11. Lherz
12. Brewster, N. Y
13. Greenland
14. Harzburg
From Meteorites.
15. Bishopville
16. Busti, gray
17. " white
18. " dark gray
G.
SiO2
Al2Oa
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
2 '76
—
— H2O 1-92 99-33
—
— ign. 0-80 100-22
— ign. 0-78
100 -37 [99 -45
—
0-46 Cr2O3 0 54,
NiO tr.
—
— ign. 1 -78
—
— H2O 0 90 99-62
—
4-35 insol. 2'00 :
99-44
0-96 Cr.O, 0-34,
H2O 0-95
[i 00-37
—
0-10 igu.O -56 100-81
tr.
—
l-62Cr2O3 0-71,
H2O 0-58
—
3-25 98-93
[100-47
—
— 99-23
[101-24
0-99 alk. 0-48,
ign. 0-13
— 100-13
[10067
2-19 Cr2O3 0-89,
H2O 0-87
SiO2 A12OS Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO
59-97 — 0-40 — 39-34 — Na2O(K2O tr.) 0'74
[100-45
f 57-58 — 0-48 — 39-33 2-06 Na2O 0'67, KaO 0'57,
[Li2O 0-02 100-71
58-44 — 1-18 — 38-94 1'68 Na2O 0'36, K2O 0'33
[100-92
57-60 — 1-44 — 40-64 - NaaO 0'91, K2O 0-39
[100-98
Silicates.
19. Lodran
20. Breitenbach
21. Ibbenbiihren
22. Hainholz
23. Shalka
G.
SiO2 AlaOs
Fe3O3 FeO
MgO
CaO
—
0-58
—
—
—
1-04
—
2-73
—
—
1-32
Enstatite Chondrule
from the Knyahinya
Meteorite.
Some of those in this last group properly belong under hypersthene.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. almost infusible, being only slightly rounded on the thin edges; F. 6. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Enstatite (incl. bronzite) is a common constituent of peridotytes and the serpentines o derived from them; it also occurs in crystalline schists. It is often
associated in parallel growth with a monoclinic pyroxene, e.g. diallage. A common mineral in meteoric stones often occurring in chondrules with eccentric radiated structure (f. 3). Also obtained in somewhat similar forms from deep-sea dredgings by the " Challenger."
Occurs near Aloysthal in Moravia, in serpentine; at the W. base of Mt. Bresouars in the Vosges, olive-green, in serpentine; at Kupferberg in Bavaria; at Baste in the Harz (protobastite); in the so-called olivine bombs of the Dreiser Weiher in the Eifel; at Grodlitzberg near Lieg- nitz, Silesia; Ultenthal, Tyrol; also at the other localities mentioned. In immense crystals at the apatite deposits of Kjorrestad near Bamle, Norway, in part altered to a steatic mineral. In the peridotyte asso- ciated with the diamond deposits of South Africa.
In the U. S., in New York at the Tilly Foster magnetite mine, Brewster, Putnam Co., with chondrodite. In Peiin., at Texas and Cas- tle Rock (?), Delaware Co. At Edwards, N. Y., extensively, more or less completely altered to talc, forming the fibrous mineral which has been called agalite (see talc).
Named from eardrtf?, an opponent, because so refractory. The name bronzite has priority, but a bronze luster is not essential, and is far from universal.
Alt. — Bastite or Schiller spar (see p. 351), the original from Baste in the Harz, is an altered bronzite. G. Rose long since pronounced it a result of the alteration of some mineral of the pyroxene group. Enstatite occurs altered to talc as at Edwards, N. Y.; the Bamle mineral approximates to this. At Brewster it occurs altered to serpentine.
Artif. — Artificial crystals have been obtained by Daubree by fusion, also by Fouque-Levy, although the monoclinic magnesium silicate (pyroxene) seems to be formed more readily. Cf. Fouque Levy, Synth. Min., 110, 1882.
Ref. — ' From the meteorite of Breitenbach, Ber. Ak. Wien, 59 (2), 848, 1869; these crystals gave all the planes in the list except those marked 2 and 3; see also Weisbuch, on bronzite from the Rittersgriln meteorite, Jb. Min., 2, 253, 1882. It is obvious that no sharp line can be drawn between enstatite and hypersthene. The so-called Breitenbach enstatite (or bronzite) is mid- way between the two species and perhaps should be regarded as a hypersthene, since it contains 13'6 p. c. of FeO (anal. 20) and is optically negative, although the dispersion is p v. Dx. gives 2Ha.r 983 32', 2Ha.y 98° 52', 2Ha.F 99° 43', Min., 2, xiv, 1874. Accurate measure- ments of a true enstatite are thus far wanting; Dx. gives for while artificial crystals, probably pure magnesium silicate (probably a pyroxene?, Fouque-Levy), mm'" 87° 31'; also for the victorite of Meunier, mm'" — 88° 40'.
2 Rath, large coarse crystals, in part distorted and monoclinic in symmetry, from Bamle, Norway, Zs. Kr., 1, 18, 1877. 3 Bkg., bronzite from the Ultenthal, Tyrol, Zs. Kr., 7, 502, 1883. 4 Becke, Min. Mitth., 7, 93, 107. 5 Cf. Rosenbusch, Mikr. Phys,, 394, 1885.
324. HYPERSTHENE. Labradorische Hornblende (fr. I. St. Paul) Wern., Bergm. J., 376, 391, 1789. Diallage metallolde pt. H., Tr. 1801. Hypersthene H., Ann. Mus., 2, 17, 1803. Labrador Hornblende; Metalloidal Diallage pt. Paulit Wern.. 1812, Hoffm. Min., 2, 143, 1815. Amblystegite Rath, Pogg., 138, 531, 1869. Szaboite Koch, Min. Mitth., 1, 79, 1878; Lasaulx, Zs. Kr., 3, 288, 1879; Krenner, ib., 9, 255, 1884.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : 1 : 6 0-97133 : 1 : 0-57037 Rath1.
100 A HO *44° 10', 001 A 101 30° 25$', 001 A Oil 29° 42'.
Forms1 : a (100, i-i) b (010, i-l) c (001, 0)
(210, i-2) m (110, 1) n (120, £2")
h (014, f ?) A; (012, -H) X (045, H) I (Oil, 14)2
d (021, 2-J)
o (111, 1) $ (412, 2-4)
e (212, 1-2) (211, 2-2) y (432, 2-f) u (232, f-f )
Pyroxene Group— Hypersthene.
22'"
51° 48*'
11 59° 24'
mm' nri
" 88° 20' 54° 28*'
co 39° 18' ce 33° 8'
hh'
16° 14'
ci — 52° 33'
kk'
31° 50'
cu 46° 3i'
54° 3'
58° 54f
uu'"
52° 23'
27° 38'
40° 35'
72° 50'
*74° 18'
Figs. 1, Amblystegite, Laach, Rath. 2, Malnas, Schmidt. 3, 4, Capucin, Mt. Dore, Rath.
Crystals rare, habit prismatic, often tabular a, less often b. Usually foliated lAassive; sometimes in embedded spherical forms. Twins, see enstatite, p. 346.
Cleavage: b perfect; m and a distinct but interrupted. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5-6. G. 3'40-3'50. Luster somewhat pearly on a cleavage-sur- face, and sometimes metalloidal. Color dark brownish green, grayish black, greenish black, pinchbeck-brown. Streak grayish, brownish gray. Translucent to nearly opaque. Pleochroism often strong, especially in the kinds with high iron percentage; thus a or a brownish red, b or b reddish yellow, c or 6 green.
Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bx a. Dispersion p v. Axial angle rather large and variable, diminishing with increase of iron, cf. enstatite, p. 347, and the following from Dx." :
Farsund 98° 22'
Finland 92° 10'
2Ha.r
Fe(Mn)O
Further, Dx.: Labrador 2Ha.r 85° 39'
Labrador Mt. Dore
87° 38' 85° 39' 77° 29' 69° 59' 59° 20'
22-59 33-6
2Vr 72° 16' 2Er 170° 27' [2Ha.y 84° 9'
2Eer 100° 58'
fa 1-69 Mt. Dore 2Er 101° 47' 2Ey 101* 7'
Bodenmais, Becke:
2Ha.r 86° 36' 2Ha.y 85° 48' 2Ha.gr 84° 30'
Labrador, Levy-Lex.:
a 1-692 ft 1-702 y 1-705 2V 50°
Hypersthene often encloses minute tabular scales, usually of a brown color, arranged mostly parallel to the basal plane, also less frequently vertical or inclined 30° to c; they may be brookite (gothite, hematite), but their true nature is doubtful (cf . Kosmann3). They are the cause of the peculiar metalloidal luster or schiller, and are often of secondary origin, being developed along the so-called " solution-planes " of Judd.
Comp., Var.— (Fe,Mg)SiOs with Fe : Mg 1 : 3 (FeO - 16-7 p. c.), 1 : 2 (FeO 21-7 p. c.) to nearly 1 : 1 (FeO 31*0 p. c.). Alumina is sometimes present (up to 10 p. c.) and the composition then approximates to the aluminous pyroxenes.
Of the orthorhombic magnesium-iron metasilicates those with FeO 12 to 15 p. c. are usually to be classed with hyperstheue, which is further characterized by being optically negative and having dispersion p v.
Var. — Ordinary. — In lamellar masses, usually exhibiting the characteristic schiller (see. above); less often in distinct crystals.
Silicates.
Amblystegite from the Laachcr See, first described as an independent species, was shown by Rath to be identical with hypersthene after the form of the latter had been determined by Lang. Judd has proposed to retain the name for those kinds which luck the characters of the original typical hypersthene (Geol. Mag., 2, 173, 1885).
Szaboite occurs in thin tabular crystals b)\ it was first described as triclinic and a relation to babingtonite suggested, but its identity with hyperstheue was later fixed by Lasaulx (I.e.) and Fr. Koch, Zs. Kr., 10, 100, 1884. It is somewhat altered and hence the relatively large amount of in some analyses; thus: MgO 22'82, FeO 8'46, FeaO3 12'69 Fr. Koch, but of fresh material FeO 19 70.
AnaL— 1, Remele, Ber. Ch. Ges., 1, 30, 1868. 2, Id., ib., p. 145. 8, Pisani, C. R., 86, 1419, 1878. 4, Id., Dx., N. R., 66, 1867. 5, Heddle, Min. Mag., 5, 10. 1882. 6, Becke, Min. Mitth., 3, 60, 1881. 7, Farsky, Vh. G. Reichs.,206, 1876. 8, 10, Hiortdahl, Nyt Mag., 24, 188, 1879. 9, Meinich, ib., p. 133. 11, Leeds, Am. Ch., March, 1877. 12, Dmr., Ann. Mines, 5, 157,1844. 18-15, Merian, Jb. Min., Beil., 3, 296 et seg.,1885. 16, Fouque, Bull. Soc. Min.,
I, 47, 1878. 17, Rath, 1. c. 18, Laurent, Dx., Min., 2, , 1874. 19, Hague and Iddings, Am. J. Sc., 26, 230. 1883.
See also analyses under Enstatite, pp. 847, 348; further, 5th Ed., pp. 209, 210.
Hypersthene, etc.
1. Farsund
2. St. Paul Is. 8. Arvieu
4. Farsund
5. Bauffshire
6. Bodenmais
7. Kosakow
8. Romsas
9. " 10. "
II. Mt. Marcy
12. Labrador
13. Cninpo Maior
14. Siugalang, Sumatra 3'487
15. Waldlieim
16. Santorin
17. Laach, Amblystegite 3*454
18. Mt. Dore
19. Mt. Shasta
G.
SiO,
Al,0,
FeaO8 FeO 3-94 10-04 2-25 14-11
MnO
tr.
MgO
CaO 2-12 99-69 2-37 99-99
—
—
- HaO 0-20 98-65
1-90 igu. 0-60 100-94
[0-25, H,O 0-52=99-88 1-03 100
—
—
1-19 HaO 0-35 100-04
—
2-69 99-92
—
0-82 ign. 0-36 99'69 2 35 100-07
2-77 TiOaO-07,HaO 1'14
—
3-09 98-72 100-21
—
4-04 TiOa 0-85= 101-07
—
!-90TiOaO 37 9835
3-14 TiO, 0-38, NaaO [0-62, KaO 0-57=99-94 10-8 NaaO 0-05 100-4
—
—
0-15 98-30
[48-2]
—
1-6 100 1-88 99-11
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses to a black enamel, and on charcoal yields a magnetic mass; fuses more easily with increasing amount of iron. Partially decomposed by hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Hypersthene, associated with a triclinic feldspar (labradonte), is common in certain granular eruptive rocks, as noryte, hyperyte, gabbro, also in some andesytes (hypersthene- andesyte) a rock recently shown to occur rather extensively in widely separated regions.
It occurs at Isle St. Paul, Labrador; at Chateau Richer and St. Adtile, Mille Isles, Canada, grayish black and brown, with the laminae curved; at the Isle of Skye; in Greenland; at Far- sund and elsewhere in Norway; Elfdalen in Sweden; at Romsus in spherical form in the " Kugelgabbro:" Penig in Saxony; Ronsberg in Bohemia; the Tyrol; Neurode in Silesia; in Tlmringia; the Fichtelgebirge; Voigtland; Bodenmais, Bavaria (Becke). In the trachyte of Demavend, Persia (Blaas).
Amblystegite is from the Laacher See. Szaboite occurs with pseud obrookite and tridymite, in cavities in the audesyte of the Aranyer Berg, Transylvania; also on Mte. Calvario (Etna), near Biancaville, Sicily; also Riveau-Grand, Monte Dore, Puy-de-D6me. Named after Prof. J. Szabo, of Budapest. Ficinite of Kenugott (not the original ficinite) is hyperstheue from Bodeuniais (Becke).
In the norytes of the Cortlandt region on the Hudson River, N. Y. (G. H. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 33, 137, 1887). Also common with labradorite in the Adirondack Archaean region of northern New York and northward in Canada. In the hypersthene-andesytes of Mt. Shasta, California ; Bullalo Peaks, Colorado, and other points.
Germarite Breithaupt is a slightly altered hypersthene, Dx.,N. R., 61, 1867.
Hypersthene is named from vnep and crOeVoS, very strong, or tough. Amblystegite is named from dnfi\.v<>, blunt, oreyr), roof, in allusion to the form of the crystals (f. 1).
Ref.— ' From Laach, amblystegite, Pogg., 138, 529, 1869, 152, 27, 1874. Crystals from the Capucin rocks, Mont Dore, gave similar results, Dx., Min., 2, xv, 1874. Becke, Bodenmais, Min. Mitth., 3, 60, 1880. Cf. also Blans, Persia. Min. Mitth., 3, 479, 1881; Oebbeke, Mt. Dore,
Pyroxene Group— Pyroxene. 351
Bull. Soc. Mm., 8, 50, 1885; Schmidt, Malnas, Zs. Kr., 10, 210, 1885, and Mt. Pokhausz, near Schemnitz, Hungary, ib., 12, 97, 1886; Busz, Mt. Dore, Zs. Kr., 17, 554, 1890. Cl'. also enstatite (p. 346), since the two species can hardly be sharply separated. 3 Kosmann, Jb. Mm., 532, 1869, 501, 1871. 4 Dx., N. R., 63. 1867; Mill., 2, xv, 1874.
The following are alteration products of enstatite- hyperstheiie.
DIACLA&JTK. Gelber Sehillerspath Freiesleben. Schill. Foss. Baste, 13,~1794. Talkartiger Hornblende, II(iu*m., Nordd. Beitr. B. H., 1, 15, 180(5. Diaklas Breith., Char., 68, 1823. Diaklasit Hawm., Handb.. 498, 1847.
A partially altered enstatite (bronzite) in which the optic axial plane has become a instead of it contains several per cent of water. Form and cleavage like enstatite. H. 8'5-4. G. 2'8; 3'054 Kohler. Luster pearly and metalloidal ou a cleavage-face. Color brass- yellow, greenish gray. Streak greenish gray or nearly uucolored. Transparent in thin laminae, translucent. Feel somewhat greasy.
Analyses.— 1, Kohler, Pogg., 13, 101, 1828. 2, A. Streug, B. H. Ztg., 23, 54, 1864. 8, Sander, Kg., Mill. Ch., 385, 1875.
SiOa Al,0, FeO MnO MgO CaO HaO
1. Baste G. 3'0o4 53 74 1-84 11 -51 0'28 25-09 4'73 8'76 100-40 101'78
2. Harzburg 53'31 7-49 8'14 — 25'87 8-56 1'55 alk. 0'58, CraO8 0'29 8. Wurlitz 52-81 1'54 12'63 — 27'41 1'07 4'44 99'90
In crystals or foliated masses embedded in serpentine rock at Baste near Harzburg; also from the gneiss mountains of Guadarnuna, Spain.
BASTITE, or SCHILLEH SPAU. Talkart v. Trebra, Erfahr. Inn. Gebirgc, 97, 1785. Schil- lerspath (fr. Baste) Heyer, Crell's Ann., 1786, 1. 885, 2, 147. Schillerstein Wern., 1800, Ludw., 50, 1803. Diallage pt. H., Tr., 1801. Metalloidal diallage pt. Bastit Haid., Handb., 523,
An altered enstatite (or bronzite) having approximately the composition of serpentine. It occurs in foliated form in certain granular eruptive rocks and is characterized by a bronze-like metalloidal luster or schiller ou the chief cleavage-face (b), which "schillerization " (Judd, cf.
0. J G. Soc., 41. 408, 1865, aud Min. Mag., 7,81, 1886) is undoubtedly of secondary origin. H. 3'5-4. G. 2-5-2'7. Color leek-green to olive- and pistachio-green, and pinchbeck-brown. Pleochroism not marked. Optically — . Double refraction weak. Ax. pi. a (hence normal to that of enstatite). Bx JL b. Dispersion p v.
The original bastite was from Baste near Harzburg in the Harz; also from Todtmoos in the Schwarzwald.
Anal.— 1, 2, Kohler, Pogg., 11, 192, 1827. 3, W. Hetzer C. E. Weiss, Pogg., 119, 446,
SiO, AlaOs FeO MnO MgO CaO HaO
1. Baste, crysl. f 43 90 1'50 13'16" 0'55 26'00 2'70 12*43 100'24
2. " massive 42 36 2'18 13'27b 0'85 28'90 0'6;5 12'07 100-26 [100-40 8. Todtmoos f 43 77 6'10 714 — 80'92 117 8 51 1'67 CO,, 1 12 org. subst.
With 2-87 Cr,O, b With some Cr3O,.
In the closed tube affords water. B.B. becomes brown and is slightly rounded on the thin edges. With borax reactions of iron. ' Imperfectly decomposed by hydrochloric acid, com- pletely so by sulphuric acid. A mineral resembling schiller spar occurs in serpentine in Middle- town, Delaware Co., Pa. Some altered monoclinic pyroxene may be included in what is called
schiller spar.
PHASTINE. Philstin BreMi., Char., 29, 180, 1823, 115, 1832. Resembles somewhat schiller spar, and, according to Breithaupt, is altered bronzite. It is foliated, but the cleavage is not very easy; II. 1-H; G. 2'825; luster pearly; color yellowish gray; feel greasy, talc-like. It is from Kupferberg in the Fichtelgebirge, and occurs distributed through serpentine.
PECKHAMITE J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 19, 462, 20, 136, 1880.
Occurs in rounded nodules. Cleavage distinct. G. 3'23. Luster greasy, opalescent. Color light, greenish yellow. Composition, 2(Mg,Fe)SiOs.(Mg,Fe)SiO4. Anal.— 1, on 01 gr., 2, on035gr.
SiO, FeO MgO
1. 49-50 15-88 88 01 98"39
2. 49-59 17-01 32-51 99'11
From the meteorite of Estherville, Emmet Co., Iowa, which fell May 10, 1879. Also from the Logrouo and Sierra de Clmco meteorites (Meunier). Named after Prof. S. F. Peckham.
Whether peckbamite is to be regarded ns an independent species, or the result of a mixture of enstatite and chrysolite as has been urged, is uncertain.
Silicates.
ft. Monoclinic Section.
325. PYROXENE. Corneus pt. Wall., 138, 1847. Basaltes pt. Cronst. , 68, 1758. Schorl noir de Lisle, Crist., 265, 1772; Schorl noir eu prisme a huit pans termiue par une pyramide diedre> etc. (fr. vole. Vivarais) Faujas, Vole. Viv., 89, tig. D, 1778. Schorl oct. obliquaugle tronque [made a distinct species] Demeste, Lett., 1, 382, 1779. Schorl opaque rhomboidal pt., Schorl opaque qui paroissent deriver d'un octaedre rhomboidal (fr. vole. Auvergne, Vesuv., Viv., Etna), de Lisle, Crist., 2, 396, 407, 415, figs. 12, 13, 14 (twin), 17, 18, pi. v, 1783. Augit (fr. vole.) Wern., Freiesleben in Bergm. J., 243, 1792. Volcanite Delameth., Sciagr., 2. 401, 1792. Pyroxene (fr. Etna, Areudal, etc.) H., J. Mines, 5, 269, 1799; Tr., 3, 1801. Pentaklasit Hausm., Handb., 687, 1813. Pirosseno, Piroxena, Ital.
Diopside. Malacolit Abildgaard, Ann. Ch., 32, 1800; Delameth., J. Phys., 51, 249, 1800. Alalite, Hussite Bonwisin, ib , 409, May, 1806. Diopside H., J. Mines, 20, 65, 1806. Traver- sellit Scheerer, Pogg., 93. 109, I,s54.
Lavrovite. Lawrowit, Vauadin-Augit, Koksliarov, Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 11, 78, 1866. Lav- roffite.
SALITE. Sahlit d'Andrada, Scherer's J., 4, 31, 1800; J. Phys., 51, 241, 1800. Sahlite. Baicalit Renovanz, Crell's Ann., 2, 21, 1793; Baikalit Karst., Tab. 34, 74, 1800. Funkite, Dufr., Min., 3, 761, 1847. Violan Breithaupt, J. pr. Ch., 15,321, 1838. Authocoite L. J. Igelstrom, Jb. Min., 2, 36, 1889. Coccolit d'Andrada, Scherer's J., 4, 1800. Protheite Ure. Cauaanite Alger, Min., 89, 1844.
DIALLAGE H.. Tr., 89, 1801. Hudsonlte Beck, Min. N. Y., 405,1842. Omphacite. Om- phazit Wern., Hoffm. Min., 2, 2, 302, 1812; Breithaupt, ib., 4. 2, 125.. 1817.
Hedenbergite. Hedenbergit Berz., Nouv. Syst. Min., 206, 269, 1819; Hedenberg, Afh., 2, 169. Lotalite Severgin, before 1814. Bolopherit Breith., Handb., 582, 1847. Kalkeisenaugit Germ. Manganhedeubergite Weibull, G. For. Forh., 6, 505, 1883. Asteroite L. J. Igelstrom, B. H. Ztg., Min., 29, 8, 1870.
Schefferite. Schefferit J. A. Michaelson, J. pr. Ch., 90, 107, 1863. Eisenschefferit Flink, Zs. Kr., 11, 495, 501, 1886.
JEFFERSONITE Keating & Vanuxem, J. Ac. Philad., 2, 194, 1822.
Augite. Leucaugite, Dana, 216, 1868. FASSAITE, Fassait Wern., Hoffm. , Min., 4, 2, 110, 1817. AUGITE. Basaltische Hornblende pt. Wern., Bergm. J., 1792; Basaltine Kirw., Min., 1, 219, 1794. Maclureite Nuttall, Am. J. Sc., 5, 246, 1822 Amphibole H. Seybert, J. Ac. Philad., 2, 139, 1821. Pyrgorn Breith., Char., 140, 1832.
Monoclinic and hemihedral. Axes a : I : 6 1-09213 : 1 : 0-58932; /3 74° 10' 9"= 001 A 100 Bath1.
100 A HO 46° 24' 59", 001 A 101 24° 20' 53", 001 A Oil 29° 33' 6".
Forms3 :
Jf (401, - 44)
(221, - 2)
T (311, - 3-3)
Jit (132, - 1-3)
a (100, i-l)
$ (501, - 54)
r (552, -
# (10-4-1, - 10-I)3
i (241, - 4-2)
b (010, i-l)
n (102, |4)
w (331, - 3)
B (732, - H)5
d (131, - 3-3)
c (001, 0)
P (101,14)
h (441, - 4)
.4 (211, -2-2)3
0 (152, - f-5)
X (510,
H (403, f 4)4
0 (118, i)
rj (421 , — 4-2)
e (347, f |)8
W (920, a-f)s
77(302. l-l?
r (113, i)
A (433, - f-f)5
& (687, f-|)5
/ (310, £-3)
G (201, 24)5
1 (335,|)
#" (414, 1-4)'
6 (235, B)8
0 (210, i-2)
q (301, 34)
(223, f)2
® (313, 1-3)
a (465, B)6
m (110, 7)
2T (015, f i)4
s (111, 1)
k (312, f-3)
c (354, f-f)8
/2 (350, *4)8
e (Oil, 1-i)*
p (§32. f)
J (311, 3-3)
S (1-2-10, £-2)'
a (021, 24)
ft (§85, f)
z (211, 2-2)
W(l22, 1-2), tw.pL
i (130. t-3) p (150, i-5)4 L (170, £7)4
y (101, - 14) F (201, - 34)* ,7 (702, - |4)8
n (041, 44) S (061, 64)
5 (119, - £)4 T7 (117, - |)2 o- (112, - u (111, - 1)
o (221, 2) A (331, 3)
K (711, - 7-7) 7) (922, - |-I)3 B (411, - 4-4)3 a (312, - f 3)
(461, - 6-4) (351, -64) S (243, - 1-2) (121, - 2-2) Q (136, - f 3)5 P (134, - i-3)5
e (121, 2-2) C (483, f-2) -- i O (142, 2-4) Z7(152. I-5)8 Y (151, 5-5)
5 (301, - 34)
Also, reported by Gotz" from Ala, 15-4-0, 15-0-4, 15 4'4.
Pyroxene 6 Bo Up— Pyroxene.
Xx
ff'"
"'
mm ' '
uu'
ii'
cy
en
cp
ap
cG
cq
23°44' 38° 36' 55° 26' 92° 50' 50° 54' 35° 12
24° 21' 47° 13' 56° 13 15° 39' 31° 20' *74° 30' 55° 48' 70° 16
ee zz xx' Sd'
C(7
cu
cw
cm
cO
Ct Cs Co
cA
59° 6
97° 11' 132° 25' 147° 14'
19° 42' 33C 49£ 49° 54' 57° 5 79° 9 15° 5' 22° 32' 42° 2' 65° 21' 76° 23'
cd cW cA ck
au
av
a's
a'o
a'A
ae
az
a'k
a! A
57° 10V 33° 57' 71° 23' 46° 46'
53° 58' 47° 43£' 76° 34' 61° 32' 55° 26f 76° 16' 79° 36' 61° 51' 39° 50'
a'W uu
ss'
oo'
Aa'
kk'
Aa'
m'p
dd'
bW
- 90° 9
48° 29' 68° 42' 77° 25' *29° 35f 59° 11' 84° 11' 91° 35' 28° 52' 37° 50' *79° 23' 106° 58' 59° 29'
m
1, 2, Russell, N. Y. 3, Pierrepout, N. Y. 4, Gouverneur, N. Y. 5, 7, Diopside, De Kalb, N. Y. 6, Rossie, N. Y. 1-7, Pfd. 8, Monroe, N. Y. 9, Warwick, N. Y.
Twins10: tw.pl. (1) a, contact-twins, common (fig. 18), sometimes polysyuthetic.
(2) c, as twinning lamellae producing striations and pseudo- cleavage or parting c; very common, often of unquestioned secondary origin; also capable of being produced artificially.
(3) y (101) cruciform-twins, not common, f. 20. (4) W (122) contact-twins or penetration- and cruciform-twins, the verti- cal axes crossing at angles of nearly 60° (bW 59° 29', and since W 90° 9', the faces a and fall nearly in a plane; sometimes repeated as a six-rayed star (f. 21).
Crystals usually prismatic in habit, often short and thick, and either a square prism (a, b prominent), or nearly square (93°, 87°) with m predominating; sometimes a nearly sym- metrical 8-sided prism with a, b, m. Often coarsely lamellar, fl r. or a. Also granular, coarse or fine; rarely fibrous or columnar.
Silicates.
Occasionally hemihedral, only the planes at an extremity of the vertical axis being present, and the habit then apparently hemimorphic as in f. 22 and 1 19, the latter a twin. Of. G. H. Williams9.
Yl
" a ;
r-t
11, Ala, after Gotz. 12, Nordmark. 13, 14, Schefferite, Langban, FHnk. 15, Fassaite, 16-18. Augiie. 19, Orange Co., N. Y., G. H. Williams. 20, Schonhof, Zeph. 21, Sasbach.
Cleavage: m sometimes rather perfect, but interrupted, often only observed m thin sections 6. Parting c, due to twinning, often very prominent, especially in large crystals and lamellar masses; also a less distinct and not so common. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5-6. G-. 3'2 -3'6, varying with the composition. Luster vitreous inclining to resinous; often dull; sometimes pearly c in kinds showing parting. Color usually green of various dull shades, varying from nearly color- less, white, or grayish white to brown and black; rarely bright green, as in kinds containing chromium. Streak white to gray and grayish green. Transparent to opaque. Pleochroism usually weak, even in dark colored varieties; sometimes marked, especially in violet-brown kinds containing titanium. Pyro-electrically + on a (cooling), and — on b for Ala crystals, but — on a and -j- Canaan, Conn. on b for Tyrol ; an indistinct opposite polarity between the extremities of the vertical axis was noted in one case, Hankel.
Pyroxene Group— Pyroxene. 355
Optically +. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. 5. Bxa A b — t A k -j- 36° to + 52°, or cc 20° to 36°, the angle in general increasing with amount of iron (see below). Axial angles for diopside from Ala, Dx. :
a, 1-6727 /?y 1-6798 yy 1-7026 . . 2Vy 58° 59 _2Ey 111° 34' Measured, 2Er 111° 40' 2Ey 111° 20' 2Ebl 110° 51'
Eefractive indices, Heusser:
A. 1-67810 /?y 1-68135 /?gr 1-68567 /?bl 1-69372
See also beyond under diopside, etc.
The connection between the position of the axes of elasticity and the composition (see further analyses beyond) is exhibited in the following tables, chiefly from Doelter, also Wiik.
FeO Bxa A c FeO Bxa A c
Ala 2-91 + 36° 5' Tavastby 5 -52 41°
Zillerthal, light 3 -29 36° 15' Taberg 2 -94" 41° 24'
dark 3'09a 36° 50' Stansvik 10-38 42° 30'
L. Baikal 3'49 37° 10' Nordmark 17-84 46° 45'
Achmatovsk 8-81 37° 10' Stansvik 20-44 46°
Arendal 4 '5 39° 10' Lojo, blk. 27 '50 48°
Lojo 4-97 39° 30' Timaberg, Hedenb. 26 '29 47° 50" Also FeaO3 0-89. - b Also FesO3 0-88.
FeO FeO + FesO3 FeO + Fe2O3 + A12O3 Bxa A
Vesuvius, green 3"16 6-67 11-51 +41°
Greenwood Furnace 2 -55 7'6 12 '69 42° 20'
Aguas Caldeiras 4 81 8'32 16-21 43° 35'
P. Molar 5-43 11 '61 17'28 45° 45'
S. Vincent 5'20 10'45 18'60 46° 45'
Vesuvius, black 4-09 8'56 18'31 46° 45f
Vesuvius, yellow 6'78 7'87 13-94 46° 57'
Bufaure 7'74 11-51 16-60 47°
Pesmeda 2-09 7'10 17 2 47° Iff
Sarza 5'43 10 38 20'04 47° 55'
Cuglieri 5'05 11 -37 19-98 48°
Siderao 914 18'43 31 '51 50°
Areudal 15 59 16'19 33'36 50° 35'
R. d. Patas 5-95 13-44- 28 08 51°
Pico da Cruz 2'23 17'60 34'57 52°
Comp., Var. — For the most part a normal metasilicate, KSi03, of various biva- lent or less frequently univalent metals, chiefly calcium and magnesium, also iron, less often manganese and zinc. The alkali metals potassium and sodium present rarely, except in very small amount. Also in certain varieties containing the trivalent metals aluminium, ferric iron, and manganese. These varieties may be most simply considered as molecular compounds of Ca(Mg,Fe)Si206 and (Mg,Fe)(Al,Fe)2Si06, as suggested by Tschermak. Chromium is sometimes present in small amount; also titanium replacing silicon.
The name Pyroxene is from nvp, fire, and ?ero5, stranger, and records Hatty's idea that the mineral was, as he expresses it, "a stranger in the domain of fire," whereas, in fact, it is, next to the feldspars, the most universal constituent of igneous rocks. This error, however, was more than counterbalanced by Hauy's discovery of the true crystallographic distinction of the species, which led him to bring together, under this one name, what Werner and others had regarded as distinct species. The name, therefore, is properly the name of the species as a whole, while Augite is only entitled to be used for one of its varieties.
The varieties are numerous and depend upon variations in composition chiefly; the more prominent of the varieties properly rank as sub-species.
I. Containing little or no Aluminium.
DIOPSIDE. Malacolite, Alalite. Calcium-magnesium pyroxene. Formula CaMg(Si03)2 Silica 55'6, lime 25'9, magnesia 18-5 100. Color white, yellow-
2Vy
y st
ft
A
ftm
58° 53'
58° 40'
58° 57'
58° 46'
58° 56f
58° 47'
59° 11'
59° 6'
60° 36'
60° 29
356 Silicates.
ish, grayish white to pale green, and finally to dark green and nearly black; some- times transparent and colorless. In prismatic crystals, often slender; also granular and columnar to lamellar massive. G. 3-2-3'38. Bxa A 6 -j- 36° and up- wards. Iron is present usually in small amount as noted below, and the amount increases as it graduates toward true hedenbergite, see further below.
Fliuk gives for the live varieties of diopside from Nordniark the following optical con- stants; see analyses 10-15 beyond, and for the axial ratios see Ref.1.
Bxa A c 2Vr
+ 38° 3*' 59° 9'
38° 45' 59° 9'
39° 1' 59° 6f
41° 41' 59° 18'
44° 38f 60° 44f
The following belong here :
Chrome- diopside, a variety containing chromium in small amount, often of a bright green; from the localities mentioned under analyses 33-40.
Malacolite, as originally used, included a bluish gray, grayish green, and whitish translucent variety from Sala, Sweden.
Alalite occurs in broad right-angled prisms, colorless to faint greenish or clear green, usually striated longitudinally, and came originally from the Mussa Alp in the Ala valley, Piedmont. Mussite is white, grayish white, and apple-green (according to Bouvoisin's original description), and occurs in prismatic implanted crystals, and also in masses made up of aggregated crystals. Named from the same locality, the Mussa Alp.
Traversellite, from Traversella, is in similar long glassy crystals, usually rectangular (a, b), much striated longitudinally, often clear green at one end and colorless at the other; prismatic cleavage perfect.
Canaanite is a grayish white or bluish white pyroxene rock occurring with dolomite at Canaan. Couu.; it has been referred to scapolite. Pyroxene in large white crystals is common in the region (f. 22); their composition, according to an analysis by Si. D. Muuu (priv. contr.) is: f SiO2 55-05, CaO 31 "35, MgO 12-53. Al,O.,Fe,O, 1'07 100; G. 3 33. Cf. 5th Ed., p. 803.
Lavromte is a pyroxene, colored green by vanadium, from the neighborhood of Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia. In coarse granular masses with quartz, and also in small imperfect crystals. Cleavage affords the prism 87° 7'; and there is the usual lamination from compound structure parallel to c. The color is fine emerald-green. Cf. anal. 50, aud Kk., Min. Russl., 6, 206.
Diopside is named from dif, twice or double, and oipiS, appearance. Malacolite is from soft, because softer than feldspar, with which it was associated.
HEDENBERGITE. Calcium-iron pyroxene. Formula CaFe(Si03)2 Silica 48*4, iron protoxide 29'4, lime 22'2 100. Color black. In crystals, and also lamellar massive. G. — 3-5-3-58. Bxa 6 48°. Manganese is present in manyanhedenbergite to 6 -5 p. c., see anal. 45, below. Color grayish green. G. 3-55. Named after the Swedish chemist, Ludwig Hedenberg, who first analyzed and described the mineral.
Between the two extremes, diopside and hedenbergite, there are numerous transitions conforming to the formula Ca(Mg,Fe)Si206. As the amount of iron increases the color changes from light to dark green to nearly black, the specific gravity increases from 3'2 to 3'6, and the angle Bxa A & also from 36° to 48°.
The following are varieties, coming under these two sub-species, based in part upon structure, in part on peculiarities of composition.
SALITE. Sahlite. Color grayish green to deep green and black; sometimes grayish and yellowish white. In crystals; also cleavable and granular massive G. 3'25-3'4. Named from Sala in Sweden, one of its localities, where the mineral occurs in masses of a grayish green color, having a perfect parting c.
Bnikalite is a dark dingy green variety, in crystals, with parting like the preceding. Named from Lake Baikal, in Siberia, near which it occurs.
Protheite is somber-green, in crystals, and approaches fassaite; from the Zillerthal in Tyrol.
Funkite is dark olive-green coccolite from Boksater in GSthland, having a larger percentage of Fe than Mg.
Lotalite from Lotala, Finland, in black lamellar masses, is near hedenbergite.
VIOLAN Breithaupt,3.\\r.V}\., 15 321,1838. Occasionally in prismatic crystals, affording (Dx , Min.. 1, 66, 1862, N. R., 183, 1867) the angles and the planes (in the prismatic zone) of pyroxene, also t ho prismatic cleavage. Usually lamellar massive, sometimes fibrous. H. 6. G.'- 8'233.
Pyroxene Group— Pyroxene.
Xuster waxy. Color dark violet-blue. Translucent, but in thin plates transparent. Optically -f-, and Bx0 inclined to a as in diopside. Anal. — 1, Dainour, Dx., Min., 1, 66, 1862 (impure material ?). 2, Pisani, Dx., N. R., 184, 1867. 3, Schluttig, Inaug. Diss., Leipzig, Groitzsch, 17, 1884, as recalc. by Griinhut, Zs. Kr., 13, 74, 1887.
G. 3-233 G. 3-21 G. 3-231
SiO, A1,O, FeO
5611 9'04 2'46
50-30 2-31 415
(Ni,Co)OO-39.
MnO CaO MgO Na7O~ 2-54 13-62 10-40 5'63 99'80 0-76 22-35 14-80 5'03 H2O 0'30 100 2-87 22-94 15-18 5'69b 102'49 Inch K20 0-75.
Occurs in small seams with white quartz, white fibrous tremolite spotted violet with manganese, greeuovite and mangauesiau epidote, in the braunite of St. Marcel, in the valley of Aosta, Piedmont. Named from its color.
ANTHOCHROITE L. J. Igelstrom, Jb. Min., 2, 36, 1889. Probably identical with violan. Occurs in grains embedded in limestone and in thin veins. H. 5-6. Color rose-red to pale violet. Analysis gave: SiO9 51'6, MnO 3-4, MgO 13'5, CaO 23'3, Al2O3,Fe2O3 1'4, alk. [6'8] 100. Occurs associated with braunite, maugauesiun garnet, epidote, vesuvianite at Jakobs- berg, Werrnlaud. Sweden. Named from av&of, flower, and XPoa, color.
Asteroiie L. J. Igelstrom, B. H. Ztg., 29, 8, 1870, is a stellate radiated pyroxene, from Nord- mark, in Sweden. Color ash-gray to white; luster silky; opaque, becoming bronze color on exposure. Anal.— SiO, 48'48. FeO 22'24, MnO 4'12, CaO 17'00, MgO 4'18, ign. 2'83 98'85.
COCCOLITE. A granular variety, sometimes as indistinct crystals embedded in calcite, also forming loosely coherent to compact granular aggregates. Color varying from white to pale
f-eeu to dark green, and then containing considerable iron; the latter the original coccolite. amed from KOKKOS, a grain.
DIALLAGE. Lamellar or thin-foliated pyroxene, characterized by a fine lamellar structure and parting a, with also parting b, and less often c. Also a fibrous structure c. Twinning [I a, often poly synthetic; interlamination with an orthorhombic pyroxene common. Color gray- ish green to bright grass-green, and deep green; also brown. Luster of surface a often pearly, sometimes metalloidal or exhibiting schiller and resembling bronzite, from the presence of microscopic inclusions of secondary origin (cf. Judd, ref. see bastite. p. 351). Bxa A c — -f- 39 to 40°. H =4; G. 3'2-3'35. In composition near diopside, but often containing alumina and sometimes in considerable amount, then properly to be classed with the augites (cf. anal. 51-65). Often changed to amphibole; see smaragdite, p. 389, and uralite, p. 390.
Named from dtaXXay, difference, in allusion to the dissimilar cleavages or planes of fracture. This is the characteristic pyroxene of gabbro, and other related rocks.
Hudsonite is a lamellar massive kind, color black, often with a bronze tarnish. G. 3'5, Beck; 3-43-3'46, Brewer. Contains lime and ferrous iron, with but little magnesia. Named from the Hudson river, in the vicinity of which it occurs, in Cornwall, Orange Co., N. Y.
OMPHACITE. Omphazit [fr. Baireuth] Wern.. Hoffm. Min., 2, 2, 302, 1812; Breith., ib., 4, 2. 125, 1817, Handb., 612, 1841, B. H. Ztg., 24, 365, 397, 1865. The granular to foliated pyrox- enic constituent of the garnet-rock called eclogyte, often interlaminated with amphibole (smaragdite); cleavage as with pyroxene. H. 5-6. G. 3'2-3'3. Luster vitreous to silky. Color grass green. Anal.— 1-5, J. Fikenscher, B. H. Ztg., 24, 397, 1865. 6, Luedecke, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 259, 1876.
G.
SiO2 A12O3 FeO MgO CaO
K2O ign.
Ober-Pferdt
32
Wustuben
08
Silberbach
81
—
Stumbach
63
Pacher, Styria
26
G.
Syra
80
—
—
0-32 99-98 0-62 99-69 0-41 100-11 0-50 99-94 0-45 Cr4O3 2-07 1-69 99-52 [100-64
Occurs near Hof in Bavaria; at Pacher in Styria. Also a similar mineral (diallage) in the glaucoplane schists of the island Syra (Luedecke). Schrauf gives the name to the " chrom- diopsid " of anal. 36, beyond. The name Omphacite is from oucfxic, an unripe grape, alluding to the color; it is among the names of green stones mentioned by Pliny.
SCHEFFERITE. A manganese pyroxene, sometimes also containing much iron (iron-scbefferite, Eisenschefferit ). Flink gives the composition of the Langban mineral (anal. 46) as corresponding to 6CaMgSi206.MgFeSi206.Mn.,Si206. In crystals, sometimes tabular J c (f. 13), also with p (101) prominent, more often elongated in the direction of the zone b : p (101), as in f 14; very rarely prismatic, c. Twins, with a as tw. pi., very common. Axial ratio as given beyond, Ref. '. Also crystalline, massive. Cleav-
358 Silicates.
age prismatic, very distinct. Color yellowish brown to reddish brown. Optically -K Bxa A c t A c 44° 25'. 2V. 65° 3'. Named after the Swedish chemist (1710-1759).
The iron-schefferite from Pajsberg (anal. 47) is black in color and has the axial ratio given beyond, t A c + 49° to 59° for different zones in the same crystal. The brown iron-scheft'erite from Langban (anal. 48) has t c 69° 3'. It resembles garnet iu appearance.
JEFFERSONITE. A manganese -zinc pyroxene (see anal. 49). In coarse crystals sometimes very large; they are like ordinary pyroxene in habit. Edges rounded and faces uneven and apparently corroded. G. 3'63. Color greenish black, on the exposed surface chocolate-brown. Bxa A c 53° 32' 2Ha.y — 84° 32' Dx., Min., 2, xix, 1874. Named after Mr. Jefferson.
According to the view of R. Fritz Gaertner the zinc shown in the analysis is to be explained as due to enclosed zincite and the manganese to franklinite, but this needs confirmation; Pisani's analysis (49) was made on the crystals examined optically by Dx.
II. Aluminous.
AUGITE. Aluminous pyroxene. Composition chiefly CaMgSi206 wth (Mg,Fe)(Al,Fe)j3i06, and occasionally also containing alkalies. Here belong:
a. LEUCAUGITE. Color white or grayish. Contains alumina, with lime and magnesia, and little or no iron. Looks like diopside. H. 6'5; G. 3'19, Hunt. Named from Aef/coS, white.
b. FASSAITE, or Pyrgom. Includes the pale to dark, sometimes deep-green crystals, or pistachio-green and then resembling epidote. The aluminous kinds of diallage also belong here. Named from the locality in the Fassathal, Tyrol. Pyrgom is from Ttvpyaojua, a tower.
c. AUGITE. Includes the greenish or brownish black and black kinds, occurring mostly in eruptive rocks. It is usually in short prismatic crystals, thick and stout, or tabular a; often twins. Ferric irou is here present, iu relatively large amount, and the angle Bxa A c becomes -f- 50° to 52°. Named from dvyrj, luster.
The Augite of Werner (and volcanite Delameth.) included only the black mineral of igneous rocks— the volcanic schorl of earlier authors.
Titaniferous augite. Containing 0'5 to 4-5 p. c. titanium dioxide; cf. anals. 103 to 121.
ALKALI-AUGITE. Here belong varieties of augite characterized by the presence of alkalies, especially soda; cf. anals., 103 to 121; they hence approximate to acmite and segirite. They are known chiefly from rocks rich in alkalies, as elaeolite syenite, phonolyte, leucityte, etc. A pyroxene intermediate between diopside and segirite has been described by Brogger from the elseolite-syeuite of southern Norway, which has c A c 52°, Zs. Kr., 16, 655, 1890. Cf. also Cross, Am. J. Sc., 39, 359. 1890.
Anal. — The following are analyses, chiefly recent, of the typical varieties; for other analyses see 5th Ed., pp. 217 to 219; also Rg., Min. Ch., pp. 386-392, 1875, and Erg., 20-31, 1886, further Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 28, 1878, and many papers on pyroxene in rocks in Jb. Min., and elsewhere.
1-7, Doelter. Min. Mitth., 288 1877, Miu. Mitth., 1, 49, 1878. 8, E. S. Sperry, priv. contr. 9, A. E. Nordeuskiold, G. F5r. Forh., 12, :J>53, 1890. 10-13, Flink, Zs. Kr., 11, 449, 1886. 14, Doelter, 1. c. 15, SjOgreu, G. F5r. Forh., 4, 378, 1879. 16-21, quoted by Wiik, Finsk. Vet.- Soc. Forh., 24, 1882; 16, Moberg; 17, Casiren; 18, Hjelmmau; 19, Hjelt; 20, 21, Castren. 22, Maskelyne, Phil. Trans.. 160, 202, 1870. 23, Strong, Jb. Miu., 1, 238, 1885 24, Bam- berger, Min. Mitth., 23, 1877. 25, Nauckhoff, G F5r. FOrh., 1, 167, 187:',. 26, Haushofer, J. pr Ch., 102, 35, 1867. 27, Freda [Gazz. Ch. Ital., 13, 498], JB. Ch., p. 1889, 1883. 28, Suchs- dorff, Zs. Kr., 2, 498, 1878. 20, Renqvist, ibid. 30, Rath, Pogg.. 144. 387, 1871. 31, Lepez, quoted by Zepharovich, Lotos, 1885. 32, Hawes, Am. J. Sc.. 16, 397, 1878.
33, Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 281, 1882. 34, A. Knop, Jr , Jb. Min., 2, 97 ref., 1890. 35, Scharizer. Jb. G. Reichs., 707, 1884. 36, Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 329, 1882. 37, Knop, Jb. Min., 698, 1877. 38, Oebbeke, ib., p. 845. 39, Dmr., Bull. G. Soc. Tr., 19, 414, 1862. 40, Rg., Pogg., 141, 516, 1870.
41. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 65 (1), 123, 1872. 42, Loczka, Zs. Kr., 11. 262, 1885. 43, Hidegh, ib., 8, 534, 1883. 44, Doelter, Min. Mitth., 1. 62, 1878. 45, Weibull, G. For. Forh., 6, 506, 1883. 46-48, Flink, Zs. Kr., 11, 487 et seg., 1886. 49, Pisani, C. R , 76, 237, 1873. 50, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 1, 444, 1870.
51, Rath, Pogg., 144, 250, 1871. 52, Traube, Diss. Greifswald, p. 6, 1884. 53, Heddle, Min. Mag., 2, 31, 1876. 54, Hilger, Jb. Min.. 129, 1879. 55, Petersen, ib., 1,264, 1881. 56, Cossa, Trans. Ace. Line., 4, 43, 1879. 57-59, Cathvein. Zs. Kr., 7, 249. 1882. 60, Luedecke, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 260, 1876. 61. Leeds, Am. Ch., March, 1877. 62, Hummel, G. For. Forh., 7, 812, 1885. 63, H. von Post, ibid., 811. 64, 65, O-berg, ibid.
66 Leeds, Am. J. Sc., 6, 24, 1873. 66a, Harrington. Rep. G. Canada, 1874-75; cf. also anal. 3 4, p. 390. 67, Rath, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 538, 1875. 68, Id., Pogg. Erg., 6, 229, 1873. 69. Id., Zs G Ges., 27, 362, 1875. 70, Reyer, Min. Mitth., 258, 1872. 71, 72, Sommerlad, Jb. Min., Beil. 2, 177, 1883. 73, Ricciardi [Gazz. Chim. Ital., 11, 143], Rg., Min. Ch., Erg., 26, 1886. 74, Page, Ch. News, 42, 194, 1880. 75, Khrushchov, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 89, 1885. 76-83, Doelter, Min. Mitth., 279, 1877. 84-86, Id., ibid., p. 65. 87, Id., Min. Mitth., 1, 63, 1878.
88-100, Doeller, Vulk. Gest., Cap. Verd, 1882. 101, 102, Kertscher, ibid. 103-110, Knop, Zs. Kr., 10, 58, 1884, except 106, by Cathrein, quoted by Kuop. 111-117, Merian, Jb. Min., Beil., 3,252, 1885. 118-121, Mann. Jb. Miu., 2, 172, 1884.
Pyroxene Group -Pyroxene.
DlOPSIBE.
G.
SiO2
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Val d'Ala, colorless
—
100-02
" dark green
—
—
—
100-70
Achmatovsk, light green
—
100-34
Zillertbal, colorless
—
ltH)2-
99-55
' ' dark green
—
100-50
L. Baikal, Baikalite
—
100-73
Arendal
' —
100-15
New York State
—
100-88
De Kalb, N. Y.
—
—
Na2O 0-45,
[K2O 0-02,
ign.
0-17 100-47
Taberg
ign. 0-30
[99-19
Nordmark, while
—
100-45
yellow-green
100-71
grass-green
99-89
dark green
99-20
black
9953
black
99-37
Karis Lojo, gray-green
—
99-51
Itis, green
—
—
100-93
Palkane, green
—
—
101-4
Hermala Lojo, green
—
—
99-58
Stausvik, green
52:76
—
—
ign. 0-27
[98-60
Ojama, Lojo, dark green
—
101-74
Busti Meteorite
—
—
—
Na2O 0-55
[99-83
Zerniatt
—
—
—
ign. 0-41
[99-52
Albrecbtsberg
—
—
101-43
Nordmarksberg
—
Na2O 0-34,
[ign
. 1-26 98-36
Gefrees
—
9944
Mt. Somma
—
100-93
Wainpula, Finl.
—
99-25
Tavastby, ' '
—
—
101-81
Valpellina
—
—
100-69
Kriml
Na2O 2 06
[99-68
Edenville
ign. 0-34
[99-10
Clirome-diopside.
G.
SiOa
A1203
Cr2Oa
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Diamond Fields, S. A.,
[99-8
green
—
HaO 1-5
"
(Jagerfontein)
—
99-08
Jan Mayen
tr.
Fe2O3 2-44,
[ign
. 0-12 - 99-72
Kfemze
tr.
Fe203 2-07,
[K2O 1-48, Na20
1-29 100-20
Kaiserstuhl
insol. 2-30
[100-18
. Stein, Nassau
—
98-69
Lherz
—
100-37
Dreiser Weiher
—
100-0
HEDENBERGITE, also above.
G.
SiO2
A12Os
Fe2O
3 FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Shergotty Meteorite
—
—
10 49 100-56
Dognacska
22-10 alk. 0-28
[100-71
"
21-30 101-16
Tunaberg
o-io
—
21-53 100-18
Vester Silfberg
—
—
17-69 alk. 0-22
[99 51
Silicates.
Schefferite.
46. Langban
47. Pajsberg
48. Laugbau.
EisenscJiefferit, brn.
G. SiO2 A12O3 FesOs FeO MnO MgO CaO
52-28 — — 3-83 8'32 15'17 19 62 99-22
50-88 1-97 — 17-48 6'67 9'08 12-72 98'80
52-19 0-88 — 14-98 6-20 10-93 14'57 99'75
Jeffersonite. 49. Franklin Furnace, N. J. 3*63
50. Lavromte
45-95 0-85 53-65 2-25
— 8-91 10-20
— — 2-48
Diallage.
G.
51. Le Prese, Veltlin 3 '271
52. Buchberg, Silesia
53. Balta Is., Scotland 2'965
54. Dun Mt., N. Zealand
55. Enrsberg
56. Elba
57. WildschOnau
59. Ehrsberg
60. Syra
61. Mt. Marcy
62. Gaddbo
63. IkerS
64. KyrkjS
Augite.
66. Anrity, Leucaugite 66. Grenville, Q.
67. Vesuvius, yellow
68. " green
69. Monzoni
70. Vogelsgebirge 71 Kircheip
72. Naurod
73. Etna
74 Auiherst Co., Va.
75. Ross berg
76. Vesuvius, black
" dark green
78. ' ' yellow
79. Lipari
80. Cuglieri, Sardinia
81. Greenwood Furnace
82. Mt. Bufaure, Tyrol
Fassaite.
83. Fassathal, Fassaite
84. Toal della Foja, cryst.
8-61 21-55 ZnO 10'15,
[ign. 0-35 101-57
16-00 23-05 V2O3 2-57
100
SiO2
G.
A1203
MnO
FeaO3 FeO
— 15-94
— 1157
— 5-22
— 3-48
— 5-60
— 6-73
0-11 6-57 —
MgO CaO H20 10-13 21-14 — 99-98 16-11 17-07 1 31 99-76 21-59 11-23 4-17K2Ol-20,
[Na2O 0-58 100-07 16-85 20-15 2-53 99'95 14-18 21-08 0-65 99 '02 16-49 20-34 1-49 CraO, [0-55 100-25
2134 0'37TiO208s,
[Cr2O3 0-60, NaaO 1'55, K2O 0'42 101-63 0-45 7-15 14-41 21-31 0'30TiO20-70,
[CrjOs 0-20, Na2O 1'86, K2O 0'82 - 102-05 0-48 4-42 — 14-08 21 -12 0'70TiO20 58, [CraO, 0-43, Na2O 0-84, K2O 0'15 99'49
4-04 4-35 — 11-75 19'04 — 15-20 0-17 18'65 11'33
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 50-05 7-16 0-56 51-27 4-00 O'lO
FeO
1 69 99-52 1-12 TiO20-59 100-07 1-26 alk., [1-05 98-22 1-33 insol. [0-34 98 67 4-72
3 98
MgO
—
—
—
—
—
[0-30,
2'55
CaO
25-63 H2O 1-66=99-54
25-27 Alk 0-76 ign 1 63
[=100-49
23-4 ign.0-2 99'9 22-9 ign. 0-26 =100 '36 21-86 99-86 21-43 100-62 21-44 99-51 20-57 101-15 19-08 ign. 0-17 99-35 22-67 99-38 20-30 Na2O 1-89, K2O TiO2,MnO tr. 100'89 19 02 100-32 20-80 99-90 22-75 100-02 20-30 100-29 21-09 100-32 20-62 99-32 20-01 100-17
2-979 44-76 10-10 5-01 2'09 13-65 24-90 100-51
43-81 9-97 7-01 1-52 12-51 25'10 H2O 0'51
[100-43 gran.-cryst. 2'965 44'0610-43 5'91 1-67 13'10 25-20 H2O 015
86. Mai Inferno, cryst. green
87. Arendal
[100-52 41-971063 7-36 0-55 10'29 26'60 H2O 2-70
3-291 45-50 7-17 0'60 15-50 8'45 22'25 99'56
[100-10
Pyroxene Group— Pyroxene.
Augite.
88. Rib. das Patas
89. Pico da Cruz
90. Garza valley
91. Aguas das Caldeiras
92. St. Vincent
93. Siderao
95. Praya, large cryst.
96. ' ' small cryst.
97. Pico da Cruz
98. Picos valley
99. St. Vincent
100. "
101. Pedra Molar
102. St. Vincent
103. Sasbach
104. Burkheim
105. Horberig
106. Amolteru
107. Oberschaffhausen 109. Liltzelberg
SiO2
AlaOa
Fe2O;
, FeO
MgO CaO
14-35 16-01
8-99 18-90
14-06 21-92
14-81 21-60
1476 19-57
11-73 1480
801 1947
10-88 1942
1-99 4-53
6-89 14-81
7-55 12-28
2-29 6-09
6-16 ' 5 14
14-18 17-83
14-76 19-57
SiO2
TiO2
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO MgO (
3-49 12-28
4-11 10-92 J
4-32 13-19 !
4-76 12-79 S
0-53 13-23
9-66 4-55 ]
4-46 1355 2
Na2O
0-61 99-86 0-60 TiOa tr. 99 '85 tr. 100-13 l-S5"-~ 99-96 1-46= 99-53 4-32 100-58 3-72 100-25 1-09 MnO 030 100'62 7-91 MnO 4-97 100-76
5 06 99 51 2-98 99-69 8-70 100-44
6 60 100-90 1-83 98-06 1-46 99-53
CaO
22-79 100-20 22-83 99-63 21-29 100-11 23-02 99-44 16-72 MnO 1-09, 22-72 Na2O 0'44,
110. Badloch
111. Laveline, Vosges
112. Laurvik
113. Serra Monchique
114. llieden
115. Lobau
116. Sasbach
117. Halleberg
118. Hohentwiel
119. Elfdalen
120. Rieden
121. Melfi
52-09 0-95 1-18 1'59 1'57 1810 23'56 Na3O 0'48,
99-24
Na2O 2-26
K2O 0-61
100-66
K2O 0-48
100
G.
a Incl.
SiO2
TiO2 tr.
A12O3
Fe2O
3 FeO
6-24" 7'68b 5-75" 17-40* 8'54
MgO
CaO
.Na2O
K2O
0-50= 99.84 0-94= 99-73 2-12=101-08 1-00 98-48
tr. 102-50
0-49= 99-95 0-47 =100-95 2-64=100 0-68 =100-41 0-74= 99-42 0-52 =100-41
some MnO.
b Incl. 0-27 MnO.
Pyr., etc.— Varying widely, owing to the wide variations in composition in the different varieties, and often by insensible gradations. Fusibility, 3'75 in diopside; 3'5 in salite, baikalite, and ouiphacite; 3 in jeffersonite and augite; 2'5 in hedenbergite. Varieties rich in iron afford a magnetic globule when fused on charcoal, and in general their fusibility varies with the amount of iron. Jeffersonite gives with soda on charcoal a reaction for zinc, and in O.F. on platinum wire for manganese ; many others also give with the fluxes reactions for manganese. Most varieties are unacted upon by acids.
Obs. — Pyroxene is a common mineral in crystalline limestone and dolomite, in serpentine and in volcanic rocks; and occurs also, but less abundantly, in connection with granitic rocks and metamorphic schists; sometimes forms large beds or veins, especially in Archaean rocks. It occurs also in meteorites. The pyroxene of limestone is mostly white and light green or gray in color, falling under diopside (including malacolite, salite, coccolite); that of most other metamorphic rocks is sometimes white or colorless, but usually green of different shades, from pale green to greenish black, and occasionally black; that of serpentine is sometimes in tine crystals, but often of the foliated green kind called diallage; that of eruptive rocks is usually the black to greenish black augite.
In limestone the associations are often amphibole, scapolite, vesuvianite, garnet, orthoclase, titanite, apatite, phlogopite, and sometimes brown tourmaline, chlorite, talc, zircon, spinel, rutile, etc. ; and in other metamorphic rocks mostly the same. In eruptive rocks it may be in distinct embedded crystals, or in grains without external crystalline form; it often occurs with similarly disseminated chrysolite (olivine), crystals of orthoclase, sanidine, labradorite, leucite, etc. ; also with a rhombic pyroxene, amphibole, etc.
Pyroxene, as an essential rock-making mineral, is especially common in basic eruptive rocks. Thus, as augite, with a triclinic feldspar (usually labradorite), magnetite, often chrysolite, in basalt and basaltic lavas, diabase ; in andesyte; also in trachyte; in peridotyte and pikryte; with nephelite in phonolyte. Further with elaaolite, orthoclase, etc., in elaeolite- syenite and augite-syenite, also as diallage in gabbro, in many peridotytes and the serpentines
362 Silicates.
formed from them; as diopside (malacolite) iu crystalline schists. In limburgyte, augityte, and pyroxenyte, pyroxene is present as the most prominent constituent, while feldspar is absent; it may also form rock masses alone nearly free from associated minerals.
Some of the more prominent foreign localities of pyroxene in its various forms are the following; many others have been noted in connection with the descriptions of varieties and analyses already given:
Diopside (alalite, mussite) occurs in fine crystals on the Mussa alp in the Ala valley in Pied- mont, associated with garnets (hessouite) and talc in veins traversing serpentine; in fine crystals also at Traverse] la; at Zerrnatt in Switzerland; Schwarzenstein in theZillerthal; Ober-Sulzbach- thal and elsewhere in Tyrol and the Salzburg Alps; Reichenstein; Rezbanya, Hungary; Achma- tovsk in the Ural with almandite, clinochlore; L. Baikal (baikalite) in eastern Siberia; Pargas, Orijarvi, and elsewhere in Finland. At Nordrnark, Sweden, in fine crystals of varied type of form (cf. Flink, 1. c.), but often with a, b, c, p prominent, and varying in composition from a diopside nearly free from iron to one containing iron in large amount, approximating to hedeu- bergite.
Hedenbergite was originally described from Tunaberg, Sweden ; also from Arendal. Mangan- hedenbergite is from Vester Silfberg. Schefferite is from Laugbau. Wermland, Sweden, where it occurs embedded in calcite, also enclosing hematite and richterite; rhodonite and hedyphane occur in the neighborhood. Also from the Harstig mine at Pajsberg, with crystallized rhodonite (pajsbergite).
Augite (incl. fassaite) on the Pesmeda alp. Mt. Monzoni. and elsewhere in the Fassathal, as a contact formation; Traversella, Piedmont; the Laacher See and the Eifel; Sasbach in the Kaiserstuhl; Vesuvius, white rare, green, brown, yellow to black; Frascati; Etna; the Azores and Cape Verde Islands; the Sandwich Islands, as at the base of the cinder cones at the summit of Haleakala on Maui, where deposits of perfect crystals are found with chrysolite grains and glassy crystals of labradorite. Also in Japan, as on Bonin island (cf. Y. Kikuchi, J. Coll. Sc., Japan, 3, 67, 1889, for an account of some forms).
In N. America, occurs in Maine, at Raymond and Rurnford, diopside, salite, elc. ; at Deer Isle, diallage in serpentine. In Vermont, at Thetford. black augite, with chrysolite, in boulders of basalt. In Mass., in Berkshire, white crystals abundant; at the Boltou quarries, same, good; "Westtield and Blanford, diallage in serpentine. In Conn., at Canaan, white cryst. 2-3 in. long by 1-2 in. broad, often externally changed by uralitization to tremolite, in dolomite; also the pyroxeuic rock, called canaanite; in Trumbull, large green cryst. in limestone; in Reading, on the turnpike near the line of Daubury, small trausp. cryst., and granular; at Wattrtowu, near the Naugatuck, white diopside. In N. York, in N. Y. Co., white cryst. in dolomite; at War- wick, fine cryst.; in Westchester Co.. white, at the Sing-Sing quarries; in Orange Co., in Mon- roe, at Two Ponds, cryst., often large, with scapolite, titanite, etc., iu limestone; 3 in. S.E. of Greenwood furnace, salite with coccolite; m. E. of same, in cryst. with mica in limestone; 1 m. W. of Coffee's Hotel in Monroe, black coccolite; 2-£ m. N. of Edenville, gray cryst.; 1 m. N.W. of Edenville, black cryst. in limestone; in Cornwall, the var. hudsomte; near Amity and Fort Montgomery, good; in Forest-of-Dean, lamellar, green, and bronze-colored, with black coccolite; in Putnam Co., near Patterson, grayish white cryst., abundant; at Rogers' Rock, L. George, massive and granular (coccolite), gray, green, brown; near Oxbow, on Vrooman Lake; in Lewis Co., at Diana, white and black cryst.; in St. Lawrence Co., at Fine, iu large cryst.; at De Kalb, fine diopside; also at Gouverueur, Rossie. Russell. Pitcairn; iu Essex Co., near Long Pond, cryst., also beautiful green coccolite; at Willsboro', green coccolite with titanite and wollastonite; at Moriah, coccolite, in limestone mostly changed to serpentine forming a useful marble.
In N. Jersey, Franklin Furnace. Sussex Co., good cryst., also jeffersonite. In Perm., near Attleboro'. cryst. and granular; in Pennsbury, at Burnett's quarry, diopside; at the French Creek mines. Chester Co., chiefly altered to fibrous amphibole; at, Bailey's quarry, East Marl- borough. In Maryland, Harford Co., at Cooptown, diallage. In Delaware, at Wilmington, a hypersthene-like variety, Nuttal's Maclureite. In Tennessee, at the Ducktown mines.
In Canada, at Calumet I., grayish green cryst. in limestone with phlogopite; Jit the High Falls of the Madawaska, large crystals, having cryst. of hornblende attached; in Kildau as a rock; in Bathurst, colorless or white cryst. ; near Ottawa, in large subtrp. cryst., in limestone; at Grenville, dark green cryst., and granular; at Montreal, Rougemont and Montarvelli Mts., black in doleryte ; Burgess, Lanark Co.; Renfrew Co., with apatite, titanite, etc.; Orford, Sherbrooke Co., white crystals, also of a chrome-green color with chrome garnet; at Hull and Wakefield, white crystals with nearly colorless garnets, honey-yellow vesuvianite, etc. At many other points in the Archaean of Quebec and Ontario, especially in connection with the apatite deposits.
Alt. — Pyroxene undergoes alteration in different ways. A change of molecular constitution without essential change of composition, i.e., by paramorphism (using the word rather broadly), may result in the formation of some variety of amphibole. Thus, the white pyroxene crystals of Canaan, Conn., are often changed on the exterior to tremolite; similarly with other varieties at many localities. See URALITE, p. 390.
Further there may be alteration with chemical change in many ways, as has been explained by Bischof, and many species have been instituted on the material in different stages of change. In the simplest, there is only a taking up of water, producing a " hydrous augite." The water often found in analyses may be from this source. In man}' cases a loss of silica appears to
Pyroxene Group— Pyroxene.
attend this hydratioii; and often, also, a loss of one or more of the bases (of which the lime and iron are the first to go), through the dissolving agency of waters holding carbon dioxide, or carbonates, in solution. A complete removal of the lime and iron produces steatite or talc, a common material of pseudomorphs. Rensselaerite is a variety of steatite, having sometimes the cleavage of pyroxene. Pyrallolite is also in part talc or steatite. JSapanite and serpentine are other results of the same kind of alteration, the latter, especially, very common. Hortonite is a steatitic pseudomorph of pyroxene, found in Orange Co., N. Y., with chondrodite. See further under TALC, SERPENTINE., Epidote is another mineral resulting from the change involving oxidation of the iron. In the case of the aluminous pyroxene, when all the bases except the alumina are removed and water taken up, there may result cimolite, a whitish clay- like earth, which has been observed constituting pseudomorphs of augite at Bilin in Bohemia. Under the action of alkaline waters, alkalies may be introduced. Thus the hydrous mineral glauconite or green earth may result as a constituent of some augite pseudomorphs; or mica, which has been observed by Kjerulf as a pseudomorph after augite, in the Eifel.
Some of the substances formed by alteration are further mentioned below.
Artif. — Diopside has been observed as a furnace product at the iron-works of Philipsburg, N. Jersey (G. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 39, 182, 1865); and dark-colored pyroxene at Gaspenberg; in an old furnace near Hackenburg; a copper furnace near Dillenburg; at Falun and Oldbury; a manganese-augite at Magdesprung. Augite in small yellow crystals has been found in old fumaroles at Eiterkopfe, near Andernach (Rath).
Formed in crystals, as diopside, artificially by the action of silicon chloride on magnesia (Daubree); also, a grayish-white var., by mixing the constituents and exposing to'a high heat (Berthier); also, a variety of compounds (Lechartier) by fusing the constituents at a bright red heat with an excess of calcium chloride in a carbon crucible enveloped in one of earthenware. See further, Fouque & Levy, Synth. Min., 102-110, 1882. Synthetic experiments have been also made byDoelter, Jb. Min., 2, 51, 1884; alsoonthe results of fusion, as in reforming pyroxene from the fused mass, by Becker, Zs. G. Ges., 37, 10, 1885. See also Vogt, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang. 9, No. 1., 1884 ; Arch. Math. Nat., Christ., 30, 34, et seq., 1889, who describes various pyroxenic minerals formed from fusion in slags, etc., including augite, a monoclinic (or triclinic) MgSiO3, a similarly crystallized FeSiO3, also enstatite, rhodonite, an hexagonal CaSiO3,etc.
Ref.— 1 Vesuvian augite, yellow variety, G. 3'277, anal. 67, 1. c. It is noteworthy that the angles vary but little even for a wide variation in composition. For a discussion of the change in form with varying amount of FeO and (Al,Fe)2O3, see Rath, Pogg., 6, 345, 1873; Flink, Zs. Kr., 11, 486, 1886. The following will serve for comparison, the axes being accepted as calculated by Kk., Rath, La Valle, Flink, etc., cf. anals. preceding and ref. below:
d b c
ft
Russian and other pyroxenes, mean value (Kk.)
74° Hi'
Diopside, Val d'Ala (cf. anal. 1, 2)
74° 8f
Nor d mark (
10)
74° 12f
11)
74° 13'
12)
74° 16'
0
13)
74° 19f
1 1
14,15)
74° 34f '
Schefferite (
46)
j
73° 53'
Iron-schefferite (
47)
73° 58f
Augite Vesuv., dark green
74° 13f '
yellow ( " 67)
74° lOf
Since in pyroxene the angle ac differs but little from the angle a'p, it is possible so to select the axes as to make the angle of obliquity, /?, nearly 90°. This method, proposed by Rath and later by Tschermak, and adopted by Groth (Tab Ueb., p. 130, 1889) has a certain advantage in that it exhibits clearly the morphological similarity between the orthorhombic and monoclinic pyroxenes. It is not to be recommended otherwise, however, since the resulting symbols of the commonly occurring planes are often highly complex; moreover, it is clear that the basal plane in the position of Naumann here, as ordinarily, adopted is naturally a fundamental plane since it is parallel to it that the common twinning lamellae occur, with the resulting easy parting so often observed. Cf. also Flink, Zs. Kr., 16, 299, 1890, who notes another objection.
2 Cf. Kk., Min. Russl., 4, 258. 1862; Mir.. Min., p. 290. 1852; Dx. Min., 1, 55 1862; Hbg., Min. Not., 1, 18, 1856, 5, 21, 1863; Rath, Pogg., Erg., 6, 338, 1873, Ber. nied. Ges. (311), July 7, 1886. A list of planes with authorities is given by Gotz, Zs. Kr., 11, 242, 1885; another by La Valle, Mem. Ace. Line., 3, 226, 1886; also a critical summary with literature by Gdt., Index, 2, 523, 1890.
Hj. Sj., Nordmark, G. For. ., 4, 364, 1879. 3 Gotz, 1. c. 4 Flink, Nordmark, Zs. Kr., 11. 449 et seq., 1886, andOfv. Ak. Stockh., 42, No. 2, 29. 1885. 5 La Valle, Val d'Ala, 1. c., also ib.; 5, 389, 1888. 6 Zeph, Ober-Sulzbachthal, Lotos, 1889. T Cathrein, Pinzgau, Ann. Mus. Wien, 4, 181, 1889. Gotz, Mitth. Univ. Greifswald, 1886.
9 Hemihedrism: Williams, Am. J. Sc.. 34, 275, 1887, 38, 115, 1889; cf. also observations by Hbg., Dx. (quoted by Williams), and. further, pyro-electrical observations by Hankel, 1. c. 10 Twins: Rath, Zs. Kr., 5, 495. 1881; Zeph., Jb. Min., 59, 1871; Becke, Min. Mitth., 7, 93,
Silicates.
1885; Mgg., secondary and artificial twinning c, Jb. Min., 1, 185. 1886, 1, 238, 1889, La Valle, polysynthetic twins, Val d'Ala, Mem. Accad. Line., 19, June 1, 1884. Association with amphibole, with analyses, Rath, Vesuvius, Pogs , Erg., 6, 229, 337, 1873; also, Hawes. Eden- ville, Am. J. Sc., 16, 397, 1878, and Rep. Min. "New Hampshire. 63. 1878; see also p. 390.
Refractive indices, etc., Dx., Min., 1, 55 et seq., 1862; Heusser, Pogg., 91, 498, 1854; Tabera;, A. E. Nd., 1. c. ; also Fliuk etal., as already quoted. Etching-figures, Baumh. , Pogg., 153, 75. 1874; Greim, Jb. Min., 1, 252. 1889. Pyro-electricity, Hankel, Wied., 1, 279, 1877. Piezo-electricity, P. Czermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 96 (2), 1217, 1887.
Discussion of the composition of the group: Tschermak, Min. Mitth., 17, 1871; Doelter, ib., 65, 1877, 1, 49, 1878, 2, 193, 1879. See also Doelter, Knop, Merian, Mann, etc., references quoted under the analyses. On the relation between composition and optical characters, Doelter, Jb. Min., 1,43, 1885; Wiik, Ofv. Fiusk. Soc., 24, 1882, 25, 1883, 26, 1884, Zs. Kr., 7, 78, 1882. 11, 313. 1885: Herwig [Programm Gymn. Saarbrilckeu 1884]. Zs. Kr., 11, 67. 1885.
The following are more or less well-defined alteration products of various kinds of pyroxene; see further for analyses, etc., 5th Ed., pp. 220-223.
HECTORITE 8. Herbert Cox, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 15. 409, 1882. A hydrated pyroxenic mineral from the serpentine rocks of the Dun Mts., New Zealand. Occurs in radiating groups of thin flexible laminae. H. 2-25. Color whitish green to dark green. Analysis by W. Skey:
SiO25789 A12O34'74 FeO 18'46 MgO 13'94 CaO 1'99 H2O 2'98 FeaO3,MnO tr. 100
HYDROUS DIALLAGE. Various forms have been described, 5th Ed., p. 221.
MONKADITE Erdmann, Ak. H. Stockh., 103, 1842. Probably a slightly altered pyroxene. Described as occurring granular massive, with two unequal cleavages mutually inclined about 50°; with H. =6, G. 3'267; color yellowish, honey-yellow, and luster vitreous. From Bergen in Norway. Named after Dr. Monrad.
PICROPHYLL Svanberg, Pogg., 50, 662, 1839. From Sala, where it occurs both massive, with the cleavage of pyroxene, and fibrous, of a greenish gray color, with H. — 25 and G. 2'75. Named from TtixpoS, bitter, and <pvKkov , leaf, in allusion to the odor when moistened.
PITKARANTITE Scheerer, Pogg., 93, 100, 1854. Pikarandite. Has a leek-green or dark green color, and looks like unaltered pyroxene. From Pitkiiranta in Finland. Scheerer refers here part of pyrallolite.
PYRALLOLITE N. Nordenskiold, . J., 31, 389, 1820. From Finland, where it occurs mostly in limestone, with pyroxene and scapolite. A pyrallolite from Sibbo in Finland has been named Vargasite, after Count Vargas, Huot Min., 2, 676, 1841; Wargasit Germ. The crystalline structure is that of pyroxene. Named from itvp,fire, aAAoS, other.
STRAKONITZITE Zepharumch, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 695, 1853. Approaches steatite. It occurs in greenish yellow crystals, soft and greasy in feel, with G. 1'91.
URALITE Rose, Pogg., 22, 321, 329, 1831; 27, 97, 1833; 31, 609, 1831. Pyroxene altered ' to amphibole. See further, p. 390.
326. ACMITE. Achmit Strom, Ak. H. Stockh., 160, 1821, and Berz,, ib., 163. Akmit Germ. Acmite.
AEGIRITE. Egirin Esmark, Berzelius, Jb. Min., 184, 1835.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 1-09957 : 1 : 0-60120; /3 73° 10£' 001 A 100 Brogger1.
100 A 110 *46° 28', 001 A 101 31° 52f, 001 A Oil 29° 55£'.
0(661,6) £(311,3-3)
/i (881, 8) P (261, -6-3)
Forms' : / (310, a-3)
H(%
a (100, i-l) L (730, f-})
s (1
b (010, -i) 77i (110, /)
A (33
*(510, 5) p (101, 1-i)
JT" 38° 40' a'H mm'" — *92° 56' m's a'p 74° 57' m'O
60° 59V 58° 45*' 12° 6*'
£(161,6-6) . 9'9)
a'S *39° 35' a'O 50°
60° 17' 00' 95° 25*'
Sff *38° 20'
On EGIRITE: Brogger has observed:
a, b, c, F(1M'0, -H), x,f, W (16'15'0, e-f), m, p, u (111, - 1), 0(221, -2), s, it (551, 5),
The angles are sensibly the same as those of acmite; Brogger measured:
mm"' 92° 49', a'p 74° 56', ss' 60° 15', uu' 48° 41', aA 58° 42', mA 19° 52', also A A' 107° 0*' (calc., Bgr.), A is a characteristic form.
Pyroxene Group— Acmite.
Twins: tw. pi. a, very common, f. 1; crystals often polysynthetic, with enclosed twinning lamellae. Crystals long prismatic, vertically striated or channeled ; the prisms bent, twisted or broken. Acute terminations very character- istic; faces often rough or rounded (a, b, p, s). In- clined hemihedrism, like pyroxene, probable.
The above applies to ordinary acmite.
For cegirite. the crystals are prismatic c with m prominent, also a, b, and usually terminated by (111), or p (101), or with A (592) and p (101); again, prismatic by extension of (111) with m small. Twins not common. Also occurs in groups or tufts of slender acicular to capillary crystals, and in fibrous forms.
Cleavage: m distinct; b less so. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 6-6*5. G. 3-50-3-55 Bgr. Luster vitreous, inclining to resinous. Streak pale yellowish gray. Color brownish or reddish brown, green; in the fracture blackish green. Subtransparent to opaque.
Crystals of acmite often show a marked zonal structure, green within and brown on the exterior, particularly a, b, p (101),
s (111). The brown portion (acmite, see below) is feebly pleochroic, the green (segirite) strongly pleochroic. Both have absorption C, but the former has a light brown with tinge of green, 6 greenish yellow with tinge of brown, c brownish yellow; the latter has a deep grass-green, b lighter grass green, c yellowish brown to yellowish.
Optically -. Ax. pi. b. Bxa A a A -f 2i° to 6°; for acmite -f 5£° to. 6°, for aegirite 2£° to 3°. Axial angles large. For aegirite, Bgr. :
Na 2E 184° 27' 2H, 63° 41' 2H0 117" 18' .'. 2Va 63° 28' ft 1-753 Also, Laven, /?y l'8084Na, Sanger (Rosen busch).
1, Acmite; 2, Norway, Brogger.
Comp., Var.— Essentially NaFe(Si03), or Na2O.Fe,08.4SiO, Silica 52'0, iron sesquioxide 34*6, soda 13'4 100. Ferrous iron is also present.
The analysis of Doelter as interpreted by him gives, with 89 p. c. of the characteristic
NaFe(SiO,)a, also 6 p. c. of FeFesSiO6, 3'7 p. c. of FeAlSiO6 and 1'Sp. c. of CaMn(SiOs)a. BrOgger, however, is inclined to assume the presence, with 85 p. c. of Na2Fe8(SiOs)4, of 15 p. c. of FeFes(SiO,)4.
The essential identity of acmite and segirite was shown by Tschermak, Min. Mitth., 33, 1871; it had been earlier suggested by Rose, Kryst. Ch., 76, 1852.
BrOgger regards the interior green, highly pleochroic, portion of the acmite crystals (noted above) as identical with the characteristic aegirite, while to the acmite proper belongs the feebly pleochroic brown exterior with greater angle of extinction (to -f- 6°). Acmite is characterized by the prevalence of twins, the acute terminations, the common occurrence of 5(311), etc. With cegirite simple crystals are the rule and twins rare; the crystals are more often bluntly terminated, with A (592) prominent; also of quite distinct habit, prismatic 111. The color and higher angle of extinction of the acmite indicates greater iron percentage.
Anal.— 1, Kg., Pogg., 103, 300. 1858. 2, Doelter, Miu. Mitth., 1, 379, 1878. 3, Id., ib., p. 374. 4, 5, Id., ib., Zs. Kr., 4, 34, 1879. That these analyses are of aegirite and not arfvedsonite seems to be sufficiently shown by Rg., Min. Ch., Erg., 24, 1886, cf. Lorenzen. 6, Lorenzen, Min. Mag., 5, 55, 1882. 7, Forsberg, quoted by Ramsay, Fennia, 3, No 7, 1890 (Geol. Beob. Halbinsel Kola.) 8, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 10, 60, 1875.
Acmite. 1. Rundemyr
Egirite.
3. Brevik
4. Kangerdluarsuk
7. Kola Peninsula
8. Hot Springs, Ark. 3-53 51'41 1-82 2330 9'45 — 203031
G.
SiO2 A13O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO CaO MgO NaaO K2O 51-66 — 28-28 5'23 0'69 — — 12-46 0 -43 TiO2 I'll,
[ign. 0-39 100-25 5135 1-59 32-11 2'59 0'37 tr. — 1139 tr. 99'40
f 51-74
2'
f 49-91
72
tr.
70
tr.
01
11-02 0-34 100-54 10-11 0-34 100-99 9-49 0-32 - 100-09 13-31 tr. — 101-21 11-87 0-85 ign. 0'50
100-28 11-88 tr. TiO2 0-13
100-33
Silicates.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. fuses at 2 to a lustrous black magnetic globule, coloring the flame deep yellow; with the fluxes reacts for iron and sometimes manganese. Slightly acted upon by acids. Obs. — The original acmite occurs at Rundemyr, east of the little lake called Rokebergskjern, in the parish of Eker, near Kongsberg, Norway, in a pegmatyte vein; it is in slender crystals, sometimes a foot long, embedded in feldspar and quartz; the crystals are often bent or fractured and recemented, and are quite fragile.
jEgirite (and acmite) occurs with leucophanite, caucrinite, elseolite, etc., in the elaeolite- syenite and augite-syenite of southern Norway, especially along the Laugesund fiord in the " Brevik " region; also near Laurvik, Saude tiord, and Fredriksvarn. Also at Kaugerdluarsuk, West Greenland, in a sodalite-syenite with eudialyte, arfvedsonite, etc.; also 3. at Ditro, Transylvania (acmite?), and similarly associated elsewhere; in the
acid lavas of San Miguel, one of the Azores.
In theU. S., in minute crystals in a dike of elaeolite-syeuite in northwestern New Jersey. At the Hot Springs, Magnet Cove, Arkansas, in fine prismatic crystals, up to 8 inches or more in length, often bent and twisted and with tapering terminations. In Canada, at Montreal and Belosil in elseolite-syenite.
A green pyroxene occurring as an alteration product of a blue amphibole allied to arfvedsonite or riebeckite (see p 400. is referred to segirite by Cross; it occurs in certain rocks forming dikes in Archaean gneisses in Custer Co., Colo- rado. Am. J. Sc., 39, 359, 1I-90.
Brogger (I.e., p. 330) is inclined to regard the crocidolite of Stavern, Norway, and perhaps also that of S. Africa as a variety of segirite (wgirin-asbest) ; but see crocidolite, p. 400)
Acmite is from aKf.ir/, a point, in allusion to the pointed extremities of the crystals, ffigirite is from Egir. the Icelandic god of the sea.
Alt.— Occurs altered to analcite in Norway (Bgr. ). Williams suggests that manganpectolite at Magnet Cove may have been derived from the aegirite. Schrauf. Ref. — ' Zs. Kr., 16, 295, 1890; he describes in detail the acmite and aegirite
of the islands in the Langesund fiord, Norway, gives the earlier literature for the species, etc. For early observations, see Mitscherlich, Ed. Phil. J., 9, 55, 1823; Ph., Min., 151, 1837; Rath, Pogg., Ill, 254, 1860; Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. 11, 1884.
Note also that the & (111) of Brogger is s (Oil, T) of Rath, p c (001), S (311) (211, m), 0 (661) o (561), P(261) z (361); cf. f. 3. This change of position, which better exhibits the relation of form to pyroxene, is probably the reason why most authors hae given Bxa A c — — 3*, while Brogger makes the same angle positive, that is with him the bisectrix (a) falls in the front obtuse axial angle, instead of in the acute angle.
327. SPODUMENB. D'Andrada, Scherer's J., 4, 30, 1800; J. Phys., 51, 240, 1800. Triphaue H<wy, Tr., 4, 1801. Hiddenite J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 21, 128, 1881.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : b : 6 1-1238 : 1 : 0-6355; ft — *69° 40' 001 A 100 J. D. Dana1.
100 A 110 46° 30', 001 A 101 33° 25£', 001 A Oil 30° 47'.
Forms2: a (100, £i) (010, *-i)s c (001, 0)
I (320, H£) w (110, 7)
k (230, i-|)4 u (120, i-2) n (130, i-fy
F(0n, 14)4 d (021, 24)
pan, i)
9 (§32, r (221, 2) s (441, 4)3
g (681, - 8-|)s e (241, - 4-2)3
£ (181, — 3-3)4 z (261, - 6-3)3
0 (312, f-3)4 / (211,2-2) D (421, 4-2)4 w (321, 3-|)4
y (561, 6-D3
(341, 4-f)4 x (231, 3-|)s u (243, f-2)3 e (241 , 4-2)3 t (481, 8-2)4
Also in etching-figures6, Brazil, 0 (101, — 14), w (201, — 24).
Ii"
mm"
Hu1
nri
FF' dd'
70° 11' *93° 0' 50° 46' 35° 6i 61° 35' 100° 0'
cd *50° 0'
m'p — 59° 3'
m'q 44° 81'
m'r 34° 40'
m's 17° 40|'
mg — 10° 18' me 21° 46' mp — 75° 34' 78° 54' a'r 62° 40V
a'f 54° 48V
pp' 63° 31'
rr' 88° 34'
,96° 28'
ee 107° 24'
Twins: tw. pi. a. Crystals prismatic, often flattened a] the vertical planes striated and furrowed ; crystals sometimes very large. Also massive, cleavable.
Cleavage : m perfect. A lamellar structure a sometimes very prominent, a crystal then separating into thin plates. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 6*5-7. G. 3 -13-3 -20. Luster vitreous, on cleavage surfaces somewhat pearly. Color greenish white, grayish white, yellowish green, emerald- green, yellow, amethystine purple. Streak white. Transparent to translucent.
Pyroxene Group— Spodumene.
Pleochroism strong in deep green varieties. Optically +. Ax. pi. 5. Bxa A 6 26° Dx., 24 to 25£° Greim. Dispersion p v. horizontal. Refractive indices and axial angles :
N. Carolina, Na a 1'651 ft 1-669 y 1'677 Brazil ft7 1'669 Dx.5
Brazil, red, a 1-660 1 1*666 1-676 Levy-Lex.'
Brazil 2Ha.r 64° 47' 2Ha.y 64° 58*' 2Ha.bl 65° Greim6.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Color white or nearly white, yellowish, rarely amethystine; commonly in flattened prismatic crystals, often very large, up to 4 feet or more in length and 12 inches across.
2. Hiddenite. Color yellow-green to emerald-green, the latter used as a gem, resembling the emerald but showing more variety of color because of its pleochroism. In small in. to 2 Inches long) slender prismatic crystals, surfaces often etched as the result of the action of some natural solvent.
Fig. 1, Norwich, Mass. 2-4, Hiddenite, Alexander Co., N. C. 3, 4, Sketches of natural
crystals, W. E. Hidden.
Comp.— LiAl(Si03)a or Li,O.Al203.4Si02 Silica 64-5, alumina 27-4, lithia 8 -4 100. Generally contains a little sodium; the variety hiddenite also chro- mium, to which the color may be due.
Anal.— 1, 2, Rg., Pogg. Ann., 85, 546, 1852. 3, Thomson, Min., 1, 302, 1836. 4, Pisani, C. R., 84, 1509, 1877. 5, 6, Doelter, Min. Mitth., 1, 523, 526, 1878. 7, Jannasch, Jb. Min., 1, 196, 1888. 8, 9, Julien, Ann. N. Y. Ac. Be., 1, 322, 1879. 10, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 20, 259, 1880. 11, J. L. Smith, ib., 21, 128, 1881. 12, Genth, ib., 23, 68, 1882.
1. UtO
2. Tyrol
3. Killiney
4. Brazil
5. Huntiugton
6. Brazil
7. "
8. Goshen
9. Chesterfield 10. Branchville
G.
SiO,
A1So3
FeO
CaO
tr.
1-1 7b
CaO MgO Li2O K2O Na2O ign.
0-15 5-47 0-14 0-46 100-88
0-07 4-49 0-07 0'07
5-60 — —
— 6-75 — 0-21 7-04 0-12
— 7-09 —
— 7-45 — 6-89 1-45
3-196 61-86 23-43 2'73b 0'79 1-55 6-99 1-33
11. Alex. Co., Hiddenite 3'170
12. " " " 3-166
0-20" 0'25b
Incl. MnO 0'12.
7-62 tr. 7-05 — 6-82 0-07
b Fe2O3
— 101-66 V36 99-84
— 101-00 - 101-41
— 100-91 9-12 101-07
0-99 0-36 MnOO-64 100 63 050 0-46MnOl-04 100-68 0-39 0-24 99-90 0-50 0-15 100-40 1-54 — Cr2OsO-18 100 45
The formula, as given above, was first correctly established by Doelter.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. becomes white and opaque, swells up, imparts a purple-red color (lltnu) the flame, and fuses at 3'5 to a clear or white glass. The powdered mineral, fused with a mixture if potassium bisulphate and fluorite on platinum wire, gives a more intense Hthia reaction. Not acted upon by acids.
368 Silicates.
Obs. — Occurs on the island of Ut5 in Sodermanland, Sweden, with magnetite, quartz, tourmaline, and feldspar; also near Sterzing and Liseiis in Tyrol ; of a pale green or yellow- ish color, embedded iu granite, at Killiney Bay, near Dublin, and at Peterhead in Scotland; in small transparent crystals of a pale yellow in Brazil, province of Minas GeraSs.
In the U. S., in granite at Gosbeu, Mass., associated at one locality with blue tourmaline and beryl; also at Chesterfield, Chester, Huntiugton (formerly Norwich), and Sterling, Mass.; at Windham, Maine, with garnet and staurolite; at Peru, with beryl, triphylite, petalite; at Winchester, N. H.; at Brookfield, Ct., a few rods north of Touilinson's tavern, iu small grayish or greenish white individuals looking like feldspar; at Branchville, Ct., in a vein of pegmatyte, with lithiophilite. uraniuite, several maiiganesiau phosphates, etc.; the crystals are often of immense size embedded in quartz: near Stony Point, Alexander Co., N. C., the variety hiddenite in cavities in a gneissoid rock with beryl (emerald), monazite, rutile, allanite, quartz, mica, etc.; near Ballgrouud, Cherokee Co., Ga. ; in South Dakota at the Etta tin mine iu Pen- niugton Co.. in immense crystals. At Huntiugton, Mass , it is associated with triphylite, mica, beryl, and albite; one crystal from this locality was l&J inches long, and 10 iuches in girt.
The name spodumene is from cnrudioS, ash-colored. Named triphaue by Haiiy from rpi(f>ari?s, appearing threefold, in allusion to his idea that the crystals are divided by three planes with nearly equal ease. Hiddenite is named for W. E. Hidden of New York.
Alt. — The spodumene at Goshen and Chesterfield is extensively altered; pseudomorphs occur of cymatolite (see below), killinite, muscovite, albite, quartz, and of " vein granite;" cf. Jullen, Ann. N. Y. Acad.. 1, 818, 1879. Similar alteration-products at Branchville are described by Brush and Dana, Am. J. Sc., 20, 257. 1880; the following is a summary of their results:
ft Spodumene. The first product of the alteration (Branchville), resulting from the exchange of Na for one-half the Li, is " (3 spodumene." It is compact, apparently homogeneous, with an indistinct fibrous to columnar structure. H. 5'5-6. G. — 2'644-2'649. Color white, milky, or greenish white. Translucent. Fusibility 2 "25. Three analyses on material from different crystals gave nearly identical results. It is decomposed by HC1 into two portions, one soluble and the other insoluble. Analyses by Peufield: 1, of the original material; 2, the soluble portion 32-10 p. c., calculated to 100; 3, insoluble portion, 67'56 p. c. :
SiO2 A12OS Li2O Na2O K2O ign.
1. ft spodumene 61-51 26'56 3'50 8'14 0-15 0'29 100'15
2. Soluble 48-13 40-50 10 '90 0'47 — 100
3. Insoluble 68-18 20-07 11-75 — 100
The insoluble portion is albite, the soluble is eucryptite. Examined under the microscope in sections (1) parallel to fibers, the irregular interlacing fibers of eucryptite are seen embedded in albite; (2) transverse to fibers, the eucryptite is in bauds with hexagonal outline, surrounded by albite, like quartz in a graphic granite." See further Eucryptite, p 426.
Cymatolite. A second stage in the alteration is the formation of cymatolite (C. U. Sliepard, Dana, Min., p. 455, 1868). It has a fibrous to wavy structure, silky luster, white or slightly pinkish color; H. T5-2; G. 2'69-2-70. The cymatolite from Goshen was earlier (Eug. Mng. J., 22, 217) called aglaite by Julien. Analyses.— 1, 2, 3, Julien, 1. c. 4, Penfield, 1. c.
SiO, A12O3 Fe2Os MnO MgO CaO Li2O Na2O K2O H2O
1. Goshen 58-51 21-80- 0'85 0'29 1 '44 0'84 019 6'88 6'68 2'40a 9988
2. Aglaite 58'11 24'38 1'66 0'18 0'75 0'48 0'09 2'57 8'38 3 Olb 9961
3. Chesterfield f 58'58 22'28 1'77 0 15 0'45 0'93 O'lO 9'08 4'48 2-08° 99'90
4. Branchville f 60'55 26-38 — 0'07 — — 0'17 8'12 3'34 1-65 100'28
aWith nitrogenous organic matter 0'44 b Do. 0'43. c Do. undet.
This corresponds to: (Na,K,H)AlSiaO or (K,H)AlSiO4 -f NaAlSi3O8. The microscopic examination shows that cymatolite is not, as previously assumed, a simple mineral, but, corresponding to the formula, a very uniform mechanical mixture of muscovite and albite. In some sections the transitions from ft spodumene to cymatolite, i.e. from eucryptite to muscovite, are clearly seen. In other cases the muscovite and albite have each segregated together, so that they are distinct. For example, in figure 2, s unaltered spodumene, ft ft spodumene, c cymatolite, g mica, a albite. Furthermore the successive stages of altera- tion may be seen in the same crystal, thus as shown in fig. 1, la, Ib, \c, three sections at intervals of 3 to 6 inches in a large crystal 15 inches in length; s, ft, c having the same meaning as in fig. 2.
As further steps in the alteration there result: albite, often fibrous, like /? spodumene; also muscovite, and granular microcline.
Killinite. Structure, Tf any, that of the original spodumene. Compact, crypto-crystalline. H. 3-5; G. 2-623-2-652. Luster dull and greasy to vitreous. Color bluish green, greenish gniy to olive-green, oil-green, and greenish black. Analyses. — 1, Julien. 2, Penfield, prismatic variety, 1. c. 3, Dewey, compact, ibid.
Pyroxene Group— Jadeite.
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO CaO K2O Na2O Li2O H2O
1. Chesterfield 46'80 32'52 — 2'33 0"04 0'77 7'24 0'78 0'32 7'66 MgO 0'48, CoO
[0-04, organic M4 — 10012
2. Branchville 48'93 34'72 0'54 0'33 0'64 — 9-64 0'35 — 5'04 100-19
3. 53-47 32-36 0'79 0'42 0'72 0'17 7'68 0'44 0'04 4'07 100'16
The original killinite (Thomson, Min., 1, 330, 1836) was from Killiney Bay, Ireland, where it is also an alteration -product of spodumene, see further 5th Ed., p. 480.
The following scheme explains the above changes of the spoduinene, supposing an exchange of the alkali metal:
Spodumene 2[LiAlSiaO6] [LiAlSiO4
Eucryptite
[(K,H)AlSiO4 Muscovite
NaAlSisOs] ft spodumene Albite
+ NaAlSisO6] cymatolite
Albite
, j NaA18i3O8 albite or KAlSisOg microcline
(or killinite)
Experiments showing the effect upon spodumene of solutions of potassium and sodium carbonates, see Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 39, 584, 1887.
Ref.— ' Min., p. 693, 1850, 169, 1852; Rath obtained for Alexander Co., No. Carolina, spodumene, d : b : c 1 1283 : 1 : 0-62345; ft 69° 32V; the crystals were measured with the help of attached glass plates, Ber. nied. Ges., May 3, 1886. The surface of the crystals of hiddenite are often extensively etched, and some of the planes noted, cf. 3 and 4 below, may be simply corrosion forms. '2 J. D. D , 1. c. 3 E. S. D., Alex. Co., Am. J. Sc., 22, 179, 1881. 4 Rath, I.e. 6 Am. J. Sc., 32, 204, 1886. Greim, Jb. Min., 1, 253, 1889. 1 Min. Roches, 266, 1888.
328. JADEITE. Nephrite or Jade pt. Jadeite Damour, C. RM 56, 861, 1863. Chloro- melanite Id., ibid., 61, 313, 357, 1865.
Monoclinic (or triclinic)1, with cleavage and optical characters like pyroxene. Only known massive, with crystalline structure, sometimes granular, also obscurely columnar, fibrous foliated to closely compact.
Cleavage: prismatic, at angles of about 93° and 87°; also orthodiagonal, difficult. Fracture splintery. Extremely tough. H. 6'5-7. G. 3'33-3'35. Luster subvitreous, pearly on surfaces of cleavage. Color apple-green to nearly emerald-green, bluish green, leek-green, greenish white, and nearly white; some- times white with spots of bright green. Optically biaxial, negative. Bxa A & 30° to 40°, 2Ha.y 82° 48' Knr. Streak uncolored. Translucent to subtranslucent.
Comp. — Essentially a metasilicate of sodium and aluminium corresponding to Bv>..dumone, NaAl(Si03)a or Na.AlO.SiO, Silica 59'4, alumina 25 -2, soda 15'4 100
Silicates.
Ghloromelanite is a dark green to nearly black kind of jadeite, containing iron sesquioxide and not conforming exactly to the above formula. Named from x hcapoS, green, and jusA-at, black.
Anal.— 1, Damour, C. R, 56, 861, 1863. 2, Id., ibid., 61, 360, 1865. 3-7, Bull. Soc. Mm., 4, 157, 1881. 8, Fellenberg, Mitth. Ges. Bern, 112, 1865. 9, 10, Id., Vh. Schweiz. Ges., Solothurn, 53, 88, 1869. 11, Eckstein, quoted by Fischer, p. 375. 12, Frenzel, Jb. Min., 2, 6 ref., 1885. 13, Dmr., 1. c., 1881. 14-17, F. W. Clarke, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 11, 115, 1888. 18, Dmr., 1. c., 1881. 19, 20, Id., 1. c., 1865. 21, Id., 1. c., 1881. 22, 23, G. W. Halves, unpubl. coutr., 1875. 24, 25, Id., 1. c., 1865. 26, Id., 1. c., 1881. 27, Felleuberg, quoted by Fischer, 1. c., p. 381. 28, Cohen, Jb. Min., 1, 71, 1884. 29-30, Freuzel, ib., 2, 6 ref.. 1885. 31-3b, 36-40, Dmr., 1. c., 1881. 34, 35, Schoetensack, Inaug. Diss., 6, 7, Berlin, 1885.
Worked Jadeite.
G.
SiO2
A12O3
FeaO3
FeO
MnO
CaO
MgO Na2O
China
—
100-07
"
—
100 63
Asia, white
—
—
100-23
' ' green-gray
—
—
99-73
China, green spots
—
—
98-50
" green
0-42"
—
100-56
"
—
99-59
Swiss Lake-hab.
—
0-73b
K2O 0-49
[H2O 0-20 101 63
China
—
H2O 0-11
100-70
M oh rigen- Steinberg
—
100-27
Thibet
—
tr.
99-55
L. Neuenburg
—
H2O 038
[=100-96
Mexico, olive-green
24'94
—
—
100-29
" light gr. spots 3 '007
—
K2O 0-63
81 100 01
pale grn.
—
—
K2O 0-77
[H2O 0-53 100-56
Sardinal, pale green
1-87 —
H2O 0-90
[=99-81
Culebra, green
—
K2O 0-22
Fh2O 0-93 99-69
Mexico, emerald-grn.
0-34a
K2O 0-27
100-29
Morbihan
—
3'85
100-25
Senart, grass-green
—
—
100-30
France, green
—
—
K2O 1-50
100-58
Mexico
f 60-99
—
—
K2O 0-21
Fh2O 0-74 =100-07
China
f 58-68
—
—
2-49 13-09
KaO 0-49
100-62
3. b ZllO.
G.
Si02
A12Os
Fe2O
3FeO
MnO
CaO
MgO
Na2O
Kf 2-
tr.
99-66
tr.
TiO2 0
100
—
tr.
100-33
—
—
100
Chloromelanite.
24. Dordogne
25. MorbiLan
26. Mexico, blk.-grn. 3'36
27. Swiss Lake-haT>. 3 40
Unworked jadeite (Rohjadeit); also (36-40) rocks approaching jadeite in composition.
28. Thibet .
29. L. Neuenburg
31. Burma
32. " 83. "
34. Burma
35. Thibet (?)
G.
SiO2
A12O3
FeaO3
FeO
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K20
H2O
—
—
— =100-07
—
0-20=100-69
—
—
0-40=100-92
—
— =101-11
—
—
tr.
— =100 58
—
— 99 33
—
—
0-54=101 20
—
—
0-24= 99 09
Pyroxene Group— Wollastoxite. 371
G SiO2 Al2O3Fe2O3 FeO CaO MgO Na2O K2O H2O
36. M. Viso, Piedmont 3-35 58'51 21 -98 MO — 5'05 1'70 11'84 tr. — =100'18
37. Oucby, L. Geneva 3'17 56'45 17 02 7'62 — 4'76 2'32 11-46 tr. — - 99'63
38. St. Marcel 3'22 55'82 10'95 5'68 — 13'42 9'05 674 tr. — =101 '66
39. Val d'Aosta 3'32 5674 10-02 4'69 0'03a 14 00 9'10 -5'40-Jr. — 99'98
40. Nautes 3'31 54 53 14'25 3 29 — 12'40 7'50 6'21 tr. — 9818
a Cr2O3.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses readily to a transparent blebby glass. Not attacked by acids after fusion, and thus differing from saussurite.
See Lemberg on the results of treatment of jadeite with alkaline carbonates; it is shown, that, after fusion, jadeite behaves like fused analcite. Zs. G. Ges., 39, 586 et seq., 1887.
Obs. — Occurs chiefly iu Eastern Asia, thus in the Mogoung distr. in Upper Burma, in a valley 25 miles southwest of Meinkhoom; this jadeite is found in rolled musses in a reddish clay, and specimens gave a specific gravity of 3-34, 3-33, 3'24 ; easily fusible (Mallet-). Also in Yuugchang, province of Yunnan, southern China (Pumpelly8) ; in Thibet. Much uncertainty prevails, however, as to the exact localities, since jadeite and nephrite have usually been con- founded together. May occur also on the American continent, in Mexico and South America;, perhaps also in Europe.
Analyses 29, 3U are of rolled masses of jadeite from the shores of L. Neuenburg in Switzerland, which may have come from a local source. Anal. 36-40 are of various soda-bearing rocks, approaching jadeite more or less closely in composition, and also believed to have been of European origin.
Jadeite has long been highly prized in the East, especially in China, where it is worked into ornaments and utensils of great variety and beauty. It is also found with the relics of early niau, thus in the remains of the lake dwellers of Switzerland, at various points in France, in Mexico. Greece, Egypt, and Asia Minor. Mr. Pumpelly remarks that ikv feitsui kingfisher plumes) is perhaps the most prized of all stones among the Chinese. He also observes that the chalchihuitl of the ancient Mexicans, of which he had seen many specimens, is probably the same mineral; but W. P. Blake refers this name to the turquois from the vicinity of Santa Fe. See turquois. The question of the origin and distribution of jadeite is of great interest and has. been much discussed. Cf. Fischer, "Nephrit und Jadeit uach ihren miueralogischen Eigen- schaften, so wie nach ihrer urgeschicht lichen und ethnographischeu Bedeutung," Stuttgart 1875 1880. Also Arzruni, Zs. Ethnol., 15, 163, 1883; Meyer, Mitth. Anthropol. Ges., Wieu, 15, 1885; et al., see further jade, below.
Ref.— ! On the microscopic structure of jadeite, cf. Dx., 1. c., 1881; Cohen, 1. c. Krenuer Jb. Min., 2, 173, 1883; Arzruui, Jb. Min., 2, 6 ref., 1885; Merrill, Proc. U. S. Mus., 11 123 1888. 2 Miu. India, 94, 1887.
3 Pumpelly, Geol. China, 1866 (Smithson. Contrib., 15, 118).
JADE. A general term used to include various mineral substances of tough compact texture and nearly white to dark green color used by early man for utensils and ornaments", and still highly valued in the East, especially in China, where it is called Tu orYu-shih (yu-stone). It in- cludes properly two species only : nephrite, a variety of amphibole (p. 389), either tremolite or actinolite, with G 295-3'0, and jadeite, which is classed with the pyroxene group and in com- position is a soda-spodumene, with G. 3'3-3'35; easily fusible.
The jade of China belongs to both species, so also that of the Swiss lake-habitations and of Mexico. Of the two, however, the former, nephrite, is the more common and makes the jade (ax-stone or Punamu stone) of the Maoris of New Zealand; also found in Alaska.
The name jade is also sometimes loosely used to embrace other minerals of more or less sim- ilar characters, and which have been or might be similarly used— thus sillimanite, pectolite, ser- pentine; also vesuvianite, garnet. Cf. remarks under these species. Bowenite is a jade-like variety of serpentine. The "jade tenace " of de Saussure is now called saussurite.
329. WOLLASTONITE. Tafelspath State, Neue Einr. Nat. saniml. Wien, 144 1793 Tabular Spar. Schaalstein Wern., 1803, Ludwig's Min. Weru., 2, 212. 1804, Mohs, Null Kab 2, 1, 1804. Wollastonite H., Tr., 1822. Viluite (fr. Vilna) Horodeki, Dx., Min., 1, 554, 1862.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 1-05312 : 1 : 0-96761; ft 84° 30' 001 A 100 Rath1.
100 A 110 *46° 21', 001 A 101 45° 5', 001 A Oil 43° 55 fr'.
Forms2: z (820, Af) x (120, -2) k (103, fi) I (705, fi) / (111, 1)
c (001, 0) m (110, I) "' ]' ' ft (305, f f) r (301. 8-f) p (122, -1-2)
d (830, *--f) g (340, t (101, 1-i) g (Oil, 14) u (122, 1-2)
Silicates.
dd'"
zz'" hh'" mm"
xx'
cw ck
42° 55'
69° 54'
79° 58'
92° 42'
51° 0'
23° 89'
40° 3'
17° 26'
ca 25° 34'
eft 80° 5'
cl 55° 36'
cs 65° 45'
cr 74° 59'
av 44° 27' at 25'
gg 87° 51'
ef 55° 32'
cm' 93° 48'
m'f= *3S° 16'
en 62° 37f
cp 45° 36'
en 48° 7'
a'f *59° 17'
a'n 47° 12'
a'M 75° 17$'
ap 68° 9$'
Jf 73= 26'
nri 61° 22'
ftp' 80° 24'
M' 84° 32'
Figs. 1, 2. Diana, N. Y., Pfd. 3, Vesuvius, Rath. 4, Santorin, Hbg.
Twins: tw. pi. a. Crystals commonly tabular a or c ; also short prismatic.
Usually cleavable massive to fibrous, fibers parallel or 5. reticulated ; also compact.
Cleavage: a perfect; alsoc; t (101) less so. Frac- ture uneven. Brittle. H. — 4'5-5. G. 2'8-2'9. x, Luster vitreous, on cleavage surfaces pearly. Color white, inclining to gray, yellow, red, or brown. Streak white. Subtransparent to translucent. Op- tically — . Bxa A c + 37° 40'. Dispersion p v
weak; inclined strong. Ax. pi. II b. Vesuvius, Rath.
2Er 70° 40' 2Egr 69° 2EV 68° 24' Dx.
Comp — Calcium metasilicate, CaSi03 or CaO.SiO, Silica 51*7, lime 48-3 100. Anal.— 1, Rath, Pogg., 144, 390, 1871. 2, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 24,251, 1872. 3, Clemen- cin (Piquet), Ann. Mines, 1, 415, 1872. 4, Fouque, C. R., 80, 631, 1875 ; other analyses of less pure material show from 7'2to 9'5 of A12O3. 5, Loczka, Zs. Kr., 10, 89, 1884. 6, Funaro, Zs. Kr., 9, 382, 1884. 7, Nikolayev, Min. Russl., 9, 29, 1884. 8, E. S. Sperry, priv. coutr. See 5th Ed., p. 210; also, Finland, G. For. Forh., 12, 24, 1890.
G. SiOa CaO MgO -H2O 2-853 51-31 45-66 0'73 0-75 A12O3 1'37 99'82
1. Mt. Somma
2. Orawitza
3. Merida 2'80
4. Santorin 2-910
5. Rezbanya 2'919
6. S. Vito, Sardinia
7. Kirghese Steppes 2 -889
8. Bonaparte L., N. Y. 2'915
53-53 44-08 — I'ol (Al,Fe)2O3 0'46 99'58
48-36 46-41 1'30 1 11 A12O3 1-56, Co2 1-00, So3 0'56 100'30
46-2 41-8 1-5 — A12O3 7-1, Fe'O3 2-9 99-5 100'74
51-61 46-29 1-08 0'54 A1,O, tr., FeO 0'51, MnO 0'47, alk. 0'24
49-78 45-12 1'20 0'60 FeO 2-20 98'90 99'43
47'66 45-61 tr. 1'24 (Fe,Al)2O3 0 68, MnO 0'14, insol. 4'10
50-66 47-98 0'05 0'72 (Fe,Mu)O 0 07, NaaO 0 46 99 94
Pyr., etc. — In the matrass no change. B.B. fuses easily on the edges; with some soda, a blebby glass; with more, swells up and is infusible. With hydrochloric acid decomposed with separation of silica; most varieties effervesce slightly from the presence of calcite.
Obs. — Wollastonite is found especially in granular limestone, and in regions of granite ; as a contact formation or in ejected masses in connection with basalt and lavas. It is often associated with a lime garnet, pyroxene, etc.
Occurs in the copper mines of Cziklowa in the Banat; at Orawitza; at Dognaczka and Nagyag; accompanying garnet, fluorite, and native silver, in limestone, at Pargas in Finland, and Kongs- berg in Norway; occurs at Perhoniemi and Skrabb5le, Finland; at G5ckum in Sweden; at Vilna in Lithuania (vilnite); at Harzburg in the Harz; at Auerbach, in granular limestone; in the phonolyte of the Kaiserstuhl; at Vesuvius, rarely in fine crystals: of a greenish white color in lava at Capo di Bove. near Rome; S. Vito. Sarrabus, Sardinia; on Elba; Merida, Portugal; in recent lava on Santorin; in Ireland, at Dunmore Head, Mourne Mts.
In the United States, in N. York, at Willsborough, forming the sides of a large vein of garnet, traversing gneiss; at Lewis, 10 m. south of Keeseville, with colophonite, abundant; m. N. of Lewis Corners, with garnet and quartz; at Roger's Rock, near the line between Essex and
Pyroxene Group— Pectolite.
Warren Cos., with garnet and feldspar; Diana, Lewis Co., about 1 m. from the Natural Bridge, in abundance, in large while crystals; at Booneville, Oneida Co., in boulders, with garnet and pyroxene; Bonaparte Lake, Lewis Co., iu massive forms, nbrous to compact. In Penn., Bucks Co., 3 m. W. of Attleboro', associated with scapolite, pyroxene, and titauite. In Mich., of a red color at the Cliff Mine, Keweeuaw Point, Lake Superior, and on Isle Royale, a very tough variety, but now exhausted. In Canada, at Grenville, with titanite and gmin coccolite; at St. Jerome and Morin, Quebec, with apatite, in large tabular masses of a nbrous structure.
Named after the English chemist, W. H. Wollaston (1766-188); also called tabular spar from its lamellar forms and structure.
The soda-tabular spar of Thomson, from near Kilsyth, is pectolite.
Artif. — Reported as observed occasionally in furnace slags, also repeatedly stated to have been formed artificially, but the correctness of the observations is doubtful, since in most cases the calcium silicate (CaSiO3) observed does not agree with wollastonitecrystallographically, Imtwitlt the hexagonal compound noted below. For a review of the subject see Bourgeois, Reprod. Min., 113, 1884; Vogt. Arch. Math. Nat. Christiauia, 30, 66, 1889.
Ref.— 'Mt. Somma, Pogg., 138, 484. 1869. If (as in 5th Ed., p. 210) a be made 001, then since ca 69° 56', the resemblance to pyroxene comes out more clearly; but as urged by Rath the differences iu cleavage, etc., are too great to recommend this. With Mir. and Dx., c, m, e of Rath-Daua correspond to 001 (c), 201 (u), Oll(e), 221(0); cf. Hbg , Min. Not., 9, 28, 1870. 8 See Mir., Min., 288, 1852; Dx., Min., 1, 49, 1862; also Rath. Hbg., 1. c.
EDELFORSITE Kalksilikat fr. delfors, Kalktrisilikat, Hisinger, Ak. H. Stockh., 191, 1838, 1839. Edelforsit Kbl., Grundz., 202, 1838. Edelforsit Erdmann. Forchhammer has shown (Dauske Ak. Forh., Ap. 1864) that Hisinger's mineral is an impure wollastonite, containing some quartz and feldspar, with often carbonate of lime and garnet. It occurs compact, part feathery fibrous, and part without any distinct crystalline structure. Color white, grayish white, or with a tinge of yellow. From .Edelfors in Smalaud, Sweden.
The edelforsite of Gjellebak (called GillebacMt by N. Nordenskiold, Atom. Ch. Min. Syst., D6, 1848) in Norway has also been shown by For Shammer to be essentially wollastonite. It has the aspect of tremolite. Forchharamer has .ound "okenite" of N. Greenland (Asbestartig Okenit Dr. Rink) to be wollastouite.
HEXAGONAL CALCIUM METASILICATE. An artificial compound having the composition CaSiO3, like wollastonite, but hexagonal in form and sometimes iu tabular crystals, optically -)-. has been repeatedly obtained. Cf. Doelter, Jb. Min., 1, 119, 1886; Vogt, Arch. Math. Nat., Krist., 30, 57, 1889; Hussak, Vh. Ver. Rheinl., Corr., 95, 1887.
330. PECTOLITE. Pektolith v. Kobell, Kastner's Arch., 13, 385, 1828, 14, 341. Photo- lith Breith ., Char., 131, 1832. Wollastonite, Stellite, Thomson, Min., 1, 130, 313, Ratholite some collectors. Osmelith Breith., Pogg., 9, 133, 1827. Walkerite Heddle, Min. Mag., 4, 121,
Manganpektolith J. Francis Williams, Zs. Kr., 18, 386, 1890.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 1-1140 : 1 : 0-9864; ft *84° 40' 001 A 100 E S D l
lOo' A HO 47° 57f, 001 A 101 39° 10', 001 A Oil 44° 29'.
Forms8: a (100, c (001, 0); h (540, (102, i-l)1, t (101, 14)1, r (301, 84); n (322, f-f).
ah *41° 35' coco' 25° 24'
M'" 83° 10' aw *45° 30'
qq' — 68a 8' ca 24° 41'
q (340, £-f), oo (140, e-4); (101, - 14)';
ct 43° 51' cr 74° 6' ch - 86° 1'
en =61° 59' a'n 48° 33' nri 63° 31'
Twins: tw, pi. a. Crystals elongated I, and usually terminated at one extremity by planes h, ca, etc. ; faces a striated. Commonly in close aggregations of acicular crystals. Fibrous 1.
massive, radiated to stellate.
Cleavage: a perfect; c also perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. - 5. G. - 2-68-2-78. Luster of the surface of fracture silky or sub vitreous. Color whitish or grayish. Subtranslucent to opaque. 1, Ratho, Greg.
q)
2, Bergen Hill.
Optically +. Ax. pi. and Bxa b; Bx0 nearly a; 2H0 143°-145C measured in cleavage plates, Dx.
Silicates.
Comp., Var.-.HNaCajl(SiOs)iorHiO.Nai0.4Ca0.6SiO, Silica 54-2, lime 33-8, soda 9-3, water 2-7 100.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Almost always columnar or fibrous, and divergent, the fibers often 2 or 3 inches long, and sometimes, as in Ayrshire. Scotland, a yard. Osmelite, from Niederkirchen, near Wolfstein, Bavaria, is columnar and radiated; G. 2 799-2'833, Breith.; color grayish white, yellowish, gray. Walkerite varies slightly in composition from ordinary pectolite.
2. Compact. Massive, fine-grained and tough, of a pale green color and resembling some jade; used by the Alaska Indians for implements, hammers, etc. Anal. 7.
3. Manganpectolite. Contains 4 p. c. MnO. From Magnet Cove, Arkansas, occurring in elseolite-syenite with thomsonite (ozarkite), etc. In crystals with a, c, t (101). Measured angles: ac 84° 42', ct 44° 26', at 50° 55'. H. 5. G. 2'845. Cleavage: c, a both perfect. Axial angle — 15° approx. Dispersion very strong, p v, analogous to titan ite.
Anal.— I, Whitney, J. Soc. N. H. Bost., 36, 1849. 2, 3, Heddle, Phil. Mag., 9, 248, 1855. 4, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 252, 1872. 5, E. B. Knerr & E. F. Smith, Am. Ch. J., 6, 411, 1884. 6, A. H. Chester, Am. J. Sc., 33, 287, 1887. 7, F. W. Clarke, ib., 28, 20, 1884. 8, Kbl., Ben Ak. Miiuchen, 1, 296, 1866. 9, Heddle, Min. Mag., 4, 121, 1880. 10, J. F. Williams, 1. c.
G.
1. Bergen Hill
2. Ratho, fibrous 2-881
3. " cry st.
4. Fassathal
5. Lehigh Co., Penn. 2-6
6. Disco Island
7. Point Barrow, mass. 2 '873
8. Niederkii chen, Osmelite
9. Costorphine Hill,
Walkerite 2 -71 2
10. Magnet Cove, "
Manganpectolite 2*845
SiO,
A1.,O3
CaO
Na2C
tr.
52-20 — 28-64 6'50 0'85 53-03 — 30-28 8'99 —
K2O H2O
— [2-37] FeO I'll 100 9-75(withK2O)3 04 98'99 2-80 98-85 301 Fe2Os 1-68 100-39 4-63 Fe2O3 0'80 99'99 4-70 100-57 [=100-82 4 -09 FeO tr., MgO 1"43 2-94 FeO 0-37, MuO 1-75 100-44
5 -28 FeO 1 '33, MgO 5-1 2 99 92
2-43 MnO 4'25, Fe2O3 [0-10, C02 0-82 99-90
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water. B.B. fuses at 2 to a white enamel. Decomposed pnrtfallv by hydrochloric acid, gelatinizing. Often gives out light when broken in the dark.
Obs. — Occurs mostly in basic eruptive rocks, in cavities or seams; occasionally in metamor- phic rocks. Found in Scotland at Ratho Quarry and Castle Rock, near Edinburgh; at Kilsyth, Corstoi nhine Hill (walkerite), Loch End, Girvan, and Kuockdolian Hill, in Ayrshire; and at Tnl'sk etc., I. Skye. Also at Mt. Baldo and Mt. Monzoni in the Tyrol, where first obtained; at an iron mine in Wermland, associated with chlorite and calcite. Disco Is., Greenland (so- called okeuite),
Occurs also at Bergen Hill, N. J., in large and beautiful radiations; Lehigh county, Penn.; compact at Isle Royale, L. Superior; at Magnet Cove, Ark., in elaeolite-syenite (manganpectolite); compact, massive in Alaska, where it is used, like jade, for implements.
Ref.— ' Bergen Hill, angles in zone ac not very exact. 2 Cf. Ph., Min., 144, 1837; Greg & Lettsom. Min , 213, 1858. Dx., Min., 1, 129, 547, 1862.
331. Rosenbuschite.
1890. Zirkon-pectolith.
W. C. Brdgger, G. F5r. F5rh., 9, 254, 1887 ; Zs. Kr., 16, 378,
6 1-1687 : 1 : 0-9572; /3 *78° 13'= 001 A 100
Monoclinic. Axes a : Brogger.
100 A HO 48° 50f, 001 A 101 34° 29', 001 A Oil 43° 8J'. Forms: a (100, i-i), c (001, 0); h (540, z-f), (201, 2-1). Angles: hh'" 84° 56', ah *42° 28', cs 67° 28', ch - 81° 20', sh' *52° 28'.
In spheroidal radiating crystalline groups, rarely showing distinct crystals; also felt-like.
Cleavage: c perfect; a, s rather perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5-6. G. 3'30 Bgr.; 3-315 Cleve. Luster vitreous. Color light orange-gray. Pleochroism and absorption weak, c b a.
Optically — .. Ax. pi. and Bxa b. Bx0 -A 6 c A t - 12° to - 14°. Comp.— 6CaSiO,.2Na,ZrO,F8.(TiSiOs.Ti03),Bgr. Anal.— Cleve, Zs. Kr., 16, 382, 383. 1890
a- U-'
La Venite.
Na2O
10-15 ign. 0-20 98'92
SiOa ZrO2 TiOa Fe2O3 La2O3 MnO CaO
1. 31-53 18-69 7-59 1-15 2'38a 1'85 2538
2. 31-36 20-10 6-85 1-00 0'33? 1'39 24'87 9'93 F 5'83 101
a Including a little Cea03 and a trace of DiaO3.
Pyr.— Fuses easily.
Obs.— Occurs very sparingly in the region of the Langesund fiord in southern Norway, exact locality unknown (Barkevik?). It is associated with segirite, zircon, white feldspar, elseolite, sodalite, tritomite, leucophauite, etc.
Named for Prof. H. Kosenbusch of Heidelberg.
332. LA VENITE. W. C. Brogger, G. For. F5rh., 7, 598, 1885, 9, 252, 1887. Id., Zs. Kr., 16, 339, 1890. Laavenite. Loveuite.*
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 1-09638 : 1 : 0-71517; /S=69042f=OOlAlOa Brogger.
100 A HO *45° 48', 001 A 101 26° 31', 001 A Oil 33° 51f.
Forms: a (100, i-i), b (010, i-i); I (310, *-3), n (210, a-2); m (110, J); y(101,-l-i), r (Oil, 1-i), 0 (111, - 1).
II'" 37° 50f nn'" 54° 25' mm'" 91° 36'
aq 43° 11'
rr' 67° 42'
ee' 52° 10' ae *49° 5
me *39° 29 mq 59° 27'
Twins: tw. pi. a common; also with enclosed tw. lamellae. Crystals prismatic
with m prominent, also tabular a. Also in embedded grains.
Cleavage: a rather perfect. Brittle. H. 6. (JT. 3-51-3-55. Luster vitreous. Color light yellow to nearly colorless; also dark yellow to dark brown. Translucent. Pleochroism rather strong; c deep red- brown, b yellowish green, a wine-yellow. Absorption, c b a.
Optically — , perhaps in some kinds also +. Double refraction very strong, y-a — 0-03. Ax. pi. b. Bxa A b — 19° 25' to — 20° 18 . Axial angles and refractive index:
2Ha 90° 16' 2H0 116° 7' 1-4118)
I,
S.
Til
1!
i!
Figs. 1-3, Norway, Bgr. 2Va =79° 46' /? 1-750
Comp., Var.— Essentially R(Si,Zr)03 with Zr(Si03)2 and RTaaOe; R=Mn(Fe): Ca: Nas =7:6:9 approx.; RZr(02F2) replaces in part RZr03.
Var. — Occurs in Norway in two varieties, one light yellow to nearly colorless; the other dark reddish brown to blackish brown; the former variety contains more soda and lime and has Bxa A c — 19° 25'; the latter has Bxa A c — 20° 18'.
Anal.— 1, Cleve, G. For. Forh., 7, 598, 1885. 2, Id., ibid , 9, 252, 1887. 3, Id., Zs. Kr., 16, 344, 1890.
SiO2 ZrO2 TiO3 Ta,OB Fe.,O3 FeO MnO CaO Na2O F H2O
1 G =3-51 33-71 31-65 — — 5'64? — 5'06 ll'OO 11'32 1'03 99'41 2. G. =3-547 29-63 28'79 2'35 5'20 4'73? — 5'59 9'70 10'77 ign. 2 24 99'00 3 29-17 28-90 2'00 4'13a 0'78 3'02 7'30 6'93 11 23 3'82 0'65Xb 3'08
101-01 a Incl. Nb2O6. b X Zircon.
Obs. — First found on the little island Laven in the Langesund fiord, southern Norway, asso- ciated with catupleiite, eucolite, also mosandrite, tritomite, etc.; also on the island Klein-Arb with
The Swedish is equivalent to the Danish (Norwegian) aa and has the sound of the English o.
Silicates.
eucolite, cappelenite, etc., and on Ar6; it belongs among the rarer minerals of the dikes of elaeolite- or augite-syenite. Further noted in the elaeolite-syenite, occurring on the southwestern boundary of the provinces of Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo, also in the Serra de Tiugua, Brazil; similarly associated on one of the Los islands, near Sierra Leone, West Africa; in the sanidinyte of Sao Miguel, Azores.
Ref.— L. c., and Zs. Kr., 16, 339, 1890. The crystals were first described as mosandrite, Zs. Kr., 2, 275, 1878.
333. WOHLERITE. Wphlerit Scheerer, Pogg., 59, 327, 1843.
Monoclinio. Axes a : b : 6 1-0549 : 1 : 0-7091; ft — *70° 45' 001 A 100 Dx.-Dbr.1
100 A HO *44° 53', 001 A 101 27° 27', 001 A Oil 33° 48'.
Forms2:
a (100, i-l) b (010, c (001, 0)
I (720, i-f) n (210, i-2) m (110, /) 9 (120, i-2)
Ti (130, £-3)
d (101, - l-l) k (101, 1-1) d (201, 2-1)
x (012, l-l) o (Oil, l-l) f (021, 2-1)
P (Hi, - 1)
8 (111, 1)
j (221,2)? u (311, - 3-3)3 £ (212, 1-2)?
n (211, 2-2) (121, - 2-2) 0(121, 2-2) GO (161, 6-6)3
nn'"
KO° KAl'
ad
*43° 18'
mm'"
89° 46'
xx'
37° 1'
99'
53° 19'
oo'
67° 36'
M'
37° 1'
ff
106° 29'
ck
39° 11'
cp
37° 3'
cS
66° 19'
cm
76° 294
cs 49° 50V
ci 50° 30'
c(f> 62° 17'
ap 49° 7'
a's 73° 31'
51° 52'
67° 22V
88° 24'
106° 15'
36° 52'
51°' 34'
Crystals commonly prismatic and tabular a; usually twins, tw. pi. a; also with enclosed tw. lamellae. Also granular.
Cleavage: b distinct. Fracture conchoidal to splintery. Brittle. H. 5-5-6. <J. — 3-41-3"44. Luster vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color light yellow, wine-, honey-, resin-yellow, brownish, grayish. Streak-powder yellowish white. Trans- parent to subtranslucent.
Pleochroism distinct, but not strong; c wine-yellow, b clear yellow, a nearly colorless. Absorption c b fl. Optically — . Ax. pi. nearly d (101) and b. Bxa A — — 45 . Bx0 b. Dispersion small, p v. Axial angles variable even in the same crystal, Dx.
a
2Ha.r 2Ha.bl
2Ha.r
2Ha.bi
2Ha.r
2Ha.bl
—
89° 90°
85° 86°
86°
87°
34' 54'
41' 12'
24' 30'
2H0.r
2H0.bl
2H0.r
2H0.w
2Hor 2H0.bl
128° 127°
139° 138°
144° 144°
6' 6'
3' 32'
24'
8'
2Vr
—
76°
10'
ft,
67
2Vbi
77°
2'
1
09
2Vr
71°
56'
/3r
1
09
2Vbi
72°
18'
fa
1
71
2Vr
71°
26'
fir
— 1
72
2Vb,
72°
1'
1
74
Also, Br5gger, Bxa A c. — 43° 18', and axial angles:
For Li " Na " Tl
2Ha.r 90° 53' 2Ha.y 91° 18 2Ha.gr 91° 57'
2Hor 122° 9' 2H0.y 121° 42' 2Ho.gr 121° 15'
2Vr 78° 18' 2Vy 78° 37' 2Vgr 78° 49'
Comp.— Essentially 12R(Si,Zr)Ot.RNba08; where R Ca : Naa 4 : 1 nearly, also including Fe,Mn in small amount (Rg.). Further (Bgr.) with the metazircon- ate, RZr03, in part replaced by RZr(02FJ.
Anal.— 1, Scheerer, 1. c. 2, Hermann, Bull. Soc. Moscow, 38, 467, 1865. 3, Rammels- berg, Pogg., 150, 211, 1873. 4, Cleve, Zs. Kr., 16. 360, 1890.
Hior Tdaulite.
Si02 ZrO3 Ti02 NbaO6 Fe2O, FeO MnO CaO MgO Na2O H2O F G 3-41 30-62 15-17 — 14-47 2'12 — 1'55 26'19 0'40 7'78 0'24 —
98-54
29-16 22-72 — 11'58 — 1'28 1'52 24'98 0'71 7'63 1'33 —
100-91
4 28-43 19-63 — 14-41 — 2'50 26-18 — 7'78 — —
98-93
G =3-442 30-12 16'11 0-42 12'85 0'48 1'26 I'OO 26'95 0'12 7"50 0-74 2'98
0-66 101-19 a X Cerium oxides.
On the absorption spectra, see Kruss and Nilson, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 44, 369, 1887.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. in a strong heat fuses to a yellowish glass. With the fluxes gives the reac- tions of manganese, iron, and silica. Dissolves easily when heated in strong hydrochloric acid, with separation of the silica and niobium pentoxide.
Obs.— Occurs with elseolite, sodalite (and spreustein), cancrinite, barkevikite, segirite, etc., in zircon-syenite, on several islands of the Langesund fiord, near Brevik.iu Norway, especially on the island Skudesuudskjar, near Barkevik; also on Lamoskjar Laveu) and Stoko; further on the island Ris5 near Fredriksvarn. Some crystals are nearly an inch long. Named for Prof. Friedrich Wohler (1800-1883).
Ref.— ' Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 425, 1868; and earlier ib., 40, 76, 1854; Ann. Mines, 16, 229, 1859; Min., 1. 162, 1862. See also Dbr., Pogg., 92, 242, 1854; the system was at first supposed to be orthorhombic. Morton (quoted by Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 355, 1890) gives: a : b : c 1-0536 : 1 : 0'70878; ft 71° 3'. 2 Cf. Dx., 1. c., and Bgr., 1. c. 3 Bgr.
y. Tridinic Section.
334. HIORTDAHLITE. W. C. Brogger, Nyt Mag., 31, 232, 1889 (Separate, 1888); Zs Kr., 16, 367, 1890.
Triclinic. Axes & : I : 6 0-99835 : 1 : 0-35123; a 89° 22$', ft 90°- 36f ', Y 90° 5f Brogger.
100 A 010 *89? 54$', 100 A 001 89° 23$', 010 A 001 90° 37$'.
Forms: I (210, £2') h (210. '£2) v (101, '14') e (111, '!) y (311, 3-3,)
a (100, i-l) m (110, /') Jlf (110, '/)„ p (111, 1')
6 (010, 0 (120, e-2') (120, V 2) # (ill, 1,)
aM *44° 59V mM 89° 53V av 70° 4f
(120,
ap 71° U ae *71° 12' ax 44° 43'
x (311, 3-8') z (811, '3-3)
a'g= 72° 11' bp 72° 14' b'e - 71° 13
Me *62° 53' pe 36° 33' ex *41° 31'
By inverting the crystals and taking v (101) as the base (001), Brogger calculates the follow- ing axial ratio and angles, which show the resemblance in form to wOhlerite:
a : : c 1-0583 :1 : 0'7048 a 90° 29' ft 108° 49f y 90° 8'.
Crystals tabular a, and vertically elongated; polysynthetic twins with twinning lamellae having 3 as tw. ax., tw. pi. 6 and comp.-face a.
Cleavage not distinct. Very brittle. H. 5-5'6. G. 3-267 Bgr. Luster vitreous on crystalline faces; greasy on fracture surfaces. Color light shades of straw-, sulphur- to honey-yellow, less often yellowish brown.
Pleochroism not strongly marked: c wine-yellow, b bright yellow, a nearly colorless. Absorption t b a. Optically -f . Bxa situated in the
Norway, BrOgger.
upper left-hand front octant, oblique to a; the optic normal in that behind. Ax. pi. approximately 111. Extinction-angles with 6, on a 25° and 65°, on b 15$° and 74°.
Comp.— Essentially (Na.,,Ca)(Si,Zr)03, with also fluorine present (Bgr.) asafluo- zirconate RZrO.F,; nearly corresponding to 4Ca(Si,Zr)03.Na2ZrO!1F1.
Silicates.
Anal.— Cleve, Zs. Kr., 16, 374, 1890.
SiOa ZrO-, TiO2 Fe2O3 FeO MnO G. 3-235 31-60 21 '48 1'50 0'34 0'94 0'96
CaO MgO Na20 HaO F
32-53 0-10 6-53 0'58 5'83 102'39
Fyr., etc. — Fuses easily B.B., to a yellowish white enamel. Gelatinizes with acids. Obs.— Occurs sparingly embedded in feldspar, elaeolite, or fluorite in a narrow dike on the- island, Mittel-Ar5, in the Laugesuud fiord, southern Norway. Named after Prof. Th. Hiortdahl of Christiania.
335. RHODONITE. Rother Braunstein pt. Min. of last Cent.; fr. Kapnik, Buprecht, Phys. Arb. Wien, 1, 55, 1782; CrelPs Ann., 1,297, 1790. Rothbraunsteinerz pt. Wern. Dichtes Roth-Braunsteinerz (Kapuikker Feldspath) Karst., Tab., 54, 78, 1800 (favoring its being a distinct species, while others (Haily, Reuss, etc.) supposed it the carbonate mixed with quartz). Roth- stein pt., Kieselmaugan, Mangankiesel, Germ. Manganese Sparpt. ; Red Manganese; Bisilicate of Manganese. Rhodonit Jasche, Germar, in . J., 26, 112, 1819. Hydropit Germar, ib., 115.
Bustamite (fr. Mexico), Bisilicate de Manganese et de Chaux, A. Brongn., Ann. Sc. Nat., 8, 411, 1826. Fowlerite (fr. Hamburg, N. J.) Stieph., Min., 186, 1832, 2, 25, 1835. Kapuikite Huot, 1, 239, 1841. Paisbergit Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 143, 1851; J. pr. Ch., 54, 190, 1851. Mangan-Amphibol Herm., J. pr. Ch., 47, 7, 1849 Hermannit Kenng., Min., 71, 1853 Cunu mingtonit Rg., Min. Ch., 473, 1860. Jarnrhodonit, Eisenrhodonit Weibull, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 41, No. 9, 29, 1884, Min. Mitth., 7, 117, 1885. Keatingine Fowlerite) C. U. Shepard, Contrib. Min. 1876.
Triclinic. Axes a : 1) : 6 1-07285 : 1 : 0-62127; ex 103° 18' 7"; ft =108° 44' 8"; y 81° 39' 16" Flink1. ,
100 A 010 *94° 26', 100 A 001 *72° 36' 30", 010 A 001 - *78° 42' 30".
Forms5 :
t (310, 'i-3)
(041, 4-i')
Jc (221, ,2)
w (221, 2,)
a (100, i4, o Dbr.) & (OlO, i-l, s) c (001, 0, a)
d (210, Jlf (110, 'I, c) e (130, '-8)
(HI. 1') q (221, 2') e (441, 4')s
(441, ,4) ft. (12-1-3, ,4-12)
7T (111,
y (522, '4-4) (121 1, 12-12)
m (110, /', b)
/z (401, '4-O
2 (16-2-3, J/-8')
" (223, f )
w (8-12-3, '4-D
/ (130, £-3')
p (201, ,2-S,)3
a (4-1 -12, f 4')
r (111, 1,)
(7 28-16, '|-4).
g (150, i-5')
0 (401, ,4-)8
m (111, ,1)
(443,4,)
Also doubtful3: 445, 883, 661.
Figs. 1-4, Franklin Furnace, N. J. 2, 3, Pirsson. 5-7, Pajsberg, Flink.
Rhodonite. 379
am 48° 33' mM 92° 28£' cm 42° 2' en - 38° 59'
aM - 43° 55£' en 52° 17' ck 62° 23' ap 56° 19'
6m 45° 53' ep 58° 45' d IT 3' bm 49° 4£'
bf 18° 4£' cjp 293 49' Jf'A *31° 18J1 mr 61° 10'
iff 10° 58' eg — 43° 84' cr 45° 57' b'r 69° 46'
b'd 58° 59' cM 86° 23' en 73° 52' bq 53° 1'
J'Jf *41° 38A/
The similarity in form between pyroxene and the triclinic species, rhodonite and babing- tonite, is shown by their axial ratios and axial angles (pp. 344, 345); also by the following:
110 A 110 100 A 001 221 A 221 221 A 221
Pyroxene mm'" 92° 50' ac 74° 10' oo' — 84° 11' vo' 68° 42
Rhodonite mM 92° 28J' ac 72° 864.' kn 86° 5'
Babingtonite mM 92° 36' ac 72° 29' hd 69° 21'
Crystals usually large and rough with rounded edges. Commonly tabular c; often elongated in direction of M, less often of m ; also spear-shaped (f. 6) ; some- times resembling pyroxene in habit, as in f. 5. Commonly massive, cleavable to compact; also in embedded grains.
Cleavage: m, M perfect; c less perfect. Fracture conchoidal to uneven; very tough when compact. H. 5*5- 6*5. G. — 3*4— 3 '68. Luster vitreous; on cleavage surfaces somewhat pearly. Color light brownish red, flesh-red, rose-pink ; sometimes greenish or yellowish, when impure; often black outside from expos- ure. Streak white. Transparent to translucent.
Optically — . Extinction-angles on a (100), inclined 32° 26' and 44° 16' to edges a/ in and a/c respectively; on b, inclined 10° 48' and 97° 56' to edges b/a and b/c\ on c, inclined 54° 264/ and 39° 37' to edges c/m and c/M. Ax. pi. forms angles of 63° and 38£° with the planes Jf and c. Plane Bxa inclined 51° 47' and 51 40' to the same planes. Dispersion p v. Axial angles, Flink:
2Har 79° 25' 2Hor 109° 56 .-. 2Va.r 75° 57' Li
2Hay 79° 0' 2Hoy 108° 25 .-. 2Va,y 76° 12' Na
2Ha.'gr 78° 884.' 2Ho.gr 107° 134.' 2Va.gr 76° 22' Tl
Comp., Tar. — Manganese metasilicate, MnSi03 or MnO.SiO, Silica 45'9, manganese protoxide 54*1 100. Iron, calcium, and occasionally zinc replace part of the manganese.
1. Ordinary, (a) Crystallized. Either in crystals or cleavable masses. The mineral in crystals from Pajsberg, Sweden, was named paisbergite (or pajsbergite) under the idea that it was a distinct species, (b) Granular massive to compact.
2. Ferriferous. Contains sometimes nearly as much iron as manganese, anal. 9.
3. Calciferous; BUSTAMITE. Contains 9 to 20 p. c. of lime. Often also impure from the presence of calcium carbonate, which suggests that part of the lime replacing the MnO may have come from partial alteration. Grayish red. Named after M. Bustamente, the discoverer. The original was from Mexico.
4. Zinciferous; FOWLERITE. In crystals and foliated, the latter looking much like cleavable red feldspar; the crystals sometimes half an inch to an inch through. This mineral is mentioned by Fowler in Am. J. Sc., 9, 245, 1825, as siliceous oxyd of manganese from Sterling, N. J., and as often containing dysluite (zinciferous spinel). It occurs under the same name in Robinson's Cat. Amer, Min., 298, 1825. It is Thomson's ferrosilicate of manganese, Ann. Lye., N. Y., 3, 28, 1828. Named after Dr. Samuel Fowler.
Anal.— 1, Berzelius, . J., 21, 254, 1817. 2, V. Fino, Att. Ace. Torino, 18, 39, 1882. 3, H. v. Foullou, Jb. G. Reichs., 38, 25, 1888. 4, Schlieper, Dana Min., 463. 1850. 5, 6, Ebel mann, C. R., 20, 1416, 1845. 7, Igelstrom, 1. c. 8, Id., Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 40, No. 7, 93, 1883. 9, Weibull, after deducting 2 76 p. c. magnetite and calcite, ib., 41, 9, 39, 1884, and Min. Mitth., 7, 117, 1885. 10, Rg.. Zs. G. Ges., 18, 34, 1866. 11, Ebelmaun, 1. c., deducting (Rg.) 12 p. c. CaCCv 12, Lindstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 37, No. 6, 57, 1880. 13, Sipocz, Min. Mitth., 31, 1873. 14, Rg., Min. Ch., 459, 1860. 15, Firsson, Am. J. Sc., 40, 484, 1890. Also 5th Ed. p. 226.
Silicates.
G.
SiOa
MuO
FeO
ZnO CaO
MgO
HaO
—
— 3-12
— 100-38
— 4-51
—
1-24 100-23
f 44-57
— 4-22
1-00 99-52
— 2-93
tr.
— 101-13
— 4-66
98-63
—
— 5-48
- 99-23
— 813
— 100-69
— 5-70
0-80 97-80
— 5-62
— A12O3 1-38
[100-01
—
— 9-60
. —
0-72 99-75
— 16-45
— 99-89
— 18-16
— BaO 0-19, alk
— 21-02
[0-27, gaugue 0 52 lOO'll 1-16 — A12O3 1-17
[100-46
5-10 6-30
0-18 - 100-74
7-33 7-04
- 99-64
1. L&ngban
2. Viu, Turin
3. Rosenau, Hungary
4. Cummington
5. Algiers
6. St. Marcel
7. Pajsberg, Paisbergite
8. Wennland
9. Vester Silfberg
10. Mexico, Bustamite
12. Lang-bun
13. Rezbanya
14. Stirling Hill, Fowlerite
15. Franklin Furn., "
Pyr., etc. — B.B. blackens and fuses with slight intumescence at 2'5; with the fluxes gives reactions for manganese; fowlerite gives with soda on charcoal a reaction for zinc. Slightly acted upon by acids. The calciferous varieties often effervesce from mechanical admixture with calcium carbonate. In powder, partly dissolves in hydrochloric acid, and the insoluble part becomes of a white color. Darkens on exposure to the air, and sometimes becomes nearly black,
Obs.— Occurs at Langban, Wermland, Sweden, in iron ore beds, in broad cleavage plates, and also granular massive; at the Pajsberg iron mines near Filipstad (paisbergite) sometimes in small brilliant crystals; also at Elbiugerode, in the Harz; in the district of Ekaterinburg in the Ural massive like marble, whence it is obtained for ornamental purposes; with tetrahedrite at Kapnik and Rezbanya, Hungary; in Cornwall; fet. Marcel, also near Viu, Piedmont; Algiers; Tetela di Xonotla, Mexico.
Occurs in Cummington, Mass., and some of the neighboring towns, in boulders; also in "Warwick, Mass.; in an extensive bed on Osgood's farm. Blue Hill Bay, Maine; in Irasburg and Coventry, Vt.; near Winchester and Hinsdale, N. H. ; at Cumberland, R. I.; fowlerite at Mine Hill, Franklin Furnace, and Stirling Hill, near Ogdensburgh, N. J., the two localities only 2 or 3 miles apart, it is usually embedded in calcite and is sometimes in splendid crystallizations.
Named from pod or, a rose, in allusion to the color. The name is attributed to Jasche by Germar (1819), but is not in the Kleine Min., Schriften of Jasche (1817).
Alt. — There are two prominent methods of alteration, which may act separately or together. (1) Through the strong tendency of manganese protoxide to pass to a higher state of oxidation; in which process the red color changes to brown or black, commencing with the exterior, which becomes a black crust to the mass. Indefinite mixtures thus result, which may be either partly silicate, or wholly one or more oxides of manganese. (2) Through the tendency of the manganese protoxide and other protoxides present to unite with carbonic acid afforded by alkaline car- bonated waters, this causing the silicate to be penetrated with manganese carbonate, and often also with carbonate of lime or iron. The color of the result after this latter method is usually grayish red to grayish white, and sometimes brown.
I. By Oxidation; not Hydrated or Carbonated.
A. MAKCEI.INE Berthier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 51, 79, 1832. Color grayish black to iron-black; luster submetallic; G. 3'8; H. 5'5-6. From St. Marcel in Piedmont. Heteroclin Breith. (Evreinot, Pogg., 49, 204, 1840) is from the same locality, and of the same nature, as recognized by Breithaupt.
B. DYSSNITE v. Kobell, Grundz., 328, 1838. Thomson's sesquisilicate of M., from Franklin, N. J. (Ann. Lye. N. York, 1. c.), an iron-black ore, with G. 3'67; it is altered fowlerite Von Kobell cites Thomson's analysis, and gives no description of his own.
II. By Oxidation; Hydrated.
STRATOPEITE, Wittingite, Neotocite, a-re names of results of this kind of alteration. They are found along with rhodonite. They contain about 35 p. c. of silica. See NEOTOCITE under HYDROUS SILICATES. Opsimose of Beudant and Klipsteinite of v. Kobell (see beyond) are aames of a similar hydrous silicate containing about 25 p. c. of silica, with admixed wad.
III. Carbonated.
A. ALLAGITE Jasche, Germar, . J., 26,112,1819; Grilnmanganerz Jasche, Kleine Min. Schriften, 10, 1817. From Schebenholze, near Elbingerode in the Harz, is either dull green or reddish brown, and affording du Menil (Gilb. Ann., 61, 199, 1819) 7'5 p. c. CO2.
B. PHOTICITE Germar, . J., 26, 116, 1819; Photizit Brandes, ib., 138. Yellowish white, Isabella- and wax-yellow, greenish gray, pearl-gray, to rose-red; G. 2*8-3, from the same locality with the allagite. It afforded Brandes (ib., 136) 11 to 14 p. c. of carbon dioxide, with some water. Corneous manganese (Horn-mangan of Jasche) is of similar nature, it con-
Basing Tonite. 381
taming 5 to 10 p. c. of carbon dioxide; color brown to gray. And so also the Cuinmington rhodonite, which afforded Schlieper 10 p. c. or more of carbonates, and which Hermann erron- eously made a maugauesiau amphibole.
Anal.— 1, Berthier, 1. c. 2, Damour, Ann. Mines, 1, 400, 1843. 3, Thomson, Lye. Nat.. Hist., N. Y., 3, 33. 4, 5, du JVIeuil, 1. c. 6-8, Brandes, 1. c.
SiO2 Al2O3Mn2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO
1. Marceline 26'00 3'00 67'23 1'23 1-40 1'40 — — 100'25
2. Heteroclin 10'24 — 76'32 11 "49 114 0'26 -- — 99'45
3. Dyssnite 38'39 — 51 "67 9'44 — — — — 99'50
4. Allagite, green 16'00 — — 73'71 — — — 7'50 97'21
5. " brown 16 00 — — 79'00 tr. — — 7'50 98'50
6. Photicite, yellowish 39-00 0'25 46-13 0'50 — — 3'00 11 -00 99'88
7. " grayish 36'00 6'00 37'83 0'50 — — 6 00 14'00 99 89
8. Horn-manganese 35-00 0'25 57'16 0'25 — — 2'50 5'00 99'91
The ores, as alteration continues, graduate into true oxides of manganese. A kind from Pesillo (called Pesillite by Huot, Min., 1841) has lost nearly all of the silica in the change.
A series of alteration products of rhodonite from North Carolina and Rhode Island have been analyzed by W. N. De Regt, cf. Chester, Jb. Min., 1, 187, 1888.
Artif. — Formed by Bourgeois in crystals by fusing equal equivalents of silica and manganese dioxide, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 64, 1883. Also by Gorgeu, ibid., 10, 264, 1887; described by Vogt from the iron. works at Westanfors, Sweden, in Bessemer slags and also with those of spiegeleisen. Ak. H. Stockh , Bihang, 9, 29, 1884; Arch. Math. Nat., Christ., 30, 80, 1889.
Ref.— ' Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 42, No. 6, 159, 1885, and Zs. Kr., 11, 506, 1886. The position is that suggested by J. D. D. (Min. 225, 1868), which shows the relation to pyroxene; later adopted by Groth, Tab. Ueb., 58, 102, 1874. and Flink.
Cf. Dbr., Pogg., 94, 396, 1855; Greg, Phil. Mag., 4, 196. 1856; Kk., 4, 174; Dx., Min., 1, 68, 1862; Sjogren, Pajsberg, G. For. Forh., 5, 259, 1880; Flink. 1. c., who gives many new- forms. z Pirssou, Franklin Furnace, N. J., Am. J. Sc., 40, 484, 1890. 4 E. 8. D., Franklin.
HVDRORHODONITE. Hydroroclonit N. Engstrom, G. F6r. F6rh., 2, 468, 1875. Massive; crystalline. Cleavage easy in one direction. H. 5-6. G. 2'70. Luster vitreous. Color red-brown Streak brownish white. Translucent, in thin splinters transparent. Analysis, Engstrom:
Si02 44-07 MuO 30 83 FeO 1-04 CaO 3 60 MgO 6'98 Li2O 1-23 Na2O 0'39 H2O 11-84 99'98
A second analysis gave similar results. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with the separation of silica. From Langban, Wermland, Sweden. This may be a hydrated rhodonite.
KLIPSTEINITE. Schwarz-Braunsteinerz von Klapperud Klapr., Beilr., 4, 137, 1807 OmimoM Tr., 187, 1832. Vattenhaltigt Manganoxidsilikat Bahr, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 7, 242, 1850. Klipsteinite JKbl., J. pr. Cb., 97, 180, 1866.
Amorphous. Compact. H. —5-55. G. 3'5. Luster dull to submetallic. Color dark liver-brown to black. Streak reddish brown or yellowish brown. Opaque. Analyses: 1, Bahr. 1. c. 2, v. Kobell, 1. c.:
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 Mn2O3 MnO MgO CaO H2O
1. Klapperud, Opsim. 23'69 0'61 9'14 56'21 — 0'89 0'50 9-51 100-05
2. Dilleuburg, Klipst. 25-00 -1'70 4'00 3217 25'00 2'00 — 9'00 98'87
From Klapperud in Dalecarlia with rhodonite; also from the Bornberg mine at Herborn, near Dillenburg. Beudant's name is from the Greek ofajuoS, late; Klipsteinite is named after Prof. v. Klipstein of Giessen.
Fischer shows the impurity of this supposed mineral, Zs. Kr., 4, 365, 1880.
336. BABINGTONITE. Levy, Ann. Phil., 7, 275, 1824.
Triclinic. Axes a : b : 6 1-06906 : 1 : 0-63084; a 104° 2U', /3 108° 304', Y 83° 34±' Dauber1.
100 A 010 92° 4', 100 A 001 72° 28f ', 010 A 001 76° 58£'.
Forms' : b (010, i-l, s) m (110, /', b) h (221, 2') / (443,
a (100, i-"i, o Dbr.) c (001, 0, a) (110, '/, c) g (111, 1,) d (221, '2)
am *47° 23' VM— 42° 43' cd 57° 36' dh 69° 21'
aM 45° 13' ch 43° 6' cM *87° 28' ah 50° 82*'
mM *92° 36' cm *67° 48' bh 51° 13' ad 41° 48f
bm 44° 41' eg *47° 36' b'd 59° 26' a'g 75° 44'
For a comparison of angles with pyroxene, see p. 379.
Silicates.
Arendal, after Dx.
Crystals small, somewhat resembling black augite or hornblende. Faces in zone c hm striated their intersection-edges; also c d similarly.
Cleavage: M perfect; also m less so. Fracture subcon- choidal. Brittle. H. 5-5-6. G. 3-35-3-37. Luster vitreous, splendent. Color dark greenish black. Pleochroic. Faintly translucent; large crystals opaque, or faintly subtrans- lucent. Extinction-angles with 6 on a (100) 44°, on b (010) 31°, Vogt.
Comp.— (Ca,Fe,Mn)Si03 with Fe2(Si03)3 in the ratio of 9 : 1 (anal. 1), or 6 : 1 (anal. 2), Rg.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Pogg., 103. 287, 304, 1858. 2, Jehn, Pogg., 144, 594, 1871, and Inaug. Diss., Jena. 1871. 3, Forbes, Phil. Mag., 37, 328, 1869. 4, H. Klemm, Inaug. Diss., Jena, 1873.
H2O
0 44 100-92 0-43 alk. tr. 99 "94 0-73 A12O3 1-60 99-89 — 100-25 Incl. 10-91 Mn203.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. fuses at 2-7 to a black magnetic globule, and with the fluxes gives reactions for iron and manganese. Unacted upon by acids.
Obs. — Occurs in distinct crystals at Arendal, in Norway, associated with epidote and massive garnet; in the syenite of Sutherland Scotland, but falsely reported from the Shetlands (Heddle); at Herboruseelbach, Nassau, implanted upon a massive ferruginous quartz; at Baveno, Italy, in cavities in granite; Devonshire, England.
In the United States it is said to coat crystals of feldspar, at Gouverneur, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. Small black polished crystals coating mica slate, or micaceous gneiss, at Athol, Mass., referred by Shepard to babingtonite, may possibly belong here, but see 5th Ed., p. 228.
It was named after Dr. Wm. Babington (1757-1833).
Artif. — Observed in crystals in slag at the Bessemer steel manufacture at Hoerde; the com- position (anal. 4) varies somewhat widely from that of the natural mineral; also in cavities in a roasted iron ore from Finspong, Vogt, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 9, No. 1, 37, 1884.
Ref.— ' Arendal, Pogg., 94, 402, 1855; cf. rhodonite. See also Levy, 1. c.; Dx., Min., 1, 73, 1862; Rath, Baveno, Pogg., 135, 583, 1868; Id., Nassau, Pogg., Erg., 5, 420, 1871; Schrauf, Atlas, xxx, 1871.
G.
SiO2
Fe2O3
FeO
MnO
CaO
MgO
Arendal
7'
91
Hornseelbach
22
Devonshire
25
Artificial
24
f 48-89
16-25*
3. Amphibole Group.
Orthorhombic, Monoclinic, Triclinic.
Composition RSi03 with R Ca,Mg,Fe chiefly, also Mn,Na2(Ka),Hs. Further
often containing aluminium and ferric iron, in part as NaAl(Si08)a or NaFe(Si03)a;
H in perhaps also as RRaSi06.
a. Orthorhombic Section.
a:b
337. Anthophyllite 337A. GEDEITE
338. Amphibole
Non-aluminous TEEMOLITB ACTINOLITE
(Mg,Fe)Si03 0-5138
(Mg,Fe)Si03 with (Mg,Fe)Al2SiO.
ft. Monoclinic Section.
a : 1) : 6 0-5511 : 1 : 0'2938
73° 58'
CaMg3(Si03)4
Ca(Mg,FeySi03)4
Nephrite, Asbestus, Smaragnite, etc.
Amphibole Group.
CUMMIJSTGTONITE (Fe,Mg)Si03
Amphibole-anthophyllite DANNEMORITE (Fe,Mn,Mg)SiOs
Silfbergite, Hillangsite
Grunerite Kichterite
Aluminous EDENITE PARGASITE
FeSi03 ((K,Na),Mg,Ca,Mn)SiOs
) Chiefly Ca(Mg,Fe)3Si4Oia with
HORNBLENDE ] Al.SiA, and (Mg,Fe) .
339. Glaucophane
340. Riebeckite
341. Crocidolite
342. Arfvedsonite
342 A. Barkevikite.
NaAl(Si03)2.(Fe,Mg)Si03 2NaFe(Si03)2.FeSi03 NaFe(Si08),.FeSiO, Na8(Ca,Mg)3(Fe,Mn)u(ALFe)sSiai04
y. Tridinic Section.
343. JEnigmatite
Cossyrite
Na4Fe9AlFe(Si,Ti)12038 0'6778 : 1 : 0-3506
a 90° ft 72° 49' y 90° approx.
The AMPHIBOLE GROUP embraces a number of species which, while falling in different systems, are yet closely related in form — as shown in the common prismatic cleavage of 54° to 56° — also in optical characters and chemical composition. As already noted (seep. 345), the species of this group form chemically a series parallel to that of the closely allied Pyroxene Group, and between them there is a close relationship in crystalline form and other characters. The amphibole group, however, is less fully developed, including fewer species, and those known show less variety in form.
The chief distinctions between pyroxene and amphibole proper are the following: prismatic angle with pyroxene 87° and 93°; with amphibole 56° and 124°; the prismatic cleavage being much more distinct in the latter. With pyroxene, crystals usually short prismatic and often complex, structure of massive kinds mostly lamellar or granular; with amphibole, crystals chiefly long prismatic and simple, columnar and fibrous massive kinds the rule. The specific gravity of most of the pyroxene varieties is higher than of the like varieties of amphibole. In com- position of corresponding kinds, magnesium is present in larger amount in amphibole (Ca : Mg 1 : 1 in diopside, 1 : 3 in tremolite); alkalies more frequently play a prominent part in amphi- bole. Cf also pp. 388, 390.
The optical relations of the prominent members of the group, as regards the position of the axes of light-elasticity, is exhibited by the following figures (after Cross); compare p. 346 for a similar representation for the corresponding members of the pyroxene group.
I. Anthophyllite. II. Glaucophane. III. Tremolite, etc. IV. Hornblende.
V. Arfvedsonite (?). VI. Riebeckite (?).
384 Silicates.
a. OrthorhomMc Section.
337. ANTHOPHYLLITE. Anthophyllit Schumacher, Verzeichn., 96, 1801. Antophyllit Karst., Tab., 32, 1808. Anthogrammit Breith., Char., 29, 1820. Antholith Breith., Uib., 38, 1830. Kupfferit R. Hermann, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 35, 243, 1862.
337A. GEDRITE Dufrenoy, Ann. Mines, 10, 582, 1836.
Orthorhombic. Axial ratio a : b 0-51375 : 1, Penfield1. Prismatic angle, mm'" 54° 23'. Crystals rare, habit prismatic but prisms not terminated. Commonly lamellar, or fibrous massive; fibers often very slender. Also in aggrega- tions of prisms, like actiuolite.
Cleavage: prismatic, perfect; b less so; a sometimes distinct. H. 5-5-6. G. 3'1-3'S. Luster vitreous, somewhat pearly on the cleavuge-face. Color brownish gray, yellowish brown, clove-brown, brownish green, emerald-green, sometimes metalloidal. Streak uucolored or grayish. Transparent to sub- translucent.
Anthophyllite is usually optically + (Dx., anal. 2); also optically -f- for red, — for yellow, green (Pfd., anal. 1). Ax. pi. always b. Bxa usually c; also c for red, a for yellow, green. Axial angles and indices:
Kongsberg2 (anal. 2) 2H0.r 117° 26' 2H0.y 116° 26' .-. 2V0.r 99° 58' ftt 1 636 Dx. (other sections) 2H0.r 110° 49', 117° 18', 2H0.y 112° 4', 2H0.w 109° 5', 111° of
Franklin, N. C.1 (anal. 1) section a 2Hr 87° 31' 2Hy 85° 45' 83° 44
c 2Hr 87° 24' 2Hy 88° 5' 2Hgr 88° 28'
.-. 2Vr 90°4' 2Vy 88°46' 2V,,. 87° 28' and ftt 1 -6276 fty 1-6353 /?gr 1'6495 Also, measured fty 1-6301 y? 1'6404 .-. <xy 1-6288.
Gedrite from Fiskernas is optically — . Axial angles and indices, Ussing3:
2Ha.r 89° 24' 2Ha.y 89° 6' 2Ha.gr 88° 45'
/Jr= 1-6358 r, 1-8489 .-. a, 1-628 2Vr 78*°.
Comp., Tar. — (Mg,Fe)Si03, corresponding to enstatite-bronzifce-hypersthene in the pyroxene group. Aluminium is sometimes present in considerable amount. There is the same relation in optical character between anthophyllite (-)-) and gedrite (— ) as between enstatite and hypersthene.
Var.— 1. ANTHOPHYLLITE, Mg : Fe 4 : 1, 3 : 1, etc. For 3 : 1, the percentage com- position is: Silica 55'6. iron protoxide 16'6, magnesia 27'8 100. In anal. 2, Mg : (Fe-f-Mn -(- Ca -j- Ha) — 3:1 nearly, the water is here chemically combined. Anthophyllite sometimes occurs in forms resembling asbestus.
In Kupfferile, the magnesia predominates largely; it thus seems to correspond more nearly to an eustalite; a little chromium gives it a deep green color.
2. Aluminous, GEDRITE. Iron is present iu larger amount, and also aluminium; it hence cor- responds nearly to a hypersthene, some varieties of which are highly aluminous (cf. anals., p. 350); the aluminium may be present as MgAl2SiO6. The gedrite from Bamle has mm'" 54° 40' (Dx.).that of Fiskernas. mm'" — 55° 12 '4 (Ussing).
Thalackerite Breith. is an authophyllite from Greenland, having a metalloidal luster II b. Optically +. 2H0.r 117° 35' Dx., N. R., 32, 1867.
Hydrous antliophyllites have been repeatedly described, but in most cases they have been shown to be hydrated monoclinic amphiboles. That of Thomson, from New York Island, has been examined by Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 49, 1853. Another from Glen Urquhart, Scotland, described by Heddle (Min. Mag., 4, 213, 1881), is actinolite, as shown by Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 7, 1886.
A mineral regarded by Pisani as the snarumite of Breithaupt (5th Ed., p. 316) is probably a somewhat altered anthophyllite, cf. anal 13, and Dx.. C. R., 84, 1510, 1877. Another snarumite" has a composition near spodumene. cf. Breith., Jb. Min., 820, 1872
Anal.— 1, Penrield, Am. J. Sc., 40, 394, 1890. 2, Pisaui, Dx. Min., 1, 536, 1862. 3. Bre- zina, Min. Mitth., 247, 1874. 4, Heddle, Min. Mag., 3, 21, 1879. 5, Hermann, 1. c. 6, Pisnni, LTustitut, 190, 1861. 7, Petersson, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 39, No. 10, 7, 1882. 8, Rosenius. Zs. Kr., 2, 498, 1878. 9, Stadius, ibid. 10, Lechartier, Dx., N. R., 32, 1867. 11, Ussing, 6fv. Ak. Stockh., 46, 29, 1889, Zs. Kr., 15, 609, 1889. 12. 13, Pisimi. C. R., 84, 1510, 1877.
Amphibole Group— Amphibole.
Anthopfiyllite.
G.
SiO2 A12O3
FeO
MuO
MgO
CaO
Alk. H2O
Franklin, N. C.
— l-67ign (100°) 0
99-99
Kongsberg Herman uschlag
— 2-56
100-93 Fe.,O3 0 42 [98
71
Scotland
— 3-36
100 67
Ilmeu Mts.,
Kupfferite
0-65b
tr. 0-82
100
Gedrite.
Heas, Gedres
—
— 4-21
99-79
Hilsen
— 1-68
97-38
Stansvik
— —
99-29
"
— —
ioi-o&
"United States"
—
- 1-90
99-96
Fiskernas
22 '22e
—
—
2-30d 1-37
99-89
Bamle
—
—
1-44 3-00
99-91
Snarum,
Snarumite
—
4-50 2-86
100-98
3. b NiO.
c Incl. 0-44 Fe2O3.
d Na2O,
A " kupfferite " analyzed by Lorenzen from Greenland is shown by Ussing to be bronzite (anal. 5, p. 347).
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses with difficulty to a black magnetic enamel; with the fluxes gives reactions for iron; unacted upon by acids.
Obs. — Authophyllite occurs in mica schist with hornblende and mica in thin and long plates aud fibers near Kougsberg in Norway, and with gray cobalt near Modum; in the spherical mica aggregates at Herrnannschlag, Moravia; probably in the gabbro of the Lizard, Cornwall (Teall). In the U. S., at the Jenks corundum mine, Franklin, Macou Co., N. C.
Named from anthophyllum, clove, in allusion to the clove-brown color, as Schumacher states.
Kupfferite is from a graphite mine in the Tunkinsk Mts., near L. Baikal. The analysis here given is from a mineral of similar kind from near Miask, in the Ilmen Mts. The former has not been analyzed. Koksbarov has also found it near the Sanarka river, Ural. Named after the Russian crystallographer and physicist Adolf Kupffer (1799-1865).
The original gedrite is from the valley of Heas, near Gedres, France, and contains micro- scopic black spinels (picotite}. Similar aluminous anthophyllites have been observed in crys- talline schists from other localities, as at Hilsen near Snarum, also Kragero, Bamle, in Norway; Stansvik near Helsingfors, Finland (Sjogren); also Fiskernas, Greenland.
Ref.— ' Franklin, Macon Co., N. C., Am. J. Sc., 40, 394, 1890. N. R., 31, 1867. 3 Zs. Kr., 15, 609, 1889.
PiDDiNGioNi'fE Haidinger, Ber. Ak. Wien, 41, 251, 1860. The ash-gray mass of the meteorite of Shalka, in Bancoorah, consisting in part of grains having two easy cleavages inclined to one another 70°, with H. 6'5; G. 3'412 Haid., 8'66 Piddingtou; and fracture resinous, and containing, small embedded grains of chromite. Hauer obtained: SiO2 57'66, Al2Oa tr., FeO 20'65, MgO 19'00, CaO 1'53 98'84, which is nearly the composition of antho- phyllite. The meteorite was first described by H. Piddington in the J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 20,
299, 1852.
338. AMPHIBOLE. Sk5rl Schorl) pt. Wall., 1747 (excluding Amiantus, Bergkork, etc., and Asbestus). Skorl pt., StralskOrl (— Strahlsteiu) Cronst., Min., 1758 (excl. Asbestus Amianthus) and Bergkork, id. Hornblende Wern., Bergm. J., 1789 (excl. Strahlsteiu and Asbest). Hornblende Karst., Tab., 1791 (excl. Strahlstein, Tremolit, and Asbest). Id. (excl. also Smaragditpt.) Karst., Tab., 1800, 1808: id. Ullmann, 1814, and Jameson, 1817. Auiphibole (incl. Actinote) H., Tr., 1801 (excl. Grammatite Tremolite and Asbeste). Amphibole (incl. Actinote and Grammatite) H., Tabl., 1809 (excl. Asbeste). Heterotyp (incl. Asbestus, Bronzite, Hypersth., Anthoph. with other varieties) Hausm., Handb., 1813. Hornblende Jameson, Syst., 1820 (excl. Actinolite, Tremolite, Asbestus, Cariuthine). Amfibole, Orniblenda, Ital. Anfibola, Hornblenda, Span.
Tremolite. Tremolit Pini, de Saussure, Voy. Alpes, 4, § 1923, 1796. Grammatite H., Tr., 3, 1801. Kalamit Wern., Tasch. Min., 10, 169, 1816. Calamite. Raphilite Thorn., Min., 1, 153, 1836. Sebesit in Breith. Handb., 539, 1847. Nordenskioldit, Kenng., Ber. Ak. Wien, 12, 297, 1854. Hexagonite Goldsmith, Proc. Ac. Philad., 160, 1876.
Actinolite. Stnilskorl pt. Cronst., 1. c. Strahlstein Germ. Actynolite Kirw., Min., 1, 167, 1794. Schorl vert du Zillerthal, Zillerthite, Delameth. T. T., 2, 357, 1797. Actinote 77., Tr., 3. 1801.
Silicates.
NEPHRITE. Pietra di hijada [fr. Mexico or Peru] Span. Lapis nephriticus A. Clutius, Dissert., 1627; C. BarthoLinus, Opusc., 1628; deBoot, Gemm., 1609. Lapis ludicus Aldrovandus, Met., p. 706. Talcum uephriticum Linn., 17(38. Jade, Pierre uephretique, d'Argenmlle, OrycL 186, 1755; Sage, de Lisle, etc. Nephrit Wern., Ueb. Cronst., 185, 1780. Kiduey Stone. Nierenstein, Beilsteia, Germ. Cacholong pt.
ASBESTOS. 'A/jiavroS Az'QoS Dioscor., 5, 155. [Not acr/te'crros Quicklime] Dioscor., 5, 133.] Asbestos, Linum vivum, Amiantus, Plin., 19, 4, 36, 31. Lapis Carystius (fr. Carys- tum) Pausanias. Lana montana. Amiantus, Asbestus, Agric., Foss., 253, 1546; Wall. , Min., 140, 143, 1747 (Caro montaua or Bargkott Mountain leather, and Suber montanum or Barg- koark Mountain cork, being included). Asbestus, Amianthus, Carystiue Mtn. leather and cork), Hill, Foss., 166, 1771. Kymatin Breith., Uib. 1830, Char., 113, 1832. Byssolite (fr. Bourg d'Oisans) Saussure, Voy. Alpes, § 1696; Asbestoide (ib.) Vauq. & Macquarl, Bull. Soc. Philom., No. 54, 1797; Amianthoide (ib.) Delameth., T. T., 2, 364, 1797.
SMARAGDITE Saussure, Voy. Alpes, 4, §§ 1313, 1362, 1796. Diallage verte pt. H., 1801; Green Diallage pt. Diallagon Ullmann, Tab., 90, 1814.
CUMMINGTONITE Dewey, Am. J. Sc., 8, 59, 1824. Amphibole-Authophyllite Dx., N. R., 114, 1867. Antholite Dana, Min., 234, 1868.
DANNEMOKITE (Jern-och-manganoxidulrik Hornblende A. Erdmann, Dannemora Jerum., 52, 1851. Daunemorit Kenng., Ueb. 61, 1855, 1856). Asbeferrite Igelstrom, B. H. Ztg., 26, 23, 1867. Silfbergit Weibull, Of v. Ak. Stockh., 41, No. 9, 24, 1884. Hillangsite Igelstrom, Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 232, 1884; Hillangsite.
GRUNERITE (Pyroxene ferrugineux (fr. Collobrieres) Gruner, C. B., 24, 794; Grilnerit Kenng., Min., 69, 1853).
Richterite Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 364, 1865. Breislakite BroccM, Cat. di una raccolta di Rocce, 28, 60, 70, 192, 1817. Cyclopelte Dx., Min., 1, 65, 1862.
Hornblende —
EDENITE. Edenit Breith., Handb., 558, 1847. Kokscharowit N. Nordenskwld, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, 30, 223, 1857.
PARGASITE. HORNBLENDE. Corneus flssilis pt. , Corneus solidus pt., C. crystallisatus pt., Horubarg, Skiorl pt., Wall., Min., 138, 139, 1747. Skoii pt., Basaltes pt., Bolus particulis squamosis pt., Cronst., 70, 82, 1758. Schorl opaque rhomboidal pt., Schorl argileux pt., de Lisle, Crist., 2, 389 (pi. iv., f. 97, 99), 424, 1783. Basaltische Hornblende Wern., Bergm. J., 1789 (incl. also augite). Basaltische H. (augite excl.) Wern., 1792, and later; Karst., Tab., 1800. Pargasit Steinheil, 1814, Tasch., Min., 301, 1815. Amphibolit Breith., Char., 1823, Uib., 34, 1830. Diastatit (fr. Wermland) Breith., Char., 134, 1832. Syntagmatit (fr. Vesuvius), Wallerian, Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 428, 1865.
Noralite Dana, Min., 236, 1868. Gamsigradite Breith., B. H. Ztg., 20, 51, 1861. Berga- maskite Lucchetti, Mem. Ace. Bologna, 2, 397, 1881. Kaersutit Loremen, Medd. Gronland, 7, 1884.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 6 0'55108 : 1 : G'29376; fi 73° 58' 001 A 100 N. Nordenskiold-Koksharov1.
100 A 110 27° 54V, °01 A 101 24° 4' °01 A Oil 15° 46'.
Forms2 :
-a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l) c (001, 0)
n (310, *-3) q (210, t-2)3 S (430, £-!)6
m (110, I) e (130, i 3) x (150, *'-5)5 T (170, i-7)5
t (101, -14) p (101, 14)
h (503, |4)3 I (201, 24) / (301, 34)3
r (Oil, 1-1) i (031, 34) p (051, 54)
a (112, - d (111, 1) ft (332, I) P (221, 2)4 Tt (312, f-3> k (211, 2-2)
o (121, -2-2)
(231, 3-f) z (121, 22)
g (251, 5-|)3
u (131, 3-§)4 s (141, 4-4) y (2-10-1, 10-5)4
Figs. 1-3, Russell, N. Y. 4, Pierrepont, N. Y. Penfield.
Amphibole Group— Amphibole.
nri"
—
20°
qq'"
29°
40'
mm'"
—
*55°
49'
ee'
—
64°
22'
yyyJ
41*
22'
Yt
30°
11'
at
—
49°
54'
cp
31°
0'
—
55°
27'
cf
—
70°
2'
ph
—
17°
32'
Pf
39°
2'
pt
—
55°
4'
rr' —
ppr
*31° 32' 80° 32' 109° 32V
cm cd cP ck
Co
cv
75° 53V 34° 27 58° 54' 56° 25' 33° 37' 62° 3'
ar ap a'd
74° 35' 80° 49' 75° 37'
a! it — 61° 41'
a'k =51° 44'
ao 54° If
a'e 77° 1'
a'g 65° 10J'
dd' 31° 41'
kk' 25° 34' PP' 48° 49i'
oo
vv' zz' 99'
48° 24' 68° 30' 59' 94' 97° 15'
m'k 49° 24' mr — 68° 46V mo 44° 41'
pr
*34° 25' 15° 26' pk 27° 25' pm' 76° 48V *34° 25' 58° 30i' 49° 9' 60° 18f
pr po pv pi PP
Figs. 5-7, 11, Russell, N. Y. 8, 9, Pierrepont, N. Y. 10, Rossie, K Y. 12, DeKalb, N. Y. Figs. 5-12, Penfield. 13, A dark green amphibole enclosing, in parallel position, a pale green pyroxene, Russell, N. Y., G. H. Williams.
Twins': (1) tw. pi. a, common as contact-twins; rarely polysynthetic*. (2) c, as tw. lamellae, occasionally producing a parting analo- 14.
gous to that more common with pyroxene (f. 13). ,
Crystals commonly prismatic, with m short (f. 1, 2), or elongated (f. 5, etc.) ; usually terminated by the low clinodome, r, sometimes by r and p equally developed and then suggesting rhombohedral forms (as of the low terminal rhombohedron of tourmaline), since the angles rr' and pr approximate to each other; the form a not very common. Also columnar or fibrous, coarse or fine, fibers often like flax; rarely lamellar; also granular massive, coarse or fine, and usually strongly coherent, but sometimes friable.
Cleavage: m highly perfect; a, b sometimes dis- a
tinct. Parting, due to twinning, sometimes observed c and a.
Fracture-
388 Silicates.
subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle. H. 5-6. G. 2 '9-3 -4, varying with the composition. Luster vitreous to pearly on cleavage-faces ; fibrous varieties often silky. Color between black and white, through various shades of green, inclining to blackish green ; also dark brown , rarely yellow, pink, rose-red. Streak uncolored, or paler than color. Sometimes nearly transparent; usually subtrans- lucent to opaque.
Pieochroism strongly marked in all the deeply colored varieties, as described beyond. Absorption usually c b a. Optically — , rarely +. Ax. pi. b. Extinction-angle on b, or r, A c + 15° to 18° in most cases, but varying from about 0° up to 37°; hence also Bxa A & — 75° to — 72°, etc. Dispersion p r. Axial angles, variable; see under the varieties below.
Coinp., Var. — In part a normal metasilicate of calcium and magnesium, usually with iron, also manganese, and thus in general analogous to the pyroxenes. The alkali metals, sodium and potassium (and hydrogen), also present, and more commonly so than with pyroxene. In part also aluminous, corresponding to the aluminous pyroxenes. Titanium sometimes is present and also rarely fluorine in small amount.
The alumiuium is in part present as NaAl(SiO3)2, but many amphiboles containing aluminium or ferric iron are more oasic than a normal metasilicate; they may sometimes be explained us
n HI
containing R(Al,Fe)2SiO6 (cf. Tso.her.mak)8; but the exact nature of the compound is often doubtful. Tschermak has shown reason for writing the amphibole formulas as double the corresponding ones for pyroxene. Thus, for most tremolite and actinolite, Ca : Mg(Fe) 1:3, and hence tremolite is CaMg3Si4Oi2, while diopside is CaMgSi2O6, etc.
Rammelsberg has shown that the composition of most aluminous amphiboles may be expressed in the general form mRSiO3.7iAl2O3. While Scharizer, modifying this view, proposes to regard the amphiboles as molecular compounds of Ca(Mg,Fe)3Si4Oi2 (actinolite), and the
i ii m
orthosilicate (R2,R)3R2Si3Oi2, for which he uses Breithaupt's name syntagmatite (syntagmit Rg.), originally given to the Vesuvian hornblende. The Jan Mayen amphibole, anal. 117, approxi- mates in composition to syntagmatite in this sense. Cf. Jb. Min., 2, 143, 1884, also Re., Min. Ch., Erg., p. 37 et seg., 1886.
The name amphibole, proposed by Hauy, has the precedence, because Haily first rightly appreciated the species, as he had done for pyroxene, and gave it, and not any of its varieties, the name. In his Traite, in 1801, he brought together hornblende and actinolite; and by 1809 he had added to the group the third prominent variety, tremolite; while in all other works not taking their views from him, these three minerals still stood as distinct species. Asbestus was annexed to the series by Hausmann in 1813, though kept separate long afterward by many other authors.
The varieties depend chiefly upon composition; in part also, but less fundamentally, upon structure; the prominent kinds are properly sub-species, as was true with the pyroxenes, and the subdivisions are to a considerable extent the same here as there.
I. Containing little or no Aluminium.
TREMOLITE. Grammatite, nephrite pt. Calcium-magnesium amphibole. Formula CaMg.Si,, Silica 57 -7, magnesia 28'9, lime 13-4 100. Ferrous iron, replacing the magnesium, is present only sparingly, up to 3 p. c. Colors white to dark gray. In distinct crystals, either long-bladed or short and stout;
often in thin blades flattened b by the oscillatory repetition of the prism. In aggregates long and thin columnar, or fibrous; also compact granular massive (see nephrite, below). G. =2*9-3 Sometimes transparent and colorless. Optically—. Extinction-angle on b, or c A t + 16° to 18°, hence Bxa A & — — 74° to — 72°.
Skutterud t A b 16° ay 1-6065 ft, 1-6233 Yj 1-6340 2Vy 81° 22' Pfd Also c A b 15° 2H, 99°-100° 2Hy 100°-10r ft, 1-620 8 1'622
.-. 2Vr 87° 22' 2Vy 88° 16' Dx.
Nordmark, Flink:
t A k 17° 18' 2Hy 94° 26' ft, 1-616 Li ft, 1-618 Na flp 1-620 Tl .-. 2Vy 84° 9'
Tremolite was named by Pini from the Tremola valley on the south side of the St. Gothard.
Amphibole Group— Amphibole. 389
Grammatite (from ypannrj, a line) alludes to a line in the direction of the longer diagonal seen by Hauy on transverse sections of some crystals. It was substituted f or tremohte by Haiiy, without reason, and does not deserve recognition.
Nordenskioldite, from Ruscola, near Lake Onega, is tremolite.
Raphilite, from Lanarh in Canada, is probably also tremolite.
Uexagonite from Edwards, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., is a pink tremolite containing a small amount of manganese (anals. 12, 13); it was described as hexagonal, but its true character was shown by Koenig.
Some nephrite and asbestus (see below) belong here.
ACTINOLITE. Strahlstein Germ. Calciiinwnagnestum-iron amphibole. Formula Ca(Mg,Fe)3Si401.J. Color bright green and grayish green. In crystals, either short- er long-bladed, as in tremolite; columnar or fibrous; granular massive. G. 3-3*2. Sometimes transparent. The variety in long bright-green crystals is called glassy actinolite; the crystals break easily across the prism. The fibrous and radiated kinds are often called asbestiform actinolite and radiated actinolite. Actinolite owes its green color to the ferrous iron present.
Pleochroism distinct, increasing as the amount of iron increases, and hence the color becomes darker: c emerald-green, b yellow-green, a greenish yellow. Absorption c b a Zillerthal, Tschermak. Optically — . Extinction -angle on b or c A — + 15° and Bxa A c — 75°. Axial angles, Dx.:
St. Gothard 2Ha.r 90° to 91° ft, 1 626 2Vr 79° 38'
2Ha.y 91° fty= 1-629 2Vy 80° 4'
Zillerthal a, 1-611 ft, 1-627 1'636 y-a 0'025 Levy-Lex.
Named actinolite from ciKriv, a ray, and Az'Qo?, stone, a translation of the German Strahl- stein or radiated stone. Name changed to actinote by Haily, without reason.
NEPHRITE. Jade pt. Cacholong pt. A tough, compact, fine-grained tremolite (or actinolite), breaking with a splintery fracture and glistening luster. H. 6-6'5. G. 2'96-3'l. Named from a supposed efficacy in diseases of the kidney, from re<ppoS, kidney. It varies in color from white (tremolite) to dark green (actinolite), in the latter iron protoxide being present up to 6 or 7 p. c. The latter kind sometimes encloses distinct prismatic crystals of actinolite (anal. 40). A derivation from an original pyroxenic mineral has been suggested in some cases (Arzruni, Traube).
Nephrite or jade was brought in the form of carved ornaments from Mexico or Peru soon after the discovery of America. Del Rio, in his Mexican Mineralogy (1795), mentions no Mexican locality. A similar stone comes from Eastern Asia, New Zealand, and Alaska as noted beyond. See also pp. 371, 397.
ASBESTUS. Asbestos. Asbest Germ. Tremolite, actinolite, and other varieties of amphi- bole, excepting those containing much alumina, pass into fibrous varieties, the fibers of which are sometimes very long, fine, flexible, and easily separable by the fingers, and look like flax. These kinds are called asbestus (fr. the Greek for incombustible). Pliny supposed it a vegetable product, although good for making incombustible cloth, as he states. The amianthus of the Greeks and Latins was the same thing; the word meaning undefiled, and alluding to the ease of cleaning the cloth by throwing it into the fire. The colors vary from white to green and wood brown. The name amianthus is now applied usually to the finer and more silky kinds. Much that is called asbestus is chrysotile, or fibrous serpentine (Serpeutinasbesl Germ.), it containing 12 to 14 p. c. of water, see p. 670.
Friederici has described varieties of asbestus in which alkalies are prominent (anals. 84, 85); one was blue in color and resembled crocidolite.
An asbestiform mineral from Franklin Furnace, N. J., has been analyzed by Koenig; he gives: 4'8 p. c. MnO, 4'6 ZnO (also 1-70 MnO, 7'10 ZnO in another sample), Proc. Ac. Philad., 47, 1887. Some other asbestiform amphiboles are noted below. It is possible that some asbestus may properly belong to the pyroxene group; cf. aegirite, p. 366, and crocidolite, p. 400.
The following are related to asbestus:
Mountain leather is in thin flexible sheets, made of interlaced fibers; and mountain cork (Bergkork) the same in thicker pieces; both are so light as to float on water, and they are often hydrous, color white to gray or yellowish. Mountain wood (Bergholz, Holzasbest, Germ.) is compact fibrous, and gray to brown in color, looking a little like dry wood.
Byssolite (Amianthoid, asbestoid) fr. Bourg d'Oisaus in Dauphiny, is of an olive-green color, coarse and stiff fibrous; it is stated to contain a considerable amount of manganese. The name is often given to similar varieties of amphibole, not necessarily manganesian.
SMARAGDITE. A thin-foliated variety of amphibole, near actinolite in composition but carrying some alumina. It has a light grass-green color, resembling much common green iiallage. As early urged by Rose it has at least in many cases been derived from pyroxene
390 Silicates.
(diallage) by uralitization, see uralite, below. It retains much of the structure of the diallage and also often encloses remnants of the original mineral. It forms, along with whitish or greenish sau&surite, a rock called saussurite-gabbro, the euphotide of the Alps. The original mineral is from Corsica, and the rock is the carsilyte of Pinkerton, and the verde di Corsica duro of the arts.
URALITE Rose, Pogg., 22, 321, 329, 1831; 27, 97, 1833; 31, 609, 1831. Traversellite pt. Pyroxene altered to amphibole. The crystals, when distinct, retain the form of the original mineral, but have the cleavage of amphibole. The change usually commences on the surface, transforming the outer layer into an aggregation of slender amphibole prisms, parallel in posi- tion to each other and to the parent pyroxene. When the change is complete the entire crystal is made up of a bundle of amphibole needles or fibers. The color varies from white (tremolite), as in the Canaan, Conn., crystals, to pale or deep green, the latter the more common. In composi- tion uralite appears to conform nearly to actinolite, as also in optical characters (Dx.). The most prominent change in composition in passing from the original pyroxene (cf. auals. below) is that corresponding to the difference existing between the two species in general, that is, an increase in the magnesium and decrease in calcium The change, therefore, is not strictly a case of paramorphism, although usually so designated.
Uralite was originally described by Rose from a green porphyritic rock at Mostovaya, near Ekaterinburg, and at Kauiinskaya, near JVIiask, in the Ural It has since been observed from many localities. The microscopic study of rocks has shown the process of " uralitizatiou " to be very common, and some authors regard many hornbleudic rocks and schists to represent altered pyroxenic rocks on a large scale. The following (1, 2, 5, 7, 9) are analyses of uralite: 1, Rath, Pogg., 95, 558, 1855. 2, Kg., Min. Ch., 421. 1875; also Kuderuatsch, Pogg., 37, 586, 1836. Analyses 3-5, by Harrington (Geol. Canada, p. 21, 1879), give the composition of the glassy green central portion of a pyroxene crystal (3); of the dull gray zone surrounding this (4); and finally of the amphibole forming the exterior (5). 6, 7 are analyses by Richter and Scheerer (Pogg., 84, 383, 1851) of the diopside (ti) from Reichtenstein and of a fibrous actiuolite (7) derived from it. 8, 9, by Dahms (Jb. Min., Beil., 7, 99, 1890), show the change of composition from the original diallage (8) to the resulting amphibole (9). 10, 11, by Rammelsberg (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 243, 1862), give the composition of diopside (10) and tremolite (11) associated together in granu- lar limestone at Gulsjo, Wermland, Sweden, the latter apparently derived from the former.
G. SiO, A1203 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O ign.
1. Neurode 3'273 f 48'70 0 82 — 25-21 — 12'01 11-25 tr. 1-01= 99'00
2. L. Baltym 3-143 50'75 5'65 — 16'48 0'79 12'28 11-59 — — 1-80= 99'34
3-5, Templeton, Quebec.
3. Pyroxene 3'181 50'87 4'57 0'97 1'96 015 1537 24-44 0'22 0'50 1'44=100'49
4. " 3-205 50-90 4'82 1'74 136 015 15'27 24'39 0'08 015 1-20=100'06
5. Uralite 3'003 52'82 3'21 2'07 2'71 0'28 19'04 15'39 0'90 0'69 2-40= 99'51
6. 7, Reichenstein.
6. Diopside 54'50 MO — 3'00 — 18'96 21-41 — — 1-19=100-16
7. Uralite 55'85 0'56 — 5'22 0'40 23'99 11 -66 — — 215= 99'83
8, 9, Zwartkoppies, Transvaal, S. Africa.
8. Diallage f 53'53 3'12 5'09 13'54 — 18'77 6'19 0'57 0'20 —=101-01
9. Uralite 3'038 52'73 4'70 5'26 10 '21 — 12'59 12'58 0'23 0'06 T54= 99'90
Gulsjo, Wermland.
10. Diopside 3'249 55'11 — — 0'54 — 1839 25 63 — — — 99'67
11. Tremolite 3'003 57'62 — — 0'84 — 2612 14'90 — — — 99'48
"CuO
It is interesting to compare in this connection the analyses of green pyroxene (anal. 68, p. 360) and amphibole (anal. 112, p. 396) associated in parallel position at Vesuvius by Rath; also of a siraihr occurrence by Hawes, from Edenville, anal. 32, p. 359, and anal. 108, p. 396.
CUMMINGTONITB. Amphibole-Anthophyllite. Iron-Magnesium-Amphibole. Des Cloizeaux has used the name amphibole-anthophyllite for certain varieties of amphibole resembling antho- phyllite and essentially identical with it in composition, but optically proved to be monoclinic. For that from Kongsberg (anal. 89) he finds mm'" 54° 48', and c A e 15? to 16°. Also:
2H0.r 120° 43V 2Hoy 12002f 2H0.bi 118° Slf /Jr 1'638 .'. 2Va 77° 52' For that from Greenland (anal. 90) c A 16° to 179:
2H0.r 119° 43' 2H0.w 118* 22'. Also 2H0.r 119° 27' 2H0.w 117° 24'.
The original cummingtonite is nearly the same, but contains more iron and less magnesium (anal. 92, 93). It is gray to brown in color; usually fibrous or fibro-lamellar, often radiated. G. 3-1-3-32. Named from the locality, Cumrnington, Mass. The name has also been used for a partially altered rhodonite, which Hermann erroneously called a "Mangan-amphibol."
Amphibole Group— Amphibole. 391
Antholite. This name (Kenng., Ueb., 6, 1859, 1860; Dana, Min., 5th Ed., p. 234) has been used for certain asbestiform amphiboles contaiuing 26 to 31 p. c. MgO and 12'6 to 9 p. c. FeO without lime and alumina. Of. auals. 31-33, 5th Ed., p. 237.
DANNEMOKITE. Iron- Manganese AmpMbole. Color yellowish brown to greenish gray. Columnar or fibrous, like tremolite and asbestus. Contains iron and manganese. In thin piece* B.B. fuses to a dark slag.
Asbeferrite of Igelstrom is similar; it is grayish white to ash-gray, and like a gray asbestus; in acids not soluble (anal. 95).
Silfbergite. Like amphibole in form, cleavage, and twinning a). H. 5'5. G. 3'446. Color dark yellow to brownish gray. Pleochroism distinct. Extinction-angle on b, 13° 45'. Shown by Bertraud to belong here with also the following mineral. From Vester Silfberg, Wermlaud, Sweden. See anal. 96.
HilUingsite. Near dauuemorite, cf. anal. 97. Resembles authophyllite. Optically — . Occurs with garnet, magnetite, and igelstromite at the iron mine of Hillang, parish of Ludvika, Dalarue, Sweden.
GRUNERITE. Iron- Amphibole. Asbestiform or lamellar-fibrous. Luster silky; color brown; G. 3'713. Formula FeSiO3. Optical properties those of amphibole, according to Des Cloizeaux (Miu., 1,59, 1862). Levy-Lex, give the extinction-angle as 11° to 15°. Pleochroism feeble. Occurs in rnetamorphic schists in the Dept. du Var, France. Griuier's analysis gave: SiO3 43-9, A12O3 1-9, FeO 52'2, MgO I'l, H2O 0'5 99'6. This amphibole needs further study.
KICHTERITE. Sodium-Magnesium-Manganese Amphibole. In elongated crys- tals, seldom terminated. Observed forms, Langban:
a, b, c, n, m, e, p, r, o, z, kl (cf. p. 386). Measured angles : mm'" 56° 7', rr' 31° 18', mr 68° 29', mp 77° 28'. See Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 13 (2), No. 7, 82, 1888.
G. 3'09. Color brown, yellow, rose-red. Transparent to translucent. c A 6 + 17° Flink, 20° and /?y 1'63 Levy-Lex.
From Pajsberg and Langban, Sweden. Characterized by the presence of manganese and alkalies in relatively large amount. See anals. 98, 99. Michaelson gave for a Langban amphi- bole, with G. 3 09, Ofv. At. Stockh., 20, 197, 1863:
SiO3 54-15 A12O3 0-52 Fe2O3 1'77 FeO 2'80 MnO 5'09 MgO 20-18 CaO 6'06 Na2O 2'77
[K2O 6-37 ign. (C12 99 83
The above is the richterite of Igelstrom and Flink. The character of the original mineral named by Breithaupt is doubtful. Breithaupt describes it as occurring in acicular crystals, af- fording the prismatic angle 46° 22'; with G. 2-826; color isabella-yellow, rarely pale yellowish brown; B.B. very fusible. See ASTOCHITE, p. 1027.
MARMAIROLITE N. 0. Hoist, G. For. F5rh., 2, 530, 1875. In very fine crystalline needles. H. =5. G. 3'07. Color pale yellow. Powder white. Transparent. Analysis (mean of several):
SiO2 56-27 FeO 2-03 MnO 4-86 MgO 21 '36 CaO 6-33 K2O 1'89 Na2O 5'94 ign. 0'90=99'58
Formula approximately RSiO3. B.B. fuses with some difficulty to an opaque bead. Not attacked by acids. Occurs with schefferite in a brownish manganesiau limestone (containing 6-56 MnO and 1'35 PbO) at Langban, Werniland, Sweden. Named from juap/uaipetr, toglisten. Groth suggests that this may be a massive form of richterite.
Breislakite. Occurs in wool-like forms at Vesuvius and Capo di Bove. It was made a variety of pyroxene by Chapman (Phil. Mag., 37, 444, 1850), but Lasaulx (Jb. Min., 380, 1878) shows that it has the form and optical characters of amphibole. The color is dark brown to black, and the pleochroism strongly marked. Blowpipe tests prove the presence of iron and, in less amount, of manganese, hence it is inferred that it may belong near richterite. Named after S. Breislak, an Italian geologist (1748-1826).
II. Aluminous.
ALUMINOUS AMPHIBOLES. Contain alumina or ferric iron, and usually both, with ferrous iron (sometimes manganese), magnesium, calcium, and alkalies. The kinds here included range from the light colored edenite, containing but little iron, through the light to dark green paryasite, to the dark colored or black hornblende, the color growing darker with increase in amount of iron. Extinction-angle vari- able, from 0° to 37°, see below. Pleochroism strong. Absorption usually c b a. EDENITE. Aluminous Magnesium- Calcium Amphibole. Color white to gr.y and pale green, and also colorless; G. — 3'0-3'059. Resembles anthophyllite and tremolite. Named from the locality at Edenville, N. Y. To. this variety belong various pale-colored amphiboles, having less than 5 p. c. of iron oxides.
Silicates.
Koksharomte is a variety from the neighborhood of L. Baikal named after the Russian mineralogist, N. von Koksharov. See anal. 105.
PARGASITE and COMMON HORNBLENDE. Colors bright or dark green, and bluish green to ;grayish black and black. G. 3'05-3'47. Pargasite is usually made to include green and bluish-green kinds, occurring in stout lustrous crystals, or granular; and common Jiornblende the greenish black and black kinds, whether in stout crystals or loug-bladed, columnar, fibrous, or massive granular. But no line can be drawn between them. The extinction-angle on b, or c A c -(- 18° to 20° chiefly. Pargasite occurs at Pargas, Finland, in bluish green and grayish black crystals. The dark brown to black hornblendes from basaltic and other igneous rocks vary somewhat widely in optical characters, the angle c A c 0° to -f- 10° chiefly. They carry both aluminium and ferric iron and also alkalies.
The following table (Tschermak et al.) shows the variation in optical characters for the am- phiboles embraced here; cf. observations on tremolite and actinolite already given, pp. 388, 389.
Optical character and extinction-angle on b
C Pargasite -) — (-18°
Common Hornblende. 19° 53'
Axial angles 2Er=107°30' /5=1
2V =59°
Pleochroism
c 6 a
grn.-blue emd.-grn. grn.-yw.
Volpersdorf Saualpe
Karinthin 17°
Franklin, N. J. 17° 15'
Arendal, blk. 17° 30'
Nordmark 12" 34'
Basaltic Hornblende.
Jan Mayen 0°
Czernosin - 1° 40' 2Hr= 93° 24' /J=1'71 2Vr=79° 24'
AranyerBerg 37° 12' 2Ey- 67° 37' 2Hy=510'3
Gamsigradite 30°
/Jr=l'642 2Vr=85°4' brown yellow yw.-grn.
grn.-brn. yw.-brn. yw.-grn. blue grn. yw.-grn. huy.-yw blk.-brn. brn.-yw. blk.-brn.
orange orange black blk.-brn. brn.-red hny -yw. grn.-brn. yw.-brn. olive grn. grn.-yw. yellowish btl.-grn.
Wiik obtained for a light green variety (15 to 16 p. c. A12O3) c A c 26° 30', and for a similar one from Korpo (20 p. c. A12O3) c A b 27° 30'; a black variety from Pargas (12 p. c. A12O3) gave 24° 30 . Black hornblende from Sillbole, Finland (4 -98 A1,OS), gave him c A 18° 30'.
Noralite (5th Ed., p. 236) is a black aluminous iron-calcium amphibole in which magnesium is nearly absent. Anal. 120. From Nora, Westmanland, Brevik, Norway, etc.
Gamsigradite contains manganese in considerable amount, anal. 121. Color velvet-black. G. 3-12. For optical characters see above, and Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 147, 1887. Named from the locality. Gamsigrad in Servia, where it forms with white feldspar a rock called timaeyte. An amphibole from Franklin Furnace examined by Kloos (anal. 122) belongs near here in com- position; it contains both manganese and zinc. G. — 3'352. Color dark leek-green. Optical characters, see above.
Mangan-amphibol of Hermann (Cummingtonite Eammelsberg , and Hermannite Kenngott) is nothing but rhodonite of Cummington, Mass., erroneously analyzed. The error is perpetuated by Rg., Min. Ch., 1875, and Groth, Tab. Ueb., 1889.
Diastatite is a black hornblende from Nordmark in Wermland, stated by Breithaupt to have mm'" 59° 40', and G. 3 08-3 11.
Syntagmatite is the black hornblende of Vesuvius, analyzed by Rammelsberg (anal. 110), in which he found mm!" 55° 52', G. — 3'272. For Scharizer's use of this name, see p. 388.
Breithaupt has also introduced other names (as Amphibolm ferrosus, A. basalticus, A. saxosus, etc.). His A. Wallerianus, or Wallerian, is a black hornblende from Nordmark, supposed to be criclinic. The amphibole from the Saualpe, Carinthia, is A. Carinthinus or Carinthiue (Karinthin), etc.
Bergamaskite is an iron-amphibole containing almost no magnesia. It occurs in a quartzose hornblende- porphyry, from Monte Altino, Province of Bergamo, Italy. Forms acicular crystals, vertically striated, and arranged in parallel or radiated groups; cleavage prismatic, 56°. G. 3 075. See anal. 123.
Kaersutite is a titaniferous amphibole from Kaersut, Umanaks fiord, North Greenland, oc- curring in a chrysolitic rock. Crystals prismatic, mm'" 55° 29'. G. 3'04. Color black, brownish by reflected light, streak chocolate-brown. Peculiar in containing a large amount of titanium, anal. 124.
The following analyses, largely recent, exhibit the composition of the various kinds of am- phibole from the important localities. Additional (older) analyses are given in 5th Ed., pp. 236 to 239; also Rg,, Min. Ch., 1860 and 1875. Cf. also Heddle, Trans. R. Soc., Edinburgh, 28, 502 et seq. . 1878.
Anal.— 1, Berwerth, Ber. Ak. Wien, 85 (1), 158, 1882. 2-6, Rg., Pogg., 103, 294, 1858, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 243, 1862, Min. Ch., 395, 1875. 7, W. M. Burton, Am. J. Sc., 39, 352, 1890
Amphibole Group— Amphibole.
3, T. M. Chatard, ibid. 9, Farsky, Vb. G. Reichs., 208, 1876. 10, Heddle, Min. Mag., 5, 103, 1882. 11, Hofmaun, Min. Mitth., 4, 537, 1882. 12, Koenig, Proc. Ac. Philad., 180, 1876. 13, E. S. Sperry, priv. contr. 14, Hidegh, quoted by Zeph., Lotos, 1879. 15, Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihaug, 13 (2), No. 7, 77, 1888.
16, Breidenbaugh, Am. J. Sc., 6, 211, 1873. 17, Egger. v in -Mutlu__ 243. 1874. 18, Ny- kopp, quoted by Wiik, Zs. Kr., 7, 79, 1882. 19, Hofmaun, ibid. 20, Massie, Ch. News, 42, 194, 1880. 21, 22, Rg., Fogg., 103, 296, 1858. 23, Rg., Min. Ch., 396, 1875. 24, Hunt, Phil. Mag., 1, 326, 1851.
25-28, Fellenberg, Vh. Schweiz. Ges. , Solothurn, 53, 89 et seq., 1869. 29-32, Id., Ber. Ak. Muuchen. 255 et seq., 1873. 33-36, Id., Mitth. Ges. Bern, 112, 1865. 37-39, Damour, C. R., 61, 357, 1865. 40-42, Berwerth. Ber. Ak. Wieu, 80 (1), 102, 1879, 40 of crystals (actinolite) embedded in the nephrite. 43, Rath, Zs. Kr., 3, 593, 1879. 44, 45, C. L. Allen, Ch. News, 46, 216, 1882. 46-50, Shoetensack, Inaug. Diss., Berlin, 1885. 51-61, Beck and Mushketov (58, 59 by Nikolayev), Vh. Min. Ges., 18, 1 et seq., 1882. 62, 63, Jannettaz and Michel, Bull. Soc. Min , 4, 178, 1881. 64-66, Frenzel, quoted by Meyer, Jb. Min. , 2, 324 ref., 1884. 67, 68, Traube, Jb. Min., Beil., 3, 412, 1885. 69, Id., Jb. Min., 2, 277, 1887. 70-80, F. W. Clarke. Proc. U.
5. Nat. Mus., 11, 115 et seq., 1888 ; Am. J. Sc., 28, 20, 1884. Also Bodewig, Zs. Kr., 10, 86, 1884; Seubert and Linck, Ber. Ch. Ges., 15, 219, 1882.
81, Meitzendorf, Pogg., 52, 626, 1841. 82, Rg., Min. Ch., 475, 1860. 83, Scheerer, Pogg., 84, 383, 1851. 84, 85, Friederici, quoted by Bauer, Jb. Min., 1, 158, 1882.
86, T. S. Hunt. Am. J. Sc., 27, 348, 1859. 87, Fikentscher, J. pr. Ch., 89, 456, 1863. 88, Maskelyne and Flight, Q. J. G. Soc., 30, 412, 1874.
89, 90, Lechartier, quoted by Dx., N. R., 117, 1867. 91, C. S. Palmer, quoted by Williams, Jb. Min., 2, 176, 1885. 92, 93, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 48, 1853. 94, Erdmanu, 5th Ed., p 237. 95, Igelstrom, 1. c. 96, Weibull, G. For. Forh., 6, 504, 1883. W, Igelstrom, Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 232, 1884.
98, Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 24, 12, 1867, corrected for admixed magnetite and calcite. 99, Eugstrom, G. For. Forh., 2, 470, 1875.
100-102. Rg., Pogg., 103, 441, 1858. 103, Berwerth, 1. c. 104, Chatard, quoted- by Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 373, 1873. 105, Hermann, Bull. Soc. Mosc., 35 (2), 245. 1862. 106, Loren- zen, Medd. Gronland, 7, 1884. 107, Harrington, Rep. G. Canada, 201, 1873-74. 108. Hawes, Am. J. Sc., 16, 397, 1878. 109, 110, Rg.. 1. c. Ill, Berwerth, 1. c. 112, 113. Rath, Pogg., Erg.,
6, 229, 1873. 114, 115, Rg., 1. c. 116, Schmidt, Min. Mitth., 4, 23, 1881. 117, Scharizer, Jb. Min.. 2, 143, 1884. 118, Doelter, Cap Verd, p. 32, 1882, from hornblende-phonolyte. 119, Tamm, Inaug. Diss., p. 9, Stockholm, 1869. 120, Klaproth, Beitrage, 5, 155, 1810. 121, Fuller, B. H. Ztg., 20, 53, 1861. 122, Kloos, Jb. Min., 1, 211, 1876. 123, Luchetti, 1. c. 124, Lorenzen, 1. c.
I. Containing little or no Alumina.
Tkemolite.
1. St. Gothard 3'027
2. GulsjS 3-003
3. Sweden 2'930
4. Gouverneur 3-000
5. Greenland 3"004
6. St. Gothard , 2'930
7. Pierrepout, brown
G. SiOa AlaO3 FeO MnO MgO CaO ign.
Russell, green Chejuon Sutherland Gumeck, Styria Edwards, Hexag, 2 '996
Nordmark Morawitza
—
—
—
tr.
—
—
—
—
2-6la
Oil
1-79"
—
—
—
—
—
FeaO3.
"069
FeaO3
c 1-62 ]
Actinolite.
16. Brewster, N. Y.
17. Felling, Austria 2 99
18. Lojo, Finland
19. Orijarvi
20. Amelia Co., Va. 3'041
21. Arendal 3'026
22. Greiner 8'067
23. Sulzbach, fibrotts 2-848
24. Raphilite 2*845
f 57-44 1-13 4-33 0'15
56-88 l-84a 3-26 tr.
55-45 1-89 4-87 —
56-92 5-10 1-01 —
56-96 6-77b 2'24 —
56-77 097 5-88 —
55-50 — 6-25 —
54-60 — 12-80 1-16
55-30 0-40 6-30 to-.
1-85= 99-52
— 99-48 0-18 100 01 0-40 99-12 3-33 99-43 1-20 99-65
2-46 Na2O2-13,KaOO'75, [TiO2 0-11 100-15
— Na2O 1-15 99-95
— 100-11 100-02 2-50 Na2O 0-21, K2O 0-44 2-32 99-72
— Na2Ol-90 99-21 0-63 Na2O 0-98, F 0'41
— 99-37 99-28 1-25 99 91
22 59 13-29 1'52 100-45
26-43 12-35 — 100'76
22-98 13-96 — 99-15
20-99 16-68 — 100-70
22-33 11-44 0-31 100-05
21-48 13-56 2-20 100-86
22-56 13-46 1'29 99-06
16-98 12-81 0-61 98-96
22-50 13-36 0-30 alk. 1'05 99'21
a 0-48 FeaO3.
b 2-45 FeaO8.
Silicates.
Nephbite.
G.
Si02
A12O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
ign.
Schwemmsal
1-05 100-04
Agraffe
1-43*
0-49b
1-35 100-21
1-05 10037
New Zealand
0-68 99-93
Turkestan
0-62 K2O 1 02, SiF4
[1-28 100-11
"
0-85 K2O 1-57
[100-65
"
1-20 K?O 0-10, SiF4
[0-60 100-29
"
0-84°
0-78 K2O 0-19
[100-68
Meilen
—
3-25 100-66
—
3-50 100-63
"
—
2 80 100-74
Concise
3 72 99 93
China
2-74 99-70
New Zealand
0'95d
tr.
2-42 99-28
" Oceanic jade"
0'84e
—
18 '07
150Na2OO-68=99-41
New Zealand, cryst.
—
2-81 - 99-16
"
—
3-13 100-81
"
—
2-78 K2O 0-69
[100-57
S. America
—
3-23 100-71
Karakash
—
2-69 alk. 0-48=98-90
New Zealand
—
3-57 alk. 0-58
[100-69
Tienshan, dark-grn.
4-31 alk. 0-49
[100-24
Khotan, violet-gray
4-33 alk. 0-50
[100-18
Irkutsk, yw.-grn.
1-84 alk. 0-44
[100-15
Kansu, grn-gray
—
0-79 100-63
Khorkue Ch&na.i\, white
—
0-23 Na2O 5-71
[100-21
R. Belaya
2-18f
3-11 100-79
R. Kitol
—
2-99 alk. 1-07
[100-15
"
1-95?
3-41 alk. 0-75
[100-39
—
3-51 alk. 0-89
[100-36
R. Bystraya
—
3-21 100-09
Caucasus
—
3-61 99 63
Yarkand
—
3-23 99-80
—
3-14 100-08
Timur's Tomb
—
3-14 99-90
Termes
—
3-74 100-20
Peking
—
3-59 100-56
Mt. Botogol, light
—
3-03 99-87
" " green
—
—
3-10 100 53
Yunnan
tr.
3 25 99-44
San n thai
—
—
2-88 98-87
Murthal
f 55-94
tr.
2-59 99-87
JordansmQhl
f 56-93
1-93 99-32
" white
1-81 100-27
Reichenstein
tr.
1-33 — 99-10
Alaska, yw.-grn.
tr.
1-91 100-32
" sisk.-grn.
tr.
1-42 99-26
" blk. grn.
tr.
2 03 100-10
" black
tr.
2-06 99-81
" dark green
—
1-41 99-90
New Zealand, drk. grn.
tr.
0-83 99-40
Swiss, green
tr.
0-63 99-84
a Incl. 0-55Cr,0.
b 0-15NiO. 0-34 FeaO
0 30 CrO,.
0 26 Cr.O,.
' 0-81 Cr,O,.
0-34 FeaO,.
Amph1Bole Group— Amphibole.
77. Jade Mts., Alaska, grn. gray
79. " white
80. " brownish
SiOa A12O3
FeaO3 FeO
MnO MgO
CaO
ign.
tr.
99-93
tr.
99-54
tr.
99-92
tr.
99-83
Asbestus, Etc.
81. Zillertbal, Asbestw
b2. Kuhnsdorf, Kymatin
83. Zillerthal. Rock Cork
84. Frankenstein
85. Mexico, blue
8iOa
AlaO3
FeO MnO 4-31 1-12 6-32 —
MgO
CaO
NaaO
KaO ign.
99-39
100-21
—
4-37 —
— — 2-43
100-24
—
2-46 0-13
14
— 0
100-66
— —
54
— 1
47
- 100-40
Smaragdite.
86. Alps
87. L. Geneva
88. Du Toils' Pan, S. Africa
Ala03 5-15" 4-32b
Inch 0-61 CraO3.
FeO
MgO
CaO
NaaO
K,O
tr.
b Incl. some CraO3.
ign.
99-15 98-73 99-74
Cummingtonite, Amphibole-Anthophtllite.
89. Kongsberg
90. Greenland
91. Baltimore
92. Cummington
G
SiOa A12O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na,O KaO ign.
55-24 0-18 17-63 2'00 2M7 1-85
55-82 0-47 20-22 20'61 1-14
57-26 l-28 15-64 — 21 '70 tr.
51-09 0-95 32-07 1*50 10-29 tr.
50-74 0-89 33-14 1-77 10'31 tr.
1-28 FeaO8,
— — 2-41 100-48
— — 2-10 100-06 2-80 tr. — 99-88 0-75 tr. 3-04 99 -69 0-54 tr. 3-04 100-43
Dannemobitb.
94. Dannemora 48 -89
95. Brunsio, Asbeferrite 46'25
96. Silfbergite G. 3'446 f 48 -83
97. Hillangsite 48'25
1-46 38-21 8-46 2'92
— 40-40 10-88
— 30-49 8-34 8-39 1-74
— 28-17 12-08 5-86 3'22
0-78 — —
— 100-67
— 2-47 100
— 0-44= 98-23
— — 97-58
RlCHTERITE.
98. Pajsberg
99. Langban
G
SiOa AlaOs FeO 52-23 — 1-35 53-28 2;31 1-62
MnO
MgO CaO Na2O KaO ign. 21-03 5-20 8-82 — 100 19-20 8-43 6-33 0'66a 0'71 lOO'OS
LiaO.
II. Aluminous Amphiboles.
Edenite.
100. Edenville
101. Monroe
102. Saualpe,
Carinthin
103. Pargas
G.
SiOa AlaO3 FeaO3 FeO MnO MgO CaO 51-67 5-75 2-86 — — 23'37 12-42
49-33 12-72 1'72 4-63 — 17-44 4297 16-42 — 1'82 — 2014
NaaO K2O 0-75 0-84
8-123 45-93 12'37 — 4'55 0'34 21-12 12'22 2-24
104. Cullakenee, N. 0. 8'120 45-14 17'59 0'79* 8'45 0'21b 16-69 12-51
105. L. Baikal,
Kokshwrovite 2-97 106 Fiskernas 8'07
45-99 18-20 — 2-40 — 16'45 46-79 15-36 0'69 2'88 — 20-17
CraO,.
"NiO.
ign. 0"46
98-12 0'08 0'59 100-34 [F 0-21 99-13 2-25 0-63 0'29 2-85 0'87 102-75 0-36 1-34 100-83 99-01 1-06 0-60 — 213 100-63
[F 1-
Silicates.
PAKGASITE, HOKNBLENDE. G. SiO2 A12O3
Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO
CaO
NaaO
K2C ign.
107. Bathurst
—
10053
108. Edenville
99-38
109. Pargas
tr.
F 1-70
99-78
110. Vesuvius 3'282f
sr 98-98
111. " blk. 3-298
— .
101-55
112. " bru. 3-112
—
—
[4 -8]
—
100
113. " blk. 3-235
—
—
[4-3]
—
100
114. Czernosin 3 '225
—
Ti02
[0-80
98-80
115. Stenzelberg3-266
TiO2
[0-19
99 67
116. Bohemia
—
—
Ti02
Fo-89 100-43
117. JanMayen 3'33
99-91
118. Mayo
—
—
— :
100-13
119. Pajsberg
[1-53]
—
100-
a
Cr.,0
it
120. Nora, Noralite
121. Gamsigrad,
Gamsigradite
122. Franklin Furnace,
N. J.
123. M. Altino,
Bergamaskite
G. SiOa AlaO3 FeaO3FeO 3-243 42-00 12'00 — 30'00
MnO MgO CaO Na,O K2O 0'25 2-25 1100 — tr. H2OO'75
[=98-25
46-5813-63 — 12-29 6'00 8-44 883 317 1-00 99-94 [Cr2O3 0-13, ZnO 0'53. TiO., 1'76 101 '01 5-97 11-31 3'07 8'42 12'85 3'31 1-95 1'02
39-59 11-20
3-07 536-77 15'13 14-46 22'89 — 0-93 5'14 3-04 41-38 14-41 — 11'28 — 13'51 12'97
4-00 0-42 TiOa 6'75 SnOa [0-26 100-56
Pyr. — Essentially the same as for the corresponding varieties of pyroxene, see p. 361.
Obs. — Amphibole occurs in many crystalline limestones, and granitic and schistose rocks, and sparingly in serpentine, and volcanic or igneous rocks. Tremolite, the magnesia-lime variety, is especially common in limestones, particularly magnesian ordolomitic; actiuolite (also nephrite), the magnesia-lime-iron variety, in steatitic rocks and with serpentine; and dark green and black hornblende, in chlorite schist, mica schist, gneiss, and in various other rocks of which it forms a constituent part; brown to black hornblende occurs in trachyte and other eruptive rocks. Asbestus is often found in connection with serpentine.
Hornblende-rock, or amphibolyte, consists of massive hornblende of a dark greenish black or black color, and has a granular texture. Occasionally the green hornblende, or actiuolite, occurs in rock-masses, as at St. Francis, in Canada. Hornblende- schist has the same composition as amphibolyte, but is schistose or slaty in structure. It often contains a little feldspar. In some varieties of it the hornblende is in part in minute needles. Hornblendic granite contains horn- blende in addition to the ordinary constituents of granite, or replacing the mica. Gneiss and mica schist are often hornblendic in the same way. The hornblende in mica schist is usually in prisms, either stout or acicular, which sometimes are aggregated in sheaf-like tufts. The fasciculite of Hitchcock is merely this tufted hornblende. Syenite is a granitoid rock, con- taining hornblende along with orthoclase feldspar. Dioryte is a similar rock, grayish white to nearly black in color, consisting of hornblende and a triclinic feldspar.
Prominent foreign localities of amphibole are the following; many others have been men tioned in connection with the descriptions of varieties and analyses. Tremolite (grammatite) in dolomite at Campolongo in Canton Tessin, Switzerland; also at Orawitza; Rezbanya.Hungary; Gulsjb, Wermland, Sweden; Trpmso, Norway, etc. Actiuolite in the crystalline schists of the Central and Eastern Alps, especially at Greiner in the Zillerthal; Pfitsch; Zermatt; in tine fibrous form at the Knappenwand, Sulzbachthal, Tyrol, with epidote; Zoblitz in Saxony; Arendal, Nor- way. Asbestus at Sterzing, Zillerthal, and elsewhere in Tyrol; in Savoy; also in the island of Cor- sica, where it is so abundant that Dolomieu is said to have employed it in packing his minerals; at Dretlitz, Pyrenees. Rock cork is obtained in the Zillerthal, Saxony, Portsoy, and Leaclhills, where also mountain leather occurs. Bourg d'Oisans, in France, affords a variety of amianthus, composed of fibers having some degree of elasticity; it is the amianthoide of Hatty. Pargasite at Pargas, Finland; Saualpe in Carinthia. Hornblende at Arendal and Kongsberg, Norway; in Sweden and Finland; at Vesuvius; Aussig and Teplitz, Bohemia; in basalt at Wolfsberg near Czernosin; Klotzberg, Bohemia; the RhOngebirge; Vogelsgebirge; Kaiserstuhl.
Nephrite, which in the form of "jade" ornaments and utensils is widely distributed among the relics of early man (see jade, p. 371), is obtained at various points in central Asia. The most important source is that in the Karakash valley in the Kuen Lun Mts. on the southern
Amphibole Group— Amphibole. 397
borders of Turkestan ; the exact locality of the quarries, which have been extensively worked by the Chinese, is 7 miles from the Kirghiz encampment of Balakchi, which is 12 miles S.E. of Shahidulla (Stoliczka, Q. J. G. Soc., 30, 568, 1874). Quarries also exist in the Kuen-Luu Mts., to the south of Khotan, which have been known by the Chinese for 2000 years; probably also at other points in the same range (cf. Schlagenweit, Ber. Ak. Milncheu, 227, 1873*). Another locality has been described in the same region on the eastern slope of the Pamir on the Raskem- dnria, where it has been extensively mined by the Chinese; from this source the material for the tombstonef of Timur (anal. 59) in Samarkand is believed to have been obtained; white ' ' jadeite " '.like that of Burma) is mentioned as occurring with it (Nature, 1890). It has also been found at Various localities in the government of Irkutsk, eastern Siberia, nearL. Baikal, but only sis rolled masses in river beds, etc. (cf. Beck and Mushketov, 1. c.). Also reported from the province of Yunnan, southern China. In New Zealand it has been much used by the Maoris (called by them Pumamu, Tangiwai, Kawakawa, etc.), and obtained from several points on the west coast of the South Island (Hochstetter, Ber. Ak. Wien, 49(1), 466, 1864).
Nephrite has been found in Europe as a rolled mass at Schwemmsal near Leipzig; in Swiss Lake habitations and similarly elsewhere. Also an extremely fine-fibrous amphibole closely resembling oriental nephrite (anals. 67-69) occurs in place at Reichenstein and Jordansmilhl, Silesia (Traube, 1. c.), where it occurs with serpentine and has resulted from the uralitization of a massive pyroxenic rock; further, rolled masses (anals. 65, 66) have been found in the Saunthal and Murthal, Styria, which were probably derived from the neighboring mountains (cf. Berwerth, Ann. Mus. Wieu, 3, 79, 1888).
In America, besides the jade ornaments common in Mexico, South America and Alaska, nephrite has been found in pebbles in gravel bars (Rep. G. Canada, 1887-88) on the Lewis river in the Yukon district, North-west Territory. A mass of a pale green color, translucent to sub- transparent and weighing If ibs., was found in Miles Canon; another at the Kwikpak mouth, of the Yukon. Further, nephrite (anals. 77-80) has been found in place at the .lade Mts., north of the Kowak river, about 150 miles above its mouth (Storey, Clarke). Also found in rolled pebbles and as Indian implements near Lytton in the valley of the Fraser river, Br. Columbia.
In the United States, in Maine, black crystals occur at Thomaston, at Moultenboro in syenite; pargasite .-it Phippsburg and Parsonsfield; radiated or asbestiform actinolite at Unity; tremolite at Thomaston and Raymond. In N. Hump., black crystals at Frauconia. In Vermont, glassy and radiated actinolite in the steatite quarries of Windham. Readsboro', and New Fane. In Mass., white crystals of tremolite at Lee; glassy and radiated actinolite at MMdlefield and Blandford; radiated actiuolite at Carlisle, Pelharn, Windsor, Lee, and Great Burrington: black crystals at Chester; asbestus at Brighton, Sheffield. Pelham, Newbury, Dedham; cummingtonite at 'Cummington and Plainfield. In Conn., in large flattened white crystals and in bladed and fibrous forms (tremolite) in dolomite, at Canaan, between the Falls, and the post-office, and also at other places in Litchfield Co.; asbestus at West Farms, Winchester, and Wilton, and with mountain leather at the Milford serpentine quarries.
In N. York, in good black crystals at Willsboro', presenting interesting forms; also near the bridge at Potsdam, near Greenwood Furnace, and in Warwick, Orange Co; dark green crystals near Two Ponds, and also 1 m. N., 2£ m. N., and 1 m. 8., of Edeuville, together with gray or hair-brown crystals and tremolite, titanite, and chondrodite. in granular limestone; of various forms and colors, and often in large and perfect crystals, near Amity; in dark green crystals, with ilmenite, at the Stirling mines, Orange Co.; in short green crystals at Gouverneur, St. Lawrence Co., sometimes 2 or 3 in. in diameter, along with apatite, also in fine long prisms of tremolite with brown tourmaline; with pyroxene at Russell in tine crystals; a black variety at Pierrepont; at Macomb, Pitcairn; tremolite at. Fine; in Rossie, 2 m. N. of Oxbow, the variety pargasite in neat bright green crystals; glassy and radiated actinolite near a hamlet called Peeksville, in Fishkill; radiated at Brown's serpentine quarry, 3 m. N.W. of Carmel, Putnam Co ; in large white crystals at Diana, Lewis Co.; radiated and bladed tremolite at Dover, Kingsbridge, the Eastchester quarries, Hastings, and near Yonkers, in Westchester Co.; at Knapp's quarry, Patterson, in Putnam Co., and on the banks of Yellow lake and elsewhere in St. Lawrence Co.; asbestus, near Greenwood Furnace; Rogers's farm in Patterson; Colton rock and Hustis's farm in Phillips- town, Putnam Co.; near the Quarantine in Richmond Co., in long fibers.
In N. Jersey, tremolite or gray amphibole in good crystals at Bryam, and other varieties of the species at Franklin and Newton, radiated actinolite, also a zinc-manganese variety (anal. 122) at Franklin Furnace, Sussex Co.; asbestus and mountain leather at Brunswick. In Penn., actiuob'te in Providence, at Mineral Hill, in Delaware Co.; at Unionville; at Keunett, Chester Co., often in fine crystals; tremolite with asbestus at Chestnut Hill near the Wissahickon, near Philadelphia; at London Grove, Chester Co. In Maryland, actinolite and asbestus at the Bare Hills in serpentine; asbestus is mined at Pylesville, Harford Co.; amphibole-anthophyliite at Mt. Washington, 6 miles north of Baltimore. In Virginia, actinolite at Willi.s's Mt., in Buck- ingham Co.; asbestus at Barnet's Mills, Fauquier Co. Nephrite in Alaska as already noted.
Also later Beck & Mushketov (Vh. Min. Ges., 18, 1, 1883), who give a map of the known localities in the Kuen-Lun Mts., and a summary of the occurrence of nephrite in different parts of the world ; besides describing with many analyses (quoted on p. 394) the Siberian occurrences.
The si'.e of this stone (in centimeters) is as follows: length 192 6'3 ft.), breadth 36f *1: vo an ! 34 below, height, 30 (B. & M.).
398 Silicates.
In Canada, tremolite is abundant in the Laurentian limestones, at Calumet Falls, Litchfield, Pontiac Co., Quebec; also at Blythfield, Renfrew Co., and Dalhousie, Lanark Co.; good crys- tals in limestone at Algona, Renfrew Co. Black hornblende at various localities in Quebec and Ontario with pyroxene, apatite, titanite, etc., as in Renfrew Co.; tine crystals of pargasite, also Iremolite, on the Madawaska, Blythfield, Renfrew Co., Ontario. Black hornblende with the magnetite of Bathurst and South Sherbrooke, Lanark Co., Ontario. Asbestus and mountain cork at Buckingham, Ottawa Co., Quebec; a bed of actinolite at St. Francis, Beauce Co.. Quebec; nephrite has been found in British Columbia and North-west Territory, as already noted.
Alt. — The alterations of amphibole are similar to those of pyroxene (see pp. 362, 363). The fibrous and diallage-like varieties are especially liable to take up water, owing to the finely or thinly divided state of the mineral. Talc, steatite, serpentine, chlorite, epidote, biotite, pinite, chabasite, limonite, magnetite, iron ocher, are among the reported results of alteration.
At Ilmenau, a magnesia-mica, a chlorite, and also (as an after-product from the chlorite) iron-ocher, occur as pseudomorphs after hornblende. Qroppite, and perhaps rosite (4th Ed., p. 287), may be altered pargasite. Genth describes the asbestiform or fibrous serpentine of Texas and Providence, Pa., and "he baltimorite as altered asbestus, and a chrysotile of Delaware Co., Pa., as altered actinolite (Am. J. Sc., 33, 203, 1862). The hydrous anthophylliie of New York Island occurs in place near the corner of 59th street and 10th avenue, and also in many places in boulders. The variations in the analyses, as well as in the aspect of the material, show that it is a result of the alteration of an asbestiform tremolite. Cf. p. 384.
Several alteration-products of amphibole are given below.
Artif. — Obtained artificially by Khrushchov, see p. 1026.
Ref.— ' Finl. Min., 56, 1855, Min. Russl., 8, 159, 1878; cf. Rath, Poeg., Erg., 6, 229, 1874, Arzruni, Ber. Ak. Berlin, March 30, 1882, Franzenau, Zs. Kr., 8, 568, 1884.
The position here taken is that adopted by Tschermak (Min., 442, 1884) and shown conclu- sively by G. H. Williams (Am. J. Sc., 39, 352, 1890) to be the true one as exhibiting the relation to pyroxene; cf. 13, p. 387, where the crystals of the two species are in parallel position and the basal planes nearly coincide. It was early shown by Rath (1. c.) of Vesuvian amphibole that crystals occur parallel with augite, with p of the one corresponding to s/s' of the other.
To transform the formerly accepted symbols, hkl (where p — 001, r 111, etc.), to those here taken (pqr), note that p — (h -f- 1), q k, r I.
The following (Tschermak, Franzenau) show the variation in angle in some of the kinds of amphibole:
Actinolite Vesuvius Brevik Pargas Aranyer Berg
mm'" 55° 32' 55° 31' 55° 41' 56° 0' 55° 43'
rr' 31° 29' 31° 42' 31° 38'
mr' 68° 46' 68° 58' -3
2 Cf. Mir., 297, 1852; Dx., 1, 77, 1862; Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. vii, vin, 1864; Kk., 1. c.; Gdt. Index, 1, 190, 1886. 3 Franzenau, Aranyer Berg, 1. c. 4 Cathrein, Fleimsthal, Zs. Kr., 9, 357, 1884, 13,9, 1887. 6 Williams, Russell, N. Y., Jb. Min., 2, 175, 1885. Fliuk, Nordmark, anal. 14, 1. c.
' On twir.s fl c. Cross, Min. Mitth., 3, 386, 1881; G. H. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 39, 352, 1889; tw. striatious and parting, Miigge, Jb. Min., 1, 242, 1889.
8 Composition discussed, Scheerer, Pogg., 84, 321 et seq., 1851; Rg., Pogg., 103. 273 et seq., 1858; Tschermak, Miu. Mitth., 38, 1871 ; Berwerth, Ber. Ak. Wien, 85 (1), 153, 1882; Scharizer, Jb. Min.. 2, 143, 1884. Relation between composition and optical characters, Wiik, Zs. Kr., 7, 79, 1882.
The following are more or less altered amphiboles:
KIRWANITE Thomson, Min., 1, 378, 1836. A fibrous, green, chlorite-like mineral from the basalt of the N. E. coast of Ireland. R. D. Thomson found in it: SiO2 40'50, A12O3 11'41, FeO 23'91 , CaO 19'78, H2O 4'35 — 99'95. According to Lacroix it is an impure altered amphi- bole. Bull Soc. Min., 8, 429, 1885.
LOGANITE T. 8. Hunt, Phil. Mag., 2, 65, 1851, Rep. G. Canada, 491, 1863. Amphibole from Calumet Falls, Quebec, retaining its form and cleavage, but near penninite in composi- tion. See 5th Ed., p. 242, p. 496.
PALIGORSKITE T. v. Savchenkov, Vh. Min. Ges., 102, 1862. Fibrous. Soft, but tough. G. 2-217. Color white. Analysis: SiO2 52-18. A12O3 18'32, MgO 8'19, CaO 0'59, H2O 12'04, hygrosc. water 8'46 — 99'84. B.B. infusible. Not acted on by the acids.
From the Permian mining district of the Ural. Probably an altered asbestus.
PHAACTTNITE Bertels, Verb. Wurzb. Ges., 8, in JB. Ch., 1267. 1874. An alteration product of amphibole, forming radiated masses, doubly refracting. H. — 2. G. 2-997-3-057. Color dirty grayish brown. Analysis after deducting a little magnetite: SiO2 35'5, A12O8 16-9, Fe2Os 25-4, MnO 1"4, MgO 5'3, CaO 7'2, H2O 8'1 — 99'8. From the rock called by the same author .isenite, occurring in Nassau, Germany.
WALDHEIMITE. Amphibol-jihnliches Min. von Waldheim A. Knop, Lieb. Ann., 110, 363, 1859; Waldheimit Rg., Min. Ch., 780, 1860. An amphibole-like mineral from the serpentine of Waldheim, Saxony, which contains much soda, and is peculiar also in its excess of silica, both suggesting that it may be amphibole altered by the alkaline process. It occurs in veins an inch
Amphibole Group— Glaucophane.
thick, and resembles actinolite. H. 5; G. 2-957; color leek-green; translucent. Analysis,
Knop:
SiOa 58-71 AlaO3 1-52 FeO 5'65 MnO 0'25 MgO 10-01 CaO 11 '53 Na,O 12-38 100-05
339. GLAUOOPHANE. Glaukophan Hausmann, J. pr. Ch., 3<f, 238,845. Gastaldite Striiver, Mem. Ace. Line., 2, 333, 1875.
Monoclinic; near amphibole in form. In thin prismatic crystals with a, b, m, and rarely p (101) and r (Oil). Measured angles, Bodewig :
mm"' 58° 16', cr 34° 12', m'r 67° 17', cf. Amphibole, p. 387.
Crystals prismatic in habit, usually indistinct; commonly massive, fibrous, or columnar to granular.
Cleavage: m perfect. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 6-6*5. G. 3-103-3-113 Hausm.; 3-044 Svr. Luster vitreous to pearly. Color azure- blue, lavender-blue, bluish black, grayish. Streak grayish blue. Translucent.
Pleochroism strongly marked: c sky-blue to ultramarine-blue, b reddish or bluish violet o yellowish green to colorless. Absorption c b 0. Optically +. Ax. pi. b. c A 6 4° to 6°, rarely higher values: 11° to 12° Koto. Bodewig gives for the extinction-angles with 6 on b: 4° 24' Li, 4° 16' Na, 4° 13' Tl. Axial angles:
2Ea.r=84°42 2Ea.y=85°35' 2Ea.gr 86° 39' 2Ha.r-51°3' 2Ha.y=51° 11' 2Ha.gr 51" 24' Also ft — i'6442 gastaldite, Sanger (Rosenbusch).
Comp.— Essentially NaAl(Si03)2.(Fe,Mg)SiOs. If Mg : Fe 2 : 1, the for- mula requires: Silica 57'6, alumina 16*3, iron protoxide 7'7, magnesia 8'5, soda 9-9 100.
Anal.— 1, Schnedermann, J. pr. Ch., 34, 240, 1845. 2, Luedecke, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 249, 1876. 3, Bodewig, Pogg., 158, 224, 1876. 4, Berwerth, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 85 (1), 185, 1882.
5, Lasaulx and Bettendorff, Ber. nied. Ges., 263, 1883. 6. Schluttig. Inaug. Diss.. Groitzsch,
6, 1884, recalc. by Griluhut, Zs. Kr., 13, 73, 1886. 7, Liversidge, Proc. Soc. N. S. W., Sept. 1, 1880. 8, Yoshida, quoted by Koto, J. Coll. Sci., Japan, 1, 85, 1886. 9, Cossa, Mem. Ace. Line., 2, 33, 1875. 10, Barrois & Offret, C. R., 103, 221. 1886.
G.
SiO2
A12O3
FeO MnO
MgO
CaO
Na20
K2O
Syra
—
10-91 0-50
tr. 99-63
"
6-85 0-56
— 100-78
Zermatt
578 —
- - 100-39
"
f 58-76
—
5-84 —
— HaO 2-54
102-69
Is. Groix
8-01 —
tr. 9967
4-58 —
1-05 - 100-02
N. Caledonia
f 52-79
—
9-82 —
0-88 H2O 1-38
99-88
Shikoku, Japan
4-31 —
0-25 100-15
Aosta, Gastaldite
—
9-04 —
tr. 99-74
Andalusia
8'42
—
9-68 —
— ign. 4-16
100-88
Obs. — Occurs as the hornblendic constituent of certain crystalline schists, called glaucopJiane- srJiists, or glaucophanyte; also more or less prominent in mica schists, amphibolytes, gneiss, eclogytes, etc. It is often associated with mica, garnet, diallage and omphacite, epidote and zoisite, etc.
First described from the island of Syra, one of the Cyclades; since shown to be widely distributed (cf. Oebbeke, Zs. G. Ges., 38, 634, 1886, and Zs. Kr., 12. 282, 1886). Occurs at Zermatt in Switzerland, on the north side of the Matterhorn, as also on the south side in the Val Tournanche; in the valley of Aosta, near Camp de Praz and St. Marcel, also at Brosso, near Ivrea, and in the Val Locana, Val d'Ala, Valle-Grande di Lanzo (gantaldite); at other points in the southern slope of the Alps, as well as in Switzerland; on the island of Corsica; Is. Groix, northwest coast of France; in the Fruska gora in Croatia. In New Caledonia with garnet and mica at the Balade mine. On the island of Shikoku, Japan.
In the U. S., glaucophane schists, closely resembling those of Syra, have been described from the Coast Ranges of California, as at Sulphur Bank, Lake Co., and at other points; the glaucophane is associated with zoisite and mica (Becker).
Glaucophane has been noted as a secondary product due to the alteration of diallage by a process of " glaucophanization:" the original diallage contained 2-23 p. c. Na5O, Koto, 1. c.
Glaucophane is named from ykavKoS, bluish green, and (pdiveaai, to appear. Gastaldite is named after Prof. Bartolomeo Gastaldi.
Silicates.
340. RIEBECKITE A. Sauer, Zs. G. Ges., 40, 138, 1888. Bonney, Phil. Trans., 174, 283.
Monoclinic. In embedded prismatic crystals, longitudinally striated. Cleavage: prismatic (56°) perfect. Luster vitreous. Color black. Pleochro-
ism very strongly marked: c green, b I) deep blue, a (nearly c) dark blue. Optically — . Extinction-angle small, a A c 4°-5° (±?). Axial angle large.
Comp — Essentially 2NaFe(Si03)2.FeSi03 Silica 50'5, iron sesquioxide 26'9> iron protoxide 12'1, soda 10'5 100. It corresponds closely to acmite (segirite) among the pyroxenes.
Anal.— 1, Sauer, after deducting 7'12 p. c. zircon. 2, Id. 3, Koenig, Zs. Kr., 1, 430, 1877 (also with slightly different numbers, Proc. Ac. Philad., 10, 1877).
1. Socotra
3. Colorado G. 3'433
SiO2
Fe2O3
FeO MnO CaO MgO Na2O K2O
9 87 0-63 1-32 0'34 8'79 0"72 99'98
7-97 — 2-75 —
18-86 1-75 — 0-41 8-33* 1'44 TiO2 1'43, ZrO,
Incl. Li2O.
[0-75, ign. 0-20 97'87
Analysis 3 is referred here by Lex. (see below) on the basis of an optical examination, but it differs in the state of oxidation of the iron, and approaches more nearly to crocidolite.
Obs. — Originally described from the granite and syenite of the island of Socotra in the Indian Ocean, 120 miles N. E. of Cape Guardaf ui, the eastern extremity of Africa. It occurs in groups of prismatic crystals, often radiating and closely resembling tourmaline.
A similar amphibole occurs at Mynydd Mawr, Carnarvonshire, Wales (Bonney, Min. Mag., 8, 103, 1888, ib. p. 169, 1889). Also another in granulyte in Corsica. Pleochroism: c yellowish green, 6 blue, a indigo, nearly black. Axis a inclined a few degrees to c. Cf. Le Yerrier, Lcx.,C. R., 109, 38, 39, 1889.
An " arfvedsonite " from St. Peter's Dome, Pike's Peak region, El Paso Co., Colorado, occurring with astrophyllite and zircon is shown by Lacroix (ibid.) to be near riebeckite. Ex- tinction-angle on b, a A c 3° to 4°.
341. CROCIDOLITE. Blau-Eisenstein (fr. S. Africa) Klapr., Mag. Berl. Ges. N. Fr., 5, 72, 1811, Beitr., 6, 237. 1815. Krokydolith Hausm., Gel. Anz. G5tt., 1585, 1831. Blue As- bestus. Abriachanite Neddie, Mm. Mag., 3, 61, 193, 1879.
Fibrous, asbestus-like ; fibers long but delicate, and easily separable. Also- massive or earthy.
Cleavage: prismatic, 56°. H. — 4. G. 3'20-3'30. Luster silky; dull Color and streak lavender-blue or leek-green. Opaque. Fibers somewhat elastic. Pleochroism: c green, b violet, a blue.
Optically f. Extinction-angle on b, inclined 18° to 20° with 6. 2E 95° approx. Indices y-a — 0'025 Lex.' Comp. — Near riebeckite and perhaps only a fibrous variety. Formula
NaFe(SiOs).,.FeSi03 nearly Silica 49*6, iron sesquioxide 22-0, iron protoxide 19'8, soda 8-6 100.
Magnesium and calcium replace part of the ferrous iron, and hydrogen part of the sodium. Chester's analysis gives: 2H2O.Na2O.3FeO.Fe2O3.9SiO2.
Anal.— 1, Doelter, Zs. Kr., 4, 40. 1879. 2, Renard and Klement, Bull. Ac. Belg., 8, 530, 1884. Also earlier Stromeyer, 5th Ed., p. 243. 3, Delesse, Ann. Mines, 10, 317, 1836. 4, 5, Chester and Cairns, Am. J. Sc., 34, 108, 1887. 6, 7, Heddle, 1. c., 6, original fragments, 7, material obtained by washing and decantatiou; also Jolly and Cameron, Q. J. G. Soc., 36, 109, 1880.
1. S, Africa
3. Vosges
G.
4. Rhode Island
6. Dochfour, Abriach. 3'326
SiO2
Fe2O,
FeO
MuO
MgO
CaO
Na20 [6-16]
K2O
H2O
A12O3
[1-01 100
89
—
101-69
10
P2Os
[0
99 66
13
—
99-74
—
—
=100-24
4-77"
=100-01
2-9781-00
Loss 0-!
)5 n. r.
at, 10(
)°
[1 00-67
Ampijibolk Group Aufvkdsonite.
4or
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields on strong ignition a little water. B B. fuses easily with intumescence to a black magnetic glass, coloring the flame yellow (soda). With the fluxes gives reactions for iron. Unacted upon by acids.
Obs. — Occurs in South Africa, in Griqualand-West, north of the Orange river, in a range of quartzose schists called the Asbestos Mountains, which extends in a northeasterly direction from Griquastad toward Transvaal, 700 m. north of the Cape of Good Hope. In a micaceous porphyry at Wakembach, near Framont, in the Vosges. At Golling in Salzburg, in gypsum with blue quartz; at Ruka, near Domaschow in Moravia, with a ferruginous dolomite; in Greenland, both h'brous and earthy.
In the U. S., at Beacon Pole Hill, near Cumberland, R. I., in a granite ledge disseminated in fine particles in feldspar, also in as large as a butternut masses with radiated fibrous structure. Emerald Mine, Buckingham and Perkin's Mill, Templeton, Ottawa Co., Ontario, Canada (Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 10, 1880).
Abriachanite is an earthy amorphous form occurring in seams and cavities of the gneiss and granite of the Abriachan district, near Loch Ness, in Inverness-shire, Scotland.
A similar mineral from the zircon-syenite of Stavern, Norway, is referred here by Haus- mann; this is the Faseriger Siderit Leonh., Gehl. J., 3, 101, and Fasriges Eisenblau Hausm., Handb., 1076, 1813. According to Brogger the Stavern mineral is a fibrous variety of the pyroxene, se gi rite; he suggests further a like relation for the South African mineral; but cf. Lex., 1. c.,and C. R.. 109. 39, 1889.
Crocidolite is named from Kpoxis, woof, in allusion to its fibrous structure.
Alt. — The South African mineral is largely altered by both oxidation of the iron and infil- tration of silica, resulting in a compact siliceous stone of delicate jfibrous structure, chatoyant luster, and bright yellow to brown color, popularly called tiger-eye (also cat's-eye and Faserquarz, Tigerauge, Falkenauge (bluish var.) Germ.). Many varieties occur arming transitions from the original blue mineral to the final product; also varieties dependin|puion*>tke extent to which the original mineral has penetrated the quartz. Cf . Renard arM Klemept, 1. c. The softer (H. 4) alteration product, consisting of silica with iron oxide, is madefa ferric silicate by Hepburn, Ch. News, 55, 240, 1887, and called griqualandite (cf. BroWh., ib., 56, 244, 1887).
Anal.— 1, 2, Renard and Element, 1. c. 3, Rg., Min. Ch., E/g., 194, 1886. 4, 5, Wibel and Neelsen, Jb. Min., 367, 1873. 6, Hepburn, 1. c.
1. Tiger-eye
2. Bluish
4. Blue
5. Brown
6. Griqualandite
G.
Ref.— ' Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 10, 1890.
SiO, Fe,Os FeO .Al
CaO MgO H2O
— 0-15 —
— — 0-10
0-76
0-82
0-80
0-76
5-15
5-23
342. ARFVEDSONITE. Brooke, Ann\\Phil., 5, 381, 1823. Arfwedsonit. Soda-horn- blende.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 0'557 : 1 : 0-29781; ft 73° 2f/ 001 A 100 Brogger1.
100 A HO 28° 2£', 001 A 101 23° 52£', 001 A Oil 15° 54'.
Forms: a (100, i-l), b (010, t'-l), m (110, J), t (101, 1-i), p (101, 14), r (Oil, 14), (031, 84), (211, 2-2), z (121, 2-2).
Angles (cf. f. 14, p. 387): mm'" *56° 5', at 49° 10', a'p *75° 44f , rr' 31° 48', br *74° 6', ii 81° 2', zz' 60° 0', pr 34° 40', pm 77° 27'.
Crystals long prisms, often tabular b, but seldom distinctly terminated: also in prismatic aggregates. Twins: tw. pi. a.
Cleavage: prismatic, perfect; b, less perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 6. G. 3'44-3'45. Luster vitreous. Color pure black; in thin scales deep green. Streak deep bluish gray. Opaque except in thin splinters.
Pleochroism strongly marked : c deep greenish blue, b lavender, a pale green- ish yellow. Absorption c b a; sections a are deep greenish blue, b olive- green. Optical character somewhat uncertain, probably (Bgr.) and c =Bxa (but cf. below and p. 383). Extinction-angle on b, with c; —14°.
Comp. — A slightly basic metasilicate of sodium, calcium, and ferrous iron cliiofly; Lorenzen's analysis gives 4Na,0.3Ca0.14FeO.(Al,Fe)Q03.2lSiO..
Silicates.
Anal.— 1, Lorenzen, Min. Mag., 5, 50, 1882. 2, Berwerth, Ber. Ak.Wien, 85 (1), 168, 1882.
G.
1. Kangerdluarsuk 3 -44
2. " 3454
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O KaO H2O
43-85 4-45 3'80 33"43 0'45 0'81 4'65 8-15 1'06 0-15=100-80 47-08 1-44 1-70 35'65 — — 2'32 7'14 2'88 2'08=100'29
The supposed arfvedsonite from Greenland analyzed by von Kobell, Rbg., etc., has been shown to be aegirite (see p. 365); that from Pike's Peak, Colorado, analyzed by Koenig is re- ferred to riebeckite by Lacroix, C. R., 109, 39, 1889.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. fuses at 2 with intumescence to a black magnetic globule; colors the flame yellow (soda); with the fluxes gives reactions for iron and manganese. Not acted upon by acids.
Obs. — Occurs in black hornblende-like crystals at Kangerdluarsuk in Greenland, with soda- lite, eudialyte. and feldspar; also from Kumeruit, near Tunugdliartik, Siorarsuit; the Greenland crystals are sometimes 9 inches long; also very sparingly in theaugite and elaeolite-syenite of the Langesund fiord, southern Norway. More abundant in quartz-syenite and soda-granite between MjoBen and the Langesuud fiord, near Christiania especially at the lake Sognsvand, at Gunilrud in the parish of Eker, and Kongsberg; at Rokeberg, Eker, occurs interlamiuated with aegirite in parallel position.
A blue amphibole occurring as a pseudomorphic replacement and also as a secondary growth fringing crystals and grains of ordinary brown hornblende and others of pyroxene, seems to belong here, cf. Cross, Am. J. Sc., 39. 359, 1890. Optical character probably negative. Ax. pi. b. Extinction-angle on b, or a A c — 13" to — 15°. Axial angle large. Pleochroism: c pale yellow, 6 purple to violet, a deep blue. Absorption a b c. Occurs in a dike-rock cutting the Archaean gneisses at the northern base of the Rosita hills, 5 miles east of the mining town Silver Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado. Riebeckite and a secondary pyroxene near segirite occur in the same rock.
Figs. 1, 2, A secondary blue amphibole (arfvedsonite ?) fringing, parallel position, brown hornblende; 3, also enclosing pyroxene. 4, Pyroxene (twin, fl with .-similar secondary amphibole, also in twinning position. Cross.
Alt. — The following are analyses of altered arfvedsonite by Rftrdarn, Zs. Kr., 16, 406. 1890-
SiO2
A12O3
Fe2O3
MnO
MgO
Na2O
K2O
Ho
—
0-75J
100-59
—
100
o-io
- 100-18
—
100-3:
As shown by Steenstrup and Brogger, the change is one leading in the dJ'-ection of the for mation of an acmite (aegirite) free from calcium — in other words, a process the reverse of uralit?- zation. Ferric hydrate and, again, magnetite occur with the acmite. Lepidomelaue also
Amphibole Group— Enigmatite. 403
occurs with the acmite as a result of the change, analogous to " pterolite " noted under barkevi- kite beyond.
Ref.— ' Lille- Aro, Norway, Zs. Kr., 16, 398, 1890.
342A. BARKEVIKITE W. C. Brogger, G. F5r. Forh., 9, 269, 1887; is.-Kr., 16, 412, 1890. Barkevicite.
An amphibole near arfvedsonite. In short or long prismatic crystals, sometimes very large and rough; showing the forms: b (010), r (Oil), p (101), k (211), z (121). Cleavage: prismatic, perfect, yielding an angle of 55° 44|'; b also rather perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. G. 3'428Rg. Luster vitreous. Color deep velvet-black. Pleochroism marked: deep brown and light brown-yellow for the axes b, the former for the axis inclined -j- 12° to c; brownish red for the axis 6, normal to b. Extinction-angle with c on b — -f- 12£°.
Composition near arfvedsonite, but more basic; the ratio of SiO2 : (Al,Fe)2O3 : (Fe,Mn,Ca,Mg)O : (Na,K)2O 0'707 : 0148 : 0'498 : 0113 for Flink's analysis (calc., Bgr.). Analyses 1, 2 are referred here by Brogger, while other amphiboles from Fredriksvarn analyzed by Kg. c.) are shown to be intermediate between barkevikite and ordinary hornblende.
1, Plautamour, Bibl. Univ., 6, 337, 1841. 2, Rg., Pogg., 103,447, 1858. 3, Flink, Zs. Kr., 16, 412. 1890.
G. SiO2 TiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO CaO MgO Na2O K2O Ign.
1. Brevik 46'57 2'02 3 41 — 24'38 2 07 5'91 5'88 7'79 2'96 — =100'9&
2. " 3-428 42-27 I'Ol 6'31 6'62 21'72 1-18 9'68 362 3'14 2'65 0'48= 98'63
3. Barkevik 42'46a — 11'45 6'18 19'93 0'75 10'24 I'll 6'08 T44 — 99'64
a Incl. TiOs.
B B. fuses easily, but somewhat less so than arfvedsonite.
Occurs at the wohlerite locality, Skudesundsskjftr near Barkevik (or Barkevig) on the Langesund fiord; also as an essential constituent of the augite-syenite of southern Norway, in the region between the Christiania and Langesund fiords. Sometimes occurs in parallel intergrowth with arfvedsonite, and again with a green hornblende.
PTEROLITE Breithaupt, B. H. Ztg., 24, 336, 1865. Described as a member of the mica group, from the Brevik region, Norway, occurring in scales of an olive-green to liver-brown color grouped in fan-shaped forms (hence named from nrepov, feather). Analyzed by Milller (1. c.). Shown by Lacroix to be a heterogeneous substance (Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 145, 1887), and later by BrOgger (Zs. Kr., 16, 418, 1890) to be an alteration-product of the amphibole, barkevikite, the soluble portion being lepidomelane and the insoluble segirite. Anal., M tiller:
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO CaO Na2O K2O H2O Soluble 36-08 4'99 25'98 14'28 5'43 3'68 7'96 1'31
Insoluble 50-14 12'03 — 23'43 6'88 — 7'53 —
y. Triclinic Section.
343. .ENIGMATITE. Ainigmatit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 398, 1865. Kolbingit Id., ibid. Lorenzen, Min. Mag., 5, 55, 1882. Cossyrit Forstner, Zs. Kr., 5, 348, 1881.
Triclinic. In crystals approximating closely in angle, habit, and occurring forms to ordinary amphibole, but having a prismatic angle of 66°. Axes1 (approx.) & : I : d 0-6778 : 1 : 0'3506; a 90°, ft - 72° 49', y 90°.
Forms, Enigmatite: e (130, z-3') r (Oil, 14')
jR (Oil, 14)
a (100, i-l) b (010,
Jf (110, '/) j (031, 34') e (130, '£-3) p(051, 54')
i (031, '34) I (051, '54)
0 (433, 4-f ,) C (121, 2-2,)
To (110, /')
p (101, ,14,)?
Measured angles: mM 66° 31' Breith.; also, Bgr., 10 45', bp 29° 38|', Mz - 62° 23£', mp 53° 12', Mp
mM 66° 4' to 66° 11', 68° 34'.
im 56° 44'
Cossyrite: a (100, i-l)
Jf(110, 7) p (051, 54') e (130, t (031, '34)
u (233, 14') / (433, ,f|)
k (211, 2-2,) C (121, 2-2,)
b (010, TO (110, /') e (130, t-8')
p (101, ,14,) d (071, 74) r (Oil, 14') x (213, f-2')
(231, ,3-f) 0 (121, ,2-5)
o- (251, 5-|,) q (211, '2-2).
404 Silicates.
The following are angles for cossyrite (Forstner) compared -with the corresponding angles for amphibole:
Cossyrite Amphibole Cossyrite Amphibole
mM 65' 51' 55° 49' bp 29° 27' 35° 19'
bin 56° 38' 62° 5f bi 44° 50' 49° 44'
ab 90° 6' 90° 9' bk 74° 6' 77° 13'
a'p IT 47' 75° 2 mk 50° 36' 49° 24'
br =71° 29' 74° 14' pk 29° 23' 27° 25'
Crystals prismatic in habit. Twins common with tw. pi. b, contact-twins; also with enclosed tw. lamellae, giving striations on the terminal planes and on a.
Cleavage: prismatic, distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. G. 3*85 Breith., 3*80 Lorenzen, for senigmatite; 3'74-3'75 Forstner, for cossyrite. Luster vitreous. Oolor black. Streak reddish brown. Translucent to opaque.
Pleochroism strongly marked, especially for sections b; for those a less so. C brown-black, b deep chestnut-brown, a clear red-brown. Absorption strong, C b a. Optically +. Ax. pi. nearly b. Extinction-angle with 6 on a 3° 46', on b — 44° 57'. Bx A 6 -f 45° approx. Ax. angle rather small, 2E 60° approx. Bgr.
Var.— 1. Enigmatite occurs in prismatic crystals, sometimes several inches in length. H. 5-55. G. 3-833-3-863 Breith., 3'80 Lorenzen. Color black. Streak reddish brown. Optical characters as given above. Breithaupt regarded the aenigmatite as pseudomorphous after kolbingite, which latter was distinguished by a pistachio-green streak aud low specific gravity, viz. 3'60-3'61. The form of the two he made the same. Lorenzen, however, shows that the aenigmatite crystals cannot be pseudouiorphs, while Brogger suggests that " kolbingite" may be only a parallel intergrowth of arfvedsonite aud senigmatite, such as he has observed"
2. Cossyrite occurs in minute embedded crystals. G. 3'74-3'75. Color black. Extinc- tion-angle with c on a 3°, on b 39° approx.
Comp. — Essentially a titano-silicate of ferrous iron and sodium, but containing also aluminium and ferric iron, and slightly more basic than a normal metasilicate.
Forsberg's analysis for aenigmatite gives nearly 2Na2O.9FeO.AlFeO3.12(Si,Ti)O3.
Forstner's analysis for cossyrite approximates to 2Na2O.10FeO.A]2O3.Fe2O3.15SiO.i. As has been suggested, it is not improbable that cossyrite, like aenigmatite, contains titanium, replacing part of the silicon.
Anal. — 1, Forsberg, quoted by Bgr. 2, Forstner, 1. c.
SiO2 TiO2 A1,O. Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O
1. JEnigmatite 37'92 7'57 3'23 581 35'88 I'OO 0'33 1'36 6'58 0'51 100-19
2. Cossyrite 43'55a — 4'96 7'97 32'87 2'37b 0'86 2'01 5'29 0-33 100-21
Incl. TiO2?. b Incl. 0'39 CuO.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily to a brownish black glass. Partially decomposed by acids.
Obs.— ffinigmatite (and kolbingite) occurs in sodalite-syenite at Naujakasik near Tunug- dliarfik, also at Kangerdluarsuk. Greenland; the first crystals were collected by Giesecke about 1810. Probably also in the Langesund fiord region of southern Norway, but not positively identified; Breithaupt is quoted (Bgr. ) as mentioning the occurrence of a mineral resembling kolbingite with a prismatic angle of 66° to 67° from " Brevik." Probably in the elaeolite-syenite of the peninsula Kola, Russian Lapland (Ramsay). ./Enigmalite is named from aiviy/ua, an enigmn.
Cossyrite occurs in minute crystals embedded in the liparyte lavas of the island PantellarU (whose ancient name was Cossyra). The crystals examined were weathered out of the ground- mass.
Ref.— ' Calculated from Forstner's angles: 110 A 110 65'J 51'; br 71° 29', ar 73° 44'. F5rstner calculates the following axial ratio aud angles (referred to the usual amphibole position, "where r 111, etc., see p. 398):
A : b : c - 0-6627 : 1 : 0'3505; 90° 6', ft 89" 54', x 102°i8'.
Inasmuch, however, as the fundamental angles are the means of rneasuiviuents varying widely, in one case more than 2D, the results can only be regarded as approximations. _The table of calculated angles contains bewildering errors, e. ff.: 010 A HO — 5(i= 38'. 1K> A HO 65° 51', 110 A 010 — 57° 6', which together equal 179° 35' instead of 180°; again. 100 A 110 33° 3', 110 A 130 30" 21', 130 A 010 26° 17', that is 89° 41 ; while 100 A 010 90" 6'; etc.
The triclinic form of kSlbingite (and senigmatite), partly made out by Brcithuupt, was established by Brogger, who also shows that there can be no doubt as to the identity of aeuig- miitite aud the triclinic cossyrite.
Beryl Group— Beryl:
844. Beryl
4. Beryl Group. Hexagonal. BeaAl,(SiO,), Hexagonal
344. BERYL. 2udpay8oS pt. [rest Chrysocolla, Malachite, etc., and other green stones] Theopfir. B//pvA.A.oS Or. Smaragdus pt. [rest as above] 4- Beryllus (Cbrysoberyllus, Chryso- prasius, incl.) Piin., 37, 16-20. Emerald; Beryl; Aquamarine. Smaragdus -4- Beryll Wall., Min., in, 122, 1747. Smaragdus + Bloagron Topas (— Beryll, Aquamann) Cronst., Min., 44, 1758. Euieraude (incl. Emerald and Beryl or " Aigue-marine," and Chrysolite du Bresil) Lisle, Crist., 135, 1772. 2, 245, 1783; H., J. d. M., 4, 72, 1798, Tr., 2, 1801. Schmaragd -f Berii Wern., the two as distinct sp. until 1811. A silicate of alumina with lime Acliard, Edelst., 47, 1779; Bergm., Opusc., 2, 96, 1782; and others. A silicate of alumina and glucina Vauq., J. d. M., 4, 1798, 7, 97. 1800; Klapr., Beitr., 3, 221, 1802. Davidsonite Thomson, Min., 1, 247, 1836. GoshemteShep., Min., 1, 143, 1844. Rosterite Orattarola, Riv. Scientif.-industr., No. 19, 1880.
Smaragd, Beryll, Germ. Beryl, Emeraude, Aigue-marine, Fr. Berillo, Smeraldo, Ital. Berilo, Esmeralda, Span.
Hexagonal. Axis 6 0-498855; 0001 A 1011 29° 56' 35" Koksharov1.
Forms- : e (0001, 0)
m (1010, ; , a (1120, t-2)
e (5160, a-§)8 i (2130, i-f)
P (1-0 i-14,
d 0-1-12, T
r (2025, f) it (1012, i) .P (1011, 1)
r (3032, f) (2021, 2)
0 (3031, 3)5 A (7072, |)10 (4041, 4)5 /i (5051. 5)
(15-0-15-2, V-)
1 (12-0-15-1, 12)6 e (39-0-39-2, -8/)
GO a 'I -2-12, f2)8 q (3-3-6-10, |-2)3
o- (1123, f-2)5
o (1122, 1-2)
5 (5-5-10-7, V-2)?
rf (3364, |-2)
s (1121, 2-2)
/ (3361, 6-2)6
£ (6-6-12-1, 12-2)
h (19- 1-20-1, 20-f y (13-1-14-1, 14-
(7181, 8-|)
Z (11-2-13-2,
n (3141, 4-f)
9 (2131, 3-|)
Y (7184, 2-f)
J (2133, 1-|)
e (4263, 2-|)
A; (4261, 6-f)
2 (16-8-24-1, 24-|)
X (36-24-60-5, 12-|)B
Figs. 1, 2, Middletown, Conn. 3, Haddam, Conn. 4, Alexander Co., K C.
mi 19° 6' ma 30° 0'
cp 2° 21' cif> 2° 45' cr 12° 58V ex 16° 4' cr 40° 50' eu 49° 2V e£ 59° 564' ct 66° 32' cfl 70° 51' ex 76° 58' cT 81° 46' ce 84° 55'
coo
- —
4°
45'
co-
—
18°
24'
co
—
26°
31'
cd
—
36°
48'
cs
44°
56'
cf
71°
80°
31'
en
64°
17'
56°
44'
rr'
—
12°
nit'
a:
15°
544'
Pp'
ss
*28°
rr'
ss
38°
10'
uu'
44°
22'
coco'
—
4°
45'
tro"'
18°
94'
oo'
—
25°
48'
dd'
—
34°
52'
8S
He
41°
mh
5°
41'
my
3;
8°
11'
mft mw
9°
14°
34f
ml
17°
55'
mn
29°
0'
mv
—
37°
49'
ms
—
52°
17'
mg mj>
70"
75°
33'
64° 23'
28° 564'
25° 0'
15° 29'
26° 39'
18° 11'
31° 46'
20' 41'
=36° 144'
34° 1'
9° 41'
'A"A' 9° 49'
Aa 17° 3'
ww' 45° 34'
12° 50'
ap nn'
ez'
fi
wo'
kk kk*
rr' .
Silicates.
Crystals usually long prismatic, often striated vertically, rarely transversely; distinct terminations exceptional. Karely tabular in habit9. Occasionally in large masses, coarse columnar or granular to compact.
Cleavage: 6 imperfect and indistinct. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 7*5-8. G. 2'63-2'80; usually 2-69-2'70. Luster vitreous, sometimes resin- ous. Color emerald-green, pale green, passing into light blue, yellow and white; also pale rose-red. Streak white. Transparent to subtranslucent. Dichroism more or less distinct. Optically — . Double refraction feeble. Often abnormally bi- axial11. Eefractive indices, for green rays, Dx.13:
5, Alexander Co., N. C., Washington. 6, Monroe, Conn. 7, Willimantic, Conn., Pfd.19
8, Mt. Antero, Col., Id.
/'4
9-11, Alexander Co.,
o*NS
N. C,
vsr-=K
m ,, basal projections;
9, 11, Washington.
Emerald, Muso GO — 1-5841 e 1-5780
Elba
oo 1-5771 - e 1-5720
Aquamarine, Siberia ao — " " e
Also, Dufet13:
oor - 1-58620 Li er 1-57910 Li
GOy
ey
1-58935 Na 1 58211 Na
1-59210 Tl
€& 1-58485 Tl
Var. — 1. Emerald. Color bright emerald-green, due to the presence of a little chromium; it is highly prized as a gem when clear and free from flaws. The gem emeralds are locally known in South America as canutillos; the coarse, ill-formed or nodular emeralds are called moral Ions, see anal. 2 (Bouissingault).
The color was attributed to chromium by Vauquelin, but this was questioned by Lewy (see below). Wohler, however, found in a Muso emerald 0-180 p. c. Cr.,O3; it lost 1 62 p. c. upon igni- tion, but retained its color, Pogg.. 122. 492, 1864. This has been confirmed by later observers, Hofrneister, Rose. Williams. The last named (Proc. Roy. Soc., 21. 409, 1873) finds carbon
Beryl Group— Beryl.
present as such, but the color is not lost by heating though the specific gravity falls by fusion from 2'69 to 2'40 aud the fused mass can be scratched by quartz.
2. Ordinary; Beryl. Generally in hexagonal prisms, often coarse and large; green the com- mon color. The following are determinations of the specific gravity given by Koksiiarov for Uraliau beryls: colorless, transparent 2'694, 2695; yellowish 2'681-2'69£; green 2'702, 2'710; rose-red 2'725. Also 2'65, 2'66 for an Irish beryl, Williams, but after fusiouU-4l. The caesium beryl from Hebron, Me. (anal. 10), has G. 2'79-2'81 ; it is perfectly transparent with a pale greenish tinge.
The principal kinds are: (a) colorless; (b) bluish green, called aquamarine, a name suggested,, though not used, by Pliny, where he says of it, "qui viriditatem puri maris imitantur;" (c) apple- green ; (d) greenish yellow to iron-yellow and honey -yellow (apparently chrysoberyUus of Pliny and ancient jewelry) ; sometimes a clear bright yellow as in the golden beryl; (e) pale yellowish green (probably the ckrysoprasius Plin., and perhaps his clirysolithus in part, as also in more modern times); (/) clear sapphire-blue (hyacinttiozontes of Plin.); (g) pale sky-blue (aeroides Plin.); (7i) the pale violet or reddish (amethiste basaltine Sage, Min., 231); (i) the opaque brownish yellow, of waxy or greasy luster.
The oriental emerald of jewelry is emerald-colored sapphire. Davidsonite is greenish yellow beryl from near Aberdeen; it was supposed to contain "donium," Rec. Gen. Sc., 3, 426, 1836. Goshenite is a colorless or white variety of beryl from Goshen, Mass.
The union of emerald and beryl in one species, which Pliny says was suggested in his time, was first recognized on crystallographic grounds by De Lisle, and more satisfactorily through measurements of angles by Haiiy; and chemically by Vauquelin.
Comp.— Be3Al2Si60]8 or 3BeO.AlaOs.6Si02 Silica 67'0, alumina 19'0, glucina 14-0 100.
As shown by Penfield alkalies (Na2O, Li2O, Cs2O) are sometimes present replacing the beryl- lium, from 0'25 to 5 p. c. ; also chemically combined water, including which the formula becomes HaBeeAUSiOsT. The Hebron beryl (anal. 10) is remarkable as containing 3'6p.c of caesium oxide.
Anal.— 1, Lewy, Ann. Ch. Phys., 53, 5, 1858. 2, Boussingault, C. R., 69, 1249, 1869. 3, Brax, Zs. Kr., 7, 80, 1882. 4, Rg., Min. Ch., 650, 1875. 5, Spezia, Att. Ace. Torino, 17, June 25, 1882. 6, Klatzo, JB. Ch., 1216, 1869. 7, Dmr., Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 153, 1886. 8, Baker, Am. Ch. J., 7, 175, 1885. 9, Penfield and Harper, Am. J. Sc., 32, 110, 1886; the earlier analyses by Pfd., ib. , 28, 25, 1884, are rejected by him as regards the A12OS and BeO, but the determinations of alkalies and water are given below. 10, H. L. Wells, priv. contr.
G.
Muso, emerald 2 '67 f " 2-640 Paavo.Fiul.," 2'614 Elba 2-618 Craveggia
SiOa
A12O3 '1795
Fe20s
tr.* tr*
BeO
CaO NaaO 0-9b 0-7 0-4" —
0-48" —
HaO
— 99-8 — 99 -7 (loss on ign. 1'92> — 99-64 1-07 100 1-95 99-36
Limoges
—
—
99-35
Madagascar, rose
0-30°
—
100-35
AmeliaCo.,N.C.
101-08
Stoneham, Me.
65 -J 54
0-59*
Li2O tr.
Hebron, Me.
—
Li2O 1-60,
Cs2O 3-60 -
Alex. Co., N. C.
0-22*
—
—
[100-30
a Cr2O3.
b MgO.
cFeO.
MnO 0-21.
d
Incl.
FeO.
The following are alkali determinations by Penfield and Harper, 1. c.:
G.
Na2O Li2O Cs2O Ign.
Hebron Norway,Me. Branchville Amelia Co. Royalston Stoneham Adun-Chaloa
tr.
tr.
Also Habachthal, Tyrol, 2'26 Na2O; Bodenmais 1-20 Na2O; Limoges 0'73 Na2O; further some Li2O in all. In a beryl from Elba, with G. 2-70-2-71, Bechi found 0'88 Cs2O, Boll. Com. Geol., 1, 83, 1870.
An anomalous composition to a beryl from Glenculleu, Ireland, is given by Hartley, but the analysis calls for confirmation. Proc. R. Dublin Soc., 5, 627. 1887.
ROSTERITE Grattarola. 1 c. A slightly altered variety of beryl from Elba, named after Dr. G. Roster. It occurs in short prismatic to tabular doubly-terminated crystals. In polarized light a basal section is divided into six sectors, corresponding to the prismatic edges, for the three alternate of which the extinction is the same. Optically biaxial. Color pale rose-red. Anal. 1-4, Grattarola; 1, 2, from the ends of a crystal, which had a nucleus of normal beryl (anal. 3); 4, " typical rosterite."
408 Silicates.
Q. SiOa A12O, BeO MgO CaO Na2O,K2O Li,O H2O
1. 2-77 61-97 21-93 8'62 1'26 0'42 undeL — undet
2. 2-74 60-26 21'18 9'71 1-57 2-55 undet. 0'58 tr. 3'07 98'92
3. 2-77 62-88 17'09(?) 15'97(?) 2-62 2'99 undet. — 2-32 103-87
4. 2-75 61-34 23'20 8'81 0'50 2-19 I'Oo — 2'03 99'07
Pyr., etc. — B.B. alone, unchanged or, if clear, become milky white and clouded; at a high temperature the edges are rounded, and ultimately a vesicular scoria is formed. Fusibility 5 -5 (Kobell), but somewhat lower for beryls rich in alkalies. Glass with borax, clear and colorless for beryl, a tine green for emerald. A yellowish variety from Broddbo and Fiiibo yields with soda traces of tin. Unacted upon by acids.
According to Lewy, the emerald of Muso becomes white at a red heat, and loses, as a mean result, 1 '66 of water and 0'12 of organic matter, the latter consisting of 0'03 to 0'05 of hydrogen and 0'09 to 0'06 of carbon. Wohler and Williams, however, as noted above, confirm the loss upon ignition (cf. Pfd.), but find the color retained.
Obs.— Beryl is a common accessory mineral in granite veins, in all parts of -the world, espe- cially in those of a pegmatitic character. Emeralds occur in clay slate, in isolated crystals or in nests, near Muso, etc., 75m. N.N.E. of Bogota, United States of Colombia; the rock contains Cretaceous fossils in its limestone concretions. Emeralds of less beauty, but much larger, occur in Siberia, on the river Tokovoya, N. of Ekaterinburg, with phenacite, chrysoberyl, apatite, rutile, etc., embedded in mica schist. Also at Paavo, near Orijarvi, Finland. Mount Zalora, in Upper Egypt, affords a less distinct variety, and was the only locality which was known to the ancients. Occurs in the Heubachthal in Salzburg, in mica schist.
Emeralds of large size, though not of uniform color or free from flaws, have been obtained in Alexander Co., N. C., in pockets in gneiss, associated with hiddenite (spodumeue), rutile, muscovite, etc. One crystal had a length of 9 inches; another was 3 in. long by If across and weighed 9 oz.
Transparent beryls are found in Siberia, India, and Brazil. In Siberia they occur at the emerald mine mentioned, at Mursinkaaud Shaitanka, near Ekaterinburg; near Miask with topaz; in the mountains of Adun-Chalou with topaz, in E. Siberia; in British India in the Coimbatore district and in the Punjab Himalayas; in Brazil on Rio Sau Mateo. Some Siberian transparent crystals exceed a foot in length. The most splendid aquamarine of which we have any account is from Brazil; it approaches in size, and also in form, the head of a calf, and exhibits a crystalline structure only on one side; the rest is water-worn; and it weighs 225 oz. troy, or more than 184- Ibs. ; the specimen is transparent and without a flaw. Beautiful crystals also occur at Elba; at Lonedo in north-eastern Italy, with corundum, zircon, topaz, spinel; the tin mines of Ehreu- friedersdorf in Saxony, and of Schlackenwald in Bohemia.
Other localities are, the Mourne Mts., Ireland, Co. of Down; also Killiney near Dublin; yellowish green at Rubislaw, near Aberdeen. Scotland (davidsouite), and elsewhere in Aberdeen- shire; in small bluish crystals at St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall; Limoges in France; Finbo and Broddbo in Sweden; Tamela and Somero in Finland; Fossum in Norway; Pfitsch-Joch, Tyrol; Bodenmais and Rabenstein in Bavaria; in New South Wales at various localities.
In the United States, beryls of gigantic dimensions have been found in N. Hamp.. at Acworth and Grafton, and in Mass., at Royalston; but they are mostly poor in quality. One beryl from Grafton weighs 2,900 Ibs.; it is 32 in. through in one direction and 22 in another transverse, and is 4 ft. 3 in. long. Another crystal from this locality, according to -Prof. Hubbard. measures 45 in. by 24 in its diameters, and a single foot in length by calculation weighs 1,076 Ibs., making it in all nearly tons. At Royalston, one crystal exceeded a foot in length; the smaller crystals are often limpid, and a yellowish variety forms a gem resembling chrysolite: the colors are mostly aquamarine, grass-green, and yellowish green; one locality is in the south-east part of Royalston, near the school-house, on the land of Mr. Clarke; the best crystals are embedded in quartz; a still better is situated 4 m. beyond the old one In South Royalston; some crystals of a sky-blue color in white quartz are beautiful.
Other localities are in Maine, at Albany; Norway; Bethel; at Hebron, a caesium beryl (anal. 10) associated with poll ucite; in Paris, with black tourmaline; at Bowdoinham and Topsham, pule green or yellowish; at Georgetown, Parker's island, mouth of Kennebec. In N. Hamp., at Wil- mot; at Comptou, as good as at Royalston. In Mass., at Barre, excellent specimens; at Pearl Hill in Fitchburg; at Goshen (goshenite), and at Chesterfield. In Conn., at Haddam, in a feldspar vein in gneiss, on the east side of the river, the crystals having the terminations for a twelfth of an inch transparent; also at the chrysoberyl locality; at the Middletown and Portland feldspar quarries; in Chatham, in granite; at Monroe, in a granite vein, the crystals often consisting of displaced pieces separated by quartz; at Madison, in beautiful crystals; at New Milford, of a clear golden yellow to dark amber color, also fine green; a clear glassy kind in Willimantic, Conn.1'2; in large columnar masses at Branchville. In Penn., at Leiperville and Chester, crystals sometimes 10 to 12 in. long and in diameter, wilh black tourmaline; at Mineral Hill. In Virginia, at Amelia Court House, sometimes pure white. In N. Carolina, in Alexander Co., near Stony Point, fine emeralds (see above), also clear green crystals, sometimes very highly modified; in Mitchell Co. ; Morganton, Burke Co., and elsewhere. In Alabama, Coosa Co., of a light yellow color. In Colorado, near the summit of Mt. Antero, beautiful aquamarines with
Eudialtte Group— Eudialyte. 409
phenacite, bertrandite, etc., often corroded leaving steep pyramidal forms in the cavities (f. 8), the crystals having been the source of the beryllium in the associated secondary minerals. In 8. Dakota, iu the Black Hills in large crystals.
Alt. — Kaolin, mica, limonite, and quartz occur as pseudomorphs after beryl, the last two by substitution, the others by alteration. Analyses of altered beryls; l,_Muller, J. pr. Oh., 58, 182, 1853. 2, Daniour, Bull. G. Fr., 7, 224, 1850. Anal. 2 corresponds nearly to kaolin.
SiO2 AlaOs Fe2O3 BeO H2O
1. Tirscheureuth 58"8 24-7 2-6 10'2 2-5 98'8
£ Vilate, Chanteloube 45'61 38'86 0'94 I'lO 14'04 100'55
PSEUDOSMARAGD Atterberg, G. F5r. F5rh., 2, 405, 1874. Pseudo-emerald. A mineral re- sulting from the alteration of beryl. The name was introduced by Berzelius for pseudomorphous crystals, consisting, as he regarded it, of ordinary beryl and mica. Atterberg retains the name for the hard portion of similar pseudomorphs, which, however, he finds to be not true beryl. Its characters are: Hardness 5'5; G. 2'70; luster waxy; color dark grayish green; fracture splintery. Intimately mixed with mica scales. Analyses: 1, 2; the latter on material not entirely free from mica:
SiO2 AlaOs BeO FeO MgO K2O HaO
1 5732 17-46 1311 0'30 0'32 7'82 3'64 99'97
2. 56-23 19-05 12'55 018 0'50 7'45 4'83 100'79
The mineral differs from ordinary beryl in having lost part of its silica and gained potash and water; the alumina and glucina are sensibly unchanged. From Kararfvet, near Falun, Sweden.
Ref.-1 Min. Russl., 1, 147, 1853. 2 See Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 65 (1), 255, 1872, Atlas, Tf. ; also Kk., 1. c. and ibid., 2, 356; 4, 125; 6, 94; Vh. Min. Ges., 7, 316, 1872 (adding some complex planes not included above); Hbg., Min. Not., 5, 28, 1863;. Dx., Miu., 1, 366, 1862; D'Achiardi, Nuovo Cimento, 1870, he adds two doubtful planes; Wiik, Ofv. Finsk. Soc., 27, 1885, and Zs. Kr., 12, 515.
3 Becker- Websky, Striegau, Zs. G. Ges., 19,736,1867. 4 Websky, Eidsvold, Min. Mitth., 117, 1876. Vrba, emerald, Zs. Kr., 5, 430, 1881. B E. S. D., Alexander Co., N. C., Am. J. Sc., 32, 484, 1886., 7 Washington and Hidden. Alex. Co., ib., 33, 505, 1887, also somewhat uncertain 0 (8 7-15'6), 0(9-7'168), x (8'7-15-7j; cf. Rath, Ber. uied. Ges., Feb. 6, July 7, 1886, who adds 5494 (?). 8 Busz, 8. Piero, Elba, Zs. Kr., 17, 552, 1890. 9 N. von Koksharov, Jr., Min. liussl., 8, 2-33. 10 Panebianco, Lonedo, Att. 1st. Veneto, 5, 387, 1887.
11 Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 148, 1876. u Etching-figures and corrosion forms, Petersson, Ak. H. Stockh , Bihaug. 15 (2), No. 1, 1889; Wiik, 1. c.; Pfd., Am. J. Sc., 36, 317, 1888, 40, 488, 1890; R. C. Hills, Proc. Colorado Soc., 3, 191, 1889. 13 Refractive indices, Dx., Miu., 1, 366, 1862; Heusser, Pogg., 87, 468, 1862; Dufet, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 261, 1885, also variations with change of temperature. Experiments on Elasticity, Vater, Zs. Kr., 11, 582, 1886; Voigt, Jb. Min., Beil., 5, 68, 1887. Specific heat 0'2066, 0'2127, Joly, Proc. Roy. Soc., 41, 250, 1887. Pyroelectricity, Hankel, Pogg., 157, 161, 1876.
5. E.udialyte Group.
345. Eudialyte Na13(Ca,Fe)6Cl(Si,Zr)aoOH 6 21116
Eu oolite
346. Catapleiite H4(Na1,Ca)ZrSi,011 6 T3629
345. EUDIALYTE. Eudialyt Stromeyer, Gel. Anz. GOtt. 1998, 1819. Eudyalite wrong orthography. Eukolit Scheerer, Pogg., 72, 561, 1847. Eucolite. Gr6nlandischer Hyazinth Trommsdorff, Crell's Ann., 1, 433, 1801.
Khombohedral. Axis 6 2-1116; 0001 A 1011 31° 22' Miller1.
Forms2: a (1120, z-2) y (5058, h (0115, - £) s (0221, - 2) 0 (3142, I1)?
c (0001, 0) z (1014, i) r (1011, 1) e (0112, - n (1123, f-2) t (2131, I1)
m (1010, /)
Also, but somewhat uncertain, 1015, 1014, 0'3-3-H, 9'6i5'4, Magnet Cove3.
Silicates.
cz
31°
22'
en
—
54°
37'
hh'
44°
37'
f-y
56°
44'
77°
11'
ee'
84°
4'
er
*67°
42'
ct
—
81°
11'
116°
4'
eh
—
26°
0'
ce
50°
38'
zz'
53°
35'
ar
36°
45'
cs
78°
24'
yy'
rr'
—
92°
106°
47' 30'
at
23°
59'
00'
00T
tt' tt"
47° 58'
— 89° 16J'
27° 5f
80° 37'
37° 45'
Figs. 1, Eudialyte, 2, Eucolite, Magnet Cove, Ark., J. F. Williams. 3, 4, Greenland; 4, Lane
5, Id., Mir.
Crystals often tabular c, or rhombohedral in habit and highly modified (eudialyte) ; also prismatic, a, with r large or small (eucolite). Also massive in embedded grains; sometimes reniform.
Cleavage: in eudialyte, c perfect; a and z (1014) difficult, Dx.; in eucolite, c most distinct; also a and m imperfect, Bgr. Fracture subconchoidal, splintery. Brittle. H. 5-5-5. G. 2-91-2-93 eudialyte; 3-0-3-1 eucolite. Luster vitreous. Color rose-red, bluish red, brownish red, chestnut-brown. Streak uncolored. Translucent to subtranslucent.
Eudialyte is optically positive; eucolite is negative. Double refraction strong. Indices :
Eucolite
Go 1-6205
1-6178 Brogger.
Var. — Eudialyte and eucolite differ in optical character, the former-)-, the latter—, as stated above. Ramsay notes that both and — zones, as also others which are isotropic, occur in the same crystal of the Kola eudialyte. The crystals of eudialyte are ordinarily more com- plex, and its specific gravity is sensibly lower. In composition a distinction can hardly be made.
Williams gives for Magnet Cove eudialyte, G. 2'804-2'833; for eucolite 2'624-2'663. The eucolite is softer and probably somewhat altered; a derivation from eudialyte is suggested.
Comp. — Formula uncertain because the zirconium may be taken with either base or acid ; the part played by the chlorine is also doubtful. " Most simply regarded
(Bgr.) as essentially a metasilicate, R4R3Zr(Si03)7, with R Na chiefly, also K, H;
R Ca chiefly, also Fe, Mn, and Ce(OH) ; further with ZrOCl2 in part replacing the Si02; niobium (tantalum) may be present in small amount.
Rammelsberg, who has contributed most to our knowledge of the composition, regards the
chlorine present as NaCl, and the zirconium as replacing silicon. For anals. 5-9 and 15, 16, he
writes 2R8R3(Si,Zr)10O26 -f- NaCI; for 17-21, R12R9(Si,Zr)26O65. If Zr is to be taken as base he
i n
suggests 3(R8RisZr,,SiisO39) -f- 2NaCl. Groth regards it as probably a salt of H2SiaCv
Eudialite Group— Eudialite.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Pogg., 63, 142, 1844. 2, Dmr., C. R., 43, 1197, 1856. 3, Nylander [Act. Univ. Lund, 2], Jb. Miu., 488, 1870. 4, Loreuzen, Min. Mag., 5, 61, 1882. 5-9, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 441, 1886. 10, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 41, 397, 1891.
11, Scheerer, Pogg., 72, 565, 1847, recalc. by Rg. 12, Dmr., 1. c. 13, Nylander, 1. c. 14, Cleve, Zs. Kr., 16, 504, 1890. 15-21, Rg., 1. c., 1886.
Eudialyte. G.
1. Greenland
2. " 2-906
5. " 2-928
10. MagnetCove 2 810
Incl. La-.Os.Di-.Os. b Incl. O'll MgO.
SiOa
Ta2O6 ZrO, (
OejOa" FeO
MnO
CaO
Na2O
K20
Cl ign,
— 16-88
—
G
1-19 0-37
' -
100-52
0-35 15-60
—
G
1'61
—
1-48 1-25
99-37
— 1467
—
G
—
1-37 1-43
99-47
— 14-49
54
—
1-04 1-91
[MgO 0-15 100-92
— 15-09
G
58
1*19
1-53 1-24
99-25
— 14-01
— —
— 14-05
34
— —
— 14-28
12
— 1-24
— 14-12
16
1-36 —
0-39? 11-45
—
37
14-88"
1-42 1-88
100-31
Eucolite.
11. Norway
14. Barkevik
15. "Brevik"
17. Sigteso 19. Aro
4785 — 14-05 2-32 7'42 1-94 12'06 12-31 —
45-70 2-35 14-22 3 '60* 6'83 2'35 9'66 11-50 —
50-47 — 14-26 4-30 5'42 3'67 9'58 10'46 —
45-15 3-52 12-51 5-12" 3'90 3'60 12'11 11-17 O'll
48-88 — 15-17 4-07 7'28 0'52 1063 8'80 1-24
48-91 — 16-10 3-38 6'54 0'93 10-57 9'74
4668 — 15-43 — 7'32 2'82 11-76 11-24 —
46-98 — 1452 4'02 6'42 2'55 10-70 0-42 —
46-84 — 16-09 5-19 5'92 1-50 10'52 10'70 0'50
— 6259 — — 6-45 2'95 10'59 10'29 0'37
46-14 — 15-40 — 7-59 2'63 10'73 — —
— 0-94 98-89
1-11 1-83
99-24
1-68 1-57
101-41
0-55 2-11
99 85
1-57 2-50
100-66
— 2-65 1-70 0-90
— 0-75 144 1-77 100-47
. La2O3 I'll p. c.
b Incl. Y8O3 0-32 p. c.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube affords water. B.B. fuses at 2'5 to 'a light green opaque glass, coloring the flame yellow (soda). With the fluxes gives reactions for iron and man- ganese. With hydrochloric acid gelatinizes, and the dilute acid solution imparts a deep orange to turmeric paper even after the iron in solution has been reduced to colorless protochloride by boiling with metallic tin (reaction for zirconia).
Obs. — Eudialyte is found at Kangerdluarsuk, West Greenland, where it was discovered by Giesecke early in the century. It is associated with arfvedsouite and sodalite, or embedded In compact white feldspar; the crystals are usually small, but sometimes an inch or more in length; also on the island Sedlovaty in the White Sea in massive form, embedded in sodalite; at Lujavr on the Kola peninsula, Russian Lapland, in elaeolite-syenite (Ramsay).
Eucolite is from islands of the Langesund fiord in Norway; it is common on the Ar6 islands. Eikaholmen; also in dikes in the ledges off Barkevik; on Laven and Stoko rare. It is associated with a3girite, catapleiite, astrophyllite, sodulite, leucophanite, also wohlerite, fluorite.
Eudialyte and eucolite also occur at Magnet Cove, in Arkansas, of a rich crimson to peach- blossom-red color, in feldspar, with eloeoliteand segirite (first noted by Shepard); probably also in the elaeolite syenite of Saline Co., Ark., seven miles N.E. of Benton (Williams).
Eudialyte is named from eu, easily, and Stakveiv, to dissolve, alluding to its easy solubility in acids. Eucolite from etVoAo? has much the same meaning.
Ref.— ' Mir., Phil. Mag., 16, 477, 1840; Min., 357, 1852. Other values are, for eudialyte c 2-11159 Kk., Vh. Min. Ges., 14, 205, 1879, and Min. Russl., 8, 29; for eucolite 2-0966 Bgr. (but it should be 2'0895 from ar - *36° 52'); eudialyte, h 2'1174 Magnet Cove, Williams, Am. J. Sc.,40, 457, 1890.
412 Silicates.
8 Cf. Mir., 1. c. Also Lang. Phil. Mag., 25, 436, 1863; Dx., 1, 160, 1862; Nd., Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 559, 1870; Kk., 1. c.; Gdt., Index. 1, 519, 1886. 3 Williams, 1. c.
A mineral probably identical with eudialyte, but not investigated chemically, is described by Ussing (G. For. Forh., 10, 190, 1888), from Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland. It occurs in rhom- bohedral crystals, with c prominent, also e. Observed forms: c (0001), m (1010), a (1120), (1016), z (1014), r (1011), e (Oll2), s (0221). Measured angles : ex 22° 37', cz — 31° 37'. er 67° 56 , ce 51° 10'. H. =5. G. 2'970. Color yellow-brown. Transparent. Optically +.
Brogger also notes a mineral associated with the rosenbuschite of Norway in orange-colored crystals showing the forms a, z, r, e, also GO (4'1'5'25, /g£), but in part developed with monoclinic symmetry. He refers it provisionally to eucolite.
346. OATAPLEHTE. Katapleiit Weibye & Sjogren, Pogg., 79, 300, 1850. Katapleft. Kalknatronkatapleit. Natronkataplei't Brogger, G. F6r. FOrh., 7, 427, 1884, Zs. Kr., 16, 434, 1890.
Hexagonal at 140° C.; pseudo-hexagonal and monoclinic at ordinary temperatures Brogger1.
If hexagonal, axis & 1-3629; 0001 A 1011 *57° 34' Hj. Sjogren1.
Common forms : c (0001, 0); m (1010, /); o (1012, p (1011, 1), x (2021, 2).. Angles: co 38° 12', cp 57° 34', ex - 72° 22}', oo 36° 1', pp' 49° 55}'. xx' - 56° 55'.
Dauber1 gave c 1'3593; Brogger, c — 1-3605 for uatron-catapleiite.
Referred to the monoclinic system, Brogger's data give : Axes a : T) : c 1-735H : 1 : 1-3636; 001 A 100 *89° 484/.
Angles : 100 A HO *60° 3', 001 A 101 38° 5', 001 A Oil 53° 44f '. Also 110 A 110 120° 6', 001 A 201 *57° 23}' 001 A 201 57° 40', 001 A 111 57° 30', 001 A HO 89° 54', 001 A ill 57° 38', 111 A 111 49° 50}'.
The following list gives the observed forms, referred first to the hexagonal system, and second with the proper rnouoclinic symbols, as interpreted by BrSgger.
c (0001) 001 y (1013) 203 203 113 113
m (1010) - 100 110 o (1012) 101 101 112 112
a (1120) - 310 010 p (1011) 201 201 111 111
TT (1-0-1 72) - 1-0-36 10-3(5 M'72 1-1-72 x (2021) =401 401 221 221
z (l-n-l-:;.i) - 1-0-15 10-15 1-1-30 H-30 p (1-1-2-24) S'1'24 O'MS
C (1-0-124) 1-"12 1-0-12 1-1-24 1-1-24 u (1124) 314 012
r (1-01-10) - 108 10 1-1-16 1-1-16 s (112-2) 312 Oil
v (1-0-1-12, - 106 106 1-1-12 1-1-12 a (4481) i2'4'l 081
Also, less certain, r (11-6 17'2) - 831 and 11-165-30, 40-125 and li'165-30, 40-12-5; and #(129-21 2) 6-12-1, etc
Crystals usually thin tabular hexagonal prisms with replaced edges. Twins common: (1) tw. pi. p (1011), with cc 64° 52'; (2) tw. pi. (3032) with eg 45° 55'; (3) tw. pi. (3362); (4) m; (5)
Cleavage: in perfect; also p (1011), o (1012) imperfect, Dbr. Fracture- conchoidal. Brittle. H. 6. G-. 2'8. Luster nearly dull, weak vitreous on surface of fracture. Color light yellow to yellowish brown, grayish blue, violet. Streak pale yellow. Translucent to opaque. Optically -4-.
BrOgger regards the crystals as originally rhombohedral (tetartohedral), but under a change of conditions they have suffered a secondary molecular rearrangement with the result of bring- ing them into the monoclinic system.
Sections c in polarized light show the crystals to be commonly trillings, also more com- plex, with the prism as tw. plane. Axial plane normal, or nearly so, to the edge c/m. Axial angle about 60°. Heated to 140° sections are isotropic. but become doubly refracting again on cooling. Optically analogous to tridymite, as also in habit of crystals, in twinning, etc.
Melanocerite Group— Cappelenite. 413
Comp.— Empirical formula, H4(Na2,Ca)ZrSi3011 or H2(Na2,Ca)(Zr(OH)2) (Si03)3 as suggested by Brogger. It may also be written (Na2,Ca)Si03.H4Zr(Si04)2. If Na alone is present, the percentage composition is: Silica 46'1, zirconia 28*8, soda 15 '9, water 9-2 100.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Contains both sodium and calcium. Color reddish, flesh-red, yellowish red to clear yellow and reddish white; seldom brownish red or dark brown.
2. Natron-catapleiite, or soda-catapleiite. Contains only sodium. Color blue to gray and white; on heating the blue color disappears.
Anal.— 1, 2, Sj5gren. 1. c. 3, Rg., Min. Ch., 677, 1875. 4, Forsberg, quoted by Bgr., 1. c. 5, 6, Weibull, G. For. Forh., 7, 272, 1884. 7, Forsberg, ibid. 8, 9, Cleve, quoted by Bgr.
SiO2 ZrO2 A12O3 FeO CaO Na2O H2O 1. Catapleiite.
7. Natron-catapleiite
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube yields water. B.B. in the platinum forceps fuses at 3 to a white enamel; with borax a clear colorless glass. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid without gelatinizing; the dilute acid solution colors turmeric paper orange-yellow (reaction for zirconia).
Obs.— From the island Laven (Lamo) in the Langesund fiord, Norway, with zircon, leucophanite, mosandrite, and tritomite; also on Stoko, Eikaholmen, the Ar6 islands. Natron-catapleiite is only known from the island Lille-Aro, where it occurs with feldspar, elaeolite, sodalite, segirite, lavenite, eucolite, astrophyllite, etc.
Named from Kara TtXeiov because always accompanied by a number of rare minerals.
Alt. — Pseudomorphs of zircon after catapleiite are noted by Brogger.
Ref.— ] Sj5gren, Norway, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 39, No. 7, 59, 1882. Dbr., Pogg., 92, 239, 1854. Bgr., G. For. Forh., 7, 427, 1884, Zs. Kr., 16, 434, 1890. See also Gotz, Mitth. Univ. Greifswald, 1886, and Jb. Min., 2, 222 ref., 1888.
0-45 0-63 1-40 0-49
101-02 101-51
— —
100-18
99-41
— 0-22
99-74
— 0-17
99-60
0-42 0-29
99-83
o-io
99-92
— o-io
100-13
6. Melanocerite Group.
Hexagonal or Rhombohedral.
347. Cappelenite Hexagonal 6 1-2903
KSi03.YB03 or 3BaSi03.2Y4(Si08)3.5YB03
348. Melanocerite Rhombohedral £ 1-2554
12(H2,Ca)Si03.3(Y,Ce)B03.2H2(Th,Ce)02F2.8(Ce,La,Di)OF
349. Caryocerite Rhombohedral 6 — 1-1845
6(H2,Ca)Si03.2(Ce,Di,Y)B03.3H2(Ce,Th)02F2.2LaOF Steenstrupine
350. Tritomite Rhombohedral, hemimorphic ±6 1-1138
2(H2,Na3JCa)Si03.(Ce,La,Di,Y)B03.H2(Ce,Th)OaFs
347. CAPPELENITE. W. C. Brogger, G. F5r. Forh., 7, 599, 1885, 9, 252, 1887: Zs. Kr. 16, 462, 1890.
Hexagonal. Axis 6 1-2903; 0001 A 1011 56° 7f Brogger.
Silicates.
SiOa
BaO,
Forms : c (0001, 0), m (1010, 7), p (1013, J), o (1011, 1). Angles: cp 26° 25', co 56° 8', ;>p' *25° 43', 00' 49° 3i'.
In thick prismatic crystals.
Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 6-6*5. G. 4-407 Cleve. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color greenish brown. Semi-transparent to translucent. Optically — . Double refraction rather strong.
Comp. — A boro-silicate of yttrium and barium, probably (Cleve, Bgr.) BSiO,.YBO, with B Ba and Y9( 3R) chiefly, also Ca,Na2,Ka in small amount, further Ce,Th( SB).
Anal. — 1, P. T. Cleve, quoted by Brogger, 1. c. CeOi,ThO9,YO.,LaaO, BaO CaO NaaO K2O ign.
[17-161 [16-96]
02 29
1-81 100 1-81 100
Further the rare earths are present as follows: Y2O3 91-23, CeO2 2-24, LaaO3 5-15, Th02 1-38 100; or Y2O3 52'62, LaaO3 2'97, CeOa 1'29, ThO2 0'80 57'68.
Pyr. — B.B. swells up and fuses with some difficulty to a white enamel. With fluorite and potassium bisulphate gives the green name of boron. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs in a small vein in the augite-syenite on Lille Ar5 in the Langesund fiord, southern Norway; it is associated with wOhlerite, rosenbuschite, catapleiite, orangite, lavenite, elaeolite, sodalite, etc.
Named after D. Cappelen of Holden, Norway.
348. MELANOCERITE. Melanocerit Brogger and Cleve, Zs. Kr., 16, 468, 1890. Bhombohedral. Axis 6 1-25537; 0001 A 1011 *55° 24' Brogger.
Fortns: c (0001, 0), p (1012, r (1011, R), z (4041, 4), q (0114, - e (0112, - d (0221, - 2).
cp 35° 56' cr *55° '24' cz 80" 13'
eg 19° 55' ce 35° 56' cd 70° 58'
pp' 61° 5 rr' 90° 56' zz1 117° 10'
ee' 61° 5f M 109° 54i'
Crystals tabular in habit; planes sometimes developed with monoclinic sym- metry. The fundamental rhombohedron approximates closely to a cube in angle.
Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5-6. G. 4-129 Cleve. Luster greasy to vitreous. Color deep brown to black. Streak light brown. Transparent with a bright wine-yellow color in splinters and thin sections. Optically uniaxial, negative. In part also isotropic and amorphous (by alteration).
Comp. — A fluo-silicate of the cerium and yttrium metals and calcium chiefly, with boron, tantalum, and other elements. Brogger interprets the composition by assuming the presence of the following compounds, which are present in the ratio given :
(Ha,Ca)aSiaO6 (Y,Ce)aBaO6 H<(Ce,Th)aO4F4 (Ce,La,Di)4O4F4 CaTa2O6 CaaC2O6 0436 0-092 0-064 0-144 0'034 O'OSO
The composition, following in the same line (largely hypothetical, to be sure), approximates closely to:
12(H2,Ca)Si03.3(Y,Ce)B03.2H2(Th,Ce)02Fa.8(Ce,La,Di)OF Anal.— Cleve, 1. c.
8iO2 ZrO, ThOa TaaOs P2O5 COa CeO2 B2O3 A12O3 Fe20, MnaOs 13-07 0-46 1-66 3'65 1-29 1'75 3'68 [319] 0'83 2'09 1-82
Ce2O3 DiaOj LaaO3 YaO, CaO MgO NaaO HaO F 20-76 7-67 12-94 9-17a 8'62 0'14 1-46 8-01 5'78 102-43
a Atomic weight 104*4.
Melangcerite Group— Caryocerite.
Pyr. — B.B. becomes lighter in color arid swells up without fusing. A green flame (boron) "with fluorite and potassium bisulphate; with soda, a manganese reaction and with salt of phos- phorus a reaction for cerium. Soluble in hot hydrochloric acid with separation of silica.
Obs. — Occurs very sparingly in the island Kjeo near Barkevik in the Langesund fiord, southern Norway; it is associated with segirite, barkevikite (and pierolite), lepidomelane, wohlerite, astrophyllite; also elseolite, leucophauite, spreustein, etc. Probably occurs also in the veins on the Aro-scheeren. Cf. Caryocerite.
349. CARYOOERITE. Karyocerit W. C. Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 478, 1890. Ehombohedral. Axis 6 1-1845; 0001 /. 1011 53° 49f Brogger.
Forms : c (0001, 0), e (0112, - q (0114, — £). Angles: cq 18° 53', ce *34° 22', w 58° 32'.
In tabular rhombohedral crystals. Faces brilliant but striated and not yielding good measurements. The occurring rhombohedron is made — (0112) in order to bring it into correspondence with the related species melanocerite.
Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5-6. G. 4'295 Cleve. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color nut-brown. Translucent. Optically isotropic (amorphous), in con- sequence of alteration.
Comp — Near melanocerite, differing chiefly in con- taining much more thorium. Brogger, again, assumes the presence of the following compounds, in the ratio given:
(Ha,Ca)Si2O (Ce,Di,Y),BaOs H4(Th,Ce)2O4F4 (La, etc.)4O4F4 CaTaaO Ca2C2O, 0-432 0-134 0-180 0072 0'026 O'OIG
The composition then approximates closely to:
Anal. — Cleve, quoted by Brogger, 1. c.
SiOa
ZrOa
ThOa
TaaO5
0'86
Co
0'35
CeOa
5'89
B2Os
[4'70]
A12O,
0'87
FeaO, 1'36
MnaO, 0'66
Ce2O3 La2O3 Di2O3 Y,O3 CaO MgO Na2O F H2O
14-83 14-34 6-75 2'21a 7'37 0'17 1'42 5'63 477 102'37
"Atomic weight 101-3. From the analysis the oxygen-equivalent of the fluorine, 2'37, is to be deducted.
Pyr. — See melauocerite.
Obs. — Occurs very sparingly in a vein in the augite-syeuite of the Langesund fiord, southern Norway, with segirite, catapleiite, astrophyllite, etc.; stated to have come from the Aroscheeren, or the rock ledges off the west shore of the island Store-Arf).
Named from Kapvov, a nut, and cerium, in allusion to the nut-brown color.
STEENSTKUPINE. J. Lorenzen, Medd. Gronl., 1881, Mm. Mag., 5, 67. 1882. A mineral allied to melanocerite and caryocerite. Rhombohedral. In indistinct crystals with rounded and roughened faces, somewhat resembling eudialyte. Combinations of c and r.with cr 52° approx., were noted, with also a second positive, and perhaps also a negative, rhombohedron. Also mas- sive. H. 4. G. 3"38. Luster dull. Color brown. Streak brownish, nearly white.
Analysis:
TiO2
ThO2
Ce,O3 (La,DOaOs AlaO, 10-66 17-04 2'41
FeaO3 9'71
MnO 4'20
CaO 3'09
Na,O 7'98
HaO
7'28 98'38
The separation of the thoria from the oxides of the cerium group is not regarded as very exact and the composition, consequently, is somewhat doubtful; the mineral, however, obviously approximates closely to the two species preceding, to which it is related also in form.
Entirely decomposed by acids ; B.B. fuses easily to a dull gray bead.
Occurs with lepidolite and segirite in the sodalite-syenite of Kangerdluarsuk, Green-
land.
Named after the Danish geologist, K. J. V. Steenstrup of Copenhagen.
416 Silicates.
350. TRITOMITE. Tritomit Weibye & Berlin, Pogg., 79, 299, 1850.
Rhornbohedral ; hemimorphic (?) Axis 6 4*4553. In crystals of acute triangular pyramidal form, approximating to a regular tetrahedron. They are bounded by the planes c' (0001, 0) and z (4041, 4). Angles: c'z *101°, zz' 116° 27'.
Cleavage indistinct. H. 5*5. G. 4 '15-4 '25 Bgr. Luster resinous. Color dark brown. Streak yellowish gray. Subtranslucent. Optically isotropic (amorphous1 ?).
Comp. — A fluo-silicate of thorium, the cerium and yttrium metals and calcium, with boron. Essentially, 2(Hi,Na,,Ca)SiO,.(Ce,La,Di,Y)BO,.Ha(Ce,Th,Zr)OsFa, as interpreted by Brogger.
Anal.— 1, 2, Engstrom, Inaug. Diss., Upsala, p. 32, 1877. 1, "Brevik," exact locality unknown. G. 4'178; 2, Barkevig, G. 4'045. 3, In typical tetrahedral-like crystals; for earlier analyses by Berlin, Forbes, Moller, see 5th Ed., p. 412.
SiOa TaaO6 13-54 1-15
13-59 I'll 14-71 3-09
ZrOa
ThOa
CeOa CeaO3 11-69 10-65
11-26 8-14
La2O3 :6'31
DiaO3 5'57
Ya03
FeaOs 3-52"
2-77"
BaO,
undet.
CaO Na8O
7-04 1-40
6-97 0-71 6-59 0-91
HaO F 6-40 4-29 102-44 6-48 3-15 [ 101 '06
7'69
Incl. MDaO8 0'67, AlaO8 1'18. b Incl. MnaO3 0'34, AlaO, 0'88. Also incl. ZrOa.
Deduct from 1, 1'81 p. c. O F; from 2, l'33p. c.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water and gives a weak fluorine reaction; with borax a reddish yellow glass, which is colorless on cooling. With hydrochloric acid in powder yields chlorine, and gelatinizes.
Obs. — From the island Laven (Lam6) in the Langesund fiord near Brevik, Norway, with leucophanite, analcite, mosandrite, also segirite, catapleiite, etc., in a coarse elaeolite-syenite; also on Stokft, Aro, the ArOscheeren and near Barkevik.
Named from rpz'S, three-fold, and reveiv, to cut, alluding to the trihedral cavities which the crystals leave in the gangue.
Ref. — ' Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 487, 1890. The form has been previously assumed to be that of an isometric tetrahedron; Brogger shows that the isotropic character probably indicates an amorphous condition resulting from alteration, while the crystalline form is either that of a tetragonal sphenoid, or more probably rhombohedral and hemimorphic. The latter view brings it into correspondence with melanocerite. to which it is related in composition.
2 Determinations of the specific gravity vary widely; Brogger regards 4 15-4'25 as most probably characteristic, and Engstrom, as noted, gives 4'045, 4'178; earlier results are 3'908 Forbes. 4'16-4-60 Berlin, 4'26 Moller.
ERDMANNITE. A complex mineral substance from the Langesund fiord, Norway, formerly referred to allanite but, according to Brogger (Zs. Kr., 16, 497, 1890), in part a mixture of a mineral allied to melanocerite with homilite, in part an altered mineral near homilite. See further under the Datolite Group, p. 507.
Intermediate Silicates.
Silicates intermediate in acidic character between the metasilicates and ortho- silicates; oxygen ratio of silicon to bases between 2 : 1 and 1 : 1.
A number of other species, strictly falling here, are included among the orthosilicates in order to exhibit their true group-relations; for example, nephelite obviously belongs with the
hexagonal group, having the general composition RAlSiO4, etc.
1. Leucophanite Group.
351. Leucophanite Orthorhombic, hemihedral
NaCaBeFSi,06 a : I : 6 0-9939 : 1 : 0'6722
352. Meliphanite Tetragonal, hemihedral 6 0-6584
NaCa2Be2FSi3010
The form of leucophanite approximates closely to that of the tetragonal meli- phanite
LEUCOPHANITE GROl'P—LEUCOPHANITE. 41?
2. lolite Group.
a: 6:6
353. lolite H,(Mg,Fe)4AlgSi1003, Orthorhombic 0-5871 : 1 : 0-5585
3. Barysilite Group.
Silicates containing lead.
354. Barysilite Pb3Si207 Hexagonal
355. Ganomalite Pb3(Ca,Mn)2Si3On Tetragonal
356. Hyalotekite K16B4Si240 F or, approx., Ca3Ba3Pb3Bs(Si08)ia
1. Leucophanite Group.
351. LEUOOPHANITE. Leukoplian Esmark. Erdmaun, Ak. H. Stockh., 191, 1840; Tamnau, Pogg., 48, 504, 1839. Leucophane. .Leucof unite.
Orthorhombic; hemihedral. Axes a : I : 6 0-99391 : 1 : 0-67217 Brogger', 100 A HO 44° 49f , 001 A 101 34° 4£', 001 A Oil 33° 54£'.
a (100, i-l)
/ (105, H)
r (056, §-?)
0 (116, i)
b (010, i-l)
e (104, i-l)
q (054, l-i)
u (225, f)
c (001, 0)
d U03, H)
d (021, 24)?
8 (223, f)
k (310, £-3) m (110, /)
y (loi, i-i)
o (201, 2-i)
1 (119, 4) V (H8,
v (445, P (HI, 1)
Forms1: g (106, £4) GO (401, 44j X (U7, (221, 2) p, (111, - 1)
£ (119 - V®1' 3)
4, (118, - t) t (212, 1-2)
X, (117, - lt (212, - 1-2)
0, (116, - £)y p (8-7-12, f|)
8, (223, - £ ) r (122, l-£)
az 51° 5', mx 27° 40', 02 38° 38', mo 55° 14'.
In crystals usually tabular c and commonly showing sphenoidal hemihedrism in the distribution of the pyramidal planes; with this the form of the etching-figures agrees (Bgr.). Often twins with tw. pi. m and c; usually penetration-twins by which in each quadrant a right and left individual are brought together in twinning posi- tion and complementary to each. other, with c as comp.-face. Also in prismatic crystals which are penetration-fourliugs, analogous to harmotome, with tw. pi. b. Massive in columnar or laminated forms.
Cleavage: c perfect; a, o (201) distinct; also b, 6 (021). Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle. H. - 4. GK 2 -959 Bgr.; 2'964 Eg. Luster vitreous. Color whitish green, greenish white, deep green with a yellow tinge, wine-yellow; thin fragments transparent and colorless. Strongly phosphorescent with a bluish light, whether heated or struck. Pyroelectric.
Optically — . Ax. pi. Bxa c. Dispersion p v, weak. Axial angles, Bgr.:
2Er 74° 24f Li 2Ey 74° 15' Na 2Egt 74° 8'
or, 1-5680 ft 1-5909 yT 1-5948
a, 1-5709 /5y 1-5948 1-5979 . 2V7 39* 2'
Comp.— Na(BeF)Ca(Si03), Silica 49-4, glucina 10-3, lime 23-0, soda 12-8, fluorine 7-9 103-4, deduct 3-4 (0 2F) 100.
This formula is that given by Brosreer. see further under the following species, meliphanite.
Anal.— 1, Erdmann, 1. c. U" . Po<r<r ., 98, 257, 1856. 3-5. Id., Zs.'G. Ges., 28, 59, 1876. 6, Id mean of 3-5 as given in .Miu. tli . Erg , 152. 1886. 7, BSckstrOm, Zs. Kr., 16, 286, 1890,
Silicates.
SiO2 AlaOs BeO CaO Na,O KaO F
47-82 — 11-51 25-00 10-20 0'31 6-17 MnO 1 "01 102-02
47-03 1-03 10-70
23-54'
11-26 0-30 6-57
100-43
10-27 0-30 6-53
47-07 undet. 11 '25
uudet. 6-97
49-70 " 12-40
48-38 — 11-97
10-27 0-30 6-77
101-06
48-50 0-45 10-03
23-21"
12-42 — 5-94
HaO108
Incl. 0-17 MgO.
b MgO 0-27.
1. Norway
a.
8. Laven
4. "
6. "
7. St.-Ar6
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube whitens and phosphoresces with a bluish light. B.B. in the forceps phosphoresces and fuses with intumescence at 3 to a clear colorless glass, which becomes opaque- white on flaming; imparts an intense yellow color to the flame. Fused with salt of phos- phorus in the open tube gives the reaction for fluorine. t
Obs. — Occurs in pegmatyte veins in augite-syenite with elaeolite, aegirite, mosandrite, astro- phyllite, etc., on the small islet Laven, near the mouth of the Langesund fiord in Norway; also from Stoko and other islands in the neighborhood.
Named from X.evKo$, white, and <paivecri)iu, to appear, because it presents a whitish reflec- tion in certain lights.
Ref.— Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 246, 1890. See also Greg, Phil. Mag., 9, 510, 1855; Nd., Ofv. Ak Stockh., 27, 557, 1870; Lang, Min. Mitth., 82, 1871; Bertrand, Ann. Mines, 3, 24, 1873, and Phil. Mag., 3, 357, 1877; Groth, Zs. Kr., 2, 199, 1878. The form, which approximates closely to the tetragonal type, has been regarded as monoclinic (cf. Btd., Groth).
352. MELIPHANITE. Melinophan Scheerer, J. pr. Ch., 55, 449, 1852. Meliphane Dana, Am. J. Sc., 44, 405, 1867.
Tetragonal and tetartohedral. Axis 6 0-65843; 001 A 101 33° 21 J' Bertrand l.
Forms : c (001, 0), a (100, i-i), k (310, £3), e (101, 1-t), o (201, 2-i), p (111, 1), (214, f 2). Angles: ee' 44° 14', ee" 66° 43f , co 52° 47', #p' 57° 37', pp" *85° 55'. Commonly in obtuse octahedrons with p (111) prominent, but tetartohedral in the distribution of the planes, as also in the want of symmetry of the etching- figures (Bgr.). Also massive, and consisting sometimes of plates or lamellae.
Cleavage: c distinct. Brittle. H. 5-5-5. G. 3-006 Bgr.; 3-018 Kg. Lus- ter vitreous. Color sulphur-, citron-, or honey-yellow; also flesh-red, brick-red. Transparent to translucent. Optically — . Pleochroism distinct. Double re- fraction strong. Indices, Bgr.:
wr 1-5912 red glass a>y 1-5934 Na oog, 1-5975 Tl
er 1-6097 " " ey 1-6126 Na egr 1-6161 Tl
Comp. — A fluo-silicate of beryllium, calcium, and sodium near leucophanite. Formula NaOaJBe,"FSi80.. Silica 46-9, glucina 13-1, lime 29'1, soda 8-1, fluorine 5-0 102-2, deduct 2'2 (0 2F) 100. Aluminium may also be present.
The above formula is given by BrSgger (with 3Be Ala which somewhat reduces the excess of silica), who further writes it Ca4Be(BeF)Na(81O|)4.(8iO4) or as a metasilicate, Naj(BeF)2(CaiO)aBe2(SiOs)6; that for leucophanite being written for sake of comparison AUNa3(BeF)3CasfSiO3).
Rammeisberg suggests 6RSiO3.R2SiO4 -4- 3NaF for leucophanite, and RSiO3.R!iSiO4 -4- 6NaF for meiiphanite.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Pogg., 98, 257, 1856. 2-5, Id., Zs. G. Ges., 28, 61, 1876. 6, Backstrdm, Zs. Kr., 16, 288 1890.
1. Fredriksvarn
2. Stoksund(?)
6. Arc
SiO, A12O, BeO CaO NaaO K2O F
43-66 1-57- 11-74 26'85b 8'55 1-40 5'73 HaO 0'30 99'80
41-40 undet. 18-81 29'05 undet.
44-32 " 13-84 29'93
': 14-04 30-10 7-21 0-59
42-50 " 13-62 30-56 undet.
43-60 4-61<! 9-80 29'56 7'98 0'23
With Fe2O3 (MnaOs).
b MgO 0-11.
5-43 MgO 0-16 101-37 With FeaOs.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in the forceps does not phosphoresce, fuses with intumescence to a white enamel; in other respects resembles leucophane.
Iolite Group— Iolite.
Obs. — From the augite-syenite of southern Norway, near Fredriksv&rn, with elseolite, mica, fluorite; also from several of the islands of the Laugesuud fiord, at Stoksund on Stoko, Lang- odden, etc. Often associated with elseolite, homilite, erdmannite, fluorite, zircon, lollingite, etc. It does not accompany leucophauite, but appears to take its place.
Named from //e'Ai, honey, and <f>aivf<r&at, to appear, from the -honey -yellow color. [Scheerer miswrote the word meiinophane, which would couie from jnekivos, aslien, or jj.eXivr], millet.} The dropping of the t of the genitive, as doue above, has classical authority.
Ref.— ' C. ii., 83, 711, 1876; also Nd., Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 556, 1870, who describe* tabular crystals with two pyramids, cp 47° 51', and cq — 21° 42', not readily corresponding to Bertrand's form; Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 279, 1890.
2. lolite Group.
353. IOLITE. Spanischer Lazulith v. Sehloiheim, Hoff, Mag. Min., 1, 169, 1801. lolith- (fr. Spain) Wern.; Karst. (with descr.), Tab., 46, 92, 1808. lolithe H., Tabl., 61, 221, 1809. Dichroit Cordier, J. Mines, 25, 129, 1809, J. Phys., 68, 298, 1809. Steinheilite Gadolin, Mem. Ac. St. Pet., 6, 565. Peliom (fr. Bodenmais) Wern., Hofl'm. Min., 4b, 117, 1817. Cordierite Lucas, Tabl., 2, 219, 1813; H., Tr., 3, 5, 1822. Hard Fahlunit. Luchssapphir, Wassersapphir, in Germ., Saphir d'eau in Fr., of Ceylon Jewelry. Jolith Germ. Cerasite Y. Kikuchi, J. Coll. Sc., Japan, 3, 331, 1890.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-5871 : 1 : 0-5585 Miller1.
100 A HO 30° 25', 001 A 101 43° 34£', 001 A Oil *29° 11'.
Forms2 : a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l)
c (001, 0)
m (110, /) d (130, i-B)
mm'" *60° 50' dd' 59° 10' ff 50° 52*' ee' 87° 8' II' 31° 12'
/(102,-B) e (101, l-l)
I (012, $-1)
nri 58° 22' pp' 96° 20' qq' 131° 46' cs 28° 53'
n (Oil, l-l) p (021, 2-1) q (041,44)
t (114, i) 8 (112, £) r (111, 1)
h (221, 2) w(134, f-3) o (131, 3-3)
cr 47° 48' oo' 51° 59'
eh 65° 37' 28° 18*
rr' 79° 25' rr'" 44° 4'
uu' 24° 45' hh'" 54° 55'
Twins: (1) tw. pi. m, often repeated giving pseudo-hexagonal forms; also as enclosed twinning lamellae. (2) Tw. pi. d (130)3, also pseudo-hexagonal. Habit short prismatic; faces in zone ab, vertically striated. As em- bedded grains; also massive, com- pact.
Cleavage: b distinct; a and 'c indistinct. Crystals often show a lamellar structure c, especially when slightly altered. Fracture sub-
Fig. 1, Laach, Rath. 2, Miller.
conchoidal. " Brittle. H. 7-7 '5. G. 2-60-2-66. Luster vitreous. Color various shades of blue, light or dark, smoky blue. Transparent to translucent.
4 Pleochroism strongly marked except in thin sections. Axial colors variable, as given by Haidinger:
Bodenmais
Arendal
Orijarvi
Ceylon
Haddam
C b
dark Berlin-blue dark blue dark Berlin-blue light Berlin-blue pale blue
6 d
light Berlin-blue light blue plum-blue bluish white nearly white
yellowish white yellowish white reddish clove-brown yellowish white light yellowish white
Also for the planes : a bluish white, b yellowish white, c blue. Absorption (b) b (a) a Pleochroic halos common, often bright yellow; best seen
Silicates.
in sections 6. Exhibits idiophanous figures5, analogous to andalusite, epidote, etc. Optically — . Ax. pi. a. Bx c. Dispersion feeble, p v. Refractive indices (for orange), Dx. " :
€eylon a=l-537 /J=1'542 =1-543 Bodenmais a=V5S5 /3=1'541 =1'546 Orijarvi 1-5887 /ff= 1-5876 y =1-5400
.-. 2V =70° 23' 2E=125° 16'. Found 2Er=124° 44 .-. 2V=84° 28'. Found 2Hr=89° 25' 2Vr= 83° 57 .-. 2V=77° 57' 2E=150° 28'. Found 2Hr= 82° 21 ,
[2Er=149° 23 Haddam a=l'5523 /?=1'5615 1-5627 .'. 2V =39° 32' 2E=63° 45'. Found 2Er=63° to64°
Heat increases the axial angle perceptibly, e.g., from 2E 63° 56' at 8° '8 C. to 69° 8' at 95°'5, and 71° 40' at 150°'8, for red rays, Dx.
Comp.— H2(Mg,Fe)4Al8Silu037 of H,0.4(Mg,FeO).4Al8Os.10Si09 Farrington. If Mg : Fe 7 : 2, the percentage composition is : Silica 49'4, alumina 33'6, iron protoxide 5'3, magnesia 10'2, water 1-5 100. Ferrous iron replaces part of the magnesium. There has been some doubt expressed (Rg.) as to the state of oxida- tion of the iron. Calcium is also present in small amount.
Anal.— 1-4. Stromeyer, Unters., 1821, Rg., Min. Ch. 5. Scheerer, Pogg., 68, 319, 1846. 6, Igelstrom, Jb. Min., 360, 1870. 7, Hermann, Miu. Russl., 3, 257, 1858. 8, T. Shimidsu, J. Coll. Sc., Japan, 3. 325. 1890. 9, Jackson, Dana Min., 406, 1844. 10, 11, Farrington, priv. contr. Also 5lh Ed., p. 300.
G. SiO2 A12O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H2O
1. Bodenmais
2. Hi i laud 8. Falun
4. Greenland 2'60
5. KragerO
6. Ramsberg
7. Mursinka 2'60
8. Japan 2 "642
9. Unity, Me.
10. Haddam, Ct. 2'610
11. Guilford, Ct. 2'607
9-24" 631" 4-45" 4-82*
tr.
— 100-37
— 99-91 1-66 100-39 1-20 99-78 1-02 99-b6 2-35 99-65
2-66 Luoo-64 - 100
1-55 100-48
0-50 100-37
1-84 Fe2O3 0-63 100-08
1-62 Fe2Os 0-38=100-34
a Fe2O3 as given by Rg.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. In short prismatic crystals, six- or twelve-sided, often with rounded dges; also massive or in embedded grains.
2. Cerasite. A variety characterized by the constant and regular presence of inclusions, analogous to chiastolite as a variety of andalusite; pleochroism weak. Produced by contact metumorphism of granite in slate in the Watarase-gawa region, Japan. Named from Kepacrut, cherry, in allusion to the Japanese name Sakiira-islu, or cherry -stone, given to the rock contain- ing the altered mineral, which, consisting chiefly of mica, shows a hexagonal radiate structure in a transverse section like that of a flower. The fresh mineral (anal. 8) shows the same structure.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. loses transparency and fuses at 5-5'5. Only partially decomposed by acids. Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates.
Obs.— Occurs in granite, gneiss (cwdierite-gneiss), horubleudic, chloritic and talcose schist, and allied rocks, with quartz, orthoclase oralbite, tourmaline, hornblende, andalusite, sillimanile, garnet, and sometimes beryl. Less commonly in or connected with igneous rocks, thus formed directly from the magma, as in andesyte, etc. ; also in ejected masses (iu fragments of older rocks) ; further formed as a contact-mineral in connection with eruptive dikes, as in slates adjoining
frauite (cf. cerasite above), or as microscopic crystals in vitrified sandstone near basalt (cf. Zir- el, J.b. Min., 1, 109, 1891).
At Bodenmais, Bavaria, it is met with in granite, in crystals, along with pyrrhotite, spha- lerite, chalcopyrite; the variety is the peliom of Werner, named from Tre'AzoS, in allusion to its smoky blue color. It occurs in the andesytes of Hungary (Szabo, Jb. Min., Beil., 1, 302, 1881). In quartz at Ujprdlersoak in Greenland; in the andesytes of Cabo de Gata.in Spain; atKragerO, in Norway; Orijarvi, in Finland (steinheiUte); Tunaberg, in Sweden; Finspaong, in Ostgothland; Brunhult, in Sodermanland ; Falun (hard fahlunite); in ejected masses of gneiss at the Laacher See; at Carapiglia Maritima, Tuscany, in a trachytic rock, containing also mica, quartz, and eanidine. In colorless crystals (G. 2'67) from Brazil. Ceylon affords a transparent variety, in small rolled masses of an intense blue color, the saphir d'eau of jewellers. In Japan along the Watarase-gawa (cerasite), on the borders of the provinces K5dsuke and Shimotsuke, as noted above and at other points; also altered to a micaceous mineral in a dark slate near Kameoka, in the province of Tamba; further in ejected masses from Asama-yama.
At Haddam, Conn., associated with tourmaline in a granitic vein in gneiss; sparingly at the chrysoberyl locality, in an altered or fahlunite condition; abundant in quartz with garnet and yellowish green feldspar, near the Norwich and Worcester Railway, between the Shetucket and
Barysilite Group— Bartsilite. 421
Quinnebaug, where the gneiss has been quarried for the road; in gneiss near Guilford, Conn. At Brimfleld, Mass.. on the road leading to Warren, near Sam Patrick's with adularia, in gneiss; also good at Richmond, N. H., in talcose rock, along with anthophyllite.
Named lolite from i'ov, violet, and Az'QoS, stone; DicJiroite (from dixpooS. two-colored), from its dichroism; Cordierite, after Cordier, the French geologist (1777-1861), who first studied the crystals of the species; Steinheilite by Gadolin after Mr. Steinheil.
Alt. — The alteration of iolite takes place so readily by ordinary exposure, that the mineral is most commonly found in an altered state, or enclosed in the altered iolite. This change may be a simple Lydration; or a removal of part of the protoxide bases by carbon dioxide; or the introduc- tion of oxide of iron; or of alkalies, forming pinite and mica. The first step in the change con- sists in a division of the prisms of iolite into plates parallel to the base, and a pearly foliation of the surfaces of these plates; with a change of color to grayish green and greenish gray, and sometimes brownish gray. As the alteration proceeds, the foliation becomes more complete; afterward it may be lost. The mineral ino this altered condition has many names : as hydrous iolite (incl. bonsdorfflte and auralite) from Abo, Finland, anal. 2 ; faliluniie (and weissitel) from Falun, Sweden, anal. 1, also pyrargillite from Helsingfors; esmarkite and praseolite from near Brevik, Norway, also raumite from Raumo, Finland, and peplolite from Ramsberg, Sweden; chloropliyllite from Unity, Me., anal. 3; aspasiolite, anal. 4; and polychroilite from KragerS, further, the alkaline kinds, pinite, cataspilite, gigantolite, iberite, which are mentioned more par- ticularly, with analyses, under the Mica Group, wh. see. See further fahlunite, etc., 5th Ed., pp. 484-48(1, also a review of the subject by Wichmann, Zs. G. Ges., 26, 675, 1874.
The following are analyses of some of the above mentioned alteration products of iolite : 1, Trolle Wachmeister, Ak. H. Stockh.. 213, 1827. 2, Malmgren, Vh. Min. Ges., 152, 1862. 3, Rg., Min. Ch., 833, 1860. 4, Scheerer, Pogg., 68, 323, 1846.
SiOa A120S FeO MnO MgO CaO KaO H2O
1. Fahlunite 44'95 30'70 7'22 1'90 6-04 0'95 1'38 8'65 101'79
2. Auralite 41'76 31'25 8'35 0'30 4'73 1'78 1'50 10'44 lOO'll
3. Chlorophyllite 46"31 25-17 10'99* tr. 10'91 0'58 — 6'70 100-66
4. Aspanolite G 2'764 f 50'40 32-38 2-34 — 8"01 — — 6-73= 99'86
a Fe2Os.
Artif. — Bourgeois obtained by fusion of the constituents a mass containing microlites of pyroxene and a mineral having the characters of iolite. Of. Reprod. Min., 226, 1884.
Ref.— ' Min., 325. 1852. Mir., 1. c. Earlier Tamnau, Pogg., 12, 495, 1828; Hausm , Min., 2, 553, 1847. and " Ueber die Krystallformen des Cordierits von Bodenmais," GOttingen, 1859. Also Dx., Min., 1, 354, 1862; Rath, Laach, Pogg.. 152, 40, 1874; Gdt., Index, 1, 465, 1886. Gdt. notes as doubtful the forms of Hausmann: cr (072), it (132), p (5-15'18). 3 Lsx., twins from Laacher See, Zs. Kr., 8, 76. 1883. 4 Absorption phenomena Raid., Ber. Ak.Wien, 13, 306, 1854, Lsx., 1. c., Hussak, Ber. Ak.Wien, 87 (1), 333, 1883. 5 Idiophanous figures, Haid.,1. c., Bertin, Ann. Ch. Phys., 15, 396, 1878 (or Zs. Kr., 3, 449, 1879), et al., Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 72-78, 1879. 6 Dx., 1. c., and N. R., 53, 1867.
3. Barysilite Group.
354. BARYSILITE. Barysil A. Sjogren and C. H. Lundstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 45, 7,
Hexagonal. In embedded masses with curved lamellar structure.
Cleavage: basal, distinct ; prismatic lessso. H. 3. G. 6'11; 6'55. Frac- ture uneven. Brittle. Luster pearly on cleavage surface. Color. white ; tarnishing on exposure. Translucent. Optically uniaxial, negative.
Comp.— Pb,Si,07 or 3Pb0.2Si02 Silica 15-2, lead protoxide 84'8 100. The lead is replaced in part by manganese, calcium, magnesium. Anal. — Sjogren and Lundstr5m.
SiO2 PbO MnO FeO CaO MgO ign.
1. G. 6-11 17-85 73-39 4'14 0'44 1'29 1'09 1"20 G\tr. 99'40
2. G. 6-55 16-98 77'84 3'49 0 16 0'41 0'58 0'66 100'12
3. 16-83 77-64 3-67 012 0'23 0*57 0-54 Cl tr. 99-60
Pyr.— Decrepitates and fuses very easily B.B. to a clear brown glass; reacts for lead and manganese. Dissolves with gelatinization in nitric acid; also in hydrochloric acid with separa- tion of lead chloride.
Obs.— Occurs scattered through iron ore with calcite, yellow garnet, tephroite, and galena at the Harstig mine, Pajsberg, Wermland, Sweden.
422 Silicates.
355. GANOMALITE. A. E. Nordenskiold, G. F6r. F5rh., 3, 121, 1876, 3, 382, 1877; A. Sjogren, ib., 6, 531, 1883.
Tetragonal1. In prismatic crystals with the forms: c (001, 0), m (110, /), h (410, 4)?, p (111, 1), cp 45° approx., whence 6 0'707.
Also massive, granular.
Cleavage: m and c distinct. Fracture uneven. Very brittle. H. 3. G. 5'74 Lindstrom; 4*98 Nd. Luster resinous to vitreous. Colorless to gray. Optically positive. Double refraction strong.
Comp.— Pb,SiaOT.(Ca,Mn)aSi04 or 3Pb0.2(Ca,Mn)0.3SiOa. If Ca : Mn 5 : 1, this requires: Silica 18-7, lead protoxide 69-2, manganese protoxide 2*4, lime 9*7 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Wiborgh, G. F5r. F5rh., 6, 537, 1883. 3, G. LindstrSm, ib., p. 662; three determinations of the specific gravity gave: 5'722, 5'730, 5*762.
SiOa PbO MnO CaO
1. 20-22 69-95 — 9'27 99'44
2. 20-59 68-89 10'52 100
8. Jakobsberg G. 5'74 18-33 68'80 2-29 9'34 igu. 0'57, Xs 0'70 100-03
X A1,O, 0-07, Fe2O3 0-12, CuO 0-02, MgO 0-11, alk. 0-10, P2O6 0'04, Cl 0'24.
Fyr. — B.B. fuses easily to a clear glass, which in R.F. is colored black by reduced lead. On charcoal with soda a lead globule, and a coatiug of lead oxide. Easily soluble in nitric acid, with the separation of gelatinous silica.
Obs. — Occurs very sparingly with tephroite (which it closely resembles), native lead, calcite, and jacobsite, at Langban, Wermland, Sweden. Also from Jakobsberg, Nordmark, mixed with a brown mica (mangauophyllite), and associated with calcite and jakobsite. Named from ydvooua, luster.
An earlier approximate analysis by Lindstrom of the Langban mineral (quoted by Nd.) gave: SiOa 34'55, PbO 34 -89, MnO 20'01, CaO 4'89, MgO 3'68, alk. and loss 1 -98 100. Cf. ref.1. It does not seem certain that the two minerals are identical.
Nordenskiold (ib., p. 384) meutious the occurrence at Langban of a second lead silicate, very similar in appearance and blowpipe reactions to the above, but with two distinct cleavages, at an angle of 75° 27'. The material available was too scanty for full examination, but he sug- gests that it may be a more distinctly crystallized variety of ganomalite.
Ref.—1 Nd., A. Sj.( 1. c.; biaxial with small angle, Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 8, 1878.
356. HYALOTEKITE. A. E. Nordenskiold, G. For. Forh., 3, 382, 1877. Massive. Coarsely crystalline.
Cleavage easy in two directions, at an angle of approximately 90°; also less easy in a third direction, in the same zone (Dx.). Brittle. H. 5-5-5. G. =3-81. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color white to pearly gray. Transparent in very thin plates. Optically biaxial, positive. Ax. pi. zone-axis of the cleavages. 2Hr=98° -99°, Dx.1
Comp. — Approximately R9B2(Si03)12. Lindstrom's analysis gives 16R0.2B203. 24Si02.F. Here R=Pb : Ba : Ca 0'225 : 0'262 : 0-279; also small quantities of BeO, K20, etc. Groth suggests HR4B(Si03)6 with F replacing most of the (OH). Anal.— G. LindstrOm, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 44, 589, 1887.
SiO, B3OS PbO BaO CaO F
39-47 3-73 25-11 20'08 72 0'99 ign. 0'59, Xa 2-58 100'37 X CuO 0-09, MnO 0'29, BeO 0-75, MgO 0-09, K2O 0'89, Cl 0'06, NaaO 0'17, AlaO3 0'18, FeaO, 0'06.
An earlier incomplete analysis (Nd.) gave: SiO2 39"62, PbO 25-30, BaO 20'66, CaO 7'00, ign. 0-82, A12OS, K2O, etc., tr.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses to a clear glass, which in R.F. becomes blackened with reduced lead. On charcoal with soda in small amount fuses to a clear glass; with more soda in R.F. gives a lead globule and a coating of lead oxide. In salt of phosphorus dissolves, leaving a skeleton of silica. Insoluble in hydrochloric or sulphuric acids.
Obs. — Occurs sparingly in a grayish white feldspar, with hedyphane and schefferite, at Langban, Wermland, Sweden. Named from £aAoS, glass, and rr'/Keiv, to melt.
Ref.—1 Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 9, 1878.
Nephelite Group— Nephelite.
III. Orthosilicates. K2Si04.
Salts of Orthosilicic Acid, H4Si04; characterized by an oxygen ratio of 1 : 1 for silicon to bases.
The following list includes the prominent groups among the Orthosilicates. A number of basic Orthosilicates are here included, which yield water upon ignition; also others which are more or less basic than a normal orthosilicate, but which are of necessity in- troduced here in the classification, because of their relationship to other normal salts. The MICA GROUP is so closely related to many Hydrous Silicates that (with also Talc, Kaolinite, and some others) it is included under the latter head.
1. Nephelite Group. Hexagonal.
2. Sodalite Group. Isometric.
3. Helvite Group. Isometric, tetrahedraL
4. Garnet Group. Isometric.
5. Chrysolite Group. Orthorhombic.
6. Phenacite Group. Rhombohedral.
7. Scapolite Group. Tetragonal.
8. Melilite Group. Tetragonal.
9. Vesuvianite Group. Tetragonal.
10. Zircon Group. Tetragonal.
11. Danburite Group. Orthorhombic.
12. Datolite Group. Monoclinic.
13. Epidote Group. Monoclinic.
14. Axiiiite Group. Triclinic.
1. Nephelite Group. Hexagonal. Typical formula KAlSi04.
357. Nephelite K,Na6Al8Si9034 6 0'8389
Soda-nephelite (artif.) NaAlSi04
358. Eucryptite LiAlSi04
359. Kaliophilite KAlSi04
360. Cancrinite H6Na6Ca(NaC03)2Al8(Si04), 26 0-8448
361. Microsommite (Na,K)].Ca4Al12Si1206!)SCl4 26 0-8367
357. NEPHELITB. Sechsseitige weisse durchsichtige Schorlsftuler mit oder ohne Pyra- mideau der Spitze, etc. (fr. Vesuvius (Somma)), J. J. Ferber, Briefe aus Walschland, 166, 1773; Basaltes crystallisatus albus crystallis prismaticis v. Born, Lithoph., 2, 73, 1775; Sommite Delameth., T. T., 2, 271, 1797; Nepheline H., Tr., 3, 1801. Pseudo-sommite, Pseudo-nephe- line (fr. C. di Bove), Fl. Bellevue, J. Phys., 51, 458, 1800 ; id., var. of Sommite, Delameth., 1. c. Nefelina, Cavolinite, Davina, Mont. & Covelli, Min. Vesuv., 1825.
Fettstein Warn., 1808, Klapr. Beitr.. 5, 176. 1810, Steffen's Orykt.. 1. 472, 1811. Elaeolith (fr. Norway) Klapr., Mag. Ges. Fr. fieri., 3, 43. 1809. Beitr., 5, 176, 1810. Pierre grasseS!, Tabl., 65, 228, 1809. Phonite (fr. Norway) Dx. Min., 1, ','89, 1863.
Hexagonal. Axis 6 0 -838921!; 0001 A 1011 44° 5' 22" Koksharov1.
Silicate 8.
Forms2 :
c (0001, 0)
m (1010, I) a (1120, *-2) n (2130, t-f)
fl- (2025, f) g (1012, i) (2023, f )
(1011, 1) e (2021, 2)
x (4041, 4) y (6061, 6)
0 (1122, 1,2) (1121, 2-2)
<tf 21° 11'
cq 25° 51'
ct 32° 51'
cp 44° 5'
cz 62° 42'
75° 32'
ey — 80° 14'
ce 40° 0'
cs 59 3 12'
gg' 20° 49'
??' 25° 11' it' 31° 29' pp' *40° 43' 52° 45£ 57° 55' 59° 3' 37° 29' 50° 52' 41° 56' 52' 57'
zz
yy'
ee' as' ms ap
1. Nephelite, Vesuvius, Sec. 2. Elceolite, Is. Laven, Norway, Klein.
Usually in thick six- or twelve-sided prisms with plane or modified summits. Also massive compact, and in embedded grains; structure sometimes thin columnar.
Cleavage : m distinct ; c imperfect. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 5*5-6. G. 2'55-2'65. Luster vitreous to greasy; a little opalescent in some varieties. Colorless, white, or yellowish; also when massive, dark green, greenish or bluish gray, brownish red and brick-red. Transparent to opaque. Optically — . Indices:
Mte. Sorama
Arkansas
Go, 1-539- 1-542
oo. 1-5469
ey 1-534- 1-537 Dx. ey 1-5376 Wolff*. ey 1-5378 Wadsworth6. e, 1-5422 Penfield6.
Etching experiments seem to prove the existence of pyramidal hemihedrism with hemi- morphism iii the direction of c; also of twinning with a and c as tw. -planes, Baumh.3
Var. — 1. Nephelite, Glassy. Usually in small glassy crystals or grains, transparent with vitreous luster, first found on Mte. Somma. G. 2'56, Vesuvius, Scheerer; 2'637, ib., Breith. Characteristic particularly of younger eruptive rocks and lavas; often in crystals also forming an unindividualized ground -mass (nephelinitoid).
2. ElcEolite. In large coarse crystals, or more commonly massive, with a greasy luster, and reddish, greenish, brownish or gray in color. Usually clouded by minute inclusions. G. 2-597 Miask, Breith.; 2 617 Brevik, Scheerer; 2'612 Laurvik, Bgr.; 2'65 Arkansas, Smith & Brush. Characteristic of granular crystalline rocks, syenite, etc.
Comp.— R8Al8Si9034; if E Na : K 3 : 1, this is equivalent to 3Na2O.K20. 4Al90,.9SiOa Silica 44-0, alumina 33-2, soda 15-1, potash 7 -7 100. In most analyses Na : K 4 : 1 or 5 : 1.
The above is the formula of Scheerer. Cf. also Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 695, 1876, Min. Ch., Erg., 170, 1886; Rauff, Zs. Kr., 2, 454, 1878; Doelter, ib., 9, 321, 1884.
From synthetic experiments, yielding crystals like nephelite, with the composition NaAlSiO4 or NaaO.Al2O3.2SiCv Doelter decides that a natural soda-nephelite would be an orthosilicate with this formula, while the higher silica in the potash varieties may be explained by the presence, in molecular combination, of KAlSi2O6 or KsO.AUOsSiO,, leucite). This was also suggested by Rammelsberg, and seems very probable, although not agreeing strictly with Scheerei-'s formula above. It is to be noted that the other species of the group are normal orthosilicates, viz., eucryptite LiAlSiO4, and kaliophilite KAlSiCv
Anal.— 1-3, Scheerer, Pogg., 49, 359, 1840, also other analyses. 4, Rg., Min. Ch., 446, 1875. 5, Rg., 1. c., 1876. 6, Rauff, 1. c. 7, Jannettax, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 322, 1882. 8, 9, Scheerer, Pogg., 46, 291, 1839. 10, F. Koch, Jb. Min., Beil., 1, 143, 1880 (cf. also Min. Mitth., 335, 1877). 11, 12, Lorenzen, Min. Mag., 5, 59, 1882. 13, Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 31, 262, 1886. 14, 15, Lem- berg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 548-9, 1876. Also 5th Ed., p. 328.
Nephelite Group— Nephelite. 425
NepJtelite.
G. SiOa AlaO3 NaO KaO CaO HaO
1 Vesuvius 2-56 44'03 33'28 15-44 494 1'77 0 21 FeaO,,MnaO8 0'65=100-32
2 " 44 29 33-04 14'93 4'72 1'82 0"21 Fe3O3,MnaO3 0'39= 99'40 . 3 44 04 34-06 15'91 4'52 2'01 0'21 MgO <FT, -Fe2O3 0'44
4 " 43-56 32-18 16'25 7'14 0"45 — 99'58 110M9
5 " 2-608 44-98 34'49 15'60 4'65 0'43 — 100'15
6 " 444-08 33-28 16'00 4'76 1-85 0-15 100-12
7 Denise 2'71 43'18 33'50 18'61 0'90 1'50 0'80 98'49
8. Katzenbuckel 43-70 32'31 15'83 5'60 0'84 1'39 FeaO, 1'07 100'74
EloRolite.
9 Brevik 2'617 444-45 31 -92 15-71 5'17 0'28 2'07 FeaO8 MO 100'70
10. Ditro 45-25 29-41 14'36 6'84 1'69 2-11 99-66
11. Greenland, cryst. 2'60 43'39 32'28 16'52 5'62 0 70 — FeaO3 0'92, Cl tr. 99'43
12 " mass. 2'63 41 '87 33'94 15'03 6'68 0'47 0'94 Fe2O3 0'70, Cl tr. 99'63
13 Litchfield. Me. 43'74 34'48 16'62 4-55 tr. 0'86 MgO tr. 100'25
14 Fredriksvarn 45'10 33'28 16'36 5'05 — 0'70 100-49 15. Miask 43'42 33'46 16-44 5'43 — 1'21 9996
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses quietly at 3'5 to a colorless glass. Gelatinizes with acids. Obs. — Nephelite occurs both in ancient and modern volcanic rocks, and also in crystalline rocks allied to grstnite and gneiss; in recent volcanic rocks it is in glassy crystals or grains often associated with glassy feldspar or sanidine, as in phonolyte, or with a triclinic feldspar in teschenyte, etc.. or without feldspar in nephelinyte and uephelinbasalt, as that of Katzen- buckel, near Heidelberg. In the older igneous rocks the variety elseolite is present, often with orthoclase, as in elseolite-syeuite. No sharp distinction can be made, however, between the plutonic or intrusive granitoid rocks carrying nephelite (elseolite) and surface or effusive rocks; thus Derby shows that in Brazil (Miuas Geraes, Sao Paulo, etc.) both types pass into each other (Q. J. G. Soc., 43, 457, 1887, and Dec. 19, 1890).
A granitoid rock found near Miask, iu which elseolite is prominent, has been named miascyte, from its locality. A rock composed of orthoclase, elseolite, and sodalite, from Ditro in Transylvania, is the ditroyte of Tschermak. The zircon-syenite or augite-syenite of Norway coutains much elseolite, and is hence often called also elseolite-syenite.
Nephelite occurs in crystals in the older lavas of Mte. Somma, with mica, vesuv-ianite, etc.; at Capo di Bove, near Rome (the locality of the pseudo-nepheline); in the basalt of Kalzenbuckel, near Heidelberg; at Meiches in Hesse; Aussig in Bohemia; LSbau in Saxony; in granular masses embedded in the basalt of Deuise near Puy, Haute Loire. Phonolytes carrying nephetite occur on Fernando de Noronha and also, with the granitoid foyaytes, extensively in Brazil in the provinces of Miuas Geraes, Sao Paulo. Rio de Janeiro (cf. Derby, 1. c., etal.).
Elseolite is found at Stavern and Fredriksvarn, Norway, and at irumy points in the region of the Laugesund fiord, where the elseolite-syeuite is characterized by the number and variety of rare minerals which it contains (see Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 1890); in the Ilmen Mts., Ural, along with white feldspar, brown hexagonal mica, zircon, pyrochlore. etc.; in the Tunkinsk Mts., Siberia, with graphite, cancrinite, zircon. In the sodalite-syenite of Tunugdliarflk and Kan- gerdluarsuk in south Greenland. In the elseolite-syenite ov foyayte of Sierra de Monchique, southern Portugal.
Elseolite occurs massive and crystallized at Litchfield, Me., with cancrinite; in the Ozark Mts., near Magnet Cove, Arkansas, with brookite, schorlomite, eudialyte, and many rare species; in a boulder, with sodalite, at Salem, Mass. Elseolite-syeuite is also found near Beemersville, northern N. J. A nephelite basalt forms the mass of Pilot Knob, near Austin, Tex. Other nephelite rocks occur in the Kawsoh Mts., Nev.; Elkhead Mts., Col.; and the Peloncillo Mts., Arizona. A granular crystalline rock (theralite Rosenb.), consisting of nephelite and plagioclase, forms intrusive masses in the Crazy Mts., Montana. An elseolite-syenite containing sodnlite occurs in Brome Mt., Brome Co.; also near Montreal and at Belceil, Rouville Co., Quebec, Canada; further stated (Hunt) to occur in boulders on Pic island. L. Superior.
Named nepheline by Hatty (1801), from vttyefo'i, a cloud, in* allusion to its becoming cloudy when immersed in strong acid; elceolite (by Klaproth), from ekaiov, oil, in allusion to its greasy luster, the variety having been made a distinct species earlier by Werner (1808). under the German name of Fettslein. The name sommite, derived from the Vesuvian locality, given in 1797 by Delametherie, has the priority, but Werner early adopted Hatty's name, and later authors have all taken the same course. Moreover sommite probably included some of the related species occurring at Vesuvius, as microsommite, etc.
The gabronite (gabbronite) of Schumacher, 1801, the dichter Wernerit of Hausmann, 1811, which has been referred to the scapolites (see 5th Ed., p. 324) was elseolite according to Br5gger.
"A mineral from Norway, of a yellowish brown color, called pJionite, is very much like 'elseolite (Dx.).
Alt. — Nephelite or elseolite is liable to ready alteration, and usually produces a zeolite, as
Silicates.
thomsonite or analcite. The ozarkite of Shepard, according to Smith and Brush, is thomsonite (q.v.), and its situation in cavities in elseolite shows that it is a product of alteration.
Brogger describes the change of the elaeolite of the augite-syenite of southern Norway into sodalite; into analcite; natrolite and hydronephelite (or ranite) incl. spreustein; into thom- sonite; also into potash mica (pinite) and kaolin. See further under these species, and Zs. Kr., 16, 223-238, 1890. To the alteration into analcite is referred the euthallite of Esmark from the island Sigteso (cf. Dx., Min., 2, xxxix, 1874).
Oieseckite is shown by Blum to be a pseudomorph after this species. It differs mainly in containing several per cent of water. It occurs in Greenland in six-sided greenish gray prisms of greasy luster, with basal plane and pyramid p, having cp 45° nearly; and also at Diana, in Lewis Co., N. Y., with the same angles, for the most part, although the results of measurement vary rather widely (41° to 49°). The crystals of Diana are hexagonal in cleavage; yet the planes of cleavage are often separated by layers of a waxy appearance, without luster or cleavage. According to Des Cloizeaux, the material of the crystals acts on polarized light like a gum or colloid, and is evidently a result of alteration. Dysyntribite Shepard from Diana is similar to gieseckite. Liebenerite, from the valley of Fleims, in Tyrol, is a similar pseudo- morph. Gieseckite was named for Ch. Giesecke who early in the century brought it from Greenland. See further FINITE under the MICA GROUP.
J. Francis Williams has proved (priv. contr.) that elaeolite, with orthodase, may be formed by the alteration of leucite. Crystals of altered leucite from Magnet Cove, Arkansas (mentioned on p. 343), gave the results under 1, while the soluble and insoluble portions (calculated to 100) gave 2 and 3. Of these 2 is elaeolite, 3 is orthoclase.
SiO2 A12(V CaO MgO K2O Na2O
1. Total 55 06 24-85 0'59 0'28 10 "34 7'60
2. Soluble 42-17 34'90 0'87 0'21 5 06 16'79
3. Insol. 63-84 19"61 0'44 0'33 13'78 2'00
a Incl. some Fe.O,.
H2O
1-78 SrO,Li2O tr. 100 '40
— 100
— 100
Artif. — Made artificially by Fouque and Levy by fusion of a mixture of the elements mineral, C. R., 87, 961, 1878; also by Hautefeuille by fusing a mixture ef silica and sodium aluminate with an excess of sodium vanadate; later by Doelter, as already noted. Further, Lemberg has obtained the potash nephelite, KAlSiO4, by digesting elseolite with potassium hydrate, Zs G. Ges., 37, 966, 1885, cf. also ib., 28, 547 ff., 1876, 40, 627, 1888. Ch. & G. Friedel have obtained nephelite by heating finely divided muscovite and potash to 500° in the presence of water, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 129, 1890.
Ref.— ' Mte. Somma, Min. Russl., 2, 160, 1854; 9. 247, 1885; cf. Striiver, who gives. cp — 43° 50f ', Albani Mts., Zs. Kr., 1, 240. 1877. 2 See Sec., Rend. Accad. Napoli, 1842, Pogg., Erg.-Bd., 3, 478, 1851; Svr., Att. Ace. Torino, 3,123, 1867; Klein, Norway, Jb. Min., 532, 1879. 3 Baumh., Zs. Kr., 6, 209, 1881. 4 Min., 1, 286, 1862. 6 Quoted by Rosenbusch, Mikr. Phys., 358, 1885.
358. Euoryptite.
Lithionnephelin Germ.
G. J. Brush and E. 8. Dana, . Am. J. Sc., 20, 266, 1880.
O
Hexagonal. In symmetrically arranged crystals, embedded in albite.
Cleavage: basal. G. 2-667. Colorless or white. Transparent.
Comp. — An ortliosilicate of lithi- um and aluminium, LiAlSi04 or Li2O.Al203.2Si02 Silica 47-6, alumina, 40'5, lithia 11-9 — 100. Anal.— S. L. Penfield, 1. c.
Fig. 1, Section 1 fibers; 2, f fibers, showing eucryptite embedded in albite.
Si02
A12O3
Li2O
K2O
0-47 100
An analysis of " /? spodumene " (see p. 368) gave: Insoluble portion 67'56, soluble 32'10 99*66; the analysis of the soluble portion, reduced to 100, gave the results above. The latter (eucryptite) gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Eucryptite is known only as forming with albite an apparently homogeneous sub- stance, derived from the alteration of spodumene at Branchville, Conn. The microscope shows the two minerals of which this substance is made up, and chemical analysis serves to separate them.
Named from ev, well, and KpvTtro?, concealed.
Nephelite Qro Up—Kaliophilite— Gancrinite.
359. KALIOPHILITE. Mierisch, Min. Mitth., 8, 160, 1886. Facellite E. Scacchi, Rend. Ace. Napoli, Dec., 1888. Phacellite. Phacelite Hintze, Min., 2, 96, 1889. Kalinephelin Germ.
Hexagonal. lu bundles of slender acicular crystals, also in fine threads filling the rock cobweb-like.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. Brittle. H. 6. G. 2'4t3 See.; 2 -602 M. Luster silky, brilliant. Colorless. Transparent. Optically uniaxial, negative.
Comp.— KAlSi04 or K9O.Ala03.2SiO, Silica 38-0, alumina 32 -3, potash 29'7 100.
Anal.— 1, Mierisch. 2, Bischoff, ibid. 3, E. Sec., 1. c.
A1203
CaO K2O Na2O 2-18 27-20 2-26 101 "52 1-01 28-49* 1-10* Fe203 2-73, ign. 29-30 0-37 100-49
a Determined separately.
1-08 100-93
Fyr. — Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with gelatinization.
Obs. — Described by Mierisch (kaliophilite) as occurring in ejected masses from Mte. Somma; l>y Scacchi (facellite) as occurring in a rock consisting of augite with more or less mica, less often in a gray granular calcite associated with dark colored augite and yellow melilite. The needles are often coated with a grayish incrustation of calcium carbonate.
There can be no question as to the identity of these two minerals, although some authors have failed to recognize it.
Named from kalium, and friend, in allusion to the -potash present, it being essen- tially a potash nephelite. Phacelite is from or'x-eAoS (or 0a/ceAAoe), a bundle.
Artif.— A crystalline potash nephelite has been formed by ,Lemberg by digesting elaeolite with potassium hydrate as noted on p. 42tf.
360. OANCRINITE. G. Hose, Pogg., 47, 379, 1839.
Hexagonal. Axis 6 0-4224; 0001 A 1011 26°, and mp *64°, pp' 25° 58' Tornebohm1. Rarely in prismatic crystals with a low terminal pyramid. Usually massive.
Cleavage: prismatic (m) perfect; a less so. H. 5-6. G. 2-42-2-5; 2-404 Saemann & Pisani. Color white, gray, yellow, green, blue, reddish. Streak uncolored. Luster sub-vitreous, or a little pearly or greasy. Transparent to translucent. Optically uniaxial, negative, Btd.
Comp.— H6Na6Ca(NaC03)2Al8(Si04)9or3H20.4Na,O.Ca0.4Ala03. 9Si02.2C02 Silica 38-7, carbon dioxide 6'3, alumina 29-3, lime 4-0, soda 17-8, water 3'9 100.
The formula is often written as if the compound consisted of a silicate of sodium and aluminium analogous to nephelite, with calcium carbonate and water. This, however, has been repeatedly shown to be an incorrect view of the chemical con stitution; the CO2 must be present as a radical, probably (NaCO3). The early view that can crinite was simply an altered form of uephelite has long since been disproved.
Anal.— 1, Rauff, Zs. Kr., 2 456, 1878. 2, A. Koch, Jb. Min., Beil., 1, 144, 1880. 3, Lem berg, Zs. G. Ges., 39, 598, 1887, also 35, 594, 1883. 4, Lindstrom, G. For. Forh., 6, 549, 1883, 5, 6, 7, F W. Clarke (and Riggs), Am. J. Sc., 31, 263, 1886. Also 5th Ed., p. 329.
1. Miask
G. 2-450
2. Ditro
3. "Brevik"
4. SiksjOberg G. 2'45
5 . Latch ri el d , Me. , or a nge yellow
6. . " " pale "
7. " " bright "
SiO2 A12O3 CaO Na2O K2O COa H2O
37-28 28-20 6'95 17'75 0'20 6'16 4-03 Fe2O3 0'44
38-58 28-72 5'24 12-22 5'23 8'78 98-77 [101 '01
37-01 26-42 7-19 18'36 — 7'27 3'12 99'37
38-25 2616 4'78 20'36 0'71 6'42 3'31 Fe2O3 0-35, MgO [0-14, SO3 0-54, P2O5 0-03, Cl 0'08 101'13
36-29 30-12 4-27 19'56 0'18 6'96 2'98 100'36
35-83 29-45 5'12 19'33 0"09 6-50 3'79 lOO'll
37-22 28-32 4-40 19'43 0-18 6-22 3'86 MgO 0'07 99'70
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube gives water. B.B. loses color, and fuses (F. 2) with intu- mescence to a white blebby glass, the very easy fusibility distinguishing it readily from nephelite. Effervesces with hydrochloric acid, and forms a jelly on heating, but not before.
428 Silicates.
Obs.— Found at Miask in the Ural; of citron-yellow color at the Mariinsk graphite mine in the Tunkinsk Mts., 400 versts west of Irkutsk, in a coarse granite, with zircon, calcite, and magnetite; at Barkevig and other points in the Langesund nord, Norway, whitish and pale yellowish, wax-yellow, less often blue, associated with blue sodalite and " bergmannite;" at Ditro in Transylvania, pale flesh-red, in the rock called ditroyte, consisting of orthoclase, elaeolite, and sodalite.
At Litchfield and West Gardiner, Me., with elaeolite and blue sodalite.
Named after Count Cancriu, Russian Minister of Finance.
Alt.— Occurs altered (but sparingly, Bgr.) to natrolite (bergmannite) or spreustein. Of. Saemann and Pisaui, Ann. Ch. Phys , 67, 350, 1863.
Lemberg describes the transformation of cancrinite by boiling with a CaCl2 solution at 180°- 190° into a " Kalk-cancrinit;" also by action of KsCO., into KAlSiO4; while that was changed by Na2CO3 to a cancrinite; also cancrinite to a hydrated Mg-Al silicate by the action of MgSO4 See further Zs. G. Ges., 35, 593, 1883, 39, 598, 1887, 40, 627, 1888.
Bef.— ' Elfdalen, G. For. F5rh., 6, 390, 1883. BrOgger measured on crystals (fig. above) from the Langesund fiord, mp — 60° to 66°, the best mean value being 63° 1'; this gives c — 0'4409.
KALK-CANCRINITE Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 582, 1876.
Granular massive. H. 6. Cleavage none. Colorless. Doubly-refracting. Analysis:
SiO2 39-82 AlaO3 33'54 CaO 17'63 Na2O 0'76 CaCO3 9'09 100-84
Gives off no CO2 in the cold with concentrated hydrochloric acid only on heating, when; the silica separates as a jelly.
From Vesuvius, associated with calcite, wollastonite, and brown garnet. On the lime- cancrinite formed by digesting cancrinite with a hot solution of CaCl2, see Lemberg above, and Zs. G. Ges., 35, 594, 1883.
361. MICROSOMMITE. Scacchi, Rend. Accad. Napoli, Oct., 1872, and Zs. G. Ges., 24, 606, 1872. Mikrosommit.
Hexagonal. Axis 6 0-41834; 0001 A 1011 *25° 47' Scacchi1. Forms: c (0001, 0): TO (1010, 7), a (1120, e-2), n (2130, p (1011, 1). Angles: pp' 25° T, mp 64° 13', ap 67° 52'.
In minute prismatic crystals, faces striated vertically; c dull. Crystals often grouped together.
Cleavage: m perfect; c less distinct. H. — 6. G. =2-444 Rauff; 2-42-2-53 Sec. Luster on m silkv, brilliant ; otherwise vitreous. Colorless. Transparent. Optically uniaxial, positive, Btd.
Comp. — According to Rauffs analyses, nearly (NaJK).JOa4M.iI,0,iS01tj this may be written 4(Na,K)CaAl3(Si04)3.4(Na,K)Cl.(Na,K)S04. The true constitu- tion of the mineral is, however, complex and uncertain; carbon dioxide is also present in small amount.
Anal.— 1, 2, Scacchi, Rend. Ace. Napoli, April, 1876. 3, 4, Rauff, Zs. Kr., 2, 468, 1878. 6, Mierisch, Min. Mitth., 8, 161, 1886.
SiO, A12O3 CaO Na,O K3O Cl SO3 COa
1. Large cryst. f 32'21 29'22 12-60 10-14 6'79 6'71 4'43 — 102'10
2. Micr. " f 31-42 30'34 10'93 9'37 7 90 7'82 5'26 — 103'04
3. Cryst. colorless G. 2'444 f 32'21 28-37 10'59 11'30 7'14 7'09 3'86 1'55 Sir.
[102-11
4. " yellow 32.23 28'98 10-36 11-01 7'11 625 4'11 1'26 Sir.
[101-31
5. 34-30 28'59a 9-70 undet. 0'84 2'02 — ign. 4-22
Fe2O3 in small amount Deduct oxygen equivalent of the chlorine, viz. in 1, l'51p. c., 2, 1'76, 3, 1-60, 4, l'56p. c.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. fusible with difficulty. In hydrochloric acid decomposed with separation of gelatinous silica.
Obs. — Occurs at Vesuvius on Monte Somma in ejected masses, and in the leucitic lava. Ref.— ' Sec., 1. c. Cf. Rath, Pogg., Erg., 6, 372, 1873; Rauff, 1. c.
DAVYNE. Davina Monlicelli and Covelli, Min. Vesuv., 1S25
Hexagonal; in crystals resembling nephelite. Cleavage: basal and prismatic, perfect. Fracture conchoidal. H. 5'5. G. — 2-40 Raid.. 2'43 Breitli. Luster vitreous to pearly on cleavage. Colorless to white. Translucent. Optically uniaxial, positive, Btd. Indices: fijy — 1-515. e 1'519, I)x. (see Btd., Bull. Soo ]\Iin., 5/141, 1882). Composition near cau- crinite. Anal.— Rg., Pogg., 109, 579, 1860.
Sodalite Group— Sodal1Te.
SiO2
A12O3
CaO
Na2O K2O
15-72 I'lO
15-85 1-21
undet
Co2
H20
1-96 Cl tr. 100-59
undet.
Fuses with intumescence to a clear slightly blebby glass coloring the flame yellow (soda).
From Monte Somma with uephelite, etc. Much so-called davyne is only microsom mite; the existence of a cancriuite-like mineral, however, can hardly be doubted. Groth includes davyne and microsommite under sommite, Tab. Ueb., 123, 1889.
CAVOLINITE. Monticelli and Covelli, Min. Vesuv. ,1825.
From Monte Somma with davyne, etc. Generally assumed to be identical with nephelite, but perhaps rather belonging to microsommite (Sec.) like which it is optically positive (Btd.), Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 141, 1882.
2. Sodalite Group. Isometric.
362. Sodalite Na4(AlCl)Al,(Si04)3
363. Haiiynite (Na2,Ca)2(NaS04.Al)Ala(Si04),
364. Noselite Na4(NaS04.Al)Al2(Si04)3
365. Lazurite Na4(NaS3.Al)Al2(Si04),
The formulas are written above in the form suggested by Brogger, who shows that this group and the one following may be included with the garnets in a broad group characterized by isometric crystallization and a close resemblance in compo- sition. See further under the GAKNET GROUP proper, p. 437.
362. SODALITE. Sodalite (fr. Greenland) -Thomson, R. Soc. Ed. Tr., 6, 387, read Nov. 5, 1810; Phil. Mag., 36, 471, 1810. Glaukolith Weibye, Karst. Arch., 22, 532, 1848.
Isometric. Observed forms1: a (100, i-i); d (110, t); o (HI, I)2; n (211, 2-2), ft (411, 4-4)2.
Twins: tw. pi. 0, forming hexagonal prisms by elongation in the direction of an octahedral axis. Common form the dodecahedron. Also massive, in embedded grains; in concentric nodules resembling chalcedony, formed from elaeolite.
Cleavage: dodecahedral, more or less distinct. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 5'5-6. G-. — 2'14-2'SO. Luster vitreous, sometimes inclining to greasy. Color gray, greenish, yellowish, white; sometimes blue, lavender-blue, light red. Transparent to translucent. Streak uncolored. Eefractive indices:
Bolivia nt 1'4796 Li n 1-4827 Na
1-4855 Tl rcT 1-496 violet, Feussner3.
Brogger4 finds the etching-figures triangular in form, and symmetrical to a dodecahedral face normal to the face etched, but not symmetrical to the cubic planes normal to this. From this it is concluded that the crystals are tetrahedral and twinned with the cube as tw. plane
Var. — 1 . Ordinary, varying in color from bright azure blue to gray, yellow or greenish. Crystals not common; usually in dodecahedrons.
2. In reuiform or nodular forms with concentric structure, often resembling chalcedony. Fracture conchoidal to even. Luster dull. Color blue to gray or green. Formed from elseolite in the elseolite- syenite of southern Norway. This mineral is called glaukolith by Weibye, Jb. Min. , 775, 1849. Karst. Arch.. 22. 532, 1848. This name was earlier given to a blue mineral from the L. Baikal region, which is a massive kind of scapolite (see p 409). A so-called "glaucolite" from L. Baikal, investigated by Brogger and Backstrom, proved to be sodalite, anal 4.
Comp.— Na4(A101)AlaSi,0lt Silica 37-2, alumina 31-6, soda 25-G, chlorine 7'3 101-7, deduct (0 201) 1'7 100. small part of the sodium.
Mte. Som ma, Sbk. Potassium replaces a
430 Silicates.
The above is the formula of Brogger, which not only agrees well with the best analyses, but also brings out the relation to the garnet group, cf. p. 437.
The formula may also be written 3NaAlSi04 -f- NaCl.
Anal.— 1, 2, Bg., Pogg., 109, 574, 1860. 3, Hofmann, ib., 47, 877, 1839. 4, Brogger and Ba'ckstiom. Zs. Kr.. 18, 223, 1890. 5, Backstrom, Zs Kr., 16, 180, 1890. 6, Lorenzen, Min. Mag., 5, 58, 1882. 7, Fleischer, quoted by Rath, Ber. uied. Ges., March 13, 1876. 8, Bamberger, Zs. Kr., 5, 583, 1881. 9, F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 31, 264, 1886. 10, 11, Harrington, Trans. Roy. Soc.. Canada, 4 (3), 81, 1886. 12, Ch. and G. Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 185, 1890. See also 5th Ed., p. 330.
G. SiO2 A12O3 CaO NaaO K2O Cl
1. Vesuvius, colorless 2'136 38'12 31'68 — 24'37 — 6-69 100-86
2. " green 38'76 34'62 — 23'43 — 2'55 99'36
3. Ilmen Mts., blue 2'288 38'40 32 04 0-32 24-47 tr. 7'10 102-33 [102-15
4. L. Baikal, blue 2'301 36'74 31'96 O'll 25'95 tr. I'll SO3 0 11, ign. 017
5. L. Ar5, concentr. mass 38'12 30'35 0'44 24'77 1-14 5'65 ign. 2'28 102-75
6. Greenland, green 2'31 36'50 31-53 0'25 26'30 0'18 7'30 Fe2O3 0'19 102'25
7. Ditro 2-322 £ 38'66 32'81 0'95 18'54 1'04 6'08 H2O 2'36 100-44
8. Bolivia, blue 2'341 3796 30'96 0'46 22'93 0'74 5'34 HsOMO,FesO,0 85,
[COa tr. 100-34
9. Litchfleld, Me., blue 37-33 31-87 — 24-56 O'lO 6-83 H2O 1-07 101-76
10. Montreal 2'20 37'52 31 '38 0'35 25'16 0"78 6'91 Fe2O3. MgO tr.
11. Ice R., Rocky Mts. 2'293 37'50 31 '82 — 25'55 0'27 7'12 102'26 [102-10
12. Artificial 2'32 36'65 32-24 — 25'70 0'67 6'32 101 '58
From the above analyses the oxygen-equivalent of the chlorine is to be deducted.
A green sodalite from Vesuvius gave Lemberg (Zs. G. Ges., 28, 550, 1876) 8 '98 Na2SO4 pos- sibly from admixture of hatlynite.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube the blue varieties become white and opaque. B.B. fuses with intumescence, at 3-5-4, to a colorless glass. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid, with sepa- ration of gelatinous silica.
Obs.— Occurs most commonly in syenite, also basalt and other volcanic rocks often associ- ated with nephelite (or elaeolite), cancrinite, and eudialyte. With sanidine it forms a sodalite- trachyte at Scarrupata in Ischia, in which also occur augite, titauite, and magnetite in crystals. In Sicily, Val di Noto, with nephelite and analcite. At Vesuvius, in bombs on Monte Somma (cf. Mierisch, Miu. Mitth., 8, 163, 1886), in white, translucent, dodecahedral crystals, with hatlynite, sanidiue, pyroxene, mica, and rarely in green dodecahedrons, with cubic planes, in limestone along with vesuvianite and nephelite; massive and of a graj' color at the Kaiserstuhl; also near Lake Laach. At Ditro, Transylvania, in an elaeolite-syeuite with cancrinite, etc. In the foyayte of southern Portugal. At Miask. in the Ilmen Mts., blue in the granite-like rock called miascyte, with elaeolite and feldspar: Sedlovaty, in the White Sea, with eudialyte; in the augite-syenite of the Langesund-fiord region in Norway, in the islands Laven, Lovo, Lille Aro, Sigteso, etc., of a lavender-blue color, with elseolite, aegirite, wohlerite, and rarely eudialyte, but for the most part altered to spreustein (p. 602); also in the same region formed as a later product from the alteration of elaeolite, in compact form, sometimes resembling chalcedony (anal. 5). Further in West Greenland in sodalite-syenite on both sides of the fiords Tuuugdliarnk and Kangerdluarsuk, along with a greenish feldspar, arfvedsonite, and eudialyle: the crystals are often dodecahedrons and inclose microscopic crystals of arfvedsonite. thus gaining a greenish color. Found among the ruins of Tiahuanaco, Bolivia, exact locality unknown.
A blue variety occurs at Litchfield and West Gardiner, Me., massive, with distinct cleavage, associated with elaeolite, zircon, and cancrinite, and the alteration product, hydronephelite ; in a vein in syenite, at Salem, Mass., violet to azure blue, with elseolite, orthoclase, bioflle, and zir- con. In the " theralite " of the Crazy Mts., Montana. Occurs also in the elaeolite-syenite of Brome, Brome Co., of Montreal and Belceil, province of Quebec; in fine large masses on Ice River, a tributary of Beaver-Foot, in the Rocky Mts. near Kicking Horse Pass, British Columbia.
Named in allusion to its containing soda.
Alt. — Sodalite occurs altered to kaolin, like the feldspars, and also in conditions of partial change. Thomsonite and hydrouephelite (a soda-thomsonite) are alteration products; also mus- covite, natrolite (spreustein. wh. see), and diaspore, see Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 184, 1890.
Sodalite is itself in part derived from nephelite (elaeolite) and pseudomorphs after nephelite from Mte. Somma have been described.' Also occurs in Norway in compact massive forms derived from elaeolite. Further Milgge has shown that nephelite can be transformed into sodalite by the slow action of fused sodium chloride, with the addition of vaporized NaCl (Roseub., Mikr. Phys., 284, 1886); cf. also Lemberg's experiments, Zs. G. Ges., 1883, 1885, 1888.
Artif.— Obtained by Ch: and G. Friedel by heating to 500° muscovite with soda in the pro- portions to form nephelite, with the addition of sodium chloride. The crystals, mixed also with crystals of nephelite, were rhombic dodecahedrons with cubic faces, in part twins with tw. pi. o, often elongated in the direction of an octahedral axis. The composition of these crystals is given in anal. 12. By heating with water 6 grams of SiO2, 5'15 A12OS, 3'6 NaaO, and T95 NaCl,
Sodalite Group— Hauynite.
radiated globules were obtained, inferred to have the composition of sodalite. Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 183, 1890.
Ref.— Mir., Min., 398, 1852. 2 Klein, Langesund fiord, Jb. Min., 534, 1879. 3 Zs. Kr., 6, 581, 1881, Vesuvius crystals gave identical results. 4 Bgr., Zs. Kr., 18, 215, 1890.
363. HAUYNITE or HATJTNE. Latialite (fr. the Campagna, ancient Latiuni) Gismondi, in Mem. read in 1803, before the Accad. de Lincei at Rome, but unpublished. Hailyue Bruun- Neergard, Gehleu J., 4, 417, 1807, J. Mines, 21, 365, 1807. Berzeline, L. A. Necker, Bibl. Univ., 46, 52, 1831, Regne Min. Paris, 1835; Rath, Zs. G. Ges., 18, 546, 1866 Marialite Ryllo Gismondina ottaedrica Med. Spada. Auina, Lazialite Ital.
Isometric. Observed forms1 :
a (100, i-i); d (110, t ); o (111, 1); e (210, i-2; n (211, 2-2).
Twins: tw. pi. e; contact-twins, also polysynthetic; penetration-twins-. Some- times in dodecahedrons, octahedrons, etc.; but commonly in rounded grains, often looking like crystals with fused surfaces.
Cleavage: dodecahedral, rather distinct. Fracture flat conchoidalto uneven. Brittle. H. 5'5-6. G. 2'4-2'5. Luster vitreous, to somewhat greasy. Color bright blue, sky- blue, greenish blue; asparagus-green, red, yellow. Streak slightly bluish to colorless. Subtransparent to translucent; often enclosing symmetrically arranged inclusions. Ee- fractive index, Niedermendig2, ny 1*4901.
Comp. — Na2Ca(NaS04.Al)Al!)Si3012. This is analogous to the garnet formula (Brogger) where the place of the R3 is taken by Naa,Ca and the group Na-0-S02-0-Al. The percentage composition is: Silica 32*0, sulphur trioxide 14-2, alumina 27'2, lime lO'O, soda 16'6 100. The ratio of Na2 from 3:2; potassium may be present in small amount.
The formula may also be written 2(NaQ,Ca)Al,(Si04)s + _(Na2,Ca)S04.
AnaL— 1, Rg., Pogg., 109. 577, 1860. 2, Rath, Zs. G. Ges., 18, 547, 1866. 3, 4, Ricciardi [Gazz. Ch., 17, 216, 1857], Zs. Kr., 14, 519. 5, Rath, Zs. G. Ges., 16, 84, 1864. 6, BackstrSm, Z- Kr., 18, 230,1890. 7, Whitney, Pogg., 70. 440. 1847. 8, Sauer, Inaug. Diss., Halle, 20, 1876. 9, 10, Doelter, Min. Mitth., 4, 461, 1881. Also 5th Ed., p. 332.
Albano, Rath.
Ca also varies
G.
Mte. Somma, blue 2 '464 Albano, white
SiO,
A12O3
CaO
Na2O
K20
So8
tr. ,
H20 — 100-30
berzeline
0-48 101-36
Vultur, whitish
It
tr.
—
5-38 100-76
' ' blue
10'
—
— 100-08
Laach, blue
70
0-20Fe2O3 1-05,
[MgO 0 22 103-01
0'35
— MgO 0-11,
[S 0-44 99-75
Niedermendig
7'
—
tr.
— Fe2O8 0-16
101-07
Isleta, Canaries
54
— 99 63
Cape Verde
—
tr.
1-59 Fe2O3 0-45
100-41
Covao, Cape Verde
1-83 Fe2O3 1-38
100-28
Berzeline of Necker is the white variety from near Albano according to Rath (anal. 2, and
1).
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube retains its color. B.B. in the forceps fuses at 4 '5 to a white Fused with soda on charcoal affords a sulphide, which blackens silver. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of gelatinous silica.
Obs. — Common in certain igneous rocks, thus in hauynophyre, in phonolyte, tephryte; very commonly associated with nephelite and leucite. Occurs in the Vesuvian lavas, on Mte. Somma; at Melfi. on Mt. Vultur, Naples, of black, green, blue, red, and brown colors, and also white, and sometimes red inside and blue outside; in the lavas of the Campagna, Rome, and also in the peperino of Marino and Lariccia near Albano, sky-blue, bluish green, and sometimes opaline, also white (berzeline); at Niedermendig, Mayen, Olbruck, in the Eifel; the phonolytes of Hohent-
432 Silicates.
wiel ; at Mt. Dore in Puy-de-D6me ; at St. Michael's, Azores; the Canary islands; the Cape. Verde islands. In the theralyte of the Crazy Mts., Montana. Also in the lapis-lazuli of Si- beria (p. 433).
Named in honor of the Abbe Haily (1743-1822).
Ref._i Cf. Mir., Miu., 899, 1852; Dx., Min., 524, 1862; Rath, 1. c.; Hbg., Min. Not., 8, 43, 1868; Svr., Zs. Kr., 1, 235, 1877; in Daiia, Miu., 5th Ed., 332, 1868, the planes 311, 331 are added, source unkuown to author. s Tschihatscheli, quoted by Rosenb., Mikr. Phys., 286, 1885.
364. NOSE LITE, or NOSEAN. In ripis (L. Laach) lapillos elegantioreset sapphiros reperire est, Freherus, Orig. Palatinarium, 2, 36, 1612. Spinellau Rose, NOggerath's Min. Stud. Geb. Niederrhein, 109, J. Phys., 69, 160, 1809. Spiuellan, Nosian, Klapr., Beitr., 6, 371, 1815. Hatiyue pt. Nosean, Nosiu, some authors. Nosite. Noseanite. Natron-hauyne Vogelsang.
Isometric. In dodecahedrons. Often granular massive. In twins like soda- lite1.
H. 5-5. Gr. 2'25-2-4. Color grayish, bluish, brownish ; sometimes black. Translucent; sometimes nearly opaque from the presence of inclusions.
Comp, — NaNaSOvAlJAlJSigO,., like hatiynite (p. 431), but with little or no calcium. The percentage composition is: Silica 31 -7, sulphur trioxide 14*1, alu- mina 26-9, soda 27'3 100.
The formula may be written 2Na3Al2SisOg + Na2S04.
Anal.— 1-4, Rath, Zs. G. Ges., 16, 81, 1864; also ib., 14, 670, 1862. 5, Sauer, luaug. Diss. Halle, 18, 1876. 6, Doelter, Min. Mitth., 4, 461, 1881. Also 5th Eu., p. 333.
G. SiO2 A1.203 CaO Na20 K2O S03 Cl H2O Fe2O,
1. Laach, dk. tm. 2'281 36'72 29'08 1'20 23'33 0'34 7'52 0'71 0"83 0'75 100'48
2. " bh. gy. 2'299 36'69 28'45 0'63 23'90 — 7'30 1'05 2'15 0'47 100'64
3. " gnli. 2-336 36'46 29'61 2'37 [20-59] — 7'34 0 70 2'02 0'91 100
4. " clear 2'399 36 87 26'60 4'05 [20-75] tr. lO'OO 1-08 0'37 0'28 100
5. Canary Is. 36'50 28'56 0'99 2295 — 7'64 076 1-87 0'98 100'25
6. Cape Verde Is. 35'99 29-41 0'21 20-91 — 10-58 0'57 1-63 0'31 99-61
Pyr., etc. — B.B. like haiiynite. Gelatinizes in acids, yielding no hydrogen sulphide.
Obs. — From near Auderuach on the Rhine; at the Laacher See, in loose blocks consisting .argely of sauidiue or glassy feldspar, with mica, magnetite, and occasionally zircon, occupying cavities iu the feldspar, in small grains or crystals; also found at Rieden and Volkersfeld in a leucite rock. In the phonolytesof the Hcgau at Hohentwiel; alsoof theKaiserstuhl; the Canary uud the Cape Verde islands, and at other localities.
Named after K. W. Nose of Brunswick (1753-1835).
Ref.— Hubbard, Min. Mitth., 8 362, 1887.
ITTKEBITE Gmelin, . J., 36, 74, 18'32. Skolopsite KM., Gel. Anzeig., 28.638, 1849. A-lte-ration 1864, Fischer, p. 333.
Ittuerite contains 10 to 12 p. c. of water, and scolopsite varies in the water from none to 1C p. c. Ittnerite occurs in translucent dodecahedrons or granular massive, with H. 5'5; G. 2-37-2-40; color dark bluish or ash-gray to smoky gray; luster resinous. It comes from the Kaiserstuhl near Freiburg, Baden, at Sasbach and Endiugen.
Scolopsite occurs granular massive; H. 5; G. 2'53, color grayish white to pale reddish gray, and is also from the Kaiserstuhl, and occurs in the same rock with ittnerite (Fischer, Ber. Ges. Freiburg, 1862). Scolopsite was named from cr/coAo, a splinter, from its splintery fracture.
365. LAZURITE. Lasurit Brogger, Zs. Kr., 18, 231, 1890.
LAPIS-LAZULI. SdnpeipoS Tfieophr. Sapphiros Plin., 37, 39. Sapphirus Agric., Foss., 288, 1546. Cyaneus, Lapis Lazuli (Lapis Azul Arab., unde nomen Asuri, aut Lazuli), B. de Boot Lap. 273, 1636. Lapis- Lazuli, Lazur-Sten, Jaspis colore coeruleo cuprifer, Wall., Min., 97, 1747. Lapis-Lazuli, ou Pierre d'Azur, Fr. Trl. Wall., 1, 186, 1753. Zeolites Bloa Blue Zeolite), Lapis Lazuli, Growl., 100, 1758. Zeolithus cseruleus v. Born., Lithoph., 1, 46, 1772. Lasurstein Germ. Native Ultramarine. Outremer Fr.
Isometric. In cubes and more commonly dodecahedrons. Also massive, compact.
Cleavage: dodecahedral, imperfect. Fracture uneven. H. 5-5-5. G. 2-38-2-45. Luster vitreous. Color rich Berlin-blue or azure-blue, violet-blue greenish blue. Translucent.
Sodalite Group— Lazueite. 43?
Comp. — Essentially Na4(NaS3.Al)Al2SiaO]2 as shown by Brogger, but contain- ing also in molecular combination (Na2,Ca)2(NaS04.Al)Al.zSi301.1 or haiiynite (in varying amount), and Na4(AlCl)Al2Si3012 or sodalite. The percentage composition of this ultramarine compound (Bgr.) is as follows: Silica 31'7, alumina 26'9, soda 27-3, sulphur 16-9 102-9, or deduct (0 S) 2-9 100. Anal.— Brogger and Backstrom, Zs. Kr., 16, 236, 1890.
SiO2 A1203 CaO Na2O K2O SO3 S Cl
Central Asia 32'52 27-61 6-47 19-45 0-28 10-46 2'71 0'47 99 57
This is interpreted as equivalent to haiiynite, ultramarine, and sodalite in the ratio of 77 : 16 : 7. It may also be explained by assuming the presence of Na4(NaS2.Al)Al2Si3OiS.
Earlier analyses are the following: 1, Kohler, Rg., Min. Ch., 710, 1860. 2, Schultz, ib. 3, Varrentrapp, Pogg., 49, 519, 1840. 4, Hauer, Vh. G. Reichs., 86, 1860. 5, Schultz, 1. c.
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 CaO Na2O HaO SO3
1. Orient
2-12 2356 11-45 0'35
3-22 Cl 0-42, S? 98-78
2. "
4-20 14-73 8-76 —
5-67 S 3-16 100
3. Bucharei
tr. 3-52 9-09 012
5-89 Fe 0-86, Cl 0-42, S 0'95
4. Ditro
0-86 1-14 [12-54] 1-92
— 100 98-11
5. Andes
1-30 7-48 10-55 —
4-32 S 3-96, K2O 1-85 100
From 1,
6-7 CaCO.
i, from
2, 32-69 p. c. CaCO3,MgCOs, and from 5, 28-77 CaCO3
have been deducted.
The heterogeneous character of what had long passed as a simple mineral under the name Lapis-lazuli was shown by Fischer (1869), Zirkel (1873), and more fully by Vogelsang (1873). The latter showed the presence of an isometric, ultramarine mineral, which is gener- ally blue, or violet, sometimes also colorless, and in the last case assumes a blue color on heat- ing. This is intermixed with granular calcite and scapolite (paralogite). Fischer, Mikr. Stud., 36, 1869; Zirkel, Mikr. Besch. Min., 165, 1873; Vogelsang, Med. Akad., Amsterdam. 161, 1873.
It has remained for Brogger and Backstr&m to separate the essential part of this mineral mixture (lazurite) and determine its composition, as given above. The ordinary natural lapis lazuli (Lasurstein) is shown to contain lazurite or hailyuite (sometimes changed to a zeolite), a diopside free from iron, amphibole (koksharovite), mica (muscovite), calcite, pyrite; also in some varieties in relatively small amount scapolite, plagioclase, orthoclase (microperthite?), apatite, titanite, zircon, and an undetermined mineral optically -f- and probably uniaxial.
Pyr., etc.— Heated in the closed tube gives off some moisture; the variety from Chili glows with a beetle-green light, but the color of the mineral remains blue on cooling. Fuses easily (3) with intumescence to a white glass. Decomposed . by hydrochloric acid, with separation of gelatinous silica and evolution of hydrogen sulphide.
Obs. — Occurs in Badakshan in the valley of the Kokcha, a branch of the Oxus, a few miles above Firgamu; the quarries are iu limestone, and the mineral occurs in three varieties, indigo-blue (nili), light blue (asmani), and green (sabzi). Cf. Ball., Geol. India, in, 528. 1881. Also at the south end of L. Baikal at various points on the rivers Talaya, Malaya-Bystraya, and Sliudianka (see Bull. Soc. Mosc., 30(2), 518, 1857), where it occurs in a dolomitic limestone in connection with granite. Also reported from other points in Eastern Asia, but uncertain. Further, in Chili in the Andes of Ovalle, near the sources of the Cazadero and Vias, tributaries of the Rio Grande, in a granitic rock. In ejected masses at Monte Somma, rare (Pogg., 138, 491, 1869), and in limestone inclusions in the peperino of Latium (Svr., Zs. Kr., 1, 238, Ib77). Probably always (Bgr.) a result of contact metamorphism in limestone.
The richly colored varieties of lapis lazuli are highly esteemed for costly vases and orna- mental furniture; also employed in the manufacture of mosaics; aud when powdered constitutes the rich and durable paint called ultramarine. This has been replaced, however, by. artificial ultramarine, now an important commercial product.
Artif.— The following are typical analyses of artificial ultramarine, quoted in the form given by Brogger and Backstrom. The original references are:
1. Heumann (Hoffmann), Lieb. Ann., 203, 174, 1880. 2, Id., ib., 194, 1 et seq., 1878. 3, Szilasi, ib., 251, 100, 1889.
SiO2 A12O3 Na2O S
1. blue 39-3 30'7 23'1 8'4
2. 40-7 24-0 23-5 13'6
3. green f 37-30 81-07 25'34 7'24
In explaining the composition of the various forms of artificial ultramarine, the following
compounds are assumed: Na3Al3Si3Oi2, Na2Al2Si4O12, Na4(NaS.Al)Al2Si3Oi2, Na4(Na82 All Al2SisO]2, Na4(NaS3.Al)Al2SiaOJ2. The compound csuising the blue color in both the nnturs I lazurite and the artificial ultramarine is probably one belonging to the sodalite erou;>. \T: „ Na4(XaS3.Al)Al2(SiO4)s.
Silicates.
3. Helvite Group. Isometric, tetrahedraL
366. Helvite (Mn,Fe)9(Mn2S)Be3(Si04)s
367. Danalite (Fe,Zn,Mu),( (Zn,Fe)8S)Be,(Si04),
368. Eulytite Bi4(Si04)3
369. Zunyite (AlCOHClJJ.Al.CSiOJ,
On the relation of the above species to the GAKNET GKOUP, see p. 437.
366. HELVITE. Em Fossil w. Aehnlichk. m. d. Granat hat, aber nicht Granat zu seyn schemt, Mohs, Null Kab., 1, 92, 1804. Helvin Wern., 1816, Breith. in Hoffm Min 4 b 112 1817. Wern., Letztes Min. Syst., 2, 29, 1817; Tetrahedral Garnet Mohs, Char. Syst' Min' 71. 1820, Edinb. Tetraedrischer Granat id., Grundr., 412, 1824.
Isometric; tetrahedral. Observed forms1: a (100, i-i),d(HQ, o (111, 1); o, (111, - 1); r (332, f); n (211, 2-2); s (321, 3-f).
Commonly in tetrahedral crystals, rarely dodecahedral in habit; also in spheri- cal masses.
Cleavage: octahedral in traces. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. 6-6-5. G. 3-16-3-36; 3-216, Breith. Luster vitreous, inclining to resin- ous. Color honey-yellow, inclining to yellowish brown, and siskin-green, reddish brown. Streak uncolored. Subtransparent. Eefractive index n 1*739 Levy-Lcx.a Pyroelectric3.
Figs. 1-4. Laugesund fiord, Norway, Brogger.
€omp.— (Be,Mn,Fe),Si3012S. This may be written (Mn,Fe)2(Mn2S)Be3Si30I2 as suggested by Brogger4, analogous to the Garnet Group, the bivalent group -Mn-S-Mn (also assumed by Groth) taking the place of a bivalent element, K, and 3Be corresponding to 2A1, cf. p. 437. Assuming Mn present alone, the percentage composition is: Silica 32'5, glucina 13 -6, manganese protoxide 51'0, sulphur 5-8 102-9, deduct (0 S) 2-9 100.
Composition also written 3(Be,Mn,Fe)2Si04.(Mn,Fe)S.
Anal.— 1, Gmelin, Pogg., 3, 53, 1825, corrected by Rg., Min. Ch., 701, 1860. 2, Rg., ibid., Pogg , 93, 453, 1854. 3, BackstrSm, Zs. Kr.. 16, 176, 1890. 4, 5, Teich, Min. Russl., 7, 322, 323, 1866. 6, R. Haines, Proc. Ac. Philad., 101, 1882. 7, B. E. Sloan, Ch. News, 46, 195,1882.
S ign.
5-05 1-15 98-73 5-71 iQO-57 5-71 — CaO 0-40, A1O I'OO 103-85
5-77 — A12O3 0-77 103'08 5-95 0-22 Mg 0-68, CaO 4'07 [99-97
4-96 — AlaO, 2-95, CaO 0-71, [KaO 0-43, NaaO I'Ol 9816 4-90 — A12O3 0-36 99-79 Fe2O3. From auals. 3, 4, 5, the- oxygen-equivalent of the sulphur is to be deducted.
G.
SiO2
BeO
MnO
FeO
Mn
Schwarzenberg Norway Sigteso
Ilmen Mts. Lupikko 3'
Amelia Co., Va
2-26a
Helvite Group— Danalite.
Pyr., etc. — Fuses at 3 in R.F. with intumescence to a yellowish brown opaque bead, becom- ing darker in R.F. With the fluxes gives the manganese reaction. Decomposed by hydro- chloric acid, with evolution of hydrogen sulphide and separation of gelatinous silica.
Obs. — Occurs in gneiss at Schwarzenberg in Saxony, associated with garnet, quartz, fluorite, and calcite; at Breitenbrunn, Saxony; at Kapnik, Hungary, on quartz and rhodochrosite; at Hortekulle near Modum, Norway, also in the pegmatyte veins of the aUgite-syenite of the Langesuud nord, on the islands Sigeso, Stoko, Ovre-Ar8, associated with segirite, elseolite, etc. (Bgr., 1. c.). In the Ilmen Mts. near Miask in pegmatyte, large spherical masses with topaz, pheuacite, monazite, pyrochlore, etc.; also at Lupikko, Finland, with magnetite, fluorite, the crystals sometimes 1. inches through.
In the U. S., in cracks in spessartite at the mica mines near Amelia Court House, Amelia Co., Va. , associated with monazite, microlite. allanite, etc.
Named by Werner, in allusion to its yellow color, from ?"/lzoS, the sun.
Ref.— ' Eremeyev, Finland, Miu. Russl., 5, 320, 1866; Zs. Kr., 15, 552, 1889; Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 173, 18()0. Min. Roches, 222, 1888. 3 J. & P. Curie, C. R., 91, 383, 1880, also Hankel, Abh. Siichs. Ges., 1882. 4 Brogger and Backstrom, Zs. Kr., 18, 211, 1890; the relation to the garnets was earlier suggested, cf. Am. J. Sc., 14, 272, 1852, also 5th Ed., 1868.
ACHTARAGDITE Russian, prior to 1847, Glocker's Syn., 305, 1847. Achtarandit BreitJi., B. H. Ztg., 12, 370, 1853. Achtaryndit Auerbach, Vh. Min. Ges., 3, 113, 1868.
Isometric; tetrahedral, but probably pseudomorphous. Form a hemi-trisoctahedron, (211), occasionally penetration-twins with parallel axes, like f. 2, p. 436. Crystals sometimes 2 mm. or more in diameter, often having a shining crust but within earthy, adhering to the tongue, and giving a clay-like odor. Soft, soiling the fingers. G. 2'32 Hermann. Luster dull. Color ash-gray, within white. Opaque.
Anal.— 1, Hermann, Bull. Soc. Mosc., 40 (2), 481, 1867. 2, 3, W. v. Beck, Kk., Min. Russl., 5, 327, 1866.
SiO, A12OS Fe2O3 FeO CaO MgO HaO CO2
1. G. 2-32 28-27 13-06 14-07 0'42 14'41 20'07 8'64 I'Oo 99-94
2. 39-25 11-11 17-09 — 12'54 3'60 10'09 — 93'68
3. 40-10 12-36 undet. 11 '27 undet. 12-27
Occurs on the Achtaragda (or Achtarynda), a tributary of the Vilui River in Siberia, with vesuvianite and grossular garnet. These crystals are obviously pseudomorphs and perhaps after helvite, as suggested by Breithaupt. Cf. also Rose, Reis. Ural., 1, 48, 1837, who referred them to grossularite; Kk., Min. Russl., 5, 324, 1866. Prendel regards them as more probably pseudomorphous after boracite, since a reaction for boron was obtained from the crystals and the steatite-like substance resembles a common alteration product of boracite (Zs. Kr., 17, 94, 1889). It is to be remembered, however, that the occurrence of boracite is extremely limited.
367. DANALITE. J. P. Cooke, Am. J. Sc., 42, 73, 1866.
Isometric. In octahedrons; also with dodecahedral faces, striated longitudi- nally.
Cleavage not observed. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H.=5'5 -6. Gr. 3-427. Luster vitreo-resinbus. Color flesh-red to gray. Streak similar, but lighter. Translucent.
Comp. — (Be,Fe,Zn,Mn)7Si3012S, which may be written as suggested by Brogger. (Fe,Zn,Mn)Q((Zn,Fe)2S)Be3Si3014, cf. helvite, p. 434. Anal. — J. P. Cooke, 1. c.
SiO2 FeO MnO ZnO BeO S ' V
1. Rockport |31-73 27'40 6'28 17'51 13'83 5'48 102'23, less (O S) 2'74 99'49
2. Gloucester 29'88 28'13 5'71 18'15 14'72a 4'82 CaO 0'83, MgO tr. 102'24, less
[(O S) 2-41 99-83 With A12O3.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses readily on the edges to a black enamel. With soda on charcoal gives a slight coating of zinc oxide. Perfectly decomposed by hydrochloric acid, with evolution of hydrogen sulphide and separation of gelatinous silica.
Obs. — Occurs in the Rockport granite, Cape Ann, Mass., small grains being disseminated through this rock ; also near Gloucester, Mass., in both localities associated with a lithia mica, in the latter with green feldspar and fluorite. Also with magnetite and quartz at the iron mine, at Bartlett, N. II. (Wadsworth). In El Paso Co., Colorado, p. 1032.
Named after J. D. Dana.
436 Silicates.
368. EULYTITE. Wismuthblende, Eulytin, Breith., Pogg., 9, 275, 1827; Handb , 2, 303, 1841. Wisinutiscbes Blende-Erz Breith., Uib., 66, 1830, Cbar., 239, 1832. Kieselwismuth Kersten, Pogg., 27, 81, 1833. Silicate of Bismuth.
Isometric; tetrahedral. Observed forms' :
a (100, i-i), d (110, I), o (111, 1), n (211, 2-2), n, (211, - 2-2), A (511, 5-5).
Twins: with parallel axes like tetrahedrite, f. 2. Crystals usually minute;
common form the hemi-tetragonal trisoctahedron n (211); often with rounded edges and in groups; also in spherical forms.
Cleavage: dodecahedral, very imperfect(?). Fracture uneven. Kather brittle. H. 4-5. G. 6 '106 Rath. Luster resinous or adamantine. Color dark hair- brown, yellowish gray, grayish white, straw-yellow, colorless. Figs. 1, 2, Schneeberg, Rath. . Streak yellowish gray or uncolored.
Subtransparent to opaque. Shows
anomalous double refraction, and then optically negative, uniaxial, axis o, Btd.a Comp.— or 2Bi203.3SiO, Silica 16-3, bismuth 83'7 100. Anal.— 1, 2, Rath, Pogg., 136, 416, 1869.
SiO2 Bi2O3 Fe2O3 P2OB
1. Schneeberg 16-62 82'23 115 99'90
2. " 15-93 80-61 0-28 0'52 97'34
Pyr., etc. — In a matrass decrepitates and affords a trace of water. B.B. fuses to a dark yellow mass, and gives out inodorous fumes. Fuses and froths on charcoal, staining it yellowish brown, sometimes with a tinge of green. Fuses readily with soda to a button, at first greenish yellow and then reddish yellow, and finally affords metallic bismuth. With salt of phosphorus it fuses to a yellow globule, with a silica skeleton, which becomes colorless on cooling.
Obs. — Found with native bismuth near Schueeberg, Saxony, in quartz; also at Johann- georgenstadt in crystals on quartz.
Named from euAuro?, easily dissolved, or fusible.
Ref.— i Rath, 1. c. 2 Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 61, 1881; Klein, Jb. Min., 2, 196 ref., 1882.
369. ZUNYITE. W. F. Hillebrand, Proc. Col. Soc., 1, 124, 1884.
Isometric; tetrahedral. In minute tetrahedrons (o) with also planes of the negative tetrahedron (o,), the cube (a), and perhaps those of the dodecahedron (d).
Cleavage: o and ot. Luster vitreous. H. — 7. G. 2'875. Clear, trans- parent, but sometimes opaque from inclusions. Optically isotropic.
Comp. — A highly basic orthosilicate of aluminium; formula (Groth, Bgr.) (Al(OH,F,Cl)2)(.Al2Si3012, and hence analogous to the garnet group, where the bivalent element, E3, of the latter is replaced by the univalent radicals Al(OH),, A1F9, A1C1,. Hillebrand deduced the empirical formula H18Al,6Si6(0,F,Cl)46. Anal. — Hillebraud, 1. c., mean of several partial analyses.
SiO2 A12O3 Na2O K2O Li2O H2O F Cl
24-33 57-88 0'24 O'lO tr. 10-89 5'61 2-91 Fe2O3 0'20, P2O6 0'60 - 102'76 Deduct 3-02 (O F,C1) 99 '74.
Pyr. — B.B. infusible, but becomes opaque and porcelain-like. Heated in a closed tube yields acid water. Not attacked by acids.
Obs. — Occurs at the Zuni mine. Anvil Mountain, near Silverton, San Juan Co., Colorado. It is intimately mixed with the sulphide of arsenic and lead, guitermanite (p. 131) and pyrite; also embedded in a white earthy material consisting in part of lead sulphate, and derived from the alteration of the associated ores.
Garnet Group— Garnet. 437
4. Garnet Group. Isometric, holohedral. K3Ks(Si04)3 or 3KO.K,03.3SiO,.
n nn in mm" m —
E Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn. R Al,Fe(Mn)CrTi.
370. Garnet
A. GrROSSULARiTE Ca3Ala(Si04)3
B. PYROPE Mg3AlQ(Si04)3 0. ALMANDITE Fe3Al2(Si04)3
D. SPESSARTITE Mn3Al2(Si04)3
E. ANDRADITE Ca3Fe2(Si04)3
Also (Ca,Mg),Fes(Si04), and CasFe,((Si,Ti)04),
F. UVAROVITE Ca3Cr,(Si04)3
371. Schorlomite Cas(Fe,Ti)2((Si,Ti)04)3
Closely related to the GARNET GROUP proper are the species of the Sodalite and Helvite Groups (p. 429, p. 434). All are characterized by isometric crystallization, and all are ortho- silicates, and as developed by BrOgger with similar chemical structure. Thus the formula of
the Garnet Group is RsRSiCh ; to this Sodalite conforms if written Na4(AlCl)Al2(SiO4)s, where Na4 and the bivalent radical A1C1 are equivalent to R3 and similarly for Noselite (Haiiy- nite) if the presence of the bivalent group NaSO4-Al is assumed.
In the Helvite Group, which is characterized by the tetrahedral character of the species (perhaps true also of the Sodalites), the chemical relation is less close, but probably exists as exhibited by writing the formula of Helvite (Mu,FeXMn2S)Be3(SiO4)3 where the bivalent group -S-Mn-S- enters, and 3Be may be regarded as taking the place of 2A1. For a further discussion of the subject, with exhibition of structural formulas, etc., see Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 176, 181, 1890, and Brogger and BackstrSm, ibid., 18, 209-276, 1890.
370. GARNET. *AvQpa£ pt. [rest Ruby Spinel and Sapphire] Theophr. Carbunculus pt. [rest id.] Plin., 37, 25; Carchedonius, Garamanticus Carthaginian or Garamantic Carbuncle], Alabandicus [cut at Alabanda], Anthracitis, Plin., ib. , 25-27. Granatus Albertus Magnus, 232, 1270. Carbunculus Carchedonius Germ. Granat, C. Alabandicus and Troezenius Germ. Almamlin, Agrie., Foss., 272, Interpr., 463, 1546. Granat Wall., Min., 120, 1747. Grenat Fr.
A. GROSSULARITE. Kauelstein Cinnamon Stone] fr. Ceylon [sp. , placed near Zircon] Wern., 1803, Ludwig's Wern., 2. 209, 1804; Essonite H., Tr. Pierres prec., 1817; Hessonite Leonh., Handb., 433, 1821; Essouite [var. of Garnet] Beud ., 170, 1824. Ronianzovit Norden- tkiold. . J., 31, 380. Grossularite Wern., 1808-9, Hofm. Min.. I, 479, 1811; Granat Pallas, N. Nord. Beytr. St. Pet., 1793; Wiluit pt., Viluit, Severgin. Grenat du chaux, ou Grossulaire, Beud., 337, 1824. Tellemarkit Weisbach, Syneps. Min., 13, 1875.
B. PYROPE. Carbunculi Carchedonii in Boemorum agris Agric., Foss., 272, 1546. Bohe- mian Garnet. Bohmischer Granat Wern. , Bergm J., 424, 1789; Klaproth, 2, 16, 1747. Pyrop Wern., 1800, Ludw. Wern., 1, 48, 1803. Karfunkel Germ., Escarboucle pt. Vogesit Weisbach, Synops. Min.. 13. 1875.
C. ALMANDITE. Precious or Oriental Garnet. Orientalischer Granat. Sirianischer (fr. Siriam in Pegu) Granat Klapr., Beitr., 2, 22, 1798. Alamandin (Alabandicus Plin.) Karst., Tab., 20, 69, 1800. Common Garnet pt. Fahlungranat Berz. , LOthr.
D. SPESSARTITE. Granatformiges "Braunsteinerz (fr. Spessart) Klapr., Beitr., 2, 239, 1797 Braunsteinkiesel (near Garnet) Karst., Tab., 20, 69, 1800. Manganesian Garnet Seybert. Am. J. Sc., 6, 155, 1823. Mangangranat Germ. Broddbogranat Berz. Spessartine Beud., 52, 1832.
E. ANDRADITE. Common Garnet, pt. Allochroite d'Andrada, J. Phys., 51, 243, 1800, Scherer's J., 4, 32. Black Garnet: Melanit Wern., 1800, Ludw. Wern., 1, 48, 64, 1803. Aplome H., Tr., 4, 239, 1801. Kolophonit d'Andrada; Simon, Gehl. J., 4, 405, 1807. Grenat resinite Colophonite //., Cours 1804, Lucas, Tabl., 265, 1806; Pech-Granat Karst., Tab., 32, 89, 1808. Topazolite Bonvoisin, J. de Phys., 62, 1806. Pyreneit Wern., 1811-12, Hoffm., Min., 2. 373, 1815. Kalkgranat Berz., L5thr. Granat v. Langban RotJiof, Afh.. 3, 329, 1810; Rothofflte Berz., N. Syst. Min., 218, 1819. Polyadelphite Thorn., Min., 1, 154, 1836. JeU letite Apjohn, J. G. Soc.. Dublin, 5. 119, 1853. Yttergranat Bergemann, Ber. nied. Ges.. July, 1854. Demantoid N. Nordtmkidld, quoted by Kk., Min. Russl., 8, 310. Brcdbergite Dana, Min., 270, 1868. Audradite Dana. Min., 268, 1868.
F. UVAROVITE. Ouvarovite. Uwarowit Hess, Pogg. , 24, 388, 1832.
Silicates.
Isometric. Observed forms1
(100, i- ) rare (2(110, i) o (111, 1)
S (610, e-6)1 f (310, i-3)5 (520, i-f)s
0 (210, i-2)
1 (530, *-f)s
r (332, P (221, 2)
S (331, 8)s
0 (511, 5-5) V (722, H)4 m (311, 3-3) n (211, 2-2)
r (533, 4-4) A: (433, H)
(10-7-3,
0 (432, 2-f)5 y (431, 4-1) e (541,
Also the vicinal forms: A. (20'19'0, £f$) Breith., $ (41-40-0, e-££)10. D, (64-63-0, $ (86-85-0, i-fl)1, £ (64-63-1, 64-f|) Naum., and others more complex noted by Rath6.
Figs. 1-5, Common forms. 6, Mill Rock, New Haven.
Twins: tw. pi. e (210) ia. The dodecahedron and tetragonal trisoctahedron, 7. (n, 211, f. 1), the most common simple forms; also these in
combination, f. 2, 4; or with also the hexoctahedron s (321) as in f. 3, 5. Faces f? often striated longer diagonal; sometimes built up of successive plates (f. 7). Cubic faces very rare; octahedral also, but sometimes in complete octahedrons (Elba). In irregular embedded grains. Also massive; granular, coarse, or fine, and sometimes friable; lamellar, lamellae thick and bent. Also very compact, cryptocry stall ine like nephrite.
Cleavage (or parting) : d sometimes rather distinct13. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle, sometimes Heddle. . friable when granular massive; very tough when compact
cryptocrystalline. H. 6-5-7-5. G. 3-15-4-3, varying with the composition. Luster vitreous to resinous. Color red, brown, yellow, white, apple-green, black; some red and green, colors often bright. Streak white. Transparent to sub- translucent. Asterism observed in some garnet having striated faces (Dx.). Often exhibits anomalous double refraction. Refractive indices16.
Garnet Group— Garnet. 439
Grossularite, yw. -brown, Auerbach n? 1'7368 Li % 1-7468 Na %r 1'7593 Tl
red, " " 1-7645 " " 1-7714 " " 1*7796 "
Pi/rope, Oriental " 1'7776 " 1'8141 " =1-8288
Almandite, Ceylon " l'7716red Also, Zillerthal ny 1'7670
Red-brown dodecahedrons from Taberg, with strong double refraction, gave, for rays i d and 1 longer diagonal respectively, ny l'S389 and 1-8328, ngr 1 "8436 and 1-8387. G. Nor denskiold.15
The anomalous double refraction of many garnets,14 early noted by Brewster, was fully studied by Mallard and later by Bertrand, by whom it has been explained as due to the complex twinning of triclinic individuals, producing at times forms which are apparently orthorhorubic and isometric. The exhaustive studies of Klein have not only developed the various types of structure, but have served to prove that the structure is immediately connected with the external form, not dependent upon the chemical composition, and doubtless of secondary origin.
In general the molecular structure may be explained by regarding the crystal as made up of a. series of similar pyramids whose vertices meet at the center; many garnets show an easy mechani- cal'separation into parts corresponding to these pyramids. Several types of forms are distin-. guished by Klein: (1) the octahedral, where the structure corresponds to eight triangular pyra- mids, each uniaxial and negative with the optical axis normal to the octahedral face which forma its base; this is illustrated by the octahedrons from Elba. (2) Dodecahedral, corresponding to the grouping of twelve rhombic pyramids, whose bases coincide with the dodecahedral faces; the axial plane is parallel to the longer diagonal, to which the bisectrix (usually — ) is normal; this is the more*common type. (3) Icositetrahedral, corresponding to twenty-four pyramids whose bases are formed by'the faces of the tetragonal trisoctahedron n (211) to which the optic. axis, or bisectrix (-)- or — ) of the uniaxial (or biaxial) pyramid is normal; ax. pi. j. symmetric diagonal of each face of the form 211. (4) Hexoctahedral, corresponding to forty -eight triangular pyramids, the bases having the position of the faces of the vicinal hexoctahedron of topazolite. Each pyramid is biaxial; bisectrix (— ) inclined to the hexoctahedral face; ax. pi. variable.
Besides the distinct types mentioned, many garnets show optical characters more or less intermediate between them. Klein's observations prove that the normal form of the garnet is isometric, while the anomalous optical structure is secondary. BrOgger calls attention to the fact that garnets in igneous rocks which have been formed direct from the magma, or embedded crystals in rocks formed by regional metamorphism, are uniformly isotropic, while those which have apparently crystallized from hot solutions in crevices or have been formed by contact metamorphism, for example in crystallized limestone, exhibit double refraction.
n m
Comp., Var. — An orthosilicate having the general formula E3E2(Si04)s or 3RO.K203.3SiOs. The bivalent element is calcium, magnesium, ferrous iron or manganese; the trivalent element, aluminium, ferric iron and chromium, and rarely titanium; further, silicon is also sometimes replaced by titanium.
There are three prominent groups, and various subdivisions under each, many of these blending into each other.
I.' Aluminium Garnet, including
A. GROSSTJLARITE Calcium-Aluminium Garnet CajAlSigO,,
B. PYEOPE Magnesium-Aluminium Garnet MgsAlsSis0ls
C. ALMANDITE Iron -Aluminium Garnet Fe.ALoLO,,
D. SPESSARTITE Manganese- Aluminium Garnet Mn3Al.,Si3Oia
II. Iron Garnet, including
E. AXDRADITE Calcium-Iron Garnet CasFe2Si3Oi2 (1) Ordinary. (2) Magnesian. (3) Titaniferous. (4) Yttriferous
III. Chromium Garnet.
F. UVAROVITE Calcium-Chromium Garnet CasCr,SisOia
The name Garnet is from the Latin granatus, meaning like a grain, and directly from pome- granate, the seeds of which are small, numerous, and 'ed, in allusion to the aspect of the crystals.
A. GROSSULARITE. Essonite or Hessonite. Cinnamon Stone. Kaiieelstein. Calcium-alum.inium Garnet. Kalkthongranat Germ. Formula 3CaO.AlsOs.3Si09 Silica 40'0, alumina 22'7, lime 37'3 100. Often containing ferrous iron replacing the calcium, and ferric iron replacing aluminium, and hence graduating to groups C and E. G 3'55 to 3 66. Color (a] white; (b) pale green; (c) amber-
Silicates.
and honey-yellow; (d) wine-yellow, brownish yellow, cinnamon-brown; (e) pde rose-red; rarely (/) emerald -green from the presence of chromium.
The original grossularite (wiluite pt.) included the pale green from Siberia, and was so named from the botanical name for the gooseberry; G. =3'42-3-72. Cinnamon- stone, or essonite (more properly hessonite), included a cinnamon-colored variety from Ceylon, there called hyacinth; but under this name the yellow kinds are usually included ; named from "fcra-cav, inferior, because of less hardness than the true hyacinth which it resembles. Succinite is an amber-colored kind from the Ala valley, Piedmont. Romanzovite is brown. A garnet from II. Iset, Govt. Perm, is compact, grayish green to greenish white in color, and much resembles nephrite; anal. 22, 23.
Pale green, yellowish, and yellow-brown garnets are not invariably grossularite; some (in- cluding topazolite, demantoid, etc.) belong to the group of Calcium-Iron Garnet, or Andradite.
Anal.— 1, A. E. NordenskiSld. Ofv. Ak. Stockh.. 27, 565, 1870. 2, Bullman, Am. J. Sc., 27,306, 1884, 3, M. D. Munu, priv. coutr. 4, Hunt, Hep. G. Canada, 447, 1847, 496, 1863. 5, Nicolayev, Min. Russl., 8, 320, 1881. 6, Chipman, Proc. Ac. Philad., 82, 1878. 7, Koenig, ibid., p. 81. 8, Dmr., C. R., 73, 1041, 1871. 9, Jaunasch, Jb. Min., 1, 135, 1883. 10, Gmelin, Berz. JB., 5, 224, 1826. 11, Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 23, 755, 1869. 12, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 4,434,1874. 13, Jannasch, 1. c., p. 109. 14, Id., p. 119. 15, Id., p. 135. 16, Loczka, Zs. Kr., 11,261, 1885. 17, Wachmeister, Ak. H. Stockh., 141, 1823. 18, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges, 24, 249,1872. 19, Nd., . J., 31. 380. 1821. 20, Rath, Zs. G. Ges., 22, 639. 1870. 21, Meddle, Trans. R. Soc. Ed., 28, 299, 1878. 22, Liversidge, Min. N. S. W., 204, 1888. 23, 24, Beck and Mushketov, . Nikolayev, Vh. Min. Ges., 18, 26, 28, 1883. 25, Gerichten, Lieb. Ann., 171, 191,
Other earlier analyses of this and the following kinds are given in 5th Ed., pp. 267-270; see also Kg., Min. Ch., pp. 473-482, 1865.
Grossularite. G.
1. Frugard, colorless
2. Wakefield, white 3'525
3. Hull, colorless
4. Orford, white 3'525
5. R. Iset, Perm, green 3'482
6. Leiperville, green 3 '238
7. " yellow 3 "637
8. Mexico, pale red 3 57
9. Vesuvius, yellow 3 "572
10. Ceylon,
Cinnamon-stone
11. Jordansmiihl, white 3'609
12. San Carlos, Cal., cinn. 13. Auerbach, white
14. Mussa Alp, brn.-red
15. Cziklowa, yellow
17. Vilui, grossular 18. Monzoni, yellow 1 9. Romanzovite 20. 8. Piero, Elba, green 21. Craig Mohr, "
22. Mudgee, brown
23. R. Iset, mass.
24. " 25. Eppenreuth, brn.-red.
SiO,
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
—
—
tr.
—
—
tr.
—
—
—
—
—
tr.
—
—
—
—
—
—
7'
—
—
—
—
— 0-92
10-05 —
tr.
—
—
tr.
tr.
—
4;78
CaO
36-83 99-61 37-08 99-97 35-00 99-19 36-31 100-04
34 83 ign. MO, NaaO, [K2O 0-47 99-80
35-03 igu. 1-18= 99-96 28-50 ign. 0-32-100-42 34-00 100-62 35-75 ign.O-40=100-29 35-42 Na2O 0'33, igu.
[1-04 100-45
30-57 K2O 0-59, ign.
[0 33 98-17
81-28N1O 0-28, HaO
[1-08 99-17
35-01 - 100-17
33-48 Na2O 0'42, ign.
[0-38 100
35-08 Na2O 0 38, ign.
[0-63 100-44 35-48 Na2O 0'61, igu.
[0-53 101 -4-2
35 65 Na2O,K2OO iy, [H2O 0-56 101-29
34-86 100-99 33-88 100-22 24-70 igii. [2-01 J 100 29-2:! ign.O 64 101-22 3357 H2O 0-04 [9972 0-25 [ltiO-07 0-28 [100-32 1-80
32-25 Co3 3520 H2O 36-67 H2O
13-48 100-37 [99-35
Anals. 21, 22 are of two specimens closely resembling nephrite, massive, compact, of a gray- ish green or grayish white color.
B. PYROPE. nesiathongranat
Precious garnet pt. Magnesium- aluminium Garnet. Mag- Germ. Formula 3MgO.Al303.3Si02 Silica 44-8, alumina 25-4,
Garnet Group— Garnet.
G.
SiO2
A12O3
CraO3
Fe
,o;
,FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
5-29 100-97
1-99 98-20
—
5-78 100-24
—
—
4-40 Hso 0-82
9-26 —
[=100 4-52 H2O 1-48
100
—
5-04 H2O 0-10
100-39
5-23 ign. 0-45
99-00
4-94 TiO20-16,
Talk. 0-07. H2O
0-17 100-58
—
6-53 100-44
10'
tr.
4-25 ign. 1-58
99-75
5-17 100-90
4-70 100-04
—
a-
5-02 99-16
magnesia 29'8 100. Magnesia predominates, but calcium and iron are also present, and the original pyrope contained chromium. G. 3 '70-3 '75. Color deep red to nearly black. Often perfectly transparent and then prized as a gem. The name pyrope is from nvpoonos, fire-like.
Anal.— 1, Moberg, J. pr. Ch., 43, 123, 1847. 2, Kbl., East. Arch. mtr[9, 844]. Schar- izer, Zs. Kr., 6, 333, 1882. 4, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 27, 534, 1875. 5, Id., ibid., p. 540. 6, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 28, 311, 1878. 7, Genth, Am. J. Be., 33, 196, 1862. 8, Chatard, Am. J. Sc., 32, 125, 1886. 9, Wachtmeister, Ak. H. Stockh., 138, 1823. 10, Delesse, Ann. Mines, 18, 314, 1850. 11, 12, Fischer, Jb. Min., 1, 393 ref., 1890. 13, Knap, Ch. News, 38, 109, 1878.
Pyrope, etc.
I. Meronitz, Bohemia
3. Krems
4. ZOblitz
5. Greifendorf
6. Elie Ness
7. Santa Fe
8. Elliot Co., Ky.
9. Arendal, black
10. Narouel, Vosges
11. S. Africa, wine-red
12. " " hyacinth-red
13. " Cape ruby"
C. ALMANDITE. Almandine. Precious garnet pt. Common garnet pt. Iron-aluminium Garnet. Eisenthongranat Germ. Formula 3FeO.Al20,.3Si02 Silica 36-2, alumina 20'5, iron protoxide 43'3 100. Ferric iron replaces the aluminium to a greater or less extent (cf. anals. 13-19). Magnesium also replaces the ferrous iron, and thus it graduates toward pyrope. G. 3'9-4'2. Color fine deep red, transparent, in precious garnet; brownish red, translucent or subtranslu- cent, in common garnet; black. Part of common garnet belongs to Andradite.
The Alabandic carbuncles of Pliny were so called because cut and polished at Alabauda. Hence the name almandine, now in use. Pliny describes vessels of the capacity of a pint, formed from carbuncles, "mm claros ac plerumque sordidos ac semper fulgoris horridi," devoid of luster and beauty of color, which probably were large common garnets of the latter kind.
Anal.— 1, Hisinger, . J., 21, 258, 1817. 2, Kjerulf, Nyt Mag., 8, 190, 1853. 3, 4, Kbl., . J., 64, 283, 1832. 5, Kurlbaura/Am. J. Sc., 19, 20, 1855. 6, 7, Penfield and Sperry, ib., 32, 308, 311, 1886. 8, Liversidge, Roy. Soc. N. S. W., Sept. 1, 1880. 9, Keller, Proc. Acad. Philad., 54, 1882. 10, E. F. Smith, Am. Ch. J., 5, 276, 1883. 11, Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 323, 1882. 12, Niedzwiedzki, Min. Mitth., 163, 1872. 13-19, Heddle; 13, Min. Mag., 5, 75, 1882; 14-19, Traus. R. Soc. Ed., 28, 312 et seg., 1878. 20, Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 20, 256, 1868. 21, A. F. Kountze, priv. contr.
Almandite.
1. Falun, almandite
2. Orawitza
3. Hungary (?), prec.
4. Zillerthal, brown
5. Delaware Co. ,Penn., prec.
6. L. Superior, red
7. Salida, Col., red
8. Balade mine
9. Darby, Pa., black
10. Shimersville, dark red
II. Budweis 1','. Sau.-ilpe
G.
SiO2
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO — 100-80 0-89 98-24
—
— 100-34
—
5 76 100 04
—
1-83 99-34
—
2-73 100-85
—
1-44 100-31
—
7-78 ign. 0-31
[99-96
2-76 TiO, 1-14=
[100-45
2-38 100-37
3-26 100-36
—
2-27 100-25
Silicates.
G.
SiOa
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
H2O 0-U
99-92
4'47
3'46
H,0 0-32
[=99-59
100 06
3'
99-98
100-85
100-15
H2O 0-31
100-16
—
—
Y203 2-64
100-32
tr.
100-57
Almandite.
13. Leiter Mussel
14. Killiecrankie, brn.-red
15. Meall Luaidh, red-brown
16. Is. Yell, pink-red
17. Knock Hill, wine-red
18. Clach an E6in, brown-red
19. Loch Garve
20. Schreiberhau
21. Ft. Wrangel, Alaska
D. SPESSARTITE. Spessartine. Manganese-aluminium Garnet. Mangan- granat. Manganthongranat Germ. Formula 3MnO.Al203.3Si0.i Silica 36-4, alumina 20*6, manganese protoxide 43*0 100. Ferrous iron replaces the man- ganese to a greater or less extent, and ferric iron also the aluminium. G. =4'0-4'3. Color dark hyacinth-red, sometimes with a tinge of violet, to brownish red.
Anal.— 1, C. M. Bradbury, Ch. News, 50, 120, 1884; also quoted by Fontaine, Am. J. Sc., 25, 335, 1883; also Seamon, Ch. News, 46, 195, 1882. 2, Pisani, C. R., 83, 167, 1876. 3, Rg., J. pr. Ch., 55, 487, 1852. 4, Eakins, Am. J. Sc., 31, 435, 1886. 5, PenfieM, priv. contr. 6, Koenig, Proc. Ac. Philad., 53, 1876. 7, Genth, Geol. N. C., Min., p. 44, 1881. 8, 9, Kbl., Ber. Ak. Munchen, 292, 1868. 10, Nicolajev, Vh. Min. Ges., 17, 268, 1882. 11, Id , 1. c. 12, Id., Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 31, 484, 1887. 13. Weibull, G. F5r. F5rh., 6, 503, 1883. 14, Heddle, Miu. Mag., 2, 85, 1878, also other analyses. 15, Klement, Min. Mitth., 8, 18, 1887. 16, Koninck, Bull. Ac. Belg., 33, No. 4, 1872. 17, Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 283. 1883.
Spessartite. G.
1. Amelia Co., Va. 4'20
2. St. Marcel 4'01
3. Haddam 4-273
4. Nathrop. Col. 4'23
5. Branchville, Conn.
6. Yancey Co.. N.C. 4'14
7. Salem, N. C.
8. Aschaffenburg 4'17
9. Pfitsch, mass. 4'3 lf>. Ilmen Mts.
11. Scheich-Deli
12. Bagaryak, Ural
13. Vester-Silfberg
14. Glen Skiag 4'125
15. Ourt. Belg. 3-976
16. Salm Chateau 4'05
17. Artificial
SiOa
A12O3
Fe2Os
FeO
MnO
MgO
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
35 '99
tr.
—
—
tr.
CaO
1-49 ign. tr. 99 '70
5-87 99-72
0-58 100
1-15 alk. 0-48 ign. 0-44
0-48 99-94 100-33
— 99-84 4-09 100
— 99-45 2-00 100-80
2-27 ign. 0 28 99'09 1-39 H2OO-14 - 98-74 5-72 99-74 4-43 100-42 0-40 ign. 0-25 100'48. 10-03 102-20
— 100-68 tr. 100-05
E. ANDKADITE. Common Garnet, Black Garnet, etc. Calcium-iron Garnet. Kalkeisengranat Germ. Formula 3CaO.Fe203.3Si02 Silica 35'5, iron sesquioxide 31'5, lime 33'0 100. Aluminium replaces the ferric iron; ferrous iron, man- ganese and sometimes magnesium replace the calcium. G. 3-8-3-9. Colors various: wine-, topaz-, and greenish yellow, apple-green to emerald-green; brown- ish red, brownish yellow; grayish green, dark green; brown; grayish black, black.
Named Andradite after the Portuguese mineralogist, d'Andrada, who in 1800 described and named one of the included subvarieties, Allochroite. The included kinds vary so widely in color and other respects that no one of the names in use will serve for the group.
Chemically there are the following subvarieties: 1. Simple Calcium-iron Garnet, in which the protoxides are wholly or almost wholly lime. Includes: (a) Topazolite, having the color and transparency of topaz, and also sometimes green; although resembling hessonite, Damour has shown that it belongs here. Demantoid is a grass-green to emerald-green variety with brilliant luster and occurring in massive forms; it is used as a gem, and its name refers to its high luster, resembling that of the diamond (b) Colophonite, a coarse granular kind, brownish yellow to dark reddish brown in color, resinous in luster, and usually with iridescent hues; named after the resin colopJiony. Part of what has been called colophonite is vesuvian- ite. (c) Melanite (from //eAae, black), black, either dull or lustrous; but all black garnet is not here included. Pyreneite is grayish black melanitc; the original afforded Vauquelin 4 p. c. of water, and was iridescent, indicating incipient alteration, (d) Dark green garnet, not dis-
Garnet Group— Garnet.
tinguisbable from some allochroite, except by chemical trials. Jelletite is green garnet, light or dark, and yellowish green, from the moraine of the Fiudelen glacier near Zermatt; named after Jellet, one of its de?cribers. Calderite is a massive garnet from India; one kind, resembling colophouite, occurs in beds in the Hazaribagh district, anal. 22.
2. Manganesian Calcium-iron Garnet, (a) Roihoffite. The origia&Lallackroite was a manga- nesiau iron-garnet of brown or reddish brown color, and of tine-grained massive structure. The Rothoffite, from Langban, first analyzed by Rothoff, is similar, with the color yellowish brown to liver-brown. Other common kinds of manganesian iron-garnet are light and dark, dusky green and black, and often in crystals. Thomson's Polyadelphite was a massive brownish yellow kind, from Franklin, N. J. (anal. 19, 20). The same locality affords another in dark green crystals, containing still more manganese. Bredbergite is a variety from Sala analyzed by Bred- berg (anal. 21) which contains a large amount of magnesium.
(b) Aplome (properly haplome) has its dodecahedral faces striated parallel to the shorter diagonal, whence Hauy inferred that the fundamental form was the cube; and as this form is simpler than the dodecahedron, he gave it a name derived from 'o-TrAdo?, simple. Color of the original aplome (of unknown locality) dark brown; also found yellowish green and brownish green at Schwarzenberg in Saxony, and on the Lena in Siberia.
3. Titaniferous. Contains titanium and probably both TiOa and Ti2O3; formula hence 3CaO.(Fe,Ti,Al)2O3.3(Si,Ti)O2. It thus graduates toward schorlomite. Color black. Cf. Knop, Rg. , Koenig (refs. under analyses beyond).
4. Yttriferous Calcium-iron Garnet; Yttergarnet. Contains yttria. A Norwegian garnet analyzed by Bergemann yielded 6'66 p. c. of the yttrium earths; later analyses (anal. 26) from the same locality (Stoko) afforded very little, thus throwing doubt over Bergemann 's results. Websky found 2-6 p. c. of yttrium earths in an almandite from Schreiberhan, anal. 20, p 442.
Anal.— 1. Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 29, 819, 1877. 2, Waller, G. F5r. F5rh., 4. 187, 1878. 3, L5sch Jb. Min., 785, 1879. 4, 5, Nicolayev, Kk., Min. Russl., 8, 319, 1881. 6, Cossa, Trans Ace. Line., 4, 284, 1880. 7, Treumann, Rg., Min. Ch., 477, 1875. 8, Fellenberg, Jb. Min., 745 1868. 9, Lundstr5m, G. For. Forh., 4, 161, 1878. 10, E. S. D., Am. J. Sc., 14, 215, 1877. 11, E. F. Smith, Am Ch. J., 5, 276, 1883. 12-14, Wachtmeister, Ak. H. Stockh., 1823. 15, Rose, Karst. Tab., 83, 1808. 16, Wright, Ann. Mines, 3, 707, 1853. 17, LindstrOm, Zs. Kr., 16, 160, 1890. 18, Forbes, Ed. N. Phil. J., 3, 59, 1856. 19, Weber, Rg., Min. Ch., 693, 1860. 20, Thomson, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 3, 9, 1829. 21, Bredberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 63, 1822. 22, Tween, Mallet, Min. India, 89, 1887. 23, Dmr., L'Institut, Dec. 1876. 24, Knop, Zs. Kr., 1, 62, 1877 25, Stromeyer, JB. Hannover [18, 23, 1864]. 26, Petersson, Zs. Kr., 16, 171, 1890. 27-29 Knop, I.e. 30, Koenig, Proc. Ac. Philad., 355, 1886. 81, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 40, 117, 1890 32, Sauer, JB. Ch., 1956, 1884.
Andradite. Sisersk, grn., Demantoid 3 '828
" grass-grn. " " em. -grn. "
Val Malenco. grn. Dobschau, grn. Zermatt, apple-grn.
Nordmark, grn.-yw. East Rock, N. Hav., blk.
Hosensack, Pa., yw. Altenau, aplome
13. Langbau, yellow
14. Arendal, bnh.-bk.
15. Drammen, Allochr.
16. Mt. Rosa, Jelletite
17. Stokft, brown
18. " blk -grn.
19. Franklin Furn., N. J.
Polyadelphite
20. Franklin Furn., N. J., bn.
21. Sala, Bredbergite
22. Calderite
G.
SiOa
A12O3
Fea03
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
—
—
—
32-85 101-34
—
32-33 K20 0-25,
[NaaO 0-63 100-28
—
33-05 100-78
Ow
—
—
32-90 100-82
—
tr.
31-52 99-78
tr.
tr.
32-18 99-97
—
31-45 100-40
—
32-10 ign. 0-52
[100-71
—
—
30-10 ign. 1-63
[99-31
f 35-09
tr.
32-80 ign. 0'35
[100-48
—
30-80 99 14
—
—
—
29-21 K2O 2-35
[100-22
—
—
—
26-91 KaO 0-98
[99-17
—
29-48 101-13
—
—
30-00 96-75
—
28-61 100-11
35-90 HaO 0-16
[99-20
—
tr.
32-09 NaaO 1-27
[=100
24-05 98 97
—
—
25-88 ign. 0'08
[101-99
21-79 99-57
tr.
30-93 100-66
a
CrO,.
Silicates.
Titaniferous. G.
23. Frascati
25. Magnet Cove, Ark.
26. StokS 3-85
27. Oberbergen
28. Oberschaffhausen
29. Oberbergen
30. Colorado 3 '689
81. Henderson Co., N. C. 738
32. Oberwiesenthal
ft Mn,O3.
SiO2
TiO2
A12O3
Fe2O3
20-14b
FeO
2-55"
MnO
[Na2O
tr.
MgO 0-79,
CaO 32-72 100 32-61 101-06 33-30 100 30-78 YaO, 0-38, H2O 0-43 98-63 29-50 100-08 26-93 99-83 27-47 99 15 34-29 CO2 1-48 [99-82 31-90 ign. 0-55 [99-58 29-40 98-79
b Estimated; 22'97 Fe2O3 + FeO, determined.
F. TTvAROViTE. Ouvarovite. Uwarowit. Calcium-chromium Garnet. Kalk- chromgranat Germ. Formula 3CaO.Cr203.3Si02 Silica 35'9, chromium sesqui- oxide 30'6, lime 33'5 100. Aluminium takes the place of the chromium in part (Or : Al 5 : 2 in anal. 1). H. 7-5. G. 3-41-3-52. Color emerald-green.
Anal.— 1, Dmr., Ann. Mines, 4, 115, 1843; alsoKomonen, Erdmann, 5th Ed., p. 270. 2 Id., Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 165, 1879. 3, Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, 497, 1863. 4, Harrington, Can. Nat., 9, 305, 1880.
Uvarotrite.
1. Bisersk
2. Pic Posets
3. Orford
G. SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 Cr2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO
3-514 35-57 6'25a —
3-43 36-20 10-20 9'60
36-65 17-50 —
4. Wakefield, Quebec 3-342 37'50 18'65 1'07
a Includes some Fe2O..
23-45 — — — 33-22 98 '49 6-50 8-16 0-50 — 27-50 98"66 6-20 4-97 — 0-81 33-20 ign. 0'30
[99-63 4-95 o-52 86-18 ign. 0-48
[99-30
Pyr., etc. — Most varieties fuse easily to a light brown or black glass; F. 3 in almandite, spessartite, grossularite, and allochroite; 3'5 in pyrope; but uvarovite, the chrome-garnet, is almost infusible, F. 6. Allochroite and almaudite fuse to a magnetic globule. Reactions with the fluxes vary with the bases. Almost all kinds react for iron; "strong manganese reaction in spessartite, and less marked in other varieties; a chromium reaction in uvarovite, and in most pyrope. Some varieties are partially decomposed by acids; all except uvarovite are after ignition decomposed by hydrochloric acid, and generally with separation of gelatinous silica on evapora- tion. Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates.
As shown by Magnus, the density of garnets is largely diminished by fusion. Thus a Greenland garnet fell from 3'90 to 3'05 on fusion, and a Vilui grossularite from 3-63 to 2'95. Further a brownish red Arendal garnet, having G. 4-058, was reduced by heating to G. 4-046, and by fusion to 3'596-3 204, Church; and a Ceylon hessonite, having G. 3'666, had G. 3-682 after heating to incipient fusion, Church. Cf. Magnus. Pogg., 22, 391, 1831; Kbl., . J., 64, 283, 1832; Church, J. Ch. Soc., 17, 386, 1864.
Obs. — Garnet in crystals or rounded grains is very common in mica schist, gneiss; syenitic gneiss and hornblende and chlorite schist; occurs often, also, in granite, syenite, crystalline limestone, sometimes in serpentine, and occasionally in volcanic rocks, lava and tufas; further, occasionally observed in lithophyses of rhyolite and as a product of contact metamorphism.
Garnet is sometimes found in the massive form as a prominent constituent of a rock. A white variety (lime-alumina garnet) occurs, forming, with a little serpentine, a whitish garnet rock at Orford in Canada, having G. 3'52-3'53. A similar garnet-felsyte exists in Bayreuth in Bavaria. At St. Franyois in Canada there is a yellowish white and greenish white garnet rock, consisting of the same garnet along with pyroxene, in the proportion, according to T. S. Hunt, of 57-7 of the former to 40'7 of the latter, having G. 3'33 (Rep. G. Can., 496, 1863). Eclogyte is a garnet-euphotide, consisting of a massive reddish garnet and grass-green smaragdite or omphacite. These garnet rocks are all very tough as well as heavy rocks.
Garnet crystals often contain inclusions of foreign matter, but only in part due to altera- tion; as, vesuvianite, calcite, epidote, quartz (f. 8); at times the garnet is a mere shell, or perimorph, surrounding a nucleus of another species. A black garnet from Arendal, Nor- way, contains both calcite and epidote ; crystals from Tvedestrand are wholly calcite within, there being but a thin crust of garnet. Crystals from East Woodstock, Maine, are dodecahe- drons with a thin shell of cinnamon stone enclosing calcite; others from Raymond, Me., show successive layers of garnet and calcite. Many such cases have been noted.
Garnet Group— Garnet.
Garnet
rmartz
Crystals of garnet in the form of thin flat disks are not infrequently observed embedded between plales of mica.
The garnet of granite, gneiss, grauulyte, mica schists, and simi- lar rocks is chiefly the iron-aluminium variety, almandite, but in- cludes also andradite and the isomorphous varieties intermediate between them. Grossularite is especially common in crystalline limestone, where it is associated with vesuvianite, wollastonite, diop- side, etc.; it occurs also in crystalline schists. Pyrope belongs pecul- iarly to peridotytes and the serpentines formed from them; occurs also in basalt. Spessartite occurs in granitic rocks, in quartzyte, in whetstone schists (Belgium); it has been noted with topaz in litho- physes in rhyolyte (Colorado). The black variety of andradite, melanite, is common in eruptive rocks, especially with nephelite, leucite, thus in phonolytes, leucitophyres, nephelinytes; it also occurs as a product of contact metamorphism. Demantoid occurs in serpentine. Vvaromte belongs particularly with chromite in ser- pentiue; it occurs also in granular limestone.
Many foreign localities of garnet have been mentioned in the preceding pages, under the head of composition and varieties. The best cinnamon-stone comes from Ceylon, in gneiss; also from Malsjo in Wermland, in crystalline limestone; on the Mussa-Alp in the Ala valley in Pied- mont, with cliuochlore and diopside; at Mittagshorn, Saasthal, Switzerland, with the same minerals, reddish brown in color, also from Zermatt; pale isabella-yellow at Auerbach; nearly colorless dodecahedral crystals at Gleinitz near Jordansmiihl, Silesia; a brownish variety (romanzomte) at Kiinito in Finland. A honey-yellow garnet in octahedrons occurs in Elba. Grossularite of pale greenish color comes from the banks of the Vilui in Siberia; in serpentine with vesuvianite, also from Cziklowa and Orawitza in the Banat; honey-yellow to green or brown crystals at Rezbanya; with vesuvianite and wollastonite in ejected masses at Vesuvius; in white or colorless crystals in Tellernark, in Norway, and the Shishimsk Mts., in the Ural; also whitish in a resinopal pseudomorph after coral in Tasmania; in groups of dark brown dodeca- hedrons at Mud gee, New South Wales; dark honey-yellow dodecahedrons with pyrite at Guadalcazar, and clear pink dodecahedrons (G. =3'46 Pirsson) at Morelos, Mexico (see p. 1035).
Pyrope occurs in serpentine (from peridotyte), a serpentine conglomerate, and in the sands of the region, near Meronitz, Tfziblitz, and Podsedlitz, in Bohemia, where the variety used as a
g3m is obtained; also atZoblitz and Greifendorf in Saxony; the valley of Krems (Kfemze) near udweis in Bohemia, in a serpentine rock; in the Vosges ; Elie in Fife, Scotland, the " Elie rubies;" in the diamond diggings of South Africa, as at Kimberley, see p. 5 (" Cape rubies "); reported from Burma. Almandite is common in granite, gneiss, eclogyte, etc., in many locali- ties in Saxony, Silesia, etc.; at Eppenreuth near Hof, Bavaria (in eclogyte); in dodecahedrons 3 to 4 inches through at Falun in Sweden, in hyacinth-red or brown crystals in the Zillerthal and Oetzthal, Tyrol. Precious garnet comes in fine crystals from Ceylon, Pegu, Brazil, and Green- land; also from the Sarwar mines in Rajputana and at Kakoria in Jaipur in British India. Spessartite is from Aschaffeuburg in the Spessart, Bavaria; in the white feldspar of the granite of Elba; at St. Marcel, Piedmont; in pegmatyte at Vilate near Chanteloube, liaute-Vienne; at Broddbo, near Falun, in Sweden; Ilefeld in the Harz; in the whetstone slates of the Ardennes at Viel Saim, Ottrez, Salm-Chateau, Belgium; in Ross-shire and other points in Scotland. (Cf. Heddle, I.e.)
Among the varieties of the calcium-iron garnet, andradite, the beautiful green demantoid or " Uraliau emerald " occurs in transparent greenish rolled pebbles, also in crystals, in the gold washings of Nizhui-Tagilsk in the Ural; also in the stream Bobrovka, 10 versts S.W. from Poldneyaya in the Sisersk on the west slope of the Ural; first found in loose pieces, later in a serpentine rock, embedded in fibrous serpentine; green crystals occur at Schwarzenberg, Saxony; brown to green crystals at Morawitza and Dognacska; emerald-green at Dobschau; in the Ala valley, Piedmont, the yellow to greenish topazolite, with its characteristic vicinal hex- octahedron (£). Allochroite, an apple-green and yellowish variety, of different shades, occurs at Zermatt, in geodes of crystals in chlorite schist; brilliant black crystals (melanite) and also brown, at Vesuvius on Mte. Somma; and in a volcanic tufa at Frascati near Rome; in Baden at the Kaiserstuhl; Pic d'Espada and that of Ereslids near Bareges in the Hautes-Pyrenees (Pyre- neite), Aplome occurs in yellowish and brownish green crystals at Schwarzenberg in Saxony, and on the borders of the Lena in Siberia; brown to black crystals, highly modified, in the Pfitschthal, Tyrol; other localities are Langbau in Sweden, Pitkaranta in Finland. Arendal in Norway, whence very large dodecahedral crystals are obtained. Uvaromte is found at Saranov- skava near Bisersk, also in the vicinity of Kyshtyrnsk, Ural, lining cavities or fissures in chromic iron; at Hanle, in Rupshu ic the western Himalayas; at Jordansmiihl, Silesia; Pic Posets near Venasque in the Pyrenees on chromite. It is named after the Russian Count Uvarov.
Near Cauterets, in the Hautes-Pyrenees, large crystals of brown garnet have a nucleus, easily separable, of dull green crystallized vesuvianite; the containing rock is a compact gray limestone.
In N. America, in Maine, beautiful yellow crystals or cinnamon-stone (with vesuvianite) at Parsonsfield, Phippsburg, and Rumford; manganesian garnet at Phippsburg, as well as fine yellow garnet; in mica slate near the bridge at Windham, with staurolite; in granite veins at Streaked Mountain, along with beryl; in large reddish brown crystals at, Buckfield, on the estates of Mr. Waterman and Mr. Lowe; handsome red garnets at Brunswick. In N. Hamp.,
446 Silicates.
at Hanover, small clear crystals in syenitic gneiss; blood-red dodecahedrons at Franconia, in geodes in massive garnet, with calcite and magnetic iron; at Haverhill, in chlorite, some in.; at Warren, beautiful cinnamon garnets with green pyroxene; at Unity, on the estate of J. Neal, with actiuoliteand magnetite, and at Lisbon, near Mink Pond, in mica slate with staurolite; at Grafton, £ to 1 in. in diameter. In Vermont, at New Fane, large crystals in chlorite slate; also at Cabot and Cavendish. In Mass., at Carlisle, geodes of transparent cinnamon-brown crystals similar to figure 4, with scapolite in limestone; also in gneiss at Brooktield and Brimfield; in crystals at Bedford, Chesterfield, with the Cummington cyanite, and at the beryl locality of Barre; tine dark red or nearly black trapezohedral crystals at Russell, sometimes very large; red garnets at Chester. In Conn., trapezohedrons, to 1 in., in mica slate, at Reading and Monroe; dodeca- hedrons at Southbury; at Haddam, crystals of manganesian garnet, often 2 in. through, with chrysoberyl; at Lyme, large blackish brown crystals in limestone; near New Haven, at Mill Rock in trap at junction with sandstone in pale yellow brown crystals (f. 6) resembling topazolite, also melanite (anal. 10) at East Rock on faces of trap in rosettes of dodecahedrons with magnetite, etc; manganesian garnet at Branchville.
In N. York, in mica slate, in Dover, Dutchess Co., small; at Roger's Rock, crystallized and massive, and colophonite of yellow, brown, and red colors, abundant; brown ci'3'stals at Crown Point, Essex Co.; colophonite as a large vein in gneiss at Willsboro, Essex Co., with wollustonite and green coccolite, and also at Lewis, 10m. south of Keeseville; in Middletowu, Delaware Co., large brown cryst.; a cinnamon variety, crystallized and massive, at Amity; on the Croton aqueduct, near Tankers, in small rounded crystals, and a beautiful massive variety — the latter, when polished, forms a beautiful gem; oil-green dodecahedrons at the magnetite iron mine, Brewster, Putnam Co.; a large garnet weighing nearly 10 Ibs. and with a maximum diameter of 6 inches was found in an excavation in New York City, in West 35th Street, in 1885. In N. Jersey, at Franklin, black, brown, yellow, red, and green dodecahedral garnets; also near the Franklin furnace polyadelphite. In Penn., in Chester Co., at Pennsbury, fine dark brown crystals with polished faces, in granite; near Knauertown, at Reims' mine, in handsome lustrous crystals; at Chester, brown; in Concord, on Green's Creek, resembling pyrope; in Leiperville, red; at Mineral Hill, tine brown; at Warren, black; at Avondale quarry, fine hessonite; uvarovite at Woods' chrome mine, Lancaster Co. In Delaware, cinnamon-stone in trapezohe- drons, at Dickson's quarry, 7 m. from Wilmington. In Virginia, beautiful transparent spessar- tite, used as a gem, at the mica mines at Amelia Court House. In N. Carolina, fine cinnamon- stone at Bakersyille; red garnets in the gold washings/of Burke, McDowell, and Alexander counties; also mined near Morgantown and Warlich, Burke Co., to be used as " emery," and as " garnet-paper;" a garnet-rock at Burnsville, Yancey Co. In Kentucky, fine pyrope in the peridotyte of Ellis Co. In Arkansas, at Magnet Cove, a titaniferous melanite with schorlomite. Large dodecahedral crystals entirely altered to chlorite occur at the Spun- Mt. iron mine. Lake Superior (Pumpelly).
In Colorado, at Nathrop, fine spessartite crystals in lithophyses in rhyolyte with quartz and topaz. In large dodecahedral crystals up to 14 A Ibs. in weight at Ruby Mt., Salida, Chalfee Co., the exterior is usually green from a layer of a chlorite (see p. 660) due to alteration. In Nevada, small but fine red garnets in Ruby Valley, Elko Co.; at Black Canon, Colorado li. ; almandite in White Pine Co. In Arizona, yellow-green crystals in the Gila canon; pyrope on the Colorado River in the western part of the territory. New Mexico, fine pyrope on the Navajo reservation associated with chrysolite and a chrome-pyroxene. In California, green with copper ore, Hope Valley, El Dorado Co., on Rogers' claim; also with copper ore in Los Angeles Co., in Mt. Meadows; uvarovite, in crystals on chromite, at New Idria; uvarovite in serpentine with chromite on the American river below Towle's station on the Central Pacific R.R. Common garnets at many points. Fine crystals (f. 4) of ideal symmetry of a rich red color and an inch or more in diameter occur in the mica schists at Fort Wrangell, mouth of the Stickeen R., in Alaska.
In Canada, at Marmora, dark red; at Grenville, a cinnamon-stone; an emerald-green chrome- garnet, at Orford, Quebec, in granular masses and druses of minute transparent dodecahedral crystals, with millerite and calcite; and in the same vicinity large cinnamon-red and yellowish crystals of garnet along with pyroxene; fine colorless to pale olive-green, or brownish crystals, at Wakefield, Ottawa Co., Quebec, with white pyroxene, honey-yellow vesuvianite, etc., also others bright green carrying chromium; dark red garnet in the townships of Villeneuve (spessar- tite) and Templeton; pale yellow at N. Elmsby.
In jewelry, the lighter clear garnets are often called hyacinth. The yellowish is the Jacinta la bella; a yellowish crimson, the Guarnaccino; and another very similar, Vermeille, or Hyacinth- Garnet; the red, with a violet tinge, Rubino-di-rocca, and also Grenat Syrian (from Syriam in Pegu), and probably the Amethystizontes of Pliny. The deep and clear red, like Burgundy wine in shade, is the true precious garnet, which is either pyrope or almandite. The ancient name avQpa£, meaning a burning coal, alludes to the internal fire-like color and reflection, and was applied also to some ruby. The Latin name carbunculus, from carbo, coal, has the same signifi- cation.
Alt.— Garnets containing ferrous iron often become rusty and disintegrated through the oxidation of the iron, and sometimes are altered, more or less completely, to limonite, magnetite, or hematite. The action of waters containing traces of carbon dioxide and carbonates and sili- cates in solution results in the same changes nearly as with pyroxene, producing at different times a loss, or alteration, of bases, or by a further change and the addition of water, irnilie,
Garnet Group— Schorlomite. 447
serpentine, chlorite. The lime iu the lime garnets may be taken up by the carbonic acid of the waters; and if magnesia is combined with the carbonic acid, it may take the place of the lime, and thus give rise to a serpentine or steatite pseudomorph, or to a chlorite, if the iron partly re- mains. Alkaline carbonates seldom produce the changes, for alkaline pseudoniorphs are rare. An excess of silica is to be expected in analyses, according to Bischof, sinc.e_part of the bases is often lost through incipient change. Quartz also occurs with the form of garnet.
The common iron-aluminium garnet is especially liable to alteration, and besides the changes noted above, pseudomorphs of scapolite, mica, oligoclase, epidote, amphibole have been noted (cf. Cathrein, below). The calcium-iron garnet yields pseudoinorphs of epidote, chlorite, serpentine, orthoclase.
The magnesium-aluminium garnet, pyrope, is also frequently altered, forming chlorite, serpentine, and various more or less dehnite substances. Schrauf's kelyphite (Vh. G. Reichs., 244, 1879, Zs. Kr. , 6. 359, 1882) forms a zone about a nucleus of pyrope (hence from Ke'A.v<f>oS, a nut shell) at Krems, Bohemia. Its composition is given by the analysis below, but Lasaulx (1. c. ) has shown that it is not a homogeneous substance.
Si03 AlaO,FeaO, FeO MnO MgO CaO Kelyphite G.3'064 40'41 13'35 2'47 702 0'31 27'40 5'05 igu. 2'21, Cr2O3 l-75=99'97
On the alteration of garnet, see Blum, Pseuuomorphosen, Roth, Ch. Geologie, 1; also the following: Helland, Pogg., 145, 480, 1872; Saualpe, Niedzwiedski, Min. Mirth., 162, 1872; Lsx., Ber. nied. Ges. , July 3, 1882; serpentine region near Budweis, Bohemia. Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 321, 1882, and Lsx., 8. 303, 1883; altered garnets in amphibolyte, Tyrol, Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 10, 433, 1885; Lake Superior, crystals altered to chlorite, Pumpelly, Am. J. Sc., 10, 17, 1875; L. Superior and Colorado, Penfield and F. L. Sperry, Am. J. Sc. , 32, 307, 1886.
For the analyses of the various kinds of " chlorite" produced by the alteration of garnet, e.g. that of L. Superior, Salida, Col., see under the CHLORITE GROUP, p. 660.
Artif. — Obtained artificially with difficulty, except the mauganesian variety, spessartite, which has been formed by Gorgeu from fusion of the constituents in magnesium chloride; also by Bourgeois with arborescent crystallites of hausuianuite. The fusion of garnet ordinarily results in the separation into such compounds as pyroxene, melilite, monticellite, scapolite, anorthite. Melanite with nephelite has been formed, however, from fusion by Fouque and Levy. Also early reported that melanite garnets have been obtained in a glass proceeding from the fusion of vesuvianite (Klaproth) and of a melanite from Frascati (by Kobell). Miller mentions the occur- rence of garnet iu crystals as a furnace product. Cf. Bourgeois, Ann. Ch. Phys., 29, 458, 1883, and Reprod. Min., 121, 1884; Doelter. Jb. Min., 1, 158, 184; Fouque & Levy, Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 105, 1879, also Synth. Min.. 121, 1882; Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Miu., 6, 283, 1883.
Ref.— See Bauer, Zs. G. Ges., 26, 119, 1874, for list, early authorities, localities, etc. 2 Websky, Jordansmlihl, Zs. G. Ges., 21, 753, 1869. 3 Bauer, I.e. 4 E. S. D., New Haven, Am. J. Sc.. 14, 218, 1877. 6 Rath, Ptitschthal, other planes with anomalous indices are noted, Zs. Kr., 2, 173, 1878. 6 Schumacher, Zs. G. Ges., 3O, 493, 1878. ' Rath, Piz Alpetta, Zs. Kr., 5, 495, 1881. 8 E. Sec., Tiriolo, Rend. Ace. Line., 2, 182, 1886. 9 Cathrein, Rothenkopf, Tyrol, Miu. Mitth., 10, 55, 1888. '" Wiik, Min.-Saml. Helsingfors, p. 33, 1887. u Cathrein, grossula- rite, Le Selle, Tyrol, Min. Mitth., 10, 397, 1888.
11 Twins, Arzruni, PitkSranta, he shows also that the supposed twins of Kobell with tw. pi. o are only accidental associations, Vh. Min. Ges., 23, 126. 1887. 13 Parting II d, Miigge, Jb. Min., 1, 239, 1889.
14 Optical anomalies, Wichmann, Zs. G. Ges., 27, 749, 1875; Hirschwald, Min. Mitth., 240, 1875; Lsx., Jb. Min., 630, 1876; Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 100, 1876; Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 12, 1881; Klein, Jb. Min., 1, 87, 1883, 1, 200, 1887; G. Nordenskibld, G. For. Forh., 12, 350, 1890; Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 170, 1890. 15 Refractive indices, quoted by Roseubusch, Mikr. Phys., 260, 1885; cf. also Dx., N. R., 8, 1867. Absorption spectra, Vogel, Ber. Ch. Ges., 10, 373, 1877. Specific heat, Oberg, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 42, No. 8, 43, 1885.
TRAUTWINITE E. Goldsmith, Proc. Ac. Philad., pp. 9, 348, 365, 1873. An impure uvarovite (Genth) occurring with chromite from Monterey Co., Cal.
371. SOHORLOMITE. Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 2. 251, 1846. Ferrotitanite Whitney, J. Nat. Hist . Boston, 6, 45, 1849. Schorlamit Rg.
Iwaurit Kutorga, 1851. N. Nd., Verz. Finl. Min., 1852. Ivaarite.
Isometric, in trapezohedrons and dodecahedrons (?). Usually massive, without cleavage.
Fracture conchoidal. H. 7-7'5. G. 3-81-3-88. Luster vitreous. Color black, sometimes tarnished blue, and with pavonine tints. Streak grayish black. Optically isotropic like garnet, Dx.
Comp.— Probably analogous to garnet, 3CaO.(Fe,Ti),03.3(Si,Ti)Oa. Cf. Rg., Min. Ch.( Erg., 201, 1886, Koenig, Proc. Acad. Philad., 355, 1886. Anal.— 1, Whitney, 1. c. 2, Rg., Miu. Ch., 672, 1875. 3, Knop, Zs. Kr., 1, 58, 1877. 4 Koenig, 1. c. Also 5th Ed., p. 390.
448 Silicates.
G. SiOa TiO, Fe2O, FeO CaO MgO
1. Magnet Cove 3-807 25'66 22-10 21-58 — 29'78 — 99-12
2. " " 3-783 26-09 21'34 20'11 1'57 29'3H 1'36 99'85
3. " " 26-10 20-52 21 '95 29'35 1'47 99'39
4. " 3-876 25-80 12-46 23'20 0'46 31 '40 1'22 TiaO3 4'44, A12O, I'OO 99'98
aMnO.
The mineral was first correctly described and analyzed by Whitney, 1. c. Shepard made it a hydrous silicate of iron sesquioxide, yttria, and perhaps thoria. Koenig showed that it could be referred to the Garnet Group, an idea earlier suggested by Rg. and others.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses quietly at 3 to a black glass. Reactions for iron with the fluxes. Fused with salt of phosphorus on charcoal, with tin, in the inner flame, gives a violet bead. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid, the solution becoming violet when boiled with metallic tin (titanium).
Obs. — In small masses with elseolite and brookite in the Ozark Mts., Magnet Cove, Arkansas. It occurs intimately associated with black garnet forming parts of garnet crystals and probably has itself the same form. A titaniferous garnet resembling it occurs in the Kaiserstuhl, near Oberschaffhausen, in phonolyte. Cf. Knop, 1. c. and analyses, p. 444. Named from a resemblance to schorl (black tourmaline).
IVAARITE N. Nordenskiold, Beskr. Fiul. Min., 101, 1855. Has the characters of schorlomite, and like it is found with elaeolite. It occurs both massive and in garnet-like crystals, is lustrous black and opaque, with adamantine luster H. 6'0, and G. 3'67-3'69. The mineral is stated on the basis of an unpublished analysis of Thoreld to have the percentage composition (calculated): SiO2 29'15, TiO3 18'98, Fe2O3 25-26, CaO 26 '61 100, which corresponds very closely to schorlomite. B.B. fuses to a black glass. From Ivaara in Kuusamo, Finland.
Monoclinic Species Related To The Foregoing.
Partschinite and Agricolite have respectively the composition of spessartite and eulytite. Both species need further examination.
372. PARTSCHINITE. Partschin Raid., Ber., 3, 440, 1847, Ber. Ak. Wien, 12, 480,
Monoclinic. In small dull crystals somewhat resembling augite. Forms: a (100, i-l), c (001, 0), m (110, I), e (Oil, 1-i), p (112, i). Angles (meas. Foetterle) mm'" 88° 8', ac 52° 16', ee' - 64°, also (calc.) cp 53° 8', pp' 76° 34 .
Fracture subconchoidal. H. 6-5-7. GL — 4-006 Hauer. Luster a little greasy, feeble. Color yellowish, reddish. Subtransliicent. Comp. - (M M,Fe)sAl2Si,Oia like spessartite. Anal. — 1, 2, Hauer. Another incomplete analysis gave 46'72 p. c. SiOj.
SiOa A12O3 FeO MnO CaO H2O
35-28 19-03 14-38 29-11 [1'82] 0'38 100
34-89 18-95 13'86 29'34 2'77
Obs.— In very small dull crystals and rounded fragments, in the auriferous sands of Olahpian, Transylvania; attention was early called to them by Breithaupt.
373. AGRICOLITB. Frenzel, Jb. Min , 791, 947, 1873; 686, 1874.
Monoclmic, Groth. ft 70°. In globular or semi-globular forms, with radiated or fibrous structure. Also in indistinct groups of crystals. Soft, brittle, heavy. Luster adamantine, greasy. Colorless to wine-yellow, hair-brown. Comp. — As for eulytite, Bi4Si3On. Anal.— Frenzel, 1. c.
SiO2 16-67 Bi3O3 81 '82 Fe2O3 0'90 99'39
Obs.— Occurs at Johanngeorgenstadt on quartz, associated with native bismuth, cloanthite, bismite; also at the mine Neuglilck, Schneeberg.
Includes, according to Frenzel, the arsenwismnth of Breithaupt. Arsenik-Wisnmth Wern* Breith. Letzt. Min. Syst., 23, 62, Hoffm., 4, 65, 1*1.7. Formerly included with eulytite.
Named for the Saxon mineralogist, Georg Agricola (1490-1555).
Chrysolite Group— Monticellitb.
374. Monticellite
375. Forsterite
Boltonite
376. Chrysolite
Hyalosiderite 376A. Hortonolite 376B. Titan-Olivine
377. Fayalite
378. Knebelite
379. Tephroite 379A. Roepperite
5. Chrysolite Group. RaSi04. Orthorhombic.
CaMgSi04 & : I : 6 0-4337 : 1 : 0-5758
Mg2Si04 (Mg,Fe)2Si04
(Fe,Mg,Mn)2Si04
Fe2Si04 (Fe,Mn)8Si04 Mn,Si04 (Fe,Mn,Zn)2SiO,
0-4656 : 1 : 0-5865
In form the species of the Chrysolite Group, R2SiC>4, are closely related in angle tc Chrysoberyl, BeAl2O4; also somewhat less closely to the species of the Diaspore Group, H2A12O4, etc. Cf. Brogger, Zs. Kr., 18, 377, 1890.
374. MONTICELLITE. Brooke, Phil. Mag., 10, 265, 1831. Batrachit Breith., Char., 307, 1832. Sacchit [misprint for Scacchit?] N. Nordenskiold, Atom. Ch. Min. Syst., 94, 1848.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-43375 : 1 : 0-57576 Rath1.
100 A 110 23° 27', 001 A 101 53° 0$', 001 A Oil 29° 55f '.
Forms1: m (110, 7) d (101, 1-5) k (021, 24) /(1 21, 2-2)
b (010, t-i) s (120, i-2) h (Oil, 14) e (111, 1)
mm'" 46° 54' 88' 98° 7' dd 106° 1'
M' 59° 52' kk' 98° 3' ee' 98° 0'
ff' 82° 4' ee" 110° 42' ff" 120° 43'
ee"' *38° 13' me *34° 39' ff'" 69° 26'
1, Vesuvius, Rath. 2, Monzoni, Id. 3, Magnet Cove, Pirsson.
Crystals like chrysolite in habit (f. 1-3). Also in embedded crystalline grains and cleavable massive.
Cleavage: b distinct. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H=5-5-5.
: 3-03-3-25. Luster vitreous, slightly resinous in the massive variety. Color- less, yellowish gray, pale greenish gray, and whitish. Streak uncolored. Trans- parent to translucent.
Vor;7(1r! MonticeUiie> m colorless to yellowish gray crystals; the original from Vesuvius: Or. o'119-3'245.
(2) Batrachite, cleavable massive, of a pale greenish gray color, or whitish; G. 3'033, Breith.
Comp., far.— CaMgSi04 or CaO.MgO.SiO, Silica 38-5, magnesia 25-6, lime 35'9 — 100. Iron replaces part of the magnesium.
Silicates.
1. Monticellite G. =3-119 2. Batrachite 3. " G. 3-054 4. Magnet Cove G. 3 -108
SiO3 FeO MnO MgO CaO 37-89 5-61 — 22-04 34'92 37-69 2-99 — 21-79 35'45 f 38-25 4-30 — 23-05 34'75 35-14 5-25 1-17 21 -65 34'20
1, 1875.
ign.
— 100-46 1-27 99-19
— 100-35 (ign. 1-31) 2-40 A12O3 0-19 100
A chrysolite from the paleopicryte of Dillenburg, Nassau, gave Obbeke : SiOa 42'53, MnO 6-48, MgO 35'68, CaO 14-09 98'78, Jb. Min., 845, 1877.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. rounded only on the edges. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid to a clear solution, which on evaporation gelatinizes.
Obs. — Occurs in crystals embedded in granular limestone with mica and augite, on Mte. Somma; very rare, most so-called monticellite being simply chrysolite. In small masses (balrachite) containing calcite and black spinel at the Toal dei Rizzoni, on the south side of Mte. Monzoni in the Tyrol. Also on the Pesmeda Alp in the same region.
Monticellite also occurs in crystals (f. 3 and anal. 4), and in grains embedded in calcite, at Magnet Cove, Arkansas; the crystals have a pale yellowish gray color and are of considerable size, up to 1 inch in length.
Monticellite was named after the Italian mineralogist, T. Monticelli (1759-1846); Batracliite from fidrpaxos, frog, in allusion to the color.
Alt. — The crystals from Tyrol are often altered to serpentine (anal. 1), also in part consisting of an aggregate of minute fassaite crystals (anal. 2). There is a remarkable similarity in form, as noted by Rath, between the form of the original fassaite of the locality and the altered monticellite. Cf. Rath, 1. c.
1. Serpentine
2. Fassaite
G. 2-617 G. 2-960
SiO2
A12O3
FeO
CaO
MgO
H.O
12-35 100-28 1-05 100-04
Ref.— Rath, Pogg., Erg.-Bd., 5, 434, 1870; 155, 24, 1875.
375. FORSTERITE. Levy, Ann. Phil., 7, 59, 1824. Peridoto bianco Scacchi, Distrib. Sist. Min., 63, Napoli, 1842. Peridot blanc Fr. White Olivine Boltonite Shep., Min.,.l, 78, 1835.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 0-46476 : 1 : 0-58569 Bauer1.
100 A HO 24° 55f, 001 A 101 51° 34', 001 A Oil 30° 21J'.
Forms4: c (001,0) s (120, i-2) h (Oil, 1-i) / (121, 2-2)
a (100, i-l) v (540, £f) r (130, i-3) k (021, 2-i) I (131, 3-3)
b (010, i-l) m (110, I) d (101, 1-1) e (111, 1)
1, Baccano, Strilver. 2, Ural (anal. 7), Kk.
w
mm'
ss'
rr'
dd'
hh'
40° 47i' 49° 51' 94° 11' 71° 18' 103° 8' 60° 43'
ee' ee"
ee'"
ff"' II'"
99° If
94° 48' 108° 31' 40° Of
72° 7' 95° 3'
In crystals resembling chrysolite ; often with b prominent; sometimes in twins. Also in embedded imperfect crystals, grains, or masses.
Cleavage: b distinct, c less so. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. H. — 6-7. G. 3-21-3-33. Luster vitreous. Transparent
to translucent. Color white, yellowish white, wax-yellow, grayish, bluish gray,
freenish; sometimes becoming yellowish on exposure when not in distinct crystals, treak uncolored. Optically -)-. Ax. pi. c. Bx a. Axial angles, Dx.4
2Har 100° 52'
2H0!r 111" 28'
, ft, 1-657
2vr 86° r
2H 101° 2' 2H££ 1113 13'
fty 1-659 2Vy 86° 10'
2Ha.w 101° 30'
2H0.bi 110° 43'
/Jw I'fi70
2Vw 86° 32'
Chrysolite Qro Up— Forsterite— Chrysolite.
Var. — 1. Forsterite, white crystals from Vesuvius, etc.; also in colorless grains; H. 7; G. 3-243 Kg.
2. Boltonite, in embedded grains or imperfect crystals of a pale greenish or yellowish color, showing distinct cleavage, from Bolton, etc., Mass.; H. 6-6'5; G. 3'208-3'328 Smith.
Comp. — Magnesium orthosilicate, Mg2Si04 or 2MgO.SiOr= Silica 42-9, mag- nesia 57*1 100. Iron is present in small amount, and thus it passes into ordinary chrysolite, for no sharp line can be drawn between the two species; see further pp. 452, 453.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Pogg., 109, 568, i860. 2, Rath, ib., 155,34, 1875. 3, 4, Mierisch, Min. Mitth., 8, 119, 1886. 5, Knop, Zs. Kr., 13, 240, 1887. 6, Helland, Pogg., 148, 329, 1873. 7, Nikolayev, Vh. Min. Ges., 17, 309, 1882. 8, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Be., 18, 372, 1854. 9, Brush, ib., 27, 395, 1859.
SiOa MgO FeO CaO ign. 1. Mte. Somma G. 3'243 42'41 53-30 2-33 — — 98-04
"
G.
3
'57
"
j
;J,
'80
i
1)7
&
Kaiserstuhl
56
Snarum
G.
3
39
Ural
G.
3
Boltonite
G.
"38
"
G.
3
21
47
0-19 Na2O 0-12, K2O 0'40 99'80 — MnO 1-73, A12O3& loss 2-00=100' 0-20 A12O3 0-28, CrO 0'05 98'93 0-16Fe2O3 1-18 99-40 1-90 A12O3 0-18 98-81 0-76 100-34
Pyr., etc. — B.B. unaltered and infusible. Boltonite gives traces of moisture in the closed tube and becomes colorless. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of gelatinous silica.
Obs. — Forsterite occurs in implanted crystals, with spinel and augite in ejected masses on Mte. Somma, Vesuvius; also in the Albani Mts. at the crater of Baccano, with wollastouite, garnet, spinel, etc. ; with serpentine at Suarum, at Norway; in a bluish calcite at the Nikolaye- Maximilian mine, Zlatoust, Ural; in the limestone of the Schelinge Matte, Kaiserstuhl, in grains of a dull yellow color.
Boltonite is disseminated through a whitish crystalline limestone, at Bolton, Mass. ; also at Roxbury and Littleton, Mass. ; its embedded masses or crystals are often over an inch through, and rectangular in section. Part of the boltouite is altered, and then softer and hydrous, with the composition of villarsite, see under chrysolite, beyond.
Forsterite was named by Levy after Mr. J. Forster, founder of the Heuland cabinet.
Artif. — Artificial magnesium chrysolite has been made by Ebelmen, by fusing together in a porcelain furnace a mixture of silica and magnesia, with potassium carbonate, or boric acid. Ann. Ch. Phys., 33, 56, 1851. Also later by Hautefeuille by fusing a mixture of silica, mag- nesia, and magnesium chloride, ibid., 4, 129, 1869; again by Lechartier similarly, but using cal- cium chloride, C. R., 67, 44, 1868.
Ref.— ' Jb. Min., 1, 23, 1887. Mir., 318, 1852; also Levy, 1. c. 3 Hbg., Min. Not., 1, 21, 1856. 4 Dx., N. R., 81, 1867, Min., 2, ix, 1874.
376. CHRYSOLITE. Sm'aragdus?, Beryllus?, pt. Vet. Topazos? pt. Plin. Not Chryso- lithns Topaz] Plin., 37, 42. Chrysolit, Gemma peHucidissima colore viridi subtlavo in igne fugaci (description also says quadrangular, infusible, etc.), Wall., Min., 118, 1747. Peridot ordinaire [riot the Oriental] d' Argenville, Orykt., 161, 1755. Gulgr8n Topas Chrysolit Cronst., Min., 43, 1758. Chrysolite ordinaire de Lisle, Crist., 230, 1772, 2, 271, 1783 [not Peridot de Ceylan Tourmaline ib., 2, 346]. Krisolith Wern., Bergm. J., 373, 1789 + Olivineffr. basalt) Chrysolite des Volcans Faujas. Vivarais, 1778.] Wern., ib., 55, 1790. Peridot H., Tr., 3, 1801. Hyalosiderit Walehner, . J., 39, 65, 1823. Glinkit Romanovski, Bergjournal Russ., Oct. 1847; ident. with Chrysolite, Beck, Vh. Min. Ges., 244, 1847.
Orthorhombic. Axes d : 1 : 6 0-46575 : 1 : 0-58651 Koksharov1.
100 A HO 24° 58' 26", 001 A 101 51° 32' 48", 001 A Oil 30° 23' 31".
Forms2 : a (100, i-l) b (010, c (001, 0)
m (110, J) s (120, i-2) r (130, '-8) z (140, *-4)
ft (106, f i)4 (102, -H)4 d (101, 1-1)
to (012. I-?)3 h (Oil, 1-?) k (021, 2-i) i (041, 4-i
g (lie, i)
o (112, i)4 e (111, 1)
9 (212, 1-2) / (121, 2-2) I (131, 3-3)
Also, on crystals from the Pallas Iron (Koksharov4) raucrodome y on edge d/v, and macro- pyramid a on edge d/o.
Silicates.
mm
as'
rr'
zz'
w'
49° 57' 94° 4' 71° 11' 56° 27' 23° 42' 64° 23'
dd' 103° 6' ww' — 32° 41' hh' 60° 47' kk' - 99° 6 ii 133° 50' eg 13° 2'
co 34° 47'
te 54° 15'
cf 59° 50f
cl 65° 12'
oo' 62° 17'
ee' 94° 44'
JT If
00'"
Jt"
78° 30'
63° 47'
27° 521'
40° 5'
72° 13'
95° 9'
Figs. 1, Vesuvius, Kath. 2, Oriental chrysolite, Rose. 4, Hyalosiderite, Bauer.
Twins rare: (1) tw. pi. h (Oil)5 with cc 60° 47', penetration-twins, sometimes repeated forming stellate trillings, similar to those of chrysoberyl; (2) tw. pi. w (012)6 the vertical axes crossing at an angle of about 30° since cc 32° 41'. Crystals often flattened a or b, less commonly elon- gated c. Massive and compact, or granular; usually in embedded grains.
Cleavage; b rather distinct; a less so. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 6-5-7. G. 3-27-3-37, increasing with the amount of iron; up to 3-57 for hyalosiderite. Luster vitreous. Color green — com- monly olive-green, sometimes brownish, grayish red, grayish green, becoming yellowish brown or red by oxidation of the iron. Streak usually uncolored, rarely
yellowish. Transparent to translucent.
Optically Double refraction strong. p v, weak. Axial angles, Dx.7
2Vy 87° 46'
a 1-661 ft 1-678 y 1-697 for yellow (Na)
2Ha.r 105° 58', 2Ha.y 106° 21', 2Ha.bi 107° 14', .-. 2Vy 88° 54', 2Vw 90° approx. 2H0.r 108° 30', 2H°-y 108° 20', 2H0.w 107° 57'
Var. — 1. Precious. Of a pale yellowish green color, and transparent. G. 3'44l, 3-351. Occasionally seen in masses as large as "a turkey's egg," but usually much smaller. It has loug been brought from the Levant for jewelry, but the exact locality is not known.
2. Common; Olivine of Werner. Dark yellowish green to olive- or bottle-green. G. 326- S'4(); fr. Etna. Commonly disseminated in crystals or grains in basic igneous rocks, basalt and basaltic lavas, etc.
Qlinkite is pale-green chrysolite from talcose schist; G. 3'39-3'43 Herm.
3. Hyaloxiderite. A highly ferruginous variety, anal. 32. It has a : b : c 0'46815 : 1 : 0-58996, and mm'" 50° 10', kk 99° 26', Bauer8.
Comp.— (Mg,Fe)2Si04 or 2(Mg,Fe)O.Si09. The ratio of Mg : Fe varies widely, from 16 : 1, 12 : 1, eto., to 2 : 1 in hyalosiderite, and hence passing from fos- cerite on the one side to fayalite on the other. No sharp line can be drawn on either side. Titanium dioxide is sometimes present replacing silica; also tin and nickel in small quantities. Percentage composition, as follows:
Chrysolite Group— Chrysolite.
Mg : Fe 9 5 3
21
SiO,
MgO
FeO
An olivine from the paleopicryte of the Schwarze Stein, Nassau, contains 14 p. c. CaO as analyzed by Oebbeke, see p. 450.
Anal.— 1, Dingestedt. Min. Mittb., 130, 1873. 2, Velain, Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 172, 1884. 3, F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Be., 35, 485, 1888. 4, Genth. Am. J. Sc., 33, 199. 1862. 5, Clar, Min. Mitth., 5, 85, 1883. 6, Rath, Pogg., 155, 35, 1875. 7, Knop, Jb. Min., 698, 1877. 8, Stromeyer, Gel. An/,. Gott., 2078, 1824. 9, T. M. Chatard, Am. J. Sc., 32, 125, 1886. 10, Phillip, Pogg., 141, 512, 1870. 11, Ricciardi [Gazz. Ch. Ital.. 11, 144, 1881], Zs. Kr., 8, 309. 12, L. V. Pirsson, priv. contr. 13, L. G. Eakins, Am. J. Sc., 40, 315, 1890. 14, E. O. Hovey, priv. contr. 15, F. W. Mar, priv. contr. 16, Scharizer, Jb. G. Reichs., 34, 707, 1884 17, Leuchtenberg Min. Russl., 6, 58, 1870. 18, Inostranzev, Vh. Min. Ges., 4, 310, 1869. 19. Kalle, Rg., Min. Ch., 427, 1875. 20, Miiller, Min. Mitth., 36, 1877. 21, Harrington, Rep. G. Canada, 390. 1878. 22, Kinuicutt, Rep. Peabody Mus. Archaeol., 3, 382, 1884. 23, Rg., Min. Ch., 427, 1875. 24, Kertscher, Doelter, Vulk. Gest. Capverd. Inseln, 73, 1882. 25, E. E. Schmid, Pogg., 84 501, 1851. 26, Beck, Vh. Min. Ges., 244, 1847. 27, Hunt. Am. J. Sc., 29, 283, 1860. 28, Hjort- dahl, Nyt Mag., 23, 227, 1877. 29, Ziegenspeck, Inaug. Diss., p. 28, Jena, 1883. 30, E. S. D., Am. J. Sc., 3, 49, 1872. 81, Meyer, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 2, 389, 1883. 32, Rosenbusch, Jb. Miu., 50. 1872.
1. Vesuvius
2. He Bourbon
3 Douglas Co., Oregon
4. Webster, N. C.
G.
Si02
MgO
3-266 41-17 49-16
Fehring. Styria
Vesuvius
LiUzelberg
Oriental
Elliot Co., Ky.
LMnO
Dreiser Weiher
Etna
Vesuvius
Kiowa, Kansas, Meteor.
Sandwich Is.
" "
Jan Mayen
Pallas Iron, Meteor.
3-339 f
Brahin, Meteor.
Vesuvius
Ultenthal
Ste. Anne
Turner Mound, Meteor.
Eugelhaus
Cape Verde Is.
Atacama, Meteor.
Glinkite
Montarville
SkuiTuvaselv
Volcano Yate
3-42-3 5
Waterville, N. H.
Hochbohl
Kaiserstuhl, Hyalosiderite
Incl. 0-24 Cr2O3, 0'39 AlaO3.
b Incl.
FeO
5-01 A12O3 0-42, CaO 1-08 100'45 6-28 A12O3 2-33 CaO 2'05, 99'80 7-20 NiO 0-26, FeaO3 2'61, Cr2O3 0'79, [igu. 0-57 99-36
7-35 CaO 0-04, NiO 0'4l, ign. 0'69, insol. [1-23 100-05
8-48 A12O3 0-30, ign. 0-85 101-25 8-43 MnO 1'03, A12O3 010 98'19 8-54 100 99-68
9-19 Mn2O3 0-09, NiO 0'32, A12O3 0 22 7-14 TiO2 0-07. P2O6 0'04, Fe2O3 2'99a, 0-20, CaO 1-16, alk. 0'29, ign. 0'80 99'42 9 90 100
10-13 A12O3 0-68, H2O 1'33 100-03 10-54 99-58 99 85
10-79 Fe2O3 0-18, NiO 0'02, MnO 0-14 11-21 =98-26 100-05
11-12 Ti02 0-12, NiO 0'22b, A12O3 0-49° 11-18 CaO 012 99-81 99'88
11-80 MnO 0-29, AlaO3 0'06, SnO2 0'08 11-88 MnO 0-19, A12O3 0'21 100'18 12-34 99 39
12-35 A12O3 0-86. CaO, CuO tr. 99'62 12-65 Fe2O3 1-36, MnO(CoO) Oil, ign. 14-06 MnO 0-10 99'78 [2'91 99'96 14-85 100
15-63 A12O3 1 24 - 100-08 17-21 MnO 1-81 9910 17-45 100-72 22-54 99-39 24-02 100-61 24-83 100-92
28-07 MnO 1'24, CaO 1 '43 100*21 29-16 99-54 29 96 98-67
0-06 CoO.
Incl. 0-11 Fe,O,
Pyr., etc.— B.B. whitens, but is infusible in most cases; hyalosiderite and other varieties rich in iron fuse to a black magnetic globule; some kinds turn red upon heating. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron. Some varieties give reactions for titanium and manganese. Decomposed by hydrochloric and sulphuric acids with separation of gelatinous silica.
Obs.— A common constituent of some eruptive rocks, especially those of a basic character where it is associated with augite, bronzite, hypersthene, also a triclinic feldspar (as labradorite), magnetite, etc. Usually in embedded grains or less commonly distinct crystals. Distinct crys- tals and varieties rich in iron are more common in basalt, basaltic lavas, and the immediately
454 Silicates.
related rocks; also in peridotyte, dunyte, picryte; commonly in grains in olivine-diabase, olivine- gabbro, olivine-noryte. Further, not uncommon in granular limestone and dolomite, but usually varieties low in iron; sometimes an accessory constituent in hornblendic or pyroxenic crystalline schists ; occasionally in ore deposits.
In grains, rarely crystals, embedded in some meteoric irons, especially in the siderolites or " Pallasites." In the Pallas Iron, the chrysolite is abundant and in large yellow grains, which when carefully extracted show large numbers of crystalline facets over the rounded surface (cf. Kk., 1. c.); through the interior there are numerous hollow canals c. The Estherville, Iowa, the Kiowa, Kansas, and the Atacama meteorites are others in which chrysolite is similarly prominent. Also present in meteoric stones, frequently in spherical forms, or chondrules, sometimes made up of a multitude of grains with like (or unlike) optical orientation inclosing gla.ss between (f. 6).
Among the more prominent localities are: Vesuvius in lava and on Monte Somina in ejected masses, with augite, mica, etc., where fosterite also occurs, and more commonly; the crystals are some- Chrysolite chondrule times associated in parallel position with clinohumite. Observed in from the Knyahinya the so-called sanidine bombs at the Laacher See, but not common; meteorite ( X 10 diam.). at Forstberg near Mayen in the Eifel and forming the mass of ' ' olivine bombs" in the Dreiser Weiher near Daun in the same region; at Ex-
pailly in Haute-Loire; at Unkel.on the Rhine, crystals several inches long; at Kapfeustein in Lower Styria, in spheroidal masses; at Sasbach and Ihringen in the Kaiserstuhl, near Freiburg, Baden, in basalt, a variety containing much iron (hyalosiderite']. In Sweden, with ore-deposits, as at Langban, Pajsberg, Persberg, etc. In serpentine at Snarum, Norway, in large crystals, them- selves altered to the same mineral. In talcose schist, found near Kyshlymsk, N. of Miask, and near Sysersk in the Ural, in greenish embedded nodules (glinkite, anal. 26). Common in the volcanic rocks of Sicily, Hecla, the Sandwich Islands, the Azores, the Canaries, and Cape Verde Islands.
In the U. S., in Thetford and Norwich, Vermont, in boulders of coarsely cryst. basalt, the crystals or masses several inches through. In olivine-gabbro of Waterville, in the White Mts., (anal. 30), New Hampshire; at Webster, in Jackson Co., N. C., along with serpentine, pyro- sclerite, and chromite; with chromite in Loudon Co., Va. ; in Lancaster Co., Pa., at Wood's mine, with serpentine and chromite (Genlh); near Media, Delaware Co., Pa., with bronztte and chromite. In small clear olive-green grains with garnet at some points in Arizona and New Mexico, locally called Job's tears because of their pitted surface.
In basalt in Canada, near Montreal, at liougeuiout and Mounts Royal and Montarville, and in eruptive rocks at other points.
Chrysolite is named from j/aucros, gold, and Az'6oS. The hyalosiderite, from vdhoS, glass, and (riSypoS. iron.
The chrysolithus of Pliny was probably our topaz; and his topaz our chrysolite. But Pliny's statement that "topazos" is the largest of all the precious stones, and that a statue 4 cubits high was made of it, shows that he confounded together diil'ereut stones, since solid chrysolite crys- tals are never as large as some topaz crystals, and two inches is an extraordinary magnitude. The hardness mentioned, that it yields to the action of the file and wears with use, is right, and seems to prove that true chrysolite was included under the name of topazion. It came from an island in the Red Sea, and was very highly valued. It is stated by Diodorus Siculus to have resembled glass, but to have had a remarkable golden appearance, especially conspicuous at night (King).
Alt. — Alteiation of chrysolite often takes place through the oxidation of the iron; the mineral becomes brownish or reddish brown and iridescent. The process may end in leaving the cavity of the crystal filled with limonite or red oxide of iron.
A very common kind of alteration is to the hydrous magnesium silicate, serpentine, with the partial removal of the iron or its separation in the form of grains of magnetite, also as iron sesqui- oxicle; this change has often taken place on a large scale. See further under serpentine, p. 671. A change to anthophyllite and to actiuolite has been noted (Becke). Deposits of a hydrous nickel silicate, near genthite, in Douglas Co., Oregon, are shown by Clarke to be probably derived from a nickeliferous chrysolite (anal. 3); a similar occurrence has been noted in North Carolina. See genthite. Chrysolite also occurs altered to amphibole, under certain conditions, in the older crystalline rocks, a zone of which with fibers normal to the outline surrounds a nucleus of the original mineral. Becke has given the name pilite to needles of colorless amphibole formed from chrysolite and enclosing also some serpentine, chlorite, magnetite, etc., Min. Mitth., 5, 164, 1882.
Limbilite, chusite, and sideroclepte of Saussure (J. Phys., 341, 1794), all from Limburg in the Kaiserstuhl, Breisgau, have been regarded as chrysolite more or less altered, but this is doubt- ful. Cf. Rosenbusch, Jb. Min., 169, 1872.
Artif. — Chrysolite and the related minerals of the group have often been observed in slags, cf.
Mir., Min., 319, 1852, also Lasp., Zs. Kr.. 7, 494, 1883 (literature given); Meunier, C. R., 93, 737,
1881, and especially Vogt, Ak. H. Stockh.. Bin., 9 (1), 45, 1884, Arch. Math. Nat., 30, 8, 1889.
Ref.— J Deduced from a series of measurements, Min. Russl., 6, 16, 1870; cf. ib.. 5, 12, 1866;
also Baiier, Jb. Min., 1, 1, 1887, who compares the axial ratios of different members of the group.
Chrysolite Group— Chrysolite. 455
1 Haid., Min. Mohs, 2, 345. 1825; Rose (Pallas Iron), Pogg., 4, 186, 1825, and Beschr. Met. , p. 73, 1863- Levy, Miu. Heul., 2, 57, 1837; Sec., della Humite e del Peridoto, etc., 1852, or Pogg., Erg., 3, 184, 1853; Mir., Miu., 316, 1852; Dx., Miu., 1, 30, 1862; Kk., 1. c.
3 Rath, Laacher See, Pogg., 135, 580, 1868. 4 Kk., Pallas Iron, 1. c., 6, 1. 5 Twins, Rath, 1. c p 581; Kalkowsky, Zs. Kr., 10, 17, 1885. Of. Hyland, Min. Mitth., 10, 225, 1888. 6 Rhine, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1109, 1889. ' Min., 1, 31, 1862, N. R., 83, 1867f_cf. also Rinne, 1. c. 8 Jb. Min., 1, 19, 1887.
VILLARSITE Dufrenoy, C. R., 14, 697, 1842, Ann. Mines, 1, 387, 1842. Serpentin aus d. Malenkerthal Fellenberg, J. pr. Ch., 101, 38, 1867.
An altered chrysolite, occurring in pseudomorphous crystals, often trillings, also in rounded grains. Analyses. — 1, 2, Dufrenoy, 1. c., and Min., 4, 343, 1859. 3, FeJlenberg, 1. c.
SiO2 FeO MnO MgO CaO K2O H2O
1. Traversella G. 2'975 39'6t 3'59 2'42 47'37 0'53 0'46 5'80 99'78
2. Forez 40'52 6'25 — 43'75 1'70 0'72 6'21 99 15
3. Malenkerthal G. 2-99 441-72 7'96 — 42'15 — — 5"55 CrO NiO 0'7b,
[A1,O, 3-19 101-30
Anal. 1 is of the original villarsite from Traversella, where it is associated with mica, quartz, and dodecahedral magnetite; 2, of grains from the granite of Forez and Morvan, France. Grains in the interior of the serpentine pseudomorphs of Snarum have sometimes a similar com- position. The mineral from Pirlo in the Malenkerthal, of the Grisons, constitutes the base of a serpentine-like rock, which is slightly crystalline in texture, somewhat slaty, feeble luster, and between blackish gray and dark green in color.
On the optical properties of villarsite see Dx., Min., 1, 95, 1862, and Lex. , Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 144, 1887. Named after the mineralogist, Villars, who published a Natural History of Dauphiny.
MATKICITE N. 0. Hoist, G. For. Forh., 2, 528, 1875. In crystalline masses with concentric, fine fibrous structure. Fracture splintery to uneven. Feel greasy. H. 3-4. G. 2'53. Luster pearly. Color gray, often with a greenish tinge. Streak white. Subtranslucent to opaque. Analysis (after the deduction of 28'36 p. c. CaCO3 mechanically mixed):
SiO2 MgO CaO A12O3 FeO MnO Na2O H2O
3399 37-96 5'64 1'33 1-82 0'47 0'98 17-81 100
B.B. infusible. Yields water in the closed tube. Decomposed by acids with separation of silica, but does not gelatinize. Occurs intimately mixed with calcite and associated with spodiosite, at the Krangrufva in Wermland, Sweden.
FERRITE Wallace Young, quoted by Heddle, Min. Mag., 5. 28, 1882. Heddle, ibid., and 7, 134, 1887. An alteration product of chrysolite in the doleryte between Gleuifl'ar and Boyleston near Glasgow, Scotland. It retains the form in some cases, is soft, deep red to chocolate-brown in color, with cleavage prominent a and b. Analysis, Heddle, of the air-dried mineral (loss at 100°, 3-83 p. c.): SiO2 13'02, A12O3 13'16, Fe2O3 53'47, FeO 4'51, MnO 0'15, MgO 6 63, CaO 0-75, HaO 8-39 100-08.
376A. Hortonolite G. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 48, 17, 1869, John M. Blake, ibid., p. 20. In crystals and crystalline mas_ses. Forms: b (010, i-i), c (001. 0), m (110, /); d (101, 1-i): k (021, 2-1); e (111, 1), g (212, 1-2). Crystals flattened b, with d prominent. Measured angles; bm - 65°, .'. mm'" - 50°; bk 40° 45', .-. kk' 98° 30' Blake.
Cleavage: a (100), c (001). Fracture uneven. H. 6'5. G. 3'91. Luster vitreous to resinous. Color yellow to dark yellowish green on the fresh fracture, but black and dull on the surface. Translucent.
Composition, (Fe,Mg)2SiO4, or intermediate between chrysolite and fayalite, but containing also manganese and hence near some knebelite, p. 457. Anal. — G. J. Brush, 1. c., on material purified by an electro-magnet.
SiO2 33-59, FeO 44'37, MnO 4'35, MgO 16'68, CaO tr., K2O 0'39, ign. 0'26 99'64
B.B. fuses at 4. Reacts for iron and manganese with the fluxes. Decomposed by hydro- chloric acid with gelatiuization.
Occurs intimately associated with magnetite, also embedded in calcite at an iron mine at Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y. It is named after Mr. Silas R. Horton.
NEOCHRYSOLITE A. ScaccM, Rend. Accad. Napoli, Oct. 14, 1876. In small, black, crys- talline plates b, also thick tabular a, crystallographically identical with chrysolite. Cf. E. Sec., Zs. Kr.. 15. 293, 1889. Peculiar in containing a considerable amount of manganese, but not yet analyzed. Found in the cavities of the lava of 1631, with sodalite and orthoclase, at the Cupa di Sabataniello, Vesuvius.
376B. Titan-Olivine Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 15, 1879. Peridot titanifere Id., Ann. Mines, 8, 90, 1855. A variety of chrysolite characterized chemically by the presence of titanium, and physically by its deep yellow or red color and strong pleochroism. Occurs in imperfect crys- tals or grains, having the angles of ordinary chrysolite, but showing some unusual and uncer- tain forms, Dx. (Min., 1, 35, 1862). Sections j. Bx a) show twinning, sometimes polysynthetic
Silicates.
with 6 inclined 20° to the trace of the twinning plane symmetrically in each half Indices 1-669, ft 1-678, y 1-708, 2Ha.y 72° 20'. .-. 2Vy - 63° 18'. Color nfcbrSl. Pleochroism strong: t 6) bright yellow, a deep reddish yellow. Absorption a 6 c It is suggested that the. form may be monoclinic similar to clinohumite, to which it bears a cer- tain resemblance, but it is more probably like ordinary chrysolite. Of. Lex who gives the above optical determinations, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 15, 1890.
Analyses.— 1, 2, Dmr., Ann. Mines, 8, 90, 1855. 8, Id'., Bull. Soc. Min. 2 15 1879
G. SiO, TiO2 MgO FeO
1. Pfunders 3'25 80'bO 5'30 49-65 6'00
2. " 36-87 3-51 50-14 6'21
3. Zermatt, Titan-olimne 3'27 36'14 6'10 48-31 6-89
MnO
ign.
1-75 99-60 1-71 99-04 2-23 99-86
From Pfunders in Tyrol in talcose schist; also embedded in a similar rock found in masses In the moraine of the Findelen glacier at Zermatt, Switzerland.
377. FAYALITE. C. G. Gmelin, Pogg., 51, 160, 1840. Eisenperidot, Eisenglas Germ Iron Chrysolite.
Orthorhombic. Axes a :b : 6 0-4584 : 1 : 0-5793 Penfield1.
100 A 110 24° 37f, 001 A 101 51° 38f, 001 A Oil 30° 5'.
Forms: b (010, i4) m (110, I) d (101, 14) e (111, 1)
(100, i-l) c (001, 0) s (120, 4-2) k (021, 24) / (121, 2-%)*
mm'" 49° 15' as *42° 31' 94° 58'
dd' *103° 17'
kk' 98° 24'
ee' 95° 7' ee" 108° 32'
ee'" 39° 33' ff"' 71° 26'
1, Obsidian Cliff ; 2, Lake of the Woods, Yellowstone Park, Pfd. 3, Lipari, Id.
In minute crystals, tabular a. Also massive.
Cleavage: b distinct, a less so. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal. Brittle. H. 6-5. G. 4-4-14; 4-138 Fayal; 4-006 Ireland, Delesse. Luster metalloidal, -somewhat resinous on the fracture. Color of crystals light yellow, transparent; becoming opaque and dark brown to black and often iridescent on the surface by
Comp.— Ferrous orthosilicate, Fe2Si04 or 2FeO.SiOa Silica 29-4, iron pro- toxide 70-6 - 100.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Min. Ch., 425, 1875. 2, Delesse, Bull. G. Fr., 10, 571, 1853. 3, Gooch, Ain. J. Sc., 30, 58, 1885. Also 5th Ed., p. 259.
1. Fayal
2. Slavcarrach G. 3 '885
3. Yellowstone
SiOa FeO MnO MgO CaO
29-25 66-01 — 0-45 CuO 1'33, AlaO3 3'57 100-61
29-50 63-54 5-07 0-30 — - 98'41
32-41 65-49 2-10 — — 100
The crystals analyzed by Gooch were coated with iron oxide; 14'92 Fe2O3, 7'02 quartz have
been deducted and the analysis calculated to 100.
Pyr., etc. — Fuses readily to a black magnetic globule. Gelatinizes with acids
Obs. — From the MourneMts., Ireland, on Slavcarrach. near Bryansford, in pegmatyle; forms
nodules in volcanic rocks at Fayal, one of the Azores.
Chrysolite Group— En Ebelite—Tephroite. 457
In lithophyses in rhyolite at Obsidian Cliff and other localities in the Yellowstone Park with quartz and a glassy feldspar (anorthoclase, anal. 17, p. 325)3; similarly in the obsidian of Lipari Biddings and Pentield, Am. J. Sc., 40. 75, 1890). Probably also in similar association in the obsidian of the Cerro de las Navajas, Mexico (Rose, Pogg., 10, 323, 1827; Iddings, 1. c.). Also from Colorado at Cheyenne Mt. Probably with the hafnefiordite of Iceland.2
Artif.— Crystalline slags having the composition of fayalite are not uncommon. See refer- ences under chrysolite, p. 454, also ref. ' below; further Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 61, 1884.
Among the various artificial chrysolites is also one having the composition (Ca,Fe)2SiO4. Vogt (ref. on p. 454) describes crystals, and an analysis by Kruhs gave : SiO 34'30, FeO 25 '64, CaO 33-72, MnO 0 86, MgO 4'68, A12O3 0'78 99'98. Of. Jackson, Am. J. Sc., 19, 358. 1855.
Ref.— ' Yellowstone Park, Am. J. Sc., 30, 59, 1885. Cf. Bauer, Jb. Min., 1, 1, 1887. 2 Iceland, Dx., Min., 2, p. x, 1874. 3 Iddings, Obsidian Cliff, 7th Ann. Rep., U. S. G. Surv., p. 270, 1888.
378 KNEBELITE. Knebelit Dobereiner, . J., 21, 49, 1817. Igelstr5mit Weibull, G. For. Forh., 6,500, 1883; Eisenknebelit Id., Min. Mitth., 7. 120. 1885.
Orthorhombic. Usually crystalline massive.
Cleavage : m distinct ; a, c indistinct. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 6-5. G. 3-9-4-17; 4-122 Erdmann. Luster glistening, greasy. Color
fray, spotted dirty- white, red, brown, yellow, and green; also grayish black to lack. Translucent to opaque.
Optically — . Ax. pi. c. Bx a. Dispersion p v. Ax. angls 63° 45' (in glass) Dx. For igelstromite 59° 12' Weibull.
Comp.— (Fe,Mn,Mg),Si04 or 2(Fe,Mn,Mg)O.Si03. The relation between the iron, manganese and magnesium varies widely.
Var.— 1. Ordinary. Ratio of Fe : Mn nearly 1:1, which requires: Silica 29-6, iron pro- toxide 35'5, manganese protoxide 34 9 100. In crystalline masses, showing cleavage.
2. Igelstromite. Eisenknebelit. Contains about 10 p. c. more FeO and less MnO than ordinary kuebelite. A variety (anal. 5) from the rock called eulysyte contains still more iron, and approximates toward hortonolite (p. 455) and hyalosiderite (p. 452).
Anal.— 1, Pisani, Dx. Min., 2, p. xi, 1874. 2. Weibull, Min. Mitth.. 7, 121, 1885. 3, Id., G. For. Forh., 6, 500, 1883. 4, Id., ibid., 7, 263, 1884. 5, Erdmann, 6fv. Ak. Stockh., 6, 111, 1849.
SiOa FeO MnO MgO
1 Dannemora G. 3'93 29'50 36'95 30'07 1'70 A1-,O3 1'72, CaO 0'18 100'12
2 " 28-96 36-73 29'69 2'33 A1,O3 1'07, CaO I'OO 99'78
3. Silfberg, Igelstromite G. 4-17 f 29-57 47-06 18-84 3'01 CaCO3 M4 99*62
4. Hillangs mine 28'76 48'59 18'57 1'98 CaCO, 2'25 100 15
5. Tunaberg 29'34 54-71 8'39 3'04 A1,O3 T20, CaO 3'07 99'75
Pyr., etc. — According to Dobereiner, unaltered B.B., but Erdmann's mineral fused easily to a Itislerless magnetic bead, and gave with the fluxes reactions for iron and manganese. De- composed readily by hydrochloric acid with separation of gelatinous silica.
Obs. — The original mineral analyzed by Dobereiner was from an unknown locality, but G. Suckow (Kenng., Ueb. Min., 93, 1855) states, on the authority of Knebel, that it was found in granite near Ilmenau. The Dannemora mineral is grayish black to black in large masses, light gray on the thin edges, and is stated to cleave parallel to a prism of about 65°. Also from the Vester-Silfberg mine in the Norrbarke parish, Dalekarlia, and the Hillangs mine, 4 miles to the southwest.
Erdmann's mineral was from the chrysolitic rock called by him eulysyte from the region of Tuuaberg, Sodermanland, Sweden; it was dark yellow to reddish brown in color, and was inti- mately mingled with diallage and a brown garnet.
Named after Major von Knebel.
379. TEPHROITE. Tephroit Breith , Char., 278, 1823; 212, 329, 1832. Tefroit 8we<?- Picrotephroite.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0-46004 : 1 : 0*59389 Hj. Sjogren1. 100 A HO 24° 42i', 001 A 101 52° 14±', 001 A Oil 30° 42£'. Forms2: a (100, i-i), x (IO'9'O, £3f), m (110, J), (120, i-2), h (Oil, 1-2), 6(111, 1),/ (121, 2- I (181, 3-3).
mm'" 49° 24' ae *42° 1' ee" 109° 44' ad" 89* 58'
SB' 94° 46' ee' 95° 58' ff" 120' 38' ff"' 72C 4'
as *42° 37' ff' 79° 29' II" 131° 7' U"' - 94" 59'
hh' 61° 25' U' 64° 35'
Silicates.
Crystals rare. Usually crystalline massive.
Cleavage distinct in two directions at right angles. Fracture subconehoidal. Brittle. H. 5*5-6. G.=4-4'12. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color grayish flesh-red, reddish brown, and rose-red, to ash-gray, smoky- gray. Streak pale gray. Darkens on exposure to brown and black. Translucent to subtranslucent.
Pleocliroism distinct: c a) greenish blue, b reddish, a b] brownish red. Absorption b t a. Optically — . Ax. pi. c. Bx b. Axial angles, Dx. and Flink :
2Har 84° 41' 2Habi 82° 59' 2Ha.y 81° 4' 2H0.y 112° 16'
.'. 2Er 161° 48' 2EW 156° 35' .-. 2Va.y 76° 6'
Comp. — Manganese orthosilicate, Mn2Si04 or SMnO.SiO, Pajsberg, Flink. Silica 29*8, manganese protoxide 70'2 100. Magnesium is usually present, and in picrotephroite to considerable amount. Also in small quantity iron, and sometimes zinc, though the zinc may be in part due to zincite (Brush).
Anal.— 1, G. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 37, 66, 1864 (the original tephroite of Breithaupt). 2, Collier, ibid. 3, Hague, ibid. 4, Mixter, ib., 46, 231. 1868. 5, G. C. Stone, Sch. Mines Q., 8, 152. 1887. 6, Damour, Ann. Mines, 2, 340, 1862. 7, 8, Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 22, 228, 1865. 9, Wiborgh, G. For. F5rh., 6, 539, 1883. 10, Pisani, C. R., 84, 1511, 1877. 11, Paijkull, G. For. F5rh., 3, 351, 1877.
G. SiO2 MnO FeO ZnO MgO (
ign.
tr.
0-37 0-28 0-35 0-27
1-71 2-20
0 87
0-44
1. Sterling Hill 4'10
2. " " brown 3'97
3. " " red 3 -87
4. Franklin Furnace, ash-gray 4'0
5. " " 3-913
7. Pajsberg, rose
8. ' ' brown
9. Langban 3'95-4'02
11. Picrotephroite
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses at 3'5 to a black scoria. Gelatinizes in hydrochloric acid without evolving chlorine. With the fluxes gives reactions for manganese and iron. The magnesian variety fuses at 4 (anal. 2) to 6 (anal. 3).
Obs. — Found at Sterling Hill in the town of Sparta, Sussex Co., N. J., with zincite, willem- ite, and frankliuite, in cleavable masses; at Franklin Furnace in the same region, similarly associated; also at Pajsberg iu Werinland, Sweden, along with rhodonite and other manganesian minerals; at the Sjogrufva, with hausmannite; at Laugban. Wermland (picrotephroite) with jacobsite, diopside, etc.
The name tephroite is from re0/3ds, ash-colored. Breithaupt's original specimen was from the collection of H. Heyerat Dresden.
Ref.— ' Langban, G. For. Forh., 6, 539, 1883. Flink, Pajsberg, Ak. H. Stockh. , Bihang, 13 (2), No. 7, 64, 1888. Flink calculates: & : b : c : 0'4621 : 1 : 0-5914. Dx., Ann. Mines, 2, 339, 1862, N. R., 99, 1867. Also Flink, 1. c.
HYDROTEPHROITE. Hydrotefroit. L. J. Igelstrom. Ofv. Ak. Stockh.. 27, 605. 1865. A hydrous tephroite from Pajsberg, which has a pale reddish color, a colorless streak, and H. 4;
felatinizes with acids and yields water. Analysis: SiO2 28'46, MnQO3 0-49, MuO 53-44, IgO 11 89, CaO FeO tr., H2O 5'85 100-13, and corresponding to (Mn,Mg)2SiO4 + |H2O. It may be an altered tephroite.
EPIGENITE L. J. Igelstrom, G. F&r. Forh., 11, 393, 1889. NEOTESITE Id., Jb. Min., 1, 257, 1890. Near hydrotephroite and apparently also derived from tephroite. Occurs in small bladed masses embedded in tephroite. Cleavage: distinct. H. 5-5-5. Color brownish red, resem- bling orthoclase or some rhodonite. Streak pale red. Composition (Mn,Mg)SiO4.HsO. Analysis: Igelstrom, 1. c.
SiO2 29-50 MnO 40'60 FeO tr. MgO 20-05 H,O 9'85 100 B.B. fuses rather easily to a black bead. Decomposed by acids without gelatinization. Occurs at the manganese mine, the Sjogrufva, in the Grythytte parish, Orebro, Sweden, immediately associated with gray tephroite, calcite, etc., in an ore carrying hausmannite.
A black silicate of manganese from Klapperud, Dalekarlia, having a submetallic luster and
Phenacite Group. 459
yellowish brown streak, afforded Klaproth (Beitr., 4, 137): SiO2 25 0, MnO 55'8, HaO 13-0=93-8 Mn2SiO4 -f- 2HQO, agreeing with the tephroite, excepting the water. Klaproth obtained 60 p. c. of MnO.MujOs, whence the above is deduced by Berzelius.
379A. Roepperite. Iron-manganese-zinc chrysolite Rwpper, Am. J~Se, 50, 35, 1870. Rapperite G. J. Brush, Dana's Min., App. i, p. 13, 1872. Stirlingite Kenngott, Jb. Min., 188,
Orthorhombic. In large coarse crystals resembling chrysolite, with a (100), b (010), c (001), m (110), d(101), k (021), e (111), oo (211)?. Angles: mm'" 50°, dd' 103°.
Cleavage: b, c distinct; a splintery. H. 5'5-6. G. 3'95-4'08. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color when fresh pale yellow, :is weathered dark green to black, mottled. Translucent in thin splinters. Streak yellow to reddish gray. Slightly magnetic.
Composition: (Fe,Mn,Zn,Mg)3SiO4, and hence near some kinds of tephroite, p. 458. Anal. — 1-3, W. T. Roepper, 1. c.
SiOa FeO MnO ZnO MgO
1. Crystals 30-76 33'78 16'25 10'96 7'60 99'35
2. " 30-23 35-52 16-91 10'68 5-63 insol. 1-04 lOO'Ol
3. Massif 30'54 34'78 17'74 9'48 6'09 insol. 2'02 100'65
B.B. fuses with difficulty on the thin edges to a black slag. With the fluxes reacts for iron, manganese, and silica; on charcoal with soda gives a zinc coating. Gelatinizes with acids readily and completely, leaving sometimes a bright green residue of spinel.
Occurs at Sterling Hill, Sussex Co., N. J., with willemite, frankliuite, jeffersonite, and spinel; also found at Franklin Furnace with gahnite.
A zinc chrysolite (Zinkfayalit Germ.) has been noted as a furnace product by Stelzner at Freiberg. It occurs in the slags in foliated aggregates of tabular crystals, rectangular in form, together with a zink spinel. An analysis of material consisting chiefly of these aggregates gave: BtOj 28-45, ZnO 18'55. FeO 41-98, SnO2 0'75, PbO 2'50. CuO 0'60, CaO 3-00, MgO 0'84, BaO 1-80, AlaO3 1-31, S 1-70 101-48, deduct (O S) 0'85 100-63. Jb. Min., 1, 170, 1882.
6. Phenacite Group. B2Si04. Rhombohedral.
380. Trimerite Mn,Si04.Be,Si04 Pseudo-hexagonal 6 0-7233
& ' l ' 6 °'5773 a ft y 90
Triclinic & ' l ' 6 °'5773 : l : 0>5425
rr' 6
381. Willemite Zn5Si04 64° 30' 0-6775
Troostite (Zn,Mn).,Si04
382. Phenacite Be.SiO, Tetartohedral 63° 24' 0-6611
As shown by Brogger, the pseudo-hexagonal species, Trimerite, connects the Phenacite Group proper with the Chrysolite Group; in composition it is intermediate between Tephroite and Phenacite.
rr' 6
383. Dioptase HaCuSi04 Tetartohedral 54° 5' 0-5342
384. Friedelite H7(MnCl)Mn4(Si04)4 56° 17' 0'5624
385. Pyrosmalite H7((Fe,Mn)Cl)(Fe,Mn)4(Si04)4 53° 49' 0-5308
The three species Dioptase, Friedelite, Pyrosmalite are very near to each other in form, as shown in the above axial ratios; they further approximate closely to the species of the Phenacite Group proper, with which they are further connected by the tetartohedrism of Dioptase.
They are also closely related among themselves in composition, since they are all acid ortho- silicates, and have the general formula H2RSiO4 H8R4(SiO4)4, where (e.g. for Friedelite) in the latter form the place of one hydrogen atom is taken by the univalent radical (MnCl).
460 Silicates.
380. TRIMERITE. O. Flink, Zs. Kr., 18, 361, 1890.
Triclinic, pseudo-hexagonal. In thick tabular prismatic crystals hexagonal in form and angle. Axis 6 0-7233; 0001 A 1011 39° 52' Flink1.
Forms: c (0001, 0), a (1120, t-2); m (1010, 7); s (3368, |-2), p (3364, f-2), o (12-3-15-8, -f).
Angles: cs - 28° 29', cp *47° 20', pp' 43° 8f .
The fundamental form assumed above shows the relation to phenacite. If p be made 1011, the forms, taken in theabove order, become: c (0001), m (1010), a (1120), s (1012), p (1011), o (2132). The pyramid o is present according to pyramidal hemihedrism.
Optically trimerite is shown by Brogger2 to be triclinic with a prismatic angle of 60°. On this basis (if m 110, p 111) the axial ratio is a : b : c 0'57735 : 1 : 0-54248; a=/3=y=QQ". See further the optical relations (Bgr.) explained below.
Cleavage: basal, distinct. Fracture couchoidal. Brittle. H.=6-7. Gr. 3-474 Bgr. Luster vitreous, brilliant. Color salmon-pink, pale yellowish red to nearly colorless in small crystals. Transparent to translucent.
A basal section shows strong double refraction, with composition of three individuals, the position of each corresponding to a revolution of 120° about the normal to the basal plane. There are also embedded lamellae parallel in position. The ax. pi. is inclined 20° to the adjacent edge c/m. The ax. plane and Bxm are nearly i_c, but in the lamellae, seen also in sections f a
(1120), a variation of 2£° on one side to 4° on the other is noted. Optical character — . Refrac- tive indices:
at 1-7119 Li 1-7173 y. 1'7220
a. 1-7148 Na 1-7202 1'7253
.
a' 1-7196 Tl //=f 1-7254 /„ 1'7290
a;y 101° 12' 2Hoy= 120° 1' 2Vy 83° 29'
„
Vy
Comp.— (Mn,Ca),Si04.BeiSi04. If Mn : Ca 2 : 1, the percentage composi- tion is: Silica 39-8, glucina 16-6, manganese protoxide 31 -3, lime 12*3 100. Iron also replaces part of the manganese.
Anal.— Flink, 1. c.
SiO, 39-77 BeO 17'08 MnO 26'86 FeO 3'87 CaO 12-44 MgO 0-61 100-63
Pyr. — B.B. fusible with difficulty in thin splinters forming a black slag: gives the usual reactions for manganese and iron. Very slightly attacked by dilute hydrochloric acid, but readily decomposed by strong acid when pulverized, with the separation of flocculent silica.
Obs. — Of rare occurrence at the Harstig mine, Wermland, Sweden; it is found embedded in calcite; the crystals, sometimes coated with a web of actinolite needles, are implanted upon a rock consisting of a fine granular mixture of magnetite, grayish green pyroxene, garnet, etc. The largest crystal found was 12 mm. broad and 8 mm. thick.
Named from rpi/ue/ji?s, in three parts, in allusion to its optical structure.
Ref.— ' L. c. 2 Ibid., p. 371 and 377.
381. WILLEMITE. Siliceous Oxide of Zinc, Silicate of Zinc (fr. N. Jersey), Vanuxem & Keating, J. Ac. Philad., 4, 8, 1824. Willemite (fr. Moresnet) Levy, Jb. Min., 71, 1830; Ann. Mines, 4, 513, 1843. Williamsite, Wilhelmite, Villemite, alt. orthogr. Anhydrous Silicate of Zinc. Hebetin (fr. Moresnet) Breith., Char., 130, 1832. Troostite (fr. N. J.) Shepard, Min., 1st part, 154, 1832. Tephrowillernite Koenig, Proc. Ac. Philad., 187, 1889.
Rhombohedral. Axis 6 0-6775; 0001 A 1011 38° 2f E. S. D.1
Forms2: Moresnet c (0001. 0), m (1010, /), p (3034, J); for N. Jersey a (1120, i-g), r (1011, E), e (0112, - i), (2131, ,13)-
cp 30° 24' pp' 51° 59' ax 27° 51' ae" — 90° 0' cr 38° 2' rr' *64° 30' ar — 57° 45' mx — 29° 54' ce 21° 22' ee' 36° 47'
In hexagonal prisms, sometimes long and slender, again short and stout. Also massive and in disseminated grains; fibrous.
Cleavage: c easy, Moresnet; difficult, N. J.; a easy, N. J. New Jersey. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 5'5. G.= 3'89- '4-18. Luster vitreo-resinous, rather weak. Color white or greenish yellow, when purest; apple-green, flesh-red, grayish white, yellowish
Phenacite Group— Willemite.
Transparent to
brown; often dark brown when impure. Streak uncolored. opaque. Optically +. Double refraction strong.
Var. — The crystals of Moresnet and New Jersey differ in occurring forms as above described. The latter are often quite large, of flesh-red or gray color, opaque, and pass under the name of troostite; they commonly contain manganese in considerable amount ; this is also true of the clear honey-yellow or apple-green crystals in the form of slender hexagonal prisms, and further of the massive forms. Tephrowillemite is simply a Kind of troostite, anal. 13; it has a brownish- gray color.
A white granular variety from the Trotter mine, Franklin, is nearly pure zinc silicate Clarke obtained: SiOa 27 '41,' ZuO 68'86, MnO (FeO) undet., ign. 0'25 96'52, Bull. 60, U. S. G. Surv., p. 130.
Comp.— Zinc orthosilicate, Zn2Si04 or 2ZnO.Si02 Silica 27'0, zinc oxide 73'0 100. Manganese often replaces a considerable part of the zinc, and iron is also present in small amount.
Anal.— 1. Thomson, Min., 1, 545, 1836 2, Monheim, Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 157, 1848, 5th Ed., p. 262. 3. Damour, Dx. Min., 1, 554, 1862. 4, Lorenzen, Medd. Gr5nl., 7, 1884. 5, Geuth, Am. Phil. Soc., 24, 43. 1887. 6, 7, Mixter, Am. J. Sc ., 46, 230, 1868. 7-12, Stone, Sch. Mines Q., 8, 151, 1887.- 13, Koenig, 1. c. See 5th Ed. for other analyses (Sterling).
Ordinary.
1. Altenberg
2. Stolberg
3. Greenland
G.
5. Socorro Co., New Mexico 4'10
Manganesian , inc\. Troostite.
6. Sterling, apple-green 4'16
7. " " 4-11
8. Franklin, white 4'188
9. " pale green 4'188
10. " red and white 4'182
11. " greenish yellow 4-165
12. " dark red 4'132
13. " Tephrowillemite
SiO2 ZnO MnO FeO
26-97 68'77 — 0-78HaOl-25,Al2O,,etc.,l-44=99-21
26-90 72-91 — 0-35 100-16
27-86 71-51 0-37 99'74
26-01 74-18 0-41 insol. O'lO 100'70
29-16 66-79 — — ign. 118, gangue 3'33 100-46
27-40 66-83 5'73 0'06 MgO tr., H,O 0-18 100 20
27 92 57-83 12'59 0'62 MgO 1-14, HSO 0'28 100'38
27 20 65-82 6'97 0 23 100 22
26 92 65-04 7'78 0'51 100-25
28-30 66-68 4 92 0'3l 100-21
27-48 63-88 8 -33 0'49 100-18
27-14 6438 6'30 1-24 99'06
27-75 60-61 10-04 1-80 CaO tr. 100-20
Pyr., etc.— B.B. in the forceps glows and fuses with difficulty to a white enamel; the varie- ties from New Jersey fuse from 3 '5 to 4. The powdered mineral on charcoal in R.F. gives a. coating, yellow while hot and white on cooling, which, moistened with solution of cobalt, and treated in O.F., is colored bright green. With soda the coating is more readily obtained. De- composed by hydrochloric acid with separation of gelatinous silica. The N. J. variety phos- phoresces with a green light when in the dark after being struck with a hammer.
Obs. — From Altenberg near Moresnet,, between Liege and Aix-la- Chapel le, in crystals and massive, the crystals but a few millimeters in length; also at Stolberg. near Aix-la-Chapelle; at Musartut, Tunugdliarfik, in Greenland. In New Jersey at Mine Hill, Franklin Furnace, and at Sterling Hill near Ogdeusburg, two miles distant, in such quantity as to constitute an important ore of zinc. It occurs intimately mixed with ziucite and franklinite, and is found massive of a great variety of colors, from white to pale honey -yellow and light green to dark ash-gray and flesh red; sometimes in reddish crystals (troostite) six inches long and an inch or more thick, embedded in franklinite and also in calcite; rarely in slender transparent prisms of a delicate apple-green color. Rare at the Merritt mine, Socorro Co., New Mexico, with rnirnetite, wulf en- ite, etc.
Named by Levy after William I., King of the Netherlands.
Artif. — Obtained crystallized by Gorgeu (Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 38, 1887) by healing one part of hydrated silica with 30 parts of an intimate mixture of sodium sulphate and 4 to 1 equivalent of zinc sulphate. The fused mass treated in boiling water left characteristic hexagonal crystals with G. 4"2o and consisting of: SiO2 26'4, ZnO 73'6.
Observed in furnace slag obtained from lead ores carrying zinc, in minute bright yellow crystals; the mass of the slag consisted of ferrous orthosilicate, f ayalite. See Hutchiugs, Geol. Mag. , 7, 31, 1890. Cf. also Schulzeand fetelzuer. who describe the occurrence of a hexagonal zinc silicate in slender prismatic crystals, or radiating aggregates embedded in a semi-crystalline ground mass with zinc spinel and tridymite. Jb. JVIin., 1, 150, 1881.
Ref.— ' Franklin Furnace willemite, contact goniometer; Levy gives pp 51° 30'. 2 Cf. Dx.. Min., 1, 43, 1862 , he adds 0332 deduced from BrHthaupfs figure (Min., 3, 478, 1847), which is like fi<r. 1, and probably gives r above. Arzruni describes supposed twins from Altenberg with tw. pi. 5-2(3-3 -6-10). Pogg., 152, 281, 1874.
Silicates.
382. PHENACITE. Phenakit N. v. Nordenskiold, Ak. H. Stockh., 160, 1833, Pose 31 57, 1834.
Rhombohedral; tetartohedral. Axis 6 0-66107; 0001 A 1011 37° 21' 21" Rose-Koksharov1.
Forms5 : m (1010, /) (1120, i-2) k (4150, £f) r (1011, R)
d (0112, - z (0111, - 1) // (0221, - 2)
0, (4223, 2-2 ! f, (3124, £3 1)1 (3121, I3 1)
p (1123, |-2 r) A (3142, I2 r)
p, (2113, |-2 1) 0 (13-5-18-8, l*r)?
v (2134, r) s (2131, I3 r) a (3251, I5 r) z (1344, - i3!)3
£ (1341, - 1) x, (1232, -431) 5 (1406, - Is,) x (1322, - £3 r)
a& 19° 6'
mr 52° 39' m'd 69° 7'
m'jj. 33° 13V
66° 13'
48° 36'
63° 24'
dd' ='35° 58f
op ao rr'
rd
ad m'r .pp' pp,
92° 51' 35° 19' =31° 42'
72° Of 72° 20' 40° 53' 23° 16' 34° 7'
xx xx, —
Xx,'
acr
as ar *58° 18' av, 72° 50' ap, 78° 22'
75° 57' 26° 54' 55° 26f 17° 57' 28° 21'
ad'1 90°
a// 43° 36'
ax 62° 17'
ao 70° 42'
ar' 90°
w?, 27° 43'
ro — 19° 18'
sr' 29° 57'
Figs. 1, Miask, Kk. 2, 3, Florissant, Colorado, Pfd. 4-7, Mt. Antero, Col., Pfd. 8, Tokovaya, Kk. 9, Basal section of 5; 10, do. of 3, Pfd.
Twins: penetration-twins with parallel axes, f. 7. Crystals commonly rhom- bohedral in habit, often lenticular in form, the prisms wanting; also prismatic,
Phenacite Group— Dioptase. 463
sometimes terminated by the rhombohedron of the third series, x. Faces often uneven; x rough, a striated vertically, also zone a s r.
Cleavage: a distinct; r imperfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 7*5-8. G. 2 -97-3 '00. Luster vitreous. Colorless; also bright wineryellow, pale rose- red; brown. Transparent to subtranslucent.
Optically + . Eefractive indices :
Framont oot 1-6508 Li o?y 1'6540 Na er 1-6673 ey 1-6697 Dx.
Ural oor 1-6495 ooy 1-6627 <vp 1-6555 Tl 1-6708 Pulfrich
Comp. — Beryllium orthosilicate, BeaSi04 or 2BeO.SiOa Silica 54*45, glucina 45*55 100.
Anal.— 1, Hartwall, Fogg., 31, 57, 1834. 2, Bischof, ibid, 34, 525, 1835, Rg., Min. Ch., 553, 1860. 3, Khrushchov, Zs. Kr., 3, 634, 1879. 4, F. H. Hatch, Ber. nied. Ges. Bonn, May 11, 170, 1885. 5, Peufield and Sperry, Am. J. Sc., 36, 320, 1888.
SiO2 BeO
1. Ural G. 2'969 55-14 44'47 Al2O3,MgO tr. 99*61
2. Framont 54'40 45'57 CaO,MgO 0'09 100'06
3. Durango 54-71 45'32 CaO.MgO 0'14 100'17
4. Switzerland G. 2'95 54'84 44-00 Fe2O3 0'59 - 99'43
5. Florissant, Colorado G. 2 96 54'44 45'58 Na2O 0'21,Li2O tr., ign. 0'26 10049
Pyr., etc. — Alone remains unaltered; with borax fuses with extreme slowness, unless pul- verized, to a transparent glass. With soda affords a white enamel; with more, iutumesces and becomes infusible. Dull blue with cobalt solution.
Obs. — Occurs (in prismatic crystals) in mica schist at the emerald and chrysoberyl mine of Takovaya, 85 versts E. of Ekaterinburg, where the crystals are sometimes nearly 4 inches across, ami one found weighs Ibs.; also in small rhombohedral crystals on the east side of the Ilmen Mts., 5 versts N. of Miask, with topaz and green feldspar; also in highly modified crystals with quartz, in limonite, near Framont in the Vosges Mts. ; in Switzerland with hematite at Reckingen in the Valais, with adularia, hematite (Eisenrosen), quartz. Also at the Cerro del Mercado, Durango, Mexico; part of the so-called phenacite from here is only apatite, but the occurrence has been recently substantiated by Khrushchov (anal. 3); according to him the crystals occur in a quartz porphyry and also loose embedded in clay.
In Colorado, in flat rhombohedral crystals with topaz on amazonstone, also embedded in it, at Topaz Butte, near Florissant, 16 miles from Pike's Peak; also in crystals often prismatic and sometimes an inch across on quartz and beryl at Mt. Antero, Chaffee County. In New Hamp shire, in lenticular crystals with topaz on Bald Face Mt., North Chatham, a few miles west of Stoueham, Me. (Kimz). Also reported as occurring at the mica mines of Amelia Court House, Virginia (Yeates).
Named from (f>eva, a deceiver, in allusion to its having been mistaken for quartz.
Artif. — Obtained by Ebelmen in minute hexagonal prisms by fusion of SiO2 and BeO with borax, cf. Mid., C. R., 105, 1260, 1887.
Ref.— ' Pogg., 69, 143, 1846, Min. Russl., 2, 308, 1857. Cf. Slg., Jb. Min., 1, 129, 1880, aiso earlier, N. Nd., 1. c.; Beirich, Pogg., 34, 519, 1835, 41, 323, 1837 ; Rose. 1. c.; Kk, 1. c and ib., 3, 81: Websky, Switzerland, who notes some doubtful planes, in part vicinal, Jb. Min., 1, 207, 1882. Also Dx., Colorado, Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 171, 1886; also Pfd., Am. J. Sc., 33, 130. 1887, 36, 321, 1888: 40, 491, 1890. 3 Dx., Min., 2, p. ix, 1874.
383. DIOPTASE. Achirit B. F. J. Hermann, 1788, N Act. Petrop., 13, 339, 1802. Erne raudine Delametlt., T. T.. 2, 230. 1797. Kupfrr-flebmamgd Wern,, 1800, Ludwig, 1, 53, 233, 1803. Dioptase II.. Tr., 3 477, 1801. Emerald-Copper Jameson. Smaragdo-Chalcit Mohs., Gundr. . 1824. Emerald-malachite.
Rhombohedral; tetartohedral. Axis 6 0-53417; 0001 A 1011 31° 40'
Breithaupt-Koksharov1.
Forms: r (1011, J?)4 Zone as S (1 -11-12-5, - 1)T
a (1120, -2)8 o-(2021, 2)' /3 (7-9'i6-l, — 28 r 1>'Y u (117'18 8, - 2i I)8
g (3140, r)' f (21g, J3 r „ x (1341, - 22 I)8 a (.1323, - ? r
' (1780, - i-J I)1 ' 2 (,' s (1783, -
Silicates
ak 10° 54' ag 16° 6' al 23° 25' rr' *54° 5' 50° 58'
ss' 84° 33' so- 45° 43' ar 62° 57|' aft= 7° 50'
ait 15° 22V
ax 28° 48'
39° 31'
aS 42° 30'
an 44° 21'
as 47° 43'
ao 60° 42'
33° 9'
Twins' : tw. pi. r, as geniculated twins. Commonly in prismatic crystals, a, with
s (0221), fig. 1. Faces in zone a s striated edge a/s. The hemi-scalenohedrons, or rhom- bohedrons of the third series, sometimes characteristically developed as on the edge a s (f. 2), but often indistinctly indicated. Also indistinct crystalline aggregates; mas- sive.
Cleavage: r perfect. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 5. G. 3-28- 3*35. Luster vitreous. Color emerald-green. Streak green. Transparent to subtranslucent. Optically positive. Double refraction strong. Refractive indices: GO 1*667, e 1-723 Mir.' Pyroelectric.
Comp.— H2CuSi04 or H,O.CuO.Si02 Silica 38-2, cupric oxide 50-4, water 11-4 100. Loses water only at a red heat, the hydrogen consequently basic (Eg.)- Tschermak writes the formula (CuOH)HSiO3. Anal.— 1, 2, Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 10, 485, 1844; earlier Hess, Pogg., 16, 360, 1829.
SiO2 CuO HSO
36-47 50-10 11-40 Fe2O3 0-42, CaCOa 0-35 98-74
38-93 49-51 11-27 99-71
Groth assumes that chrysocolla is merely dioptase mingled with amorphous silica and other impurities. There seems little doubt, however, notwithstanding the impurity of much of the material analyzed, that chrysocolla deserves to be recognized as a definite hydrous species chiefly amorphous in structure. See further p. 699.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube blackens and yields water. B.B. decrepitates, colors the flame emerald-green, but is infusible. Wiih the fluxes gives the reactions for copper. With soda and charcoal a globule of metallic copper. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Dioptase occurs in druses of well defined crystals on quartz, occupying seams in a com- pact limestone west of the hill of Altyn-Tube in the Kirghese Steppes. In the gold washings at several points in Siberia, as on the R. Malaya in Transbaikal. At Rezbauya, Hungary on a bluish clay, or on wulfenite and calamine. From Copiapo, Chili, on quartz with other copper ores, also on limonite, crystals terminated by r (Rath), also crusts. G. — 3-325 Bauer. In tine crystals at the Mine Mindouli, two leagues east of Comba, between Bonanza and Brazzaville in Ihe French Congo State, associated with hyaline silica and chrysocolla (Jauuettaz, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 159, 1890).
At the copper mines of Clifton, Graham Co., Arizona, in brilliant crystals lining cavities in "mahogany ore " consisting of limonite and copper oxide: also 100 miles west, near Riverside P. O., Final Co.
Named by Hatty dioptase, from Sid, through, and oTftojjat, to see, because the cleavage directions were distinguishable on looking through the crystal.
Named Aehirite after Achir Mahmed.a Bucharian merchant, living at the fortress of Semipal- atinsk, who had procured it in the region where it occurred, and who furnished the specimens that were taken in 1785 by Mr. Bogdanov to St. Petersburg. Although first named by Hermann, his description was not given to the St. Petersburg Academy before 1800, and the volume con- taining it was not published until 1802, a year after the appearance of Hatty's work.
Ref.— ' Breith., Schweigg. J., 62, 221, 1831, confirmed by Koksharov, Min., 6, 285, 1870,
both on cleavage forms. 2 Hatty, 1. c., 1801. 3 Breith., 1. c., he gives f or o, — -1/ (so 2° 52'), for u, — $ (su 3 22'), which symbols do not agree with the angles; the symbols given above were calculated by Websky. Kenngott suggests others slightly different.
4 Levy, Heuland, 3, 92, 1837. 6 Credner. Jb."Min., 404, 1839; he gives no angles. 6 Websky Pogg., 69. 543, 1846; corrects Breithaupt. 7 Kenng., Min. Unt., 93, 1850; review of preceding, Ihe position of k, g, I, is uncertain; g may be the same as Websky's doubtful v; see, too, Hausm. flandb.. 2, 746, 1847; a, ft were observed as complete scalenohedrons. 8 Mir., Phil. Mag., 21, 278, 1842.
Friedelite—Pyrosmalite. 465
384. FRIEDELITE. Bertrand, C. R., 82, 1167, 1876; Zs. Kryst., 1, 86, 1877. Khornbohedral. Axis d 0-5624.; 0001 A 1011 *33° Bertrand.
Forms: c (0001, 0), m (1010, I), r (1011, E). Angles: cr 33°, rr' 56° 17'.
Crystals commonly tabular c; faces m, r often striated edge m/r. Also massive, with saccharoidal structure and distinct cleavage, passing into close compact forms with indistinct cleavage.
Cleavage: c perfect. H. 4-5. G. 3*07. Color rose-red. Powder pale rose. Transparent to translucent. Optically — . Double refraction strong.
Cornp. — H7(MnCl)Mn4Si40J6 as written by Groth. Percentage composition: Silica 35*1, manganese protoxide 51-7 (or MnO 46-5, Mn 4'0), chlorine 5'2, water 9-2 101-2, deduct (0 2C1) 1'2 100. Anal.— Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 3, 58, 1884.
SiO, 34-45 MnO 48-25 MgO 1'20 CaO 0 40 Mn 2'60 Cl 3'40 HaO 9-60 99'90
In an earlier analysis by Bertrand (1. c.) the chlorine was overlooked. The material used by Gorgeu was not entirely pure. Cf. Friedel, ib., p. 71.
Pyr.— B.B. fuses easily to a black glass. Gives off water in the closed tube on strong igni- tion. Reaction for manganese with the fluxes. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid, forming a jelly.
Obs. — Associated with rhodochrosite and alabandite at the manganese mine of Adervielle, vallee du Louron, Hautes Pyrenees. Named after the French chemist and mineralogist Ch. Friedel. See also p. 1035.
385. PYROSMALITE. Pirodmalit Hausm., Moll's Efem., 4, 390, 1808. Wesentlicher Bestandtheil Salzsaures Eisenoxyd, id., ib. (fr. blowpipe trials of Gahn, its discoverer). Pyrosmalit Karst., Tab., 103, 1808; Hausm., Handb., 1068, 1813. Fer muriate H., 1812, Lucas Tabl., 2, 418, 1813.
Rhombohedral. Axis 6 0-5308; 0001 A 1011 31° 30J' A. E. Nordenskiold1. Forms: c (0001, 0); m (1010, 7); r (1011, 1), z (0111, - 1); a- (2021, 2), 8 (0221, - 2).
Angles: cr 31° 30', ca 50° 48', mr 58° 30', rr' 53° 49', rz 30° 17$' , <rs 45' 35, era' - 84° 18'.
Crystals thick prismatic or tabular in habit, usually with m, r, z9 hence ap- parently hexagonal. Also massive, foliated.
Cleavage: c perfect; m imperfect. Fracture uneven, rather splintery. Some- what brittle. H. 4-4'5. G. 3-06-3-19. Luster of c pearly; of other planes, less so. Color blackish green to pale liver-brown, passing into gray and pistachio- green; usually brown externally, and light greenish yellow internally. Streak paler than color. Optically — . Double refraction strong.
Comp.— H7((Fe,Mn)Ci)(Fe,Mn)4Si40J6 Silica 34-9, iron protoxide 26-2, man- ganese protoxide 25 -8, chlorine 5-1, water 9*2 101*2, deduct (0 — 2C1) 1*2 100. Here Fe : Mn 1 : 1.
Anal.— 1, Lang, J. pr. Ch., 83, 424, 1861. Also Wohler, Lieb. Ann., 156, 85, 1870. 2, Ludwig, Miu. Mitth., 211, 1875. 3, Engstrom, G. For. Forh., 3, 116, 1876. 4, Gorgeu,. Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 58, 1884.
SiO3 FeO MnO CaO MgO H2O Cl
1. Nordmark G. 3-171 f 35'43 30-72 21 01 0'74 — 7 75 3'79 A12O3 0'24 99'68
2. " G. 3-153 f 34-66 27'05 25'60 0'52 0'93 8'31 4'88 101 "95
3. Dannemora G. 3-059 34'03 26'21 27-40 0'36 1'36 7'34 352 A12O3 1'24 101 '4ft
4. G. 3-19 34-20 23'50tt 24'65 0'40 1-70 8'55 3'70 A12O3 tr.
8 Fe2O3 2-92.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube yields water, which reacts acid. B.B. fuses at 2-2'5 to a black magnetic glass. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron and manganese. A bead of salt of phosphorus, previously saturated with oxide of copper, when fused with the pulverized mineral imparts a beautiful azure color to the flame (chlorine). Decomposed by hydrochloric acid, with separation of silica.
Obs. — Pyrosmalite occurs at Bjelkegruva, one of the iron mines of Nordmark in Wermland, Sweden, where it is associated with calcite, pyroxene, apophyllite, and magnetite. A hexagonal prism, in the museum at Stockholm, is nearly an inch in diameter and one and a quarter
466 Silicates.
long, and weighs five and a half ounces. Also from the Kogrufva in Nordmark and at the iron mines at Dannemora in foliated masses with a green pyroxene.
Named from nvp, fire, o 07/77, odor, in allusion to the odor when heated.
Ref.— Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 562, 1870. The rhombohedral character of the crystals may be assumed OD the basis of the isomorphism with f riedelite.
7. Scapolite Group. Tetragonal.
386. Ueionite 6 0-4393
387. Wernerite 6 0*4384
388. Mizzonite 6 0-4424
Dipyre
389. Marialite 6 0-4417
390. Sarcolite 0-4437
The species of the SCAPOLITE G-ROVP-are tetragonal in crystallization, with nearly the same axial ratio, and farther they are characterized by pyramidal hemi- hedrism. They are white or grayish white in color, except when impure, and then rarely of dark color. Hardness 5-6 '5; G. 2'5-2'8. In composition they are silicates of aluminium with calcium and sodium in varying amounts; chlorine is also often present, sometimes only in traces. Iron, magnesia, potash are not present unless by reason of inclusions or of alteration, which last cause also explains the carbon dioxide often found in analysis.
The Scapolites are analogous to the Feldspars in that they form a series with a gradual variation in composition, the amount of silica increasing with the increase of the alkali, soda, being 40 p. c. in meionite and 64 p. c. in marialite. A corresponding increase is observed also in the amount of chlorine present. Furthermore there is also a gradual change in specific gravity, in the strength of the double refraction, and in resistance to acids, from the easily decomposed meionite, with G. 2 '72, to marialite, which is only slightly attacked and has G. 2'63.
Tschermak1 has shown that the variation in composition may be explained by the assumption of two fundamental end compounds, viz.:
Meionite Ca4Al.Si60, Me
Marialite Na4Al,Si,Oa4Cl Ma
By the isomorphous combination of these compounds the composition of the species recognized may be explained. These species are : Meionite, Wernerite or Common Scapolite, Mizzonite (and Dipyre), Marialite. The limits of each are explained in the following pages ; it is to be noticed, however, that no sharp line can be drawn between them, and a single locality in some cases has afforded specimens having widely different composition.
Lacroix, who has given an exhaustive memoir on the scapolite rocks of many different localities (Bull. Soc. Min., 12. 88-360, 1889), shows that optically the series is characterized by the decrease in the strength of the double refraction in passing from meionite to marialite. In the table below, quoted from him (p. 357), group I includes the compounds from Me to Me3Mai; II fromMe2Mai to MeiMa3; III from MeiMas to Ma.
I. oy ey oo— e II. ty ey ca — e
Hallesta 1-594 1'557 0-037 Ersby 1-570 1-547 0023
Ohristiansand 1'592 1555 0037 'Arendal, Dx. 1-566 1-545 0-021
Somma, Meionite 1*594 1-558 0-086 Pargas 1'567 1-550 0-017
Bolton, Nuttalite 1-588 1-552 0-086
MalsjO 1-588 1-558 0-035
Boltonite 1'583 1-552 0-031 Pyrenees, Dx., 1-558 1-548 O'OIS
L. Baikal, Olaucolite 1-581 1-551 0'030 Dipyre
Laurinknrl 1-588 1-558 0-030 Pierrepont 1-562 1-546 0-016
Arendal 1-588 1-554 0029
8Capolite Group— Meionite.
The Scapolites occur (1) in volcanic rocks, as in ejected masses on Mte. Somma (meionite); (2) in crystalline limestone, often as the direct result of contact metaniorphism; (3) crystalline schists, augite-gneiss, etc. ; (4) as an alteration product of a plagioclase feldspar sometimes on an extensive scale as with amphibole in the "gefleckter Gabbro" (Brogger and Reusch, Zs. G. Ges., 27, 646, 1875) in connection with the apatite deposits of Odegaarden near Bauile, Norway. Cf. Lex., I.e., who has developed this subject at length; also Michel-Levy, Bull Soc. Miu., 1, 4-5, 79, 1878; Judd, Min. Mag., 8, 186, 1889.
Meiouite was the first species of the Scapolite group distinctly recognized. It is. however probable that scapolite was included with lamellar pyroxene under the name of White Schorl- Spar (Skorlspat) by Cronstedt, who mentions Pargas, in Finland, as one of its localities. The names Wernerite and Scapolite were both introduced by d'Audrada (of Portugal) in the same article (Scherer's J., 4, 35, 38, 1800), and applied to specimens from the same region in Norway. Weruerite is t\m first of the two in the article. Haiiy used the names Wernerite and Scapolite (supposing the species distinct) in his Traite of 1801, but in his Mineralogical Course for 1804 or 1805 arbitrarily set aside the latter for Paranthine. Monteiro, a friend of d'Andrada's, and speaking in his behalf, protested in 1809 (J. Phys., 68, 177) against the change, and after arguing; that weruerite and scapolite were identical, both on chemical and crystallographic grounds, urged the adoption of the name Wernerite for the species. In the following pages the name Scapolite is retained for the group, so that the minerals may all be called scapolites, as those of the feldspar group are called feldspars; and the name Wernerite is applied to the most prominent division of the old species, including the common scapolite from many localities. In the fifth edition the compounds intermediate between meionite and wernerite were called paranthite, and those between wernerite and mizzouite were called ekebergite.
Ref.— i Ber. Ak. Wien, 88(1), 1142, 1883, Min. Mitth ., 7, 400, 1886. Rammelsberg has also discussed the same subject recently, see Ber. Ak. Berlin, 589, 1885. Early papers on the composition of the species are those by Wolff, Iiiaug. Diss., Berlin, 1843; Rath, Pogg., 90, 82, 288, 1863.
386. MEIONITE. Hyacinte blanche de la Somma de Lisle, Crist., 2, 289, 290, PI. IT, f. 118, 1783. Meionite H., Tr., 2, 1801. Mionite Century Dictionary, 1890.
EKSBYITE. Wasserfreier Scolezit [fr. Pargas] N. Nd., . J., 31, 417,1821. Anhy- drous Scolecite. Scolexerose Bend., Tr., 2, 55, 1832. Var. of Labrador Frankenlieim, Syst. d. Kryst., 136, 1842. Ersbyit A. E. Nd., Finl. Min., 129, 1853. Kalk-Labrador Eg., Min. Ch., 595, 1860.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 0-43925; 001 A 101 23° 42f Scacchi-Koksharov1. Forms: c (001, 0); a (100, i-i), m (110, J), h (210, i-2), e (101, l-); r (111, 1), w (331, 3); (811, 3-3).
ah 26° 34' mh 18° 26' ee' 33° 2
ee" 47° 26'
ww' 77° 5'
cr =31° 51'
cw =61° 47'
cz ' 54° 15'
rr' *43° 49' ae' 42° 34'
mr 58° 9' ar 68° 5 az 39° 39'
In crystals, either clear and glassy or milky white; also in crystalline grains
and massive. The prismatic faces sometimes show vicinal prominences corresponding in form to the hemihedral character ; with which also the etching-figures agree.
Cleavage: a rather perfect, m somewhat less so; both often interrupted. Fracture con- choidal. Brittle. H. - 5'5-6. G. 2'70-2;74; 2-734-2-737 Mte. Somma, Eatb, Luster vitre- ous. Colorless to white. Transparent to trans- lucent; often cracked within. Optically — . Double refraction weak. Indices, Dx. :
GOV 1-594 to 1-597 ev 1-558 to T561
1, 2, Monte Somma. 1, Brezina; 2, after Rath.
Comp.— Ca4Al6Si6026 or 4Ca0.3Al20,.6SiO, Silica 40-5, alumina 34*4, lime 25-1 — 100. As explained by Tschermak, the varieties included range from nearly pure meionite to those consisting of meionite and marialite in the ratio of 3 : 1, i.e., Me : Ma 3:1. No sharp line can be drawn between meionite and the following species; see further p. 469.
468 Silicates.
Anal.— 1, 2, Neminar, Min. Mitth., 51, 1875, 63, 1877. 3, Rath, Pogg., 9O, 87, 1853. 4, Rg., Min. Ch., Erg., 209, 1886. 5, Rath, Pogg., 144, 384, 1871. 6, Wolff [Inaug. Diss., Berlin, 1843], Rg., Min. Ch. 7, Rath, Pogg., 90, 195, 1853. Also Gmelin, Stromeyer, Wolff, 5th Ed., p. 320. Rath, Pogg., 119, 268, 1863.
G. SiOa A1,O3 CaO MgO NaaO KaO Cl HaO
1. Vesuvius 2-716 43'36 32'09 21-45 0'31 1'35 0'76 0'14 0'27 COa 0'72 100'45
2. " 2736 42-55 30-89 21 -41 0'83 1-25 0'93 — 0'19 Fe2O3 0 41 98'46
3. Laach 2 769 45-13 29'83 18-98 0-13 2'73 1'40 — 0'41 98'61 - 4. Ersbyite 44-47 30'69 20'54 0'16 2'49 0'20 1'07 99'62
5. " 2-723 44-26 30-37 20'17 0'15 2'75 115 — — 98'85
6. Pargas 2'712 45-10 32'76 17'84 — 0'76 0'68 — 1'04 98'18
7. Bolton 2-788 44-40 25'52 20'18 I'Ol 2'09 0'51 — 1'24 Fea03 3'79 98'74
a Often simply loss on ignition.
Sip8cz found in Vesuvian meionite 0'74 p. c. Cl, 0'22 SO3, ., 1. c.
Paranthite (paranthine), the name given in the 5th Ed. to the compounds between the Vesuvian meionite and wernerite (e.g., anals. 4-7) is Haiiy's name (as already noted) derived
from naparfyeiv, to wither, because it readily loses its luster.
Fyr., etc. — B.B. fuses with intumescence at 3 to a white bleb by glass. Decomposed by acid without gelatinizing (liatb). Gmeliu states it to be fusible with difficulty on the edges, and both Gmeliu and Kobell state that it gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. An examination of a specimen received from Scacchi fully confirms Rath's conclusions.
Obs.— Occurs in small crystals in cavities, usually in limestone blocks, on Monte Somma; the cavities are often lined with green mica. Also in ejected masses with sanidiue, magnetite, titan- ite, augite, apatite at the Laacher See.
Ersbyite is from Ersby near Pargas, Finland. A variety of scapolite from Bolton, Mass., Nutialite (see p. 469) is near ersbyite in composition.
Named by Haily from jneiov, less, the pyramid being less acute than that of vesuviauite.
Ref.— ' Min. Russl., 2, 105; Pogg., Erg., 3, 478, 1851. Cf. also Rg., 94, 434, 1855; Dx., Min., 1, 221, 1862; Rath, ib., 119, 262, 1863; Brezina, Min. Mitth., 16, 1872.
Artif. — Attempts to form meionite by fusion have resulted in obtaining an orthosilicate cor- responding in composition to Na2O.5CaO.4Al2O3.9SiO2. but characterized by positive optical char- acter. With a mixture of 6CaO.4Al2O3.9SiO2, anorthite was formed. By fusing a labradorite glass with white marble, auorthiteand a tetragonal mineral with negative character was obtained. Bourgeois, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 15, 1882, Reprod. Min., 132, 1884.
Doulter states that his synthetic experiments (unpubl.) prove the existence of a tetragonal mineral, corresponding to meionite, having the composition CaAU(SiO4)2. Allg. Chem.Min., p. 258, 1890.
387. WERNERITE. Wernerite (fr. Norway) d'Andrada, J. Phys.. 51, 244, 1800, Scherer's J., 4, 35, 1800. Scapolite (fr. Norway) d'Andrada, ib., 246, and ib., 38, 1800. Rapid- olith Abildgaard, Ann. Ch., 32, 195, 1800. Wernerite. Scapolite, //, Tr., 3, 4. 1801. Skapolith, Arcticit Wernerite] Wern., 1803, Ludwig's Wern., 2, 210 1804 Paranthiue H., Lucas Tabl., 205, 1806; H. Comp. Tabl., 45, 1809. Fuscit Schumacher, Verzeichn., 104, 1801. Chelms- fordite/. F. & 8. L. Dana, Outl. Min. G. Boston, 44, 1818. Nuttallite Brooke, Ann. Phil., 7, 316, 1804. Glaukolithfl. Fischer, Sokolov's Bergwerks J.; John. Chem. Uuters., 2, 82, 1810; Glaucolite.
Sodait Ekeberg, Afh., 2, 153. 1807. Natrolite of Hesselkulla Wollaston. Ekebergite Ben., Arsb., 168, 1824. Ekebergit, Porzellauspath J. N. Fuchs, Denkschr. Ak. Milnchen, 7, 65, 1818, 'Tasch. Min., 17,94,1823. Porzellanit Kbl., Taf., 52, 1853. Passauit Naumann, Min., 305, 1555. Outariolite C. U. Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 20, 54, 1880.
Tetragonal, with pyramidal hemihedrism. Axis 6 =0*4384; 001 A 101= 23° 40' Schuster1.
Forms2: c (001, 0), a (100, i-i), m (110, J), h (210, t-2) e (101, 1-t"). r (m. 1). (331' 3). (811, 3-3).
ah 26° 34' cr 31° 48' rr' *43° 45' az 39° 42'
mh 18° 26' cw 61° 44' zz - 42° 32' ar 68° 7f
ee 32° 59' cz 54° 12' zz™ 29° 43' mr 58° 12'
e" - 47° 21'
Crystals usually coarse, with rough uneven faces and often very large. The pyramidal hemihedrism sometimes shown (f. 3) in the development of the planes z (311) and z, (131). Also massive, granular, or with a faint fibrous appearance; sometimes columnar.
Scapolite Group— Wernerite.
Cleavage: a and m rather distinct, but interrupted. Fracture subconchoi- dal. Brittle. H. 5-6. G. 2-66-2-73. Luster vitreous to pearly externally, inclining to resinous; cleavage and cross-fracture surface vitreous. Color white, gray, bluish, greenish, and reddish, usually light; streak uncolojed. Transparent to faintly subtranslucent. Optically—. Double refraction weak. Indices:
Arendal &r 1-566 er 1'545. See also p. 466.
Figs. 1, Common form. 2, 4, Grasse Lake, N. Y., Hovey. 3, Hirwensalo, Finland, Nd.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. In crystals, white to gray, grayish green, brownish, and rarely, from impurity, nearly black. The prisms are sometimes several inches thick.
Auitallite (named after T. Nuttall) is white to smoky brown scapolite from Boltou, Mass. It has been shown to vary widely in composition : some kinds approach meiouite, p. 467, and it is sometimes much altered. The crystals and massive variety of Chelmsford, Mass., of gray, greenish, and reddish shades of color, have been called Chelmiffordite.
Passauite or Porzellauspath is from Obernzell near Passau, Bavaria. Fuchs made the prisms probably about 92°, and so also did Schafhftutl. But Des Cloizeaux found that it was uniaxial and negative, and hence must be tetragonal in crystallization. Its colors are white to yellowish, bluish, and grayish white. The crystals are coarse, and irregularly grouped or single.
Ontariolite of S/tepard is a glassy scapolite from Galway, Peterborough Co., Ontario; often black from inclusions, probably of graphite. It may prove, as suggested by Shepard, to belong with mizzonite and dipyre. G. 2'608. Shepard's analysis gives SiO.2 48'65 to 51 "30, etc. , but has little value because of the impurity of the material.
2. Massive. Glaucolite is of pale violet-blue, bluish, indigo-blue, to greenish gray colors, sometimes resembling cancrinite, but having the cleavage of scapolite. It is from near R. Sliudi- anka, near L. Baikal, Siberia, where it occurs in veins in granite The pink scapolite of Bolton is similar. Named from yXavKoS, greenish gray or sea green.
The so-called glaucolite of Weibye. from Norway, has been shown by Brogger to be sodalite (see p. 429), and a so-called glaucolite from L. Baikal also proved to be sodalite.
Comp., Yar. — Intermediate between meionite and marialite and corresponding to a molecular combination of these in a ratio 3 : 1 to 1 : 2. The silica varies from 46 to 54 p. c., and as its amount increases the soda and chlorine also increase. Scapolites witn silica from 54 p. c. to 60 p. c. are classed with mizzonite; they cor- respond to Me : Ma from 1 : 2 to 1 : 3 and upwards.
The percentage composition, for the simple compounds of Me : Ma, is as follows :
Me ; Ma
SiO2
A1,O,
CaO
NaaO
The oxygen -equivalent of the chlorine is to be deducted.
Anal.— 1, Rath, Pogg., 90, 101. 1853 2, E. S. Sperry, priv. conlr. 3, Leeds, Am. J. Sc., 6, 26, 1873. 4, Rath, 1. c., p. 90. 5, Wolff, Kg., Min. Ch., 719, 1860. 6, Rg.. M in. C h , Erg , 210,
Silicates.
1886. 7, Wolff, I.e. 8, Schaffhautl, Lieb. Ann., 46, 340, 1843. 9, Wolff, 1. c. 10, Sipocz, Min. Mitth., 266, 1877, after deducting 6'82 CaCO3. 11, Wolff, 1. c. 12, Becke, Min. Mitth., 267, 1877, deducting 6'2 p. c. CaCO3. 13, Rath, 1. c., recalc. by Rg., deducting 1'68 p. c. CaCO3. 14, Kbl., J. pr. Ch., 1, 89, 1834. 15, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin. 605, 1885 16, Wolff, 1 c. 17, Kiepeu- heuer. quoted by Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., p. 381, Aug. 4, 1879. 18, Geuth, Am. J. Sc., 40, 116, 1890. 19, Sipocz, Min. Mitth., 4, 265, 1881, and ., 1. c., p. 1153, where the chlorine percentages are corrected. 20, 21, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 175, 1S81J. 22, 23, Sipocz, 1. c. 24, Rg., 1. c. 25, E. S. Sperry, priv. contr. 26, Rg., 1. c.
1. Pargas, gnh.
2. Grasse L. , ywh.
3. Bucks Co., Pa.,
4. L. Baikal,
Olaucolite
5. Lauriukari
6. Malsjo, rdh.
7. Bolton. rdh.
8. Obernzell, Pass.
9. Hesselkulla,
Ekebergite
10. Rossie, gnh.
11. Malsjo
12. Boxborough, wh.
13. Malsjo. wh.
14. Obernzell,
Passauite
15. St. Lawrence Co.
16. Arendal
17. Monzoni
18. French Creek,
G.
G.
CaO MgONa20 K2O 17-22 — 2-29 1-31 16-89 0-52 3'88 0'52
SiO, A12O3 FeO 45-46 30-96 tr. 46-94 25-76 064
47-47 27-51 — 17'59 1'20 3'05 1-40
Cl H2Ob
— 129= 98-53 0-68 0-8480,0-25
[Co24-33 101-25
— 1-48= 99-70
—
—
—
—
— 6-33
—
0-32"
52
—
—
—
0'54a
— 614
—
—
0-21a
59
—
0'46
B
91
—
89
—
—
—
—
—
—
0-75a
7'
—
—
tr.
— 12-65
—
—
—
0-58*
— l'50CO22-63
[
19. MalsjO, wh.
20. Husab
21. "
22. Arendal
23. Gouverneur,gr?i.w7i. 2'660
25. Pierrepont 2-688
26. Pargas
a Fe2Os.
SiOa A12O3 FeO CaO MgO NaaO K2O Cl SO3 H2O
6-52 0-79 1-70 0'58 0'81 [CO20-14 101-21 6-42 0-45 010 0-79 0'49 100-40
7-03 0-47 0-12 0-66 0'50 100-45 52-57 24-24 0'26 11 '57 —
2-675 52-48 25'56 0'39 1244 — 2683 52-62 26 '42 tr. 13-11 — 2-682 53-24 25-60 tr. 12-83 —
7-19 0-42 1-63 0-90 0'69 [CO2 0-39 99-86 6-64 1-58 2-14 014 0'42 100-53 8-10 153 2-33 —
100-35
8-16 0-71 2-14 1-31 0-49 [CO22-15 101-48 9-12 — 1-75 — 0-71 99-41 b Usually simply ignition and hence perhaps H2O -f Cl.
52-65 25-32 O'll 11'30 0'23
52-90 24-95 10'54
53-10 23-11 0-27 lO'OO 0'04
53-32 24-67 — 9'84 —
F. D. Adams, who first called attention to the common occurrence of chlorine in scapolites, shows that it is present in m.iuy varieties and in amounts varying up to 1'47, 2'01, 2 41 p. c. in scapolites from Ripon; also 2 01 p. c. in a specimen from KragerO; 1'78 in one from Trumbull, Conn., etc., Am. J. Sc., 17, 315. 1879.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily with intumescence to a white blebby glass. Imperfectly decomposed by hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs in metamorphic rocks, and most abundantly in granular limestone near its junction with the associated granitic or allied rock; sometimes in beds of magnetite accompany- ing limestone. It is often associated with light-colored pyroxene, amphibole, garnet, and also with apatite, titan ite, zircon; amphibole is a less common associate than pyroxene, but in some cases has resulted from the alteration of pyroxene. The scapolite of Pargas, Finland, is in lime- stone; that of Arendal in Norway, and MalsjO in Wermland, occurs with magnetite in limestone.
The passauite is from Obernzell. near Passau, in Bavaria.
In Vermont, at Marlborough, massive. In Mass., nt Bolton and Boxborough, in crystals, sometimes large; at Chelmsford; Littleton; Chester; Carlisle; Westfield, massive; at Parsons-
Scapolite Group— Mizzonite. 471
field and Raymond, near Dr. Swell's house, crystals, with yellow garnet. In Conn., at Monroe, white and nearly fibrous; a stone quarry at Paugatuck, Stouiugton, massive. In N. York, at Two Ponds in Orange Co., reddish white crystals with pyroxene, titanite, zircon, one crystal 10 in. long and 5 in diameter; at Fall Hill, Monroe, of white and bluish colors, massive, with lamellar pyroxene; in Warwick of the same county, near Amity, milk-white crystals with, pyroxene, titanite, graphite; 5 in. S. of Warwick, and 2 in. N. of -Edenville, near Green- wood Furuace, are other good localities; in Essex Co., perfect crystals and massive nearly fibrous, white and greenish white, abundant near Kirby's graphite mine, 4m. N. E. of Alex- andria, in Ticonderoga, associated with pyroxene; at Crown Point; in Lewis Co., in fine crys- tals, white, bluish, and dark gray, presenting the play of light not unusual with this variety; edges of the crystals often rounded; Grasse Lake, Jefferson Co., in fine crystals; at Gouverneur, in limestone, also at Macomb, St. Lawrence Co. In N. Jersey, at Franklin and Newton, and 3 m. W. of Attleborough, crystallized, in limestone; also at Vernon, Franklin, and Sparta a scapo- lite rock with pyroxene, aniphibole, orthoclase, also titanite. In Penn., at the Elizabeth mine, French Creek, Chester Co. , in cavitiss of a brownish gray garnet with magnetite, pyrite, and remains of the hessouite from which it was probably formed.
In Canada, ut G. Calumet Id., massive lilac colored; at Hunterstown, in large crystals, with titanite; at Grenville, with pyroxene; Templeton; Bedford; Portland and Wakefield, Ottawa Co.; Algoua, Renfrew Co. Scapolite rocks occur at several points, in part a " scapolite diorite" like that of Norway, chiefly in the Laurentian, as at Aruprior on the Ottawa R.; L. Mazinaw, Addington Co.; Robertsville mine, Frontenac Co.; McDougal, Parry Sound; it is associated with crystalline limestone, also amphibolytes and diorytes (Adams & Lawson, Can. Rec. Sc., 3, 185. 1888).
Alt. — The scapolites as a class are especially liable to alteration, and the products are numer- ous and varied. The introduction of water, or of carbon dioxide, is a common change. By the substitution of potash, the mineral passes to the state of pinite and potash mica. By the acquisition of iron it passes in some cases to epidote. By the introduction of magnesia, it may pass to steatite; or of magnesia and potash, to a magnesia mica. By a loss of bases, the proportion of silica left increases; and by a loss of silica also (which may become opal in its separation), the mineral passes to a kaolin-Mke compound, a common result of its alteration. Moreover, silica may remain, and the altered crystal become by additions a siliceous pseudomorph, as occurs at Pargas. Various alteration-products are more particularly mentioned on p. 473.
Ref. — ' Arendal, quoted by Tschermak. The angles as given by Koksharov are the same as for meiouite; the variation is in any case small. 2 Cf. Mb-., Min., 382, 1852.
388. MIZZONITE. A. Scacchi, Pogg., Erg., 3, 478, 1852.
DIPYRE. Schorl blanchatre de Mauleon (Pyrenees) (discovered by Gillet-Laumont in 1786), Leucolite, Delameth., Sciagr., 1, 289, 2, 401, 1792. Dipyre H., Tr., 3, 1801. Schmelzstein Wern., Steff. Orykt., 1. 411, 1811. Couseranite Charpentier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 39, 280, 1828. Couzeranite. Prehnitoid Blomstrand, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 11, 297, 1854. Riponite Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 88 (1), 1142, 1883.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 0-44235; 001 A 101 23° 51f, Scacchi-Koksharov1.
Forms: c (001, 0), a (100, i-i), m (110, 7), h (210, -2), e (101, 1-t), r (111, 1). Angles: ee' 33° 15', ee" 47° 43f , rr' *44° 3', cr 32° 2', ar 67° 58f . In small prismatic crystals, with m prominent. Prismatic faces vertically striated. Sometimes acicular.
Cleavage a, m. H. 5-5-6. G-. 2'623 Rath. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent to translucent. Refractive indices (see also p. 466) :
Pouzac, Dipyre, GOT 1*558 er 1-543 Dx.
G?y 1-5673 ey — 1-5416 Lattermann.
Var. — Mizzonite occurs in clear crystals in ejected masses on Mte Somma.
Dipyre occurs in elongated square prisms, often slender, sometimes large and coarse, in limestone and crystalline schists, chiefly from the Pyrenees. Couseranite is the same mineral and from the same region, but as originally analyzed in a more or less altered form, see anal, below.
Prehnitoid, named from its resemblance toprehnite, is from Sweden. Comp. — Intermediate between meiouite and marialite and corresponding to a molecular combination varying from Me : Ma 1 : 2 to Me : Ma 1:3. For percentage composition, see p. 469.
Anal.— -1, Rath, Pogg., 119, 254, 18R3. 2, Adams, Am. J. Sc., 17, 315, 1879. 3, Damouiv L'Institut, 16, 1862. 4. Schulze, quoted by Gdt.. Jb. Min., Beil., 1, 226, 1881. 5 Delesse, C R., 18, 944, 1844. 6, Pisani, Dx.,Min., 1, 227, 1862. 7, Blomstrand, 1. c. 8, . Michel-Levy Bull. Soo. Min.. 1, 43. 1878 also Lex., ib., 12, 25?,. 1889. 9, E. S. Sperry, priv. contr. 10,. Jannettjix, Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 445, 1889.
Silicates.
G.
SiO2
A12O3
Somma, Mizzonitt
Ripon, Riponite
f 54-86
Pouzac, Dipyre
" "
Libarens, "
" "
Prehnitoid
Bamle
Macomb, N. Y.
10. Chili
26 57-4 19-6
FeaO3.
FeO
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K20
HaO 0-13 99-59
tr.
0-86So3 0-80
tr.
100-45 2-4ld 99-70
—
—
0-98 98-77
—
—
—
— =100
0'30°
—
4-55d=10l'08
1'19*
—
1-04 99-36
—
tr.
—
— =100-36
0-76 Co2 1-06
tr.
100-73 3'41d CuO tr.
b 0'72 hygroscopic.
MnO.
Ign.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily, but with less intumescence than meionite. Only slightly acted upon by hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— Mizzonite occurs in trachytic bombs on Mte. Somma; the rock is gray and consists chiefly of sauidine and dark green augite; the mizzonite occurs in cavities, sometimes with calcite. Named from /Lieiaov, greater, the axis of the prism being a little longer than in meionite.
Dipyre and couseranite are from various points, chiefly in the Hautes-Pyrenees, in granular- limestone; at Pouzac, near Bagneres-de-Bigorre, with a white uniaxial mica; near Libarens, about a mile and a half from Mauleou, with mica or talc; at the baths of Aulus in the Dept. of Ari£ge; in a black schist on the right bank of the Les, near Luzenac, Arigge; in the vicinity of Loutrin, near Augoumer, in blocks of granular limestone, with pyrite, titanite (see more par- ticularly, Frossard, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 321, 1890); also at Biarritz and elsewhere in the Basses- Pyrenees. The prehnitoid is from a locality between Kongsberg and Solberg in Sweden, with coarsely crystallized hornblende; its hardness is stated by Blomstrand to be 7, and G. 2 50. The scapolite associated with amphibole in the "geflecter Gabbro"or scapolite-dioryte of the apatite deposits near Bamle, Norway, is near dipyre in composition (see anal. 8 and p. 467) A scapolite belonging here occurs at the Llanca mine, district La Higuera, Coquimbo, Chili. Ac- cording to Arzruni, dipyre (rr'" 63° 49') occurs in saccharoidal limestone at Canaan, Ct.
Riponite (anal. 2) is from the township of Ripon, Ottawa Co., Quebec, Canada.
The name dipyre, from <5r?, twice, and itvp,fire, alludes to the two effectsof heat, fusion and phosphorescence. Prehnitoid refers to a resemblance to prehnite.
Alt. — Dipyre undergoes very easy alteration, much easier than wernerite, and this it probably owes to the large percentage of soda. At all the localities the mineral occurs to a large extent in a crumbling state. Some of it appears to be changed to a greenish chlorite.
Couseranite is an altered form of dipyre. It occurs in the same region, and the dipyre may be seen passing into couseranite. Its square prisms are usually rough or rounded externally, and "bluish black or grayish black to deep black in color, but sometimes whitish and blackish on the same specimen. It is often soft and fragile. Charpentier's mineral came from the department -of Ariege (formerly Couserans). Analyses: 1, Dufrenoy, Ann. Mines, 4, 327, 1828. 2, Pisani, Dx., Min., 1, 234, 1862.
G.=2-
SiOa A12O3
f 52-37 24-02
58-33 20-20
FeO MgO
— 1-40
1-90 7-20
CaO Na2O K2O
11-85 396 5-52
0-99 0-76 8-82
H2O
— 99-12 2-35 100 55
Pisaui's analysis was made on large square prisms from Pouzac. It has the composition of agalmatolite. Both of the analyses indicate the alteration by the amount of potash present.
Ref.—1 On mizzonite, Somma, Sec. rr' 44° 4', Kk. rr' 44° 2', Min. Russl., 2, 108, 1854; on dipyre from Pouzac, rr' 44° 17', er 22° 10', Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 9, 1889.
389. MARIALITE. Rath, Zs. G. Ges., 18, 635, 1866. [Not Marialite of Ryllo.] Tetragonal. In crystals with c (001), a (100), m (110), h (210), e (101), r (111); angles near mizzonite, rr' 44°.
H. 5'5-6. Cr. 2*566. Luster vitreous. Colorless, or white. Trans- parent to translucent.
Comp. — Approximating to the pure marialite of Tschermak, Na4Al3Si9024Cl Silica 63-9, alumina 18-1, soda 14-7, chlorine 4-2 100-9, deduct (0 201) 0-9 100. The marialite of Eath corresponds closely to Me : Ma 1:4.
Anal. — 1, Rath, 1. c., after deducting 4-5 p. c. magnetite: the specific gravity of the material analyzed was 2 '626, or 2'566 correcting for admixed magnetite (G. 5'18). 2, Rg., Min. Ch., Erg., 216, 1886.
8Capolite Oeoup—Marialite 473
SiO, A1,O, CaO Na2O K2O Cl
1 62-72 21-82 4"63 9'37 1'15 — MgO 0'31 100
2. 61-40 1963 4-10 undet. — 4'00
Pyr., etc. — Like those of mizzonite.
Obs. — From a volcanic rock called piperno, occurring at Pianura, near-Naples.
Altered Scapolites. The following are the characters of different altered scapolites. Analyses are given below and on pp. 322, 323, 5th Ed.
ATHERIASTITE Weibye, Pogg , 79, 302, 1850. Like scapolite in form; color greenish; opaque. From Arendal, with black garnet and keilhauite. Contains 7 p. c. water.
STROGANOVITE Herm ., J. pr. CK., 34, 178, 1845. Has the form of scapolite (Kk., Min. Russl.. 3, 95). Color yellowish to light oil-green; luster greasy; translucent: H. 5, G.=2'79. B.B. fuses easily with intumescence. From theR. Sliudiauka near L. Baikal in Eastern Siberia. The analysis afforded 6'4 p. c. CO2, corresponding to 11 -4 p. c. of CaCO3.
ALGERITE Hunt, Am. J. Sc., 8, 103, 1849. Occurs in slender square prisms, sometimes 2 or 3 in. long, embedded in calcite. Yellowish to gray and usually dull. Brittle. H. — 3-3'5: some crystals more altered, 2'5. G. 2'697-2 712 Hunt; 2'78 Crossley. From Franklin, Sussex Co , N. J. The varying results of analyses, and the presence of calcium carbonate, of magnesia, and the relations* to known examples of altered scapolite, confirm the view derived from the form and appearances, that algerite is an altered scapolite, and related to pinite.
WILSONITE Hunt, Logan's Rep Can., 1853. 1863, Am. J. Sc., 19, 428, 1855. A massive min- eral from Bathurst, Canada, affording square prisms by cleavage, and having H. 35, G. 2 765-2-776; luster vitreous, a little pearly on cleavage surfaces; color reddish white, rose-red, and peach-blossom red. According to Chapman (Am. J. Sc., 20, 269, 1855) its crystallization and other characters are essentially those of scapolite. It is associated with apatite, calcite, and pyroxene. Hunt in Rep. G. Can., 1863, makes it a variety of gieseckite. Occurs also in northern N. York.
Anal.— 1. Weibye & Berlin. Poff. 79, 302, 1850. 2, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 34, 177, 1845 ; anal, as given by Rg., Min. Ch., 718, 1860, after deducting CaCO3 (6'40 COa). 3, Crossley, Dana Min., 680, 1850. 4. Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, p. 483, 1863.
SiO2 A12O3 FeO CaO MgO NaaO K2O HaO
1. Atheriastite 38'00 24'10 5'608 22'64 2'80 — — 6 95 100'09
2 Stroganovite 43'35 30'52 0'95 21 '59 — 3'74 — — 100'15
3. Algerite 49'96 24'41 l'48b — 5'18 — 9'97 5'06 CaCO3
[4-21 100-27
4. Wilsonite |47'60 31 "20 — 0'95 4'19 0'88 9'30 5'43 - 99'55
Incl. 0-78 MnO. b Fe2O3
TERENITE Emmons, Rep. G. N. Y., 152, 1837. Has the form of scapolite, with H. 2; G. 2'53; luster a little pearly; color yellowish white or greenish; and is from a small vein in limestone at Antwerp, N. Y. It has not been analyzed, but is probably near algerite or wilson- ite. The PINITARTIGER SCAPOLIT of Schumacher (Verz. , 98, 1801), from Arendal, is probably similar to the algerite and other pinite pseudomorphs. It is described as occurring in crystals and massive, of a white, greenish, and other shades, and B.B. fusing easily. His Talkartiger Scapolit, from Arendal, appears to have been a steatitic pseudomorph, it being B.B. infusible.
Mica from Arendal, Norway (Micarelle of Abildgaard). The mica occurs embedded in quartz, and has, according to Rath, the form of 8-sided crystals of scapolite, 6 in. long. The crystals are covered with mica externally, and within consist throughout of an aggregation of the sume mica. Cf. Wichmann, Zs. G. Ges., 26, 701.. 1874.
GABBRONITS Schumacher, Verzeichu., 1801; Gabronite. Referred here by Saemann, who ob- serves that there are, in the Ecole des Mines at Paris, crystals of it of the form of scapolite; Schumacher describes it as bluish gray, inclining to leek-green; also grayish mountain-green, luster feeble; fracture smooth like that of flint; G. 2'947; having some resemblance togabbro. The bluish gray variety from the Kenlig mine near Arendal, with black hornblende and calcite, and the other from Fredriksvarn, Norway, in syenite. BrSgger refers the mineral to elaaolite (p. 425).
PSEUDO- SCAPOLITE N.- Nordenskiald, Bidrag Finl. Min., 66, 1820. Weruerite altered to pyroxene. The crystals are large and contain crystals of pyroxene, which are most abundant toward the exterior; from Simonsby, near Pargas.
PARALOGITE N. Nbrdemk., Bull. Soc. Moscow, 30, 221, 1857. Has the form and angles of scapolite (Kk., Min. Russl., 3, 187), and is probably altered wernerite. Colors white, bluish, reddish blue; G. 2'665. The crystals, after action of acids, are full of worm-like holes, owing to the separation of the calcium carbonate present. From the lapis-lazuli locality in the L. Baikal region.
Steatitic pseudomorphs occur at Newton, N. J., and Arendal in Norway. A siliceous scap- olite of Pargas, of a gray color, in limestone, contains 92'71 p. c. of silica. Albite is announced by Tschermak as occurring psemlomorphous after scapolite.
The passauite is the source, by its alteration, of a large bed of porcelain earth or kaolin. Part of the kaolin has the prismatic form of the passauite. Opal occurs in the kaolin as one result of the alteration
Silicates.
390. SARCOLITE. Sarcolite Dr. Thompson (of Naples), 1807. [Not Sarcolite du Vicentin Gmelinite) Faujas, Vauq., Ann. Mus., 9, 249, 1807, 11, 42.1 Analcime caruea Mont. & Cov.. Min. Vesuv., 1825.
Tetragonal; with pyramidal hemihedrism. Axis 6 0-88737; 001 A 101 41° 35' Brooke1.
Forms2: c (001, 0); a (100, i-i), m (110, /), h (210, z-2); e (101, I-*'); t (113, i), r (111, z (331, 3)3; 0 (313, 1-3), s (311, 3-3).
ce 41° 35' ct 22° 42' cr *51° 27'
cz 75° 7f cv 43° 5' 70° 23'
ee' 83° 10' rr' 67° 9' as 26° 40'
or 56° 26' a® 77° 31f ss' 49° 50'
1, 2, Mte. Somma. 1, Hbg.3; 2, Rath4.
In small crystals, resembling the cubo-octahedron of the isometric system; often highly modified and sometimes hemihedral in the planes v, s.
Fracture conchoidal. Very brit- tle. H. 6. G. 2-545 Brooke; 2-932 Eg. Luster vitreous. Color flesh-red to rose-red, reddish white. Transparent to subtransparent. Optically Double refraction strong.
Comp. — An orthosilicate of alu- or 3RO.Al203.3Si02, with R Ca : Na,
The formula
minium, calcium, and sodium, BjAlJSi
9:1, hence: Silica 39'9, alumina 22-6, lime 33-4, soda 4'1 100.
is analogous to that of the Garnet Group.
Anal.— Rg., Pogg., 109, 570, 1860; earlier Scacchi, 5th Ed., p. 318.
SiO, |40'51 A12OS 21-54 CaO 32'36 Na2O 3'30 K3O 1-20 98'91
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses to a white enamel. With acids gelatinizes.
Obs. — Of rare occurrence in the ejected masses on Monte Somma, Vesuvius.
Named from crops, flesh, and Az'9o$, stone, in allusion to the color.
Ref. — ' Made cubic by Hatiy, and early confounded with analcite, but shown to be tetrag- onal by Brooke, Phil. Mag., 10, 189, 1831. Cf. also Mir., Min., 381, 1852; Kk., who gives; ce 41° 30V, Min. Russl., 2, 109, 1854; Rg., ce 41° 33', 1. c. See Mir., 1. c. 3 Hbg., Min. Not., 1, 14, 1856. 4 Ber. nied. Ges., p. 134, June 6, 1887.
391. Melilite
Akermanite (artif.)
392. Gehlenite
8., Melilite Group. Tetragonal.
Na,(Ca,Mg)u(Al,Fe)4(Si04)8
Ca4Si3010?
Ca3(A10)2(Si04)s
6 0-4548
£ 0-45 approx.
6 0-4001
391. MELILITE. Melilite Delameth., T. T., 2. 273, 1796; Fl. Bellevue (its discov. in, 1790), J. Phys., 51, 456, 1800. Humboldtilite Mont. & Cov , Prodr., 375, 1822 Somervillite Brooke, Ed. J. Sc., 1, 185, 1824. Zurlite Ramondini, Breislak Inst. Geol. 3,210, 1818. Mellilite.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 0-45483; 001 A 101 24° 27 Des Cloizeaux1. Forms1: c (001, 0); a (100, i-i), m (110, /), h (310, z-3); r (111, 1). Angles: all 18° 26', rr' 44° 59', rr" — *65 30', ar - 6T 30J', cr 32° 45'.
Melilite Group— Melilite.
Cruciform twins rare, the vertical ing nearly at right angles. Usually
Double refrac-
axes only slightly inclined or cross- in short square
prisms (a) or octagonal prisms (a, in], also in tetragonal tables.
Cleavage: c distinct; a indistinct. Fracture con- choidal to uneven. Brittle. H. =5. G. 2'9-3'10. Luster vitreous, inclining to resinous on a surface of frac- ture. Color white or pale yellow, honey-yellow, greenish yellow; reddish brown, brown. Translucent and in thin \amina3 transparent; also opaque. Pleochroism distinct in yellow varieties. Sometimes exhibits optical anomalies. Optically — ; also, in part, apparently isotropic or -j- (Vogt). tion weak. Indices:
Humboldtilite oor 1'6312 a?y 1-6339 er 1-6262 ey 1-6291 Henniger2.
n m
Comp — Perhaps K12R4Si9036 or Na2(Ca,Mg)n(Al,Fe)4Si9Os for melilite (Rg.), but uncertain since the analyses fail to agree. If Ca : Mg 8:3, and Al : Fe 1 : 1, the percentage composition is: Silica 37*7, alumina 7'1, iron sesquioxide 11'2, lime 31*3, magnesia 8*4, soda 4'3 100. Potassium is also present. Groth writes the formula (Ca,Mg)6(Al,Fe)2Si50J9.
Anal.— 1, Kbl., . J., 64, 293, 1832. 2-4, Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 10, 59, 1844. 5, Schulze (on 0'38 gr.), Jb. Min., Beil., 2, 383, 1883.
G. SiOa AlaO3 Fe8O3 CaO MgO NaaO K2O
1. Mte. Somma, Humboldt.
2. "
3. C. di Bove, Melilite, yw. 2-95
4. " " brn.
5. Hochbohl 2'99
43-96 11-20 2-32a 31'96 6 10 4'28 0'38 100'20
98-35
95
98
12
99
65
H2O
[FeO
1-39
6£
*FeO.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses at 3 to a yellowish or greenish glass. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with gelatinization.
Obs. — Humboldtilite occurs in cavernous blocks on Monte Somma with greenish mica, also apatite, augite; the crystals are often rather large, and covered with a calcareous coatiug; less common in transparent lustrous crystals with nephelite, sarcolite, and sparingly, apatite, wollas- tonite, liniug cavities in an augitic rock.
Meiilite of yellow and brownish colors, is found at Capo di Bove, near Rome, in leucitophyre with nephelite, phillipsite, gisinondite, magnetite, and small black crystals of augite and horn- blende. Somermllite, which Des Cloizeaux has shown to have the angles of this species, is found at Vesuvius in dull yellow crystals.
Melilite3 is not uncommon in certain basic eruptive rocks, as the melilite-basalts of Hochbohl near Owen in Wiirttemberg, of the Schwabian Alb.of GSrlitz, the Erzgebirge; also in the nephelite basalts of the Hegau, of Oahu, Sandwich Islands, etc.; perovskite is a common associate. It usually appears in square, octagonal or rounded tables, which are lath-shaped for sections c, and they show either tine striations or peculiar peg-shaped or spear-shaped inclusions to which the name " Pflockstructur " was given by Stelzuer.
Zurlite occurs in opaque square or octagonal prisms in calcareous blocks on Monte Somma with humboldtilite: color whitish or asparagus-green; H. about 6; G. — 3'27; B.B. infusible; soluble in nitric acid. It is impure humboldtilite (Scacchi, Jb. Min., 261, 1853). Named after Sign. Zurlo. Melilite is named from //e'A;, honey, in allusion to the color.
Artif.— Common in furnace slags, having been observed in square prisms at Eussel's Hall, Tipton, Dowles, Wicks, etc., in England and Wales, near St. Etienne in France, near Charlevoi in Belgium, Konigshutte in Upper Silesia. Miigdesprung in the Harz, and Easton, Pa. Cf. Percy, Rep. Brit Assoc., 351. 1846; also Vogt, Ak. H. Stoekh., Bihang, 9 (1), 105, 1884-85.
Obtained from fusion by Fouque and Levy in square prisms, Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 108, 1879. Also by Bourgeois, who has obtained a series of compounds RO.iR-jOs.SSiOjJ in part colorless, also ferriferous and again manganesian, the last of a violet tint with distinct dichroism, Ann. Ch. Phys., 29, 450, 1883, and Reprod. Min., 122, 1884. Vogt has described a series of melilites from slags varying in optical character from the usual negative, through forms sensibly isotropic, to others which are positive, like akermanite, p. 476.
Ref.— ' Dx., Min., p. 215, 1862, he makes r =221. 2 Rosenbusch, Mikr. Phys., 323, 1885. 3 Cf. Zirkel, Basaltgesteine, 77, 1870; also Stelzner, Jb. Min., Beil., 2, 369, 1883.
Silicates.
AKERMANITE I. H. L. Vogt, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 9 (1), 126, 1884-85; Arch. Math. Nat., 13, 310, 1890. A tetragonal species isomorphous with melilite aud gehlenite. Inferred to have the composition R4Si3O,0 or 4RO.3SiO2 ; R Ca chiefly, with also Mg,Mn,Fe. Known only as formed in certain slags on rapid cooling. Obtained in thin tabular crystals. Cleavage: 110, perhaps also 001. Optically uniaxial and -J-.
Other tetragonal crystals, also optically -J-, intermediate between akermanite and melilite (-j- var.) were observed, in part twins crossing at an angle of 48°, and hence corresponding to e (101) as tw. pi., with c 0-45. Named for the Swedish metallurgist, Richard Akermau.
The following analyses by Damm (quoted by Vogt) belong to a compound near akermanite, 1, the entire slag; 2, crystals separated from the slag.
SiO2
A12O3
FeO
tr.
MnO CaO
9-21 28-37
5-85 37-89
a Approx.
MgO
11-87 CaS2 1-8! 9-0* 99-34
98-46
392. GEHLENITE. Gehlenit Fuchs, . J., 15, 377, 1815. Taschenb., 10, 600, 1816, Hoflfm. Miu., 4 b, 109, 1817.
Stylobat Breith., Leonh...
Tetragonal. Axis 6 0-40006; 001 A 101 21° 48J' Des Cloizeaux1.
Forms
q (221, 2).
Angles
c(001, 0); a(lW),ii), h (310, f-8); /S (708, ft)?; r(lll, 1), s (887,
2' cr *29° BW'.
30', cs 32° 53', cq 48° 32', rr' 40°
Monzoni, Dx.
eft 43° jg' 63°
Crystals usually short square prisms; sometimes tabular; often resembling cubo-octahedrons.
Cleavage: c imperfect; a in traces. Fracture uneven to splintery. Brittle. H. 5 '5-6. G. 2-9-3-07. Luster resinous, inclining to vitreous. Color different shades of grayish green to liver-brown; none bright. Faintly sub- translucent to opaque. Streak white to grayish white. Optically negative. Double refraction weak.
Comp.— CasAlaSi2010 or 3CaO.Al203.2SiOa Silica 30-9, alumina 26'2, lime 42-9 100.
Some ferric iron, replacing the aluminium, is present and some magnesium replacing the calcium.
The formula may be written (Groth) as a basic orthosilicate, Cas(AlO)2(SiO4)2.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Min. Ch., 732, 1860. 2, Dmr., Ann. Ch. Phys., 10, 66, 1844. 3, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 24. 248, 1872. 4, 5, Kuhn, Lieb. Ann., 59, 371, 1846. 6, 7, Janovsky, Ber. Ak. Wien, 69 (1), 28, 1874. The material of anal. 6 contained some vesuvianite.
1. Monzoni
4. " olive
5. " dark grn.
6. Orawitza dark
7. " light
G.
SiO2
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
CaO
MgO
ign.
[1-38] MnO 0-19 100
—
Na2OO-33 1
)9'54
—
—
f 30-47
—
—
—
ltf-53
—
Pyr., etc. — B.B. thin splinters fuse with difficulty (F. 5'7, Kbl.) to a gray glass. With borax fuses slowly to a glass colored by iron. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid, yielding a solution containing both protoxide and sesquioxideof iron.
Obs. — Gehlenite is found at Mount Monzoni, in the Fassathal, in isolated or aggregated crys- tals, invested by calcite, formed as a contact mineral in limestone; also in the Fleimsthal; in rolled pebbles at Orawitza in the Banat inclosing grains of vesuvianite, Zeph.. Ber. Ak. Wien, 69 (1), 26, 1874.
Named by Fuchs after his colleague, Gehlen.
Alt. — Gehlenite occurs altered to steatite, also to fassaite, and to grossular garnet (see below). A pseudomorph from Monzoni gave Lemberg (1. c.):
SiO2 28-75 A1QO3 17'83 Fe,O3 3'41 MgO 29'60 CaO 4'76 ign 15'93 100'28
An alteration product, inclosing the Orawitza gehlenite, of a red to brown color, H. 3 '5 amorphous, gave Janovsky:
G. 1-87 Vrba SiO2 29'12 A12O3 31-46 Fe2O3 8-86 H20 30-56 100
Vesuvianite Group— Vesuvianite. 477
Pseudomorphs after gehlenite from Monzoni have been described by Cathrein, consisting (1) of fassaite, and (2) of grossularite, Min. Mitth., 8, 408, 412, 1887. Anal.— Cathrein:
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO CaO MgO ign.
1. Fassaite 44"22 12'87 3'83 1-14 27'31 11-26 -0=73-= 100'86
2. Grossularite 39'64 16'47 4'62 1-18 31-52 5'72 1-04 100-14
Artif. — Not unfrequent among, furnace scoria, in thin square tables, or 8-sided prisms, with cleavage parallel to the lateral planes of a square prism. Has been observed at Dawes' furnace, Oldbury in England, and at Holzhausen in Hesse. Also similarly at McVille, Armstrong, Penn. Diller, Am. J. Sc., 37, 220, 1889. See also Vogt, ref. under akermanite, p. 476.
Obtained by Bourgeois from fusion, in minute square prisms optically unaxial and negative, coinpouuds of various composition were obtained, but especially the pure CasAlaSi2O)o, Ann. Ch. Phys., 29, 448, 1883; Reprod. Min., 122, 1884.
Ref.—1 Mm., 1, p. 214, 1862.
CACOCLASITE H. C. Lewis, Proc. Acad. Philad., Nov. 26, 1883, Amer. Nat., 18, 416, 1884. A pseudomorphous mineral occurring with spinel, pyroxene, graphite, pyrrhotite, embedded in a blue calcite at Wakefield, OttawaCo., Quebec. In square prisms or resembling cubo-octahedrons, with forms: c (001), a (100), m (110), 1(201), q (221), u (211), s (621); apparently hemihedral in the zirconoid planes, but forms and angles somewhat uncertain. Approximate angle eg 50£°, which gives c 0'429. No cleavage. H. 5-6. G. 3 '053. Luster vitreous to resinous; surface of crystals shining and glazed as if vitrified. Color white or grayish white. Under the microscope is resolved into an amorphous ground-mass, a colorless mineral (tetragonal ?), and grains of calcite.
Anal.— 1, R. Haines (deducting calcite). quoted by Lewis. 2, 3, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 38, 200, 1889.
G. SiO3 AlaO, Fe2O, CaO MgO NaaO K2O H,O P.,O5 CO2
1. 3-057 36-74 19 79 1'33 38-16 0'77 0'32 0'17 0'23 249 - 100
2. 3-337 31-52 17'34 0'51 40'95 tr. tr. tr. 1'04 2'19 6'73 100'28
3. 3-222 32 67 19'63 0-39 36'38 0'49 0'31 0'20 2'28 3'36 4-25 99'96
Genth concludes that the material of anal. 2 contains: quartz 23'04 p. c., apatite 5'05, calcite 15-20; of anal. 3, quartz 11-63, apatite 7'74, calcite 9 66.
B.B. fuses with intumescence at 3. Hardly soluble in acids, but gelatinizes after fusion. Named from KaxoS, bad, xvl 07 ?, fracture, in allusion to the want of cleavage, which, however, in a pseudomorph is not significant. The similarity to gehlenite in occurrence is worth noting, *nd the apparent relation to sarcolite in forms and in angle is also to be noted.
9. Vesuvianite Group. Tetragonal. 393. Vesuvianite H4Cals(Al,Fe)6Si1004S? 6 0-5372
393. VESUVIANITE. Hyacinthus dictus octodecahedricus Cappeler, Prodr. Crist., 30, pi. 3 (fig. 261), 1723. Hyacinte pt., Hyacinte du Vesuve de Lisle, Crist., 234, 1772, pi. iv.; 2, 291, pi. iv. 1783. Hyaciute volcanique Demeste, Lettr., 1, 413. Hyacinth-Krystalle (fr. Wilui R.) Pallas, N. Nord., Beytr., St. Pet., 5, 282, 1793; Wiluite pt, Vulkanischer Schorl Widenmann, Handb., 290, 1794. Hyacinthine Delameth., Sciagr., 1, 268, 1792, T. T., 2, 323, 1796. Vesuvian Wern.; in Klapr. Beitr., 1, 34, 1795, ib. (fr. Vesuv. and Siberia), 2, 27, 33, 1797. Idocrase H. , J. Mines, 5, 260, 1799; Tr., 2, 1801.
Gahnit (fr. Gokum) Lobo da Silveira, Afh., 3, 276, 1810, anal, by Murray, Afh., 2, 173, 1807; Loboit Berz. Frugardit N. Nordenskiold, Bidrag, 1, 80, 1820; Frugardite. Egeran (fr. Eger, Bohemia) Wern., Min. Syst,, 3, 34, 1817. Cyprine (fr. Tellemark) Berz., LSthr., 1821. Xanthite Thomson, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 3, 44, 1828. Gokumite (fr. Gokum) Thorns., ib., 61, 1828. Hetero- merit (fr. Zlatoust) Herm., Vh. Min. Ges., 205, 1845-46. Jewreinowit N. Nd., Verz. Finl. Min , 1852: Koksharov, Min. Russl., 1, 116, 1853. Manganidokras Lsx., Zs. Kr., 4, 171, 1879. Manirnn-vesuvian.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 0-537195; 001 A 101 28° 14' 40" Kupffer1.
Silicates.
Forms2 :
1 (302, f*)
c (001, 0)
(201, 2-4)
TT (301, 3-e)
Ot (110, J)
or vl'1-20,
A (310, £-3)
/5 (1-1-Nw
./ (210, t-2)
X (H9, i)
i/} (740, 4-f)
r (us, i)
0 (530,
S (117,*)
.Q (203, f-t)
e (116, i) C (H5, i)
e (101, 1-0
77 (114, 0 (113, i)
IT (5-5-13, T5a)5
Q (10-10-1,10)'
z (112,|)
10 (711, 7-7)
K- (335,
2 (512, f-5)5
A (445, f)
(HI, 1) M (995, |)6 5 (221, 2) t (331, 3) W (441, 4) 0 (551, 5)
(511, 5-5) T (17-4-4, ¥-¥ y (411, 4-4) # (20 5-2, 10-4)' P (319, f 3) o- (315, |-3) r (629, |-3) 0 (313, 1-3) t (312,|-3)
s (311, 3-3) q (833, H) co (737, 1-|) n (212, 1-2) I (423,|-2) e (211, 2-2) d (421, 4-2) F (13-7-1, 13-Y-)4 w (747, 1-1) E (531, 5-f)? r (641, 6-f)4 J (544, H)6
Figs. 1-3, Common forms. 4, Ala, Struver. 6, Monzoui. 7,Vesuvius, Pirsson. 8, Achmatovsk, Kk. 9, Zermatt, J. Stanley-Brown. 10, Zermatt, Pfd. 11, Sanford, Me.
ah
18° 26'
Oo'
19° 59f
bb" 113° 18'
cs
- 50° 13'
26° 34'
Pp'
*50° 39'
tt" 132° 37'
cd
67° 24'
91" S'
bb
72° 24f
aw
16° 48'
vv
ui O
39° 6'
tt'
80° 43'
at)
22° 55'
uu'
62° 20£'
Yy"
10° 51'
ay
27° 51'
nit' —
73° Slf
/ / ee"
14° 26'
8vii 31° 38?
as
— 35° 10'
Cc"
17° 17'
22'it 40° 12'
aq
38° 24'
vv"
30° 4'
21° 304'
dd*il 48° 46'
as
46° 34f
fin,"
39° 24'
Oo"
28° 25'
ap
64° 401'
ee"
56° 29'
,,
ad
90° 0'
tt" uu"-
77° 43' 94° 6f
Kk
Aa"
62" H5'
C0 14° IB' cp 37° 134'
ai
ad
5-2° 7' — 8-1° To'
Tilt,"
116° 22'
pp"
ci 40' 21'
Vesuvianite Geoup— Vesuvianite. 479
Crystals commonly prismatic, often terminated by c, or by c and p alone; sometimes the prism wanting and the form a low pyramid; again sharp pyramidal, t (331), or termi- 12.
nated by the zirconoid .s> (311). Also massive; colum- nar, straight and divergent, or irregular; granular massive; cryptocrystalline.
Cleavage: 'in not very distinct; a and c still less so. Sometimes a lamellar structure c, and a tendency to scale off in thin layers often observed on all the faces of a crystal. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 6'5. G. 3'35-3'45. Luster vitreous; often inclining to resinous. Color brown to green, and the latter frequently bright and clear; occasionally sulphur yellow, and also pale blue. Streak white. Subtransparent to faintly subtranslucent. Dichroism not usually strong: for GO, colorless or yellowish; for e, 12, Vesuvius, after Haidinger. reddish, yellowish, or greenish.
Optically — ; also -f- rarely, as for viluite, Prendel. Double refraction very weak. Sometimes abnormally biaxial 8. Color, optical character and refractive power often variable in successive concentric layers of the same crystal. Indices:
Ala, green crysL, coy 1-719-1-722 ey 1-718-1-720 Dx.9
" ojy 1-7235 ey 1-7226 Osann9
A division of a basal section into four diagonal biaxial sectors is very common.
An Ala vesuvinnite gave Breziua: 2Er 62° 25'. 2Ey 62° 47'. Klocke found the central portion of a section uniaxial, while the whole was divided into four biaxial sectors, the ax. plane normal to the edge, and the angle increasing toward the edge, the maximum axial angles being 2Er 28° 43 Li, 2Ey — 30° 32' Na, 2Egr B2° 30' Tl. Pressure served to diminish the axial angle in the sectors to which its direction was parallel, but increased it in the others. Variation of the axial angle with change of temperature has been shown by Doelter.
Sections of viluite m (Prendel) had normal extinction and e. but consisted of two parts, A and B, each shaped like an hour-glass (A with axis and B Sections c showed within the substance A, with feeble double refraction, nearly uniaxial; without, B, in parallel zones, with strong double refraction and an axial angle of 30° to 35 , the ax. plane parallel on each side to the outline of the crystal (m and Both parts were optically -(-. Upon heating to 200°-300°, the middle portion became uniaxial, and the axial angle of the exterior zones diminished to 10° when near a red heat; the change was permanent after long heating and sudden cooling. Further the parts A were found to be pyroelectrically 4- (on cooling), the parts B were — .
For the part A, G. 3'290-3'295; for B, G. 3'320-3'324. The highest value of G. ob- tained was 3-331. Separate analyses of the parts A and B of the crystals whose entire composi- tion is given beyond (anal. 4, 5), gave nearly identical results, a slight apparent difference only in the amounts of Fe2O3 and FeO being shown.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Common color green, of various shades, to brown. Crystals usually short stout square prisms, also pyramidal. Sometimes massive, compact, and somewhat resem- ing jadeite, for which it has been mistaken (see below).
The mineral from Gokum in Finland has been called Gahnite, Loboite, Gokumiie, and that from Frugard, Frugardite. The last is in brown and green crystals, with G. 3-349, Nd. Jevreinomte, which also is from Frugard, in the parish of Mantzala, is but little -magnesian or not at all so; it occurs in pale brown to colorless crystals; G. 3-39. Heteromerite occurs in small oil-green prisms in the district of Zlatoust, Ural. Egeran is a subcolumnar brown variety, from Eger in Bohemia.
So-called colophonite from Arendal has proved to be vesuvianite, though it had been previ- ously referred to garnet.
Xanthite is a yellowish brown vesuvianite, from near Amity, N. Y., the crystals not differ- ing from those of the common variety; it contains 2'80 p. c. MnO. A manganesian variety, from St. Marcel, Piedmont, has a sulphur to honey -yellow color. The mangan-vesuvianite (mangan-idocrase) from Jordansmilhl contains 3'2 p. c. MnO (anal. 9), and that from Pajsberg contains 12'5 p. c. MuO (anal. 23).
2. Cyprine. Pale sky-blue or greenish blue; owing its color to a trace of copper, whence the name; from Tellemarken, Norway (anal. 26).
Comp. — A basic calcium-aluminium silicate, but of uncertain formula. The an- alysis of Ludwig-Eenard gives H4Ca19(Al,Fe).Si,0041or H(OH)ICaia(Al,Fe).(Si04)1,.
Rammelsberg, who shows that the ratio of R : it 2 : 1, while R : R varies widely,
480 Silicates.
regards the general formula as 4R4SiO4.R6SiO5 RaaSisOai, which is more specially written
i ii m
wR2aSi6O21 -fraRiiSiaOin.RssSiisOes).
Magnesium aud manganese are often present and alkalies in small quantities, while ferric irou may replace aluminium. Titanium is also often present in small amount, and fluorine and boron, also further, chemically combined water. Specimens from different localities show a some- what wide variation in composition not to be explained by simple replacement.
Anal.— 1, Jannasch, Jb. Min., 2, 132. 1883. 2, Id., ibid.. 1, 269, 1884 3, llg., Zs. G. Ges., 38, 507, 1886. 4, 5, Prendel, Zs. Kr., 17, 96, 1889. 6, Rg., ib., 25, 421, 1873. 7, Korn, Zs. Kr., 7, 374, 1882. 8, Schumacher, Jb. Min., 817, 1878. 9, 10, Lsx., Zs. Kr., 4, 171, 1879 (also Websky. quoted by Lsx.). 11, Schubert, Inaug. Diss., Brieg, 1880. 12, Berwerth (and Niessner), Ann. Mus. Wien, 4, 87, 1889; also Rg., Jb. Miu., 1, 229, 1889, and Freuzel. ibid., p. 271. 13, Ludwig& Renard, Bull. Mus. Belg., 1, 181, 1882. 14, 15, Rg., 1. c.. 1873; also Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 201, 1872. 16, Ludwig & Renard, 1. c. 17, Rg.. 1. c., 1873. 18, Id., 1. c., 1886 (also 1855). 19, Dmr., Ann. Ch. Phys., 23, 157, 1871. 20, G. Nordenskiold, G. For. F5rh., 12. 27, 1890. 21, A. Stenberg, ibid., p. 28. 22, Cossa, Att. Ace. Torino, 13, 539, 1884. 23, Flink, Ak. H. Stockh.. Bilmng, 12 (2), 2, p. 56. 1887. 24, Igelstrom, Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 22, 1886. 25,26, G. Lindstrom, G. For. F5rh., 10, 286, 1888. 27. J. Lawrence Smith, Am. J. Sc., 8, 435, 1874. 28-37, J. H. Vogel, Inaug. Diss., Gottiugen, 188.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses at 3 with intumescence to a greenish or brownish glass. Magnus states that the density after fusion is 2'93-2'945. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron, and some varieties a strong manganese reaction. Cyprine gives a reaction for copper with salt of phosphorus Partially decomposed by hydrochloric acid, and completely when the mineral has been previously ignited.
Obs. — Vesuvianite was first found among the ancient ejections of Vesuvius and the dolomitic blocks of Monte Somma. It has since been met with most abundantly in granular limestone; also in serpentine, chlorite schist, gneiss, and related rocks; often as a contact forma- tion. It is often associated with grossular garnet and diopside, wollastouite, also epidote, titanite.
At Vesuvius it is hair-brown to olive-green, and occurs sometimes in highly modified crys- tals with garnet, mica, nephelite, glassy feldspar, etc.; in the Albani Mts. ; on the Mussa Alp in, the Ala valley, in Piedmont, it is in transparent green or brown brilliant crystals, in chlorite schist and serpentine with diopside, ripidolite, etc. Found also at Mt. Monzoni in the Fassathal; Cziklowa in Hungary; at Orawitza and Doguaczka; Haslau near Eger in Bohemia (egeran); near Jordansmilhl, Silesia at Gleinitz, also at Johnsberg; Zermatt with almandite; in the Pfitsch- thal and the Zillerthal in Tyrol: at the Achmatovsk mine, Zlatoust, Ural; on the Vilui river, near L. Baikal (sometimes called wiluite or viluite, like the grossular garnet from the same region); at Pajsberg, Sweden; at G5kum a variety containing manganese, also at Jakobsberg; at Arendal, " colophonite;" at Egg, near Christiansand; from the Hamrefjeld in the Eker parish, between Kongsberg aud Drammeu; in Finland at Frugard, Lupikko, etc.
A massive form, mixed with diopside, occurs on the south side of the Piz Longhiu, in the Bergellthal, and in rolled masses in the bed of the stream Ordlegua near Casaccia in the Upper Engadine. At first taken for " jadeite " (Fellenberg. Jl>. Min., 1, 103, 1889), but referred to vesuvianite by Damour and positively identified by the analyses of Berwerth (anal. 12), Rammelsberg and Frenzel.
In N. America, in Maine at Phippsburg and Rumford, just below the falls, in crystals and massive with yellow garnet, pyroxene, etc., in limestone; at Parson sli eld, with the same minerals, abundant; at Poland and Sandford (tig. 11). In N. Hampshire, at Warren with cinnamon-stone. In Mass., near Worcester, in a quartz rock, with garnet, but exhausted. In N. York. % m. S. of Amity, grayish and yellowish brown crystals, sometimes an inchin diameter, in granular limestone; also at the village, aud a mile east of the village, of yellow, greenish yellow, and yellowish brown colors. In New Jersey, 3rellowish brown in crystals at Newton, with corundum and spinel. In California near Sun Carlos in Inyo Co., with grossularite and datolite.
In Canada, at Calumet Falls, Litchfield, Pontiac Co , in large brownish yellow crystals in limestone with brown tourmaline; at Grenville in calcite, in wax-yellow crystals with garnet, pyroxene, zircon; at Templetou, Ottawa Co., Quebec, in brownish red crystals in a quart zose rock, and at Wakefield, green and bright yellow, with grossular garnet.
Named Vesuvian by Werner, from the first known locality. Werner supposed the mineral to be exclusively volcanic; but as this idea is not expressed, the name is no more objectionable than all others derived from the names of localities. The earlier name, Hyacinthine, is bad, as the mineral is not the hyacinth of either ancient or modern time. Hatty's later name, Idocruse (subjective, like many others of his) is from ei'SoS, and Kpn(TtS, mixture in allusion to a resem- blance between the crystalline forms and those of other species. Nothing in its signification, or in anything else, makes it right to substitute this for AVerner's name In English, the word vesuvian has the objection of being an adjective in form and use; but this is avoided by giving it the mineralogicai termination above employed.
Loboite was named for Lobo da Silveira; gahnite for the Swedish chemist Gahn; xantMte from !-av&6?. yellow; heteromerite from ere/-jo? and /e/jo? in allusion to a supposed variation from the normal composition.
Ve8 Uvianite Gro Up— Vesuvianite.
T-I O O
W
0 15 :
O ' CO 1C oo
boo
i i ,5S,tr'-ieoco?oooi05oooq
CJ I p T-I O CO <J3 O? T-I TH TH TH T-f
b 6
'S , C5 .50
jo . . o? , co .
Oso
OSWOr-iOO
(M-Ooo
os co ip os I
£- T-I . CO CO OS SO t- 00 1-1 T-I
rUb o b TH T-KN 01 cb TH eg
O "?
co cb
O? 00
co 03
3; co ao o oo o
co co co cb co CQ co cococo
t -l&'aili
fjifc ' §
- oo os' o — o
.482 Silicates.
Alt. — Alteration nearly as in garnet, with a far greater tendency to become hydrated. Crystals from Maine often have the exterior, though still brilliant and glassy, separating easily from the part below, and equally so, parallel to all the smaller as well as larger faces, so that a pealed crystal has as brilliant and even planes as before. Pseudomorphs include steatite, mica, clinochlore, diopside, and garnet.
Artif. — Not certainly obtained by artificial methods as yet, though claimed by Mitscherlich and later Daubree. From the fusion of vesuvianite, Doelter and Hussak have obtained a mix- ture containing meiouite, melilite, anorthite, and a calcium-chrysolite; see Doelter and Hussak, Jb. Min., 1, 173, 1884, also Doelter, Min. Mitth., 10, 86, 1888.
Ref. — l Piedmont, Preisschrift, 96, 1825, confirmed by Kk. Mohs-Haid. give pp' — 50° 31'; Zeph. shows that crystals from different localities vary somewhat widely, cf. also Kk. , Min. Russl., 1, 92, 1853. 9, 156, 1884; Svr. Zs. Kr., 1, 251, 1877; Mem. Ace. Line., 4,101, 1887, 5, 305, 1888; or Jb.Min., 2, 35, 1888; ibid., 1, 1, 1891. The variation of angleas bearing upon the crys talline system has been particularly studied by Doelter, Zs. Kr., 5, 289, 1881.
8 Zeph., monograph, Ber. Ak. Wien, 49 (1), 6, 1864, 69 (1), 29, 1874. Cf. Gdt., Index, 2, 193, 1888. 3 Erem., Vh. Min. Ges., 7, 366, 1872. 4 Groth and Bucking, Min.-Samml. Strassb., 199, 1878. & Tarasov, Ural, Vh. Min. Ges., 14, 139, 1879. 6 Korn, Kedabek, Caucasus, Zs. Kr.t 7, 371, 1882. 'Zeph., Orawitza, Ber. Ak. Wien, 69 (1), 29, 1874.
8 Optical anomalies. Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 133, 1876; Brezina, Min. Mitth., 98, 1877; Doel- ter, 1. c.; Klocke, Jb. Min., 1, 204, and 2, 260, 1881; Preudel, 1. c. et al. 9 Indices, Dx., Min., 1, 280, 1862; Osann quoted by Rosenb., Mikr. Phys., 320, 1886. Pyro-electricity, Hankel, Pogg , 157 162, 1876; also Prendel, 1. c.
1O. Zircon Group. ESi04. Tetragonal.
394. Zircon ZrSi04 6 0-6404
395. Thorite ThSi04 6 0-6402
By some authors, Zircon and Thorite are treated as oxides and included in the RTJTILE GROUP (p. 233), to which they approximate closely in form. For example, Groth doubles the formula of Rutile and writes it TiTiO4, which may then be regarded as corresponding to the ZrSiO4 of Zircon. A similar form belongs also to the tantalate, Tapiolite, and to the phosphate, Xenotime; further, compound groups consisting of crystals of Xenotime and Zircon in parallel position are not uncommon.
394. ZIRCON. AvyKvpiov Lyncurium)? Theophr. [Pliny knew of no stone of the name Lyncurium, 36, 13. J Chrysolithos? pt., Plin., 37, 42; Melichrysos? ib., 45; Crateritis? ib., 56. Not Chrysolithos (Gemmarii hodie etiam Hyacinthum vocant) Germ. Jacinth, Agric., Foss., 295, Interpr., 464, 1546. Not Hyacinthus Wall., 121, 1747. Jargon (in note acknowledging ignorance of it) Cronst., 42, 1758. Jargon. Topazius pt. (clarus byalinus, var. /), Wall., 240, 1772. Greuat a prisme quadrilatere, etc., Hyacinte (fr. Expailly) Faujas, Viv., 187, and Errata, 1772. Hyacinte pt. (var. 1; angles and figs, given) [rest Vesuvianite, Meionite, Harmotome] de Lisle, Crist., 1772, 2, 1783; Diamant brut, ou Jargon de Ceylan, ib., 2, 229, 1783. Zircon (fr. Ceylon) Wern., 1783; Karsten, Lempe Mag., 4, 99, 1787. Zircon (a silicate of zirconia) Klapr., iSchrift. JNat. Fr. Berl., 9, 1789, Beitr., 1, 203. Zirconite. Ostranit Breith., Uib., 1830, Char., 1832. Calyptolite Shep., Am. J. Sc., 12, 210, 1851. Engelhardit E. v. Hofmann, Kk., Min. Itussl., 3, 150, 1858. Circone Hal., Sec. Turmali Ceylonese Jewellers, Prinsep, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1, 357, 1832, and Mallet, Min. India, p. Ill, 1887.
Azorite. New mineral from the Azores, J. E. Teschemacher, Arn. J. Sc., 3, 32, 1847. Azorite Dana, Min., 396, 681, 1850.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 0-640373; 001 A 101 32° 38' 4" Kupffer1.
Forms*: m (110, /) ft (112, i) 0(774,1) q (551, 5)4 y (41 1,4-4)
c (001, 0) e (101, 1-0 p (111, 1) (221, 2) e (511, 5-5) x (311, 3-3)
a (100, t-0 C (113. i)3 d (553, |)4 u (331, 3)
Zircon Group— Zircon.
44?
50'
Off'
48°
44'
26°
13'
ap
61°
40'
ee"
65°
16'
Pp"
84°
20'
xx'
47°
17'
ae'
90°
0'
Cc'
23°
35'
vo" —
122°
12'
Xx"1
32°
57'
mp
47°
50'
Pp'
*56°
40' 26"
uu"
139°
35'
az
20°
21'
mv
28°
54'
vv'
76°
29'
zz'
64°
4'
ay
24°
52'
mu
20°
uu'
83°
9'
21°
37'
ax
31°
43'
mx
36°
41'
C£"
33°
36'
yy'
57°
31'
Figs. 1-5, Common forms.
Fig. 6, Pitcairn, K Y., Pfd. 7, Ural, Kk. 8, N. Carolina. 9, McDowell Co., N. C. 10, Renfrew Co., Canada, Hidden. 11, Cheyenne Mt., Colorado, Hovey. 12, Govfc Tomsk, Kk.
Twins5: tw. pi. e (101), geniculated twins like those of rutile and cassiterite. Commonly in square prisms, often elongated, sometimes pyramidal, p (111), and less often u (331), e (101); the basal p]ane rare. Faces of pyramids some- times convex. Also in irregular forms and grains.
Cleavage: m imperfect; p (111) less distinct. Fracture conchoidai. Brittle.
Silicates.
H. 7-5.
G. 4'68-4'70 most common, but varying widely; sometimes much lower, to ±'2, and also higher, to 4-86; density slightly
3- increased by ignition, Church (see below). Luster
adamantine. Colorless, pale yellowish, grayish, yellowish green, brownish yellow, reddish brown. Streak un- colored. Transparent to subtransluceut and opaque. Optically -(-. Double refraction strong. Sometimes abnormally biaxial, cf. Mid.6- and beccarite (below); also made biaxial by heating, Madelung6. Also isotropic and amorphous by alteration. Indices :
Ceylon ooy 1-9239 ey 1-9682
Miask ooy 1-9313 ey 1-9931 Sanger7
Saualpe, after Haidinger.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. In square prisms, long or short, occa- sionally very large. Habit and color somewhat variable, see figs. above. Fig. 12 shows the Russian engelhardite.
Church (Geol. Mag., 2, 322, 1875) gives the following determinations of the specific gravity, the numbers in parentheses being the results after prolonged ignition. A1J the stones were flawless except 2 (transparent but flawed) and 3 (opaque); 1 was slightly opalescent.
1. Dark green, dull
2. Fredriksvarn, hair-brown
3. Henderson Co., N. C., pale
brown
A. Ceylon, greenish 5. Yellow
G. G.
4-02 6. Brownish yellow 4'62
4-489 (4-633) 7. Brownish yellow 4'679
8. Ceylon, pale green 4'691
4-54 (4-667) 9 Brown 4'696
4-579(4-625) 10 Mudgee, K S. W. , deep rod 4 '705 (4 '70)
4 60 11. Expailly, Jacinth 4'863 (4'863>
Other determinations are as follows: Ceylon, G. — 4'183 (after ignition 4-534> Damour, Stockholm, 4-072-4-222 Svauberg; Renfrew Co., 4'552 Fletcher; Ilmen Mts., 4'599, 4 '610 Svan- berg; Ceylon, 4681 id., 4'721 Cowry; Fredriksvarn, 4'2 Bei'lin; Madison Co., N. C., 4-601 Chandler; Litchfleld, Me., 5'7Gibbs; Grenville, Canada, 4625-4-602 T. 8. Hunt; Templetou, Canada, 4'482, 4-612 Harrington; Reading, Pa., 4'595 Wetherill; Lonedo, Italy, 4-673 Grattarola, Cheyenne Mt., Col., 4"709 Hillebrand. Further for hyacinth-red gems from New South Wales, Liversidge gives: G. 4-697, 4'719, 4'782 for cut gems; also G. 4 684 one uncut, weighing 2 '46 grams.
Azorite, whose true nature has long been in question (see 5th Ed , p. 761, where its possible identity with zircon is suggested), has been proved to be zircon by Osann, who separated material enough for a quantitative analysis, see Jb. Min., 1, 115, 1887. 1, 126, 1888. It is in minute tetragonal pyramids, with m (110), p (110), u (331 ,, colorless or of a pale greenish color. Observed in the sanidine-trachyte of Sao Miguel, one of the Azores; it is implanted in part upon sanidine, in part upon hornblende, and is associated with the still doubtful pyrrhite (see p. 728). Osann shows that the hardness is over 7 (not near fluorite, Teschemacher, nor 5. Schrauf), the specific gravity above 3'6. Osann's determination is confirmed by Ben-Saude (Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 201, 1888), who gives c 0'6417; Hubbard earlier argued for the same conclusion, Ber. nied. Ges., June 7, 1886.
2. Gem variety. Hyacinth : the orange, reddish and brownish transparent kinds. The color is often lost on exposure to the light. For specific gravity determinations see above.
Jargon. The colorless and yellowish or smoky zircons of Ceylon, named in allusion to the fact that while resembling the diamond in luster, they were comparatively worthless; and thence came the name zircon.
Comp — ZrSi04 or ZrOa.SiO, Silica 32'8, zirconia. 67'2 100. A little iron (Fes03) is usually present.
Anal.— 1-7, Cochran, Ch. News, 25, 305, 1872. 8, Nylander, [Act. Univ. Lund., 2] Jb Min., 488, 1870. 9, Corsi, Boll. Com. Geol., 12, 125, 1881. 10, Helms, quoted by Liversidge Min. N. S. W., 200, 1888. 11, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 40, 116, 1890. 12, Koenig, Proc. Ac Philad., 11, 1877. Also 5th Ed., p. 274.
1. Ceylon, colorless, Jargon
4. " transparent
5. " yellowish, Hyacinth
SiO2
ZrO2 64 -SO
Fe2O3
tr.
1-08
tr.
204
Ho -16
Zircon Group— Zircon. 485
G. SiOa ZrOa FeaO3
8. Norway, dark brownish yellow 32-53 64-05 285= 99-43
8. Expailly 33'23 66'03 0'62 99'88
9 Tuscany 4'655 33'11 66'82 0'35 ign. 0'43 GttOigO tr. 100'71
10. New South Wales 4'675 32'99 66'22 0'43 CaO 0'14 100'18
11. Madison Co., N. C. 4'507 81-88 63'42 3'23 ign. 1-20 99-68
12. El Paso Co., Col. 4'538 29'70 60'98 9'20 MgO 030 100-18
An altered zircon from the pegmatyte of the Schwalbenberg has been analyzed by Woiv schach (Zs. Kr., 7, 87, 1882), as follows; cf. cyrtolite below.
SiO2 ZrOa ThOa CeOa SnO2 YaO3 Fe3O3 CaO MgO H,O
29-16 55-28 2'06 tr. 0-57 3 47 2'96 2-14 0'34 5'02 101 '10
Spezia shows that the color of zircon is due to the state of oxidation of the iron, varying in O.F. aud 11. F., but this is uot the cause of the change of density sometimes noted in ignition (see above). Att. Soc. Tosc., 12, 37, 1876.
Sorby assumed the presence of a new element, "Jargonium," which is not confirmed by Cochran (1. c.) and others, cf. Ch. News, 20, 7, 1869; also Proc. Roy. Soc., 17, 511, 1869, 18, 197, 1870. Traces of a number of elements have been spectrally identified by Linnemann, Ber. Ak. Wien, 91 (2), 1019 and 92 (2), 427, 1885 (in Ch. News, 52, 220, etc., 18b5); also the absorption lines of erbium (and didymium). The name " polykra&ilitJi " (TCokvS, many, KpdaiS, mixture) is suggested as appropriate iii view of the presence, as believed by the author, of the elements, Sn, Pb, Cu, Bi, Zr, Al, Fe, Co, Mn, Zu, Mg, U, Er, Ca, K, Na, Li.
Pyr., etc. — Infusible; the colorless varieties are unaltered, the red become colorless, while dark colored varieties are made white; some varieties glow and increase in density by ignition. Not perceptibly acted upon by salt of phosphorus. In powder is decomposed when fused with soda on the platinum wire, aud if the product is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid it gives the orange color characteristic of zirconia when tested with turmeric paper. Not acted upon by acids except in tine powder with concentrated sulphuric acid. Decomposed by fusion with alkaliue carbonates and bisulphates.
Obs. — Occurs in crystalline rocks, especially granular limestone, chloritic and other schists; gneiss, syenite; also in granite; sometimes in iron-ore beds.
Zircon- syenite is a coarse syenitic rock, containing crystals of zircon, with segirite, elseolite, etc. Crystals are common in most auriferous sands. Sometimes found in volcanic rocks, prob- ably in part as inclusions derived from older rocks. Microscopic examination shows it to be a uot uncommon constituent of many crystalline rocks. Cf. Rosenb., Mikr. Phys., 310, 1886.
Found in alluvial sands in Ceylon; in the gold regions of the Ural, near Miask, Berezov, Nevyansk, etc.; at Laurvik and Hakedal in Norway; at Arendal, in the iron mines; at Hittero; at Fredriksvarn, in zircon-syenite; in veins in the augite-syenite of the Langesund fiord; at Bilin in Bohemia; Sebnitz in Saxony; Pfitschthal in Tyrol; in lava at Niedermendig in the Eifel, in red crystals; at Expailly, near Le Puy in France; in Auvergne, in volcanic tufa; at Vesuvius with rhyacolite; with corundum, etc., at Lonedo, northern Italy; in Scotland, at Scalpay, Isle of Harris; at Strontian in Argyleshire; in the auriferous sands of the Croghan Kinshela Mtn., Ireland; in Greenland; at Santa Rosa in Antioquia, U. S. Colombia; in the gold regions of Australia, as at Mudgee, New South Wales, and many other points, especially in the auriferous gravels; also with topaz, and with cassiterite.
In N. America, in Maine, at Litchtield; at Mt. Mica in Paris; Greenwood; Hebron. In Vermont, at Middlebury. In Conn., at Norwich, with sillimanite, rare; at Haddam (calyptolite) in minute crystals. In N. York, at Hall's mine in Moriah, Essex Co., cinnamon-red, in a vein of quartz; near the outlet of Two Ponds, Orange Co., with scapolite. pyroxene, and titauite, in crystals sometimes 1 :u. in length; on Deer Hill,. 1 m. S.E. of Canterbury, Orange Co. .crys- tals abundant of a deep brownish red or black color, and occasionally l£ in. in length; at War- wick, at the southern base of Mount Eve, chocolate-brown crystals in limestone and scapolite; near Amity, and also in Monroe and Cornwall, at several localities, of white, reddish brown, clove-brown, aud black colors; at Diana in Lewis Co., in large brown crystals sometimes 2 in. long, with titauite and scapolite, rare; in St. Lawrence Co., with apatite, at Robinson's in the town of Hammond, near de Long's Mills, some of the crystals in. long and in. wide, and occasionally containing a nucleus of carbonate of lime; also at Rossie; at Fine, in large prismatic crystals, of a greenish color; also at Pitcairn (f. 6); at Johnsburg, in Warren Co. In N. Jersey, at Franklin; at Trenton in gneiss. In Penn., near Reading, in large crystals in magnetic iron ore; at Easton, in mica slate. In N: Car., in the gold sands of Burke, McDowell, Polk, Rutherford, and other counties; especially abundant in Henderson Co., on the south side of the Blue Ridge near Green river, at the Freeman mine, where it occurs in a disintegrated granitic or gneissoid rock so abundantly that it has been mined in large quantities for technical purposes; up to 1889 this and the Jones mine are said to have yielded 30 tons of zircons (Hidden)- in magnetite beds of the Unaka Mts.; also at other points. In Colorado, with astrophyllite, etc
486 Silicates.
in the Pike's Peak region in El Paso Co.; at Cheyenne Mt., brilliant reddish brown to pink or green crystals (f. 11) in quartz often surrounded with kaolinite. In California, in the auriferous. gravel of the north fork of the American river, and elsewhere, as at Spring valley, Cherokee, Butte Co. ; Eagle Gulch and Rock Island Hill, Plumas Co. ; Picayune Flat, Fresno Co. ; Navarro Ii., Anderson valley, Mendocino Co.
In Canada,, at Greuville, Argenteuil Co., in crystalline limestone, with wollastonite, titanite, graphite; St. Jerome on the North River in Terrebonne Co.; Mille Isles; abundant and some- times in very large crystals, with gigantic titanites, in the apatite deposits iu Templetou and adjoining townships m Ottawa Co., Quebec; tine crystals, sometimes twins, in the Sebastopol township, Renfrew Co.; very large crystals in Brudenell township, Renfrew Co. ; further in North Burgess, Lanark Co ; in syenite on Pic Island, L. Superior. The Renfrew crystals are sometimes upwards of 6 inches iu length with a thickness of 2 inches or more.
The name Hyacinth was applied by the ancients to a bluish violet stone, regarded as our sapphire, and was derived from a flower (lily) so called of this color. [In modern mineralogy a hyacinth-color is reddish orange with a tinge of brown.] Intagli of zircon are common among ancient gems, and the fact that the lyncurium of Theophrastus was, as he says, used for engraved signets, while at the same time electric on friction, and often amber-colored, are the principal evidence that it was our zircon.
Alt. — Zircon is one of the least alterable of minerals, as it contains no protoxides, and only the most insoluble of dioxides. It, however, passes to a hydrous state, becoming isotropic and amorphous, and this is attended ultimately with a loss of silica and the addition of iron oxide and other impurities derived from infiltrating waters. Auerbachile, malacon, cerstedite, tachy- aphaltite, calyptolite, cyrtolite (see beyond), are probably altered zircon.
Artif. —Formed in crystals by action of silicon chloride on zircouia (Datibree); by action of silicon fluoride on zirconia, or of zirconium fluoride on quartz, beautiful transparent octahedrons resulting (Deville and Caron).
Ref.— ' Preisschrift, p. 72, 1825. Kk., Min. Russl., 3, 139, 1858, gives pp' 56° 89' 39". Also Dbr., for Miask, pp' 56° 39' 43"; Pfitschthal, 56° 39 14"; Fredriksvarn, 56° 39' 27"; Cey- lon, 56° 40' 10", Pogg., 107, 257, 1859.
Cf. Haid., Min. Mohs., 2, 368, 1825; also Gdt., Index, 3, 353, 1891. Gehmacher has noted vicinal planes on the Pfitschthal zircons, Zs. Kr., 12, 50. 1886. Cross and Hillebrand (Colorado, Am. J. Sc., 24, "284:, 1882) note a pyramid GO, with poo 15° 14', whence GO 559 probably, oop 15° 27'; they suggest the less probable syrnhol 14 14-25. 3 Hidden, Burgess, ib., 29, 250, 1885. 4 BrOgger, Norway, Zs. Kr., 16, 103, 1890. 5 Hidden, Am J. Sc., 21, 507, 1881, Fletcher, Phil. Mag.. 12, 26, 1881. 6 Ann. Mines, 10, 143, 1876. Cf. beccarite below and Madeluug, Zs. Kr., 9, 46, 1884. ' Quoted by Rosenbusch, Mikr. Phys., 311, 1886.
BECCARITE Grattarola, Att. Soc. Tosc., 4, 177, 1879, 7, Proc. Verb., 82, 1890. A variety of zircon from Ceylon. Color olive-green. Optically biaxial, with apparent twinned structure; a basal section is divided into four sectors iu polarized light. Form and other characters like zircon. G. 6'54, 6'74. Analysis: SiO, 30'30, ZrO2 62'16, A12O3 2 52, CaO 3 62, ign. 0'32 98-92. Named for Dr. O. Beccari.
Altered Zircon. — The following tetragonal zircon like minerals are in part, at least, altered zircon. They afford more or less water on ignition.
MALACON. Malakon Scheerer, Pogg., 62. 436, 1844. pp' 55° 3' to 55° 20'. H. 6'5. G. 3'90-3'91. Luster vitreous to subvitreous. Color brown, powder reddish brown or un- colored. From HitterO in Norway; and Chantcloube, Haute Vienne, occurring in thin plates, over 3 to 4 mm. thick, and occasionally with crystals on their surface. Named from /j.aXaKoS, soft. Anal. 1-3 below.
A mineral found with columbite at Rosendal near Bjorkboda, Finland, has been referred to adelpholite of Nordenskiold (p. 731), but an analysis by A. E. Nordenskiold (anal. 7) shows that it is an altered zircon, near malacou or cyrtolite (Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 20, 452, 1863, Pogg., 122, 615, 1864).
TACHYAPHALTITE Weibye, Pogg., 88, 160, 1853. Crystals like those of zircon, with forms m(110), a (100) and two octahedrons. H. 5'5. G. 3'6. Luster submetallic to vitreous. Color dark reddish brown. Streak dirty yellow. Subtranslucent. From granite veins in gneiss near KragerS in Norway with titanite. Named from raxvS, quick, and acfraXroS, the mineral flying readily from the gangue when struck.
(ERSTEDITE Forchhammer, Pogg., 35, 630, 1835. pp' 56° 43'. H. 5'&. G. 3'629. Luster splendent, adamantine. Color reddish brown. From Arendal in Norway, and commonly on crystals of pyroxene. Named after H. Ch. (Ersted (1777-1851).
AUERBACHITE Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 73, 209, 1858. pp' 57° 17' and ppiv 94° 39' Kk. H. 6-5. G. 4-06. Luster greasy to vitreous, weak. Color brownish gray. From a siliceous schist, District of Alexandrovsk, Russia. Named after Dr. Auerbach, by whom the crystals were first studied.
Anal. — 1, Scheerer, 1. c. 2, Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 24, 87, 1848. 3, Hermann, J. pr. Chem., 53, 32, 1851. 4, J. P. Cooke, 1. c. 5, 6, Knowlton, 1. c. 7, A. E. Nordenskiold, 1. o. 8, Berlin, Pogg., 88, 161, 1853. 9, Forchhammer, 1. c. 10, Hermann, 1. c.
Zircon Group— Zircon.
1. Malacon, HitterS
2. ' ' Chanteloube
3. " Ilmen Mts.
4. Cyrtolite, Rockport
7. Adelpholite? Finland
8. Tachyaphalt., Norway
9. (Ei'stedite, Areudal 10. Auerbachite, Russia
SiO2
ZrO2 FesO3 63-40 0-41 61-17 3-67
5982 — 66-93 2-57 60-78 — 6460* — 57-42 3-47 38-96 3-72 68-96b — 55-18 —
U20S
— — 3-11
FeO YaO9 MgO HS0
— 0-34 0-11 3-03 CaO 0 39 98'99
— — — 3-09 CaO 0-08, MnO
[0-14 99-02 -4 00 MnO 1-20 100 2-19 99-59 4-56 SnO2 0-47 99'48 — SnO2 0-41 98-97 9-53 SnO2 0-61 99'29 8'49A1203 1-85 99-93 1-14 — 2-05 5-53 CaO 261 100 0-93 — — 0-95 99-97
tr. tr.
2-07d
l-40d
3 -93d —
12-32e? —
— 2-05
a With some FeO. b With some TiO3. c With trace of manganese. d Cerium oxides. e ThO2.
CYRTOLITE. Malacon, Altered Zircon, J. P. Cooke, Am. J. Sc., 43, 228, 1867; Cyrtolite W. J. Knowlton, ib., 44, 284. Form a combination of m (110) and 3 (101), and resembling a rhombic dodecahedron, the pyramidal faces e strongly curved. H. 5-5'5; after ignition 7-7 P5 Cooke. G. 3-98-4-04 Cooke; 3'85-3'97 Knowlton. Luster somewhat adamantine. Color brownish red; powder the same. From Rockport, Mass., in granite, with danalite and cryo- phyllite. Named from tcvprot, bent. See analyses 4-6 above.
A mineral regarded as related to cyrtolite by Nordenskiold (G. For. FOrh., 3, 229, 1876) has the following characters: In tetragonal crystals, m (110) and e (101), resembling a rhombic dodecahedron. Color yellow to yellowish brown. Translucent. H. 5'5-6. G. 3'29. Analysis:
SiO2 ZrO2 Er2O3,Y2O, Ce,O, CaO MgO H2O A12OS FeO
2766 41-78 849 398 5'06 MO 12'07 tr. tr. 100-14
Occurs with fergusouite. arrhenite, xenotime, at Ytterby, Sweden.
An analysis by Blomstrand (Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), No. 10, 1886) of the same mineral from Ytterby gave:
SiO2 ZrOt Y,O, FeO CaO MgO CuO Na,O 26-93 41-17 10-93 1-51 5'85 tr. 017 0"89
a Y2O3 Yttrium earths.
H2O
12-55 Cerium earths tr. — 100
The name anderbergite is proposed for the mineral, but as noted by Backstr&m (Zs. Kr., 15, 83, 1888) it is undoubtedly only a pseudomorph, and belongs with the uncertain minerals called cyrtolite.
A mineral having the external aspect of cyrtolite occurs rather abundantly in crystal- line aggregates and massive, at Branchville. Conn.; also in Mitchell and Henderson counties, N. Carolina; further similarly and in large quantities in Llano Co., Texas (G. 3 -652) with gadolinite and other rare species. It has not been analyzed, and while probably altered and hyd rated it seems probable that the original mineral may have been a more complex species than ordinary zircon. Cf. alvite below; also anal, by Woitschach, quoted on p. 485.
A mineral from the feldspar quarries at Alve near Arendal gave LindstrOm:
SiO2 X- ZrOa PbO Fe.,0, Y2O3" CesO3 BeOd MnO
26-10 2-78 32-48 0'45 5-51 1'03 3'27 14-78 0'27
a Metallic acids. b Yttrium earths. ° Cerium oxides.
CaO MgO ign.
2-44 1-05 8-84 UO3 tr. 98 '95 d Incl. A12O3 in small amount.
This is called alvite by NordenskiOld, who quotes 'the above analysis (G. For. FOrh., 9, 28, 1887). He regards the anderbergite of Blomstrand as taking the place in the pegmatyte veins of southern Norway of the alvite of the Arendal region. The original alvite was described as follows:
ALVITE D. Forbes & T. Dahll, Nyt Mag., 8, 228, 1855. Tetragonal. Crystals like those of zircon. H. =5'5. G. 601 Alve; 3'46 Helle. Luster greasy. Color reddish brown, becoming grayish brown by alteration. Subtrauslucent to opaque. A very small portion, somewhat altered, afforded:
SiO2 ThO2? ZrO2 Y2O3 Ce2O3 AlaO3,BeO Fe2O3 CaO 20-33 15-13 3-92 22-01 0'27 14'11 9 66 0'40
H20 Sn02,CuO 9-32 tr. 95-15
In-
Yields water B.B.. but is infusible; with the fluxes reacts for iron but not for titanium, soluble in acids. From Helle and Naresto in Norway, with feldspar and black mica.
A mineral from the granite of Devil's Head Mt., Douglas Co., Colorado, in the Pike's Peak region has been analyzed by Hillebrand (Proc. Soc. Col., 3, 44, 1888). Occurs in tapering in- distinctly crystalline forms. Color brown. G. 3 60 (1), 3 70 (2), 3'64 (3). It is spoken of as. " an ill-defined zirconium-mineral," allied to cyrtolite. Sections show the presence of limonite as impurity.
Silicates.
SiO,
Zr<V CeaO3b Er2O3 YaO3 FesOs MnO CaO K2O Na2O
48-55 1'20 4'76 2'48 5"97 0-57 2-04'= O'lO 0'5U
47-99 1-41 4'77 2'27 5'53 0'47 212d 0'20 0'46
51-00 0-60 4'55 3'13 4'86 0'33 2'15 0'17 0'42
H2O P2O5 F
12-00 1-75 0-42=100-98
12-87 1-64 0-25=100-04
1297 0-93 0-42=100-74
Incl.
fi: in 1, 0'03 SnOs, 071 Ta3O5. b Incl. ThO2 and (Di,La)2Os: (Di,La)aOs. Incl. O'll MgO. 0'13 MgO.
in 2, V16 ThO,, 0'06 Ce,Oa 0'19
m
395. THORITE. Thorit Berz., Ak. H. Stockh., p. 1, 1829. Orangit Bergemann Pogg 82 561, 1851. Uranothorite P. Cottier, J. Am. Ch. Soc., 2, 73, 1880. Torit.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 0*6402. In square prisms m (110, /), with pyramid p (111, 1), also the zirconoid z (311, 33); pp' — 56° 40' Breithaupt.1 The form resembles that of zircon. Also massive and compact.
Cleavage: m distinct. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 4'5-5. GL 5-19-5-40 orangite; 4'4-4*8 thorite. Luster of surface of fresh fracture vitreous to resinous; in part greasy. Color orange- yellow, brownish yellow; also black, inclining to brown. Streak light orange to dark brown. Transparent in thin splinters to nearly opaque. Optically uniaxial, positive, when unaltered, but becoming Norway; Bgr. isotropic and amorphous.
Var.— 1. Thorite. As originally described, occurs in black octahedral crystals (called isometric by Dufrenoy). G. 4630 Berz.; 4'686 Bergemann; 4-344-4-397 Chydenius. First found on the island Lovp, opposite Brevik. Later found in large crystals near Arendal.
2. Orangite. In bright orange-yellow tetragonal crystals, near zircon in angle; also mas- sive, first described from the Brevik region. G. 5'397 Bergemann; 5'34 Krautz; 5'19 Damour; 4'8S8-5'205 Chydenius. Sometimes forms the kernel of a crystal externally altered to thorite. Supposed by Bergemanu to contain a new metal called by him donarium. See p. 1050.
The zircon-like tetragonal form was first recognized by Zschau', and more accurate measure- ments were later made by Breithaupt. The identity of thorite and orangite was early proved, and later it was shown that both were undoubtedly altered hydrous forms of an anhydrous thorium silicate isomorphous with zircon.
3. Uranothorite. Massive. Fracture subconchoidal. H. 5. G. 4-126. Luster resinous to subvitreous Color dark red-brown. Streak yellow-brown. B.B. infusible. From the Champlain iron region, N. Y, exact locality unknown (anal. 5); also a similar variety from Norway, anal. 3, 4.
Comp.— Originally anhydrous thorium silicate, ThSi04 or Th02.SiO? Silica 18 -5, thorina 81'5 100. All analyses show water, and sometimes uranium.
Anal.— 1, Damour, C. R., 34, 685. 1852, Ann. Mines, 1, 587, 1852. Also incomplete analyses by Bergemann, Chydenius. 2, Berzelius, Ak. H. Stockh., p. 1, 1829, also Pogg.. 15, 633, 1829 (the latter with the anal, in slightly different form). 3, Liudstrom, G. For. Forh., 5, 500, 1881. 4, Nordenskiold, ib., 3, 228, 1876. 5, Parsons, quoted by Collier, J. Am. Ch. Soc., 2, 73, 1880.
G.
1. Orangite 5 '19
2. Thorite 4'8
3. Hittero, Thorite
4. Arendal 4 -38
5. L. Champlain 4'126
a Incl. 0-28 MnaO3.
SiO2 ThO2 U2O, PbO Fe2O3 A12O3 Ce2O3 CaO MgO Alk. H2O 17-52 71-65 1-13 0'88 0'59* 0'17 — 1'59 tr. 0-47' 6'14
100-14
18-98 57-91 1-58 0'80 5'79b 0'06 — 2'58 0-36 0'24d 9-50
[SnO2 O'Ol, insol. 1-70 99'51
17-47 48-66 9'00 1'26 6'59 0'12 3'12e 1'39 0'05 0'30f 10'88
[P2O5 0-93 99-77
1704 50-06 9-78 1'67 7'60 — 1'39 199 028 — 9'46
[P2O6 0-86 100-13
19-38 52-07 9-96* 0'40 4'01 0'33 — 2'34 004 O'll 11-31
99-95
b Incl. 2-39 Mn2O3. c Incl. 0-14 K2O. d 0-14 K2O.
Incl. Y2O3.
K2Oo'18.
Composition discussed by Nilsou, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 39, No. 7, 3, 1887. Investigation of absorption -lines, didymiuiu chiefly, also erbium, samarium, thulium, etc., Krilss and Nilsou, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 44, 364, 1887.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube yields water; the orange variety becomes dull brown, and, on cooling, orange again. B.B. on charcoal infusible, the edges only being slightly glazed; with borax a yellowish pearl, becoming colorless on cooling; with salt of phosphorus a colorless glass, which becomes milky and greenish on cooling; with borax an orange glass when hot, which be- comes grayish on cooling. A little niter being added, the orange color remains after cooling.
Zircon Group— Thorite. 489
With hydrochloric acid easily forms a jelly before, but not after, calcination. The black thorite becomes pale brownish red when heated; and on charcoal forms a yellowish brown slag.
Obs.— Found by Esniark in the augite-syeuite on the island Lovo, opposite Brevik in Norway; also at other points on the Langesund fiord, as Barkevik, on Hao, SigtesS, Ar6. Masses of orangite weighing several ounces have been obtained. In large black crystals at Garta, Bjellan, the island Laudbo, and other points near Arendal, from wlience it has been obtained in large quantities. At Linland on the Leues fiord near LindesuUs with alvite and magnetite, both the black thorite and orangite; also at SvenSr, the reddish brown variety.
A mass of a dark red-brown color (uranothorite) has been found in the Champlain iron region in northern New York; exact locality unknown.
Ref.-1 SeeZschau, Am. J. Sc., 26, 359, 1858; B. H. Ztg., 25, 114, 1866; Nd., Ofv. Ak. Stookh., 27, 554, 1870. G. For. Forh., 3, 226, 1876.
On the optical structure of the more or less altered forms, see Bgr. , Zs. Kr., 16, 116, 1890.
CALCIC-THORITE W. 0. Brogger, G. F5r. Forh., 9, 258, 1887; Zs. Kr., 16, 127, 1890. Massive. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 4'5. G. 4-114 Cleve. Luster vitreous. Color deep red, resembling almandite garnet. Translucent. Optically isotropic, amorphous.
Composition: 5ThSiO4.2Ca2SiO4 -f 10H2O. Anal.— Cleve:
SiOn ThO2 Ce2O3 Y2O3 A12O3 Mn2O3 CaO MgO NanO ign. 21-09 59-35 0-39 023 1-02 0'73 6'93 0'04 0'67 9 '39 99 "84
B.B. becomes white b\it does not fuse. Gives off water. Gelatinizes with acid.
Found in reniform masses, as large as walnuts, embedded in analcite (derived from elseolite) and in feldspar on the islands Laven and Aro in the Langesund tiord, Norway.
EUCRASITE. Eukrasit S. R. Paijkull, G. For. F6rh., 3, 350, 1877. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 4'5-5. G. 4'39. Luster greasy. Color blackish brown. Streak brown. Slightly translucent in thin splinters. Optically isotropic, amorphous (Bgr., Zs., 16, 129, 1890). Analysis:
SiOa ThOa TiOa SnOa? ZrO2 MnOa CeOa CeaO8 Y2OS Er2O3 Fe2O3 CaO NaaO H2O 16-20 35 96 1 27 1-15 0'60 2'34 5'48 8'55a 4'33 1'62 6'02b 4-95< 2 59d 9'15 100-21
Incl. 2 42 (La,Di)203. b Incl. A1SO3 1 77. c MgO 0'95. d K2O O'll.
B.B. fusible (at 4) on the edges. The borax bead in the R. F. is violet, in the O. F. yellow. In hydrochloric acid partially soluble, with the evolution of chlorine. Completely soluble in sulphuric acid. Occurs near Barkevik, Langesund fiord, Norway. Named from ev, well, and Kpacrt?, mixture, because so complex in composition.
FREYALITE Esmark; Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 33, 1878. Resembles some brown thorite. Scratches glass slightly. G. 4 '06-4-17. Color brown. Streak yellowish gray. Translucent in thin splinters. Luster resinous. An approximate analysis by Damour gave:
SiO2 ThOa Ce3O4 (La,Di)2O3 Al*O3(ZrO2?) Fe.,O3 MnaO4 Alk. H2O ign.
20-02 28-39 28'80 2'47 6'31 2'47 1'78 2'33 7'40 0'82 100'79
B B. swells up but does not fuse. In the closed tube decrepitates, gives off water, and becomes white. With salt of phosphorus in R. F. dissolves, forming an opal-like glass, which in O. F. becomes brown, and on cooling is colorless and translucent. With borax in O. F. gives a transparent brown bead, becoming almost colorless on cooling, and showing in the spectroscope an absorption band on the border 'of the red and orange (Di). Dissolves readily in acid, giving gelatinous silica. With hydrochloric acid chlorine is given off.
From the neighborhood of Brevik (Barkevik), Norway. Named for the Scandinavian god- dess, Freya.
AUERLITE W. E. Hidden and J. B. Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 36, 461, 1888.
Tetragonal. Form a square prism with pyramid, resembling zircon in habit and angles. H. -- 2-5-3. G. 4 42-4'77. Luster resinous. Color dull yellowish white to dark orange-red. Translucent to opaque.
Analysis: —
SiO2 P206 ThO2 HaO,COa Fe2O3 CaO MgO Al2O3(ThO2 tr.)
7-64 7-46 70-13 11-21 1'38 0'49 0'29 Mo 99'70
Other trials gave: SiO2 9'25, 8'25, P2O6 7'59, ThO2 69'23, FeaO3 1'42, H2O 10'7, 9'88, CO2 1-00.
This is interpreted as corresponding to a silico-phosphate of thorium, ThO2.(SiO2.|PaO6)-|- 2H2O. It cannot be regarded as certain, however, that the phosphoric acid belongs to the original mineral, which as found is certainly more or less altered. It is to be noted, in this con- nection, that parallel intergrowths of zircon and auerlite are described, and others of zircon and
Silicates.
the phosphate, xenotime, are not uncommon; also further, that silica is commonly present in the phosphate, monazite, and sometimes in small amount in xenotime. That it really belongs to the constitution of the mineral in these cases has been seriously questioned.
B.B. infusible; becomes brown on ignition, but turns orange again on cooling.
Occurs in disintegrated granite or gneiss, in Henderson Co., N. C. ; the localities are the Free- man mine, Green River, and on Price land 3 miles southwest ; it is associated with zircon, and sometimes implanted upon it in parallel position.
Named for Dr. Carl Auer von Welsbach.
11. Danburite-Topaz Group. Orthorhombic.
n m in in
BE,(Si04), or (RO)RSi04.
396. Danburite
397. Topaz
398. Andalusite
CaB,(Si04), (A1(0,F9) )AlSi04 (A10)AlSi04
a:b:6 0-5444 : 1 : 0-4807
d : b : 6 0-5285 : 1 : 0-4770
1 1 : d : -6 0-5070 : 1 : 0-4749
or d : b : 6 0-9861 : 1 : 0-7025
399. Sillimanite AlaSi06 Orthorhombic a : I — 0-970 : 1
400. Cyanite Al2Si05 Triclinic
a :b :6 0-8994 : 1 : 0-7090; a 90° 5$', /3 101° 2', y 105° 44£' .
The close resemblance in angle and habit between Danburite and Topaz, and further the relation in form between Topaz and Audalusite (though less close), make it probable that Groth's formulas for the two last mentioned species, given above, should be accepted, and that they should be included with Dauburite in a single group of orthosilicates. To Sillimanite the same formula ;is that of Andalusite probably belongs (Groth,Clarke),while Cyanite is uncertain; Groth regards it as a basic metasilicate (AlO)aSiO3 instead of a basic orthosilicate.
57'
396. DANBURITE. Shepard,
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b
100 A Ho 28° 33'
25° 40' 32".
v (590, i-f)4 I (120, i-2) P (370, i-|)4 v (250, *-f )4 g (130, i-3)4
T (3-10-0, i-Y)4 n (140, 1-4)
z (103, £4)
Am. J. Be., 35, 137, 1839.
: 6 0-544444 : 1 : 0-480739 E. S. Dana1.
001 A 101 41° 26' 39", 001 A Oil
p (081, 8-1)
d (101, 14) i (0-10-1, 104)4
(301, 8-1) h (0-11-1, 114)4
t (021, 24) 9 (0-16-1, 164)
w (041, 44) o (111, 1)
a (092, |4;5 e (221, 2)
/ (061, 64)* s (321, 3-|)
g (071, 74)2 u (124, -J-2)
Schuster4 adds many vicinal planes, including the following in the prismatic zone: IO'19'O, 7-15-0, 5-11-0, 5-12-0, 7-18-0, 5'14-Q, 7-20-0, 5'16'0.
Forms1 : a (100, i-l) b (010, i-i) c (001, 0) k (320, t'-f ) m (110, 7) JLI (560, t-|) M (230, i-l)
v (122, 1-5)
r (121, 2-2)
A (142, 2-4)
d (141, 4-4)
/J (9-4-10, TVf)*?
y (13-414, if-?)2?
(572, H)3
kk'" 39° 54'
mm'" *57° 7' 54"
Mm1 101° 3H'
Ii' 85° 8'
nri 49° 20'
&' 32° 48'
60° 58'
dd' *82° 53' 18"
asx' 138° 38'
it' 87° 45'
ww' 125° 3'
ff' 141° 46'
pp' 150° 51'
qq1 165° 11'
co 45° 9'
ce 63°33i'
cu 18° 4f
cv - 33° 8'
cr 52° 33'
nA 43° 23'
oo' 77° 2'
rr' 64° 57'
Aa' 35° 18*'
SS' oo'"
md mw
44° 20' 39° 38' 37° 31' 47° 29' 71° 84' 82° 40' 54° 27' 64° 54'
Dane Ttrite-Topaz Gbo Up— Dane Urite.
Habit prismatic, resembling topaz. Also in indistinct embedded crystals, and disseminated masses.
Cleavage: c very indistinct. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 7-7-25. G. 2-97-3-02. Color pale wine-yellow to_ colorless, yellowish white, dark wine-yellow, yellowish brown. Luster vitreous to greasy, on crystal surfaces brilliant. Transparent to translucent. Streak white.
1 m
m
r
a
Figs. 1-3, 5-7, Russell, N. Y. 4, Switzerland, after Hintze.
Ax. pi. c. Optically — , and Bxa b for red, yellow, green; optically -f-, and Bxa a for blue. Ax. angles for Eussell, E. S. D.1; for Danbury, Dx.6; for Switzer- land, Hintze2.
Russell:
For Li 2Ha.r 100° 33'
Na 2Ha.y =101*30'
CuSO4 2H0.bi 104° 36'
2H0.r . 106° 35' 2H0.y 105° 36' 2Ha.bi 102° 13'
2Va.r =87° 37' /3T =1'634
2Va.y 88° 23' /?y 1-637 2V0.bi 90° 56' /?bl 1-646
Danbury: 2Hr 99° 16-100° 30' 2Hy 100° 20-101° 2' 2HW 101° 42-102° 16'
Switzerland:
For Li 2Ha.r 101° 1 2He.r 105° 56'
Na 2Ha.y 101° 46' 2H0.y 105° 38'
Tl 2Ha.gr 102° 48' 2H0.gr 104° 44'
CuSO4 2H0.bi 104° 18' 2Ha.bi 103° 15'
Also measured ftr - 1-6303 /?y 1-6337 1-6866
yr 1-6331 j'y 1-6363 ygr 1-6898
" calculated ar 1-6258 ar 1-6317 av — 1-6356
Comp — CaB2Sia08 or CaO. 6,03-2810, Silica 48-8, boron trioxide 28-4, lime 22-8 100.
2Va.r 88° 4' /Jr 1 "6288
2Va.y 88° 29' fiy 1-6342
2Va.gr 89° 14' /3gr= 1'6383
SVo.w 90° 24'
492 Silicates.
Anal.— 1, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 365, 1853. 2, Comstock, ib., 20, 117, 1880 3, Whitfield, ib., 34, 285, 1887. 4, Bodewig, Zs. Kr., 8, 217, 1883. 5, Id., ib., 7, 391, 1882 6, Ludwig, Ber. Ak. Wien, 86 (1), 270, 1882.
G. SiO2 B2O3 CaO ign.
1. Danbury f 48 15 27'44 22'37 0'50 Al2O3,Fe2O3,Mn2O3 0'86, MgO 0'40 99'72
2. Russell 3 003 f 48'23 26'93 23'24 0'63 Al2O3,Fe2O3 0'47 99 50
3. " 49-70 25-80 23'26 0'20 Al2O3,Fe2O3 1'02 99'98
4. " f 48-57 28 61 23 03 — Al2O3,Fe2O3 0'34 100'55
5. Skopi 2-986 f 48'66 28'09 22-90 — A12O3 0'08, Fe2O3 0'23 99'96
6. " 2-985 48-52 28'77 23'03 — MgO 0 30 100'62
The boron, overlooked by Shepard, was first detected by Erni, see 5th Ed., p. 239. The doubtful barsowite, CaAl2Si2O8 (see p. 340), is regarded by some authors as related to danburite.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses at 3*5 to a colorless glass, and imparts a green color to the O. F. (boron). Not decomposed by hydrochloric acid, but sufficiently attacked for the solution to give the reaction of boric acid with turmeric paper. When previously ignited gelatinizes with hydro- chloric acid. Phosphoresces on heating, giving a reddish light.
Obs.— Occurs at Danbury, Connecticut (the original locality), embedded with microcline and oligoclase in dolomite. At Russell, N. Y., abundant in fine crystals, often large (to 4 in. in length), also massive; the crystals line cavities or seams tilled with calcite in the massive mineral or the enclosing granitic rock, associated with pyroxene, titanite, tourmaline, mica, quartz, pyrite. On the Piz Valatscha, the northern spur of Mt. Skopi south of Dissentis in eastern Swit- zerland, in slender prismatic crystals, transparent and nearly colorless, often covered with or enclosing fine scaly chlorite, also enclosing needles of tourmaline; these crystals early passed under the name bementite among collectors (after C. S. Bement of Philadelphia).
Ref.—1 Russell, N. Y., Am. J. Sc., 20, 111, 1880, planes not otherwise noted first observed on Russell crystals. 2 Hintze, Piz Valatscha, Zs. Kr., 7, 296, 1882. 3 Id., ibid., p. 591. 1883. Schuster, Min. Mitth., 5, 397, 1883, 6, 301, 1884. 5 Gotz, Mitth. Univ. Greifswald, 1886. 6 Danbury, Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 195, 1880.
397. TOPAZ. Not ToitdZioS, Topazius, Or., Plin., or Agrie. Chrysolite pt.]. Chryso- lithos pt. Plin., 37, 42. Topasius vulgaris Cluysolithos veterurn de Boot. Gemni., 1636. Chrysolithus de Laet, De Gemm. et Lap., 1647. Topazius vera Saxonia, Henckel Act. Ac. N Cur., 4, 316. Topas Wall., 117, 1747. Topas pt. [rest Beryl, etc.] Cronst., 43. 1758. Chrysolithus (fr. Saxony) Linn., Syst., 1768. Topaze du Bresil, T. de Saxe, de Lisle, Crist., 1772, 1783, with figs. Si.Al, and Fluorine Klapr., Mem read before Ac. Wiss. Berlin, 1804, Beitr., 4, 160. 1807; Vauq., J. Mines, 16, 469, 1804 (with ref. to Klapr.). Pyrophysulite His. & Berz., Afh., 1 111. 1806, Gehl. J., 3, 124, 1807 Physalith Wern., Hoffm. Min., 4. b, 114. 1817.
PYCNITE. Weisser Stangenschorl Germ.; Wern., Ueb. Cronst., 169, 1780. 3ehm oiauc en prismes striees (fr. Alteuberg) Sage, Min., 1, 204, 1777: de Lisle, Crist., 2, 420, 1783. Schorlartiger Beryl [var. of Beryl] Wern., Bergm. J., 1, 374, 388, 1789. Stangensteiu [species] Karst., Mus. Lesk., 1789; Tab., 20, 69, 1800. Schorl blauchalre DelametJi., Sciagr., 1, 289; Leucolite pt id, T. T., 2, 275, 1797. Schorlite Klapr , Crell's Ann., 1, 395, 1788. Shorlite Kirwan, Min., 1, 286, 1794. Pycnite //., Tr., 3, 1801. Si 4- Al -f F, BucJiolz, . J., 1, 385, 1803.
Orthorhombic. Axes d : I : 6 0-528542 : 1 : 0-476976 Koksharov1.
100 A HO 27° 51' 30", 001 A 101 42° 3' 52", 001 A Oil 25° 30' 0".
Forms2: u (5-11-0, £$) -X" (043, fi) . M (111, 1) I (10-8-9, -V°~!)
a (100, i-l) n (250, J (053, f?) ' S (665, f) rj (463, 2-|)'
b (010, i-l) g (i3o, i-%) F (0 12-7, -i) Z (332, if> (122, 1-2)
c (001, 0) n (140, i4) f (021, 24) g (553, f) x (243. f-2)
#(210 2) u(l50,i-5) r (0-16-7, V"*) !) (16 16'9, ¥) #(364,4-2)
m(lio'l) U(m,i-G) 0(052,f-) o (221,2) v (121,2-2)
0 (56o' M) k (°31' 3-*) (16-16-7, -1/) cr (7'14'4, f2)
0 450? il) (102, H) ft (010-3, -yi4) e (441,4) r (241,4-2)
5/840' 4 A (203, H) y (041, 44) 7 (14-14-1, 14) s (183,1-8)
2(580,) d (201, 24) e (229, f ) a (212, 1-2) (144
A (470, H) ;401> 4.. € (112, i) g (423. f-2) jj fj
L (8-15-0, Vf) i (223, , (14-8-15, +H)
I (120, i-2) (023,|4) f (445;i) (10-8-7, V-D
ft (Oil, 1-*)
Danburite-Topaz Group— Topaz.
Grunhut2 adds the following vicinal planes (in addition to some included in the tabulated list above), all in the prismatic zone: m (50'53-0), n (25-28'0), o (25 36'0), p (25 '41 0) q (25'43'0). I (2549-0), b (4-21-0). Of. also Feist. Zs. Kr., 12, 434, 1886.
The following forms, mostly rare or doubtful, have been noted on Mexican topaz3. That all the apparent planes observed on the curiously modined edges of these -crystals deserve crys- tallogmphic symbols seems to the author very improbable; it is to be noted that in many cases. all the pyramidal edges of a crystal show similar replacements, sometimes single, often double.
610, 410; 605, 805, 905; 025, 045, 065, 085; 052; 18-18'5, 15'15'H; 12 2'7, 83, 26'12'19? 412, 311, 6-23, 10-4-3, 645, 641, 13'9-13, 432?, 10'8 5, 13-11-6?; S'10'5, 341, 10'14-7, 573, 7'12'1 8-12-5, 352, 8-14-7, 16'28'H, 18'34'1, 483, 8-20'7, 4'10 5, 4-10'3, 8-20'l, 263, 181, 4-121, 4-16-5, 281, 418-7, 2-10-5, 152, 151,2-10-3, 4'20'3, 8-52'9?, 172, 2-16'3?, l'lQ-2, l'14-3?.
I tn.
Fig. 1, Alabashka, Ural. 2, Brazil. 3, Durango, Bkg. 4, Utah, J. Stanley-Brown. 5, Schneckeustein. 6, Japan. 7, Ural, Rose.
mm'"
*55° 43'
86° 49'
99'
64" 29'
nri
50° 38'
Gog)'
48° 34'
hh'
62° 4'
Pp'
84° 8'
dd'
122° 1'
Pp
148° 21'
'
51° 0'
Xx'
64° 55'
tf
*43° 39'
jr
kK
yy'
ww'
87° 110° 124° 150°
18' 6' 41' 38'
ce cu cZ
Co
ce
27° 34° 45° 63° 76°
2' 14' 35' 51' 54' 14'
°X ca
31° 43°
54'
eg
—
51°
13'
cT
—
61°
Clf)
33°
17'
ex
41°
12'
cE
44°
34'
cr
69°
9'
cs
—
29°
25'
ct
Ss
34°
5'
ii'
59°
39'
uu'
78°
20'
00'
—
105°
7'
ee'
118°
21'
xx'
53° 50'
vv'
66° 17'
rr'
79° 55'
as'
30° 23'
it'
34° 47f
ii"
30° 29'
uu'"
39° 0'
00'"
49° 3?i'
qq'"
22° 59'
Xx'"
15° 31'
Tt'"
16° 8'
Crystals commonly prismatic, m predominating; or I (120) and the nearly square prism resembling andalnsite. Faces in the prismatic zor tically striated, and often showing vicinal planes. Sometimes appar morphic. Also firm columnar; granular, coarse, or fine.
Cleavage: c highly perfect; also very imperfect d (201) and f (02 by the percussion figures (Mgg.4). Fracture subconchoidal to uneve
Silicates.
H. 8. G. S'4-3'65. Luster vitreous. Color straw-yellow, wine-yellow, white, grayish, greenish, bluish, reddish. Streak uncolored. Transparent to subtrans- lucent.
Optically -4-. Ax. pi. b. Bx c. Axial angles very variable in crystals from different localities and even in plates from the same crystal. Cf. Dx. Mid Mid.6; the latter regards topaz as pseudo-orthorhombic and monoclinic. Kefractive indices and axial angles5:
Brazil, Dx.: 1-6120 ,SL 1-6149 ff9 Also measured
Again, Feussner: 1-61559 ft, 1-61808 Schneckeusteiu, Dx.: 1-61400 ftt 1-61644 1-61835 ftp 1-62071 Measured
Nerchinsk, Milhlheims: a
1-6150 y. - 1-6224 1-6174 yv 1-6236 (1) 2E_ 120° 40' (2) 2Er 2E' 72°, 81° 30', 90°
2Vy 65° 14' 2E. 121° 1' 2V,, 65° 3' 2E1. 120° 49' 113° 50'
2Ebl 112° 27'
1-62510
y.
1-62320
1 '62740
2Er 114° 13'
2Vy 61° 47'
2Vr 62C 12' 2Vp. 61° 37' 2Er 113°
2E, 112° 20'
2Er 113° 14' 2E 112° 12'
For B " C
" D " E F
Schneckenstein : For D 1-61549
Also Brazil: For D 1-62936
ft
r
2V (calc.)
2V (meas.)
65° 58f
66° If
65° 58'
65° 56f
65' 41'
65° 30J'
65° 121' 64° 54f
64° 594' 64° 30'
63° 19' 62° 33'
49° 31' -3 49* 37'
Var. — 1. Ordinary. In prismatic crystals usually colorless or pale yellow, less often pale blue, pink, etc. Sometimes apparently hemimorphic, though not so in fact. The color of some deep wine-yellow Russian crystals fades out on exposure to the daylight; the yellow of the Brazilian crystals is changed by heating to a pale rose-pink.
Church obtained for white flawless Brazilian crystals: G. 3'571, 3'572, 3'585, 3'595, 3'597; wine-yellow G. 3'539, and after ignition 3-533; sky-blue G. 3'541.
Physalite, or pyrophysalite, is a coarse nearly opaque variety, in yellowish white large crystals fromFinbo; it intumesceswhen heated, and heuce its name from (f>v(raA.JS, bubble, and nvp, fire.
2. Pycnite. Structure columnar, but very compact. Has been considered a distinct species on the grouud of composition and crystallization (made monocliuic by Forchharnmer). But Rose made out that the cleavage was the same, and the form probably the same; and Des Cloizeaux showed that the optical characters were those of topaz. Finally Rammelsberg's analysis (11) gives the same composition. Named from nvKvof, thick.
Comp.— (Al(0,F,))AlSi04 Groth. The ratio of 0 : 2F 5 : 1, whence the empirical formula AlSi.OF,,, Silicon 15'5, aluminium 29'9, fluorine 17'6, oxygen 36'9 100, or Silica 33'3, alumina 56 '5, fluorine 17'6 107-4, deduct (0 - 2F) 7-4 100.
Anal.— 1-5, Rg., J. pr. Ch., 96, 7, 1865. 6, 7, Klemm, Inaug. Diss., Jena, 1873. 8, Sommer- lad, Zs. G. Ges., 36, 647, 1884. 9, Whitfield, Am. J. Sc., 29, 378, 1885 (also Genth, Am. Phii. Soc., Oct. 2, 1885). 10, Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv. Bull., 20, p. 71, 1885. 11, Rg., 1. c. 12, Klemm, 1. c. Also 5th Ed., p. 378.
G.
1. Brazil 3'561
2. Schneckenstein
8. Schlackenwald 3'520
4. Trumbull 3'514
5. Adun Chalon 3'563
6. Altenberg, cryst. 3-523
7. Miask 3-521 S. Mt. Bischoff, Tasmania, mass. 3 456
SiO,
A12Os
F
107-24 108-69 108-19 103-82 108-14 107-12 107-17 CaO 0-83
Danburite-Topaz Group— Topaz, 495
G. SiO3 A1SO3 F
9. Stoneham, Me. 3-51 31 '92 57'38 1699 Na20 1'33, K3OO'15, H,OO'20
10. Pike's Peak, Col. 3-578 33-15 57'01 16 04 106-20 107'97
11. Altenberg, Pycnite 3'533 33'28 55'86 18'28 107-42
12. Fiubo, Pyrophysalite 3'49 f 33'64 56'21 17'11 106'96- The oxygen equivalent of the fluorine 6 to 7 p. c.) is to be deducted.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible. Fused in the closed tube, with previously fused and pulverized salt of phosphorus, etches the glass, giving off silicon fluoride which forms a ring of SiO2 above. With cobalt solution the pulverized mineral gives a tine blue on heating. Only partially attacked by sulphuric acid.
A variety of topaz from Brazil, when heated, assumes a pink or red hue, resembling the Balas ruby.
Obs. — Topaz usually occurs in gneiss or granite, with tourmaline, mica, and beryl, occasion- ally with apatite, fluorite, and cassiterite; also iu talcose rock, as in Brazil, with euclase, etc., or in mica slate. With quartz, tourmaline, and lithomarge, forms the topaz rock of Werner (topazo- seme, Haiiy). Less frequently it occurs iu cavities in rhyolyte and similar volcanic rocks.
Topaz often contains inclusions of liquid carbon dioxide. Minute crystals of three or four different kinds, and two or three kinds of liquids, were detected by Brewster in crystals of topaz, Edinb. Trans., 10, and later Edinb. N. Phil. J., 16, 130, Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 4, 548, 5, 95. For later observations see Hartley, J. Ch. Soc., 31, 241, 1877: Erhard and Stelzner, Min. Mitth., 1, 450. 1878; also Nd., Jb. Min., 1, 242, 1886. Crystals from San Luis Potosi are sometines red with enclosed rutile.
Fine topaz comes from the Urals, from Alabashka, not far from Mursinka in the region of Ekaterinburg; from Miask in the Ilmen Mts. ; also the gold-washings on the R. Sauarka, iu Govt. Orenburg; in Nerchinsk, beyond L. Baikal, in the Adun-Chalon Mts., etc., one crystal from near the river Urulga, now in the imperial cabinet at St. Petersburg, being 11 f in. long, 6J in. broad, weighing 22£ Ibs av., and magnificent also in its perfect transparency and wine- yelluv, color. Found also in Karnshatka, of yellow, green, and blue colors; in the province of Minas Geraes, Brazil, at Ouro Preto and Villa Rica, of deep yellow color, either in veins or nests in lithomarge, or in loose crystals or pebbles; at the tin mines of Schlackenwald, Zinnwald, and Elirenfriedersdorf, and smaller crystals at Schneckenstein and Altenberg; sky-blue crystals in Cairngorm, Aberdeenshire ; the Mourne mountains, Ireland, small limpid crystals with beryl, albite and mica, in drusy cavities in granite; and St. Michael's Mount, Cornwall; on the island of Elba, in cavities in the granite of San Piero. Physalite occurs in crystals of great size, at Fossuni, Norway; Finbo, Sweden, in a granite quarry, and at Broddbo in a boulder; one crystal from this last locality, at Stockholm, weighed eighty pounds. Pycnite is from the tin mine of Altenberg in Saxony; also those of Schlackeuwald, Zinnwald in Bohemia, and Kongsberg in Norway.
Topaz occurs also in the Mercado Mtn., in Durango, Mexico, along with cassiterite, magne- tite, and durangite; at La Paz, province of Guanajuato; at San Luis Potosi in rhyolyte, sometimes enclosing rutile. At Hauueib in Damaraland in Southwest Africa (Hintze, Zs. Kr., 15, 505, 1889). At Mt. Bischoff, Tasmania, with tin ores; also similarly in New South Wales. In Japan in peg- matyte from Otani-yama, Province of Omi, near Kioto: at Nakatsu-gawa, Province of Mino.
In the United States, in Maine, at Stoneham, in albitic-granite in fine clear crystals, also in coarse crystals of great size ; it is associated with beryl, columbite, fluorite, triplite, etc. In Conn., at Trumbull, with fluorite and diaspore in small yellow or clear white crystals, also in others large and coarse; at, Middletown rare; at Willimantic, with columbite. In N. Car., at Crowder's Mountain. In Colorado, in tine crystals colorless or pale blue from the Pike's Peak region, sometimes implanted with phenacite upon amazonstone, also with zircon, smoky quartz, etc.; at Nathrop, Chaffee Co., in wine colored crystals with spessartite in lithophyses in rhyolyte; also similarly in minute crystals in the rhyolyte of Chalk Mt. In Utah, in fine transparent color- less crystals with quartz and sanidine iu the rhyolyte of the Thomas Range, 40 miles north of Sevier Lake.
The name topaz is from ro7T?zoS, an island in the Red Sea, as stated by Pliny. But the topaz of Pliny was not the true topaz, as it " yielded to the file." Topaz was included by Pliny and earlier writers, as well as by many later, .under the name chrysolite.
Alt. — Topaz is found altered both to steatite, and kaolin or lithomarge. Alteration, espe- cially of large opaque crystals, is not uncommon; thus in Saxony and Bohemia, at Kararfvet, Falun, Sweden, also at Trumbull and Stoneham. The usual result is the change to damourite. Cf. Clarke and Diller, Am. J. Sc., 29, 378, 1885. The pure Stoneham topaz gave anal. 9, above; a surrounding greenish layer (1) below, and an outside purple zone (2), Whitfield, ibid.; the final product is damourite, anal. 3; Chatard, ib., 28, 22, 1884. Cf. also Atterberer, G. For. Forh., 2, 402, 1875.
G. SiOa A12O3 F CaO MgO K2O Na2O H2O
1. Green zone 3'42 3515 5318 1288 1'32 0'17 152 1-28 0-90 106-40
2. Purple zone 2'82 44'52 46"19 0'40 0'30 0'14 2'30 2'82 3'74 MnO 0'21 100'62
3. Damourite 45'19 33-32 — tr. 0 '36 11 -06 1'57 4'48 FeO 4'25, MnO 0'58
100-81
496 Silicates.
Artif. — Obtained by Friedel and Sarasin by the action of bydrofluosilicic acid on silica and alumina in tbe presence of water at 500".
Ref.— ' Ural, Min. liussl., 2, 198, 1854. Note tbat c of Kk. and many authors 2c Dana, and earlier of Mohs, Naumanu, etc. ; Gruuhut proposed a new position to show relation to andalusite, which, however, is not to be recommended. The axial ratio varies somewhat widely for crystals from different localities, cf. Breith., liaudb. , 3, 725 et seq., 1847; Groth, Zs. G. Ges., 22, 381, 1870; Grilnhut, Zs. Kr., 9, 124, 1884.
2 See Grunhut, I.e., for list with authorities, also original observations. A recent critical summary, with literature, etc., is given by Gdt., Index, 3, 223, 1891; cf. earlier, Rose, Iteis, Ural, 2, 80, 1842 el al.; Kk., 1. c.. also 3, 195, 378. 1858; Mir. Min., 353, 1852; Dx., Miu., 1, 470, 1862. Groth, Altenberg, Schlackenwald, 1. c. ; Btd., Framout, Zs. Kr., 1, 297, 1877; Lasp., Saxony, Bohemia, ib., p. 347; Rath, Alt. Bischoff, ib., 4, 428, 1880; Corsi, Elba, ib., 5, 604, 1881; Kk., 1. c., 9, 97, 299; Hidden aud Washington, Zacatecas, Am. J. tSc., 33, 507, 1887; Erem., Ilmeu Alts., Vh. Miu. Ges., 24, 463, 1888. a On crystals from Alexico see Dx., Bull. Soc. Alin., 9, 135, 1886; N. v. Koksharov, Jr., Vh. Miu. Ges., 23, 49, 1887, aud Aliu. Russl., 9, 97; Bkg., Zs. Kr., 12, 424, 451, 1886.
4 Percussion figures, Mugge, Jb. Min., 1, 60, 1884. 5 Refractive indices: Dx., Min., 1, 475, 1862, N. R., 102, 1867; he shows that the indices obtained by Rudberg (Pogg., 17, 22, 1829) are in error at least as regards the values for the lines B, C, D. See further Feussuer, Zs. Kr., 7, 507, 1883; Milltlheims, Zs. Kr., 14, 225. 226, 1888. Measurement of indices of refraction aud axial angles from various localities are given by Groth, 1. c. Etching-figures, Baumhauer, Jb. Min., 5, 1876; also natural on crystals from San Luis Potosi, Pelikan, Miu. Alitth., 11, 331, 1890. 6 Abnormal optical character, Alld., Ann. Mines, 10, 155, 1876; Alack., Wied. Ann., 28, 153, 1886; Mgg., Jb Min., 1, 60, 1884.
Pyro-electricity, Riess and Rose, Pogg., 59, 384, 1843; Hankel, Abh. Sachs. Ges., 9, 1870; Friedel, Bull. Soc. Alin., 2, 31, 1879; Friedel and Curie, ibid., 8, 16, 1885; Mack. Wied. Ann., 28, 153, 1886. Elasticity, Voigt, Nachr. Ges. Gottingen, 561, 1887.
398. ANDALUSITE. Spath adamantin d'un rouge violet (fr. Forez) Bourn.. J. Phys., 34, 453, 1789. Feldspath du Forez Guyton, Ann. Oh., 1, 190, 1789. Andalousite (fr. Spain and Forez) Delameth., J. Phys., 46, 386, 1798. Andalusite. Feldspath apyre H.. Tr., 4, 1801. Alicaphilit, Micafilit (fr. Lahmerwinkel) Brunner, Moll's Ann. B. H., 3, 294, 1H04, Efem., 1, 51, 1805; Alicaphyllit, bad orthogr. Stanzait (fr. Bavaria at Stanzen near Bodeumais and Herzogau) Flurl, Gebirgs-Form. Churpfalzbaierischen Staateu, 5,1806. Hartspat Wern. Made hyaline Cordier.
Silex uiger cum cruce Candida: darinn ein weiss Kreutz, Gesner. Foss. , 45, 1565. Lapis crucifer (fr. Compostella) quern Hispani vocat cruciatum, Mercati, AFetallotheca Vaticana, 237, 1617. Pierres de Macles (fr. id.) Robien, N. idees sur la Format, d. Foss., 108, 1751 (with fig.). Spanish Shirl, Cross-Stone, Hill, Foss., 152, 1771. Pierre de Croix, Made basaltique, Schorl en prismes— dout les angles obtus sout de 95°, de Lisle. Crist., 17,72, 2, 440, 1783. Crucite Delameth, T. T., 2, 292, 1797. Chiastolith Karst., Tab., 28, 73, 1800. Chiastolite. Made H., Tr., 3, 1801. Hohlspath Wern., 1803, Ludwig's Wern., 210, 1804. Chiast. ideut. with Audal. Bern- hardi, Aloll's Efem., 3, 32, 1807, Beud., Tr., 363, 1824.
"Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-98613 : 1 : 0-70245 Des Cloizeaux1. 100 A HO 44° 36', 001 A 101 35° 87f', 001 A Oil 35° 5|'.
Forms : c (001, 0) m (110. 1) r (101, l-l) o (111, 1)
a (100, z-i) /fc(210 e2) 0 (120, £8) s (Oil. 14) 8(121,3-2)-
b (010, i-l) t (031, 3-£)3
kk'" 52° 30' ss' 70° 10' oo'" - 59° 33' mz 36° 49'
mm'" *89° 12' co — 45° 1' zz' 44° 53' mr — *65° 36'
gg' 53° 46' cz 57° 35f zz'" 97° 42' ms 66° 12'
rr' 70° 56' oo' 60° 28£'
Usually in coarse prismatic forms, the prisms nearly square in form. Massive, imperfectly columnar; sometimes radiated and granular.
Cleavage: m distinct, sometimes perfect (Brazil); a less perfect; b in traces. Fracture uneven, subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 7*5. Gr. 3-16-3-20. Luster vitreous; often weak. Color whitish, rose-red, flesh-red, violet, pearl-gray, reddish- brown, olive-green. Streak uncolored. Transparent to opaque, usually subtrans- lucent.
Pleochroism strong in some colored varieties: c a) olive-green, b #) olive-green, a t) blood-red to rose-red. Absorption strong, a b c. Sections
Danb Urite- Topaz Gro Up—Andal Usite.
normal to an optic axis are idiophanous4 or show the polarization brushes distinctly. Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bx c. Axial angles:
Brazil
ar 1-632 96° 30'
/?r 1-638' yr — 1'643 .-. j2Vr 84° 30' Dx. 2H0.r 113° . . 2 Vr 83° 37 Dx 2Ha= 96° 33 Btd.
Figs. 1, 2, Common forms. 3, 4, Upper Providence, Delaware Co., Penn.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. H. 7-5 on the basal face, if not elsewhere. Crystals coarse, squar* prismatic in form, often soft on the surface from incipient alteration.
2. Chiastolite or Macle. Stout crystals having the axis and angles of a different color from the rest, owing to a regular arrangement of carbonaceous impurities through the interior, and hence exhibiting a colored cross, or a tesselated appearance in a transverse section. H. 3-7'5, vary- ing much with the degree of impurity. The following figures show sections of some crystals. Fig. 5, by C. T. Jackson in J. Soc. N. Hist., Bost., 1, 55; figs, a and b are from opposite extremities of the same crystals; so also c and d; e and/.
Fig. 6 shows the successive parts of a single crystal, as dissected by B. Horsford of Spring- field, Mass. The forms of the white and black portions vary much. Bernhardi showed in 1807 (1. c.) that the central column sometimes widened from the middle toward each end.
Comp.— AlsSiO. (A10)AlSi04 or Al203.Si02 Silica 36'8, alumina 63-2 100.
A little iron is usually present; analyses see 5th Ed., p. 372. Dainour obtained for the Brazilian mineral: SiO* 37'24, AUOs 62"07, Fe2O3 0'61 99'92, Dx., Min., 1, 336, 1862.
Pyr., etc. — B B. infusible. With cobalt solution gives a blue color after ignition. Not decomposed by acids. Decomposed on fusion with caustic alkalies and alkaline carbonates. See also sillimanite, p. 499.
Obs. — Most common in argillaceous schist, or other schists imperfectly crystalline; also in gneiss, mica schist, and related rocks; rarely in connection with serpentine. The variety chiastolite is commonly a contact mineral in clay-slates, e.g., adjoining granitic dikes. Some- times associated with sillimanite with parallel axes.
Found in Spain, in Andalusia; in the Tyrol, Liseus Alp, in large cryst. with cyanite; in Saxony, at Braunsdorf, Robschutz, Munzig, Penig; in Moravia, at Goldenstein; Bavaria, at Wunsiedel, Lahmerwinkel. Rabensteiu, etc.; Austria, at Felling, near Krerns, in serpentine; France, Dept. of Var near Hyeres; Bareges in the Pyrenees; Russia, Yushakova near Mursinka in the Ural; Mnnkova, etc., in Nerchinsk (chiastolite). In Ireland at Killiney Bay, in mica schist; near I'iilalmlish in Argyleshire : Cumberland, England. In Brazil, province of Min as G ernes, in fine- crystals and as rolled pebbles.
498 Silicates.
In N. America, in Maine, at Mt. Abraham, Bangor, Searsmont, Camden, S. Berwick; also in flue pink crystals in quartz with pyrrhotite at Standish. N. Hamp., at White Mtn. Notch; Boar's Head, near Rye; at Charleston. Vermont, near Bellows Falls. Mass., at Westford, abundant in cryst., sometimes rose-colored; Lancaster, both varieties; Sterling, chiastolite. Conn., at Litchfield and Washington, good cryst. Penn., in Delaware Co., near Leiperville, large cryst.; at Marple, Upper Providence, and Springfield, good cryst.; one weighing 7-J Ibs., and a group of crystals, free from thegaugue. of about 60 Ibs. California, along the Churchillas rivers, San Joaquin val., at crossing of road to Ft. Miller. In Canada, at L. St. Francis, in reddish cryst., in mica schist, both var. In N. Scotia, at Cape Canseau.
Named from Andalusia, the first locality noted.
The name made is from the Latin macula, a spot, and, as Robien observes, it alludes to the use of the "mascle" in heraldry, in which the word signifies a voided lozenge, or a rhomb with open centre (1. c., 1751, in de Lisle, Crist.). Chiastolite is from za'crroS, arranged diagonally, and hence from chi, the Greek name for the letter X.
Alt. — Andalusite occurs altered to kaolin; sometimes to muscovite (and pinite); also to <;yanite.
Ref.— ' Min., p. 173, 1862. Haid. gave 89° 10', Pogg., 61, 295, 1844; Mir. 89° 16', Min., p. 284; Gruulmt 89° 15', Zs. Kr.; 9, 120, 1884. 2 Cf. Haid., Mir., 1. c., and Kenng., Ber. Ak. Wien, 14, 269, 1854; Levy, Dx., also Grunhut, note some doubtful planes. See also E. S. D., Am. J. Sc., 4, 473, 1872. 3Erem., Vh. Min. Ges., 135, 1863; Id., ibid., 24, 451, 1888. 4 Cf. Haid., 1. c.; Mid., Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 77, 1879; Bertin, ibid., p. 54, Ann. Ch. Phys., 15, 405, 1878, andZs. Kr., 3, 454, 1879.
399. SILLIMANITE or FIBEOLITE. Faserkiesel (fr. Bohemia) Lindacker, Mayer's Samml. phys. Aufs., 2. 277, 1792; Bergm. J.. 2, 65, 1792. Fibrolite (fr. the Carnatic) Bournon, Phil Trans., 289, 335, 1802; Bournonite Lucas, Tabl., 2, 216, 1813. Bucholzit (fr. Tyrol) Brandes, . J., 25, 125, 1819. Sillimanite (fr. Conn.) Bowen, Am. J. Sc., 8, 113, 1824. Worthite Hess, Pogg., 21, 73, 1830. Xenolit Nordensk., Act. Soc. Sc. Fenu., 1, 371, Pogg., 56, 643. 1842. Bamlit Erdmann, Ak. H. Stockh., 19, 1842. Monrolite (fr. Monroe, N. Y.) Silliman, Am. J. Sc., 8, 385, 1849.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I 0-970 : 1. Forms : a (100 i-l), b (010, i-i), m (110, 7), h (230, i-f Angles1 mm"' 88° 15', hh' *69°. Prismatic faces striated and rounded. Commonly in long slender crystals not distinctly terminated; often in close parallel groups, passing into fibrous and columnar massive forms; sometimes radiating.
Cleavage: b very perfect. Fracture uneven. H. 6-7. G. 3-23-3-24. Luster vitreous, approaching subadamantine. Color hair-brown, grayish brown, grayish white, grayish green, pale olive-green. Streak uncolored. ' Transparent to translucent.
Pleochroism sometimes distinct: c dark clove-brown, b light brownish, Rosenbusch. Optically +. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. b. Bx c. Dispersion p v.
2Er 44° 2Egr 42°-43° 2EV 37°-38°. 1-060, Dx.
a 1-659 ft - 1-661 y - 1-680, Lex.2
Var. — 1. Sillimanite. In long, slender crystals, passing into fibrous forms, with the fibers separable. G. 3'238, Norwich, Ct., Dana; 3'232, id., Brush; 3 239. Yorktown, Norton.
Also densely compact, and in this form used for utensil* and implements by prehistoric man in western Europe, and sometimes called "jade." See Damour (C. li., 61, ;il8, 1865), who gives for a specimen from Haute Loire, with G. 3 209: SiO2 87'18, A12O3 61 '17, Fe.2O3 0'70, ign. 1-06 100-11. Also F. W. Clarke (Proc. U. S. Mus., 11, 128. 1888), who gives fora specimen from Brittany, with G. 3-147: SiO2 34'66, A12O3 63'24, FoaO, tr., MgO 0-87, ign. 1'31 99-58. On Spanish fibrolite implements (jade), see Quiroga, abstr. in Zs. Kr., 6, 270, 1881.
2. Fibrolite. Fibrous or fine columnar, firm and compact, sometimes radiated; grayish white to pale brown, and pale olive-green or greenish gray. Bucholzile and monrolite are here included; the latter is radiated columnar, and of the greenish color mentioned. G. 3'24, fibrolite, Bournon; 3-19-3-21, id., Dmr.; 3'239, bucholzite, Chester, Pa., Erdmann; 3 '04-3-1, monrolite, B. Silliman; 3-075, id., Brush.
Bamlite, from Bamle, Norway, resembles the monrolite, being columnar subplumose, silky; G. 2'984. and color greenish white or bluish-green. The analysis of Enlmanu gave a large excess of silica (56-90 p. c.); but L. Saemann observes that there are minute prisms of quartz among the fibers of bamlite. A bamlite from the gneiss of Larangeiras, Brazil, with G. 3'18, gave Dom Pedro Augusto von Sachsen-Coburg; SiO, 57'50. A1O3 41 '50 99'00; this is prob- ably also impure from the presence of quartz, Min. Mitth., 10, 460, 1889.
Danburite-Topaz Group— Sillimanite.
Xenolite also resembles fibrolite closely', excepting in the high specific gravity, 3'58, which suggests au identity rather with cyanite. But the prisms are stated to have the angle 89°, which is the angle of andalusite; and Des Cloizeaux states that it is optically like fibrolite, and not like cyanite. In rolled pebbles from Peterhof, Finland, and near St. Petersburg. Named from Zevof, stranger. Komonen (1. c.) obtained: SiO2 47'44, A12O3 52;54 99 98
Worthite is hydrous, and is probably a somewhat altered and impure form? H. 7'25, color white, translucent. Optically like the above. An analysis gave Hess (1. c.) : SiOo 40'58, A12O3 53-50, MgO 1-00, H2O 4-63 99'7I. From Peterhof with xenolite. Cf. Fischer, Vh. Ges. Freiburg, 5, 29; Lex.2, 1. c., p. 154. Named for Von Worth, a secretary of the Russian Mineralogical Society.
Comp.— Al2SiOB or Al2Os.SiO, Silica 36-8, alumina 63-2 100; the rational formula probably (A10)AlSi04 like andalusite (Grotli).
Analyses (5lh Ed., p 374 smd above) in general agree closely, but Wiik gives (Zs. Kr., 2, 496, 1878) for sillimanite from St. .Michel: SiO2 47 33 AlaO3(Fc2O3 tr 53'2l 9954, yielding the orthosilicate formula Ala(SiO4)3, like xeuolite above; cf. also anal. 5, 6, 5th Ed., p. 374.
Obs. — Occurs in gueiss, mica schist, and related crystalline rocks, usually in slender prisms aggregated in lines, sometimes associated in parallel position with audalusite (Lex.'2); iolite is. also a common associate; rarely as a contact mineral.
Observed in many localities, thus near Moldau and Schilttenhofen in Bohemia (faserkiesel)* at Fassa in Tyrol (bucholzite); in the Carnaticwith corundum (fibrolite); at Bodenmais in Bavaria;. Tillenberg near Eger in Bohemia; Marschendorf in Moravia; Freiberg, Saxony; in France, in the vicinity of Issoire in boulders, and also in the canton of Paulhaguet; near Poutgibaud and. other points in Auvergne; in the Dept. Basse-Loire near Nantes and elsewhere. In gneiss in Aberdeeushire, Scotland; Sievenberg, Heteroland, South Africa. Greenish gray sillimanite in quartz forms rolled masses in the diamantiferous sands of Diamantina, Minas Geraes, Brazil.
In the United States, in Massachusetts, at Worcester. In Connecticut, at the falls of the Yantio, near Norwich, with zircon, uionazite, and corundum; at Willimantic; at Chester, near Saybrook (sillimanite); at Humphreysville. In N'. York, at Yorktown, Westchester Co., 10 m. N.E. of Sing Sing; near the road leading from Pine's Bridge to Yorktown P. Office, in distinct crystals, with monazite, tremolite, and magnetite, the crystals often running through the magnetite; in Monroe, Orange Co. (monroliie), with mica, garnet, magnetite, etc. In Penn.t at Chester on the Delaware, near Queensbury forge; in Delaware Co., in Birmingham, Middle- town, Concord, Aston, Darby ; sometimes, as at Mineral Hill, associated with corundum and derived from its alteration (Genth). In Delaware, at Brandywine Springs. With corundum at. the Culsagee mine, Macon Co., N. Carolina, and from Laurens, 8. Carolina.
Named jibrolite from the fibrous massive variety (Germ., Faserkiesel) ; bucholzite, after the German chemist Bucholz ; sillimanite, after Prof, Benjamin Silliman of New Haven (1779-1864).
Artif. — A compound near sillimanite was early (1858) formed by St. Claire Deville and Caron by reaction at a high temperature of silica on aluminium fluoride, or of aluminium on silicon fluoride. Similar results have been obtained by Fremy and Feil (1877) and later more definitely by Vernadsky, who further shows that cyanite is transformed at 1320°-! 380° into sillimanite, and the same is true of andalusite, both with the disengagement of heat. A similar trans- formation seems to take place in the case of dumortierite and topaz. See Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 447, 1889, 13, 256. 1890, also further under cyanite.
Ref.— Dx., Min., 1, 178, 1862; Bull-. Soc. Min., 4, 258, 1881. 2 Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 150, 1888. The position here taken brings sillimanite into relation with andalusite; with Dx. the 69D prism is taken as the unit.
GLANCESPAR. Glanzspath von Dechen, Geogn. Fiihrer Siebengebirge, 154, 1861; Rath, Pogg., 147, 272, 1872.
Occurs in small prismatic fragments in the basalt of the Siebengebirge. Form a rhombic prism having an acute angle of 88£°. Cleavage pinacoidal distinct, with pearly luster. H. 6'5. G. 3-150. Analysis —Rath :
SiOa 36-7 A12O3 57-9 Fe2O3 4'4 MgO 0'7 CaO 0-8 100'5
Composition deducting impurities like sillimanite. Cf. Vernadsky, Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 455, 1889.
WESTANITE C. W. Blomstrand, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 25, 208, 1868.
In radiated crystalline masses, sometimes in prismatic crystals. H. 2'5. Color brick red. An analysis gave:
SiO2 [42-53] A1.O, 5M4 PaO5 1-15 FeaO3 I'Ol HaO 4'17 100
This composition is near w5rthite, a hydrous fibrolite, but it differs from that mineral in inferior hardness. Itmay be an altered andalusite as suggested by Groth (Tab. Ueb., 106, 1889). B.B. swells up; infusible and turns white. Not acted upon by acids. Associated with pyrophyl- lite at Westana, Sweden.
Silicates.
400. CYANITE. Talc bleu Sage, Descr. Cab. de 1'cole des Mines, 154, 1784. Sappare Saussurefils, J. Phys., 34, 213, 1789. Beril feuillete Sage, J. Phys., 31, 89, 1789. Cyanit (fr. Greiuer)Wern., Hoffm., Bergm. J., 377, 393, 1789; Wern., ib., 164, 1790; Kyanite. Disthene H., Tr., 3, 101. Rhaetizit (fr. Pfitschthal, or ancient Rhaetia) Wern., Hoffm. Min., 2, b, 318, 1815, 4, b, 128, 1817.
Triclinic. Axes a\l:6 0-89938 : 1 : 0-70896; a 90° 5£', /?=101° 2£', y 105° 44' Eath1.
100 A 010 73° 56', 100 A 001 *78° 30', 010 A 001 86° 45'.
Forms1 :
a (100, i-l, M) b (010. i-l, T) (001, 0, P)
(310, £3')
e (210, i-2') m (110, /') Q (120, fr-5') Jtf (110, '!) s (120, Y-2)
h (203, ,f-?,) A; (304, ,f-i,) a; (101, ,1-i,) q (Oil, 14') (Oil, 1-i)
/ (021, '2-i)
d (221, 2')
u (211, ,2-2)
(122,
o (in, ,D
(221, ,2) y (121, ,2-2) r (111, 1,) 9 (312, 1-3,)
f
a
J
r
Figs. 1, 2, 4, Greiner, Rath ; 1 drawn in inverted position. 3, Bauer.
ae 20° 42'
cv *36° 58'
cM 82 3 27'
am — *34° 17'
c/ 57° 33'
cr 56° 48
aM 48° 18'
cd 59° 56'
a? =71° 37'
mM 82° 35'
a'w 44° 9'
ch 30° 59'
co 46° 25'
a'o 70° 45V
43° 48'
cu 67° 44'
a'z 89° 31'
eg 34° 44'
*90° 2'
ar
&y
bo
bx
b'r
55° 40'
41° 57' 64° 15' 98° 26' 52° 6'
Twins: tw. ax. (1) a normal to a, comp.-face a, often polysynthetic; (2) the normal to the edge a/b in (3) the edge a/c; (4) a normal to c, as penetration- 4 twins, often repeated and as a result of pressure; also
staurolite-like cruciform-twins crossing at 60°. Usually in long bladed crystals, rarely terminated. Face a often striated edge a/c (f. 3). Also coarsely bladed columnar to subfibrous.
Cleavage : a very perfect ; b less perfect ; also parting c which is a gliding-plane, parallel to which twinning is
produced by pressure*. H. 5-7 -25; the least, 4-5, on a 6; 6-7 on a edge a/c; 7on£. G. — 3-56-3-67; 3-559, white; 3M375, blue; 3-661, Tyrol, Erdmann. Lus- ter vitreous to pearly. Color blue, white ; blue along the center of the blades or crystals with white margins; also gray, green, black. Streak uncolored. Trans- lucent to transparent.
Pleochroism distinct in colored varieties. Optically — . Ax. pi. nearly a and inclined to edge a/b on a about 30° (f. 3), and about on b. Axial angle large, 2V 82°-83°. Index pr 1-720 Dx.3 Also Korn3:
Pfitschthal 2Ha.r=99° 18' Li 2Ha.y=98° 55' Litchfield 2Ha.r=100° 50f 2Ha.y=100° 4H'
Comp. — Empirical formula Al2Si06 or AlOSiO,, like andalusite and silliman- ite. Perhaps (Groth) a basic metasilicate (A10),SiO?.
Datolite Group.
Analyses, 5th Ed., p. 376. A pale green variety from Clip, Arizona, associated with dumortierite, gave Hillebrand (priv. contr.): G. 3'656, SiO2 36'30, AlaO3(TiO3) 62'51, FeaOs 0-70, CuO tr., ign. 0'40 99'91.
Pyr., etc. — Same as for uudalusite.
At a high temperature (1320°-1380°) cyanite is transformed into sillimanite; the hardness becomes uniformly 6-7 instead of 5 to 7; the specific gravity falls to 315-JF28; the extinction becomes parallel and the optical character -f- Cf. Vernadsky, Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 447, 1889, 13, 256, 1890.
Obs.— Occurs principally in gneiss and mica schist (both the ordinary variety with muscovite and also that with paragonite) often accompanied by garnet and sometimes by staurolite; also in eclogyte. It is often associated with corundum.
Found in transparent crystals at Monte Campioue in the St. Gothard region in Switzerland in paragouite schist ; on Mt. Greiner, Zillerthal, and in the Pfitschthal (rJicetizite, a white variety) m Tyrol; also near Admont in Styria; in eclogyte of the Saualpe, Carinthia; Petschau, Bohemia; Heriijoki, Finland; Horrsjoberg in Wermland, Sweden, forming beds enclosing damourite, in quartzyte; on the R. Sanarka, Gov't Orenburg, Russia, in the gold-washings, accompanying euclase and topaz; at Poutivy, France; Villa Rica, Brazil, S. America; in Scotland, at Botriphinie iu Bauffshire, at Banchory in Aberdeenshire, and near Glen T It; in the Shetlauds at Hillswick ness; in Ireland, at Donegal and Mayo.
In N. Hump., at Jaffrey, on the Monadnock Mtn. mica schist; at Worthingtou and Blanford in good s, Conn., at Litchfield and Washington iu large rolled m at Oxford, near Humphreysville, in mica schist. In "
lows Falls in short disseminated crystals. In Penn., inYune dpecimeus near Philadelphia, on the Schuylkill road near the Darby bridge; near the SchutlfcilVon the Ridge road, back of Robin Hood tavern; at East and West Branford, Chester Co.L at/Darby and Haverford, Delaware Co. In Maryland, eighteen miles north of Baltimore, at.'s mill; in Delaware near Wilmington. In Virginia, at Willis's Mt., Buckingham Co., add ttwo\ miles north of Chancellorville, Spotsyl- vauia Co. In N. Carolina, with rutile, lazulite.letqV. At Crowcler's Mt., Gaston Co., sometimes black; of fine_deep blue color near Bakersville\ narl the summit of Yellow Mt. on the road to
Cities associated with corundum, damourite; fere: in these and similar cases according to Columbia on the North Thompson River in
In Mas hsat Chesterfield, with garnet in cirnems \itWestneld and Lancaster. In ises, with corundum and massive apatite; wzo/i|\at Thetford and Salisbury; at Bel-
Marion Co. (Kunz). In Gaston and Rutherfor also at Swannanoa Gap, Buncombe Co., an Geuth derived from the corundum. In quartz.
Named from KvavoS, blue. The narri reading a label of this mineral on which it J. Phys., 34, 213; the specimen thus labell the Duke of Gordon to Saussure the fath ?, strong, alluding to the unequal hard
Alt. — Cyanite occurs altered to talc and
>re arose from a mistake by Saussure, Jr., in led sapphire; a copy of this label is given in was from Botriphinie in Scotland, and was sent by Disthene is from 5z'?, twice, or of two kinds, and ss and electric properties iu two different directions, teatite.
An analysis of an alteration product from Pregratten gave Bohm, Min. Mitth., 2, 522, 1880:
SiO2
A12O3
FeO
CaO
MgO
NaaO
K2O
H80
4-51 101-03
Ref.— ' Greiner, Zs. Kr., 5, 17, 1880, alsoib., 3, 1, 87, 1878. See also Bauer on crystals from Monte Campioni, Zs. G. Ges., 30, 283, 1878, 31, 244, 1879, 32, 717, 1880.
2 Gliding planes, Bauer, Zs. G. Ges., 30, 320, 1878; Milgge, Jb. Min., 2 13, 1888. 3 Dx., Min., 1, 186, 1862; Bauer, 1. c. ; Korn, Zs. Kr., 7, 595, 1883. Axial figures in twin crystals, Kbl., Ber. Ak. Munchen, 1, 272, 1867.
12. Datolite Group. Monoclinic.
Basic Orthosilicates. HRRSi06 or R3R,(Si06)3. Oxygen ratio f or R : Si 3 : 2.
ii m
R Ca,Be,Fe, chiefly; R Boron, the yttrium (and cerium) metals, etc.
a : I : c ft
401. Datolite 0-6345 : 1 : 1-2657 89° 51'
HCaBSiO. or Ca(BOH)Si04
402. Homilite 0'6249 : 1 : 1-2824 89° 21' f
2Sia010 or Ca,Fe(BO)a(Si04),
Silicates.
2a : b : U /3
403. Euclase 0-6474 : I : 1-3330 79° 44'
HBeAlSiO, or Be(AlOH)Si04 d
404. Gadolinite 0-6273 : 1 : 1-3215 89° 26V
Be.FeY.Si.O,. or Be,Fe(YO)2(Si04)a
405. Yttrialite Y,03,ThO,, etc., SiO, Massive
Silicate of thorium, yttrium earths, etc. Oxygen ratio for Si : R 4 : 3.
The formulas of the species of the Datolite Group are written as basic orthosilicates in the form suggested by Groth. The crystallographic and chemical relation between datolite and euclase was shown by J. D. Dana in 1854 (Am. J. Sc., 17, 215, 1854, 49, 400, 1870, and Min., 4th Ed., p. 204, 5th Ed., pp. 362, 363) and later by Rammelsberg (Zs. G. Ges., 21, 807, 1869), who also proved the isomorphism of datolite and gadolinite. The latter author shows that the axiaj ratio aud obliquity of euclase may be made to correspond to them, and he calculates: d:b:c — 0'6303 : 1 : 0'6318, ft — 88° 18'. The complex character of the symbols resulting from this change shows, however, that the position is an unnatural one.
Yttrialite, associated with the Gadolinite of Texas and like it chiefly a silicate of the rare metals of the yttrium group, is conveniently introduced here, although a more highly acid compound and hence of different formula.
401. DATOLITE. Datolith (fr. Arendal) Esmark (undescr.) ; Karsten & Klapr., Gehlen's J., 6, 1806, Klapr. Beitr.. 4, 354, 1807; Karst., Tab., 52, 1808. Datholit Wern., 1808. Datholite Brongn.,Wn., 2, 397, 1807. Chaux boratee siliceuse H., Tabl., 17, 1809. Esmarkit Hausm., Handb., 862, 1818. Datolite Aikin, Min., 1815; Jameson, 2, 257, 1816. Borate of lime; Boro- silicate of lime. Humboldtite Levy, Ann. Phil., 5, 130, 1823.
Botriolit Hausm., v. Moll's Efem., 4, 393, 1808. Botryolith Karst., Tab., 52, 1808. Chaux boratee siliceuse, var. concretionnee-mammelonnee H., Tabl., 17, 145, 1809. Faser-datolith Leonh., Handb., 590, 1821. Botryolite.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-63446 : 1 : 1-26574; ft 89° 51£' 001 A 100 Dauber1.
100 A HO 32° 23' 36", 001 A 101 63° 15' 43", 001 A Oil 51° 41' 22".
Forms2 :
(201, - 2-1)
A (112, -
1)
A (216, - i-2)
r (S-4-18, f-D?
a (100, i-l)
a (104, H)
n (111, -
1)
to (215, - |-2)
Tt (231, 3-|)
b (010, i-l)
S (102, B)
(221, -
2)
b (213, - |-2)
C (125, |-2)
c (001, 0)
5 (304, f4)
Go (116,
a (124, i-2)
77 (410, i-l) A (210, i-2)
n doi, i-i)
2 (302. f-I) z (201, 2-i)
f (115. i) (114, i) A (113, i)
S (621, 6-3) T (214, i-2) i (212, 1-2)
i (123, f-2) B (121, 2-2) .& (138, f-3)
6 (320, i>-%)
r (230, *4) o (120, t-8)
a (018. i-i)
a (014, f 1) t (013, i-i)
e (112, i) P (§59, f) & (228,1)
J (344, - 1-|) H (232, - |-4)f f) (126, - i-2)
(5-15-24, f-3; 0 (269, f-3) Y (132, 1-3)
rr /Toi q
Z (130, e-3)
p (106, - H) (104, - i-i) 0 (103, - H) a; (102, — i-£) f (304, — f4) 0 (101 - 14)
(012, i-l) h (023.. |-i) TOX (Oil, 14) 8 (021, 2-i)
£ (116, - i)
i (us, -i)
W(114, - J)
v (111, 1)
!F(414, - r (314, - 9 (312, - & (212, - (534, - w (324, -
1-4) f-3) 1-2)
I-I)
tT(123, - |-2) C (122, - 1-2) ft (121, - 2-2) 5(241, - 4-2) D (133, - 1-3) y (144, - 1-4)
zz ( loi, o-o; J" (261, 6-3) 0 (1-4-14. f-4)?- F(141, 4-4) £"(158, f-5) JT(164, f 6) # 1 1-9 -16,
(302, - H)
Z (113, - i)
Datolite Group— Datolite.
t 1 2, Bergen Hill. 3, Isle Royale, L. S. 4, Bergen Hill. 5, De Kalb, St. Lawrence Co.,. N. Y., J. Stanley-Brown. 6, Bergen Hill. 7, Andreasberg. 8, Toggiana. 9, Arendal.
A- A A
ee'"
mm'
rr'
ool
Ii'
cp cu
ex tf
cs
ax ca
18° If
35° 12'
45° 51'
64° 47'
93° 50'
76° 29'
5.3° 26
18° 23' 26° 29' 33° 35' 44° 51' 56° 9' 63' 16' 71' 23V 75° 48' 45° 0' 26° 32' 45° 0' : 63° 29V
: 71" 39'
cz
—
76°
4'
no,'
—
17°
59'
—
35°
7'
U'
—
45°
45'
99'
—
64°
hh'
3S
80°
19'
mm'
—
103°
23'
Off OO
'
53'
cZ
—
21°
29'
cW
—
30°
32'
—
38°
iov
en
66°
57'
cS
77°
56'
cm
89"
53'
Can
21°
304:'
Ck
25°
19r
cu
30°
36'
c/\
38°
16'
ce
49'
49'
67°
10'
eg
71° 46'
64° 21'
cT
46° 22'
c@
72° 41'
CTt
79° 49'
ag
21° 34'
aO
30° 39'
ay
67° 3'
ag
89° 53'
an
38° 55'
aQ
58° 12'
89° 55'
aft
53° 43V
a'l
46° 31'
a'/j.
64° 41'
a's
49° 57'
a'v
39° 0'
w'
22° 40'
16° 8'
Os'
31° 38'
tin'
59° 4V
80° 43|'
#S
97° 9
ww
31° 35'
rr'
59° 0'
31° 42
vv'
59° 10'
Be'
97° 16'
Hh'
119° 10'
132° 28'
Tt
25° 17'
ee'
- 48° 19V
Aa'
38° 45V
u'
uu'
31° 39'
aa'
59° 6'
yy1
nit
97° 11'
85° 27'
Silicates.
Crystals varied in habit; usually short prismatic with either m or pre- dominating; also of other types, and often highly modified. Faces often wavy and rarely giving good measurements; x (102) commonly dull. Also botry- oidal and globular, having a columnar structure; di- vergent and radiating; sometimes massive, granular to compact and cryptocrystalline.
Cleavage not observed. Fracture conchoid al tc uneven. Brittle. H. 5-5-5. G. 2-9-3-0. Luster vitreous, rarely subresinous on a surface of frac- ture. Color white ; sometimes grayish, pale green, yellow, red, or amethystine, rarely dirty olive-green or honey-yellow. Streak white. Transparent to trans- lucent; rarely opaque white. I b. a Bxa) nearly Bx0 A t + 1° "NTa.
Bergen Hill.
Ax. pi.
Bx0.y A 6 + 2° 27' Na, Bergen Hill.
Optically — .
Bxa A 6 - 89° S. d.~ Zanchetti Refractive indices, etc., Brugnatellr
For Li ar 1-6214 ft, 1-6492 yr 1-6659 .% 2Vr 74° 26'
Na ay 1-6246 /Sy 1-6527 y? 1-6694 .-. 2Vy 74° 8' Also measured, where nT 1-6474, 1-6576: 2Ha.r 74° 44' Li 2Ha.y 74° 6' Na 2Ha.gr 73° 27' Tl .-. 2Vy 74° 21'
Luedecke obtained for Andreasberg:
Bx0 A c + 3° 6' Li 3° 8' Na 3° 12' Tl; also
2Ha.y 79° 26' 2H0.y 114° 55 .-. 2Vy 74° 19' and ft, 1-6494.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. In glassy crystals of varied habit, usually with a greenish tinge. The angles in Jhe prismatic and clinodome zones vary but little, e.g., 110 A 110 64° 47', while Oil A Oil 66° 37', etc. Hence the position here taken exhibits the crystallography relation to the following species as well as that of Rammelsberg and Groth, and the optical relations better, since in datolite (optically — ), homilite (+), and gadoliuite the axis c is nearly c. Moreover, it is shown to be more natural by the habit of the crystals and the symbols of the chief forms. This similarity in the angles of zones named makes it easy to blunder in the orientation of crystals; several authors have added " new forms" based upon such an error.
2. Compact massive. "White opaque cream-colored, pink; breaking with the surface of porcelain or Wedgewood ware. G. 2'911, Hayes; 2'983, Chandler. From the L. Superior region (anal. 12)
3. Botryoidal; Botryolite. Radiated columnar, having a botryoidal surface, and containing more water than the crystals, but optically identical, Lex., Bull., 8, 434, 166f). The original locality of both the crystallized and botryoidal was Arendal. Norway.
Comp. — A basic orthosilicate of boron and calcium; empirically HCaBSiO, or Ha0.2CaO.B,0,.2Si09; this may be written (Groth) Ca(BOH)Si04 Silica 37'6, boron trioxide 21-8, lime 35 -0, water 5-6 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Rg., Pogg., 47, 175, 1839. 3, Lembere, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 250, 1872. 4, Preis, ib., 4. 360, 1880 (after deducting 3'5 CaCO3). 5, Bec-hi, quoted by Issel, Boll. Com. Geol., 10, 536, 1879. 6, Molinari, Zs. Kr., 11, 408, 1886. 7, Liweh, 1. c. 8, Brugnatelli, 1. c. 9, J. L. Smith, Am. J. "So., 8, 435, 1874. 10, Bodewig, Zs. Kr., 8, 217, 1883. 11. Whitfield, Am. J. Sc., 34, 285, 1887. 12, Chandler, ib., 28, 13, 1859. 13, Rg., 1. c. Also 5th Ed., p. 382.
1. Arendal, cryst.
2. Andreasberg
3. cryst.
4. Kuchelbad, Bohemia
5. Casarza, Ital.
6. Baveno
7. Serra dei Zanchetti
9. San Carlos, Cal. 10. Bergen Hill, N. J.
12. L. Superior, wJi. compact
18. Arendal, Botryolite
G.
Si02
B2O3
CaO
H2O
[21 -24]
100
[20-31]
35 T)4
100
[21-59]
100
100
[5-88] AlaO3 0-07,
MgO 0-08 100
99-37
[21-74]
100
[21-23]
99-12
Fe2O3 0-12 :
99-87
FeO 0-31
[21-40]
Al203,FeaO, 0-35 100
99-27
Datolite Group— Eomilite. 505
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives off much water. B.B. fuses at 2 with intumescence to u clear glass, coloring the flume bright green. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Datolite is found chiefly as a secondary mineral in veins and cavities in basic eruptive rocks, often associated with calcite, prehnite, and various zeolites; sometimes associated with, danburite; also in gneiss, dioryte, and serpentine; in metallic veins; sometimes also in beds of iron ore
Found in Scotland, in trap, at the Kilpatrick Hills, Glen Farg in Perthshire, and in Salisbury Grains; in a bed of magnetite at Arendal in Norway, and Uto in Sweden; at An- dreasberg in diab.ise aud in veins of silver-ores; at Niederkircheu and Sonthofen in Rhenish Bivaria (the hu-n'yrtdtite); at the Seisser Alp, Tyrol, and also at Theiss, near Claussen, in geodes iii amygdaloid; iu dioryte on the Rosskopf, near Freiburg in Baden; at Kuchelbad near Prague in Bohemia; Schneideinilllerskopf in the Ihnthal, Thuringia; Markirch in Alsace; iu granite at Baveno near Lago Maggiore; at Toggiana in Modena, in serpentine; iu highly complex crystals in the contact zone between the euphotide and the serpentine of the Serra dei Zanchetti; Fossa della Castelliua near Porretta; Casarza iu Liguria; Monte Catiui in Tuscany, in chalcopyrite, also iu cavities aud veins in a red gabbro.
In the U. S. not uncommon with the diabase of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Thus at the Rocky Hill quarry, Hartford, Conn. ; in the northeast part of Southington, in amygdaloid ; also in Berlin, near Kensington; filling small cavities in amygdaloid at Merideu, usually of a deep yellow green, also in crystals; at Middlefleld Falls, Conn.; in line specimens at Roaring Brook, 14 miles from N"ew Haven; at Tariffville in large crystals; Deerrield. Mass. Rare with diopside at De Kalb in St. Lawrence Co., New York ; also with the danburite of Russell, but rare. In Jersey, at Bergen Hill, in splendid crystals; at Paterson, Passaic Co. In trappean rocks, both crystals and the opaque compact variety, in the Lake Superior region, at the Minne- sota, Quincy, Marquette, Ash-bed, and other mines; at the Superior mine near Ontonagon and on Isle Royale. Vvith grossular garnet, vesuvianite at San Carlos, Inyo Co., Cal.
Named from tfrrrejcrOta, to divide, alluding to the granular structure of a massive variety. Werner introduced an h after the first t without reason, and most subsequent authors have followed him in this; but not Karsten, nor Leonhard who pronounced it wrong; nor Haidinger, Aikin, Jameson, and others.
Levy gave the name liuniboldtite to crystals which he found to be monoclinic, datol it e having been made orthorhombic by Haily. Wollaston proved their identity with datolite.
Alt.— Haytorite is datolite altered to chalcedony, from the Haytor iron-mines in Devonshire, England.
Raf.— ' Audreasberg-Toggiana, Pogg., 103, 116, 1858; cf. Schixkler, ibid., 94, 235, 1855, 93, 34, 1856; also Luedecke, Ueber Datolith, Halle, 1889. The form was early regarded as orthorhombic and hemihedral. Some authors make mK the unit prism, following Dbr., or g with Rg., and Groth, but tue above position gives the simplest symbols, and also exhibits well the re- lation to the other species of the group; here c 4c Dana, 1868, 1872-4.
Cf Mir., Min. 408, 1852; Sdr., 1. c.; Dbr., 1. c.; Dx., Miu., 1, 167, 1862; E. S. D . Min. Mitth.. 1. 1874; Gilt., Index, 1, 485, 1886, and Luedecke, 1. c. Luedecke reviews with great minuteness the results of earlier observers, and adds many original observations with new forms, measurements of angles, and optical constants, etc., based upon the study of crystals from many localities; note, however, the criticism of Gdt. (Zs. Kr , 18, 28u, 1890), who shows that 17 of Luedecke's 30 new forms were probably determined on crystals of anglesite, and are hence to be rejected. The other 13 planes (not all above question, Gdt.) added by Luedecke are as follows: 811-0: 504; 0131S, 041; 421, 544, 763, lp'9'9; To-7'14; 148; 127, 1-2'15, 132.
The literature of the subject includes the following leading articles: Schroder, Dauber, and other authors already referred to; also E. S. D., Bergen Hill, Am. J. Sc., 4, 16, 1872; Toggiana, Andreasberg, etc , Min. Mitth., 1, 1874; Bombicci, Fosse della Castellina, Mem. Ace. Bologna, 8, 311, 1877; also Serra dei Zanchetti, ib., 7, 100, 1886; Vrba, Kuchelbad, Zs. Kr., 4, 358, 1880, Theiss, 5, 435, 1881; Lehman n, Niederkirchen, Zs. Kr., 5, 529, 1881; Brugnatelli, Serra dei Zanchetti, Zs. Kr., 13, 150, 1887; Negri, Casarza, Riv. Min., 1, 45. 1887; Sansoni. Monte Catiui, Att. Ace Torino 23, 198, 1888; Franzenau, Seisser Alp, Zs. Kr.. 14, 390, 1889: Luedecke, 1. c.
:J L c.; cf. earlier Bodewig, Pogg., 158, 230, 1876, also Dx., Min , 1, 170, 1862, N. R., 129, 1867. On thermal properties cf. Bodewig and Luedecke. On pyroelectricity, Hankel, Wied. Ann., 6, 57, 1879.
<m. HOMILITE. 8. R. Paijkull, G. F5r. F5rh., 3, 229, 1876.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 0-6249 : 1 : 1 '2824; ft — 89° 21£' 001 A 100 Des Cloizeaux1.
100 A HO *32° 0', 001 A 101 63° 30£', 001 A Oil 52° 3'.
Forms2 : m (110, 1) e (013, £4)3 (021, 2-i) n (124, - i-&)
*(100. t-i) (120 tfr M (012, H) A ,112 n (122, - 1-2)3
(001, 0) o (Oil, 1-i) 9 (1-6-12, - |-6)
n (027, f-i)3 p (098, |4)3 a (111, 1)
Silicates.
mm
W'
ex
ax
Mm'
64° 0'
77° 20'
45° 24f
43° 57'
*65° 20'
gg'
oo
o-o-
cA
cy
87" 46'
104° 6'
137" 24'
50° 6'
67° 5'
cm 89° 27'
ca - 68° 1'
Aa 47° 58*'
yy' 58° 26'
aa' 58° 52'
aA 48° 52i
aM 89° 27f
ay 38° 14f
a' a 38° 33'
mM *72° 54'
Figs. 1-6, Norway
Twins: tw. pi. (1) c, contact-twins with c as comp.-face; (2) a, similar, but with a as comp.-face; these two kinds of twins give nearly the same angles, so that in some cases the second kind could be explained as being twins with c as tw. pi. and a as comp.-face. Also (3) g (034) cruciform-twins with the vertical axes nearly at right angles, since cc 87° 46'. (4) (021) somewhat uncertain, ob- served only on a single specimen where the association may have been accidental. Crystals often tabular c; also with a prominent; or octahedral in habit by devel- opment of in and M (012), or m and a (111).
Cleavage indistinct. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. — 5. G. — 3-38 Nobel; 3-34 Dmr. Luster resinous to vitreous. Color black, blackish brown. Streak grayish. Opaque or translucent only in thin splinters. Pleochroism dis- tinct: c t) deep smoky gray or brownish yellow, b a) deep brownish red,
a b] bluish green. Absorption, b a c. Optically +. Ax. pi. b. a Bx0) nearly a like datolite; Bxa almost 6. Dispersion horizontal, distinct. Also isotropic and amorphous by alteration.
2Har 97° 2Ha.r 93°
5 to 98° 22', 8' 2H0.r
Dx.
125°
33'
-. 2Vr 79° 59' 2Ha.w 91° 12' Bgr.
Des Cloizeaux shows that some crystals of homilite are throughout doubly refracting, others are composed of a green doubly refracting kernel surrounded by a yellowish crust of singly refracting material, while still others are entirely isotropic. Brogger describes a zonal structure in the crystals with varying position of the bisectrix, a few degrees (+ or — ) on either side of the axis c; moreover, sections c show a division into fields of hour-glass form. The zonal structure is in part original, in part a consequence of incipient alteration, which last also explains the variation in the position of the bisectrix, which takes place most rapidly in a direction c. The final result of the alteration is the amorphous material before noted. It is to be noted that the change from a crystalline anisotropic to the amorphous isotropic condition is common in certain of the minerals of the " Brevik" region in Norway (also elsewhere), cf. gadolinite, allan- ite, etc.
Comp.— (Ca,Fe),BaSi9010 or (Ca,Fe) (BO),(Si04)a. If Ca : Fe 2 : 1, this is. equivalent to 2CaO.FeO.B203.2Si02 Silica 32-l, boron trioxid'e 18*7, iron protox- ide 19-3, lime 29-9 100.
Anal.— 1, Paijkull, 1. c. 2, Darnour, 1. c. 3, G. V. Petersson, Ofv. Ak Stockh., 45, 185,
G. 3-28 G. 3-34
SiO,
B2O3 AlgOs
Fe2O3
FeO
CaO MgO NaaO
[18-08]
"15-21]
—
19-92"
—
[16-51]
—
. KaO 0-41.
b With
MnO
ign.
0-85 100 [=100 2-30 CeaOs, etc., 2-56- 0-79 Ce2O3 0-24=100
Datolite Group— Homilite. 507
Pyr., etc.— B.B. homilite fuses very readily to a black glass; reacts for iron and boric acid. 'Completely decomposed by hydrochloric acid with gelatiuizatiou.
Obs.— Fouud ou the island btoko and the neighboring islands, Store-Art) and Ovre-Aro in the Laugesund fiord, Norway, in veins in augite-syeuite, with meliphauite and erduianuite; also titanite, zircon, aegirite, lolliugite; further, as accessory associated speciesnistrophyllite, uielano- cerite, nordenskioldiue, wohlerite, hiortdahlite, molybdenite, etc. The largest well developed crystal of homilite found had a length of about 2 inches in the direction of the orthodiagonal axis; another imperfect crystal had a weight of 50 grams. Named from ojuikeiy, to occur together, in allusion to its association with meliphanite and erdmanuite.
Alt.— As noted above, changes to an isotropic and amorphous material, analogous to gadolmite, allanite, etc. See also erdmauuite below.
Ref.— ' Ann. Ch. Phys , 12, 405, 1877, and G. For. Forh., 3, ,385, 1877. Brogger, on the basis of numerous measurements, has calculated the axial ratio: a : b : c 0'62426 : 1 : 1'30126, ft 89° 50 , for which, however, he does not claim areat accuracy. He proposes to accept the following: a : b : c 0'6245 : 1 : 1'2835, ft 89 38V, Zs. Kr., 16, 134, 1890.
2 Dx., 1. c. 3 Bgr., G. For. ., 9, 247, 1887, and 1. c.
Brogger argues that the negative side of the homilite crystals may properly correspond to the positive side of gadolinite — in other words, the angle ft 89° 21' of homilite may correspond to 903 33f of gadolinite, and he finds confirmation for this view in the position of the acute bisec- trix. Brogger also calls attention to an apparent relation in form, as inferred by him, between homilite and zircon.
ERDMANNITE Esmark. Berlin, Pogg., 88, 162, 1853. Michaelsonite Dana, Min. p. 289, 1868. A name originally given to a mineral supposed to be allied to allanite occurring in the " Brevik region " in southern Norway.
As described by Berlin, it occurred on the island Stoko in granular or lamellar masses, embedded in feldspar, not in distinct crystals. G. 3'01. Luster vitreous. Color dark brown. Translucent in thin splinters. The following incomplete analysis was made by Blomstrand. (This was quoted in 5th Ed., p. 414, as an independent species, and again on p. 288 as a variety of allanite.)
SiO2 AlaO3 Ce-oxides YaO3 FeO MnO CaO HaO
31-85 11-71 ' 34-89 1'43 8'52 0'86 6-46 [4'28] 100
An analysis was later (1862) made by Michaelson (also another incomplete by Nobel, ibid.), Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 19, 512, 1862. The mineral was from Ar6, and was supposed to be the same as that investigated by Berlin, and was also referred to allanite. H. 4*5. G. 3'44. Michael- sou's analysis is as follows:
SiOa ZrOj AlaO3 FeaOs Y,O3 CeaO3 (La,Di)aO, BeO MgO CaO NaaO H3O 29-21 5-44 2-81 6'42 1'63 9'79 15'60 4'27 0'45 14'93 2'45 5-50=98-50
Brogger concludes after a study of this, the typical erdmannite, that although a resemblance to allauite is at first noted, this is apparent only, and that the material analyzed, which micro- scopic examination proves to be heterogenous, consists of a mineral of the rnelanocerite group (p. 413) appearing in the sections brown and isotropic, intermixed with a doubly refracting mineral, which is probably homilite or a closely allied species.
Also, besides this, there is another mineral, which has been called erdmannite, analyzed by Engstrd in and Damour, below, which is probably a somewhat altered form of a kind of homilite peculiar in containing a considerable amount of the cerium metals, and for which, consequently, Br5gger uses the name Cerhomilite.
Engstrom's mineral was leek-green in color, with G. 3'388. Damour's was brown, with II. 4'5, G. 3 '03. Optically isotropic, amorphous.
Anal.— 1, Engstrom, Inaug. Diss., Upsala, p. 28, 1877. 2, Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 12, 411,
SiOa ZrOa ThOa BaO8 FeaOs CeaO3 (Di,La)3O3 YaO3 EraOs FeO CaO BeO KaO HaO 1. 25-15 2-14 9-93 8'18 3 01 9'00 8'66 1'64 0'50 3'16 18718 3'16 1'44 5 25 100
i. 28-01 3-47 0-45' [5'54] 3'31b 19'28 8'09 — — 6-77° ll'OO — 1'98 12'10 100
SnOa. bAlaOg. clucl. 1-35 MnO " IncL 1'03 NaaO.
Engstrom calculates the formula RaO3.SiOa -f- 3RO.SiO2 + HH3O and remarks upon its similarity in formula to datolite and gadolinite, a conclusion to which BrOgger also arrives in a somewhat different way.
Brogger mentions also that much so-called erdmannite is only zircon usually much altered; cf. Zs Kr., 16, 109, 1890, also Krantz, Pogg., 82, 586, 1851.
Silicates.
403. EUOLASE. Hafiy; Delameth., J. Phys., 41, 155, 1792 (without credit to Haley)- T T., 2, 254, 1797 (with credit to Hatty); Hauy, J. Mines, 5, 258, 1799, Tr., 2, 1801. Euklas Germ.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-32369 : 1 : 0*33324; ft 79° 44' 4" 001 A 100 Schabus1.
100 A 110 17° 40' 2", 001 A 101 51° 7' 48", 001 A Oil 18° 9' 17"
Forms" :
To (110, /)
a (100, i-t)
# (9-10-0, £
b (010, i-i)
7" (670, <4)
c (001, 0) rare
J (340, i-|)
$ (20-1-0.*-20)
/? (230,
rj (16-1-0, £-16)
a (590,
C (910, e-9)
s (120, z-2)
e (410, £-4)
Z (130, z-3)
5 (320, z-|)
e (104, fi)
B (430, z-f )
(102, i-i)
A (650,
P (101, 14)
n (Oil, 14) 0 (0-11-6, JgM o (021, 24) .F (0-11-4, V-> g (031, 34) 5 (041, 44) # (061, 6-i)
r (HI, - 1) a (112, i) d (111, 1)
K (221, 2)5
m (593. 3-|)
(323, - 1-f)
0 (121, 2-2)
A (12-3-1, 12-4)4
yW (211, 2-2)5
/ (181, 3-3) 6 (142, -2-4) D (162. 3-6)s
(124, - i-2)4
C (152, f-5)
M (121, - 2-2) i (141, 4.4)
o- (155, - 1-5)4 A. (151, - 5-5)5 e (231, 34) y (6-10-1, 10-|)?
p (2-13-5,)? k (2-13-4, w (173, |-7) a; (182, 4-8) W (197, f-9)4
Figs. 1, 2, 4, Brazil, Schabus. 3, Alps, Becke.
Hintze (Min., 2, 186, 1890) quotes the following forms as having been observed by Arzrunl on euclase from the Sanarka region in the Ural.
18-1-0, 25-2-0, 23-2-0, ll-l'O, 810, 710, 510, 310, 210, IO'7'O, 530, 540, 870, 980, 2019-0, 780, 670, 570, 350, IO'19'O, 490, 4'U'O, 170, 3'28'0, 3'35'0; 047, Q-10'7, 0-13-6, 0'13'5, O'30-ll, 0-25-9?,_0-33-_l; 24'25 24, 12'13-12, 11-10-11, 454, 13'17-13, 14'25-14, 22'25-22, 757, 656, 29-50'29, 3-10-3, 171, 1-38-1. Also others by Miers: IS'l'O?, 610?, 560, 580, ll-18'O?
ee"
oa'"
M'"
mm"
ft?
ss'
a'z
9° 6' 23° 58i' 29° 44' 35° 20' 133° 59' 128° 55V 115° 0' 85° 24'
ag a'P nn' oo
cr mr
71° T 49° 8' 36° 18f 66° 81' 105° 21' 41° 59' 38° 15'
cm
80°
13£'
uu'
45° 40'
m'd
47°
ii'
80° llf
cd
52°
31'
eta'
17° 55'
su
35°
48'
dd'
28° 17'
cu
45°
@W
53° 30'
55°
55'
//'
74° 11'
rr'
23°
46'
ee'
49° 44'
Only in crystals; habit prismatic with faces in zone ab vertically striated, and yielding an almost indefinite scries of forms (see above).
Cleavage: b highly perfect; a, c rather difficult. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. — 7-5. G. 3-103 Kk.; 3-051, Sanarka, Erem; 3-089, 3-097 Brazil, Dx. Luster vitreous, somewhat pearly on the cleavage-face. Colorless, pale mountain- green, passing into blue and white. Streak uncolored. Transparent; occasionally subtransparent. Pleochroism distinct.
Optically +. Ax. pi. b. By nearly P, Dx. Bxa A t + 42° 16' Becke. Indices, Dx.
Datolite Geoup—Gadolinite. 509
ForNa ay 1-6520 /?y=l'6553 yy=l-6710 .'. 2Vy=49° 37' 2Ey=87° 59' Measured 2Er 88° 47' 2Ebl 88° 7' At 176° 2E increased 2° 18'
Electrified by friction.
Comp.— HBeAlSiO. Be(A10H)Si04 or Ha0.2BeO.Al203-2SID2 Silica 41-3, alumina 35*2, gluciua 17*3, water 6*2 100.
Anal.— Damour, C. R., 40, 942, 1855. Also Berzelius, Mallet, 5th Ed., p. 380.
SiO2 A12O3 BeO H2O Fe2O3 CaO Sn02 F Brazil £ 41 "63 34'07 16 '97 6 -04 1'03 <H4 0'34 0'38 100'60
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube, when strongly ignited, gives off water. B.B. in the forceps cracks and whitens, throws out points, and fuses at 5'5 to a white enamel. Not acted upon by acids.
Obs. — Occurs in Brazil, in the province of Minas Geraes, mining district of Villa Rica, >with topaz in chloritic schist; in the auriferous sands of the Orenburg district, southern Ural, near the river Sanarka, with topaz, corundum, cyanite, etc. One Ural crystal measured 3 in. by £ in. In the Giossglockner region of the Austrian Alps on the Gamsgrube, with pericliue, rutile, quartz on mica schist; also from the Mollthal with pericline.
Named by Hatty from ev, easily, and Kvla'ov?. fracture, in allusion to the easy cleavage. Hatiy states that his name, Euclase, was published by Daubenton in an early issue of his Tableau meth. de Miueraux; but the particular edition of the Tableau (of which several were issued) the author has not been able to learn Delametherie, after publishing, in 1792, the name and description, without crediting either to Hatty, in his Theorie de la Terre, in 1797, gives Hauy full credit.
First brought to Europe from S. America by Dombey, in 1785.
Ref.— ' Ber. Ak. Wien, 8, 507, 1852 (abstr. in Pogg., 88, 608, 1853), also Denkschr., Ak. Wien, 6, 57, 1854. Sbs., 1. c. Cf. also Kk. Min. Russl., 3, 97,1858; Dx., Min., 1, 480, 1862; Kk., ib., 10, 104, 1889; Gdt., Index, 1, 583, 1886. 3 Becke, Alps, Min. Mitth.. 4, 147, 1881. 4 Dx., Brazil, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 317, 1882. 5 Kochlin, Austr. Alps, Ann. Mus. Wieu, 1, 237, 1886, also doubtful (10-6-5), 1'41'31; still more so l'12'O, MO'O, 190, 270, 12'1-Q, 23'1'0, 494, 131, 643. 6 Erem., Sanarka, Vh. Min. Ges., 24, 244, 1888, Zs. Kr., 15, 548, 1889.
404. GADOLINITE. Schwarzer Zeolith (fr. Ytterby) Geyer, Crell's Ann., 1788. Ytterbit (Silicate of Alumina, ox. Iron, and a new earth) Gadolin, Ak. H. Stockh,, 1794; Ekeberg, ib., 1797 (naming the earth YTTRIA). Gadolinit Klapr. (Ak. Berlin, 1800), Beitr., 3, 52, 1802.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 0-62726 : 1 : 1-32150; ft *89° 26=001 A 100 Eichstadt1.
100 A HO 32° 5$', 001 A 101 64° 9|', 001 A Oil *52° 53'.
Forms5: t (102, - -B) to (012, |4) p (111, - 1) ij (212, 1-2)
a (100, i-l) u (104, i-i) (023, f-i)3 (221, - 2) C (232, - f-|)
b (010, t-l) v (5-0-12, 4) q (Oil, 14) y (112, g (231, - 3-|)3
c (001, 0) s (102, i-f) y (021, 24) 0 (111, 1) z (243, - f 2)
I (120, i-2) e (014, H)3 K-(113, - i)4 e (212, - 1-2) (122, 1-2)4
i (013, H)3 (225, - f)4 h (321, - 3-f)3 f (121 2-2)
Also as given by Eichstadt, but of somewhat uncertain position, p (115), n (114), cr (225), T (334): doubtful, 8'10'5. Further SjOgren gives ft (112), d (121), which are questioned by Eichstadt.
47° 33' ey 51° 29' ft ft' - 48° 43'
mm' *115° 48' 20" ww' 66° 54fr' co 68° 30' pp' 58° 53i'
U' 77°- 7' qq' 105° 46' cS 79° 5' era' 62° 41'
ct 46° 12' yy' 138° 33' c/j. 59° 38i' yy' 49° 8'
cu 27° 54' eft 50° 54' cf 73° 50' oo' 59° 16'
cs 46° 47' cp 67° 41' ap 38° 3f dS' 62° 54'
er 65° 4' ca 78° 11' po 103° 37f up' 84° 52'
ar 25° 29f cm 89° 32' a'o 38° 19' ff" 97° 22'
ee' 36° 34' en 32° 0'
510 Silicates.
Crystals rough and coarse; commonly prismatic and terminated by c; some- times acutely terminated by certain of the pyramids, as p (111), a (221), o (111),
or $ (221). Twinning lamellae sometimes observed after ignition, Ytterby, Peterssou. Also in masses.
Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal or splintery. Brittle. H. 6-5-7. G. 4'0-4'5; normally 4'36-4'47 of anisotropic; 4-24-4-29 isotropic, Petersson; after heating somewhat increased (see below). Luster vitreous to greasy. Color black, greenish black, also brown ; in thin splinters nearly transparent, and usually grass-green to olive-green. Streak greenish gray. Normally doubly refracting and crystalline in structure, but usually isotropic and amorphous. Pleochroism feeble in green varieties; distinct in brown. Op- tically+. Double refraction normally strong, but variable. Ax. pi. b. a Bx0) nearly a like datolite and homilite; Bxa.y A b + 4° Dx. Bxa A t + 7$ to 9° in green varieties, 12° to 13° in brown (see below) Eichstadt. Axial angles:
2Ha.r 106° 6' 2Ha.y 107° 18' 2Ha.bi 109° 27' Dx.
2Ha.y - 105° 2Ho.7 118° 20' .% 2Vy 85° 28 Eichstadt.
Var. — In part crystalline in molecular structure, as well as in form, doubly refracting, with optical characters as noted above; color green in thin splinters. Here belongs the normai gadolinite from Hittero and from Stora Skedevi in Dalarne, Sweden.
More commonly completely amorphous and isotropic, both in the massive form and also in crystals; also both kinds in the same specimen, and again, as seen in a thin section, with brown spots in an isotropic ground-mass. This change in optical structure is due to alteration involving a molecular rearrangement simply, i.e., by paramorphism, for both varieties have the same com- position (anal. 1, 2 Petersson). By heating, the amorphous mineral is transformed into the aniso- tropic and crystalline, and this is accompanied by strong phosphorescence (evolution of light and heat, see below), at the same time there is an increase in the specific gravity and the green coloi is changed in the thin section to colorless or reddish, and the mineral no longer gelatinizes with acid. The anisotropic mineral is also changed by heating, for while there is no striking phos- phorescence, the specific gravity becomes greater, there is an increase in the strength of the double refraction, the color is paler, and gelatinizatiou no longer takes place (Petersson).5
Both the anisotropic and isotropic forms become brown by alteration, involving oxidation ol the iron and assumption of water. For the former the brown mineral so formed is pleochroic with a larger angle of extinction; for the latter it is still isotropic.
The following are specific gravity determinations: 1, 2, 3, Ytterby; 4, Hittero; see also the table of analyses.
1, H. Rose 2, Church 3, Rg. 4, Rg.
Before ignition G. 4-097, 4-226 4'233 4'212 4'449
After G. 4'287, 4'456 4"356 4-419 4'668
Comp.— Be2FeY2Si20]n or 2BeO.Fe0.2Y203.2Si02 ; written as a basic orthosilicate (Groth) analogous to datolite, etc., the formula is Be2Fe(YO)2(Si04)?. Percentage composition: Silica 23'9, yttrium oxides (molec. . 260) 51'8, iron protoxide 14-3, glucina lO'O 100.
The yttrium earths or " gadolinite-earths" (partly replaced by the oxides of cerium, lanthanum, and didymium) form a complex group which has been much studied both chemically and spectroscopically by many chemists. Marignac, Delafontaine, L. de Boisbaudran, Nilson, Cleve, Crookes, and others. The group contains erbium in considerable amount, and also several new elements (ytterbium, scandium, etc.) of more or less definite character have been separated.
Rammelsberg urges that the determinations of the atomic weight of the yttrium metals in gadolinite vary widely; thus he gives the limits from 97'5 Ytterby, Humpidge, and 100 Ytterby, Rg., to 109 HitterS Rg., and 126 Colorado, Eakins. See further beyond, after analyses, where it appears that for the majority of cases the atomic weight is about 106 or the molecular weight 260.
Prominent recent articles on the gadolinite earths are the following: Cleve and Hoglund, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 1, No. 8, 1872, 2, No. 12, 1874. Marignac, Bibl. Univ., 61, 283, 1878, 64, 97, 1878, C. R., 87, 578, 1878. Delafontaine, Bibl. Univ., 51, 48, 1874, 61, 273, 1878. Nilson, C. R., 88, 642, 645, 1879. 91, 118, 1880. Cleve, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 36, No. 7, 3, 1879. Crookes. Proc. Roy. Soc., 40, 502, 1886.
On the atomic weights of the yttrium metals, see NordenskiOld, G. F5r. F5rh., 8, 442, 1886 also Rg., 1. c.
Datolite Group— Gadolinite.
Anal.— 1-9, Petersson. G. For. Forh., 12, 275 et seq., 1890; also given (except 9) in 5fv. Ak. Stockh., 45, 179, 1888. but in somewhat different form. 10, 11, Blomstrand, Lunds Univ. Arsskrift, 24 No. 3, 1887-88. 12, Wallin, ibid. 13, 14. Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 549, 1887. 15, 16, Humpidge aud Burney, J. Ch. Soc., 35, 117, 1879. 17, Liudstrom, G. For. Forh., 2, 218 1874. 18, 19, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 38, 198, 1889 (also of each a second partial anal). 20, L. G. Eakins, ibid., p. 478, also Bull., 64, p. 40, U. 8. G. Surv. 21, 22, L. G. Eakins, Proc. Col. Soc., 2. Pt. 1, 32, 1885. 23, 24, Pisani, Dx., Min., 2, xm, 1874. For earlier anals. see 5th Ed., p. 294, 295.
0-84 11 -35' 9-65 0'64 017 0'54 99'84
2-03" 11-39" 10-17 0'30 017 0'52 99'90
0-60 12-89 9-91 0'54d 015 0'37 100'46
2-26 10-83' 9'89 0'03 0'49 1'40 100-41
1-84 10-70' 10-13 '09 0'20 1'46 98'62
2-02 9-44 10-47 0'56d 0'35 2'38 99'52
1-01 12-82° 9-10 0-69 0'35 0'80 100 80
4-OTb 9-17c 8.87 j-87 0'22 2'38 99'59
3-07 5-90" 9-30 2'02d 013 3'36 98'27
— 12'35 10-10 0-63 0-19 — PbOO'05= 99'68 0-33" 13-09": 10-55 0 42" 0'18 — PbO 0'05 lOO'OS
— 13-00 10-16 0-53 0-22 — 99'46 2-85 11-50 8-58 0'36 — 0'50 100-67 4-07 7-4710-03 0'57 T34 100'51
— 16-04 6'56 1-02" - 0'62 99'91
2-15 12-40 9'39 I'll — 2 32 PaO6 1'28 99'60
0-14" 8-37c 10-94 0'27 0"25 3'03 100'43
0-28" 13-91" 9-24 0'71d 0'3Sf 0'72"= 100-30
0-31*- 13-11 9-19 0-820 0'35 0-79" insol. 0-93=100-42
0-96 12-42 11-33 0'74 tr. 1'03 PaO5 0'05=100-S9
3'47b 10-43 7-19 0'48d 0'46' 0'86 100-48
413b 11-47" 5-46 0 63 0'74 100'02
2-82b 12-40 8-97 l'26d — 1'03 IQI'03
305b 10-dO 9-58 0 96d — I'lO 99'39
G.
SiO,
ThOj Y,O,
Ce,O3 (Di,La).
t.
HitterS
a.
Ytterby
p.
"
Broddbo
4-42 11-42
G.Kararfvet4-235
N.Kararfvet4'002
tr.
7. Torsaker
8. St. Tuna
9. MalS
X).
HitterS
4-33 j
j 23-72
Ytterby
j 23-84
"
HitterS
—
7j)l
Ytterby
—
HitterS
—
Ytterby
—
St. Tuna
—
Llano Co.*
undet.
" "
"
" "
Douglas Co.
Col.
M
"
Finbo
—
M,
Unknown
—
Yttrium earths, Molec. Weight :
1 3 4 E T 8 10 Ii 13 14 20 Si M
260-7 260-8 257'5 251'6 241-08 246'9 259'6 2584 262'2 257'5 260 266 248 260 296 294
Er.O3 has been separately determined, as follows: in 15, 10'91 p. c.; in 16, 411; in 17, 11'65; in 21, 12'74; in 22, 15-80.
" Includes a little AL,O3 in some cases, viz.: in 2, 0'58 p. c. ; 8, 0'79; 11, 0'12; 17, 0'14; 18, 0'28; 19, 0'31 ; 21. 2'34; 22,0-54; 23, 2'82; 24, 3'05.
'Includes MnO: in 1, 0'19 p. c.; 2, 0'25; 4, 0'09; 5, 0'41; 7, 0'16; 8, 0'32; 9, 0'12; 10, 0'16; 11,0-12; 17,0-19; 18,0-22; 19,0-18; 22, O'll.
" Includes MgO: in 1, 0'22p. c.; 3,0-12; 6,0-10; 8, 0'06; 9, 0'18; 10, 0'07; 11, 0'07; 15, 0'23; 18, 0'07; 19, O'll; 21, 0-14; 22, 0'16; 23. 0 33; 24, O'll.
Be,O,. ' Incl. KSO: in 18, 0'15; 19, 012; 21, 018; 22, 0'20. Incl. ThOs. h Ign.
Pyr., etc.— The glassy isotropic variety is unchanged in the closed tube, but if heated B.B. the assay gives for a moment a bright light, as if it had taken fire, swells up, cracks open, and becomes grayish green in color without fusing; it has then become anisotropic. The normal anisotropic variety swells into cauliflower-like ramifications and becomes white, rarely glowing (see above, p. 510); the isotropic form, if the alteration has gone too far, also fails to glow. With borax gives an iron reaction. Only slightly acted upon by salt of phosphorus. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with gelatinization, but not after it has been heated and exhibited the accom- panying phosphorescence.
Obs.— Occurs principally in pegmatyte veins, often associated with allanite and other miner- als containing rare elements, also fluorine compounds. Found at the quarries of Kararfvet, Broddbo, and Finbo, near Falun in Sweden; also at Ytterby, near Stockholm; chiefly in rounded masses which are often encircled with a yellow crust, and embedded in coarse-grained granite. At Kararfvet crystals have been obtained 4 in. long; also in the Torsaker parish, Gestrikland; Karl berg in the Stora Tuna parish, and at St. Skedevi, Dalarne, Sweden. On the island Hittero in the Flecke fiord, southern Norway, crystals sometimes 4 in. across; on JVIalo, southeast of Grimstad, Norway. Sparingly in granite veins of the Radauthal in the Harz, associated with allanite (orthite): Schreiberhau in the Riesengebirge, Silesia; Baveno, Italy, in granite; Newcastle, Mourne Mts., Ireland. It is also stated to have been obtained at
First announced as from Buriiet Co., Texas, but later shown to have come from Llano Co.
512 Silicates.
Disko in Greenland; in trap near Galway, Ireland; embedded in granite in Ceylon; but these need confirmation.
In Llano Co., Texas, 5 miles south of Blufl'ton on the west bank of the Colorado River. It occurs in nodular masses and rough crystals, sometimes up to 40 or 60 pounds in weight, but averaging half a pound, and usually with a reddish or yellow altered exterior. It is embedded in a quartzose pegmatyte, and is associated with allauite, yttrialite, nivenite, fergusonite, cyrtolite, gummite, fiuorite, molybdenite, magnetite, feldspar, quartz, mica, etc. The crystals are elongated in the direction of the vertical axis (in one case 10 inches long) and are character- ized by the presence of the pyramids p (111), o (111) and (221), the basal plane being nearly or quite wanting; cf. Hidden & Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 38, 474, 1889. At Devil's Head Mt., Douglas Co., Colorado.
According to Petersson the only anisotropic gadolinite is that from Hittero, Norway, and Stora Skedevi, Dalarne, Sweden; that of the other localities noted is isotropic.
Named after the Swedish chemist, J. Gadolin (1760-1852).
Alt. — As noted above, the original crystalline auisotropic gadolinite is for the most part changed molecularly to an amorphous isotropic form. This does not necessarily involve a chemical change, which, however, is involved in the change (p. 510) from the green to the brown variety. Further, the mineral is often altered on the exterior to a brownish red color with waxy luster and further to a yellowish or yellowish brown earthy ocher-like or powdery substance.
The altered gadolinite from Llano Co., Texas, has been examined by Geuth (Am. J. Sc., 38, 198, 1889) with the following results: G. 3'592.
SiO2 YaOs,Ce2O3 Fe3O, BeO MnO CaO ign. quartz
2211 39-20 14-53 6'03 0'22 5'58 9'30 1-08 98'00.
E. Goldsmith has given (J. Analyt. Ch., 4, 22, 1890) the name metagadolinite to a similar alteration product, red in color, with G. 3'494 and for which he obtained:
SiO2 18-15 Ce3O4 20'66 Fe2O3 26-03 YO 21-85 CaO 3'64 MgO 0 21 HaO 9-76 100 30
Ref.— ' Hittero, Ak. H. Stockh., Bih., 10(2), No. 18, 1885; the form was first proved to be monoclinic by Dx. , Ann. Ch. Phys., 18, 305, 1869, Min., 2, xi, 1874. Some early authors made it monoclinic, others orthorhombic. Dx. also early called attention to the isotropic and anisotropic varieties. See Dx. , 1. c., and Miu., 2, p. xr, 1874. Cf. also Waage, Jb. Min., P>96, 1867; Rath, Radauthal, Pogg., 144, 576, 1871; Gdt., Index, 1, 65, 1887. a H. Sj., Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 39, No. 7, 47, 1882. 4 Eiclistadt, 1. c. 5 G. For. Fork., 12, 275-347, 1890.
405. YTTRIALITE. W. E. Hidden and J. B. Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 38, 477, 1889. Massive. Amorphous.
No cleavage. Fracture conchoidal and splintery. Brittle. H. 5-5'5. G. 4 '575. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color on the fresh fracture olive-green, tending to drab; this changes on the exterior hy alteration to orange-yellow. Translucent, made partially opaque by the presence of minute ragged lines pene- trating the mass in all directions.
Comp.— A silicate of thorium and the yttrium metals chiefly; oxygen ratio of silicon to bases 4:3, hence equivalent to R203.2SiOa.
Anal. —
8i02 ThO, Y2(V Ce3O3 (La,Di)2O3 UO3 A12O3 FeO CaO ign. 29-17 12-00 46-50 1'86 2'94b 0'83 0-55 3'66C 0'60 0-79 PbO 0'85 =99'75
Yttrium earths including:
A, 22-67 p. c.. at. . 110'3; B, 5'30, at. . 110'53; C, 4'50, at. . 114'9; D, 14'03, at. . 120.
b At. weight 162. c Incl. 0"77 MnO.
Pyr.— Decrepitates violently in the Bunsen burner; falls to powder when strongly ignited, becoming snuff-brown, infusible and insoluble. Before heating the mineral is soluble in hydro- chloric acid.
Obs.— Occurs associated with and often implanted upon the .gadolinite of Llano Co., Texas (see above). It is sometimes in masses of considerable size (up to 10 pounds); these are orange- yellow on the surface by alteration; this serves to distinguish it from the similar masses of gadolinite associated with it, which are brick-red on the surface. A white crystalline mineral, perhaps tengerite, is observed in the cracks.
Named in allusion to the composition from yttrium and /U'0o?, stone, the yttrium earths being the chief bases.
YTTRTTJM SILICATE Damour, L'Institut, 78, 1853. H. 5-6; scratches glass. G. — 4-391. Colo! brown. Probably a silicate of yttrium, but composition not determined. B.B. whitens, but infusible. Not soluble in salt of phosphorus. Sulphuric acid heated to 300° C. decomposes it, leaving a siliceous residue.
From the diamond sands of Bahia, Brazil.
Epidote Group— Zoisite.
13. Epidote Group. Orthorhombic and Monoclinic.
Basic Orthosilicates, HRaR3Si3013 or Ra(ROH)Ra(Si04)s
II ; i 1 1 [ III II I
R Ca,Fe; R Al,Fe,Mn,Ce, etc. a, Orthorhombic Section.
406. Zoisite
407. Epidote
408. Piedmontite
409. Allanite
Caa(A10H)Ala(Si04)8
6. Monoclinic Section.
j wzCa2(A10H)Ala(Si04)3 a
Ca2(FeOH)Fea(Si04)3 1-5787
Caa(A10H)(Al,Mn),(Si04)8 1-6100
(Ca,Fe),(A10H)(Al,Ce,Fe),(Si04), 1-5509
: 0-3429
64° 37' 64° 39' 64° 59'
Although Zoisite and Epidote belong to different crystalline systems, they are near each other in angle as well as composition, and are to be regarded as essentially isomorphous, similarly to the monoclinic and triclinic feldspars; see further p. 517.
406. ZOISITE. Saualpit (fr. the Saualpe in Carinthia) v. Zois, and Corinthian Mineral ogists, before 1806, Klapr., Beitr., 4, 179, 1807. Zoisite (fr. Carinthia) Wern., 1805. Var. of Epidote H., 3. Mines, 19, 365, 1806, Bernhardi, Moll's Efem., 3, 24, 1807. llluderit Leonh., Syst. Tab., p. iv, 1806. Lime-Epidote. Zoisite, sp. distinct from Epidote, Brooke, Ann Phil., 5, 382, 1823. Thulite Brooke, Cryst., 494, 1823. Unionite Silliman, Am. J. Sc. 8, 384, 1849.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-61963 : 1 : 0-34295 Tschermakand Sipocz1. 100 A HO 31° 47', 001 A 101 28° 57$', 001 A Oil 18° 55f .
0 (121, 2-2) p (131, 3-3) a (161, 6-6)?
49' 4r 42" 11' 61° 56'
83° 59'
Crystals prismatic, deeply striated or furrowed vertically, and seldom distinctly terminated. A want of symmetry in the development of the pyramidal planes common. Also massive ; columnar to compact.
Cleavage: b very perfect. Fracture uneven to sub- conchoidal. Brittle. H. 6-6-5. G. 3-25-3-37. Luster vitreous; on the cleavage face, b, pearly. Color grayish white, gray, yellowish brown, greenish gray, apple- green; also peach-blossom-red to rosp-red. Streak un- colored. Transparent to subtranslucent.
Pleochroism strong in pink varieties, see below. Op- persion strong, p r ; also p v. Axial angle variable even in the same crystal, also increasing rapidly with rise of temperature.
Forms2 : a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l) k (310, 43) q (210, -2)
On the relation
kk'" 23° qq'" 34° mm'" 63° rr' 77° tf 56°
n (530, m (110, /) r (120, i-2) t (130, a-3)
in form of zoisite
20' 11 26' dd' 34' ff' 48' uu' 33' xx
1 (140, *-4) (041,
d (101, l-l) 6 (°61' / (Oil, 14) o (111, u (021, 24)
to epidote, see under epidote, p.
43° 57' ee' 128° 10' 57° 56' oo' 55° 16' 37° 52' oo" 66° 8' 68° 54' oo'" 33° 24' 107° 49'
64)
1)
Vd'
Pp'
m"
Pp"
Silicates.
Bavaria 2Er 42° to 44° 2E-_ 50° to 52° 2Ebl 65° to 70° /?, 1-70 Dx.3
U S. 2E 94° 59' at 211° C. 100° 12' at 95° 104° 38' at 146*° 107° 28' at 195° -8 Dx.
€arinthia a 1'696 ft 1'696 y - 1'702 Levy-Lex.
The variation iu optical characters is probably to be explained (Tschermak) by the existence of twinning lamellae with (031) as tw. pi. (c A 031 45° 49'), hence having the axis a in common but the b axes inclined about 90° to each other; the lamellae, however, have m or £(140) as face of contact. Another system of tw. lamellae with (905) as tw. pi. may also be present.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Colors gray to white and brown; also green. Usually in indistinct prismatic or columnar forms; also in fibrous aggregates. For zoisite of Kauris, G. 3 '226 Breith.; Saualpe. 8-845 Id.; Moravia, 3'336Id.; Faltigl, 8-881 Id.; Titiribi, 3'381 Id. Unionite is a very pure zoisite. anal. 4.
2. Ease-red, or Thulite. G. 3124; fragile; pleochroism strong: c a) yellow, (— deep rose, a c) light rose, Lex.3
3. Compact, massive. Includes the essential part of most saussurite, which has arisen from the alteration of feldspar. See p. 515.
Comp.— HCa,Al3Si3013 or 4Ca0.3Al203.6Si02.H20 Silica 39-7, alumina 33-7, lime 24'6, water 2'0 100. The alumina is sometimes replaced by iron, thus graduating toward epidote, which has the same general formula.
Anal.— 1, 2, Sipocz, Ber. Ak. Wien, 82 (1), 141, 1880. 3, Koenig, Proc. Ac. Philad., 83, 1878. 4, Brush, Am. J. Sc., 26, 69, 1858. 5, Luedecke, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 258, 1876. 6-11, Kg., Pogg 100 133, 1857, and Min. Ch., 591, 1875. 12, Heddle, Min. Mag., 5, 11, 1882. 13, Gmeliu, quoted by Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 43, 84. 1848. 14, Pisani. C. R., 62, 100, 1866. Also Cullakenee, Clay Co., N. C., Koenig and Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 374, 1873; California, Becker, Mon. 13, p. 79, U. S. G. Surv. Further 5th Ed., p. 291.
1. Ducktown
2. Pregratten
3. Leiperville, Pa.
4. Unionville, Pa., Unionite 3'299
5. S.yra
6. Saualpe
7. Goshen, Mass.
8. Gefrees
9. Sterzing
10. Fuschthal
11. Saasthal
12. Glen Urquhart
13. Tellemark, Thulite
14. Traversella, compact
Pyr., etc. — B.B. swells up and fuses at 3-3'5 to a white blebby mass. Not decomposed by acids; when previously ignited gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Gives off water when strongly ignited.
Obs. — Occurs chiefly in crystalline schists, especially those characterized by the presence of some one of the amphiboles (actiuolite, smaragdite, glaucophane, etc.); thus in amphibolyte, glaucophane schist, eclogyte; also less often in granite.
The original zoisite is that of the eclogyte of the Saualpe in Carinthia (saualpite); occurs also with biotite in beds of pyrrhotite at Lamprechtsberg, Carinthia. Other localities are: Kauris in Salzburg; Eibiswald in Styria; Sterzing, Pregratten, Passeyr, Pfitschthal in Tyrol; the Fich- telgebirge in Bavaria, as at Gefrees and Weissenstein; the Saxon Erzgebirge; Marschendorf in Moravia; Zermatt and Saasthal in Switzerland; the island of Syra, one of the Cyclades, in glauco- phane schist. From Glen Urquhart, Grantown, Inverness-shire; Loch Garve, Ross shire, in Scotland.
Thulite occurs at Kleppau in the parish of Souland in Tellemarkeu. Norway, with bluish vesuvianite (cyprine), yellowish white garnet, epidote, and fluorite; also at the iron mine of Klodeberg near Arendal; and at Traversella in Piedmont, forming small veins with talc and actinolite in granite. The red color of the porfldo rosso antico is in part due to thulite produced by alteration of the feldspar (Rosenbusch).
In the United States, found in Vermont, at Willsborough, in columnar masses; at Montpelier, bluish gray along with calcite, in mica schist. In Mass., at Chester, in mica schist; at Goshen, Chesterfield, Hinsdale, Heath, Leyden, Williamsburg. Windsor. In Conn., at Milford. In Penn., in W. Bradford and W. Goshen, Chester Co.; in Kennet township and E. Marlboro; Leiperville. Del.ware Co.: at Unionville, white (unionite} with corundum and euphyllite. In
G.
SiO,
A1203
Fe2O3
FeO
CaO
MgO
HaO
2-12 100-88
2-61 100-67
2-40 MnO 0-43
[99-78
—
tr.
2-22 100-89
tr.
—
2-55 99-58
—
2-09 99-84
—
2 25 99-83
—
2-08 99-53
—
2-04 98-82
—
3-67 99-56
—
3-18 K2O 0 91
[99-98
—
tr.
2-41 MnO 0-08,
[Na2O
106,
K2O 0-56 100-20
—
0-64 NaaO 1'89
[99-13
—
3-70 100-55
Epidote Group— Zoisite. 515
N. Carolina, at the Cullakenee mine in Clay Co., with corundum; also rose-red crystals at the Flat Rock miue, Mitchell Co. In Tenn., at the Ducktown copper mines. In California, abun- dant in the metamorphic rocks, often intimately associated, as at Sulphur Bank, with glauco- phune (Becker, 1. c.).
This species was instituted by Werner in 1805, first united to epidote by Haiiy and Bernhardi independently in 1806, and separated again from epidote on crystallographic grounds by Brooke in 1823. Des Cloizeaux has confirmed Brooke's conclusion by optical examinations, and further has shown thai the crystallization is orthometric, instead of clinometric. Thulite is referred to the species by Des Cloizeaux, together with the calcium-epidote from most of the localities men- tioned in connection with the analyses.
Zoisite was so named after Baron von Zois, from whom Werner received his first specimens; aud Tkulite after Thule, an ancient name of Norway.
Ref.— ' Ducktown, Tenn., Ber. Ak. Wien, 82 (1), 141, 1880; cf. Bgr., Zs. Kr., 3, 471, 1879; Lewis, ib., 7, 183, 1882. Cf. Mir., Min., 306, 1852; Dx., Ann. Mines, 16, 219, 1859, Min., 1, 238, 1862; also ' above. 3 Optical characters: Dx., 1. c. and N. R., 106, 1867, Min. 2, p. xxx, 1874; Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 77, 1886; Levy-Lex., Min. Roches, 183, 1888.
SAUSSURITE. Jade (fr. near L. Geneva) H. B. de Saussure, Voy. Alpes, 1, § 112, 1780. Bitterstein, Schweizerische Jade, Hopfner, Mag. Helvet., 1,291, Bergm. J.,448, 1788. Nephrite pt. Wern. Lehmanite Delameth., T. T., 2, 354. Jade tenace, Jade de Saussure, H., Tr , 4, 1801. Saussurite T. de Suussure, J. Mines, 19, 205, 1806. Var. of Zoisite T. S. Hunt, Am. J. Sc., 25, 437, 1858, 27. 336, 1859.
A tough compact mineral substance with splintery fracture; H..= 6*5-7; G. 3'0-3 4; color varying from white or nearly so to gray, greenish gray, bluish green; translucent to nearly opaque. For the most part derived from the alteration of a feldspar by a process of " saussuriti- zatiou," and rarely, if ever, a homogeneous mineral.
In composition it often approaches zoisite, as shown by Hunt (1. c.), of which it has been regarded as a soda-bearing variety. It has been proved by Cathrein and others', however, that while zoisite is often a prominent constituent, there is usually present a plagioclase feldspar, often near albite and probably of secondary origin; also rarely orthoclase in varying amount, and garnet, with tremolite, chlorite, etc., as accessories. In many cases the saussurite is of so fine- grained texture that it is only with difficulty resolved by the microscope.
The place of the zoisite is sometimes taken by epidote, when sufficient iron for the latter mineral is present. Further some so-called saussurite contains no zoisite, the name having been given, for example, to some compact labradorite; also to some substances which have proved to have the composition of garnet. Cf. Michael, Jb. Min., 1, 39, 1888. Cathrein also describes the change of garnet to saussurite, Zs. Kr., 10, 444, 1885. Roepper has described a calcium-potash pseudomorph after anorthite from Franklin, N. J., with G. 3-06-8-10, Am. J. Sc., 16, 364, 1878.
The original saussurite was from the vicinity of Lake Geneva. G. 3'261 de Saussure; 3-365-3-385, Hunt; H. 6'5-7; color pale bluish green, greenish gray, to white or nearly so; very tough. Not attacked by acids. It was named after the elder H. B. de Saussure (1740-1799) by his son, Th. de Saussure (1767-1845). Hiltlin and Pfaffius have described a saussurite which occurs with serpentine in the Schwarzwald. It forms with smaragdite the euphotide of the Alps, a rock which, as a result of glacier action, is widely distributed in boulders over the valley of the Rhone, and the country about Luke Geneva; the boulders, as ascertained by Prof. Guyot, were derived from the chain of the Saasgrat, through the valley of the Saas, and are distributed to a distance of 150 miles from this place of origin. Also present in saussurite-gabbro and related rocks of Corsica, Piedmont, the Fiehtelgebirge, Scandinavia, the Lizard; in the green- stones of the Lake Superior region (G. H-. Williams, Bull. 62, U. S G. Surv.).
The following are typical analyses.
Anal.— 1, 2, Boulanger, Ann. Mines, 8, 159, 1835. 3, 4, T. S. Hunt, Am. J. Sc., 27, 345, 1859. 5, Finkenscher, J. pr. Ch., 89, 456. 1863. 6. Htltlin & Pfaffius, Vh. Ges. Freib., 2, 1861. 7, Hudleston, quoted by Bonney, Miu. Mag., 2, 6, 1878. 8, Delesse. Bull. Soc. G., 6, 547, 1849.
9. Id., Ann. Mines, 17, 116, 1850. 10, Damour, C. R., 63, 1044, 1866. 11, Rath, Pogg., 95, 555, 1855. 12, Chandler, Inaug. Diss., Gott., 1856, and JB. Ch., 858, 1856. 13, 14, Heddle, Min. Mag., 2, 29, 1878. 15, Id., ibid., 5, 6, 1882. 16, Hjortdahl, Nyt Mag., 23, 228, 1877. 17, Fellenberg, Vh. . Ges., Interlaken, 1870. 18, 19, F. W. Clarke, Proc. U. S. Mus., 11, 128. 1888. 20, Id., Am. J Sc., 28, 21, 1884. 21, Michael, Jb. Min., 1, 38, 1888. 22-24, Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 7, 234 etseq., 1882.
G. SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO CaO MgO Na2O K2O ign.
1. Mt. Genevre 44'6 30'4 — — 15'5 2'5 7'5 — — =100-5
2. Orezza, Corsica 3'18 43'6 32'0 — — 21-0 2'4 — 1'6 — =100'6
3. L. Geneva, bl. wh. 3-365 43-59 27'72 2-61 — 19-71 2-98 3'08 — 0-35=100-04
4. " 3-385 48-10 25'34 3'30 — 12-60 6'76" 3'55 — 0-66=100-31
5. " 45-34 80-28 — 1-87 1387 3~88 4'23 — 0-71= 99'68
6. Schwarzwald 42'64 31'00 — 2-40 8'21 5'73 3'50 3-83= 97'31
7. Mt. Colon 45-70 23 00 0'50 19-30 4'75 [1-95] 4'80=100
8. Mt Genevre 49-73 29'65 — 0'85 11-18 0'56 4'04 024 3'75=100
9. Durance 56-12 17'40 7'79 — 8 74 3'41 3'72 0'24 1'93= 99 35
10. Neucha-tel 50-69 25-65 2'50 10'61 5'76 4 64 — 0'30=100-15
The specimen analyzed contained some talc.
Silicates.
11. Neurode
12. Zopten
13. Unst
14. "
15. Ayrshire
16. Bergen
17. BielerL.
G.
18. Swiss L. Dwellings 3-403
19. Saasthal, mass.
20. Shasta Co., Cal. 3-148
21. Wojaleite
22. Wildschonau 2'659
23. " 2-988
24. " 3-011
Si02
A1203
Fe2O3 FeO
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K20
ign.
273 —
1-21 101-24
1-77 —
0-68= 99-57
0-48 —
0-11= 99-57
025 —
0-21 100-42
1-92 —
6-12=100-29
0-19 —
— 99-32
— 1-67
—
0-50=101-05
tr.
0-30=100-26
tr.
0-54= 99 81
— 3-65
—
2-42=100 33
2-92 —
tr.
—
2-41 101-61
0-80 —
— =100-41
3-36 —
2-11=101-23
0-65 —
2-33=100-99
Ref.— ' Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 7, 234-249, 1882. Traube, Inaug. Diss., Greifswald, 1884. G. H. Williams, Bull. 62, U. S. G. Surv., 1891.
407. EPIDOTE. Schorl vert du Dauphine de Lisle, Crist., 2, 401, 1783. Strahlstein pt. Wern., 1788-1*00. Thallite (fr. Dauphine) Delameth., Sciagr., 2, 401, 1792, T. T., 2, 319, 1796; H., J. Mines, 5. 270, 1799. Delphinite (ib.) Saussure, Voy. Alpes, § 1918, 1796 Oisanite pt.). Akanticone (fr. Arendal) d'Andrada, J. Phys., 51, 240, 1800, Scherer's J., 4, 1800; Arendalite Karst. (and Lectures of Blumenbach, earlier), Tab., 34, 74, 1800. Skorza Wallachian Min., Karst., Tab., 28, 72, 1800, Klapr., Beitr., 3, 282, 1802. Epidote H., Tr., 3, 1801. Pistazit Wern., 1803, Ludw. Min., Wern., 2, 209, 1804. Withamite (fr. Glencoe) Brewst.. Ed. J. Sc., 2. 218, 1825. Puschkinit Wagner, Bull. Soc. Moscow, 1841. Achmatit Herm., Vh. Min. Ges., 02, 1845-46. Escherit (fr. St. Gothard) Scheerer, Pogg., 95, 507, 1855. Beustit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 364, 1865.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 1-57874 : 1 : 1-80362; ft *64° 36' 50" 001 A 100 N. von Koksharov, Jr. '
100 A HO 54° 59' 54", 001 A 101 34° 42' 52", 001 A Oil 58° 27' 45".
Forms, pt.2: a (100, i-l, T) b (010, i-l, P) c (001, 0, M)
u (210, £-2) t (320, i-l) m (110, /, z) 77 (120, i-2) p (150, i-5)
£1 (105, - fi)
uu
tt'" mm"
cm
ce a, ch
cff eta
C(T
cs
cN
70° 59' 87° 7' 109° 56' 38° 38' 15° 58'
10° 39' 22" 81' 34° 43' 29° 54' 46° 12' 51° 26' 16° 23' 22° 21' 34° 21' 45° 37' 50° 44V
nt (102, - f4) e (101, - \-l) 7i (201, - 24) g (301, - B-l) GO (104, H) a (103, H) s (203, H) N (804, H) r (101, l-l) ft (403, H)
cr a'r
eft
Ck
tf yy>
kk'
oo'
ce
cd
cm
cp
ex
en
K (302, f-i)
1 (201, 8-i) / (301, 8-i)
P (016, i-l)
2 (015, i-i)
Y (013, H)
k (012, -B)
o (Oil, 1-i)
H (116, - i
e (113,
63° 42'
51° 41'
75° 51'
80° 16V
89° 26'
98° 37'
57° 1'
78° 20V
116° 55V
28° 56'
37° 46'
52° 19'
75° 45'
37° 32
51° 56'
*75° 11'
cq
cr cB
aw ad ao a'a a'B a'n a'y a'fi a'f) — a'E
v (112,
- i)
H (732, f|)
d (111,
-1)
v (212, 1-2)
p (113,
i)
y (211, 22)
x (112, n (111, q (221,
1)
2)
B (233, 1-4) (353, H)
X (611,
- 6-6)
a (122, 1-2)
w (211,
- 2-2)
(121, 2-2)
E (411,
4-4)
A (131, 3-3)
V (623,
2-3)
8 (141, 4-4)
C (311,
3-3)
E (151, 5-5)
89" 42'
€€
48° 14V
Aq° A '/'I'
m'
62° 19'
Do 4 4-5
69° 9'
dd'
83° 55'
81° 31'
Pp'
61° 57V
nn'
109° 31'
34° 28'
bn
*35° 14' 40"
49° 52'
nn'"
70° 29'
77° 2V
70° 34'
85° 37V
!
141° 5'
79° 52'
88'
159° 58'
69° 2'
Ee
163° 55'
45° 6V
99'
115° 18'
31° 51'
yy'
76° 34'
78J 5'
Co'
54° 59'
83° 48V
Bb
118° 51'
85° Iv
aa'
121° 23'
Epidote Group— Epidote.
a
" i
r c
Figs. 1, Arendal, Haid. 2, Sulzbach, Bkg., projection on b (010). 3, Ural, Kk. 4, Achma- tovsk, Kk. 6, Achmatovsk, after Kk., projection on plane .1 b. 5, 7, 8, common forms; 7, 8, with axis ± 5 erect. 9, Elba, Artini. 10, Colorado, Bodewig. 11, Bucklandite, Achmatovsk, Kk.
The species zoisite and epidote, similar in composition, are also closely related in form and hence to be regarded as isomorphous though belonging to different crystalline systems. Thus, as suggested by Tschermak and others (cf. 5th Ed., p. 292), the corresponding planes may be regarded as:
.Zoisite
Le ote
b (010) a (100)
c (001) 6 (010)
m (110) c (001)
u (021) m (110)
m'" (110) r (101)
0 (111) 0 (Oil)
0'" (111) n (111)
Zoisite
Epidote (cf . f .
4)
mm'"
(110
A 110)
63°
34'
cr
(001
A 101)
as
63°
42'
Oo'"
(111
A 111)
33°
24'
on
(Oil
A 111)
33°
55*'
uu'
(021
A 021)
68°
54'
mm'
(110
A 110)
70°
4'
mo
(110
A Hi)
56°
56'
j
Co
(001
A Oil)
58°
28'
rn
(101
A 111)
54°
45'
oo"
(111
A ill)
66°
8'
j
oo'"
(Oil
A 101)
rr
63°
nri"
(111
A 111)
70°
29'
Br&gger, however, prefers to regard the planes in the prismatic zone as corresponding thus: Zoisite 100 120 130 140 210
Epidote
102 302
101 201
302 502
104 804
Silicates.
Further by exchanging, for zoisite, the axes c and b and b and a, also by making the dome (021) (110): further, taking for epidote i (102) as (001), and r (101) as (101), he calculates:
Zoisite Epidote
a
a' /?' y' 90° a' y' 90°
81° 8'
12, Sulzbach, Bkg.
Twins: tw. pi. (1) a common (f. 10, 12), of ten as embedded tw. lamellae; (2) c rather
rare. Crystals usually prismatic the axis I and terminated at. one extremity only; passing into acicular forms. The planes in the zone, ac, are usually deeply striated. When terminated by n or o simply (f. 5, 7, 8), the crystals often have a deceptive orthorhombic aspect, cf. also f. 4. The terminal angles mm' .(110 A 110 70° 4') and nn'" (111 A 111 70° 29') approximate closely to each other and hence these forms can be easily confounded. Prismatic crystals developed 6 are rare (f. 9. 10). Also fibrous, divergent, or parallel; granular, particles of various sizes, sometimes fine granular, and forming rock-masses.
Cleavage: c perfect; a imperfect Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. — 6-7. G. 3-25-3-5. Luster vitreous; on c in- clining to pearly or resinous. Color pistachio-green or yellowish green to brownish green, greenish black, and black; sometimes clear red and yellow: also gray and grayish white, rarely colorless. Streak uncolored, grayish. Transparent to opaque: generally subtranslucent.
Pleochroism strong: vibrations c green, b brown and strongly absorbed, a yellow. Absorption usually b C a; but sometimes c b tt in the variety of "epidote common in rocks. Often exhibits idiophanous figures4, best in sections normal to an optic axis, but often to be observed in natural crystals (Sulzbach), especially if flattened r (101).
The directions of maximum absorption and the axes of elasticity do not coincide except as regards the axis 6 which is b, the crystallographic axis of symmetry; nor are the lirst men- tioned directions (axes of absorption) at right angles to each other. Exhaustive investigations of these phenomena have been given Pulfrich. Ramsay, et al.4
Optically — . Double refraction very strong. Ax. pi. b. Bxar 6 — 2° 56' crt. Bxa.gr A t — 2° 26' Klein. Hence c a (100) nearly. Dis- persion inclined, strongly marked; of the axes feeble, p v. One optic axis nearly f (101), the other slightly inclined to c (001). Axial angles, Klein3:
Also
2Ha.r 91° 26' 2H0.r 144° 56'
2Va.r 73° 48'
fir 1-75405 a-r 1-76766
2Ha.
2H0.y 145° 38'
2Vy 73° 39'
/?y 1-75702
yr - 1-73053
2Ha.gr 91° 12'
2Ho.gr 146° 36'
2Vgr 73° 26'
fir 1-76213
Var. — Epidote has ordinarily a peculiar yellowish green (pistachio) color, seldom found in other minerals. But this color passes into dark and light shades — black on one side, and brown on the other; red, yellow, and colorless varieties also occur.
Var. 1. Ordinary. Color green of some shade, as described, the pistachio tint rarely absent. (a) In crystals, (b) Fibrous, (c) Granular massive, (d) Scorza is epidote sand, of the usual green color, with quartz from the gold washings of the river Aranyos, near Muska in Transylvania. The Arendal epidote (Arendalite) .is mostly in dark green crystals: that of Dauphine (Thallite, Delphinite, Oisanite) in yellowish green crystals, sometimes transparent; found near Bourg d'Oisans. Puschkinite includes crystals from the auriferous sands of Ekaterinburg, Ural; G. 3-066; named after Pushkin, a Russian senator. Achmatite is ordinary epidote, in crys- tals, from Achmatovsk, Ural. EscJierite is a brownish yellow, somewhat greenish epidote, from St. Gothard. A variety from Garda, Hoste Is., Terra del Fuego, has been described which is colorless and resembles zoisite (anal. 17).
2. The so-called Bucklandite from Achmatovsk, described by Hermann, is black with a tinge of green, and differs from ordinary epidote in having the crystals nearly syni metrical (f. 11), and not, like other epidote, lengthened in the direction of the orthodiagonal. G. 3 51. Hermann's Bagrationite, from Achmatovsk, appears to be essentially the same mineral, agreeing with it
Epidote Group— Epidote.
in angles, according to Hermann (Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, 35, 248, 1862), and having G. 3'46, while the original bagrationite of Koksharov is a variety of allanite (p. 523). It differs from bucklandite in containing a little cerium.
3. Withamite. Carmine- red to straw-yellow; strongly pleochroic; deep crimson and straw- yellow; H. 6-6'5; G. 3'137; in small radiated groups. From Glencoe, in Argyleshire, Scotland. Named after Dr. Henry Witharn of Glencoe. It is stated tolxmTain manganese, and sometimes referred to piedmontite, but an analysis by Heddle (anal. 15) gives only 0-14 MnO Min. Mag., 5, 15, 1882. Of. Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 75, 1886.
Beuslite is a grayish white to ash-gray mineral. From near Predazzo in the Tyrol. G. 2-859-2 877, Breith. Its identity with epidote has not certainly been proved.
Comp.— HCa1(Al,Fe),SiJ018 or H90.4Ca0.3(Al,Fe),0,.6Si01, the ratio of aluminium to iron varies commonly from 6 : 1 to 3 : 2. Percentage composition :
Al: Fe
1 : 0 5 : 1 4: 1 3: 1
2 : 1 0: 1
SiO,
A12O3 Fe2O3
CaO H2O
—
—
Most early analysts failed to recognize the presence of the water, and when found it was usually referred to alteration. The correct formula was first established by Tschennak, who (Min., 1883) makes it a basic orthosilicate containing (CaOH), while Groth assumes the presence of (A1OH).
Anal — 1, Ludwig, Miu. Mitth., 189, 1872. 2, Id., Zs. Kr., 6, 180, 1881. 3, Drasche Jb Min., 120, 1872. 4, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 24, 649, 1872. 5, Lasp., Zs. Kr., 3, 561, 1879. 6, Mauthner, Min. Mitth., 259, 1872. 7. Doelter, Min. Mitth., 175, 1875. 8, 9, Lasp., 1. c., p. 562. 10, Luedecke, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 262, 876. 11, Renard, Bull. Ac. Belg., 50, 170, 1880. 12, Schlemmer, Min. Mitth., 258, 1872. 13, Nanke, Jb. Min., 2, 81, 1880. 14, Heddle, Min. Mag., 2, 34, 1878. 15, Id., ibid , 5, 15, 1882. 16, A. G. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 29, 455, 1885. 17, Wiik, Fiusk. Vet.-Soc. Fork, 27, 1885. 18, Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 150, 1887. 19,Genth, Bull. 74, p. 40. U. S. G. Surv.
For earlier analyses see 5th Ed. , p. 283; also cf. Ludwig, who selects those among them which deserve confidence.
1. Untersulzbach
7. Allochetthal
8. Zillerthal
9. Bourg d'Oisans
10. Syra
11. Quenast
12. ZOptau, blk. green 18. " light green
14. Uust Is.
15. Glencoe, Withamite,
straw yw.
16. Rowe, Mass.
17. Pargas
18. Is. Garda, colorless
19. Macon Co., N. C.
at
G.
SiO2
A12O3
Fe203
FeO
MnO
CaO
MgO
H2O
tr. tr. tr.
tr. tr.
2-05 - 100-73 2-06 100-58 2-11 Na2O tr.
—
99-24 2-03 100-23 l-99insol.M3
—
100-22 1-88 101 -02 2-23 100-21 l-92insol.O-42
. [ 100-28 l-91insol 068
8-421 f
tr.
tr.
[=99-96 1-80 99-89 2-26 100-53
38 '51
2-98 100-94
2-20 100
2-38 Alk. 0-46
[ — 99-96
2-40Alk.2-15
[in sol
. 0-35 99-70
—
2-16 Alk.0-37
100-19 2-02 99-75 2-64 100-07 3-02 - 100-08
a Incl.
Na2O 0-94, K
2O 0-96
, Li2O 0-25.
lV Close?1tl*)e Sives ™iter on strong ignition. B.B. fuses with intumescence .°rbla? mass hich is generally magnetic. Reacts for iron and some- i-tbe flU*6£- Partifly decomposed by hydrochloric acid, but whet
G of Arl g I 1Z6S W1-th .a?id" DompoJd on fusion with alkaline carbonates.
ot Arendal epidote changes on ignition, from 3-409 to 2'984.
520 Silicates.
Obs.— Epidote is common in many crystalline rocks, as syenite, gneiss, mica schist, horn- blendic schist, serpentine, and especially those that contain the ferriferous varieties of amphibole. It often accompanies beds of magnetite or hematite in such rocks. It is sometimes found in geodes in trap; and also in sandstone adjoining trap dikes as a result of contact metamorphism. It also occurs at times in nodules in different quartz-rocks or altered sandstones. It is a con- stituent of much so-called saussurite formed from plagioclase feldspar (p. 515). It is associated often with quartz, pyroxene, feldspar, axinite, chlorite, etc.
It sometimes forms with quartz an epidote rock, called epidosyte. A similar rock exists at Melbourne in Canada. A gueissoid rock consisting of flesh-colored orthoclase, quartz, and epidote from the Unaka Mts. (N. C. and Teun.) has been called unakyte.
Beauti"::! crystallizations come from Bourg d'Oisaus, Dauphiue; the Ala valley and Traver sella, in Piedmont; Elba; Zermatt in the Valais; near Guttannen in the Haslithal; at Kaverdiras and Baduz in the valley of Tavetsch (the latter sometimes referred to zoisite, but optically epidote, Dx.); Monzoui in the Fassathal, Zillerthal in Tyrol, sometimes in rose-red and greenish crystals of small size, resembling thulite; the Saualpe in Cariuthia. The Kujippenwaud in the Uutersulzbachthal, Pinzgau, has since 1866 furnished large quantities of crystals beautiful in size, complexity of form, luster and transpareucy; they occur in crevices in an epidotic schist associated with asbestus, adularia, fine crystals of apatite, also litanite, scheelite; also well crys- tallized from the Krimler-Achenthal, near Kriml; the Habachlhal and Hollersbach in Tyrol; Striegau, Silesia; Zoptau, Moravia; Arendal in Norway; Nordmark, Wermland, Sweden; the Achmatovsk mine near Zlatoust, Ural; from the Ilmeu Mts.; Ekaterinburg. In Brazil with the green tourmaline of Miuas Geraes.
In N. America, occurs in N. Hamp., at Franconia, crystallized and granular, with magnet- ite; Warren with quartz and pyrite. In Mass., at Hadlyme and Chester, in crystals in gneiss; at Athol, in syenitic gneiss, in tine crystals, 2 m. S.W. of the center of the town; Newbury. in limestone; at Somerville with prehnite; at Nahaut, poor, in trap; at Howe, at the pyrite mine .with gahnite. In Rhode Island, at Cumberland, in a kind of trap. In Conn., at Haddam, in large splendid crystals; on Hosmer Mt., mile S.W. of Willimautic. In N. York, 2 m. S.E. of Amity, in quartz; 2 m. S. of Carmel, Putnam Co., with hornblende and garnet; 2 m. S. of Coffee's, Monroe, Orange Co.; 6 m. W. of Warwick, pale yellowish green, with titunite and pyroxene; on New York island on the East river, near 38th St. In N. Jersey, at Franklin, massive; at Roseville in Byram township, Sussex Co, in good crystals. In Penn., at E. Bradford; on John Balderson's farm, Kennett township, Chester Co. In Maryland, at Webb's mine, Cumberland. In N. Carolina, from the gold-washings of Rutherford Co.; fine crystals at Hampton's, Yancey Co.; White's mill, Gaston Co.; Franklin, Macon Co.; in crystals and crystalline masses in quartz at White Plains, Alexander Co. In Michigan, in the Lake Superior region, at many of the mines; at the Norwich mine, beautifully radiated with quartz and native copper. In Colorado, in the Pike's Peak region (tig. 10); also in calcite at the Calumet mine. Calumet, Chaffee Co. In Canada, at St. Joseph, Beauce Co., Quebec, in a concretionary argillaceous rock.
Epidote is one of Haily'scrystallographic names, derived from the Greek eiri8o<ri<s. increase, and translated by him, '; qui a re9u uu accroissement," the base of the prism (rhomboidal prism) having one side longer than the other. In its introduction Hatty set aside three older names. Thallite (from On-AAo'?, color of young twigs, alluding to the green color) was rejected because it was based on a varying character, color; Delphinite and Arendalite, because derived from localities. But the name Epidote is now so involved in geological as well as mineralogical literature that the law of priority cannot well do the justice demanded of it. Werner's name Pistacite, from TtiardKia, the pistachio-nut (referring to the color), was not proposed as early as thallite or epidote.
Alt. — Epidote is less liable to alteration than most of the silicates, partly because the iron it contains is mostly, when not wholly, in the state of sesquioxide.
Artif. — Epidote has not, as yet. been found among the crystallizations of furnace slags, or formed in the laboratory of the chemist, although it has been a frequent result of the action of heat and steam on ferruginous sandstones accompanying the ejection of doleryte and other eruptive rocks.
Ref. — ' Vh. Min. Ges., 15, 31, 1880, and Miu. Russl., 8, 44; from measurements of crystals from Untersulzbach ; the agreement of measured and calculated angles shows that these elements are probably more precise than those of Koksharov, Sr., (Min. Russl., 3, 268, 1858,) generally accepted hitherto, viz., 1-58073 : 1 : 1 '80574, ft — 64° 36'. The position here taken is that of Marignac and now adopted by most authors; with Mohs and Naumaun (also Dana, earlier Eds.) a (T) 101, c (M) 100, z ill, l 001, etc.
4 See Bkg. (Zs. Kr., 2, 321, 1878) for a list of planes with early authorities, etc.; he enumer- ates 220 planes, including 147 determined by him, but many are doubtful, especially those (about 100 in number) in the striated orthodome zone. Cf. also Gdt., Index, 1, 557, 1886, and lecently Flink, Artini (see below), and Hintze, Min., 2, 210 et seq., 1890. The list here given includes all the common planes and some others.
For important memoirs on epidote see: Haid., Ed. Phil. J., 10, 305, 1824; Levy, Min. Heuland, 2, 115, 1837; Mgc., Bibl. Univ., Suppl , 4, 148, 1847; Hbg., Min. Not,, 1, 23-25, 1856, 2, 10, 1858; Kk., 1. c.; Zeph., Ber Ak. WiVn, 34, 480, 1859, 45, 381, 1862; Dx., Min., 1, 243, 1862; Rath. Pogg., 115. 472. 1862, Erg., 6 368. 1873; Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 64 (1), 159. 1871; JBrz., Min. Mitth., 49, 1871: Klein, Jb Vin.. 113, 1872: Bkg., 1. c., Bgr. Zs. Kr., 16, 91, 1890.
Epidote Group— Piedm Ontite. . 521
Recent papers are by: Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), p. 2, 46, 52, 1886; Artini, Mem. Ace. Line., 4, 380, 1887; Granzer, Miu. Mitth., 9, 361, 1887; Brugnatelli, Zs. Kr., 17, 529, 1890.
3 Optical constants, Dx., Min., 1, 218, 219, 1862, N. R., 131, 1867; Klein, Untersulzbach, Jb. Min., p. 1, 1874; also Artini. 1. c., et al.
4 Absorption phenomena, Berlin, ref. under iolite, p. 421; Klein, 1. c. ; Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 4, 444, 1880; Pulfrich, Zs. Kr., 6, 142, 158, 1881; Ramsay, ib., 13, 97, 1887. Absorption spectra, Becquerel, C. R, 108, 282, 891, 1889.
PICROEPIDOTE Damour and Des Cloizeaux, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 23, 1883. In white or slightly yellowish translucent crystals, having the habit (prismatic b) and approximately the angles of epidote; also similar optically. Scratches glass; B.B. infusible. Contains essentially silica, alumina, magnesia, and traces of lime; presumably a magnesium-epidote. Observed with diopside, pyrite, calcite in the lapis lazuli from Lake Baikal, Siberia.
408. PIEDMONTITE. Rod Magnesia (fr. Piedmont) Cronst., Min., 106, 1758. Manganese rouge (id.) Napione, Mem. Ace. Turin, 4, 1790. Manganese oxyde violet silicifere (id.) H., Tr. , 4, 1801. Epidote manganesifere (id.) L Cordier, J. Mines, 13, 135, 1803; H., Tabl., 1809. Piemoutischer Braunstein Wern. , Hoffm. Min., 4, a, 152, 1817. Manganepidot Germ. Piemontit Kenng.. Min., 75, 1853.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 1-6100 : 1 : 1'8326; ft *64° 39' 001 A 100 Laspeyres1.
100 A 100 55° 30', 001 A 101 63° 30f, 001 A Oil 58
Forms': a (100, i-l), b (010, i-l), c (001, 0), m (110, /); e (101, - l-l), i (102, r (101, 1-i); n (111, 1).
Angles: mm'" 111° 0', a' 34° 13', ex 63° 30f , a'i 81° 8', en 75° 16', a'n 69° 22i', nri 110" 29'.
Twins: tw. pi. a, often polysynthetic; also c very rare. Crystals prismatic I like ordinary epidote, but distinct forms rare and faces usually dull. Also massive.
Cleavage: c perfect; a less so. Fracture uneven. Fragile. H. 6-5. G. — 3'404 Breith. Luster vitreous; slightly pearly on other faces. Color reddish brown and reddish black; in very thin splinters columbine-red. Streak reddish. Opaque to subtranslucent.
Pleochroism strong: c red, b amethyst to pink, a orange to citron-yellow. Absorption a b c. Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Bxar A b — + 82° 34', Bxa.y 83° 19', or Bx0.r A t - 7° 26', Bx0.y - 6° 41'; hence r. as in epidote, nearly a, Lasp.% St. Marcel. For Japanese piedmontite, extinction - angle a A t — Bx0 A k — 3° Koto. Dispersion inclined, strong. Axial angles, Dx. :
2Ha 82°-90° 2H0 121°-126°
Comp.— HCa,(Al,Mn,Fe)ISii018 or H,0.4Ca0.3R,0,.6SiOs. If Al : Mn : Fe 3:2:1, the percentage composition is: Silica 33'6, alumina 14-3, iron sesqui- oxide 14-9, manganese sesquioxide 14'7, lime 20'9, water 1'7 100.
Anal.— 1, Rammelsberg, Min. Ch., 595, 1875, also Lasp., 1. c. Most earlier analyses (5th Ed., p. 285) neglect the water. 2, Takayama, J. Coll. Sc., Japan, 1, 303, 1887. 3, Igelstr5m, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 24, 11, 1867. 4, Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 13 (2), No. 7, 52, 1888; also Svensson and Tamm, quoted by Flink.
SiO2 A12O3 Mn2O3 Fe3O3 CaO MgO H2O
1. St. Marcel G. - 3'518 38'64 15 03 15'00 8'38 22'19 — 1-78 101'02
2. Japan 36-16 2252 6'43 9'33 22"05 0'40 3'20 Na2O 0'44 100'53
3. Jakobsberg f 33'81 18'58 4'85* 12'57 26'46 3'04 — 99'31
4. 36-44 24 65 4'52 12'44 19'52 — 3'19 100'76
MnO. b Ignition, separately determined, 0'94.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. fuses with intumescence at 3 to a black lustrous glass. Gives strong reac- tions for manganese with the fluxes, and also for iron. Not decomposed by acids, but when previously ignited gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates.
Silicates.
Obs.— Occurs at St. Marcel, in the valley of Aosta, in Piedmont, in braunite with quartz, greenovite, violan, and tremolite. Common in the crystalline schists of Japan at numerous points, with quartz in piedmontite-schist, also as au accessory in glaucophane-schist, and in general in the chlorite-sericite gneiss of the Archaean. It sometimes occurs as a nucleus surrounded by ordinary epidote. Also in the mica schists of the He de Groix, Brittany, and in England.
A manganesian epidote (anal. 3, 4) occurs in crystalline limestone at Jakobsberg, Nordruark, Sweden1.
Ref.— ' Zs. Kr., 4, 435, 1880. Flink observed on the manganepidote (anal. 4) of Jakobs- berg (cf. epidote) a (100), c (001), m (110), rj (120), m (102), i (102), r (101), o (Oil), n (111) with a:b:c 1-5807 : 1 : 1'8057, ft 64° 36'. Optically -. a A c Bxa.r A c - 4° 34', Bxa.y A c - 5° 20', 2Ha.r 86° 52', 2H0.r 89° 26', .'. 2Vr 88° 40$'. In composition and optical characters it lies between ordinary epidote and piedmontite.
2 Absorption phenomena, etc., cf. Lasp. , 1. c. ; Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 25, 1883.
409. ALLANITE, or ORTHITE. Crystallized Gadolinite? (f r. Greenland) T. Allan, Tr. R. Soc. Eclinb., 6, 345 (read Nov. 1808) Allanite Thomson, ib., 371 (read Nov. 1810); Phil. Mag., 36, 278, 1811. Cerin (fr. Riddarhyttan) Hisinger, Afh., 4, 327, 1815. Orthit (fr. Fiubo) Berz., Afh., 5, 32, 1818. Pyrorthit (fr. Kararfvet) Berz., Afh., 5, 52, 1818. Bucklandit (fr. Areudal), Levy, Ann. Phil., 7, 134, 1824. Tautolit (fr. L. Laach) Breith., . J., 50, 321, 1826. Ural- orthit Herm., J. pr. Ch., 23, 273, 1841. Bagrationit (fr. Achmatovsk) Kk., Russisches Berg. J., 1, 434, 1847; Pogg., 73, 182, 1848 [not Bagrationite Herm., Epidote]. Xanthorthit (fr. Erikberg) Herm., J. pr. Ch., 43, 112, 1848.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 1-55090 : 1 : 1-76908; /3 *64° 59' 001 A 100 Eath1.
100 A HO *54° 34', 001 A 101 63° 24', 001 A Oil 58° 2f '.
Forms2: a (100, t'-i, T) c (001, 0, M)
TC (10-1-0, i-10)1 p (610, z-8)6 u (210, i-2)
m (110, /, z)
m (102, - -B) e (101, — 1-i)8 h (201, - 24)5 o- (103, H) (102, $-i)
s (203, f-i) r (101, 1-i) I (201, 2-1) 9 (703, H/ / (§01, 3-i)< A (501, 5-i)'
k (012, $4) o (Oil, 1-i)
(112, - $) d (111, - 1) x (112, $)
n (111, 1)
q (221, 2)
w (211, - 2-2), y (211, 2-2)3 /a (124, 4-2)"
y
n a
m
r (
y
Figs. 1, Moriah, N. Y., $ nat. size. 2, UralortMte, Ilmen Mts., Kk. 3, Bucklandite, Laacher See, Rath. 4, Bagrationite, Kk.
mm" cm
cor
cs cr
70° llf
109° 8'
22° 36$'
as 34° 53'
46° 274'
22° 19?
34° 15$'
45° 27'
63° 24'
kk'
a'r *51° 37'
cl 89° 1'
98° 12'
77° 26'
oo' - 116° 5'
cv - 37° 32'
cd 52° 9'
cm 75° 48$'
ex 51° 29$'
74° 49' 89° 28'
en
eg
av
ad 49° 40'
ao 76° 45$'
a'x 83° 3'
a'n 68° 42'
a'g 60° 51'
aw 34° 15'
27° 5$' 61° 38' 61° 36' 83° 9' 82° 15'
do
dn
vv' —
dd'
xx'
nn' — 108° 24$'
qq' — 114° 22'
ww' 58° 41'
W' ?5° 34$'
Epldote Group— All Anite. 523
Twins: tw. pi. also c rare. Crystals often flat tabular a; also long and
jlender to acicular prismatic by elongation axis b Also massive and in embedded ingular or rounded grains.
Cleavage: a and c in traces; also m sometimes observed. Fracture iineven or imbconchoidal. Brittle. H. 5'5-6. Gr. 3'5-4€2 Luster submetallic, pitchy, or resinous — occasionally vitreous. Color pitch-brown to black, either brownish, greenish, grayish, or yellowish. Streak gray, sometimes slightly greenish or brownish. Subtranslucent to opaque.
In part normally anisotropic and biaxial with strong pleochroism : c brownish yellow, b reddish brown, a greenish brown. Optically — . Double refraction weak and variable. Ax. pi. 1. Bxa A c 32£° approx. ft 1-682 Lex.
According to Brogger, optically — . Ax. pi. b and inclined to 6 — 37£° Sognsvand. Also for other occurrences, Arendal, Hittero extinction-angle 34°-37°, 40°-41°. Also isotropic and amorphous by alteration analogous to gadolinite8 and homilite.
Var. — This species, while closely like epidote in crystallization, varies much in the results of analyses, and also in external appearance. The more prominent ways of variation are the following: (1) The crystals are sometimes broad tabular, and sometimes very long acicular. (2) The crystals, when well-formed, often manifest no double refraction, as Des Cloizeaux observed, and as has been more closely studied by Brogger. (3) The amount of water present varies from 2 p. c. to 17 p. c., and the hardness and specific gravity correspondingly, the kinds containing the most water being lowest; and, in some, G. not exceeding 2'53. (4) There is also much diversity in pyroguostic and other chemical characters, as explained beyond.
The varieties that have been distinguished are as follows:
1. Allanite. In tabular crystals or plates, the crystals sometimes 8 to 10 in. long, 5 to 6 wide, and an inch or so thick. Color black or brownish black. G. 3-50-3'95. Named after T. Allan, the discoverer of the mineral, and found among specimens from East Greenland, brought to Scotland by Giesecke early in the century. Cerine is the same thing, named by Hisinger, having H. 6; G. 3'77-3'8; luster weak, greasy; and being subtranslucent in thin splinters.
Bucklandite is anhydrous allanite in small black crystals from a magnetite mine near Aren- dal, Norway. It was referred here by v. Rath on the ground of the angles and physical characters (Pogg., 113, 281, 1861). That of the Laacher See is also shown to have the angles of allanite by Rath (1. c.); the angles are those cited above as the angles of the species. Tautolite Breith. is also from the trachyte of the Laacher See and is probably the same species.
2. Uralorfftite is allanite in large prismatic crystals from the Ilmen Mts., near Miask. H. 6; G. 3'41-3'60 Herm. ; 3-647 Rg. It is pitch-black, gives a gray powder, and is nearly anhydrous.
3. Bagrationite. Occurs, according to Koksharov, in black crystals, which are nearly sym- metrical like the bucklandite of Achmatovsk, and not lengthened, like uralorthite, in the direction of the orthodiagonal. Angles the same with those of uralorthite. H. 6'5. G. 3'84 Kk. Streak dark brown. B.B. intumesces and forms a black, shining, magnetic pearl. In powder not attacked by hot hydrochloric acid or by boiling nitric acid. Named after the discoverer, P. R. Bagration. From Achmatovsk, Ural. Hermann has described and analyzed what he calls bagrationite. from Achmatovsk, which he states has the angles of the buck- landite of Achmatovsk, and which, therefore, is true epidote (q.v.). The analyses by Hermann sustain this reference.
4. Orthite included, in its original use, the slender or acicular prismatic crystals, often a foot long, containing some water. But these graduate into massive forms, and some orthites are anhydrous, or as nearly so us much of the allanite. The name is from opQoS, straight. The tendency to alteration and hyd ration may be due to the slenderness of the crystals, and the con- sequent great exposure to the action of moisture and the atmosphere. Luster vitreous to greasy. Some authors use orthite as the comprehensive name of the species.
5. Xanlhorlhite, of Hermann, is yellowish and contains much water, and is apparently an altered variety: G. 2'78-2'9. Named from £av&oS, yellow, and orthite.
6. Pyrortliite of Berzelius is an impure altered orthite-like mineral, in long prisms of rather loose texture, containing as its principal impurity some carbonaceous material (over 30 p. c.), and showing this in its burning before the blowpipe. Named from nvp, fire, and orthite. From Kararfvet, near Falun, Sweden.
Comp.— Like epidote HRR3Si3018 or 0.4110.311,0,. 6810, with R Ca and
Fe, and R Al,Fe, the cerium metals Ce,Di,La, and in smaller amount those of the yttrium group. Some varieties contain considerable water, but probably by alteration.
On the composition of allanite, see Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 24, 60, 1872.
Silicates.
I! 83
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II II II lice II
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Epid Ote Gro Up— Allanite.
Anal.— 1-13 Engstrom, Akad. Af handling, Upsala, 1877. 14-27, Cleve, quoted by Eng- strom 28 Paijkull? Akad. Afhandl.,Upsala, 1875, p. 17. 29, Rath, Pogg., 119, 269, 1863. 30 R" Miu Ch 746, 1860. 31, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 88, 199, 1863. 32, Page, Chem. News, 46 195* 1882 88, Duuniugton, Am. Oh. J., 4, 139, 1882; also Koenig, Proc. Ac. Philad., 103 1882 34 Memminirer, ib., 7, 177, 1885. 35, F. A. Genth, Min. N. C., 45r188l. 36, Id., Am. Phil' Soc' 20, 402, 1882. 37. H. F. Keller, Am. Phil. Soc., 24, 42, 1887. 38, 39. Genth, Am. J. Sc., 40,' 118, 1890. 40, Eakins, Proc. Colorado Sc. Soc., 2, 32, 1885. Also 5th Ed., pp. 287, 288. -For 'analyses see the preceding page.
Pyr. etc.— Some varieties give much water in the closed tube and all kinds yield a small amount ou stroiia; ignition. B.B. fuses easily and swells up (F. 2'5) to a dark, blebby, mag- netic glass. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Most varieties gelatinize with hydrochloric acid, hut if previously ignited are not decomposed by acid.
Obs.— Occurs in albitic and common feldspathic granite, gneiss, syenite, zircon-syenite, por- phyry. Also in white limestone, and often in mines of magnetic iron. Rather common as an accessory constituent in many rocks, as, in audesyte. dioryte, dacyte, rhyolyte, tonalyte of Mt. Adamello (Rath), the scapolite rocks of Odegaarden. Norway (Lex.), etc. Cf. Iddings and Cross, Am. J. Sc., 30, 108, 1885; Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 210, 1889. Sometimes inclosed as a nucleus in crystals of the isomorphous species, epidote; as at Sillbole, Finland and other points (Nor- denskiold, F. J. Wiik, Min-Saml. Helsingfors, tig. 7, 1887, Lex., 1. c., et al; similarly at Ilchester, Md., Hobbs9).
Allanite enclosed within epidote, Ilchester, Md., Hobbs9.
Allanite occurs in Greenland, in granite, at Criffel, in Scotland, in small crystals; at Jotun Fjeld in Norway, in a kind of porphyry, and at Snaruna, in albite, along with rutileand apatite; at the Plauensche Grund, near Dresden; in granite at the Schwarze Krux near Schmiedefeld and elsewhere in the Thiiringer Wald: in the granite of Striegau, Silesia. At Vesuvius in ejected masses with sanidine, sodalite, nephelite, hornblende, etc. Similarly in trachytic ejected masses at the Laacher See (bucklandite) with sanidine, mica, hornblende, etc. In granular lime- stone at Auerbach ou the Bergstrasse, but rare. Cerine occurs at the Bastnas mine, in Westman land, Sweden, with cerite, hornblende and. chalcopyrite.
Orthite occurs in acicular crystals sometimes a foot long at Finbo near Falun in Sweden; at Ytterby and Skeppsholm near Stockholm, in black vitreous masses disseminated through gneiss; also at Kragero, Hittero, and Fille Fjeld in Norway; at SillbOle; also at Stansvik, parish of Helsiuge, in Finland, forming the nucleus of epidote crystals; uralorthite occurs with small crystals of zircon in flesh-red feldspar at Miask in the Ural; bagrationite at the Achma- tovsk mine near Zlatoust.
In Mass., at the Bolton quarry; at 8. Royalston, in boulders; in Athol, on the road to Westminster, in gneiss; at Swampscot, near Marblehead. In Conn., at Allen's vein, at the gneiss quarries, Haddam. In N. York, near West Point, in tabular cryst. ; Moriah, Essex Co., with magnetite and apatite, some cryst. 8-10 in. long, 6-8 broad, and 1-2 thick; at Monroe, Orange Co. In N. Jersey, at Franklin with feldspar and magnetite. In Penn., at S. Mountain, near Bethlehem, in large crystals; at E. Bradford in Chester Co. (called orthite, G. 3-5); at Easton, Northampton Co.(?); Pricetown, near Reading, Berks Co., abundant. In Virginia, in large masses in Amherst Co.; also in Bedford, Nelson, and Amelia counties. In N. Carolina, in crystals at the hiddenite mine in Alexander Co., with emerald, etc.; also in Mitchell Co., at the Wiseman mica mine; at Balsam Gap, Buncombe Co.; massive in large quantities neai Bethany Church, Iredell Co.; also Democrat P. O., Madison Co.; at Brindletown, and at the zircon mines in Henderson Co. At the Devil's Head Mt., Douglas Co., Colorado. As an accessory rock constituent it has been identified in many localities (cf. above). In Canada, at Bay St. Paul, Charlevoix Co., Quebec; in a rock composed of labradorite and hypersthene from Lake St. John, Chicoutimi Co., Quebec; at Hollow lake, head-waters of the S. Muskoka,. Ontario.
£26 Silicates.
Alt. — The hydrous varieties of allanite or orthite (see several of the analyses given on p. 524, also vasite below) are properly altered forms of the species. They often contain carbon dioxide. It is probable that the carbonates of lanthanum and 'of cerium proceed at times from the alteration of allanite.
The alteration product of the allanite of Amherst Co., Va., which forms an earthy pulverulent crust about the original mineral (anal. 1, J. A,. Cabul, Ch. News, 30, 141, 1872), has been analyzed by J. R. Santos (ibid., 38, 95, 1878), anal. 2, 3:
G. SiOj A12OS Fe2O3 FeO CeaO3 (La,Di)aO3 YraO3 CaO MgO BeO HaO
1. Amherst Co., Va.,
Allanite 3'83 31 '23 16'45 3'49 13'67 11'24 9'90 1'65 8'69 022 0-24 2'28
99 06
2. Crust, inner, Uk.rd. 8'05 16'83 37'14 — 7'13 — — — — 0-942955
99-64
3. " outer, white 21'37 20 '66 12 "24 — 21 -90 — — — - 19521-37
99-49
Ref.— Laacher See, Pogg., 113, 281, 1861. 2 See Kk., Min. Russl., 3, 344, 1858, 4, 37, 1862; also earlier Haid., Min. Mohs, 3, 68, 1825, Pogg., 5, 157, 1825; Rose, Reis. Ural. 1, 432, 1837; Credner, Pogg., 79, 144, 1850; A. E. Nordenskiold, Laurinkari, ib., 101, 635, 1857; wine, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 551, 1870; Rath, bucklandite, Laacher See, ib., 113, 281, 1861; Gdt., Index, 2, 438, 1890. Gdt. includes also 104, 302.
3 Rath, Vesuvius, Pogg., 138, 492, 1869. 4 Id., Radauthal, ibid., 144, 579, 1871. 3 Bauer, Schwarze Krux, Schmiedefeld, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 385, 1872. 6 Rath, Auerbach, Ber. nied. Ges., p. 25, Jan. 3, 1881. 7 Luedecke, Schwarze Krux, and other localities in the Thilringer Wald, Zs. Kr., 10, 187, 1885.
8 On the optical structure, etc., see Dx. & Dmr., Ann. Ch. Phys., 59, 357, 1860; Dx., Min., 1, 259etseq., 1862; Sjogren, G. For. F5rh., 3, 258, 1877; Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 97, 1890; Lex.. Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 66, 1888.
9 On the association of allanite and epidote, see Hobbs, Am. J. Sc., 38, 223, 1889, who gives in detail the earlier literature.
WASITE J. F. Bahr, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 19, 415, 1862, and Pogg., 119, 572, 1863. Vasite. A much altered allanite, of a brownish black color, but yellowish brown in thin splinters and powder; with traces of cleavage in one direction. Bahr supposed it to contain the oxide of a new metal he named wasium (after the royal family of Wasa, Sweden). In a later paper (Lieb. Ann., 132, 227, 1864) Bahr makes this oxide thoria. Nickles had suggested previously that it might be impure cerium. From R8nsholm, an island near Stockholm. Analyses by Engstrom are (ref.,sp. 525) as follows r
SiOa ThOa AlaO, Fe2O3 Y203Er2O3 Ce2O3 DiaO3 La2O3 CaO H2O
Blk.-brown 32'75 0'98 11-45 17-21 3'77 2-22 3-64 3'46 4-64 7'95 11-95 100-02 Bed 38-40 0'94 15-65 19'97 3-52 1'93 4'19 4'42 3'50 3-60 13'97 101 '09
MUROMONTITE Kerndt, J. pr. Ch.. 43, 228, 1848. In grains. H. 7. G. 4'263. Luster vitreous or slightly greasy. Color black or greenish black. Apparently related to allanite, but containing much of the yttrium inetals, also beryllium and but little aluminium or cerium. Analysis — Kerndt:
SiO3 A12O3 Y2O3ft Ce2O3 La2O3 BeO FeO MnO CaO MgO Na2O K2O H2O&loss 31-09 2'23 37-14 5-54 3'54 5'52 11-23 0'91 0'71 0-42 0'65 0'17 0-85 100
a Yttrium earths.
From Mauersberg, near Marienberg, in the Saxon Erzgebirge. Named from a Latin ren- dering of Mauersberg.
BODENITE Breith., Pogg., 62, 273, 1844, Kersten, ib., 63, 135, Kerndt., J. pr. Ch., 43, 219, 1848. Related to muromontite in composition, and in containing more yttrium than cerium, but has a larger percentage of alumina and lime, and no glucina, and is hydrous. Composition according to Kerndt:
SiO2 Ala03 Y2O3 Ce2O3 La2O3 FeO MnO CaO MgO Na2O3 K2O HaO 86-12 10-34 17-43 10-46 7'57 12-05 1'62 6'32 2-34 0'84 1-21 3'02 loss 0'68 100
yttrium earths.
From Boden, near Marienberc, with nmromontite.
Axinite Group— Axinite.
14. Axinite Group. Triclinic.
410. AXINITE. Espece de Schorl (fr. Oisans) Schreiber, 1781, de Lisle's Crist., 2, 353, 1783. Schorl violet, Schorl transparent lenticulaire (fr. Oisans), de Lisle, ib., and J. Phys., 26, 66, 1785. Thumerstein (fr. Thum) Wern., Bergm. J., 54, 261, 1788. Glasschorl Blumenb., Nat.. 1791. Schorl violet, Yanolite, Delameth., Sciagr., 1, 287, 1792. Axinite H., J. Mines, 5, 264, 1799, Tr., 3, 1801. Thumite.
Triclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0-49211 : 1 : 0'47970; a 82° 54' 13", ft — 91° 51' 43", y 131° 32' 19" Rath1.
100 A 010 48° 21' 8", 100 A 001 93° 48' 56", 010 A 001 97° 50' 8".
Forms* :
M (110,
'I, P)8
(111,
q (151,
,5-5)4 r (8iO-3, 'YH
a (100,
w
(130,
(131,
3-3')11
F(ll2,
i/)8'"
€ (683,
1-f)8
£ (010,
(001,
i-l, v)4 0, m)8
(201,
2-i')8
e a-
(111,
(241,
-I)3 ,42)8
t (311, e (112,
e (352, d(241,
'I-!)10 '4-2y
ft (510, #(310, a (210, £(11-7 m (110,
&.5')6 i-3')3'6
0, zJ?')8-* /', u)3
/
(023, (Oil, (021, (021, (041,
W
2-i')4 '24)'
P
T
(371, (133, (132, (131, (155,
,7-f)8
!f3f ,3-3)*
,1-S)1?
Z (445, 5 (556, r (111, # (221, 0 (331,
i)8 '#
5 (132, w(131, k (261, 9 (172,
1-3)1 '33)J '6-3)T
1-7)'?
h (310,
Y-3)T
W (312,
-Figs. 1, Bourg d'Oisans. 2, Foloma, Schrauf. 3, Bethlehem, Penn., Frazier. 4, Botallack, Rath. 5, Bourg d'Oisans, Rath. 6, Poloma, Schrauf.
Silicates.
aH 6° 21'
aa 9° 2'
am 15° 34'
bm 32° 47'
aA 7° 54'
af 28° 55'
mM 44° 29'
aw 89° 23'
cs 72° 12'
as =21° 37'
eg 24° 11'
c/ 34° 49'
cy 56° 58' cX 47° 13' en 62° 0'
ex - 65° IV cm 95° 34V mx *30° 33' 44° 45' 27° 19' 44° 40V
18° 21' 89° 25V 45° 53' 93' 21'
40° 46'
ce ce cr en cM
rz re
bx b'r
Xt
M'e 45° 19V Mi 24° 34' 33° 18' 49° 25'
63°
89° 55V
Mr 45° 15'
Ms
Mx
My 79° 12'
Mt 115° 24'
sy 45° 54'
sx T
xy - 29° 47'
iy - 54° 38'
ms *27° 57'
mr — 64° 22'
mX 13--T 46
rs — 36° 25'
my 49° 40'
mo - *85° 88'
ox *61° 51'
ho 97° 42'
so 76° 43'
Crystals usually broad and acute-edged, but varied in habit; usually with M (110) and r (111) prominent, rarely x (111) ; also rarely prismatic 6 (t 3). Faces in zone
maM, also Msx, often striated their respective intersection-edges; also r usually striated edge r/M. Also massive, lamellar, lamellae often curved; sometimes granular. Cleavage: b distinct; also c, w; r interrupted; M, y in traces (Dx.). Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 6-5-7. G. 3-271 Haid.; 3-294 but after fusion 2'812 Eg. Luster highly glassy. Color clove-brown, plum-blue, and pearl-gray; also honey-yellow, greenish yellow. Streak uncolored. Transparent to subtranslucent.
Pleochroism strong: r pale olive-green, giving with dichroscope olive-green and violet-blue; edge r/M and r cinnamon-brown, giving cinnamon-brown and violet-blue. Exhibits idiophanous figures. Optically — . Ax. pi. and Bxa ap- proximately x (HI). The trace of the ax. pi. inclined 40° to edge x/M, and 24° 40' to edge x/r. Dispersion p inclined and horizontal, very prominent. Axial angles somewhat variable, even in sections from same crystal, Dx.
7, Franklin, N. J., Pfd. 8, Guadalcazar, Id.
2Ha.r 87° 30' 2Ha.r 86° 33'
( 2V
Also for sections I, very thin; II, rather thick.
74° 17' 73° 32'
2Ha.bi 87" 47' !>Ha.bi 86° 43'
6ql . (2VW=74°39' 11 ' 2VW= 73° 49'
2Har 84°7' 2Er 157° 51
2Ha.r 82° 15' 2Er 148° 53'
Indices
Red
Blue
a
(3
Y
71° 38' 71° 49'
158° 13' 165° 38'
Pyroelectric, when heated to 120° or 130°, the analogous pole (Eiess & Rose) at the solid angle rxM'; the antilogous pole at the angle mr' M' near plane n. Hankel finds on cooling the acute edges r/m positive; the faces M and the obtuse edges r/m negative.
Comp. — A boro-silicate of aluminium and calcium with varying amounts of iron and manganese. Exact composition doubtful; the formulas obtained by Rammels- berg and Whitfield are :
Rg., HR3BAl2(Si04)4; Whitfield, H2R4(BO)Al3(Si04)6. R Calcium chiefly, sometimes in large excess (anal. 4). again in smaller amount and manganese prom- inent (anal. 5-7); iron is present in small quantity, also magnesium and basic hydrogen.
Anal.— 1 RS Zs G Ges. 21,689,1869. 2, 3,Whitfleld, Am. J. Sc., 34, 286, 1887. 4, Baumert, quoted by'Luedecke, Zs. Nat. Halle, 42, 1, 1889. 5-7, F. A. Genth, Am. J. Sc., 41, 394, 396,
Axinite Group— Axinite.
G.
'SiOa
B20,
AlaO3 Fe2O3
FeO MnO
CaO
MgO
ign.
Bourg d'Oisans
6-78 262
1-45 K,
,0 0-11
K
4-02 3-79
21 66_Q-7J
2-16
Cornwall
5-84 4-63
1-80
Radauthal
3-60 2-84
1-22
Franklin, cryst.
1-60 13-69
0-76
" lam.
1 73b 13-14
0-40
Guadalcazar
0-19° 9-59
075
ZnO, including 0'12
CuO.
b
ZnO, including 0-09 PbO,
0-11 CuO.
eCuO.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses readily with intumescence, imparts a pale green color to the O.F., and fuses at 2 to a dark green to black glass; with borax in O.F. gives an amethystine bead (man- ganese), which in R.F. becomes yellow (iron). Fused with a mixture of bisulphate of potash and fluor on the platinum loop colors the flame green (boric acid). Not decomposed by acids, but when previously ignited, gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Axinite occurs in implanted glassy clove-brown crystals, at St. Cristophe, near Bourg d'Oisaus in Dauphine, with albite, prehnite, and quartz. In the Harz at Andreasberg, Trese- burg, also in the Radauthal; in granite at Striegau. Silesia; on Mt. Monzoui, in Tyrol, with brown garnet and calcite forming a vein in diabase; Piz Valatscha, the northern spur of Mt. Skopi south of Dissentis in Eastern Switzerland; Poloma, Hungary; Baveno, Italy; Elba; at the silver mines of Kongsberg, Norway, in small crystals? with hornblende or magnetic iron in Nordmark, Sweden; L. Onega, Russia, and near Miask in the Ural; in Cornwall, of a dark color, at the Botallack mine near St. Just, where it also occurs massive, forming a peculiar kind of rock with garnet and tourmaline; at Trewellard, at Cam Silver near Lamorran creek, and at Boscawen Cliffs in St. Burieu; in Devonshire, at Brent Tor, 4 m. north of Tavistock; at Thum near Ehreufriedersdorf in Saxony. It occurs with gray cobalt near Coquimbo, Chili, at the mine La Buitro. At Guadalcazar, Mexico, in minute brownish or greenish crystals embedded in feldspar, which is in part changed to kaolinite.
In the U. S., at Phippsburg, Maine, with yellow garnet and vesuvianite; at Wales, Maine; at Cold Spring, N. Y ; Franklin Furnace, N. J., in honey-yellow crystals and laminated forms with rhodonite, polyadelphite, barite; at Bethlehem, Pa. , with amphibole. Rare in Northumber- land Co., Nova Scotia, ou McKay's brook, a branch of N.E. Mirimichi river.
Named from d&vrj, an axe. in allusion to the form of the crystals. The name yanoliie is of earlier date; but it means violet-stone, and violet is not a characteristic color of the mineral.
Alt. — Crystals altered to chlorite occur on Dartmoor in Devonshire, England.
Ref. — ' Pogg., 128, 20, 227, 1866 (Rath's axes calculated for Naumaun's position are entirely wrong). The position taken is that of Naumann; see Frazier (Am. J. Sc. , 24, 442, 1882) for a table giving the symbols of the planes in the positions of Neumann and Miller, Rath, Des Cloizeaux, Schrauf, and Frazier; the last two chosen to show relation to titauite and datolite respectively. See also Gdt., Index. 1, 271, 1886. who gives transformation-equations; Solly, Min. Mag., 6, 203, 1886; Hintze, Min., 2, 487, 1891.
Haiiy, Min., 2, 559, 1822. 3 Phillips. Min., p. 43, 1823, identified by Dx. (1. c.). 4 Neu- mann, Pogg., 4, 63, 1825. *Dx., Min., 1, p. 515. 1862. 6 Mgc., credited by Dx. ' Rath, 1. c.; he adds two doubtful planes 77 and A. 8 Schrauf. Ber. Ak. Wien, 62 (2), 712, 1870; 65 (1), 241, 1872; Atlas, xxv, 1870. 9 Hbg., Min. Not./ 5, 28. 1863, 11, 30, 1873. 10 Websky, Min. Mitth., 1, 1872. " Schmidt, Zs. Kr., 6, 98, 1882. Pfd., Franklin Furnace, N. J., Am. J. Sc., 41, 394, 1891.
On pyro-electricity, Ricss & Rose, Pogg., 59, 375, 1843; Hankel, Wied. Ann., 6, 57, 1879.
Heat expansion, Beckenkamp, Zs. Kr., 5, 451, 1881.
Orthosilicates not included in foregoing Groups.
411. Prehnite H2Ca2Al2(Si04)3 Orthorhombic 0-8401 : 1 : 0-5549
412. Harstigite H,(Ca,Mn)12Al3(Si04)10 Orthorhombic 0-7148 : 1 : T0150
413. Cuspidine Ca,Si(0,F,)4? Monoclinic
a, : I : 6 0-7243 : 1 : 1-9342; ft 89° 22'
Silicates.
, ,lo1.o ' Min" 233' 1777- Chrysolite du Cap (a kind of
Schorl) de Lisle, 2, 2,5, 1783. Zeolithe verdatre #wft, Cat. de Raab, 1, 203 1790 Prehuit Wern., Bergiu. J., 1, 110, 1790; aual. by Klapr., Schrift Ges. nat. Berlin 8 217 1788 Kpupholite (fr. Bareges), Picot de la Peyrouse, Delameth., T. T., 2, 547, 1797. Edelite (Edelite) Walmstedt, Brz. JB., 5, 217, 1825. Jacksonite Whitney, J. Nat. H. Soc. Boston, 5, 487, 1847.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 0-84009 : 1 : 0-55494 Streng1. 100 A HO *40° 2', 001 A 101 33° 26f , 001 A Oil 29° If.
Forms':
a (100, i-l) b (010, t-i)
c (001, 0) m (110, 1) p (130, i-3
v (304, f-i) n (302, |-i)
o (061, 6-) r (221, 2)
s (661, 6) 2 (261, 6-3>
Fig. 1, Harzburg, Streng. 2, Farmington, Dx. 3, Ratschiuges, Tyrol, Haid. 4, Jordansmilhl, Beutell.
mm'" 80° 4' pp' 43° 17' VD' 52° 42'
nri 89° 28' oo' 146° 34' oo'" *33° 26'
cr 59° 54' cs 79° 4' rr' 82° 58'
rr"' 67° 38' 88' 97° 29' ss" 78° 20'
Distinct individual crystals rare; usually tabular c; sometimes prismatic; again acute pyramidal. Faces c striated edge a/c; b rough and uneven; m smooth and brilliant, also striated edge m/c. Commonly in groups of tabular crystals, united by c making broken forms, often barrel-shaped. Reniform, globular, and stalactitic with a crystalline surface. Structure imperfectly columnar or lamellar, strongly coherent; also compact granular or impalpable.
Cleavage: c distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 6-6-5. G. 2-80- 2*95. Luster vitreous; c weak pearly. Color light green, oil -green, passing into white and gray; often fading on exposure. Subtransparent to translucent. Streak uncolored. Pyroelectric, with polarity central, the analogous poles at the center of the base and the antilogous at the extremities of the brachydiagonal*.
Optically +. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. usually b, dispersion p v or p v, weak; sometimes (Farmington) n, dispersion strong p v. Bx c. Index /?y 1-626. Axial angles variable, Dx. :
Dauphine Pyrenees
2Hr 74° 29 to 76° 7' 2Hr 75° 22' to 75° 52' 2H, 73° 43' to 74° 42'
2Er 124° 54' to 129° 9' 2Er 127° 9' to 128° 28' 2Er 122° 59' to 125° 27'
Also for homogeneous crystals, Beutell:
2H..r 77° 41' 2Ha.y 77° 44' 2Ha.bl 77° 53' .-. 2Ey 135° 26' 2Vy 69° 22' Ratschinges cry 1-616 /3r 1'626 yr - 1-649 Levy-Lex.
The grouping in the common aggregated forms is often highly complex with consequent
Prehnite.
wide variation in the optical characters (cf. Dx., Mid., Emerson, Beutell)5; crossed dispersion,
otherwise characteristic of the monocliuic system is often observed. For
example, a section c (f. 5) of a variety from Farmingtou was divided
(Mid.) into two parts: (1) a central wedge-shaped portion with lamellae
chiefly a, also i_a, with parallel extinction; optically -(-; ax. pi. usually
also angle variable but usually small and becoming 0°. (2) Also
lateral sectors (see tig. with lamellae chiefly m and less prominent
nearly m (110 and 110), the angle included being 82°-83°; these
lamellae show no definite extinction; the axial figure is distorted, crossed
dispersion is visible ; ax. pi. inclined about 48° to the normal to a for red
and about 58° for blue.
The peculiarities of the wedge-shaped portion are explained by the presence of two systems of thin layers superimposed normal respectively to the -f- and — bisectrix; in the lateral sectors there is an iutergrowth of systems of lamellae having a common base but whose axes of elasticity are inclined 60° to each other, thus producing rotatory polarization, analogous to that produced by mica laminae crossed at angles of 60°.
Var. — Usual in firm and hard incrusting masses, externally globular or mammillary,. the surface made up often of grouped crystals more or less imperfect, but sometimes smooth.
Coupholite is in cavernous masses, made of small, thin, fragile laminae or scales; the original was from the peak of Ereslids, near Bareges, in the Pyrenees; also reported from the Col du Bonhomme, at the foot of Mt. Blanc. Named from tfovfioS, tender. Edelite, or Edelite, is prehnite from JEdelfors, Sweden. Jacksonite, or "anhydrous prehnite," of Whitney is ordinary prehnite, from Keweenaw Pt. and Isle Royale; it contains 4 to 5 p. c. water (Jackson and Brush); that examined by Whitney may have been from a specimen previously calcined with associated ores.
Comp. — An acid orthosilicate, HCaAlJSijO,, Silica 43*7, alumina 24 '8, lime 27-1, water 4-4 100.
Prehnite is sometimes classed with the zeolites, with which it is often associated; the water here, however, has been shown logo off only at a red heat (Rg.), and hence plays a different part. Doelter (Jb. Min., 2, 137, 1890) calls attention to a similarity in composition to friedelite, p. 465.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 20, 79, 1868. 2-5, Corsi, Boll. Com. Geol., 54, 1878; cf. also 155, 1879. 6, Schubert, Inaug. Diss. Brieg, 1880. 7, Beutell, Jb. Min., 1, 89, 1887, also Traube, ib. 8, Schalch, Jb. Min., Beil., 4, 182, 1886. 9, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., p. 27, Zurich, 1887. 10, Young, Ch. News, 27, 56, 1878. 11, P. T. Cleve, Ak. H. Stockh., 9, No. 12. 1871. 12, Darapsky. Jb. Min., 1, 66, 1888. 13, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 20, 401, 1882. 14, Harring- ton, Geol. Canada, 1868.
G.
1. Ratschinges, Tyrol
2. Impruneta, Tuscany 2'91
3. Figliue " 2 '93
4. Monte Catini "
5. Elba
6. Jordansmilhl
7. Striegau
8: Globenstein
9. Harzburg 2'907
10. Bowling 2-885
11. Tortola 2'98
12. Rodaito, Chili
13. Cornwall, Penn. 3 '042
14. Templeton 2-791
SiO8
A13Q3
FeaO3
CaO
H2O
—
tr.
26'69
tr.
—
99-78
MgO 0-45 98-97
MgO 0 30 99-62
100-04
100-42
100-90
100-35
99-72
100-15
Na2O 0-27 99-78
100-04
NasO 0-96 100-26
99-85
MnO 0-10, MgO 0-09=100-75
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water. B B. fuses at 2 with intumescence to a blebby enamel-like glass.. Decomposed slowly by hydrochloric acid without gelatinizing; after fusion dissolves readily with gelatinization. Coupholite, which often contains organic matter, blackens and emits a burnt odor.
Obs. — Occurs chiefly in basic eruptive rocks, basalt, diabase, etc., as a secondary mineral in veins and cavities, often associated with some of the zeolites, also datolite, pectolite, calcite, but commonly one of the first formed of the series; also less often in granite, gneiss, syenite, and then frequently associated with epidote; sometimes associated with native copper, as in the L. Superior region.
At St. Christophe and 1'Armentieres, near Bourg d'Oisans in Dauphine, associated with axinite and epidote; at Ratschinges in Tyrol, in the Fassathal, and near Campitello; in Salzburg; the Ala valley in Piedmont; the Saualpe in Carinthia; Joachimsthal in Bohemia; in Nassau, at Oborscheld and Uckersdorf; near Freiburg in Baden on the Rosskopf ; Schwarzenberg in Saxony, in the Harz, near Andreasberg, with datolite, and near Harzburg in the Radauthal; in granite at
532 Silicates.
Striegau, Silesia, also at Jordansmiihl; Arendal, Norway; Edelfors in Sweden (edelite); Upsala, Sweden, in rifts in horublendic granite, the decomposition of the hornblende having afforded the lime, and of the mica, the alumina (Paijkull); at Friskie Hall and Campsie in Dumbartonshire, and at Hartfield Moss, in Renfrewshire, in veins traversing trap, associated with analcite and thomsonite; also at Corstorphine Hill, the Castle and Salisbury Craig, near Edinburgh; Mourne Mts., Ireland. Handsome polished slabs of this mineral have been cut from masses from China.
In the United States, finely crystallized at Farmington, Woodbury, and Middletown, Conn., West Springfield, Mass., and Paterson and Bergen Hill, N. J. ; in small quantities in gneiss, at Bellows Falls, Vt. ; in syenite, at Spmerville, Mass.; Milk Row quarry, Somerville, often in minute tabular crystals, with chabazite, also with epidote; also at Palmer (Three Rivers) and Turner's Falls, Mass., on the Connecticut, in trap, and at Perry, above Loring's Cove, Maine; at Westport, Essex Co., N. Y. (chiltonite Emmons), on a quartzose rock; on north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Bay and Fond du Lac; in large veins in the Lake Superior copper region, often occurring as the veinstone of the native copper, sometimes including strings or leaves of copper; and at times in radiated nodules disseminated through the copper.
Alt. — Prehnite occurs altered to green earth and feldspar.
Named by Werner in 1790 after Col. Prehn, who first found the mineral at the Cape of Good Hope. Sage had called it (1777) chrysolite, and Rome de Lisle had referred it (1783) to the group of scJiorl.
Ref.— ' Harzburg, Jb. Min., 314, 1870. 2 See Mir., Min., p. 415, 1752; Dx., Min., 1, 430, 1862. 3Beutell, Jordansmuhl, 1. c. ; cf. also Schubert, 1. c., who, however, gives neither axes nor angles. 4 Riess and Rose, Pogg., 59, 382, 1843. See also Hankel, Wied. Ann., 6, 55, 1879. 6 On the methods of grouping and consequent optical anomalies, cf. Dx., Bull. Soc Min., 5, 58, 125, 1882; Mid., ib., p. 195; Wyrouboff, ib., p. 272; Emerson, Am. J. Sc., 24, 270. 1882.
UIGITE Heddle, Ed. N. Phil. J., 4, 162, 1856, Min. Mag., 5. 26, 1882. In radiated sheafy clusters of plates, in nests in the amygdaloid of Uig, Isle of Skye, along with aualcite and faroelite. H. 5'5; G. 2'284; luster pearly; color white, slightly yellowish. Composition, according to Heddle: SiO2 45'98, A12O3 21'93, CaO 16'15, Na-,0 4"69, H2O 11-25. B.B. fuses readily and quietly to an opaque enamel, which is not frothy. It appears to be near prehnite in structure, and needs further investigation.
PREHNITOID. Prenitoide Bechi, Boll. Com. Geol., 66, 1870; Ace. Line. Trans., 3, 114, 1879. An impure massive prehnite filling crevices in the gabbro of Monte Catini, Tuscany. An analysis of a crystalline variety gave: SiOa 42'30, CO2 2-85, B2O3 0'3B, A12O3 22'06, Fe2O3 0'70, CaO 28 86, MgO tr., HaO 2'98, N 0'19 100'27. Cf. Corsi, 1. c. This name belongs properly to a kind of scapolite, p. 471.
412. HARSTIGITE. Harstigjt O. Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), No. 2, 59, 1886. Orthorhombic. Axes d : I : 6 0-71479 : 1 : 1-01495 Flink1. 100 A HO 35° 33f, 001 A 101 54° 50f, 001 A Oil 45
Forms: a (100, i-l), b (010, n (210, i-2), m (110, /); p (Oil, l-); s (122, 1-5). Angles, an *19° 40', nri 39° 20', mm'" - 71° 7', pp' *90° 51', ss' - 52° 58', 88" 102° 10', ss'" 79° 14'.
In small crystals, prismatic 6, with b prominent and terminated by the dome p (Oil) with s (122) small.
Cleavage not observed. Fracture small conchoidal to splintery. Brittle. H. 5-5. G. 3-049. Luster vitreous. Colorless. Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Bx a. Axial angles, Flink:
2Ha.r 57° 50' 2Ha.y 57° 56' 2Ha.gr 58° 8' 2Vy 90° 27' Also 1-6782 y, 1 -68308 Na Ramsay2.
Comp. — An acid orthosilicate of manganese . and calcium chiefly, formula probably H7(Ca,Mn)12Al3Si10040 Silica 39-2. alumina 10-0, manganese protoxide 13 -9, lime 32'8, water 4'1 100. Here Mn : Ca 3 : 1. Magnesium replaces part of tho calcium. Anal.— Flink, 1. c.:
SiOs A12O, MnO CaO MgO KaO Na,O HaO
38-94 10-61 12-81* 29'23 3'27 0'35 0-71 3'97 99'89
FeO tr.
Cuspidine.
Pyr., etc.— Reacts for manganese with the fluxes. Gives off water on strong ignition and turns black. The ignited powder dissolves easily in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine*
Obs.— Occurs with yellowish red or brown garnets, in rhombic dodecahedrons, and crystals of pale red rhodonite at the Harstig mine, near Pajsberg, in Wermland, Sweden. These associated species occur lining the sides of a narrow vein which was filled-tn-with calcite as a later deposit.
Ref.— l 1. c. 4 Zs. Kr., 12, 220, 1886.
413. CUSPIDINE. ScaccM, Rendiconto R. Accad. Napoli, October 14,1876; Zs. Kr., 1,
398, 1877.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-7243 : 1 : 1-9342. /3 89° 22' 001 A 100 Rath1.
100 A HO 35° 54f, 001 A 101 *68° 55', 001 A Oil 62
Forms1 :
6 (oio, a)
c (001, 0) m (110, I)
(103, - H) e (101, - l-) / (101, 14)
(014, i-i)
g (012, |-l)
d (Oil, 14)
P (113, - t) (111, - 1)
it (113,
V (111, 1)
(211, - 2-2) // (432, 2-|)
q (233, ->f) s (131, 2-2)
r (872, - 4-f )?
mm!" 71° 50' ch =41° 23|' c/ 70° IV M' 51° 86V
dd 125° 19' Cj9 47° 25' en 72° 39V
en 47° 59'
cv 73° 36'
ppf 51" 11'
n' 68° 6'
en *34° 3' yv' 68° 29' M' 107° 24'
In minute spear-shaped crystals, aparently orthorhombic, but proved to be usually contact-twins with tw. pi. a, giving cc *1° 16'.
Cleavage: c very distinct. Fracture
l- 2- uneven. Brittle. H. 5-6. G. 2-853-
2-860. Luster vitreous. Color pale rose- red.
Ax. pi. 1 1). Bxa.y A t - 5° 30'. 2Ey 110°. Dispersion of the axis, also inclined very marked. Groth.
Comp. — Contains silica, lime, fluorine, and from alteration carbon dioxide. Formula doubtful.
A partial analysis by E. Fisher gave: CaO 59 8- (again 59'9), Fe2O3 1'18, CO, 1'2; also F 9 to 10 p. c. Zs. Kr., 8, 39, 1883. Perhaps Ca2SiO4 with CaF2.
Pyr.— B.B. fusible with difficulty. Readily soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — From Vesuvius, in ejected masses from the tufa of Monte Somma. It occurs only very sparingly; in part in cavities with augite, hornblende, biotite, calcite, also a brown garnet and crystals of davyne; in part also embedded in a granular rock-like mass. The crystals are usually more or less altered on the surface, becoming covered with a shell of calcium carbonate. Scacchi suggested as the probable composition Cas,SiO4 with about one-third of the lime replaced by CaF2 and Fischer's trials, so far as they are conclusive, confirm this. The deter- mination of the exact composition requires a more complete analysis, however, and it may prove not to belong to the orthosilicates with which it is provisionally placed.
Named from cuspis, a spear, in allusion to the characteristic form of the crystals. Ref.—1 Zs. Kr., 8, 38, 1883, Ber. nied. Ges., 122. 1882; Groth, Zs. Kr., 8, 43, 1888.
Monte Somma, Rath.
534 Silicates.
IV. Subsilicates.
The species here included are basic salts, for the most part to oe referred either to the metasilicates or orthosilicates, like many basic compounds already included in the preceding pages. Until their constitution is definitely settled, however, they are more conveniently grouped by themselves as SUBSILICATES. It may be noted that those species having an oxygen ratio of silicon to bases of 2 : 3, like topaz, andalusite, sillimanite, datolite, etc. (pp. 492-502 et seq.), also calamine, carpholite, and perhaps tourmaline, are sometimes regarded as salts of the hypothetical parasilicic acid, H6SiO6.
Division I. Oxygen Ratio for Si : R 4 : 5. Formula R6Sia08. Huinite Group.
414. Humite
415. Chondrodite
or b: a: 1-0802 : 1 : 4-4033
H2(Mg,Fe)ltfSi8034F4? Monoclinic a : I : 1-0863 : 1 : 3-1447
ft - 90° 416. Clinohumite J Monoclinic a : b : 6=1-0803 :
The species of the above group approximate closely in angte to chrysolite and chrysoberyL The axial ratios may be compared as follows:
Humite b : a : c ' 1'0802 : 1 : 0'6291
Chondrodite d : b : $ c 1'0863:1:0'6289
Clinohumite d : b : $ c 1-0803 : 1 : 0'6288
Chrysolite b :2 : b 1-0735 : 1 : 06290
Chrysoberyl b :2a : i 1-0637 : 1 : 0'6170
417. Hvaite HCaFe2FeSi,09 Orthorhombic d : I : 6 0-6665 : 1 : 0-4427
418. Ardennite H5Mn4Al4VSi40M " & : b : 6 0-4663 : 1 : 0-3135
or : I : %6 0-6995 : 1 : 0-4703.
419. Langbanite 37MnBSiO,.10FesSba08? Hexagonal 6 1-6437
Kentrolite Group.
A
421. Melanotekite Pb3FeQSia09
420. Kentrolite Pb,Mn2Si209 Orthorhombic d:b:6= 0-6334 : 1 : 0-8330
422. Bertrandite HaBe4SiaO, Orthorhombic & : I : 6 0-5689 : 1 : 0-5973
Division II. Oxygen Ratio 2:3. Formula R3SiOB.
423. Calamine H,ZnsSi05 Orthorhombic & : I : 6 0-7834 : 1 : 0-4778
424. Carpholite H4MnAls(SiOB)., Mouoclinic ?
425. Cerite HeCe4Si30lt, ? Orthorhombic & : I : 6 — 0-9988 : 1 : 0-8127 426= Tourmaline Rhombohedrul rr' 46° 52', — 0-4477
Humite Group— Eumite
427. Dumortierite
428. Staurolite
429. Kornerupine 430 Sappliirine
III, Basic Division.
Al8Si3018? Orthorhombic & : I 0-532 : 1 HFeAl6Si,0ls? Orthorhombic d : b : 6 0-4734 MgAl,Si06 Orthorhombic d : b 0-854 : 1 MAlSiO Monoclinic
1 : 0-6828
Humite Group.
HUMITE— CHONDRODITE— CLINOHUMITE. Chondrodit Silicate of Magnesia and Iron] d'Ohsson, Ak. H. Stockh., 206, 1817. Condrodite H. Maclureite, Fluosilicate of Magnesia (fr. Sparta, N. J.), Seybert, Am. J. Sc., 5, 336, 1822. Brucite (fr. N. J. and N. Y.> Gibba, Cleveland's Min., 295, 1822, Nuttall, Am. J. Sc., 5, 245, 1822. Humite Bourn. , Cat., 52, 1813. Umite Ital.
414. HUMITE. Des Cloizeaux, Phil. Mag., 2, 286, 1876, Jb. Min., 641, 1876. Humite, Type I, A. Scacchi, Accad. Sci. Napoli, 6, pp. 241-273, 1851 (read Nov. 12, 1850), and Pogg. Erg., 3, 161, 1851.
Orthorhombic. Axes a:b:6 0-92575 : 1 : 4-07639 or 1 : 1-08021 : 4-40334 A. Scacchi1.
100 A HO 42° 27£', 001 A 101 77° 12±', 001 A Oil =76° 13'.
Forms2 :
a (100, i-l, C, Sec.) 6 (010, B, Sec.) c (001, 0, A, Sec.)
ot (210, £2) m (110, I)3
(230, i-f )
(105, f 5) (103, f I) (101, 1-t)
<?i (015, f I) d (014, \-i) e3 (013, £4)
ep (021, 2-S)4
n, (113, £) na (112, |)3
rs (218, i-2) r, (216, J-2) (214, i-2) r8 (212, l-2>
(016, f i)4
? ' e, (Olli 14)
(2-1-10, J-2)
Figs. 1, 2, Ladu mine, Sweden, H. Sjogren. 3, 4, Monte Somma, Rath; witk
b (010) in front.
49°
cea
34°
Hf
cep
83°
Oi'
crt
67° 36'
85°
35'
ce\
39°
12'
cn\
63°
26'
Ct;,
78° 21'
108°
29'
ce-i
45°
324'
cna
71°
34'
92° 45'
41°
22'
ce3
53°
39'
en?
80°
n n '"
84° 9'
*55°
44'
cex
60°
13'
CTi
44°
r3r3'
101° 8'
77°
12'
ce4
63°
52'
50°
30'
r3r3'"
41° 52'
30°
13'
ce*
*7(5°
13'
cr3
58°
16'
48° 35'
Silicates.
Twins5: tw. pi. (1) ey (017), with ce 60° 26' and 119° 34'; also (2) ex (037),
with cc 120° 25£' and 59° 34$' J usually penetra- tion-twins; sometimes also trillings. These two laws give nearly the same twinning angles. Crystals small and highly modified, usually elongated a, or L Planes in zone c e b often horizontally striated.
Cleavage: c distinct. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 6-6-5. G. 3-1-3-2. Lus- ter vitreous to resinous. Color white, yellowish white, light yellow, honey-yellow, chestnut-brown. Sometimes pleochroic. Optically +. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. II c. Bxa a. Dispersion weak. 2Ha.r 78° 18'-79°, Dx.
Comp., Pyr., Obs., etc — See pp. 589, 540.
Ref.— Mte. Somma, 1. c. The position taken in this and the following cases is that of Scacchi and vom Rath, which seems to show the relations most simply. The letters are those of Scacchi, except for the pinacoids and unit prism. The lateral axes for the three species of this group are the same or nearly so; the vertical axes are closely in the ratio of 7 : 5 : 9 respectively Cf. p. 534
In the axial ratio taken by J. D. D. (Min., p. 362, 1868); also E. S. D. (Conn. Acad 3 67 1875, Am. J. Sc., 10, 89, 1875), and H. Sjogren (Zs. Kr., 7, 344, 1882), the vertical axes are divided by 3, 2 and 4 respectively. The axes assumed by Rath (Pogg. Erg., 5, 324, 1870) are unsatisfactory, being deduced from measurements of clinohumite (Humite, Type III.) The following are the axial ratios (with a 1) deduced by the authors named:
a b : c
Mte. Somma 1 1-0802 : 4-4033 A. Sec.
1 1-0803 : 4-4013 Rath
Ladu mine, Sweden 1 1-1096 : 4-3948 H. Sj.
A. Sec., I.e. 3Rath, 1. c., p. 325. 4 E. Sec., Rend. Ace. Napoli, Dec., 1883. See Rath, 1. c. , p. 330, for a description of the occurring twins.
415. CHONDRODITE. Des Cloizeaux, Phil. Mag., 2, 286, 1876, 3, 357, 1877- Jb Min 641, 1876, 500, 1877. Humite, Type II., A. Scacchi, Accad. Sc. Napoli, 6, 1851.
Monoclinic. Axes a : "b : 6 1-08630 : 1 : 3-14472; ft — 90° 001 A 100 E. S. Dana1.
100 A HO 47° 22' 7", 001 A 101 70° 56' 36", 001 A Oil 72° 21' 35".
Figs. 1-3, Brewster, N. Y. , drawn with b (010) in front.
Forms" :
a (100, M, B, Sec.)
j (oio, a. c, Sec.)
e (001, 0, A, Sec.)
o (120, z-2)4 ea (105, £4)4
e, (103, ft)
ift (015, A4)4
n, (113. 4)
e& (102, H)5
Za (014, f i)3
W2 (111, 1)
eft (305, f-i)3
£y (027. f-i)4
4 (101. 1-5)
z, (012, i-i)
Itta (323, l|)
e7 (403, fi)
12 (Oil, 1-i)4
m2 (321, 3-f)
r, (125, 1-2) (121, 2-S) r, (127, |-2) ra (§49, f2)4 r, (123, t-fc)
The forms 103, 305, 101, 113. Ill, 321 also occur, and perhaps others, in the negative quadrants; the + or — position as given is not in all cases certain For obvious reasons the 4- nd — signs are omitted before Naumann's symbols.
Humite Group— Chondrodite.
Figs. 4, 8, 9, Brewster, N. Y., all except 4 drawn with b (010) in front and a axis right and left. 5, 6, Kafveltorp, Sweden, Sjogren. 7, Mte. Somma, after Sec. 10, Mte. Somma, Rath.
oo'
C6a CCi
49° 26' *30° 4' 12" 43° 59'
Cly
41° 56' cr,
57° 33' cr3 72° 214' cry
ces
55° 22'
cn
54° 56' cr*
cep —
60° 4' 70° 564'
cny cmi
76° 5Q' nri 65° 0' n9n
tip
32° 10'
CWa
74° 22' r,r,
tia
38° 104'
cm2
84° 40'
*44° 41' 10"
r3r3' 112° 55'
66° 34'
TVj' 94° 51$
54° 10'
7Vv 128° 4'
81° 47'
e2r, 59° 14'
74° 3'
eA 79° 54
91° 3'
,n 103° 28'
79° 24'
ei*ttt 137° 3'
Twins': (1) tw. pi. ea (105), also as trillings; (2) 0/3 (305) less common, but giving nearly the same twinning angles as the first law (since ea A 0/3' 90° 8'); these laws are analogous to those common with humite. (3) c (f. 2) ; often as polysynthetic twinning lamellae, producing a horizontal striation, or successive bands with and without luster in the orthodome zone. Crystals varied in habit, often flattened b. Vicinal forms common. Also massive, compact; in embedded grains.
Cleavage: c sometimes distinct. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 6-6*5. G. 3-l-3'2. Luster vitreous. Color light to dark yellow, honey-yellow, deep garnet-red, brownish red, hyacinth-red.
Pleochroism sometimes distinct, especially with brown crystals: c yellowish gray, b pale bluish gray; a brownish yellow. In yellow crystals: c yellowish white, b grayish white, a honey-yellow. Absorption a c b Levy-Lex. Optically +. Kafveltorp, Sj.; 30° approx. Mte. Somma, Dx. Dispersion crossed. Axial angles:
Brewster 2Ha.r 88° 48' E. S. D. Kafveltorp 2Ha.r 86° 27' 2Ha.w 86° 38' Dx.
Kafveltorp, brown 2Har 85° 53' to 86° 43' 2HaW 85° 41' to 86° 33' Sj.
yellow 2Ha.r 89° 8' to 89° 20' 2Ha.w 89° 14' to 88° 28' Sj.
a 1 607 ft 1-619 y 1'639 Levy-Lex.
Silicates.
Comp., Pyr., Obs., etc.— See pp. 539, 540.
Ref. — l Brewster, N. Y., 1. c. (see p. 536), a revision of earlier results upon additional material has proved to the author that ft cannot vary as much as 1' from 90°. Dx. makes 100, A 001, r2 111, etc. Axial ratios deduced are:
Mte. Somma Kafveltorp
d
b
A
A. Sec. Rath H. Sj.
Cf. also on Pargas chondrodite, A. Nd., Pogg., 96, 118, 1855; Kk., Min. Russl., 6, 73, 1870, Kafveltorp (Nya Kopparberg), Rath, Pogg., 144, 563, 1871; H. Sjogren, Luuds Univ. Arsskrift. 17 (3), No. 2, 1880, Zs. Kr., 7, 121, 1882.
2 A. Sec., 1. c. 3 Rath, Mte. Somma, Pogg. Erg., 5, 338, 1870. 4 E. S. D., Brewster, N. Y., 1. c.; numerous vicinal planes are also added; H. Sj. also adds vicinal planes for Swedish chon- drodite. 5 E. Sec., Vesuvius, 1. c. 6 Cf. Rath for description of twins.
416. OLINOHUMITE. Des Cloizeaux, Phil. Mag., 2, 286, 1876. Humite, Type III. A. Scacchi, Accad. Sc. Napoli, 6, 1850. Klinohumit Germ.
Monoclinic. Axes d : I : 6 1-08028 : 1 : 5 -65884; /3 90° 001 A 100 Eath1.
100 A HO 47° 12' 36", 001 A 101 79° 11' 32", 001 A Oil 79° 58' 43.
Forms2 :
Ml -0-21, A-*)5
et (101, 1-4)
w3 (113,
r4 (129, f-2)
a (100, i-l, B)
(1-0-15, tV*)s
z, (016, f I)
(111, 1)
re (125, 1-2)
b (010, 14, C)
ev(l-0-12,T1?-i)5
(014, f i)
m, (329, H)
r8 (121, 2-2)
c (001, 0, A)
es (109, £4)4
& (012, H)
ma (323, l-l)3
n (1-2-15, Tv:
m (110, 7)5
(107, f 4)
TOa (119, $)
1W2 (321, 3-J)
rs (1-2-11, TST-S
oa (120, z-2)5
c2 (105, £4)
r6 (127, f-2)
M103, |i)
?-2 (1-2-13, A-2)
r, (123, $-2)
Also E. Sec.5: p (563), (1-6'21), U For most of the orthodomes, (107), etc., also the unit pyramids, ni (117), etc., the cor- responding forms in the negative, quadrants occur, that is, — er (107), —n. (Il7), etc.
Fig 1. Brewster. 2, Mte. Somma, Rath.
mm ees
' 94° 25' 49° 40'
30° 12'
en?
47° 46'
57° 2V 68° 44V
cr, 76° 28V cr2 43° 49' cr4 *54° 11'
36° 48V
CHi
crt 68° 9'
ce*
*46° 20'
cnti
65° 4V
cr, 85° 25'
ce3
60° 12'
cnta
81° 12'
c-e4
79° 11V
3
87° 3V
n-n-i 70° 1'
43° 19V
crl
39° 44V
n3n3' 86° 18'
tit
54° 45'
crs
48° 35'
ntn,' 93° 24'
tit
70° 32'
CTt
60° 43'
r.rY 85° 47'
cna
- 40° 35V
123° 56'
r6r6 r7r7
114° 46V
rer8 129° 82' e4rs — 63° 5'
eti3 86° 25'
e<r, 110° 52V
etnt 129° 37'
erm2 141° 51'
Humite Group— Clinohumite.
Twins: (1) tw. pi. -e, (103) common, less so (2) (103); often cruciform twins and with both laws combined. (3) c (f. 2); often as polysynthetic twinning lamellae, as with chondrodi; these lamellae present also in twins according to the other laws. Also massive.
Cleavage: c sometimes distinct. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 6- 6-5. G. 3-1-3-2. Luster vitreous. Color white, yellowish or grayish white, more commonly light to dark brown, reddish brown, yellow, dark honey-yellow, also red.
3, 4. Mte. Somma, Rath.
Optically + . Ax. pi. and Bxa JL b. Bx0 A 6 a A & + 11° Dx.; Bx0.y A + 12° 28' Klein, Mte. Somma6. Bx0 A t U° approx., Brewster*. Dispersion weak. Axial angles :
-Mte. Somma
yellow
white
2Hay 84° 40' to 85° 15' Klein 2H .r 84° 38' to 85° 4'
86° 40' to 87° 14' Dx
Comp., Pyr., Obs., etc. — See below.
Ref.— ' Mte. Somma, Pogg., Erg., 5, p. 373, 1870. Other axial ratios are:
Mte. Somma Brewster
1-0808 : 1 : 5'6669 A. Sec. 1-0868 : 1 : 5"6605 E. S. D.
Dx. makes A — 001, — 100, r4 111, etc.
A. Sec., 1. c. 3 Hbg., Min. Not., 2, 14, 1858. 4 Rath, 1. c., p. 374. 6 E. Scc.,1. c. Dx., 1. c., and Jb. Min., 645, 1876; Klein, ibid., p. 634; Cf. E. S. D., Am. J. Sc., 11, 139, 1876.
The composition, pyrognostic characters, and occurrence of the above three species are here discussed together.
Comp. — Fluo-silicates of magnesium, the same composition probably belonging to the three subspecies humite, chondrodite, and clinohumite (Wingard), viz. : H,M?rflSi8094F4 Mgli(MgF)4(MgOH),Si,Ott. Iron replaces part of the mag- nesium.
Cf. Rath, 1. c., and Pogg., 147, 258, 1872; Rg., Min. Ch., 434, 1875; Sjogren, Zs. Kr., 7, 344, 1882. Sjogren attempts to establish a distinction in composition, which is not borne out by later analyses by Wingard.
Anal!— 1, Rg., Pogg., 86, 410, 1852. 2, Rath, ib., 147, 246, 1872, also a second anal. 3-6, Wingard, Zs Anal. Ch., 24, 344, 1885. 7, H. Sj5gren, Lunds Univ. Ars-skrift, 17, 114,
8, Rg., 1. c. 9, Rath, 1. c., also a second anal, -with 2'74 p. c. fluorine. 10, 11, Wingard, I.e. 12, Rath, 1. c. 13-16, Wingard, 1. c. 17, Widman, G. For. F6rh., 3, 13, 1876. 18, 19, Sj., 1. c. 20, Berwerth, Min. Mitth., 272, 1877. 21, Hawes, Am. J. Sc., 10, 96, 1875.
22, Rg., 1. c. 23, Rath, 1. c. 24, 25, Wingard, 1. c.
26, 27, Breidenbaugh, Am. J. Sc., 6, 212, 1873. 28, Rg., 1. c. Earlier analyses are given in 5th Ed. , p. 364.
Silicates.
I. Humite. 1. Mte. Somma
6. Ladu mine
7. "
II. Chrondrodite.
8. Mte. Somma
12. Kafveltorp
20. Pargas
21. Brewster
G.
SiOa MgO FeO F HaO
3-216 34-80 60-08 2'40 B'47 — 100'75
yw. brown
III. Clinohumite.
22. Mte. Somma 3-18-3-21
23. " 3-191
CJiondrodite?
26. Brewster, gr. brown
27. " red
28. " 3-19-3 22
35-34 54-45 5'12 2'43 — A12O3 0'82, CaO 016 98'32
35-49 55-41 4-32 5'64 1-45 102-31
35-38 57-17 3'08 5'64 1'45 102'63
35-55 52-86 7'31 5 64 1'45 102'73
35-26 55 48 3'51 4 72 3'07 102'04
35-13 55-16 3-26 2 45 2'16 MuO 0-41 98'57
— CaO 0 74, AlaO3 1'06 100-32
— A12O3 0-94 98-21 1-37 102-20
1-37 102-22
— A12O3 0 62 98-66 1-31 Fe2O3 0-11 102-10 1-31 Fe2O3 0 12 102-54 1-31 Fe2O3 0 13 102-30 1-31 FeaO, 2 01 102-47
- A12O3 0-64, MuO 1 31 102'52 0-61 A12O3 0-71. MuO 0-81 100-29 0-55 A12O3 0 68, MnO 0'75, CaO tr. 99-76
1-58 A12O3 0-77, Fe3O3 3'06, NaaO [2-11, K.01-81 103-11
— AlaO3 0-48 99-72
33-9H
1'78
29-56 51 '01 5-09 8'62 34-10 53-72 7'28 414
36-67 56-83 1-67 2-61 — 97'78
36-82 54-92 5'48 2 20 — A12O3 0'24 99'66
33-40 51-62 9-63 5'67 1'41 Fe2O3 0'82 102'43
33-20 51-45 9-78 567 1'41 Fe2O3 0'96 102'53
35-42 54-22 5'72 9'00 — 104'36 35-42 51-88 9'73 5'38 — 102'41 33-52 56-30 2-96 7'46 — 100'24
Pyr., etc.— B.B. infusible; some varieties blacken and then burn white. Fused with potas- sium bisulphate in the closed tube gives a reaction for fluorine. With the fluxes a reaction for irou. Gelatinizes with acids. Heated with sulphuric acid gives off silicon fluoride.
Obs. — Humite, chondrodite, and clinohumite (humite, Types I, II, III, Sec.) all occur at Vesuvius in the ejected masses both of limestone or feldspathic type found on Monte Somma. They are associated with chrysolite, biotite. pyroxene, maguetite, spinel, vesuvianite, calcite, etc.; also less often with sanidine, meionite, nephelite. Of the three species, humite is the rarest and clinohumite of most frequent occurrence. They seldom all occur together in the same mass (though this has in one case been noted by E. Scacchi), and only rarely two of the species (as humite and clinohumite) appear together. Occasionally clinohumite interpenetrates crystals of humite, and parallel iutergrowths with chrysolite 1 sive also been observed.
Humite has also been identified at the Ladu mine near Filipstad, Werniland, Sweden, with maguetite in crystalline limestone; it is in part altered to serpentine. In crystalline limestone with clinohumite in the Llanos de Juanar, Serrania de Rouda, Andalusia (Levy-Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 81, 1886). Also in large coarse, partly altered, crystals at the Tilly Foster iron-mine at Brewster, N. Y.
Chondrodite at Mte. Somma, as above noted; at Pargas, Finland, of honey-yellow color in limestone, also at other points in Finland; at Kafveltorp, Nya-Kopparberg. Sweden, associated with chalcopyrite. galena, sphalerite. In granular limestone of Strehleu, Silesia. Abundantly at Brewster, N. Y., at the Tilly Foster magnetic iron mine in deep garnet-red crystals of great beauty and variety of form. Also probably at numerous points where the occurrence of " chon- drodite" has been reported.
Clinohumite occurs at Mte. Somma as noted above; in Andalusia, Llanos de Juanar, embedded in limestone as polysyuthetic lamellae in parallel intergrowth with humite (Levy-Lex., 1. c.); in crystalline limestone near L. Baikal in East Siberia; at Brewster, N. Y., in rare but highly modified crystals.
Numerous other localities of " chondrodite " have been noted, chiefly in crystalline lime- stone; most of them are probably to be referred to the species chondrodite, but the identity in many cases is yet to be proved. Some of the foreign localities are: Strehlen in Silesia; Boden near Marienberg, Saxony; Loch Ness, Scotland; Achmatovsk in the Ural; with spinel in the
Ilvaite.
limestone of Huerta and Sierra de Cordoba, Argentine Republic; Heteroland, S. Africa; with spinel in crystalline limestone in Spitsbergen.
At Brewster large quantities of massive '' chondrodite" occur associated witb magnetite, enstatite, ripidolite, and from its extensive alteration serpentine has been formed on a large scale.
The granular mineral is common in limestone in Sussex Co., N-. J{chondrodite, Levy & Lex ), and Orauge Co., N. Y., associated with spinel, and occasionally with pyroxene and corundum. In N. Jersey, at Bryam, orange and straw-colored chondrodite, and also a variety nearly black, occurs with spinel; at Sparta, a tine locality of honey -yellow chondrodite; a mile to the north of Sparta the best locality of this mineral in N. J. ; at Vernon, Lockwood.and Franklin. In N. York, in Orange Co., in Warwick, Monroe, Cornwall, near Greenwood Fur- nace, and at Two Ponds, and elsewhere; near Edeuville in fine specimens on the land of Mr. Houston; also sparingly in Rossie, on the bank of Laidlaw Lake. InMass., at Chelmsford, with scapolite; at South Lee, in limestone. In Penn,, near Chaddsford, in Harvy's quarry, of yellow and orange colors, abundant. In Canada, in limestone at St. Crosby, St. Jerome, St. Addle, Grenville, etc., abundant.
The name chondrodite is from xovSpoS, a grain, alluding to the granular structure. Brucite was given by Col. Gibbs after Dr. Bruce (1777-1818), editor of the American Mineralogical Journal; Maclureite by Seybert, after Wm. Maclure (1763-1840). Humite is from Sir Abraham Hume.
Alt. — Chondrodite altered to serpentine occurs at Sparta, N. J., with spinel and mica; also at Brewster, N. Y., where it is extensively altered, yielding serpentine in large quantities, see J. D. D., Am. J. Sc., 8, 371, 1874.
417. ILVAITE. Yenite (fr. Elba) Lelievre, J. Mines, 21, 65, 1807. Ilvait Stiffens, Orykt., I, 356. 1811. Lievrit Wern., lloffm. Min., 2, a. 376, 1812. Wehrlit Kbl., Grundz, 313, 1838.
Orthorhombic. Axes d : b : 6 0-6665 : 1 : 0-4427 Des Cloizeaux1. 100 A HO 33° 41', 001 A 101 33° 35', 001 A Oil 23° 52f.
Forms2 : a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l) c (001, 0) rj (730, i-D*
Ji (210, z-2) 0 (530. t-f)5 // (540, z-l)8 m (110, /) v (340, i-|)8 p (230, z-f)3
t (130, 4-3) d (140, 4)
K (106, |-iy r (101, l-l)
w (301, 3-1)
n (012, i-J) 0 (Oil, I-?)8 e (021, 2-1)
o (111, 1)
k (411, 4-4> y (311, 3-3)3 a; (211, 2-2) I (421, 4-2)& i (121, 2-2)3 u (181, 3-3)a
Loreuzen6 gives the following vicinal forms on Greenland crystals: O'lO'l. O'12'l, O'190'l, 280-840-3. Bauer3 also the following on the ilvaite from Herbornseelbach: d (13-17'0), (7'H'O), v (4 11-0), oo (28-25-28), ft (32'31-32), T (18'19-19).
hh"
tt' rr'
36° 52' 67° 22' 73° 45' 53° 9' 67° 11'
ww' 126° 42' nn' 24° 58' dxb' — 47° 45V
ee oo'
83? 3' *62° 38'
oaf 101° 5'
ii' 52C 53'
uu' 43" 33
oo" *77° 12'
oo'" 40° 29'
yy' ' 22° 28'
n" 72" 49'
uu'" 95° 47'
Commonly in prisms, with prismatic faces vertically striated ; also faces o r striated edge b/o. Columnar or com- pact massive.
Cleavage: b, c rather distinct; a in- distinct; m, r imperfect (Mir.). Frac- ture uneven. Brittle. H. 5-5-6. G. - 3-99-4-05. Luster submetallic. Color iron-black, or dark grayish black. Streak black, inclining to green or brown. Opaque.
Comp.— HCaFe,FeSi,0, or H2O.CaO. 4FeO.Fe,Os.4SiO, Silica 29-3, iron sesquioxide 19-6, iron protoxide 35-2,
lime 13-7, water 2-2 100. Manganese K j 3 Elba. 2, Rath,
may replace part of the ferrous iron.
The formula may be written (Groth) as a basic orthosilicate CaFea(FeOH)(SiO4)i.
542 Silicates.
Anal.— 1, Stadeler, J. pr. Ch., 99, 70, 1866. 2, SipScz, Min. Mitth., 72, 1875. 3, Lorenzen Min. Mag., 5, 63, 1882. 4, Early, Proc. Irish Ac., 3, 52, 1877. 5, Tobler, Lieb. Ann., 99, 122, 1866. 6, Seger, Rg., Min. Ch., 661, 1875. In former analyses (as iu 4) the water was mostly overlooked or regarded as unessential, 5th Ed. p. 296. The correct formula was first given by Stadeler, and confirmed by Sipocz and Lorenzen.
G. SiO3 Fe2Os FeO MnO CaO H2O
1. Elba 4-023 £ 29'20 20'74 34-13 1'02 12'90 2"36 100'35
2. " 4-037 29-67 21'26 33'09 0'74 13'33 2'32 100'41 3 Greenland 4'05 29'30 20-30 33-50 1'97 13'71 1'90 100'68
4. Elba 29-93 20-16 3183 3'02 13'71 0'42 A12O3 0'36, MgO 0'30, alk. 0-49
5. Nassau 33-30 22'57 24-02 678 11'68 1-12 99'47 100-22
6. " 27-53 26-18 22'70 8'66 13-24 0'34 98'65
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses quietly at 2'5 to a black magnetic bead. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Some varieties give also a reaction for manganese. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — First found on the Rio la Marina, and at Capo Calamita, on Elba, by M. Lelievre, in 1802, where it occurs in large solitary crystals, and aggregated crystallizations in dolomite with pyroxene, etc. Also found near Andreasberg in the Harz; between Herborn and Herbornseelbach in Nassau; Kupferberg, Silesia; at the mine of Temperino in Tuscany, granular, in limestone with actinolite; on Mt. Mulatto near Predazzo, Tyrol, in granite; at Schneeberg iu Saxouy; Fossum near Skeen in Norway; Thyrill, Iceland; in the sodalite-syenite of the Kangerdluarsuk fiord in South Greenland (cf. 'Lorenzen, Miu. Mag., 5, 70, 1882).
Reported as formerly found at Cumberland, R. I., in slender black or brownish black crystals, traversing quartz along with magnetite and hornblende; also at Milk Row quarry, Somerville, Mass.
Named llnaiie from the Latin name of the island (Elba) on which it was found; Lievrite after its discoverer; Yenite (should have been Jenite) in commemoration of the battle of Jena, in 1806. The Germans, and later the French, have rightly rejected the name yenite, on the ground that commemorations of political hostility or triumph are opposed to the spirit of science. Des Cloi- zeaux adopts Ilvaite.
Welirlite of Kobell has been referred to lievrite, as suggeste d by Zipser. It is massive granular. H. 6-6'5 G. 3 90. Analysis by Wehrle, 8iO2 34'60, Fe2O3 42-38, Mn2O3 0'28, A12O3 0-12, FeO 15'78, CaO 5 84, H2O I'OO 100. B.B. fuses with difficulty on the edges. Imperfectly soluble in hydrochloric acid. From Szurrask5, Hungary. Some of the specimens so called have proved to be highly heterogeneous, cf. Szabo, Zeph., Min. Lex. Oest. , 2, 343,
Ref.— ' Ann. Mines, 8, 402, 1855, Min., 1, 217, 1862. Other axial ratios deduced by Lorenzen and by Fliuk (ref. below) are:
Greenland & : b : c - 0-67437 : 1 : 0-44845 Lorenzen
Iceland a : I : b 0-66195 : 1 : 0-43897 Flink
On the relation in form and composition between ilvaite and humite, see Websky, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 201, 1876.
2 Cf. Mir., Min., 324, 1852. 3 Dx., 1. c. 4 Hbg., Min. Not., 3, 1, 1860; see also Rath, Zs. G. Ges., 22, 710, 1870. 6 Achiardi, Nuovo Cimento, 3, Feb., 1870. 6 Lorenzen, Greenland, Zs. Kr., 7, 243, 1884. ' Flink, Thyrill, Iceland, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), No. 2, 44, 1887. 8 Bauer, Herbornseelbach, Jb. Min., 1, 31, 1890.
418. ARDENNTTE. Mangandisthen Lasaulx. Lasaulx and Bettendorff, Ber. nied. Ges., 29, 189, Nov. 24, 1872; Pogg., 149, 241, 1873. Dewalquite Pisani, C. R., 75, 1542, Dec. 2, 1872; 77, 329, 1873.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-4663 : 1 : 0-3135 Rath1.
100 A HO 25° 0', 001 A 101 33° 54f ', 001 A Oil 17° 24$'.
Forms': a (100, i-l), b (010, i-i); n (320, f-J), m (110, I), I (120, i-2); e (101, l-l); o (111, 1);
nri" 34° 32' ee' 67° 50' uu' 66° 42' au 56° 39'
mm'" 50° 0' oo' 65° 22' uu" 70° 18' bo 75° 25'
mb *65° 0' oo" 73° 8' uu'" 19° 41' bu 80° 9f
II' 94° 0' <rf" *29° 10' ao 57° 19'
In prismatic crystals resembling ilvaite; prismatic faces strongly striated; pyramidal faces smooth; distinct crystals rare.
Langban1Te.
Cleavage: b perfect; m very distinct; parting c, with horizontal striations similar to cyanite. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 6-7. G. 3'620; 3-577 Pisani. Color yellow to yellowish brown; in thin splinters translucent, red.
Pleochroism strong. Optically -4- Ax. pi. a. Bx £. Axial angles variable-
2Er=68° 36-69° 52' 2E.=65° 45-67° 29' 2Er=76° 7-79° 9' 2E;=72° 55-74° 26'
2E =62° -62° 56' Pisani 2Egr=68° 36-70° 59' Dx.
Levy-Lex, give: Ax. pi. J b. Bx JLC. Pleochroism: c pale yellow, 6 gold-yellow, a deep brownish yellow.
Ardeunite, Lasaulx.
Comp. — A vanadio-silicate of aluminium and manganese, composition uncertain; probable empirical formula H6Mn4Al4VSi402S or 5Ha0.8Mu0.4Al203.V,0B.8Si02 Silica 27'8, vanadium pentoxide 10-6, alumina 23'6, manganese protoxide 32'8, water 5-2 100.
Arsenic replaces the vanadium in varying amounts, but probably from alteration (Lsx.); magnesium and calcium replace part of the manganese, also ferric iron the aluminium in small amount.
Anal.— 1, Lasaulx and Bettendorff, Pogg., 149, 245, 1873. 2, 3, Bettendorff, ib., 160, 126, 1877. 4, Pisani, C. R, 77, 329, 1873, also an earlier one, ib., 75, 1542, 1872, giving 8'71 p. c. VaOs and no AsaO5.
G. SiOa AlaOs FeaO'3 MnO MgO CaO V2O8 AsaO HaO
1. Darkbrown 8'620 29 74" 23 '50 1'95 25'95 3'42 2'05 9'14 — 4'04 CuO,P2O6
[tr. 99-79
2. Brown, tramp. 3'643 27'84 24'22 26'70 3'01 2'17 9 20 2'76 5'01 100-91
3. Yellow, opaque 3'656 27'50 22'76 1*15 30'61 1'38 1'83 0'53 9'33 5'13 CuO 0'17=
[100-39
4. Yellow-brown 28'40 24-80 1-81 25'70 4'07 2'98 3'12 6'35 5'20b CuOO'22=
[102-15 Probably contains free quartz. b Ign.
Other areeuic determinations gave Bettendorff: 1'83, 2'31, 253, 2-98, 6-64AsaO5; the color grows lighter with the increase in arsenic.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. easily fusible with intumescence to a black glass. With borax gives a manganese bead. The water can only be driven off at a strong red heat. Not attacked by hydrochloric and nitric acids, and only feebly attacked by sulphuric acid.
Obs. — Found at Salm Chateau near Ottrez in the Ardennes, Belgium, in quartz veins in the Ardennes schists. It is usually embedded in the quartz (containing particles of pyrolusite) and associated with a reddish white crystalline aggregate of albite.
Lasanlx first noticed this mineral under the name of mangandisthen, in consequence of a supposed resemblance to cyanite. This, as Pisani urges, is on several accounts an objectionable name, and is naturally superseded by the name ardennite, which too has the right of priority over dewalquite.
The name ardennite refers to the locality; dewalquite was given for the Belgian geologist, Prof. G. Dewalque.
Ref.— ' Pogg., 147, 247, 1873.
419. LANQBANITE. G. Flink, Zs. Kr., 13, 1, 1887, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., Bihang, 13 (2), No. 7, 91, 1888. Longbanite.
Hexagonal. Axis 6 1-6437; 0001 A 1011 *62° 13' Flink1.
Forms : t (0001, 0) m (1010, /)
a (1120, i-2) I (4150, i-f)
P (1012,
o (1011, 1) d (2021, 2)
e (112"6, f 2)
/ (1123, f2) g (2243, |-2)
h (2131, 3-|) i (4156, H)
Silicates.
cp 43° 30' co *62° 13'
cd 75° 14£ ce 28° 43'
c/ 47° 37' eg 65° 28i' ch 78° 44'
pp' 40° 16' oo' 52° 30f /' 43° 21'
Figs. 1, 2, Langbau, Flink.
Anal.— Flink, 1. c. SiO2 10-88
ao 39° 59' ah =15° 37'
Toa 22° 4'
Crystals hexagonal in habit, long or short prismatic; faces a prominent and vertically striated; m small and bright.
Cleavage none. Fracture con- choidal. Brittle. H. 6-5. Gr. 4-918. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color iron-black. Powder dark reddish brown. Opaque.
Comp. — Manganese silicate with ferrous antimonate; formula doubt- ful. Flink calculates 37Mn6Si07.- 10Fe3Sb208. The state of oxidation of the metals present is not defi- nitely settled.
Sb3O6 15-42
MnO 64-00
FeO 10-32 100-62
Pyr. — B.B. infusible, but becomes dull on the surface. On charcoal gives a faint white sublimate, and with salt of phosphorus a silica skeleton. Fused with soda and saltpeter gives a deep green mass. Difficultly soluble in hydrochloric acid without evolution of chlorine.
Obs. — Occurs sparingly at Laugban, Wermlaud, Sweden, with sehefferite in granular crys- talline limestone, also associated with rich te rite, braunite, magnetite, hausmannite. Probably also with rhodonite at the Sjo mines, Gryhytte parish, Orebro, Sweden Jgelstrom).
Ref.— L. c., and Zs. Kr., 15, 93, 1888. See further p. 1039.
Kentrolite Group.
420. KENTROLITE. A. Damour and G. vom Rath, Zs. Kr , 5, 32, 1880.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : 1 : 6 — 0-6334 : 1 : 0-8830 Rath.
100 A HO 32° 2V, 001 A 101 54° 20$', 001 A Oil 41° 26f. Forms; b (010, t'-i); m (110, /); o (111, 1). Angles, mm"' *64° 42'. oo' 92° 31', oo" 117° 34', oo'" *54° 28', om 31° 13'.
Crystals minute, prismatic in habit terminated by the pyramid o (111) ; often grouped in sheaf-like forms resembling stilbite. Faces rather rough, the prismatic Horizontally striated. Also massive.
Cleavage: m distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. =5. G. 6-19. Luster vitreous to submetallic, dull. Color dark reddish brown, becoming black on the surface.
Comp. — Perhaps 2PbO.Mn203.2SiOa Silica 16-6, manganese sesquioxide21"8, lead protoxide 61-6 100. Anal. — Damour, 1. c.
SiO2 15-95 MnO, 24'50 (or Mn2O3 22'26) PbO 59'79 100'24
The state of oxidation of the manganese, and hence the true composition of the mineral, is
not definitely settled; if MnOa is present, the formula becomes PbMnSiO5, which requires: SiOa 16-3, MnOj 23'5, PbO 60'2 100. The formula given above corresponds to that of melauotekite.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal gives a lead coating and with soda a globule of Jead. In a salt of phosphorus bead dissolves and gives in R.F. a slight yellowish color, aftei the addition of saltpeter becomes bright violet. Dissolves in part in dilute sulphuric acid with the separation of manganese oxide mixed with silica. With hydrochloric- acid chlorine is disengaged.
Obs.— From southern Chili, exact locality unkiiowu. Occurs with quartz barite, apaiife Named from Kevrpov, spike. See also p. 1039.
Kentrolite Gbo Up—Melanotekite. —Bertrandite.
421. MBLANOTSKITE. Q. Lindstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 35, No. 6, 53, 1880. Melanotecite
Massive.
Cleavage in two directions, in one of these most distinct. H. 6'5. G.5'73. Luster metallic to greasy. Color black to blackish gray. Streak- greenish gray. Nearly opaque but translucent in thin sections. Pleochroic, bottle-green and red brown.
Comp.— Pb2Fe2Si,09 or 2PbO.Fe2Os.2SiO, Silica 16-6, iron sesquioxide 22'05 lead protoxide 61-4 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Lindstroin; 1, after deducting 2'36 p. c. impurities; 2, after deducting 3 30 p. c.:
SiO2 Fe2O3 PbO MnO CaO MgO K2O
1. 17-32 23-18 55-26 0'69 0'02 0'59 0'24
2. 17-22 22-81 58"42 0'57 — 0'33 0'18
X CuO 0-20, FeO 0'75, BaO O'll (?), Cl 0'14, P2O6 0'07.
Na2O
0 54 ign. 0-93, X 1'27 100-04
Pyr., etc.— B.B. fuses with intumescence to a black bead; with soda on charcoal gives s globule of lead and a lead coating. With borax reacts for iron, but on strong heating in R.F. becomes on cooling black and opaque (reduced lead), with salt of phosphorus gives a skeleton of silica Decomposed by nitric arid.
Obs. — Occurs with native lead, Intimately mixed with magnetite and yellow garnet at Lilngban in Wermland, Sweden. This locality has also furnished the lead silicates, hyalotekite and ganomalite (p. 422). Named, in allusion to the related hyalotekite, from /ueAaS, black, and TrjKeiv, to melt. LindstrSm calls attention to the fact that of the two possible formulas for kentrolite proposed by Damour and Rath, the second corresponds exactly to the above composi- tion of melanotekite.
422. BERTRANDITE. Nouveau mineral des environs de Nantes E. Bertrand, Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 96, 1880, 6, 248, 1883. Dx., ib., 5, 176, 1882. Bertrandite Damour, ib., 6, 252, 1883.
Orthorhombic; hemimorphic. Axes a : 1: 6 0-56885 : 1 : 0-5973 Penfield1. 100 A HO ?9° 38', 001 A 101 46° 23$', 001 A Oil 30° 51' Pfd.
Forms2 : a (100, i-l) b (010, a)
c (001, 0) h (310, t-3) m (110, I)
f (130, *-3) d (102, f I)4 i (049, f i)5
6(011,1-?)
tf (021, 2-i)3
e (031, 34) V (162, 3-6)*
Fig. 1, Pisek, Vrba 2-4, Stoneham, Me., Pfd.
Kb!" 21° 28f mm'" *593 16' ff' =60° 44'
cd *27° 42' dd' 55° 24' *e' 61° 42'
rm1 100° 8' ee' =121° 40' de 64° 26'
xx' 28* 4& as 61° 5ff
64t> SILICATES.
Twins heart-shaped, with axes crossing at angles of about 60° and 120°, tw. pi. e (Oil), perhaps also / (130) and e (031), but the last two not quite certain (cf. Vrba). Also tw. pi. c Pfd. Crystals often tabular c; also b; often hemi- morphic in the direction of the vertical axis.
MtAntero~Pfd' Cleavage: m perfect; also b and c, the last perhaps
due to lamellar structure. H. 6-7. G. 2'59-2'60. Luster vitreous; pearly on c. Colorless to slightly yellow. Transparent. Pyro- electric, the flat plane (f. 5) c + on cooling, the rounded face — .
Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bxa a. Dispersion p v. Axial angles:
Nantes 2Ha.y =82° 2H0.y =118° .-. 2Vy 74° 51f ft 1'569 Btd. Mt. Antero 2K0.y 101° 10' .'. (ft T569) 2V0.y 108° 42' 2Va.y 71° 18' Pfd.
Comp — HaBe4Sia08 or H80.4Be0.2Si02 Silica 50-3, glucina 421, water 7-6 — 100.
The water goes off only at a red heat. Groth writes the formula as a basic orthosilicate. Anal.— 1, Damour, 1. c. 2, Pfd., on 0'13 gr. , 1. c. 3, Preis, Zs. Kr., 15, 200, 1889.
SiO2 BeO H2O
1. Barbin G. 2'586 4926 4200 6'90 Fe,O3 1'40 99'56
2. Mt, Antero G. 2'598 51 -8 39-6 8'4 CaO 1-0 100'8
3. Pisek G,= 2-599 Vrba 4990 42'62 7'94 Al2O3)Fe203 tr. - 100'46
Pyr. — B.B. infusible but becomes opaque. Insoluble in acid.
ObSo — Occurs implanted upon quartz or feldspar in cavities of a pegmatyte fonming veins in gneiss at Petit-Port and at the quarries of Barbin near Nantes, France; also from la Villeder, Morbihan (Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 514, 1889). In a feldspar quarry at Pisek, Bohemia, with corroded beryl, in part aquamarine, also apatite, tourmaline, etc. On Mt. Antero, Chaffee Co., Colorado, with phenacite and sometimes inclosing it as of earlier formation; both are implanted upon corroded aquamarine crystals. Also at Stoneham, Me., in cavities with herderite. At Amelia Court House, Va., with etched beryl.
Named for E. Bertrand, the French Mineralogist.
Ref.— ' Stoneham, Am. J. Sc., 37, 213, 1889. For Mt. Antero he obtained a :b : c 0-5723 :1 : 05993, ib., 36, 52, 1888, 40, 490, 1890. Scharizer suggested a rnonoclinic form for the Pisek mineral, Zs. Kr., 14, 33, 1888, which is not confirmed by optical characters nor by Vrba's measurements, Zs. Kr., 15, 194, 1889; the latter shows that there is an apparent relation In form to calami ne, although the formulas differ by one molecule of water, thus:
Bertrandite fa : c : $b - 0'7243 : 1 : 0'4186 Stoneham, Pfd.
0-7191 : 1 : 0'4206 Pisek, Vrba. Calamine a ; b : c 0'7834 : 1 : 0'4778 Schrauf.
The hemimorphic character of the species was shown by Penfleld.
Btd., 1. c. 8 Scharizer, Pisek, 1. c. 4 Pfd., Stoneham, 1. c. 6 Vrba, Pisek, 1. c.
Division II. Oxygen Eatio 2 : 3. Formula E3SiOB.
423. CALAMINE. Cadmia pt. Plin., 34, 2; Agric. Foss., 255, 1546. Lapis calaminaris, Germ. Galmei pt. Agric., Interpr.,1546. Gallmeja pt., Lapis calaminarispt., Cadmia officin. pt., Wall., Min., 247, 1747; Zincum naturale calciforme pt., Galmeja, Lapis calaminarispt., Croust., 197, 1758. Calamine pt. Fr. Trl. Wall., 1, 447, 1753. Zincum spatosum ciuereum compactum electricum, ib. tiavescens dnisicum (fr. Cariuthia), v. Born, Lithoph., 1, 132, 1772. Calamiue pt., Mine de Zinc vitriforme (with figs.) de Lisle, Crist., 329, 1772, 3, 81, 1783; Kieselerde, Zink- oxyd(fr. Derbyshire), Klapi-., Crell's Ann., 1, 391, 1788. Galmei pt. Karst., Tab., 24, 1791. Zinc oxyde pt. H., Tr., 4, 1801. Electric Calamine, Silicate of Zinc, Smithson, Phil Trans., 1803 Zinc Calamine Brongn., Min., 2, 136, 1807. Ziukglaserz Karst., Tab., 70,100,1808. Zinkkieselerz, Kieselzinkerz, Kieselzinkspath, Kieselgalmey, Germ. Zinc oxyde silicifere H. Calamine Beud., Min., 2, 190, 1832. Smithsonite B. & M., Min., 1852 [not Smithsonite Beud.]. Heinimorphil Kenng., Miu., 67, 1853. Wagit Radoszkovski, C. R., 53, 107, 1862.
Orthorhombic; hemimorphic. Axes a : I : b — 0'78340 . 1 : 0*47782 Schrauf. 100 A HO 38° 4$', 001 A 101 31° 22f, 001 A Oil - 25° 32£'.
Calamine.
Forms2 : a (100, i-l) b (010, c (001, 0)
TO (110, 7) n (120, z-2)5-6 o (130, £3)3 n (290, *-f)5 5 (150, -5)3
K (105, f i)11 r (103, i-i)4 p (205, f-i)10 r, (102, H)1 s (101, \-l) rp (403, I-*)1 ,u (201, 2-i)? (301, 3-i)
a (018, f S)?1 d (012, H)3 e (Oil, 14) / (032, f4)6 g (053, |4)5.6 5(074, £4)'? h (021, 24) i (031, 34) k (051, 54)3
(071, 74)3
y (H2, i)4
d (334, f)10 TT (111, I)
w (211, 2-2) ft (321, 3-|) y (431, 4-f)3
JT (231, 3-|)4 r (471, 7-£) (121, 2-2)
00 (132, f-3)
(3-10-1, 10-$)"
1 (143, H)4 A (141, 4-4)3 a (172, f 7)
mm!" 00'
rr' rm'
ss U'
76° 65° 46°
28° 384
22° 59'
33° 55'
62° 46'
122° 41'
Figs. 1-4, Altenberg, after Rose.
dd'
ee' 99'
26° 52' 51° 5'
77° 4'
M' 87° 24' &' 110° 12' U *34° 54' mi *59° 37'
Cu
ItTt' '
au
aft
37° 46'
49° 17'
52° 38'
48° 35'
57° 39' 44° 23' 42° 16 37° 6
av 66° 12' ay 35° 37'
aA 74° 12' 6A 31° 30' 00 50° 47' 47° 44' bu 73° 8' it 74° 4'
Twins : tw. pi. c, axes parallel and antilogous poles of crystals together. Crys- tals hemimorphic with the upper extremity, the analogous pole, often highly modified with macrodomes and brachydomes prominent, and the lower, the antil- ogous pole, terminated by the pyramids u, v, also e, or with e rounded and rarely n and c8. Usually implanted and showing one extremity only. Crystals often tabular fr; also prismatic; faces b vertically striated. Often grouped in sheaf- like forms and forming drusy surfaces in cavities. Also stalactitic, mammillary, botryoidal, and fibrous forms; massive and granular.
Cleavage: perfect; (101) less so; c in traces. Fracture uneven to sub- conchoidal. Brittle. H. — 4 '5-5, the latter when crystallized. G. 3-40-3-50, 3-43-3-49, Altenberg. Luster vitreous; csubpearly, sometimes adamantine. Color white; sometimes with a delicate bluish or greenish shade; also yellowish to brown. Streak white. Transparent to translucent.
Optically -f-; double refraction strong. Ax. pi. a. Bxa c. Indices and axial angles :
1-61069 ftr 1-61416 1-61358 ft 1-61696
1-61706 j? 1-62020 y
Also, measured
2Er 81° 3' 2Er 82° 30'
1-63244 1 -63597 1-63916
2Ey 78°
2Vr 47° 2V, 46°
30'
2Vi 44° 42'
2Er =81° 7' Lang 2E_ - 78° 39' " 2E1. 76° 81' "
r
2E,r 76° 8EL 75°
Lang1 Dx.
2Er 85° 21' at 8° -8, 82° 50' at 17°, 77° 50' at 95° '5, 76° 32' at 121°
Strongly pyroelectric, the more highly modified extremity of the crystals (as ordinary developed, cf. f. 4) the analogous pole, the lower the antilogous;
548 Silicates.
in twins the latter poles in contact. See Eiess and Rose13; also later Bauer and Brauns13, who used the Kundt method of investigation and describe the results with great fullness.
Var.— 1. Ordinary, (a) In crystals as described above, (b) Mammillary or stalactitic. (c) Massive; often cellular. Wagite is a concretionary light blue to green calamine from Nizhni Yagurt in the Ural; G. 2'707.
2. Carbonated. Sullivan has described (Dublin Q. J. Sc., 2, 150, 1 862) a variety of calamine from the Dolores mine in the province of Sautander, Spain, occurring in concentric pisolitic masses, frequently containing a semitransluceut, opal-like nucleus. This mineral, produced from the hydrous carbonate by the action of silicated waters, contains from 12 to 20 per cent, of zinc carbonate; G. 2'88-3'69.
3. Argillaceous. -Another calamine from Spain, analyzed by Schonichen (B. H. Ztg., 22, 163), contains 20 to 26 p. c. of alumina, with 31 '5 p. c. of silica, 21 to 28'5 p. c. of zinc oxide, and 18 to 20 of water; and is apparently calamiue mixed with clay. It occurs massive; color at first white, changing in the air to violet, brown, and finally black; feel soapy.
Clays carrying varying amounts of zinc silicate are common in the zinc regions of south- western Missouri, and occur also in Virginia. Those of Missouri include: (1) the red, rather tough and harsh "joint clays "and (2) the " tallow clays" with greasy feel, yellowish, ash-gray, or brown colors after drying. The latter occur in layers of several inches in thickness up to two or three feet and in lumps from 50 to 500 Ibs. or more. The " tallow clays " are very fine grained, plastic, and on drying shrink and crumble into small fragments. The amount of zinc oxide present varies chiefly between 30 and 40 p. c. See further W. H. Seamon, Am. J. Sc. , 39,38, 1890. A lithomarge-like clay from the Bertha zinc mine, Pulaski Co., Virginia, con- tained 12 p. c. ZnO, B. H. Heyward, Ch. News, 44, 207. 1881.
Comp.— H,Zn2Si06 or H20.2ZnO.Si02 Silica 25-0, zinc oxide 67'5, water 7-5 100. The water is basic since (Fock) it goes off only at a red heat, the mineral being unchanged at 340° C. The formula is probably (ZnOH)2SiO, or a basic rnetasilicate.
For analyses see 5th Ed., p. 408. Also 1, Genth., Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 46, 1886. 2, Eyer- man, Am. J. Sc., 37, 501, 1889.
SiO2 ZnO H2O
1. Pulaski Co., Va. 25'01 67-42 8'32 100-75
2. Friedensville 24'32 65-05 7'86 Fe.Os 2'12 99'15
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube decrepitates, whitens, and gives off water. B.B. almost in- fusible (F. 6); moistened with cobalt solution gives a blue color when heated. On charcoal with soda gives a coating which is yellow while hot, and white on cooling. Moistened with cobalt solution, and heated in O.F., this coating assumes a bright green color. Gelatinizes with acids even when previously ignited. Decomposed by acetic acid with gelatiuization. Soluble in a strong solution of caustic potash.
Obs.— Calamine and smithsouite are usually found associated in veins or beds in stratified calcareous rocks accompanying sulphides of zinc, iron, and lead. Thus at Aix-la-Chapelle; Raibel and Bleiberg, in Cariuthia, in the upper Triassic; Moresnet in Belgium, Freiburg in Baden, Iserlohn, Tarnowitz, Olkucz, Miedzanagora, Rezbanya, Schemuitz. At Roughteu Gill, in Cumberland, in acicular crystals and mamniillary crusts, sky-blue and fine green; at Alston Moor, white; at the Rutland mine, near Matlock, in Derbyshire, in brilliant crystals, and grayish white and yellow, and maminillary; at Castleton, in crystals; on the Mendip Hills, mostly brownish yellow, and in part stalactitic; in Flintshire, etc., Wales; Leadhills, Scotland. Large crystals have been found at Nerchinsk, in Eastern Siberia.
"in the United States occurs at Sterling Hill, near Ogdensburg, N. J., in fine clear crystalline masses In Pennsylvania, at the Perkiomen and Phenixville lead mines; in a lower Silurian rock two miles from Bethlehem, at Friedensville, in Saucon valley, abundant and extensively worked: on the Susquehanna, opposite Selinsgrove. Abundant in Virginia, at Austin's mines in Wythe Co. A pale yellow, fusible zinciferous clay occurs in considerable abundance with calamine at the Ueberroth mine, Friedensville. With the zinc deposits of southwestern Mis- souri, especially about Granby, both as crystallized and massive calamine, and mixed with an aluminous silicate forming the "tallow clays" above described. According to Seamon (1. c.) the calamine has been gradually crystallized out of the zinciferous clays, these having been first formed. At the Emma mine, Cottonwood Canon, Utah, in greenish blue mammillary forms with wulfenite and cerussite.
The name Calamine (with Galmei of the Germans) is commonly supposed to be a corruption of Cadmia. Agricola says it is from calamus, a reed, in allusion to the slender forms (stalactitic) common in the cadmia fornacum.
The cadmia of Pliny and of other ancient authors included both the native silicate and car- bonate, and the oxide from the chimneys of furnaces (cadmia fornacum). The two native ores continued to be confounded under the mime lapis calaminaris, calamine or galmei, until invesii- gated chemically by Smithson in 1803. Earlier analyses had made out chemical differences, and
Carpeolite. 549
some authors, before 1790, had rightly suggested a division of the species: Bergmann having found 28 p. c. carbon dioxide in a Holywell specimen (J. Phys., 16, 17, 1780); and Pelletier, in a kind from Freiburg in Breisgau, which had been called Zeolite of Breisgau because it gelatinized with acids, 52 p. c. silica, with 36 zinc oxide, and 12 water (J Phys., 20, 420, 1782): and Klaproth, in another, similarly gelatinizing, 66 zinc oxide and 33 silica. But Smithson was the first to make known the true composition, and clear away all doubts.
De Lisle noticed the crystalline forms of the two species, describing one kind as prismatic with dihedral summits, and the other as scalenohedral like dogtooth spur, yet did not fully ap- preciate the importance of the observation; while Haily, 14 years later, in his Traite, describes only the crystals of the silicate, and takes the ground that the zinc carbonatee was only an im- pure calcareous "zinc oxyde."
In 1807 Brouguiart called the silicate calamine, leaving for the other ore the chemical name zinc carbonatee. In 1832, Beudaut followed Brongniart in the former name, and designated the latter Smithsonite after SMITHSON, who had analyzed in 1803 the carbonate as well as silicate. Thus the two species were, at last, not only distinguished, but mineralogically named.
Unfortunately, Brooke & Miller, in 1852, reversed Beudant's use of these names, with no good reason; and in 1853, Keungott, on account of the confusion of names, as he says, introduced for the silicate the new name Hemimorphite, and so added to the confusion. These innovations should have no favor.
Ref.— ' Ber. Ak. Wien, 38 (1), 789, 1859. 2 See Schrauf, 1. c., for early authorities (Mohs, etc.); also Gdt., Index, 2, 227, 1890, and Bauer and Brauns, ref. below. 3 Rose, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 70, 1843, Pogg., 59, 362, 1863. 4 Dbr., Pogg., 92, 245, 1854. 5 Hbg., Min. Not.. 2, 20, 1858. 6 Schrauf, 1. c. ' Dx., Min., 1, p. 117, 1862. 8 Slg., Zs. Kr., 1, 342, 1877. 9 Cesaro, Bull. Soc. Mm., 9, 242, 1886. I0 Schulze. Mitth. Ver. Neuvorpommern u. Riigeu, 59, 1886 (Mitth. Univ. Greifswald). " Bauer and Brauns, Jb. Min., 1, 1, 1889. Lang, Ber. Ak. Wien, 37, 379, 1859. 13 Riess and Rose, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 70, 1843; Bauer and Brauns, 1. c.
MORESNETITE Risse, Vh. Ver. Rheinl., C.-B1., 98, 1865. A mineral from Altenberg, near Aachen, occurring with calamiue. Two varieties are found, one dark to leek-green and opaque; the other light emerald-green, transparent. The latter is the purest; it hasH. 2'5, conchoidal fracture, streak white. It afforded on analysis: SiO, 30 31, A12O9 13'68, FeO 0'27, NiO 1 14, ZuO 43-41, MgO tr., CaO tr., H2O 11-37 100-18. Difficultly soluble in acids.
VANUXEMITE C. U. Shepard, Contrib. Min., 1876. A product of the decomposition of zinc ores at Sterling Hill, N. J. Occurs in irregular white patches in a firm ochery aggregate. G. 2'5. Does not adhere to the tongue, but emits a slight clayey odor on being breathed upon. An analysis gave: SiO? 35-64, A12O3 11'70, ZnO 32'48-36-0, HaO 14'80-19'88. Obviously a mixture of white clay with zinc silicate.
424. OARPHOLITE. Karpholith Wern., Letztes Min. Syst., 10, 43, 1817. Strohstein Germ. Strawstoue.
Monoclinic. Prismatic angle 68° 33'. In radiated and stellated tufts, and groups of acicular crystals. Twins: tw. pi. a (100).
Very brittle. H. 5-5-5. G. 2-935. Luster silky, glistening. Color pure straw-yellow to wax-yellow. Pleochroism distinct: c colorless, b, 0 paleyellow. Optically -. Bxa b (010). Bx0 A & 3° to 5° Levy-Lex.1 2V 60° approx.
Comp.— H4MrjAl2Si,010 or 2H,O.MnO.Al203.2SiO, Silica 36-5, alumina 31-0, manganese protoxide 21 -5, water 11-t) — 100.
The water goes off at a red heat; hence probably (Groth) as a basic metasilicate. Anal.— 1. Hauer, Ber. Ak. Wien, 12, 505, 1854. 2, Bulowius, Zs. G. Ges., 22, 456, 1870. 3, Koninck, Bull. Ac. Belg., 47, 564, 1879. For earlier analyses, 5th Ed., p. 419.
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 MnaO3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H2O
1. Schlackenwald 36'15 19'74 9'87 20'76 — — — 2'56 10'19 Fl'74 lOl'Ol
2. Wippra,Harz 38'02 29'40 2'89 — 4'07 11'78 1'80 — 10'17 Alk.0'46,quartz
fl-17 99-76
3. Meuville 37'15 30'11 2'27 — — 17'97 0'41 — 11-22 Alk. 0'54, CuO
[0-33 100 From 8, 34 p. c. quartz have been deducted.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube gives water, which reacts acid and attacks the glass (fluorine). B.B. swells up and fuses at 3'5 to a brown glass. With the fluxes gives reactions for manganese and iron. Not decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates.
Obs.— Occurs in minute divergent tufts, disposed on granite, with fluorite and quartz, in the tin mines of Schlackenwald: also at Wippra in the Harz on quartz; near Meuville in the Ardennes in quartz pebbles; in the Beaujolais, Prance. It was named by Werner in allusion to its color, from xdpfiot, straw.
Ref.—1 Min. Roches, 164, 1888.
Silicates.
425. CERITE. Ferrum calciforme terra quadam incognita intime mixtum, Tungsten von. Bastuas, Cronstedt, Ak. H. Stockholm, 1751, JVIin., 183, 1758. Cerit His. & Berz., Cerium en ny Metal, etc., 1804, Gebleii's J., 2, 397, 1804, Afh., 1, 58 1806. Ochroit Klapr., Gehlen's J., 2, 303, 1804. Cererit Klajvr.. Beiu- , 4, 140, 1807; Karst., Tab., 74, 1808. Cerium oxyde siliceux H., Tabl.. 1809. Cerin-Slu\nW<irn., Hoffm. Min., 4, a, 286, 1817. Kieselcerit Germ. Lauthano- cerit Hermann, J. pr. Ch , 82, 406, 1861.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : c - 0-9988 : 1 : 0-8127 A. E. Nordenskiold1. 100 A HO 44° 58', 001 A 101 39° 8', 001 A Oil 39° 6'.
Forms : a (100, b (010, i-i)
c (001, 0) TO (110, J) q (130, t'i)
w (101, 1-?) t (301, 3-1)
n (Oil, o (523,
r (321, 8-|)
mm'" *89' 56'
qq' 36° 55'
ow *50° 52'
ttt*' 78° 16'
135° 27' nn 18° 12 co 32° 43'
oo 39° 59' ar - 38° 1'
bs 59° 9' oo'" 35° 39' rr'" 63° 17'
Crystals rare, highly modified; habit short prismatic. Commonly massive; granular.
Cleavage not observed. Fracture splintery. Brittle. H. 5-5. G. 4-86 Nd. ; 4-912 Haid. Luster dull adamantine or resinous. Color between clove-brown and cherry-red, passing into gray. Streak grayish white. Slightly subtransluceut.
Comp.- — A silicate of the metals of the cerium group with iron and calcium in small amount, also water; formula doubtful.
Rammelsberg's analysis corresponds nearly to 8H2O.2Ce2O3. 3SiO2 which requires: Silica 20-1, cerium irioxide 73'8, water 6'1 100. Lindstroni's analysis, however, gives approximately 3H2O.2(Cii,Fe)O.3Ce2O3.6SiO2; Groth writes the formula (Ca,Fe) (CeOXOH),Ce,(SiO,),.
On the rare earths in cerite. cf. Crookes, Ch. News, 54, 21, 40, etc.; also Kruss and Nilsou, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 44, 371, 1887; the latter identity didymium chiefly, also samarium.
Hermann (1. c.) gave the name lanthanocerite to the mineral analyzed by him, which he found to contain lanthanum and didymium chiefly, with but little cerium.
Anal.— 1, Bg.( Pogg., 107, 631, 1859. 2, Liudstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 30, 13, 1873. 3, Stolba and Kettner, Ber. B6hm. Ges., 372, 1879. Also Hisiuger, Hermann, Kjerulf, see 5th Ed., p. 414.
ni"
2. G. 4-86
SiO, Ce2O3 Di2O3,La2O3 FeO AlaO3 CaO H2O
19-18 64-55 7-28 154 — 1 35 5'71 99'61
2279 24-06 35'37 3'92 1'26 4'35 3'44 gangue 4'33 99'52
18-18 33-25 34-60 318 — 1'69 5-18 96-08
Pyr., etc.— In a matrass yields water. B.B. infusible alone; with borax in the outer flame forms a yellow globule, which becomes almost colorless on cooling; in the inner flame a weak iron reaction. With soda not dissolved, but fuses to a dark yellow slaggy mass. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs at Bastnfts, near Riddarhyttan, in Westrnanland, Sweden, forming a bed in gneiss, and associated with mica, hornblende, chalcopyrite, cerine (allanite), etc. It bears considerable resemblance to the red granular variety of corundum, but is readily distinguished by its inferior hardness.
Hisinger and Berzelius, in 1803-4, detected in this mineral a new metal which they named cerium, after the planet Ceres, then recently announced; and the mineral they called cerite. Klaproth made the same discovery about the same time, and gave the name ochroite to the mineral, and ochroite earth to the new earth (alluding to its color, from w j/jof, brownish yellow). In his Beitrage, 1807, Klaproth accepted the names of Hisinger and Berzelius, yet added a syllable (lest they should appear to come from Krjpa, wax), making them cererium and cererite— a change not accepted. In 1839 Mosander proved that the oxide of cerium contained the new metal lanthanum, and in 1842 another new metal, didymium.
Ref._ i Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 30, 13, 1873.
Tourmaline,
426. TOURMALINE. Early syn. of precious T. Turamali, Turmalin (fr. Ceylon), Ceylon name, Garmann, Curiosse Speculationes, etc., von einem Liebhaber, der inamer gern speculirt, Chemnitz, 1707. Pierre de Cey Ian; un petit aiman; M. Lemery la fit voir, etc., Hist. Ac. Sci., Paris, p. 8, 1717. Aschentrecker HolL; Ascheuzieher Germ.; Ash-drawer Engl. [alluding to electrical property]. Zeolithus vitreus electricus, Tourmalin, Rinmann, Ak. H. Stockh., 1766; v. Born, Lithoph.. 1, 47, 1772. Borax electricus Linn., Syst., 96, 17687 Tourmaline Garnet Hill, Foss., 148, 1771. Tourmaline Kirw., Miu., 1, 271, 1794.
Early syn. of opaque T. Schurl pt. Erker, 1595; Schirl pt. Briickmann, 1727 [seep. 206]. Skiorl pt., Corneus crystallisatus pt., Wall., 139, 1747. Basaltes cryst. pt., Sk5rl-Crystall pt., Cronst., 70, 1758, Schorl, Staugeuschorl, Germ.; Shod, Skirl, Cockle, Engl. Borax Basaltea Linn., Syst., 95, 1768. Basaltes crystallisatus v. Born, Lithoph., 1, 34, 1772, 2, 95, 1775. Shorl Kirw., Min., 1, 265, 1794.
£>yn. from union of T. and 8. in one species. Tourmaline ou Basalte transparent Schorl, de Lisle, Crist., 266, with fig. cryst. (and proofs of ident. of T. & S.), 1772. Schorl transparent rhomboidal dit Tourmaline et Peridot Schorl, de Lisle, Crist., 2, 344, with ligs., 1783. Schorl, Stangenschorl (iucl. var. (1) Schwarzer S., (3) Elektrischer S. Turmalin), Wern., Cronst., 169, 1780; Bergm. J., 1, 374, 1789; Jameson, Min., 1816. Tourmaline H., Tr., 3, 1801.
Var. introd. as Sp. Rubellite (fr. Siberia) Kirw., Min., 1, 288, 1794 Daourite Delameth., T. T., 2, 303, 1797 Siberite I'Hermina. J. de 1'Ecole Polytechn., 1, 439 Tourmaline apyre H., 4. 1801 Apyrit Haitsm., Handb., 642, 1813. Indicolite and Aphrizite (fr. Norway) d'Andrada, J. Pnys., 51, 243, 1800, Scherer's J., 4, 19, 1800. Taltalite Domeyko, Min., 139, 1860 Cobre negro estrellado de Tantal (Atacama).
Var. introd. as Subsp. Achroit (fr. Elba) Herm., J. pr. Ch., 35, 232, 1845. Dravit TscJiermak, Min., 472, 1883.
Rhombohedral; hemimorphic. Axis 6 0'44767; 0001 A 1011 27° 20' 8" Kuplfer1.
Forms2 : c (0001, 0) m (1010, /) (1120, i-2)
f (H>14, £)
p (8-5-13 0, i-1/-) g (1012, 4) o-(2130, i-f) r (1"11. -B)
i (5270, *4) A; (7074,
A (4150, H) (5°52, f)
(7180, i-|) y (4041, 4)
X (10-1 -11-0, Hi)* (10-0 10-1, 10) 0 (13-1 14-0, f01ja ,, (12-1 13-0, HI). (01I1; g
a (0554, - f) o (0221, - 2) C (0772, - 1)
fl (0'11-H-l, - 11) H (2461, - 2s)
/J (0992, - K- (0551, -5)
H (1123, |-2)
z (71§6> lt)
q (3142, 1')
t (2131,
u (3251, 1) M (4-8-7-10, TV)
p (15-14 29-1, 1")
A (2352, - T (4592, -
:a 7, - f I)
-Ift
[2-5, - 2*) 17-14, - fjH)
Some of the forms given for the prismatic zone must be regarded as doubtful because of its- rounded and striated character.
Figs. 1, 4, Common forms. 2, 3, 5, 6, Pierrepont, N. Y. ; 3a, basal section of 3, J. Stanley- Brown.
Silicates.
Antilogous Pole.
Analogous Pole.
Fig, 7, Common form. 8, 9, 10, Gouverneur, N. Y., Farrington; the antilogous end above, 11, 12, Gouverneur, N. Y., Rose. 13, Unionville, Pa.
ay aw aty ah acr
tf
cr ck cd cy ce
ce cz ea ao
26° 48' 26° 2' 23° 25' 19° 6V 10° 58V 7° 22' 14° 29f 27° 20' 42° 8' 52° 16' 64° 11 V 79° 3'
14° 29V 27° 20' 32° 52' 45° 57'
cW eft
Ck
cfl
ff'
99' rr'
dd' -.
€€'
aa'-.
: 61° 4'
; 62° 43' 66° 44' 68° 51' 80° If
12° 45'
25° 2'
*46° 52'
71° 2'
86° 27f
102° 27'
116° 29'
25° 2' 46° 52' 56° 4'
oo' 77° 0' qq' 58° 51' KK' =107° 444'
18° 51'
63° 48'
30° 384'
66° 4'
66° 1'
42° 36'
21° 18'
43° 22V
jj.fi' 35° 48V
,u/i* 75° 53'
AA 34° 35i'
Aa* 52° 57'
rr' 46° 50
qq*
U'
tf
cu
uu
xx'
Xx"
It* 59° 35'
m' 24° 26'
w 78° 50'
au 24° 46'
at =37° 34'
aq 49° 5'
or 66° 34'
av 32C 9'
aS 43° 19'
ao 51° 30'
ro — 38° 30'
mu 33° 0'
mo 68° 56'
Crystals usually prismatic in habit, often slender to acicular; rarely flattened, the prism nearly wanting. Prismatic faces strongly striated vertical!}7, and the crystals hence often much rounded to barrel-shaped. The triangular prism m (1010) frequently predominating, the complementary form mt (0110) then absent or subordinate; also the hexagonal prism a (1120) present alone; or, again, m with the cross-section of the prism then, respectively, three-sided, six-sided, or nine-sided. Crystals commonly hemimorpliic (cf. figures) the rhombohedron r (1011) occurring on the edges of the trigonal prism m (1010) at the antilogous end (see below); also the rhombobedron o (0221) and scalenohedron u prominent at the antilogous end (Pierrepont, Gouverneur, Pfd., cf. f. 5, 6, 9, 10). Penetration-
Tourmaline. 558
twins with parallel axes not common; also rare, a cruciform-twin with r as tw. pi.' Crystals sometimes isolated but more commonly in parallel and radiating groups. Sometimes massive compact; also columnar, coarse or fine, parallel or divergent.
Cleavage: a, r difficult. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle and often rather friable. H. 7-7 '5. G. 2'98-3'20. Luster vHrebus to resinous. Color black, brownish black, bluish black, most common; blue, green, red, and sometimes of rich shades; rarely white or colorless; some specimens red internally and green externally; and others red at one extremity, and green, blue, or black at the other. Streak uncolored. Transparent to opaque.
Strongly dichroic, especially in deep colored varieties; axial colors varying widely.' Absorption for the ordinary ray on (vibrations much stronger than for the extraordinary ray e (vibrations 6); thus sections £ transmit sensibly the extraordinary ray only, and hence their use (e.y., in the tourmaline tongs) for giving polarized light. Exhibits idiophanous figures.8 Optically — . Double re- fraction strong. Sometimes abnormally biaxial.7 Kef ractive indices4 :
Colorless ty 1'6366 Na ey l'G193 Dx.
Gjy 1-6397 ey 1-6208 Miklucho-Maclay
Green tr 1-6408 er 1'6203 Senarmont
Bl. green oor - 1'6415 er 1-6230
Blue oor 1-6435 er 1'6222
ooy 1-6530 ey 1-6312 Na Scliwebel
cabi 1-6564 6=1-6343 Tl
Green, chrom. var. cor — 1'6579 approx. er 1 '62407 Li Arzruni
aogT= 1-6870 " €y=l -63733 Na
€gr= 1-64075 Tl
Erofeyev (1. c.) shows that the refractive indices vary somewhat widely with the color and even in successive layers of the same crystal.
Becomes electric by friction; also strongly pyroelectric as early investigated by Rose, and later by others.5 The end terminated by the rhombohedron r (1011) and the corresponding unit prism m (1010) is, as above noted, with few exceptions the antilogous pole, becoming -f- electrified with decrease and — electrified with in- crease of temperature. Cf. also figs. 11, 12 from Rose.
Var. — Ordinary. In crystals as above described; black much the most common. (a)Rubel- lite; the red, sometimes transparent; the Siberian is mostly violet-red (siberite), the Brazilian rose- red; that of Chesterfield and Goshen, Mass., pale rose-red and opaque; that of Paris, Me., fine ruby-red aud transparent, (b) Indicolite. or indigolite; the blue, either pale or bluish black; named from the iudigo-blue color, (c) Brazilian SappJiire (in jewelry); Berlin-blue and trans- parent; (d) Brazilian Emerald, Chrysolite (or Peridot) of Brazil; green and transparent, (e) Peridot of Ceylon; honey-yellow. (/) AeJiroite; colorless tourmaline, from Elba, (g) Aphrizite; black tourmaline, from Kragero, Norway, (ft) Columnar and black; coarse columnar. Resembles somewhat common hornblende, but has a more resinous fracture, and is without distinct cleav- age or anything like a fibrous appearance in the texture; it often has the appearance on abroken surface of some kinds of soft coal.
Dravite of Tscherraak is the brown, greenish black or brownish black magnesium tourmaline from Unterdrauburg in the Drave district in Carinthia.
The varieties based upon composition fall into three prominent groups, between which there are many gradations:
1 ALKALI TOURMALINE. Contains sodium or lithium, or both; also potassium. G. 3-0-3'l. Color red to green ; also colorless.
2. IRON TOURMALINE. G. 3 -1-3 2. Color usually deep black.
3. MAGNESIUM TOURMALINE. G. 3-0-3-09. Usually yellow-brown to brownish black; also colorless (anal. 54).
A chromium tourmaline has also been described (anal. 71, 72). G. — 3'120. Color dark green.
Comp. — A complex silicate of boron and aluminium, with also either magnesium,
iron, or the alkali metals, prominent. Formula uncertain. According to early
investigations of Eammelsberg, recently reviewed and extended, the oxygen ratio
of Si : R is in general 2 : 3 and the formula may hence be written:
i n m
nB.SiO. B.SiO. R2Si05. Here R Na,Li,K; R Mg,Fe,Ca; B Al,B,Cr,Fe.
Silicates.
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556 Silicates.
Riggs, as the result of a series of new analyses (anal. 36-55), gives as the general formulas for the three types:
Lithium T. 4H2O.2(Na,Li)2O.3B2O3.8Al2O3.12SiO.
Iron T. 4H2O.Na2O.4FeO.3B2O3.7Al2O3.12SiO2.
Magnesium T. 4H20.fNa2O.8-MgO.3B2O3.5Al2O3.l2SiO.,.
Jannasch and Calb (1. c.) have deduced the general formula R9(BO2)(SiO4).i, and the special formulas:
Lithium T. 7H2O.4(Li,Na)2O.4FeO.6B2O3.15Al2O3.24SiO2.
Iron T. 7H2O.2Na2O.9FeO.6B2O3.14Al2O3.24SiO2.
Magnesium T. 7H2O.2Na2O.12MgO.6B2O3.13AlaO3.24SiO2.
The composition of the differently colored portions of the same crystal has been specially investigated by Scharizer, cf. anals. 65-67.
Anal.— 1-34, Kg., 1850-1870 (Pogg., 80, 449, 81, 1. 1850; 139, 379, 547, 1870); the analyses are quoted in the form given hi Min. Oh., p. 540 et seq., 1875. 35, Id., Abh. Ak. Berl., 1889 (read Feb. 14). Cf. also Jb. Min., 2, 149, 1890.
36-55, Riggs, Am. J. Sc., 35, 35, 1888. 56-64, Jannasch and Calb, Ber. Ch. Ges., 22, 216, 1889, also Calb (or Kalb), Inaug. Diss., GOttingen, 1890. 65-67, Scharizer, Zs. Kr., 15, 337, 1889. 68, Sauer, Zs. G. Ges., 38, 704, 1886. 69, Sorumerlad, Zs. G. Ges., 36, 649, 1884. 70, Engelmaun, Inaug. Diss., Bonn, p 19, 1877. 71, Cossa and Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 7, 1, 1882. 72, Chatard, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circular, No. 75, 1889. For analyses see pp. 554, 555.
Pyr., etc. — The magnesia varieties fuse rather easily to a white blebby glass or slag; the iron-magnesia var. fuse with a strong heat to blebby slag or enamel, either white, greenish, or brownish; the iron var. fuse with difficulty, or, in some, only on the edges, to a brownish, brownish red, gray, or black slag; the iron-magnesia-lithia var. fuse on the edges, and often with great difficulty, to a yellowish, grayish, bluish, or whitish slag or enamel, and some are infusible; the lithia var. are infusible, but becoming white or paler, sometimes, as the Paris (Me.) rubellite, affording a fine enamel on the edges (R.). With the fluxes many varieties give reactions for iron and manganese. Fused with a mixture of potassium bisulphate and tiuor spar gives a strong reaction for boric acid. By heat alone tourmaline loses weight from the evolution of silicon fluoride and perhaps also boron fluoride, and only after previous ignition is the mineral completely decomposed by hydrofluoric acid. Not decomposed by acids (Rg.). After fusion perfectly decomposed by sulphuric acid (Kbl.), and gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Tourmaline is usually found in granite, gneiss, syenite, mica schist, chloritic or talcose schist, dolomite, granular limestone; sometimes as a result of contact metamorphism near dikes of igneous rocks, thus adjoining a granite vein at Mt. Willanl, N. H. (see Hawes, Am. J. Sc. , 21,21, 1881). The variety in granular limestone or dolomite is commonly brown; the bluish black var. sometimes associated with tin ores; the brown with titanium.
Many foreign localities are mentioned above. Small brilliant black crystals in decomposed feldspar, at Sonnenberg near Andreasberg in the Harz, are called aphrizite. Rubellite and green tourmaline occur near Ekaterinburg in the Ural; beautiful pink crystals are found at Elba; green at Campolongo in Tessin, Switzerland; also from the Binuenthal, green to yellow; red to green, blue and black at Penig, Saxony; red and green varieties at Wolkenburg; also deep green and red in the province Minas Geraes, Brazil: yellow and brown from Ceylon; dark brown varieties from Eibenstock. Saxony: the Zillerthal; black from Arendal, Norway; Suarum; Kragero. The chrome tourmaline (anal. 71) is from the chromite deposits at Nizhni Isetsk in the Sysersk district in the Ural. Indicolite is found at Ut6, Sweden. Pale yellowish brown crystals in talc at Windisch Kappel in Carinthia; white specimens (achroite) come from St. Gothard. Siberia, and Elba. In Great Britain, fine black crystals have been obtained near Bovey Tracey in Devon; also found in Cornwall at different localities; green near Dartmoor in Devon; black near Aberdeen in Scotland, and elsewhere; dark brown at Dalkey in Co. Dublin, Ireland; green near Dunfanaghy, Co. Donegal; green and red at Ox mountain, near Sligo.
In the U. States, in Maine at Paris and Hebron, magnificent red and green tourmalines with lepidolite, etc., some crystals over an inch in diameter, transparent, ruby-red within, surrounded by green, or red at one extremity and green at the other; also blue and pink varieties; and at Norway; pink at Rumford, embedded in lepidolite; at Auburn in clear crystals of a delicate pink or lilac with lepidolite, etc.; at Albany, green and black; at Streaked Mtn., black. In Mass., at Chesterfield, red, green, and blue, in a granite vein with albite, uranite and microlite, the crystals small and curved, nearly opaque, and fragile, the green crystals often with distinct prisms of red color inside, especially when in smoky quartz: at Goshen, similar, blue and green, in great perfection; at Norwich, New Braintree, and Carlisle, good black crystals. In N. Hamp.y Alstead, Grafton, Sullivan, Acworth, and Saddleback Mt. ; at Orford, large brownish black crystals abundant in steatite. In Vermont, at Brattleboro, black. In Conn., at Monroe, perfect dark brown crystals in mica-slate near Lane's mine, sometimes two inches in length and breadth; at Haddam, fine black crystals in mica slate with anthophyllite, also in granite with iolite, and also at the gneiss quarries, on the east side of the river; at New Milford, black crys- tals with beryl and mica; black at Newtown, Bethel, and Waterbury; bluish black at Bmnchville.
In N. York, near Gouverneur, light and dark brown crystals, often highly modified, with tremolite, apatite, and scapolite in granular limestone, at Canton; in simple prisms in the same.
Tourmaline. 557'
rock near Port Henry, Essex Co., sometimes as a shell inclosing feldspar; at Schroon, with chondrodite and scapolite; at Newcomb, Essex Co., in brown crystals; at Crown Point, tine brown crystals; at the chrysoberyl locality near Saratoga, N. Y., black; at Alexandria, Jefferson Co.; at Kiugsbridge, brown, yellowish or reddish brown crystals in dolomite; near Edenville, gray or bluish gray and green in three-sided prisms occur; short black_crystals in the same vicinity, and at Rocky Hill, sometimes 5 inches in diameter; a mile southwcslTof Amity, yellow and cinnamon-colored crystals with spinel in calcite; also near the same village a clove-brown variety with hornblende "and rutile in granular limestone; in splendent black crystals at Pierre- pont, St. Lawrence Co.; colorless and glassy at De Kalb; dark brown at McComb. In N. Jersey, at Franklin, Hamburg, and Newton, black and brown crystals in limestone, with spinel; also grass-green crystals in crystalline limestone near Franklin. In Penn., at Newliu, Chester Co. ; at London Grove and near Unionville. of a light yellow or brownish yellow, in limestone, and rarely white; at Parksburg, Chester Co.; in Delaware Co., at Aston; at Chester, tine black; Middletowu, black; Marple, of a green color in talc; in New Garden township, Chester Co., in limestone, light brown to yellow and sometimes transparent; near New Hope on the Delaware, large black crystals, in which the prismatic faces are sometimes almost wanting. A chrome- var. from the chromite beds in Montgomery Co., Maryland. In. N. Car., Alexander Co., in tine black crystals with emerald and hiddenite; green at Silver Creek, Burke Co. In S. Car., in Cheowee valley. In Georgia,, Habersham Co. In California, black crystals, 6-8 in. in diameter, in feldspar veins, in the mountains between San Diego and the Colorado desert, bordering the elevated valley of San Felipe.
In Canada, in the province of Quebec, superb greenish yellow or yellowish brown crystals, 1 inch through, in limestone at Calumet Falls, Litchtield, Poutiac Co.; transparent and brown at Hunterstown, with vesuvianite and garnet; fine brown crystals at Clarendon, Poutiac Co.; black at Greuville and Argemeuil, Argenteuil Co.; St. Jerome, Terrebonne Co. In Ontario, in tine crystals at North Elmsley, N. Burgess and Bathurst, Lanark Co.; Blythtield, Renfrew Co.; Gal way aud Stoney L. in Duuimer, Peterborough Co.; Charleston L. in Leeds Co.
The name turmalin from Turamali in Cingalese (applied to zircon by jewelers of Ceylon) was introduced into Holland in 170:}, with a lot of gems from Ceylon. The property of attract- ing the ashes of burnt peat, after friction, led to it's being very soon named in Holland Aschen- trecker, or ash-drawer. In 1717. Lemery, in his Memoir in the Hist, de 1'Acad. des Sc. , France, referred tlie attraction to magnetism; and in 1756 to 1762, appeared the several Memoirs of vEpums (published in the Mem. Acad. Berlin, vol. 12, and at St. Petersburg) on the electrical properties of tourmaline. The name tourmaline was slow of introduction into mineralogical treatises. The first specimens from Ceylon were cut gems, so that the common characteristics of tourmaline and schorl were not apparent. Linnaeus, in his Syst. Nat., 1768, suggests the- relatiou between them, but de Lisle was the first to describe Ceylon crystals, and bring the two minerals into one species. On the name schorl, see Introduction, p. xliv. Long after the union of tourmaline and schorl, the species continued to bear the latter of these names; and even in 1816, Jameson, in his System of Mineralogy, retains schorl as the name of the species, with common schorl and tourmaline or precious schorl as two subspecies.
Alt. — Tourmaline occurs altered to mica, chlorite, cookeite, steatite. The mica is lepidolite, a species which is related in composition to some tourmaline, and is a frequent associate of the red and green varieties. It appears to take place through the addition of alkalies. Some rubellites and green tourmalines at Chesterfield are hollow, evidently from decomposition and removal of the interior; and in the cavities are occasionally observed small crystals of yellow uranite (Teschemacher).
ZEUXITE, of Thomson, Min., 1, 820, 1836, was found in 1814 in acicular interwoven pris- matic crystals at Huel Unity, Cornwall; color brown, slightly greenish in some lights;, G. 8051; H. 4'25. Greg shows that the mineral is a ferriferous tourmaline (Phil. Mag., 10, 118, 1855); this is confirmed by Dx. (Min., 2, xliv, 1874).
Ref.— ' Preisschrift, p. 112, 1835; Kupffer deduces from his measurements rr' 46° 47' black, 46' 52' green, 46° 58' red. The angle 46° 53'. which is about the mean of these, has been accepted by Miller, Dx., et al. It is, however, rather variable. Erofeyev gives 46° 54', Vh. Min. Ges., 6, 81-108. 1871. In the 5th Ed., the rhombohedron with a terminal angle of 77° was taken as the fundamental form because it showed a certain relation to calcite (see Am. J. Sc., 17, 216, 1854). The probable tetartohedral character was first noted, though with some question, by Erofeyev (1. c.) and confirmed by Ramsay, Vet. Ak. Handl. Bih., 12 (2), No. 1, 1886; cf. also Solly, Min. Mag., 6, 80. 1884.
4 For lists of forms, with authorities, critical remarks as to doubtful forms, original observations, etc., see Erofeyev, 1. c.; Slg., Zs. Kr., 6, 217, 1881; Gdt., Index, 3, 243, 1891. For earlier lists, original observations, etc., see Rose, Pogg., 42, 580, 1837; Mir., Min., 341, 1852; Dana, Min., 270. 1854, Am. J. Sc., 18, 419, 1854; Dx., Min.. 1, 504, 1862; D'Achiardi, Elba, Nuovo Cimento, Feb., 1870 (and Zs. G. Ges., 22, 668, 1870); Cossa and Arzruni, chrome-tourmaline, Zs. Kr. , 7, 1, 1882; Hidden, N. Carolina, who gives the rhombohedrons ± f. ± 6, Am. J. Sc., 32, 205, 1886; Ramsay, 1. c. a Bauer, Jb. Min., 1, 10 1890. 4 Refractive indices, Dx., Min., 1. c. (also Senarmont) ; Miklucho-Maclay, Rosen b, Mikr. Phys., 364, 1887; Schwebel, Zs. Kr., 7, 158, 1882; Arzruni, ibid., p 11.
5 On pyroelectricity, Rose, Pogg., 39, 291. 1886. 42. 580, 1837; Rose and Riess, ibid., 59, 357, 1843. Abh. Ak. Berlin, 65, 1848; Gaugain, Ann. Ch. Phys., 57, 5, 1859; Schedtler (inves-
558 Silicates.
tigated by the Kundt method), Jb. Min. Beil., 4, 519, 1886; Voigt, Nachr. Ges Gottingeu, Dec. 30,1885. Piezoelectricity, J. and P. Curie, C. R., 92, 186, 1881; Riecke, Wied., 28, 43, 1886. 31, 889, 1887; Nachr. Ges. GOttingen, 188, 1890. Elasticity, Brazil, Voigt, Wied., 41, 712, 1890.
s Light-absorption, Pulfrich, Zs. Kr., 6, 151, 1881, Schwebel, ib., 7, 153, 1882. On dichro- ism, see Rg., Pogg., 81, 36, 1850. 7 Optical anomalies, Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 150, 1876; Madelung, Zs. Kr., 7, 75, 1882. Change in optical characters by pressure, Bucking, ib., p. 565, 1883. 8 Exhibits idiophanous figures, Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 67, 1879. Conductivity, heat and electricity, S. P. Thompson and Lodge, Phil. Mag., 8, 18, 1879, 12, 112, 1881; Fitzgerald, Sc. Proc. Dubl. Soc., 1, 370, 1880; Stenger, Wied., 22,522. 1884. Specific heat, Joly, Proc. R. Soc., 41, 268, 1887.
A boro silicate of uranium described by W. G. Waring (Eng. Mng. J., 49, 356, 1890) from Pima Co., Arizona, has been shown by Kunz to be only black tourmaline.
427. DUMORTIERITE. Gonnard, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 2, 1881; Bertrand, ib., 3, 171, 1882; and 4, 9, 1881.
Orthorhombic. Prismatic angle approximately 60°; 56° Diller1. Karely in distinct crystals with a (100) and m (110). Usually in fibrous to columnar aggregates. Twins: tw. pi. m (110), repeated, forming trillings Lex.
Cleavage: a distinct; also prismatic, imperfect. H. 7. Gr. 3 '265 Diller; 3%36 Dmr. Luster vitreous. Color bright smalt-blue to greenish blue. Trans- parent to translucent.
Pleochroism very strong: c colorless, b reddish violet, a deep ultramarine-blue. Exhibits idiophanous figures, analogous to andalusite. Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bx c. Dispersion p v Btd. ; p v Levy-Lex.
Comp. — Essentially a basic aluminium silicate. Perhaps Al8Si5018 or 4Al203.3Si02 Silica 30'6, alumina 69*4 100. Part of the aluminium seems to be replaced by boron.
Anal.— 1, Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 6, 1881. 2-4, J. E. Whitfleld, Am. J. Sc., 37, 216, 1889.
SiO2 A12O3 FeaO, B2O3 MgO ign.
1. Beaunan 29-85 66'02 I'Ol — 0'45 2'25 99'58
2. Harlem, N. Y. 31 -44 68-91 — tr. — — 100-35
3. Clip, Arizona 27'99 64-49 — 4'94 tr. 1-72 P2O6 0'20 9934
4. " 31-52 63 66 — 2'62 0'52 1'34 Alk. 0'48 100-14
An earlier analysis by Riggs of the Harlem mineral (Am. J. Sc., 34, 406, 1887) showed 4 '07 B2O3. but probably from tourmaline which is intimately associated with it.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible, loses color on strong ignition; with cobalt solution a beautiful blue, characteristic of aluminium. With salt of phosphorus gives a slightly bluish opaline bead.
Obs. — Found in fibrous forms embedded in feldspar in blocks of gneiss at Chaponosl, near Lyons, France, the original locality being near Beauuan; also at Brignais.
Also reported from Wolfshau, near Schmiedeberg, Silesia; in the iolite of the gneiss of Tvedestrand, Norway.
In the U. S., it occurs near Harlem, New York Island, in the pegmatoid portion of a biotite-gneiss; in a quartzose rock at Clip, Yuma Co., Arizona.
Named for the palseontologist.M. Eugene Dumortier.
Ref.— i Cf. Btd., 1. c.; Diller, Am. J. Sc., 37, 216, 1889.
428. STAUROLITE. Pierres de croix de Eobien, N. idees sur la format, d. Foss., 109, 1751 (with figs.). Basaltes crystallisatus pt. Cronst. (the specimen a cross of two brown 6-sided crystals, worn as an amulet at baptisms in Basel, and called Lapis crucifer, and Basler Taiifstein}, Min., 70, 1758. Schorl cruciforme pt., Pierres de croix, de Lisle. Crist., 1772, 1783 (with figs.). Staurolite Delameth., Sciagr., 1,298, 1792. Grenatite (fr. St. Gothard), Saussure, Voy. Alpes, § 1900, 1796. Granatite Staurolilh Karst., Tab.. 22, 1800 Staurotide H., Tr., 3, 1801. Nordmarkite Dana, Min., 389, 1868. Xantholite Heddle, Min. Mag., 3. 59, 1879.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-4734 : 1 :- 0-6828 Phillips1. 100 A HO 25° 20', 001 A 101 55° 16', 001 A Oil 34° 19£'. Forms : b (010, i-i), c (001, 0); m (110, /); r (101, 1-i); also only as tw. planes, y (230, i-$), x (032, fi), z (232, H)-
Angles: mm"1 *50° 40', yy'" 70° 454', rr1 - 110* 32', mr *42° 2', ex 45° 41', cz 60* 31'.
Staurolitk.
Twins cruciform: (1) tw. pi. x (032), the two crystals crossing nearly at right angles, since ex 45° 41'. (2) tw. pi. z (232), crossing at an angle of 60° approx- imately, since cz 60° 31'. (3) tw. pi." (rare), here bb 70° 45$'. Crystals commonly prismatic and often flattened b; often with rough surfaces.
Figs. 1, 2, Simple forms. 3-5, Common twins. 6-8, Fannin Co., Ga.
Cleavage: b distinct, but interrupted; m in traces. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 7-7 '5. G. 3 '65-3 -75. Subvitreous, inclining to resinous. Color dark reddish brown to brownish black, and yellowish brown. Streak uncolored to grayish. Translucent to nearly or quite opaque.
Pleochroism distinct: c (— 6) hyacinth-red to blood-red, a, b yellowish red, Rosenbusch ; or c gold-yellow, a, b -light yellow to colorless. Optically Ax. pi. fa. Bx c. Axial angles:
2Ha.r 113° 10'
2H0.r 117° 52' a 1-736
ftr 1-749 .-. 2Va.r 88* 46' Levy-Lex. 2V0.r 91° 39' Dx. ftt 1-7526, Mir.
ft 1-741 Y - 1-746 Levy-Lex.
Comp., Far.— Formula doubtful, perhaps H4(Fe,Mg))((Al,Fe),4SiI10M or 2H,0. 6(Fe,Mg)0.12Al,Oi.llSiO, Friedl.
Coloriano gives HaFesAliaSisOsi; Groth suggests the simpler form HFeAUSUOia.
Impurities are usually present, especially in the form of inclosed silica, sometimes up to 80 to 40 p. c. ; also garnet, mica, and perhaps magueite, brook ite, cf. Rg., Lsx., Friedl, 1. c. See also analyses, 5th Ed., p. 389, which give SiO2 varying from 27'0 to 51 -3.
Nordmarkite is a mangauesian variety from Nordmark, Sweden, anal. 10.
Xantholite is a variety of somewhat anomalous composition, according to the analysis, which Is probably to be explained by the presence of impurities (cf. Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 78, 1886).
Anal.— 1, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 25, 53, 1873. 2, Friedl, Zs. Kr., 10, 366, 1885. 3, Lsx.. Min. Mitth , 173, 1872. 4, Coloriano, Bull. Soc. Ch., 44, 427, 1885. 5, Friedl, 1. c. 6, 7, Rg., 1. c. 8, Peters and Maly, Ber. Ak. Wien, 57 (1), 646, 1868. 9, Geuth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 383, 1873. 10, Paijkull. Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 23, 85, 1866. 11. Heddle, 1. c.
Silicates.
G.
1. St. Gothard
5. Tramnitz
6. Pitkaranta
7. Brittany
8. St. Radegrund
9. Franklin, N. C.
10. Nordmarkite
11. Milltown, Xantholite
SiOa
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
MgO
H
aO
—
42 TiO2 0-56 99 44
63 100-03
0-86 99-52
—
43 98-97
1-59 100-06
—
undet.TiO? 0'18 99'32
—
26 TiO2 0-29 100'33
—
!-67CaO,MnO075
!-59CaO.MnO
tr. 100-37
11 61Mn2O3
2"
51 99-08 [F
13
88MnO 0-56,
CaO
In Vermont, at Cabot.
A staurolite from Canton, Ga., with G. 3'79 gave Genth 7*13 ZnO.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible, excepting the mauganesian variety, which fuses easily to a black magnetic glass. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron, and sometimes for manganese. Imper- fectly decomposed by sulphuric acid.
Obs. — Usually found in crystalline schists, as mica schist, argillaceous schist, and gneiss, as a result of regional or contact metamorphism; often associated with garnet, sillimanite, cyanite, and tourmaline.
Occurs with cyanite in paragonite schist, at Mt. Campione, Switzerland, in polished, brown, translucent crystals; at Ml. Greiner, in the Zillerthal, Tyrol, in simple crystals associated with cyanite, and sometimes appearing as a continuation of its crystals, parallel with them; also ne:'.r Innsbruck; near Lake Como; at Goldeustein in Moravia, brown and translucent; Aschaffenburg, Bavaria; Oberwolz and St. Radegrund in Styria; in large twin crystals in the mica schists of Brittany; at Tornduff and near Killiney in Ireland; near Milltown, Loch Ness, Scotland (xantholite); at Oporto, St. Jago de Compostella. In the province of Minas Geraes, Brazil, at various points both in mica schists and in the river gravels.
Abundant throughout the mica schists of New England. In Maine, at Wiudham, near the bridge, the mica slate is filled with large crystals: also atMt. Abraham, Hartwe.ll, and Winthrop. In N. Hamp., brown and large cryst. at Franconia; at Lisbon, abundant in mica slate; on the shores of Mink Pond, loose in the soil; at Grautham, 2 m. from Meriden, of a gray color. In Mass., at Chesterfield, in fine crystals. In Conn., at Bolton, Vernon, Litchfield,Stafford,andTolland; also Southbury with garnets; at Litch- field, black crystals. In New York, small crystals at the Foss ore bed in Dover, Dutchess Co. ; also three and a half miles from New York City, on the Hudson ; as a result of contact metamorphism in the mica schist near Peekskill, N. Y. (cf. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 36, 254, 1888). In Penn., reddish brown cryst. abundant on the Wissahickon, 8 m. from Philadelphia. In N. Carolina, at the Culsagee corundum mine near Franklin, Macon Co. ; large coarse crystals at the Parker mine, Cherokee Co.; also in Madison and Clay counties. In Georgia, at the lead mine, Canton, in quartzose mica schist, the gangue of the lead ore; also in Fannin Co., loose in the soil in fine crystals.
Dr. C. T. Jackson has described a variety of staurolite in tessellated crystals like chiastolite, from Charlestown, N. H., as represented in the accompanying figure.
Named from rrravpoS, a cross. Haiiy's change of staurolite to staurotide was neither necessary nor reasonable.
Alt. — Occurs altered to steatite.
Ref. — ' Min., 75. 1837. In some respects it would be more natural to take the twinning planes (see below) as fundamental, Oil, 111, 110. when the symbols of the prism would become 320. and the axes 0-7101 : 1 : 1 0242. E. S. D., Am. J. Sc., 11, 384. 1876; this twinning can be explained as having either 230 or 130 as tw. pi.: the first gives bb 70° 454' and 109' 14}', the second 109° 42' and 70° 18'; the measured angle 70° 30' hardly decides between these, but the former is the more probable as it corresponds to the two other more common laws.
429. KORNERUFINE. Kornerupin J. Lorenzen, Medd. Gr5nl., 7, 19, 1884. Prismatin A. Sauer, Zs. G. Ges., 38, 704, 1886.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b 0-854 : 1. In fibrous to columnar aggregates, resembling sillimanite, showing in the prismatic zones the forms m (110), a (100), and b (010) with mm'" *81° kornerupine, 81° 31' prismatine.
Cleavage: prismatic, rather perfect. H. 6-5. G. 3-273 kornerupine; 3-341 prismatine, Ussing. Luster vitreous. White to colorless (K.), yellow- brown (Pr ). Optically -. Ax. pi. 100, Bxa 001. Axial angle 2E 32£° K.
Prismatine <ry 1-6691 y8T= 1-6805 l'6818 .'. 2Ey 65° 30' and from ft 1-6805 .-. 2Vy 37s
2V 37° 7 for Na
8Apphirine. 561
Com p. — MgAlsSiOg or MgO.AlaOs.SiOa Silica 29-7, alumina 50'5, magnesia 19-8 100.
Anal. — 1, Lorenzen, 1. c. 2, Sauer, 1. c.
G. SiOa A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO ign.
1. Kornerupine 3'23 30'90 46'79 2'02 — 19-46 1 "30 100'47
2. Prismatine 3'341 30'89 43'06 — 6'28 15'08 1"36 NaaO 2'04, KaO 0'79 99'50
Pyr. — B.B. does not fuse; becomes bright blue if moistened with cobalt solution and ignited. Insoluble in acids.
Obs. — Kornerupine occurs at Fiskernas on the west coast of Greenland with green amphibole, sapphirine and a light brown magnesia mica; also gedrite and occasionally iolite. It is intimately associated with the iolite, and sometimes appears in a micropegmatitic form with it. Named after the Danish geologist, Kornerup.
Prismatine is from Waldheim, Saxony, where it forms layers in granulyte with albite, also garnet, tourmaline.
Ussing calls attention to the similarity of these two independently described minerals, and it can hardly be doubted that they are identical.
KRYPTOTIL Sauer, Zs. G. Ges., 38, 705, 1886. An alteration product of prismatine, occurring in fine fibrous forms of light greenish color. Composition: HAlSiO4 H2O.AlaOj.SiOa Silica 50'0, alumina 42'5, water 7'5 100. Anal.— Sauer:
Si02 48-43 AlaO, 41-68 MgO 2'13 H2O 7'70 99'89.
430. SAPPHIRINE. Sapphirin (fr. Greenland) Giesecke, Stromeyer's Unters., 1, 391, 1821. Sapphirine. Sapphirin pt. [rest blue Spinel] Hausm., Handb., 427, 1847. Saphirine.
Monoclinic. In indistinct crystals, tabular b', rarely showing prismatic planes on the edges, bm 57° 27', mm'" 65° 6'; also other prisms inclined 23° 34' and 31° 36' to b, and a clinpdome giving b A Oil 47£°; /? 79£° ; angles variable, Ussing1. Usually in disseminated grains, or aggregations of grains.
Cleavage not distinct. Fracture subconchoidal. H. 7-5. G. 3-42-3-48; 3*486 Ussing. Luster vitreous. Color pale blue or green. Translucent. Pleochroic: 5 t blue, a colorless. Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bxa A & — 71° or c A 001 — H- 8£°. Axial angles, Ussing1 :
2Ka.y 68' 50' 2K0.y 111° 13' .-. 2Va.y 68C 49' /Jy 1-712
ar 1-7055 ftv 1-7088 vr 1-7112
Also, Dx., 2Ha.r 77° 50' 2Ha.bi 79° 0' crr 1-705 A- 1'709 - 1-711 2Ha.r 83° 29' 2Ha.y 83° 55' 2Ha.gr 84° 34'
Comp.— Mg6Al18Si,0M or 5 MgO. 6Al203.2SiO,, Silica 12-9, alumina 65-7, magnesia 21. -4 100.
Anal.— 1, Damour, Bull. G. Soc.. 6. 315, 1849. 2, Lorenzen. Medd. Gronl., 7, 1884
3. Ussing, Ofy. Ak. Stockh., 46, 17, 1889. Also Schluttig, Inaug Diss., Leipzig, 22, 1884. cf. Zs. Kr., 13, 74.
SiO2 A12O3 FeO MgO
1. G. 3-473 § 14-86 63'25 2'00 19'28 99'39
2. G. 3-46 12-95 64'44 1-66 19-88 ign. 0'34 99'22
3. G. 3-486 12-83 65'29 0'65 21 '40 Fe2O3 0'93 lOO'lO
Pyr., etc. — B.B. alone and with borax infusible, unaltered.
Obs. — Associated with mica, anthophyllite, and amphibole at Fiskerua's in south-western Greenland. The name alludes to the sapphire color.
Ref.— i Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 46, 17, 1889, and Zs. Kr., 15, 598, 1889. Dx., Min., 1, 462, 1862, 2, xlii, 1874.
662 Silicates.
Appendix To Anhydrous Silicates.
BARYLITE G. W. Blomstrand, G. F5r. Forh., 3, 128, 1876. Barylith.
In groups of prismatic crystals, more or less tabular in habit. Two distinct cleavages forming an angle of about 84°. H. =7. G. 4'03. Luster greasy. Colorless. Semi- transparent. Composition. — Ba4Al4Si7O24 or 4BaO.Al2O3.7SiO2 Silica 34'0, alumina 16-5, baryta 49-5 100. Analysis:
SiOa AlaO3 FeaO3 BaO PbO CaO MgO CuO Bi2Os ign. 34-36 16-02 0-98 46'23 0'93 0'68 0'27 0'09 0'19 0-15 99'90
B.B. infusible; not attacked by acid. Named from /JorpuS, heavy, and Az'OoS, stone. Occurs with hedyphane in crystalline limestone at Langban, in Wermland, Sweden.
HYPOCHLORITE. Sogenannter Grilueisenerde von Schneeberg, Hypochlorit, ScMler, . J., 66, 41, 1832, Dissert, de Ferro ochr., etc., Jena, 1832.
Bismutoferrite Frenzel, J. pr. Ch., 4, 355, 1871, Jb. Min., 516, 1872.
HYPOCHLORITE was described as minute crystalline; also earthy. Fracture even to flat con- choidal. Brittle. H. 6. Luster vitreous, feeble. Color green. Streak light green. Analysis. — Schiller:
SiO2 50-24 A12O3 14'65 Bi2O3 13-03 FeO 10-54 Pa06 9"62 Mn tr.
In minute crystals and grains, or massive and earthy, with native bismuth and cobalt ores, at Schneeberg, Johanngeorgenstadt, and Braunsdorf, in Saxony. Also reported from Ullers- reuth. Voigtland, in a bed of limonite. Named from uTToAca/aos on account of its green chlorite-like color. Beyond doubt a mixture.
BISMUTOFERKITE of Frenzel is a supposed bismuth-iron silicate in part mixed with the hypochlorite ("wismuth-hypochlorit") of Schneeberg. G. — 4 '47. Two analyses gave:
SiOa 23-08 BiaO3 43-26 Fe2O3 33'33 99'67
24-05 42-83 33'12 100
An " antimony -hypochlorite " is also said to occur at Schneeberg.
MONZONITE F. v. Kobell, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 1, 162, 1871.
Compact. Fracture splintery to subcouchoidal. H. 6. G. 3. Color light grayish green. Translucent on thin edges. Resembles green hornstone. Analysis, Kobell, 1. c. :
SiO2 A12O3 FeO MgO CaO Na2O K8O H2O
52-60 17-10 9-00 2-10 9'65 6'60 1'90 1-50 100-45
B.B. fuses at 3 to a lustrous grayish green glass. Not decomposed by acids before or after fusion. Found on Mt. Monzoni in the Fassathal, Tyrol.
NEOCIANO A. ScaccM, Rend. Accad. Napoli, Jan., 1881. Neocyauite.
In very minute monoclinic crystals, tabular 010; these are terminated by two orthodomes m and n, making angles of 71° and 53° with a (100), front and back respectively. Color blue. Supposed to be an anhydrous copper silicate. B.B. fuses to a black glass. Easily decomposed by acids, with the separation of pulverulent silica. From fumaroles at Vesuvius, formed by sublimation, together with three other substances. One of these forms a white granular mass, G. 2-287, probably silica. A second is a white asbestus-like material, containing lime; difficultly fusible, and decomposed only in boiling acid. The other forms yellowish brown crystals in six sided rhombic plates; insoluble in acid.
RAMOSITE N. W. Perry, Eng. Mng. J. , 37, 140, Feb. 23, 1884; Trans. Am. Inst. Mining Eng., 12, 628, 1884.
In pebbles in alluvium; compact. Fracture conchoidal. H. 8-9. G. 3'8d. Color deep black. Opaque, translucent on thin edges. Luster vitreous. Analysis:
SiO2 46-32 Fe2O3 13'00 AlaO, 19'19 CaO 17-74 MgO 13-13 MnO2 tr. 99'38.
From Ramos, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The description obviously needs revision; it may- prove to be simply a kind of garnet.
SPHENOCLASE. Sphenoklas F. von Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 91, 348, 1864.
Massive, with faint indications of a foliated structure. Fracture splintery. H. 5'5-b. G. 32. Luster feeble. Color pale grayish yellow. Subtranslucent. Comp.— Perhaps 6RO.Ala63.6SiOa Rg., but needs confirmation. Analysis.— Kbl.:
Si02 46-08 A1208 13'04 FeO 4-77 MnO 3'23 MgO 6'25 CaO 26'50 99'87
B.B. fuses at 3 to a greenish glass. Slightly attacked by acids; but after heating, easily decomposed with gelatinization by hydrochloric acid.
From Gjellebak in Norway, with wollastonite and the so-called edelforsite, forming thm layers of varying thickness in a bluish granular limestone. Named from acprfv, a wedge, and A.d cri s, fracture, it breaking into wedge-shaped pieces.
Hydrous Silicates. 563
B. Hydrous Silicates.
The HYDROUS SILICATES include chiefly the true hydrous ctmrpounds, that is, those which contain water of crystallization, like the zeolites; also the hydrous amor- phous species, as the clays, etc. There are also included certain species — as the Micas, Talc, Kaolinite — which, while they yield water upon ignition, are without doubt to be taken as acid or basic metasilicates, orthosilicates, etc. Their relation, however, is so close to other true hydrous species that it appears more natural to include them here than to have placed them in the preceding chapter with other acid and basic salts. Finally, some species are referred here about whose chemical constitution and the part played by the water present there is still much doubt.
The divisions of the Hydrous Silicates recognized are as follows :
I. Zeolite Division.
1. Introductory Subdivision.
2. Zeolites.
II. Mica Division.
1. Mica Group.
2. Cliiitonite Group.
3. Chlorite Group.
III. Serpentine and Talc Division.
Chiefly hydrous Silicates of Magnesium.
IV. Kaolin Division.
Chiefly hydrous Silicates of Aluminium ; for the most part belonging to the group of the clays.
V. Concluding Division.
Species not included in the preceding divisions; chiefly silicates of the heavy metals, iron, manganese, etc.
I. Zeolite Division. 1. Introductory Subdivision.
Of the species here included, several, while not strictly ZEOLITES, are closely related to them in composition and method of occurrence.
431. Inesite 2(Mn,Ca)Si03 + H20 Triclinic
& : b : 6 0-9753 : 1 : 1-3208 a 92° 18' ft 132° 56' y 93° 51'
a : 1) : 6 ft
432. Ganophyllite Mn,AlaSi8026.6H20 Monoclinic 0'413 : 1 : 1-831 86° 39'
433. Okenite H,Ca(Si03), + HaO Orthorhombic ?
434. Gyrolite H,Ca2(Si03)3 + H20
435. Apophyllite H7KCa4(SiO,)g + 4H20 Tetragonal 6
Silicates.
431. INESITE. A. Schneider, Jb., Preuss. G. Landesanst. for 1887, p. 472 (1888); Zs. G. Ges., 39, 829, 1888. Rhodotilit G. Flink, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 45, 571, 1888, 46, 12, 1889.
Triclinic. Axes a : b : 6 — 0-975266 : 1 : 1-32078; a 92° 18' 12", 6 — 132° 55' 54", y 93° 50' 42" Scheibe1.
100 A 010 *82° 35', 100 A 001 46° 41' 32", 010 A 001 83° 14' 59".
Forms: a (100, i-l), 6(010, i-l), c (001, 0), M(11Q, '/), J (101, 'l-l'), tf (201, '84'), e (101, ,14,), d(0ll, 14), o(532, ;f-f), (747, ,1-J)?.
aM 37° 59' b'M= 59° 26'
c£ 27° 4f
cfir 34° 36|' aJ 19° 36f ag 12° 5'
ce 85° 57f a'e - *47° 21' cd 47° 22'
ad *64° 37' b'd *49° 23' be *93° 20
Crystals small, prismatic in habit. Usually in fibrous masses; often radiated and spherulitic.
Cleavage: b perfect; a less so. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 6. Gr. 3-0295 Flink. Luster vitreous. Color rose-red to flesh-red; be- coming colorless on exposure. Streak white. Pleochroism distinct but feeble.
Optically — . Extinction-direction on a (100) inclined to edge a/b, 12° to the left below; on b (010) inclined 60|° above behind. Bxa not quite b. Axial angles (Adams polariscope, with ny 1-7782 Na for the glass) measured on cleavage fragments b :
2Ga.r 64° 0' Li 2Ga.y 63° 28' Na 2Ga.gr 62° 51' Tl.
Comp.— 2(Mn,Ca)Si08 + HS0 Silica 43-8, manganese protoxide 41-4, lime 8'2, water 6'6 100. Here Mn : Ca 4 : 1. Anal. — 1, Barwald, quoted by Schneider. 2, Fliuk, 1. c.
Inesite, Scheibe.
1. Inesite
2. Rhodotilite
SiO2 MnO FeO CaO MgO H2O
43-92 37 87 0'69 8'40 0'33 9'22 A12O3 0'29 100'72
43-67 37-04 I'll 9'38 0'15 7-17 PbO 0'77 99'29
Of the water Barwald found that 4'54 p. c. was lost at 110°, 0'48 at 200°, 2-23 at 300°, 0'62 at 440°, 1"85 iipon ignition ; total 9"22.
Pyr. — Gives off water in the closed tube and turns brown. Reacts for manganese with the fluxes. Soluble in acids, but not after ignition.
Inesite occurs at the manganese mines at Nanzenbach, northeast of Dilleuburg, Germany. The manganese ores occur at the contact between clay slate and diabase, and the hiesite is found with a manganesian calcite in cavities of a dark brown hydrous manganese silicate, allied to stratopeite (see p. 704). The crystals are embedded in calcite. Named from IreS, flesh fibers, in allusion to the color and structure.
RJiodotilite occurs filling cavities of calcite crystals, with rhodonite, garnet, etc., at the Harstig mine, Pajsberg, Wermland, Sweden. Named from poSor, rose, rz'AoS, fiber.
As shown by Flink (1889) the two minerals, though independently described, are without doubt identical, and the descriptions agree in almost every particular. The formula provisionally accepted is that of Flink. Schneider suggested (Mn,Ca)(MnOH)2Si3O8 + H2O.
Ref. — ' Quoted by Schneider, 1. c.
432. GANOPHYLLITE. A. Hamberg, G. F5r. Forh., 12, 586, 1890.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 0-4130 : 1 : 1-8309; ft 86° 39' Hamberg. 100 A 110 22° 24|', 001 A 101 74° 7$', 001 A Oil *61° 19'.
Forms: b (010, i-l), c (001, 0), m (110, /), e (Oil, 14).
Angles: mm'" *44° 49', ee 122° 38', cm *86° 54', me 88° 23i'. The measurements are only approximate and hence the axial ratio cannot be regarded as highly accurate.
In crystals up to an inch in length, habit short prismatic, terminated by e and the acute clinodome e (Oil). Faces m and e dull, striated c. Also foliated, micaceous.
Cleavage: basal, perfect; resembling mica. Percussion-figure on cleavage fragment a six-rayed star; one ray edge b/c, the others inclined approximately
Okenite.
60° and hence not edge c/m. H. 4-4 '5. Gr. 2*84. Luster vitreous, brill- iant. Color brown.
Pleochroisrn distinct in sections 6: c and b a) colorless, o 6) yellow-brown. Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bxa c; hence a cleavage fragment gives the axial figures. Axial angles:
Also
2Er 41° 19' Li 2Ey 41° 53' Na 1-7264
/5r 1-7250 fSy 1-7287 1-7287 .-.
(with 2E)
2Vr 23° 36' 2Vy 23° 52' 1-6941
a 1-7046
Comp. — 6H20.7MnO.Al!103.8SiO.) Silica 40'5, alumina 8 '6, manganese pro- toxide 41-8, water 9'1 100. Anal.— Hainberg, 1. c.
Na2O H2O 218 9'79 Li2O tr., PbO? 0'20 9985
SiO, f39-67
7-95 0'90
MnO
CaO
MgO
0'20
2'70
Most of the water goes off at 100° in a vacuum, if sufficient time is allowed, but with diminishing rapidity; it is largely reabsorbed iu moist air. Hence it is somewhat analogous in behavior to the zeolites, so that the author calls it a mangan-zeolite. Physically it has some resemblance to the micas.
Pyr. — Reacts for manganese with the fluxes. Dissolves readily in strong acids, but becomes nearly insoluble after ignition.
Obs. — Occurs at the Harstig mine near Pajsberg. Wermland, Sweden, embedded in calcite, also implanted upon rhodonite and sometimes covered with caryophilite, barite, and native lead; again associated with garnet, mangauophyllite, and pyrophanite.
Named from ydvoS, luster, QvKkov, leaf, in allusion to the high luster on the cleavage laminae.
433. OKENITE. Okenit Kobell, Kastner's Arch., 14, 333, 1828. Dysclasite Connel, Ed. Phil. J., 17, 198, 1834. Bordite Adam, Dufr. Min., 4, 697, 1859.
Orthorhombic? Prismatic angle 57° 41' Breith. Composed of a congeries of minute interlacing acicular crystals. Commonly fibrous; also compact.
Cleavage in traces. H. 4-5-5. G. 2-28, okenite, Kbl. ; 2-362, dysclasite, Connel. Luster subpearly. Color white, with a shade of yellow or blue; often yellow by reflected light, and blue by transmitted. Frequently opalescent. Sub- transparent to subtranslucent. Optically — . Ax. pi. b (010), the needles being elongated 6. Bx a (100). Axial angle large, y — a 0-091 Lex.1
Comp.— H,CaSi,06 + H20 or 2H2O.Ca0.2Si02 Silica 56-6, lime 26-4, water 17-0 100.
Anal.— 1, von Kobell, 1. c. 2, Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 5, 190, 1854. 3, Connel, 1. c. 4, Adam, 1. c. 5, Haughton, J. G. Soc. Ireland, 2, 114, 1868. 6, Darapsky, Vh. Ver. Santiago,
No. 6, p. 248, 1888 (read May 18, 1886). '
1. Disco
2. "
3. Stromo, Dysclasite
4. BordO, Bordite
5. Poona
6. Rio Putagan, Chili
G. G.
2-362 2-33
SiO2
CaO
HaO
17-00 Al2O3,Fe3O3 0-58, K2O tr. 99-76 18'04 100'08 [Na2O 0'44 100'44
14'71 Fe2O3 0'32, Mn2O3 0'22, K2O 0'23, 14-19 A12O3 0'67, Na2O 1-04 97 96 17'04 Na2O 0'07 98-79 15 03 MgO tr., Na2O 1'06 100'21
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube yields water. B.B. alone becomes opaque and white, and fuses to a glass. Effervesces with soda, and fuses to a subtransparent glass, which is milk-white on cooling; with borax forms a transparent colorless glass. Gelatinizes readily in hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— Occurs in basalt or related eruptive rocks. Found at the Far5er (bordite); in Iceland; on the island of Disco, Greenland; in amygdaloidal basalt at Poona, near Bombay, India. On lava of Rio Putagan, Chili.
Artif.— A crystallized silicate near okenite, but containing some alkalies (Na<,O 3-3,KaO2-2) replacing the lime, has been obtained by A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 92, 1882. Cf. also Doelter (Jb. Min., 1, 123, 1890), who obtained okeuite by recrystallization in carbonated water in a sealed tube.
Ref.— Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 341, 1885; 10, 152, 1887.
Silicates.
434. GYROLITE. Gurolite Anderson, Phil. Mag., 1, 111, 1851. In concretions, lamellar-radiate in structure.
H. 3-4. GL not given. Luster vitreous to pearly. Color white. Trans- lucent, becoming opaque. Optically uniaxial, negative. Double refraction rather strong, Dx.1
Comp.— H2Ca2Si309 + H,0 or 3H,0.2Ca0.3SiOa Silica 52-1, lime 32-3, water 15-6 100.
Anal.— 1, Anderson, 1. c. 2, How, Am. J. Sc., 32, 13, 1861. 3, Clarke, ib., 38, 128, 1889.
1. Skye
2. N Scotia
3. N. Almaden
SiO,
A1,O,
CaO
MgO
KaO
—
—
Fe,O3.
Na2O HQO
— 14-18 99-78
— 15-05 99-85
0-27 14-60 F 0-65 100'30
B.B.
Pyr., etc. — In a closed tube yields water, intumesces, and separates into thin scales, swells up and fuses with difficulty to an opaque enamel.
Obs. — From the Isle of Skye, with stilbite, laumoutite, etc. In India from the railway cuttings between Bombay and Poona; also from the Treshinish Islands (Heddle, but cf. oken- ite, anal. 5). Reported also from the Faroer and from Greenland.
With the apophyllite of New Almaden, California, in fibrous layers between the wall of the vein and the apophyllixe. Also N. Scotia, 25 m. S.W. of C. Blomidon, between Margaret ville and Port George, on apophyllite.
According to How, gyrolite is formed from apophyllite, with which it often occurs.
Ref.— ' Dx., N. R., 13, 1867. Min., 2, xxi, 1874.
Heddle obtained thin six-sided plates, resembling heulandite, with plane angles 128° 45' and 138° 55', and he infers a similar form. Min. Mag., 8, 272, 1889.
435. APOFHYLLITE. Zeolith von Hellesta C. Binman, Ak. H. Stockh., 82, 1784. Zeolithus lamellaris major Mutter, De Zeolithis Suecicis, 32, 1791. Ichthyophlhalmite (fr. Uto) d'Andrada, Scheerer's J., 4, 32, 1800. J. Phys , 51, 242, 1800. Mesotype epointee (fr. Iceland) H., Tr.. 3, 1801. Apophyllite H., Notes pour servir au Cours de Min. de 1'au XIII (1805), Lucas Tabl., 1, 266, 1806. Fischaugenstein Wern., 1808. Ichthyophthalmit, Albiu, Wern., Letzes Min. Syst., 1817. Fish-eye Stone Tesselite (fr Faroer) Brewster, Ed. Phil. J., 1, 5, 1819. Oxhaverite (fr. Iceland) Brewster, Ed. J. Sc., 7, 115, 1827. Xylochlor (fr. Sicily) v. Walt,, Vulk. Gest., 1853. Leucocyclite Herschel, Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc., 1, 21 (read May 1, 1820); Dx. Min., 1, 126, 1862. Apofillite Ital.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 1-2515; 001 A 101 51° 22£' Miller1.
Forms* : c (001, 0)
a (100, i-i) m (110, J)
y (310. -3)4
r (210, i-2) -
v (105, f i) s (102, i-i
ft (621, 6-3)* a (811, 3-3)* o- (211, 2-2) (533,
Figs. 1-3, Common forms. 4, L. Superior. 5, Ut5, Sweden, after o. nui.
Apophtllite. 567
On the apophyllite from the Seisser Alp, Tyrol, Plouer1 has determined the following forms, many of which, however, are merely vicinal planes. Of these several had been earlier given by Rumpf, viz., 9-9 10, 24*24'25, 51 '51-50, 108, 106.
307, 504, 302.
1-1-54, 1-1-45, 1-1-86, 1 1-27, 1*1-18, 119, 335, 445, 556, 667, 778, 889, 9'9'10, 10-1011, 11-11 12, 13-13-14, 17-17-18, 24'24'25, 50-50'51, 51 -51-50, 25 '25 24, 443, 332, 553, 221, 441, 551.
13-4-4, 811, 20-7-7, 522, 12-5-5, 744, 855, 322, 755, 433, 544, 655, 766.
21-7-3, 15-5-3, 12-4-3, 623, 313.
ay - 18° 26' dd' 27° 18' 22" 61* 5' aa 23° 6'
m' 19° 46' 22 42° 7' xx" 99° 26' aa- 32° 37'
ss' — 44° 3V pp' 76° 0' pp ' 121° 4' ar 87° 3H'
ee' 67° 4' asx" 20° 4' cp *60° 32' ppvil 86° 34'
m" 28° 6' dd" 38° 59' ap 52° 0' aTil 35° 42f
ss" 64° 4' 4>(t>" 53° 39' ap 19* 45' o-cr11 49° 49'
ee" 102° 45'
Twiiis: tw. pi. p, rare". Habit varied; in square prisms (a) usually short and terminated by c or by cp, and then resembling a cube or cubo-octahedron; also acute pyramidal (p) with or without c and a; less often thin tabular c. Faces often rough; a bright but vertically striated; p more or less uneven. Also massive and lamellar; rarely concentric radiated.
Cleavage: c highly perfect ; m less so. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 4*5-5. G-. 2'3-2-4. Luster of c pearly; of other faces vitreous. Color white, or grayish; occasionally witli a greenish, yellowish, or rose-red tint, flesh-red. Transparent; rarely nearly opaque. Double refraction weak; usually +, also — . Often shows anomalous optical characters, cf. Mid.9 Indices:
<ar 1-5309 Li €T 1-5332 ooy 1-5337 Na ey 1-5356 Luedecke8.
A division of a basal section into biaxial parts with varying optical orientation is common (cf . Mid., Klein, et al.); thus there may be a central diagonal square and four lateral sectors bounded by lines parallel to the axes, and sometimes four others between these last, corresponding in position to the planes e (101).
Doelter found that apophyllite became uniaxial at about 260° C., the temperature at which it loses its water of crystallization.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Usually in crystals, as above described; the pearly basal cleavage is a conspicuous character. G. 2*335, Iceland, Haid.; 2'359, Thomson.
Haiiy's Mesotype epointee was an Iceland variety; Fuchs and Gehleu in 1816 ascertained its identity with apophyllite.
The name Oxhaverite was applied to a pale green crystal found in petrified wood at the Oxhaver Springs, near Husavic in Iceland. Albine of Werner (named from albus, white) is in small nearly cubic crystals, opaque white in color, from Aussig, Bohemia; it is partly decom- posed and consists largely of calcite. Xylochlore, from Iceland, is olive-green, and has G. 2 290; it owes its color to the presence of a little iron.
Tesselite, from the Faroer, is a cubical variety, exhibiting a tessellated structure in polarized light.
Leucocy 'elite, when sections parallel to the base are examined in polarized light, shows a black cross with rings that are alternately white and violet-black (whence the name from XevKoS, white, and KVKOS, circle], instead of the ordinary colored rings — a peculiarity observed in crystals from the Seisser Alp, Andreasberg (part of those of this locality), Skye, Faroer, Iceland, Uto, and Poona in India. The above are optically -f-. Some crystals from Ut5 and Cziklowa, similarly examined, exhibit a black cross on a deep violet ground, and are optically — . These different optical phenomena may be presented by contiguous plates of the same crystal, cf. Dx.
Comp.— H7KCa4(Si03)8 4£H20 or Ka0.8Ca0.16Si03.16H20. Silica 53-7, lime 2f>-0, potash 5 -2, water 16'1 100. A small amount of fluorine replaces part of the oxygen.
The above formula (Rg.. Groth) differs but little from H2CaSi2O6 + H2O, in which potas- sium replaces part of the basic: hydrogen. The form often accepted, Ha(Ca,K)Si2O + H2O, corresponds less well with the analyses.
Rg. writes the formula, accepted above, 4(H2CaSi2O<> -(- H2O) -f- KF.
Anal.— 1, Stromeyer, Rg., Min. Ch., 505, 1860. 2, 3, Rg., ibid. 4", Haughton, Phil. Mag., 32, 223, 1866. 5, J. L. Smith, Dana's Min., 304, 1854. 6, Mattesdorf, Vh. G. Reichs.,32, 1876. 7. Hersch. Inaug. Diss., p. 25, Zurich, 1887. 8, Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 24, 13-3, 1882. 9, B.
Silicates.
Sadtler, Am. Ch. J., 4, 357, 1883. 10, Knerr and Schonfeld, ib., 6, 413, 1885. 11. Eyerman N. Y. Acad. Sc., Jan. 14, 1889. Also 5th Ed., p. 415.
1. Ut5, Sweden
2. Andreasberg
3. Radauthal
4. Bombay
5. L. Superior
6. Fassathal
7. Bergen Hill
8. Table Mt., Col.
9. Fritz Is. , Peun.
10. French Creek, Penn.
G.
SiOa
CaO
K2O
Na2O
H2O [16-73]
F
— 99-27 1-18= 100 0-46 100-15
0-97 A12O3 0-24, MgO 0'08 0-96 99-19 [— 99-84
tr. 99-49
2-21 100-97 100-69 1-70 A12O3 1-54, Fe2O3 0-13 040Fe203 1-49 99'93
- 100-29
— 99-90
Another 'determination gave l-65 F.
Rg. found that no water was lost over sulphuric acid, nor at 100°; the first is expel led at 200°, and at 260° the loss corresponds to about 4 p. c. which is reabsorbed and is hence regarded as water of crystallization. Doelter gives, as follows: Loss of water at 240°, after 2 hours, 8'04 p. c. ; after 4 hours heatiug at a red heat 9'20; for Fassathal at 260° after 2 hours, 9'59 p. c., which was gradually absorbed again on exposure to moist air, but only after 3586 hours. These determina- tions by Unterweissacher, Jb. Min., 1, 120, 1890. Hersch (1. c.) obtained the following results, after 2 hours heating, in each case:
Temp. H20
100°
160°
200°
240°
275°
300°
red ht.
p. c.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube exfoliates, whitens, and yields water, which reacts acid. In the open tube, when fused with salt of phosphorus, gives a fluorine reaction. B.B. exfoliates, colors the flame violet (potash), and fuses to a white vesicular enamel. F. 1'5 (Kobell). Decomposed by hydrochloric acid, with separation of slimy silica.
Obs. — Occurs commonly as a secondary mineral in basalt and related rocks, with various zeolites, also datolite, pectolite, calcite; also occasionally in cavities in granite, gneiss, etc. Greenland, Iceland, the Faroer Islands, and British India afford fine specimens of apophyllite in amygdaloid. The Indian mineral is of unrivaled size and beauty, the crystals sometimes 3 to 4 inches across, often associated with salmon-pink stilbite, etc. It has been found in connection with the Deccan trap area, at Poona near Bombay during the sinking of wells and in the Western Ghats, obtained abundantly during the construction of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (Mallet). Also occurs at Andreasberg, sometimes of a delicate pink, in silver veins, traversing slate; Radauthal in the Harz; Montecchio Maggiore, Italy; at Orawitza, Cziklowa, and Szaska in Hungary, associated with wollastonite; in Fifeshire, with magnetic iron; at Puy de la Piquette in Auvergne, in a Tertiary limestone, near intruded basaltic rocks; at Fiubo, Uto, and Hallesta, Sweden; in Tyrol, on the Seisser Alp; also the Fassathal; near Nerchinsk, Siberia; in Australia; Guanajuato, Mexico, often of a beautiful pink color implanted upon amethyst,
In the U. S., large crystals occur at Bergen Hill, N. J., associated with analcite, pectolite, stilbite, datolite, etc., some of them 3 inches across. It is also found at Gin Cove, near Perry, Maine, with prehnite and analcite in amygdaloid; in N. York, at the Tilly Foster iron mine, Brewster, but rare; in Penn., at the French Creek mines, Chester Co., also at Fritz Is., in the Schuylkill; at the Cliff mine, Lake Superior region; Table Mt. near Golden, Col.; in California, in large crystals at the mercury mines of New Almaden with bitumen, and often stained brown by it.
It has been found at Peter's Point and Partridge Island, in the Basin of Mines, Nova Scotia, both massive and crystallized, presenting white, reddish, and greenish colors, and asso- ciated with laumoutite, thomsonite, and other zeolites; also at Chute's cove, Cape d'Or, Isle Haute, Swan's Creek, and Cape Blomidon.
Apophyllite was so named by Haily in allusion to its tendency to exfoliate under the blow- pipe, from dito and (frv\Xav, a leaf. Its whitish pearly aspect, resembling the eye of a fish after boiling, gave rise to the earlier name Ichthyophthalmite, from £r6t>5, jish, o0ftaA#o'?, eye.
Alt. — Occurs altered to pectolite near Tiexno on Monte Baldo, along with unchanged crys- tals. Altered apophyllite from Table Mt., near Golden, Colorado, has been analyzed by Hille- brand (1. c.); it is pearly-white in color with a finely foliated structure and forms the exterior of crystals which within are often perfectly fresh. The material (which lost water over sulphuric acid) after drying at 100° gave:
SiO,
A12O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Na2O [0-74]
K20
H,0
14-55 100
Apophyllite. 569
Artif.— Crystals have been obtained by Wohler from heated waters, and he inferred that a temperature of 180° was necessary to the result. He stated that when heated in water to this temperature under a pressure of 10 to 12 atmospheres, it forms a solution which crystallizes on cooling. Pearly radiated crystals were formed by Becquerel through the action of a solution of potassium silicate on plates of calcium sulphate (gypsum). Daubree has detected crystals of apophyllite in the Roman works at the hot springs of Plombieres.
Also obtained by Doelter (1. c.) by recrystallization, the powdered mineral being digested for 3 weeks in a closed tube at 150°-160° with water containing carbon dioxide; minute tetrago- nal crystals were the result. Again from okeuite by heating with potassium silicate and car- bonated water at 200° for 30 days.
By the fusion of apophyllite and slow crystallization the hexagonal CaSiO3 (p. 373) was obtained.
Ref.— Min., 436, 1852; also accepted by Dx., Min., 1, 125, 1862. z Cf. Levy, Min. Heu- land, 2, 271, 1837; Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 62 (1), 700, 1870, Atlas xxi; Seligmann, Jb. Min., 1, 140, 1880. Rumpf, who makes the species monoclinic, adds several forms mostly vicinal, Min. Mitth., 2, 369, 1879; Ploner (ref. below) also adds many forms, chiefly vicinal ; all of these are given above Bgr. notes on the apophyllite from the islands of the Langesund fiord the proba- ble forms: 1'0'ia, f>03, 326, 321, Zs. Kr., 16, 644, 1890.
3 Dx., 1. c. 4 J. D. D., L. Superior, Min., 4th Ed., 304, 1854; cf. also Slg., Uto, Sweden, 1. c.', Cesaro, Bull. Soc. Miu., 12, 62, 1889. 6 Slg., Uto, 1. c. 6 Schrauf, I.e. ' Ploner, Seisser Alp, Zs. Kr.. 18, 337, 1890. Luedecke, Andreasberg, Zs. Kr., 4, 626, 1880.
9 Optical anomalies, see Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 121, 1876, also Klocke, Jb. Min., 2, 11 ref., 1880; Klein, ib., 1. 253, 1884; Doelter, ib., '1, 123,1890; also Rumpf, I.e. On percussion- figures, Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 59, 1884. Etching, Rinne, ib., 2, 19, 1885. Pyroelectricity, Hankel, Pogg., 157, 163, 1876.
The following are imperfectly defined hydrous calcium silicates, several of them approximat- ing to okenite and gyrolite.
CENTRALLASSITE How, Ed. N. Phil. J., 10, 84, 1859; Phil. Mag., 1, 128, 1876. Radiated massive, the fibers or columns lamellar and separable. Brittle. H. 3'5; G. 2'45-2"46. Luster pearly. Color white or yellowish white; thin laminae transparent; graduating into an opaque white variety, subresinous in luster. The mineral was found in a nodule from amygda- loid, near Black Rock, Bay of Fundy, and constituted the portion between a thin outer layer, " cerinite," and an inner bluish mass, called "cyanolite." How obtained:
1. SiO2 58-86 AlaO, 1-14 CaO 27'91 MgO 0'16 K2O 0-59 H3O 11-41 100*07
2. 54-72 2-19 31 '53 0'76 11 '58 100-78
B.B. fuses easily, with spirting, to an opaque glass. It is near okenite in composition. Two analyses of the so called cyanolite gave:
SiO2 A13O3 CaO MgO K2O H2O
G. 2-495 74-15 0'84 17'52 tr. 0'53 7'39 100-43
72-52 1-24 18-19 tr. 0'61 6-91 99-47-
Probably the same mineral with centrallassite, impure with much more silica; or it is chal- cedony, impure with centrallassite. The name alludes to the color.
Cerinite gave: SiO2 58'13, A12O3 12'21, Fe2O3 I'Ol, CaO 9'49, MgO 1'83, K2OO'37, H2O 15'96 99-00.
XONOTLITE. Xonaltit Rammelsberg, Zs. G. Ges., 18, 33, 1866. Xonotlit Min. Ch., 380,
Massive. Fracture splintery. Very hard. G. 2'71-2'718. Color white to bluish gray; pink. Tough. Optically like okenite, Lex. Comp. — Perhaps 4CaSiO3 -f- H2O Silica 49'8, lime 46-4, water 3'8 100. Anal.— 1, 2, Rg., 1. c. 3, Heddle, Min. Mag., 5, 4, 1882.
G. SiO2 FeO MnO CaO MgO H2O
1. Mexico, white 2-710 49'58 1'31 1-79 43'56 — 3'70 99'94
2. " gray 2-718 50'25 2'28 43'92 0"19 4-07 100-71 [0'22 ' 100<76
3. Scotland 2-605 48'91 2-97 2'27 40-39 0'56 4'17 A12O8 Oil, K2O 1'16, Na2O
Yields water. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of pulverulent silica. Occurs at Tetela de Xonotla, Mexico, in concentric layers, with apophyllite and bustamite.
Described by Heddle (1. c ) as occurring near Kiltinuichan, Loch Screden, Mull; at Gribon, opposite Oronsay, and on the north shore of Loch na Keal. It resembles a pink chalcedony and is closely associated with gyrolite.
570 Silicates.
TOBERMORITE Heddle, Min. Mag., 4, 119, 1880. Massive, fine granular. G.= 2-423. Color pale pinkish white. Translucent. "Anal. — 1, Tobermory; 2, north of Tobermory, toward Bloody Bay.
biOa A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO CaO MgO K2O Na2O HaO
1. 46-51 2-40 1-14 1-85 33'40 0'47 1'45 0'36 12'61 100'19
2. G. S'423 46-62 3'90 0"66 1-08 33-98 — 0'57 0'89 IS'll 99-81
Occurs filling cavities in the rocks near Tobermory, Island of Mull. Near gyrolite.
CHALCOMORPHITE. Chalkomorphit Eath, Pogg. Erg., 6, 376, 1873.
Hexagonal. Axis k 1'9091, cp *65° 36'. In minute acicular prisms with c, m, p; pp' 54° 10|'. Cleavage: c distinct. H. =5. G. 2'54. Luster vitreous. Color white. Anal.— Rath, on 0'26 gr.
SiO2 25-4 A12O3 4-0 CaO 44 -7 H,O (& CO2) 16-4 loss (incl. Na2O) 9'5 100
Gives water in the closed tube, becoming white and lusterless. B.B. fuses with difficulty on the edges, curling up like scolecite. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with the separation of gelatinous silica. From the Laacher See, also from Niedermendig in the Eifel, occurring in cavities in limestone inclusions in the lava.
PLOMBIERITE Daubree, C. R., 46, 1088, 1858, Ann. Mines, 13. 244, 1858. A gelatinous substance which hardens in the open air, formed from the thermal waters of Plombieres. It becomes, on hardening, opaque snow-white. It afforded after drying at 100° C. : SiO2 40'6, A12O3 1-3, CaO 34'1. H2O 23'2 99'2, corresponding to the hydrated calcium silicate: CaSiO3 -f- 2H2O Silica 39'5, lime 36'8, water 23'7 100.
Chabazite and apophyllite in fine crystals are other results of the action of the waters of Plombieres on the brick and mortar of au old Roman aqueduct, besides hyalite, aragonite, and perhaps scolecite and harmotome.
LOUISITK Honeymann, Proc. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sc. , 5, 15, 1878. A transparent, glassy. leek-green mineral; streak white; fracture splintery. H. 6'5. G. 2'41. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid. An analysis by H. Louis gave: SiO3 63'74, A12O3 0'57, FeO 1-25, MnO tr., CaO 17-27, MgO 0'38, K2O 3-38, Na2O 0'08. H2O 12*96 99'63. This corresponds, but only approximately, to CaO.3SiO2.2H2O, which requires Silica 66'2, lirne 20'6, water 13'2 100.
It needs further examination, especially by the microscope, with reference to the possibility of admixed silica. Named for H. Louis, Esq., of Londonderry, N. S.
2. Zeolites.
The ZEOLITES form a family of well-defined hydrous silicates, closely related in composition, in conditions of formation, and hence in method of occurrence. They are often with right spoken of as analogous to the Feldspars, like which they are all silicates of aluminium with sodium and calcium chiefly, also rarely barium and strontium ; magnesium, iron, etc., are absent or present only through impurity or alteration. Further, the composition in a number of cases corresponds to that of a hy Irated feldspar; while fusion and slow recrystallization result in the forma- tion from some of them of anorthite (CaAl2Si208) or a calcium-albite (CaAl2Si6016) as shown by Doelter. The Zeolites do not, however, form a single group of species related in crystallization, like the Feldspars, but include a number of independent groups widely diverse in form and distinct in composition. A transition in com- position between certain end compounds has been more or less well established in certain cases, but unlike the Feldspars, with these species calcium and sodium seem to replace one another and an increase in alkali does not go with an increase in silica.
Like other hydrous silicates they are characterized by inferior hardness, chiefly from 3'5 to 5 '5, and the specific gravity is also lower than with corresponding an- hydrous species, chiefly 2'0 to 2'4. Corresponding to these characters, they are rather readily decomposed by acids, many of them with gelatinization. The intumescence, B.B., which gives the name to the family (from Ceiv, to boil, and Az'oS", stone) is characteristic of a large part of the species.
The Zeolites are all secondary minerals, occurring most commonly in cavities and veins in basic igneous rocks, as basalt, amygdaloid, diabase, etc.; less frequently
Zeolites.
in granite, gneiss, etc. In these cases the lime, and in part the soda, has been -chiefly yielded by the feldspar, the soda also by elaeolite, sodalite, etc., potash by leucite, etc. The different species of the family are often associated together, and also with pectolite and apophyllite (sometimes included witk thejzeplites), datolite, prehnite and, further, calcite.
The constitution of the Zeolites, particularly with reference to the part played by the water, has been discussed by many authors. See Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 53, 438-459, 1858. Malaguti and Durocher, Ann. Mines, 9, 325, 1846. Kg., Min. Ch., 1860, 1875. Lemberg (artif.), Zs. G. Ges , 28, 535 et seq., 1876. Streng (chabazite group), Ber. Oberhess. Ges., 16, 74-123, 1877. Fresenius (phillipsite group), Zs. Kr. , 3, 42, 1879. Jaunasch (heulandite, etc.), Jb. Min., 2, 269, 1882. Friedel and Sarasin, Bull. Soc. Ch., 42, 593, 1884. Hersch, Inaug. Diss., Zurich, 1887. Doelter (artif.), Jb. Min., 1, 118, 1890.
On the effect of loss of water upon the optical properties, see Rinne, Jb. Min., 2, 17-38, 1887, and Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1163, 1890. Rinne shows that sections after having been heated until they became opaque may be made transparent again and suitable for optical examination by immer- sion in oil ; important molecular changes are thus shown to accompany the loss of water, in some cases they serve to explain the anomalous optical characters often observed in natural crystals (cf. chabazite, analcite, etc.). See also Doelter, 1. c., and other authors noted beyond. A summary of the optical relations of the various species, with reference to the means of distinguish- ing between them by the microscope, is given by Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 321 etseq., 1885.
The species are arranged on the same method as the anhydrous silicates, first the highly acid species, Ptilolite and Mordenite, then the metasilicates, including much the larger part of the family, and finally the normal orthosilicates. For the most part the species fall in definite groups.
436. Ptilolite
437. Mordenite
Mordenite Group.
(Ca,Ka,Na,)AlaSi10Oa, + 5HaO (Ca,Kaa,Ka)AlaSi10Oa4 + 6|HaO Monoclinic
a : I : 6 0'4010 : 1 : 0-4279 ft 88° 30'
Heulandite Group. Monoclinic.
a>.l:6 ft
438. Heulandite H4CaAla(Si03)6 + 3HaO 0-4035 : 1 : 0-4293 88° 34£'
439. Brewsterite H4(Sr,Ba,Ca)Ala(Si03)6 + 3H20 0-4049 : 1 : 0-4204 86° 20'
440. Epistilbite H4CaAla(Si03)- + 3HaO
0 5043 : 1 : 0-5801 54° 53'
Phillipsite Group. Monoclinic.
441. Phillipsite
442. Harmotome
443. Stilbite
H2(K,,Ba)Al2Si6015 + 5HaO (Naa,Ca)Al,Si6Ol6 + 6HaO
a : : 6 /3
0-7095 : 1 : 1-2563 55° 37'
0-7032:1:1-2310 55° 10'
0-7623 : 1 : 1-1940 50° 50'
444. Gismondite CaAla(Si03)4 + 4H20 ? Monoclinic. Pseudotetragonal.
445. Laumontite H4CaAlaSi4014 -f 2HaO Monoclinic.
a : I : 6 1-1451 : 1 : 0-5906 ft 68° 46'
446. Laubanite CaaAla(Si03)5 + 6HaO
572 Silicates*
Chabazite Group. Khombohedral.
rr' 6
447. Chabazite (CajNaJAl.Si.O,, + 6HaO, pt. 85° 14' 1-0860
448. Gmelinite (Na4Ca)Al1Si401, + 6H,0 68° 8' 0-7345 or fj 1-1017
449. Levynite CaAlaSi30JO + 5HaO 73° 56' 0-8357 # 1-1143
450. Analcite NaAl(Si03)a -f HaO Isometric.
451. Faujasite H4NaaCaAl4(Si03),0 + 18HaO Isometric.
452. Edingtonite BaAl2Si3010 -f 3HS0 Tetragonal. 6 0-6725.
Natrolite Group. Orthorhombic and Monoclinic.
a:b:6
453. Natrolite NaaAlaSi3010 + 2HaO 0-9785 : 1 : 0-3536
a : I : 6 ft
454. Scoleoite Ca(A10H)a(Si03)3 + 2HS0 0-9764:1:0-3434 89° 18
455. Mesolite j SSi°A- +
(
Thomsonite Group.
& :l :6
456. Thomsonite (Na,,Ca)Al2(Si04)2 + 2H20 Orthorhombic. 0-9932 : 1 : 1-0066;
457. Hydronephelite HNaaAl3(Si04)3 -f 3H20 Hexagonal.
Eanite (Na,,Ca)Ala(Si04), + 2H20
Mordenite Group.
436. PTILOLITE W. Cross and L. G. Eakins, Am. J. Sc., 32, 117, 1886.
In short capillary crystalline needles, aggregated in delicate tufts or forming loose spongy masses.
Cleavage perhaps basal. Luster vitreous. Colorless, wMte in the mass. Transparent. Extinction parallel.
Comp.— RAlsSi100,4 + 5H20 or RO.Al203.10Si02.5HaO. Here R Ca : Ka : Naa 6:2:1 approx., which requires: Silica 70-0, alumina 11'9, lime 4-4, potash 2'4, soda 0-8, water 10'5 100.
Anal. — Eakins. 1. c. on air-dried material:
SiO2 A12O3 CaO K2O Na2O H2O
70-35 11-90 3-87 2'83 0'77 10-18 99-90
The loss of water beginning at 100° C. goes on steadily up to 300° or 350°, when all is expelled.
Pyr., etc.— Fuses B.B. to a clear glass. Gradually decomposed by sulphuric acid, but hardly acted upon by hydrochloric acid, even when boiling.
Obs. — Occurs upon a bluish chalcedony in cavities in a vesicular augite-andesyte which is found in fragments in the conglomerate beds of Green and Table mountains, Jefferson Co., Colorado.
Named from itrlXov, wing, down, in allusion to the light downy nature of the aggregates.
Mordenite Group— Mordenite.
437. MORDENITE. How, J. Ch. Soc., 17, 100, 1864.
Monoclinic. Axes a : : 6 0-40099 : 1 : 0-42792; /3 88° 29f 001 A 100 Pirsson1.
100 A HO 21° 50' 36", 001 A 101 46° 3' 37", 001 A Oil 23° 9' 35".
Is ' 36° 7'.
The form approximates very closely to that of heulandite (p. 574), if the occurring prism is made 450, as above.
b, resembling heulandite in habit and angles. b; also radially arranged.
In" small hemispherical, reniform, or cylindrical concretions. Structure fibrous.
Cleavage: b perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3-4. G. 2-08 How; 2'15 Pirsson. Luster vitreous; on b pearly; in fibrous forms highly silky. Color white, yellowish, or pinkish. Translucent on the edges. Ax. pi. and a b. Double refrac- tion weak. Extinction inclined about 15° to a, or c A 6 — 73° 30'. Axial angle large.
Comp.— 3RAl,Si100M + 20H,0 where R K2 : Na, : Ca Wyoming, Pirsson. 1:1:1. Percentage composition : Silica 67*2, alumina 11*4, lime 2-1, soda 2-3, potash 3-5, water 13-5 100.
Anal.— 1, How, 1. c. 2, Pirsson, Am. J. Sc., 40, 232, 1890.
In minute crystals tabular Crystals in groups by growth
SiO2 A12O3 CaO Na2O K2O H2O
1. 4 68-40 12-77 3'46 2-35* — 13 02 100
2. 66-40 11-17 1-94 2'27 3'58 13 31 FeaO8 0'57, MgO 0-17 99-41
Incl. 0-09 to 0-23 K,O.
The powdered mineral loses 3 to 6 p. c. after an hour's exposure to a temperature of 100°.
Pyr.— B B. fuses with some difficulty and without intumescence to a white enamel. Not p'.'rf'T'tly decomposed by acids.
Obs.— Occurs near Morden, King's Co., Nova Scotia, in trap, with apophyllite, barite, and a i rc'iiii'-'-Mke mineral; at Peter's Point, eight miles west, with gyrolite. Also in western \vr.n :ii::. near Hoodoo Mt.. on the ridge forming the divide between Clark's Fork and the 1. - . (i-amar R ) of the Yellowstone river; it occurs in cavities in a decomposed amygda- i..L,l.:: ii-.'-. si; in crystals and in spherical concretions.
N. i::;--:! ;:fier ihu original locality in Nova Scotia.
!--j-.— ' Wyoming. Am. J. Sc.. 40, 232, 1890
i.rn-; Hum, Min. Mag., 2, 134, 1878. A partially altered mordenite, found as red or : I Ils'i |'i n v. oi- chalk -white, halls, varying in size from one to two and a half inches in diameter, 1 i i a red clay in cavities in trap. Also in other forms, closely associated with stilbite. I i Mii-i soft and chalk-like; in part hard and unaltered. Gelatinizes with acids. Locality Oa:".' .Split. I't! miles west of Cape Blomidon, N. S. Named after the collector, Mr. Joseph iS'.fvie of Scot's Buy, N. b.
PSKITIJONATROLITE Grattarola, Att. Soc. Tosc., 4, 229, 1879; Boll. Com. G., 284, 1872. Jn minute, ncicular cr\stals. H. 5-6. Luster vitreous to pearly. Colorless, white in the mass. Extinction parallel.
Mean of three analyses :
SiOs 62-64 A12O3 14-76 CaO S'54 MgO tr. Alk. 1-00 HaO 14'82 - 101 '76.
B.B. fuses less readily than natrolite. Partially soluble in hydrochloric acid. From the granite of San Piero. Elba, where it occurs, associated with stilbite, in slender crystals showing six planes in the prismatic zone; they are not terminated, being attached at both extremities to the walls of the cavities in which they are found. The mineral was originally described by the author (1872) as natrolite, from which, however, he showed it to differ widely in composition; it needs further examination.
Silicates.
Heulandite Group. Monoclinic.
438. HEULANDITE. Blattriger Zeolith Meyer, Beschaft. Ges. N. FT. Berlin, 4, 1779. Hoffm., Bergm. J., 430, 1789. Blatter-Zeolith (var. of Z.) Wern., 1800, Ludw. Min., 49, 1803 >Stilbite pt., Stilbite anamorphique, H., Tr., 3, 1801. Euzeolith Breith., Hoffm. Min., 4, b, 40. 1818. Heulandite Brooke, Ed. Phil. J., 6, 112, 1822. Lincoluite Hitchcock, Rep. G. Mass. 1833, 437, 1835, 662, 1841. Beaumontite Levy, Inst., 455, 1839, and Aun. Mines, 17, 610, 1840.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 0-40347 : 1 : 0-42929; ft 88° 34£' 001 A 100 Des Cloizeaux1.
100 A HO 21° 58', 001 A 101 46° If, 001 A Oil 23° 13$'.
Forms2: c (001,0) t (201, - 24) x (021, 24) u (111,1)
a (100, t-i) m (110, J) s (201, 24) z (052, |4)? (221, 2)3
b (010,
Figs. 1, Campsie Hills, after Greg. 2, Beaumontite, Jones's Falls. 3, 4, Monteccbio
Maggiore, Artlni.
mm'" *43° 56'
ct - *63° 40'
cs *66° 0'
to 129° 40'
xx' 81° 17'
ex 40° 38V
a?' 94° 2'
cm 88° 41'
cu 49° 40 cv 67° 34 wtt' 33° 9'
m 40° 28' mt 32° 44' ms' 33° 7'
Twins: tw. pi. a. Crystals sometimes flattened b, the surface of pearly luster; form often suggestive of the orthorhombic system, since the angles cs and ct differ but little. Crystals often made up of subindividuals in nearly parallel position. Faces usually undulating; b often deeply depressed, the orthodomes bright but striated b. Also in globular forms; granular.
Cleavage : b perfect. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. =3-5-4. Gr. 2'18-2'22. Luster of b strong pearly; of other faces vitreous. Color various shades of white, passing into red, gray, and brown. Streak white. Transparent to subtranslucent.
Optically +. Double refraction weak. Ax. pi. and Bxa b. Ax. pi. and Bx0 for some localities nearly e; also for others, nearly c in white light (Dx.). Bx0 A c -f 57£° Rinue, etc., see below. Dispersion p v, when ax. pi. c; p v, when c; also crossed very strong; the ax. planes for red and blue in- clined from 7° to 12°. Axial angle variable, from 0° to 92°; usually 2Er 52°, 2EW 53° Dx4. Also, Artini4:
Montecchio Maggiore Also 2E 92° 46
Indices:
a 1-498
2Ey 81
14' 2Ey 94° 27' and at 150° 2E 103° 50' iu white light.
2Ey 89° 54'
1-499
y 1-505 Levy-Lex.4
Rinne found for crystals from Andreasberg the inclination of the ax. pi. to a -f- 34* (i.e. in obtuse angle of d and c); hence Bx0 A c -(- 57-i"; for others from Viesch, these angles were 6° and 85£' respectively; for Berunord -f- 8° and 83V; Fassathal 32" and 59£ . Levy-Lex, give Bx0 A c + 85° 30 . For Turkestan crystals, the ax. pi. is inclined 0° 30' to c (OOl)Erem., and 2Er 52° 30', 2Ehl 53° 20'. For crystals from the Serra de Botucatu. Brazil, the ax. pi. makes an angle of 19° 35' with c (or d); sections b show tw. lamella? c, Hussuk, i. c.
Heulandite Group— Heulandite.
For Montecchio Maggiore, Negri found the ax. pi. inclined about -f- 34° to a, and hence nearly normal to t (201) or Bx0 A c 57£°; Artini made this angle, for the same locality, — 34°, and the ax. pi. nearly normal to s (201), but obviously by error (cf . Negri).
Sections b are described by Mid. as having a division into four sectors for all of which Bxa b, but the ax. pi. and the ax. angle are variable. In crease of tern pe_rature to 150° changes these, but they return to the original condition upon the reassumptiou of the water. Heated to 180° the sections become opaque and the change is permanent5.
This subject has been later studied by W. Klein and particularly by Rinne; the latter describes the presence of five sectors, more or less sharply denned in polarized light, in sections b, bouuded externally by the usually occurring planes, that bounded by s (201) having an hour- glass form. These sectors show a rather wide variation in the position of the ax. plane.
Increase of temperature (Rinue) causes the axial angle to diminish and at 150° the division into sectors no longer exists; further we have ax. pi. b, and a c (001); the structure then is that of an orthorhombic crystal. If the heating is carried on till the crystal loses its transparency, further change goes on, the sectors reappear, the ax. pi. is 1 b and c becomes (201). If strongly heated, the orientation remains the same but the division into sectors dis- appears and the double refraction before strong becomes weak, and the bright polarization- colors are changed to a bluish gray. Finally by ignition on a platinum foil the double refraction almost entirely disappears. The changes are obviously connected with the loss of the water, two molecules of which go off at 150° and a third at 180°, all being water of crystallization; this water is reabsorbed in moist air.
Comp.— H4CaAlaSi6018 + 3HaO or 5H3O.CaO.Ala03.6Si02= Silica 59-2, alumina 16-8, lime 9"2, water 14'8 100.
Strontium is usually present, sometimes up to 3'6 p. c. as shown by Jannasch.
Anal.— 1, 2, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 558, 1876. 3, Jannasch, Jb. Min., 2, 275, 1882.
4, 5, Id., ibid., 2, 39, 1887, and Ber. Ch. Ges.. 20, 346, 1887. 6, Biltz, ibid., p. 44. 7, IgelstrSm, ib., 361, 1871. 8, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., 20, Zurich.,1887. 9, Cohen, ib., 116, 1875. 10, Sansoni, Att. Soc. Tosc., 4, 175, 1879. 11, L. Gonzaga de Campos, quoted by Hussak, Bol. Comm. Geol.
5. Paulo, No. 7, 1890. 12, Knerr & Schoenfeld, Am. Ch. J., 6, 413, 1884. Also 5th Ed., p. 445.
1. Fassathal
2. Berufiord
4. Andreasberg
5. Fassathal
6. Teigarhorn
7. Lunddorrsfjall
8. Djupivogur
9. Orange Free State
10. S. Piero, Elba
11. Botucatu
12. Adamstown, Pa.
Incl. Fe2O3.
G.
Si02
AUOs
CaO
Na2O
K2O
H2O
100
100
[100-40
20
f 57-71
SrO 055,
Li2O 0-05
SrO 3-64, Li
2O tr.
=101-03
15'37b
SrO 1-60
16-45 SrO 0-35
—
—
99-55
—
100-15
100-34
tr.
tr.
101-20
100-70
tr.
MgO 0-69
99-94
b Incl. 0-62 p. c. Fe2Os.
The red color of the Fassa crystals is due, according to Kenngott, to minute crystalline grains of another mineral, probably iron oxide.
According to Damour, the Faroer mineral loses part of its water in dry air, which it retakes in ordinary air; the loss of the mineral is 2'1 p. c. at 100° C., and 8'7 p. c. between 100° and 150* C.; and this is restored again after 24 hours in the air. At 190° the loss is 12'3 p. c. ; and by the end of two months all is regained but 2'1 p. c.
Jannasch found for Berufiord heulandite, Jb. Min., 2, 269, 1884, also later, ibid., 2, 39, 1887:
Temp.
150°-160
200°
250° Over the blast-lamp.
300°
340°-350°
igu.a 16-82 p. c.
Hersch obtained the following results (see anal. 8) after two hours' heating at each temper- ature.
Temp. H,0
100°
145°
195°
250°
290'
red ht. 16-34 p. c.
Pyr.— As with stilbite, p. 584.
Obs. — Heulandite occurs principally in basaltic rocks, associated with chabazite, stilbite, and other zeolites; also in gneiss, and occasionally in metalliferous veins.
576 Silicates.
The finest specimens of this species come from Berufiord, and elsewhere in Iceland; the Faroer; in British India, near Bombay, on the islands of Elephanta and Caranjii; also in rail- road cuttings in the Bhor and Thul Glu'ts, and at other points. It also occurs in the Kilpatrick Hills, near Glasgow; on the I. of Skye; in the Fassathal, Tyrol; Audreasberg, Harz; near Semil and Rodisfort, Bohemia; Poreinba, Poland; Marscheudorf, Moravia; Neudorfel, near Zwickau, Saxony; Siberia, at Nerchinsk, etc.; in the amygdaloid of Abyssinia; in augite porphyrite of Serra de Botucatu, Brazil. Red varieties occur at Campsie in Stiniug>hire, with red stilbite; also in Fassathal, Tyrol; also on the southern slope of the Ak Burchan Mts., Turkestan; brown in ore beds at Areudal.
In the United States, with stilbite and chabazite on gneiss, at Hadlyme, Ct., and Chester, Mass.; with these minerals and datolite, apophyllite, etc., in amygdaloid at Bergen Hill, New Jersey; sparingly at Kipp's Bay, New York Island, on gneiss, along with stilbite; atMcKinney's quarry, Rittenhouse Lane, near Philadelphia, sparingly; on north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Bay and Fond du Lac; in minute crystals, seldom over half a line long, with haydenite, at Jones's Falls, near Baltimore, on a syenitic schist (Levy's beaumontite, which is crystal lographically and optically identical with heulandite).
At Peter's Point, Nova Scotia, it occurs in amygdaloid, presenting white and flesh-red colors, and associated with laumohtite, apophyllite, thomsonite, etc.; also at Cape Blomidon, in crystals an inch and a half in length; at Martial's Cove, Isle Haute, Partridge Island, Swan's Creek, Two Islands, Hall's Harbor, Long Point.
Named after the English mineralogical collector, H. Heuland, whose cabinet was the basis of the classical work (1837) of Levy.
Artif.— Obtained by Doelter by recrystallization after digesting the powdered mineral for 11 days in water containing carbon dioxide at 170° in a closed tube. The crystals were of char- acteristic form. An analysis gave Unterweissacher: SiO2 58 90, A12O3 14'02, CaO 8'53, Na2O 3'36, H2O 15'19 100. Also by digesting pulverized auorthite with fresh precipitated silica in carbonated water for 14 days at 200°. Jb. Min., 1, 128, 1890.
Lemberg shows that by digestion in a potassium or sodium chloride solution for a week these alkali metals may be made to replace the calcium, forming a potash- or soda-heulandite (Kalistilbit, Natronstilbit). Zs. G. Ges., 28, 558, 1876.
Ref.— ] Min., p. 425, 1862; the results of Eremeyev agree closely, Vh. Min. Ges., 13, 389, 1878. The vertical axis has here (as with Mir.) half the length assumed by Dx. and some authors, with whom t 101, s 101, u - 112, etc. With N.-Z., s 101, t 100, c 001, etc. Cf. also Rhine, Jb. Min., 2, 25, 1887. Breithaupt made it triclinic, Min., 3, 449, 1847; cf . Rath, Jb Min., 517, 1874.
Cf. Mir., Min., p. 438, 1852: Greg, Min., 166, 1858; Dx., 1. c., who gives Greg's plane, z, the symbol 097, or in the position here taken, 0'18'7.
3 Erem., Turkestan, 1. c. 4 Dx., 1 c.; Rinnc, 1. c.; Levy-Lex., Min. Roches, 310, 1888; Artini, Rend. Ace. Line., 4, 536. 1888; Negri, Riv. Min. Ital., 7, 90, 1890.
5 On the effect of heat. Dx., 1. c., and N. R., 136, 1867; Mid., Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 255, 1882; W. Klein, Zs. Kr., 9, 54, 1884: Rinne, 1. c., and Ber. Ak. Berlin, p. 1183, 1890.
ORYZITE. Orizite Grattarola, Att, Soc. Tosc., 4, 226, 1879.
In monoclinic crystals, somewhat resembling rice-grains. Habit prismatic, with m (110), g (Oil), and rarely b (010). Measured angles (approx.): mm'" 40° 30', gg' 22° 30', mg 81* 10'. H. =6. G. 2-245. Luster vitreous to pearly. Color white. A triclinic form was. earlier suggested. Composition, like heulandite. Analyses, Grattarola, 1. c.
G. 2-245 SiO2 59-54 A12O3 r6-79 CaO 8-67 Alk. tr. HaO 14-84 99'84
59-20 15 71 10-31 tr. 14'38 99'60
a With some CaO.
Observed in granite blocks from Fonte del Prete, Elba. Named from opva, rice. It was made dimorphous with heulandite, but it maybe identical with it (cf. Groth, Zs. Kr., 4, 641, 1880).
439. BREWSTERITE. Brooke, Ed. Phil. J., 6, 112, 1822. Diagonit Breith., Char., 118,
Monoclinio. Axes d : I : 6 0-40486 : 1 : 0-42042; /? *86° 20' 001 A 100 Brooke1.
100 A HO 22° 0', 001 A 101 44° 29f, 001 A Oil 22° 45£'.
Forms: a (100, i-l), b (010, t-i), c (001, 0); m (110, I), t (120, *-2); e (016, f 1). Angles: mm'" *44° 0', it' - 102° 7', ee' *8° 0', cm 86° 36'.
Crystals prismatic, .flattened b; faces m, t vertically striated.
Cleavage: b perfect; a in traces. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5.
Epistilbite.
G. 2-45 Drar. Luster vitreous; on b pearly. Color white, inclining to yellow and gray. Transparent to translucent.
Optically + . Ax. pi. and Bxa b. Extinction-angle or Bx0.r A & — + 22°. Dispersion p v weak; crossed dis-
tinct, the ax. planes inclined Axial angles :
1° to 2° for red and blue.
2Er 94% 2Ebl 93°. Again 2E 102°-103° for white light, Dx.1
The axial angle increases somewhat on heating, from 2Er 93° 43' at 8° -8 to 95° 26' at 105° -5. Further the axial plane for red is turned through an angle of 4° 54' between 21°'5and 146°"5.
Sections b show a division into three sectors: a central wedge-shaped portion whose sides make angles of 17° and 13°, respectively, with the front and back prismatic edges; this has also an extinction-angle of -f- 22°. Further, two triangular lateral sectors in which this angle is 40°, Dx.2
Comp.— H4(Sr,Ba,Ca)Al2Si60,8 + 3H20 or (Sr,Ba,Ca)O.Al203.6SiOa.5H20. if Sr : Ba : Ca 4 : 2 : 1, this requires: Silica 54*3, alumina 15*4, strontia 8'9, baryta 6-6, lime 1-2, water 13'6 100.
Anal.— 1, Connel, Ed. N. Phil. J., 10, 35, 1830. 2, Thomson, Min., 1, 348, 1836. 3, J. W. Mallet, Phil. Mag., 18, 218, 1859.
1, Strontian
SiO, A12O3 BaO SrO CaO H20
53-67 17-49 6-75 8'32 1'35 12'58 FeaO3 0'29 100'45
53-04 16-54 6-05 9'01 0'80 14-74 100'28
54-42 15-25 6'80 8'99 119 13 22 99'87
According to Damour, loses water in unheated dried air, experiencing a loss of weight of 1'65 p. c. in the course of a month. At 100° C., after 2 hours, the loss is 0'2 p. c., but at 130° C. 7'7 p. c., when the mineral while still hot is electric, the crystals mutually attracting; they have become opaque and pearly; by 48 hours' exposure to ordinary air, the loss is reduced to 2'7 p. c. At 190° C , the loss is 8'2 p. c.; this is reduced to zero after 48 hours' exposure; and at 270°, the loss is lO'l p. c., which is reduced to l-2 p. c. after 8 days' exposure. At a dull red heat the loss is 12'8 p. c., and at a bright red, 13 3 p. c.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. swells up and fuses at 3 to a white enamel. Decomposed by acids without gelatinizing.
Obs. — First observed at Strontian in Argyleshire, with calcite. Occurs also at the Giant's Causeway, coating the cavities of amygdaloid; in the lead mines of St. Turpet; near Freiburg in Breisgau; at the Col du Bonhomtne, S.W. of Mont Blanc, on a 'quartz rock; near Bareges, in the Pyrenees, in a calcareous schist; and it has been reported from the department of the Isere in France.
Named after Sir David Brewster (1781-1868).
Ref.-1 Ed. Phil. J., 6, 112, 1822. Cf. Haid, Min. Mohs, 3, 80, 1825; Pogg., 5, 161, 1825. The angle ft — 86° 56' of most recent authors is based upon what is apparently a misprint in Dx., Min., 1, p. 421, 1862. ! Dx., 1. c., also N. R., 124, 1867.
440. EPISTILBIYE. Epistilbit G. Rose, Pogg., 6, 183, 1826. Monophan Breith., Char., 279, 1823. Parastilbite S. von Waltershausen, Vulk. Gest., 251, 1853. Reissite K. v. Fritesch, Hbg., Min Not., 9, 22, 1870.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0-50430 : 1 : 0-58006; ft 54° 53' 001 A 100 Rose-Tenue1.
100 A HO 22° 25', 001 A 101 29° 31 J', 001 A Oil 25° 23'. Forms2: a (100, i-l ) as tw. pi., b (010, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, 7); e (101, 1-i); u (Oil, 1-i);
(112, 4), p (in, 1).
*44° 50'
uu *50° 46' ce 70° 13'
cs 38° 13' cp 12° 12' cm' 122° 7£'
pp' 50° 46'? bs 73° 49|'
mu 49° 55' cc *70° 14'
Crystals uniformly twins; habit prismatic: (1) tw. pi. a, common; also (2) tw. pi. 111. The crystals sometimes cruciform penetration-twins. Faces s rounded, 1) brilliant. In radiated spherical aggregations; also granular
Silicates.
Cleavage: b very perfect Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 4-4'5, on b 3 '5. Gr. 2'25. Colorless to white, yellowish. Luster vitreous. Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bxa A + to 9£. Axial angles, Teniie :
2Er 73° 30' Li 2Ey 75° 35' Na 2Egr 76° 40' Tl
Also, Klein :
2Er 69° 12' 2Ey 70° 45' 2Egr 71° 55'
Rinne shows that with increase of temperature the axes c Bxa) in the twinned crystals approach each other ajid finally unite, when the twinning disappears and the crystals are ortho- rhombic with a — 6, b a, c — t. Exposed to the air the water expelled is slowly reabsorbed and the original optical and crystallographic characters reassumed: the orthorhombic characters, however, are retained if the crystals are embedded in Canada balsam. Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1181,
Fig. 1, Eeissile, Luedecke. 2, Iceland, Hintze. 8, 4, Trechmaiin.
Comp.— Probably like heulandite, B4CaAl2Si60)6 + 3H20 or CaO.Al203.6Si02. 5H20 — Silica 59 -2, alumina 16'8, lime 9'2, water 14'8 100. A little sodium replaces part of the calcium.
Anal.— 1, G. Rose, I.e. 2, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., p. 20, Zurich, 1887. 3,4, Jannasch, Henniges, Jb. Min., 2, 262, 274, 1882. Also ih., 1, 50, 1880.
The formula is also written (Groth) H6Ca2Al4(SiO3)u -f 7H2O which requires: Silica 57 '1, alumina 17 6, lime 9'7, water 15'6 100.
H2O
14-48 99-93
16-34 100-15
15-32 K2O,Li2O 0 05 100'08
15-60 101-08
A zeolite, probably epistilbite, from Lunddorrsf jail gave IgelstrOm: SiO2 58'35, A12O3 16'67, CaO 10 63, H2O 13;76 99-41. Jb. Min., 361, 1871. Jannasch obtained further (anal. 4):
G.
SiO,
A12O3
CaO
Na2O
Berufiord
Djupivogur
Berufiord
Loc. unknown
Temp. H2O
100°-105°
150°-160
200°
260°-280°
300°-350°
Rd. ht.
Cf. also Januasch, Jb. Min., 2, 206, 1884; Bodewig, Zs. Kr., 8, 611, 1884, 10, 276, 1885.
Pyr., etc. — B.B intumesces and forms a vesicular enamel. Soluble with difficulty or im- perfectly in concentrated hydrochloric acid without gelatinizing.
Obs. — Occurs with scolecite at the Berufiord in Iceland; the Faroer; at Poona in India; in small flesh-colored crystals at Skye; in small reddish crystals, nearly or quite opaque, with stil- bite, at Maigaretville, N Scotia, 7 m. E. of Port George. Reported as occurring with stilbite, apophyllite, etc., at Bergen Hill, N. J. With heulandite, stilbite, etc., at Viesch in the Valais, Switzerland.
Parastilbite (cf. Tenne. 1. c.) is from the Borgarfiord, Iceland. Reissite (cf . Luedecke, 1. c.) is from Santorin.
Ref.— Pogg., 6, 183, 1826, Jb. Min., 1, 4, 1880; the angles are quite uncertain as shown later by Trechmann, ib., 2, 260, 1882, who gives a comparative tnlile for epistilbite, reissite, parastilbite. The monoclinic character was also recognized by ])x , Bull Soc. Min., 2, 161, 1879; it had earlier been regarded as orthorhombic.
Cf. authors noted above. Alsoon reissite, Ilbir.. Min Noi.. 9. 22 1*70; Luedcck". .H> Min., 1, 162, 1881. On parastilbite, Tenue, Jb. Min., 2, 195, 1881. A Is., liint/.e, Zs. Kr., C, Gi,5, 1884.
Phillipsite Group— Phil Lipsite.
441. Phillipsite,
Phillipsite Group. Monoclinic. 442. Harmotome.
443. StilMte.
These three species have not only nearly the same axial ratios (prSTi), but they are also closely related in habit and method of twinning, as explained under the description of each. The relation is particularly close between phillipsite and harmotome.
Fresenius has shown that the species of this group may be regarded as forming a series, in
ii in
which the ratio of R : Rs is constant 1 : 1), while the silica and water both vary between, certain limits. The end compounds assumed are:
RAl2Si,Oie + 6H2O RAl4Si4O18 -f 6HSO
Here R Ca chiefly, in phillipsite and stilbite, and Ba in harmotome; also in smaller amounts- Na3,Kii. The first of the above compounds may be regarded as a hydrated calcium albite, the second as a hydrated anorthite. The subject, however, requires further study; the formulas given on p. 571 and beyond are those corresponding to reliable analyses of certain typical occurrences.
441. PHILLIPSITE. Levy, Ann. Phil., 10, 362, 1825. Lime-Harmotome. Kalk-Harmo- torn Germ. Kalk-Harmotorn, Normalin, Breith., . J., 50, 327, 1827, Uib., 32, 1830, Char., 126, 1832. Christianite Dx., Ann. Mines, 12, 373, 1847.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 — 0-70949 : 1 : 1-2563; ft *55° 37' 001 A 100 Streng1.
100 A HO 30° 21', 001 A 101 *90° 0', 001 A Oil 46° 2'.
Forms : a (100, i-4), b (010, i-i), c (001, 0); m (110, I), n (120, i-2); d (501, - 5-1), f (101, 14); 6 (Oil, 14).
Angles: mm!" *60° 42', nn! 80° 59f, af 34° 23', cd 50° te' 92° 4'.
cm 60° 50',,
i-'igs. 1, 2, Sirgwitz, Trippke. 3, 4, After Kohler.
Crystals uniformly penetration-twins, but often simulating orthorhombie or tetragonal forms. Twins sometimes, but rarely, simple (1) with tvv. pi. c, and then cruciform so that diagonal parts on b (f. 1) belong together, hence a four- fold striation, edge b/m, may be often observed on b. (2) Double twins, the simple twins just noted united with e (Oil) as tw. pi., and, since ee' varies but little from 90°, the result is a nearly square prism, terminated by what appear to be pyramidal faces each with a double series of striations away from the medial line (cf. f. 2). These twins may have the prism formed either by b with its char- acteristic striations, with or without the reentrant angle; or the external faces may belong to c (f. 2) when b appears in the reentrant angle only (if this is shown) ; or still again the reentrant angle may be absent and the crystals interpenetrate
580 Silicates,
each other irregularly, so that an external face is formed in part by b, in part by c. Rarely3 this double twin, showing a square prism formed by the faces b, b, may be terminated by the unusual form a (100) with four reentrant angles of about 47|°. Finally (3), three double twins of the ordinary type may be united to a single complex form with m as tw. pi. (f. 3, 4). This lust may yield forms appearing like a rhombic dodecahedron, with or without a depression at the extremity of the octahedral axes; each rhombic face may then be divided into four fields by striations diverging from the center and parallel to the position that would be occupied by a plane on the octahedral solid angle of the dodecahedron (cf. f. 3).
Faces b often finely striated as just noted, but striations sometimes absent and in general not so distinct as with harmotorne; also m striated edge b/'m; further, a, c, and d (501) more or less distinctly edge a/c. Crystals either isolated, or grouped in tufts or spheres that are radiated within and bristled with angles at surface.
Cleavage: c, b, rather distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 4-4-5. Gr. — 2*2. Luster vitreous. Color white, sometimes reddish. Streak uucolored. Translucent to opaque.
Optically -J-. Ax. pi. and Bx0 b. The ax. pi. lies in the obtuse angle of d 6, and is usually inclined to c (that is, to a) about 15° to 20°, or 75° to 70° to the normal to c. The position, however, is variable, as also the axial angles. Dx. ob- tained :
Richmond Dyref. Oberwinter C. d. Bove Somma Marburg Annerd. tc — + 60° 11' 71° 36' 72° 73° 15' 73° 21' 74° 51f 75° 0'
Bxa A c - 85° 26' - 74° 1' - 73° 37' - 72° 26' - 72° 17' - 70° 45£' - 70° 37'
Richmond 2Ha.r 84° 8|' 2H0.r 103' 21' 2Hay 84° 54f 2Hoy 103° 5'
Mte. Somma 2Ha.r 69° 55' 2H0 r 112° 33'
Marburg 2Ha.r 70° 50' 2H0.r 129° 15' Dyrefiord 2H0.r 98° 13'
Fresenius found for Nidda crystals the axial angle inclined about 10° to c (hence a c 80° and Bxa c — 65° 37'); for yellow this angle is about 1° greater than for red.
According to Langemann3 the individuals which form the complex twins of phillipsite are strictly trjcliuic siiice, for example, sections |/(101) show a deviation of the planes of vibration from the b axis, amounting in the Nidda phillipsite to 12°; further, sections c show a division into sectors with in one case a deviation for adjacent sectors of some 18°. Rinue3 finds that heating (cf. p. 571) does not change this triclinic character and the twinning structure is also retained; the ax. pi., however, approaches c (001) by some 10° and the double refraction loses in strength.
Comp. — In some cases (Rg.) the formula is (Ku,Ca)Al2Si4012 + 4£H20 Silica
48-8, alumina 20'7, lime 7'6, potash 6'4, water 16'5 — 100. Here Ca : K, 2 : 1.
Anal.— 1. Ricciardi [Gaz. Ch. Hal., 11, 369] Rg., Min. Ch., Erg., 179, 1886. 2-6, Fresenius,
Zs. Kr., 3, 42. 1878. 7, Schafarzik, Zs. Kr., 17, 522, 1890. 8, Pittmau, Ulrich, Contr. Min.
Victoria, 1870.
G. SiO, A12O3 Fe2O3 CaO BaO MgO Na2O K2O H2O
1. AciCastello 48'16 23'92 tr. 2-81 — 0'95 2'03 4'50 17-18 99'55
2. " " 2-140 46-89 21 38 0'15 3'62 tr. 0'07 7-14 2'66 18-28 100-19
3. Nidda 2-160 f 47'65 21'26 0'15 8'0o tr. 0'64 5'41 16-81 99'97 4 Annerod 2'152 51'72 18'95 0-53 5'19 1-34 O'll 0'96 4'41 16'99 100-20 5. " 51-79 19-00 0-24 7'03 0'03 0'15 0-52 3'94 17'63 100"33 6 Limburg 2'150 f 51 '68 18'17 0'24 5'37 0'39 0'30 0'94 4'67 18'21 99'97 7. Somosko 2-201 49'65 21-88 — 6'99 — — tr. 5'28 16'16 99'96 8 Kyneton, Victoria 46'62 23 60 — 4'48 — — 5'10 6'39 14-76 100-95
According to Daraour, the Kaiserstuhl crystals (mixed with a little faujasitc) lose 8 p. c. after a month in dried air, and regain all again in ordinary air in 24 hours. Heated to 50° C. for an hour, the mineral loses 12 3 p. c., and recovers nearly all in 24 hours' exposure to ordinary air, but becomes a powder and opaque (the faujasite remaining transparent). Heated to 150° C., the loss is 16 p. c., and only 0'8 p. c. after exposure again to the air for 4 days. At 250° C., the loss Is 18'5 p. c., part of which is due to the faujasite; it is reduced to 9 p. c. in the free air.
Fresenius found that phillipsite began to be opaque at 150° and to fall to pieces; the amount of water gradually diminishes with rise in temperature and increases as it falls, each temperature corresponding to a definite amount.
Phillipsite Group— Harmotome. 581
Pyr., etc. — B.B. crumbles and fuses at 3 to a white enamel. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — In translucent crystals in basalt, at the Giant's Causeway, Ireland; in small colorless crystals, and in spheroidal groups, in leucitophyre, at Capo di Bove, near Rome; in crystals and radiating masses at Aci Castello and elsewhere in Sicily; among the lavas of Mte. Somma; at Stempel, near Marburg; Habichtswald, near Cassel; Anuerod, near GiesseTT; near Eisenach, in Saxe Weimar; Petersberg, in the Siebengebirge; Nidda in Hesse; Laubach; in the basalt of the Limbacher Kopf near Asbach; in the Kaiserstuhl, with faujasite; at Hiirtlingen, Nassau; Salesl, Bohemia, on the right bank of the Elbe; in the ancient lavas of the Puy-de-D6me at Cap de Prudelles near Royat, and other points; also at Verrieres, Loire; on the west coast of Iceland, the shores of Dyrefiord. Very small transparent crystals, of recent formation, in the masonry at the hot baths of Plombieres, France, observed by Daubree; also at Bourbonne-les-Bains and elsewhere.
Found in minute crystalline aggregates and irregular spherical groups bristling with crystals in the deep-sea dredging by the ' ' Challenger " from the bottom of the central Pacific Ocean, south of the Sandwich Islands. They are embedded in a red clay with ferro-manganesian nodules (cf. p. 259), chondrules of enstatite, etc. ; they are believed to have been formed at the ocean bottom by the decomposition of an augitic lava. An analysis by Renard gave:
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 MnO CaO MgO K,O Na2O H2O(125°) ign.
48-70 17-58 6-17 tr. 1-70 1-02 4'83 3'75 7'95 9'47 10M7
The iron is due to impurity. See Rep. Challenger Ex. , vol. 1, 774, 815, 816, 1885 ; John Murray in Encycl. Brit., 18, 125, 1885; for the description of the forms, etc., Renard, Bull. Ac. Belg., 19, 88, 182, 1890; a general account is given in Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 12, 474, 1884.
Named after the English mineralogist, W. Phillips (d. 1828). The name christianlle was given by Des Cloizeaux (after Christian VIII. of Denmark) to the Marburg harmotome and crys- tals from Iceland; and in his Min., 1862, he places all of phillipsite under his name christianite.
Ref. — ' Jb. Min., 585, 1875. The monoclinic character of the species was first assumed by Groth and definitely proved by Streng. Cf. Kohler, Pogg., 37, 560. 1836; Strensj, Jb. Min., 561, 1874; Groth, Tab. Ueb., pp. 62, 104, 1874; also Trippke, Jb. Min., 681, 1878"; Fresenius, Zs. Kr.. 3, 42. 1879; Zeph., Zs. Kr., 5, 96. 1880; Stadtlander, Jb. Min., 2, 122, 1885; Lange- mann, ib., 2, 110, 1886. Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., p. 234, Nov. 7, 1887. z Optical characters, see Dx., Bull Soc. Min., 6, 305, 1883, 7, 138, 1884; also Trippke, Fresenius, Langemann, 1. c.
SPANGITE P. Mantovani. Separate publication dated Rome, April 10, 1872. An imperfectly described zeolite, stated to be a variety of phillipsite from the lava of Capo di Bove near Rome. An analysis of Postempski gave:
SiOa 49-00 A12O, 19-50 CaO 4-85 MgO 3'70 KaO 6'33 HaO 16'75 100-13 Named after Mr. Norman Spang of Pittsburg.
442. HARMOTOME. Spatum calcarium cryst. dodecaedrum album, opacum, et lamellis quatuor erectis, etc. (fr. Zellerfeld), v. Born, Lithoph., 2, 81, Tab. I, f. 1; tigura hyacinthica, etc.: hse crystalli uon suut calcarea?, sed silicea?, Bergm., Opusc., 2, 7, 1780. Hyacinte blanche Demeste, Lett, 417, var. 5, 1779. Hyacinte. blanche cruciforme de Lisle, Crist., 2, 299. pi. iv, f. 119, 1783. Kreuzkristalle Heyer, v. Trebra's Erfahrungen, etc., 89; Crell's Ann., 1, 212, 1789. Kreuzstein- Wern, Karsten, Lempe's Mag., 2, 58. 59, 1786. Audreasbergolite Delametherie, Sciagr., 1. 267, 1792. Andreolite Delameth., T. T., 2, 285, 1797. Staurolite Kirwan'l, 282, 1794. Ercinite Napione, Elem. Min., 239, 1797. Harmotome Hauy, Tr, 3, 1801. Pierre cruci- forme Brochant, 1, 311, 1808. Morvenite Thorn., Min., 1, 351, 1836. Baryt- Harmotome. Baryt- kreuzstein Germ.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-70315 : 1 : 1-2310; ft *55° 10' 001 A 100 Des Cloizeaux1.
100 A HO 29° 59£', 001 A 101 35° 41|', 001 A Oil 45° 17f.
Forms ' :
a (100, i-l) c (001, 0) w (520, z-f) t (101, - 1-i) /(101, 1-5)
b (010, i-l) v (410, i-Z) m (110, /) e (702, — f-i) e (Oil, 1-i) as tw. pi.
mm'" — *59° 59' ww'" 26° 0' ce 48" 11' cm — 60° 21'
W" 16° 25' at 19° 28' cf *90° 0' ee' 90° 36'
Crystals uniformly cruciform penetration-twins with c as tw. pi.; either (1) simple twins (f. 1) or (2) united as fourlings with tw. pi. e. These double
Silicates.
twins often have the aspect of a square prism with diagonal pyramid, the latter with characteristic feather-like striations from the medial line. Also (3) in more complex groups of three double twins, with in as tw. pi. (cf. f. 4, p. 579); see further under phillipsite, where the forms are more fully described.
Cleavage: b easy, c less so. -Fracture uneven to subcon- choidal. Brittle. H. 4'5. G. — 2-44-2 '50. Luster vitreous.. Color white; passing into gray, yellow, red, or brown. Streak white. Subtransparent to translucent. Optically Ax. pi. and Bxa b. Ax. pi. in obtuse angle a 6 and inclined about 05° to a ami t>0° to c; more exactly (Dx.), Bxor A t + U0° 32', Bx0.bl A c + 59° 55'. Axial angle 2Ha.r'= 87° 2', Dx. In- dices:
Morvenite, Dx.
a 1-503 y 1-508 Levy-Lex. /3 1-516 Dx.5
According to Langemann", harmotome in a manner similar to phillipsite deviates optically from the requirements of the mouoclinic system, as shown in sections b and c. Rhine* shows that by heating (see p. 571) these optical characters, which refer the simple crystals of harmo- tome strictly to the triclinic system, are not changed, but the ax. pi. has approached c (001) by some 50°, while the double refraction lias increased in strength.
Comp.-In part H9(K,,Ba)Al,Si5015 + 4H20 or (K2,Ba)O.Al,03.5SiOa.5H20 Silica 47-1, alumina 16'0, baryta 20*6, potash 2-1, water 14-1 100.
Anal.— 1, 3, Rg., Pogg., 110, 624, 1860. 2, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., 18, Zurich, 1887. 4, Reynolds, Q. J. G. Soc., 27, 374, 1871. 5, Fresenius, Zs. Kr., 3, 42, 1878. 6, Dmr., Ann. Mines, 9, 345, 1846.
1. Andreasberg
3. Strontian
5. Oberstein
.6. Strontian, Morvenite
G.
Si02
A12O3
BaO
Na2O tr.
K20
H2O 13-00 99-99
—
15-18 100-03
09
13 45 100-25
13-77 100
15-89a
71
15-14 MgO 0-13
99-75
17-04"
74
14-16 101-21
Inch 0-09FesOa
Incl. 0-65 Fe2O3
According to Damour, the Scotch harmotome loses 4'3 p. c. by 6 mouths' exposure to dried air. Heated to 100' C. it loses 1'8 p. c. ; between 100° and 150°, 9 9 p. c. ; between 100° and 190*, 13'5 p. c. ; and after 24 h. exposure to the ordinary air, what is lost is restored. At a dull red heat the loss is 14'65 p. c., and the mineral is di -aggregated; the total loss at a bright red heat is 14-70 p. c.
Hersch (ref. p. 571) obtained for the loss of water, after two hours' heating in each case:
Temp. H20
100°
150°
203°
252°
295°
red lit. 15-29 p. c.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. whitens, then crumbles and fuses without intumescence at 3'5 to a white translucent glass. Some varieties phosphoresce when heated. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid without gelatinizing.
Obs. — Harmotome occurs in basalt and similar eruptive rocks, also phonolyte, trachyte; not infrequently on gneiss, and in some metalliferous veins.
Occurs at Strontian, in Scotland, in fine crystals, some an inch through; in a metalliferous vein at Andreasberg in the Harz; at Rudelstadt in Silesia; at Oberstein, implanted on agate in siliceous geodes; at Kongsberg in Norway; in quartz syenite of Tonsenas near Christiania; with analcite in the amygdaloid of Dumbartonshire.
In the U. 8., in small brown crystals with stilbite on the gneiss of New York island (4th Av. tunnel excavations). From a mine near Rabbit Mt., 22 miles W.S.W. of Port Arthur or the north shore of L. Superior, Ontario. The crystals are chiefly implanted upon calcite, which is associated with amethyst, fluorite, etc.
Named from dp/6, joint, and renveiv, to cut, alluding to the fact that the pyramid (made by the prismatic planes in twinning position) divides parallel to the plane that passes through the terminal edges.
The name Andreolite of Delaine'therie (derived from the locality at Andreasberg) has the priority , and also Ercinite of Napione; but Haily substituted harmotome, of no better signiflca tion, and all subsequent mineralogists have followed him.
Phillipsite Group— Stilbite.
Ref. — ' Ann. Mines, 9, 339, 1846; he unites morvenite and harmotome; alsoMin., 1, 412, 1862, Aun. Ch. Phys., 13, 417, 1868; Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 20, 589, 1868; Kloos, Jb. Min., 2, 212, 1885. Also earlier, Kohler, Pogg., 37, 561, 1836.
On the optical characters see Dx., 1. c.; Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 153, 1876; Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 2, 113, 1878; Fresenius, 1. c. ; Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 94, 1885; Langemann, Jb. Min., 2, 83, 1886; Riune, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1179, 1890.
443. STILBITE. Zeolit pt. Cronst., Ak. H. Stockh., 1756; Zeolites cryst., crystaili ad centrum tendentes (fr. Gustafsberg, etc.), Cronst., 102, 1758. Z. facie Selenitica lamellaris, Blattricher Zeolit pt.. Wall., Min., 1, 313,' 1772. Strahliger Zeolith Wern., Ueb. Cronst,, 242, 1780. Strahl-Zeolith (var. of Z.) Wern., 1800, Ludwig., 1, 49, 1803. Radiated Zeolite. Zeolite uacree, Stilbite, Delameth., TT., 2, 305, 1797. Stilbite (Heulandiie iucl.) H.. J JVIiues, 3, 6(>, 1798, Tr., 3, 1801, 1822; Strahl-Zeolith Hoffm., Min., 2, 237, 1812. Desmiue Stilbite with Heul. excl.] Breith., Hoffm. Min., 4, b, 40, 1818; Stilbite Brooke, Ed. Phil. J., 6, 112, 1822. Sphserostilbite Beud., Tr., 2, 120, 1832. Syhedrite Shep., Am. J. Sc., 40, 110, 1865. Syhndrite.
Putlerit Bukeisen, Ber. Ak. Wien, 24, 286, 1857; Hypostilbite Dana, Min., p. 441, 1868.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 0-76227 : 1 : 1-19401; ft 50° 49f- 001 A 100 Lasaulx1.
100 A HO 30° 34$', 001 A 101 89° 30', 001 A Oil 42° 47$'.
/ (101, 1-i); e (Oil, 1-1).
Angles: a'f 39° 40', mm'" *61° 9f, TT' 68° 11', tt' 58° 51', cm *57° 3J', ee 85° 35'.
(, Sheaf-like crystal. 2-4, Lasaulx: 2, ideal simple crystal; 4, section b in polarized light.
Crystals uniformly cruciform penetration-twins with tw. pi. c, analogous to ohillipsite and harmotome. The apparent form a rhombic pyramid (f. 2) whose races are in fact formed by the planes m and w; the vertical faces being then the pinacoids b and c. Usually thin tabular b. These compound crystals are often grouped in nearly parallel position, forming sheaf-like aggregates (f. 1) with the side plane (b), showing its characteristic pearly luster, often deeply depressed. Also divergent or radiated; sometimes globular and thin lamellar-columnar.
Cleavage: b perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3 '5-4. Gr. 2 '094- 2 '205; 2'161 Haid. Luster vitreous; of b pearly. Color white; occasionally yellow, brown, or red, to brick-red. Streak uncolored. Transparent to trans- lucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bxa inclined 5° to axis a in obtuse angle a 6; hence Bxa A t — — 55° 50'. Ax. angle approx. 52° to 53° (blue glass) Lsx. Indices:
Kilpatrick
a 1-494
ft 1-498
y — 1-500 Levy-Lex.4
Langemann4 shows that strictly considered stilbite must be regarded as composed of triclinic individuals. Sections 101 show sectors with the extinction inclined 5° to the edge formed with the plane b; sections b (f. 4. Lsx.) show four sectors, whose extinction-directions are inclined to one another 10°, separated by radiating portions of variable extinction; sections c show a
Silicates.
central portion with parallel extinction and strips at the side in which it is inclined 2|° to the b edge.
Rinne4 found that in sections b, which showed four sectors with the extinction inclined 10° to each other (the axis a coinciding with the direction of elongation), after being strongly heated and made transparent in oil (p. 571), the axes c and became respectively and j. to edge c (001). The effect of increase of temperature had been to give it the molecular structure of an orthorhombic crystal, the ax. pi. becoming c and Bxa c) coinciding with the axis a.
Corny — For most varieties H4(Na2,Ca)Al2Si6018 + 4H20 or (Na2,Ca)O.Al203. 6Si02.6H20 Silica 57'4, alumina 16'3, lime 7-7, soda 1-4, water 17'2 100. Here Ca : Na, 6:1.
Some kinds show a lower percentage of silica, and these have been called hypostilbite, Dana, Min., p. 441, 1868; cf. anals. 22-25.
Anal.— 1, 2. E. E. Schmid, Pogg., 142, 115, 1871. 3, Lemberg, Zs G. Ges.. 28, 559, 1876.
4, Heddle, Min. Mag., 1, 91, 1877. 5, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., p. 21, Zurich, 1887. 6, Petersen, Ber. Offeub. Ver., 14, 102, 1873. 7, Rg., Min. Ch. Erg., 181, 1886. 8, Cossa, Ace. Line. Trans.,
5, 86, 1881. 9, Brun, Zs. Kr., 7, 389, 1882. 10, Haughtou, Phil. Mag , 13, 510, 1857 11 Id ib 32, 224, 1866. 12, Id., J. G. Soc. Ireland, 2, 113, 1868. 13, Bansoui, Alt. Ace. Tosc., 4, 173, 1879. 14, Hussak, Bol. Comm. S. Paulo, No. 7, 7, 1890. 15, Young, Ch. News, 27, 56 1873 16, How, Phil. Mag., 1,134, 1876. 17, Fiebelkoru, Cleve's Geol. W. I. Is., 30, 1873. 18. Hille- brand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 20, 23, 1885. 19, Davidson, Am. Ch. J., 6, 414, 1884. 20, Hos kinson & Brunner, ibid. 21, Eyerman, N. Y. Acad . Jan. 14, 1889. 22, Haughton, Phil Mag., 13, 510, 1837. 23, Id., ibid., 32, 224, 1866. 24, Bukeisen, 1. c. 25, Darapsky Vh. Ver. Santiago, No. 6, 247, 1888.
G.
Farber, Stromb 2 -16 " Vaagb
Bordb 2-103
SiO2
A12O3
CaO
Na2O K2O 1-39 — 2-09 — 1 93 — 032 0-23
H2O 17-24 MgO 0-03 17 36 MgO 0-05 18-62 100-72 17-30 FeaOaO-47
Helgustadir 2'155
—
18-73 99-8,4
Seisser Alp 2'167
18 19 99-23
Striegau
—
17-57 99-41
Miage Glacier
tr.
—
18-26 99-56
Viesch Glacier
—
—
18-03 99-61
Narbada
17 -48 MgO 0-82
Poona
18-00 101-28
Bhor Ghat
18-03 100-40
Elba
f 52-34
19-23 MgO 041
Brotas, Brazil 2'24
73
18-12 101-59
Long Craig 2'167
—
17 85 99-92
Annapolis Co. , N. C.
—
16-52 100-79
St. Mary's Pt., St. John,
W.I.
—
19 42 100-50
Is.
Table Mt, Col.
—
19-16 100-06
Rautenbush, Pa.
9-48b
tr.
18-53 99-62
Fegley's mine, Pa.
tr.
18 97 MgO 1-72
French Creek, Pa.
tr.
18 -30 MgO 1-40
Skye
17-83 MgO 0-36
Bombay
18-52 98-75
Puflerite 2'21
—
—
17-16 98-09
Curico
—
—
16-29 100-01
Fe2O3 tr.
b Incl. MgO 1-38 p. c.
According to Damour, loses 1-3 p. c. at 100° C.; 13 p. c. between 100° and 150° C. ; regain- ing all lost but 31 p. c. after 5 days' exposure to the ordinary air; at 170° C. the loss is 162 p. c., which is reduced to 9-2 p. c. after 15 days' exposure.
Hersch (1. c.) obtained for the loss of water, after two hours' heating in each case :
Temp. H,O
104°
210°
250°
290°
red ht. 18-63 p. c.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. exfoliates, swells up, curves into fan-like or vermicular forms, and fuses to a white enamel. F. 2-2'5. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid, without gelatinizing. The sphcerostilbite gelatinizes, but Heddle says this is owing to a mixture of mesollte with the stilbite.
Obs.— Stilbite occurs mostly in cavities in amygdaloidal, basalt, and similar rocks. It is also found in some metalliferous veins, and in granite aud gneiss.
Abundant on the FarSer Islands, in Iceland, and on the Isle of Skye, in amygdaloid: also
Phillipsite Group— Stilbite. 585
found on the Isle of Arrau, Scotland; in Dumbartonshire, at Long Craig and at Kilpatrick, Scotland, in red crystals; at Kincardine, Kilmalcolm, Campsie, Scotland; at the Giant's Causeway and in the Mourne Mts., etc., Ireland; at Andreasberg in the Harz, and Kongsberg and Areudal in Norway, with iron ore; on the Seisser Alp in Tyrol and at the Pufler-loch (pufler- ite); on the granite of Striegau, Silesia; a brown variety on granite, at the_copper mines of Gustafsberg, near Falun in Sweden. A common mineral in the Deccau trap area of British India, often in large beautiful sheaf-like forms of a salmon-pink color associated with apophyllite; fine crystals come from the Bhor and Thul Ghats, also Pooua, the island Elephanta, Bombay harbor, etc. (Mallet, Min. India, p. 123, 1887). In augite-porphyrite iu the Serra de Brotas, northeast of Botucatii, Brazil.
In North America, sparingly in small crystals at Chester and the Somerville syenite quarries, Mass.; at the gneiss quarry, Thachersville, Conn., in crystals lining cavities in coarse granite; at Hadlyme, in radiated forms on gneiss, associated with epidote, garnet and apatite; at Phillipstown, N. Y., in crystals or fan-like groups; opposite West Point, in a vein of decom- posing bluish feldspar, intersecting gneiss, in honey-yellow crystals; in the greenstone of Pier- mont, in minute crystals; in scopiform crystals of a dull yellow color, near Peekskill, N. Y.; and at Bergen Hill, New Jersey, iu small but bright crystals; also at the Michipicoteu Islands, Lake Superior.
At Partridge Island, Nova Scotia, forming a perpendicular vein from 3 to 4 inches thick, and from 30 to 50 feet long, intersecting amygdaloid, its colors white and flesh-red; also at Isle Haute, Digby Neck, Gulliver's Hole, Black Rock, Cape Bloniidon, Hall's Harbor, Long Point.
The name stilbite is from crr//l/3, luster; and desmine from Se'oy/r/, a bundle. The species stilbite, as adopted by Hatiy, included Strahlzeolith Wern. (radiated zeolite, or the above), and Bliitterzeolith Wern. (foliated zeolite, or the species heulandite, p. 574). The former was the typical part of the species, and is the first mentioned in the description ; and the latter (made the variety stilbite anamorphique) he added to the species, as he observes, with much hesitation. In 1817 Breithaupt separated the two zeolites, and called the former desmine and the latter euzeolile, thus throwing aside entirely, contrary to rule and propriety, Haiiy's name stilbite. which should have been accepted by him in place of desmine, it being the typical part of his species. In 182'3 Brooke (apparently unaware of what Breithaupt had done) used stilbite for the first, and named the other heulandite. In this he has been followed by the French and English mineral- ogists, while the Germans have unfortunately followed Breithaupt.
Alt. — Stilbite has been observed changed to quartz.
Artif., etc. — Lemberg shows that by digestion with potassium chloride for 13 days, stilbite is transformed into a corresponding potassium compound (Kalidesmin), while by a calcium chloride it is transformed back again, or with sodium chloride into a corresponding sodium compound (Natrondesmin). Zs. G. Ges., 28, 559, 1876.
Doelter remarks that, like heulandite, stilbite fused and slowly cooled yields clusters of needles of a pyroxenic mineral, also often anorthite with amorphous ground-mass. Jb. Min., 1, 132, 1890.
Ref.— ' Zs. Kr., 2 576, 1878; cf. also Langemann, Jb. Min., 2, 132, 1886. 2 Heddle, meas. bt - 27°-30°, calc. 29° 25A', Min. Mag., 4, 44, 1880. 3 Mallet, Min. India, 125, 1887.
4 On the optical characters, Dx., Min., 1, 416, 1862; Lsx., 1. c. ; Langemann, Jb. Min., 2, 126, 1886; Rinue, Abb. Ak. Berlin, 1175, 1890.
FORESITE Rath, Pogg., 152, 31, 1874.
In form and habit like stilbite. In crystalline crusts on tourmaline or lining cavities. Cleavage: b distinct, with pearly luster. G. 2 '405. Like stilbite in the position of the ax. pi. and bisectrix (Dx., Jb. Min., 640, 1876).
Anal.— 1, Rath, I.e. 2, Bechi, D'Achiardi, Min. Tosc., 2, 236, 1873. 3, Pulle & Capacci, quoted by D'Achiardi, Boll. Com. G., 5, 311, 1874. 4, Sansoni, Att. Soc. Tosc., 4, 317, 1879.
D'Achiardi calls the mineral analyzed by Bechi cookeite (cuccheite).
B.B. expands and melts. With difficulty decomposed by hydrochloric acid, even after igni- tion. The water goes off in part at 100° to 110" C., after continued heating at £00° the mineral loses 5 to 5i p. c., and to drive off the whole amount present (15'06 p. c. and 15'09 in two trials) a strong red heat was required.
Found at San Piero in Campo, Island of Elba, in cavities in the granite, with tourmaline, lepidolite, quartz, feldspar. It occurs, as a secondary product, along with heulandite and stil- bite, covering these minerals.
Named after G. F. Forresi of Porto Ferrajo in Elba.
SiOa
A12O3
MnO
CaO
MgO
Na2O
Ka2O
BeO
H2O
—
—
15-07
9-18
6-00
24'12
—
tr.
—
—
17 06
99 '94
686 Silicates.
444. GISMONDITE. Zeagonite Gismondi, Osserv. Min. di Roma, 1816, Tascb. Min., 11, 164, 1817. Gismondin Leonh., ib., 168. Gismondine. Abrazite Breislak, Instit. Geol., 3, 198. Aricite.
Monoclinic; pseudo-tetragonal by twinning1 Apparent form a square octa- hedron with a terminal angle of 61° 30' and an angle over the basal edge of 87° 30' Mgc.; 61° 4' and 88° 8' Eath. Crystals twinned somewhat analogous to phillipsite. As explained by Rhine, the pyramid is formed by two sets of clino- dornes e (Oil), twinned parallel to a prism of nearly 90°, each set being separately twinned parallel to the basal plane c (001). The edge of the pyramid corresponds in position, consequently, to the clino-diagonal axis. Faces rough and composite, often formed of many subindividuals.
Fracture subconchoidal. H. 4'5. G-. 2'265. Luster vitreous. Color- less or white, bluish white, grayish, reddish. Transparent to translucent.
Optically — . Bxa b (010) and Ex,, sensibly a (100). Sections base of pyramid show four sectors, divided by diagonal lines, of which the two opposite have like extinction, while for the two adjacent the extinction-directions are in- clined 5°. Sections pyramidal edge show parts to both Bxa and Bx0. Axial angles, Einne:
2Ha.r 86° 58' Li 2H0.r 104° 11' .'. 2Vr 82° 11' pt 1-5348
2Ha.y 87° 34' Na 2H0.y 103° 38' .-. 2Vy 82° 43' /3y 1-5385
2Ha.gr 88° 10' Tl 2Ho.gr 102° 54' .'. 2Vgr 83° 19' /Jgr 1-5409
The form was made orthorhombic by Credner; also by Lang, who regarded the crystals as made up of 110 and Oil, with 110 A 110 89° 10', Oil A Oil 93° 41', 110 A Oil 65° 18'. Irregularities of angle led Schrauf, and of optical character Lasaulx, to assume a twinning of triclinic individuals. Des Cloizeaux, however, while proving the forms to be penetration-twins, shows that the directions of extinction vary somewhat widely, probably as caused by the irregular grouping but not so as to confirm Lasaulx's assumption of triclinic individuals. The later observations of Rhine are given above.
Ritine finds that on increase of temperature the variations in the extinction disappear and the crystals become orthorhombic in structure; further the ax. pi. becomes parallel to a diagonal and the bisectrix coincides withe. Also 2Ha.gr 24° 57'. Optically — ; double refraction weak.
Comp. — Uncertain; corresponds nearly to CaAl2Si4012 -f 4H20 Silica 34'3, alumina 29'1, lime 16'0, water 20'6 100. Potash replaces some of the lime.
Anal.— 1, Marignac, Ann. Ch. Phys , 14, 46, 1845.
SiOs A12O3 CaO K2O H2O 1. CapodiBove G. 2'265 35'88 27-23 13-12 2'85 21 -10 100-18
The following analyses 2, 3, are referred to phillipsite by Dx. ; they have been regarded as mixtures of gismondite and phillipsite, while by some authors they are called zeagonite and as- signed the formula (K,,Ca)Ali*O,..4H,O Silica 42-6, alumina 24'1, lime 88, potash 7'4, water 17 '0 100. The mineral of anal. 4 is stated positively to be gismondite.
Anal.— 2, 3, Mgc., 1. c., p. 41. 4, Kbl., J. pr. Ch., 18, 105, 1839.
SiO2 A12O3 CaO K2O H2O
2 Local 43-25 24-69 7'45 9'78 15'25 100'42
3. Vesuvius 43"95 24'34 5'31 11 '09 15'31 lOO'OO
4. CapodiBove 42'72 25'77 7'60 6'80 17'66 100-55
A single determination.
Pyr., etc.— At 100° C. yields one-third of its water, and becomes opaque. B.B. whitens, intumesces much, and melts to a milky glass. Easily dissolves in acids and gelatinizes.
Obs.— Occurs in the leucitophyre or leucitic lava, of the region of Mt. Albano, s'outh-east of Rome, at Capo di Bove, and elsewhere, associated with pyroxene, magnetite, mellilite, phillips- ite, wollastonite, etc. ; on the Gorner glacier, near Zermatt (Kenngott), in cavities in a coarse, granular, reddish brown garnet-rock, with epidote, calcite, chlorite, and genthite; also in the Val di Noto, Sicily (Scacchi), in white mammillary concretions, fibrous within. Other localities are- the Frauenberg near Fulda; Schiffenberg near Giessen in basalt in part altered to a clay- like substance; on the Hohenberg (Hamberg) near Buhne in Westphalia, in a nephelite-basalt in octahedral crystals of relatively large size (f cm. on the edge); Schlauroth near Gorlitz m Silesia; Salesl, Bohemia.
Laumontite. 587
A mineral near gismondile in form and like it in its complex grouping occurs with other zeolites on Fritz Island in the Schuylkill river, Penn.
Zeagonite is from iv, to boil, and ayovoS, barren; and dbrazite, from a, privative, and fipaeiv, to boil, has about the same meaning.
Ref.— ' On the form, etc., see Mgc., 1. c. ; Rath, Pogg., 132, 549, 1867] Bang, Phil. Mag., 28, 505, 1864; Streng, Jb. Min., 578, 1874; Slg., Zs. Kr., 1, 336, 1877; Schrauf, ibid,, 596; Lsx., ib., 4, 172, 1879; Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 301, 1883, ib., 7, 135, 1884; Rinne, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1027, 1890.
445. LAUMONTITE. Zeolithe efflorescente H., Tr., 4, 1801. Laumonite H., Tabl. Comp., 1808. Lomonit Wern., Karst., Tab., 1808. Schneiderite Meneghini, Am. J. Sc., 14, 64, 1852. Leonhardite Blum, Pogg., 59, 336, 1843. Caporcianite Sam, Mem. cost. fls. Toscana, 2, 53.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 1-1451 : 1 : 0-5906: ft= 68° 464-' 001 A 100 Miller1.
100 A HO 46° 52', 001 A 101 22° 3£', 001 A Oil 28° 50'.
Forms': b (010, m (110, /) e (201, 2-*) r (111, - 1)
a (100, i-l) c (001, 0) d (201, - 2-i)3 /(601, 6-i)3 u (111, 1)
mm'" *93° 44' cf 92° 23|' br 66° 44' uu' 60° 28'
cd 35° 0' or 31° 38' bu 59° 46' md 55° 22'
ce 56° 55' cm *75° 40' rr' 46° 32' m'e 66" 30'
a'e *54° 19' cu 41° 57'
The form of laumontite approximates somewhat closely to that of the pyroxenes.
Twins: tw. pi. a. Common form the prism m with oblique termination e. Also columnar, radiating, and divergent.
Cleavage: b and m very perfect; a imperfect. Fracture uneven. Not very brittle. H. 3'5-4. G. 2-25-2-36. Luster vitreous, inclining to pearly upon the faces of cleavage. Color white, passing into yellow or gray, sometimes red. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent; becoming opaque and usually pulverulent on exposure.
Optically -. Ax. pi. b. Bxa A 6 + 65° to 70°. Dis- persion large, p inclined slight. Axial angles, Dx. :
Huelgoet 2Er 52° 24' 2Ebl 56° 15' Huelgoet, Dx.
Comp., Yar.— H4CaAl2Si40]4 + 2H20 4HaO.CaO.Al203.4SiOa Silica 51-1, alumina 21-7, lime 11-9, water 15'3 100.
Leonhardite is a laumontite which has lost part of its water (to one molecule), and the same probably true of caporcianite. The former occurs in white or yellowish crystals like ordinary 1 iiimontite, also columnar and granular; caporcianite in pearly flesh-red monocliuic crystals. titi/ineiderite is laumontite from the serpentine of Monte Catini. Italy, which has undergone alteration through the action of magnesian solutions. It occurs with sloanite in the gabbro rosso of Tuscany. Named after Sign. Schueider, director of the mine of Monte Catini. The .ffidel- forsite of Retzius, or the Red Zeolite of Edelfors. is referred here by N. J. Berlin, who considers it impure from mixed quartz. Bischof has analyzed a pseudomorph of laumontite after ortho- el ase.
Anal.— 1. Sjogren, Pogg., 78, 415, 1849. 2, Traube, Jb. Min., 2, 67. 1887. 3, 4, Gericke, Lieb. Ann., 99, 110, 1856, Rg., Min. Ch., 808, 1860. 5, Mallet, Am. J. Sc., 22, 179, 1856. 6, How, ib., 26, 34, 1858. 7, Bechi, Trans Ace. Line., 3, 114, 1879. 8, Liversidge, Min. Mag., 1, 54, 1876. 9, 10, Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 20, 16, 1885. 11, Delffs, Pogg., 59, 339, 1843. 12, Barnes, Am. J. Sc., 15, 440, 1853. 13, Smita, Min. Mitth., 268, 1877 (material dried over H2SO4). 14, Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 62, 1852.
G. SiO2 A12O3 CaO HaO
1. Upsala, red 51 '61 19-06 12-53 14*02 Fe2O3 2-96 100-18
2. Striegau, wh. 2'28 51-09 21-36 11'76 15'35 99'56
3. Sarnthal 2'28 f 51-58 20'63 ll'SO 15'10 Fe2O3 0'26, Na,O 1'57 100'64
4. Plauen Grund 2'310 53'16 22'76 9'33 11 '90 Fe2O3 0'15, Na2O 3'32 100'62
Silicates.
G.
5. Skye, red 2'252
6. Port George, N. 8.
7. Moute Catini
8. CoxR., N. S. W.
9. Table Mt., Col.
10. " " "
11. Schemuitz, Leonhardite 2-25
12. Copper Falls, "
13 Floitenthal. " 2'374
14. Caporcianite 2 '47
SiO2
A12O2 22 -9S
Ca0
H2O
12-43 K2O,Na2O 0'87, MgO tr. 15-26 100-40 [100-23
15-00 Fe2O3 3-13, MgO 0'52 100 05 12-65 MgO 0-48 100'23 100'12 13-81 FeaO, 0-94, Na2O 0-19, K2O 0-35 14-58 Na2O 0-48, K2O 0'42 100'09 [11-64]= 100 11-93 99 69
12-38 99-97 100-17
13-17 MgO 1-11, Na2O 0'25, K2O I'll
Laumontite loses its water of crystallization very readily and hence is often found with less than the normal amount. Malaguti and Durocher (ref., p. 571) give the following:
Temp. 100* 200° 300" red ht. Also in vac. H2SO4
H2O 3-17 p. c. 6-08 7-28 remainder 2-26 p. c. 3'85
Leonhardite loses over sulphuric acid 1 -7-1 '9 p. c. water, and has then the composition of laumontite dried at 100°, Smita, 1. c.
Doelter finds that laumontite, when fused and cooled very slowly, forms a semi-crystalline mass in which anorthite is prominent, also a pyroxenic mineral in acicular forms with an amor- phous ground-mass. Jb. Min., 1, 130, 1890.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. swells up and fuses at 2 '5-3 to a white enamel. Gelatinizes with hydro- chloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs in the cavities of basalt and similar eruptive rocks: also in porphyry and syenite, and occasionally in veins traversing clay slate with calcite. It was tirst observed in 1785, in the lead mines of Huelgoet in Brittany, by Gillet Laumont, after whom it is named.
Its principal localities are the Faroer Islands; Disco in Greenland; in Bohemia, at Eule in clay slate; St. Gothard in Switzerland; the Fassathal, in large masses with radiated structure; Sarnthal, near Botzen, Tyrol; the Plauenscher Gruucl, near Dresden; Hartneld Moss in Renfrew- shire, accompanying analcite; the amygdaloidal rocks in the Kilpatrick hills, near Glasgow; the basaltic rocks of the Hebrides, and the north of Ireland. In India, in the Deccan trap area, at Poona and in the Western Ghats.
Peter's Point, Nova Scotia, affords fine specimens of this species. It is there associated with apophyllite, thomsouite, and other species of this family: also at Port George, N. S., in veins sometimes 3 in. thick, and at Margaretville, colored green by copper; also at Digby Neck and Long Point. Also found in good specimens at Phippsburg, Maine; also sparingly at Bradleysville, Litchfield Co., Conn., near a paper-mill in narrow seams in gneiss; and at South- bury, Conn., a little east of the village, on the land of Mr. Stiles; also sparingly at West Rock, New Haven. Abundant in many places in the copper veins of Lake Superior in trap, and on I. Royale; on north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Bay and Foud du Lac. Found also at Bergen Hill, N. J., in diabase, with datolite, apophyllite, etc.; sparingly at Phillipstown, N. Y., in feldspar with stilbite; at the Tilly Foster iron mine, Brewster, N. Y.; at Columbia bridge, near Philadelphia.
Leonhardite occurs in a trachytic rock at Schemnitz in Hungary; at Pfitsch in an earthy chlorite, and near Predazzo in the Fleimsthal, Tyrol, in a melaphyre; in the Floiteuthal. Also at Copper Falls, Lake Superior region, a variety which alters but little on exposure. Capor- cianite occurs in geodes with calcite in the gabbro rosso of Monte de Caporciauo at 1'Impruneta, and other places in Tuscany. It is sometimes accompanied by native copper.
Ref.—1 Mir., Min., p. 452, 1852; he made x 102, u Oil, r 111. The position here taken is that of Dx. (Min., 1, p. 492, 1862), but the vertical axis has half the length assumed by 3 J. D. D., on schneiderite from Mte. Catini, Min., p. 400, and f.
him. Cf. Mir. , Dx. 381, p. 399, 1868.
446. LAUBANITE. H. Traube, Jb. Min., 2, 64, 1887.
In fine fibrous, sometimes spherical, bundles with eccentric radiated structure; resembles stilbite.
H. 4'5-5. G-. 2'23. Luster dull. Color snow-white, superficially pale yellow with iron oxide. Transparent to translucent.
Comp.— Ca.Al.Si.O,. + 6H20 or 2CaO.Al,0,.5SiO, + 6HaO Silica 48'2,. alumina 16*4, lime 18*0, water 17*4 100. Anal. — Traube, 1. c.
SiO2 AUO3 CaO MgO H2O '
47-84 16-74 1617 1'35 17'08 FeO 0-56 99'74
Pyr.— B.B. fuses to a blebby glass. Decomposed by warm concentrated hydrochloric acid: with separation of gelatinous silica.
Obs. — Occurs implanted upon phillipsite crystals in basalt at Lauban, Silesia.
Chabazite Group— Chabazite.
447. Chabazite.
Chabazite Group. Ehombohedral.
448. Gmelinite. 449. Levynite.
The fundamental rbombohedrons of the species of the Chabazite Group have different angles, but, as shown in the axial ratios 011 p. 572, they are closely related,, since, taking the ruombohedron of Chabazite as the basis, that of Gmelinite has the symbol §(2023) and of Levynite f(3034).
The variation in composition often observed in the first two species has led to the rather plausible hypothesis that they are to be viewed as isomorphous mixtures of the feldspar-like compounds
(Ca,Na2)Al2Si2O8 + 4H2O (Ca,Naa)AlsSi8O,. + 8H2O
447. CHABAZITE. Zeolithus albus cubicus Islandise v. Born, Lithoph., 1, 46, 1772. Zeolite en cubes Faujas, Vole. Viv., 126, 1778; de Lisle, Crist., 2, 40, 1783. Chabazie (fr. Ober- stein) Bosc d' Antic, J. d'Hist. N., 2, 181, 1788. Wurfelzeolith pt. (rest analcite) Wern., Emmer- liug. Min., 1, 205, 1793. Chabasie (rhombohedral form recognized) H., Tr., 3, 1801. Chabasiu Karst., Tab., 30, 1808. Schabasit Wern., Hoffm. Kuboizit Weiss, Hoffm. Min., 4, b, 41, 1818, Mag. Ges. N. Fr., Berlin, 7, 181, 1816. Adipite Renevier, Bull. Soc. Vaud., 16, 15, 1879. Cabasite Hal.
Phakolit Breith; Tamnau, Jahrb. Min., 653, 657. 1836. Haydenite Cleaveland, Min., 478, 1822. Acadialite Alger & Jackson (without publication) "No Chabasie "2£ Hoffmann, Am. J. Sc.. 30, 366, 1836; Acadiolite Thomson, Phil. Mag., 22, 192, 1843; Hayes. Am. J. Sc., 1, 122, 1846. Herschelite Levy, Ann. Phil., 10, 361, 1825. Seebachite Baiter, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 391,
Khombohedral. Axis 6 1-0860; 0001 A 1011 51° 25f ' Phillips1.
Forms2: c (0001, 0) rare; a (1120, f-2); r (1011, B); e (0112, - \)t s (0221, - 2); t (1123, f-2); 0(2134, i3); f (12-H8-14, H*1)*-
On phacolite also p (0223, — f) which corresponds in angle to the fundamental rhombo- uedron of gmelinite.
Figs. 1, 2, Common forms; 2, penetratiou-twin. 3, FarSer, Tamnau. 4, Bohemia, Sbk. 5, 6, Phacoliie, Richmond, Victoria, Rath.
er 51° 26' ce 32" 5' ea - 39' 54'
cs 68" 16' ct 35° 54' ee' -. 54° 47'
rr *85° 14' er 42° 37' no 67° 28'
tt' - 5° 55'
590 Silica Te8.
Twins: (1) tw. axis penetration-twins (1 2, 3, 4) very common. (2) Tw. pi. r, contact-twins, rare. Form commonly the simple rhombohedron varying little in angle from a cube; also r and e. Faces r, i, e striated intersection-edges; also a edge a/r. Also amorphous.
Cleavage : r rather distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H.=4-5. G.=2'08 -2*16. Duster vitreous. Color white, flesh-red; streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Optically — ; also + (Andreasberg, also haydenite). Double re- fraction weak. The interference-figure usually confused ; sometimes distinctly biaxial; basal sections then divided into sharply denned sectors with different optical orientation. These anomalous optical characters probably secondary and chiefly conditioned by the variation in the amount of water present. Mean refrac- tive index 1'5, Levy-Lex.
The optical characters of chabazite have led Becke3 to a hypothesis of a twinning of triclinic individuals. On this view the chabazite rhombohedron is formed of six or more individuals, each cleavable in three directions, corresponding to the rhornbohedral planes, but to be taken as the piuacoids of a triclinic crystal, 100, 010, 001. The angles a, fi, y, formed on each of these faces, respectively, between the diagonal and the extinction-directions vary for the different localities, but in a typical example (Faroer) were as follows: a 22° '8, ft 5" '8, y 12° '3. The following angles were also obtained on the cleavage form: 100 A 010 83° 42', 100 A 001 85° 31V,_ 010 A 001 85° 5'.
These six or more individuals are regarded as united into double twins according to two twinning laws, the tw. planes, 110 and 110 (corresponding to faces of the prism of the second series), inclined 118'5° to each other. Three types are distinguished, according as to whether the faces taken as 100, 010, or 001 form the exterior of the pseudo-rhombohedral crystal. These three types are recognized by the angle formed by the extinction-directions in the two halves of a rhombohedral face on either side of the diagonal line. In the first type this angle is about 46°; in the second small, about 11°; in the third about 24°. A basal section shows six sectors with an arrangement of the extinctions in the different parts corresponding to these types, of which, however, the second is rare and not positively identified.
The herschelite of Sicily and seebachite of Richmond differ from chabazite in showing a small axial angle through the terminal plane; moreover, the individuals here are referred to the monocliiiic system, twinned in a manner more or less closely analogous to that characterizing the chabazite proper.
Klein has described phacolitefrom Annerod, a basal section c) of which showed in parallel polarized light an optical division into six sectors; while, further, each sector was divided into two parts with extinction c) inclined in each symmetrically 6° to 7° to the 5-axis between them. This direction was further the ax. plane with Bxa (— a) ± c the plane of the section; hence op- tically — ; 2E 75-80° approx. These last semi-sectors were more or less sharply separated by a feather-like area between them. Different crystals and different parts of the same crystal showed wide variation in the arrangement and in the strength of the double refraction, and it is inferred that these differences are connected with a loss of the water of crystallization. This is confirmed by the behavior of a section on being heated : the heating serves to increase the strength of the double refraction, calls out the optical areas where they did not exist before or develops them in extent and distinctness. There is, however, no return to the original condition on cooling.
Rhine has investigated the effect of heat further and concludes that the optically positive chabazites, by heating and consequent loss of water, gain the optical characters of the negative Varieties. Further heating changes both kinds to those with strong positive double refraction. The distinction between the optically + and — kinds in nature is hence probably connected with amount of water present.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. The most common form is the fundamental rhombohedron, in which the angle is so near 90° that the crystals were at first mistaken for cubes. Acadialite, from Nova Scotia (Acadia of the French of last century), is only a reddish chabazite; sometimes nearly colorless. In some specimens the coloring matter is arranged in a tessellated manner, or in layers, with the angles almost colorless. For chabazite from Oberstein G. 2 '092, from Aussig 2-093 Streng.
Haydenite is a yellowish variety in small crystals from Jones's Falls, near Baltimore, Md.; the crystals are often twinned parallel to R.
A gelatinous substance (adipite) having the composition of chabazite (anal. 12) has been noted by Renevier tilling cavities between calcite crystals in veins in the molasse at Cret- Meilloret near Lausanne.
2. Phacolite is a colorless variety occurring in twins of mostly a hexagonal form, and often much modified so as to be lenticular in shape (whence the name, from tpaKoS, a bean); the original was from Leipa in Bohemia.
Here belongs also herschelite (seebachite) from Richmond, Victoria; the composite twins of
freat variety and beauty. Probably also the original herschelite from Sicily made orthorhombic y v. Lang (pseudo-hexagonal by twinning). It occurs in flat, almost tabular, hexagonal prisms with rounded terminations divided into six sectors.
Chabazite Group— Chabazite.
Comp. — Somewhat uncertain, since a rather wide variation is often noted even among specimens from the same locality. The ratio of (Ca,Na.2,K2) : Al is nearly constant 1 : 1), but of Ala : Si varies from 1 : 3 to 1 : 5; the water also increases with the increase in silica. The composition usually corresponds to (Ca,Nag)Al,Si4Q,1 + 6HaO which, if calcium alone is present, requires: Silica 47*4, alumina 20-2, lime 11 '1, water 21'3 100. If Ca : Na2 1:1, the percentage composition is: Silica 47 '2, alumina 20*0, lime 5'5, soda 6-1, water 21*2 100.
Potassium is also present in small amount, and the Oberstein mineral contains both barium and strontium (0'48 BaO, 0-32 SrO Schrftder). Streng (Ber. Oberhess. Ges.,16, 74, 1877) explains the supposed facts most satisfactorily by the hypothesis that the members of the group are iso- morphous mixtures, analogous to the feldspars of
j w(Ca,Na2)AlaSi2O8
If m : n 1 : 1, this is equivalent to the formula above given.
Anal. — 1-3, Burkhardt and Hammerschlag (Streng, 1. c.). 4, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 656. 1876. 5, 6, Rg., Min. Ch. Erg., pp. 57, 61, 1886. 7, 8, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., Zurich, 1887. 9. Mean of three closely agreeing analyses by Holmquist, Steenberg, Ferre, quoted by Widman, O. For. Forh., 12, 25, 1890. 10 Sansoni, Att. Soc. Tosc.. 4, 316, 1879. 11, Koch, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 304, 1876. 12, Bischoff, quoted by Renevier, 1. c. 13, Hayes, Am. J. Sc., 1, 12'3, 1846. 14, Hillebraml, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 20, 23, 1885. 15, Sadtler, Am. Ch. J., 4, 356, 1882 16, Morse and Bayley, ib. , 6, 24, 1884.
17, Rg.. Pogg., 62, 149, 1844. 18, Burkhardt and Hammerschlag, 1. c. 19, Kerl, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 393, 1872. 20, Lepsius, ib., 25, 351, 1873. 21-23, Pittinan, Ulrica, Contr. Min. Victoria. 65, 1870. 24, Rath, Pogg., 158, 397, 1876. 25, Hersch, 1. c. 26, Dmr., Ann. Ch. Phys., 14, 97, 1845. 27, Walt., Vulk. Gesteine, 261, 1853. 28, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges, 28, 547, 1876. 29, Lsx., Zs. Kr., 5, 341, 1881. 30, Helms, Liversidge Min. N. S. W., 189, 1888.
G.
SiO2
A1203
CaO
Na2O K2O
H20
Nidda
2-133 f
—
22-09 100
Aunerod
22-04 Fe2O3 1'22
100
Alteubuseck
21-46FeaO, 1-48
100
Aussig
21-40 100-57
"
—
21-48 100-77
Oberstein
2 1-07 BaO 1-89
— 22-02 BaO, SrO r. =99 -90
FarSer
—
22-54 100-11
"
2-092 §
22-26a= 99-78
Elba
tr.
tr.
20-62 97-96
Csodiberg
20-77 99-02
Lausanne, Adipite
—
21-62 MgO 3-14
100
N. Scotia, Acadialite
18 30 99-54
Table Mt., Col.
10'06b
22-11 100-05
Fritz Is., Pa.
20-21 MgO 0-22
Baltimore, Haydenite
—
21 -31 BaO 1 -47, FeO2O,
[0 84, MgO 0-86
Lei pa, Phacolite
f
[19-161= 100
Annerod ' '
22 36 Fe2O3 0--14
100
Richmond, SeebacMte
tr.
22-2 99-7
—
22-07 99-63
18-67 99-84
19-25 100-63
18-52 100-89
21-08 100-29
21 97 10030
Aci Castello, Herscheliie
2-06 f
17 84 99-23
17-86 Fe2O3 1-14,
MgO
[0-50 19-45 100
98-25
" " "
[6691
19-40 100
Invernell, N. S. "W.
20-67 MgO 0-43
" In desiccator 3 "64 1 H20
), at red heat
18-62 p.
Incl. SrO 0-43.
Richmond phacolite loses 2 molecules H2O over calcium chloride after a week, Hintze, Zs Kr., 10, 276, 1885.
According to Damour, crystals from Dyrefiord, Iceland, and RubenJOrfel, Bohemia, lost 7'2 p. c. after 5 mouths in dried air: after some months in the free dir again regained this, and also an excess of 015 p. c. Heated for 1 hour to 100° C., the loss was 2'75 p. c. ; to 180°, 14
592 Silicates.
p. c. ; to 230°, 17 p. c. ; to 300°, 19 p. c. ; this loss was reduced to zero in 3 days; at a dull red heat, the loss was 21 p. c., and the mineral was no longer hygroscopic; at a bright red, it lost 22'4 p. c., intumesced, and was partially fused.
Phacolite lost 7 p. c. after 7 months in dried air; and 4 months after, in an atmosphere saturated with moisture, it had fin excess of 12-5 p. c., which it lost very nearly again in ordinary air. Heated to 100° C., the loss was 3'7 p. c.; to 210°, 15 '7 p. c.; to 290°-360°, 18 p. c.; and after 48 hours' exposure to the free air, the amount lost was restored. At a dull red heat, the loss was 22-2 p. c. ; at a bright red, 22'8 p. c., and the material was fused to a blebby enamel.
Rg. gives as the loss to 300° 17'1 to 195 p. c.
The mean results obtained by Burkhardt and Harnmerschlag (quoted by Streng, 1. c.) are:
100° 200° 300° ign. strong ign.
4-73 9-53 14-55 21-03 2239
3-99 10-90 1493 20-13 21-78
4-06 11-31 15-02 21-24 22'50
4-69 11-83 15-16 21-14 22'62
Hersch's results after 2 hours' heating in each case are as'follows :
For Chabazite:
Temp. 102° 125° 155° 195° 240° 260° 290' red ht.
HaO 5-77 6-51 9-22 11-29 13'55 14-44 14-81 22'47p.c.
For Phacolite:
Temp. 100° 150° 195° 240° 285° 320 red ht.
HaO 6-21 9-81 13-78 17'61 18'78 18'91 21 '97 p. c.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. intumesces and fuses to a blebby glass, nearly opaque. Decomposed by- hydrochloric .acid, with separation of slimy silica.
Obs.— Chabazite occurs mostly in basaltic rocks, and occasionally in gneiss, syenite, mica schist, hornbleudic schist.
Occurs at the Faroer Islands, Greenland, and Iceland, associated with chlorite and stilbite; at Aussig in Bohemia, in a kind of greenstone (the graustein of Werner); at Obersteiu, with uarmotome; at Annerod, near Giessen; at the Giant's Causeway, Antrim, Kilmalcolm, Renfrewshire (some an inch across); Isle of Skye, etc.; Poona, near Bombay, India, but rare.
Phacolite occurs at Leipa in Bohemia; also at Salesl and Waunow, in Bohemia; in Antrim, Ireland, at Giant's Causeway.
Herschelite accompanies phillipsite in a lava at Aci Castello, near Aci Ileale, Sicily; also at Cyclops, Catania; in basalt near Richmond, Victoria, Australia (seebachite), the crystals in mode of twinning and in optical properties like the Sicilian.
Both massive and incrusted at the Paugatuck stone-quarry, Stoniugton, Conn., with scapolite, titanite, and apatite; also yellowish red in North Killingworth, on the Essex turnpike; at Hadlyme, Conn., on gneiss; sparingly at Branchville in a pegmatyte vein with chlorite, etc.; in syenite at Sonierville, Mass., also at Chester, Mass., in amygdaloid; at Bergen Hill, N. J., in small crystals; in the same rock at, Piermont, N. Y. ; in fissures in hornblendic gneiss at Jones's Falls, near Baltimore (haydenite). with lieulandite. Phacolite has been reported from New York Island.
In Nova Scotia, wine-yellow or flesh-red (tlie last the acadialite), associated with heulaudite, analcite, and calcite, at Five Islands, Swan's Creek, Digby Neck, Mink Cove, William's Brook.
At Husavic, Iceland, fossil clam shells (Venus) occur in a recent deposit, lined within with small rhom boned rons of chabazite. Daubree states that crystals occur at the warm springs of Luxeuil, Dept. of Haute Sa6ne, France, as well as at, those of Plornbieres, under conditions which indicate that they were formed through the agency of the warm waters; the temperature at Luxeuil is 115° F., and at Plombifires 163° F. Also a recent formation at Bourbonue-les-Baius and at Oran, Algiers.
The name Chabazite is from # nr/JaC;o?, an ancient, name of a stone. Herschelite after Sir John F.W. Herschel (1792-1871). Seebachite after Karl von Seebach, a German mineralogist (1839-1878).
Alt. — The haydenite is often covered with chlorite, and sometimes chlorite takes the place of the crystal.
Altered crystals from the Vogelsgebirge have been analyzed by Suckow, 5th Ed., p. 436.
Doranite of Thomson may be altered chabazite, if the analysis is not an incorrect one of the unaltered mineral. Found in basalt, 2 m. W. of Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim. Cf. 5th Ed., p. 436.
Artif., etc. — Obtained by Doelter (1) by recrystallization in water containing carbon dioxide; the powdered mineral was digested in a closed tube for 9 days at 150°, and minute rhombohedral crystals obtained. (2) Also with similar result by direct synthesis of freshly precipitated silica, alumina, also calcium hydrate placed in carbonated water and kept for a long time at 200° in a sealed tube. By the fusion and slow cooling of chabazite, anorthite was obtained. Jb. Min., L 124, 1890.
Chabazite Group— Gmelinite.
Lemberg describes the conversion of normal chabazite into the corresponding barium and potassium compounds by slow digestion with solutions of barium chloride and potassium chloride; also the resubstitution by the action of calcium chloride, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 556, 1876.
Ref. — 'Min., 138, 1823, this angle varies somewhat widely, and seldom admits of exact measurement. " Cf. Tamnau, Inaug. Diss., Stuttgart, 1836. Also Dx.Min., 1, 407, 1862; Streng, Oberhess, Ges., 16, 74, 1877; Becke, Min. Mitth., 2, 391, 1879; Gdt., Index, 1, 407, 1886. Gdt. with Streng includes also gmelinite and levynite. The symbol of the striated vicinal, scalenohedron i (Ph.) is doubtful.
On the form of phacolite, herschelite, seebachite, see: Lang, Phil. Mag., 28, 506, 1864; Ulrich, Contrib. Min. Victoria, 1870; Rath, Pogg., 158, 387, 1876; Lsx., 1. c.
3 On the optical phenomena, cf. Brewster, Phil. Trans., p. 93. 1830, Phil. Mag., 9, 170, 1836,. Johnston, ib., p. 166 ; Dx., 1. c.; Streng, 1. c., Lang, Rath. 1. c.; Becke, Min. Mitth., 2, 391, 1879. Also Lsx., Sicilian herschelite, Zs. Kr., 5, 338, 1881 ; Klein, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 703, 1890, and Jb. Min., 1. 96, 1891 ; Rinne, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1192, 1890.
448. GMELINITE. Sarcolite Vauq., Ann. Mus., 9, 249, 1807, 11, 42. Hydrolithe Leman, Cat. Min. de Dree. 18, 1811. Gmelinite Brooke, Ed. J. Sc., 2, 262, 1825. Ledererite G. T. Jack- son, Am. J. Sc., 25, 78, 1834. Natronchabazit Germ.
Rhombohedral.
Forms2 : c (0001, 0) rare m (1010, /)
Axis 6 0-7345; 0001 A 1011 40° 18£' Pirsson1. r (1011, R)
a (1120, z-2) I (5270, I
q (3032, |)4 tw. pi. t- (1122, 1-2)
X (5166, f I)*
Figs. 1, 2, Cape Blomidon, N. Scotia. 3-6, Pinnacle Is., N. Scotia, Pirsson; these are drawn
with p (0111) in front.
cr 40° 18'
mr 49° 42'
c$ 36° 18'
ci 38° 6'
?r' *68° 8'"
rp 37° 44'
34° 26'
XTC 11° 2' 00* 29° 21f ?-0 16° 4f P0 =21° 40'
rX 6' 2' pX 31° 42' cq =51° 57f
Twins: (1) tw. pi. q (3032) which corresponds in angle to the fundamental rhombohedron of the related species chabazite, see f. 6. (2) tw. axis d, penetration- or contact-twins (f. 5) analogous to those of chabazite.
Crystals usually hexagonal in aspect: sometimes p smaller than r, and habit rhombohedral ; m 'often horizontally striated ; p often enclosed by the striated or
Silicates.
channeled faces of the scalenohedron 0 as in f. 5 ; sometimes in oscillatory com- bination with r as in f. 3. Faces £ striated edge g/r and often grooved, similarly to <fi.
Cleavage: m easy; c sometimes distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 4'5. G. 2'04-2'17. Luster vitreous. Colorless, yellowish white, greenish white, reddish white, flesh-red. Transparent to translucent. Optically positive, Cyprus, also negative, Andreasberg, the Vicentine, and Glenarm, N. Scotia. Double refraction very weak. Interference-figure often disturbed, and basal sections divided optically into section analogous to chabazite. Eefractive indices, Pirsson ':
Nova Scotia ooy I -4760 1 -4646
ey 1-4674 1-4637
Montecchio Maggiore G?y 1-48031
—
V — -
1-4770 Na 1-47852 Negri.3
Comp.— In part (Naa,Ca)Al2Si4Ol!1 + 6H20. If sodium alone is present this requires: Silica 46-9, alumina 19'9, soda 12-1, water 21-1 100.
The above corresponds to anal. 1 (in which some lime ir: also present); other analyses show more silica which has been ascribed to the presence of free silica, but, as Pirsson shows, is ex- plained by Streng's hypothesis (p. 591), the albite-like compound being present in relatively large amount.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Pogg., 49, 211, 1840. 2, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 547, 1876. 3-5, Howe, Am. J. Sc., 12, 270, 1876. 6, 7, Pirsson, ibid., 42, 62, 1891.
G.
SiO2 A13O3 CaO Na2O K2O H2O
1. Glenarm
3. Two Islands, N. 8. 4. Five Islands, N. S. 5. Bergen Hill, N. J. 6. Five Islands, outer shell 2 '037 7. " " nucleus 2 '037
f 46-48 20-64 3 '78 719 1'74 47 96 20-47 0'83 lO'OO 1-87 f 51-36 17-81 5-68 3'92 0'23 f 50-45 18-27 1-12 9'79 0'20 48-67 18-72 2'60 9'14 tr. 50-35 18-33 1-01 9'76 0'15 50-67 18-50 1-05 9'88 0"16
20-41 100-24
18-87 100
20-96 Fe2O3 0'15 100'H
20-71 Fe3O3 0-17 100'71
21-35 Fe2O3 O'lO 100-58
20-23 Fe2O2 0'26 100'09
20-15 Fe2O3 0-15 100'56
Acording to Damour, the Cyprus gmelinite loses 6 p. c. in dried air; at 100° C. loss 13 p. c., and the amount is regained rapidly in free air; at 230° C. loss 20 p. c. ; at a bright red heat 21 '5 p. c., and the grains become soldered together. The Irish crystals lose 7'25 p. c. in dried air, which in six months increases to 9'3 p. c.; the loss is reduced to 1-5 p. c. after a few days of exposure. In the closed tube crumbles, giving off much water.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily (F. 2'5-3) to a white enamel. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of silica.
Obs. — Occurs in flesh-red crystals in amygdaloidal rocks at Montecchio Maggiore (sarcolite of Vauquelin) and at Castel, in the Vicentine; at Audreasberg, in argillaceous schist, with analcite and heulandite; in Transylvania; at Glenarm and Portrush in Antrim, Ireland; the island of Magee, some crystals in. across; near Larne, flesh-colored; at Talisker in Skye, in large colorless crystals; on the I. of Cyprus, near Pyrgo, of a pale reddish color, and G. 2-07.
In the United States in fine white crystals at Bergen Hill, N. J. At Cape Blomidon in Nova Scotia (ledererite) on the north coast, at a point nearly opposite Cape Sharp, in geodes, with analcite and quartz, often implanted on the latter mineral; also at Two Islands and Five Islands.
Named Gmelinite after Prof. Ch. Gmelin of Tubingen (1792-1860); Hydrolite from the water present; Ledererite after Baron Lederer, Austrian Consul at New York (d. 1842). The name nydrolite has the priority, but is objectionable because the mineral is not so eminently hydrous as to make it deserving of the appellation.
Ref. — ' Pirsson, Nova Scotia, Am. J. Sc., 42, 57, 1891. Des Cloizeaux gives for crystals from Andreasberg mr — 50° 3 , rr 67° 34', Min., 1, p. 396, 1862. Streng (1. c.) shows that the forms may be referred to the_ chabazite rhombohedron (rr' 85° 16'), since i (chabazite) fc gmelinite; r then becomes 2023 (|.R). Notwithstanding the close relation of the two species it is most unnatural to merge them in one.
Cf. also Tamnau, Inaug. Diss., 1836; Guthe, Hannover Nat. Ges., 20, 52, 1871. 3 Negri, Moutecchio Maggiore, Riv. Min. Ital., 2, 3, 1887. 4 Pirsson, Five Islands, N. Scotia, 1. c.
GKODDECKITE Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 8, 343, 1883. Near gmelinite in form and composition. Axis c 0-7252. In rhombohedral crystals, mr 50° 3', rr' 67° 33'; showing also a scaleuo- hedron with terminal angles 67° 1' and 4° 30'. Cleavage: m indistinct. H. 3-4. Luster vitreous. Colorless, transparent. An analysis on 0-056 gr. gave Broockmann:
SKV51-2 A1..O, 12-0 Fe2O3 7'7 CaO M MgO 3'3 NaaO [4-5] H,O 20-2 100
Vhabazite Group— Levyxite. Analcite. 595
Known from a single specimen only, obtained at Andreasberg in the Harz, in 1867; the small crystals cover calcite crystals.
Named after von Groddeck, director of the Bergakademie at Clausthal.
449. LEVYNITE. Levyue Brewster, Ed. J. Sc., 2, 332, 1825. MesoTin~5er., Ed. Phil. J., 7, 6, 1822.
Kbombohedral. Axis 6 0-8357; 0001 A 1011 43° 58£' Haidinger.1
Forms' : e (0001, 0); r (1011, R); s (0221, - 2), h (0331, — 3). cs 62° 37', ch 70° 57 ', *s' *100° 81', Mi' 109° 53', rs 50° 16', rr' 73° 56'.
Twins: tw.pl. c, as penetracion-twins. Faces r, s striated edge r/s\ c uneven and usually rounded. Crystals often in druses.
Cleavage: s indistinct. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H.=4-4'5. G.= 2-09-2-16. Luster vitreous. Colorless, white, grayish, greenish, reddish, yellow- ish. Transparent to translucent. Optically negative. Double refraction strong.
Comp.— CaAl,Si,010 + 5HaO Silica 49-2, alumina 10-9, lime 11-5, water 18-4 - 100.
Anal.— 1, Damour, Ann. Mines, 9, 333, 1846. 2, 3, Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 20, 37, 1885.
SiO2 A12O3 CaO Na2O K3O HaO
1. Iceland f 44-48 23'77 10-71 1'38 1-61 17-41 99'36
2. Table Mt., Col., cryst. 46'76 21-91 11-12 1'34 0'21 18'65 99'99
3. " " " fibrous 46-97 22'39 10'85 0'79 1-17 18-03 100'20
Iceland crystals, according to Damour, lose 4 p. c. in dried air, and regain all again soon in the free air. When heated, begin to lose water at 70° C. ; at 225° the loss is 12 to 13 p. c.; remain hygroscopic up to 360°. The loss is completed at a white heat, when the mineral is a white blebby glass.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. intumesces and fuses to a white blebby glass, nearly opaque. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric and nitric acids.
Obs. — Lines cavities in amygdaloid, and is, with rare exception, the "sole tenant of its druses, even though these druses be within a quarter of an inch of others containing chabazite associated with half a dozen other zeolites" (Heddle); it shows thus its distinctiveness from chabazite.
Found at Glenarm and at Island Magee, Antrim; near Dungiven, Magilligan, and elsewhere in Londonderry; Hartfield Moss, near Glasgow; at Dalsnypen, Far5er (the original locality) and on the Island Waago; at Godhavn, Disco Island, Greenland; at Onundarfiord, Dyrefiord, and elsewhere in Iceland. In the basalt of Table Mountain near Golden, Colorado.
Mesolin is a white granular mineral from the FarSer, which may be chabazite; it fills small cavities in amygdaloid.
Named after the mineralogist and crystallographer A. Levy, author of the work on the Heuland Cabinet.
Ref.— ' Ed. J. Sc., 2, 332, 1828. The form may be referred to the chabazite rhombohedron (rr' 8_5° 16'), since c (chabazite) jc levynite approx., then r 3034 R), s 0332 (— R), h 0994 (- R).
450. ANALCITE. Zeolite dure (fr. Etna) Dolomieu, F. de St. Fond Min. des Volcans, 198, 1784. Wtlrfelzeolith pt. [rest Chabazite] Emmerling, Min., 205, 1793; Lenz, 1, 241, 1794. [Form, f. 9, described.] Zeolite cubique, Z. leucitique, Delameth., T. T., 2, 307, 308, 1797. Analcime H., Tr., 3, 1801. Analcite Gallitzin, Diet. Min., 12, 1801. Kubizit Wern. , 1803, Ludwig's Min., 2, 210, 1804. Analzim Wern., Letzt. Min. Syst., 6. Kuboit Breith., Char., 153, 1832 (Analzim, p. 127). Eutalith Esmark. Euthalite Dx., Min., 2, p. xxxix, 1874. Euthallite. Eudnophit Weibye, Pogg., 79, 303, 1850.
Isometric. Observed forms1 :
o(100, i-i) d(110, o(lll,l) r(332, |)2 n (211, 2-2) w (Till, m-m)s.
Usually in trapezohedrons (f . 1) ; also in cubes with planes n (f. 3) ; again the cubic faces replaced by the vicinal trisoctahedrou GO. Sometimes in composite groups (f. 2) about a single crystal as nucleus (f. 4). Also massive granular; com- pact with concentric structure.
Cleavage: cubic, in traces. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 5-5-5.
Silicates.
G. 2*22-2'29; 2*278 Thomson. Luster vitreous. Colorless, white; occasionally grayish, greenish, yellowish, or reddish white. Transparent to nearly opaque. Often shows weak double refraction which is connected with loss of water and consequent change in molecular structure. Refractive index: nr 1/4874, Cyclo- pean Is., Dx.3
Fig. 1, Common form. 2, 4, Phoenix mine, L. Superior, Penfleld. 3, Cyclopean Is., Fassatlial.
The question of the optical anomalies of analcite (early noted by Brewster) and the system to which it should be referred, has been discussed by many authors4. Schrauf on crystallographic grounds referred crystals from Friedeck, Bohemia, totheorthorhombic system, describing them as complex twins, analogous to leucite. Mal- lard described in detail the optical anomalies of the species, and ex- plained them by assuming that a crystal was formed by the interpene- tration of three pseudo-tetragonal individuals, each one formed of two orthorhombic crystals, with nearly equal axes; these 24 orthorhombic crystals, composing a single pseudo-isometric crystal, would correspond to the 24 planes of a tetrahexahedron.
The whole subject was exhaustively reviewed and further investi- gated by Ben Saude. He described the results of an optical examina- tion of sections of many crystals cut parallel to the cubic, octahedral, dodecahedral, and trapezohedral planes, and showed that they do not correspond with Mallard's hypothesis, but can be explained on the sup- position of internal tension. He found, further, that gelatine cast into moulds corresponding to the crystalline forms acquired on solidifying similar optical characters. He further showed that the effect of heat was to increase the strength of the double refraction or to call it out in parts before isotropic. Klein went far to explain this fact and the double refrac- tion in general by proving that heated in an atmosphere of water vapor or in hot water analcite became isotropic, while dry heat increased the double refraction. The optical anomalies, then, are immediately connected with the loss of water and the change in molecular arrangement re- sulting from that.
Rinne lias also investigated the effect of heat; he calls the form resulting from ignition a triclinic soda-leucite; optically determined, each of the pseudo-quadratic chief sectors, whose axes coincide with the cubic axes, is made up of four sectors with the bisectrix (— ) of each inclined about 4° to these axes. An analogy is suggested in optical character and molecular symmetry between ordinary potash-leucite and this soda-leucite on the one hand, and monocliuic potash feldspar and triclinic soda feldspar, albite, on the other.
Comp.— NaAlSi,06 -f H20 Na2O.Al203.4Si02.2HaO Silica 54*5, alumina 23-2, soda 14'1, water 8 '2 100.
Doelter writes the formula H2NaAlSi2O7 or NaAlSid + 2H2SiO3, arguing that the water cannot be water of crystallization.
Picranalcime of Meneghini and Bechi (Am. J. Sc., 14, 62, 1852), supposed to contain 10 p. c. MgO, is nothing but ordinary analcite as shown by Bamberger, anal. 7.
Anal.— 1, Ricciardi & Speciale [Gazz. Ch. Ital., 359, 1881], Zs. Kr., 8, 309, 1883. 2, 3, Niko- layev [. Berg.-J., 2, 376, 1881], Zs. Kr., 11, 392, 1886. 4, Sauer, Zs. Kr., 11, 412, 1886. o, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 539, 1876. 6, Preis & Vrba, Ber. Bohm. Ges., 467, 1879. 7, Bam- berger, Zs. Kr., 6, 32, 1881. 8, Luedecke, Zs. Kr., 7, 91. 1882. 9, Lorenzen, Medd. Gr5nl., 7, 1884. 10, Paijkull, Inaug. Diss., p. 14, Upsala, 1875. 11, Johnsson, quoted by Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 584, 1890. 12, Lauglet, ibid. 13, Bgr., 1. c. 14, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., p. 19, Zurich, 1887. 15-17, Young, Ch. News, 27, 56, 1873. 18, Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 20, 29, 1885. 19, TTfirri-vrton, Geol. Canada, 45 G, 1878. 20, Pisani, Dx., Min., 2, p. xxxix, 1874. 21, Borck, and S3. Berlin, Pogg., 79, 304, 1850. 23, Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 239, 1881.
Analcite.
G. SiO2 A12O,
1. Etna 2-21 54*39 22-86
2. Blagodatsk, Cuboite 2-277 54 "42 22 '89
3. " mass. 2'481 55-28 21-21
54-72 23-12
56-32 22-00
54-76 23-64
57-08 21-51
53-92 24-60
54-80 23-61
53-39 23-17
53-70 24-10
53-00 23-59
53-19 24-77
53-58 24-07
54-85 22-59
5448 23-01
55-54 22-27
55-81 22-43
53-29 23-33
4. Wiesenthal
5. Fassathal
6. Kuchelbad
7. Mte. Catini
8. Heldburg
9. Kaugerdluarsuk
10. "Brevik"
11. Lille Aro
13. Eikaholm
14. Cyclopean Is.
15. Crofthead
16. Mugdock
17. Ban-head
18. Table Mt., Col.
19. Montreal
CaO
Na2O
K2O
10-56"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
20. Brevik, EutJiallite
21. LamO, Eudnophite
22. "
23. "
55-8 24-1 — 12-8
54-93 23-59" — 14'06
5506 23-12 — 14-06
54-00 24-00 — 13-51
H2O
8-18 MgO 0-38 100-04
8 13 Fe2O3 0-40, MgO tr.
[99-71 5-01 Fe2O, 0 93, MgO 0-39
[98-18
8-25 Fe2O3 0'60 100-14 8-80 100-82 8-53 CO2 0-12 100-90 8-32 100-86 8 50 100-55 8-25 101-18 9-02 Fe203 0-35 100'57 8-35 101-65 8-00 99-83 8 26 100-85 8-29 100-39 9-06 99-97 8-28 99-77 8-55 100-11 8-37 100-08 8-47 100-27
8-8 101-5 8-29 100-87 8-16 100-40 8-38 99-89
a Given as K2O 10'56, Na2O 2'00. b In original 25'59, which makes the sum 102-87, while that given is 100'87.
Hersch (1. c.) has determined the loss of water on heating (after two hours in each case) as follows:
Temp. H2O
100°
150°
195°
245°
295°
red ht. 8-29 p. c.
Euthallite of Esmark is a compact analcite, often in nodular form with concentric structure, the successive layers greenish or grayish white in color. It results from the alteration of elseolite. Occurs on the islands Lille Aro, Sigteso, and at other points on the Langesund fiord, southern Norway. Cf. Dx., 1. c., Pisani, anal. 20; also Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 223, 1890. Named from eu, well, and Oa/lAd?, a green twig, in allusion to the color.
EudnopJdte of Weibye, from the island Laven in the Langesund fiord, Norway, has been regarded as dimorphous with analcite, belonging to the orthorhombic system. The description given is as follows: Crystals in six-sided prisms (b, m) terminated by a macrodome, e, with the angles mm'1' 60°, me 50°. .-. ee' 95° 50'. Commonly massive, cleavable. Cleavage: c perfect; a, b, less so. H. 5'5. G. 2'27. Luster weak, a little pearly on the cleavage-faces. Color white, grayish, brownish. Streak white. Translucent; in thin laminae transparent. Op- tically biaxial; negative. 2E 70° approx. Cf. Weibye, 1. c.; Dx., Min.. 1, 395, 1862; Btd., Bull. Soc. Miu., 4. 239, 1881; Dx., ibid., '7, 78, 1884; Lex., ibid., 8, 359, 1885.
Brogger (Zs. Kr. , 16, 565 et seq., 1890) has thoroughly investigated this supposed species, especially on the optical side, and concludes that it is nothing but ordinary analcite, characterized "by more than usually strong double refraction; cf. above.
Pyr., etc.— Yields water in the closed tube. B.B. fuses at 2'5 to a colorless glass. Gela- tinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — The Cyclopean Islands, near Catania, Sicily, afford pellucid crystals; also the Fassa- thal in Tyrol; other localities are, in Scotland, in the Kilpatrick Hills; Bowling, pseudomorphs after laumontite; Glen Farg; near Edinburgh; at Kilmalcolm; the Campsie Hills, etc. ; Co. Antrim, etc., in Ireland; the FSr5er Islands; Iceland; the Vincentine, with prehnite, chabazite, apophyllite, etc.; Wessela, near Aussig, Bohemia; at Arendal, in Norway, in beds of iron ore; at Andreasberg, in the Harz, in silver mines; Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland; Kerguelen Is. On the islands of the Laugesund fiord, Norway, in part as a result of the alteration of elaeolite; also of segirite.
Euthallite (see above) is from Lille Ar6, Sigteso, and other points in the Langesund fiord, southern Norway. EudnopJiite (see above) is from the island Laven (Lara6) m the same region and occurs with catapleiite, leucophanite, mosandrite, etc. Named from eu8vo(f>oS, obscurity, in allusion to the cloudiness of the mineral.
Occurs at Bergen Hill, New Jersey; in gneiss near Yonkers, Westchester Co., N. Y. ; at Perry, Maine, with apophyllite, in greenstone; abundant in fine crystals, with prehnite, datolite, and calcite, in the Lake Superior region; in the gangue of the copper, at Copper Falls and North- western mines, and at Michipicoton Island, and also at other mines not now worked. At Table Mt. near Golden, Colorado, with other zeolites.
598 Silicates.
Nova Scotia affords fine specimens at Martial's Cove, Five Islands, Cape d'Or, Swan's Creek, and Cape Blomidon.
The name Analcime is from dvaXxiS, weak, and alludes to its weak electric power when heated or rubbed. The correct derivative is analcite, as here adopted for the species.
Alt. — Sauer describes aualcite altered from leucite and changed further to feldspathic pseudo- morphs. Analcite altered to a mixture of calcite and hydrous silicate of aluminium has been observed by Tschermak. Also occurs altered to prehnite; to lithomarge.
Artif.— Obtained by de Schulten in trapezohedral crystals, showing double refraction like the natural mineral; the method employed consisted in heating to 180°-190° in a closed tube sodium silicate, or caustic soda with an aluminous glass. The crystals were trapezohedrons (O'l mm.) and gave on analysis: SiO, 54'6, A12O3 21 '8, Na2O [15'0], CaO tr., HaO 8 -6 100. Also by heating in a similar manner, sodium silicate and aluminate in proper proportion to form analcite, with lime water; these crystals were sensibly isotropic. The author concludes that a concentrated alkaline solution gives trapezohedrons, under other conditions cubes are formed. Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 150, 1880, 5, 7, 1882.
Lemberg (1. c.) shows that a soda solution changes leucite (anal. 1) into analcite, while the product so formed (anal. 2) may be altered back again into leucite (anal. 3). A similar result was obtained with natural analcite.
SiO, A1OS CaO K2O NaaO HaO
1. Leucite, nat. 56'04 23'38 0'20 18'90 T41 0'32 100'25
2. Analcite, artif. 55'80 22-91 0'29 0'68 12'96 7'86 100
3. Leucite, " 55'50 23'27 0'25 19-03 0'85 MO =100
Ref.— ' Mir., Min., 446, 1852; Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. ix, 1864. Lasp., Kerguelen Is., Zs. Kr., 1, 204, 1877. 3 Dx., Min., 1, 392, 1862. 4 On optical anomalies, etc., see Brewster, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 10, 187, 1826; Dx., 1. c., N. R., 5, 1867; Schrauf, Anz. Ak. Wien, 1876; Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 111, 1876; Lsx., Jb. Min., 510, 1878. Zs. Kr.. 5, 330, 1881; Schulten, Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 150, 1880; Arzruni & Koch, Zs. Kr., 5, 483, 1881; Ben Saude, Jb. Min., 1, 41, 1882 (Inaug. Diss.); Pfd., Am. J. Sc., 30, 112, 1885; Klein, Jb. Min., 1, 250, 1884, 2, 101, 1885, 1, 93, 1891; Stadtlander, Jb. Min., 2, 101, 1885; Brauns, Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 510, 1887; BrSgger, Zs. Kr., 16, 5Q5etseq., 1890; Rinne, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1188, 1890.
The Cluthalite of Thomson (Min., 1, 339, 1836) occurs in flesh-red vitreous crystals iq amygdaloid at the Kilpatrick Hills. H. 3'5. G-. 2166. Opaque or subtranslucent. Fragile. Analysis afforded:
SiO, A1,O, FeaO, Na,O MgO H2O
51-27 23-56 7"31 5'13 1'23 10'55 99'05.
It may be altered analcite. From Clutha, a name sometimes given to the valley of the Clyde, Cf. Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 4. 239, 1881.
451. FAUJASITB. Damour, Ann. Mines, 1, 395, 1842.
Isometric. In octahedrons; also a trisoctahedron perhaps 655 '. Twins: tw. pi. o, usually penetration-twins.
Cleavage: o distinct. Fracture uneven. Fragile. H. 5. Gr. 1*923. Luster vitreous; sometimes adamantine. Colorless, white; brown externally.
Exhibits anomalous double refraction, which has given rise to doubt as to its true form.
Rinne'2 shows that it is normally isotropic, but a loss of a little water disturbs the molecular structure and the octahedron is then divided into eight uniaxial individuals, optically -)-. At about 150° C., after losing twelve molecules, it is again isotropic, while a further loss of water makes it uuiaxial and negative. On taking up water again it returns to the positive uniaxial condition.
Comp.— Perhaps H4Na2CaAl4Si,0038 + 18H.O Na3O.Ca0.2AlsOs.10Si0.20H90 Silica 46-8, alumina 15-9, lime 4'4, soda 4'8, water 28 '1 100. Anal.— 1, Damour, 1. c.; 2, id., ib., 14, 67, 1848.
SiO2 A12O3 CaO NaaO HaO
1. Kaiserstuhl 4936 16'77 5'00 4'34 22'49 97'96
2. 46-12 16-81 4-79 5'09 27'02 99'83
According to Damour, loses 15 p c. of water when exposed for one month to dry air, but regains almost all of it in ordinary air in 24 hours. Heated at 50°-55° C. for one hour loses 15'2 p. c. ; at 60°-65°, 10'4 p. c. : at 70°-75°, 19-5 p. c., which is almost entirely regained by exposure lo air for a few weeks
Jannasch found that the loss over fused OsiCl..! \vns 1'83 p. c. in 24 hours, 1-72 in 48 hours;
Edingtonite. 599
over H2SO4 4'69 in 54 hours, 6'75 in 78, 6'52 in 100, 5'84 in 106; over P2O6 7'44 in 118, 9'04 in 142, 10'19 in 166, 10'88 in 190 hours. From here on the weight became constant. Again, the loss' after heating several hours from 105° to 110° was 10'88 p. c. ; at 150°, 16'83, corresponding to 12 molecules of water, and this was reabsorbed by the air. Further at 160° the loss was 18'66 p. c.; 200° to 205°, 21 '41; 250° to 260°, 22 67; over a gas burner 27'02 and over a_blast lamp 27'59. Jb. Min., 2, 24, 1887.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses with intumescence to a white blebby enamel. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid without gelatinizatiou.
Obs. — Occurs with augite in the Hrnburgyte of Sasbach in the Kaiserstuhl, Baden. Also stated to occur at Annerod near Giessen; Pflasterkaute near Eisenach; probably also Stempel near Marburg (Koenen). The adamantine luster sometimes observed is attributed to a thin bituminous coating. Named by Damour after Faujas de Saint Fond.
Ref.—1 Knop, Lieb. Ann., Ill, 375, 1859. 2 Jb. Min., 2, 17, 1887.
452. EDINGTONITE. Haidinger, Brewster's Ed. J. Sc., 3, 316, 1825. Antiedrit Breith., Char., 164, 1832.
Tetragonal, with sphenoidal hemihedrism. Axis 6 0'6725; 001 A 101 33° 55£', Haid1.
Forms1 : TO (110, I); sphenoids p (111, 1), (113, n (112, i).
Angles : mp 46° 26', m'n 64° 34', m's 72° 25' (meas. 72°), pp' 111 A 111 87° 7i' (meas. 87°19'), nri (112 A 112) *50° 52', M' 35° 11'.
Form as in the figure. Crystals minute (not above f in. across) and incon- spicuous. Faces ,s rare and slightly curved. Also massive.
Cleavage : m perfect. Fracture subconchoidal to un- even. Brittle. H. 4-4-5. G. 2-694 Heddle; 2'71 Turner. Luster vitreous. White, grayish white, pink. Translucent to opaque. Optically negative, Dx.
Comp.— Perhaps (Eg.) BaAl,Si3010 + 3H20 or BaO. Al203.3SiO,.3H20 Silica 36-8, alumina 20'9, baryta Haidinger.
31-3, water ll'O - 100.
Anal.— Heddle, Phil. Mag., 9, 179, 1855.
SiO2 36 98 A12O3 22'63 BaO 26 -84 CaO,Na20 tr. HaO 12-46 98'91.
Turner's original analysis (1825) was incomplete and incorrect; a new investigation is needed.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water, and becomes white and opaque. B.B. at a high heat fuses to a colorless mass. Affords a jelly with hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— Occurs in the Kilpatrick Hills, near Glasgow, Scotland, associated with harmotome, another barium mineral, and also analcite, prehuite, calcite, etc. Haidinger states that the crystals examined by him occurred on thomsonite, an association not observed by Heddle.
Named after Mr. Edington, who found it in 1823 on Lord Blantyre's estate n-ear Old or West Kilpatrick, Dumbartonshire. It has since been found at several quarries in the neighbor- hood but, perhaps in part because so inconspicuous, it is a very rare mineral in collections.
Artif. — Lemberg mentions a silicate obtained by digesting an artificial natrolite 12 days with barium chloride, which is near ediugtonite; it yielded: SiOa 37'50, A12O3 21 '85, BaO 25'38, CaO 1-17, Na2O 1'04, H2O 13 06 100. Zs. G. Ges., 28, 553, 1876.
Ref.—1 1. c., also Pogg., 5, 193, 1825. Greg. Min., 191, 1858.
Glottalile of Thomson (Min., 1, 328, 1836), from Port Glasgow, on the Clyde, Scotland, is described as occurring in white crystals that " seem to be regular octahedrons; at least 4-sided pyramids, the faces of which appear to be equilateral triangles, are visible; other crystals appear to be cubic." H. 3'5; G. 2'18; luster vitreous. Thomson obtained, 1. c.:
SiOa A12O3 Fe2O3 CaO HaO
37'01 1631 0-50 13-93 21 '25 99'00
Heddle states (Phil. Mag., 9, 181, 1855) that it is probably edingtonite mixed with harmotome, mentioning that Thomson's mineral came from the same locality with the edingtonite, and from the same dealer that furnished him with the edingtonite for his analysis. In the mineralogy of Greg and Lettsom (p. 171, 1858) it is stated to be chabazite occurring in small aggregated and irregular crystals, somewhat resembling phacolite.
'600
Silicates.
453. Natrolite.
Natrolite Group.
454. Scolecite.
455. Mesolite.
The Natrolite Group includes the sodium silicate, Natrolite, with the empirical formula NaaAlaSisOio-SHjO; the calcium silicate, Scolecite, CaAl2Si3Oio.3H2O; also Mesolite inter- mediate between these and corresponding to m?Hl41iAOlQuHA°.
( raCaAlsShOio.SHsO
These three species agree closely in angle, though varying in crystalline system; Natrolite is orthorhombic usually, also rarely inonoclinic; Scolecite is monoclinic, perhaps also in part tri- clinic; Mesolite seems to be both monoclinic and triclinic.
453. NATROLITfi. Zeolit pt., Zeolites crystallisatus, prismaticus, capillaris (fr. Gustafs- berg), Cronst., Min., 102, 1758; Z. albus fibrosus, capillaris, etc. (fr. Iceland and Gustafsb.) v. Born, Lithoph., 46, 1772; de Lisle, Crist., 1772, 1783. Mehl-Zeolith, Fasriger-Z. , Wern., Ueb. Cronst., 243, 1780; Faserzeolith, Nadelzeolith, Wern. Mealy Zeolite, Fibrous Zeolite, Needle Zeolite. Zeolite, Mesotype, pt.. H., Tr., 3, 1801. Natrolith (fr. HOgau) Klapr., N. Schrift Nat Ges. Fr. Berlin, 4, 243, 1803, Beitr., 5, 44, 1810. Hogauit Selb., Schrift, ib., 395 Natrolite H., Cours de Min., 1804, Lucas Tabl., 1, 338, 1806. Natron-Mesotype. Soda-Mesotype.
Krokalith (Crocalite) (fr. Felvatza) Estner, Min., 2, pt. 2, 559, 1797. Bergmaunit (fr. Fredriksvarn) Schumacher, Verz. dan. Foss., 46, 1801. Spreustein Wern., 1811, Hoffui. Min., 2, b, 303, 1812. Radiolith Esmark, Hunefeld, . J., 52, 361, 1828. Brevicit (fr. Brevik)P. Strom, Jahresb., 14, 176, 1834. Lehuntite Thomson, Min., 1, 338, 1836. Eiseu -Natrolith C. Berge- mann, Pogg., 84, 491, 1851; Iron-Natrolite. Savite Meneghini, Am. J. Sc., 14, 64, 1852 Galaktit Haid., Kenng. Ber. Ak. Wien, 12, 290, 1854, 16, 157, 1855. Fargite Reddle, Phil. Mag., 13, 50, 1857. Palaeo-Natrolith Scheerer, Pogg., 108, 416, 1859.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0-97852 : 1 : 0-35362 Brogger1. 100 A HO 44° 22f, 001 A 101 19° 52£', 001 A Oil 19° 28f .
Forms2 : a (100, i-l) b (010, c (001, 0)s
I (610, z-6>
d (310, £3)6 m (110, 7) n (120, i-2)s
D (101, 1-i)6
u (301, 34)s (601, 64)2 e (Oil, 14)
h (031, 34)3
o (111, 1) d(221, 2) z (881, 3)3 n (551, 5)4'6
t (511, 5-5)4. s (311, 8-3)* y (181, 3-3) / (391, 9-3)3
Also the following vicinal planes: n (31-30'0)6 (54-50 -54)5; (lllO'll); C (21 '20-21); -Z7(34'36'l).
o (12'12-5)5; a (31-31 '30)6; r (44-40-43)5:
Figs. 1, 2, Common forms. 3, " Brevik, " Lang-Bgr.
Ix"
mm'" nn'
Dd'
uu'
-Cd'
18° 32' 36° 8' 88° 45|' 54° 8'
39° 44'
94* 37' 130° 29'
ee'
38° 57'
hh'
93° 23'
mo
63° 11'
mq
44° 41'
me
33° 24'
21° 35'
oo' *37° 37f
dd' =61° 5' fat - 73° 16' ff' 36° 0' at 30° 25' as 44° 22V ao 71° 11' oo" 53a 39'
ay 76°
oo'" dd"'
zz"'
Ss
yy'" ff"
*36° 47f 59° 39 71° 27' 26° 58' 89° 52'
130° 16'
Natrolite Group— Natrolite.
Also in part monoclinic with the axial ratio a : b : c 1-0165:1:0-35991; ft — 89° 54f Brogger1.
Forms: a (100, i-l), b (010, i4), n (210, i-2), m (110, /), e (101, l-l), D (Oil, 1-i), o (111, -1), c' (111, 1), d (221, 2), z (331, 3), # (311, 3-3), s (131, 3-3), (151, 5-5), J7(3(L34Ll, 86-Jf). x
The crystals are regarded as monoclinic twins with a as tw. plane; the axes a and b corre- spond respectively to b and d of the orthorhombic type. The optical orientation is sensibly the same for both types.
Stadtlauder" has described complex natrolite crystals from Marburg whose grouping may be explained by assuming a twinning with the prism as tw. pi. and c as comp. face, the horizontal axes thus crossing at angles of nearly 90°. Further a twinning about the front pinacoid is also suggested, but with some question. Luedecke" notes a variation m extinction of 5°-7° with the prismatic edge in natrolite of Aussig and Salesl.
Twins: tw. pi.3 n (301), cruciform twins, rare; the crystals crossing nearly at right angles — this may per- haps have been an accidental association. Cristals prismatic, usually very slender to acicular and tArmi- nated by the pyramid o (111), then closely resc tetragonal forms; often with more or less distinfctf Vici- nal planes; the faces in the prismatic ztone vertically striated. Crystals frequently interlacing, divergent, or in stellate group. Also fibrous, radiating, passive, granular, or compact.
Cleavage: m perfect; b imperfect,, pe
Monte Baldo, after Artini.
/
Fracture uneven. H. 5-5 '5. G Luster vitreous, sometimes inclinin t white, or colorless; to grayish, lucent.
Optically +. Ax. pi. b.
Auvergne Also
Bombiano
Samte
Stoko
ar 1-4768 A. 1 2Er
laps only a plane of parting (Bgr.). ,20-2-25; 2-249, Bergen Hill, Brush. 'ly, especially in fibrous varieties. Color reddish to red. Transparent to trans- Indices and axial angles:
r 1-4887 .-. 2Vr 59° 29' 2Er 94° 27' Dx. 2Ebi 95° 41'
2Ha.y
2H0.y
119° 28'
2Ha.y
62° 44'
2H0.y
119° 38'
2Ha.r
62° 31'
2H0.r
119° 35f
2Ha.y
62° 44'
2H0.y
119° 4'
2Ha.gr
63° Oi'
2Ho.gr
118° 37'
ar
1-47287
fir
1-47631
1-47543
fiy
1-47897
(Xgr
1-47801
1-48172
')
2Vr
61° 3'
2Vy
2Vy 62° 6'
2Vr 61° 56' Bgr. 2Vy 62° 15' 2 62° 34'
yr 1-48534 1-48866 yKI 1-49181
Also calc. (a, ft,
Sections of crystals, regarded as monoclinic, gave:
2Ha.r 61° 29' 2H0.r 121° 1'
2Ha.y 61° 37' 2H0.y 120° 47'
2Ho.gr 120° 24'
y 62° 10'
(calc.)
62° 19'
2HaCT 61'
37' 46'
2Vr 60° 51' Bgr. 2Vy 61° Oi' 2Vr 61° 18i'
Dispersion horizontal, probably shown in sections ± Bxa (Bxa 1 k approx.); but crossed dis- persion not observed in sections j. Bx0.
Other determinations of indices and axial angles are given by BrOgger, quoted from Lorenzen; further the latter found: 2E 98° 58' at 15°, 97° 6' at 108°, 96° 13' at 150°, 93° 21' at 229|°, 90° 55' at 308°, Of. also Dx., N. R., 74, 1867.
Rinne(cf. p. 571) shows that with increase of temperature and the accompanying loss of water, natrolite is converted into a monoclinic substance, called by him metanatrolite. A section jj c with extinction parallel the diagonals (a a and 6 b) showed, after heating, fields with the extinction (a) inclined to each other 15° in adjacent parts about the lateral axis; further, to cor- respond with the new molecular structure, the former vertical axis must be made the axis of
602 Silicates.
symmetry, and the prismatic faces orthodomes 101 and 101, with twinning about 100 (or 001). No change in geometrical form accompanied the change in molecular structure.
Var. — Ordinary. Commonly either .(a) in groups of slender colorless prismatic crystals, varyiug but little in angle from square prisms, often acicular, or (b) in fibrous divergent or radiated masses, vitreous in luster, or but slightly pearly (these radiated forms often resemble those of thomsonite and pectolile); often also (e) solid amygdules, usually radiated fibrous, and somewhat silky in luster within; (d) rarely compact massive.
Galactite is ordinary natrolite, occurring in colorless acicular crystallizations in southern Scotland, instituted as a species on an erroneous analysis. It may contain a few per cent of lime and hence is intermediate between pure uatrolite and mesolite (p. 605). Fargite is a red natrolite from Glen Farg, containing, like galactite, about 4 p. c. of lime.
Radiolite, bergmannite, spreustein, bremcite, palmo-natrolite, are names which have been given to the natrolite from the augite-syeuite of southern Norway, on the Langesund fiord, in the " Brevik " region, where it occurs fibrous, massive, and in long prismatic crystallizations, and from white to red in color.
Radiolite as originally described occurred in radiated masses, and compact fibrous nodules, of a grayish color; the name, however, is often used to include also the well crystallized forms from the same region.
Bergmannite or Spreustein is a secondary mineral in the augite syenite. Various views in regard to its origin have been expressed; for example Scheerer regarded it as a paramorph after an original mineral which he called palceo-natrolite; other authors have suggested elseolite, cancrinite, a feldspar, etc., as the parent mineral. Brogger, however, shows that, in the first place, it is more or less lacking in homogeneity and, further, includes kinds which have the com- position of natrolite (Natrolith-spreustein, Bgr.) and others of hydronephelite (Hydronephelit- spreusteiu, Bgr.). The natrolite spreusteiu has arisen chiefly from the alteration of sodalite, also in less extent from cancrinite. A similar change of sodalite to natrolite (spreustein) has also been noted in connection with the sodalite-syenite of Kaugerdluarsuk, Greenland.
Bremcite is the same as spreustein, though the name has also been used as synonymous with radiolite. The original analysis (anal. 27), showing nearly 7 p. c. CaO, was probably not made on homogeneous material, cf. anals. 19, 28. Crocalite, from the Ural, is a red zeolite, like the bergmannite of Laurvik; occurs in small amygdules, and is fibrous or compact.
Savite, according to Sella (N. Cimento, 1858) is natrolite, occurring in slender colorless prisms. It comes 'from a serpentine rock at Mte. Caporciano, Italy, and specimens are ordinarily not pure from serpentine. Its identity with natrolite has been confirmed by Dx. (N. R., 75, 1867); also more fully by Artini6. Cf. anal. 5.
Iron-natrolite (Eisennatrolith Bergm., Jernnatrolith Swed) is a dark green opaque variety, either crystalline or amorphous, from the Brevik region; probably from the islands Lovo and SigtesS. It was supposed to have the alumina to a considerable extent replaced by iron sesqui- oxide, cf. anal. 81. Brogger shows, however, that the iron is due to the presence of inclusions of a mineral probably related to stilpuomelane.
Comp.— Na,Al2Si,010 + 2H20 or Na2O.AlsOf.3SiO, + 2HaO - Silica 47'4, alumina 26-8, Na30 16-3, water 9-5 100.
Groth writes the formula as a basic metasilicate, Naa(AlO)Al(SiO3)3 + 2H2O.
Anal.— 1, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 550, 1876. 2, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., p. 13, Zurich, 1887. 3, Kleppert, Jb. Min., 88, 1875. 4, Fuchs, . J., 18, 8, 1816, also other auals. 5, Mattirolo, Att. Ace. Torino, 21, 848, 1886. 6, Luzzatto, Riv. Min. Ital., 4, 54, 1889. 7-10, Negri, ibid., 7, 18, 1890. 11, G. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 31, 365, 1861. 12, O. C. Marsh, Dana Min., 428, 1878. 13, Genth, priv. contr. 14, Young, Ch. News, 27, 56, 1873. 15, 17, Heddle, Phil. Mag., 11. 272, 1856. 16, Hyland. Sc. Proc. R. Dublin Soc., 411, 1890 (read Feb. 10). 18, Eckeubrecher. Min. Mitth., 3, 30, 1880. 19, G. LindstrSm, G. For. F5rh., 9, 436, 1887. 20-22, Paijkull, Inaug. Diss., Upsala, 1877. 23-26, Quoted by Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 619, 1890 (Fr. A. v. Hall, E. Wickstr5m, E. Knutsen, etc.). 27, Sonden, Berzelius, Jahresb., 14, 176, 1834, Pogs:., 33, 112, 1834. 28, Paijkull, quoted by Bgr., 1. c., p. 640. 29, 30, Lorenzen, Meddn GrOnl., 7, p. 11 (sep.), 1884. 31, Bergemann, 1. c.
G. SiO2 A12O3 CaO Na,O KaO HaO
1. Hohenlwiel 47'61 27'31 — 15'88 — 9-96 100'76
2. Jakuben 2'283 f 46'12 28'22 — 15-87 — 9'91 100-12
3. Stempel 47'59 25'23 0'26 13'87 M2 10'50 Fe2O3 0 39,
[MgO 0 24 99-20
4. Fassathal 48'63 24'82 — 15'69 — 9'60 Fe2Os 0'21
98-95
5. Monte Catini, Samte 48-07 27-05 — 16-56 — 9-62 101-30
6. Mte. Baldo 47'16 26'76 0'28 16'18 — 9-57 99'95
7. Salcedo 47'21 27-01 — 15-99 — 9'55 99'76
8. Montecchio Maggiore 46'97 27'12 — 15-95 0'40 9'42 99'86
9. Lugo I 47-23 27-21 — 14'80 0'41 9'70 99'35
10. Alta Villa 47-71 27'89 — 16'99 — 9 '69 102 28
11. Bergen Hill 2'249 47'31 26'77 0'41 15'44 0'35 9'84 100'12
Na Teolite Oro Up—Na Trolite.
G.
12. C. Blomidon
13. Magnet Cove 2'243
14. Loch Thorn
15. Bislioptou, Galactite, white
16. Kenbane Head, " 2'26
17. Glen Farg, Fargite, red
SiOa A12O3 CaO Na,O KaO H2O
Brevik, Spreustein 2'
" Brevicite Bergmannite
Lamansskar, light red, radiated
Stok5, white
L. Aro, Radiolite, monoclinic
" " orthorhombic
Ovr. A 1-6 " Brevicite
Kangerdluarsuk, pseud., red rod.
" " cryst.rad.
99-89
—
—
100-27
—
99-91
zss
99-78
—
100-02
—
100-80
tr.
100-03
—
100-74
—
Fe2O3 0-62
100-96
tr.
[16-48]
—
FeaO3 0-75,
[MgO 0-27 100
f 47 16
—
Fe2O3 0-10
99-03
100-20
100-31
—
—
9990
—
100 74
—
MgO 0-21
99-31
tr
—
9986
—
FeO 1-17,
[Cl. tr. 100-93
tr.
9-50 FeO 0-58
[100-39
G.
31. Eisennatrolith 2'353
SiOa A12O3 46-54 18-94
Fe2O3 FeO MnO Na8O H,O 7-49 2-40 0-55 14'04 9'37
The Auvergne natrolite undergoes, according to Damour (ref., p. 571), no loss in dried air. At 240° C. it loses nearly all its water and becomes milky and opaque; and if afterward exposed to the free air, it regains all it had lost, excepting its transparency and firm texture; if again heated, it loses its water at about 90° C.
Hersch (1. c.) obtained, after heating two hours at each temperature:
Temp. H20
105°
130°
160°
195°
225°
240°
265°
290°
red. ht. 9-81 p. c.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube whitens and becomes opaque. B.B. fuses quietly at 2 to a colorless glass. Fusible in the flame of an ordinary stearine or wax candle. Gelatinizes with acids.
Obs. — Occurs in cavities in amygdaloidal basalt, and other related igneous rocks; sometimes in seams in granite, gneiss, and syenite.
It is found in the graustein of Aussig and Teplitz in Bohemia; in fine crystals at Puy de Marmau and Puy de la Piquette in Auvergae; at Alpstein, near Sontra in Hesse; Fassathal, Tyrol; Monte Baldo on Lago di Garda, Montecchio Maggiore, and other points in Venetian Italy; Kapnik in Hungary; Dellys in Algeria; HQgauin Wurtemberg (the Faserzeolith W.), in yellowish radiated masses; etc. In red amygdules (crocalite) in amygdaloid of Ireland, Scotland, and Tyrol: the amygdaloid of Bishopton (galactite), acicular crystals, several inches long; at Glen Farg in Fifeshire; in Dumbartonshire; at Glenarm in the county of Antrim; at Portrusli; and at Magee Island, near Lame, Ireland. Common in the augite-syenite of the Langesuud fiord, near lirevik, southern Norway, in fine crystallizations, also in radiated forms and as the secondary spreusteiu (see further above).
In North America, natrolite occurs in the trap of Nova Scotia, at Gates's mountain, Cape d'Or, Swan's Creek, Cape Blomidon, Two Islands. At Bergen Hill.N. J. ; sparingly at Chester, Ct. ; at Copper Falls, Lake Superior, in crystals, sometimes on native copper; also on New York Island; at Magnet Cove, Arkansas (anal. 13).
Named Mesotype by Hatty, from ecro?, middle, and TV no?, type, because the form of the crystal — in his view a square prism — was intermediate between the forms of stilbite and analcite. Natrolite, of Klaproth, is from natron, soda; it alludes to the presence of soda, whence also the name soda-mesotype, in contrast with scolecite, or lime-mesotype. Schumacher's name bergmannite, after Bergmann (1735-1784), dates from the same year (1801) with Hatty's mesotype.
Artif. — Obtained by Doelter by recrystallization of the powdered mineral in water contain- ing carbon dioxide in a closed tube at 160°. Further by digesting nephelite in a closed tube at 200° with alkaline carbonates and carbonated water, analcite was obtained in distinct crystals, and also prismatic crystals which were inferred to be natrolite. Jb. Min., 1, 134, 1890.
Lemberg shows that the slow (5 mouths) action of potassium carbonate on natrolite causes an exchange of potassium for sodium, which action is reversed by sodium carbonate. The
Silicates.
action of calcium chloride brought about a partial change toward scolecite in natural natrolite, but complete in the artificial substance. Zs. G. Ges., 28, 551, 1876.
Ref.— Ar5, Langesund fiord (?), Zs. Kr. 3, 478, 1879, also7 below; cf. Luedecke, Jb. Min., 2, 7, 1881. Artini and Brogger also obtained the axial ratios:
Mte. Baldo Norway
a b c
0-97962 : 1 : 0-34991 Artini. 0-98194 : 1 : 0'35345 Bgr.
8 See Seligmann, Zs. Kr., 1, 338, 1877, for early authorities, list of forms, etc. s Lang, Phil. Mag., 25, 43, 1863. 4 Bgr., 1. c., 1877. 5 Palla, Salesl, Zs. Kr., 9, 386, 1884; some of these are very doubtful. 6 Artini, Rend. Ace. Line., Mte. Baldo, 36, 245, 1887. Also savite, Bombiano, 4, 51, 1888, Bombiano, 5, 37, 1889. ' Bgr., G. F5r. Forh., 9, 266, 1887, Zs. Kr., 16, 596 et seq., 1890. 8 Stadtlander, Jb. Min., 2, 113, 1885; Luedecke, ib., 2, 7, 1881.
ELLAGITE A. Nordenskiold, Beskrifu., etc., 118, 1855. H. 25-30. Occurs in yellow, brownish, or reddish yellow crystalline musses, cleavable in two directions with the intersections near 90°; subtranslucent to opaque; luster pearly on a cleavage surface. Igelstrom, 1. c., obtained: SiO2 47'73, A12O3 25'20, FeO 5 92, OaO 8-72, HaO 12-81 100-38. B.B. fuses and forms a white enamel. Occurs with fine crystals of epidote at Aland, Finland.
454. SCOLECITE. Skolezit OeJilen & Fuchs, . J., 8, 361, 1813. Mesotype pt. Fibrous Zeolite pt. Lime-Mesotype. Poonahlite Brooke, Phil. Mag., 10, 110, 1831. Punahlit Germ.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0-97636 : 1 : 0-34338; /? 89° 18' 001 A 100 Flink1.
100 A HO 44° 18f, 001 A 101 19° 18', 001 A Oil 18° 57'.
Forms2 : a (100, i-i) b (010, *-i) c (001. 0) n (510, *-5)4
I (210, i-2) m(lW, 1) k (120, ;-2)3 h (470, H)4
d Q01. — l-l)
o (111, - 1) z (332, - |)4 y (12-12-5, - -1/)4 v (331, - 3) x (441, - 4)4
w (551, - 5)3 e (111, 1)
r (551, 5)4 8 (311, - 3-3)3
t (531, - 5-f)3 u (1311-1,- 1 p (181, - 3-3) 2 (474, - H)4
U"' 52° 2' mm'" *88° 37V 54° 14' mo 63" 25'
mv 33° 59'
m'e 64° 14'
oe' 52° 21'
ao - 71° 20'
a'e= 72° 12' oo *35° 46' vv' 70° 19'
88' 26° 251' pp' 88° 8' ee' 36° If
It is shown by Luedecke that part of the scolecite deviates optically from the requirements of the monoclinic system; here belongs the mineral from the Schattige Wichel, etc.
Crystals slender prismatic, twins with a as tw. pi., showing a feather-like striation on b, diverging upward at 15-22° Zeph. (24°-26° Dx.); also as penetration-twins. Faces m often delicately striated hori- zontally. Crystals in divergent groups. Also massive, fibrous and radiated, and in nodules.
Cleavage: m nearly perfect. H. — 5-5*5. G. 2-16-2*4. Luster vitreous, or silky when fibrous. Transparent to subtrans- lucent. Pyroelectric : on heating, the end with oc -f, also a +, prisms and b — .
Optically — . Double refraction weak. Ax. pi. and Bx0 b. Bxa A 15°-16°. Axial angles, Schmidt6:
bb
Iceland 2Har 32° 26' Li Iceland, Flink. 2Ha.y 33° 48' Na
2Ha.gr 34° 10' Tl
Also measured
2H0 r rr 124° 1'
2Hoy 123° 0' 2Hogr= 121° 26'
2Var=35°22'
2Va.y 36° 26' 2Va.Kr 37° 14'
2Ey 55° 44'
ft 1-4952
Comp.— CaAl,Si3010 + 3HaO or CaO.Al,0,.3Si01.3H90 Silica 45-9, alumina 26-0, lime 14-3, water 13-8 100.
Anal.— 1, Igelstrbm, Jb. Min., 361, 1871. 2, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., p. 12, Zurich, 1887! 3. Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 551, 1876. 4, Petersen, Jb. Min., 852, 1873. 5, E. E. Schmid,
Natrolite Group— Mesolite.
Her Ges. Jena, 14, p. 62, June 9, 1880. 6, Luedecke, Jb. Min., 2, 19, 1882. 7, Bechi, Boll. Com. G., 541, 1879. 8, Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 20, 36, 1885. 9, J. T. Donald, Eng. Mng. J., 51, 474. April, 1891. 10, Darapsky, Jb. Min., 1, 66, 1888. 11, Hussak, Bol. Comm.. Geol., S. Paulo, No. 7, p. 8, 180.
H2O
13-30 100-61 13-89 100-63 13-89 100-45 13-83 K20 0-08 - 100-40 13-45 FeOs 0-16, MgO 0-06= 101 -23 13-24 100-12 13-OOMgOO-ll 100-02 1-04 [14-48]K,O 0-13, Fe2O,0'27=100
— 13-88 100-24
— 13'25MgO tr. 100 "44
— 13-67 99-19
According to Damour, Iceland columnar masses lost nothing in dried air; nothing until the heat applied exceeded 100° C.; at 300° it had lost 5 p. c., which it regained in moist air; at a dull red heat the loss was 12 p. c., aud it was no longer hygroscopic; at a bright red it lost 13'9 p. c. , aud became after intumescence a white enamel.
Hersch (1. c.) has obtained the following results, after two hours' heating in each case:
G.
1. Lundd5rrsfjall
2. Bulandstindr
3. Iceland
4. Poonahlite
5. Etzlithal
6. Fellinenalp
7. Casarza
8. Table Mt., Col.
9. Black L., Quebec
10. Chili
11. TuberSo
SiO2
A12O3
CaO
Na20
Temp. H2O p. c.
105'
130°
160°
195°
225°
290°
red ht. 13-86 p. c.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. sometimes curls up like a worm (whence the name from <TK caA.?}!-, aworm, which gives scolecite, and not scolesite or scolezite); other varieties intumesce but slightly, and all fuse at 2-2'2 to a white blebby enamel. Gelatinizes with acids like natrolite.
Obs. — Occurs in the Berufiord, Iceland, where the crystals often exceed two inches in length, and are occasionally a quarter of an inch thick. It has also been met with in amygdaloid at Staffa; in the Isle of Mull; iu Skye, at Talisker; near Eisenach in Saxony; near the Viesch Glacier, Valais; common in fine crystallizations in the Deccan trap area, in British India, near Poona, and from railroad tunnels and cuttings in the Bhor Ghat; in Greenland; at Pargas, Finland; iuAuvergne; the valley of Cachayual, in Chili; the Serra de Tuberao, Santa Catharina, Brazil.
In the United States, in Colorado at Table Mountain near Golden in cavities in basalt.
In Canada, at Black Lake, Megantic Co., Quebec, in a granite dike in the serpentine region.
Artif. — Obtained by Doelter in a manner analogous to other zeolites by recrystallization in a closed tube at 150°. See Jb. Min., 1, 135, 1890. Lemberg shows that scolecite may be con- verted into natrolite (and mesolite) by the slow action of soda solutions, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 551, 1876.
Ref.— ' Ak. H. Stockh. Bihang, 13 (2), No. 8, 1887; cf. also Zeph., Zs. Kr., 8, 588, 1884; and earlier, Rose, Pogg , 28, 427, 1833; Luedecke, Jb. Min., 2, 1, 1881; the latter gives the early literature. Further, Luedecke, Zs. Nat, Halle, 63, 42, 1890.
2 Cf. Dx., Min.. 1, 386, 1862, Luedecke, 1. c. 3 Zeph., Iceland, 1. c. 4 Flink, 1. c., also several doubtful planes. 6 Schmidt, Zs. Kr., 11, 587, 1886; cf. Dx. , Luedecke, Flink, 1. c., also Wyrouboff, Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 266, 1886.
On pyroelectricity, Rose and Riess, Pogg., 59, 368, 1843; Hankel, Abh. Sachs. Akad., 12, 35, 1878, and Wied. Ann., 6, 56, 1879; Friedel and Gramont, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 75, 1885.
455. MESOLITE. Fucks & Oehlen, . J., 8, 353, 1813, 18, 16, 1816. Mesotype pt. Fibrous Zeolite pt. Mehl-Zeolith pt. Lime-and-Soda Mesotype. Antrimolite Thorn., Min., 1, 326, 1836. Harringtonite Thorn., ibid., 328.
Monoclinic and triclinic1 In prismatic crystals near scolecite in form and angles, and twinned like them. Prismatic angle about 88°. Lateral planes often vertically striated. In more or less divergent groups or tufts, often very delicate. Also massive; nodules or masses usually silky fibrous or columnar; often bristled with capillary crystals; sometimes consisting of interlaced fibres; rarely stalactitic, radiated fibrous within; occasionally cryptocrystalline, porcelain-like.
Des Cloizeaux describes crystals which are twins and show variations in extinction-directions which throw them into the triclinic system, Min., 1 388, 1862. Brazilian crystals, examined by Hussak, are also complex twins and apparently triclinic.
Cleavage: prismatic, perfect. Brittle, but tough when cryptocrystalline. H. =5. G. 2-2-2-4; 2*39, Iceland. Luster of crystals vitreous; of fibrous masses more or less silky. Color white or colorless, grayish, yellowish. Trans- parent to translucent; opaque, when amorphous.
606 Silicates.
Var. — Besides (a) the ordinary acicular and capillary crystallizations, divergent tufts (less delicate commonly than those of natrolite, but sometimes downy), and fibrous nodules or masses, mesolite occurs (b) in fibrous stalactites, with the fibers radiating from the center — the variety called Antrimolite by Thomson, from Antrim, Ireland, having H. 3'5-4. G. 2'096; also (c) amorphous, chalk-white, like an almond in luster, opaque and tough, with H. 5-5-5, and G. 2'21, the variety named Harringtonite by Thomson, also from Antrim; G. 2 '174, Haughton.
Galactite (p. 602) is intermediate between natrolite and ordinary mesolite. Comp. — Intermediate between natrolite and scolecite and corresponding to
0,Q,n., ±- u 1 wCaAl Si 6 3H 6 ' 10 "w6611 these two compounds varies somewhat.
If, as often, Na, : Ca 1 : 2, the percentage composition is: Silica 46'4, alumina 26-3, lime 9-6, soda 5 -3, water 12 -4 100.
Anal.— 1-3, Schmid, Pogg., 142, 121, 1871. 4, Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 552, 1876 5. Luedecke, Jb. Min., 2, 33, 1881. 6, Pisani, C. R., 73, 1448, 1871. 7, O. C Marsh, Dana Min., 431, 1868. 8, Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 20, 35, 1885. 9, Sadtler, Am. Ch J 4 357, 1883. 10, Hussak, Bol. Comm. G., S. Paulo, No. 7, 5, 1890. 11, 12, Darapsky Jb. Min 1 66, 1888. 13, Heddle, Phil. Mag., 13, 148. 1857. 14, C. v. Hauer, Ber. Ak. Wien, 12, 294, 1854. 15, Haughton, Phil. Mag., 32, 225, 1866.
G. SiO3 A12O3 CaO Na2O HaO
1. Stromo 2-16 47'40 27'05 9'16 4'69 18 35 MgO 0'06 101-71
2. Iceland 2'18 47'13 26-52 10'37 4 50 13-19 MgO 0-03 101-74
3. " 2-18 46-58 27'57 9'11 3'64 12'94 MgO 0-08 99'92
4. " 45-96 26-69 9 -47 5 -99 12 -78 99 -99
5. Pflasterkaute 2'232 43-83 29'04 7'84 7'80 11-75 100'26
6. Gignat 42-3 28'1 100 67 14'1 K2O tr. =101'2
7. C. Blomidon, N. 8. 45 89 27 55 9'13 5'09 12-79 K2O 0'48 100'93
8. Table Mt.. Col. f 46'17 26'88 8'77 6'19 12'16 100'17
9. Fritz Is., Pa. 43'29 25'02 12-15 3'40 16'01 99'87
10. Botucatii 47-61 26'80 7'08 7'80 12'11 101-40
11. Atacama 46'74 25'99 9'11 5-23 12-41 99'48
12. Coquimbo 45'15 26'53 ' 11'86 2'24 13'81 K2O 0'45 100'04
13. Ireland, Antrimolite 45'98 26'18 10 78 4'54 13'00 100-45
14. " Harringtonite 2'174 45-07 26'21 11-32 3-75 14'34- 100'69
15. Bombay, 45'60 27'30 12'12 2'76 12'99 K2O 0'63, MgO<r.=101'40
At 100° 1-41 p. c.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water in the closed tube. B.B. becomes opaque, swells up into vermicular forms, but not in so marked a manner as scolecite, fusing easily to a blebby enamel. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid (Fuchs).
Obs.— Occurs in amygdaloid and related rocks. The fibrous kinds, especially the coarser, are usually a little less smoothly or neatly fibrous than those of natrolite. On Skye, in delicate interlacing crystals called cotton-stone, and in feathery tufts, and in solid masses consisting of radiating crystals; iu downy tufts and other forms at NaalsO, FarOer; also with chabazite in Eigg; near Edinburgh and Kinross, and at Hartfield Moss, in Scotland; in Antrim, at the Giant's Causeway, iu acicular crystallizations; also at Ballintoy in Antrim, stalactitic (antrimolite), investing yellow calcite, or chabazite; in Antrim, in veins of amorphous mesolite (harringtonite), at Port rush and at the Skerries; and at Magee Island, and Agnew's Hill, 5 m. W. of Lame. In cavities in the basalt of the Pflasterkaute, near Eisenach (Creduer, Jb. Min., 59, 1860, Luedecke, 1. c.) with thomsonite, gismondite, phillipsite, etc. In augite-porphyryte in the Serra de Botucatii, Brazil; also at other localities, as stated above.
In the United States with other zeolites on Fritz island in the Schuylkill R., Penn.; in the basalt of Table Mt. near Golden, Colorado, with other zeolites. In the North Mountain of King's Co., and Gates's Mountain, of Annapolis Co., N. Scotia, with fardelite, in masses, sometimes large (one reported as large as a man's head), usually within fine fibrous, radiated, and somewhat plumose; also at Cape Blomidou.
Ref.— ! Made triclinic by Dx. on optical grounds (Min., 1, p. 388), the crystals being pene- tration-twins and a section c being divided into four sectors with extinction-directions inclined 11° to 15° in those adjacent, but alike for those opposite. Luedecke (Jb. Min., 2, 28, 1881; Zs. Nat. Halle, 63, 42, 1890) has attempted to establish an orthorhombic, a monoclinic, and a triclinic variety; the first being galactite from Bishoptown (which, however, is more naturally placed under uatrolite); the second the mesolite from Iceland and Pflasterkaute; the third the crystals from an unknown locality described by Des Cloizeaux. Schmidt (Zs. Kr., 11, 594, 1886), -however, argues that it is probably monoclinic like scolecite.
Thomsonite Group— Thomsonitb.
456. Thomsonite
457. Hydronephelite
Eanite.
Thomsonite Group.
Orthorhombic Hexagonal
456. THOMSONITE. Mesotype pt. H., Tr., 1801. Thomsonite (fr. Scotland) Brooke, Ann. Phil.. 16, 193, 1820. Comptonite (fr. Somma) Brewster, Ed. Phil. J., 4, 131, 1821. Mesole #erz., Ed. Phil. J., 7, 6, 1822. Triploklas Breith., Char., 1882. Chalilite T. Thomson, Min., 1, 324, 1836. Scoulerite B. D. Thomson, Phil. Mag., 17, 408, 1840. Ozarkite (fr. Arkan- sas) Shep., Am. J. Sc., 2, 251. 1846. Karphostilbit ®. Walt., Vulk. Gest ., 272, 1853. Faroelite Mesole) Reddle, Phil. Mag., 13, 50, 1857,, 15, 28, 1858. Tousonite Ital
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-99324 : 1 : 1-00662 Brogger1.
100 A HO 44° 48f, 001 A 101 45° 23', 001 A Oil 45° 11'.
Forms2 : a (100, b (010, i-i) c (001, 0)
m (110, /) r (101, 1-i) d (401, 44)? e (801, 8-1)?
(0-1 -48, y (012, P (111, 1)
The axial ratio (as noted by Bgr.) deviates but little from the isometric system; cf. the angles forp below.
mm ' rr' ar dd'
ee'
yy'
cy
89°
90°
*44°
152°
165°
2°
53°
*26°
37' 46' 37' 17' 56' 24' 26' 43'
Pp
Pp"
Pp"
pp
ap
bp
cp
71° 110° 70° 69° 54° 54° 55°
4*' 0*'
31'
59i'
28'
44' 0'
Fig. 1, Kilpatrick, Greg & Lettsom. 2, Norway, Br5gger.
Distinct crystals rare; in prisms with prismatic faces strongly striated verti- cally. Commonly columnar, structure radiated; in radiated spherical concretions; also closely compact.
Cleavage: b perfect; a less so; e in traces. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. H. =5-5-5. 6. 2-3-2-4. Luster vitreous, more or less pearly. Snow- white; reddish, green; impure varieties brown. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Pyroelectric. Optically +. Ax. pi. c. Bx b. Dispersion p v strong. Axial angles, Dx. : .
Dumbarton 2Er 82°-82° 18' 2Ebl 84° 11-84° 42'
Seeberg 2Ha.r 55° 22' 2H0.r 132° 26' .'. 2Vr 53° 50' 2Er 85° 47' /3r l'503Dx.
Mte. Somma 2Er 86° 2EM 89° 53'
Fassathal 2Er 93° 25' 2Ebl 96° 53'
Var. — 1. Ordinary, (a) In regular crystals, usually more or less rectangular in outline, prismatic in habit, (b) Prisms slender, often vesicular to radiated, (c) Radiated fibrous. (d) Spherical concretions, consisting of radiated fibers or slender crystals. Also massive, granular to impalpable, and white to reddish brown, less often green as in lintonile, anal. 15, 16. The spherical massive forms also radiated with several centers and of varying colors, hence of much beauty when polished.
Ozarkite is a white massive thomsonite (as shown by Smith and Brush), either granular o/ compact, with G. 2'24, from Arkansas.
2. Mesole (Faroelite of Heddle), the original from the FarSer, occurs in spherical concretions, consisting of lamellar radiated individuals, pearly in cleavage. It occurs with mesolite and apophyllite, and contains a little more silica than normal thomsonite Mesole was long since referred to thomsonite by Haidinger.
Scoulerite R. D. Thomson, from Portrush, Antrim, is mesole in structure.
3. Chalilite Thomson is a compact variety, of a reddish brown color, from the Donegore Mts., Antrim, cf. 5th Ed., p. 425.
Silicates.
Comp.— (Naa,Ca)Al,Si,08 + of Nat : Ca varies from 3 : 1 to 1
or (Na2,Ca)O.AlaOs.2SiO,.fHsO. Percentage composition :
The ratio
Ca : Nas 3
" 2
SiO2
A12O3
CaO
Na2O 9'5
H2O
13-9 100
13-8 100
13-8 100
Mesole shows a little more silica, and the same is true of some other varieties, and it does not seem possible to explain this, in all cases, by the assumption of free quartz.
Anal.— 1, 3, Rg., J. pr. Ch., 59, 349, 1853. 2, Pogg., 46, 286, 1839. 4, 5. Lemberg, Zs. G. Ges., 28, 556, 554, 1876. 6, 7, Hersch, Inaug. Diss., p. 22, Zurich, 1887. 8, Haushofer, J. pr. Ch., 103, 305, 1868. 9, Svehla, Vh. G. Reichs., 24, 1882. 10, John, ib., 304, 1875, after deducting 19 p. c. CaCO3. 11, Luedecke, Zs. Kr., 7, 88. 1882. 12, Young, Ch. News, 27, 56, 1873. 13-15, Miss L. A. Linton, quoted by Peckham and Hall, Am. J. Sc., 19, 122, 1880. 14a, recalculated (to SiOa 40'45) on the assumption of the presence of free silica. 16, F. L. Sperry, priv. contr. 17, Smith and Brush, ib., 16, 50, 1853. 18-20, W. F. Hillebrand, U. 8. G. Surv., Bull. 20, pp. 19, 25, 1885.
Dumbarton Seeberg, Comptonite Hauenstein Kil patrick
Faroer, Faroelite
Hauenstein, Mesole
Seisser Alp
Eulenberg
Monzoni
Pflasterkaute
Mugdock
Grand Marais, opaq. wh
" Lintonite
Ozarkite
Table Mt., Col., spherules
G.
SiOa
AlaO3
CaO
Na2O
K2O
H2O
—
100-33
100 50
—
99-21
—
100
—
100
—
100-36
f 39-87
—
100-20
—
100-33
—
99-98
100
—
99-70
—
99-80
f 40-45
Fe2O3 0-23=
Fe2O3 0-81
Fe2O3 0-88=
FeO 0-40
5-92a
—
MgO 0-26
—
Fe2O3 1-55=
Em
—
Fe2O3 0-79=100-06
—
100-07
—
99-83
a Probably a little too high.
The Mittelgebirge mineral changes but slightly in moist or dry air, according to Damour; after two hours at 280° C. it loses 6-1 p. c., and very slowly regains the water lost in the open air, the loss being reduced to 1'5 p. c. after forty hours. At a red heat the loss is 13'3 p. c., and the mineral becomes fused to a white enamel.
Hersch (1. c., anal. 6) obtained the following results after two hours' heating in each case :
Temp. HaO
100°
150°
Also for " mesolith," anal. 7:
Temp. 100° 160°
H2O
195°
200°
240°
250°
305°
300°
red ht. 14-98 p. c.
red ht. 14-50 p. c.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses with intumescence at 2 to a white enamel. Gelatinizes with hydro- chloric acid.
Obs. — Found in cavities in lava and other igneous rocks, sometimes with elseolite as a result of its alteration.
Occurs near Kilpatrick, and at Sllmalcolm and Port Glasgow, Scotland, in ahiygdaloid; in TUJ lavas of Somina (comptonite); in basalt at the Pflasterkaute in Saxe Weimar; at Seeberg and elsewhere in Bohemia, in the cavities of phoiiolyte; in the Cj'clopean islands, Sicily, with anal- cite and phillipsite; on the islands, Laven, Aro, etc.. in the Langesund fiord, also Klokker- holmen near Brevik. Norway; in the Faroer; in plionolyte at Hauenstein, Bohemia; in Hungary, near Schemnitz: at Theiss, Tyrol; at Mt. Mouzoui, Fassathal; in straw-yellow needles (carpho- stilbite) at the Berufiord, Iceland, G. 2'362.
Thomsonite Group— Hydronephelite. 609
Long, slender, prismatic crystallizations, of a grayish white color, are obtained at Petor's Point, Nova Scotia, where it is associated with apophyllite, naesotype, laumontite, and other related minerals. In the U. S., occurs tibrous radiated and massive (ozarkite) at Magnet Cove, in the Ozark Alts., Arkansas, in cavities in elseolite (from the alteration of which it has apparently resulted), with slender prisms of apatite. Also in the amygdaloid of Grand Marais. L. Superior, which yields the water-worn pebbles on the shores of the lake; they are in part white porcelain- like, in part tibrous radiated with several centers, and showing zones of green, red, aud white; also fine granular, of a green color (lintonite), anal. 15, 16; named from Miss Laura A Linton. In the basalt of Table Mt. near Golden, Colorado.
Mesole is from the cave of Nalso, island of Far5; Disco I., Greenland; Annaklef, Sweden, a few miles west of C. Blomidoa, Bay of Fundy, near the small village of Ft. George.
Alt. — The Mte. Sornma comptouite is partially altered, involving a loss of water, assumption of CaCO3, and a change in the amounts of silica and alumina. Analyses by E. Scacchi gave:
SiO, A12O3 CaO Na2O H2O CO,
41-18 1222 38-01 2'04 1-79 1'79 9995
39-17 35-99 14'65 2'87 5'77 [1'55] 100
Ace. Napoli, Dec. 12, 1888, the analyses corrected by Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 18, 101, 1890.
Lemberg has shown that solutions of potassium and sodium carbonate in months accomplished an exchange of potassium and sodium respectively for most of the calcium, but more rapidly in the former case. Further the potash compound so formed is largely reconverted into the original mineral by treatment with calcium chloride. Zs. G. Ges., 28, 555, 1876.
Doelter shows that by slow cooling after fusion, a crystalline mass is obtained, consisting of distinct anorthite crystals, chiefly twins. This corresponds with the formula above accepted (Rg.) by which it is essentially a hydrate of anorthite.
Ref.— aven, Langesund fiord, Norway, 16, 641, 1890; also earlier, Zs. Kr., 2, 289, 1879. 2 SeeBgr., 1. c., cf. also Greg, Alin., 158, 1859, Dx., Min., 1, 374, 1862. Also perhaps 705, Phillips, but doubtful; cf. Gdt, Index, 3, 205, 1891. Luedecke, 1. c., gives O'l -50 at) on thomsonite from the PfJasterkaute. Twins, resembling harmotome, are mentioned by Guthe, JB. Ges. Hann., 14, 47, 1864.
PICROTHOMSONITE Meneghini & Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 63, 1852. Picrotonsonite Ital. Like thomsonite in form, and near it in composition. The soda is replaced by magnesia, and possibly as a result of alteration. Occurs in radiated masses, laminated in structure; H. 5; G. 2'278; luster pearly; white; transparent in small fragments; very fragile. Analysis, Bechi:
SiO, 40-36 A12OS 31-25 MgO 6'26 CaO 10'99 Na2O,K2O 0'29 H2O 10'79 90'94
B.B. fuses to a white enamel, with intumescence. Dissolves in cold acids and gelatinizes. Occurs with caporciauite in the gabbro rosso of Tuscany. The name, from niKpoS, bitter, and tJiomsonite, alludes to the magnesia present.
457. HYDRONEPHELITE. F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 31, 265, 1886. Ranite. Rauit S. R. Paijkull, Inaug. Diss., Ber. Ch. Ges., 7, 1334, 1874. Rauite wrong orthog. Hydronephelit-spreustein Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 234, 1890.
Probably hexagonal. In massive forms, with radiated structure.
H. 4-5-6. G. 2-263 Clarke; 2*48 Paijkull. Luster vitreous. Color white ; also dark gray to grayish black. Translucent to nearly opaque. Optically uniaxial, positive.
Comp., Var.— For hydronephelite HNa2Al3Si3Oia + 3HaO or 2Na2O.3Al,03,
6Si02.7H20 Silica 39'3, alumina 33-4, soda 13'5, water 13'8 100.
Ranite is (Na2,Ca)Al2Si2O8 -f- 2H2O, which is equivalent to R3Al3Si3Ou -f- 3H2O like hydronephelite. Calcium is present with the sodium.
Anal.— 1, F. W. Clarke. 1. c. 2, Paijkull, 1. c.
G. SiO2 A12O3 CaO Na2O K2O H2O
1. Hydronephelite 2'263 38'99 33'62 0'07 13'07 1'12 12-98 99'85
2. Ranite 2'48 39'21 31'79 5'07 11'55 — 11-71 Fe2O3 0'57 99'90
Other analyses of hydronephelite on material slightly impure gave results similar to those quoted.
Pyr., etc.— Fusible easily to a white enamel. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with gelatinization.
Obs. — Hydronephelite is from Litchfield, Maine, where it occurs intimately mixed with sodalite, from the alteration of which it has been derived.
Ranite occurs on the island Laven (also called Lamo) in the Langesund fiord, Norway, where it has been formed from the alteration of elseolite. Named for the old Norse sea-god, Ran. Brogger shows that it includes part of what has passed under the name of spreustein, see also p. 602.
610 Silicates.
Appendix To Zeolites.
CHLORASTROLITE C. T. Jackson; J. D. Whitney, J. Nat. Hist. Boston, 5, 488, 1847. Shown by Hawes not to be a homogeneous mineral. An analysis gave:
SiO-, 37-41, A12O3 24-62, Fe2O3 2-21, FeO 1 -81, MgO3'46, CaO 22 '20, Na2O 032, H2O 7'73 99-75, Am. J. Be., 10, 25, 1875.
Referred by Hawes to prehnite, but by Lacroix to thomsonite on optical grounds, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 147, 1888. It occurs in small rounded pebbles with finely radiated or stellated structure and of a light bluish green color. H. 5'5. G. 3'180. Found on the shores of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, derived from the trap. Named from Aappb?, green, aarpov, star, A/SoS, stone.
ZONOCHLORITE A. E. Foote, Rep. Amer. Assoc., 65, 1873; App. n, 63. Similar to chlorastrolite. Hawes (Am. J. Sc., 10, 24, 1875) obtained from an analysis of a dark green specimen: SiO2 35'94, A12O3 19-41, Fe,O, 6-80, FeO 4-54, MgO 2'48, CaO 22-77, Na2O tr., H2O 8 40 — 100"34. Microscopic examination showed the presence of green earthy particles as impurities disseminated through a white mineral. From the amygdaloid of Neepigon Bay, Lake Superior.
DOLIANITE English collectors; Dx., Min., 1, 435, 1862. A. Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 356, 1885. A doubtful zeolitic mineral, stated to come from Knock Station, Ayrshire, Scotland. Occurs in cone-shaped masses with fan-shaped lamellar structure; cleavage basal, easy; soft; luster pearly; color white. Optically uniaxial, negative.
B.B. fuses with some difficulty to a white enamel. Analysis, author unknown:
SiO2 53-24 A1SO, 35-46 CaO 5'73 MgO 0'02 H,O 4*04 98'49
EPISPHARITE A. Knop, Zs. Kr., 18, 668, 1891. An undetermined zeolitic mineral occurring in white spherical forms with radiated fibrous structure on natrolite in the phonolyte of Oberschafl'hauseu, Kaiserstuhl,
SABBACHITE (Saspachite) /. Schill, Jb. Min., 452. 1846, Dx., Min., 1, 420, 1862. A zeolitic mineral from Sasbach in Kaiserstuhl, afforded J. Schill: SiO2 51-50, A12O3 16'51, CaO 6'20, K2O 6-82, MgO 1-93, H2O 17 00 99'96. Occurs in tufts of fibers and concretions; G. 1'465; H. 4-5; white or colorless; luster silky to vitreous. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid. Occurs in doleryte in cavities, and is often overlaid by faujasite and apophyllite.
SLOANITE Meneghini & Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 64, 1852. Orthorhombic. Cleavage: prismatic (75 ) very distinct. In radiated masses with transverse fracture. H. 4'5. G. 2 -44 1. Luster pearly. White. Opaque.
Analysis, Bechi, 1. c. :
SiO2 42-19 A12O3 35-00 CaO 8'12 MgO 2'67 Na2O 0'25 K2O 0'03 H2O 12'50 100-76
B.B. fuses without intumescence to a white enamel. Dissolves in acids even in the cold, and gelatinizes. From the gabbro rosso of Tuscany. Named after Mr. Sloane, proprietor of the Mte. Cutini mine.
UNKNOWN ZEOLITE 0. Beyer, Min. Mitth., 10, 31, 1888. In spherical forms and crusts, showing minute crystals (hexagonal?). H. 4'5. G. 2'162. Analysis, O. Beyer:
SiO2 57-50 AlaO3 18-11 CaO 4-63 MgO 1-20 K2O 6-98 Na2O 2'40 H2O 10-48 101.30
Only slightly attacked by acids. Occurs in amygdaloidal cavities in slag-like inclusions of the basalt of the Grossdehsaer Berg.
II. Mica Division.
The species embraced under this Division fall into three groups : 1, the MICA GROUP, including the Micas proper; 2, the CLINTONITE GROUP, or the Brittle Micas; 3, the CHLORITE GROUP. Supplementary to these are the Vermiculites, hydrated compounds chiefly results of the alteration of some one of the micas.
All of the above species have the characteristic micaceous structure, that is, they have highly perfect basal cleavage and yield easily thin laminae. They belong to the monoclinic system, but the position of the bisectrix in general deviates but little from the normal to the plane of cleavage; all of them show on the basal sec- tion plane angles of 60° or 120°, marking the relative position of the chief zones of forms present, and giving them the appearance of hexagonal or rhombohedral symmetry; further, they are more or less closely related among themselves in the i'liii'lcs of prominent forms.
Mica Group.
The species of this Division all yield water upon ignition, the micas mostly from 4 to 5 p. c., the chlorites from 10 to 13 p. c. ; this is probably to be regarded in all cases as water of constitution, and hence they are not strictly hydrous sili- cates.
More or less closely related to these species are those of The~ Serpentine and Talc Division and the Kaolin Division following, many of which show distinctly a mica-like structure and cleavage and also pseudo-hexagonal symmetry.
458. Muscovite
Paragonite
Lepidolite
Zinnwaldite
1. Mica Group. Monoclinic.
Potassium Mica HaKAl3(Si04)s
a : I : 6 0-57735 : 1 : 3-3128 ft 89° 54r Sodium Mica H,NaAl3(Si04)3
Lithium Mica KLi[Al(OH,F)JAl(Si03)3 pt.
Lithium-iron Mica (K,Li)3FeAl3Si60,6(OH,F)a?
462. Biotite
Magnesium-iron Mica (H,K),(Mg,Fe)2(Al,Fe)2(Si04)3 pt.
d:~b:c 0-57735 : 1 : 3'2743 ft 90° 0'
(H,K,(MgF))3Mg3Al(Si04)s Magnesium Mica; usually containing fluorine, nearly free from iron. 462B. Lepidomelane Annite
Iron Micas. Contain ferric iron in large amount.
462A. Phlogopite
The species of the MICA GROUP crystallize in the monoclinic system1, but with a close approximation to either rhombohedral or to orthorhombic symmetry; the plane angles of the base are in all cases 60° or 120°. They are all character- ized by highly perfect basal cleavage, yielding very thin, tough, and more or less; elastic laminae. The negative bisectrix, a, is very nearly normal to the basal plane, varying at most but a few degrees from this; hence a cleavage plate shows the axial interference-figure, which for the pseudo-rhombohedral kinds is often uni- axial or nearly uniaxial. Of the species named above, biotite has usually a very small axial angle, and is often sensibly uniaxial; the axial angle of phlogopite is also small, usually 10° to 12°; for muscovite, paragonite, lepidolite the angle is large, in air commonly from 50° to 70°.
The Micas may be referred to the same fundamental axial ratio with an angle of obliquity differing but little from 90°; they show to a considerable extent the same forms, and their isomorphism is further indicated by their not infrequent intercrystallization in parallel position, as biotite with muscovite, lepidolite with, muscovite, etc.
A blow with a somewhat dull-pointed instrument on a cleavage plate of a mica develops in all the species a six -rayed percussion-figure* (f. 1), two lines of which are parallel to the prismatic edges, the third, which is the most strongly characterized (Leitstrahl Germ.}, is parallel to the clinopinacoid or plane of symmetry. The micas are often divided into two classes, according to the position of the plane of the optic axes. In the first class belong those kinds for which the optic axial plane is normal to b (010), the plane of symmetry (f. 1) ; in the second class the axial plane is parallel to the plane of symmetry. The percussion-figure serves to fix the crystallographic orienta- tion when crystalline faces are wanting. A second series of lines at right angles to those mentioned may be more or less distinctly developed"
612 Silicates.
by pressure8 of a dull point on an elastic surface, forming the so-called pressure- figure; this is sometimes six-rayed, more often shows three branches only, and sometimes only two are developed. In f. 1 the position of the pressure-figure is indicated by the dotted lines. These lines are connected with gliding-planes inclined some 67° to the plane of cleavage (see beyond).
The micas of the first class include: Muscovite, paragonite, lepidolite, also some rare varieties of biotite called anomite.
The second class embraces : Zinnwaldite and most biotite, including lepidom- elane and phlogopite.
Chemically considered, the micas are silicates, and in most cases orthosilicates, of aluminium with potassium and hydrogen, also often magnesium, ferrous iron, and in certain cases ferric iron, sodium, lithium (rarely rubidium and caesium); further, rarely, barium, manganese, chromium. Fluorine is prominent in some species, and titanium is also sometimes present. Other elements (boron, etc.) may be present in traces. All micas yield water upon ignition in consequence of the hydrogen (or hydroxyl) which they contain.
The composition of the micas is still involved to a greater or less degree in uncertainty, and although much light has been thrown upon the subject in recent years, it is impossible to give general formulas, for all the different species, which do not rest to a greater or less extent upon hypothesis4.
Tschermak explains the composition of the micas by regarding them as isomorphous mixtures of the following fundamental molecules:*
K H2KAl3Si3012 M Mg6Si3O12 S H4Si6Oia
Of these, K corresponds to ordinary muscovite; M is a hypothetical polymere of chrysolite, and S a hypothetical silicon hydroxide which may also take the form Si5Fi2O4. In K other ratios may exist between the hydrogen and potassium, e.g., K" HK2Al3Si3OJ2, etc.; also the potassium may be replaced by sodium and lithium; further, the aluminium by ferric iron (and chromium). Also the magnesium in M may be replaced by ferrous iron and manganese. As briefly summarized by the author the composition is as follows:
Ordinary Muscovite, as already stated, corresponds to the simple orthosilicate formula, H2KAl3Si3Oi2. Some kinds, however, are more acidic and are interpreted as equivalent to 3H2KAl3Si30,2 + H4Si6012.
Lepidolite corresponds to 3K3Al3Si3Oi2 -f- SisFi2O4, with the potassium one-half replaced by lithium and the fluorine by hydrogen.
Zinnwaldite is (K,Li)3AlsSi3Oi2,Fe6Si3O12,Si6(F,H)12O4 in the ratio of 10 : 2 : 3.
Ordinary Biotite (" Meroxene ") is HKAl2Si2O6 and Mg4Si2Oe in the ratio of 1 : 1, 2 : 1, and intermediate ratios.
For the " Anomite" analyzed the composition is assumed HK2Al3Si3Oi2,Mg6SisOi2, also in the ratios from 1 : 1 to 2 : 1.
Lepidomelane is H2KAl3Si3Oi!i and Mg6Si3Oi2, with the aluminium largely replaced by ferric iron.
Phlogopite is regarded as containing the molecules K3Al3Si3Oi2,Mg,Si3Oi2,H4Si6Oi2 (or 8i4F,2O4), often in the ratio 3:4:1.
For the fuller discussion of the subject and the process of calculation by which these sup- posed fundamental molecules are deduced, reference is made to the original memoirs.
Rammelsberg4 regards the micas as containing the three silicates R2SiO3, R4SiO4) R6SiO5 in various molecular relations, e.g., Muscovite is R4SiO4 -)- Al4Si3Oi2; the more acidic kinds are
R,4Si4O16 R2SiO3 + 3R4SiO4, which is further written mR14Si4O16 -f TOR7Si4O in which m : n : p 5 : 1 : 5, 7 : 1 : 7, 9 : 1 : 9 in different cases. Similarly the other micas are resolved into the same three silicates, and the ratios in which they enter are calculated. That this method of calculation is applicable to any silicate, however complex, is obvious, but it is difficult to believe that the results reached really give the true constitution of the compounds.
Clarke4 proposes to regard all the orthosilicate micas (as indeed other aluminous ortho- silicates; as substitution derivatives of Al4(SiO4)3, in which the aluminium is more or less com- pletely replaced by other metals, the possible types being:
1. 2. 3.
R3Al3(SiO4)3 R6Al2(SiO4)3 R8Al(SiO4),
Of these 2 is not- essential, since it may be resolved into equal molecules of 1 and 3. Here
As written by Tschermak, these have the double form, K H4K2Al6Si6O24, etc., and similarly beyond.
Mica Group. 613
R represents a univalent metal, as H,K,Na,Li, or a univalent radical, as MgF,AlFa, A1O. Further,
i ii n n
type 1 is obviously equivalent to RRAl,(SiO4),, or again to R,Al6(SiO4),,, where R Mg.Fe.Mn, etc. ; similarly for the others.
Under these types may be embraced, then, all the orthosilicate micas, those with fluorine being assumed to contain the group MgF (or A1F2), and those with an -excess of oxygen the univalent group A1O.
For the more acid micas, the assumption is made that, analogous to the feldspars, they contain polysilicic acid, H4SisO8, which is tetrabasic like orthpsilicic acid. For this there would be types similar to these above, so that the composition of a given mica would be expressed :
1. 2. 3.
j mRsAl3(SiO4)s j 7nR6Ala(SiO4), j mR9Al(SiO4)3 etc.
R3Al3(Si3O8), nR.Al,(8l,O8)i 7*R9Al(SisO8)3
Or representing; SiO4 and Si|O8 by X, the micas then would fall within the limits of RSA1SX, -and R,A1X3.
The application to muscovite will explain this: Ordinary muscovite is H2KAl3(SiO4)s con- forming to type 1 above where R3 HSK; the acidic muscovites (phengite of Tschermak) are regarded as molecular mixtures of
HaKAl,(SiO4), and HaKAl,(Si,O.),
Again normal lepidolite is a metasilicate, but (p. 311) metasilicic acid is equivalent to com- bined molecules of ortho- and polysilicic acid: 2H2SiO3 H4SiO4 + H4SisO8.
Further, since the Li and AlFa vary somewhat with the silica and hence seem to be con- nected with Si3O8, normal lepidolite is resolved into
HKLiAl3(SiO4}3 + (AlFa)iK,LiiAl(SiOs)i
The view of Clarke has the advantage that it assumes only one hypothetical molecule, which, moreover, is analogous to known compounds which play an important part in the Feldspar Group.
Artif. — The artificial formation of some of the micas has been recently accomplished by several methods. Early statements on the occurrence of mica-like minerals in slags are more or less questionable; more recently Vogt (Ak. H. Stockh., Bih. 9, 1, 39, 1884) describes mica in the slags of Kafveltorp, see also Id., Arch. Math. Nat., 13, 90, 1889. Hautefeuille and St. Giles (C. R., 104, 508, 1887) by fusing the constituents of iron-mica mixed with £ of fluoride of silicon and potassium obtained on cooling (when some 3 to 4 p. c. of fluorine still remained) a mass of thin hexagonal tables, which were uniaxial, highly pleochroic (pale and deep brown). Similar mica scales of colorless, green, or brown were obtained when a small amount of potassium arsenate was added, and hydrogen allowed to act on the fused mass. Khrushchov in 1888 (Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 173) announced the formation of biotite, margarite, and muscovite(?) by fusing together different substances (as magnesia, baryta, cryolite) with lepidolite or a magma having its com- position with an excess of silica, alumina and alkaline fluorides. Cf . also Min. Mitth , 9, 55, 1887, in which place the same author earlier describes an artificial magnesium mica. Doelter (Min. Mitth. , 10, 67, 1888, Jb. Min., 2, 178, 1888) has also found several of the micas by fusing various natural silicates (hornblende, actinolite, glaucophane, audalusite, garnet, etc.) with the fluor- ides of sodium and magnesium; micas corresponding to biotite, phlogopite, muscovite, zinn- waldite were obtained.
Pliny probably included the mineral mica with the Lapis specularis (36, 45) or Sefenite; and the shavings or scales of Lapis specularis strown over the "Circus Maximus," to produce an agreeable whiteness, were probably those of a soft silvery mica schist. His Hammochrysos also (37, 73, named from dftjuoS, sand, xpv&o?, gold) was probably sand from a yellowish mica schist, which abounds by the roadside in many mica-schist regions. Agricola speaks of the deceptive character of this silvery and golden dust, as cited below. This silvery and golden mica in scales is the Cat-silver and Cat-gold of mediaeval Europe (Katzengold, Katzensilber.&-wi., Or (Argent) des chats Fr. ).
The following is the synonymy of the mineral since the time of Pliny:
Mica, Ammochrysos, colore argento ita simile sit, ut pueroset rerum metallicarum imperitos decipere possit, Germ. Glimmer, Katzen-Silber, Agric., Foss., 254, 447, Interpr., 466, 1546. Specularis lapis adulterinus flexilis sexangulorum Capeller. Prodr. Cryst., 26, 1723. Mica [Talc not included], Vitrum Muscoviticum. V. Rutheniticum, Skimmer, VAR. alba (Kattsilver), flava (Kattgull), rubra, viridis [Chlorite fr. Sahlberg] nigra. squamosa. radians, fluctuans, hemi- spherica, Wall., Min., 129, 131, 1747. Mica pt. [rest Talc, Chlorite], Verre de Moscovie, etc., Fr. Trl. Wall., 1, 241, 1753. Mica, Glimmer, Vitrum Muscoviticum (in plates), Mica squamosa (in scales) Cronst., Min., 88, 1758. Isinglass (in large plates). Glimmer or Mica (in small scales) pt. (rest Talc, Chlorite) Hill, Foss., 10, 13, 1771. Glimmer [Chlorite and Talc excluded] Wern., Bergm. J., 37, 1789.
The word mica has been said to come from the Latin mica, a crumb or grain, as it was
Silicates.
formerly applied especially to the mineral in scales. It is usually derived, however, fom the Latin mica/re, signifying (like the German name Glimmer) to shine.
Ref. — ' On the crystallization of the micas, see Tschermak, who first proved them to be all monoclinic, Ber. Ak. Wien, 76 (1), 97, 1877, and Zs. Kr.. 2, 14, 1877; also Koksharov, Mem. Ac. St. Pet.. 24. 1, 1877, Min. Russl., 7, 167, et seq., 8, 1, etc.; cf. also references under the individual species beyond. Reusch (" Koruerprobe"), Ber. Ak. Berlin, 428, July 9, 1868, 83, Feb. 4, 1869, 440, May 29, 1873. 3 Bauer, percussion- and pressure-figures, Pogg., 138, 337, 1869; Zs G. Ges., 26, 137, 1874. See also Reusch, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 530, 1S69, on the effect of super- imposed mica plates with axes inclined 60° in producing elliptic-ally polarized light; also Cooke, Mem. Am. Ac. Boston, 35, 1874. Etching-figures, Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 3. 113, 1878; Wiik, Ofv. Finsk. Soc., 22, 1880. Elasticity investigated, Coromilas, Inaug. Diss., Tubingen, 1877 (Zs. Kr., 1, 411, 1877).
4 On the composition of the group, see Tschermak. 1. c., and Ber. Ak. Wien, 78 (1), 5, 1878, or Zs. Kr., 3, 122, 1878. Also Rammelsberg, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 616, 1878, 248, 833. 1879; Zs. G. Ges., 31, 676, 1879; Wied. Ann., 7, 136, 1879, 9, 113, 302, 1880; Min. Ch. Erg., 112 et seq., 1886. The analyses of Rammelsberg, quoted in the following pages, are in general taken from the last- named source. The whole subject has been more recently reviewed by the same author in Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1889 (read Feb. 14). See also Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 38, 384, 1889, 40, 410, 1890; also earlier papers noted under the several species beyond, as, ibid., 32, 353, 1886, 34, 131, 1887.
458. MUSCOVITE. Common Mica; Potash Mica; Biaxial Mica; Oblique Mica. Glimmer, Kaliglimmer, Zweiaxiger Glimmer, Germ. Muscovite Dana, Min. , 356, 1850. Phengit .5TW. , Taf., 62,' 1853.
DAMOURITE. Hydromica. Gilbertite Thomson, Min , 1, 235, 1836. Nacrite (fr. Maine) Thorn., Rec. Gen. Sc., 3, 332, 1836. Talcite (fr. Wicklow) Thomson, Rec. Gen. Sc., 3, 332, 1836 [not Talcite Kirwan massive scaly talc]. Margarodit Schafhdutl, Lieb. Ann., 46, 336, 1843. Damourite Delesse, Ann. Ch. Phys., 15, 248, 1845. Adamsite Shep , Hitchcock's Rep. G. Vt., 1, 484, 1857. Sterliugite J. P. Cooke, Mem. Am. Ac. Boston, 39, 1874. Sericit List. Lieb. Ann., 81, 257, 1852. Metasericit Sandberger, Unt. Erzg., 77, 18H2. Hydromxiscovite A. Johnstone, Q. J. G. Soc., 45, 363, 1889. Onkosin Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 2, 295, 1834. Onkophyllit Sandberger, Ber. Ak. Muucheu, 18, 480, 1888.
Didymit (Didrimit) SchqfMutl, Lieb. Ann., 46, 330, 1843. Didrimit, Id., J. pr. Ch., 76, 136, 1859. Amphilogite SchafMull. Lieb. Ann., 46, 330, 1843. Leucophyllite Starkl, Jb. G. Reichs., 33. 653, 1883. Pyknophyllit Starkl, ibid., 649, 1883. Lepidomorphit Sandberger, Unt. Erzg., 344, 1885.
Fuchsite, Chromglimmer pt., SchafMutl, Lieb. Ann., 44, 40, 1842. (Ellacherite Dana, Am. J. Sc., 44, 256, 1867. Sandbergerite Heddle, Euc. Brit., 16, 413, 1883.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-57735 : 1 : 3-3128; ft 89° 54|' 001 A 100 Tschermak1.
100 A HO 30° 0', 001 A 101 80° 12i', 001 A Oil 73° 12|'.
Forms: e (023, f-i) g (O'17'l, 17-1)
b (010, a) r (Oil, 14)? o (112, -
c (001, 0) y (043, |4) n (334, - £)?
Also p (205, f-i), C (135, — f-3), gliding-planes.
M (221, - 2) H (111, 1)
.#(261, - 6-3) x (131, 3-3)
3t
Figs. 1-3, Tschermak: 1, Soboth; 2, Rothenkopf ; 3, Abilhl.
cp ce cr cy
Co
66° 32' 65° 38'
73° 12' 77° 15' 73° 74
en 78° 83*'
cM= *85° 36'
cfj. *81° 30'
ex 85° 4'
cN 87° 27f
cC 66° 25'
oo' 57° 10'
Mm1 59° 48'
Hh' 59° 16V
xx' 119° 16'
Nn' 119° 48'
K' 105° 4'
bx 30° 22'
bN 30° 6'
bcM *60° 0'
Twins common according to the mica-law : tw. plane a plane in the zone cM normal to c, the crystals often united by c and chiefly left-handed twins (see
Mica Group— Muscovite. 615
further under biotite, and f. 3, 4, p. 628). Crystals rhombic or hexagonal in outline with plane angles of 60° or 120°. Habit tabular, passing into tapering forms with planes more or less rough and strongly striated horizontally; vicinal forms common. Folia often very small and aggregated in stellate, plumose, or globular forms; or in scales, and scaly massive; also crypto-crystalline and compact rrrasstve.
Cleavage: basal, eminent. Also planes of secondary cleavage b and several undetermined pyramids in the unit series as shown in the percussion-figure, which is a six-rayed star with rays m, mf and b, see p. 611. Parting by pressure further developed the gliding-planes p (205) and C (135) inclined about 66-° to c; natural plates hence often yield narrow strips or thin fibers axis b, and less distinct in directions inclined 60° to this; the traces of these planes of parting on c give the pressure-figure (p. 612). Thin laminae flexible and elastic when bent, very tough, harsh to the touch, passing into kinds which are less elastic and have a more or less unctuous or talc-like feel. Etching-figures on c monoclinic in symmetry.
H. 2-2*5. G. — 2*76-3. Luster vitreous to more or less pearly or silky. Colorless, gray, brown, hair-brown, pale green, and violet, yellow, dark olive-green, rarely rose-red. Streak uncolored. Transparent to translucent.
Pleochroisrn usually feeble; distinct in some deep colored varieties (see beyond). Absorption in the direction normal to the cleavage plane (vibra- tions b, c) strong, much more so than transversely (vibrations a); hence a crystal unless thin is nearly or quite opaque in the first direction when translucent through the prism. Optically—. Double refraction rather, strong. Ax. pi. .b and nearly c. Bxa (— a) inclined about — 1° (behind) to a normal to .c. Dis- persion p v. Axial angle variable, usually about 70°, but diminishing to 50° in kinds (phengite) relatively high in silica. The axial angle also diminishes somewhat with increase of temperature. Axial angles, Tschermak:
Bengal 2Er 69° 12' 2Ey 68° 54' 2Egr 68° 30' 2EW 67° 54'
Abubl 2Er 63° 1' 2Ey 62° 46' 2Egr 62° 15'
Rothenkopf 2Er 60" 38 2Ey 60° 12' 2Egr 60° 6'
Also, Scharizer:
Schjittenhofen 2Er 74° 50' 2Ey 73° 52' ft 1*5135 y 1*5261
2Er 70° 40' 2Ey 70° 4'
A large number of measurements of the axial angle are given by Silliman, also others by Grailicu these are quoted in 5th Ed., pp. 312-314. Refractive indices:
cry 1-5609 Na /?y V5941 yr 1*5997 Kohlrausch
ar 1-5566 Li /Jr 1'5899 yr 1-5948 Pulfrich
ay 1-5601 Na /Jy 1*5936 yy 1*5977
1-5635 Tl = 1-5967 1*6005 "
Measurements showing variation of axial angle with temperature, Dx. :
N. Hampshire 2Er 70° 29' at 12° 68° 56' at 95° -5 68° 17' at 146°'5 68° 5' at 185" "8
Goshen, rose-red 2E 76° 35' at 12° 76° 7' at 95°*5 75° 30' at 146° '5 75° 10' at 170° '8
Tschermak found the apparent angle between Bxa a) and the normal to c for crys- tals from Abiihl, — 1° 42'; Bengal, — 1° 40'; East Indies, — 0° 31'.
Var. — 1. Ordinary Muscovite. In crystals as above described, often tabular c, also tapering with vertical faces rough and striated: the basal plane often rough unless as developed by cleavage. More commonly in plates without distinct outline, except as developed by pressure (see above); the plates sometimes very large, but passing into fine scales, arranged in plumose or other forms. In normal muscovite the thin laminae spring back with force when bent, the scales are more or less harsh to the touch, unless very small, and a pearly luster is seldom prominent.
2. DAMOURITE. Including margarodite, gilbertite, hydro-muscovite, and most hydro-mica in general. Folia less elastic and luster somewhat pearly or silky and feel unctuous like talc. The scales are usually small and it passes into forms which are tine scaly or fibrous, as sericite, and finally into the compact crypto-crystalline kinds called oucosine, including much pinite..
616 Silicates.
Axial angle for damourite chiefly from 60° to 70°; for Pontivy 10°-12° Dx. Named after the French chemist, Damour. Often derived by alteration of cyanite, topaz (anal. 21, 22), corundum (anal. 27). Although often spoken of as hydrous micas, it does not appear that damourite and the varieties following necessarily contain more water than ordinary muscovite; they may, however, give it off more readily.
Sterlingite, Cooke, is a variety of damourite from Sterling, Mass., associated with spodumene in the vein of a large boulder rock. It differs from the damourite of Poutivy only in having a large axial angle (70°), which, however, has proved to be characteristic of most damourite.
Margarodite, as named by Schafhilutl, was the talc-like mica of Mt. Greiner in the Zillerthal (anal. 536); granular to scaly in structure, luster pearly, color grayish white. By various authors (Greg & Lettsom, Keiingott, Dana, 5th Ed., et at.) the name has been used for kinds of musco- vites now more commonly embraced under the head of damourite. Named from apyapirrfi, a, pearl, in allusion to the luster.
Tscheruiak notes that the original margarodite has something of the brittleness of paragonite and margarite; he regards it as a mixture of these micas with muscovite.
Gilbertite, as originally described by Thomson, was in whitish, silky forms from the tin mine of Stenna-Gwynn (Stonagwyu), St. Austell, Cornwall, with fiuorite in granite. Named after Davies Gilbert, a President of the Royal Society. Freuzel describes the same mineral from the tin mines of the Erzgebirge (Saxony and Bohemia), Ehreufriedersdorf , Zinnwald, etc.
It has a greenish to yellowish white color; translucent. H. 1. G. 2'65-2'?2. It occurs massive, with a dense to crystalline structure, tilling cavities between the cassiterite and wolframite. A second variety occurs in spherical or stellate forms, and also in groups of six- sided tabular crystals. It is, moreover, found pseudomorph after scheelite and apatite. H. 3. G. 2'82. Greg & Lettsom (p. 201) include gilbertite and also Thomson's nacrite and talcite under margarodite.
Talcite is from Wicklow, Ireland, where it invests crystals of audalusite; called by Thomson crystals of nacrite.
Ainmsite of Shepard is a greenish black mica, constituting a micaceous schist or rock in Derby, Vt. It contains, according to G. J. Brush (Am. J. Sc., 34, 216, 1862): SiO2 47'70, Alip(Pe,Os) 36-29, CaO 0'24, MgO 1-85, alkalies 18-77], ign. 5'09 100. It has all the ordinary characters of common mica; it is referred by Brush to margarodite.
Ivigtite T. D. Rand, Proc. Ac. Philad. , 143, 1868. In films and seams in massive cryolite from Greenland. Granular, approaching micaceous. H. 2-2'5. G. 2'05. Color pale yellowish green to yellow. Analysis: Si63 36'49. A12O3 24'09, Fe2O3 7'54, Na2O 16'03, FO'75, H2O 3-42, loss 11-68 100. See Hagemann, Am. J. Sc., 47, 133, 1869, and Min., App. i, p. 7; also Johnstrup, who refers it to gilbertite, Forh. Skand. Nat., 12, 240, 1883.
Sf/ficite is a tine scaly muscovite united in fibrous aggregates and characterized by its silky luster (hence the name from CT///J/KYJS, silky). It was described from the silky-schist (sericite- schist of the Nerothal near Wiesbaden, and shown to have a somewhat wide distribution in the Taunus and elsewhere. Its essential identity with muscovite, earlier suggested, has been insisted upon by Laspeyres (Zs. Kr., 4, 244, 1879), and later by others. It is shown that the material analyzed has usually been more or less impure. According to Laspeyres the original sericite was 'derived from the alteration of feldspar.
Metasericite of Saudberger is a greenish white fine scaly substance with a soapy feel. It occurs as an alteration-product of oligoclase in granular gneiss of the Wildschapbach-Thal in Baden. See anal. 45.
Lepidomorphite, also of Sandberger, is a fine scaly product of the alteration of oligoclase in She granite of Wittichen, Baden. It has the high silica of the phengite varieties of muscovite; anal. 46.
Pycnopliyllite forms spherical or elongated masses with quartz in mica schist. Feel greasy, talc-like. Color leek-green, apple-green, sea-green. From Kohlgraben (anal. 47), also from Aspaug, in the Klein- Pischingbach-thal in Austria (anal. 48).
Leur-opJiyllite forms masses resembling sericite from the Anna-Kapelle, northwest of Wies- math (anal. 49), and from Ofeubach near Frohsdorf on the Leitha, Austria (anal. 50).
3. ONCOSINE. Forms rounded aggregates, compact in structure and of a light green color, embedded in dolomite of Passecken near Tamsweg, Salzburg. It has been referred to pinite and is probably to be taken as a compact form of muscovite (cf. Tschermak).
Named from oyK<a(TiS, a swelling up, in allusion to its intumescence B.B. A compact form of muscovite from South Africa has been described by Cohen, Jb. Min., 1, 123, 1887, and anal. 51, 52. See further p. 621 for other substances referred to pinite, which, so far as they are homogeneous, probably belong here with muscovite.
Oncophyllite is a name proposed by Sandberger for the secondary compact mica, like Oncosine, derived from the alteration of feldspar.
Didymite (didrimite, amphilogite) is mica in fine scales of a greenish or grayish white color, occurring in the chlorite schists of the Zillerthal. and supposed to be peculiar in containing cal- cium carbonate; this, however, is probably due to impurity. Named didymite from dtSvjuoS, twin; amphilogite from au4>iX.(>yoS, doubt, in allusion to the uncertain composition.
The following are peculiar in composition:
FUCHSITE. Chromglimmer Germ. A mica characterized by the presence of chromium sesquioxide. The original was from Schwarzenstein in the Zillerthal (anal. 53); other varieties aave since been noted from other points. Named from the chemist, J. N. v. Fuchs.
Mica Oroup— Muscovite. 617
A chromium mica from the Ural, examined by Arzruni (anal. 56), gave the axial angles: 2Er 71° 34'. 2Ey 68° 35', 2E 67° 17'.
Another from Montgomery Co., Maryland, examined by A. C. Gill (anal. 58), was strongly pleochroic: c bluish chrome-green; t) yellowish green; a robin 's-egg blue. Axial angles: 2Er 71° 24 Li, 2Ey 68° 16' Na.
The variety from Ouro Preto, analyzed by Gorceix (anal. 60) gave DesTHoTzeaux 2E 69° to 70°, dispersion p v.
AVALITE Losanitsch, Ber. Chem. Ges., 17, 1774, 1884. Occurs in earthy aggregates of thin crystalline scales in the quartzyte of Mt. Avala near Belgrade. Analysis of material freed by decautation and boiling in aqua regia from impurities, except some sand and chromite:
SiOa Cr2O3 AlaO3 Fe3O, MgO K2O ign. H20
5613 14-59 14-37 1-10 0'43 3 54 5 38 2'39 chromite 1-68 99'61
Two other analyses of less pure material gave about the same results. It apparently belongs near the above chromium micas, but the material examined was too impure to allow of a decision in regard to its exact composition.
OELLACHERITE including part of the so-called barium mica (other kinds belong to biotite), contains several per cent, of BaO. G. 2'884-2'994. 2Er 79° 21', 2Ebl 78° 45', Dx. The original occurs near Kemmat in the Pfitschthal, Tyrol. Occurs also in the mica schist of the Habachthal, Salzburg, Saudberger, Jb. Min., 624, 1875, 367, 1879. See auals. 61-63.
Comp., Yar. — For the most part an orthosilicate of aluminium and potassium (H,K)AlSi04. If, as in the common kinds, H : K 2 : 1, this becomes H2KAl3Si3012 2HaO.K40.3AlaOs.6SiOa Silica 45-3, alumina 38-5, potash 11-8, water 4*5 100.
Some kinds give a larger amount of silica than corresponds to a normal orthosilicate. and they are called phengite by Tschermak (cf. p. 612), anal. 16 et seq. This name was given origi- nally by Breithaupt. As shown by Clarke, these acid muscovites (cf. p. 613) can be most simply regarded as molecular mixtures of H2KAl3(SiO4)3 and H(KAl(SitO)i.
Iron is usually present in small amount only; barium is rarely present as above noted, also chromium in some cases.
Anal.— 1, S. Blau, quoted by Tschermak, 1. c. 2, L. Sipocz, ibid. 3, 4, Scharizer, Zs. Kr., 13, 459, 461, 1888. 5, Schwager, Zs. Kr., 11, 257, 1885. 6, Riggs, Am. J. Sc., 32, 356, 1886. 7, F. W. Clarke, ib., 34, 131, 1887. 8, Rg., Min. Ch., 514, 1875. 9, A. Becker, Zs. Kr., 17, 181, 188!). 10-12, Rg., Min. Ch., Erg., 113, 1886. 13, 14, Schlaepfer, Jb. Min., 1, 8 ref., 1891. 15, L. Sipocz, 1. c. 16, Lobisch, quoted by Tschermak, 1. c. 17, 18, Wulfiug,- Ber. Ch. Ges., 19, 2433, 1886. 19, Foullon aud Goldschmidt, Jb. G. Reichs, 37, 12, 1887.
20, Delesse, 1. c. 21, 22, Chatard, Am. J. Sc., 28, 21, 1884. 23, F. W. Clarke, ib., 32, 354, 1886. 24, Schwarz, qucted by Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 58 (-1), 17, 1868. 25, Sharpies and Koenig, Am Phil. Soc., 13, 384, 1873. 26, Genth, ib. 27, Koenig, ib. 28, Cooke, Mem. Am. Ac. Boston, 39, 1874. 29, 30, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 46, 1853. 31, Id., ibid., 15, 210, 1853. 32, Lehunt, quoted by Thomson, Min., 1, 236, 1836. 33-35, Frenzel, Jb. Min., 794, 1873. 36, Schafhautl, 1. c., Lieb. Ann., 46, 325, 1843. 37, Hlasiwetz, Kenug. Ueb., 67, 1858. 38, Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 4, 249, 1879, after deducting 19 p.c. insol. 39, Groddeck. Jb. Min., Beil., 2, 90, 1883. 40, 41, Schwager [quoted by Gilmbel. G.Beschr. Fichtelgebirge, 126, 1879], Hintze, Min., 2, 634, 1891. 42, Takayama, quoted by B. K0t5, J. Coll. Sc., Japan, 2, 89, 1888. 43, Sennhofer, Min. Mitth., 5, 188, 1883. 44, Schmidt, Jb. Min., Beil., 4, 429, 1886. 45, Sandberger, 1. c., 4tt, Id., ibid., p. 344. 47-50, Starkl, 1. c 51, 52, Cohen, Jb. Min., 1, 123, 1887. 53, Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 2, 295, 1834. 54, Cossa, quoted by Gastaldi, Att. Ace. Torino, 10, 197, 1874.
55, Schafhllutl, Lieb. Ann., 44 40, 1842. 56, Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 97, 1882, Zs. Kr., 7. 17, 1882. 57, Cairns, quoted by Chester, Am. J. Sc., 33, 284, 1887. 58, Chatard, quoted by A. C. Gill, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circular, No. 75, 1889. 59, C. Klement, Bull. Mus. Belg., 5, 164, 1888. 60, Gorceix, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 308, 1882. 61, Oellacher, Kenug. Ueb. Min., 49, 1860. 62, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 14, 763, 1862. 63, Bergmann, quoted by Sandberger, Jb. Min., 625, 1875.
Muscovite.
G. SiOa AljO3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO KaO NaaO HaO F
1. Bengal 2'831 45'57 36'72 0'95 1'28 0'38 0'21 8'81 0'62 5'05 0'15Li2OO-19
2. East Indies 2'830 45-71 36'57 M9 1'07 0'71 0'46 922 0'79 4'83 0'12 100'67 8. Schtlttenhofen 2'835 43'67 36'70 2'10 0'55 — — 8'57 1'95 5'50b 0'35 Li2O tr.
99-39 )-19 Li,
4. 2-854 44-08 36'84 0'48 0'99 — 0'20 1MO 0'21 6'15 0-19LiaOO'37
100-61
5. Forst, Tyrol 2'93 45'28 37'59 — M8C 0'17 0'09 10-32 1'20 4'12 — 99'95
6. Auburn, Me. 44'48 3570 1'09 1-07 tr. O'lO 9'77 2'41 5'50 0'72 LiaO tr.
100-84 Incl. Rb,Cs. b Below 300" 115. MnO 0'25.
Silicates.
Hi
Alex. Co.,N. C.
Goshen, pink Freiberg
S. Royalston Ytterby, white Broddbo, Bamle
Huddam Zillerthal lilieiuwaldhorn
Syra, light green
G.
SiO, A1.,OS FejO,, FeO MgO CaO K80 NasO H2O F 45-4033-662-36 — 1'86 — 8'33 1-41 5'46 0*69 TiO, MO 100-27 47-02 36-83 0-51 1-05-0-26 — 980 0'30b 3 90 0'52 100-19 46-74 32-56 1-55 0'92 1-18 — 10'37 1'02 3-55 — TiOal-52 99-41 45-97 30-40 5'11 1-05 2 03 — 9'92 0'59 4'00 0'74 99 81 45-21 33-40 2 78 2'00 1-58 — 10-71 0'42 3'95 0'94 100'99 47-13 30-60 481 0'6l 1'30 — 10'26 0'74 4'02 0'64 100 11 4538 30-16 3-65 0'86 1'20 — 10'49 1-83 5'99 — TiOsl-48 101-04 45-05 3057 1'14 1-73 0'97 — 10-23 2-13 6-19 1-26 9927 45-87 30-86 5'70 1-69 1-56 0'23 9'07 0'54 4'60 — 100-12 48 76 29-91 4'24 0-41 2'63 0'33 6'83 2'31 4'60 — IOG'02 47-69 28-30 102 3'88 2'72 — 9'06 1-87 4'07 — TiO,0-ll 98'72 47-72 25-96 1-76 6'55 2'30 — 10'18 1-70 3'42 — TiO,0-18 99 77 49-34 23-69 6'84 — 2'97 1-25 10'74 0'78 4'40 — lOO'Ol
1 MnO. b lucl. Li2O.
Damourite.
Q.
SiOa
A12O3
Fe40,
FeO
MgO
CaO
K80
Na80
H,O
Pont ivy
f 45-22
tr.
—
—
tr.
—
5-25 99-52
Stoneham, Me.
—
—
4-48 MnOO-58
100-81
K
—
o-io
4-78MnOO-51
101-09
Hebron, Me.
T/-58
4-25MnOO-04
100-16
Salzburg
fc.
—
4-69 99-62
Uniouville, Pa.
—
tr.
5-40 99-90
Laureus Co., S. C.
467 9999
CulsageeMine, N.
C. 2-867
—
tr.
4-93 99-86
Sterling, Mass.
—
—
—
—
5-19 99-73
Monroe
—
—
4-63 F 0-82,
[Cl 0-31 99-78
"
—
—
4-90 F 0 82.
[Cl
0-31 100-09
Litchfield
—
5-26 100-60
Oilbertite.
Cornwall
—
—
—
4-25 98-01
EbVenfriedersdorf
—
3-83F 1-04
99-38
Pobershau
—
—
4-09 F 0-81
100-14
Ehrenfriedersdorf
—
3-52 F 0-88
100-54
Margarodite.
Zillertbal
—
—
1-45 98-88
Pfitschthal
—
—
0-36 99-90
Sericite.
Hallgarten
4-13 100
Werlau
0-03*
—
516= 100-16
Flirsten stein
—
4-81TiO,l-51
99-62
Dlirrberg
—
4-03 98-42
Otakisan
tr.
—
4-67 =100-21
Wiltau
—
6-16 00-18
99-04
Windgalle
3-77 99-69
Metasericite
—
—
5-94 =100-44
LepidomorphiU
—
4-14 99-86
Pycnophyllite
4-63 99-56
"
—
4-61 =100
e
CuO.
Mica Group— Muscovite.
G.
Si02
Al,03
Fe.,0,
FeO
MgO
CaO
KaO
Na.,0
HaO
LeucopJiyllite
—
6-30 =100-35
"
—
8*90
[4
18]
6-94 =100
Griqualand West
101-00
comp.
—
-7-51- 1-69
5-48irTiO20-98
tr.
4'96b 99-29
Oncosine
—
—
—
4-60 99 00
Fenestrelle
—
—
2-41 =100-41
a Below 300°,
0-57 p.
b Below 300°, 0
Chrome-mica.
G.
SiO2
AljO3
Fe.,0,
CraO3
MgO
CaO
Kso
NaaO
H2O
Tyrol, Fuchsite
— F 0-36
[=100-93
Sysersk, green
—
—
5-42 99-52
Aird Is., L. Huron
tr.
5-85 =100-04
Montgomery Co., Md.
6-77 =100-17
Salm Chateau
4-65 Li2O tr.
98-50
Ouro Preto
—
4-7 99-3
Oellacherite.
G.
SiOa
A12O,
FeO
BaO
MgO
CaO
KaO
NaaO
H,0
Pfitschthal
4-43 FeaO3
[0-91, CuO 0-31, MnO 0-12, SrOO'09 99-93
Sterzing
3-02 99-64
Habachthal
2-31"
—
4-24 =100-18
Incl. 0-29 p. c. MnO.
The rose-colored mica, of Goshen, Mass, (erroneously called lepidolite), afforded Mallet: KaO 9-08, Na3O 0'99, LiaO 0'64, Am. J. Sc., 23, 180, 1857. Of. also anal. 8.
Pyr., etc. —In the closed tube gives water, which with brazil-wood often reacts for fluorine. B.B. whitens and fuses on the thin edges (F. 5'7, v. Kobell) to a gray or yellow glass. With fluxes gives reactions for iron and sometimes manganese, rarely chromium. Not decomposed by acids Decomposed on fusion with alkaline carbonates.
Obs. — Muscovite is the most common of the micas. It is one of the essential constituents of granite, gneiss, mica schist, and other related rocks, and is occasionally met with in granular lime- stone; in volcanic rocks it is rare; it occurs also disseminated sparingly in many fragmeutal rocks. The crystallized forms are most common in cavities in granite, associated with adularia, albite, tourmaline, etc. Coarse lamellar aggregations often form the matrix of topaz, tourmaline, and other mineral species in granitic veins. The varieties with unctuous talc-like feel and pearly or silky luster are characteristic of much mica (" hydro-mica ") schist which has often been erroneously called talcose schist. Muscovite is frequently of secondary origin, being derived from the alteration of other species, e.g., topaz, cyanite (damourite), feldspar (oncosine), etc., cf. also pinite, beyond; muscovite forms with albite the mineral-aggregate called cymatolite, derived from spodumene, cf. p. 368.
Muscovite often encloses flattened crystals of garnet, tourmaline, also quartz in thin plates between the sheets; further not infrequently magnetite in dendrite like forms following in part the directions of the percussion-figure, also those of the pressure-figure (f. 1, p. 611). These mark- ings were erroneously referred by liose to hematite; their true nature was shown by Brush (Am. J. Sc., 48, 361, 1869). Rose's argument against their being magnetite, based upon their want of opacity, has no force, since even the native metals are translucent in sufficiently thin layers.
Many localities of muscovite, and of the different varieties, have been given in the preceding pages. Some of the best known localities, more especially those which have furnished well crystallized specimens, are: Abiihl in the Sulzbachthal, with adularia; similar on the Rothen- kopf in the Zillerthal, Tyrol; Soboth, west of Eibiswald in Styria, also St. Raclegrund; St. Got hard, Biunenthal, and elsewhere in Switzerland; Mourne Mts., Ireland; Cornwall; Ut5, Finbo. Falun, Sweden; Skutterud, Norway. In the region of Ekaterinburg, at Alabashka near Mursinku, in cavities in granite and at other points in the Ural, sometimes in large plates; also in the llmen Mts. on the east side of L. Ilmeu; San Domingo, Brazil. Also obtained in large plates from Greenland.
Exported in large quantities from the East Indies and most of it from the Hazaribagh dis- trict in Bengal; also obtained in large plates in the granite veins of Mysore, and at Wangtu bridge on the Sutlej in the Punjab Himalayas (Mallet, Min. India, 97, 1887).
In Maine, at Mount Mica in the town of Paris; at Buckfield, in fine crystals; also at East Woodstock; Rumford; at Unity, of a green color, on the estate of James Neal (Thomson's nacrite, wrongly referred to Brunswick). In N. Hamp., at Acworth, Graf ton and Alstead, in granite, the plates at limes a yard across and perfectly transparent; also in Groton (Valencia mine); at Nashua; Hoyt hill in Orange. In Mass., at Chesterfield, with tourmaline and albite, sometimes pink; at Barre and South Royalston, in two localities, with beryl; at Mendou and
620 Silicates.
Briinfield; at Chester, Hampden Co., faint greenish; at Goshen, rose-red (anal. 8, sometimes misnamed lepidolite); prismatic mica, at Russell. In Conn., at Monroe, of a dusky brown color, having internal hexagonal bands of a darker shade; at Glastoubury, with feldspar; at Trumbull, at the topaz vein in coarse radiated aggregations; at Litchfleld, with cyanite, colorless aud pearly; in brown hexagonal crystal at the Middletowu feldspar quarry; at Haddam. pale brownish, with columbite, and also similar at another locality with garnets; at Branchville, with albite, micro- cline, spodumene, etc., both in large sheets and in aggregates with curved concentric structure; New Milford, with feldspar, green aud yellow beryl, etc.
In N. York, 6m. S.E. of Warwick, crystals and plates sometimes afoot in diameter, in a vein of feldspar; a mile N.W. of Edenville, in six-sided and rhombic prisms; silvery, near Edeu- ville; in St. Lawrence Co., 8 m. from Potsdam, on the road to Pierrepout, in plates 7 in. across; town of Edwards, in large prisms, six-sided or rhombic; Greenfield, near Saratoga, in reddish brown crystals with chrysoberyl; on the Croton aqueduct, near Yonkers, in rhombic prisms with a transverse parting.
In Penn., in fine hexagonal crystals of a dark brown color at Peunsbury, near Pennsville, Chester Co.; at Unionville, whitish; Delaware Co.. at Middletown, smoky brown with hexagonal internal bands, which are due to magnetite; at Chesnut Hill, near the Wissahickon, a green variety; at Leiperville, Delaware Co., faint greenish. In IT. Jersey, in crystals at Newton and Franklin. In Maryland, at Jones's Falls, a mile and three-quarters from Baltimore; the plates show by transmitted light a series of concentric hexagons, the sides of which are parallel with the sides of a hexagonal prism; it has been mined in Howard and Montgomery Cos. In Vir- ginia, at Amelia Court House, with albite, microlite, beryl, monazite, helvite; also in Graysou, Henry, Patrick, Carroll Cos. In No. Carolina, extensively mined at many places in the western part of the state, and often obtained in very large sheets, at times more than 8 feet in diameter; there are numerous localities in Macon, Jackson, Haywood, Buncombe, Ashe, McDowell, Mitchell, Yancey, Alexander, Cleveland, and other counties; the chief mines are in Mitchell, Yancey, Jackson, and Macon Cos. The mica mines have also afforded many rare species, as columbite, samarskite, hatchettolite, uraninite, etc. A pink-colored muscovite occurs at Ray's mine in Yancey Co., and at the Flat Rock mine, Mitchell Co. Occurs in fine crystals at the spodumene (hiddenite) locality in Alexander Co., the crystals often dusted over with a chloride coating giving them a bronze appearance; with magnetite at Buckhorn, Chatham Co.; with quartz at Hickory, Catawba Co. ; with pyrite in Stokes Co. Compact to fibrous or scaly varieties occur at various points with corundum in Macon Co., and elsewhere; also a kind in yellow or white pearly scales as a result of the alteration of cyanite at Crowder's and Clubbs' mountains; similarly in Yaucey Co., and other points Soft pseudomorphous crystals having the form of staurolite, from Cherokee Co., are referred to muscovite by Genth. In£ Carolina, muscovite deposits occur in Anderson, Oconee, and Pickens Cos. ; also in Georgia and Alabama.
Mica mines have also been worked to some extent in the Black Hills, in Custer and Penuing- ton Cos. of South Dakota; in Washington, at Rockford, Spokane Co.; in Colorado, at Turkey Creek, 35 miles from Denver; near Pueblo; also from the neighborhood of Fort Collins. In New Mexico, at the Cribbensville mines, Petaca, Rio Arriba Co. In California, at Salmon Mt. Siskiyou Co. ; deposits also occur at Gold Lake, Plumas Co. ; El Dorado Co. ; Ivanpah distr. , San Bernardino Co. ; Susanville, Lassen Co.; Kern Co. It is a common mineral at many points in the granite of the western United States.
The production of mica in the United States was 70,500 pounds in 1887, valued at $142,250; 2000 tons of mica waste were ground worth $15,000. The amount mined in 1888 was much smaller, while in 1882, 1883, 1884, the amount varied from 100,000 pounds to 147,410 pounds (Miu. Res. U. S.).
Muscovite was so named by J. D. Dana in 1850, from Vitrum Muscoviticum or Muscovy- glass, formerly a popular name of the mineral. The derivations of the names of prominent varieties are given in the preceding pages.
Alt. — Mica at times becomes hydrated, losing its elasticity and transparency, and often some portion of the potash; and at the same time it may take up magnesia, lime, or soda. These changes may be promoted by waters containing carbonates of these bases. It occurs altered to steatite and serpentine, and cases of alteration to amphibole and stilpnosiderite have been mentioned. It sometimes passes by alteration into a form of " vermiculite. " Cf. p. 664. A mica from Leon Co., Texas, has been examined by G. W. Leighton. which is characterized (J. P. Cooke) as an early stage in this alteration. Opaque; laminae brittle; luster pearly; B.B. swells, the laminae separate and fuses at 5 to 6. Analysis, Leighton, Am. J. Sc., 32, 317, 1886:
SiO, A1QO3 Fe2O3 MgO CaO K2O NaaO H2O
48-95 2517 9'40 1'69 tr. 11-08 tr. 4'31 100'60
Artif.— See p. 613.
Ref.— ' Rotheukopf. Zillerthal, 1. c. (ref. 614). For crystals from Abuhl Tschermak cal- culates 001 A 201 84° 9'. Cf. also Marignac, Bibl. Univ., 6, 300, 1847; Dx., Min., 1, 485, 1862; Kk., Min. Russl., 2, 121 etseg., 7, 225 et seq. (Mem. Akad. St. Pet., 1877, read May 17), 8, 5, 1878. See also Kk., ibid., 7, 301-344, for valuable abstracts of early papers, literature, etc. On vicinal planes on the muscovite of Abuhl, Rothenkopf, see Tschermak, 1. c.
The position here taken is that finally adopted by Tschermak (priv. coutr., May, 1891) as
Mica Group— Muscovite. 621
most satisfactorily showing the relation to the other rnicas, the chlorites, etc. Tschermak (1. c., 1877, and Min., 1883) earlier made M 110, e Oil, p 102, C 133, etc.; for this the fundamental angles on p. 614 give the axial ratio:
d : t : c 0-5775 : 1 : 2'2175 ft 84° §5'._
This position has certain obvious advaatages in simplicity of symbols, etc., to the one adopted. Of. also p. 614. Muscovite was earlier regarded as orthorhombic with rnonoclinic hemihedrism.
Ou percussion-figure, pressure-figure, etc., see references on p. 614. Etching-figures Baum hauer, Ber. Ak. Mimchen, 245, 1874, 99, 1875; Wiik, Zs. Kr., .1, 187 (ref.j, 1882. Elasticity, Coromilas, Inaug. Diss.. Tubingen, 1877, abstr. iu Zs. Kr., 1, 411, 1877.
Refractive indices, see Bauer, Ber. Ak. Berlin, p. 693, Nov. 27, 1877; Miu. Mitth., 1, 14, 1878; Kohlrausch [Vh. Ges. Wilrzburg, 12, 1877] ; Matthiessen, Zs Kr., 3, 330 (ref.), 1879; Pultricb, Wied. Aun., 30, 499, 1887; Scharizer, Zs. Kr., 12, 8, 1886; Hecbt, Jb. Min., Beil., 6, 271, 1889. Axial angles, Tschermak, 1. c.; Silliman, Am J. Sc., 10, 372, 1850; Grailich, Ber. Ak. Wien, 11, 46, 1853; Bauer, Pogg., 138, 350, 1869 et al.; Dx., 1. c.. and N. R., 75-81, 1867.
Electrical conductivity, inductive power, etc., J. Ourie, Ann. Ch. Phys., 17, 385, 1889, 18, 229, 1889; Schultze, Wied. Ann., 36, 655, 1889; Bouty, 0. R., 110, 846, 1890.
Finite. A general term used to include a large number of alteration-products of iolite,. spodumene, nephelite, scapolite, feldspar, and other minerals. In composition essentially a. hydrous silicate of aluminium and potassium corresponding more or less closely to muscovite, of which it is probably to be regarded as a massive, compact variety, usually very impure from the admixture of clay and other substances.
Characters, as follows: Amorphous; granular to cryptocrystalline. Rarely a submicaceous cleavage. H. 2 5-3'5. G. 2'6-2'85. Luster feeble, waxy. Color grayish white, grayish green, pea-green, dull green, brownish, reddish. Translucent to opaque.
The following are some of the minerals classed as pinite (cf. also p. 616). They are further referred to under the original minerals in the several cases; typical analyses are given below; for others, see 5th Ed., pp. 481, 482.
FINITE. Speckstein [fr. the Pini mine at Aue, near Schneeberg] Hoffmann, Bergm. J., 156, 1789; Kieselerde -f Thonerde, etc., Klapr., ib., 227, 1790. Pinit Karsten, Tab., 28, 73, 1800. The original pinite is in 6- to 12-sided prisms; color brown; occurs in granite, pseudomorphous after iolite.
GIGANTOLJTE Nordenskidld , Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn., 1, 2, 377, 1840. From gneissoid granite of Tammela, Finland, in large 6 and 12-sided prisms, with basal cleavage; H.= 2'5; G . 2'862- 2"878; luster somewhat waxy; color greenish to dark steel-gray, sometimes approaching sub- metallic iu luster, owing to the alieration of the original iolite and the presence of uncombined oxide of iron. Iberite Svanberg (Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 1, 219, 1844), from Moutalvan, near Toledo, Spain, is the same mineral in characters; H. 2'5; G. 2'89. Both are a result of tbe altera- tion of iolite.
GIESECKITE (fr. Greenland. Allan, Ann. Phil., 2, 1813). In 6-sided prisms, pseudomorphoua after nephelite. Brought by Giesecke from Akulliardsuk and Kaugerdluarsuk, Greenland, where it occurs in compact feldspar. Also from Diana, N. Y. See nephelite, p. 426.
LYTHRODES Karsten, Mag. Ges. Fr. Berlin, 4, 78, 1810; John, Ch. Unt., 1, 171; Splittriger Wernerit Hausm.. 520, 1813, is from the zircon-syenite of Fredriksvarn and Laurvik. It ia regarded as altered nephelite.
LIEBENERITE Marignac, Bibl. Univ., 6, 193, 1848, is essentially the same; from a porphy- ritic feldspathic rock of Mt. Viesena, in the Fleimsthal; it occurs in 6-sided prisms.
DYSYNTRIBITE Shepard, Proc. Am. Assoc., 311, 1851, Am. J. Sc., 12, 209, 1851. Essentially the same with the gieseckite from Diana and elsewhere, Lewis Co., N. Y.; it constitutes masses or a rock, sometimes slaty in structure, and somewhat resembles serpentine, though more waxy in aspect; H. 3-3'5; G. 2'76-2'81; colors often mottled, usually greenish, sometimes reddish or spotted with red. Associated with phlogopite, etc.
PAROPHITE T. 8. Hunt, Rep. G. Can., 1852, 1863. Similar to dysyntribite, but less pure, it is regarded by Hunt as a rock, and not a simple mineral; the name alludes to a resemblance to serpentine. It constitutes a schistose rock at St. Nicholas and Famine R., Can.; also in Stanstead, on the E. shore of L. Memphremagog, with chloritic schist; and at Powual, Vermont.
ROSITE Svanberg (Ak. H. Stockh., 1840). granular red mineral, occurring in granular limestone at Aker in Sodermanlaud; H. 2'u. G. — 2'72. G. Rose and others make it altered anorthite.
POLYARGITE Svanberg, 1. c. Occurs in reddish lamellar masses at Tunaberg, Sweden; H. 4; G. 2'768; named from aroAiJS, much, and apyos, sparkle. Cf. Palmgren, G. F5r. Forh., 1, 188, 1873. The name Pyrrholite has been given to a reddish lamellar mineral from Tunaberg, which is very similar to polyargite (Dx., Min . 1, 302, 1862); it has H. 3-4; and cleavage surfaces inclined together about 87°; and is apparently anorthite less altered than in rosite and polyargite.
PINITOID A. Knop (Jb. Miu., 558, 1859). A rock, like dysyntribite in characters, and a schist called "pinitoid schist" approaches parophite. Pinitoid has H. 2'5; G. 2'788; color
Silicates.
leek-, oil-, and grayish green. Occurs in the region between Freiberg and Chemnitz, Saxony, pseudomorphous after feldspar, in a half-decomposed granitic porphyry, constituting about 25 p. c. of the rock. Also from other localities, cf. Cohen, Zs. Kr., 7, 405, 1882.
HYGROPHILITE Laspeyres, Min. Mitth., 147, 1873. A piuite-like substance, at least in part derived from feldspar. G. — 2'670. From Halle-au-der-Saale. A similar mineral occurs as the result of the alteration of oligoclase in the gneiss of the Wildschapbach-Thal, Baden (Saudberger, Unt. Erz., 59, 1882.
WILSONITE T. S. Hunt, Rep. G. Can. , 1853, 1863 A pseudomorph, with the form and cleavage of scapolite; H. 3 5; G. 2'76-2'78; luster somewhat pearly; color rose-red; frag- ments translucent. It is from Bathurst. Can , where it was first found by Dr. Wilson; also St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. See also p. 473. Terenite (p. 478), from Antwerp, St. Lawrence Co., may be the same.
KILLINITE Thomson, Min., 1, 330, 1836. From Killiney Bay, Ireland, pseudomorph after spodumene, see p. 368.
Grattarola describes a pinite formed from andalusite from San Piero, Elba, Boll. Com. Geol., 333, 1876.
The pinite of Stolpen near Neustadt, called micarel by Freiesleben (p. 473), is according to Wichmanu not a pseudomorph after iolite, Zs. G. Ges., 26, 701, 1874.
AGALMATOLITE (Agalmatolithus. Bildstein (fr. China), Klapr., Beitr., 2, 184, 1797. Pagodite Napione. J. Phys., 46, 220, 1798). Like ordinary massive pinite in its amorphous compact texture, luster, and other physical characters, but contains more silica, which may be from free quartz or feldspar as impurity. The Chinese has H. 2-2'5; G. 2'785-2'815, Klapr. Colors same as for pinite, usually grayish, grayish green, brownish, yellowish.
A similar mineral in composition comes from Nagyag in Transylvania, and Ochseukopf near Schwarzeuberg in Saxony. Agalmatolite was named from ayaX/j.a, an image, and pagodite from pagoda, the Chinese carving the soft stone into miniature pagodas, images etc. Part of the so-called agalmatolite of China is true pinite in composition, another part is compact pyrophyl- lite, and still another steatite (see these species).
OOSITE (Oosit Marx, ib., 3, 216, 1834), is near oncosine (p. 616); it is white to reddish or brownish red, and occurs in 6- and 12-sided prisms; it is from the Oos valley, Baden, occurring in what is called pinite- porphyry.
Gongylite (Gongylit Thoreld, Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn., 3, 815, A. Nord., Beskrifn. Finl. Min , 146, 1855) is yellowish or yellowish brown, and has cleavage in two directions; with H. 4-5; G. 2'7. From a schist called talcose schist at Kimsamo in Finland.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Miu. Ch. 835, 1860. 2, Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 5, 76, 1854. 3, Brush, Am. J. Sc., 26, 641, 858. 4, Hauer, 1. c., 147, 1853. 5, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 50, 1853. 6, T. S. Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, 484, 1863. 7, Laspeyres, 1. c. 8, Killing, quoted by Sandberger, Unt. Erz., 58, 1882. 9, 10, Quoted by Crosby, Tech. Q., 248, 1889. 11, C. L. Reese, Chem. News, 50, 209, 1884. 12, C. H. Slaytor, ibid.
SiO2 A1203 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO K2O Na2O H2O
1. Penig, Pinite 47'00 28'36 7'86 — 2'48 0'79 10'74 1-07 3'83 =102-18
2. Greenland, OiesecJcite f 45'88 26'93 — 6'30 7'87 — 4'84 — 6'82 98'64
3. Diana, " f 45'66 31'53 0'27 0'77 3 48 2'20 8-21 0'88 6'97 99 97
4. Fleims, Liebenerite 44 45 38'75 2'26 tr. 1'58 6-45 2'79 [4'75]=r 101-03
5. Jefferson Co., Dysyntr. 44'80 34'90 3'01 0-30" 0 "42 0'66 6'87 3'60 5'38 99 94
6. St. Nicholas, Parophite 48'46 27'55 — 5'08 2'02 2'05 5'16 2'35 7'14 99'81
7. Halle, HygropMite 4 48 -42 32'06 — 326 1'72 115 5'67 1'37 9'02 102'67
8. Wildschapbach 48'60 32'82 — 2'76 237 0'84 4'08 132 8-83=101-62
9. E. Massachusetts, Pinite 54'04 36-83 — 1-30 0'43 lO'Ol 0'72 4-76
10. " " 44-51 34-71 — 0-56 0'17 7'95 0'16 4'31
11. Madison Co., N. C., " 47'28 3647 — — tr. 0'28 11'40 0-74 4-39=100-56
12. " " " " 47-31 38-11 — — — — 13-37 — 1'05 90'84
The pinite of anal. 9 is described by Crosby (1. c., also Am. J. Sc., 19, 116, 1880) as common in eastern Massachusetts, especially in the vicinity of Boston, where it occurs as a soft, greenish, unctuous mineral, both in the felsyte and the conglomerate. In the latter it makes up much of the pebbles and the enclosing paste, and is referred for its feldspathic origin to Primordial times.
CATASPILITE Kataspilit Igelstrdm. Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 24, 14, 1867. Pseudomorphous after iolite, and presenting its forms.
H. 25. Luster pearly. Color ash-gray. Subtranslucent. Analysis, IgelstrOm (1. c.):
SiOj Al,O,(Fe,,O,) MgO CaO Na2O K2O ign.
40-05 28-95 8'20 7'43 5-25 6'90 [3'22] 100
From a gray chlorite rock at Langban, in Wermland, Sweden, distributed through it in druses as large as peas. Earned from Kara<rrtiA.d£eiv in allusion to this mode of occurrence.
Mica Group— Paragonite.
459. PARAGONITE. Paragonit Schafhautl, Lieb. Ann., 46, 334, 1843. Pregrattit L. Liebener, Kenng. Ueb., 53, 1861, 1862. Natronglimmer Germ. Soda mica. Cossaite Qastaldi, Alt. Ace. Torino, 10, 189, 1874.
Massive, sometimes consisting distinctly of fine scales; also compact.
Cleavage: basal, eminent. H. 2-5-3. G. 2-78-2-90 ;-2t28 Schafhautl. Luster strong pearly. Color yellowish, grayish, grayish white, greenish, light apple-green. Translucent; single scales transparent. Optically — . Orientation and ax. angle (70°) as in muscovite. Dispersion p v. Tschermak.
Comp. — A sodium mica, corresponding to muscovite in composition H1NaAl,Si,011 or 2H,O.Na,0.3Ala03.6SiO, Silica 47'1, alumina 40-1, soda 8-1, water 47 100. A little potassium is often present.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 14, 761, 1862. 2, (Ellacher, Kenng. Ueb., 1. c. 3, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 390, 1873. 4, Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 107, 167, 1869. 5, 6, Cossa, Att. Ace. Torino, 1. c. 7, Piolti, ibid., 23, 257, 1888
G
SiO,
A12O3
Mte. Campione Pregratten Pregrattite 2'895 Ochseukopf Virgenthal 2 '9
Cossaite
Borgofranco 2'896 Mt. Blasier 2 '890 Bousson 3075
FeaOs FeO MgO CaO tr. — 0-65 1-26
KaO Na2O H,O
tr. 6-40
— 0-84 0'37 0-68 — tr. 0-91 — 0-36
4-82 100
100 70 5-04 CraO3 0-10 4-99 100 2-51 98-66
— 1-36 6-37 4-91 100'34
— 0-84 6-91 5-08 100'45
— 1-34 4-75 4-57 Li2O tr.
100-51
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fusible with difficulty. The pregrattite exfoliates somewhat like vermiculite, and becomes milk-white on the edges.
Obs. — Paragonite constitutes the mass of the rock at Monte Campione near Faido in Canton Tessin, Switzerland, containing cyauite and staurolite; called paragonite-schist. The rock also contains garnet and black tourmaline. Also from the Ochsenkopf , Schwarzenberg, Saxony, and the Virgenthiil; also forms the compact ground-mass resembling soapstone enclosing actiuolite in the Pfitschthal and Zillerthal. From the Island of Syra with iolite, staurolite, cyanite. Pregratten in the Pusterthal (Pregrattite), Tyrol.
Cossaite is a compact variety, showing but little micaceous structure, first identified in an antique ring or bracelet, dug up in the neighborhood of Turin; also found at the mines of Borgofranco, near Ivrea, and at Mt. Blasier. Named for Professor Cossa, who gave the first description. Also (anal. 7) from the Colle di Bousson, Valle di Susa, in compact form with apple- green color forming layers between limestone layers.
Named from Ttapdyeiv, to mislead.
EUPHYLLITE B. Silliman, Jr., Am. J. Sc., 8, 381, 1849. A sodium-potassium mica appa- rently intermediate between muscovite and paragonite, but more basic. Structure as in mica, but laminae not as easily separable. Laminae rather brittle.
H. 3-5-4-5. G. 2-963-3 008 Silliman; 2'83 Smith and Brush. Luster of cleavage surface bright pearly, inclining to adamantine. Color white to colorless; sides faint grayish sea-green or whitish. Transparent to translucent: at times opaque or nearly so. Biaxial; axial angle 7H°, Silliman.
Tschermak identified in a specimen from Unionville, showing euphyllite and tourmaline, scales like paragonite; others with large axial angle referred to margarite, and still others with a very small axial angle. That the original material was similarly heterogeneous is not so
Anal.— 1-4, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 15, 209, 1853.
1. Unionville
G.
SiO,
A12O3
Fe,O,
MgO
CaO
K20
Na,O
Hso
5-00
5-08
5-91
6-23
The specimen for analysis 2 by Smith and Brush was from the original one described by Silliman. Their results show that the earlier analysis of Crooke (Am. J. Sc., 8, 381, 1849) and those of Erni and Garret (Dana Min.. 3d Ed., 362, 1850) are erroneous. Erni's and Crooke's specimens were from the same that afforded the material for analysis 2 of Smith and Brush.
Occurs associated with tourmaline and corundum at Unionville, Delaware Co., Pa.
624 Silicates.
impression of tne crystals of tourmaline on the lateral surface of the euphyllite leaves a very smooth, hard-looking surface. Also in the same vicinity in aggregated laminae, or scales, 01 compact masses.
Dr. Smith refers to euphyllite, with a query, a mica found by him with the emery of Asia Minor and the islands of the Grecian Archipelago which afforded him the following results (Am. J. Sc., 11, 62, 1851, 15, 210, 1853):
SiOa A12O3 Fe2O, MgO CaO K2O(little Na2O) H2O
1. Gumuch-dagh 42'80 40'61 1'30 tr. 3'01 undet. 5'62
2 Kulah 43 62 38'10 3'50 0'25 0'52 7'83 5 51 99'33
3. " 4271 37-52 2'32 tr. 1-41 undet. 5'95
4. .Nicaria 42 60 37-45 1-70 tr. 0'68 9-76 5'20 97'39
An emerald-green mica from Pipra, South Rewah, India, is referred here by Mallet (Min. India, 130, 1887} It is similarly associated with corundum and tourmaline. An analysis by Tween gave:
SiO, 43-53 AlaO3 43'87 CraO3 0'91 CaO 1-45 K20 7'80 HaO 4'60 102-16
460. LEPIDOLITE. Violetfarbigen Zeolith (fr. Rpzena) v. Born, Crell's Ann., 2, 196, 1791. Lilalith (ib.) v. Born. Schuppeusteiu Oerm. Lepidolith Klapr., Schrift. Ges. Berl., 11, 59, 1794, Bergm. J., 2, 80, 1792, Beitr., 1, 21, 279. 1795, 2, 191. Lepidolite Kirw., 1, 208, 1794. Lithionglimmer G. Omelin, Gilb. Auu., 64, 371, 1820. Lithia Mica. Lithionit Kbl., Taf., 54, 1853. Rabenglimmer, Siderischer Fels-Glimmer (fr. Alteuberg), Breith., Char., 1823, 1832, Handb., 404, 1841.
In aggregates of short prisms, often with rounded terminal faces. Crystals sometimes twins or trillings according to the mica law1. Also in cleavable plates, but commonly massive scaly-granular, coarse or fine.
Cleavage: basal, highly eminent. H. 2'5-4. G-. — 2'8-2'9. Luster pearly. Color rose-red, violet gray or lilac, yellowish, grayish white, white. Translucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. usually b; rarely b Scharizer. Bxa (a) inclined 1 ° 47' red, and 1° 33£' yellow (Na) to normal to c. Axial angle large, from 50°-720,. Elba, Tschermak. Also Scharizer1 :
Schilttenhofen 2Er 83° 16' Siberia 2Er 72° 42' Wolkenburg 2Er 57° 13' 2Ey 84° 1' " 2Ey 73° 2' 2Ey 57° 10'
Indices ft, 1-5975 yy 1-6047
Comp.— In part a metasilicate R3Al(Si03)3 or KLi[Al(OH,F),]Al(Si03)3. The' ratio of fluorine and hydroxyl is variable.
Following in the line of Clarke's suggestion (p. 612), typical lepidolite may be considered as having the formula
R6Al9(SiO4)3 + R6Al2(Si3O8)3. R K,Li,(AlF3),(Al(OH)a\ also Rb.Cs. Clarke, however, prefers to consider it as consisting of equal molecules of HKLiAl3(SiO4)3 and K3Li3(AlF3)3Al(Si3O8)3.
See Clarke, 1. c. (p. 613), and U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 42, 1887; also earlier Am. J. Sc., 32, 357, 1886; further, Tschermak, 1. c., and Scharizer. Zs. Kr., 13, 464, 1887. Scharizer regards lepidolites as isomorphous mixtures of niuscovite R3Al3Si3On and the silicate (" lithiouitsilicat ") (OH,F)3R4AlsSi5016.
Anal.— 1, 2, Berwerth, quoted by Tschermak, 1. c. 3, Rg. Ber. Ak. Berlin, 624, 1878. 4, Scharizer, Zs. Kr., 13, 464, 1888. 5-11, R. B. Riggs, quoted by Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 32, 356,
G. SiO, AlaOs FeaO3 FeO MnO KaO Li2O NaaO H2O F
1. Paris 2-855 50 39 28'19 — — — 12'34 5'08 — 2'36 5'15
103-51
2. Rozena 2'839 50-98 27'80 — 0'05 — 10-78 5'88 - 0'96 7'88
[P2O5 0-05 104-38
3. Yushakova 50'26 21 '47 — — 5"36* 11-08 4'88 054 0'66 8'71
Fc11-16 104-12
4. Schiittenhofen
5. Rumford, purple
6. Paris, foliated
7. Hebron, granular
8. Auburn, border
9. " granular
10. Norway, white
11. " brown
Incl. MgO. Incl. Rb.Cs.
eRbaO 1-29, CsaOO-45.
Mica
ORO UP—LEriDOLITE.
G. SiO, 2-825 49-25
A13O3
Fe2O3
FeO
MnO
—
tr.
c Rb2O,CsO 0-77. Rb,O 3-73, Cs2O 0'08.
K2O LiaO NaaO H2O F 13-85b 5-38 0-35 T76 5'68 [SnO, 0-06 103-29 11-01 4-90 1-06 0-95 5'80
[CaQ,MgO 0-18 101-89
11-38 4-20 2-11 1-96 6'29
102-38
12-21' 4-49 0-74 1-73 496
[CaO.MgOO-17 101-86
11 -19* 4-34 2-17 1-52 5-45
12-258 4-98 1-43 0-94 6'57
[CaO.MgO 0-13 103-11 12-63? 3-87 0-13 1-72 5'18
[CaO,MgO 0-15 - 102-71 13-408 4-03 — 2-02 5'05
[CaO.MgO und. 101 62
d Rb20 2-44, Cs2O 0'72.. Also Na2O.
Page (Ch. News, 48, 109, 1883) found in a lean-gray lepidolite from the greisen at Pihra, Hazaribagh, Bengal (anal, by Tween, Rec. G. Surv. India, 7, 43, 1874), the alkalies:
K2O 8-60
Li,O 1-75
Na2O 0-(51
Rb2O 0-07
tr.l
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives water and reaction for Uuorine. B.B. fuses with intu- mescence at 2-2-5 to a white or grayish glass, sometimes magnetic, coloring the flame purplish red at the moment of fusion (lithia). With the fluxes some varieties give reactions for iron and manganese. Attacked but not completely decomposed by acids. After fusion, gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs in granite and gneiss, especially in granitic veins, and is associated sometimes with cassiterite, red, green, or black tourmaline, amblygonite, spodumene, etc. It is often associated with muscovite in parallel position (cf. Scharizer).
Found near Uto in Sweden; at Altenberg, Chur'sdorf, and Penig in Saxony; Eulenlohe in the Fichtelgebirge; Yushakova in the Ural; lilac or reddish violet at Rozena (or Rozna) in Moravia; near Chanteloube, Dept. Haute Vienue, France; at Campo on Elba; brown at St. Michael's Mount in Cornwall; Argyll in Scotland; Tyrone in Ireland. In the granite of Hazari- bagh, Bengal, India, with muscovite.
In the United States, common in the western part of Maine, in Hebron, Auburn, Norway, Paris, Rumford; both granular and a broad foliated varieties are found, often associated with rubellite, also with spodumeue and amblygonite; at Chesterfield, Mass., with red tourmaline in the town of Peru; reported from Pownal, Durham, Yarmouth, and Freeport; granular near Middle- town, Conn. The rose mica of Goshen, Mass., is muscovite (anal. 8, p. 618). Lepidolite also occurs with rubellite eight miles from San Diego, California.
Lepidolite occurs near Barkevik, Langesund fiord, as a part of the so-called pterolite which has resulted from the alteration of barkevikite (p. 403).
Named lepidolite from Xeitis, scale, after the earlier German name Schuppenstein, alluding to the scaly structure of the massive variety of Rozena.
Ref.— ' See Scharizer, Zs. Kr., 12, 5, 1886; 13, 22, 464, 1887.
OOOKEITE G. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 41, 246, 1866.
In minute scales, and in slender six-sided prisms, sometimes vernacularly bent. Often as a coating. Cleavage, basal, perfect. Scales flexible, inelastic. H. 2'5. G 2'70. Luster pearly on plane of cleavage. Color white to yellowish green. In thin scales transparent.
Approaches a hydrous lithia mica in composition. Anal. — P. Collier, 1. c. :
SiO2 A12O3 Li2O K2O H2O SiF4 34-93 44-91 2'82 2'57 13'41 0'47 H2O exp. at 100° 0'38 99'49
Three determinations of the silica obtained 35 04, 34'05, 35'71 p. c. The alumina contained a little oxide of iron.
B.B. exfoliates like vermiculite, and colors the llame intense carmine-red. In the closed tube yields water, which is at first neutral, then becomes acid by decomposing the fluoride of silicon evolved, while a ring of silica is deposited. Tube slightly etched. Fusible on thin edges, and gives blue color with cobalt solution. With phosphorus salt gives skeleton of silica. Par- tially decomposed by sulphuric acid.
Occurs with tourmaline and lepidolite at Hebron and Paris, Me. , often as a pearly coating on crystals of rubellite. of which it appears to be a product of alteration. Probably similarly associated at Elba. Also at Padar, Kashmir, with sapphire, green tourmaline, spodumene (La Touche, Rec. G. Surv, Ind , 23, 59, 1890).
Named after Prof. J. P. Cooke, of Cambridge.
Silicates.
461. ZINNWALDITE. Haidinger, Handb., 521, 1845. Lithionit von Kobell, Taf., 54,
1853. Rabenglimmer Breith. Lithionglimmer pt. Lithioneisenglimmer Germ.
Cryophyllite J. P. Oooke, Am. J. Sc., 43, 217, 1867. Polylithionit Lorenzen, Zs. Kr., 9 251, 1884.
Monoclinic. In form near biotite (meroxene).
x (131, 3-3).
Measured angles: cH= 85*, cJf 85°, co — 73° 19', ct> — 81° to 82°, bx 30° 30'.
Twins: according to the mica law, with c as comp.-face. Faces b, c often
bright, the others dull. A fine wrinkling common on the cleavage surfaces normal to the edges of the b planes (f. 2, twin). Crystals often in fan-shaped groups; in rosettes.
Cleavage : basal perfect. Laminae tough and flexible. H. 2'5-3. G. 2'82-3'20. Luster often pearly. Color pale violet, or yellow to brown and dark gray. Successive layers of different colors.
Pleochroism distinct in some kinds: in dark varieties, c and b, Figs, 1, 2, Zirmwald, Tsckermak. dark brown, a yellowish brown or
reddish; in light colored kinds; c,
b brownish gray, a nearly colorless. Absorption r. b a (Rosenbusch). Opti- cally — . Ax. pi. b. Bxa nearly c. Apparent angle a c — 1° 18' red, — 1° 4' Na, — 0° 57' Tl. Axial angles:
Zinnwald Siberia
2Er 50° 36' 2Er 65° 28'
2Ey 50° 25' 2Ey 65° 19'
2Egr 50° 5' Tl
a c 4° 4' and 4° 2' Tschermak
Var. — Ordinary. As described above.
Rabenglimmer from Altenberg is a ferruginous zinnwaldite, . Color dark gray. Axial angle nearly zero. G. 3 '15-3-19 Breith. Turner found 19'78 p. c. Fe2O3, 7 '49 K2O, 306Li2O.
Cryophyllite from Rockport, Mass., is naturally referred here, although of rather different composition. Crystals mostly simple. G. 2-909. Color emerald-green axially; brownish red laterally (Cooke). Optical characters as with zinnwaldite; 2Ey 56°. Strongly pleochroic: C violet, 6 greeuish gray.
Polylithionite is a lithium mica from Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland. It is related to zinu- waldite, but contains more silica and alkalies, less alumina, and almost no iron. Lorenzen obtained:
2Er 67° 13' Li a c - 0° 18'
2Ey 67° 19' 0° 5' to 8'
2Egr 67° 51' 0° 13'
Comp., Var. — Approximates empirically to (K,Li)8FeAlsSi6016(OH,F)a as given by Groth. Clarke calculates H2K4Li4Fe3Al8FeSiI4042. Cf. also p. 612. Analysis 1 gives Li20 : K80 : HS0 : FeO : A1203 : Si02 : F 1 : 1-1 : 0-5 : 1-7 : 2vL : 7 : 3'8.
Cryophyllite is somewhat different, namely, B(AlFs)Al(8iO)i Clarke, the empirical formula (Li,Na,K)i8F6Al4SiieO43.
Anal.— 1, Berwerth, Min. Mitth., 346, 1877. 2, Rg., Min. Ch., 121, 1886. gave discordant results, 5th Ed., p. 315 (under lepidolite).
3, Cooke. Am. J. Be., 48, 217, 1867. 4-6, Riggs, ib., 32, 358, 1886.
7, Lorenzen, Medd. Grouland, 2, 1884, and Min. Mag., 5, 65, 1882. 8, Id., ibid., 7, 1884.
Polylithionite gives Earlier analyses
Zinnwaldite.
G.
SiO2
A12O3
FeaO3
FeO
MnO
K2O
Li2O
Na2O
H2O
F
1. Zinnwald
P2O6 0-08 105-48 103-74
Mica Group— Biotite.
G. SiO, A12O, Fe.,O3 FeO MnO K2O LiaO Na2O HaO F
Cryopliyllite
3. Cape Ann 2-909 51'49 16'77 1'97 7'98 0'34a 13-15 4'06 tr. — 3-42bMgOO'76r
[Rb2O tr. 99-94
4. " " 51-96 16-89 2'63 6'32 0'24 10-70 4'87 0 -87 —I'M 6'78 CaO,MgO
[0-15 102-72
5. " " 51-46 16-22 2'21 7'63 0'06 10'65 4'81 0"89 1'12 7'44 MgO 0-17
102-66
6. " " 52-17 16-39 4'11 5'99 0-32 10-48 4'99 0'63 1'46 7'02 103 56
Polylithionite 7. Kangerdluarsuk
51-96 16-89 2'63 51-46 16-22 2'21 52-17 16-39 4'11
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO K2O Li2O Na2O H2O F
58'93 12'83 I'll — 5"37 9'07 7'63 59-25 12-57 — 0'93 5'37 9'04 7'63
4'99 99'93 — 7 -32 102'11
Mn2Os.
b SiF4.
Pyr., etc. — Nearly as with lepidolite, but more fusible and reacts for iron.
Cryophyllite fuses in the flame of a candle; and B.B., with some intumescence to a grayish enamel (F. l'5-2), giving a lithia reaction. In tine powder decomposed by the dilute acids, the silica separating as a powder. The fluorine is not expelled even at a red heat.
Obs. — Occurs at Zinnwald and Alteuberg (RabengUmmer) in the Erzgebirge in connection- with tin deposits; similarly in Cornwall, at St. Just, and elsewhere. In the granite of the Mourne Mts., Ireland, showing a zonal structure, the center dark green with an axial angle of 44° 4'; the border giving 52° 6' (Sollas). Also from Siberia, exact locality unknown.
CryophyVite occurs in the granite of Cape Ann, with danalite and aunite. Named from KpvoS, ice, and <pv\Xav, leaf, in allusion to its easy fusibility and foliated structure.
Polylithionite is from Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland, where it occurs embedded in albite with segirite, steenstrupine, analcite.
PUOTOLITHIONITE F. Sandberger, Unt. Erzg., 169, 1885. A lithium-iron mica from the granite of the Erzgebirge, Fichtelgebirge, etc. Color dark. Optically nearly uniaxial. The typical occurrence is that in the tourmaline-granite of Eibenstock, Saxony. Sandberger regards it as the source of the zinnwaldite, hence the name. Anal. — 1, SchrOder, 1. c., and Jb. Min., 2, 93, 1883. 2, Niemeyer, ibid.
G.
1. Eibenstock 2-
SiO2 TiOa 39-04 0-57
2. Geyer 2'88 37'83 0-30
KaO Na2O Li2O F H2O 23-56 6-10 12'42 — 0'97 0'78 8-51 0'71 3 39 undet. 3'25
[SnO2 0-22 99-52
24'35 7'59 11-78 0'27 0'44 0'20 10-03 2-24 1'73 4'28 1'23
[SnO2 tr. 102-27
462. BIOTITE. Magnesia-Mica pt., Hexagonal Mica, TJniaxial Mica. Astrites meroxenus (fr. Vesuv.) Breith., Handb., 382, 1841. Rubellan Astrites trappicus, Breith., ib., 379. Biotit Hausm., Handb., 671, 1847. Rhombeuglimmer (fr. Greenwood Furnace) Kenngott, Pogg., 73, 661. Euchlorite C. If. Shepard, Pisani, C. R., 83, 167, 1876. Meroxen, Anomit Tsc/iermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 76 (1), 1877, Zs. Kr., 2, 14, 1878. Haughtonite Heddle, Min. Mag., 3, 72, 1879. Siderophyllite H. C. Lewis, Proc. Ac. Philad., 254, 1880. Manganophyllite. Mauganophyll Igelstrom, Jb. Min., 296, 1872. Manganofyll Swed.
Monoclinic ; pseudo-rhombohedral. *90° 001 A 100 Eath1. 100 A HO 30° 0', 001 A 101
Axes a
Forms2 :
0 (061, 64)
e (332, - f)
a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l)
f (013, t-i) e (023, £4)
a (1-1-12, - TV) (118, - i)
Jf (221, - 2) / (331, - 3)
c (001, 0)
W (Oil, 14)
Z (113, - 4)
(119. i)
m (110, /)?
y (043, fi)
A (225, -
(117, J)
Q (130, e-3)
2 (032, f-1)
o (112, - i)
(116, 4)
(104, J-i)
I (0-12-7, V-*)
tt (7-7-10, -
(115, i)
p (205, f-i)
a (021, 2-1)
r (334, - 4)
Q (114, i)
(102, $-i)
ft (052, |-i)
TT (9-9-10, - y)
(558,f)
u (041, 44)
The forms a (104), p (205), ? (135), and perhaps K (2 '6 -15) are gliding-planes.
Silicates.
?.' a. 60° (X
54° 48' %° 13'
47° 30' 65° 23' 73° 1' 77° 6' 78° 29V 81° 19'
ccr
cp
ct
ce
cy
eft
ck
ch
co
cv
ce cM
tf
83° 2'
85° 32'
87° 5'
39° 18'
62° 7'
69° 6'
73° 1'
78° 29V
84° 11'
85° 38'
87° 5'
tw 36°
cv 43° 5V
ct 47° 30'
cs 52° 38'
eg 58° 35'
en IT 6'
en 81° 19'
Ck 83° 2'
cS 88° 15'
cC 66° 13' cz 80° 0'
M' 55° 43' oo' 57° 8'
Mm'
—
59°
48
ss
—
46°
50'
50°
31'
nri
—
58°
20'
W*'
sa
59°
—
104°
50'
gz'
—
117°
3'
to
—
61°
26'
6Jf
—
60°
6'
&yU
60°
23'
31°
284'
M
b
/f
M
M
bcM *60°
Figs. 1-5, Tscbermak: 1, 2, Vmjvius, simple crystals; 3, 4, twins; 5, Greenwood Furnace, part- ing foNii with the gliding-planes p (205), ? (135).
Common forms c, b, o (112), (111); c usually brilliant, also the others some- "what less so, but o, n, often striated c, and c also finely striated edge b/c. Habit "tabular or short prismatic; the pyramidal faces often repeated in oscillatory combi- nation. Vicinal forms not uncommon. Crystals often apparently rhombohedral in symmetry since r (101) and z (132), z' (132), which are inclined to c at nearly the same angle, often occur together; further, the zones to which these faces belong are inclined 120° to each other, hence the hexagonal outline of basal sections.
Twins3, according to the mica law, tw. pi. a plane in the prismatic zone c, sometimes contact-twins with the tw. pi. also the comp.-face, and either symmetri- cally or unsymmetrically situated. Also comp.-face c one crystal above the other, and either right-handed (f. 3) or left-handed (f. 4). Often in disseminated scales, sometimes in massive aggregations of cleavable scales.
Cleavage: basal, highly perfect; planes of separation b and ju (111) and other less definitely determined pyramids (Il2, 111, 114) in the unit series, as shown in the percussion-figure, . Gliding-planes p(205), C (135) shown in the pressure- figure inclined about 66° to c; also cr (104) inclined 55° to c, and perhaps (104). These gliding-planes yield pseudo-crystalline forms (f. 5) which are especially prominent with anomite. Etching-figures in general hexagonal inform. H. 2'5 -3. G. 2'7-3'l. Luster splendent, and more or less pearly on a cleavage sur- face, and sometimes submetallic when black; lateral surfaces vitreous when smooth and shining. Colors usually green to black, often deep black in thick crystals, and sometimes even in thin laminae, unless the laminae are very thin; such thin laminae green, blood-red, or brown by transmitted light; also pale yellow to dark brown; rarely white. Streak uncolored. Transparent to opaque.
Pleochroism strong; absorption b c nearly, for a much stronger. Hence sec- tions c (001) dark green or brown to opaque; those c. lighter and deep brown or green for vibrations c, pale yellow, green or red for vibrations c. Pleochroic halos often noted, particularly about microscopic inclusions. Optically — . Double refrac- tion strong. Ax. pi. usually b, rarely b. Bxa a) nearly coincident with the
Mica Group— Biotite. 629
normal to c, but inclined about half a degree, sometimes to the front, sometimes the reverse. Axial angle usually very small, and often sensibly uniaxial; also up to 50°.
Tscbermak obtained on a yellow crystal from Vesuvius (meroxene) for_ the apparent angle between Bxa a) and tbe normal to c, — 32' red glass (Na same) ; on a brown crystal -j- 43 red, 43' Na, 42' Tl; again ou a black crystal 7' Na, 3' green glass. On anomite from Greenwood Furnace the same angle was — 35' Na.
He also gives the following axial angles (cf. anals. beyond) for meroxene:
Morawitza, olive-green 2Er 0° to 4° [2Egr= 9" 34r
Vesuvius, yellow 2Er 6° 16' 2Ey 6° 24' brown 2Er 7° 59' 2Ey 8° 10'
deepbvown 2Ey 7° 51' 2Egr= 8° 18' 2Er 9° 21' 2Ey =10" 23'
dark green 2Er 12° 22' 2Ey =12° 48' 2Egr=13° 18' also 2Ey =37° 30'
Cherbarkul, black 2Ey 20° Albani Mts., black 2Ey 56°
Anomite, L. Baikal 2Er 12° 44' and 16°. Also 2Egr 15° 42' and 12° 20' on different parts of the same specimen. Again, 2Er 12°, 14° 12', the axial angle diminishing with increase of iron.
Greenwood Furnace 2Er 12° 55' red glass 2Ey 12° 40' Na 2Egr 12° 35' green glass
Comp., Var. — In most cases an orthosilicate, and as shown by Tschermak chiefly ranging between (H,K)2(Mg,Fe)4(ALFe),Si4016 and (H,K),(Mg,Fe)2Al2Si3012. Of these the second formula may be said to represent typical biotite. The amount of iron varies widely as shown in the analyses which follow.
Biotite is divided into two classes by Tschermak:
I. MEROXENE. Axial plane b. II. ANOMITE. Ax.pl. .]_b. Of these, meroxene includes nearly all ordinary biotite, while anomite is, so far as yet observed, of restricted occurrence, the typical localities being Greenwood Furnace, Orange Co., N. Y.. and L. Baikal in E. Siberia (see also beyond). An attempt was made by Tschermak to establish a separate composition for anomite, but the observations are too few to establish this, if indeed a uniform difference really goes with the change in optical character, which seems improbable. Meroxene is Breithaupt's name early given to the Vesuvian biotite. Anomite is from arojuof, contrary to law.
Bnrytbiotite, of Kuop, is a kind of biotite from Schelingen in the Kaiserstuhl, containing 7'3 p. c. baryta, anal. 28. V
A chrome magnesia mica (Chromglimmer] of a green color, from Schwarzenstein, in Ziller- thal, afforded Schafhautl (Lieb. Ann., 46, 325, 1843) over 5 p. c. of oxide of chromium. He obtained: SiO2 47'68, A12O3 15'15, Cr8O3 5'90, FeaO3 5'72, MnO 1'05, MgO 11'58, Na2O M7, K2O 7-27. H2O 2-86 98 38.
Siderophyllite of Lewis is a black mica from the Pike's Peak region, in which the magnesium is chiefly replaced by ferrous iron; cf. anal. 31, which gives the formula 3H2O.6(K,Na,Li)aO. 81PeO.10At8O.3pSiO,
Haughtonite is also characterized by the large amount of iron replacing magnesium. G. 2'96-3-l:i Fuses with difficulty to a black magnetic globule. Color dark brown to jet black. Axial angle small. Occurs mostly in granitic and gneissoid rocks, also in dioryte, at various Scottish localities, as from hornblendic gneiss of Roueval; the hill of Capval; Nishibost; from the shore of Loch-na-Muilne; Fionaven in Sutherland: Ben Stack; Rispond; Clach-an-Eoin; Kinnaird's Head, Aberdeeushire; Cove near Aberdeen; Lairg, in Sutherland; Portsoy in Banff- shire. Cf. anal. 30. Named after Dr. Samuel Haughton of Dublin.
Manganopltyllite occurs in crystals, thick tabular c; also tabular b with m and o strongly developed. Forms: b, c, m. e, o, ju, z (p. 627). Angles (meas., Flink). ce 65° 33', co 72* 45' c/i 81° 29', bo 61° 38', bju 60° 23'.
In aggregations of thin scales. Color bronze- to copper red. Streak pale red. Translucent and rose-red in thin scales. Pleochroism strongly marked, but varying with the composition: c (t, c) colorless or pale yellowish red; ±c (a) deep reddish brown. Absorption in some varieties a maximum for rays with vibrations i c unlike other micas. In others, which contain most manganese, absorption normal, like biotite, here a red-brown, 6 and c dark brown. Certain intermediate kinds show no pleochroism (Hamberg).
In composition manganophyllite is a manganesian biotite. but varying widely in the relative amounts of manganese and other elements. Cf. anals. 33-36
Anal.— 1, John, Min. -\Iitth., 242, 1874. 2. Hamm, Min. Mitth., 32, 1873. 3, Smith & Brush. Am. J. Sc., 16, 45 1853. 4, R<?., Min. Ch., Erg., 118, 1886. 5, Rumpf, Min. Mitth., 177, 1874. 6, 7, Rg., Jb. Min., 2, 227, 1885. 8, Pisani, C. R., 83, 167, 1876. 9, Berwerth, Min. Mitth., 112, 1877. 10, Rg.. Min. Ch., Erg., 118, 1886. 11, Zellner. 12-19, Rg., 1. c. 20, Becker, Zs. Kr., 17, 130, 1889. 21, Clarke & Riggs, Am. J. Sc., 34, 135, 1886. 22, Schlaepfer, Recherches sur la comp. d. micas, etc., 1889. 2H-28, Knop, Zs. Kr., 12, 604, 1887. 29, Hawes, Am. J. Sc., 11, 431, 1876. 30, Heddle, Min. Mag., 3, 72, 1879; also numerous other analyses, ibid., p. 81, and 4, 221, 1881. 31, Lewis & Genth, Proc. Ac. Philad., Jan. 28, 1878. 32, Clarke &
Silicates.
Riggs, Am. J. Sc., 34, 136, 1887. 33, Igelstrom, 1. c. 34, Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 13 (2), 7, 70, 1888. 35, 36, Hamberg, G. For. Forh., 12, 567, 1890.
G. SiO3 A12O3 FeaO, FeO MgO CaO K2O Na2O H2O F
2-870 40-00 17-28 0'72 4'88 23'91 — 8'57 1'47 1'37 1'57
99 77 2846 4081 16-47 2'16 5-92 21 '08 — 9'01 1'55 2'19 tr.
99-19
9-11 1-12 1-30 0-95 [01 0-44 99 16 8-93 0-28 1-14 0-53 99-11
2-75 40-16 15-79 2'53 4-12 26-15 tr. 7'64 0-37 3-58 —
100-34
2-898 44-94 31'69 4'75 3'90 — — 8'00 0'59 3'85 0-93
[Li2O 0-21 98-86
3-030 38-47 24-27 7-651187 — — 9-64 1-18 2'88 2-43
[LiaO 1-38 99-72 100
2-84 39-55 15-95 7'80 — 22'25 — 10-35 4'10 — 2-86 39-30 16-95 0'48 8'45 21-89 0'82 7'79 0'49 4'02 0-89
101-08
38-89 14-53 4-58 8'92 20'28 — 10'08 0'40 0'94 1-49
100-11
3'00 38-49 14-43 5'44 14-75 16-34 — 8'12 0'53 0'89 tr.
32-49 12-34 6'56 25-13 5'29 — 9 59 0"88 242 1-61
[TiO, 4 03 100-34
38-20 15-45 8-63 9'59 16-58 1-60 9-17 0-18 1-94 1-15
102-39
39-82 1925 2 -62 573 20'00 1-41" 8 -33 0'66 1-69 tr.
99-51 37-77 15-96 6'63 14-48 12-26
1. Lake Baikal
2. Greenwood F.
4. Monzoni, drk. grn.
5. Morawitza
6. Branchville, black
8. Chester, Mass.,
Euchlorite
9. Vesuvius
40-00 17-28 0-72 4'88 28'91
4081 16-47 2-16 5'92 21-08
39-88 14-99 7'68 — 23-69
41-70 16-86 2-23 2-74 24'70
40-16 15-79 2-53 4-12 26-15
44-94 31-69 4'75 3 '90 —
38-47 24-27 7'65 11 '87 —
10. Arendal, black
11. Chebarkul
12. Miask, black
13. Filipstad
14. Sterzing
15. Persberg
16. Renchthal
17. Hittero, green-brown
18. St. Dennis
19. Brevik, green
20. Freiberg
21. Auburn, Me.
22. Miask
87-67 18-79 6'48 15-28 9'72
39-01 15-44 9-37 18-67 11-80
87-93 24-89 7-85 14 87 0'28
32-97 11-88 16-48 24'36* 1-08
34-70 17-17 2-11 19-55* 9'52
34-67 30-09 2'42 16-99* 1-98
8-23 0-27 2-67 0'44 [TiO, 2-12 100-78 8-93 1-92 2-33 tr. 101-12
8-62 0-14 2 93 1-29 101-77
8-64 0-40 1-54 4'23 100-63
8-03 0-30 3-35 1-29 [TiOa 2-42 102-16 891 1-24 3-56 0'20 [TiO24-58 101-54 7-55 1-67 4-64 0'28 100-29
3-084 33-24 14'90 5'92 24'52* 5'15 0'40 7'77 1-45 2-19 —
[TiO2 4-73 100-27
G. SiOa A12O3 Fe8O3 FeO MgO CaO K3O Na,O H2O TiO,
6-18 0-71 3-42 1-67 [Cr2Os 0-18 100-01 7-53 2-09 3-05 3'30 100-12
7-48 249 1-79 2'00 99-62
654 2-60 2-50 3'99 100-36
6-96 0-59 1-23 0-21 100-0 100-21
35-83 18-82 2'63 — 28'34 7'31C 6'27 I'Ol — — 2-96 35-61 20-03 0-13 23'04 5'23 — 9-69 0'52 1-87 1-46
[F 0-76, Li2O 0-93, Cl tr. 99'27 100-16 3-03 37-16 15-01 7'69 18-39- 8 88 1'13 8'18 1'60 2-12
[LiaO 0 37 99-86 3-1 36-68 20-41 1'55 27'60 1-14 0-81 9'20 1'09 1-01
84-21 16-53 20-15 15'08- 1-84 0'48 6'50 1-48 4 54 0'08
alncl. MnO, in 9, 0-59 p. c.; in 19 3'64; in 20, 0'50; in 21, 0'85; in 22. 0'95; in 29, M9; in 30, 1-04; in 81, 2-10; in 32, 0'9l. b BaO. e BaO 6 '84, SrO 0-47.
23. Bostenbach
24. Freiersbach
25. Easton, Pa.
26. Hochberg
27. Klausenalp
28. Sclielingen
Barytbiotite
29. Middletown, Ct.
30. Roneval,
Hauqhtonite
31. Pike's Peak
Siderophyllite
32. Pike's Peak
37-60 19 68 2-29 15'04 13'24
32-83 18-40 1-46 19'90 11 '56
34-82 16-91 4-19 15-96 18-98
36-42 17-92 2'83 7'04 2052
37-90 18-83 4-22 15-86 14'20
Mica Group— Biotite.
Manganophyllite .
33. Pajsberg 38 "50
34. Langban 41 "36
35. Pajsberg, red-brn. 40'64
AUO, Fe3O3 MnO CaO MgO K3O NaaO H2O
11-00 3-78a 21'40 3'20 15-01 5'51 1'60
16-02 4-66 5'41 — 13'27 11 '43 2'09 4-62
9-43 3-66 9'68 — 22 31 10"50 0'3& 4 30
darkbrn. 36'42 12'64 4"50b 17'13 0'20 14'73 8'78 0'38 4'60
aFeO.
b 0-70 Mu3O,
F
— =100
0-49= 99-35
0-30LiaOO'29
101-46
033Luoo-40
100 11
Fyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives a little water. Some varieties give the reaction for fluorine in the open tube; some kinds give little or no reaction for iron with the fluxes, while others give strong reactions for iron. B.B. whitens and fuses on the thin edges. Completely decomposed by sulphuric acid, leaving the silica in thin scales.
Mangauophyllite becomes black upon ignition and gives a strong manganese reaction with the fluxes. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with separation of silica.
Obs. — Biotite is a common constituent of the crystalline rocks, granite, gneiss, mica schist, etc., being often associated with muscovite and sometimes largely taking its place. Also very common, as muscovite is not, in eruptive rocks of all ages, syenite, audesyte, trachyte, etc. Further, it occurs as a result of secondary action in certain contact rocks, and as produced by the alteration of a variety of species. It is not infrequently associated in parallel position with muscovite, the latter, for example, forming the outer portions of plates having a nucleus of biotite- sometimes in similar plates the two species are in twinning position with reference to each other (cf. Lex., Jb. Min., 630, 1878).
Some of the prominent localities of crystallized biotite are, as follow: first of all, Vesuvius, where it is very common and occurs particularly in ejected limestone masses on Monte Somma, associated with augite, chrysolite, nephelite, humite, etc. The crystals are sometimes nearly colorless or yellow and then usually complex in form; also dark green to black. Occurs also in the Albani Mts. ; Mt. Monzoni in the Fassathal, in green or greenish black crystals; Schwarzen- stein in the Zillerthal and in the Pfltschthal with black tourmaline; Rezbanya and Morawitza in Hungary; Scheliugen and other points in the Kaiserstuhl; the Laacher See; on the west side of L. Ilmen near Miask, etc.
In the United States ordinary biotite is common in granite, gneiss, etc., but notable localities of distinct crystals are not numerous. It occurs with muscovite (wh. see) as a more or less prominent constituent of the pegmatyte veins in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Con- necticut, Pennsylvania; also similarly in Virginia and North Carolina. Interesting specimens have been obtained at Litchfield, Me.; Acworth, N. H. ; Craftsbury, Vt. (nodular masses of biotite cemented by quartz); Portland, Middletown, Branchville, Conn.; St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.; in N. Carolina, in crystals at the mica mines of Mitchell, Haywood, Yancey counties, and especially Macoii County; in the Pike's Peak region in Colorado, where the variety sidero- phyllite was obtained.
The variety anomite, as already noted, is rare. The typical localities are L. Baikal in. eastern Siberia, where it occurs with apatite, diopside, etc., in a coarse granular limestone on the river Sliudiauka; also at Greenwood Furnace, Orange Co., New York, where it is characterized by the pseudo crystalline forms (f. 5, p. 628), often rhombohedral, showing the gliding-planes p, £. A few other occurrences have been noted, as in gneiss at Steinegg, Lower Austria; the nephelinyte of the Katzeubuckel; kersantyte of Michaelstein near Blankenburg in the Harz; in melilite-basalt of Aluo, Westeruorrland, Sweden, etc.
Manganophyllite occurs in cavities filled with calcite, with tephroite, rhodonite, richterite, less often hematite, magnetite, garnet, etc., at the Harstig mine at Pajsberg, Wermland, Sweden; also at Langban and probably at Jakobsberg near Nordmark. Named from manganese and </>y/l/lo*', leaf.
bee further on localities under the varieties above; also phlogopite, lepidomelane, following, which are probably to be regarded as hardly more than well characterized varieties of biotite.
Biotite is named after the French physicist, Biot (1774-1862).
Alt. — Biotite is often altered by the assumption of water and oxidation of the iron and many supposed species have been based upon such products; a loss of transparency, a bronze luster on the surface, etc., are early changes. Cf. below, and also under the verrniculites.
Artif.— See p. 613.
Ref.— 'Rath, Vesuvius, Pogg., Erg. Bd., 6, 366, 1873. He showed that the angles cr and ca are sensibly equal; measurement gave:
001 A 101 80° 0' 001 A 132 80° 1' 001 A 132 80° 0'
The position of Tschermak is here followed (cf. p. 620). In his original paper Tschermak assumed the fundamental angles (Rath) cr 80° 0', cz — 80° 0V, oo' — 57° 10', which give:
d : b : c 0-5777 : 1 : 3'2772
or, if M 110 (Tschermak, Min., 1883)
d : b c 0-5777 : 1 : 2-1932
ft 89°
fi 84° 58'.
632 Silicates.
If the first axial ratio is accepted the signs of the plaues must be changed, that is r 101, M 221, etc. It is obvious, however, that the angles are not decisive in showing on which side the obliquity really lies, hence the position here taken, with ft 90°, is to be regarded as con- ventional only. With Koksharov and some other authors the position in this regard is reversed; moreover, the axis c (Kk.) has only half the length heie taken, hence with him o 111, r — 201 (g), z 131 (d), etc. Laspeyres has proposed another position for biotite to bring it into correspondence with Koksharov's position of clinochlore. Cf. Zs. Kr., 17, 541, 1890.
2 Cf. Tschermak, 1. c., also Phillips, Min., 103, 1837; Mgc., Suppl. Bibl. Univ., 6, 301, 1847; Mir. Min., 387, 1852; Kk., Miu. Russl., 2, 113, 291, 7, 225, 8, 5, Mem. Akad. St. Pet., 1877 (read May 17); Dx., Min., 1, 484, 1862; Hbg., Min. Not., 7, 15, 1866; Rath, 1. c. Hbg. (1. c.) discusses the earlier results and gives a list of pianos, noted by different authors, referred to the rhombohedral form. Some of the forms deduced from early observations must be regarded aa doubtful.
3 The mica law is here and elsewhere stated in the form given by Tschermak. Brogger prefers to regard the normal to c (001) as the tw. axis and the angle of revolution 120°. See Zs. Kr., 16, 24-41, 1890, 18, 374, 1890; also Hamberg, G. For. Forh., 12, 585, 1890.
The following have probably been derived from biotite; still other alteration products are noted under the vermiculites, to which some of these approximate.
RTJBELLAN Breith. is considered an altered biotite; it occurs in small hexagonal forms, of a red color, in the basalt of the Laacher See and elsewhere. Cf. Hollrung, Miu. Mitth , 5, 304,
EUKAMPTITE Kenngott, Ueb., 1853. 58, 1855, described under the name CliloritaTinliches Mineral in Ber. Ak. Wien, 11, 609, 1853. A hydrous biotite, probably a result of alteration, from Presburg, Hungary. It is between mica and chlorite in its characters.
VOIGTITE Schmid, Pogg., 97, 108, 1856. Probably a hydrated biotite; it occurs in a graphic granite at Ehreuberg near Ilmenau. See 5th Ed., p. 486.
RASTOLYTE Shepard, Min., 1857, Appendix, p. vi; Am. J. Sc., 24, 128, 1857. Similar to voigtite, from Monroe. N. Y.
HYDROBIOTITE H. C. Lewis, A hydrated biotite. The name has been similarly but more definitely used by Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 381, 1882.
PSEUDOBIOTITE A. Knop, Zs. Kr., 12, 607, 1887. An altered biotite occurring in the granular limestone of the Schelinger Matten in the Kaiserstuhl. Analysis, Kuop and Wagner:
SiO2 TiOa A12O3 Fe2O3 MnaO3 MgO K2O Na2O H2O 35-91 1-15 15-18 10-85 0'89 2280 2'90 tr. 10-77 100-45.
BASTONITE Dumont, Dx. Min., 1, 498, 1862. A mica in large plicated plates, of a greenish brown color, greasy luster, very small optical angle, easily fusible into a black enamel, discovered by Dumont in a quartzyte from Bastogne, Belgian Luxembourg. The same mica iu small pearly scales of a bronze-like color has been investigated by Klement and shown to be a some- what altered iron mica. G. 2'928. 2E 10° 45 -12° 54'. Dispersion v. B.B. exfoliates and fuses finally to a black magnetic glass. Decomposed in hot acid. Analysis, Klement, Bull. Mus. Belg., 1, 40, 1882.
SiO2 Al2Os Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO K2O Na2O H2O
Libramont 86'91 20'04 20'01 3-73 7'96 0-95 3'07 0'22 6'98a 99'87
a Below 300° 1-61 p. c.
462 A. Phlogopite. Magnesia-Mica pt. Rhombic Mica. Rhombenglimmer pt. Phlogopit (fr. Antwerp, N. Y.) Breith. ,"Handb., 398, 1841. Monoclinic. In form and angles near biotite.
Forms: b (010, i-l), c(001, 0), M (221, — 2), o (112, — £), ju (111, 1). Measured angles, cM - 85°, co - 73°, en - 81° 30'.
Twins as with ordinary biotite (p. 628) united by c (f. 1); also united by a vertical plane and then showing a tine feather-like striatiou edge c/b. Crystals often lf large and coarse. Usually oblong six- sided prisms, more or less tapering,
with irregular sides.
Cleavage: basal, highly eminent. Thin lamina? tough and elastic. Parting a (104) and C (135) as with biotite, p. 628; also 134 inclined about 71 to c; H. 2 5-3. G. 2-78-2'85. Luster pearly, often sub- metallic on cleavage surface. Color yellowish brown to brownish red, with often something of a copper-like reflection; also pale brownish yellow, green, white, colorless. Transparent to translucent in thin folia. Often exhibits asterism in transmitted light, due to regularly arranged inclusions (see below).
Mica Group— Biotite.
Pleochroism distinct in colored varieties: t brownish red, 6 brownish green, a yellow. Ab- sorption t 6 a, Burgess. Optically — . Ax. pi. f b. Bxa nearly e. Apparent angle ac — 24' red, — 9' green, Burgess; also 1° 19' Natural Bridge. Axial angle small but variable even in the same specimen, from 0° to 17° 25' for red. 2Er 17° 25' Edwards (anal. 4). Disper sion p v. The axial angle appears to increase with the amount of iroa. _C|._Silliman,5thEd., p. 303 and Am. J. Sc., 10, 372, 1850.
Comp. — A magnesium mica, near biotite, but containing little iron. Potassium is prominent as in all the micas, and in most cases fluorine. Typical phlogopite, according to Clarke, is
R3Mg3Al(SiO4)3, where R H.K.MgF. The Burgess phlogopite corresponds very closely to H2KMg3Al(SiO4)3 + K(MgF)Mg2Al(SiO4)3. Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 40, 410, 1890. Analysis 8, discussed by Peutield and Sperry, conforms to the orthosilicate formula, H6K,Mg,Al2(SiO4)7. Cf. also Clarke, 1. c.
While phlogopite cannot be sharply separated from biotite, its character and method of occurrence are so far constant and peculiar that it is most naturally placed by itself, while per- haps not deserving the full rank of an independent species.
Anal.— 1, Ludwig, Min. Mitth., 240, 1874. 2, Neminar, ib., p. 241. 3, Poppovits, ib. 4, Berwerth, ib., quoted by Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 78 (1), 31, 1878. 5-7, Kg., Miu. Ch., Erg., 117, 1886. 8, E. S. Sperry, Am. J. Sc., 36, 329, 1888. 9, 10, Clarke and Schneider, 40, 410, 1890. 11, 12, Peufield, priv. contr.
G.
1. Pargas 2 '867
2. Peunsbury, Pa.? 2'779
3. Ratnapura 2'742
4. Edwards, N. Y.
5. Pargns
6. Rossie
7. Gouverneur
8. Edwards 2'792
10. Burgess
11. De Kalb, white 2'862
12. Rossie, black 2 -950
a Incl. 008Li,O.
SiO2 AlaO3 FejO3 FeO MgO BaO K2O
43-43 13-76 0'16 1'35 27'20 — 8'06
44-29 12-12 1-40 1'44 27'86 — 7'06
42-26 15-64 0'23 1'52 27'23 — 8'68
40-64 14-11 2-28 0'69 27"97 2'54 8'16
42-55 12-74 1-81 0'49 27'62 — 8'92
43-17 13-43 1-51 — 27"47 — 8'73
43-00 13-27 1-71 — 27'70 — 10'32
r 44-81 10-87 — 0-31 28"90 — 8'40
45-05 11-25 — 0-14 29'38 — 8'52
39 66 17-00 0-27 0'20 26 -49 0'62 9'97
42-06° 13-21 0-16 O'll 28'16 2-08 8'78
40-63 13-04 1-12 7'63 21'47 0'04 10'14
b Incl. 0-07 Li2O.
NaaO H2O F 1-30 0-92 4-21 100'39 216 2-09 1-94 100-36 — 2 91 2-19 100 66 1-16 3-21 0-82 101'58 0-83 1-18 4-59 100-23 0-39 0-40 5'41 Li2O()'53
101-04
0-30 0-38 5'67 102-35 0'46 5-42 — ign(100Q) [0-96 100-13 0-52" 5-37 — 100 23 0-60 2-99 2-24 Ti2O 0-56
100-60
1-04 3-10 3-07 101-77 0-57 2-47 4'OOTiO2l-16
102-26 Incl. 0.38 TiO2.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives a little water. Some varieties give the reaction for fluorine in the open tube, while most give little or no reaction for iron with the fluxes. B. B. whitens and fuses on the thin edges. Completely decomposed by sulphuric aoid, leaving the silica in thin scales.
Obs. — Phlogopite is especially characteristic of serpentine, and crystalline limestone or dolomite. It is often associated with pyroxene, amphibole, etc. Prominent localities are: Pargas, Finland, in crystalline limestone with diopside, pargasite; Alter and Sala in Sweden; Campo- longo in Switzerland (Tessin), in dolomite Ratnapura, Ceylon, etc.
Phlogopite occurs also in New York, at Gouverueur, of a brownish copper-red; at Pope's Mills, St. Lawrence Co.; Natural Bridge, Jefferson Co; colorless at Edwards, N. Y.; Oxbow. Also at Sterling Mine, Morris Co., N. J., rich yellowish brown, inclining to red, in limestone; at Suckasuuny mine, N. J., deep olive- brown, inclining to yellow, in limestone; Newton, N. J., yellow, in limestone; Franklin Furnace; Lockwood, Sussex Co., N. J., deep olive-brown, like the mica of Fine, N. Y., in limestone. The crystals at Clarke's Hill, St. Lawrence Co., are very large, sometimes nearly two feet long (f. 2).
At North and South Burgess, Ontario, in fine crystals, sometimes very large; also in Grenville, Buckingham, Templeton, and elsewhere in Quebec; in general, common in the crystalline limestones of the Laurentian.
Named from (p/toycoTtoS, fire-like, in allusion to the color.
The asterism of phlogopite, seen when a candle-flame is viewed through a thin sheet, is a common character, particularly prominent in the kinds from northern New York and Canada. It has been shown to be due to minute acicular inclusions arranged chiefly in the direction of the rays of the pressure- figure (f. 1, p. 611), producing a distinct six-rayed star; also parallel to the lines of the percussion-figure, giving a secondary star, usually less prominent than the other.
The nature of these inclusions is uncertain, and the same mineral may not always be the cause. Rose suggested cyanite, but later referred them to n uniaxial mica; rutile needles have been noted by Sandberger, and also by Lacroix; further tourmaline by Rosenbusch. Cf. the following authors:
Silicates.
G. Rose, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 614, Oct. 30, 1862. Sandberger, Jb. Min., 2, 192, 1882. Lex., Templeton, Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 99, 1885; Ceylon, 12, 341, 1889. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 76 (1), 125, 1877. Rosenbusch, Mikr. Phys., 487, 1885. Lindgren, quoted by Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 40, 411, 1890.
Alt.— The phlogopites are quite liable to change, losing their elasticity, becoming pearly in luster, with often brownish spots, as if from the hydratiou of the oxide of iron. In some cases an alteration to steatite and serpentine has been observed. A number of different "vermicu- lites " derived from phlogopite have been described, as noted beyond.
ASPIDOLITE. Aspidolith F. v. Kobell, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, March 6, 1869.
An olive-green mica, brownish yellow in thin leaves, with pearly, submetallic luster. Occurs in aggregations of prismatic crystals. Axial angle 11° 55'. Analysis gave:
G. 2-72
SiO2
A12O3
MgO
FeO
Na3O
K20
H20
1-33 - 100-86
The composition approaches that of a soda phlogopite, but it needs further examination.
B.B. exfoliates like vermiculite, giving water in the closed tube. In the forceps difficultly fusible to a dirty gray-white glass. Entirely decomposed by hydrochloric acid, leaving the silica In pearly scales.
Found in the Zillerthal, in Tyrol, associated with chlorite.
462B. Lepidomelane. Hausmann, Gel. Anz. Gott., 945, 1840. Annite Dana, Min., 1868.
In small six-sided tables, or an aggregate of minute scales. Sometimes (Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 189, 1890) in distinct crystals with the forms:
b (010, i4), c (001, G), it (201, - 2-1), y (043, |-i), o (112, - i), M (221, - 2), n (111, 1). Angles (Bgr.): CTC 84° 48', cM - 85° 29|', cu 81° 2f , MM'" 59° 48', juj*' 59° 12'.
Cleuvage: basal, eminent, as in other micas. Somewhat brittle. H. =3. G. 3'0-3'2. Luster adamantine, inclining to vitreous, pearly. Color black, with occasionally a leek-green reflection. Streak grayish green. Opaque, or translucent in very thin laminae. Ax. plane b. Ax. angle small, from 0.° to 8°. For anal. 6, 5°-8°.
Comp. — Chiefly characterized by the large amount of ferric iron. In part an orthosilicate, in part a more basic compound. It can hardly be regarded otherwise than as a variety of biotite. Anal. 6 gives (H,K)3Fe3(Fe,Al)4(SiO4)6.
Anal.— 1, Soltmann, Pogg., 50, 664, 1840. 2, Haughton, Q. J. G. Soc., 15, 129, 1859. 8, Scheerer, Zs. G. Ges., 14, 56, 1862. 4, Rube, ibid. 5, Baltzer, Jb. Min., 654, 1872. 6. Rg., Min. Ch.f Erg., 119, 1886. 7, Flink, Zs. Kr., 16, 191, 1890; earlier, Scheerer. 8, 9, Riggs, Am. J. Sc., 31, 268, 1886. 10, Id., ibid., 34, 133, 1887. 11, Clarke & Schneider, ib., 40, 410, 1890. 12, Cooke, ibid., 43, 222, 1867. 13, Riggs, ibid., Am. J. Sc., 32, 359, 1886.
Wermland G. 3.00
SiO2
TiO2
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
Ballyelin
—
Freiberg
"
Adamello G. 3-07
—
" Brevik "
Langesund fiord
Litchfield, Me.
—
—
Baltimore
—
Port Henry
Annite G. 3-169
—
a
a In orig. 6-40 Na2O.
b Incl. 0-04 Li20.
MnO MgO CaO K2O Na2O H2O
— 026 9-20 — 0-60
99-15
1-95 3-07 0-61 9-45 0'35 4'30 99-61 3-00 3-48 99-42 6-06 — 4-40 100-15 5-54 0-03 — 99-04
8-03 0-30 3-35 [F 1 -29 102-16
241 4-05 0-78 9'03 2'13 2-27 98-92 8-12 1-55 4-62 100-92
1-02 — 0-89 6'40a 0-70 4'67 100-83
1-08 8-67 — 7-76 0'56 4-48 100-29
0-41 5-82 — 8-59 0-20" 4'39
[F 0-34, (Co,Ni)O 0'30 100-56
O-eO" 0-62 — 10-66 0-59-1 1'50
[SiF4 0-62 100-42
0-21 0-05 0-23 846 1-54 425
100-46
c Mn2O3. d Li2O.
0-20 10-15 0-45 0-83
— 9-65 1-75
tr. 6-87 166 3-64 1-08 —
2-41 4-05 0-78 1-42 1-01 —
Roscoelite. 635
Pyr., etc.— B.B. at a red heat becomes brown and fuses to a black magnetic globule Easily decomposed by hydrochloric acid, depositing silica in settles; this is an important distinguishing character.
ODS. — A scaly-massive mineral at Persberg in Wermland, Sweden, containing embedded prisms of hornblende, the scales halt' a line or so across; Langesuud fiord, Horway ; mica-like at Abborforss in Finland; in granite iii Ireland, at Ballyellin in Co. Carlow, Leinster, at Ballygihen in Co. Donegal, and at Canton, mostly in largish crystals or plates (£ inch across and larger). The Donegal and Leiuster micas are optically uniaxial, according to Haughton. Similar iron micas occur at Litchn'eld, Me., Baltimore, Md., etc.
Annite occurs in the Cape Ann granite, with cryophyllite, orthoclase, albite, and zircon (cyrtolite).
Lepidomelane is named from Aenrz'J, scale, and juehaS, black.
PTEKOLITE Breithaupt, B. H. Ztg., 24, 336. Appears to be an altered lepidomelane, of a pearly luster, and a color between olive-green and liver-brown; scaly massive in texture. It occurs in the Brevik region, Norway, with astrophyllite, wohlerite, aegirite, etc. See further p. 403.
ALTJRGITE Breith. , B. H. Ztg., 24, 336, 1865. Massive, consisting of scales, rarely having an hexagonal outline. Cleavage: basal eminent, as in mica. H. 2*25-3. G. — 2 984-3 Luster pearly to vitreous. Color purple to cochineal-red; in thinnest plates rose red; streak rose- red. Transparent to translucent. Optically uuiaxial. Contains much manganese, but not analyzed. Occurs with manganese ores at St. Marcel in Piedmont. Named from dkovpyoS, purple. It may be identical with mauganophyllite, p. 629.
HELVETAN R. T. Simmler, Kenng. Ueb., 135, 1865, 1868. A micaceous mineral forming part of a schist and quartzyte in the gneiss formation (Alpinyte) of the Alps. H. 3-3'5; G. 2 77-3'03; luster pearly or waxy; color gray to whitish, reddish, greenish, violet, and copper- red; streak grayish white to reddish. In the closed tube yields little or no water.
Analysis, Simmler, Jb. Mia., 348, 1868:
SiOa 67 07 A1203 18-05 FeO 4-43 CaO 2'38 MgO 2'18 KaO 7'37 NaaO 1'69 HaO 1-85=100'02 It may be muscovite, impure with quartz, etc.
463. ROSCOELITE. J. Blake, Am. J. Sc., 12, 31, 1876. Genth, ib., p. 32. In minute scales, often in stellate or fan-shaped groups. Structure micaceous. Cleavage: basal perfect. Soft. G-. — 2'92-2'94 Genth. Luster pearly. Color dark clove-brown to greenish brown, dark brownish green. Translucent. Optically biaxial, negative. Bx c. Dispersion p v Dx.
Comp. — A vanadium mica; formula doubtful. Genth calculates H_K(Mg,Fe) (Al,V)4(Si03)12.
Anal.— 1, Genth (after deducting 0'85 gold, quartz, etc.), Am. Phil. Soc., 17, 119, 1877; also earlier on less pure material, Am. J. Sc., 12, 32, 1876. 2, 3, Roscoe, Proc. Roy. Soc., 25, 109, 1876.
G. SiOa VaO3 AlaO3 FeaO3 Mn,O8 FeO MgO CaO KaO Na,O LiaO HaO
1. 47-69 20-56a 1410 — — 1'67 2'00 — 7'59 0'19 tr. 496= 98'76
2. 2-902 41-25 28'85b 14'34 1'04 1'45 — 1'96 061 8'25 0'72 — 0'94hygrosc.
[water 2-12 10l'53
3. — 28-36" 1394 1'23 0'85 — 2'06 0'62 8'87 0'92 — l-22hygrosc.
[water 2'42
a In the earlier analyses V8On was assumed. b Va O6.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily to a black glass. Gives with salt of phosphorus a dark yellow bead O.F., and an emerald-green bed R.F. Only slightly acted upon by acids.
Obs. — Occurs intimately mixed with gold in seams (T\y to in. thick) in porphyry, and fill- ing cavities in quartz, at the gold mine at Granite Creek, near Coloma, El Dorado Co., California; also from Big Red Ravine, near Butter's mill, where gold was first discovered in California (Hanks, Min. Sc. Press, June 25, 1881). Hanks remarks that at the Granite Creek locality some 400 or 500 Ibs. of the mineral have been discovered, which were wasted in the extraction of the gold.
Genth also describes (1. c.) a mineral occurring in the Magnolia District, Colorado, as a thin earthy incrustation, of a grayish to olive-green color on calaverite, also inclosed in quartz, and giving it a green color. An analysis of the quartz gave Quartz 79'38, Te 1'05, Au.Q-03 80'46; the balance (19'5 p. c.) is assumed to belong to the green mineral which forms the coloring matter. An analysis of this, after the deduction of the quartz, gave (mean of 5 partial analyses): SiO, 56-74, A12O3 19'62, V3O, 7-78. FeO 3'84, MgO 2'63, NaaO 0'94, K-.O 8;}! MnG,Li,O tr., HaO undet. =99 66. Genth regards this as probably closely related to roscoelite, perhaps a variety.
636 Silicates.
2. Clintonite Group. Monoclinic.
464. Margarite HaCaAl4SisOl8
465. Seybertite H,(Mg,Ca)AliSi101.
Brand isite 465A. Xanthophyllite H8(Mg,Ca)14Al16Si606, ?
a:1>:6 0-57735 : 1 : 3-2443 ft 90°
466. Chloritoid H2(Fe,Mg)Al2Si07 Triclinic?
467. Ottrelite H,(Fe,Mn)Al,SitO,?
The minerals here included are sometimes called the Brittle Micas (Sprod- glimmer Germ.). They are near the micas in cleavage, crystalline form, and optical properties, but are marked physically by the brittleness of the laminae, and chemi- cally by their basic character.
In several respects they form a transition from the micas proper to the chlo- rites. Margarite, or calcium mica, is a basic silicate of aluminium and calcium, while chloritoid is a basic silicate of aluminium and ferrous iron (with magnesium), like the chlorites.
Seybertite, brandisite, and xaiitkophylllte are near one another, and are regarded by Tschermak and SipOcz as isomorphous mixtures of a silicate and alumiuate
H2CaMg4Si3O,2 and H2CaMgAlflOi2.
For xauthophyllite the ratio 5 : 8 is given; forbraudisite 3 : 4; for seybertite 4 : 5. Ottrelite is sometimes assumed to be identical with chloritoid, but recent analyses give it a much higher percentage of silica. Tschermak also includes sapphirine (p. 561) in this group.
Ref.— Tschermak & Sipocz, Ber. Ak. Wien, 78 (1), Nov., 1878, or Zs. Kr., 3, 496, 1879.
464. MARGARITE. Perlglimmer (fr. Sterzing) Mohs, Char., 1820, Grundr., 282, 1824. Margarite Tyrolese min. dealers. Corundellite (fr. Pa.), Clingmanite (fr. N. C.), B. Silliman, Jr., Am. J. Sc., 8, 380, 383, 1849. Emerylite (fr. Asia Minor) J. L. Smith, ib., 8, 378, 1849, 11, 59, 1851. Kalkglimmer Germ.
Monocliuic. Axial ratio near that of biotite.
Forms: b (010, c (001, 0), 2 (0-10-9, --i), ft (116, - $)?, 0 (112, - i), q (114, ±), q(3310, £,), p(337, f).
Angles with c (001) measured (Tschermak) and calculated from the biotite axes:
3 (0-10-9) ft (116)? o(112) g(114) q (8-3-10) p (337)
Meas. 75° 49° 72° 2 1 '-78° 58° 22' 63° 8' 69°-70*
Calc. 74° 38' 47° 30' 73° 1' 58° 35' 63° H' 70C 23'
Rarely in distinct crystals; habit thin tabular c. The basal planes often smooth and brilliant, also b, q (114), the others uneven, and striated c. Twinning common according to the mica law, often repeated. Usually in intersecting or aggregated laminae; sometimes massive, with a scaly structure.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. Laminae rather brittle. H. 3-5-4 -5 G. — 2'99- 3-08. Luster of base pearly, of lateral faces vitreous. Color grayish, reddish white, pink, yellowish. Translucent, subtranslucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. b- Bxa approximately c, but varying more widely than other micas, a c -f- 6° 27' Tschermak. Dispersion p v. Axial angle large, from 100° to 120° in air. Refractive index ft 1-64-1-65 Becke.
Comp.— H.CaAl.SiO,, Silica 30'2, alumina 51-3, lime 14-0, water 4-5 100. On the probable structural formula, cf. Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 38, 391, 1889.
Clintonite Group— Margarite.
637,
Anal.— 1-3, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 11, 59, 1851, 15, 208, 1853. 4, Id., ib., 42, 90, 1866.. 5 Smith & Brush, ib., 15, 209, 1853. 6-12, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 399, 1873, also other anals.; further, Smith, Am. J. Sc., 6, 184, 1873. 13, 14, Chatard, quoted by Clarke, ib., 28, 22, 1884. 15, J. S. de Benne
G.
Gnmuch-dagh Nacaria Naxos Chester, Mass.
Sterzing Unionville, Pa.
Cullakenee M., N. C. 3'055
Gainesville, Ga. 3'004
Dudleyville, Ala. 3'085
Gainesville, Ga. Iredell Co., N. C. Patrick Co., Va.
Cruger's Pt., N. Y. 3'1 aFe,O3. i
H. Williams, ibid., 36, 263, 1886.
Also 5th Ed., pp. 506, 507..
SiO2
A12O3
Fe,0,
CaO
MgO Na2O K2O
H2O
l-78a
50
341 101
l-33a
tr.
31
5-12 100 22
l-65a
5-55 99-29
2-50*
91"
4-61 Li2O 0-32,
[MnO 0-20 100-96
l-65a
87
tr.
5-00 99-43
78
3-93 100-22
o-
591 Li2O 0-36
100-92
72
4-48 100-68
6-21 101-65
22
4-73 100-06
4-16 100-10
5-40 Li2O 0-38
100-45
tr.
4-88 100-58
—
5-68 100-66
—
5'56gangue t'70-
99-38
—
5-40 gangue 2 0?
100 82
5-12d
undet.
4 49 100-96
. Cr2Os
c Mait
ily Na2
d
FeO.
The material of anals. 15, 16 was derived from the alteration of andalusite and probably contained other micas besides rnargarite.
Corundellile and clingmanite were based on an incorrect determination of the silica in the analyses.
*Diphanite of Nordenskiold (Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 5, 17) is only rnargarite. It occurs in hex- agonal prisms with perfect basal cleavage. H. 5-5'5 G. 3-04-3-97. Color white to bluish.
Pyr., etc.— Yields water in the closed tube. B.B whitens and fuses on the edges. Slowly and imperfectly decomposed by boiling hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Associated commonly with corundum, and in many cases obviously formed directly from it; thus at the emery deposits of Gumuch-dagh in Asia Minor, the islands Naxos, Nicaria, etc. Similarly in the U. S., as noted below.
Occurs iu chlorite from the Alt. Greiner, Sterzing in Tyrol, where first found; at different localities of emery in Asia Minor and the Grecian Archipelago; with the corundum of Ekaterin- burg, Ural. Diphanite is from the emerald mines of the Ural, with chrysoberyl and pheuacite.
In the U. S., at the emery mine at Chester, Mass.; at Cruger's Point, near Peekskill, N. Y., as a result of contact metamorphism in mica schist with staurolite, tourmaline, etc. (2E — 114|°), corundum is similarly associated in the same region; with corundum at Village Green, Delaware Co., Pa.; coating corundum crystals at Unionville, Chester Co., Pa. (corundelliie); with corundum, andalusite, etc., at Bull Mt., Patrick Co., Va. : at the corundum locality iu Madison Co., North Carolina (clingmanite); rare at the Culsagee mine near Franklin, Macon Co.; in tine laminated crystals at the Cullakenee mine near Buck Creek in Clay Co.; at Gainesville, Hall Co., Georgia, surrounding a nucleus of corundum; at Dudleyville, Alabama.
Named Margarite from /apyapirrf, pearl. The name is attributed to Fuchs, but he nowhere published it. Von Leouhard (Handb., 766, 1826) gives it as " the current name among the Tyrol ese dealers in minerals."
This species, according to Dr. Krantz of Bonn (Am. J. Sc., 44, 256, 1867), is the original margarite. The specimen from Sterzing analyzed by Smith & Brush was one received so labeled from Dr. Krantz.
Alt.— DUDLEYITE Genth, from Dudleyville, Alabama, is a result of the alteration of marga. rite, see p. 668.
An earthy mineral is associated with and forms the matrix of the margarite of Gainesville, Georgia. Structure tine granular; soft; color between isabel-yellow and flesh color. Analysis of material containing a little margarite, Genth, 1. c.
G. 2-851
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O KaO ign. quartz
28-84 3965 2'12 14-75 1'26 0'48 1'60 10'41 2'17 101'28
Formula nearly 4CaO.15Al2O3.12SiO2.7H2O.
Ref.— ' Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 76 (1), July, 1877; Dx., Min., 1, 501. 1862.
638 Silicates.
465. SEYBERTITE. Bronzite (fr. Amity) /. Finch, Am. J. Sc., 16, 185, 1829. Clinton- ite (fr. Amity) Mather, 1828, but unpublished; Mather's Rep. G. N. Y., 467, 1843. Seybertite (fr. Amity) Clemson, Ann. Mines, 2, 493, 1832, Am. J. Sc., 24,171, 1833. Clintouit "in Handel" [— of the trade]. Chrvsophan (fr. Amity) Breith., Char., 92, 1832, Holmite (from Amity) Thomson, Rec. Gen. Sc., 3, 335, 1836. Xanthophyllit G. Hose, Pogg., 50, 654, 1840, Reis, Ural, 2, 120, 514, 527.
BRANDISIT Liebener, in Haid. Ber., 1, 4, 1846. Disterrit Breith., in v. Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 41, 154, 1847.
Monoclinic, near bibtite in form. In tabular crystals, sometimes hexagonal in outline; also foliated massive; sometimes lamellar radiate. Crystals usually complex twins according to the mica law.
SEYBERTITE.— Forms': c (001, 0), i (027, f i), n (056, £4), y (052, fi), q (114, i), p (337, $), I (221, 2).
Angles on c (001) measured (Tschermak) and calculated from the biotite axes:
i(027) ?r(056) #(052) g (114) p (337) I (221)
Meas. 43° 70° 2' 83° 59° 70° 8' 85° 20'
Calc. 43° 5' 69° 52' 83° 2' 58° 35' 70° 23' 85° 38'
BKANDISITE.— Forms1: b (010, 4), e (001, 0), (012, -B), y (052, f-i), g (091, 9-i), p (337, f), n (667, $), i (221, 2).
Angles on c (001) measured (Tschermak) and calculated as above:
u (012) y (052) g (091) # (337) n (667) J (21)2 Meas. 58° 30' 83° 9' 88° 70° 8' 80° 41' 85° 42' Calc. 58° 35' 83° 2' 88° 3' 70° 23' 79° 54' 85° 38'
The position of the forms above is that adopted by Tschermak; if, however, the -f- and — quadrants be reversed, then I (221) corresponds to the characteristic form M (221) of biotite, but q (114) no longer finds a corresponding form as now.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. Structure foliated, micaceous. Laminae brittle. Percussion- and pressure-figure correspond in positioii respectively to the pressure- and percussion-figure of mica. H. 4-5. G. — 3-3 -1. Luster pearly subme- tallic. Color reddish brown, yellowish, copper-red. Streak uncolored, or slightly yellowish or grayish.
Pleochroism rather ieeble. Optically — . Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. b seybertite ; b brandisite. Bxa nearly c. Axial angles variable, but not large, see below.
Var. — 1. The Amity seybertite (called also clintonite, holmite, and chrysophari) is in reddish brown to copper- red brittle foliated masses; the surfaces of the folia often marked with equilateral triangles like some mica and chlorite. G.=3'148 Brush. Pleochroism: c pale brownish yellow; 6 do. ; a colorless. Ax. plane ±b. Axial angle 3°-13° Tschermak. Indices-
a 1-646 ft 1-657 1-568 Levy-Lex.
2. Brandisite (called also disterrite), from the Fassathal, Tyrol, is in hexagonal prisms of a yellowish green or leek-green color to reddish gray; H. 5 of base; of sides, 6-6'5. G.— 3*042- 3-051 Kobell; 3'013-3'062 Hauer; 3'01-3'06 Liebener. Ax. plane b. Axial angle 15°-30" Dx.: 18°-35° Tschermak. Some of it pseudomorphous, after fassaite.
Comp.— For seybertite H,(Mg,Ca)5AlBSi9018 3H90.10(Mg,Ca)0.5AltO,.4SiO, Silica 19-3, alumina 40-9, magnesia 23 -3, lime 12 -2, water 4-3 100. Here Mg : Ca 8 : 3.
As stated on p. 636, Tschermak regards these minerals as isomorphous mixtures of H2CaMg4Si3O1!1 and H2CaMgAl6Oi., in the ratio of 4 : 5 for seybertite, of 3 : 4 for brandisite, and perhaps of 5 : 8 for xanthophyllite.
Anal.— 1, 2, Brush, Dana, Min., 505, 1854. 3, 4, SipOcz, 1. c. 4, Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 41. 154, 1847. 5, Sipocz, 1. c.
Seybertite.
G. SiO, A12O3 Fe,O8 FeO MgO CaO H2O F
1. Amity, N. Y. 20'24 39'13 3'27 — 20"84 13'69 104 — alk.1'43, ZrC-,0'75
100 39
2. " " 20-13 38-68 3'48 — 21'65 13'35 1'05 — alk.1'43, ZrO,0'68
100-45 8. " " 3-102 19-19 39-73 0'61 T88 21'09 13'11 4'85 1'26 - 101'72
Clintonite Group— Seybertite.
Brandisite.
G. SiO3 Al.Oa Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO HaO
4. Monzoni 3'047 20'00 43'22 3'60 — 25'01 4'00 3'60
5. " 3-090 18-75 39'10 324 1'62 20'46 12'14 5'35
— K2O 0'57 100
— 100-66
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. infusible alone, but whitens. In powder acted on by con- centrated acids.
Obs. — Seybertite occurs at Amity, N. Y., in limestone with serpentine, associated with am- phibole, spinel, pyroxene, graphite, etc.; also a chlorite near leuchtenbergite (Tschermak).
The seybertite was discovered in 1828 by Messrs. Finch, Mather, and Horton, and named clintonite by them on the spot, after De Witt Clinton, as stated by Mather in his Rep. Geol. N. Y., 1843. But the name was not published at the time by either of the discoverers; and Finch, the next year, 1829 (1. c.), announced the mineral under the name of bronzite. Clemson's name sey- bertite, after H. Seybert (1832, 1. c.), has therefore priority of publication, and must be accepted as the name of the species..
Brandisite occurs on Mt. Monzoni in the Fassathal, Tyrol, in white limestone, either dissem- inated or in grouped crystals, in geodes, among crystals of fassaite and black spinel; it is often intimately associated with leuchtenbergite.
Ref.—' Tschermak, 1. c. (ref. p. 636).
465A. Xanthophyllite. G. Hose, Pogg., 50, 654, 1840. Rets, Ural, 2, 120, 514, 527, 1248. Waluewite Koksharov, Zs. Kr., 2, 51, 1877, Min. Russl., 7, 346. P. v. Eremeyev, Vh. Min. . Ges., 11, 341, 355, 1876. Walujewit, Walouewite, Valuevite.
Monoclinic. Axes d : I : 6 0-57735 : 1 : 3-24427; /3 90° 0' 001 A 100 Koksharov1.
100 A HO 30° 0', 001 A 101 79° 54£' , 001 A Oil 72° 52'.
Forms : c (001, 0) L (130, i-3) z (308, f -I)
x (102, f I)
y (018, i-i)
h (0-3-16, v (029, f-i)
r (014,
t (013, w (119,
k (118,
8 (116,
co (119, o (118,
n (1-3-24, -i-3) d (134, — 1-3)
Figs. 1-3, Waluewite, Kk. : 2, with x (102) in front; 3, in normal position.
cz 64° 37'
ex 70° 24V
cy 22° 4V
ch 31° 19'
cr 39° 3'
ct 47° 14' ck 39° 3' cs 47° 14V cw 35° 47' co — 39° 3'
en
25° 5V
cd *70° 244'
dd'" 66" 12'
kk' 66° 7'
oo' 66° 7'
ko 36° 43*
ox 39° 15'
od 39* 15'
bed *30°
Crystals tabular c, with the faces x (102), d (134) prominent; c smooth, the other faces rough and allowing only approximate measurements. Since the angles ex, cd are nearly equal, the symmetry approximates to that of the rhombohedral system. Further, the form simulates the regular octahedron, since the angles differ but little from the octahedral angle (70° 32'), cf. above. The crystals often twins, according to the ordinary mica law, commonly made up of three individuals having the base, c, in common, the position of each differing 120° in azimuth from that of the next. Also similar trillings united in twinning position with c as comp.- face. ,
Cleavage: c perfect. Percussion-figure with rays parallel the edges c/x, c/d*
—
0-67 4-33 100-06 0-62 4-45 100-35
—
0-55 4-33 100 35
tr.
— 4-87 !
)9-87
— 5-07 !
)8-68
— 4-39 !
J9-77
640 Silicates.
c/d'; hence occupying the same position as the pressure-figure with the true rnicas; while the pressure-figure corresponds in position with the percussion-figure of mica. Etching-figures on c in the form of an equilateral triangle with an angle directed toward x. Folia brittle. H. 4'6. G. — 3'093. Luster vitreous; on cleavage plane pearly. Color leek- to bottle-green. Transparent to translucent. Pleochro- ism rather feeble: 6 fine green; 6 reddish brown.
Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bx inclined 32' to the normal to c, Bkg. Inter- ference-figures confused, and ax. angle variable: 20£° Bkg.; 20° to 40° Dx. ; 17° to 32° Tschermak. Dispersion p v.
Var. — 1. The original xanthophyllite is in crusts or in implanted globular forms, 1£ in. through, which consist of tabular crystals about a center of schist, which is also the enclosing rock. Optically negative. Ax. angle usually very small, or sensibly uniaxial,. Dx.; some- times 20°.
2. Walueteite. In distinct crystals showing the forms and optical characters given above. Axial angle 17° to 32°.
Comp.— Perhaps (Groth) H8(Mg,Ca)14AllflSi6062. Of. also p. 636.
Anal.— 1-3, Meitzendorf, Pogg.. 58, 165, 1843. 4, Nikolayev, Vh. Min. Ges., 19, 28, 1884. 6, Id., quoted by Koksharov, 1. c. 6, Id., ib., 18, 226, 1883.
G. SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO Na2O. H2O
I. Xanthophyllitt
4. " 3090
5. Waluewite 3-093
6. " 3-075
Xanthophyllite was from the Shiskimskaya Mts. near Zlatoust in the Ural.
Waluewite is found with perovskite and other species in chloritic schists in the mine Nikolaye- Maximilianovsk, near Achmatovsk, in the southern Ural. Named after the Russian minister P. A von Waluew (Valuev).
Ref.— ' Kk., 1. c., and Min. Russl., 9, 273.
466. CHLORITOID. Chloritspath Fiedler, Pogg., 25, 329, 1832. Chloritoid 0. Rose, Reis. Ural, 1, 252, 1837. Bary'tophyllit Glock., Grundr., 570, 1839. Masonite C. T. Jackson, Rep. G. Rhode Island, 88, 1840, Am. J. Sc., 40, 186, 1841. Sismoudine Delesse. Ann. Ch. Phys , 9, 385, 1843. Strilverite Brezina, Auzeig. Ak. Wieu, 101, 1876. Salmite E. Prost, Ann. Soc. G. Belg.,
Ii, 93, 1883-84.
Monoclinic ©r triclinie1. Rarely in distinct tabular crystals, usually hexagonal
in outline and twinned with the individuals turned in azimuth 120° to each other.
Forms: c (001, 0), also (Tschermak) the pyramids n, w?x, and the clinodomes e, j.
Tschermak shows that if n 111, then e — Oil, j — O'H'2, mx 332. If, however, the
forms are referred to the biotite axes, the symbols and angles (on c) are taken as follows :
e (0-9-10) ,7(051) n (9-9-10) mx (443)
Mea*. 71° 86° 30' 80° 6' 83° 25'
Calc. 71° 15 86° 30' 80" 22' 83° 28'
The form mv however, may correspond to M (221) of biotite which gives cM — 85° 38'.
Crystals grouped in rosettes. Usually coarsely foliated massive; folia often curved or bent; and brittle; also in thin scales or small plates disseminated through the containing rock.
Cleavage: basal, but lees perfect than with the micas; also imperfect parallel to planes inclined to the base nearly 90° and to each other about 60°; b difficult. Laminae brittle. H. 6*5. G. 3-52-3-57. Color dark gray,
freenish gray, greenish black, grayish black, often grass-green in very thin plates, treak uncolored, or grayish, or very slightly greenish. Luster of surface of cleavage somewhat pearly.
Pleochroism strong: c yellow-green, b indigo-blue, a olive-green. Optically Double refraction feeble. Ax. pi. nearly b. Bxa inclined a few degrees to the normal to c (001), 12° Tschermak. Dispersion p v, large, also horizontal. Axial angles large, in air 100° to 118°, see below.
Clintonite Geo Up— Chloritoid.
1. The original cliloritoid (or Chloritspath) from Kosoibrod, near, Ekaterinburg in the Ural, is in large curving laminae or plates, grayish to blackish green in color, often spotted with yellow from mixture witli limonite; G. 3'55 Fiedler, 34557 Breith.
2. The sismondine is from St. Marcel; it occurs also with glaucophaue at Zermatt in the Valais, Switzerland, aud similarly in the Val de Chisoue, Piedinout. Des Cloi/eaux shows that the form is probably triclinic, since the plane angles measured on c~beFween the cleavage- directions of the 60° pyramid (7x) aud that of b (010) differ by some 4°; thus
St. Marcel 63° 30', 58°, Zermatt 62° 44', 57° 27', Chisoue 62°,. 58°.
The sum of these angles is sensibly 120°. Farther the ax. plane is not exactly b, but makes an angle of 1° to 1° 30 with this direction. Axial angles-
St. Marcel Zermatt
2Ha.r
2Ha.r
2Er
64° 34' to 74° 6' 67° 1' to 71* 17' 111° 50' to 117° 48'
to 65° 38'
62° 39 to 64° 37' 108° 44'
2Ha.gr 57°
2Ha
2E,,
ValdeChisone 2Har 64° 33'
2Ha.gr 57° 54'
2Er
101° 26'
Of the above the angles iu air (2E) were measured directly; those in oil (2H) are the sum of the angles with the normal to c, viz.:
2Ha.r 29° 34' + 85° 64° 34'; also 35° 4' + 39° 2' 74° 6'. etc. 2Ha.gr 25° 0' + 32° 0' 57° 0 33° 14' + 32° 24' 65" 38'.
The fact that the dispersion is greater for one axis than for the other confirms the triclinic form.
3. Salmite is a mauganesian variety occurring in irregular masses, having a coarse saccha- roidal structure and grayish color. G. 3'3b.
3. Masynite, from Natic k. R. I., is in very broad plates of a dark grayish green color, but bluish green in very thin laminae parallel to c, and grayish green at right angles to this; G. 3'529 Keungott; c (001) ou plane of cleavage 85°, Dx. It is evidently impure, and this must have been true of the material analyzed by Jackson (anal. 15). Named after Mr. Owen Masou.
The Canada mineral is in small plates, one-fourth inch wide and half this in thickness,, disseminated through a schist, and also in nodules of radiated structure, half an inch through; G. 3'513 Hunt. That of Gumuch dagh resembles sismondine, is dark green in thick folia and grass-green in very thin; G. — 3 '52 Smith.
Comp.— Empirical formula for chloritoid H2(Fe,Mg)Al2Si07. If iron alone is present, this requires: Silica 23'8, alumina 40*5, iron protoxide 28 '5, water 7 "2 100.
In salmite manganese is present replacing the ferrous iron.
Anal.— 1, Bonsdorf, quoted by Rose, 1. c. 2, Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 58, 40, 1853. 3, Sipocz, quoted by Tschermak 4, Renard, quoted by Barrois, Bull. Soc. Min. , 7, 42, 1884. 5, 6, Heddle, Min. Mag., 3, 28, 1879. 7, Prost, 1. c., after deducting 15'06 p. c. quartz (Rg.. Min. Ch., Erg., 71, 1886). 8, Suida, quoted by Tschermak. 9, 10, Damour, Bull Soc. Min., 7, 80, 1884. 11, J. Lawrence Smith, Am. J. Sc., 11, 64, 1851. 12, T. S. Hunt, ibid., 31, 442, 1861, Rep. G. Canada, 194, 1854. 13, Genth. Am. J. Sc., 39, 50, 1890. 14, J. D. Whitney, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc., Boston, 3, 100, 1849. 15, C. T. Jackson, Rep. G. Rh. Island, 88. 1840.
Kosoibrod
Pregratten He de Groix
G.
SiO2
A12O3
Fe2O3 FeO — 27-05 — 27-40 0-55 24-28 - 26-17
MnO
MgO
CaO
HaO
6-95 101-64 6-34 100-98
7-82 101-87 6-23 100-20
Shetland, clove-brown
3-90 13-93
6-57 100-14
' ' dark green
0-38 18-52
6-98 99-70
Vielsalm, Salmite
3-97 15-35
7'44CoOO-05
99-78
St. Marcel, Sismondine
4-09 14-32
—
6-56 Alk. tr.
100-98
a
— 23-58
—
—
6 90 99-30
Zermatt "
— 19-17
—
—
6-90 99 44
Asia Minor
— 28-05
—
—
—
7-08 98-56
Leeds, Canada
— 25-92
6-10 100-01
Patrick Co.,Va., blk. grn.
— 22-92
6-64 Alk. 0-14
99-81
R. Island, Masonite
— 33-72
—
5-00 99-28
" "
— 25-93
—
4-00 98-37
The Kosoibrod chloritoid is associated with mica and cyanite. Sismondine occurs at St. Marcel in a dark green chlorite schist, with garnet, magnetite, and pyrites- J*o at 2ermat/
642 Silicates.
Valais; Pregratten, Tyrol; Val de Chisone, Piedmont. Other localities of chloritoid are He le Groix (Morbihau); embedded in large crystals at Vanlup, Shetland; Ardennes (relatively large scales) in schists with true ottrelite; Rhode Islaud (masonite) in an argillaceous schist; Chester, Mass., in schist, with emery, diaspore, etc.; at Bull Mt., Patrick Co., Va., with corundum, cyanite, etc.; Canada, at Brome and Button, Brome Co., in micaceous schist, and at Leeds, MeganticCo., Quebec, in argillaceous schist; at Gumuch-dagh, Asia Minor, with emery.
Pyr., etc. — In a matrass yields water. B.B nearly infusible; becomes darker and magnetic. Completely decomposed by sulphuric acid. The masonite fuses with difficulty to a dark green enamel.
Obs. — Occurs commonly in metamorphic schists, micaceous or argillaceous (phyllytes) in embedded crystals or scales, often grouped in fan-shaped, sheaf-like forms, also in irregular or rounded grains. Most of what has been called ottrelite probably belongs here, for the two min- erals are closely related, although they cannot at present be united.
Named Chloritoid by Rose from the resemblance to chlorite. The name Chloriespath, or in English Chlorite Spar, has the precedence in time, but it is objectionable in form and significa- tion, and has rightly been superseded by chloritoid Sismondite was named for P<-of. Sismonda of Turin.
Ref.— ' Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 78 (1), Nov., 1878. Becke, Miu. Mitth., 1, 269, 1878: Foullon, Jb., G. Reichs., 33, 220, 1883. Dx., Min., 1, 463, 1862; Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 80, 1884. Barrois, ibid., 7. 37; Lex., ibid., 9, 42, 1886.
467. Ottrelite. Des Cloizeaux and Damour, Ann. Mines, 51, 357, 1842. Phyllite Thorn son, Ann. Lye. N. Y., 3, 47, 1828. Newportite Totten, Shepard's Min., 1, 161, 1857. Veuas quite Damour, Bull. Soc., Min., 2, 167, 1879.
Mouocliuic or triclinic1. In hexagonal crystalline scales, showing c (001, 0), b (010, i-l), n(lll), and.?' (O'H'-)- Measured angles en — 79° 50'. Cf. chloritoid, p. 640. Twins as with chloritoid; simple crystals also common.
Cleavage: basal, rather perfect. H. 6-7. G. 3'3. Color blackish gray, greenish gray, black; streak grayish, srreenish. Pleochroisrn not strong as with chloritoid (Dx.).
Optically -f. Double refraction weak. Ax. pi. b. Bxa inclined to the normal to c (12° Tschermak). Axial angle variable. Dispersion sometimes p v, also p v.
Comp.— For ottrelite perhaps H2(Fe,Mn)Al2Si2O8 Silica 38 '5, alumina 32 '7, iron protoxide 23-0, water 5'8 100. The formula, however, is doubtful, because of the difficulty of obtaining pure material, free from inclusions, for analysis. The formula HetFe.MnAUSieO requires: Silica 43'2, alumina 24'5, iron protoxide 25-8, water 6'5 100.
For venasquite the formula is given: H3FeAl2Si3pn Silica 48 -4, alumina 27 '4, iron protoxide 19'3, water 4'9 100. It occurs in masses having a lamellar and radiated crystalline structure. H. 5 -5. G. 3 26. Color grayish black. Streak gray. Optically +. Axial angle large. Dispersion feeble. Dx.
Anal.— 1, Damour, 1. c., p. 357. 2, Thomson, 1. c. 3, Element, Bull. Mus. Belg., 1, 45, 1882. 4, Reuard, ibid., p. 46. 5, Element, ibid., p. 47. 6, Damour, 1. c.
G. SiO, A130, Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H2O
1. Ottrez, Ottrelite 43'34 24'63 16'72 8-18 - - 5'66 98'53
2 Sterling, Phyllite 38'40 23'68 17'52 — 8'96 — — 4'80 100-16
3 Serpont 3'266 ' 4165 29"47 4'02 17'87 0'93 1-57 — 5-84 101-85
4 Lierneux 3'266 40'55 30'80 3'82 12-46 6'51 0'45 1-29 [4-12] 100
5' Ottrez 42-48 29'29 3'30 12'11 6'10 2'05 tr. 5'07 100'40
G! Venasquite 3'26 44'79 29-71 — 20'75 — 0'62 4'93 100'SO
Pyr., etc.— Yields water in the closed tube. Difficultly fusible to a magnetic globule. Reactions for iron with the fluxes.
Obs.— Occurs in small, oblong, shining scales or plates, more or less hexagonal, in argilla- ceous schist near Ottrez on the borders of Luxembourg, and from the Ardennes. Ottrelite also occurs near Serravezza, Tuscany (D'Achiardi). Ottrelite schists have also been described from Tintagel in Cornwall (Hutchings, Geol. Mag., 6, 214, 1889). Venaaquite is from Venasque m the Pyrenees, and from Teule. FinisteTe.
Phyllite has been described as occurring in the schist of Sterling, Goshen, Chesterfield, Plain- field, etc., in Massachusetts, aud Newport, R. I., and the rock in consequence of it is called by Hitchcock (Rep. G. Mass., 4to, 594, 1841) " Spangled Mica Slate," the phyllite being the mica of the schist. The mineral in embedded scales, which is characteristic of these New England schists is shown however, by Wolff to be in part ilmenite (see Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 16, Io9, 1890). Phyllite may prove to belong to chloritoid (masonite), although the only analysis given brings it nearer to typical ottrelite.
As already remarked, analyses separate chloritoid and ottrelite widely, and the assumption that this is due to impurity of the material analyzed does not appear justified. At present it is impossible to decide to which species much so-called ottrelite belongs.
Ref.— ' Dx., Min., 1, 372, 1862, Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 85, 1884; Renard and Poussm, Ann. Soc G Belg., 6, 51, 1879. Rosenbusch, Mikr. Phys., 591, 1885. Lex., Bull. Soc. Mm., 9, 42. 1886.
Chlorite Group. 643
3. Chlorite Group. Monoclinic.
468. Clinochlore ) 0-57735 : 1 : 2-2772 89° 40'
H8(Mg,Fe)6Al,Si3Ol8 468 A. Penninite ) Pseudo-rhombohedral =3'4951
469. Prochlorite H40(Fe,Mg)2SAl14Si13090 .
470. Corundophilite H20(Fe,Mg)nAl8Si6045 .
Amesite H4(Mg,Fe)aAla8iO, .
471. Daphnite H58FeQ7Al20Si18Om
472. Cronstedtite H6(Fe,Mg)3Fe2Si2013
473. Thuringite HI8Fe8(Al,Fe)8Si.041
474. Stilpnomelane
475. Strigovite H4(Fe.Mn)a(Fe,Al)2Sii011
476. Diabantite H18(Mg,Fe))2Al4Si9048
477. Aphrosiderite H10(Fe,Mg).Al4Si,0M
478. Delessite H10(Mg,Fe)4Al4Si40M
479. Rumpfite HMMg,AlieSi1Q0.6
The CHLORITE GROUP takes its name from the fact that a large part of the minerals included in it are characterized by the green color common with silicates in which ferrous iron is prominent. The species are in many respects closely related to the micas. They crystallize in the monoclinic system, but in part with distinct monoclinic symmetry, in part with rhornbohedral symmetry, with corre- sponding uniaxial optical character. The plane angles of the base are also 60° or 120°, marking the mutual inclinations of the chief zones of forms. The mica-like basal cleavage is prominent in distinctly crystallized forms, but the laminae are tough and comparatively inelastic. Percussion- and pressure-figures may be obtained as with the micas and have the same orientation. The etching-figures are in general monoclinic in symmetry, in part also asymmetric, suggesting a reference to the triclinic system.
The group includes a number of species which occur ordinarily in distinct crystals or plates; these are called the ORTHOCHLORITES by Tschermak; also others which are more commonly in fine scales or indistinctly fibrous forms called LEPTO- CHLORITES by Tschermak.
Chemically considered the chlorites are silicates of aluminium with ferrous iron and magnesium and chemically combined water. Ferric iron may be present replacing the aluminium in small amount; chromium enters similarly in some forms, which are then usually of a pink instead of the more common green color. Manganese replaces the ferrous iron in a few cases. Calcium and alkalies — charac- teristic of all the true micas — are conspicuously absent, or present only in small amount. The chlorites often occur as secondary minerals resulting from the alteration of other species, as pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, garnet, vesuvianite, etc.
The exact interpretation of the composition of the chlorites is difficult, as is also the assign- ment of strict lines of division between them. The empirical formulas given above are in the first part of the group those of Tschermak: in the second part ch-iefly those of Groth.
The ORTHOCHLORITES, including Penninite, Clinochlore, Prochlorite Corundophilite, form a distinct series characterized by a nearly constant water percentage, while the decrease in silicon and magnesium (incl. ferrous iron) is accompanied by an increase of aluminium. This is explained by Tschermak by the assumption of isomorphous mixtures in varying proportions of a magnesium silicate, EMgsSioOg, having the composition of serpentine, and an aluminous magnesium silicate, EUMgAUSiOa, which is approximately represented by a little known chlorite near corundophil ite, called by Shepard amesite. On this view the species correspond as follows'
644 Silicates.
Penninite Sp3At2 to SpAt
Clinochlore SpAt to Sp3At
Prochlorite SpAts to Sp3At7
Corundophilite Sp3At7 to SpAt4
Also Amesite SpAt4 to At
To explain the composition of the other chlorites — the Leptochlorites — two other funda- mental molecules are assumed by Tschermak, viz.:
Strigovite H4Mg2Al2Si2On or (MgOH)2.H2Al2SiO7.SiO,
Chloritoid H2MgAUSiOT or Mg.HaAlaSiO7
Furthermore, the variations in Amesite corresponding to
H4Mg2AlaSiO, or (MgOH),. H2Al2SiO, At H4MgAl2SiO8 or H.MgOH.H2Al2SiO7 At' H4Al2SiO, or H2.H2Al2SiO7 At"
The theory here reaches a degree of complexity which makes the assumptions seen* artificial and difficult to accept.
Thus of the three divisions made among the Leptochlorites
Daphuite is regarded as (At'At)5Sp4
Chamosite (At'At)3Sp4
Metachlorite (StAts)2Spa
Klementite (StAtSp
Cronstedtite and Thuringite StAt
Euralite St4Ats
Strigovite St
Diabantite Ct4Sp7
Aphrosiderite (CtAt)6Sp4 to (CtAt3)sSp4
Delessite (CtAt)2Sp5 to CtSp
Rumpfite (CtAt")4Sp
On the relation of serpentine to the chlorites see further under that species.
On the history of the names, the following remarks may be made
Werner's name chlorite was shown to include more than one species by von Kobell in 1838, and the name chlorite was thereupon given by him to the St. Gothard and other chlorites having 25 to 27 p c. silica, and ripidolite to that of Schwarzeustein and Achmatovsk having 30 to 33 p c. of silica.
In 1839, G Rose reversed the names of v. Kobell (see paper on chlorite by Varrentrapp, Pogg., 48, 193, 1839) on the ground that v. Kobell's ripidolite was not so characteristically fan- shaped in aggregation as the other species. But the change was unfortunate, as both species are now known to differ but little in this respect, and it has resulted in much confusion in the science. Moreover, it violated an older claim of priority; for Werner's bldttriger Chlorit (or Chlorites lamellosus), the first crystallized chlorite recognized by him (in 1800 or earlier, Ludwig's Min., 1, 118, 1803), was the hexagonal chlorite of St. Gothard, and this should therefore, in the division, have retained the name chlorite.
As the term chlorite has become the designation of a family of minerals, it seems necessary that it should have some modified form for this species, and hence the application of prochlorile, from npo, before, and chlorite, in allusion to its being the earliest crystallized kind recognized. Further, in view of the confusion resulting from the double use of ripidolite, this name, adopted in the 5th edition, is dropped, and the commonly employed clinochlore used in its place.
Ref— l Tschermak, Die Chloritgruppe, I. Theil, Ber. Ak. Wien, 99 (1), 174-267, 1890; II. TheO, 100 (1), 29-107, 1891. Groth, Tab. Ueb., 1889. See also Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 40, 405, 1890, 42, 242, 1891; Clarke proposes to regard the chlorites as mixtures of the orthosilicate molecule.*. R"a(SiO4)2R'4, where R" Mg,Fe,Mu and R' H, MgOH or A1(OH)2, cf. pp. 612, 613.
468. CLINOCHLORE. Chlorite pt. early authors (for Syn., see p. 653). Hexagonal Chlorite pt. Ripidolith (fr. Achmatovsk, Schwarzenstein) Kbl., J.|pr. Ch., 16, 1839. ?Tabergit pt. Clinochlore (fr. West Chester) W. P. Blake, Am. J. Sc., 12, 339, 1851. Kliuochlor Germ. Kotschubeit (fr. S. Ural) Koksharov, Bull. Ac. St. Pet.. 5, 369, 1861. Ripidolite Dana, Miu., 497, 1868. Leuchtenbergit Komonen, Vh. Miu. Ges., 64, 1842. Chlorite blanche de Mauleon Delesse, Ann. Ch. Phys., 9. 396, 1843.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 0-57735 : 1 : 2'2772; /3 89° 40' 001 A 100 Kokshiirov'.
100 A HO 30° 0', 001 A 101 75° 27' 37", 001 A Oil 66° 17' 30".
Chlorite Group— Clinochlore.
Forms4 :
TT (708, |-i)
b (010, i-i)
f (101, 1-t)
f (001, 0)
o- (605, f I)
x (4-0-11, - TV*)? a (405, - ft) h (301, - 3-i)
q (11-0-4, V-i) y (702, f-i) / (401, 4-i)
y (205, |-i)
/3 (0-11-24, £fl
a? (305, f-i)
5 (059, f-i)
r (506,
(0-11-18, H-*)
K- (034, |-i)
A (Oil, 14)
t (043, fi)
T (053, |-i)
(227, - f)
e (6-6-17 - i
d (225, - f )
Too (112, -
77 (4-4-17, T*7) (267, - ?-3)
(7-7-20, T&) (132, - 4-3)
n (225, f) jJL(392, - f-S)
n (5-5-12, A) (261, - 6-3)
v (337, f) 5 (7-21-8, -
(112, (133, 1-3)
o (111, 1) e (265, f 8)
Also the complex forms, in part vicinal: f (52 -0-88), >(§i'0'80X p(9'27'20), (8-2417X 0(9-27-17), S (11-88-20).
Figs. 1-7, Tschermak: 1, Pfitsch; 2, 3, Achmatovsk; 4, Schwarzenstein (Hbg.); 5, Zillerthal, twin, mica law; 6, do., twin, penninite law; 7, Achmatovsk, trilling. 8, 9, J. P. Cooke: 8, West Chester; 9, Texas.
tz 72° 7'
cA 84° 50'
ey 57° 52'
cit 74° 9'
76° 5'
ej Hl° 2'
co- 78° 23'
f 86° 42'
cyS 46° 13i'
c5 51° 40'
cO 54° 18'
Ck 59° 39'
ck 66° 17i' cZ =71° 46'
cr 75° 14'
eu 52° 16*'
cd 61' 1'
C7?io *66° 3'
en - 66° 32?
co *77° 53f
cv 75° 37'
cX 85° 0'
eg 86° 12*
dd' 51° 52'
m0m0' 54° 23'
nri
ftp*
oo' bv bs be
52° T
54° 36'
58° 32'
32° 59'
35° 53'
34° 17' *60° 0'
546 Silicates.
Crystals usually hexagonal in form, often tabular c, also prismatic by develop- ment of ra0, or again in 12-sided prisms (Ala) ; also triangular and rhombohedral resembling penninite (Zillertbal), the zones 001 : 101, 001 : 130, 001 : 130 alone developed. Plane angles of the basal section 60° or 120°, and since closely similar angles are found in tlie zones which are separated by 60°, the symmetry, as in the case of biotite, approximates to that of the rhombohedral system. Further, a similarity in angle may also exist in zones separated 30° from each other. For example, the angles on c (001) are, for
k (Oil) n (112) Also w (267) Again i (101) (132) Also T (053)
66° 17' 66° 32' 65° 56 76° 5' 75° 37' 75° 14' etc.
This similarity in angles in different zones may lead to uncertainty in the determination of the forms, particularly when, by twinning, one zone takes the position of another. The resemblance to rhombohedral symmetry is especially marked in the Zillerthal crystals. Pyramidal faces often striated horizontally, and repeated in oscillatory combination. The planes often irregular in distribution and rather corresponding in symmetry of development to the triclinic system.
Natural size.
West Chester, Pa.
Twins: (1) Mica law, tw. pi. c in the zone cm9; sometimes contact-twins with c as comp.-face (f. 5), the one part revolved 60° or a multiple of 60° in azi- muth with reference to the other; also united by an irregular face, sometimes of two individuals, more commonly of three (f. 7) and either in contact or inter- penetrating each other; such trillings may thus be formed of six sectors (figs. 8, 9), but in general not separated by sharp lines. (2) Penninite law, tw. pi. c, contact- twins also united by c (f. 6), here corresponding faces differ 180 in position.
Chlorite Group— Clinochlore.
Twins also occur in which the tw. pi. appears to be a plane c in the zone 001: 130, but probably to be explained as due to the combined action of the two laws above given. The face c often shows a bending both in the zone 001 : 100 and 001 : 130, usually at an angle for adjacent parts of 20', 40' or a multiple of 20'; this can be explained by twinning with a (100) as the tw. planTTirr one case and (130) in the other. Repeated twinning of this kind gives rise to the often observed rosette, fan-shaped, or vermicular crystal groups. Massive, coarse scaly granular to fine granular and earthy.
Cleavage: c highly perfect. Laminae flexible, tough, and but slightly elastic. Percussion-figure and pressure-figures orientated as with the micas (p. 611). Etching-figures on c in part mouosymmetric, in part also asymmetric, and then suggesting a molecular structure corresponding to the triclinic system; the former triangular with vertices (60°) directed forward, and other angles rounded; the latter equilateral trianges with one angle rounded, and either right- or left-handed. H. 2-2-5. GL 2'65-2'78. Luster of cleavage-face somewhat pearly. Color deep grass-green to olive-green; pale green to yellowish and white; also rose-red. Streak greenish white to uncolored. Transparent to translucent. Pleochroism, not strong, for green varieties :
Achmatovsk Texas
Ala
dark green
emerald-green leek-green
olive-green
lie
greenish yellow brownish yellow hyacinth red yellowish green greenish yellow
Optically usually +. Ax. pi. in most cases b. Bxa inclined somewhat to the normal to c, forward; for Achmatovsk 2° 30'. Dispersion p v. Axial angles variable, even in the same crystal, sometimes sensibly uniaxial. Tschermak gives :
. Achmatovsk 2E 32°
Also " 2E 1°
Texas 2E 20°
West Chester 2E 89°
Zillerthal 2E 83°
(/? 1-588 Levy-Lex.) .-. 2V 20° and ct -f- 2° 30' , 5°, 12° and intermediate values, to 60° Ala 44° to 65°
41 [ft 1-583] .-. 2V 51° 30' tc - 7° 10'
0' .-. 2V 48° 30' cc 6°45'
The angles measured in certain cases, between the optic axes (A, B) and the normal to c, are as follows (Tschermak):
West Chester
Ac 58° 5' 63° 45'
cB
29° 40' 31° 9'
2E
87° 45' 94° 54'
ft
1'580 red glass 1-593 CuSO4
Ac - 32° 30' Ac 34° 16'
18° 15'
18° 57'
2Vr 50° 45' 2Vbl 53° 13'
ct =7° 8' red c t 7° 40' blue
Indices:
a 1-585
1-588
y - 1-596 Levy-Lex.
Ax. pi. also rarely 1 b. Observed in a crystal from Texas and from Pfitsch, the latter with 2E 48°. Bx JL c. Other parts of the same crystal gave ax. pi. b, Bx oblique to c, and 2E 64.
Ax. pi. also sometimes (West Chester) abnormally makes an angle of 90° or of 30° (twin) with its usual position, Bx c and 2E 50° to 60°. In some crystals parts with both the normal and this abnormal orientation are present and separated by irregular boundaries. See also below.
Var.— 1. Ordinary; green clinochlore, passing iuto bluish green; (a) in crystals, as described, usually with distinct monoclinic symmetry; (b) foliated; (c) massive.
Among the varieties described by Tschermak is a " mimetic clinochlore" from the Zillerthal and Pfitschjoch. This occurs in druses of tabular crystals of distinct rhombohedral habit; often complex twins according lo both the penninite and mica laws; etching-figures hexagonal,
;648 Silicates.
corresponding in symmetry to the rhombohedral form; optically -f, uniaxial to distinctly biaxial with ax. pi. b, also abnormally b. The maximum angle observed is 42° (Ac 26°, cB 16C), hence if ft 1'583 (West Chester), 2V — 26°, and cc 3°. Color emerald-green to leek-green.
It is inferred that the true character is biaxial with a considerable axial angle, while the variations are due to twinning, the successive biaxial layers producing the uniaxial character (cf. p 651). This chlorite hence occupies a place intermediate between ordinary cliuochlore and peuninite, but inclining to the latter. This shows, moreover, that no sharp line can be drawn between them, but they may be considered as different forms of the same species. Its composition is given in anal. 1, under penuiuite.
2. Leuchte nber gite. A variety containing usually little or no iron, see anals. 14-19. Color white, pale green, yellowish; often resembles talc. Commonly in hexagonal tables; often twins. Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Ax. angle small, sometimes sensibly uniaxial, again 2E 6°, also 0° to 15° Ural; 14°, again 10° to 29° Amity; 2°-12°, 22°, 42° Nasiamsk (with waluewite); 5°-21° Traversella.
Named after Duke Maximilian v. Leuchtenberg.
3 Kotschubeite. A variety containing several per cent, of chromium oxide. Crystals rhombohedral in habit. Color rose-red, often twins, sometimes trillings writh six sectors, like f. 9 (California). Pleochroism strong: c (a 6) dark blue-violet; c (c) bright carmine red, Ural, Tschermak; c purplish, j. c yellowish red, California, Lindgren. Optically -f-. Ax. pi. b (j_ b Prendel). Axial angle variable, sometimes apparently uniaxial and like the "mimetic cliuochlore" (see above); also 2E 28°-29° Prendel: 30° Lindgren. Named after the Russian Count P. Kochubei.
A part of the so-called kammererite from Texas belongs here (Tschermak), being distinctly biaxial; but this is not significant since there is the same transition between the uniaxial and biaxial kinds as between the uniaxial and positive penninite and the biaxial clinochlore.
4. Manganiferous. Manganchlorit Hamberg, G. For. F5rh., 12, 580, 1890. A chlorite from the Harstig mine near Pajsberg. Sweden, is peculiar in containing 2-3 p. c. MnO (anal 9); it is also like the " mimetic clinochlore " intermediate between clinochlore and penuinite. In aspect resembles manganophyllite, with which it occurs, but has a lighter reddish color. Apparent form a steep rhombohedrou inclined 83° 37' to c, which referred to the_penuiuite axis has the symbol 5052 (f), calc. 84° 20; the subordinate forms c (0001) and 0554 (— f) also observed. Optically — . Bx almost c. Ax. pi. nearly b (010), but a variation of 8° was noted. Double refraction and pleochroism weak. Examined microscopically, some of the lamellae prove to be distinctly doubly refracting and biaxial, and the conclusion is reached that the crystals are built up of lamellae, corresponding to cliuochlore, in twinning position (revolved 120°) 1o each other, and strictly asymmetric in optical character. The fact that the etching-figures on clinochlore, are often asymmetric and hence suggest a triclinic form for the species has already been noted.
Comp.— Normally H8MgBAl2Si3018 4H20.5MgO.Al.,03.3Si02 Silica 32-5, alumina 18*4, magnesia 36*1, water 13'0 100. Ferrous iron usually replaces a small part of -the magnesia, and the same is true of manganese rarely; sometimes chromium replaces the aluminium.
On Tschermak's view of the composition of clinochlore, see p. 643. The above formula corresponds to equal parts of H4MgsSi2O9 and H4MgaAl2SiO9 or SpA. For Sp : At 2 : 3, he cal- culates: SiO2 30'3, A12O3 22'0. MgO 34'7, H2O 13'0 100. To this analyses 4, 14, approximate most closely. The variation, however, is in any case small.
Clarke and Schneider (Am. J. Sc , 40, 405, 1890) found that on treating clinochlore from West Chester (anal. 13) with dry hydrochloric acid gas at 383° -412° for 19 hours the amounts of the oxides converted in chlorides were as follows:
Cliuochlore MgO 13'46 R2O3 4'24 SiO2 0'92
Another determination gave 13'36 p c. of MgO (after 58 hours). This amount is inferred to exist as the group MgOH, the remainder of the hydroxyl combined as A1(OH)4, and the conclu- sion is reached that clinochlore is probably a mixture of the molecules Mg;,(8iO4)2(MgOH)3H and Mg2(SiO4)2(Al(OH)2)3H in the ratio of 1 : 1, for which the required composition is calculated: SiO2 31-1, A12O3 19-8, MgO 36'3, HSO 12'8 100. Of the water present it was found that between 250°-300°, 0'95 p c. was driven off; 383°-412°, 0'49 p. c.; at a red heat 11 '74; white heat 0'42. Hence the water is essentially all water of constitution.
Anal.— 1, A. Ortmann, quoted by Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 100(1), 44, 1891. 2, A. Hammerschlag, ibid. 8, Kbl., J. pr. Ch., 16, 470, 1839. 4, Jannasch, Jb. Miu., 1, 92, 1885. 5-7, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 29, 58, 1879. 8, Id., Min. Mag., 3, 26, 1879. 9, A. Ham- berg, G. For. FOrh., 12. 580, 1890. 10, Neminar, Min. Mitth., 176" 1874. 11, Burton, Dana, Min , 499, 1868. 12, Breidenbaugh, Am. J. Sc., 6, 208, 1873. 13, Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc.. 40, 405, 1890.
14, Leuchtenberg, Vh. Min. Ges., 1, 33, 1866. 15, Clarke and Schneider, 1. c. 16, Mgc.. Ann. Ch. Phys., 10, 430, 1844. 17, 18, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 40, 13, 1847. 19, Delesse, Ann. Ch. Phys.. 9, 396, 1843. 20. L. SipOcz, quoted by Tschermak, 1. c 21, 23, Leuchtenberg, Vh. Min. Ges., 3, 289, 1868, and Min. Russl.. 5, 369. 22, 24, 25, Zinin, ibid. 26, W. H. Melville, quoted by W. Lindgren, Proc. Cal. Acad., 2, Dec. 1887; also U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 61, 27, 1890.
Chlorite Group— Clinochlore.
For earlier anals. see 5th Ed., p. 499. Schlaepfer (Recherches comp. Micas and Chlorites, BSle. 1889) gives analyses of clinochlore from West Chester and Brewster, also of penninite; these, unlike other analyses, all show upwards of 2 p. c. alkalies; their accuracy is seriously impugned by Tschermak.
SiOa AlaO3 Fe3O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Hufr 31 31 18-34 2-10 0-77 — 34'25 tr. 13-33 NaaO 017,
[KaO 0-06 100-33
30-34 1686 1-86 4'53 — 31'82 0'61 12'70 NaaO 0'37
99-09
32-68 14-57 — 5-97 0'28 33'11 — 12'10 insol. 1-02
99-73 2931 21-31 0-07 3'24 — 31'28 — 14'58 NaaO 043
100-22 3255 13-95 0-97 5'28 0'16 32'78 0"79 13'17 Alk. 0-54
100 19
31-03 14-85 5-7317-42 100 17'42 0'36 12'48 100'29 30-30 19-40 — 8 23 0'37 29 10 — 13'07 100 47 32-55 13-95 0'97 528 0'16 32'78 0'79 1317 Alk. 0-54
100-19
33-71 13-80 1-64 — 2'28 35'88 0'33 13 11 100*75 31-08 18-85 1-55 2'33 — 33'50 0'81 11 "53 Cr2O3 1'09
100-74
31-86 15-80 — 4-77 — 34'30 1-30 12'72 100-75 32-33 14-56 — 5'29 — 33-74 104 12 '02 Alk. 1-41
100-39 29-87 14-48 5'52 1'93 0'17 33'06 — 13'60 Cr,O3 1 56
100-19
1. Achmatovsk
2. Kariaet
8. Schwarzenstein
4. Mussa Alp
5. Hillswick
C. Wrath
7. Blair Athol
8. Shetland
G.
2'823
9. Pajsberg
10. Chester Co., Pa 2'705
11. Willimantic
12. Brewster, N. Y.
13. West Chester
Leuchtenbergite.
14. Zlatoust
17. " white
19. Mauleon, white
30. Amity
Kotschubeite.
21. Ufaleisk
23. Lake Itkul
34. "
25. Shushinsk mine
26. Green Valley, Cal.
G. SiOa AlaO, Fe,O3 FeO MgO CaO HaO
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
' —
—
2-680 30-28 22'13 — 1'08 34 -45 — 12'61 100-55
SiOa Ala03 FeaO3 CraO3 FeO MgO HaO 32 73 13-43 2'15 4-19 — 35'40 12'63 100'53 33 31 12-60 2-30 4'04 — 35'62 12'62 100-49
13-3 2-3
6-74 —
35-83 12-61 100-73
— 35-6 1-72* 35-18
a Incl. NiO 0-49.
b Above 105°.
12-6 100-3 12-6 100-3 12-68bH2O 0-36, CaO 0-18 [ 99-99 At 105°.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. in the platinum forceps whitens and fuses with difficulty on the edges to a grayish black glass. With borax, a clear glass colored by iron, and sometimes chromium. In sulphuric acid wholly decomposed. A variety from Willimantic, Ct., exfoliates in worm-like forms, like vermiculite.
Obs. — Occurs in connection with chloritic and talcose rocks or schists and serpentine; some- times in parallel position with biotite or phlogopite (cf. Tschermak, 1. c., p. 256). Observed as a result of the alteration of vesuvianite from Zlatoust, Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 49 (1), 348,
Prominent localities are: Achmatovsk in the Ural; Ala in Piedmont; the Zillerthal; Zer- matt iu Switzerland; Marienberg in Saxony; massive, granular at ZSptau, Moravia; coarse to fine granular at Felling in Lower Austria; also chlorite schists from various localities; Markt Leugast, Bavaria. A manganesian variety occurs at Pajsberg, Sweden.
In the U. States, at West Chester, Penn., in large crystals and plates; also Unionville and Texas, Penn.; at the magnetic iron mine at Brewster, N. Y., in part changed to serpentine.
Leuchtenbergite comes from the Shishimskaya Mts. near Zlatoust in the Ural; it is partly in large crystals, and partly quite small, embedded in steatite; the crystals are mostly opaque and altered externally, and contain in this outer part from 9'30 to 10'75 p. c. of water. The mineral
Silicates.
contains minute garnets and some other crystals as impurities. A similar variety of clinochlore occurs with amphibole, phlogopite, fluorite, graphite at Amity, N. Y. ; also with the seybertite of Amity and the xauthophyllite of Nasiamsk, Ural; with fassaite and brandisite from the Fassa- thal; with magnetite at Traversella. The white chlorite from Mauleou also belongs here.
Kotschubeite is from the district of Ufaleisk in the southern Ural.
Ref.— ' Achmatovsk, Min. Russl., 2, 7 et seq., 1857. The position is that of Tscherrnak, and the fundamental angles are those taken by him. With Koksharov, m0 110, o — 111, etc., and from the fundamental angles 001 A HO 66° 3', 110 A 110 54° 23', 001 A 111 77* 53£' the axial ratio in this position is calculated, viz.:
d : b : c 0'57738 : 1 : 0'85312; ft 62° 50f
Figs. 11-13 show the Achmatovsk clinochlore in the position referred to.
Figs. 11-13, Achmatovsk, Kk.
Naumann made m0 111 and o 110; other positions have been taken by Mallard (cf. Tschermak). Tschermak's position brings out the relation between the micas and chlorites, the lateral axes being the same and the vertical axes for biotite and cliuochlore in the ratio of 10 : 7.
2 Cf. Tschermak, 1. c , also Kk., 1. c., and ibid., 10, 5. 35 (Kotschubeite), 1888. Cf. earlier Dx.. Alps, Min., 1, 442, 1862, N. R., 127, 1867; Hbg., Zillerthal, Min. Not., 7, 28, 1886: J. P. Cooke, Am. J. Sc., 44, 203, 1867; Schrauf, Min. Mitth., 161, 1874; Mallard, relation to pennin- ite (see beyond), Ann. Mines. 10, 151, 1-876; Prendel.Zs. Kr., 15,81, 1888. On the comparison in form between clinochlore and biotite see Laspeyres, Zs. Kr. , 17, 541, 1890.
468 A. Penninite. Chlorite pt. Hydrotalc Wasserglimmer of Morin) Necker, Min., 1835. Pennine /. Frobel & E. Schweieer, Pogg., 50, 523, 1840. Kammererite Nd,, Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn.. 1, 483, 1841, and Irsberat., 193, 1843. Rhodochrom Fiedler, Rose, Reise Ural, 2, 1842, and Pogg., 59, 1843. Chromchlorit Herm., J. pr. Ch., 53, 21, 1851. Rhodophyllite Tenth, Proc. Ac. Philad.. 118, 121, 1852. Penninite Dana.
Khombohedral in form, but strictly pseudorhombohedral and monoclinic Mallard, Tschermak1. Taken as rhombohedral, axis 6 3-4951, 0001 A 1011 *76° 5' Cooke2.
Forms": y (2025, f) (26-0-26'27, ff) s (9098, f) q (17'0'17-6,
c (0001, 0) p (5-0-5-12, TBg) r (1011, R) e (6065, f) y (6061, 6)
a (1120, t-2) ju (4047, f) .; (81-0-8I-80, |i) cr (5054, f) GO (IS-O'lS'l, 13)
(4-0-413, T%) ip (9-0-9-10, A) £ (33-0-33-31, f) if (21 -0-21 -4, Y)
Also p (1124, |-2) and % (1122, 1-2); z (1013,
Further, on kammererite, if p 3031 and cp *84° 35': c 3'0475; 0001 A 1011 74s 8V Kk.
Forms: c, m, u (3034), x (5054), y (4043), z (3032), p (3031), mf (4041), s (5051).
Referred to the penninite axis, p becomes 13'0-i3'5, and the other symbols are correspondingly complex.
The penninite forms, as shown by Tschermak (1. c. , p. 70), may be referred to the clino- chlore axes. Thus r (1011) corresponds to 101. for which we have: 001 A 101 76° 5', while 0001 A 1011 76° 5' penninite; similarly for other forms. Moreover, on peuninite forms occur in the same zone which in clinochlore belong to three different zones, as is true of the "mimetic clinochlore" from the Zillerthal. Furthermore, as all possible intermediate degrees are observed between the distinctly monoclinic, biaxial clinochlore and the apparently rhombo-
Chlorite Group— Clinochlore.
hedral, uniaxial penninite, the conclusion is reached that the two are essentially the same. The form and optical characters of penninite are then due to the twinning of lamellae grouped, according to the mica law, iu positions making angles of 60° or 120° with one another.
The fact that three sections of a biaxial mica placed one over the other with their axial planes at angles, respectively, of 60° yield a uimxiul interference-figure is well [known ''"Mteusch, Cooke, ref. on p. 614); a similar grouping will explain the optical properties of penninite.
As the matter stands at present, therefore, although it is convenient to discuss clinochlore and penninite separately, they must be regarded as essentially the same species. This conclusion was earlier reached by Mallard, but from a somewhat different standpoint.
Tschermak argues from the facts stated that in these chlorites there are present two iso- morphous substances, one of which is optically — with dispersion p v, the other -f- with dispersion p v; in the optically — peuninite the former predominates. This optically negative substance is regarded as probably serpentine (see further that species).
Figs. 1, 2, 4, Texas, Penn., Pirsson. 3, Zermatt, Tschermak.
6, Kammererite, Kk.
c(f> 51° 9'
cy 58° 13£'
cp 59° 16'
en — 66° 33i'
CT]> 74° 36f
cr *76° 5'
cs 77° 35'
ce 78° 20'
ca 78° 47' cw 85° 17' cy 87° 38'
5, Zillerthal, Id.
cp 60° 13' ex 74° 2'
Twins very common, according to the penninite law: tw. pi. c, cf. f. 1-4. Habit rhombohedral: sometimes thick tabular with c prominent, again steep rhom- bohedral; also in tapering six-sided pyramids. Rhombohedral faces often hori- zontally striated. Crystals often in- crested groups. Also massive, consisting of an aggregation of scales; also compact cryptocrystalline.
Cleavage: c highly perfect. Laminae flexible. Percussion-figure and pressure- figure as with clinochlore but less easy to obtain; not elastic. Etching-figures hexagonal or triangular; seldom monosymmetric or asymmetric. H. 2-2'5. G. 2 '6-2*85. Luster of cleavage surface pearly; of lateral plates vitreous, and sometimes brilliant. Color green, emerald-green, apple-green, grass-green, grayish green, leek -green, olive-green; also reddish, violet, rose-red, pink, grayish red; occasionally yellowish and silver-white. Transparent to subtranslucent.
Pleochroism distinct: on olive-green crystals, c emerald-green; J_c brownish red, brown, or yellow; on leek-green crystals, blue-green and yellow; on kammer- erite, c violet, c hyacinth-red, Tschermak. Optically -(-, also — ,and sometimes both in adjacent laminae of the same crystal. Usually sensibly uniaxial, but some- times distinctly biaxial, occasionally 2E 61°. Dispersion, when biaxial, p v for + crystals, p v for — crystals. Uniaxial and biaxial portions seen in the same section. Axial figure generally wanting in sharpness, and often quite indis- tinct. Sometimes a sharply-outlined kernel which is uniaxial while the border is biaxial with 2E 36°, the latter probably to be referred to clinochlore.
Indices
1-576 and 1-579 Levy-Lex.
Silicates.
Var. — 1. Penninite. As first named, it included a green crystallized chlorite from the Pennine Alps.
Uydrotalc of Necker is penuinitefrom the Binnenthal, in the Valais. Optically positive, Dx. Most of the penuinite from Zermatt, and that of the Binneuthal and Tyrol, is optically negative; some crystals of Zermatt, and those of Ala, positive; and some plates from Zermatt consist of positive and negative laminae united, Dx.
2 Kammererite. In hexagonal forms bounded by steep six-sided pyramids, cf. above. Color kermes-red ; peach-blossom- red. Pleochroism distinct. Optically — from Bisersk, -j- Texas. Uniuxial or biaxial with axial angle up to 20°. Crystals from Texas are often mixed with cliuo- chlore, and sometimes a crystal is traversed by a band of clinochlore whose optic-axial angle is 60° to 70° Dx.
The original kEmmererite was a reddish violet micaceous mineral from L. Itkul, Bisersk, Perm, Russia, partly iu 6-sided prisms. Named after the mining director A. Kammerer of St. Petersburg.
Rhodophyllite of Genth and chrom- chlorite of Hermann are the same, from Texas, Pa. G. 2 617-2-62. Rhodochrome is a compact or scaly-granular variety, originally from L. Itkul, Siberia, having a splintery fracture, with G. 2'66-2'67. Color deep green; but violet, rose or peach-blossom-red iu thin splinters, whence the name.
3. Loganite of Hunt Pseudophite of Kenugott) is near penninite in composition. It comes from Calumet Falls, Canada, and has the form, angles, and cleavage of amphibole (see p. 398); G. 2'60-2'64; color clove-brown to chocolate- brown; luster dull (anal. 18).
Pseudophite of Kenugott (Ber. Ak. Wien, 16, 1855) has the composition of loganite. but is compact massive, without cleavage, and resembles serpentine (whence the name from TtaevSoS, false, and ophite or serpentine); H. 2-5; G. 2'75-2"77; luster weak; color grayish green, olive-green, pistachio-green; feel unctuous. It forms the gangue of enstatite, Berg Zdjar in Aloisthal, Moravia. In the occurrence of a massive form, penninite is thus like talc, pyrophyl- lite, and other related species.
Pseudophite also occurs as a pseudomorph after feldspar (anal. 16, 17). The material of anal. 19 was a light green compact chlorite, easily fusible; it was from the Zoutpans Mts., Griqualand West.
Comp. — Essentially the same as clinochlore, H8(Mg,Fe)6Al2Si3018 Silica 32-5, alumina 18'4, magnesia 36'1, water 13 '0 100.
Tschermak places penuinite at the beginning of the series, varying from Sp : At 3 : 2 to SpAt. The latter corresponds to the empirical formula above; the former requires: SiOa 34'8, A1.0, 14-6, MgO 37-5, H-.O 12-4 100.
Anal.— 1, Ludwig, quoted by Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 100 (1), 16, 1891. 2, Rumpf, Min. Mitth., 33, 1873. 3, Hamm, ib., 260, 1872. 4, 5, Fellenberg, Jb. Min., 746. 1868. 6, 7, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Ediub.. 29, 60. 1879.
8, 9, Hermann. J. pr. Ch.. 53, 22, 1853. 10, 11, Smith & Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 47, 1853; also Genth, 1. c. 12, 13, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc Edinb., 29. 62, 1879.
14, Hauer, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 16, 170, 1855. 15, Van Werweke, Zs. Kr., 1, 510, 1877. 16, Drasche, Min. Mitth., 125, 1873. 17, Gintl, ib., 7, 1874. 18, Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, 491, 1863. 19, Van Riesen, quoted by Cohen, Jb. Miu., 2, 11 ref., 1888.
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO H2O
G.
1. Zillerthal 2'678 33'83 12-95 2'25 3'02 34'94 —
3. Zermatt
6. Scalpa
7. Glen Lochy 2'895 34'31 13'64 0'36 10 53b 18-04 8'97
—
—
11 90*
—
100-10
14-14 101-15 12-27 100-03 12-87 Cr2O3 0-60 100'07 13 57 101-10 ll-74NasO 1-32 O'Ol [K2O 99-92 12-41 Na2O 0-13 K2O 1 36 99-75
Kammererite.
8. L. Itkul, cryst.
9. Rhodochrome
10. Texas
11. "
12. Unst, mass.
13. " en/at.
G. SiOa A12O3 Fe2O8 Cr2O3 FeO MgO CaO H2O
30-58 15-94 — 4-99 3'32 33-45 — 12 05 100'33 i-65 34-64 10-50 2'00 .5-50 — 35'47 — 12-03 100-14
33-28 10-60 — 4-72 1-60 36'00 — 12'95 Alk. 0'35
[99-50
32-98 11-11 — 6-85 1-29 35-22 — 18-12 Alk. 0'38
[100-95
3-099 29-89 1293 — 5'97 1-96 2993 3'54 1327 Na2O 0'97.
[K2O 1-16 99-62 32-31 7-50 — 7-89 2-08 32-15 3'83 14-25 100.01
alncl. l-19MnO.
b 0-23 Mno.
Chlorite Group— Prochlorite. 653
Pseudophite.
G. SiO2 A12O8 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO H2O
14. Zdjar Mt. f 33 42 15-42 — 2'58 34-04 — 12'68 98'14 [100-18
15. Markirch . 32'84 17'34 3'29 1'04 30'48 0'75 12'16 hygr. HaO 2/28
16. Plaben, pseud. 34'63 17'13 — 1-61 33'38 — 13'93 100'68
17. Ckyu " 35-31 18'28 1/26 0'83 31'61 — 13'26 IUO'55
18. Loganite 2'62 33 28 13'30 1'92 — 35'50 — 16'00 100
19. S. Africa 2'647 32 '38 18'75 0'80 2 89 31'64 tr. 14'15 100'15
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water. B.B. exfoliates somewhat and is difficultly fusible. With the fluxes all varieties give reactions for iron, and many varieties react for chromium. Partially decomposed by hydrochloric and completely by sulphuric acid.
Obs.— Occurs with serpentine in the region of Zermatt, Valais, near Mt. Rosa, especially in the moraines of the Findelen glacier; crystals from Zermatt are sometimes 2 in. long and in. thick; also at the foot of the Simplon; at Ala, Piedmont, with cliuochlore; at Schwarzen stein in Tyrol; at Taberg in Wermland; at Suarum greenish and foliated, called steatite of Snarum. In the green schists of the Hohenzug which separates the Zillerthal from the Pfitschthal in Tyrol.
Kammererite is found at the localities already mentioned; also near Miask in the Ural; at Haroldswick in Uust, Shetland Isles. In large crystals up to 2 cm. in length enclosed in the talc in crevices of the chromite from Kraubat, Styria. Abundant at Texas, Lancaster Co., Pa., along with cliuochlore, some crystals being embedded in cliuochlore, or the reverse. Also in N. Carolina, with chromite at -Culsagee, Macou Co.; Webster, Jackson Co.; Hampton's, Mining Creek, Yancey Co.; Bakersville, Mitchell Co., and other points.
Ref. — ' Texas, Penn., Am. J. Sc., 44, 201, 1867. Dx. gives for Zermatt penninite cr 76°10'-20'; Tschermak obtained 76° 5'. Dx., 1. c.; Cooke, 1. c.; Mallard, Ann. Mines, 10, 151, 1876; Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 99 (1), 240, 1890; Pirsson, Am. J. Sc., 42, 408, 1891. Cf. also Mid. (ref. p. 650) on the relation of cliuochlore and penninite.
TABERGITE Scheerer, Pogg., 71, 448, 1847. From Taberg, Wermland (Blue talc of Werner, and called also mica-chlorite); a bluish green or green chlorite near penninite. According to Des. Cloizeaux's optical observations, it is in part uniaxial and positive like true penniuite. But in other cases uniaxial and biaxial plates are combined and negative and positive also; and the axial divergence of the biaxial plates varies from 1° to 33". Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, 99 (1), 262, 1890) concludes that it represents an intimate mixture of clinochlore or penniuite and phlogopite. Analysis, A. Paltauf, quoted by Tschermak, ib., 10O (1), 45, 1891:
G. SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO Na2O K2O H2O F 2-79 38-04 12-62 2 53 2'93 29'45 0'48 2'73 4-17 6'25 0"51 99'71
469. PROCHLORITE. Mica pt., Telgsten pt. ?, Lapis colubrinus lamellosus (fr. Salberg), Wall., Min., 130, 1747. Talgsten pt., Specksten pt., Cromt , Min., 89, 1758. Chlorite pt. (fr. St. Gothard, Tolfa, Alteuberg), Wern., Bergm. J., 1, 376 and 391, 1789. Blftttriger Chlorit (fr. St. Gothard) Wern., 1800, LudwigMiu., 1, 118, 1803. Chlorite v. Kobell, 3. pr. Ch., 16, 1839. Hexagonal Chlorite. Ripidolite G. Rose, and Dana, Miu., 1854. Lophoit Ogkoit, Breith.t Handb., 1, 381, 383, 1841. Helminthe G. 0. Volger, Entw. Min., 142, 1854. Grengesite (fr. Dalarue) Hisinger, Suckow's Erz- u. Gesteinlager schwed. Geb., 50, 1831 Strahlige Grtineis- enerde v. Dalarne. Prochlorite Dana, Am.-J. Sc., 44,258, 1867. Facherstein Germ.
Monoclinic. In six-sided tables or prisms, the side planes strongly furrowed and dull. Crystals often implanted by their sides, and in divergent groups, fan- gliaped, vermicular, or spheroidal. Also in large folia. Massive, foliated, or granular.
H. 1-2. G. 2-78-2-96. Translucent to opaque; transparent only in very thin folia. Luster of cleavage surface feebly pearly. Color green, grass-green, olive- green, blackish green; across the axis by transmitted light sometimes red. Streak uncolored or greenish. Laminae flexible, not elastic.
Pleochroism distinct: vibrations c yellow-green ; c brownish. Optically -f- in most cases, rarely — (Floitenthal). Bx inclined to the normal to c some 2°. Axial angle small, often nearly uniaxial; again 2E 23°, 30°. Dispersion p v.
Comp. — According to Tschermak to be regarded as a molecular mixture of 'H4(Mg,Fe),Si,0, and H4(Mg,Fe)sAlaSiO. in the ratio of 2 : 3 to 3 : 7; the empirical formula on page 643 corresponds to the former ratio. Ferrous iron is usually, but not always, present in large amount.
Silicates.
Cf. also Clarke & Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 40, 405, 1890.
Anal.— 1, Egger, Min. Mitth., 244, 1874. 2, Element & Ludwig, quoted by Tschermak 3, Rg., Min. Ch., 538, 1860. 4, J. Vuylsteke, quoted by Tscherrnak, 1. c. 5, Fellenberg, Jb. Min., 746, 1868. 6, Jacobs (Tschermak). 7, 8, Mgc., Ann. Ch. Phys., 14, 59, 1845, 9-11, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 29, 75, 1879. 12, Smith, Am. J. Sc., 11, 65, 1851. 13, Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 28, 24, 1884. 14, Clarke & Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 40, 406, 1890. 15, M. Bird, Am. Ch. J., 7, 181, 1885. 16, Geuth, Am. J. Sc., 28, 250, 1859. 17, 18, Id., Am. Phil: Soc., 13, 393, 1873. 19, 20, Chatard, quoted by Geuth, 1. c.
1. Zillerthal
3. St. Gothard
4. Fusch
5. Massaschlucht
6. Ascherskoppe
7. St. Cristophe
8. Mtn. Sept Lacs
9. Girdleuess
10. Portsoy
11. Lude
12. Gumuch-dagh
13. Washington
15. Virginia
16. Montgomery Co., N. C.
17 Culsagee
G.
SiO2
A12O3
re
,.o:t
FeO
MgO
CaO
H20
100-92
2'
—
100-51
—
99-69
12
—
Na2O 0-72,
[:
K2O 1-
22 100-91
12-05 TiO2 0-45=
[99-96
68
TiO3 0-15,
[P2O5 0-08, alk.
0 16, organ. 0'04 99 '90
—
99-33
—
99-37
38
27-98a
100-58
100-39
20-87b
100-67
—
97-28
und.
—
Na2O 0-67
98-45
2'
—
F tr.. MnO
[0-25 10038
28'78
MnO 0-32
99-35
4'
—
MnO 115
100
56
5-73"
—
100-87
0'
5-58h
; —
100-60
5-84°
—
100-57
71
5-69d
—
100-01
MnO 0-61.
MnO 0'29. c (Ni,Co)O 0'30 p. c. d Do., O'll, MnO 0'17. e Do., 041. f Do., 0-26.
The Jielminthe of Volger occurs in slender vermiform crystallizations like fig. 1 (whence the name), transversely foliated, penetrating quartz and feldspar. The figure is from a New Hamp- shire specimen described by O. P. Hubbard, and may be one of the other species of chlorite.
Pyr., etc. — Same as for clinochlore.
Obs. — Like other chlorites in modes of occurrence. Sometimes in implanted crystals, as at St. Gothard, enveloping often adularia, etc.; Mt. Greiner in the Zillerthal, Tyrol; Kauris in Salz- burg; Traversella in Piedmont; at Mtn. Sept Lacs and St. Cristophe in Dsiuphine; in Styria, Bohemia. Also massive in Cornwall, in tin veins (where it is called peach); at Arendal in Nor- way; Salberg and Dannemora, Sweden; Dognacska, Hungary. Occasionally formed from amphi- bole (Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 53 (1), 521, 1866). In Scotland at various points (anal. 9-11); other specimens (1. c.) with but 24 p. c SiO2 approximate to corundophilite
In the U. States, near Washington (anal. 13, 14); on Castle Mt.. Batesville, Va., a massive form resembling soapstone, color grayish green, feel greasy; Steele's mine, Montgomery Co., N. C ; also with corundum at the Culsagee mine, in broad plates of a dark green color and fine scaly; it differs from ordinary prochlorite in the small amount of ferrous iron.
Chloritic alteration-products of pyrope described by Lemberg (Zs. G. Ges., 27, 531, 1875) are referred by Tschermak (1. c., p. 87) to penninite. Lemberg's analyses are as follows: 1, un- altered pyrope; 2, enclosing chloritic shell; 3-5, complete pseudomorphs :
SiO2
Cr2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
Ca
H2O
1-66 100 11-96 100 10-42 98-24 12 64 100-29 13-29 100
Oi-engesite from Grangesberg in Dalarne, Sweden, occurs partly in hexagonal crystallizations, more or less radiately grouped, and probably results, Erdmaun observes (L&robokMin., 374, 1853).
Chlorite Group— Corundophilite. 655
irom the alteration of pyroxene. Erdmann spells the name Grangesite. Specific gravity 3'1; color dark green. An analysis by Hisinger gave:
SiOa 27 81 A1,O3 14-31 FeO 25'63 MnO 2'IS MgO 14'31 H,O 12'55 96'79
GROCHAUITE Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 25, 395, 1873.
Monocliuic? In small six-sided, tabular crystals, rough and allowing no measurements, the edges being rounded off by irregular planes. Cleavage basal easy, forming thin soft plates. Optically biaxial, axial angle 20° to 30°. Double refraction weak, probably positive. In composition near prochlorite, but containing chiefly magnesium instead of ferrous iron. Websky calculates H3R2AlSiO7. Of. anals. 16-19 above. Analysis, Beck, quoted by Websky:
Si022820 A1803 24-56 FeO 5 '27 MgO 30 '94 HO 12'15 10M2
Occurs mixed with a chromic spinel (magnochromite (p. 228), also crystallized in cavities in serpentine at Grochau, south of Frankenstein, in Silesia.
470. CORUNDOPHILITE. Shepard (fr. N. Car.), Am. J. Sc., 12, 211, 1852; (fr. Chester, Mass.) id., ib., 44, 112, 1865. Clinochlore (fr. Chester) J. P. Cooke, Am. J. Sc., 44, 206, 1867. Amesite C. U. Shepard; Pisani, C. R, 83, 166, 1876.
Monoclinic, Dx. In six-sided or twelve-sided tables or low prisms. Twins, according to the mica law, proved optically.
Cleavage: basal, eminent. Laminae somewhat more brittle than those of clinochlore. Percussion- and pressure-figures as with clinochlore. The former show planes of parting in the zone be inclined 64° to c (089)?, and in the zone cm inclined at the angles 71° (223), 75° (445), 37° (116), 62° (225). Etching-figures monosymraetric in form. H. 2 -5. Gr. 2 '90, Chester, Brush. Luster of cleavage surface somewhat pearly. Color olive-green, leek-green, grayish green. Transparent to nearly opaque. Laminae flexible, somewhat elastic.
Optically Ax. II Bx somewhat oblique to c. Dispersion p v. Axial angle rather large.
Ac 56° Be 24° 2E 80° [ft 1'583] .'. 2V 46° 40' c c 8° 20' Also 64° 59' and 68° at 200° Dx. 32°, 45°, 7H°, 73£° Cooke
Comp. — As interpreted by Tschermak, a molecular mixture of H4Mg3Si209 and H4Mg2Al2Si09 in the ratio of 1 : 4 giving the empirical formula HQOMgnAl8Si6046, which requires: Silica 23-9, alumina 27'1, iron protoxide 17'5, magnesia 19'5, water 12-0 100. Here Fe : Mg — 1 : 2.
Anal.— 1, Eaton, quoted by Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 46, 257, 1868. 2, Pisani, ibid. 8, Ober- mayer, quoted by Tschermak, 1. c.
G. SiO2 AlaOs FeaO8 FeO MgO H2O
3. Chester, Mass. 2-83 24'77 25'52 — 15-19 21-88 11-98 99-34
2. " " 24-0 25-9 14-8 22-7 11-9 99'3
3. " " 2-87 23-84 25'22 2'81 17-06 19-83 11-90 100-66
Obs. — Occurs with corundum or emery; its low percentage of silica accords with this asso- ciation. The species was instituted on a chlorite found with the corundum of Asheville, N. C. , whence the name, from corundum, and 0z'AoS, friend. The above description is from specimens occurring abundantly, and sometimes in large and small crystals, at the emery mine of Chester, Mass., which Shepard has referred to corundophilite; the chlorite occurring with the corundum of North Carolina is higher in silica and is classed with prochlorite (Genth), though containing relatively but little iron, cf. anals. 17-20, p. 654.
AMESITE C. U. Shepard, Pisani, C. R, 83, 166, 1876.
In "hexagonal plates, foliated, resembling the green talc from the Tyrol. H. 2 '5-3. 2 -71. Color apple-green. Luster pearly on cleavage face. Optically +, sensibly uniaxial. Composition approximating to H4(Mg,Fe)2AlaSiO.
Anal. — Pisani, 1. c.
SiO, 21-4 AlaO8 32-3 FeO 15'8 MgO 19'9 HaO 10'9 100'8
Occurs with diaspore at Chester, Mass.
Silicates.
471. DAPHNITE. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 100 (1), 38, 1891. Monoclinic. In small, spherical or botryoidal aggregates showing a concentric and at the same time radiate-foliated structure.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. Laminae somewhat flexible. Luster pearly. Color dark green; though the basal plane olive-green, normal to this direction yellow. Streak green. Optically — , nearly uuiaxial.
Comp. — According to Tschermak, HseFe-nAlaoSiisOiai. Cf. p, 644.
Anal. — R. Zeyuek.
G.
Si02
A12O3
FeO
MnO
0-98 1-09
CaO
Na2O
Kso
H20
11-16 99-75
Pyr., etc. — B.B. becomes black, but does not exfoliate and fuses easily to a steel-gray bead. Easily decomposed by warm hydrochloric acid with the separation of flocculent silica.
Obs. — Observed on a specimen from Penzance, Cornwall, obtained in 1840; it occurs as an incrustation on quartz and arsenopyrite.
Named from Daphne, bay tree, in allusiou to the form.
METACHLORITE. List, Zs. G. Ges., 4, 634, 1852. Foliated columnar, like chlorite, vitreous to pearly in luster, color dull leek green. H. 2'5. Anal.— 1, List, 1. c. 2, Zeynek, quoted by Tschermak.
G.
SiO2
A1203
Fe308
FeO
MgO
CaO
K2O
Na2O
H2O
13 76 99-64
10-19 100-04
B.B. fuses on the edges to a dark enamel. Gelatinizes in the cold with hydrochloric acid. Forms small veins in a green rock at Bilchenberg near Elbingerode, in the Harz.
KLEMENTITE Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 100(1), 40, 1891.
In thin scales in quartz veins at Vielsalm in Belgium. Probably mouoclinic. G. 2'835. Color dark olive-green. Optically +. Biaxial, axial angle small, Tschermak.
Anal.-C. Klement, Bull. Mus. Belg., 5, 162, 1888.
G. 2-835
SiO3
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
H2O
11-35 101-24
B.B. exfoliates and fuses to a dark glass. In powder partially decomposed by hydrochloric acid with the separation of flocculent silica. Named after Dr. C. Klement of Brussels.
472. CRONSTEDTITE. Cronstedtit Steinmann, . J., 32, 69, 1821. Chloromelan Breith., Char., 33, 184, 1823. Sideroschisolite Wernekink, Pogg., 1, 387, 1824.
Khombohedral; hemirnorphic. Axis 6 3-2559; 0001 A 1011 75° 6-J-'' Zepharovich1.
Forms: c(0001, 0); r (lOll, 1), x (2021, 2); y (3031, 3).
Angles: cr 75° 6', ex 82° 85*', cy *84° 56'.
Twins: tw. ax. united symmetrically by a prismatic face or interpenetrating
and forming a six-rayed base. Occurs m hexagonal pyramids, taperir.g toward one ex- tremity, or adhering lateraLy, and vertically striated; also in fibrous diverging groups, cylindroidal and reniform ; also amorphous.
Cleavage: basal, highly perfect. Not brittle. Thin laminse elastic. H. 3'5. G. 3-34-3-35. Luster brilliantly vitreous. Color coal-black to brownish black; by trans- mitted light in thin scales emerald-green; also on the edges brown or brownish yellow. Streak dark olive-green. Nearly opaque. Optically — ; uniaxial.
Comp.— Perhaps H8Fe4Fe4Si30,0 4Fe0.2Fe,03.3SiO,.4H20 Silica 20-9, iron sesquioxide 37'2, iron protoxide 33 -5, water 8'4 100. Magnesium may be present in small amount.
Pfibram, Zeph.
Thurixgite.
Kg. gives 3FeO.Fe2O3.2SiO2.3H2O Silica 21 '8, iron sesquioxide 291, iron protoxide 39'3, water 9 -8 100.
Anal.— 1, E. Ludwig, quoted by Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 100 (1), 1891. 2, Janovsky. Ber. Ch. Ges., 8, 939, 1875. 3, Rosam, Vrba, Ber. Ak. Bohm., p. 13, Jan. 15, 1886. 4, JVIaskelyne and Flight, Ber. Ch. Ges., 3, 938, 1870.
1. Pfibram
3. Kuttenberg
4. Cornwall
G. 3-351 G. 3 445
SiO2
Fe2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
H2O.
8-27
11-90
100-53,
—
[9-18]
—
10-13
An analysis by Field (Phil. Mag., 5, 52, 1878) of a dark green compact mineral accom- panying the Cornwall cronstedtite gave:
SiO,31-72
Fe2O3 18-51
FeO 39 46
H2O 11-02 100-71
Sp. grav. 3. The formula 3FeO.Fe2O3.3SiO,.3H2O is deduced.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. froths and fuses on the edges, yielding in R.F. a magnetic gray or black globule. With borax gives reactions for iron and manganese. Gelatinizes in concentrated hydrocloric acid.
Obs. — Accompanies limonite and calcite in veins containing silver ores at Pfibram in Bohemia, and also at Kuttenberg; also at Wheal Maudlin and in Cornwall, in diverging groups. In Brazil at Conghonas do Campo (sideroschisolite).
Named after the Swedish mineralogist and chemist, A. Fr. Cronstedt.
Ref.— 'Brazil, Ber. Ak. Wien, 71 (1), 276, 1875. Maskelyne (J. Ch. Soc., Jan. 1871) gives for Cornwall crystals cy 85° 12'; exact measurements are impossible. Cf. also Vrba, Ber.
Bohm. Ges., p. Zepharovich.
13, Jan. 15, 1886. The doubtful scalenohedron if (11 -71816) is added by
473. THURINGITE. Thuringit Breith., Char., 95, 1832. Owenite Genth, Am. J. Sc., 16, 167, 1853.
Massive; an aggregation of minute scales; compact.
Cleavage of scales distinct in one direction. Fracture subconchoidal. Very tough. Feel of powder greasy. H. 2'5. G. — 3-15-3 '19; 3-118 Bottcher. Luster of scales pearly; of mass glistening or dull. Color olive-green to pistachio- green. Streak paler. Optically — . Uniaxial to distinctly biaxial.
Comp — Hl8Fe8(Al,Fe)BSi6041 8Fe0.4(Al,Fe)203.6Si04.9HaO Silica 22-8, alumina 17*2, iron sesquioxide 13-5, iron protoxide 36-'3, water 10*2 100.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Min. Ch., 851, 1860. 2, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 18, 376, 1854. 3, Keyser, ibid., p. 411. 4, Gintl, quoted by Zepharovich, Zs. Kr., 1, 372, 1877. 5, Genth, 1. c, 6, 7, Smith, 1. c. 8, F. L. Perry, Am. J. Sc., 32, 307, 1886.
1. Thuringite
2. "
3. "
4. Zirm See
G.
3'177
5. Harper's Ferry
6. " 3-191
7. Arkansas 3-184
8. L. Superior
SiO2 A12O3 Fe203 FeO MgO Na20 K2O H2O 22 35 18'39 14'86 34'34 1'25 — — 9'81 101 22-05 16-40 17'66 30'78 0'89 0'14 11-44 99'36 23-55 15 63 13 79 34 20 1'47 tr. tr. 10'57 99'21 22'65 18'92 812 38'49 — — — 10-78 98'96 23-21 15-59 13'89 34'58 1-26 0-41 0'08 10'59 CaO 0-36 —
[99-97
23-58 16-85 14'33 33 20 1-52 0'46 tr. 10-45 MnO 0'09
[100-4S
23'70 16 54 12'13 33 14 1-85 0*32 10-90 MnO 116
[99-74 22-35 25-14 — 34-39 6'41 — — 11-25 99'54
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water. B.B. fuses at 3 to an iron-black magnetic globule. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— Thuringite is from Reichmannsclorf and Schmiedeberg, near Saalfeld, in Thuringia (cf. Loretz, Zs. Kr., 13, 52, 1887); at Zirm See in Carinthia(Zeph., 1. c.); Hot Springs, Arkansas; from the nietamorphic rocks on the Potomac, near Harper's Ferry (owenite); forms the matrix (anal. 8) enclosing garnet crystals altered to a chlorite near aphrosiderite (p. 660) in the Lake- Superior iron region; at French Creek mines, Chester -Co., Penn., the chalcopyrite and pyrite crys- tals are embedded in a compact mineral which Penfleld suggests is probably allied to thuringite-
Owenite was named after the geologist, Dr. D. D. Owen.
658 Silicates.
CHAMOSITE. Mine de fer oxyde en grains agglutines Gueymard, J. Mines, 35, 29, 1814; Chamoisite Berthier, Ann. Mines, 5, 393, 1820. Chamosite. Mineral de fer en grains Berthier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 35, 258, 1827. Berthierine Beud., Tr., 128, 1832. Bavalite Huot, Min., 290,
Chamosite, as originally described, occurs compact or oOlitic, with H. about 3; G. 3-3'4; color greenish gray to black; streak lighter; opaque; feebly attracted by a magnet. Berthierine is similar in structure, has H. 2'5; color bluish gray, blackish, or greenish black; streak dark greenish gray; and strongly attracted by the magnet. Anal. — 1, Berthier, 1. c. 2, id., Ann, Ch. Phys., 35, 258, 1827:
1. Chamosite SiO4 14'3 A13O, 7'8 FeO 60 5 HSO 17'4 100
2. Berthierine 12'4 7'8 74'7 51 100
Chamosite fuses easily, and also gelatinizes. Berthierine fuses with difficulty to a black magnetic globule, and gelatinizes. The latter is mixed with 50 p. c. or more of siderite and calcite ; Berthier found 40'3 of the former in the material he examined.
Chamosite forms thick beds of rather limited extent in a limestone containing ammonites, at Chamoson, near St. Maurice, in the Valais; and a similar substance is reported from Metten- berg in the Bernese Oberland; Banwald in the Vosges; in the Windgalle; with iron carbonate and titanic iron at Schmiedefeld in the Thiiringerwald; in Bohemia, from the oolitic iron ore of Chrustenic in dark bluish gray elliptical grains. Berthierine constitutes a valuable bed of iron ore at Hayanges, Dept. of Moselle, and also occurs in the ores of Champagne, Bourgogne, Lorraine.
The chloritic mineral associated with the iron ore of Chamoson has been investigated by Boricky, Loretz, and Schmidt and shown to have a composition approximating to thuringite. Berthier's results above are unreliable as giving the composition of the silicate.
Anal. — 1, Boricky, as quoted by Schmidt, after deducting 5'5 p. c. Ca.Fe carbonate. 2, C. Schmidt, Zs. Kr., 11, 601, 1886; also recalculated. 3, Loretz, Zs. Kr., 13, 52, 1887.
SiO2 AlsC-3 FeaO3 FeO MgO H2O
1. Chamosite 25-60 18-72 — 42'31 2'13 11 -24 100
2. 25-23 19-97 37-51 4'39 12'90 - 100
3. Schmiedefeld 27'29 17-13 4'06 39'42 13'10 100
An oolitic mineral, apparently near chamoisite, described by Pouillon Boblaye (Mem. Mus., 15), has been called Bavalite. It has H. about4; G. S'99 Delesse; color greenish black, bluish, or grayish; powder greenish gray or black, to reddish brown; and B.B. fusible with difficulty to a black magnetic scoria. Forms beds in old schistose rocks in different parts of Brittany, especially in the forest of Lorges, a locality that supplies furnaces at Pas near Quintin. in the vicinity of St. Brieuc, Dept. Cotes-du-Nord; also at the Chapel St. Oudon, near Segre, Dept. Maine-et-Loire; and elsewhere. Huot and others derive the name bavalite from Bavalpn, a locality of it; but Des Cloizeaux says no such place exists in Brittany; but that a depression in the region where it is explored is called the bas vallon—an absurd origin for a name. See 6th JEd., p. 796, for analyses.
474. STILPNOMELANE. Glocker, Zs. f. Min., Jan., 1828, Handb., 572, 1831. Chateo- dite Shep., Rep. Am. Assoc., 6, 232, 1851.
Foliated plates, sometimes hexagonal, sometimes radiated. Also fibrous, or as a velvety coating even or tufted.
Cleavage easy in one direction. H. 3-4, when in solid plates. G. 2 -769 Breith. ; 2 -96, chalcodite, Genth. Luster of cleavage surface between pearly and Titreous, sometimes submetallic or brass-like. Color black, greenish black, yellow- ish bronze, and greenish bronze.
Var.— 1. Ordinary, in plates or massive. Glocker gives G. 3-3'4.
2. Chalcodite, in velvety coatings of brass-like or submetallic luster, consisting of minute flexible scales.
Comp.— Uncertain, perhaps (Brush, Eg.) 2(Fe,Mg)0. (Fe,Al)20,.5SiOa.3H20.
Genth calculates for his analysis 8(Fe,Mg)O.(Fe,Al)2O3.10SiO2.6H!iO.
Anal.— 1 Kg., Pogg., 43, 127, 1838, Min. Ch., 880, 1860. 2, Siegert, Rg., Min. Ch., 880, 1860. 3, L. J. Igelstrom, J. pr. Ch., 81, 396, 1860. 4, G. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 25, 198, 1858. 5, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 44, 1885.
G.
SiOa
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
MgO
CaO
KaO
H2O
Obergrund
—
8-63
Weilburg Nordmark
—
8-47 9-14
Chalcodite
tr.
922
—
—
9-18
S Trig 0 Vite—Diabantite.
Brogger refers here the mineral which in the form of inclusions gives the abnormal com position upon which the supposed variety of natrolite from the Brevik region called iron- nutrolite (Eisenuatrolith) has been based; cf. p. 602. Its composition could not be definitely settled. Zs. Kr., 16, 626, 1890.
Pyr., etc. — Yields much water. B.B. fuses easily to a black, shining, magnetic globule. With the fluxes gives the reactions for iron. Chalcodite is completely decomposed by hydro- chloric acid.
Obs. — Stilpnomelane occurs at Obergnmd and elsewhere in Silesia, with calcite and quartz, sometimes intermixed with pyrite and magnetite. Also in Moravia, near Brokersdorf ; near Sternberg. in a bed of limonite, in a clay slate, probably of the Devonian age, and often associ- ated with chlorite, magnetite, and-calcite; at Frederic mine near Weilburg, Nassau, in a bed of irow ore; at Pen Mine, Nordmark, Sweden, radiated foliated with actinolite, in reins sometimes 4 inches thick.
Chalcodite occurs at the Sterling Iron mine, in Antwerp, Jefferson Co., N. Y., coating- hematite and calcite, and sometimes constituting pseudomorphs (anal. 5), having the form of" hollow rectangular tables; the yellow variety resembles in color mosaic gold.
Named Stilpnomelane from trriXitvoS, shining, and yueAa?, black; and Chalcodite from. jaAK-ds, brass or bronze. Melanglimmer Germ, includes this species, Oonstedtite, etc.
475. STRIGOVITE. Seeker & Websky, Jb. Min., 236, 1869. Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 25 388, 1873.
In minute crystals, showing hexagonal prisms under the microscope; sometimes in balls of aggregated crystals.
H. 1. G. 3-144. Color dark green (on alteration changing to brown). Streak green to grayish green. Optically uniaxial or nearly so.
Comp.— H4Fe2(Al,Fe)2Si2Ou 2FeO.(Fe,Al)2O3.2SiO-,.2H2O (at 100°), or with 3H2O (air- dried).
Anal.— 1, Becker, 1. c. 2, Websky, 1. c. , 1869. 3, Websky (and Poleck), 1. c., 1873 (at 100°).
G. SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H2O
1 3262 16-66 16'04 16'74 — 316 2'02 1237 99-61
2. 2788 3260 14 '08 21 '94 12-47 — 3'82 — 14'8l 99'72
3. 3-144 2843 16'60 11'43 26-21 7'26 0'36 036 931 9996
Pyr., etc. — Easily decomposed by acid with the separation of silica in powder. In closed tube gives off water. B.B. fuses with difficulty to a black glass without coloring the flame.
Obs. — Occurs as a fine coating over the minerals in druses or cavities in the granite west and; northwest of Striegau in Silesia.
476. DIABANTITE. Diabantachronnyn,Zie6e, Jb. Min., 1, 1870. Diabantite G. W. Hawe*t Am. J. Sc., 9, 454, 1875.
Monoclinic ? Massive, compact, fibrous or with a foliated, radiated, and con- centric structure.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. H. 2-2-5. Or. 2-79-2-93. Color dark green to greenish black. Strongly pleoch'roic.
Comp.— H18(Fe,Mg)12Al4Si9046 orl2(Fe,Mg)0.2Al,0,.9SiO,.9HfO Silica 34.2, alumina 12-9, iron protoxide 27*4, magnesia 15-2, water 10!3 100.
Anal. — 1-5, Liebe, 1. c. 6, 7, Hawes, 1. c.
G. Si02 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O H,O
1. Reinsdorf 2'83 30-27 11-16 — 26'94 — 21 '22 — — 10'20=99'79
2. Landesfreude 2'93 29'37 1200 — 2563 — 21-01 — — 11-27=99-28
3. Hollethal 2'91 29-85 9-07 — 26'60 — 17'92 — — 15'81 99-25
4. Trilloch 31-25 10'03 3'47 23'52 — 19'73 — — 11-37=99-37
5. Griifenwart, fibrous 31 '56 12'08 — 21 -61 — 22'44 — — 11 '78=99-47
6. Farmington 2'79 f 33'24 11-07 2*26 25'11 0'41 16'51 I'll 0'25 9-91=99-87
7. 33-68 10-84 2'86 24'33 0'38 16'52 0'73 0'33 10'02=99'69
Pyr. — Fuses easily on the edges, forming a dark gray glass somewhat magnetic. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid, leaving a skeleton of silica.
Occurs in the diabase of Voigtland and Frankenwald, and contributes to the green color of the rock. It is found in seams and clefts, sometimes in amygdules and lining cavities in the rock. In some occurrences of diabase it forms the chief binding or cementing material, and is apparently a product of the alteration of the augitic constituent of the diabase.
A similar mineral occurs filling amygdaloidal cavities in the diabase of the Farmington Hills. Conn., and at other points in the same region, as at Turner's Falls, Mass., and elsewhere-
Silicates.
The center cavities are often occupied by calcite, and this and the associated prehnite are often impregnated by it; the diabantite was thus the first product of the decomposition of the diabase (Emerson).
The diabantite is sometimes altered by hydration and oxidation of the iron, forming masses of a straw-, gold , or bronze-yellow. It then becomes a diabantite-vermiculite, as it is called by Emerson, Am. J. Sc., 24, 198-201, 1882.
477. APHROSIDERITE. Sandberger, Ueb. Geol. Nassau, 97, 1847.
Massive; in fine scales, hexagonal inform.
Soft. G. 2'8-3 0. Color dark olive-green. Transparent to translucent.
Comp.— Perhaps (Websky) H10Fe6(Fe,Al)4Si4O25.
Anal.— 1, Sandberger, 1. c. 2, IgelstrOm, J. pr. Ch., 84, 480. 1861. 3, Erlenmeyer, JB. Ch., 773, 1860. 4, Hauer, Jb. G. Reiclis., 4, 79, 1854. 5, Nies, Jb. Min., 321, 1873, after de- ducting CaCOs. 6, Rg., quoted by Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 31, 212, 1879. 7, Woitschach, Zs. Kr., 7, 82, 1882. 8-10, Penfield & Sperry, Am. J. Sc., 32, 308, 310, 1886. 11, Niedzwiedzki, Min. Mitth., 162, 1872.
1. Weilburg
2. Guistberg
3. Bonscheuer
4. Styria
5. Dillenburg
6. Striegau
7. Konigshain
G. SiO, A1203 Fe2O, FeO MgO CaO
H2O 26-45 21-25 — 44'24 1'06 — 7'74 100'74
— 76 99-5
— 10-05 99-96
— 10-06 99-32
— 9-19 100 9-09 99-70
0-38 9-73 98-53
19 56 11-71
8. L. Superior, garnet pseud. 3'21 27-45 19-53 6'26 29'42 604
9. " " " 29-08 19-94 3'91 30'68 5'56
10. Salida, Col.,
11. Saualpe
28-20 22-31 — 19-11 17'68
2-98 25-19 21-66 9'09 14'22 18'73 Inch MnO 0'20.
— 7-50 Na2OO-42, [K2O 2-64 99 26
0-25 6-53 Na2OO-29,
[K2O 3-66 99-90
0-48 10-90 NaaOO-72,
[KaO 1-03 100-43
— 11-53 100-42
Analyses 8-10, by Penfield & F. L. Sperry, are of a chlorite forming the coating of almandite garnets (anal. 6, 7, p. 441) and derived from their alteration. Color of 8. 9, dark green; 10, light greeu, optically uniaxial. Anal. 11, by Niedzwiedzki, is of a similar chlorite, forming a coating about a like garnet from the Saualpe, Carinthia; magnetite may be present in the material analyzed.
Obs. — Aphrosiderite occurs at Weilburg, Nassau, at the Gelegenheit mine. A similar mineral, but more magnesian, has been found in gneiss at Guistberg in Wermland; in hematite at Bouscheuer near Muttershausen, Nassau; at Bulduinstein on the Lahr; and in mica schist with hematite at several places in Upper Styria, consisting of microscopic scales of a clear green color.
478. DELESSITE. Chlorite ferrugineuse Delesse. Ann. Mines, 12, 195, 1847, and 16, 520, 1849. Delessite Naum., Min., 1850. Eisenchlorit. Subdelessit Weiss, Zs. G. Ges., 31, 801, 1879
Massive, with a short fibrous or scaly feathery texture, often radiated.
H. 2'5. G. 2"89. Color olive-green to blackish green. Powder gray or green.
Comp.— Perhaps (Groth) H10(Mg,Fe)4(A],Fe)4Si4O23.
Anal.— 1-3, Delesse, 1. c. 4-8, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb , 29, 81, 1879. 9, Weiss, 1. c.
1. Mielen
2. Oberstein 3 Zwickau
4. Bowling
5. Dumbuck
6. Long Craig
7. Elie
8. St. Cyrus
9. Subdelessite
a Loss at 100°
G.
SiO2
Al,03
Fe2
0,
FeO
MgO
CaO
H2O
11-55 99-30
00
—
12-99 100
12-57 99-33
1!)
15-45"= 100-41
15 -46*=: 100-64
14-69MnO 0'38 99'82
(58
13'77'MnO I'OO, alk. 1'68
13-24a=100'02 100-11
W5
18'61b
12-25 TiO2 0-18, alk. 0'52,
[P
2O6,So3,Co2 0-69 100-21
). c; 5,
6-30;
6, 4-
68;
7, 3-39
; S, 2-
Inch 0-31 MnO.
Rumpfite. 661
Pyr., etc.— In a matrass yields water and becomes brown. B.B. fuses with difficulty on the edges. Easily soluble in acids, affording a deposit of silica.
Obs. — The original dtlessite occurs coating or filling the cavities of amygdaloid, or amygda- loidal porphyry, at Obersteiu, Zwickau, La Greve near Mielen. Similar minerals occur at various points in Scotland, anals. 4-8; also in Nova Scotia (How, Phil. Mag., 37, 267, 1869).
Named after Delesse, of Paris.
Subdelessite (anal. 10) is a blackish green chloritic mineral, filling cavities in eruptive rocks in the Thuringer VVald.
479. RUMPFITE. O. Firtsch, Ber. Ak. Wien, 99 (1), 417, 1890.
Massive; granular, consisting of very fine scales from 0 "05-0 '15 in diameter and 1 mm. in length. Form of scales hexagonal, united in vermicular shapes resembling some kinds of clino- chlore.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. H. 1'5. G. 2'675. Color greenish white. Translucent on the edges. Optically uniaxial or nearly so; sometimes 2E 10°.
Comp.— A basic silicate of aluminium and magnesium; Firtsch calculates the formula: H2SMg7Al18Si10O65 or 7MgO.8Al2O3.10SiO2.14HaO.
Anal.— Firtsch, 1. c.
SiO2 30-75 A12O3 41 "66 FeO 1'61 MgO 12-09 CaO 0'89 H,O 13'12 100'12
The loss of water was as follows:
150° 200°-360° red ht. (600°) ign. (Bunsen burner.) ign. (blast lamp).
I 016 0 8-73 12-51 12'79
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible, but becomes brown. Not decomposed by acids, but after ignition the iron compound is dissolved, the rest not decomposed.
Obs.— Occurs with talc in crevices in the magnesium carbonate rock (pinolite, p. 274) near St. Michael in Upper Styria.
Named for Professor Johann Rumpf of Graz.
The following are other chloritic minerals, more or less imperfectly defined.
TALC-CHLOKITE OF TRAVERSELLA occurs in large hexagonal plates regularly grouped, and presents, according to Des Cloizeaux, the optical characters of clinochlore. The plates are twins, consisting of six triangular sections; at center they are translucent and blackish green, and optically — , and exteriorly clear green and transparent, and optically -)-. Mariguac regards it as between talc and chlorite. He obtained, anal. 1-3, Ann. Ch. Phys., 14, 60, 1845. 4, Hed- dle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 29, 78, 1879.
SiO2 A13O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H2O
1. Traversella 38'45 11-75 12'82 — 2819 — 8'49 99'70
2. " 39-81 12-56 11-10 — 28'41 — 7'79 99'67
3. " 41-34 11-42 10-09 — 29'67 — 7'66 10018
4. Hillswick 39-81 11 -43 7'97 0'26 25'65 2'80 7'91 Na2O 3-15. KO
[1-20 100-19,
It may be ripidolite impure from mixture with talc, which view would account for the high percentage of silica. Occurs at Traversella, Piedmont, with magnetite and ripidolite; also (anal. 4) a similar mineral at Hillswick in Shetland.
At Traversella there is still another talc-chlorite, soft and of a silvery-white luster, having a single optical axis, or two very slightly divergent; the hexagonal plates are opaque at center and transparent toward the borders. It affords much water in a matrass, and fuses with difficulty on the edges to a white enamel. This may be identical with the leuchtenbergite, noted by Tschermak from Traversella.
EPICHLORITE Rammelsberg , Pogg., 77, 237, 1849.
Fibrous or columnar, between schiller spar and chlorite in its characters. H. 2-2'5; G. 2'76; color dull leek-green; streak white to greenish; luster greasy; in thin columns trans- lucent and of a bottle-green color. Anal.— 1, tig., 1. c. 2, Liebe, Jb. Min., 17, 1870.
SiO, A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO H2O
1. 40-88 10-96 8-72 8'96 20'00 0'68 10'18 100'38
2. G. 2-79 41-52 8'60 19 26 19'78 10'05 99'21
B.B. fuses only in thin fibers with difficulty. With the fluxes reaction for silica and iron. Forms veins in a rock resembling serpentine near Harzburg. Named in allusion to its being near chlorite in characters.
Liebe's mineral (anal. 2) is the coloring mineral in the black titanic-iron diabase of the Voigt-
662 Silicates.
land and Frankenwald. He regards it aB containing only ferrous iron, and argues the same for the mineral from the Harz.
EURALITE F. J. Wiik, Jb. Min., 357, 1869. A chloritic mineral occurring in seams in clefts, of hyperyte in the parish of Eura, Finland. It is apparently amorphous, but breaks under the hammer into prismatic fragments. H. 2'5. G. 2-62. Color dark green to black. B.B fuses easily to a magnetic globule. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. Analysis, Wiik:
SiO, 33-68 A12O3 1215 Fe3O3 6'80 FeO 15'66 MgO 17-92 CaO 1'34 HaO 11-49 99-04
Apparently related to diabantite, p. 659.
EPIPHANITE. Epifanit Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 25, 32, 1868. A chlorite-like mineral from Tvaran in Wermland. Sweden. Analysis, Igelstrbm:
SiOa 37-11 A12O3 21-13 FeO 2000 MgO 14*03 H2O 7'83 MnO tr. 100 10
CHLOROPHEITE Macculloch, Western Isles, 1, 504, 1825.
Granular massive, embedded, or as a coating in geodes, fissures, or arnygdaloidal cavities. Cleavage in two directions. H. 1-5-2. G. 2'02, Macculloch; 2'28 Heddle. Luster sub- resinous, rather dull. Color dark green, olive-green, changing rapidly to dark brown or black on exposure. In composition somewhat near delessite; cf . also hi§iugerite. Anal. — 1, 2, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 29, 84, 1879.
G. SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H2O
1. ScuirMohr 36'00 — 22-80 2'46 0'50 9'50 2'52 26'46 alk. tr. 100-24
2. Giant's Causeway 2-278 35'99 10'49 11-89 163 0-0810-52 5'15 23-20 alk. 1-10=100-04
H2O at 100°: in 1, 19'23; in 2, 14'16.
From the Western Isles of Scotland, at Scuir Mohr in the island of Rum, and from Fifeshire, occurring in amygdaloid; also from the Faroer. Reported also as iucrusting chalcedony in Antrim, and in small botryoidal groups in the amygdaloid at Down Hill. But the chemical identity of the original chlorophaeite of Macculloch from Scuir Mohr with that of the FarSer or the other localities has not yet been ascertained. Named from Acjpds, green, and cpatos, brown.
HULLITE E. T. Hardman, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 3, 161, 1878.
Massive. H. 2. Color velvet-black. Luster waxy but dull. Near delessite and chloro- phseite, but not a homogeneous mineral (cf. Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 432, 1885). Anal. — 1, Hardman, 1. c. 2, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb , 29, 89, 1879.
SiO2 A1203 Fe203 FeO MgO CaO H2O
1. Carnmoney Hill 39'44 10'35 20'72 3'70 7'47 4'48 13'62 99'78
2. Kinkell 38'59 17'34 15'97 undet. 8'65 3-94 13-48 MnO 1 -56, KaO 0'67 100-20
HaO lost at 100° in 2, 8 04 p. c.
Occurs filling and coating vesicular cavities in the basalt of Carnmoney Hill, near Belfast, Ireland. A similar mineral occurs in the basalt at Kinkell, in Fifeshire, Scotland.
MELANOLITE Wurtz, Dana, Miu., 67i). 1850. It is black, opaque, with streak dark olive- green; H. 2; G. 2-69. Surface of the mineral often striated, or with an imperfectly columnar aspect. Analysis. — H. Wurtz, excluding 12 '77 CaCO3:
SiO3 35-24 A18O3 4-48 Fe2O3 23-13 FeO 25-09 NaaO 1'85 HaO 10-21 100.
From Milk-Row quarry, near Somerville, Mass., incrustiug the sides of a fissure. Cf. hisingerite, p.
EKMANNITE L. J. Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 22, 607, 1865, B. H. Ztg., 26, 21, 1867.
Foliated, chlorite-like. Also foliated columnar and asbestiform, radiated; also granular massive, consisting of minute scales. Hardness and luster as in common kinds of chlorite. Color grass-green, leek-green, grayish white; also black.
Anal. — 1-6, IgelstrOm :
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2Os FeO MnO MgO CaO H2O
1. Fol -mass , grass-gn. 34'30 tr. 4'97 35"78 11 '45 2'99 — 10-51 100
2. Fol. col., gyli.-w. 36'42 1'07 4'79 24-27 21'56 tr. tr. 9'91 98'02 8. Fol. -mass., leek-gn. 40-30 5'08 3'60 25'54 7'18 7 64 — 10'74 100
4. Gran. -mass., grass-gn. 37'07 5'85 — 38-20 6'32 2'73 9'71 9988
5. Asbestif., green 37'69 36'07a 14-74 — 11-50 100
6. ¥o\.-., green 36'82 3'63 31-09 9'29 7'53 tr. 10'71 99'07
a With perhaps some alumina.
Silicates. 663
On heating yields water, becomes black, subraetallic, and after ignition strongly magnetic, B.B. fuses to a black slag. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, with a deposition of silica.
From a mine of magnetite at Grythytte, in Sweden, filling cavities in the ore, penetrating it extensively, aud constituting nodular masses and beds. Becomes black on exposure, through oxidation. Anal. 4 is of the green interior of a nodule which was black_externally. Some of it contains calcium carbonate, and some affords when heated a bituminous odor. Named after G. Ekman, proprietor of the mine, hence properly ekmanite. See p. 1033.
BERLATJITE A. Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 383, 1882. An alteration-product occurring at Krems, Bohemia, at the contact between serpentine and grauulyte. Occurs in aggregates of small scales of a dark grass-green color. Axial angle nearly zero. On ignition does not change form, but becomes light yellowish brown with pearly luster resembling mica. Analysis, la, air-dried; \b, dried at 100°.
SiO2 A12O, Fe2O, FeO MgO CaO ign.
34-38 12-69 6'33 3'71 23'79 2'59 16-79 Cr40,,MnO,K2O tr. 100'28
37-25 13-75 6'86 4'02 25'77 2'81 9'82
Schrauf (ibid.) uses the name parachlorite for chlorites whose composition he refers to the orthosilicate formula w(Al4Si3Oi2).n(R2SiO4).j?H2O; while he applies the name protochlorite to those which he explains as w(Al2SiO5).n(R2SiO4).j9(HaO).
STEATAUGILLITE E. E. Schmid, Ber. Ges. Jeua, 14, July 9, 1880. A doubtful substance, fill- ing, with quartz and ferrite, small amygdaloidal cavities in the porphyritic rocks of the Holle- kopf, at Kammerberg, and of the Tragberg, at Langewieseu, near Ilmenau. Massive, earthy. H. 1'25. G. 2'29-2'46. Color white to light green. Feel greasy. B.B. fuses to a greenish, gray-black specked enamel; yields much water in the tube, becoming black, and giving a bituminous odor. Analyses: 1-3, after deducting 6 p. c. insol. from 1, and 2 p. c. from 8.
G. SiO, A12O3 Fe2Os FeO MgO CaO H2O
1. Hollekopf, grn. 2'287 37'20 8"09 25'56 3'78 15'56 0'98 8'70 99'36
2. Tragberg, wh. 2'465 32'77 11 '12 17'73 12-51 14'19 0'91 9'77b 99-00-
3. H5llekopf, grn. 2'307 38'67 10'69 24'72 0'95 12'95 1'36 9-65<= 98'9
lu vacuo, at ordinary temperature, 1-91; at 100° 3'90. b Do. 4 '55, 2'52. c Do. 0'70, 7'27.
PATTERSONITE /. Lea, Proc. Ac. Philad., 45, 1867. A micaceous mineral from Unionville, Chester Co., Penn. Au analysis by Geuth (Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 1873) gave:
G. SiO2 A1203 Fe2O3 FeO MgO K2O Na2O ign.
2-81 29-90 27-59 3'12 9'17 17'10 2'33 0'58 11-51 101-80
It is hence near thuringite. An earlier, less accurate, analysis is given by S. P. Sharpies Am. J. Sc., 47, 319, 1869.
A CHLOKITE-LIKE mineral from Webster, N. C., in crystals, micaceous in structure, of a dark bluish to brownish green color, afforded Genth, Am. J. Sc., 33, 200, 1862:
SiOa A12O, Cr2O3 FeO NiO MgO CaO K2O H2O f 31-45 13-08 4-16 4'88 0'16 43-10 0'17 0'06 3-29 100-35
It is remarkable for the small amount of water and iron, and the large proportion of mag- nesia; a constitution which may have an explanation in its being a mixture of talc and chlorite. It is associated with talc which Geuth found to be nearly anhydrous.
CHLORITE-LIKE MINERAL, from the Keuper of Altenburg, Haushofer, J. pr. Ch., 99, 239, 1866. Color dark leek-green. Stated to be B.B. infusible. Analysis gave: SiO2 29'51, A12O 11-54, FeaO, 18-26, FeO 25'26, CaO 0"52, H2O 14-81 99 90.
BALTIMORITE. "Baltimorite," so called from Baltimore, afforded Hauer (Jb. G. Reichs., 1853): SiO2 27'15, A12O3 18'54, CaO 15'08, MgO 26'00, HO 13'23 100. Hermann found in "Baltimorite" of a bluish color: SiO233'26. A12O3 7'23, Cr2O3 4'34, FeO 2-89, MgO 38-56, H2O 12-44, CO2 1-30. Thomson, who instituted tlie species (Phil. Mag., 22, 193, 1843) found for it the composition essentially of serpentine (see 5th Ed., anal. 77, p. 467). It is a good example of the indefinite mixtures that exist between serpentine and allied minerals.
DUMASITE Delesse, Dufr. Min., 3, 790, 1847, 3, 286, 1859. A chlorite lining cavities or fissures in certain melaphyres in the Vosges; color green; soft, and somewhat resembling clino- chlore.
PRASILITE T. TJiomson, Phil. Mag.. 17, 416, 1840. A leek-green fibrous mineral, soft as Venetian talc, from Kilpatrick Hills, the fibers loosely cohering, with G. 2'311. Stated to consist of silica, magnesia, iron sesquioxide, and alumina, with probably soda, aud 18 p. c. of water. Analysis not given. Probably a chlorite of some kind.
664 Silicates.
GRASTITB /. B. Pearse, Am. J. Sc., 37, 221, 1864. A chlorite from Texas, Lancaster Co., Penn., with 28'62 p. c. SiOa; probably simply cliuochlore, perhaps impure. Named in allusion to the color from ypdoriS, grass. See further 5th Ed., p. 501.
VIHIDITE Vogelsang, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 529, 1872. A collective name proposed for all the indeterminate green compounds of secondary origin observed in rocks, to be regarded as hydrous silicates of ferrous iron and magnesium. They are generally in scaly or fibrous forms and are often the result of the decomposition of amphibole, pyroxene, chrysolite, etc. The name is also used by Dathe (ib., 26, p. 10), who discusses its relation to Liebe's diabantachronnyn (diabantite, p. 659) and Sandberger's aphrosiderite (p. 660); but cf. Rosenbusch, Mass. Gesteine, 183, 1886-87. " Viridite," as ordinarily used, probably includes several kinds of chlorite and perhaps also serpentine.
Giimbel has similarly used chloropite for the green chloritic constituent of much diabase.
Appendix To The Mica Division.— Vermiculites.
The VJSRMICULITE GROUP includes a number of micaceous minerals, all hydrated silicates, in part closely related to the chlorites, but varying somewhat widely in composition. They are alteration-products chiefly of the micas, biotite, phlogopite, etc., and retain more or less perfectly the micaceous cleavage, and often show the negative optical character and small axial angle of the original species. Many of them are of a more or less indefinite chemical nature, and the composition varies with that of the original mineral and with the degree of altera- tion.
The laminae in general are soft, pliable, and inelastic; the luster pearly or bronze-like, and the color varies from white to yellow and brown. Heated to 100° -110° or dried over sulphuric acid most of the vermiculites lose considerable water, up to 10 p. c., which is probably hygroscopic; at 300° another portion is often given off; and at a red heat a somewhat larger amount is expelled. Connected with the loss of water upon ignition is the common physical character of exfoliation ; some of the kinds especially show this to a marked degree, slowly opening out, when heated gradually, into long worm-like threads. This character has given the name to the group, from the Latin vermiculari, to breed worms. The name was first given by T. H. Webb, see below.
The composition of the vermiculites has been discussed by Cooke, Proc Am. Acad., 9, 44, 1874, 1O, 453, 1875. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 100 (1), 92 el seq., 1891. who ranks them as chlorites; Clarke & Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 40, 452, 1890, 42, 242, 1891. See further beyond.
480. JEFFERISITE. Vermiculite? G. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 31, 369, 1861. Jefferisite, id., ib., 41, 248, 1866. Culsageeite /. P. Cooke, Proc. Am. Acad., 48, 1874.
In broad crystals or crystalline plates. Surface of plates often triangularly marked, by the crossing of lines at angles of 60° and 120°.
Cleavage: basal, eminent. Flexible, almost brittle. H.. 1'5. G. 2'30. Luster pearly on cleavage surface. Color dark yellowish brown and brownish yellow; light yellow by transmitted light; also greenish yellow. Optically biax-
ial, Dx.
ii iit
Coinp. — A hydrated mica, formula (Cooke) approximately 2RO.R203.5SiO.,. 5HaO.
n m
Cooke shows that the oxygen ratio, ii -j- Ii : Si : H 1 : 2 : 2, holds nearly true for a number of the vermiculites, as dried at 100°.
n in Clarke and Schneider deduce the empirical formula HToRsaRSisTOaes + 82H2O; this is
Interpreted as approximately R3(A]O2)MgSiO4.3H:jO + HsMgsAlSiOs.SHoO, or a mixture in equal ratios of a hydro- clintonite and a hydro-biotite, both trihyd rated, i.e., taking the mineral as air-dried.
Anal. — 1, Brush, 1. c. 2. Konig, quoted by Genth. 3, Chatard, quoted by Genth, 1. c. 4, Clarke & Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 40, 4r2, 1890. 5, Koenig, ib. 6, Chatard, ibid. 7, Cooke, .1. c. 8, Id., Proc. Am. Acad., 454, 1875.
Vermiculites.
G.
West Chester
Si02
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
MgO
H20 13-76 CaO 0-56, K 19-87 99-69
aO 0-43 100-87
2"lla
19-03
i
Culsageeite.
Culsagee
93
17 NiO 0-35
"
77
0-50*
20-30
"
37
Pelhamite 2-16
27
—
a Koenig's determination.
Anal. 1 and 7 on material dried over sulphuric acid; anal. 2-6 on air-dried material, deduct- ing the hygroscopic moisture, these analyses agree with 1 aud 7, as shown by Cooke. Loss of water for anal. 1 and 4:
H2S04
100°
220°
250°-300°
red heat
wh. heat
Clarke and Schneider found that gaseous hydrochloric acid at 383° to 412° after 32 hours removed 3-98 MgO and 1'38 R2O3. After strong ignition and subsequent digestion in acid for three days, 51 "08 p. c. of insoluble residue remained, which gave: SiO4 45'08, A1SO3 22'82, Fe2O3 10-01, MgO 21-48 99-39
Pyr., etc. — When heated to 300° C. exfoliates very remarkably (like vermiculite, see below); B.B. in forceps after exfoliation becomes pearly-white and opaque, and ultimately fuses to a dark gray mass. With the fluxes reactions for silica and iron. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs in veins in serpentine at West Chester, Pa. Plates often several inches across. Named afte'r W. W. Jefferis of West Chester, Pa.
Culsageeite is from the Culsagee corundum mine, near Franklin, Macon Co., N. Carolina.
Pelhamite is from Pelham, Mass., color greenish yellow.
A foliated mineral similarly exfoliating occurs coarse-granular massive, according to R. Pumpelly, in Japan, in the mountains of the peninsula of Kadzusa, S.E. of Yedo.
A " vermiculite-granite " is described by Parke as occurring in Walney Is., N. Lancashire, England, Proc. Yorkshire G. Soc., 4, 254, 1877.
VERMICULITE T. H. Webb, Am. J. Sc., 7, 55, 1824.
Occurs in small foliated scales, distributed through a steatitic base, and hence scaly-massive. H. 1-2; G. 2'756 Crossley; luster somewhat talc-like; color grayish, somewhat brownish. Anal.— Crossley, Dana Min., 3d Ed., 291, 1850.
SiO, A12O3 FeO MgO HO
35-74 16-42 1002* 27'44 10'30 99'94
a The iron is probably mostly present as Fe2O3> Cooke.
When heated exfoliates remarkably, the scales opening out into long, worm-like threads, made up of the separate folia. Exfoliation commences at 500° to 600° F., and takes place with so much force as often to break the test-tube in which the mineral may be confined. B.B. fuses at 3'5 to a grayish black glass.
Occurs at Milbury, near Worcester, Mass.
KERKITE Oenth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 396, 1873.
In fine scales, presenting no definite shape under the microscope. Very soft. G. 2'303 Chatard. Color pale greenish yellow, with tint of brown; luster pearly.
Anal.— 1, Chatard, quoted by Genth, 1. c. 2, Clarke & Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 40, 452, 1890.
SiOa
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
CoO tr.
(Ni,Co)O 0-48*
MgO
ign.
21-25 99-87
20-47 100-15
Anal. 2 on air-dried material. Loss of water as follows:
H2So4
105°
250°-300°
red heat
wh. heat
666 Silicates.
For a discussion of the composition see Clarke & Schneider, 1. c., who show that it is essentially a trihydrated phlogopite, with alkalies replaced by hydrogen; over H2SO4 it becomes monohydrated.
Exfoliates upon heating, but not to such an extent as jefferisite. B.B. fuses to a white enamel. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of silica in pearly scales. Found as an apparent result of the alteration of chlorite at the corundum locality, Culsagee mine near Franklin, Macon Co., N. Carolina. Named from Prof. W. C. Kerr (d. 1885), State Geologist of North Carolina.
LUCASITE T. M. Chatard, Am. J. Sc., 32, 375, 1886.
Foliated, compact, and disseminated; folia small. G. 2'613. Luster submetallic, bronze- like. Color yellowish brown. Optically biaxial. Axial angle small.
Anal. — Chatard, 1 c. 1, air-dried material; 2, calculated for dried at 110°.
SiOa A12O3 Fe2O3 O203 FeO MnO MgO CaO K8O Na2O H2O(rd.ht.) H2O(110°) 39 81 12-99 5-29 0'54 (Ml 0'05 24'83 0'14 5'76 0'20 6'98 3'78 100'48 41-17 13-43 5-47 0'56 O'll 0'05 25-68 0-14 5'96 0'21 7'22 — 100
Exfoliates largely upon ignition. Easily decomposed by hydrochloric acid, leaving the silica in pearly scales. Occurs with actinolite at Corundum Hill, Macon Co., N. C. Named for Dr. H. S. Lucas, prominently connected with the development of corundum mines in Massa- chusetts and N. Carolina.
LENNILITE. Lernilith (wrong orthogr.) Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 350, 1882.
A vermiculite from Lenni, Delaware Co., Peun. Also a similar mineral from the serpentine region of Bohemia at Krems (or Kfemz'e) is included here. The Lenni mineral is in part silver- White (anal. 3), also bronze-brown (anal. 4), and dark green, resembling clinochlore (anal. 5).
Anal.— 1, Schrauf, 1. c. 2, Gooch, quoted by Cooke, Proc. Am. Acad., 453, 1875. 3-5, Clarke & Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 42, 245, 1891.
SiO2 la. Krems 35 83
Ib. " 38-88
Ti02
A12O3
Fe2O3 Cr2O3 2-97 tr.
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO H2O
0-42 19-60 0-45 12-75
2. Lenni, Pa. 38-03 —
—
—
— 1168
18
0-51*
— 17-77
58
tr.* 16 90
0-36b
— 16-47
Incl. 0-20 NiO.
b 0-19 NiO.
cBaO.
Anal, la, on air -dried material; 15, dried at 100°; 3, 4, 5, on material dried over H3SO.
HaSO4 Also 105° 250°-300° red ht.
3. 6-92 6-40 2-68 8'69
4. 5-84 5-70 1-98 9'22
5. 5-21 4-99 1-60 9'88
For a discussion of the composition, see Clarke and Schneider, 1. c.
HALLITE Leeds, Journ. Frank. lust., 62, 70, 1871. J. P. Cooke, Proc. Am. Ac. Boston, 69, 1874.
Occurs in large rough six-sided prisms with easy micaceous cleavage. Color in some varieties green, in others yellow. G. 2'40. Exhibits asterism, and shows symmetrically arranged inclusions under the microscope.
Anal. — 1, 2, C. E. Munroe, quoted by Cooke, 1. c. 3, Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 42, 244. 1891.
G. SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO K2O H2O
1. Green 2-402 f 35'89 7'45 8'78 1-18 — 31-45 0'46 14'33 99-49
2. Yellow 2-398 f 35-26 7'58 9'68 0'32 tr. 31 -51 0'61 14-78 99'74
3. Bl. green 35-54 9'74 9-07 0'28a 0'41 30-05 — 14-78 TiO2 und. 99'87
Incl. 0-16 NiO.
In anal. 3, H?O at 105°, 2'64 p. c.; 250°-300°, 1-28; red ht., 10'91.
For a discussion of composition, see Clarke and Schneider, 1. c.
Found at East Nottingham, 3 miles south of Oxford. Chester Co.,Penn., in nests or pockets in the serpentine formation. Named after Mr. John Hall, of Philadelphia.
PAINTERITE Jefferis; Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 42, 247, 1892.
Includes a dull green vermiculite with axial angle of 25°; from the Corundum mine in Newlin township, Chester Co., Penn. Also a golden yellow mineral, strongly exfoliating, found on the farm of James Painter, Middletown, Delaware Co., Penn.
Anal.— 1-3, Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc.. 42, 248, 1891.
Vermiculites.
Si02 AlaO, FeaO3 FeO MnO NiO MgO HaO
1. Newlin
2. Middletown
Water determinations:
17-52 4-84* 1-20 0'20 0'33 31 '36
11 64 3-78 0-20 — 0'14 31 "32
12-52 4-40 0-20 tr. 0'23 30-56
Incl. 0-14 CraO3.
105°
250° -300*
13-63 100-31
18-42 CaO 0-07 100'43
18-61 100-47
ignition.
On the results of treatment with HC1 gas and a discussion of composition, see Clarke and 'Schneider, 1. c., who show that painterite should probably be classed as a chlorite.
PHILADELPHITE H. C. Lewis, Proc. Ac. Philad., Dec. 22, 1879.
In contorted and wrinkled plates, with micaceous structure. Laminae inelastic. H. 1*5. G. 2'80. Luster pearly. Color brownish red. Axial angle 31° 20' to 39° 30'.
Anal. — 1, Haines, quoted by Lewis. 2, Lewis, 1. c.
G.
SiO2
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
MnO
0-64*
MgO
CaO
Incl. 0-06 (Ni,Co)O, 0'08 CuO.
Na2O K2O H2O 0-77 6-75 4-27 10013 0-90 6-81 4-34 TiO3 1*08,
[V2O6 0-37, PaOB 0-11 100-36
Material for above dried at 100°; hygroscopic water 3'28 in 1, and 3'24 in 2.
B.B. exfoliates largely; on heating (150°-160°) expanded to ten times its volume; a small fragment exfoliating raised 50,000 times its own weight. Slowly dissolved in hydrochloric acid.
From the hornblendic gneiss near Philadelphia on Germantown Avenue near Wayne Station .
PKOTOVERMICULITE G. A. Kdnig, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad. , 269, 1877.
Micaceous structure. H. =2. G. 2'269. Color yellowish silvery to bronze. Optic- axial angle small. From Magnet Cove, Arkansas; a similar hydrobiotite from Henderson Co., N. Carolina, has been examined by Clarke and Schneider.
Anal.— 1, Koenig, 1. c. 2, 3, Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 42, 242, 1891.
1. Magnet Cove
3. Henderson Co.
SiO2 TiO2
33-28 tr.
34-03 und.
38-18 1-68
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
MnO
tr.
MgO
CaO
0-23*
K2O H20
— 23-90 100-51
— 21-19 100-42 5-88" 10-52 100-75
a Incl. 0 06 BaO.
0 48 Na2O.
Anal. 1, on air-dried material which lost 20-54 over H2SO4. over HaSO4- having lost: 2, 11-34 p. c. 3, 3'20 p. c. Also
105°
250*-300'
The material of 2 and 3 dried
Above 300°
Clarke and Schneider conclude that protovermiculite is essentially a trihydrated hydro- phlogopite and hydroclintonite in the ratio of 1 : 1. The Henderson Co. mineral is a biotite about half way transformed into a vermiculite.
VAALITE Maskelyne and Flight, Q. J. G. Soc., 30, 409, Nov., 1874.
In hexagonal prisms. Axial angle very small. Bx nearly c. Color drab, in spots fine blue. Analysis:
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 MgO Na,O HaO* CO, CraO, 40-83 9-80 6-84 31-34 0'67 9'72 tr. tr. 99'20
a Lost at a low red heat; also from 125°-130°, 1-95 p. c.
Expands on heating on a platinum foil to six times its original size; in powder no expansion at ail. Loses no water at 100° C. Occurs in an altered peridotyte from the diamond-diggings, called Du Toit's Pan, S. Africa (cf. p. 5). Named after the Vaal river.
MACONITE Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 396, 1873.
In irregular scales, resembling a variety of jefferisite. Soft, but slightly harder than kerrite.
668 Silicates.
G. 2'827 Chatard. Color dark brown; luster pearly, inclining to sub-metallic. Anal. — Chatard and Genth, 1. c.
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O, FeO (Ni,Co)O MgO K2O Na2O Li2O ign. 34-22 21-53 12'41 0'32 0'12 14'46 5'70 0'51 tr. 11'85 101-12
Exfoliates largely on heating, and fuses with difficulty to a brown glass; easily decomposed by hydrochloric acid, with separation of silica in scales.
Contains numerous fragments of corundum, and some microscopic reddish brown crystals which may be til smite. Found, as an apparent result of the alteration of chlorite, at the corun- dum locality, Culsagee Mine, near Franklin, Macon Co., N. Carolina.
DUDI,!-:YITE tieniti, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 404, 1873.
Has the form of margarite, from tLe alteration of which it has been made. Color soft bronze, or brownish yellow; luster pearly. Anal.— Genth, 1. c.
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO Li2O Na2O K2O ign.
32-42 28-42 4'99 1'72 16'87 0 19 1'52 0'56 13"43 10012
Exfoliates slightly on heating, and fuses with difficulty to a brownish yellow blebby mass. Easily decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of silica in scales. Found at the Cullakenee Mine, Clay Co., N. Carolina, and in larger quantity with margarite at Dudley ville, Alabama.
PYROSCLERITE. Pyrosklerit Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 2, 53, 1834.
Cleavage: basal eminent or micaceous; in a transverse direction at right angles to the former, in traces. H. =3. G. 2'74. Luster of cleavage surface weak pearly. Color apple- to emerald-green.
Anal.— 1, Kobell, 1. c. 2, Leeds, Am. J. Sc., 6, 22, 1873.
G. SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO Alk. H2O
I.Elba 2-74 37'03 13'50 1-43* 3'52 31-62 — 11-00 98-10
2. Bare Hills, Md. 2'558 f 35'99 9'52 535 1'08 32'94 0-41 14-60 99-89
a Cr2O,
B.B. fuses at 3'8-4 to a grayish glass. With the fluxes reacts for chromium and iron. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with gelatinization.
Occurs with chouicrite, constituting seams in serpentine, near Porto Ferrajo, Elba. It is probably derived from some form of pyroxene (diallage), the cleavage of which it retains in part. Named from itvp, fire, and crK-Ar/oS, hard (refractory).
A related mineral occurs at the " Magnesia mines" of the Bare Hills, Maryland, in grayish to bronze-yellow folia; optically biaxial. Forms a vertical seam between deweylite on one side and talc on the other. Cf. anal. 2.
For analysis also of another related mineral from St. Marie-aux-Miues, Alsace, see Knop, Jb. Min., 70, 1875.
ROSEITE. A much altered mica found by Dr. Rose in East (or West) Nottingham, Chester Co., Penn. Soft, like talc; luster pearly; color nearly pale brownish yellow. Analysis, quoted by A. J. Moses, Sch. Mines Q., 12, 73, 1891.
SiO2i3538 A12O3 30-30 MgO 14-66 H2O 19'88 100-32
Some other alteration-products of biotite, allied to the vermiculites (voigtite, etc.), are mentioned on p. 632.
WILLCOXITE Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 13, 397, 1873.
In scales white to greenish or grayish white, with pearly luster, resembling talc. Anal.— Koenig, quoted by Genth, 1. c.
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O, FeO MgO Li2O Na2O K2O ign.
1. Shooting Creek 28'96 37-49 1'26 2'44 17'35 tr. 6'73 2-46 4'00 100'69
2. Cullakenee M. 29'50 37'56 1'40 2'38 17'20 tr. 6'24 2-42 3-32 100-02
B.B. fuses in fine splinters with difficulty to a white enamel, coloring the outer flame yellow. In hydrochloric acid decomposed with difficulty, with separation of silica in scales. Occurs as a coating about a nucleus of corundum, and resulting from its alteration, at Shooting Creek and Cullakenee Mine, Clay Co., No. Carolina
Named after Col. Joseph Willcox.
Serpentine. 669
III. Serpentine and Talc Division.
Th" loading species belonging here, Serpentine and Talc, are closely related to th Ohb'-'t- Group of the Mic i Division preceding, as noted beyond. Some other M.I j.'iealmn siLcates, in part amorphous, are included with them.
S'.U, Serpentine H4Mg3SiaO, Monoclinic
C : I Saweylite H4Mg4(Si04)3 + 4H30
4G3, Genthite H4Mg,Nia(Si04)s + 4H,0
Garnierite
'-, Talc HaMg3(Si03)4 Monoclinic
'"'5. Sepiolite H4MgsSi301.
"<H. Co'narite H4NiaSi30lt
C37. Spadaite H8Mg6Si6021
488. Saponite
489. Celadonite
490. Glauconite
491. Pholidolite H10K,(Fe,Mg)iaAl2Sil30M Monoclinic?
481. SERPENTINE. 'O0z'r?/s pt. Dioscor., 5, 161. Ophites pt. Vitruv., Plin. Ophitae, Serpeutaria, Agric., Foss., 304, 3U9, 1546. Marmor Serpentinutn, M. Zeblicium, Serpensteia Gerrminice, Lapis Serpentiuus, B. de Boot, 1636, pp. 502, 504. Telgsten pt., Ollaris pt., Maruior Serpentinuin, M. Zoblizense, Lapis (Jolubrinus, Wall., 135, 1747. Serpentine Fr. Trl. Wall , 1753. Serpentin, ZoblitzerS., Cronst., 76, 1758.
VARIETIES. — Retinalite Thomson, Min., 1, 201, 1836. Vorhauserite Kenngotl, Min. Forsch., p. 71, 1856-57. Bowenite Dana, Min., 265, 1850; Nephrite Bowen, Am. J. Sc., 5, 346, 1822. Autigorite Schweizer, Pogg., 49, 59-1, 1840 Williamsite Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 6, 249, 1848. Marinolite Nutlall, Am. J. Sc., 4, 19, 1822; Vanuxem, J. Acad. Sc. Philad., 3, 133, 1823. Thermophyllite A. E. Nordenskidld, Beskr. Fin. Min., 160, 1855; Hermann, 3. pr. Oh., 73, 213, 1858. Chrysolite Kobell. J. pr. Cu., 2, 297, 1834, 30, 467, 1843; Schilleruder Asbest, Amianthus pt, Bostonite. Picrolite Hausmann, Moll's Efem. , 4, 401, 1808. Metaxite Breithaupt, Char., 113, 326, 1832 Baltimorite Thomson, Phil. Mag., 22, 191, 1843. Zermattite N. Nordenskidld, At. Ch. Min. Syst.. 132, 1848.
Monoclinic. In distinct crystals, but only as pseudomorphs. Sometimes foliated, folia rarely separable; also delicately fibrous, the fibers often easily sepa- rable, and either flexible or brittle.- Usually massh'e, but microscopically finely fibrous and felted, also fine granular to impalpable or cryptocrystalline; slaty. Crystalline in structure but often by compensation nearly isotropic; amorphous.
Cleavage b (010), sometimes distinct; also prismatic (50°) in chrysotile (Brauns). Fracture usually conchoidal or splintery. Feel smooth, sometimes greasy. H. 2'5-4, rarely 5'5. G-. 2-50-2-65; some fibrous varieties 2'2-2-3; retinalite, 2*36-2 '55. Luster subresinous to greasy, pearly, earthy; resin-like, or wax-like; usually feeble. Color leek-green, blackish green; oil- and siskin-green; brownish red, brownish yellow; none bright; sometimes nearly white. On exposure, often becoming yellowish gray. Streak Avhite, slightly shining. Translucent to opaque. Pleochroism feeble. Optically — , perhaps also + in chrysotile. Double refraction weak. Ax. pi. a (100). Bx (a) b (010) the cleavage surface; c elon- gation of fibers. Biaxial, angle variable, often large: 2E 16° to 98° Tschermak. 2V 20° to 90° Levy-Lex. Dispersion p v.
Aniigoriie, 2E 27°, ft 1 "574 Dx. Chrysotile 2V variable, up to 30° Levy-Lex.
Reichenstein 2E 16° 30' Reusch, 24° Hare Amelose 2E 50° Brauns. Indices:
Antigorite a 1'560 ft 1'570 y 1 571 y — a 0 -Oil Levy-Lex.
670 Silicates.
Statements in regard to the optical character, axial angle, etc., are somewhat conflicting, cl. Boseubusch, Levy-Lex, etal. (ref. p. 674).
Hussak describes a pale green foliated mineral making up the mass of the serpentine of Sprechensteiu, Sterziug, Tyrol, which yields folia with basal cleavage; pleochroism rather strong; optically -; Bx cleavage; axial angle small (20° .). Tschermak regards this variety as intermediate between normal serpentine and peuuiuite; chemically it contains 3'8 p. c. AlaOs, aual. '62.
Var.— Many unsustained species have been made out of serpentine, differing in structure (massive, slaty, foliated, fibrous), or, as supposed, in chemical composition; and these now, in part, stand as varieties, along with some others based on variations iu texture, etc.
A. Iu CRYSTALS — PSEUDOMORPHS. The most common have the form of chrysolite. Other kinds are pseudornorphs after pyroxene, amphibole, spinel, chondrodite, garnet, phlogopite, titauite, chromite, etc.
Thus at the Tilly Foster magnetite mine, Brewster, N. Y., serpentine occurs on a large scale both massive and distinctly pseudomorphous, the latter after enstatite, choudrodite, amphibole, clinochlore, biotite, brucite; probably also after calcite, apatite, dolomite; further in forms show- ing a perfect cubic parting (anal. 12, 13), and assumed to be pseudomorphous after an unknown mineral (periclase?, Tschermak). G. Friedel has examined these cubic forms (Bull. Soc. Mill., 14, 120, 1891) and shows that the serpentine is in part crystalline (opt. — , biaxial, y — a O'OOS)! in part amorphous, and argues that the pseudo-cubic structure belongs to the serpentine itself and is not due to some other original mineral.
Bastite or Schiller Spar is enstatite (hyperstheue) altered more or less completely to serpen- tine. See description on p. 351.
B. MASSIVE. 1. Ordinary massive, (a) Precious or Noble Serpentine (Edler Serpentin Germ.) is of a rich oil-green color, of pale or dark shades, and translucent even when in thick pieces; and (b) Common Serpentine, when of dark shades of color, and subtransluceut. The, former has a hardness of 2'5-3; the latter often of 4 or beyond, owing to impurities.
2. Resinous. Ketinalite. Massive, having honey-yellow to light oil green colors, and waxy or resin-like luster and aspect. H. 3'5; G. 2'47-2-52, Greuville, Hunt, 2 '36-2-38, Calumet Id., Hunt. It much resembles deweylite. It affords, on analysis, 3 p. c. more of water than ordinary serpentine; and the mineral may be a mixture of serpentine and deweylite. Vorhauserite is similar, though brown to greenish black in color. H. 3'5; G. 2'45. From the Fleims- thal, Tyrol.
3. Porcellanous ; Porcellophite. The " meerschaum " of Taberg and Sala is a soft earthy serpentine, resembling meerschaum in external appearance (Berlin, Ak. H. Stockh., 1840). This variety is sometimes very soft when first taken out. A variety resembling compact lithomarge occurs at Middletowu, Delaware Co., Pa. It has a smooth, porcelain-like fracture; H. 3'5; G. 2-48.
4. Bowenite (Nephrite Bowen). Massive, of very fine granular texture, and much resembles nephrite, and was long so called. It is apple-green or greenish white in color; G.= 2'594-2-787, Bowen; and it has the unusual hardness 5'5-6. From Smithfield, R. I.
A serpentine from New Zealand is referred here by Berwerth (1. c. and anal. 26). It is bright green, translucent; hardness 5 '5-6, on a polished surface; G. 2 '60. Used by the Maoris for objects of ornament and called by them Tangiwai.
A similar serpentine is described by C. A. McMahon (Min. Mag., 9, 187, 1890) as used at Bhera, in the Shahpur district of the Punjab, for the manufacture of various small articles; it is called in Persian 8ang-i-yashm. H. 5. G. 2'59. Color dark greenish gray to pale sea- green mottled with white; also said to be delicate apple-green. Structure finely fibrous, as seen under the microscope and as developed by digestion in sulphuric acid; extinction parallel, the greater axis corresponding with the direction of the fibers (anal. 27). Occurs in place in rock masses in one of the mountain gorges which run from the Safed Koh in the valley of the Kabul river, Afghanistan.
C. Lamellar.
5. Antigorite. Thin lamellar in structure, easily separating into translucent or subtrans- parent folia; H. 2'5; G. 2'622; color brownish green by reflected light, and leek-green by transmitted; feel smooth, but not greasy. Optical characters more distinct than with most other varieties (see above). Named from the locality, Antigorio valley, Piedmont.
6. Williamsite Shepard. A lamellar impure serpentine, of apple-green color, with H. 4'5 and G. 2 -59-2 '64, from Texas, Pa. Graduates into a massive granular variety.
C. Thin Foliated.
_7. Marmolite. Thin foliated; the laminae brittle but easily separable, yet graduating into a variety in which they are not separable. G. 2 -41; luster pearly; colors greenish white, bluish white to pale asparagus-green. From Hoboken, N. J.
8. Thermopkyllite occurs in small scaly crystals aggregated into masses, with an amorphous steatite-like base. B.B. crystals exfoliate like vermiculite or pyrophyllite. H. 2-5; G. 2'61. Luster of cleavage surface pearly; color light brown to silver-white and yellowish brown. From Hopansuo, Finland.
D. Fibrous.
9. Chrysotile. Delicately fibrous, the fibers usually flexible and easily separating; luster silky, or silky metallic; color greenish white, green, olive-green, yellow, and brownish;
Serpentine. 671
G. 2'219. Often constitutes seams in serpentine. It includes most of the silky amianthus of serpentine rocks and much of what is popularly called usbestus (asbestos). The Canadian chrysotile is often called in the trade Bostomte. The original chrysotile was from Reichenstein.
10. Picrolite. Columnar, but libers or columns not easily flexible, and often not easily separable, or affording only a long splintery fracture; color dark green to mountain-green, greenish, gray, and brown. The original was from Taberg, Sweden. HetdEite, picrolite, con- sisting of separable but brittle columns, of a greenish white color, and weak pearly luster; H. =2-2'5; G. 2*52. From Schwarzenberg. Passes in to a laminated variety. Baltimorite is picroiite from Bare Hills, Md., of a grayish green color; silky luster, opaque, or subtranslucent, with H. 2-5-3.
F. SERPENTINE ROCKS. Serpentine often constitutes rock-masses. It frequently occurs mixed with more or less of dolomite, magtiesite, or calciie, making a rock of clouded green, sometimes veined with white or pale green, called -antique, ophiolite, or ophicalcite. Serpen- tine rock is sometimes mottled with red, or has something of the aspect of a red porphyry; the reddish portions containing an unusual amount of oxide of iron. Any serpentine rock cut into slabs and polished is called serpentine marble. Verde di Prato is a variety from near Florence.
Microscopic examiuaiion has established the fact that serpentine in rock-masses has been largely produced by the alteration of chrysolite, and many apparently homogeneous serpentines show more or less of this original mineral. In other cases it has resulted from the alteintiou of pyroxene or amphibole. Sections of the serpentine derived from chrysolite often show a peculiar structure, like the meshes of a net; the lines marked by grains of magnetite, following the original cracks and cleavage-directions of the chrysolite. The serpentine from pyroxene and amphibole commonly shows a characteristic grating structure.
Comp.— A magnesium silicate, H4Mg3Si209 or 3Mg0.2Si02.2H20 Silica 44-1, magnesia 43'0, water 12 '9 — 100. Iron protoxide often replaces a small part of the magnesium; nickel in small amount is sometimes present. The water is chiefly expelled at a red heat and hence must be all chemically combined, see below. The formula has also been written H2Mg3Si208 + H20, or as a hydrous orthosilicate.
Clarke and Schneider obtained on the serpentine of analyses quoted below, for the loss of water-
105° 250* 38412° 498°-527° red ht. white ht
Anal. 16a 0'96 0'55 0'27 0'23 12'37 0'28
2 1-20 0-55 13-01
" 43 2-04 0-71 0-27 0'56 11 -81 0'25
" 38 1-53 0-44 0-62 — 10-58 0'04
" 18 2-26 1-01 0-98 0'42 11'32 017
Further the same authors have determined the amount of bases, MgO and R2O3> removed as chlorides after heating from 41 to 78 hours at 383° to 412°, in dry hydrochloric acid gas, thus :
MgO 10-14 16-73 9-98 11-38 15'25. Also of R2O8 0'43 0'66 051
It is inferred that the magnesium thus removed is present in the mineral as the group MgOH, and hence the formula is written' H3(MgOH)Mg2(SiO4)2. Am. J. Sc., 40, 308, 1890.
Tschermak, however, argues for the presence of two magnesium hydroxyl groups, giving the formula H2(MgOH)2MgSi2O,.
Serpentine is closely related to the chlorites, both optically (as noted above) and chemically as urged by Wartha, , Kozl., 16, 79, 1886, Clarke and Schneider, 1. c., and more particu- larly by Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 99 (1), 80, 1890, 100 (1), 32, 1891. Cf. also p. 643 et seq.
The following are typical analyses commencing with the massive varieties; many others are given in 5th Ed., pp. 466, 467; see also references below, p. 673.
In general the analyses agree remarkably well with the theoretical values considering the pseudomorphous character of the material. Alumina is often present, especially when, the original mineral was aluminous; it is possible, as urged by Tschermak in the case of the Sprechenstein mineral, that the aluminous kinds are sometimes intermediate forms between serpentine and penninite, but this is not as yet sufficiently proved.
Anal.— 1, Petersen, JB. Ch., 931, 1866. 2, Clarke and Schneider Am. J. Sc 40, 308, 1890. 3, Hellaud, Pogg., 148, 329, 1873. 4, Hudleston, Q. J. G. Soc., 33, 925, 1877. 5-7, Collins, Q. J. G. Soc., 40, 467. 1884. 8, J. A. Phillips, Phil. Mag., 41, 101, 1871. 9 Breidenbaugh, Am. J. Sc., 6, 210, 1873. 10, 11, Burt, ibid. 12, Allen, ib., 8, 375, 1874. 13, G. Friedel, Bull Soc. Min., 14, 120, 1891. 14, Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, 483, 1853. 15, 16, Catlett, Proc. U. S. Mus., 109, 1888. 17, B. J. Harrington, Can. Rec. Sc., 4, 93, 1890. 16a, 18, Clarke & Schneider, l. c. 19, Catlett, quoted by Merrill, Proc. Nat Mus., 12, 596, 1889. 20, 21, H. F. Keller, quoted by Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 42, 1885. 22-24, Becker, U. S. G. Surv., Min., 13, 110,- 111, 1888. 25, Smith and Brush, Am. J. So., 15, 212, 1853. 26, Berwerth, Ber. Ak. Wien 80 (1), 116, 1879. 27, G. T. Prior, quoted by McMahon, Min. Mag., 9, 187, 1890. 28, Burton, Dana.
Silicates.
Min., 467, 1868. 29, (Ellacher, Jb. G. Reichs., 7, 360, 1857. 80, Brush, Am. J. Sc., 24, 128, 1857. 31, Kobell, Ber. Ak. Miincheu, 4, 166, 1874. 32, Hussak, Miii. Mitth., 5, 68, 1882. 33, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 15, 212, 1853. 34, Garrett, Daua Min., 692, 1850. 35, Northcote, Phil. Mag., 16, 263, 1858. 36, Friederici, Jb. Miu., 1, 163, 1882. 37, Rg., Min. Ch., 526. 1860. 38, Clarke and Schneider, 1. c. 39, Melville, quoted by Wndsworth, Bost. Soc. N. H., 20, 287, 1879. 40, Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 2, 297, 1834. 41, Brauns, Jb. Min. Beil., 5, 299. 1887. 42, Reakirt, Am. J. Sc., 18, 410, 1854. 43, Clarke & Schneider, ibid., 40, 308. 1890. 44, Brush, Dana, Min., 283, 1854. 45, 46, E. G. Smith, ib., 29, 32, 1885. 47, Terreil, C. R., 100, 251, 1885. 48-50, J. T. Donald, Eng. Mug. J., 51, 741, 1891.
G.
SiOa
A12O3
Fe2O;
,FeO
MgO
H2O
New bury port, prec.
tr.
—
13-40 100-62
"
15 06 100-05
Snarurn
—
0-06a
13 39 100-94
Cadgwith, black
12-35 CaOl-97,NiO 0-59,
[iusol..FeS2 1'78 100-58
Porthalla, grass-green
o-io
12'82 alk. and loss 3'31
" oil-green
100 14-16 CaO 0 10. alk. and
[loss 0-29 100
" red-brown
12
12-55 alk. [0 10] 100
Lizard, dark red
15-52 Cr2O3 0-08, NiO
[0-28, alk. 1-10 100-30
Brewster, white
—
12-52 CaO 1-35, Na2O
[0-48 100-35
" green
—
—
13-81 CaO 0-95 98'49
gray
—
11 -90 alk. 0-17 99-13
cubic pseud.
2'
—
13-40 100
—
—
13-78 100-01
Calumet Id., Betinalite
— 0-80
15-40 100-92
Montville, green
tr.
14-24 100 13
" yellow
14-12 99-85
16
" green
—
o-io
14-66 CuO 0 05 99-73
Coleraine
—
—
13-88 Ca,Mu,NiO tr.
[99-43
Corundum Hill, N. C.
und.
16-16 NiO 0-10 99-94
Port Henry, N. Y.
13-72 99-73
Berks Co., Pa.
—
—
14-20 100-01
" "
—
—
14-07 101-20
New Idria, Cal.
—
14-17 NiO 0-04 100-02
Sulphur Bank, dark
—
13-81 NiO 0-33, MnO
[0-12 100-38
" light
0-93°
—
14-16 NiO tr., MnO 0'20
99-93
Bowenite.
Smithfield, yellow
tr.
—
12-96 CaO 0-63 99'38
New Zealand
—
—
12-94 100-23
Afghanistan
—
12-21 CaO tr. 100-23
Middletown, Porcellophite
13-70 CaO 0-37 100'49
Monzoni, Vorhauserite
—
—
16-16 MuO 0-30, apatite
[0-96 99-59
Antigora, Antigorite
—
12-67 Cr203,NiO tr.
[100-87
Zermatt, "
—
11-66 Ci-2O3,NiO tr.
[99-43
Sprechenstein
—
11-85 CaO 0-40 99-38
Williamsite
tr.
—
12-70 NiO 0 40 99'22
Hoboken, Marmolite
—
13-80 100 29
Finland, ThermopJiyllite
f 41-48
—
10-88 Na2O 2-84 99-70
Reichenstein, Metaxite
tr.
—
12-17 CaO 0-40, alk.1-52
99-98
Picrolite.
Texas, Pa.
—
—
12-47 99-34
Buck Cr.. N C.
13-21 NiO 0-61 100-22
Florida, Mass.
—
ll-62d= 100-52
a Mn2O3. b Incl.
0-29 Cr
2O3.
Incl. 0-24 Cr203.
d At 100", 0-36.
Serpentine. 673
G. Si02 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO H2O
Chrysotile.
40 Reicheusteiu 43-50 0'40 — 2'08 40'00 13'80 99'78
41 Amelose 2'604 42'54 3'78 4'75 5'57 30'48 13'13 100-25
42 Moutville, N. J. 42'62 0'38 — 0'27 42"67 145 i 100'19
43 " " 42-42 0-63 0'62 und. 41'01 15'64 NiO 0'23 100'55
44 New Haven, Ct. 2'49 44'05 — — 2'53 39'24 13'49 - 99 31 45. Shipton, Quebec, dk. grn. 2'14 41 -84 — — 2'23 41-99 14-28 100'34
46 " " yellow 2-29 42'04 — — 3'66 39'54 14'31 99'55
47 Canada 2'56 37'10 tr. — 5'73 39'94 16'85 99'62
48 Broughton 40'57 0'90 — 2'81 41 '50 13-55 99'83
49 Templeton 40 52 2-10 — 1'97 42-05 13'46 100-10 50. "Italian" 40'30 2'27 — 0'87 43'37' 13'72 100 53
Paijkull mentions a serpentine from Langban containing 7 8 p. c. MnO, G. For. FOrh., 3, 351, 1877; Koenig has described a serpentine-like mineral from Franklin Furnace, N. J., with 7-4 MnO, 3-9 ZnO, Proc. Acad. Philad., 350, 1886.
A chrysotile embedded in the blocks of a lime-breccia from Medoux near Baguerres-de- Biforre gave Goguel 12 '3 p. c. CaO and 5 p. c. A12O3, but perhaps from impurity. Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 155, 1888.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed t ibe yields water. B.B. fuses on the edges with difficulty. F. 6. Gives usually an iron reaction. Decomposed by hydrochloric and sulphuric acids. From chrysotile the silica is left in fine fibers.
Obs.— Serpentine, more or less pure, often constitutes mountain masses and in this form is widely distributed. It is a inetamorphie rock, resulting from the alteration of other rocks, par- ticularly of peridotyte Crystals of serpentine, pseudomorphous after monticellite, occur in the Fassathal, Tyrol; near Minsk at Lake Aushkul, Barsovka. Ekaterinburg, and elsewhere; in Nor- way, at Snarum; etc. Fine precious serpentines come from Falun and Gulsjo in Sweden, the Isle of Man, the neighborhood of Portsoy in Banff shire, the Lizard, Cornwall (anals. 4-8), Corsica, Siberia, Saxony, etc. At Zermatt (schweizerite). The names of many other localities are givm above.
In N. America, in Maine at Deer Isle, precious serpentine of a light green color. In Vermont, at New Fane, Caveudi ih, Jay, Roxbury, Troy, Westfleld. In Mass., tine at Newbury- port ; Blandford with schiller spar, and the marmolite variety; also at Westfield, Middlefield, Lynnfield, Newburyport, and elsewhere. In R. Island, at Newport; the boweuite at Smithfield. In Conn., near New Haven and Milford, at the verd-antique quarries. In N. York, at Phillips- town in the Highlands: at Port Henry, Essex Co.; at Antwerp, Jefferson Co., in crystals; at Syracuse, east of Major Burnet's, interesting varieties; in Gouverneur, St. Lawrence Co., in crystals, and also in Rossie, two miles north of Somerville; at Johnsburg in "Warren Co.; Daven- port's Neck, "Westchester Co., affording fine cabinet specimens; in Cornwall, Monroe, and War- wick, Orange Co., sometimes in large crystals at Warwick; and from Richmond to New Brighton, Richmond Co. In N. Jersey, at Hoboken, with brucite, magnesite, etc., and the marmolite variety; also at Frankfort and Bryan; at Montville, Morris Co. , silky fibrous (chrysotile) and retinalite, with common serpentine, produced by -the alteration of pyroxene, Merrill, 1. c. In Perm., massive, fibrous, and foliated, of various colors, purple, brown, green, and gray, at Texas, Lancaster Co.: also at Nottingham and West Gosheu, Chester Co.; at West Chester, Chester Co., the williamsite; at Mineral Hill, Newtown, Marple, and Middletown, Delaware Co.; a variety looking like meerschaum or lithomarge at Middletown; at Easton, pseudomor- phous after pyroxene and amphibole. In Maryland, at Bare Hills; at Cooptown, Harford Co., with diallage; also in the north part of Cecil Co. In California, at various points in the Coast Range (cf. Becker, 1. c.).
In Canada, abundant among the metamorphic rocks of the Eastern Townships and Gaspe peninsula, Quebec; at Thetford, Coleraine. Broughton, Orford, S. Ham, Bolton, Shipton, Melbourne, etc. The fibrous variety chrysotile (asbestus, bostonite) often forms seams, several inches in thickness in the massive mineral, and is now extensively mined for technical purposes. Massive Laurentian serpentine also occurs in Grenville. Argenteuil Co., Quebec, and North Burgess, Lanark Co., Ontario. In N. Brunswick, at Crow's Nest in Portland.
The names Serpentine, Ophite, Lapis colubrinus, allude to the green serpent-like cloudings of the serpentine marble. Retinalite is from penvr/, resin; Picrolite, from niKpo?, bitter, in allu- sion to the magnesia (or Bittererde) present; TJiermophyllite from Be pur), heat, and 0iJAAov, leaf, on account of the exfoliation when heated; Chrysotile, from golden, and rz/los, fibrous; Metaxite. from /ueraca, silk; Marmolite, from juap/uaipoo, to shine, " in allusion to its pearly and somewhat metallic luster" (Nuttall).
Artif.— Formed by A. Gages in transparent amorphous mass, by placing a solution of gelat- inous silicate of magnesium in a dilute solution of potash. It is deposited after some months' standing. (Rep. Brit. Assoc., 203, 1863.)
On the origin and occurrence of serpentine, see the following:
Rose, Pogir., 82, 511, 1851. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien 56 (1), 261, 283, 1867. Roth, Abh., Ak. Berlin, p. 339, 1869. Drasche, Min. Mitth., 1, 1871. Lembersr, Zs. G. Ges . 27, 531, 1875. Wei gaud, Min. Mitth., 183, 1875. Bonney, Lizard, O, J. G. Soc.. 33 884. 1877. Heddle,
674 Silica Te8.
Trans. R. Soc. Ed., 28, 45, 1878. Cossa, Mem. Ace. Line., 2, 933, 1878. Hare, Inaug. Diss. Breslau, 1879. Hussak, Min. Mitth., 5, 61, 1882. T. Sterry Huut, Geol. Hist. Serpentine, 1883, Origin of Cryst. Rocks, 1884; Williams, Am. J. Sc., 34, 137, 1887. Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 105, 1888. "Becke, U. S. G. Surv., Mou. 13, 108, 1888. For a popular account, see the recent work by R. H. Jones (London, 1890): " Asbestos, its properties, occurrences and uses."
On the crystalline structure of serpentine, see the following:
Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 10, 277, 1856. Dx., Min., 1. 106 et seq., 1862. Reusch, Pogg., 127, 166, 1866. Wiik, Ofv. Finks. Vet. Soc., 17, 8, 1874-75. Hussak, Miu. Milth., 5, 61, 1883. Roseubusch, Mikr. Phys., 557, 1886. Brauus, Jb. Min., Beil., 5, 275, 1887. Patton, Min. Mitth., 9, 85, 1887. Levy-Lex., Min. Roches, 278, 1888. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 99 (1), 253, 1890, 100 (1), 32, 1891.
On the various forms of serpentine (derived from chondrodite)at the Tilly Foster Iron mine, Brewster, N. Y., see J. D. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 8, 375. 1874.
On the alteration-products derived directly or indirectly from the chrysolite rocks of Krems (Kfemze), Bohemia, especially with reference to the origin and subsequent changes in the serpen- tine, see Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 321, 1882 (see p. 666, also Kelyphite, p. 447). He shows that much serpentine is impregnated with opal-silica, and includes such occurrences under the general term siliciophite. This may be true of aphrodite, p. 675. Enophile is a chloritic serpentine-like alter- ation product; analysis:
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO H2O G. 2-64 38-40 3'71 311 4'51 30'46 3'21 17-06 100'46
On the alterations connected with the paleopikryte of Amelose near Biedekopf, cf. R. Brauns, Jb. Miu., Beil.-Bd., 5, 275, 1887. Webskyite is an alteration-product of the serpentine. Amorphous. H. =3. G. 1'771. Color pitch-black with brownish green streak. Analysis.
SiO2 34-92 Fe2O3 AlaO8 9'60 FeO 3'13 MgO 21'62 H2O 31 '04 (below 110° 21 p. c.)=100'81 Named after Prof. Martin Websky (1824-1886).
The following are magnesian silicates allied to serpentine but of somewhat doubtful character:
TOTAIGITE Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Ed., 28, 455, 497, 1878. A serpentinous mineral appear- ing as a pseudomorphous substance surrounding malacolite and itself often enveloped in serpen- tine. Color pale fawn, sometimes blue-black. Soft. Analysis of a fawn-colored variety:
SiO2 37-22 A12O3 0 76 FeO 1'05 MnO 0'23 MgO 44'97 CaO 5-24 .H2O 10-64 lOO'll
Occurs in a granular limestone at Totaig, Ross-shire, Scotland. Z5BLITZITE Freneel, Min. Lex. Sachsen, 351, 1874, Jb. Min., 680, 1875. Massive. Slightly brittle. Pale gray or yellowish white. H. 3-4. Anal. — Melling, Rg., Min. Ch., 503, 1875. 2, 3, Freuzel, Jb. Min., 680, 1875.
SiOa A1203 FeO MgO H20
1. Zoblitz 47-13 2-57 2'92 36'13 11-50 100'25
2. Hrubschitz 42-57 9'12 1-82 3290 13-19 99'60
3. Kiindler G. 2'49 42'44 4'67 0'91 38'49 13-48 99'99
Occurs in serpentine at ZSblitz. similarly at Kandler near Limbach; also as an incrustation on chromite in serpentine at Hrnbschitz, also at Lettowitz, both in Moravia. Frenzel finally calls y.oblitzite a somewhat impure white serpentine.
METAXOITE Arppe, Finsk. Min., Act. Sc. Fenn., 6, 580, 1861, Holmberg, Vh. Min. Ges., 145, 1862.
Massive, compact; also radiated or granular crystalline. G. 2'58-2-61. Color white to greenish blue. Anal.— 1, 2, Asp, and 3, Hallsten, Arppe, Finsk. Min., 1. c.
SiO2 AlaO3 Fe2O3 Mn2O3 MgO CaO H2O
1. Crystals 38 69 9'68 4'70 undet, 15'28 undet. 12'97
2. " 37-90 9-78 6 73 2'05 12'23 18 79 12'76 100'24 2. Amorphous 40'63 10-17 6'78 undet. 11'24 16'03 12-88
Found near Lupikko in Finland, some versts south of Pitkaranta.With serpentine. Named from its nearness to metaxite.
HYDUOPHITE. Hydrofit Svanberg. Ak. H. Stockh., 186, 1839. Jeukinsite Shepard, Am. J. Sc.. 13, 392, 1852. Eisengymnit.
Massive; sometimes in librous crusts.
Serpentine. 675-
H. 2-5-3 '5. G. 2-65, hydrophite; 2'4-2'6, jenkinsite. Luster feeble, subvitreous. Color mountain-green to blackish green. Streak paler. Translucent to opaque.
Jenkinsite is apparently au iron serpentine; hydrophite the same with one more molecule of water. Websky regards hydrophite as impure metaxite, Zs. G. Ges., 10, 284, 1858.
Anal.— 1, Svauberg, 1. c. 2, 3, Smith & Brush, Am. J. Be., 16, 369, 1863.-
SiO2 A12O3 FeO MnO MgO H2O
1. Hydrophite 36'19 2'90 22'73 117 21-08 16'08 V2OS O'll 100'2S
2. Jenkinsite 38'97 0'53 19'30 4'36 22'87 13 36 99-39
3. " 37-42 0-98 20'60 4'05 2275 13'48 99'28
In the closed tube gives off water. B.B. blackens and fuses at about 3 to a black magnetic- globule. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron and manganese. Decomposed by hydrochioricr acid.
Hydrophite occurs at Taberg in Smaland, Sweden; jenkinsite at O'Neil's mine in Orange Co., N. Y., as a fibrous incrustation on magnetite. Named Hydrophite in allusion to the water present; and Jenkinsite after J. Jenkins of Monroe.
APHRODITE. Afrodit Berlin, Ak. H. Stockh., 167, 172, 1840.
A soft earthy mineral near sepiolite. G. 2'21. Color milk white. Opaque. Perhaps HBMg4Si4O15 but of doubtful homogeneity, cf. Fischer, Zs. Kr., 4, 368, 1880; Schrauf, ib., 6, 353, 1882. Anal.— Berlin, ]. c.:
SiOa MgO MnO FeO A1203 H2O
51-55 33-72 1'62 0'59 0'20 12'32 100
From Langban, Sweden. Named from d<f>pds,foam.
Another magnesium silicate analyzed by Delesse gave: SiO2 53'5, MgO 28'6, Al-iOa 0'9 (Fe2O3 tr.), H2O 16'4 99'4, corresponding to MgO.SiO2.H2O.
Occurs in serpentine, of a white or yellowish color, with a waxy luster, and somewhat trans- lucent. G. 2-335.
Hampshirite is a name applied by Hermann to the steatite of certain steatitic pseudomorphs having mostly the form of quartz described aud analyzed by Dewey (Am. J. Sc., 4, 274, 5, 249, 6, 334, 1822, 1823), who obtained: SiO2 50'60. MgO28'83, A12O30'15, FeO 2'59, MnO MO, H2O 15-00 98-27. Probably not homogeneous.
CEUOLITE. Kerolith Breithaupt, Char., 145, 254, 1823. Cerolith Glock., 1831. Kerolite.
Massive, reniform, compact or lamellar.
Fracture conchoidal. Feel greasy. H. 2-2'5. G. 2'3-2'4. Luster vitreous or resinous.. Color greenish or yellowish white, yellow, reddish. Streak uncolored. Transparent to trans- lucent.
Anal.— 1, Kiihu's scholars, Lieb. Ann., 59, 368, 1846. 2, , 1. c. 3, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 95, 134, 1865 4, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 33, 203, 1862.
SiOa FeO MgO H2O
1. Frankenstein 47'34 — 29'84 21-04 98'22
2. " 46 96 31-26 21-22 99'44
3. L. Itkul, green G. 2'27 47 06 NiO 2'80 31-81 18'33 100
4. Harford Co.;Md., bl. wh. 51 '09 0'23 28'28 20'91 100'51
B.B. blackens, but does not fuse. From Frankenstein in Silesia, associated with serpentine, and also, according to Ku.hu, brucite. Similar minerals occur at L. Itkul and with the serpentine of Harford Co., Maryland.
Named from , wax, and Az'OoS.
LIMBACHITE Frenzel, Jb. Min., 789, 1873; Min. Lex. Sachsen, 184, 1874. A mineral resembling cerolite occurring in the serpentine of Limbach, Saxony. Massive. G. 2'395. Luster greasy. Color grayish to greenish white. Not hard nor brittle. Does not adhere to the tongue. Analyses, Frenzel :
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2Os MgO H2O
41-42 22-09 — 23-67 12-47 99'65
42 03 19-56 1-46 25-61 12-34 101 '00
A yellowish apple-green, massive, earthy mineral from Webster, Jackson Co., N. C., gave Dunnington, Ch. News, 25, 270, 1872 :
G. 2-30 SiO2 43 87 A12O3 22 21 FeO 16 14 Na,O 1'05 H2O 16 37 99'64 The relations of the above are uncertain.
676 Silicates.
482. DEWEYLITE. Emmons, Man. Min. and Geol., 1826. Gymnite Thomson, PhiL Mag., 22, 191, 1843. Eisengymnit Hatle and Tauss, Vh. G. Reichs., 226, 1887.
Amorphous, and having some resemblance to gum arable, or a brownish or yellow resin. Brittle, and often much cracked.
H. 2-3-5. G. 2-0-2-2. Luster greasy. Color whitish, yellowish, wine- yellow, greenish, reddish. Translucent.
Com p. — A magnesian silicate near serpentine but with more water. Formula perhaps 4Mg0.3SiO.,.6HsO Silica 40'2, magnesia 35-7, water 24 -1 100.
Anal.— 1, Brush, Dana Min., 286, 1854. 2, Thomson, 1. c. 3, (Ellacher, Zs. G. Ges., 3, 222, 1851. 4, Hatle and Tauss, 1. c. Also Haushofer, Widtermann, 5th Ed., p. 470.
SiO2 MgO FeO H2O Fe2O3
1. Texas, Pa. 43 15 35-95 — 20*25 — A12O3 tr. 99-35
2. Bare Hills, Md. G. 2'22 40'16 36-00 — 21'60 1-16 CaO 0'80, A1,O, tr. 9972
3. Tyrol, Fleimsthal G. 2'05 40'40 35'85 — 22 60 0'38 apatite 0'78 100
4. Kraubath, Eisengymnite 42'32 30'81 4'89 20'47 — 98'49
Half the water in 4 is lost at 110°-120°, the remainder only at a red heat.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives off much water. B.B. becomes opaque, and fuses on the edges. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs with serpentine in the Fleimsthal, Tyrol; at Passau in granular limestone; also at Texas, Penu., and the Bare Hills, Md.; at Middlefield, Mass. Named after Prof. Chester Dewey (1784-1867). The gymuite of Thomson, named from yv/jiv6$, naked, in allusion to the locality at Bare Hills, Md., is the same species.
Eisengymnite occurs intermixed with serpentine and gymnite at Kraubath, Styria, of a bright red color. H. 3. G. 1'986 of material not entirely pure.
483. GENTHITE. Nickel-Gymuite Genth, Kell. & Tiedm. Monatsb., 3, 487, 1851. Genthite Dana, Am. J. Sc., 44, 256, 1867.
Amorphous, with a delicately hemispherical or stalactitic surface, incrusting.
H. — 3-4; sometimes (as at Michipicoten) so soft as to be polished under the nail, and fall to pieces in water. G. 2*409. Luster resinous. Color pale apple- green, or yellowish. Streak greenish white. Opaque to translucent.
Comp. — A gymnite with part of the magnesium replaced by nickel 2Ni0.2Mg0.3Si02.6H20 Silica 34-8, nickel protoxide 28 -8, magnesia 15'5, water 20-9 100.
Anal.— 1, Genth, 1. c. 2, Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, 507, 1863.
SiO2 NiO FeO MgO CaO H2O
1. Texas, Pa. 35'36 30-64 0'24 14'60 0'26 19'09 100'19
2. Michipicoten Id. 33-60 30'40 2'25 3'55 4'09 17'10 A12O3 8'40 99'39
The so-called genthite from Webster, Jackson Co., N. C., gave Duuniugton (Ch. News, 25, 270, 1872): SiO2 49'89, MgO 22'35, NiO 16'60, FeO 0'06, H2O 12'36 101 '26. Occurs as an apple-green incrustation. G. 2'48. The same mineral hfis given Walker results leading to a sepiolite formula (see p. 681).
After drying at a temperature above 100° C., Hunt obtained: SiO2 35'80, NiO 32'20, H3O 12-20.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube blackens and gives off water. B.B. infusible. With borax in O.F. gives a violet bead, becoming gray iu R.F. (nickel). Decomposed by hydrochloric acid without gelatinizing.
Obs.— From Texas, Lancaster Co., Pa., in thin crusts on chromite; on Michipicoten Id., Lake Superior, of a greenish yellow to apple green color. Also reported from near Malaga, Spain, with chromite and talcose schist; and by Wiser, from the Saasthal in the Upper Valais.
Rottisite Breith., B. H. Ztg., 18, 1, 1859, may be essentially the above. It occurs with phos- phate of nickel at Rottis in Voigtland, in amorphous masses and reniform incrustations, apple- green or emerald-green, of little luster, translucent to subtranslucent, but opaque when earthy, with H. 2-2-25, and G. 2-358-2-370.
483A. GARNIERITE W. B. Clarke, 1874. Gamier, Bull. Soc. G., 24, 438, 1867. A nevr mineral from Noumea, New Caledonia, A. Liversidge, J. Ch. Soc., 12, 613, July, 1874; Noumeite, Noumeaite, Id., Proc. Roy. Soc., N. S. W., Dec. 9, 1874; Sept. 1, 1880; Min. N. S. W., 275. 1888. Numeite.
Qenthitk
Amorphous. Soft and friable. G. 2-3-2-8. Luster dull. Color bright apple-green, pale green to nearly white. In part unctuous; sometimes adheres to the tongue.
An important ore of nickel, consisting essentially of a hydrated silicate of magnesium and nickel, perhaps H2(Ni,Mg)SiO4 -f aq, but very variable in composition, particularly as regards the mutual replacement of nickel and magnesium, and not always a homogeneous mineral. Liversidge has attempted to distinguish two varieties, one of which is dark green and unctuous, noumeite; the other rarer, pale green and adhesive to the tongue, garnierite (anal. 7).
Anal.— 1 Dann (?), Ber. uied. Ges., Jan. 7, 1878. 2, Gamier, C. R, 86, 684, 1878. 3, Kiepeuheuer, Ber. uied. Ges., July 14, 1879. 4, 5, Liversidge, 1. c., 1880. 6. Id., 1. c., 1874. 7, Id., Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W., Dec. 9, 1874. 8, Dmr., Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 29, 1878. 9-11, Liver- sidge, 1. c., 1880; also other anals., in part by Leibius. 12, Gamier, white veins in the green mineral, resembling sepiolite, 1. c. 18, 14, Hood, Min. Res. U. S., 1, 404, 1883. 15, F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc.,35, 483, 1888.
Nakety, dark grn.
Kanala, grn.
N. Caledonia G. 2'27 G. -2-58 G. =2-87
Ouai'lon, light grn. ' ' pale grn.
Kanala, " "
N. Caledonia
Douglas Co., Oregon
SiO,
NiO
MgO
HaO
Al2O3,Fe.,O,
15'55a
99-12
FeO 0-43,
CaO 1-07
99-75
99-98
17-97*
100
37-49"
17-60a
9989
5'27d
CaO tr.
CaO tr.
99-08
99-57
100
51-94'
100-14
— ,
100-83
100
100-24
15'86e
99-90
1. N. Caledonia
2. "
At 100° in (1) 4-05; in (4) 6'44; in (5) 8'65; (9) 10'95 (105°); in (10) 11'28; in (11) 14'30. b Soluble SiOa 0-70. e Do., in (11) 0'13. d First dried at 100°. e At 110°, 8 '87.
Occurs in veins traversing a serpentine rock near Noumea, capital of New Caledonia; asso- ciated with chromic iron and steatite; also at numerous other points on the island. The three chief districts are the Kanala-Mere-Kuaua, Thio-Port Bouquet, and Bourindi (cf. Min Res. U. S., 300, 1885)
The supply is very large, and the amount that can be mined in general greater than the market calls for; it is stated that for several years 1000 tons of the ore per annum have been marketed. Meissonier has reported the existence of similar deposits in the province of Malaga, Spain, C. R., 83, 229, 1876.
Deposits of a similar ore, perhaps of large extent, occur at Riddle in Douglas County, southern Oregon. Also at Webster. Jackson Co., N. C.; in both cases in connection with a peridotyte. Clarke (1. c.) shows that the former may owe their origin to a nickel-bearing chryso- lite, itnd the North Carolina mineral probably had the same origin (Biddle, Min. Res., 170, 1886).
DE SAULESITE Koenig, Proc. Ac. Phil ad., 185, 1889
A hydrous silicate of nickel and zinc, associated with chloanthite and a nickel arsenate. It is amorphous, of a yellowish green, apple- or emerald-green color, and occurs as an incrustation or filling cavities in purple fluorite. Analysis gave.
SiO, NiO ZnO FeO CaO MgO H2O As2O6
31-62 38-22 4'00 2'03 0'70 0'42 16'58a 4'77 98'34
At 100* 9-44 p. c.; at 600° 714.
From the Trotter mine at Franklin Furnace, N. J. ; named after the manager, Major A. B. de Saules.
The following are other nickel silicates, of doubtful character:
PIMELITE. Griiuer Chrysopraserde (fr. Kosemiitz) Klapr., Schrift., Ges N. Berlin, 8, 17, 1788, Beitr., 2, 134, 1797. Pimelit Karst.. Tab., 28, 72, 1800.
Massive or earthy. H. 25. G. 2'23-2'3; 2'71-'2-76, Baer. Luster weak, greasy. Color apple-green. Streak greenish white. Translucent to sub-translucent. Feel greasy. Does not Adhere to the tongue. Anal.— 1, Klaproth, I.e., and Rg., Min. Ch., 871, 1860. 2, W. Baer, J. pr. Ch.. 55, 49, 1852.
1. Chrysoprase earth
2. Hard Pimelite
SiO,
A12O3
Fe2Os
NiO
MgO
CaO
H,O
38-12 100 21-03 100
678 Silicates.
Pimelite gives water iu the closed tube, is infusible B.B., and with the fluxes reacts for nickel. Decomposed by acids. From Silesia and elsewhere. Named from TrtjueA.??, fatness.
ALIPITE. Pimelii Schmidt, Pogg., 61, 388, 1844. Alipit Olock., 1845. Massive; earthy. H. 2-5. G. 1 44-1 46, Schmidt. Color apple-green. Not unctuous. Adheres to the tongue. Analysis.— Schmidt.
SiOs 54-63 A12OS 0-30 NiO 32-66 FeO 1-13 MgO 5'89 CaO 0'16 H2O 523 - 100-
From Silesia. Named from the Greek dXinr/S, not greasy.
REFDANSKITE Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 102, 405, 1867. An earthy mineral occurring in masses which fall to powder under slight pressure. Adheres to the tongue. Color dirty grayish green. G. 2-77. From Revdins\. UraN A-mly is:
SiO2 32-10 A12O3 3-25 FeO 12 15 NiO 18'33 MgO 11'50 H2O 9-50 Sand 13*00 99'83
484. TALC. Mayrf/rif A/OoS Theophr. Magnetis Germ. Talck, Glimmer, Agric.t Foss., 254, Interpr., 466, 1546. Talk, Creta Brianzonia, C. Hispanica, C. Sartoria, Telgsten Lapis Ollaris Wall., Min, 133, 134, 1747. Talcum, Tiilgsten, Specksten, Steatites, Cronst , ]\Iin., 89, 75, 1758. Talc, Soapstone, Steatite, Potstone. Craie de Brian con, etc., Fr. Pyrallolite pt. Nordensk., . J., 31, 389, 1820. Rensselaerite Emmons, Rep. G. N. Y., 152, 1837. Agalite.
Orthorhombic or monoclinic. Earely in tabular crystals, hexagonal or rhombic with prismatic angle of 60°. Usually foliated massive; sometimes in globular and stellated groups; also granular massive, coarse or fine; fibrous (pseudomorphous) ; also compact or cryptocrystalline.
Cleavage: basal perfect. Sectile. Flexible in thin laminae, but not elastic. Percussion-figure a six-rayed star, orientated as with the micas. Feel greasy. H. — 1-1 '5. G. 2'7-2'8. Luster pearly on cleavage surface. Color apple-green to white, or silvery-white; also greenish gray and dark green; sometimes bright green perpendicular to cleavage surface, and brown and less translucent at right angles to this direction; brownish to blackish green and reddish when impure. Streak usually white; of dark green varieties lighter than the color. Subtrans- parent to translucent. Optically negative. Ax. pi. a. Bx c. Axial angle :
Rhode Island 2Er 19° 1' 2Ebl 17° 56' Dx.1
Agalite 2E 30°-40° p — v, Scheibe, Zs. G. Ges., 41, 564, 1889.
Steatite when rubbed with gun-cotton or Kienmayer's amalgam or fur becomes negatively electrified. Wied., Beibl., 22, 707, 1889.
Var. — 1. Foliated. Talc. Consists of folia, usually easily separated, having a greasy feel, and presenting ordinarily light green, greenish v/liite, and white colors. G. 2'55-2-78.
2. Massive, Steatite or Soapstone (Specksieiu Germ.), a. Coarse granular, gray", grayish green, and brownish gray in colors; H. 1-25. Potstone or Lapis o liar is (Topfstein, Lave- stein, Giltstein Germ.) is ordinary soapstone, more or less impure, b. Fine granular or crypto- crystalline, and soft enough to be used as chalk; as the French clialk (Craie, de Brian f on), which is milk-white with a pearly luster, c. Indurated talc. An impure slaty talc, harder than ordi- nary talc. Talcose slate is a dark, slaty, argillaceous rock, having a somewhat greasy feel, which it owes to the presence of more or less talc.
Much of the steatite is pseudomorphous like the following.
3. Pseudomorphous. a. Fibrous, tine to coarse, altered from enstatite. b. Rensselaerite, cryptocrystalline, or wax-like in composition, but often having the form and cleavage of salite or pyroxene, and evidently pseudomorphous; colors whitish, yellowish, grayish, greenish white to very dark, and sometimes pearl-white; H. 3-4; G. 2'874Beck; 2'757, fr. GrenvSlle, 2'644, fr. Charleston Lake, in Canada, Hunt; usually translucent in pieces a- fourth of an inch thick. Some agalmatolite is here included. Anal. 15 is of a variety of talc produced from chrysolite.
Pyrallolite is partly pseudomorphous steatite, after pyroxene, like rensselaerite. It varies exceedingly in composition, as shown by Arppe and others, and as recognized by A. E. Norden- skiOld in his Finland Mineralogy, the silica ranging from 49 to 76 p. c. It includes pyroxene, therefore, in various stages of steatitic alteration.
Comp. — An acid metasilicate of magnesium, H2Mg3Si40lt or Ha0.3Mg0.4SiOs Silica 63-5, magnesia 31'7, water 4'8 100. The water goes off only at a red heat. Nickel is sometimes present in small amount.
Clarke and Schneider (Am. J. Sc., 40, 306, 1890) have obtained the following water deter- minations (anal. 17):
105° 250°-300° red heat white heat
0-07 0-06 4-43 0'35
Talc.
Also when treated with dry hydrochloric-acid gas for 15 hours at 383°-412° no appreciable change of weight resulted. Further, upon intense ignition over the blast-lamp and subsequent boiling with sodium carbonate solution 15-36 p. c. SiO2 was given up according to the reaction:
H4Mg3Si4Ols 3MgSiO3 + SiO, + H2O.
The solution, however, had no effect upon the mineral before ignition. The stability with acids and liberation of silica as noted make it reasonably certain that the formula of an acid metasilicate, as written above, is correct.
Anal.— 1-12, Scheerer, Pogg., 84, 321 et seq., 1851. 13, Ullik, Ber. Ak. Wien, 57 (1), 946, 1868 14 Cohen, Jb. Min., 1, 119, 1887. 15, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 33, 200, 1862. 16, Adger, Ch. News, 25, 270, 1870. 17, Clarke & Schneider, 1. c. 18-20, Scheerer, 1. c. 21, 22, Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, 470, 1863. 23, E. S. Sperry, priv. contr. 24, G. A. Graves, priv. contr. 25, Jannettaz, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 66, 1891.
G.
1. Tyrol, green 2 '69
2. " fol schistose 2 '76
3. St Gothard, tchile , foliated
4. " " radiated
5. " " fibrous
6. Wallis 2-79
7. Mauteru (?)
8 ZSblitz. green 2"80
9. Yttre Sogn, green, foliated 2'70
10. Raubjerg, dark green 2-79
11. Roraas, green 2 '78
12. Falun 13 Greiner
14. Griqualand, Steatite 2'794
15 Webster, N. C.
16. SwayneCo., N. C. 2 '82
17. Fairfax Co., Va.
SiOa
FeO
MgO
H2O
A1.,O3
NiO
—
99-82
99-89
- CaO tr. 99-68
—
CaO 0 07
99-86
—
CaO 3 70
99-93
—
100-08
—
100-17
l-24a
99-77
—
9987
99-88
99-61
5-50"
—
99-85
T06e= 100-18
1-40"
— CaO tr. 100-90
100-07
—
100-65
I-Io"
—
100-08
Fe2O3 0-45.
b Fe2O3 0'81.
Fe2O3 0'16.
d FeaO3 0'95.
CaO 0'36, SrO 0'70
Pseudomorphous Talc. G.
18. Fenestrelles 2 '79
19. Wunsiedel
20. China 2'78
21. Canton, N. Y., Renss.
22. Grenville
23. Edwards, fibrous 2-908
25 Madagascar, "
SiO,
FeO
0-76*
MgO
H2O
0-15 100-04
tr. 99-79
0-06 100-19
— 9995
— 99-79
0-13 MnO 1-16 100-58
0-50b CaO 0-57, Na2O 0'48 99-85
— 99-4
MnO.
b Incl. Fe2O3.
Bachman has described (Am. Ch. J., 10, 45, 1886) a mineral from Webster, Jackson Co., N. C., occurring in minute micaceous scales of a pale yellowish green color; readily crushed to an unctuous powder. Analysis gave:
SiO3 NiO MgO H2O A12O3 FeO
G. 2-31 53 91 15-91 19-39 6-30* 2'65 1'46 99-62
At 100° 0-80.
This corresponds to a highly nickeliferous hydrated talc.
The steatite from GOpfersgriin, in which Klaproth found but 59 -5 per cent of silica, along with MgO -80-5, FeO 2'3, H2O 5'5(Beitr., 2, 177, 1797), is what has been called hydrosteatite. The Fenestrelles (Piedmont) pseudomorph had the cleavage of amphibole; of those of Wunsiedel (from Gopfersgruu), 19 was a pseudomorph after dolomite.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube B.B., when intensely ignited, most varieties yield water. In the platinum forceps whitens, exfoliates, and fuses with difficulty on the thin edges to a white enamel. Moistened with cobalt solution, assumes on ignition a pale red color. Not decomposed by acids. Rensselaerite is decomposed by concentrated sulphuric acid.
Obs. — Talc or steatite is a very common mineral, and in the latter form constitutes extensive beds in some regions. It is often associated with serpentine, talcose or chloritic schist, and dolo- mite, and frequently contains crystals of dolomite, breuunerite, also asbestus, actinolite, tourma- }ine, magnetite.
680 Silicates.
Steatite is the material of many pseudomorphs, among which the most common are those after pyroxene, hornblende, mica, scapolite, and spinel. The magnesian minerals are those which conimouly afford steatite by alteration; while those like scapolite and nephelite, which contain soda and no magnesia, most frequently yield pinite-like pseudomorphs. There are also steatitic pseudomorphs after quartz, dolomite, topaz, chiastolite, staurolite, cyanite, garnet, vesuvianite, chrysolite, gehlenite. Talc in the fibrous form is pseudomorph after eustatite. On pseudomorphs of talc after quartz, see Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 14, 305, 1888.
Apple-green talc occurs at Mt. Greiner in the Zillerthal, Tyrol; in the Valais and St. Gothard in Switzerland; also other places above mentioned; also in Cornwall, near Lizard Point, with serpentine; in Scotland, with serpentine, at Portsoy and elsewhere, on Unst, one of the Shetland islands; at Croky Head, Dunglow, Ireland, etc. A. fibrous talc (pseudomorphous) with pearly luster, slightly greenish color, and greasy feel, has been described from Madagascar (anal. 25).
In N. America, foliated talc occurs in Maine, at Dexter. In Vermont, at Bridgewater, handsome green talc, with dolomite; at Athens or Grafton, Westfield, Marlboro, Newfane. In New Hampshire, at Francestown, Pelham, Orford, Keene, and Richmond. In Mass., at Middle- field, Windsor, Blanford, Andover, and Chester. In R. Island, at Smithfield, delicate green and white in a crystalline limestone. In N. York, at Edwards, St. Lawrence Co., a fine fibrous talc (agalite) associated with pink tremolite; near Amity; on Staten Island, near the quarantine, common and indurated; four miles distant, in detached masses made up of folia, snow-white. In N. Jersey, at Lockwood, Newton, and Sparta. In Penn., at Texas, Nottingham, Unionville; in South Mountain, ten miles south of Carlisle; at Chestnut Hill, on the Schuylkill, talc and also soapstoue, the latter quarried extensively. In Maryland, at Cooptown, of green, blue, and rose colors. In N. Car., at Webster, Jackson Co., a variety supposed by Genth to be altered chryso- lite. In Canada, in the townships Bolton, Suttou, and Potton, Quebec, with steatite in beds of Cambrian age; in the township of Elzevir, Hastings Co., Ontario, an impure grayish var. in Archaean rocks.
The so-called rensselaerile occurs in northern New York, in the towns of Antwerp (with the form of pyroxene), Fowler, De Kalb, Edwards (at the iron mine, a white variety, from which ink-stands have been made), Russel, Gouverneur, Canton (in small crystals), Hermon (in large masses, crystalline massive); and in Canada, at Grenville, Charleston Lake, near Brockville, Rawdon, and Ramsay. It is often associated with crystalline limestone, and graduates at times imperceptibly into serpentine; its rock-masses are irregular, and are seldom continuous for more than three or four hundred yards.
A white steatite of a silvery-pearly luster was the Magnetic of Theophrastus— a stone, accord- ing to this author, of silvery luster, occurring in large masses, and easily cut or wrought. The word is the origin of the modern magnesia. Agricola, in his " Interpretatio Rerum Metallicarum" appended to his works (1546), gives as a German synonym of Magnetis. Talck; and he adds, as other synonyms, Silberweiss and Katzensilber , and also Glimmer, the German now for mica, evi- dently confounding the two minerals. He mentions its resistance to fire, and speaks of it as
Other later writers derive the word talc from the Arabic talk; and Aldrovandus (1648) states that it is of Moorish introduction, adding, " Hoc noraen apud Mauri tanos stellam significare did- tur," Stella Terr® — Star of the Earth — being one old name of the mineral, given it because " like a star and with silvery luster it shines." Caesius (" De Mineralibus," 1636) writes the word in Latin, Talchus, but most other writers of that century, Talcum.
The word steatitis occurs in Pliny as the name of a stone resembling fat; but no further description is given that can with certainty identify it.
Rensselaerite was named after Stephen Van Rensselaer, of Albany, N. Y.
Ref.— i Min., 1, 97, 1862, N. R , 99 1867.
TALCOID Naumann is a snow-white, broadly-foliated talc of Pressnitz, described by Scheerer as neutraler kieselsaurer Hydrotalc. Analyses by Scheerer and Richter show 68 p. c. SiOa. It may be ouly common talc with disseminated quartz.
485. SEPIOLITE. Meerschaum Germ., Wern. Bergni., I., 377, 1788. L'Ecume de mer Fr. Keffekill Kirw., 1, 144, 1794. Magnesite pt. Brongn., Min., 1807, Magnesite id., 1824. Sepiolith Glock.. Syn., 190, 1847.
Compact, with a smooth feel, and fine earthy texture, or clay-like; also rarely fibrous.
H. 2-2*5. Gr. 2. Impressible by the nail. In dry masses floats on water. Color grayish white, white, or with a faint yellowish or reddish tinge, bluish green. Opaque.
Comp — H,Mg2Si30,o or 2H,0.2Mg0.3Si02 — Silica 60-8, magnesia 27*1, water 12'1 100. Some analyses show more water (2H.O), which is probably to be regarded as hygroscopic. Copper and nickel may replace part of the magnesium.
Anal — 1-3, Scheerer, Pogg., 84, 361, 362. 1851. 4, 5, Chester, Am. J. Sc., 13, 296, 1877. 6, P. H. Walker, Am. Ch. J., 10, 44, 1888. For other analyses, see 5th Ed , p. 456.
Connabite.
1. Turkey
2. Greece
4. Utah, white, fibrous
5. ' ' bluish green
6. Webster, N. C. G. 2'53 Incl. 0 70 FeOs, 3-14 Mn2O3.
SiO,
MgO
FeO
H2O
Auo,
Co,
—
0-67 100-16
—
0-56 100-07
o-ii
1-74 100 15
CuO
- — %
iygr.H.0
4-70*
8-80c 99-74
5-17"
10-32° 100 05
NiO
10-77d
0-56e
— 100-17
b Incl
. 1 02Fe2Os, 2-09MnaOs.
Below 110°.
18 p. c.
e Fe2O3.
19 to 20 per cent of water were found by Berthier in meerschaum from Madrid and Coulom- miers, and 19'6 p. c. by Kobell in that of Greece, J. pr. Ch., 28, 482, 1843. DObereiner and Eisenach (J. pr. Ch., 17, 157, 1839) also found two molecules of water (instead of 1) in the meer- schaum of Asia Minor. Chester fouud that of 18 to 20 p. c. H2O about half went off below 110°, the remainder only from 200° to a red heat.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields first hygroscopic moisture, and at a higher temperature gives much water and a burnt smell. B.B. some varieties blacken, then burn white, and fuse with difficulty on the thin edges. With cobalt solution a pink color on ignition. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with gelatinization.
Obs. — Occurs in Asia Minor, in masses in stratified earthy or alluvial deposits at the plains of Eskihi-sher, where, according to Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, it has proceeded from the decompo- sition of magnesium carbonate, which is embedded in serpentine in the surrounding mountains. He observes that more or less magnesium carbonate is often found in the meerschaum, Am. J. Sc. , 7, 268, 1849; also found in Greece; at Hrubschitz in Moravia; in Morocco; at Vallecas in Spain, in extensive beds, affording a light but valuable building stone. The mineral from Morocco, called in French Pierre de sawn de Maroc, is used in place of soap at the Moorish baths in different places in Algeria.
A fibrous mineral, having the composition of sepiolite, occurs in a seam two inches wide in "a silver mine in Utah;" anals. 4, 5; one variety is colored green with copper which is regarded as replacing the magnesium. The mineral of anal. 6 occurs in thin (1-3 mm.) layers in serpen- tine at Webster, Jackson Co., N. C.
The word meerschaum is German for sea-froth, and alludes to its lightness and color. Sepio- lite Glocker is from cnjitia, cuttle-fish, the bone of which is light and porous; and being also a production of the sea. " deinde spumam marinam significabat," says Glocker.
Brongniart, in the first edition of his Mineralogy (1807), included under Magnesite (1) the carbonate, which he calls Mitchell's magnesite (see under MAGNESITE); (2) the hydrous silicate or meerschaum; and (3) the siliceous carbonate from Baudissero in Piedmont; he putting "Mitchell's magnesite," the carbonate, first. Karsten, in his "Tabellen," published the next year, separated from meerschaum the carbonate, and adopted for it the name magnesite, and in this he has been followed by all German and most other mineralogists. The application of the name magnesite to the hydrous silicate, done in the later writings of Brongniart and by subse- quent French mineralogists, is hence in violation of the law of priority.
486. CONNARITE. Konarit Breith.', B. H. Ztg., 18, 2, 1859. Conarite, Comarite wrong orthog.
Hexagonal ? In small fragile grains and crystals, with perfect clinodiagonal cleavage, and supposed (Breith.) to be like vivianite in crystallization.
H. 2*5-3. G. 2'459-2'619. Color yellowish, pistachio- and siskin-green, olive-green. Streak siskin-green. In thin lamellae translucent. Optically uniaxial, negative with strong double refraction1.
Comp — A hydrous nickel silicate, perhaps H4NiaSi3010 2H,0.2Ni02.3SiO, - Silica 49-3, nickel protoxide 40-8, water 9'9 100. Anal.— Wiukler, B. H. Ztg., 24, 335, 1865.
SiO2
A12O3
Fe2O3
NiO
CoO
H20
SOS tr. 100
Obs. — Occurs at the Hanns Georg mine, at R5ttis, in Saxon Voigtland, with rOttisite (p. 676) which, it is suggested, may be an amorphous form of connarite.
Named from KovrapoS, an evergreen tree; hence connarite is the proper form and not conarite, from KovapoS, well fed, nor comarite, from K6jj.apo<>, the strawberry-tree (as suggested by Dx., Min., 2, XLVI, 1874).
Ref.— ' Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 75, 1882.
Silicates.
487. SPADAITE. Fr. v. Kobell, Gel. Anz. Milnchen, 17, 945, 1843, J. pr. Ch., 30, 467, 1843.
Massive, amorphous.
Fracture imperfect conchoidal and splintery. H.=2*5. Luster a little pearly or greasy. Translucent. Color reddish, approaching flesh-red.
Comp.— Perhaps 5Mg0.6Si02.4HsO or H,Mg.Si6018 + 3HaO Silica 57'0,_ magnesia 31 '6, water 11'4 100 (Rg).
Anal.— Kobell:
SiO, 56-00
A13Os 0-66
FeOO-
MgO 30-67
H3O 11-34 99
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields much water and becomes ray. B.B. melts to a glassy enamel. Dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid, the silica easily gelatinizing.
Obs. — From Capo di Bove, near Home, tilling the spaces among crystals of wollastonite, in leucitic lava. Named after Sign. Medici Spada.
488. SAPONITE. Terra porcellanea particulis impalpabilihus mollis, pt., Brianzoner Erita'pt., Smectis, Engelsk Walklera. a. hwit (Lundsend i Cornwall), Cronst., 75, 1758. Seifen- stein (fr. Cornwall) Jftapr., Schrift nat. GPS. Berlin, 7, 163, 1787. Beitr , 2, 180, 5, 22. Steatite of Cornwall Kirw., Miu., 1, 152, 1794. Soapstoue pt. Mountain Soap pt. Pierre a Savon H. Saponit Svanberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 153, 1840. Piotin Svanberg, Pogg., 54, 267, 1841. Saponite, rosite, Pogg., 57, 165, 1842. Thalite Owen, J. Ac. Philad., 2, 179, 1852. Bowlingite/. B. Hannay, Miu. Mag., 1, 154, 1877. Cathkiuite J. J. Bobbie, Trans. G. Soc. Glasgow, 7, 166, 1883-5.
Massive. In nodules, or filling cavities.
Soft, like butter or cheese, but brittle on drying. G. 2'24-2'30. Luster greasy. Color white, yellowish, grayish green, bluish, reddish. Does not adhere to the tongue.
Comp. — A hydrous silicate of magnesium and aluminium; but the material is amorphous and probably always impure, and hence analyses give no uniform results.
Anal.— 1, Haughton, Phil. Mag., 10, 253. 1855. 2, Svanberg, 1. c. 3, 4, Smith & Brush, A:n. J. Sc., 16, 368, 1853. 5, Harrington, Can. Nat.. 7, 179, 1875. 6-17, Heddle, also Trans. R. Soc. Ed., 29, 91 et seq., 1879. 18, J. J. iobie, 1. c., and Min. Mag., 5, 131, 1883. Also other analyses, 5th Ed., p. 472.
1. Eynance 2. Piotine 3. Thalite 4. " 5. George's Is. 6. Gapol
G.
SiO2
A12O3
Fe2Os FeO
2-06 — 2-09 — 2-46 — 1-23 — 6-57 0-32a
MgO
CaO
Na2O E2O
2-09 0-58
H2O 21'07b
97-32-
100-71 98-84 99-22 99-02 MnOO-13
100-14
7. Einneff, green
0-27a
22-93b
100-08
8. " red
0'24a
22-75b
99-80
9. Glen Far?
5-40a
—
—
21-68b
99-98
10. Tay Bridge
2-56a
—
tr.
20'70b
101-40
11. Tayport
2-37a
2'01
21-60b
100-89
12. Calhkin Hills
3-92a
19-48b
99-84
4-95a
19'48b
100-30
14. Bowling,
Bowlingite
5-20a
20'48b
99-87
15. Storr
O'lla
23'43b
100-74
16. Quiraing
0-22a
23-68b
100-14
0'13a
—
—
100
18. Caihkinite
tr
17-16b CO2 0-38
98-98
a Incl. MnO, in 6, 0'13; in 7, 0 in 14, 0-23; in 15, O'll; in 16, 0'22
b Loss at 100°, in 6, 15'75; in in 12, 15-61; in 13, 14-76; in 14, 12
09; in 8, 0'12; in 9. 0 15; in 10, 0'20; in 12, 0'09; in 13, 0'07; in 17, 0-13.
7, 14-09; in 8, 14-52; in 9, 12-96: in 10, 13 87; in 11, 13'96; 32; in 15, 13'65; in 16, 15'54; in 17, 15'13; in 18, 13'02.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. gives out water very readily and blackens; thin splinters fuse with difficulty on the edge. Decomposed by sulphuric acid.
Obs.— Occurs at Lizard Point, Cornwall, in veins in serpentine; at various localities in
Celadonite— Glauconite. 683
Scotland, cf. Heddle, 1. c., and anals. 6-17; at Svardsjo in Dalarne (piotine and sapomte); in the geodes of datolite at Roaring Brook, near New Haven, Ct.; in the trap of the north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Point and Foud du Lac, in amygdaloid (thalite of Owen); George's Is., on north const of Prince Edward Is.
Bowlingite is from Bowling near Dumbarton on the Clyde; it is shown to be saponite by Heddle; earlier analyses gave very discordant results, cf. App. Ill, p. 17, and Lex., Bull. Soc. Min.. 8, 97, 1885. Catkkinite is from the Cathkin Hills.
Prasilite of Thomson (p. 663) probably belongs here according to Heddle.
Sapouite is from sapo, soap; and piotine from
489. CELADONITE. Terre verte de Verone de Lisle, Crist., 2, 502, 1783. Griinerde Hoffm., Bergm. J., 519, 1788. Green Earth pt. ; Green Earth of Verona. Seladonit Olock., Syn., 193, 1847. Celadonite Fr.
Earthy or in minute scales. Very soft. Color deep olive-green, celandine- green, apple-green. Feel more or less greasy.
Comp. — A silicate of iron, magnesium, and potassium, formula doubtful. Anal.— 1-4, Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 29, 102, 1879.
G. SiO3 AlaO3 FeaO3 FeO MnO MgO CaO KQO Na2O H2O
1. Scuir Mohr 2'574 57'72 0'33 17'05 3'73 0'08 3'84 0'60 5'55 0'42 10'78=100'10
2. Tayport 2'590 52'69 5'79 9"75 5'37 0'31 8'54 M6 6'21 0'39 10'48= 100-69
3. Tay Bridge 2'598 52'54 5'82 9'71 5'40 0'31 8'31 1'29 6'50 0'64 10-41 100-93
4. Giant's Causeway 2-63 56'41 2'14 14-07 5'10 0'23 5'91 0-60 8'83 — 6-80=100-09
An early analysis by Klaproth (Beitr., 4, 239, 1807) gave: Mte. Baldo SiO, 53 FeaO8 28 MgO 2 KaO 10 HaO 6 99
According to Klaproth, and also later, von Kobell, not acted on by hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — From cavities in amygdaloid at Mte. Baldo near Verona. Also a similar mineral from Scotland (anal. 1—4).
Named in allusion to the ordinary color of the mineral, celadon- green, equivalent in French to sea-green (written Seladon in German), for which term the English substituted celandine- green* Celadon is the name of one of the characters in a French romance by d'Urfe, entitled Astree, published in 1610. He was a weak verdant lover of insipid tenderness, and thence the application to the above variety of green. D'Urfe borrowed the name from Ovid; it comes originally from Keddoov, burning.
490. GLAUCONITE. Glaukonit Keferstein, Deutsch. geol. dargest., 5, 510, 1828, Glocker, Handb., 832, 1831. Griinerde pt. Germ. Green Earth pt. Terre verte pt. Fr. Chlorophanerit JenzsrJi, Jahrb. Min., 798, 1855.
Amorphous, and resembling earthy chlorite. Either in cavities in rocks, or loosely granular massive.
H. 2. G. 2'2-2-4. Luster dull, or glistening. Color olive-green, blackish green, yellowish green, grayish green. Opaque.
Comp., Var. — Essentially a hydrous silicate of iron and potassium; but the material is mostly, if not always, a mixture, and consequently varies much in com- position. , '
In most of the early analyses the state of oxidation of the iron was not determined, but according to Haushofer it is chiefly ferric iron. The kinds of glauconite are:
1. Green earth of cavities in eruptive rocks; to which the cJilorophanerite of G. Jenzsch may perhaps be added.
2. Green grains of sand beds or rocks, as of the green sand of the Chalk formation, rarely found in limestones; called glauconite (in allusion to the grayish green color). H. 2; G. 2'29-2'35; color olive-green to yellowish green.
Anal.— 1-3, A. Kupffer, JB. Ch., 1307, 1870; also other anals. of Russian glauconites. 4, Haushofer, J. pr. Ch., 102, 38, 1866, also ibid., 97, 353, 1866; many other anals. (in 5th Ed., p. 463). 5, Dewalque, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 2, 3, 1877. 6, Bamberger, Min. Mitth., 271, 1877. 7. Heddle, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 29, 79, 1879. 8, Gumbel, Ber. Ak. Milnchen, Dec. 4, 1886. 9, Kuerr & Schoenfeld, Am. Ch. J., 6, 412, 1884. 10, 11, T. S. Hunt, Rep. G. Canada, 486-488, 1863. Earlier analyses are given in 5th Ed., pp. 462, 463; also a summary by Gumbel, 1. c.
Jameson has seladon-green (from Werner) in his Treatise on the External Characters of Minerals, 1805; and celandine-green in his System of Mineralogy, 1, 466. 1816.
Silicates.
1. Svir R., Russia
2. Ontika,
3. Grodno Valley, "
4. Havre
5. Auvers, Belg.
6. Gozzo Is.
7. Ashgrove
8. Agulbas Bank
9. French Creek, Pa. 22
10. New Jersey
11. Red Bird, Miss.
G.
Si02
A13Os
Fe2O3
FeO
MgO
CaO
K2O
Na2O
H20
8-08 insol.
[0-80 99-80
o-io
0:31
8-20=100
9-82=100
0-57a
0'54a
—
9-14= 99-86
5-28 P2O5 tr.
99-92
4-71= 99-93
11-64 100-02
9-25= 99-24
tr.
tr.
8-43=100-18
8-95=100
—
9-66=100
a Carbonates.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. Fuses easily to a dark magnetic glass. Some varieties are entirely decomposed by hydrochloric acid, while others are not appreciably attacked.
The glaucouite grains are most abundant in the " green sand," of the Chalk formation, some- times constituting 75 to 90 p. c. of the whole. They are often casts of the shells of Rhizopods. The material has also been found in Silurian rocks, and beds of other geological periods, and even in the shells of recent Rhizopods, and in fragments of coral obtained in deep-sea soundings. (Am. J. Sc., 22, 281, 1856). . The glauconite of the Silurian, analyzed by Hunt, contains less iron and more alumina than that of the Chalk formation.
For a general discussion of the nature and method of formation of glauconite, see Gtimbel, Ber. Ak. Milnchen, 417-449, Dec. 4, 1886.
A green calcite from Central India contains a skeleton of glauconite— separable by acids — constituting about 14 p. c. of the whole. Haughton names the rock, which is a mixture of calcite and glauconite, Hislopite (Phil. Mag., 17, 16, 1859).
491. PHOLIDOLITE. Folidolit G. Nordenskiold, G. F5r. F5rh., 12, 348. 1890.
In minute crystalline scales distinctly bounded on two sides inclined to each other 60°, parallel to which there are two systems of fine cracks each making 30° with the medial line, which is the trace of the twinning plane.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. G. 2'408. Luster resinous to pearly. Color grayish yellow by reflected light; nearly colorless under the microscope. Optically biaxial, negative. Ax. pi. edges of scales. Ax. angle 20° approx.
Comp.— Corresponds approximately to 5H2O.K2O.12(Fe,Mg)O AlaOs.13SiOa
Anal. —
SiO,
A12O,
FeO
MnO
MgO
K2O
H2O
5-49 99-65.
The material analyzed had been dried at 100° and the remaining water goes off only at a red heat; the air-dried mineral gives off 4'77 p. c. HaO over calcium chloride and 0'80 at 100°, or 5'57 in all, corresponding to another 5H2O.
Occurs at Taberg in Werrnland, Sweden, with garnet, diopside, etc. Named S, scale, ez'SoS, /OTTO — in allusion to its micaceous structure.
492. Kaolinite
493. Halloysite
494. Newtonite
495. Cimolite
496. Montmorillonite
IV. Kaolin Division.
H4Al2Si209 Monoclinic
a : b : 6 0-5748 : I : 1-5997 ft 83° 11'
H8A]2Si2On + a(l Ehombohedral
HeAl4(Si03)9 + 3aq ? Amorphous
497. Pyrophyllite
H,Ala(Si03)4
Kaolinite.
498. Allophane
499. Collyrite
500. Schrotterite
AlsSi06.5H,0 Al4Si08.9H20 Al16Si3030.30H,0
Amorphous
492. KAOLINITE. Talkerde von schuppigen Theilen (fr. Sonne Adit, Halsbriicke, near Freiberg) Wern., Ueb., 218, 1780. Erdiger Talk Hofmann, Bergm. J., 160, 1789; Karst., Tab., 32, 1800. ?Talc granuleux H., Tr., 3, 1801. Nacrite pt. Brongn., Min., 1, 505, 1807. Schup- piger Thon Karst., Tab., 91. 1808. Nakrit Breith., Char., 94, 818, 1832. Kaolinite 8. W. John- son, Am. J. Sc., 43, 351, 1867. Caolino Ital. Caolina Sp.
Medulla Saxi, Germ. Steinniarck, pt., Agric., Interpr., 466, 1546 Lithomarge pt. Karuat Breith., Handb., 2, 359, 1841 Steiumark vou Rochlitz Klapr., 6, 285, 1815. Terra Sainia, Collyrium, Aster, Plin., 35, 53. Marga porcellana, Leucargilla, pt., Wall., 22, 1747. Terra Porcellauea Cronst., 73, 1758. Porcelain Clay. Kaoliu. Porzellanerde, Porzellanthon, Germ. Argiles a porcelaine Fr. Terre a foulon pt. Fr. Fuller's Earth. Arcilla Sp.
Pholerite Guillemin, Ann. Mines, 11, 489, 1825. Pbolerite, Pelitische Felsittuffe von Chemnitz, A. Knop, Jb. Miu., 540, 1859. Ancudit 0. Koch. Inaug. Diss. Jena, 1884.
MoDoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 0-5748 : 1 : 1-5997; ft 83° 11' Miers1. 100 A HO 29° 43', 001 A 101 76° 22f, 001 A Oil 57° 48$'. Forms: J (010, £1), c (001, 0), m (110, I), n (111, 1).
Angles : mm'" 59° 26', bm *60" 17', nri 58° 23', bn 60° 48V (meas. 60° 44'), cm *84° 5', en *78° 8'.
Also several doubtful pyramids.
If m be made 221 M, biotite) the forms noted for kaolinite approximate to those of biotite (p. 627); thus the measured angles for kaolinite as compared with the angles calculated for biotite are :
Kaolinite Biotite
001 A 221 84° 5' 85° 38'
001 A 111 78° 8' 81° 197
221 A 221 59° 26' 59° 48V
111 A 111 58° 23' 59° 14V
Usually in thin rhombic, rhomboidal, or hexagonal scales or plates with angles, of 60° and 120° (f. 1), and sometimes twins, according to the mica law, made up of six sectors analogous to clinochlore. The scales rarely show distinct pyramidal planes and undetermined clinodomes; they are often grouped in fan-shaped forms. Also in crys- tals with pyramidal faces largely developed (f. 2), frequently twins (penninite law) with tw. plane and comp.-face c (001). Usually constituting a clay-like mass, either compact, friable, or mealy.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. Flexible, in- elastic. H. 2-2-5. G. 2-6-2-63. Luster of plates, pearly; of mass, pearly to dull earthy. Color white, grayish white, yellowish, sometimes brownish, bluish, or reddish. Scales transparent to translucent; usually unctuous a)sd plastic. —
Optically biaxial, negative. Bx0 b. Bxa ind six. pi. inclined behind some 20° to normal to c (001) Dick. Axial angle large, approx. 90°. Dispersion weak. Var. — 1. Kaolinite. In crystalline scales, pure white and with a satin luster in the mass.
2. Ordinary. Common kaolin, in part in crystalline scales but more or less impure and either Argilliform — soft, clay-like; (b) Fariniform — mealy, hardly coherent; or (c) Indurated; Lithomarge (Steinmark Germ.) — firm and compact; H. 2-2'5. When pulverized, often shows a scaly texture. G. 2'6, from Cainsdorf, solid var. Tuesite of Thomson is a lithomarge from Scotland, used sometimes for slate pencils; H. 25; G. 2'43-2 56; color milk-white.
3. Ferruginous; Carnat Breith. A firm lithomarge of a reddish white or flesh-red or brown- ish red color: the color owtnir to the presence of some iron oxide; H. 2-3; G. 2'543. Streak colorless; smooth to the touch
Myeliii Breith.. Talksteinmark Freiesleben is simply kaolin according to Frenzel, J. pr. Ch.,.
1, Johnson and Blake. 2, Auglesea, Dick.
686 Silicates.
5, 401, 1872. Ancudite (Koch) is an impure kaolin from Ancud (S. Carlos) on the island ChiloB, anal. 7.
Schlossing (1. c.) finds in certain French clays besides the crystallized kaolinite with the composition given below an argile colloidale which he makes lower in alumina and higher in silica, magnesia, and potash.
Comp. - 2H2O.Al203.2Si02 Silica 46-5, alumina 39'5, water 14'0 100. The water goes off at a high temperature, above 330° Hillebrand (also, Dick).
Pholerite has been separated on the basis of Guillemin's analyses who gave 15 p. c. water, but there can be little doubt of its identity with kaolinite, cf. de Kouiuck, 1. c.
Anal.— 1, Tookey and Dick, Percy's Metallurgy, Fuel, 1875, and Min. Mag., 8, 15, 1888. 2, Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 20, 97, 1885. 3, Hiortdahl, Jb. Min., 2, 70, 1887. 4-6, L. L. de Koninck, Bull. Ac. Belg., 44, 733, 1877.
SiO2 A12O3 H2O Fe2O3
1. Anglesea G. 2'62 46 53 38'93 13-87 — 99'33
2. Red Mt., Col. G. 2'611 46'35 89'59 1393 O'll F 0-15 100'13
3. " " " 45-57 41-52 13-58 — 100'67
4. Quenast 45'58 36-80 14-49 3'68 100 55
5. St. Gilles 45-97 40 12 13'91 tr. 100
6. L,a Chartreuse 46'72 38'32 1385 0 '77 CaO 0 '60 100-26 [99-42
7. Ancudite 44'56 36'92 15'64 1'22 CaO 0'31, MgO 0'41, COa 0'36
For analyses of kaolins from France (Allier, Bretagne, Bayonne) and China, see Schlossing, C. R., 79, 473, 1874. On the kaolins of the Bunt-Sandstein of Thuringia see Herold, Inaug. Diss. Jena, 1875 (E. E. Schmid, Zs G. Ges., 28, 87, 1876).
For analyses of samples of '-China clay" see Macadam, Min. Mag., 7, 76, 1886; also Collins, ib., 205, who makes most of his purified clays agree with the formula SHsOAlsOsSiOa Silica 48'0, alumina 41 '2, water 10'8 100. The correctness of the formula given above for pure kaoliuite is sufficiently established by analyses 1-6.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. infusible. Gives a blue color with cobalt solution. Insol- uble in acids
Obs. — Ordinary kaolin is a result of the decomposition of aluminous minerals, especially the feldspar of granitic and gneissoid rocks and porphyries. In some regions where these rocks have decomposed on a large scale, the resulting clay remains in vast beds of kaolin, usually more or less mixed with free quartz, and sometimes with oxide of iron from some of the other minerals present. Pure kaoliuite in scales often occurs in connection with iron ores of the Coal formation. It sometimes forms extensive beds in the Tertiary formation, as near Richmond, Va. Also met with accompanying diaspore and emery or corundum.
Occurs in the coal formation at Cache- Apres in Belgium; at St. Gilles and La Chartreuse near Liittich and Bagatelle near Vise; Schlan in Bohemia, and at ROhe; in argillaceous schist at Lode"ve, Dept. of Herault, France; at the Einigkeit mine at Brand, near Freiberg, and else- where in Saxony: as kaolin at Diendorf (Bodenmais) in Bavaria; at Zeisigwald near Chemnitz; as the gaugue of topaz at Schueckensteiu; with emery and margarite at Naxos; as thegangueof diaspore at Schemnitz; as the material of pseudomorphs after prosopite at Allen berg, showing well the hexagonal scales; with tiuor at Zinnwald, a white powdery substance consisting of hexag scales; at Rochlitz (carnat) in a porphyritic rock; as a cementing material in the sand- stone (Bunt-Sandstein) of Thuringia; in seams in an argillaceous rock on the Tweed (tuesite), the Latin name of which place is Tuesis. In crystalline plates near Almwch on the island of Anglesey. At Yrieix, near Limoges, is the best locality of kaolin in Europe (a discovery of 1765); it affords material for the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. The dark colored clay of Stourbridge, England, is made up in large part of transparent laminae. Large quantities of clay (kaolin) are found in Cornwall and West Devon, England, as described by Collins (1. c.) who gives the name carclazyte to a china-clay rock as at Carclaze, Cornwall, and petuntzyte to a less altered rock containing still fresh feldspar.
In the U. States, kaolin occurs at Newcastle and Wilmington, Del.; at various localities in the limonite region of Vermont (at Brandon, etc.), Massachusetts Pennsylvania; Jacksonville, Ala.; Edgefield, S. C. ; near Augusta. Ga.; and Johnson and Blake observed transparent hex- agonal scales abundantly in a blue fire-clay from Mt. Savage, Md.; in the white clay of Brandon, Vt., Beekman, N. Y., Perth Amboy, N. J., Reading, and a locality in Chester Co., Pa., Long Island, and in white and colored clays of various other places. Near Richmond, Va., the mealy var. constitutes a bed of considerable extent in the Tertiary formation; at Tamaqua and Summit Hill in Carbon Co., Pa., it occurs in the Coal formation; in a sandstone of the L. Silurian, just below the Chaudiere Falls, filling seams or fissures, often i in. thick, having an unctuous feel, and consisting of minute soft scales. At the National Bell mine, Red Mountain, Silverton, Colorado, in very pure form in cavities of a quartz vein material enclosed in a large eruptive mass; also at Bedwell Basin, Gunnison Co., Col. (anal, by Eakins, see U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 60, 136, 1890).
The kaolin of the Thuringian Bunt-Saudstein is crystalline but contains various foreign substances as the microschurlite and microvermiculite of Schmid.
Kaolinite. 687
The name Kaolin is a corruption of the Chinese Kauling, meaning high-ridge, the name of a hill near Jauchau Fu, where the material is obtained; and the petuntze (peh-tun-tsz) of the Chinese, with which the kaolin is mixed in China for the manufacture of porcelain, is a quartz- ose feldspathic rock, consisting largely of quartz (S. W. Williams). The word porcelain was first given to the china-ware by the Portuguese, from its resemblance to thc_naqre of the sea-shells Porcellana (Cyprseas), they supposing it to be made from egg-shells, fish-glue, and fish scales (S. W. Willia-ns).
G. Vogt has investigated the yeou-ko of the Chinese and finds that it is made up of: Quartz 52-9 p. c., muscovite 31-3, sodium feldspar 13'4, calcium carbonate 2'0, hydrated silica I'O — 100-6. C. R, 110. 43, 1890.
Ref. — ' Min. Mag., 8, 15, 1888, with corrected fundamental angles as later noted by the author, ibid., 9, 4. 1890. Cf. also Johnson and Blake, Am. J. Sc., 43, 35, 1867; R. C. Hills, Am. J. Sc., 27, 472, 1884.
Reusch (Jb. Min., 2, 70, 1887) makes the extinction in the scales oblique (12°) to an hexagonal edge, perhaps because the scales are often fan-shaped aggregates; the triclinic character does not seem to be confirmed by Dick and Miers.
MEERSCHALUMINITE Ross. Simlaite Schrauf, Vh. G. Reichs., 43, 1870. A kind of pho- lerite from near Simla, India. Aw analysis by Maskelyne and Flight (Ch. News, 22, 260, 1870) gave:
SiO2 43-15 AlaO-3 41-07 HO 15'78 100.
RECTORITE R. N. Brackett and J. F. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 42, 16, 1891.
Monoclinic? In leaves or plates resembling mountain leather. Very soft, hardness less than that of talc. Feel soapy. Folia flexible, inelastic, and separating with easy cleavage.
Luster pearly. Color pure white, sometimes stained red with iron oxide. Optically biaxial, Bx cleavage. 2E 5° to 15° or SO". Refractive index low.
Composition for the mineral dried at 110°, HAlSiO4 or Al2Os.2SiO2.H2O Silica 50'0, alumina 42-5, water 7'5. Taking the water expelled at 110° as water of crystallization the formula is 2HAlSiO4 + aq, or empirically like kaolinite, from which it differs, however, since the latter mineral contains only water of constitution.
Analysis, on material dried at 110°:
SiO2 AlaOs HaO Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O
1. 52-72 36-60 7'76 0'25 0'45 0 51 2'83 0'26 101 '38
2. 52-88 35-51 7'72
HaO at 110° in 1, 8'78 p. c.; in 2, 8'33.
B.B. infusible, but loses water and becomes brittle.
Found in seams in L. Silurian sandstone in the Blue Mountain mining district, Marble township, Garland Co., Arkansas, about 24 miles north of Hot Springs.
Named after Hon. E. W. Rector of Hot Springs.
LEVERRIEIUTE P. Termier, C. R., 108, 1071, 1889; Ann. Mines, 17, 372, 1890; Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 325, 1890.
In vermiculate aggregates resembling helminth. Crystals hexagonal prisms, perhaps orthorhombic, with c (001), b (010), m (110), and mm'" 52° approx. Form and twinning like the micas.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. Soft. H. 1'5. G. 2'3-2'4. Luster vitreous to pearly. Colorless to brown. Optically-. Ax. pi. b (010). Bx c. Ax. angle 45°-52°. ft 1-6. y - a 0-0075-0 0082.
Comp. — A hydrated silicate of aluminium, but formula doubtful, as the material is more or less mixed with clay and analyses fail to agree. The author gives 2Al2O3.5SiO2.5H2O Silica 50'5, alumina P4'3, water 15'2 100.
Anal.— 1, A. Caruot, 1. c.; C. R., 108. 2, 3, quoted by Termier, 1. c., Ann. Mines. 2, by Meunier.
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 MnO CaO MgO K2O ign.
1. 49-30 22-60 0'34 0'40 6'80 0 66 1'36 17-90 99-36
3. 46-4 38-4 tr. — 1-2 — — 15-0 P2O6 0'5 101-5
3. 46-79 34-47 — — 4-53 — — 13'21 99-
Common in the black carbonaceous shales of the Departments de la Loire, France; thus at Beaubrun, Rive-de-Gier, Quartier-Gaillard near St. Etienne and other points; also in eruptive rocks (porphyry) of St. Etienne, at La Gagnerette, etc., Dept. du Gard.
Named after the mining engineer Le Verrier.
688 Silicates.
493. HALLOYSITE. Halloysite Berthier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 32, 332, 1826. Galapektit,, Gummit, Breith., Char., 99, 1832. Glagerit Breith., Handb., 357, 1841. Smectite Salvetat, Ann. Ch. Phys., 31, 102, 1851. Steinmark or Lithomarge pt., Pseudo- Steatite pt.. Glossecollite, Shep., Miu., 1857, App. to Suppl., p. iii.
? Lenzinit John., Chem. Schrift., 5, 193, 1816. ? Severite Beud., Tr., 1824, in Index, and 2, 36, 1832. ? Nertschinskite Razumovski. Bole pt. Milauit Tietee, Jb. G. Reichs., 588, 1870. Indiamiite Cox, Rep. Geol. Indiana, 15, 1874, 154, 1878.
Massive. Clay-like or earthy.
Fracture conchoidal. Hardly plastic. H. — 1-2. Gr. 2*0-2 -20. Luster somewhat pearly, or waxy, to dull. Color white, grayish, greenish, yellowish, bluish, reddish. Translucent to opaque, sometimes becoming translucent or even transparent in water, with an increase of one-fifth in weight.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Earthy or waxy in luster, and opaque massive. Oalapectite is halloy- site of Anglur. Pseudosteatite of Thomson & Binney is au impure variety, dark green in color, with H. 2 25, G. 2'469. Olagerite, from Berguersreuth in Bavaria, is proved to be halloy- site by Fikenscher; it is white to yellowish white; G. — 2'35-2'38; H. 2-2'5.
fndianaite is a white porcelain clay from Lawrence Co., Indiana, where it occurs with allophane in beds four to ten feet thick. H. 2-2'5. G. 2'31-2-53.
2. Smectite of Salvetat is greenish, and in certain states of humidity appears transparent and almost gelatinous; it is from Coude, near Houdau, France. Breithaupt's Gummite (Char., 99, 1832; is a " gum like halloysite," not adhering to the tongue, from Anglar, though in his Hand- buch, where the same locality is mentioned, he quotes Berthier's analysis of collyrite from the Pyrenees. Glossecollite is milk-white and earthy, but becomes translucent on the edges and a little opaline in water. It forms a seam 1 in. thick in a siliceous Silurian rock in Rising Fawn, Dade Co., Georgia. A yellow gum-like clay from near Budapest is referred to halloysite by FT. Koch, Zs. Kr., 19, 198, 1891.
3. Leminite is earthy, compact, white, translucent, and somewhat opaline, from Kail in the Eifel; and brownish, from rifts in pegmatyte, at La Vilate, near Chanteloube, in France. Leonhard considered it (Handb., 1826) a decomposed semiopal. It is described as not gelatin- izing in acids. Named after the German mineralogist Lenz. Nerchinskite of Razumovski, a whitish or bluish earth from Nerchinsk, has been referred to lenzinite. Severite, or lenzinite of St. Sever, was first noticed in 1818, and analyzed in that year by Pelletier (J. Phys., 86, 251, 1818). It has sometimes the semitransparency of opal, a soft feel, adheres strongly to the tongue, and makes no paste with water; it is from the upper arenaceous stratum in the gypsiferous Tertiary at St. Sever in France. It is not clear whether it belongs here or to kaolinite.
4. Bole, in part, may belong here; that is, those colored, unctuous clays containing more or less iron oxide, which also have about 24 p. c. of water; the iron gives it a brownish, yellowish, or reddish color; but more investigation is needed before it is known that they are not mere mixtures. Oropion of Glocker (Syn., 188, 1847) is a dark brown to black bole; it is the Bergseife (— mountain soap) of Werner (Ueb. Cronst., 189, 1780), having a greasy feel and streak, and H. 1-2; the color is attributed to bituminous matters present. It is from Olkutsch in Poland. Where it belongs is doubtful. A similar kind from Thuringia has been analyzed by Bucholz. (5th Ed., p. 477); but its identity with Werner's Polish Bergseife is not certain.
Milanite is from Maidanpek, Servia.
Comp. — A silicate of aluminium (Al203.2Si02) like kaolinite, but amorphous and containing more water; the amount is somewhat uncertain but, as shown by Le Chatelier, the formula is probably to be taken as H4Al2Si209 + aq, or 2H,O.Al203.2SiOa + aq Silica 43-5, alumina 36-9, water 19-6 100.
Analyses by Le Chatelier on material heated to 250° gave the following results corresponding to the kaolinite formula 2H2O.Al2O3.2SiO!i; he finds further that the remaining water goes off only above 400°, the earlier amount at 150°. Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 210, 1887.
SiOa A12O3 H2O H2O below 250°
Angleur 46'3 39'5 14'3 lOO'l 8-5
Huelgoat 47'9 380 14'3 100-2 5-4
Miglos 46-3 38-7 14'0 990 6'5
Breteuil 48'3 35'6 14'3 98'2 12'5
Laumede 48'7 36'5 13'6 98'8 4'0
Eifel 46-6 39-3 130 98'9 3'5
Russia 47-4 38-8 14'0 1002 7'0
The following are analyses of indianaite by Pemberton on air-dried material: SiO, AlaO, HaO H2O at 100° C. CaO.MgO alkalies
89-00 36-00 14-00 9-50 0'63 0-54 99'67
39-35 36-35 0'40 — 99'00
38-90 3740 23'60 undet. — 99'90
Newtonite—Cimol1Te. 689
Helmhacker shows that some halloysites contain aq. and others 3 aq. when dried over sulphuric acid. He gives analyses 1-3. by Hofmann, Min. Mitth., 2, 231, 1879. G. 1-961- 1-962, after exposure to dry air 1'985.
SiO3 A12O3 H2O above 100* H2O at 100°
1 40-19 34-84a 15-27 8'08 CaO 2'55, MgO tr. 100'93
2. 36-34 32-34b 18-29 10'59 CaO 2'31 99"87
3. 35-73 33-83* 17'65 10'96 CaO 2-58, CuO O'lO 100 85
a Fe2O3,P2O5 tr. b FeaO3 0'27 p. c.
Other analyses 5th Ed., pp. 476, 477.
Compact glagerite forming seams in clay at Gusevsk, Ural (Zs. Kr., 17, 628, 1890), gave:
SiO3 45-85 AUO3 36'97 Fe2O3 tr. CaO 0'64 MgO 0'25 HaO 16'14 99'85
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. infusible. A fine blue with cobalt solution. Decomposed by acids.
Obs. — Occurs often in veins or beds of ore, as a secondary product; also in granite and other rocks, being derived from the decomposition of some aluminous minerals (localities mea- tioned above). The Halloysite of Housscha is derived from graphic granite.
The name halloysite is from Omalius a'Halloy (1707-1789), who first observed it.
494. NEWTONITE. R. N. Brackett and /. F. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 42, 11, 1891. Rhombohedral. In soft compact masses, resembling kaolin, the powder resolved under the microscope (X 400 to 500 diam.) into minute rhombs, nearly squares, but giving angles of 88° to 89°.
Soft. G. 2-37. Color white.- Extinction parallel to the diagonals of the rhombs.
Comp.— H.Al,Si1011 + aq or Al2Os.2Si02.5HaO Silica 38'5, alumina 32-7 water 28-8 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Brackett & Williams, 1. c.
SiOa A12O3 H2O* Fe2O, CaO MgO NaaO K20
1. 38-86 35-20 23'69 0'21 0'31 tr. [1'73] 100
2. 40-22 35 27 22-89 0'21 0'54 tr. 0'99 0'73 100'85
Ignition; at 110°-1150, 5'53 p. c. H2O in 1; 5'44 in 2.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible; gives the alumina reaction with cobalt solution. Only slightly attacked by boiling hydrochloric acid, but almost completely decomposed by boiling concentrated sulphuric acid with separation of silica.
Obs. — Found on Sneed's Creek in the northern part of Newton Co., Arkansas. Occurs in lumps varying from a few ounces to forty pounds, embedded in a dark gray clay.
495. OIMOLITE. KinooXia Theophr. Cimolia Plin., 35, 57. Cimolit Klapr., Beitr 1 291, 1795. Pelikanit Ouchakoff. Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 16, 129, J. pr. Ch., 74 254 1858 Hunterite Haughton, Phil. Mag., 17, 18, 1859, 23, 50, 1862.
Terra Lemnia Dioscor, Plin.. etc. Sphragid Karst., Tab., 28, 88, 1808. Ehrenbergit Nvggerath, Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 9, 378, 1852. Anauxite Breith., J. pr. Ch., 15, 325, 1838. Amorphous, clay-like, or chalky.
Very soft. Gr. 2-18-2 -30. Luster of streak greasy. Color white, grayish white, reddish. Opaque. Harsh. Adheres to the tongue.
Comp.— A hydrous silicate of aluminium, 2Al203.9Si0.1.6H.10 Silica 63-4, alumina 23'9, water 12'7 100. Perhaps a basic salt.
Anal.— 1, Klaproth, 1. c. 2, Ilimov [Ann. J. M. Russ., 336, 1841] Rg., Min. Ch.. 584, 1860. 3, v. Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 5, 83, 1854. 4, Haughton, 1. c. 5, Riggs, Am. J. Sc 32 3o5, 1886. Also F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 28, 23, 1884; Scharizer, Jb. G. Reichs., 32, 488 491, 1882.
Silicates.
G.
1. Argenliera
2. Ekaterinovska
3. Near Biliu, Anauxite 2'376
4. Hunterite 2'319
5. Norway, Me.
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 H2O
63-00 23-00 125 12'00 99'25
63-52 23-55 — 12'00 99-07
62-30 24-23 — 12'34 CaO 0'83 99'70
65 93 20-97 — 11-61 MgO 0'45, CaO 0'30 99'26
66-86 22-23 0'47 8'26 Xa 1-00, alk. 0'93, F 0'06 99'81 a X FeO,MnO,CaO,MgO.
The hunterite, according to the analysis, contains a little excess of silica, probably due tc free quartz, as the material was gritty under the pestle.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. becomes gray and finally burns white; infusible. With cobalt solution a blue color.
Obs. — From the island of Argentiera (Kimolos of the Greeks); Berg Hradischt, near Bilin, Bohemia (pseud, after augite, cf. Scharizer, 1. c.); also from Ekaterinovska, district of Alex- androvsk Russia; Government of Kiev, Russia; Nagpur, Central India, with orthoclase in granite. A related mineral (anal. 6) from Norway, Me. , associated with tourmaline.
A light porous clay-like mineral of a dull white color, resembling meerschaum, has been investigated by Liversidge, Min N. S. W., 194, 1888. H. 2-2'5. Specific gravity after immersion 1*168. Fracture conchoidal. Analysis:
SiO, 5t-46a A12O3 37-72 Fe2O3 0'46 CaO 0-34 MgO 1-25 HaO 7'62b CO, 1'54 100'39 a Soluble 0-11 p. c. b At 100°, 3'28 p. c.
From Richmond River, New South Wales.
496. MONTMORILLONITB. Salvetat, Ann. Ch. Phys., 21, 376, 1847. Confolensite Dufr., Min., 3. 583, 1856. Delanovit Kenng., Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 638, 1853. Delanouite Dufr., Miu., 3, 583, 1856. Stolpeuit Bole of Stolpeu) Kenng , Min., 41, 1853. Saponite Nickles, Ann. Ch. Phys., 56, 46, 1859 Pierre a savou (Germ. Bergseife) de Plombieres. Steargillite Jfeillet, Dx., Min., 1, 205, 1862. Erinite Thomson, Min., 1, 341, 1836.
Massive, clay-like.
Very soft and tender. Luster feeble. Color white or grayish to rose-red, and bluish; also pistachio-green. Softens in water, and for the most part does not adhere to the tongue. Unctuous.
Var.— 1. Montmorillonite is rose-red; from Montmorillon, France. Confolensite is paler rose-red; fr. Coufolens, Dept. of Charente, at St. Jean-de-C61e, near Thiviers. Delanouite is similar in color, and is from Millac, near Nontron, France; stated by Keungott to adhere to the tongue.
2. Stolpenite is a clay from the basalt of Stolpen. Steargillite is white, yellow, and pistachio- green, subtrausluceut, insoluble in acids; and is easily cut into cakes looking like soap or wax; fr. near Virolet on the Rochelle railroad, and at the tunnel of Poitiers. Saponite of Nickltis is a white, plastic, soap-like clay from the granite from which issues one of the hot springs of Plombitires, France, called Soap Spring; it was named smegmatite by Naumann. Nickles obtained: SiO2 42'3, A1.,O3 19'2, H2O 38 '5 100.
Erinite is a yellowish red clayey mineral from the Giant's Causeway; G. 2 '04; opaque; a little resinous in luster; unctuous; B.B. infusible, but whitens. Named from Erin (Ireland).
Comp. — Probably HjAlJSiO,., + n aq. Chatelier, but analyses vary rather widely. Anal.— 1. 2, Salvetat & Damour, 1. c. 3, Berthier [Tr. Ess. v. seche 1, 58], 5th Ed., p. 459. 4, Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 633, 1853. 5, Salvetat, 1. c. 6, Rg., Pogg., 47, 180, 1839. 7, Meil- let, 1. c. 8, Thomson, 1. c. 9, Le Chatelier, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 209, 1887. 10, Helmhacker, Miu. Mitth., 2, 251, 1879. 11, H. L. Wells, Am. J. Sc., 20, 283, 1880. 12, Collins, Min. Mag., 2, 92, 1878.
1. Montmorillon, Mont.
3. Confolens, Conf.
4. Millac, Delan.
5. St. J. de C61e, Conf.
6. Stolpenite
7. Steargillite
8. Erinite G. 2-04
9. St. Jean de C61e
10. Podurusj, rose-red
11. Branch ville, Ct., rose-red
12. Cornwall
MnO. b FeO.
SiOa
Al.,0;,
FeaO3
l-21b 6-36b
MgO 4-40a
l-48a
CaO (Na,K)2i 1-50 1-50 1-46 1-27 2-1 — 0-63 — 1-66 0-10
3-90 — — 1-70 1-00 — 0-5 — 2-32 0-67 3-53 0-56 - [0-8]
c At 250°, 16-7 p. c.
25-67 98 84 26-00 99-84 28-0 99-7 24-05 98-78 26-20 SiO2 gel. 0'96, qtz. [1-04 99-46 25-86 97-83 27-00 99-99 25-28 NaCl 0'9 99'04 23-7° 98-7 10-28d= 101-32 17-08 MnO 0-18,PaO6l-42 23-0 100 99-83 a At 100°, 2-97 p. c.
P7Roph7Llite. 691
The material of anal. 11 contained 2'28 p. c. apatite; that of anal. 10 had G. 2'172 with 10'54 hygr. H2O, and G. 2'520 when dried over sulphuric acid.
Salvetat observes that sodium carbonate separates a little gelatinous silica, and sulphuric acid some quartz-silica — a fact of great interest in connection with the earthy hydrous aluminous silicates generally.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible, excepting the stolpenite, which affords a yellowish enamel, probably owing to the 4 p. c. of lime in the state of silicate present as impurity. Montmorillon- ite loses 6 p. c. of water at 100° C., and delanouite 14 p. c.
Severile, according to the analysis of Pelletier (p. 688), would be identical nearly with the mineral from Confolens.
Obs. — Occurs as an alteration-product at the localities mentioned above.
Also in the U. S., at Branchville, Conn., in a soft pink form in a vein of albitic granite, probably due to the alteration of spodumene.
RAZOUMOVSKYN. Razoumoffskiu John. A greenish white clay-like mineral from Kosemiitz, in Silesia, near montmorillonite, except in the less amount of water. Zellner obtained, . J., 18, 340, 1816:
SiO2 54-50 A1SOS 27'25 FeO 0'25 MgO 0'37 CaO 2-00 H20 14'25 98'62
A similar bluish or greenish clay from the old copper mines at Lading, west of Wolfsberg, in Carinthia, has been investigated by Helmhacker, Min. Mitth., 2, 256, 1879. H. 3 Fract- ure subconchoidal. G. 2-022 air-dried, 2-285 after losing 10 12 p. c. hygroscop. water, 2138 corrected for impurities.
Analyses. — 1, Helmhacker, 1. c. 2, Hofmann, ibid.
SiO8 A12O3 CuO CaO HSO
at 100° above 100°
1. 43-06 25-26 3'25 0'83 8-44 20-10 100'94
2. 41-94 25-55 5'77 1-80 9"35 15'16 99'57
The material analyzed contained some calcite and azurite. The formula for 1 is Al203.3SiOa + 6H2O, or dried at 100°, + 4H2O.
497. PYROPHYLLITE. Pyrophyllit Herm., Pogg., 15, 592, 1829. Pyrauxit Breith., Handb., 397, 1841. Agalmatolite or Pagodite pt.
Monoclinic? Not observed in distinct crystals. Foliated, radiated lamellar or somewhat fibrous; also granular to compactor cryptocrystalline; the latter some- times slaty.
Cleavage: basal, eminent. Laminae flexible, not elastic. Feel greasy. H. 1-2. G. — 2'8-2'9. Luster of folia pearly; of massive kinds dull and glistening. Color white, apple-green, grayish and brownish green, yellowish to ochre-yellow, grayish white. Subtransparent to opaque. Optically — . Bx cleavage. Ax. angle large, to 108°, Dx.
Var.— (1) Foliated, and often radiated, closely resembling talc in color, feel, luster, and structure; G. 2'785 Berlin. (2) Compact massive, white, grayish, and greenish, somewhat resembling compact steatite, or French chalk; G. 2'81-2'92 Brush; H. T5-3. This, compact variety, as Brush has shown, includes part of what has gone under the name of agal- matolite, from China; it is used for slate pencils, and is sometimes called pencil-stone.
Comp.— H2Al2Si40]2 or H2O.Ala03.4Si03 - Silica 66-7, alumina 28-3, water 5-(> 100.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Pogg.. 68, 513, 1846. 2, Sjogren, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 5, 110, 1848. 3, Walm- stedt, ib., p., 111. 4, Brush, Am. J. Sc., 26, 68, 1858. 5, Church, Ch. News, 22, 220, 1870. 6, Tyson, Am. J. Sc., 34, 219, 1862. 7, Allen, ib. 8, F. A. Genth, ib., 18, 410, 1854 (also a second anal.). 9, Id., Am. Phil. Soc., 18, 259. 1879. 10* Gtimbel, Ber. Ak. Munchen, 498, 1868. 11, Gorceix, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 27, 1883. Also Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 25, 38, 1868; Dewalque, Bull. Soc. G. Belg., 6, 150, 151, 1879; Koninck, Bull. Ac. Belg., 26,469, 1868; and 5th Ed., p. 455.
G. 8iO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 MgO CaO H2O
1. Spa, Belg. 66-14 25 87 — 1-49 0'39 5'59 99'48
2. Westana, Sw. 65'61 26'09 0'70 0'09 0'69 7 08 MuO 0'09=100'35
3. China, Pagodite 66'38 27'95 0 06 0'06 0'18 5'20 99'83
4. " " 2-81 65-95 2897 — 0'22 5'48 alk. 0'25 100-87
5. Pagodite 2'8 62'25 31 '06 0'82 0'60 — 4'66 99'39
6. Deep R., N. C., mass. 2'92 65'93 2954 — — 5'40 100-87
692 Silica Te8.
G. SiO2 A12O3 Fe3O3 MgO CaO H2O
7. Carbonton 2'82 66'25 27-91 1-08 — — 5 25 100-49
8. Chesterfield Disk, S. C.,/02. 66'01 2852 087 0'18 0'23 5-22 101-03
9. Mahanoy City, Penn. 2'804 66-61 27'63 0'16 O'lO — 5-43 99'93
10. Fichtelgebirge 58 '87 34 -87 — — — 5 '77 99 -51
11. OuroPreto 2'76 65'3 280 l'7a — 04 5'5 100-5
a FeO.
Pyr., etc.— Yields water, but only at a high temperature. B.B. whitens, and fuses with difficulty on the edges. The radiated varieties exfoliate iu fan-like forms, swelling up to mauy times the original volume of the assay. Heated aud moistened with cobalt solution gives a deep blue color (alumina). Partially decomposed by sulphuric acid, and completely on fusion with alkaline carbonates.
Obs.— Compact pyrophyllite is the material or base of some schistose rocks. The foliated variety is often the gangue of cyanite.
Pyrophyllite occurs in the Ural, between Pyschminsk and Berezov; at Westana, Sweden; the HorrsjOberg in Elfdalen, with cyanite; near Ottrez in Luxembourg; Ouro Preto, Brazil, in foliated masses of considerable extent.
Also in white stellate aggregations in Cottonstone Mtn., Mecklenburg Co., N. C. ; in Chesterfield Dist., S. C., with lazulite and cyanite; in Lincoln Co.. Ga., on Graves Mtn.; iu Arkansas, at the Kellogg lead mine, near Little Rock. The compact kind, resembling a slaty soapstone in aspect and feel, is found in large beds in Deep River, N. C., greenish to yellowish white in color; similar at Carbonton, Moore Co., N. C. In thin seams and as petrifying material in coal slates of Mahanoy City, Penn.
The compact pyrophyllite of Deep River, N. C., is extensively used for making slate pencils and resembles the so-called agalmatolite or pagodite of China, often used for ornamental carv- ings. The term agalmatolite, however, has been loosely used for a variety of minerals; it properly belongs to a kind of pinite (p. 622).
GtfMBELiTE F. wn Kobell, Ber. Ak. Milnchen, 1, 294, 1870.
In thin, short fibrous layers in clay slate. Color light greenish white. Translucent. Luster pearly. Soft and flexible. Analyses.— 1, Kobell, 1. c. 2, Gilmbel. Min. Mitth., 2, 189,
SiO2 A12O3 Fe3O3 MgO KaO Na2O H2O
1. Nordhalben 50'52 31'04 3'00 1-88 3-18 — 7'00 1'46 98'08
2. Tareutaise G. 2'8 49-71 28'62 2-69 1-60 6'80 2'21 7 -38" TiO2 1-04 100-05
a Undecomposed mineral. b Incl. C.
In the closed tube yields water. B.B. exfoliates somewhat like pyrophyllite. Fuses at 4. Not acted upon by acid.
Found at Nordhalben near Steben, in Oberfranken. Also (anal. 2) as a petrifying material of coal plants in the Tareutaise.
A mineral similarly associated in Pennsylvania was found by Genth to be pyrophyllite (anal. 9, above). Gumbelite may be an impure pyrophyllile.
NEUROIJTE Thomson, Min., 1, 354, 1836. According to T. S. Hunt (Rep. G. Can., 485, 1863) a quartzose variety of wood-like agalmatolite. Thomson gave: SiO2 73'00, A12O3 17'35, Fe2O3 0-40, CaO 3'25, MgO 1'50, H2O 4'30 99'80. Hunt's analysis afforded:
SiO2 50-30 A12O3 32-60 FeO tr. MgO 1-20 Na2O,K2O undet. H2O 6'50
It occurs at Staustead, Province of Quebec, forming a belt 150 feet wide; in some places granular and nearly pure, in others schistose and containing quartz. A thin layer has a banded structure, ligneous iu appearance, with a shiny satin luster. It is translucent, of a wax- or amber-yellow color; feel unctuous. Named from vevpov, a string or tendon in allusion to the fibrous structure.
BIHARITE K. F. Peters, Ber. Ak. Wien, 44 (1), 132, 1861.
Massive; fine granular or microcrystalline.
H. 2'5. G. 2'737, yellow var. Luster greasy, inclined to pearly. Color yellowish to green, brownish. Translucent to hardly subtranslucent. Feel a little greasy. Optically doubly refracting.
Analysis. — Soltesz (1. c.), after removing 4'68 CaCO3:
SiOa 41-74 AlaO, 13-47 MgO 28'92 CaO 4'27 K,O 4'86 H2O 4-46 FesO3,Na2O tr. 97'72
B.B. infusible or nearly so.
Occurs embedded in a fine granular limestone in the Bihaiberg, near Rezbanya in .Hungary.
Allophane. 693
498. ALLOPHANE. Allopban Stromeyer, Gel. Anz. Gott., 1251, 1816. Riemannit Breith ., Hoffm. Min., 4 b, 182, 1817. Elhuyarit Sack, . J., 65, 110, 1832 (announced, not named), Jahrb. Min., 28, 1834 (mentioned, not described).
Amorphous. In incrustations, usually thin, with a mammillary surface, and hyalite-like; sometimes stalactitic. Occasionally almost pulverulent.
Fracture imperfectly conchoidal and shining, to earthy. Very brittle. H. 3. G. 1'85-1'89. Luster vitreous to subresinous; bright and waxy internally. Color pale sky-blue, sometimes greenish to deep green, brown, yellow, or colorless. Streak uncolored. Translucent.
Comp. — Hydrous aluminium silicate, Al2Si06 + 5H20 Silica 23 -8, alumina 40'5, water 35 -7 100. Some analyses give 6 equivalents of water Silica 22'2, alumina 3°' 8, water 40'0 — 100.
Impurities are often present. The coloring matter of the blue variety is due to traces of chrysocolla, and substances intermediate between allophane and chrysocolla (mixtures) are not uncommon, see chrysocolla. The green variety is colored by malachite, and the yellowish and brown by iron. Allophane occurs at Richmond, Mass , mixed intimately with part of the gibbsite of that locality (Sillimau).
Anal.— 1, Rath, Pogg., 144, 393, 1871. 2, E. F. Smith, Am. Ch. J., 5, 272, 1883. See also Gamper, Vh. G. Ueichs., 354, 1876; and for earlier analyses 5th Ed., p. 419.
SiO2 A12OS CuO CaO H2O
1. Dehrn G. 2'079 23'53 37'73 — V92 36 "86 100-04
2. Allentowu, Penn. 21'39 35'20 — 1 96a 40'86 99'41
a (Ca,Mg)CO8.
Pyr., etc.— Yields much water in the closed tube. B.B. crumbles, but is infusible. Give* a blue color with cobalt solution. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Allophane is regarded as a result of the decomposition of some aluminous silicate (feldspar, etc.); and it often occurs incrusting fissures or cavities in mines, especially those of copper and limonite, and even in beds of coal. It lines cavities in a kind of marl at Grafeuthal, near Siialfeld in Thuriugia, where it was first observed, in 1809, by Riemann, and hence has been called riemannite. Found also at Schneeberg in Saxony; at Gersbach in the Schwarzwald; Petrow iu Moravia, in a bed of limonite; Chotina in Bohemia, at a copper mine in alum slate; at Friesdorf, near Bonn, in lignite (the elhuyarite, of a brownish or honey-yellow color, with G. 1'6); Vise in Belgium, in the Carboniferous limestone; at the Chessy copper mine, near Lyons, France; in the chalk of Beauvais, France, presenting a honey-yellow color; at New Charltou, near Woolwich, in Kent, England, in old chalk-pits, of amber-yellow, ruby-red, and nearly opaque white colors.
In the United States it occurs in a mine of limonite, with gibbsite, at Richmond, Mass., forming a hyaline crust, scaly or compact in structure, and brittle; at the Bristol Copper Mine, Ct. ; at Morgantown, Berks Co., Pa.; at the Friedensville zinc mines, Pa.; in the copper mine of Polk Co., Tennv
N.uned from aA/loS, other, and <t>aivecrQai, to appear, in allusion to its change of appear- ance under the blowpipe.
A yellowish white earthy mineral f rom Kornwestheim, between Stuttgart and Ludwigsburg, with G. — 1 "794 and 2-098, consists of allophaue and aluminite, and has been called Kiesel- aluminite (Siliceoiu aluminite) by Groningen and Oppel. In one of their analyses they obtained (JB.Ch., 892, 1852, from Wuittemb. Nat. Jahreshefte, 189, 1851): SiO2 13 06. SO3 5'04, AljOs 42 59, ign. 39 '32 lOO'Ol. The sulfatallophan of Muck (Zs. Berg.-Sal. Weseu, 28. 192, 1880) is similar; it occurs as an earthy, white or pale wine-yellow to greenish yellow substance iu the clay of the Schwelm mine.
Plumballophane is a variely of allophane in stalactitic forms containing a little lead; from Monte Vecchio, Sardinia, Bombicci [Att. Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., 11], Jb. Min., 750, 1868.
CAKOLATHINE F. L. Sonnenschein, Zs. G. Ges , 5, 223, 1853 and J. pr. Ch., 60, 268, 1853. Amorphous, with a mammillary surface, and approaching allophane in the ratio of Si to Al, but contains less water. H. 2'5; G. — 1'515; color honey- to wine-yellow; subtranslucent.
Analysis by Sonuenscheiu gave : SiO2 29'62, A12O3 47'25, H2O 15'10, C 1'33, H 0'74, O 5-96 - 100.
B.B ignites without flame, owing to the organic ingredients present. From the coal-bed of the KOnigin-Louise Mine, at Zabr/e, in Upper Silesia. Named for Prince von Carolath.
SAMOITE Dana, Min , 288, 1850; and Geol. Rep. Expl. Exp.. 324, 1849.
Stalactitic, with a lamellar structure. H. 4-4'5. G. 1-7-1 '9. Luster resinous in the fracture. Color white, grayish, or yellowish. Translucent to subtrauslucent, not adhering to the tongue nor plastic, being too hard.
Comp. -Perhaps 2Al2O3.3SiO2.10H8O Silica 31 '9, alumina 36'2, water 31 '9 100.
Analyst's .— 1, 2. B. Silliman, 1. c. 3, Janovsky, quoted by Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wim, 69(1), 32. 1874.
694 Silicates.
SiOa A12O3 Fe2O, H2O CaCO,
1. Samoite G. 1 -69-1 "813 31-25 37-21 — 30'45 0 01 MgO 0'06, Na2O 0'06 99'04
2. " G. 1-894 35-14 31'95 — 30'80 1'21 MgO 1'05 100'15 3 Pseud. G. 1-87 2912 31-46 8'86 30-56 — 100
Gelatinizes in acids, leaving a portion of silica.
Forms stalactites and stalagmites; the former low conical; the latter flattened hemispherical in shape, with a width of 3 inches or so, smooth at surface. They consist within of a series of thin plates closely adhering. When fresh they were soft enough to be cut with a knife, but hardened on exposure. '1 hey occur in a lava cavern on the south side of the extinct volcanic island of Upolu, of the iSiaugator or Samoa group; the cavern was a passage some hundreds of" yards long, entered about a mile and u half from the sea by a perpendicular descent of 25 feet, and extending toward and beneath the sea, and also up the mountain to an unascertained dis- tance. Its sides and bottom were in places covered with the samoite, which had been formed from the percolating waters. The overlying rock was about 15 feet thick.
Samoite of Silliman, Jr. (Dana's Expl. Exp. Geol. Rep., 732), is a kind of feldspar incorrectly analyzed; probably labradorite.
The material of analysis 3 is an alteration-product of gehleuite from Orawitza, cf . Zepharo- vich, I.e. and this Min. , p. 476.
499. COLLYRITE. Das man dort Salpeter nannte (fr. Schemnitz) Freiesleben, Lempe's Mag., 10, 99, 1793. Natiirliche Alaunerde (fr. Schemuitz) v. Fichtel, Min., 170, 1794; Klapr., Beitr., 1, 257, 1795. Kollyrit Karst., Tab., 30, 73, 1800.
A clay-like mineral, white, with a glimmering luster, greasy feel, and adher- ing to the tongue. G. 2-2'15. H 1-2.
Comp.— 2Al203.Si02.9H20 ; or 1 of allophane 6H20 + 1 of gibbsite Silica 14-1, alumina 47'8, water 38'0.
Analysis. -J. H. and G. Gladstone, Phil. Mag., 23, 461, 1862 .
Hove SiO2 14-49 A12O3 47"44 H20 [36'391 CaO 0'89 CO2 0'79 100
In other specimens Gladstone obtained from 8 to 3 p c. of silica, indicating a varying proportion of aluminium hydrate. Early anals., see 5th Ed., p. 420.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. infusible. Gives a blue color when heated with cobalt solution. Gelatinizes with nitric acid. Does not fall to pieces in water, or increase in weight.
Obs. — From Ezquerra in the Pyrenees; near Schemnitz, Hungary; near Weissenfels, Saxony; at Hove, near Brighton, England, in fissures in the upper chalk, of a pure white color and very soft.
The name collyrium (Ko\\vptov) was applied by the Greeks to the " Samian earth;" Karsten adopted it because the description of this earth by Dioscorides answers well for the above mineral.
DiMiNiTE Haidinger, Hutzelmann, Pogg., 78, 577, 1849. A related substance; the gangue of the diaspore of Schemnitz, at a place called Dilln. It is probably a mixture of diaspore and kaolintte. See further 5th Ed ., p. 421.
500. SOHROTTERITB. Opalin-Allophaii Schrotter, Baumg. Ztg., 4, 145, 1837. SchrOtt- erit Glocker, Grundr., 536, 1839. Opal Allophane.
Resembles allophane; sometimes like gum in appearance.
H. 3-3-5. G. 1-95-2 05. Color pale emerald- to leek-green, greenish white, yellowish, or at times spotted with brown. Translucent to nearly transparent,
Comp — 8Al2O3.3SiO2 30H2O Silica 11'7, alumina 53'1, water 35'2 100.
Anal.— 1, &tter, J. pr. Ch., 11, 380, 1837. 2, J. W. Mallet, Am. J. Sc., 26, 79, 1858.
SiO2 A12O3 Fe-,O3 H2O CaO CuO
1. Styria 11'95 46'30 2'95 36-20 1-30 0'25 SO3 0-78 99'73
2. Alabama f 10-53 46'48 — 41'09 — — ZnOO'77, FeO.MgO tr., SO, 0-80=99-67
Obs. — From Dollinger mountain, near Freienstein, in Styria, in nests between clay-slate and granular limestone; in Cornwall; at the Falls of Little River, on the Sand Mtn., Cherokee Co., Alabama, as an incrustation over half an inch thick and partly stalactitic, resembling gum arabic when broken, having H. 3'5, and G. T974.
SCARBROITE Vernon, Phil. Mag., 5, 178, 1829. A white clayey substance, allied to schrOtterite in composition (HaO 46'75 Vernon). It is dull, adhesive to moist surfaces and may be polished by the nail. It fills the veinings of a sandstone, which is much marked with oxide of iron, or of its septaria, on the coast of Scarborough, Yorkshire, England.
Appendix To Clays. 696
Appendix To Clays.
The following are other earthy hydrous aluminous silicates, all of doubtful character:
SINOPITE Hausm., Handb., 1847; Streams? Theophr.; Rubrica ¥tiruv.; Sinopis Pliny, Sinopische Erde Klapr., Beitr , 4, 345, 1807; Bol de Sinopis JBeud. A clayey earth of brick-red color dotted with white, adhering to the tongue. The material analyzed by Klaproth was from Anatolia, Asia Minor. The siuopic earth of the ancients was brought from Cappadocia, and used as a red paint, and may have been a red ocher. Theophrastus speaks of two othei kinds of sinopic earth, one whitish, the other between the red and white in color, and called the pure kind because it was used without mixing; besides also an artificial kind tnade by burning a clay — the clay becoming red owing to the hydrated iron oxide present, which was freed from its water by the heat. Anal. 1, below.
MELINITE Glocker, Syu., 186, 1847; Gelb-Erde pt. Wern., Hoffm. Min., 2, b, 210; Argile ocreuse jaune pt. H. ; Yellow ocher pt. A yellow clayey material, looking like yellow ocher, more or less lamellar in structure, shining in streak, adhering to the tongue, and soiling the fingers; G. 2"24. The kind analyzed, and to which the name especially belongs, is that from Amberg in Bavaria. Other reported localities are Milnden and Schouingen in Hanover; Wehrau, Prussia; Robschiltz, Saxony: Vierzon (whence sometimes called Vierzonite), Dept. of Cher, and Pourraiu. Dept. of Yonne, France. Anal. 2, below.
OCHHAN Breith., Char.. 100, 1832. A kind of "bole" of a yellow color from Orawitza, a little greasy in feel, with H. 1-2, and G. 2'4-2'5; streak pale yellow to colorless.
PLINTHITE. P'.yntliite Thorn., Min., 1, 323, 1836. A brick-red clay from Antrim, Ireland, having G. 2-342, and H. 2'75, and not adhering to the tongue. Also from Quiraing in Skye, Heddle, Min. Mag., 5, 26, 117.
Analyses.— 1, Klaproth, 1. c. 2, Ktihn, . J., 51, 466, 1827. 3, Kersten, . J., 66, 31, 1832. 4, Thomson, 1. c. 5, Heddle, 1. c.
SiO2 AUO3 Fe,Os CaO NaCl HaO
1. Sinopite 32'0 26-5 21'0 — 1-5 17'0 98'0
2. Melinite 33'23 14'2l 37'76 — — 13'24 MgO 1'38 99'82
3. Ochran 31 -8 43'0 1-2 — — 21'0 97
4. Plinthite 30'88 20-76 26'16 2-60 — 19'60 100
5. " Skye 29 55 19'03 28-01 2'23 — 17'39 FeO 3'25, MnO 0'84 100'3G
These ocherous clays are probably only mixtures.
SMECTITE. Fuller's Earth pt. ; Terra or Creta Fullouum pt.; Walkthon, Walkerde pt.. Germ.; Terre a Foulou pt. Fr. Walker's Clay. Walkerite. Smectit Breith., Handb., 344, 1841. Malthacit Breith., J. pr. Ch., 10, 510, 1837.
Massive. Clay-like. Very soft. G. 1-9-2'L Luster dull; of streak shining. Color- white, gray, and various shades of green to mountain-green and olive-green, or brownish. Streak colorless. Unctuous. Does not adhere to the tongue. Softens in water.
Fuller's Earth includes many kinds of unctuous clays, gray to dark-green in color, and is only in part, Breithaupt's smectite. Much of it is kaolinite. Malthacite is described as occurring in thin laminae or scales and sometimes massive, with the color white or slightly yellowish, and thin plates translucent: the original is from basalt, at SteindOrfel, in Lausitz; and Beraun in Bohemia is given as another locality. Smectite is a mountain-green, oil-green, and gravish green clay, from Cilly in Lower Styria.
The chemical species characteristic of these minerals is probably the same — a silicate of aluminium related to cimolite, but containing three or four times as much water.
Analyses.— 1, Jordan, Pogg., 77, 591, 1849. 2, Klaproth, Beitr., 4, 338, 1807. 3, O. Meiss- ner, 1. c.
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 MgO CaO H2O
1. Cilly, Smectite 51 '21 12'25 2'07 4'89 2'13 27'89 100'44
2. Rebate, Fuller's E. 53'00 1000 9'75 T25 0"50 24'00 K2O tr., NaCl O'lO 98 60
3. Steindorfel, Malth. 50'17 10'66 3'15 — 0'25 35'83 100-06
B.B. malthacite is infusible; but smectite and the Reigate fuller's earth, owing to the impurities present, fuse rather easily. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid.
RHODAZJTE Thomson, Min., 1, 354, 1836, is a soft, earthy rose-red mineral; feel soapy. An impure hydrous silicate of iron and aluminium. From nodules in amygdaloid, in Antrim, northern Ireland.
SPHRAGIDITE. Atjuvia yr; Dioscor. ~S(f>payt$ Xi'juvia. Terra lemnia Plin., 36. Sphragid Karsl., Tub., 28, 88, 1808. Related in composition to cimolite (p. 689), but contains some alkali. Color yellowish gray, brownish, or yellowish white. Sometimes mottled with rust-like spots; harsh to the toucli, adheres feebly to the tongue, and forms a paste with water.
696 Silicates.
Klaproth obtained for its composition, Beitr., 4, 338, 1807: SiO2 66'00, A12O3 14'50, Fe2O3 6-00, MgO 0'25, CaO 0'25, Na2O 3'50, H2O 8'50 99.
From Stalimeue, the ancient Lemnos. It was also called Terra sigillata. It was dug for medicinal purposes once a year, cut into spindle-shaped pieces, and stamped with a seal, and hence the name sigillata in Latin, and sphragis in Greek. There was also a Rubrica Lemnia, or Lemnian Reddle, used by painters, which is confounded by Pliny with the true terra lenmia.
EHRENBERGIT Noggerath, Vh. Ver. Rheinl.. 9, 378, 1857. Near the preceding in com- position, and, like that, containing alkali. It is almost gelatinous in the fresh state, and becomes fragile, pulverulent, and opaque on drying; color rose-red. Anal. — 1, Schnabel, 1. c. 2, G. Bischof, 1. c.
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 MnO MgO CaO Na2O,K2O H2O
1. 56-77 15-77 1'65 086 1'30 2'76 [3'78] 17-11 100
2. 64-54 6-04 4'56 4'61 0'41 3'96 [8'llJ 7'77 100
Ehrenbergite occurs in clefts in trachyte at the quarries of Steinchen and Wolkenburg, Siebengebirge.
PORTITE Meneghini & Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 63, 1852. Orthorhoinbic. In radiated masses; cleavage very distinct parallel to a rhombic prism of 60° and 120°. H. =5. G. 2'4. Luster vitreous Color white. Opaque. Analysis by Bechi, 1. c.: 8iO2 58'12, A12O3 27'50, MgO 4'87 CaO 1-76, Na2O 0-16, K2O O'lO, H3O 7'92 100'43. B.B. intumesces much and affords a milk-white enamel. Dissolves in acids, even in the cold, and gelatinizes. From the gabbro rosso in Tuscany. Named after Mr. Porte of Tuscany.
TERATOLITE G locker, Grundr., 544, 1839; Terra miraculosa Saxonia? C. Richter, 1732; Sux- onische Wuudererde of old Germ, authors; Eisensteinmark Breith., Char., 147, 1823, 3ul, 1832. A. Knop holds (Jb. Min., 546, 1859) that the teratolite is an impure lithomarge-like pholerite. It is described as having H. 2-2'5, and G. 2'49-2'5; color varied with lavender and other shades of blue, and spots of red, and rarely pearl-gray. It is from an amygdaloidal rock over- laid by coal strata at Plauitz near Zwickau in Saxony. It contains much oxide of iron; but, according to Kuop, probably is a mixture of pholerite with some free quartz, pulverized feldspar, hydrate of iron, carbonate of lime, and magnesia.
CATLINITE 0. T. Jackson, Am. J. Sc., 35, 388, 1839; G. Catlin, ib., 38, 138, 1840. The red clay forming beds of considerable extent in Pipestone county in the southwestern part of Minnesota. It was much used by the Indians for pipes, etc. It is not a definite mineral species. Anal.— 1, 2, Peckham, 6th Ann. Rep. Minn., 101, 1877; cf. also ibid., p. 98, and Rep., p. 7,
1. Red 8iO3 57-43 A12O3 25-94 Fe2O3 8'70 H2O 7'44 MgO, CaO tr. 99-51
2. Light colored 58 25 35-90 tr. 6 -48 100 '63
Named after the writer on the North American Indians, George Catlin (1796-1872).
KEFFEKILITE Keffekilith Fischer, Mem. Spc. Nat. Moscou, 1, 60, 1811. A pearl-gray to grayish white lithomarge, from the Crimea, having a greasy feel, and somewhat adhering to the tongue, with G. 2'40. John. Becomes hard enough to scratch glass by calcination. It is evidently merely a clayey mixture.
Keffekil Tarlarorum was, according to Cronstedt (Min., 79. 1758), a yellowish white lithomarge from Tartary, used there as a substitute for soap. It has been referred to sepiolite.
ORAVITZITE Breith., Handb., 366, 1841. Massive and in nodules, and resembling halloysite, but heavier. H. 2-2'5; G. 2'701; luster waxy; color greenish white; unctuous. It is sup- posed to be a hydrous aluminous silica containing zinc oxide. In the glass tube yields much water. B.B. yields, according to Plattner, with soda and borax on charcoal, a slag which is yellow while hot and white on cooling. The zinc oxide is probably present as a mixture in the clay. From Orawitza, Hungary, with calamine.
HVERLERA Forchhammer, Berz. JB., 23, 265, 1844. A white or reddish clay resulting from the action of sulphuric and carbonic acids on the ferriferous clays of Krisuvig, Iceland. Analysis : SiO2 50-99, A12O3 7'39, Fe2O3 21-21, MgO 19'96, TiOa 0'46 lOO'Ol.
WOLCHONSKOITE Kammerer, Jb. Min., 2, 420, 1831. Volchonskoite.
Amorphous. Dull to shining. Color bluish green, passing into grass-green. Streak bluish green and shining. Feel resinous. Polished by the nail. Fracture subconchoidal. Adheres slightly to the tongue. Very fragile. H. 2-2'5. G. 2'2-2'3.
A chrome-bearing clay. Anal.— 1, Kersten, Pogg., 47, 489, 1839. 2, Ivanov, quoted by Kk., Min. Russl., 1, 145.
Si2O A12O8 Cr2O3 Fe2O3Mn2O3 MgO H2O
1. Okhansk 37'01 6'47 17'93 10'43 1'66 1'91 21-84 PbO 1-01, K2O tr. 98'26
2. 3684 3-50 18'85 17 '85 tr. — 22'46 CaO 1'39 100'89
In the closed tube yields water. B.B. blackens, but is infusible. With the fluxes gives reactions for chromium and iron. Gelatinizes with hot concentrated hydrochloric acid, in which half the chromium is dissolved, the rest remaining in union with silica.
Hydrous Silicates. 697
From Okhansk in Siberia.
Named after the Russian Volchonsky.
MILOSCHITE. Miloschin Herder, Pogg., 47, 485, 1839. Serbian Breitfi., J. pr. Ch.v 15, 327. 1838.
Compact. H. 1-5-2. G. 2'131, Breith. Color indigo-blue to celandine-green. Approaches a chromiferous allophane with half the water of allophane. Ariaiyses. — 1, Kersten, Pogg., 47, 485, 1839. 2, Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 14, 62, 1852.
1. Ruduiak SiO2 27-50 A12O3 45'01 Cr2O3 3 61 CaO 0'30 MgO 0'20 H2O 23-30 99'92 3. Tuscany 28'36 41 "33 8-11 22-75 100'55
In a matrass yields water. B.B. infusible. Partly dissolved in hydrochloric acid. From Rudniak in Servia, associated with quartz and brown iron ore; Volterra, Tuscany. Named after Prince Miloschi.
SELWYNITE Ulrich [Laboratory, 1, 237, 1867J Contrib. Min. Victoria, 61. Massive. H.=3'5. G. 2-53. Emerald green. Subtranslucent. Fracture uneven and splintery. Somewhat brittle.
Composition, according to an analysis by Cosmo Newbery :
SiO2 47 15 A12O3 33-23 Cr2O3 7'61 MgO 4'56 H2O 6'23 98'78
B.B becomes white and fuses on the edges to a grayish white blebby glass. Only partially soluble in strong acids
Found near Heathcote. Victoria (Australia), in the Upper Silurian. Named after A. C. Selwyn, director of the geological survey of Victoria.
Chrome Ocher. A clayey material, containing some chromium oxide. Occurs earthy of a bright green shade of color.
Anal.— 1, Drappiez. 2, Duflos, . J., 64, 251, 1832. 3, Zellner, Isis, 637, 1834.
SiOa A12O3 Cr2O3 Fe2O3 H2O
1. Creuzat, Fr. 64'0 23-0 10 '5 — — CaO and MgO 2'5 100
2. Halle 57'0 22'5 5'5 3'5 11-0 99'5
3. Silesia 58'5 30'0 2'0 3'0 6'25 99'75
Chrome ocher occurs at the localities above mentioned; also on Unst, one of the Shetlands, Mortenberg in Sweden, and elsewhere.
The chrome ocher of Halle, analyzed by Wolff (J. pr. Ch. , 34, 202, 1845), approaches selwynite in composition, but contains much more water. It afforded: SiO2 46'11, A12O3 30-53, Cr2O34-28, Fe2O3 3-15, H2O 12-53, Na2O 0-46, K2O 3'44 100'50; G. 2'7, giving rather closely the formula of kaolin, and may be an impure kaolinite.
V. Concluding Division.
501. Cenosite H4Ca,(Y,Er)2CSi4017 Orthorhombic (?)
502. Thaumasite CaSiOs.CaC03.CaS04.15H90
503. Uranophane CaU3Si.1(>11.6H.10 Orthorhombic
504. Chrysocolla CuSi03 + 2H20
505. Cbioropal Fe2(Si03)3.5H20 Amorphous.
(Fe,Al)a(SiOJ3.5H20
506. Hisingerite Hydrated iron silicate. Amorphous.
. Gillingite, Jollyte. Melanosiderite.
507. Bementite 2MnSi03.H30
508. Caryopilite Mn4Si3010.3HsO
509. Neotocite,
Stratopeite
698 Silicates.
501. OENOSITE. Kainosit A. E. Nordenskiold, G. F5r. F6rh., 8, 143, 1886. Orthorhombic or monoclinic; pseudo-hexagonal. Known only as a fragment
of a six-sided prismatic crystal.
Cleavage: in one direction distinct; in two others, at 90° or nearly 90°, indis- tinct. Fracture uneven. H. 5 '5. G. 3'413. Luster somewhat greasy. Color yellowish brown. Semi-transparent. Optically biaxial.
Comp.— H4Ca2(Y,Er),CSi4017, which may be written Ca(Y,Er).(Si03)4.CaC03. 2H20 Silica 34-7, carbon dioxide 6'4, yttrium oxides 37'6 (molec. . 2ti0'3), lime 16-1, water 5-2 100.
The true constitution is doubtful; NordenskiOld calls attention to a possible relation to cancrinite, p. 427.
Anal. — Nordeuskiold, 1. c. :
SiO2 Y2O3 Ce2(La,Di)2Os CaO MgO FeO Na2O CO2 H2O 34-63 37-67 tr. 15-95 003 0'26 0-40 5-90 5'26 =.100'10
Incl. YaOs.EraOs, etc., molec. weight 260'3.
Pyr. — Gives off water at a low red heat and COa on strong heating. B.B. fuses with difficulty to a white enamel. Dissolves slowly in cold acids, readily if heated, with the evolution of carbon dioxide.
Obs. — From Igeltjern on the island HitterS, Norway; known only in a single specimen, the fragment of a large crystal resembling beryl.
Named from KatvpS, unusual, in allusion to the composition.
502. THAUMASITE. A. E. Nordenskiold, C. R., 87, 313, 1878. G. Lindstrom, Ofv., Ak. Stockh., 35, No: 9, p. 43, 1878.
Tetragonal or hexagonal. Massive, compact, crystalline.
Cleavage in traces. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 3*5. G. 1*877. Luster greasy, dull. Color white. Translucent. Optically uniaxial, negative. Kefractive indices: GO 1-503, e 1-467 Btd.1; GO 1-507, e 1-468 Levy-Lex.1
Comp.— CaSiO,.CaC03.CaS04.15H20 Silica 9-6, carbon dioxide 71, sulphur trioxide 12-9, lime 27'0, water 43'4 100.
Anal.— 1-3, Lindstrom, 1. c. 4, HedstrSm, quoted by Widman, G. F5r. FOrh., 12, 20, 1890. 5, Widman, 1. c.
G.
SiO,
Co,
So3
CaO
H20
A12O3
NaaO
K20
l.-BjelkeM.
0-13
0-14
o-io
o-io
4. Kjolland
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
On the question of the nature of this remarkable mineral, cf. TOrnebohm (quoted by Liud- strSra); Btd., Bull. Soc. Miu., 3, 159, 1880, 4, 8, 1881; Nd.. G. For. F5rh., 5, 270, 1880, ib., 8, 146, 1888; Coheu, Jb. Miu., 2, 22 ref., 1881; Lex., G. J0r. Foih., 9, 35, 1887, Btd., ib., p. 181. Thaumasile is shown to be essentially a homogeneous substance consisting for the most part of a negative uniaxial mineral with some amorphous matter, and small quantities of two minerals optically biaxial (Lex., Btd.).
Pyr. — B.B. swells up, colors the flame red, but infusible. In salt of phosphorus a skeleton of silica. lu the closed tube decrepitates and gives off much water.
Obs. — Occurs filling cavities and crevices at the Bjelke mine, near Areskuta, Jemtland, Sweden; at first soft, but hardens on exposure to the air. Part of the specimens described by Nordenskiold and Lindstrom were collected by A. Polheimer in 1802-05 (anal. 2), others in 1859 (au.U. 1), and 1878 (anal. 3); that analyzed by Widman (5) is slated to have been collected in 1838 by Burman at KjSllaud in the Kail parish, Jemtland, some 13 miles from the Bjelke mine. The identity of these several specimens is strong proof that the substance is a homogeneous mineral. Named from &avjua£eiv, to be surprised, in allusion to the remarkable composition, which is without parallel among minerals.
A fine fibrous chalk-white mineral occurs with the thaumasite, and is regarded as a decom- position product: H. 1-5-2-5; analysis, Lindstrom: SiO2 11-85, COa 6-86, SOa 13'S1, CaO25"74, AlCsCFe-.Os) 2-58.
Ref.—1 Cf. references above, also Levy-Lex., Min. Roches, 286, 1888.
Ubanophane—Chrtsocolla.
503. URANOPHANE. Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 5, 427, 1853, 11, 384, 1859. Uranotil E. Boricky, Ber. Bohm. Ges., 36', 1870.
Orthorhombic. In minute acicular prisms, in radiated or stellate aggregations. Also massive with fine fibrous structure,
H. 2-3. G. 3 '81-3 '90. Luster vitreous, of b pearly. Color honey- yellow, lemon- or straw-yellow.
Comp. — A hydrous silicate of uranium and calcium, Ca0.2U03.2Si02 -f- 6HaO (Genth) Silica 13*9, uranium trioxide-67'0, Iime6'5, water 12'6 100.
Anal.— 1, Grundmann, Zs. G. Ges., 11, 390, 1859; recalculated by Websky after deducting impurities (7 p. c.), ib., 22, 92, 1870. 2, Boricky, 1. c. 3, 4, Wiukler, Jb. Min., 2, 111, 1880. 5, Gentli, Am. Cn. J., 1, 88, 1879. 6, 7, H. von Foullon, Vh. G. Reichs., 21, 1883.
1. Kupferberg
2. Wolsendorf
3. Neustadtel
5. Mitchell Co.,
G.
N. C. 3-834
SiO,
UO3 A13O3 FeaO3 CaO 53-33 6-10 — 507
H2O
MgO 1 46, K2O
1-85=100
'27
P2
O5 0-45
=99-43
tr.
13
—
tr.
49
—
tr.
tr.
0'
12-02 PbO 0-60,
BaO 0-28,
SrO
[0-
13, PaO
100-38
—
05
—
49
A related mineral from the Garta feldspar quarry near Arendal, Norway, gave NordenskiSld (approx.): SiO, 13'0, ThO2 3'5 (with Ce and Y), UO3 48'8, CaO 14'7, PbO 1'7, ign. 18-6=100'3. It is an alteration -product of cleveite, G. F5r. Forh., 7, 121, 1884.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. turns dark and yields water. Soluble in warm hydrochloric acid with separation of tlocculent silica.
Obs. — Uranophane (anal. 1) is from the granite of Kupferberg, Silesia; a prism of 34° and macrodome of 90° are mentioned. Uranotil (anal. 2-4) occurs at Wolsendorf, Bavaria, in cavities in quartz on fluorite with uraninite (a prism of 16° is mentioned). Also from the Weisser Hirsch mine at Neustadtel near Schneeberg, Saxony.
As an alteration- product of gummite (from urauinite) at the mica mines of Mitchell Co., -N. C. (anal. 5-7); it forms an incrustation upon and penetrating the gummite.
504. CHRYSOOOLLA. Chrysocolla pt. Theophr., Diosc., Plin. Chrysocolla pt., Caeruleum pt. Germ. Berggruu, Agric., Foss , 1546. Caeruleum montanura pt. Wall., Min., 280, 1747; C. montanum, Viride montanum pt., Gronst., Min., 172, 1758. Mountain Blue and Mountain Green pt. Bleu de Montagne, Vert de Montagne, Bleu de Cuivre, Vert de Cuivre, Fr. Kupfer- griin Wern., Bergm. J.. 382, 1789; Karst., Tab, 46, 1800, 62, 1808. Cuivre carbonate vert, pulverulent, H., Tr., 1801; Tabl., 1809. Kieselkupfer Klapr., Beitr., 4, 36, 1807. Vert de Cuivre, Chrysocolle, Brochant, Miu., 2, 203, 1808. Kieselmulachit Hausm., Handb., 1813. Kieselkupfer Leonh., Handb. , 1821. C. hydrosiliceux H. Cuivre hydrate silicifere, Hydrophane cuivreux. Fr. Somervillite (fr. N. J.) Dyfr., Min., 3, 147, 1847. Dillenbi rgite. Kupferpecherz pt. Hoffm. Min., 3, b, 103, 1816; Hepatinerz Breith., Char., 224, 1832; Pechkupfer Hausm., Handb., 372, 1847. Llanca Chilian Miners. Demidovit N. Nd., Bull. Soc. Moscou, 29 (1), 128, 18)6. Demidofflte. Asperolite Herm.. ib., 39, 68, 1866. Pilarite Kramberger, Zs. Kr., 5, 260, 1880. Cyauochalcite Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 106, 65, 1869.
Cryptocrystalline; often opal-like or enamel-like in texture; earthy. Incrusting or filling seams. Sometimes botryoidal.
Fracture conchoidal. Rather sectile; translucent varieties brittle. H. 2-4. G. — 3-2-238. Luster vitreous, shining, earthy. Color mountain-green, bluish
§reen, passing into sky-blue and turquois-blue ; brown to black when impure, treak, when pure, white. Translucent to opaque.
Coinp. — True chrysocolla appears to correspond to CuSi03 + 2H30 Silica 34-3, copper oxide 45'2, water 20 '5 100, the water being double that of dioptase. Composition varies much through impurities, as with other amorphous substances, resulting from alteration. As the silica has been derived from the decomposition of other silicates, it is natural that an excess should appear in many analyses. Impure chrysocolla may contain, besides free silica, alumina, black oxide of copper, oxide of iron (or limonite), and oxide of manganese; and consequently vary in color from bluish green to brown and black, the last especially when manganese or copper is present. Other kinds are impure with carbonate or sulphate of copper; and others with lead, antimony, arsenic, etc.
A kind from Dillenburg containing carbonate of copper has been called dillenburgite; another
Silicates.
containing limonite is the copper pitch-blende, Kupferpecherz or Hepatiuerz Germ. These are only mixtures.
An aluminous chrysocolla from Chili (anal. 7) has been called pilarite after Professor Pilar of Agrani. Color greenish blue. G. 2'62. A similar mineral from Utah has been examined by Santos, anal. 9.
Demidomte occurs at Tagilsk, Ural, in mammillated crusts of a sky-blue color. N. Norden- skiold found in it 8 '6 p. c. P2O6 (anal. 5). Cyanochalcite of Hermann from Nizhni Tagilsk is similar, containing 6'9 PaO5 Hermann (anal. 6). Massive, compact. H. 4. G. 2'79. Color azure-blue.
Asperolite of Hermann, with 27-25 p. c. H2O, is made CuSiO, + 3H2O; from Tagilsk, Russia; named in allusion to its brittleuess. Somermllite is made by Berthier CuSiO3 -f- 4H2O, but on insuf- ficient grounds; from Somerville, N. .1. See Ann. Ch. Phys., 51, 395, 1832, and 5th Ed., p. 403.
Anal.— 1, Kobell, Pogg., 18, 254, 1830. 2, Freda [Gazz. Ch. Ital., 14, 339, 1884J, Zs. Kr., 11, 408. 3, Berthier, 1. c. 4, Bowen, Am. J. Sc., 8, 118, 1824. 5, N. Nordenskiold, 1. c. 6, Hermann, 1. c. 7, Krambereer, 1. c. 8, Eustis, Ch. News, 48, 109, 1883. 9, Santos, Ch. News, 36, 167, 1877. 10, Jannettaz, Bull. Soc. Min. . 9, 21 1 , 1886. 11, Liversidge, Min. N. S. W., 57, 1888. 12, 13, Hatchings, Ch. News, 36, 18, 1877. 14, J. L. Smith, Gillis's Exped., 2, 92, 1854. 15-17, Pellegrini, Zs. Kr., 4, 408, 1880. 18, Robertson, Ch. News, 50, 209, 1884. Also- 5th Ed., pp. 403,404.
G.
Bogoslovsk
Etna
Somervillite
Demidomte
Cyanochalcite 2*79
Pilarite 2-62
I van hoe M., Arizona Utah
California N. S. Wales L. California
Chili
Cerro Blanco
Gila Co., Arizona 2 -04
SiO2
CuO
HaO
FeaO3
A12O3
—
tr.
tr.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
21-32"
tr.
—
96
23
gangue 2'10 99'84
98-56
gangue 1-0 100
99-42
MeO3-15, P2O68-60 100
P3O6 6-95 100
CaO 2-5 98-7
98-95
99-76
CaO 0-5, CuCla 0-9 lOO'l
99-71
Xb 1-53 100-19
Xc 2-13 99-85
100-28
CaO 3-08 97-26
FeO 1-82, CaO 2 -31 96 -63
CaO 3-99 97-22
Mn2O3 2-22 99 90
At 120°, 11-92. b X PbO 0-26, ZnO 0 09. CaO 0'81, MgO 0'37.
c X PbO 0-41, ZnO O'lO, CaO 0 80, MgO 0-82.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube blackens and yields water. B.B. decrepitates, colors the flame emerald-green, but is infusible. With the fluxes gives the reactions for copper. With soda and charcoal a globule of metallic copper. Decomposed by acids without gelatinization.
Obs. — Accompanies other copper ores, occurring especially in the upper part of veins.
Found in most copper mines in Cornwall; at Libethen in Hungary; at Falkenstein and Schwatz in the Tyrol; in Siberia; the Banat; Thuriugia; Schneeberg, Saxony; Kupferberg, Bavaria; South Australia: Chili, etc. In bluish green spherical forms in the lava at Monti Rossi, Etna.
In Somerville and Schuyler's mines, New Jersey, at Morgantown, Pa., and at Wolcottville, Conn., chrysocolla occurs associated with red copper ore, native copper, and green malachite; in Pennsylvania, near Morgantown, Berks Co.; at Perkiomen; at Cornwall, Lebanon Co.; also with similar associated minerals, and with brown iron ore, in Nova Scotia, at the Basin of Mines; also in Wisconsin and Michigan, mixed with carbonate of copper. In fine specimens, sometimes glassy green, at the Clifton mines, Graham Co., Arizona; also at the Old Globe mine, Gila Co., and at many other points. Emma mine, Utah
Chrysocolla is from x.pv(rd$, gold, and KoXha, glue, and was the name of a material used in soldering gold. The name is often applied now to borax, which is so employed. But much of the ancient chrysocolla was a green stone containing copper as the coloring ingredient, and the best, as Dioscorides says, was that which was KaraKopaoS Ttpacriiwaa, or of a fine leek-green or prase color ; and the island of Cyprus, which was named from its copper mines, was a prominent locality. Pliny says the mineral was named after the real chrysocolla. because it looked like it. It may have included carbonate of copper, as was true to some extent of the chrysocolla and mountain-green of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The coeruleum montanum of Wallerius included both chrysocoila and an earthy variety of the carbonate
KUPPEKBLAU G. Hose, Reis. Ural, 1, 414, 1837. Bogoslovskite Heddle, Enc. Brit., 16, 411, 1883. An impure copper silicate from the Bogovslosk, Ural. It yielded Rose CO2 when treated with acid.
Chloropal.
505. OHLOROPAL. Bernhardi & Brandes, . J., 35, 29, 1822. Unghwarit Glocker, Grundr., 537, 1839. Noutrouite Berthier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 36, 22, 1827. Piuguite Breith., J., 55, 303, 1829. Fettbol Freiesleben, Mag. Orykt. Sachsen, 5, 136. Gramenite Krantz, Ber. nied. Ges., Bonn, March, 1857; C. Bergemann, Jb. Min., 395, 1857. Graminite.
Compact massive, with an opal-like appearance; earthy.
H. 2-5-4-5. (I. 1-727, 1'870, earthy varieties, the second~a conchoidal specimen; 2'105, Ceylon, Thomson. Color greenish yellow and pistachio-green. Opaque to subtranslucent. Fragile. Fracture conchoidal and splintery to earthy. Feebly adhering to the tongue, and meagre to the touch.
Var. — Chloropal has the above-ineutkmed characters, and was named from the Hungarian mineral occurring at Unghwar, whence Glocker's name Uughwarite. It is described as breaking into parallelepipeds, haviug opposite magnetic polarity at oVposite angles.
Nontronite is pale straw-yellow or canary -yellow, anft .greenish, with an unctuous feel; flattens and grows lumpy under the pestle, and is polishted friction; from Nontron, Dept. of Dordogne, France. V/
Pinguite is siskin and oil-green, extremely soft, like lew-made soap, with a slightly resinous luster, not adhering to the tongue; the original from WorVenstein in Saxony.
Fettbol has a liver-brown color, a slightly greasy lyis/er, shining streak, couchoidal fracture, and G. 2-249, Breith., and is from Halsbrucke"
Graminite has a grass-green color (whence Siebengebirge, in thin fibrous seams, or as a fe after drying at 212° F.; luster and feel somdbvhlt
Comp. — A hydrated iron silicate,
+ 2HQ0 or Fe203.3Si02.5H20 Si] Alumina is present in some vari<
The water and silica both vary and graduates into it, and this accou On the composition of this and Anal. — 1, Bernhardi & Brand 3, Dufrenoy, Ann. Mines, 3, 393, 18: . J.. 66, 9, 1832. 7, Bergem G. For. Forh., 5, 627, 1881. 10, Tho 67, 1876. 12, Liversidge, Proc. Roy.
name), and occurs at Menzenberg, in the r of delicate lamellae; H. 1; G. 1'87, reasy, as in pinguite.
s with the general formula H6FeaSi3Oia
Ch. J., 5, 277, 1883. Ed., p. 461.
9, iron sesquioxide 37*2, water 20'9 100.
ie Hungarian chloropal occurs mixed with opal, yoil\the high silica of some of its analyses, (fed Minerals, cf. Collins, Miu. Mag, 1, 70, 1876.
c. 2, Berthier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 36, 22, 1827. 5, Mehner, J. pr. Ch., 49, 382, 1850. 6, Karsten, hi, 1. c. 8, Schrauf, Jb. Min., 255, 1877. 9, Weibull, e, J. Ch. Soc., 23, 29, 1870. 11, Collins. Min. Mag., 1, be. N. S. W., Nov. 3, 1880. 13-18, E. F. Smith, Am.
19, L. N. Chappell, Ch. News, 50, 220, 1884. Also other analyses 5th
1. U ugh war, earthy
2. Nontron, Nontronite
3. Yillefrance, "
4. Andreasberg, greenish
5. ' ' black
6. Wolfenstein, Pinguite
7. Graminite
8. Mugrau
9. Starbo, Sweden
10. Heppeuheim
11. Smallacombe, Devon
12. Mudgee, N. S. W.
Lehigh Mt., Penn., drk. yw. It. yw. yw. grn.
17 brn.
18. white
19. Albemarle Co., Va.
G.
SiO2
FeaO3
A12O3
FeO
MgO
CaO
H20
—
99-75
—
clay 1-2
[98 -ft
—
100-20
26
—
11
100-48
—
tr.
102-91
(5
— 25-10 MnaO, 0-15
100
MnO 067,
[K20
1-14 100
—
35
99-54
55
tr.
99-91
—
—
tr.
68
100-40
—
—
14
25-41* alk. [1-89]
100
94
—
—
17-53bNa2"OO-60,
[K2O 0-17 - 100-19
—
—
—
—
9990
—
—
—
—
101-07
021 —
K2O 4-54
99-54
—
—
—
100-25
—
—
—
—
100-77
—
tr.
—
K2O 0-94
100-10
06
09
98-15
Over H2SO4 11 '58, at 250° 7-22.
b Combined 5'22.
Pyr., etc.— Yields water. B B. infusible, but turns black and becomes magnetic. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron. Chloropal is partially decomposed by hydrochloric acid;
702 Silicates.
pinguite is completely decomposed, with separation of pulverulent silica, while nontronite gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Localities are mentioned above. The locality of chloropal at Meenser Steinberg is near Gottingen; pinguite occurs also at Sternberg in Moravia.
The Lehigh Mt , Pa., locality is south of Allentown, near Mountainville, where it occurs in connection with iron deposits.
Named from xXoopoS, green, and opal.
Chloropal also occurs (Church, Ch. News, 2, 71, 1866) in a feldspar quarry, near the old tin mine known as Carclase, not far from St. Austell, in Cornwall, associated with fluorite; it is the variety which has been named graminite.
GLASURITE. PROTONONTRONITE A. Knop [Vers. Oberrh. G. Ver. Stuttgart, 13, 1888], Zs- Kr., 18, 668, 1891. Imperfectly characterized silicates occurring in amygdaloidal cavities in the limburgyte of Sasbach in the Kaiserstuhl. Olasurite is a brownish yellow substance mixed with calcium carbonate, etc., appearing in layers as a glazed coating of the cavities. After partial purification the results of analysis 1 were obtained.
Protonontronite is a dark leek-green substance which, mixed with calcium carbonate, forms a greenish white fatty mass filling the cavities entirely. Composition of material freed from the carbonate in analysis 2:
Si03 A12O3 Fe,O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H2O
51-20 8-29 19-62 — 0'25 4'04 — 16'80 100-20
48-52 5-94 600 0'59 24-72 2'79 10'70 99'26
ANTHOSIDERITE Hausm., Gel. Anz. G6tt., 281, 1841.
In tufts of a fibrous structure, and sometimes collected into feathery flowers. Resembles cacoxene. H. 6 "5. G. 3. Luster silky, a little chatoyant on a fresh fracture. Color kcher yellow and yellowish brown, somewhat grayish, rarely white. Powder brown to colorless. Opaque or slightly subtranslucent. Gives sparks with a steel. Tough.
Composition, 2Fe2O3.9SiO2.2H2O Silica 60'3, iron sesquioxide 35'7, water 4'0 100. Analysis by Schnedermann (1. c., and Pogg., 52, 292, 1841) of the yellow variety:
SiOa 60-08 Fe2Os 34'99 H2O 3'59 98'66
B.B. becomes reddish brown, then black, and fuses with difficulty to a black magnetic slag. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid.
From Antonio Pereira, in the province Minas Geraes, Brazil, where it is intimately associated with magnetic iron. Named from arQoS, flower, and cridrjpot, iron.
506. HISINGERITE. Hisingerit(fr. Riddarhyttan) Berz., Pogg., 13, 505, 1828. DegerSit Eolmberg, Bidr. Finl. Nat., 1, 4, Miu. Ges. St. Pet., 1850, 1851, N. Nordenskiold, Verz Finl. Min., 1852. Skotiolit Arppe, Finsk. Min., 13, 1857. Mangauhisiugerite Weibull, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 41, No. 9, 21, 1884.
Amorphous, compact, without cleavage.
Fracture conchoidal. H. 3. G. 2*5-3*0. Luster greasy, inclining to vitreous. Color black to brownish black. Streak yellowish brown.
Com p. — A hydrated ferric silicate, but of uncertain composition, the material analyzed being in most cases of questionable homogeneity.
Var. — (1) Hisingerite, (2) Degeroite, G. 2'54, Holmberg; H. 2'5; color blackish green to black. (3) Scotiolite; G. 3'09; H. 3; color dark green to black (arad named from crKorioS, dark); contains much magnesia, and less water than hisingerite.
Manganhisingerite from Vestra Silfberg, Sweden, anal. i4, is an alteration-product of kuebelite, probably not homogeneous. G. 2'469.
Anal.— 1-10. Cleve, Oberg, LindstrSm, NordenskiSld. Thoreld, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 23, 169, 1866. 11, Rg., Pogg,, 75, 398, 1848. 12, Thoreld, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 169, 1866. 13, Arppe, 1. c. 14, Weibull, 1. c. 15, Rand, Proc. Ac. Philad., 304, 1872. 16, F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 34, 133, 1887. 17, Church, J. Ch. Soc., 23, 3, 1870.
SiO, A12O, Fe,Os FeO MnO MgO CaO HSOC H2O(100°)
1. Riddarhyttan 35-02 1-20 39'46 2'20 — 080 tr. 10-50 11-20 insol.
[0-95=101-33
2. " 35-08 1-38 4028 223 — 0"35 0'36 20'78 =100-46
3. Solberg, Norway 35'33 — 32'14 7'08 — 3-60 — 1038 11 -66=100-19
4. " " ' 3755 1-17 30-57 7'00 — 2'91 1-41 7'21 13-11 100-93
5. Jordasen 34-90 — 36'00 9'20 — 2'67 — 9'13 9'33=101 23 6 Langban 3571 — 27'70 7'52 3'02 1'68 1'48 10'64 12'19= 99'94
7. Waldemarsvik 33-66 — 39-90 2'30 — 2-95 — 11'72 9'37= 99'90
8. Orijarvi 36'92 — 31 87 8 92 — 2 06 — 7'59 13-56=100'92
9. Tunaberg 37-14 1"39 30 24 3'02 0'17 6-06 — 10'95 10'61= 99'58
Hi8Inqeritk
10. Langban, Scotiolitt
11. Riddarhyttan, His.
12. Degero, Degeroite
13. Orijarvi, Scotiolite
14. Vestra Silfberg
15. Gap Mine, Pa.
16. Alex. Co., N. C.
17. Lostwitbiel
SiOa AljO3 FeaO3 FeO MnO MgO CaO
36-73 — 34-97 3'09 tr. 8-75 —
33-07 — 34-78 17'59 — 0'46 2'56
34-15 0-75 38-63 1'08 — 2'33 2'70
HaO H,O(100°)
9-20 6-30= 99-04
4097 0-60 13-04 11-70 — 15-63
37-09 1-39 34-34 — 15-50* 2 '62
35-40 — 27 46 12'53 — —
31-16 8-06 35-86" — — 5-43
36-14 — 52-94 — — tr.
— =100 11-60 insol. [1-64=100-82 "7-63= 98-74
— =100-67 14-30= 99-58
— =101-01
— =99-57d
b Chiefly but not wholly FeO.
c Above 100°
d Also P,O6 0-82.
A mineral from Ducktown.Tenn., pseudomorph after calcite, gave Genth: SiO2 24'42,Fe2O 49-02, ZnO 1'17, MgO 0-41, CaO 1'83, HaO 23 70 100-55 Am. Phil. Soc., 24, 21, 1887.
Pyr., etc. — Yields much water. B.B. fuses with difficulty to a black magnetic slag. With the fluxes gives reactions for iron. In hydrochloric acid easily decomposed without gelatinizing.
Obs. — Found at the various localities mentioned above. At Riddarhyttan it occurs in reni- form masses associated with pyrite in a copper mine, and is a result of alteration ; at DegerO, near Helsingfors, Finland, in a silver mine.
Named after the Swedish chemist, W. Hisinger (1766-1852).
GILLINGITE. Svart Stenart (fr. Gillinge) Hisinger, Afh., 3, 304, 1810. Gillingit Hisinger, Min. Geogr. Schwed. (Wohler's), 102, 1826. Thraulit (fr. Bodenmais) KbL, Pogg., 14, 67, 1828. Traulit.
Amorphous to compact. H. =3. G. 3'045, Gilliuge, Hisinger. Luster shining to dull; surface of fracture earthy. Color black or blackish.
Anal.— 1, Hisinger, Afh., 3, 304. 2, Rg., Pogg., 75, 400, 1848; also Hoglund and Tamm, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 23, 169, 1866. 3, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 46, 238, 1849. 4, Hisinger, Pogg., 13, 505, 1828. 5, Kobell, 1. c.
1. Gillinge
2. "
3! Orijarvi
4. Bodenmais, Thraulite
SiOa AlaO3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO H2O
2750 5-50 52-27* — — — 11 -75
32-18 — 30-10 8-63 4-22 5-50 19-37
29-51 — 10-74 37-49 7'78 — 13'00
31-77 — 49-87 — — 20'00
31-28 — 43-42 5'70 — — 19'12 a Incl. 0-77 MnaO3.
Yields much water. B.B. fuses at 5 to a black, slaggy, opaque, magnetic globule. Decom posed by hydrochloric acid.
From Gillinge mine, in Sodermanlaud, Sweden, whence the name. Thraulite (named from QpavXoS, fragile) occurs at Bodenmais, three leagues from Zwiesel, in Bavaria, with vivianite, etc.
JOLLYTE Fr. v Kobell, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 168, 1865.
Compact, amorphous. H. =3. G. 2*61. Luster weak, greasy. Color dark brown, with greenish powder. Analysis. — Kobell.
SiO2 35-55
A12O3 27-77
FeO 16-67
MgO 6-66
HaO 13-18 99-83
Occurs at Bodenmais in Bavaria, with pyrite, vivianite, iolite, etc. Resembles a hisingerite in which the iron is replaced by alumina. Named after the physicist, G. Jolly.
MELAWOSIDERITE /. P. Cooke, Am. Ac. Sc., 10, 451, 1875.
Amorphous; compact. H. 4'5. G. 3-391. Luster vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color black, with a tinge of red. Streak brownish to brick red. Subtranslucent.
If homogeneous, a basic hydrated iron silicate, having the formula Fe8SiOi4.6HaO or 4FeaO3.SiO2.6H2O - SiOa 7'4, Fe2O3 79'2, H2O 13-4 100. Analysis.— W. H. Melville, ibid.:
SiO27-42
Fe2O375-13
A12O3 4'34
100° 6'17 100-74
H2O (above 100°) 7'
B.B. fuses at to a magnetic mass. and criSrjpoS, in allusion
In the closed tube decrepitates and gives off water. Gelatinizes with hydrochloric acid.
Locality, Mineral Hill, Delaware Co., Penn. Named to the black color.
Genth (2d Rep. Min. Pennsylvania, p. 216, 1876) suggests that melanosiderite is only a variety of an iron hydrate, probably a limonite. If the silica is an impurity the composition is exactly that of limonite, as Cooke remarks; he, however, regards it as a basic silicate on the ground of its vitreous luster, fusibility, definite composition, and the fact that it gelatinizes- with acids.
704 Silicates,
AVASITE J. Krenner [Foldt. Ertesit5, 2, 105, 1881], Zs. Kr., 8, 537, 1883. Occurs at the limonite deposits of the Avasthal, Comitat Szathmar, Hungary, and locally known as Eisen- pecherz. Massive, black, but in thin splinters translucent, giving a red color. Fracture con- cho idal, brittle. Luster vitreous. H. 35. G. 3'33.
Composition, according to Loczka, stated to be 5Fe2O3.2SiOa.9H2O. Acetic acid dissolves the iron and leaves the silica in transparent colorless and glassy particles. Probably only a siliceous limonite.
507. BEMENTITE. G. A. Konig, Proc. Acad. Philad., 310, 1887.
In radiated stellate masses with small foliated structure; resembles some pyrophyllite.
Cleavage: perfect, and structure micaceous. Soft. G. 2*981. Luster pearly. Color pale grayish yellow.
Comp. — Approximately 2MnSi03.HaO Silica 42*9, manganese protoxide SO water 6 -4 100.
AnaL— K5nig, 1, c. :
SiOa 39-00 MnO 42-12 FeO [3'75] ZnO 2'86 MgO 3'83a HaO 8'44 100
a CaO trace.
Pyr. — Fuses readily to a black glass; reacts for manganese with the fluxes. Water expefled above 100°. Dissolves in hot hydrochloric acid without gelatinization.
Obs.— Occurs closely associated with calcite at the zinc mines of Franklin Furnace, N. J. Named after Mr. C. S. Bemeut of Philadelphia.
508. CARYOFILITE. Karyopilit A. Hamberg, G. F6r. Forh., 11, 27, 1889.
Massive. In stalactitic and reniform shapes, compact within, the outer portions showing a concentric radiate-fibrous structure, forming a felted mass as seen under the microscope.
H. 3-3-5. G. 2-83-2 91. Color brown on the fracture. Double refraction weak. Extinction probably parallel.
Comp. — Approximately 4MnO.3SiO2.3H2O.
Anal. — Hamberg, 1. c. The material not entirely pure.
SiOa MnO MgO CuO H2O PbO Fe2O3
36-16 46-46 4'80 0'28 9 81a 0'37 1 33 A12O3 0-35, alk. 0'20, Cl 0'09 99'85 a Given off between 115° and a low red heat.
Easily soluble in strong acids.
Obs. — Occurs at the Harstig mine near Pajsberg, Wermland, Sweden, with crystallized ' native lead, sarkinite, brandtite.
Named from tfapvov, walnut, and nl/\.<>?,felt.
509. NEOTOCITE. Neotokit If. Nordenskiold, Verz. Finl. Min., 1852. Wittingit id., ib. Vatteuhaltigt Mauganoxid-silikat J. F. Baltr, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 7, 240, 1850. Stratopeit L. J. Igelstrom, ib,, 143, 1851 (with mention of '" Neotokit" and "Wittingit").
Amorphous. H. 3-4. G. 2'64-2'8 Luster dull, sometimes feebly submetallic. Color black to dark brown and liver-brown. Streak dark brown to black. Opaque.
Comp. — A hydrated silicate of manganese and iron, but of very doubtful composition.
Neotocite is included by Nordenskiold along with stratopeite, and good authority appears thus to be given for setting aside the older analysis of it by Igelstrom. In stratopeite, G. — 2 '64, according to Igelstr5m; in neotocite and wittingite, G. 2-7-2'8, according to N. Nordenskidld.
Anal.— 1-4, Cleve and A. E. Nordenskiold, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 23, 169, 1866. 5. Norden- skiold, J. pr. Ch., 100, 122, 1867 and 1. c. 6, 7, Bahr, 1. c.
G. SiO, AlaOs FejO FeO MnaO, MnO MgO CaO H,Om H8O(100°)
1. Pajsberg, Stratopeite 2'73 35-83 — 8'20 — — 29'37 8'66 — 10'03 6'08 PbO
[2-13=100-30
2. " " 35 05 — 1-36 — — 38-49 5'27 0'47 9-81 6'91 PbO
[3-31 100-67
3. Gestrikland, Neotocite 2 70 35-79 — 10-90 13-93 — 20-51 2'44 0'52 8'48 7'29= 99'86
4. " " 2-94 34-38 1'57 18'58 2'88 — 22'67 2'50 — 9'30 8'07= 99-95
5. Bredvik, Wittingite 39'72 — 2-06 — 34'76 1-21 0-69 12'25 9'73 100-42
6. Klapperud 2-88 36-20 1-11 0'70 — 47'91 — 4'43 0'61 9'43 — =100'39
7. " . 2-98 34-72 1'09 10'45 — 42'64 — 0'36 0'56 9'76 — 99-58
Above 100°.
Hydrous Silicates. 705
Pyr., etc. — Yields much water. Reactions with borax for manganese and iron. Difficultly fusible to infusible.
Obs. — Occurs with rhodonite at Pajsberg, Filipstad, Sweden (stratopeite); Gestrikland (neotocite) in Sweden; at Ingoa (ib.), Finland; at Wittingi (wittingite) in Storkyro, Finland; at Bredvik (ib.) in West Gothland: at Klapperud in Dalecarlia.
Named from reoroKoS, of recent origin. This name antedates stratopeite—
A hydrated manganese silicate near ueotocite and stratopeite from the Dilleuburg mining- region, Germany, has been investigated by A. Schneider, Jb. preuss. G. Landesanstalt, 472 et seq., 1887. The manganese ore (Kieselmangan) is a heterogeneous mass varying from yellowish brown to reddish brown in color. It has been derived from the alteration of a silicate of manganese protoxide, which last appears in the ore in thin layers and kernels surrounded by- reddish layers. H. 3-4. G. 2'465. Luster greasy. Color amber-yellow; streak yellow- brown. Doubly refracting. Optically biaxial, positive. Composition approximately given by anal. 1 by Barwald, but the material not entirely pure. Anal. 2 gives the composition of dark red-brown portions, amorphous, H. 4, G. 2-675, mixed with limouite, calcite, etc.
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2Os MnO CaO MgO H2O CO,
1. 35-64 2-59 3'02 3926 1'75 1-81 13-94 0'60 alk. undet. 9811
2. 30-21 2-30 12-49 29-16 6'04 0'98 16-62 2-40 100'20
Klipsteinite is another hydrated manganese silicate, but impure. See p. 381. See also hydrorhodonite, p. 381, hydrotephroite, p. 458, epigenite or neotesite, p. 458.
PENWITHITE /. H. Collins, Min. Mag., 2, 91, 1878; 3, 89, 1879.
Massive. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 35. G. 2'49. Luster vitreous. Coloi dark amber to reddish brown. Transparent. Analysis:
|SiO236-40 MnO 37-62 FeO 2'52 H,O 21*80 MnO.fr. U2O3 0'30 Cu fr. 98'64
Formula MnSiO3 + 2 H2O. B.B. fuses with difficulty. Occurs with quartz and rhodochrosite in the district of Penwith (whence name), West Cornwall.
Appendix To Hydrous Silicates.
ALLOPHITE Websky, Zs. G. ties., 25, 399, 1873.
In dense, micro-crystalline masses, on fracture dull, and easily polished to a greasy luster by the hand. G. 2 '641 Leffler. Color pale grayish green. In appearance very similar to pseudophite; distinguished from serpentine by inferior hardness. Analysis. — Leffler, 1. c.:
SiO2 36-23 Al2O321-92 Fe2Os 2'18 Cr2O, 0'85 MgO 35'53 H2O 2'97 99'68
The water goes off only at a high temperature. Occurs at Langeubielau, Silesia; also at Reichenstein. From a quarry of limestone occurring in the gneiss.
ANTILLITE C. U. Shepard, App. Cat. Meteorites, Amherst. Mass., 1872.
Massive and crystalline, presenting minute coppery laminae with a fibrous cleavage. H. -3-5-4. G.= 2-52. Color dark greenish brown. An analysis gave: SiO239'30, MgO 36'12, FeO 6-70, H2O 16-79, with traces of Cr2O3; CaO, K2O 98'91. This composition approaches that of serpentine or deweylite.
AQUACREPTITE C. U Shepard, Am J. Sc., 46, 256, 1868.
Massive, occurring in irregular polyhedral fragments, with flat or concave surfaces. H. 2'5. G. 2'05-2'08. Luster dull. Color yellowish brown. Streak orange-yellow. Brittle. Adheres to the tongue. Falls to pieces in water, with a crackling noise. Analysis. — J. H. Eaton, 1. c.:
G. 2-05 SiO2 43-03 A12O3 5'56 Fe2O3 12'30 MgO 19'58 H2O 17'40=97'87
Decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Found in a vein in serpentine at West Chester, Pa.
AKCTOLITE. Arktolite Blomstrand, " Ett hOgnordiskt mineral," G. For. Forh., 5, 210, 1880.
Occurs in a crystalline limestone, forming small irregularly curved crystalline plates, gener- ally compact, occasionally showing prismatic angles of 54°-56°, Sjogren. H. 5. G 3'03. Colorless or yellowish to greenish. Analysis:
SiO2 TiO2 AlaO3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O HaO 44-93 0-38 23-55 1'24 13-28 10'30 1'73 0'79 3'54 99'74
This corresponds to H2O.(Ca,Mg)O.Al2O3.3SiO2. B.B. fuses with difficulty to a white enamel; partially attacked by acids with the separation of flocculent silica Found in 1861 on Hvitholm. near Spitzbergt-r
706 Silicates.
BALVKAIDITE Heddti, Min. Mag., 4, 117, 1880.
Structure saccharoidal. H. =6. G. 2-91. Color pale purplish brown. Analysis of dark variety:
SiO, AlaO3 Fe2O3 MnO MgO CaO Na2O KaO H2O
46-04 20-11 2-52 0'79 8'30 13-47 2'72 1'36 4 '71 100-02
B.B. fuses with intumescence to a vesicular pale blue glass.
Occurs in a granular limestone at Balvraid, Inverness-shire, Scotland.
BARETTITE BomMcci [Atti della Soc. Ital. di Sc. Nat., 11], Jb. Min., 750, 1868; Min , 2, 773, 1875.
In nodular, radiated, and fibrous masses. H. 2'5. G. 2'5. Color apple-green. Streak white. Feel soapy. Analysis by Sestiui: SiO2 30'96, A12O3 1'59, FeO 7'17, CaO 33'67, MgO 9-96, CO2 9-11, H2O 1-20, alkalies with SO3 and P2O5 6'34 100. From Traversella in the province of Ivrea.
BHRECKITE or VRECKITE Reddle, Min. Mag., 3, 57, 1879.
Fine granular, scaly; soft and friable. Occurs as a light apple-green coating on quartz crystals. An analysis gave:
SiO2 AUO, Fe2O3 FeO MnO CaO MgO H2O alk. 34-92 716 1271 2'11 0-41 16'08 8'26 17'77a tr. - 99'42
1-03 at 100" C.
Soluble in hydrochloric acid. From a cavity in a boulder of syenitic granite, found on the hill of Ben Bhreck, near Tongue, in Sutherland, Scotland.
BRAVAISITE E. Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 5, 1878.
In thin layers and schistose masses consisting of fine crystalline fibers, mostly parallel in position. Unctuous to the touch. Paste-like when wet. H. 1-2. G. 26. Color gray to greenish gray. Optically—. Extinction parallel. Double refraction strong; 2E 40°. Analysis.-
SiO251'4 A12O3 18-9 Fe2O3 4'0 CaO 2'0 MgO 3'3 K20 6'5 H2O 13'3 99'4
B.B. fuses easily to a white glass. In the closed tube gives off water and becomes brown. Partially attacked by acids.
Found in layers in the coal and bituminous schists of Noyant, Allier Dept. , France. Named after the French crystallographer, M. Bravais. Starkl compares bravaisite with the Weisserde of Anna-Capelle aud elsewhere in Austria, cf. p. 616, and Jb. G. Reichs., 33, 654, 1883.
CHONICRITE. Chonikrit v. Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 2, 51, 1834.
Massive, crystalline granular, or compact. H. 2'5-3. G. 2'91. Luster weak silky, to glimmering or dull. Color white. Analysis, Kobell:
SiO, 35-69 AlaO3 17-12 FeO 1'46 MgO 22'50 CaO 12-60 H2O 9'00 98'37
Fuses with intumescence at 3'5-4 to a grayish white glass, and is decomposed by hydro- chloric acid, the silica separating in powder.
Forms, with pyrosclerite, seams in serpentine on Elba. Named from xaaveia, fusion, and test, its fusibility distinguishing it from some allied minerals.
Stated by Groth to be essentially decomposed feldspar mixed with diallage.
DAVREUXTTE De Koninck, Bull. Ac. Belg., 46, 240, 1878.
In aggregates of slender laminae appearing like acicular crystals; parallel extinction; resembles asbestus. Cleavage transverse. Color white with a tinge of flesh-red. Luster pearly. Analysis of material free from impurity, except quartz:
SiO, 55-94 A12O3 33'59 MnO 5-25 MgO MO H2O 4'19 Fe2O3 or FeO tr. 100"07
The amount of quartz was determined as from 13 to 18 p. c. ; in the above analysis 16'63p. c. Slightly attacked by acids. Occurs in quartz veins in the Ardennes schists, at Ottre, Belgium. Named after M. Ch. Davreux
Lacroix shows that davreuxite is simply a hydrated mica. Optically — . 2E 70°. Bx cleavage (001). Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 5. 1886.
DEEuMATiN Breithaupt, Char., 104, 1832. Massive, reniform, or in crusts on serpentine, of a resinous luster and green color. Feel greasy; odor, when moistened, argillaceous. Apparently {5th Ed., p. 471) a hydrous silicate of iron and magnesium near deweylite, but probably a mixt- ure. From Waldheim in Saxony. The name is from depjaa, skin, alluding to its occurrence as an incrustation.
DUPORTIUTE J. H. Collins, Min. Mag., 1, 226, 1877.
In fibrous masses occupying fissures in serpentine. H. =2. G. 2 -78. Luster silky. Color greenish to brownish gray. Flexible in thin fibers like asbestus. Analysis gave:
Hydrous Silicates. 707
SiO, A1,O, FeO MgO CaO Na,O H,O
49 21 27-26 6'20 11-14 0'39 0'49 3'90 H,O hygroscopic 0'68 99'27
About half the water goes off only at an elevated temperature. From Duporth, near St Austell, Cornwall.
EPHESITE J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 11, 59, 1851, 48, 254, 1869.
An alteration-product of corundum into fibrolite subsequently into potash mica, and con- taining more or less of the original mineral. From the emery locality at Gurnuch-dagh near Ephesus.
Lesleyitt of Lea (Proc. Ac. Philad., 44, 1867) from Unionville, Perm., is a similar mixture of damourite and corundum. Cf. S. P. Sharpies, Am. J. Sc., 47, 319, 1869, and later Geuth, Am, Phil. Soc., 13, 387, 1873.
FORCHHAMMERITE Heddle, Enc. Brit., 16, 415, 1883.
Massive, granular. Luster subresinous to dull. Color dark green. Composition stated to be FeSiO3.6HaO. Faroer Is.
GINILSITE Fischer, Rg., Min. Chem., 704, 1875; Zs. G. Ges., 28, 236, 1876.
Massive. Color grayish yellow. G. 3'404. Anal.— 1, made in Rammelsberg's laboratory; 2, Kg-, L c.
SiO, A18O, Fe,O3 MgO CaO H,O
1. 38-75 4-83 16-32 9'48 26'52 3'73 - 9963
2. 37-83 7-77 15'63 9'73 26'67 3'30 100'93
Corresponds (Rg.) to 8(Ca,Mg)O.2(Fe,Al),O3.7SiO,,4H,O. Earlier analyses by Felleuberg and others, giving very different results (58 p. c. SiO,, etc.; are discarded by Raminelsberg. B.B. fuses on the edges to a dark glass.
From Giuilsalp, Grisons, Switzerland.
GROPPITE Svanberg, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 3, 14, 1846.
Crystalline, with one distinct cleavage affording a broad cleavage surface, and two others less distinct. Fracture splintery. H. 2-5. G. 2'1'6. Thin splinters translucent. Color rose-red to brownish red. Streak paler. Analysis. — Svanberg, 1. c :
SiO, Alid Fe,O3 MgO CaO Na,O K2O H,O
45-01 22-55 3-06 12-28 4'55 0'21 5'23 7'11 insol. 0'13 100'13
In a matrass yields water. B.B. whitens, and on thin edges shows only incipient fusion. From a limestone at Gropptorp in Sweden.
Pisani found for a related mineral occurring in green grains in anhydrite, Bull. Soc. G., 22, 25, 1864:
SiO, 48-20 A12O3 19.70 FeO 3 38 MgO 12-80 CaO 1-64 alk. [7'22] HaO 7'06 100
HYDROSILICITE Waltershausen, Vulk. Gest. , 305, 1853.
An amorphous substance or crust from Palagonia and Aci Castello, Sicily, which afforded:
SiO, A12O3 MgO CaO Na,O K,O H3O
44-90 — 4-60 33-32 2'11 1-86 13-21 100
43-32 3-14 8-66 28-70 1-70 14-48 100
LEIDYITE G. A. Konig, Proc. Acad. Philad., 84, 1884.
In verruciform incrustations, consisting of fine scales with silky luster; also stalactitic; crystalline (?). H. 1-2. Luster resinous. Color grass-, blue-, or olive-green. Streak white. Analysis:
SiO, 51-40 A12O3 16-82 FeO 8 '50 MgO 3'07 CaO 3-15 H,O 17'08 100-02
B.B. fuses with intumescence to a light yellow green glass. In the closed tube gives off water and becomes brown. Soluble readily in hydrochloric acid, with partial gelatinization ; after ignition insoluble.
Found with grossular garnet, zoisite, and quartz, at Leiperville, Delaware Co., Penn. Named after Dr. Joseph Leidy (1823-1891).
LEUCOTILE. Leukotil Hare, Inaug. Diss. Breslau, 1879.
In fibers irregularly grouped on serpentine. Luster silky. Color green. Analysis:
SiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 MgO CaO NaaO K,O H2O
28-98 6-99 8'16 29'78 7 37 1-82 tr. 17'29 99-89
708 Silicates.
Easily soluble in hydrochloric and sulphuric acids. B.B. fuses and becomes slightly yellow and yellowish brown. From Reicheustein, Silesia.
LILLITE Reuss, Ber. Ak. Wien, 25, 550, 1857. From Pfibram, Bohemia, with pyrite, and arising, apparently, through the agency of decomposing pyrite. H. 2; G. 8'043. Earthy, like glauconite; blackish green. Analysis afforded: SiO2 32'48, Fe2Q3,FeO 54'95, H2O 10'20, CaC03 1-96, FeS2 0'63 100-22.
MELOPSITE Breith., Handb., 2, 360, 1841. Melopsite is translucent, white, yellowish, grayish, or greenish, has a small conchoidal fracture, adheres a little to the tongue, and resem- bles in texture the flesh of an apple (whence the name from juffhov, apple, and oov , meat, etc.). According to Plattner, it consisted of silica, alumina, a little magnesia and iron oxide with ammonia, water, and some bitumen. An analysis by Goppelsroder (J. pr. Ch., 105, 126, 1868) gave:
SiO2 44-15 Al,O,4-95 FeaO8 0*02 MgO 31'59 CaO3'40 HaO 11 -54(160°) H204'02(ign.)=99-67
NSUMITE G. W. Blomstrand, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 25, 209, 1868. A chalk- white mineral, from Nasum, Sweden. It occurs mixed with the phosphate attacolite. After calculating out the phosphoric acid the analysis gave:
810. 50-91 A12O3 27-86 Fe2O, 1-86 MnO 0'36 CaO 13'82 HaO 4-39 98-70
NEFEDIEFFITE. Nefediewit P. Puvirevsky, Vh. Min. Ges., 7, 15, 1872.
Amorphous, very similar to lithomarge. H. 1-5. G. 2'335. Fracture conchoidal. Color white to rose-red. Feel greasy. A hydrous silicate of aluminium and magnesium, but of doubtful composition. Analysis:
SiO2 60-76 A12O3 20 94 CaO 1'06 MgO 6'80 Na2O 0'40 H2O 9'92 99'88
This corresponds to 3H2p.MgO.Al2O3.5SiO2. Scarcely soluble in acids.
Occurs with fluorite in limestone at Nerchinsk in Eastern Siberia.
NEOLITE. Neolith Scheerer, Pogg., 71, 285, 1847.
In silky libers stellately grouped; also massive. H. 1-2. G. 2-77, after drying. Color green. Luster silky or earthy. Composition uncertain; as the mineral is formed through the agency of infiltrating waters through rocks containing magnesia, it is not safe to assume that there are no impurities present. Anal.— 1, 2, Scheerer, 1. c. 3, Id., ibid., 84, 375, 1851. 4, Richter, ib , p. 376.
1. Arendal
3. Eisenach
aFe2O3.
Occurs in the iron mines of Arendal, and in cavities in basalt near Eisenach. Also compact massive and earthy in fissures at Rochlitz in the Riesengebirge, Bohemia, of a pistachio-green <?olor, or brownish; G. 2'625 to 2 '837. Named from veoS, new, and Az'SoS, stone.
NIGRESCITE F. Hornstein, Zs. G. Ges., 19, 342, 1867.
Amorphous. Fracture uneven and splintery. H. =2. G. 2 '845. Color, when fresh, apple -green; on exposure becomes gray to black; opaque and earthy, and, on drying, as light as wad. Loses 16 5 per cent hygroscopic water. Analysis:
|SiO2 5-2-29 A12O3 5-14 FeO 15'71 MnO 0-23 MgO 18-11 CaO 2 -59 H2O 6'29 100'36
Perhaps the product of the alteration of a magnesia-iron augite or amphibole.
Found in rounded masses in basalt, at Dietesheim, in the valley of the Main.
PELHAMINE C. U. Shepard, Contr. Min., 1876. A serpentiuous substance (altered asbestus) forming irregular seams and masses at the asbestus mine at Pelham, Mass., resembling a black serpentine. Color dark greenish gray. H. 5. G. 2'9-3'2. B.B. infusible. Analysis: SiO2 38-40, A12O3 2'80, FeO 15'52, MgO [39-88], H2O 3'40 100.
PERSBERGITE Igelstrom, 1860, also Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 40, No. 9, 91, 1883.
Occurs in red or grayish green bladed crystals embedded in granulyte at Persberg, Sweden. Analysis :
SiO 41-20 Al2O3(Fe2O3) 27-50 MgO, CaO, etc. 18 "22 H2O 13-08 100
Stated to be an alteration-product of nephelite. PICROFLUITE Arppe Act. Soc. Fenn., 6; Vh. Min. Ges., 148, 1852.
Amorphous. Luster greasy to dull. Color white, inclining to yellow and blue. H. 2'5. G. 2-74. Probably a mixture of fluorite with a magnesian silicate. Anal.— 1, Galindo.
2, Arppe.
Si02
A12O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
H2O
4-04
—
6-28
—
6-50
0-88*
—
6-50
Hydrous Silicates. 709
SiO, FeO MnO MgO CaO H,O F
1. Lupikko 29-00 1'54 0'78 28'79 22'72 8-97 11-18 -- 102'96
2. " 32 16 3-50 — 25-19 19'86 9'08 und.
B.B. fuses easily with intumescence. Completely soluble in acids; evolves silicon fluoride with sulphuric acid.
Occurs at Lupikko in Finland, some versts south of Pitkaranta, with chalcopyrite and sphalerite.
PICKOSMINK. Pikrosmin Haidinger, Min. Mohs., 3, 157, 1825.
A doubtful magnesian silicate. The mineral first described by Haidinger occurred with, magnetic iron ore at the iron mine of Engelsberg, near Pressuitz in Bohemia. He mentions it as massive, with cleavages: perfect b (010), less so a (100), imperfect prismatic, 62° 11'. He further refers to a certain figure (25) as exhibiting these cleavage forms with one other form (o). On the strength of this statement Magnus and some later authors copied this figure (omitting the form named) as giving the crystalline form of picrosmine(!).
Haidinger also gives: H. 2'5-3. G. 2'66, cleavable massive; 2'596, columnar. Luster of cleavage-face pearly, elsewhere vitreous. Color greenish white; also dark green, gray. Streak white. Subtrauslucent to opaque. Odor bitter argillaceous when moistened. JDx. ob- tained: double refraction strong; optical axes in the columnar variety in a longitudinal plane; bisectrix negative, normal to the sides of the columns.
Named from TtitcuoS, bitter, and ocrjuy. odor. Haidinger instituted the species on the physical characters and cleavage of the massive and fibrous mineral, without a knowledge of the chemical composition, except blowpipe characters which suggested the presence of silica, magnesia, and water. He suggests much of common asbestus may belong to it.
The original locality is mentioned above; the talcose or chloride schist of Mt. Greiner in Tyrol, and the limestone of the vicinity of Waldheim, Saxony, have been reported as othei localities. Des Cloizeaux obtained the above optical characters from the Pressuitz mineral, and also from another from Zermatt.
An analysis of the original mineral was made in 1826 by Magnus, Pogg., 6, 53:
SiO, 54 89 A12O3 0'79 FeaO3 1'40 MnO 0 42 MgO 33'35 H2O 7'30 98-13
As corrected by Rg., this is: SiO, 54'88, AlaOs 0'79. MgO 32 -62, FeO 1 "26, MnO 0-42- HSO 7-32 97-29.
This corresponds approximately to H2Mg2Si2O7 or 2MgO.2SiO2.H2O, which has accordingly been accepted as the composition of not only picrosmine but also of such other substances aa have with more or less reason been referred to it. The original mineral was doubtless a pseudo- morph, and the species has a very uncertain claim to recognition. Most so-called picrosmine is simply serpentine.
Frenzel has given (Min. Mitth.. 3, 512, 1880) the following analyses of a mineral which he refers to picrosmine from the Plotzbachthal above Haslau near Zwickau. Structure columnar. H. — 3. G. 2-80. Luster dull, greasy. Color greenish gray to green, but on the surface gray, brown to black.
SiO2 A13OS FeO MgO CaO HaO
60-45 0-50 6-34 26'01 1-25 5'05 99-60
59-80 0-12 6-30 25-18 3'30 5-40 lOO'lO
B.B. becomes white and fuses in thin splinters; gives the bitter odor like picrosmine.
PIHLITE. Pihlit Sefstrom, Svanberg, Ak. H. Stockh ., 155, 1839.
A white, micaceous mineral having about the same composition as the pseudomorphous cymatolite, and perhaps like that only a mechanical mixture of mica and feldspar — see under spodumene, p. 368. In granite at Brattstad, near Sala, Sweden.
PILINITE A. von Lasaulx, Jb. Min., 358, 1876.
In very minute ('005 mm. to "01 mm.) prismatic crystals, having a rhombic section of about 120° and 60"; forming a fine felt-like mass, the needles often bent; resembles asbestus. Cleavage: basal, perfect; prismatic, distinct. G. 2 '263. Luster of needles silky. Colorless to white. Extinction parallel. Analysis, Betteudorf, 1. c.:
SiO3 55-70 Al2O3,FeaO3 18-64 CaO 19'51 LiaO [1-18] HaO 4'97 MgO.NaaO.KjO *r.=100
Corresponds approximately to CaO Al2O3.5SiO3.H2O. Fuses easily with strong intumescence to a sponge-like bead. Insoluble in acids, even on boiling.
Occurs with quartz, epidote, and stilbite in cavities in the granite of Striegau, Silesia. Named from TtiXivoS, made of felt.
PILOLITE Ileddle, Min. Mag., 2, 206 1879.
A name given to some kinds of mountain cork, anals. 1-4, and mountain leather, anals. 5-7. Structure fibrous, more or less flexible and tough. Color white to pale buff, gray, etc. They
Silicates.
occur at various localities in Scotland, in granular limestone, in granite veins, and in veins in sandstones and slates. Named from jriAo?, felt. Analyses.— Heddle, 1. c., p. 217:
A12O3 FeaO3 FeO MnO
1. Portsoy
2. Cabrach
3. Tod Head
4. Tay Port
5. Tod Head
6. Lead Hills
7. Boyne Burn
—
51-10 6-81 2-27 2-82 I'Ol 0'
CaO
MgO
H2
O
above 100
0 at 100°
10-88
—
10-64
15-7?
9-27
9-26
5-99
5-96
10-16 14-70 9-20 98-93
The above agree approximately with 4MgO.AlsOs.10SiOa.15H2O.
POLYHYDRITE Breithaupt, Haiidb , 2, 334, 1841.
From St. Cristoph, at Breitenbrunn, in Saxony. Amorphous; H. — 2-3; G. 2'095-2'142; luster dull; color liver-brown; streak lighter, grayish. According to Plattner contains SiO.,,FeaO3,FeO, with some AlaO3,MnO, and 29'20 p. c. of water. Decomposed in hydrochloric acid.
PYKNOTROP Breithaupt, Char., 110, 1832. An alteration product related to serpentine, from Waldheim, Saxony. Cf. N.-Z., Min., 635, 1885.
PYROIDESINE C. U. Shepard, Cat. Meteorites, 1872. A substance near serpentine. The mean of two analyses gave: SiO 42'45, MgO 33-07, FeO 6-85, HSO 16'40. De Regla, Cuba.
QUINCITE Berthier. In light carmine-red particles disseminated through a limestone deposit. Anal.— SiO2 54, FeO 8, MgO 19, HaO 17 98. From near the village of Quincy, France. Strong concentrated acid dissolves the magnesia and iron, and leaves the silica in a gelatinous state. The color is attributed to organic matter. Dufr. Min., 2, 430, 1856.
RESTORMELITE A. H. Church, J. Ch. Soc., 23, 166, 1870. A massive grayish green agal- matolite-like mineral from Restormel Mine in Cornwall. H. =2. G. 2'58. Analysis:
SiOa 45-66 AlaO3 35-10 FeO I'll MgO 0 '85 KSO 2'30 NaaO 4 39 HaO 11-68 101-09
RTJBISLITE Heddle, Trans. Soc. Edinb., 29, 112, 1879.
A dark green compact granular or fine foliated aggregate. G. 2'44. Analysis :
SiO,
AlaO3
FeaO3
FeO
MnO
CaO
MgO
KaO
HaO
16-13 99-76-
Completely decomposed by hydrochloric acid. B.B. fuses to a brown slag. From the granite of Rubislaw, near Aberdeen, Scotland.
STTJBELITE Breithaupt, B. H. Ztg. , 24, 322, 1865.
Reniform and botryoidal massive. Fracture conchoidal, distinct. Brittle. H. 4-5. G. 2'223-2-263. Luster vitreous, brilliant. Color velvet to pitchy black. Streak dark- brown. Analysis by Stubel, 1. c.:
SiO3
AlaO,
Fe,0s
MnaO3
CuO
MgO
HaO
0-77 98-38
Occurs at the island -of Lipari. Named from Dr. Alphonse Stubel.
TALCOSITE G. H. F. fflrich, Contrib. Min. Victoria, Melbourne, 1870.
In thin seams and threads with scaly structure. H. 1-2. G. 2'46-2'5. Luster pearly. Color silver- white, faint greenish, or yellowish. Scales flexible but not elastic. Resembles talc. Analysis, C. Newbery:
SiOa 49-04
A12O3 46-03
H2O 4-36
CraO3,FeO, etc. tr. 99 '43
Occurs with selwynite at Mount Ida near Heathcote, Victoria.
VENERITE T. 8. Hunt, Trans. Amer. Inst. Mng. Eng., 4, 325, 1876.
Occurs as a greenish, earthy-looking " clay ore," in irregular layers in the schists connected with the magnetite of Jones mine, near Springfield, Berks Co., Penn. The purer portions have a pea-green or apple-green color when moist; become greenish white on drying, and fall to powder. Under the microscope is seen to consist mostly of minute, shining, transparent scales, with some impurities. Analysis by G. W. Hawes, on material purified by washing, gave:
SiO,
AlaO,
FeaO3
FeO
CuO
MgO
insol.
6 22
100-3?
Titano-Sil1Cates, Titanates.
After deducting the insoluble portion, this becomes: SiO2 30-73, A12O3 14*67, Fe2Oj 5*35, FeO 0-29, CuO 17'58, MgO 18'55, HaO 12-83 100. It is a heterogeneous substance, ap- parently a kind of chlorite impregnated with oxide of copper. Named in allusion to the alchemistic symbol for copper.
XYLOTILE Oloeker, Synopsis, 97, 1847, Bergholz, of Sterzing, and Holzasbest.
Probably an altered asbestus. It occurs delicately fibrous; glimmering" in luster; wood- brown, light or dark, and also green in color; with G. 2'4-2'45 for the brown, and 2'56 for the greenish, Kenngott. Hauer finds (Ber. Ak. Wien, 11, 388/-1853):
SiO3
Fe2O3
FeO
MgO
CaO
tr.
tr.
H2O
Of the water in the analyses, 9 20, 7 "90, and 8'13 p. c. passed off at 100° C.; and, excluding the mean of these determinations, reduces the mean of the above results to SiOa 50'43, Fe2Os 18-97, FeO 3'28, MgO 11 '82, CaO 0'85, HaO 14*63 99'98. Kenngott considers it as probably altered chrysotile.
Xylite of Hermann is also probably only a hydrous asbestus. It has a brown color and. asbestiform structure. Hermann obtained (J. pr. Ch.. 34, 180, 1845): SiO, 44'06, FeaO, 37'84, CaO 6-58, MgO 5-42, CuO 1'36, HaO 4'70 99'96. H. 3. G. 2'935.
510. Titanite
511. Keilhauite
Titano-Silicates, Titanates.
CaTiSi06 Monoclinic
a : i : 6 0'7547 : 0'8543 ft 60° 17' 15CaTiSiOB.(Al,Fe,Y),(Si,Ti)06
Axial ratio like titanite.
512. Gnarinite
513. Tscheffkinite
514. Astrophyllite
CaTiSiO,
Orthorhombic a : b : 6 0-9892 : 1 : 0-3712
(Na,K)4(Fe,Mn)4Ti(Si04)4 Orthorhombic
a : b : b - 0-9902 : 1 : 4-7101
The following are closely related species, chiefly Titano-silicates of the cerium metals, calcium and sodium:
515. Johnstrupite Monoclinic a : I : k 1-6229 : 1 : 1-3911 /3 86° 56'
516. Mosandrite "
517. Rinkite " a : I : 56 1-5688 : 1 : 1-4610 /3 88° 47'
518. Perovskite
519. Dysanalyte
CaTi03 6(Ca,Fe)Ti03.(Ca,Fe)Nb2Oe
Isometric Isometric
This section includes a number of silicates which contain titanium, but whose relations are not altogether clear; also the titunate, Perovskite, and niobo-titanate, Dvsanalyte, which is intermediate between Perovskite and the species Pyrochlore, Microlite, Koppite of the following chapter.
712 Silicates.
In general the part played by titanium in the many silicates in which it enters is more or less uncertain. It is probably in most cases, as shown in the preceding pages, to be taken as replacing the silicon; in others, however, it seems to play the part of a basic element; in schorlo- mite (p. 443) it may enter in both relations. Of the species which follow, Titanite is usually taken as a salt of meta-disilicic acid HaSiaOs, in which one Si atom is replaced by Ti; it may, however, be regarded as a basic prthosilicate, Ca(TiO)SiO4. The most satisfactory formula of Astrophyllite (see above) makes it an orthosilicate with the titanium as base, but with no clear relations to other species; if this view is maintained it would naturally be placed at the end of the section of orthosilicates (pp. 529 et seq.). Johnstrupite, Mosandrite, Rinkite are species of closely similar but complex composition. According to Br5gger's view they are to be regarded as orthosilicates analogous to the epidotes to which they are related in form — they would then follow theEpidote Group, p. 526; Groth, however, suggests for them a metasilicate formula (the titanium replacing silicon) and a relation to the pyroxenes.
510. TITANITE. Nouv. substance minerale (fr. Chamouni) Pictet, J. Phys., 31, 368, 1787; Pictite Delameth.. T. T., 2, 282, 1797. Titanit (fr. Passau) Klapr., Beitr., 1, 245. 1795; Titane siliceo-calcaire Daubenton, Tabl., 1799, H., Tr., 4, 1801; Braun Meuaker/ Wern., Min. Syst., 1808. Leonh. Tasch., 3, 311, 1809. Schorl rayonnante en gouttiere [or channeled Actinolite, the cryst. being twins with a reBnt. angle] Saussure, Voy. Alpes, 4, 103, 1796; Sphene H., Tr., 3, 1801; Gelb Meuakerz Wern., 1808, 1. c.
Semeline (fr. Marone, Dauphine) Fl. de Bellevue, J. Phys., 51, 443, 1800. Spinthere H., Tr., 4, 1801.
Ligurite (fr. Stura, Apennines (Liguria)) Viviani, Mem. Ace. Genova, 3, J. Phys., 77, 236, 1813. Greenovite (fr. St. Marcel) Dufr.. Ann. Mines, 17, 529, 1840. Lederite Shep., Am. J. Sc., 39, 357, 1840. Eukolit-titanit Scheerer, B. H. Ztg., 7, 389, 1853. Aspidelite Weibye. Grothite Dana, Min., 386, 1868. Alshedite Blomstrand, Minnesskrift Fys. Sallsk. Lund, No. 3, p. 7,
1878. Leucoxene pt. Oumbel. Titanomorphite Lasaulx, Jb. Min., 568, 1879; Zs. Kr., 4, 162,
1879. Sfeno Ital.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-75467 : 1 : 0*85429; ft *60° 17' 001 A 100 Des Cloizeaux1.
100 A HO 33° 14' 30", 001 A 101 65° 56' 41", 001 A Oil 36° 34' 23".
Forms8: JV(2'011, T8T-I)? co (994, - f) # (736, - ff) x (132, - f&)
a (100, t'-i, P) .7(304. f-i) v (331, - 3) e (212, - 1-2) u (131, - 3-3)
b (010, i-i, q) v (101, 1-i) D (661. 6) W (766, - H) z (2'714, - i-J)
o (310, *-3) s (021, 2-i) (558, f) G (943, 8-f)
m (110, 7, r) /? (083, |4) U (223, (312, f-8)
F (101, - 1-i) n (HI, - 1) L (316, - 1-3) (122, - 1-2) j?' ff
it (201, - 2-i) V (221, - 2) 5 (524, - |-f) A (715-35, - f W? (?8°' s"4
0 (182 , 4-8)
Also doubtful forms noted by Busz (cf. Gdt., 1. c., p. 220):
y, (1-1-20). y, (1-1 -10), t-, (9-916), tt (9-9'14), (7-7-10), (772), X, (7-2-12), / (17-8-181 A (13-8-22), (948), 2(1-21-10), O3 (465).
w'" 24° 39' ft ft' 126° 22' 010 92° 50f a't 60° 53'
mm'" *66° 29' K' 142° 45i' ce 33° 57' a7 85° 44f
TT' 53° 55' cr - 93° 20' zz' - 30° 16'
c7 32° 12' cm 65° 30' c/t 43° H2' M/ 46° 7*'
cit 42° 49' mn 27° 14' C*L 11 i?! "',
cX 51° 51' el 40° 34' cJlf 59 24 ee 22 44
ey 73° 9' 555; az 94° 15' f g. 17,,
Fig. 1, Lederite, Diana, N. Y. 2, 5, after Rose. 3, Eisbruckalp, after Busz. 4, Nordmark, Flink. 7, Rothenkopf, Hbg. 8, Picttie, Dx. 9, 10, Norway, Bgr. 11, A. C. Lane. 12, Schwarzenstein, Hbg.
Twins: tw. pi. (1) a rather common, both contact-twins and cruciform pene- tration-twins; the former sometimes yielding forms apparently hemimorphic (f. 7). (2) c rather rare. (3) enclosed polysynthetic lamellae3, approximately 17 (221), f. 13, sometimes giving rise to easy parting. Crystals very varied in habit ; often wedge-shaped and flattened c. Also prismatic by extension of in (110); less often n (111), f. 6; (021), f. 8; again I (112) and M (132), f. 5, this the prismatic zone of Rose. Faces a, I (112) often striated their intersection with m; also s edge p/s. Sometimes massive, compact; rarely lamellar.
Cleavage: m rather distinct; a, I (112) imperfect; in greenovite, n (111) easy, t (111) less so (Dx.). Parting3 often easy rj (221) due to twinning lamellae. H.= 5-5-5. G.= 3 -4-3-56; 3-541 Chester, Pirsson. Luster adamantine to resinous. Color brown, gray, yellow, green, rose-
Pitcairu, u. H. Williams3.
Silicates.
red and black. Streak white, slightly reddish in greenovite. Transparent to. opaque.
Pleochroism distinct in deep colored kinds: c red with tinge of yellow; b yellow, often greenish; a nearly colorless, Rosenb. Optically -4-. Ax. pi. b. Bx nearly x (102), i.e., Bx A & + 51°. Dispersion p v very large, and hence the peculiarity of the axial interference-figure in white light. Axial angles, and refractive indices for St. Gothard (anal. 4), Busz:
Na Tl
r
2E
57° 20i' 52° 29£' 47° 54f
29° 30£' 27° 0*' 24° 87*'
a
The axial angles vary widely, as shown in the values quoted below with the analyses (Busz); the connection between them and the composition is not clear. Busz also gives refractive indices for titanite from other localities.
Var. — 1. Ordinary, (a) Titanite; brown to black, the original being thus colored, also opaque or subtranslucent. (b) Sphene (named from crr'fv, a wedge); of light shades, as yellow, greenish, etc., and often translucent; the original was yellow.
Ligurite was an apple-green sphene; Spinthere (or Semeline) a greenish; named spinthere from its luster, and semeline from semen lini, flax-seed, alluding to a common form. Lederite, brown, opaque, or subtranslucent, of the form in f. 1.
Titanomorphite is a white mostly granular alteration-product of rutile and ilmenite, not uncommon in certain crystalline rocks; it was made a calcium titanate by Bettendorff (Zs. Kr., 4, 167, 1879), but its true nature was established by Cathrein (ib., 6, 244, 1881). Here also belongs most leucoxene (see p. 219).
2. Manganesian; Greenovite. Red or rose- colored, owing to the presence of a little manga- nese; from St. Marcel. Delesse found 3 -6 p. c. MnO; Mgc. gives 0'76 MnOs.
3. Containing yttrium or cerium. See grothite, alshedite, eucolite-titanite, below.
Comp.— CaTiSiO. or CaO.TiO,.SiO, Silica 30-6, titanium dioxide 40-8, lime 28 -6 100. Iron is present in varying amounts, sometimes manganese and also yttrium in some kinds.
Anal.— 1, H. Rose, Pogg., 62, 261, 1844. 2-7, 9, Busz, Jb. Min., Beil., 5, 341, 1887. 8, Resales, Pogg., 62, 263, 1844. 10, Harrington, quoted by Busz, 1. c. 11, SchmOger, Zs. G. Ges., 27, 204, 1875. 12, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 46, 1886. 13, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 41, 398, 1891. 14, F. W. Clarke, Proc. U. S. Mus., 352, 1885.
Axial angles (2E)
Zillerthal Wildkreuzjoch Bisbruckalp St. Gothard Monroe
i — 51° 3' 52° 36' 54° 52' 57° 21' 63° 52
Na 45° 41' 47° 44' 50° 21' 52° 30' 60° 14'
5(3
Tl
0 53' 0 23'
o 27,
0 55'
0 29'
Val Maggia Laacher See Arendal Renfrew
69°
72° 76° 90°
2' 10'
28'
57'
63°
68° 71°
85°
27' 9' 17' 59'
0 81' 0 53' 0 24' 0 18'
Greuville
94°
12'
88°
17'
0 29'
Waldheim
Statesville, N. C
G.
3
Magnet Cove
G.
3
Georgetown, D.
G.
3
a FeO.
SiO2 TiO, FeaO, CaO
tr.
32-09 37-06
26-61 101-55 22-54 102-03 27-51 100-81 27-90 MnO tr. 99'11 23-93 A12O3 2-61, MnO [0-32 100-06 28-26 MnO 1-72 99 -61 29-59 99-67 22-25 100
22-55 A12O3 2-55, MgO [0-29 98-73 1-169 28-50 98-81
31-37 37-45 3'13 22'38 Y2O3 0-88, A1O,
[4-79 100
29-45 38-33 1'61 29-11 MuO,MgO tr., ign.
[060 9910
30-84 39-35 0-73 28'26 MgO tr., ign. 0-57
99 75
30-10 4082 Zr.b 28 '08 MgO 0'40, ign. 0' 54
99 94
GHOTHITE is a titanite from the Plauen Grund near Dresden, investigated by P. Groth (Jb. Min., 44, 1866). Form and angles like titanite. Cleavage (parting) distinct. H. 6'5;
Titan1Te. 715
G. 3'52-3'60. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color clove to blackish brown; in thin splinters reddish brown and translucent. The altered mineral is earthy and isabella-yellow to pale yellowish brown. Analysis.— Groth:
fSiO, 30-51 TiOa 31-16 Fe3O3 5'83 A1,O, Y,O, 2'44 MnO 1-02 CaO 31'34 102-30
ALSHEDITE of Blomstrand occurs in imperfect crystals with parting parallel rj (221), two faces at 54°; also massive. H. 3'36. G. 5. Color pale brown to ash-gray. Opaque. B.B. readily fusible to a black bead; soluble in hydrochloric acid. Analyses:
SiO2 TiO2 SnO2 AlaO, Fe2O3 Y2O3 CaO MnO MgO KO.NaaO HaO
1. 28-26 36-61 0'47 3'41 4'25 2'78 21'06 0'98 0'48 0'70 1 '20 100 '20
2. 30-61 35-86 0'38 3'47 3"61 2'57 20'51 0'82 0'32 0'58 1 '89 100 '62
From Slattkara in Smaland, Sweden; occurs embedded in the quartz of a pegmatyte vein.
Eucolite-titamte. A variety of titanite from Norway in crystals prismatic J c. often twins a; resembling eucolite in color, luster, etc., and shown by Brogger and Lindstrom to be peculiar in containing the metals of the cerium and yttrium groups. Bx A c -f 57°. Disper- sion p v; strongly marked. Anal. — G. LindstrSm, quoted by Brogger:
SiO2 TiO2 ZrO2 Ce,O, YOs CaO FeO MgO Na2O K2O ign.
G. 359 30-22 34'78 0'18 2'57 0'59b 24'38 3'84 0'50 0'86 0"27 0'31 98 50 " Cerium oxides. b Yttrium earths.
Occurs with a whitish feldspar, elseolite, magnetite, spreustein, zircon, etc., on the island Stoko and elsewhere in the Langesund fjord; also from Fredriksvarn.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. some varieties change color, becoming yellow, and fuse at 3 with intu- mescence, to a yellow, brown, or black glass. With borax they afford a clear yellowish green glass. Imperfectly soluble in heated hydrochloric acid; and if the solution be concentrated along with tin, it becomes of a fine violet color. With salt of phosphorus in R.F. gives a violet bead; varieties containing much iron require to be treated with the flux on charcoal with metallic tin. Completely, decomposed by sulphuric and hydrofluoric acids.
Obs. — Titauite occurs in embedded crystals, in granite, gneiss, mica schist, syenite, chlorite schist, and granular limestone; also in beds of iron ore, and volcanic rocks, and often associated with pyroxene, amphibole, chlorite, scapolite, zircon, apatite, etc. Microscopic examination shows it to be a common accessory constituent of many massive igneous rocks. In cavities in gneiss and granite, it often accompanies adularia, smoky quartz, apatite, chlorite, etc.; the crystals are sometimes coated with or penetrated by the chlorite.
Occurs in crystals of a pale green color and transparent, at various points in the Grisons, Switzerland, associated with feldspar and chlorite; in tine crystals at Tavetsch; in mica slate in the St. Gothard region; Zermatt in the Valais; Maderanerthal in Uri; also at Mont Blanc, and elsewhere in the Alps; on crystals of calcite at Chalanches and Maromme, in Dauphiue (the spintfiere H.); in small reddish crystals in the protogine of Pormenaz and Chamouni (pictite Saus.); in large, broad, yellowish or reddish green crystals, with colorless apatite,_in a lalcose schist at Ala, Piedmont (ligurile); in pale yellowish green transparent or translucent crystals, lanceolate in form, lining fissures in titanic iron at Arendal, in Norway (aspidelite Weibye); with magnetite at Nordmark, Sweden; at Achmatovsk, Ural; at St. Marcel, in Piedmont, with man- ganesian epidote and romeine (greenomte Dufr.); at Val Maggia, Piedmont; at Schwarzenstein and Rothenkopf in the Zillerthal, Pfitsch, Pfunders, Tyrol; Felberthal in Pinzgau; with epidote and albite at Zoptau, Moravia, in crystals of varied habit; at Frugard, in Finland, of a brownish black color; in the syenite of Biellese, Italy (containing yttrium). Small crystals occur in syenite at Strontianin Argyleshire, near Criffel in Galloway; at Craig Cailleach in Perthshire; in Inver-- ness; near Tavistock; near Tremadoc, in North Wales, withbrookite; at Crow Hill, near Newry, Ireland.
Occasionally it is found among volcanic rocks, as at Lake Laach (semeline of F. de Bellevue), and at Andernach on the Rhine.
In Maine, in fine crystals at Sandford, also at Thurston. In Mass., good crystals in gneiss, in the east part of Lee; at Bolton with pyroxene and scapolite in limestone; at Pel ham; in honey-yellow crystals (G. 3-541 Pirsson) with diaspore at Chester. In Conn., at Trumbull. In If. 'York, at Roger's Rock on Lake George, abundant in small brown crystals, along with graphite and pyroxene; at Gouverneur, in black crystals in granular limestone with scapolite; in Diana near Natural Bridge, Lewis Co., in large dark brown crystals, among which is the variety lf,derite (f. 1); at Rossie, Fine, Pitcairn and Pierrepont, St. Lawrence Co., in pale red and brown crystals with apatite, pargasite, and feldspar; in Macomb near Pleasant Lake; in Orange Co., in large crystals abundant in limestone, near Duck-cedar pond, in the town of Monroe; near Eden- ville in light brown crystals in limestone; five miles south of Warwick, in large grayish brown. crystals, with zircon, hornblende, and iron ore; also in small crystals a mile south of Amity; in Westchester Co., near Peekskill, in an aggregate of feldspar, quartz, and hornblende; also neai
716 Silicates.
West Farms, in small reddish brown prisms; at Brewster, at the Tilly Foster iron mine in very fine transparent greenish crystals, sometimes 2 in. long, often twins, with magnetite, apatite, etc. ; this occurrence (discovered in 1891) is similar to that at Nordinark, Sweden. In N. Jersey, at Franklin Furnace, of a honey -yellow color. In Penn., Bucks Co., three miles west of Attleboro', associated with wollastonite and graphite; a small number of fine large crystals of a rich greenish brown tinge, in part symmetrical cruciform twins up to inches in length, have been found at Bridgewater Station, Delaware Co. In N. Carolina, at Statesville, Iredell Co., yellowish white with sunstone; also Buncombe Co., Alexander Co., and other points.
Occurs in Canada, in amber-colored crystals, in the granitoid trachytes of Yamaska,. Shefford, and Brome Mts. ; in clove- or chocolate-brown crystals, often large, at Argenteuil and Greuville, Argenteuil Co.; also Buckingham, Templeton, Wakefield, Hull, Ottawa Co.; at N. Burgess, of a honey-yellow, and N. Elmsley, Lanark Co.; near Eganville, Renfrew Co., Ontario, in very large dark brown crystals with apatite, amphibole, zircon; similarly at other points where apatite is abundant.
Alt. — Titanite occurs of little hardness, dull in luster, andhydrated from alteration. Crystals of this kind, found in a decomposing feldspar, with zircon at Green River, Henderson Co., North Carolina, have been named by C. U. Shepard (Am. J. Sc., 22, 96, 1856) Xanthitane, see below.
Titanite (leucoxene, titanomorphite, see above and p. 219) is a not uncommon alteration- product of ilmenite and rutile. On the other hand rutile, octahedrite, and perovskite have been described as derived from the alteration of titanite.
Artif. — Formed in crystals by heating together 3SiO2, 4TiO2, and calcium chloride; also the manganesian (greenovite) by adding manganese chloride (Hautefeuille).
A stau no-silicate of calcium (CaSnSiO5) corresponding to titanite has been obtained in mono- clinic crystals by Bourgeois, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 54, 1887.
Ref.— ' Min., 145, 1862; c here (Dx.) 24 Dana, Min., 1868; with Naumaun, Hbg., etc., a 001, c 101 (y), m — Oil (r), x 102, n 123; also for Ml (Dx.) and pqr (N.) we have:
. , .
s For lists of forms, see Mir., Min., 394, 1852, also Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc., 7, 210, 1842, or Pogg., 55, 626, 1852; Dx., 1. c.. and 2, xxm, 1874; Hbg., Miu. Not., 6, 23, 1864; Zeph., Ber. Ak. Wien, 60 (1), 815, 1869; Hbg., 1. c., 11, 28, 1873; Busz, Jb. Min., Beil., 5, 370, 1887 (who adds many new forms); Gdt., Index, 3, 215. 1891. Cf. also Rose, Leonh. Tascheubuch, 2, 393, 1821; Hbg., Min. Not., 1. c.,etal.; Zeph., Zillerthal, 1. c.; Schrauf, Sulzbach, Ber. Ak. Wien, 62 (2), 704, 1870; Lewis, Phil. Mag., 3,455, 1877; Hintze, Zermatt, Zs. Kr., 2, 310, 1878 (cf. Gdt., 1. c., p. 222); Erem., Vh. Min. Ges., 16. 254, 1881; Rath, Zs. Kr., 5, 255, 1880; Fliuk, Nordmark. Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), 2, 69, 1886. See also A. C. Lane, on the common forms of titanite in rocks, Miu. Mitth., 9, 207, 1887.
3 On partinsr produced by twinning, Eremeyev, Jb. Min., 405, 1872; also 1. c., and Zs. Kr., 5, 500, 1881; G7 H. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 29, 486, 1885; Mugge, Jb. Min., 2, 98, 1889. Mugge shows that the parting plane often deviates somewhat widely from rj (221). Light absorption measured photometrically, Pulfrich, Zs. Kr., 6, 155, 1881.
XANTHITANE C. U. Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 22, 96, 1856. L. G. Eakins, ibid., 35, 418, 1888, and U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 60, 135, 1890.
An alteration-product of titanite. Color light yellow, friable, mixed with impurities to an undetermined extent. It is called by Eakins a clay containing titanium in place of silicon. Analysis of material from Green river, Henderson Co., N. C., by Eakins:
SiO, TiO2 A12O3 Fe2O, CaO MgO P2O5 H2O G. 2-941 1-76 61-54 17'59 4'46 0'90 tr. 4'17 9'92 100-34
Material of analysis dried at 100°; the air-dried mineral loses 6'02 p. c. at 100°.
PYROMELANE C. U. Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 22, 96, 1856, Min., 253, 1857. In angular grains from the gold-washings of McDowell Co., N. C. H. 6'5; G. 3'87; luster resinous; color reddish to yellowish brown and black; subtranslucent. B.B. infusible, but becomes black and opaque (whence the name); soluble in the fluxes, giving reactions of titanic acid and iron. Stated to be "essentially a titanate of alumina and iron with traces of lime and glucina," and "may contain zirconia also"; but the evidence of such a composition is not given. Probably only a variety of titanite.
CASTELLITE. Castellit Bretth., B. H. Ztg., 25, 113, 1866. Monoclinic. In very small and exceedingly thin 8-sided tables, having for the angles of the rhombic prism 62°. Cleavage: prismatic? H. 5'5-6. G. 3'150. Luster vitreous, somewhat adamantine. Color wine- yellow to wax-yellow; streak colorless. Fragile. According to Plattner it acts B.B. like titauite, giving evidence of the presence of titanic acid, lime, and silica, but with less of the first and more of the last than in titanite. Occurs in the phonolyte of Holenkluk Mtn., near Proboscht, and in that of Sollodiz — a rock containing also sanidine, hornblende, augite, ilmeuite, and apatite.
Keilha Uite— G Uabinite.
511. KEILHAUITE. Keilhauit A. Erdmann, Ak. H. Stockh., 355, 1844. Yttrotitanit. Scheerer, Pogg., 63, 459, 1844.
Monoclinic. In habit and angles near titanite.
Forms: a (100, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, /), 0(101, 14); n (111, - 1); I (112, & t Olll).
Forbes1 measured: am 33°, av 55°, en 36° 30'. Cf . also angles for titanite, p. 712.
Cleavage: n quite distinct. H. 6*5. G. 3'52-3'77. Luster vitreous to resinous. Brownish black; in splinters brownish red and translucent; also dull brown and pale grayish brown. Streak-powder grayish brown to pale dirty yellow. Optically -4— Ax. plane b as in titanite. Axial angles, Busz":
2Hr 60° 39' Li 2Hy 58° 39' Na 2Hgr 57° 28' Tl (in Monobromuaphtalin).
2Er 112° 31' 2Ey 108° 34' 2Egr 106° 37'
Comp. — A titano-silicate of calcium, aluminium, ferric iron, and the yttrium, metals.
Rammelsberg calculates for his analysis: 15CaSiTiO6.(Al,Fe,Y)j(Si,Ti)O5. Anal.— 1, 2, Rg., Pogg., 106, 296, 1859. 3, Id., Min. Ch., Erg., 269, 1886. Also Erdmann, Forbes, 5th Ed., p. 387.
Norway, Forbes.
1. Buo, mass.
G.
2. " cry st. 3 '773
3. Narest5, mass. 3'57
S502 TiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 Y303 CeaO3 CaO 29-48 26-67 5'45 6'75 8'16 20'29
28-50 27-04 6'24 5'90 1208 17'15 30-81 36-63 — 1-12 6'27a — 25-03 a At. weight 100-3.
ign.
0-54 MgO 0-94, K2O [0-60 98-88 3-59 100-50 1-13 100-99
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses with intumescence easily to a black shining glass. Yields an iron- colored glass with borax, which in the inner flame becomes blood-red. With salt of phosphorus gives an iron color and a silica skeleton, and in the inner flame a violet bead. Reaction for manganese with soda. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs near Arendal, Norway; on the islands Bu5, AskerO, Alve, and NarestS, in a feldspathic rock, both in crystals and massive. Crystals weighing 2£ Ibs., and masses of 15 to 20 Ibs. , are mentioned by Forbes. dull brown massive kind from Alve gave G — 3'72; and a pale grayish brown 3-603; a specimen from near Narest5, G. 3'519. The Alve keilhauite has, two cleavages inclined to one another 42°. Also from Snarum, Norway.
Named after Prof. Keilhau of Norway.
Ref.— ' Ed. N. Phil. J., 1, 69, 1855; also Forbes and Dahll, Nyt Mag., 8, 223, 1855. Jb. Min., Beil., 5, 342, 1887.
512. GUARINITE. Guiscardi, Rend. Ace. Napoli, Mem. 2, 408, 1857, Zs. G. Ges., 10, 14,
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0*9892 : 1 : 0-3712 Lang-Guiscardi1. 100 A HO 44° 41£', 001 A 101 20° 36|', 001 A Oil *20° 22'.
Forms: a (100, t-i), 6 (010, i-f), e (001, 0); g (310, i3), /(210, z-2), m (110, /), rf(120, z-2), A (Oil, 1-i), g(021, 2-?).
Angles: gg'" 36° 30', f" 52° 38' af *26° 19', mm'" 89° 23', dd' 53° 38',
kk' 40° 44', qq' 73° 11'.
In minute thin tables, flattened b (010), nearly tetragonal in form.
H. 6. G. 3'487. Luster of cleavage-face somewhat adamantine. Color sulphur-yellow, honey-yellow, pale or dark. Streak uncolored, or whitish gray. Transparent to translucent. Ax. pi. c. Axial angle large, Dx.
718 Silicates— Titanates.
Comp.— CaTiSiO, or CaO.Ti02.SiOa, same as for titanite Silica 30'6, titan- ium dioxide 40'8, lime 28-6 100. Anal. — Guiscardi, 1. c. SiOa 33 64 TiO3 33'92 CaO 28'01 Fe2O3,Mn3O3 tr. 95'57
Pyr., etc. — Same as in titanite.
Obs.— Found in small cavities in a grayish trachyte on Monte Somma, along with glassy feldspar and nephelite. The mass of the trachyte is rich in glassy feldspar, hornblende, and melanite. In one case in the common rock of Somma, consisting of feldspar and nephelite, and here along with titanite.
Ref.— ' Lang, Min. Mitth., 81, 1871; Guiscardi, 1. c., and Rend. Ace. Napoli, 1876; Brezina Min. Mitth., 285, 1874; Dx., Min., 2, xxin, 1874.
513. TSOHEFFKINITE. ? Mineral de Coromaudel Beud., Tr., 2, 652, 1832. Tschew- kinit O. Rose, Reis. Ural, 2, 1842.
Massive, amorphous.
H.= 5-5-5. G. -4-508-4 -549 G. Rose. Luster vitreous. Color velvet-black. Streak dark brown. Subtranslucent to opaque.
Comp. — Related to keilhauite, but uncertain. The mineral, as analyzed, seems to be in all cases an alteration-product, more or less heterogeneous, and the com- position of the original mineral is as yet very uncertain.
Hermann makes thoria present in tscheffkinite from the Ural; Damour proved its absence in ilii; Indian mineral.
Des Cloizeaux states that Ihe latter consists of a brown material not acting on polarized light, and small colorless grains which are strongly doubly refracting. The mineral has H. 5'5-6; G. 4"26; luster vitreous, inclining to resinous; color brownish black, subtrans- lucent.
Cross found the mineral analyzed by Eakins to consist mainly of a reddish and yellowish brown transparent amorphous substance, probably the original mineral, traversed by cracks filled witk a secondary reddish brown, opaque, ocherous matter; bands of secondary minerals, probably calcite and titanite, were also noted with others not identified.
Anal.— 1, H. Rose. Pogg., 62, 591, 1844. 2, Hermann, Bull. Soc. Moscou, 39 (1), 57, 1866. 3, Damour, Bull. G. Fr , 19, 550, 1862. 4, R. C. Price, Am. Ch. J., 10, 38, 1888. 5, 6, L. G. Eakius, Am. J. Sc., 42, 36, 1891.
G. SiO., TiOj ThOa Y,O3 CeaO3 (La,Di)aOs Fe2O3 A1203 FeO MnO MgO CaO aJk. H,O
1. Ural 453 21'04 20'17 — — 47'29 — — 11'21 0'83 0'22 3'50 0'12 —
104-38
2. " 4-55 20-68 16'07 20'91 3'45 22'80 — — 9'17 0'75 — 3'25 — 0'42
[Uo 2-50 100
3. So. Tirlia 19'03 20'86 — — 38'38 — 7'72 7'96 0'38 0'27 4'40 — 1'30
100-30
4. Virginia 4"4 23'28 21'16 2'29' — 11'89 20-34" 5'63 — 5'56 — 0'64 5'48 0'32C 1'90
[BeO 2-15 100-64
5. " 4-33 20-21 18-78 0'85 1-82" 20'05 19'72 1'88 3'60 6'91 — 0'55 4'05 0'06C 0'94
[Ta2O5 0-08 99-50
6. " 4-38 21-49 18-99 0'75 1'64 19'08 17'16 2'89 3'65 5'92 — 0'48 5'24 0-04' 2'06
[TaaO6 0-08 99-47
ZrO.. " Incl. 15-38 Di2O3, 4'96 LaaOs. c Na,O. d Incl. EraO3, molec. . 308. Do. 312.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. glows, then intumesces strongly, becomes brown, and fuses to a black glass. Gives with the fluxes reactions for iron, manganese, and titanium. Gelatinizes with hydro- chloric acid. The Indian mineral in a closed tube yields a little water. B.B. fuses with intu- mescence to a black scoria, feebly magnetic. With salt of phosphorus it gives in R.F. a pale brown glass, opaline, which becomes milky in the O.F. With borax it affords a hyacinth- brown glass, transparent in the R.F. and pale brown and opaque in the O.F. Attacked readily by nitric acid, especially if heated, depositing gelatinous silica mixed with titanic oxide and black grains of titanic iron.
Obs. — From the Ilmen Mountains in the Ural; only a few specimens have been found; the tsche/finite in collections is mostly uralortfiite (p. 523), which it much resembles. Also from S. India, probably Kanjamalai Hill, Salem distr. (cf. Mallet, Rec. G. Surv. India, 25. 123, 1892).
An isolated mass weighing 20 Ibs. has been found on Hat Creek, near Massie's Mills, Nelson Co., Virginia (anal. 4 by Price); also found, south of this point, in Bedford Co , in the same state (anal. 5, 6 by Eakins); at the latter locality it exists in some quantity as reported by H. M. Engle.
Named after the Russian general, Tschevkin (Chevkin).
Astbopetllite.
514. ASTROPHYLLITE. Astrophyllit ScTieerer, B. H. Ztg., 13, 240, 1854. Orthorhombic. Axes d:b: 6 0'99025 : 1 : 4-7101 Brogger1. 100 A 110 44° 43f , 001 A 101 78° 7f ', 001 A Oil 78° Of.
Forms : b (010, i-i) m (110, /)
(0-1-50, (038, |-i
1 (111, 1)
2 (616, 1-6)
x (212, i (434, 1-i)
mm'" 89° 26'
qq' 156° 15'
gg' - 120° 58'
bg *29° 31'
tf 89° 18'
Ii" 163° Oj'
88° 12'
nv 104° 40'
M" 160° 50'
M'" 72° 1'
zz'" 18° 22'
xx'" 51° 42'
Aa'" 79° 26'
nn'" 98° 37'
bz 80° 49'
bx 64
bi 53
6A 50° 17'
U *45° 54'
bn 40° 4U
A (767, 1-J)
9'
Crystals often elongated in the direction of 6', or elongated axis d by develop- ment of the brachypinacoid cleavage). Faces strongly striated intersection-edge with b; b horizontally striated. Also lengthened into thin strips or blades; sometimes arranged in stellate groups.
Cleavage: b perfect; c very imperfect. Percussion-figure on a cleavage surface shows two rays crossing at angles of approx. 90° (81° to 85°), and nearly the dome 014. Laminae brittle, not elastic like muscovite. H. 3. G. 3-3-3-4; 3-324 Pisani; 3*375, Colorado, Koenig. Luster submetallic, pearly. Color bronze- yellow to gold-yellow. Powder resembling that of mosaic gold. Translucent in thin leaves.
Pleochroism strong: c lemon-yellow, b orange-yellow, a deep orange-red. Absorption a b C. Optically +. Ax. pi. c. Bxa a. Bx0 cleavage (b) or nearly so, but varying somewhat from secondary causes. Axial angles variable :
Norway 2H0.r 122° 18' Li 2H0.y 124° 52' Bkg. 2H0 114° 37-123° 28' Bgr. Colorado 2H0.r 121 c 38' Li 2H0.y 124° 14' 2Ho.gr 125° 6' Tl Bkg.
Indices:
a 1-678
/J 1-703
Y 1'733
y — a 0-055 Levy-Lex.
Comp. — Perhaps (Bgr.) an orthosilicate R4R4Ti(Si04)4 with R H,Na,K and H
R Fe,Mn chiefly, including also the Fe203. This formula is confirmed by Eakins.
Anal.— 1, Pisaui, C. R., 56, 846. 1863. 2. Scheerer, Pogg., 122, 113, 1864. 3, Meinecke, ibid. 4, Sieveking, ibid. 5, Backstroin, Zs. Kr., 16, 509, 1890. 6, Koenig, Am. Phil. Soc., 16, 509, 1877. 7, L. G. Eakins, Am. J. Sc., 42, 34, 1891.
G.
1. "Brevik" 3'324
5. Eikaholm
6. Colorado 3'375
SiO2 TiO3 ZO A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O KaO ign. 33-23 7-09 4-97 4'00 3'75 23'58 9'90 1'27 1'13 2'51 5"8§ 1;86
99-11
32-21 8-24 — 3-02 7'97 21-40 12'63 1'64 2'11 2'24 3'18 4'41
O 99-05
32-35 8-84 — 3'46 8'05 18-06 1268 2'72 1'86 4'02 2 94 4'53
99-51
33-71 8-76 — 3-47 8'51 25'21 10'59 0'05 0'95 3'69 0'65 4'85
100-44
33-02 11-11 3-65 0-98 2"53 21'76 11 "96 0'92 1'26 2'77 5'78 3'47
[F 0-97 100-18
34-68 13-58 2'20 0'70 6"56 26'10 3'48 0'30 — 2-54 5'01 3"54
[CuO 0-42, Ta2O6? 0-80 99-81
35-23 11-40 1-21 tr. 3'73 29-02 5'52 0'13 0'22 3'63 5'42 4'18
[Ta.,O6 0-34 100-03
Pyr., etc.— B.B. swells up and fuses easily to a black magnetic enamel. With soda or borax, a strong manganese reaction. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of silica in scales.
Silica Tes— Tit An A Te8.
Obs.— Occurs on the small islands in the Langesund fiord, near Brevik, Norway, in zircon- syenite, embedded in lamellar feldspar, also in leucophanite and in natrolite (spreustein), and associated with catapleiite, segirite, large prisms of black mica, and numerous other species. Similarly associated at Kaugerdluarsuk, Greenland.
With arfvedsonite and zircon at St. Peter's Dome, Pike's Peak, El Paso Co., Colorado.
Named from dcrrpuy, star, and (pvkov, leaf, in allusion to the stellate aggregation and foliated micaceous structure.
Ref. — ] Zs. Kr., 16, 200, 1890; the fundamenta. angles are taken as corrected by Brogger (letter of April 80, 1890), further the axes a, and b are exchanged as required by the ratio obtained; the domes ft, g cannot be taken as rnacrodomes unless the calculated ratio of the lateral axes is regarded as of no value.
The form was first made orthorhombic by Nordenskiold (Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 561, 1870) and Des Cloizeaux (Min., 1, 497. 1862), was later made mouoclinic by Bucking, Zs. Kr., 1, 433, 1877, and triclinic by Brogger, ibid., 2, 278, 1878. Brogger finally (1890) shows, however, that the variation in angle and optical character earlier noted is probably without significance, being due to deformation produced by pressure.
515. JOHNSTRUPITE. W. G. Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 74, 1890.
Monoclinic. Axes a : i : 6 — 1-6229 : 1 : 1-3911; ft 86° 55f 001 A 100 Brogger.
100 A 110 59° 19 J', 001 A 101 39° 17 J', 001 A Oil 54° 15'.
Forms : b (010, t'4)
t (710, i-7) (410, i-l) n (810, &-3) I (520, i-f )
/ (210, *-2) m (110, /) z (120, i-2)
d (101, - 14) (201, — 24) e (301, - 34)
S (101, 14). € (201, 24) e (301, 8-i)
Also, doubtful, h (160), o (103), s (319), p (236).
kk"' 44° nn'" 56° ff'" 78°
45' 2'
of *39° mm'" 116° &' 34C
1'
39'
18'
ad 47° 38' ax *29° 27V ae 20° 49f
a'S 51° 10f a'l *31° 1' a'e 21° 38'
Des Cloizeaux pointed out a similarity in form between mosandrite and zoisite, and Brogger shows that johnstrupite, mosandrite, and rinkite, very near to each other in composition, are all similar in angle to both zoisite and epidote. He thus compares the prismatic zone of johustrupite with the orthodomes of epidote and vice versa (cf. also p. 517):
Johustrupite
Zoisite
Epidote
100 A 210 39° 1'
010 A 120 38° 58 100 A 102 42° 5'
j 100 A 101 48° 15' 100 A 101 51° 53' 010 A 021 55° 14'
100 A 102 42° 5') inn A 11rt „, 100 A 302 35°
Twins: with tw. pi. a. In crystals prismatic b and flattened a (100); the prism f (210) most prominent. Faces in prismatic zone vertically striated.
Cleavage: a distinct. G. 3 -29. Luster on a vitreous, on fracture surfaces resinous to greasy. Color brownish green. Streak yellowish green.
Pleochroism very weak: c bright greenish yellow, b brownish yellow, a bright yellow. Absorption c b a. Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Bx0 A 6 — ± 2°. Bxa nearly (100). Dispersion p v, strongly marked; inclined, hardly dis- tinct (0° 13' for red and green). Axial angles, Bgr. :
Barkevik 2Ha.r 79° 5V 2H0.r 125° 40' .-. 2Vr 71° 10f
2Ha.y 77° 42' 2H0.y 127° 40' .'. 2Vy 69° 54' 2Ey 124° 40' ft 1'546 2IW 75° 59 2Ho.gr 131° 11' .'. 2Vgr 68° 20 .
Comp. — A complex silicate of the cerium metals, calcium and sodium chiefly, with titanium and fluorine.
Mosandrite. 721
BrSgger calculates the following molecular ratio:
RaO CaO MgO R2O3 ROa SiO, F HaO
3-61 11-87 0-98 1-45 3'00 12 7'48 1'87
FF H "1 ° - And the formula is written, analogous to the epidotes, r*"3 (RR
Lfr J
i n ra m iv
Here Ra 3Naa,lHa; R 12Ca,lMg; Ra l(Ce + Y),1(A1 + Fe); R Ce; R fTUZr, also Tli and Ce. Further the group in brackets is regarded as corresponding to the bivalent
in group (ROH) in epidote.
Anal. — Backstrom, quoted by Brogger.
SiO, TiO2 ZrO;, ThOa CeOj CeaO3 YaOs AlaOs FeaO, CaO MgO NaaO KaO H,O F G. 3-29 3050 7'57 2'84 0'79 0'80 12'71 11! 1'52 0'50 2776 1'63 6'67 0'12 1'41 5 98 101'91
Incl. LaaO3,DiaO,.
Obs.— Only known from one of the ledges near Barkevik in the Langesuud fiord, Norway; it is associated with wohlerite, rosenbuschite, eucolite, segirite, tiuorite, elseolite, sodalite, etc.
Named after Prof. Fr. Johnstrup of Copenhagen.
Ref.— Dx., Min., 1, 531, 1862, Weibye, Jb. Min., 774, 1849, Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 74, 1890. Crystals earlier described (Bgr., Zs. Kr., 2, 275, 1878) as mosandrite proved to be lavenite (p. 375).
516. MOSANDRITE. Erdmann, Berz. JB., 21, 178, 1841.
Crystals long prismatic c and flattened a, but without terminations so far as observed; vertical faces strongly striated. Forms noted in the prismatic zone, the same as in johnstrupite, and angles nearly the same.
Forms : a (100, i-l), b (010, -i), t (710, t-7), k (410, i-l), n (310, £3), I (520, -f), /(210, i-2), m (110, 1), z (120, i-2), h (160, z-6).
Sections b show tw. lamellae a.
Cleavage: a rather perfect. H. 4. G. 2-93-3-03. Luster of cleavage- face between vitreous and greasy, of other surfaces resinous. Color reddish brown, but altering to dull greenish or yellowish brown. Streak-powder pale yellow or grayish brown. Thin splinters translucent, bright red by transmitted light. Optical characters as with johnstrupite.
Comp.-Very near johnstrupite, p. 720. Brogger calculates the molecular ratio as follows :
i n m iv
R2O RO R2O3 ROa SiOa F HaO
1-04 10-18 1-20 4-19 12 2'57 10'25
The formula is written, also analogous to the epidotes, (c\vr\ fR4 (Ra)7RioRa(SiO4)ia.
i n m
Here R, 6H2,lNa2(K2); R lOCa (a little Mg.Mn), R fCe.Y and a little Fe;
R fTi.fZr.'Ce and a little Th.
Anal.— 1, Berlin, Pogg., 88, 156, 1853. 2, BackstrOm, quoted by Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 80, 1890.
SiOa TiOa ZrOa ThOa CeOa CeaO3 YaOs Fe2O3 MnO CaO MgO Naa KaO HaO ' F
1. 29-93 9-90 - 26 56b 1'83 — 19'07 0 75 2'87 0'52 8'90 - 100'33
2. [30-71-] 5'33 7-43 0 34 6'34 10'45b 3'52 0'56 0'45 22'53 0'63 2'44 0'38 770 2'06 100'87
a A direct determination gave 29'61. b Incl. (La,Di)jOs.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube gives water. B.B. fuses with intumescence at 3 to a brown glass. With salt of phosphorus in R.F. gives a violet bead (titanium), and with borax in O.F. gives an amethystine bead (manganese). Decomposed by hydrochloric acid, with separation
Silica Tes— Tit An A Te8.
of silica and formation of a dark red solution, which, on heating, gives off chlorine and becomes yellow.
Obs. — Occurs on the small island Laven in the Laugesund fiord, also on the neighboring island Stoko, and on the reefs near Barkevik; it is associated with leucophanite, eucolite, elaeolite, segirite, black mica. Readily undergoes alteration.
Named after the Swedish chemist G. G. Mosander (1797-1858).
517. RINKITE. Lorenzen, Medd. GrSnl., 7, 1884, and Zs. Kr., 9, 248, 1884.
Monoclinic. Axes: a : I : 6 — 1-5688 : 1 : 0-2922; ft 88° 47£' 001 A 100 Lorenzen.
100 A 110 57° 28f ', 001 A 101 10° 30f , 001 A Oil 16° 17'.
Forms: a (100, i-l), s (320, i-£), m (110, I), h (120, i-2); n (101, - 14), u (101, 1-1); o (341, - 4-|).
The domes 101, 101 correspond to 105, 105 of johnstrupite.
Angles: it'" 92° 33', mm'" 114° 67*', am *57° 28f , hh' - 35° 22', an *78° 16f, a'u 80° 37', nu *21° 5f.
Crystals flattened a; with a zonal structure parallel the faces, and with twinning lamellae a.
Cleavage: a distinct. H. 5. GL 3'46. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color yellowish brown to straw-yellow. Pleochroic. Absorption c b a. Optically -f. Ax. pi. b and inclined 7£ to L Bxa nearly normal to a. Dis- persion horizontal distinct, also p v.
Comp. — Near johnstrupite and mosandrite.
Brogger suggests [F8Ti4]Na9CaiiCe3(SiO4)1a. Anal. — Lorenzen, mean of five partial analyses:
SiO2 TiO, Cea(La,Di)2O3 Y2O3 FeO CaO Na2O F 29-08 13-36 21-25 0'92 0'44 23'26 8'98 5'82 10311, less O 2'45 100'66
Pyr., etc.— Fuses B.B. rather easily to a black shining glass with continued intumescence. Dissolves in the borax bead, giving a yellow color in the O.F. ; with salt of phosphorus, in R.F. violet (titanium), in O.F. colorless but with more of the mineral becomes enamel-like.
Easily decomposed by dilute acids with separation of silica carrying titanium.
Obs.— Occurs in sodalite-syenite at Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland, with arfvedsonite, segirite, eudialyte, lithia mica, steenstrupine.
Named after Dr. Rink, at one time director of the Danish-Greenland commerce.
518. PEROVSKITE. Perowskit G. Rose, Pogg., 48, 558, 1839, Reis. Ural, 2, 128, 1842. Perofskite.
Isometric or pseudo-isometric. Observed forms1-:
a (100, i-i) <2U10, 0 o (111, 1)
k (520, i-|)
e (210, £ 9 (320, i- J (11 -8-0,
A (540, t'-f)
P (221, 2) m (811, 3-3) n (211, 2-2)?
P (944, H) ft (322, H)
z (942, |-f) & (10-4-3,
r (832, 4-|) F (643, 2-|) x (432, 2-|)'
Crystals in general (Ural, Zermatt) cubic in habit and often highly modified, but the planes often irregularly distributed. Cubic faces striated parallel to the edges and apparently penetration-twins, as if of pyritohedral individuals. Again (Tyrol) the cubic faces less developed and the forms m (311), p (944) prominent. Also (Zermatt) in reniform masses showing small cubes.
Cleavage : cubic, rather perfect. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. H. — 5-5. G. 4-017 Achmatovsk, Rose, 4-03-4-039 Zermatt, Dmr. Luster adamantine to metallic-adamantine. Color pale yellow, honey-yellow, orange- yellow, reddish brown, grayish black. Streak colorless, grayish. Transparent to opaque. Usually exhibits anomalous double refraction.
Perovskite. 723
Geometrically considered, perovskite conforms to the isometric system; optically, however, it is uniformly biaxial and usually positive. The molecular structure (also as developed by etching, Baumhauer) seems to correspond to orthorhombic symmetry. (See the authors referred to under Sections a) of cubic crystals from the Ural and Zermatt show. tw. lamellae parallel to both sets of cubic edges, with diagonal extinction; the bisectrix is normal to a dodecauedral face, the axial angle variable (up to 90°), the character -f-rlscLr- Similar sections from the Tyrolese crystals, in which the forms m (311) and p (944) often predominate, show line tw. lamellae parallel the diagonals, while the bisectrix is a, the optical character -J-, the axial angle small, sometimes sensibly 0°.
In general the form and optical character are partially explained by the assumption of an orthorhombic form, with a prismatic angle of 90° (corresponding to the two pair of cubic faces), and twinned with p (111) as tw. pi., and also m (110) in some cases. It seems more probable, however, as urged by Kleiu, especially as the structure differs in specimens from different local- ities, that the form was originally isometric and that the optical anomalies are due to secondary causes, but the subject stilt requires much elucidation. The transformation of the molecular structure to the isotropic condition by increase of temperature has not been accomplished, although this is readily done with boracite, to which perovskite is closely related in structure and optical characters.
Coinp. — Calcium titanate, CaTi03 Titanium dioxide 58'9, lime 41'1 100. Iron is present in small amount replacing the calcium.
Anal.— 1, Brooks, Pogg., 62, 596, 1841. 2, Jacobsou, ibid. 3, Brun, Zs. Kr., 7, 389, 1882. 4, Damour, Ann. Mines, 6, 512, 1854. 5, Mauro, quoted by Struver, Trans. Ace. Line., 4, 210, 1880. 6, Sauer, Zs. G. Ges., 37, 445, 1885. Also an approximate analysis, showing a large amount of iron, by Kastle, Am. J. Sc., 34, 141, 1887; further by Eakins, ib., 37, 219, 1889.
G. TiOa CaO FeO
1. Achmatovsk, brown 59'00 36'76 4'79 MgO,MnO Oil 100'07
2. " black 58-96 39'20 2'06 MgO.MnO tr. 100'22
3. Zermatt, yellow 3'974 59'39 39 '80 0-91 10010
4. " 59-23 39-92 114 100'29
5. ValMalenco 3'95 58'66 41-47 — =100-13
6. Oberwiesenthal 58'66 38'35 2'07 99-08
Pyr., etc. — In the forceps and on charcoal infusible. With salt of phosphorus in O.F. dissolves easily, giving a greenish bead while hot. which becomes colorless on cooling; in R.F. the bead changes to grayish green, and on cooling assumes a violet-blue color. Entirely decom- posed by boiling sulphuric acid.
Obs. — Occurs in small crystals or druses of crystals, all of dark colors, associated with crys- tallized chlorite, and magnetic iron in chlorite slate, at Achmatovsk, near Zlatoust, in the Ural; at Schelingen in the Kaiserstuhl, in white or yellowish granular limestone, with mica, magnetite, and pyrochlore or koppite (questioned by Knop, Zs. Kr., 1, 284, 18<7); in the valley of Zermatt, near the Findeleu glacier, where crystalline masses occur, in talcose schist, as large as the fist, and the interior, if not the whole, is of a light yellow color, along with garnet, vesuvianite, titanite, zircon, corundum, rutile, titanic iron, serpentine, etc.; at Wildkreuzjoch, between Pfitsch and Pfunders in Tyrol, but rare (cf. Hbg., 1. c., and Rath. Pogg., 144, 595, 1871). At Mte. Lagazallo, Val Malenco, Sondrio, northern Italy, with magnetite and amianthus. Rare on the island Laven in the Langesund fiord, associated with leucophanite. Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 508,
Sometimes noted in microscopic octahedral crystals asa rock constituent; thus in uephelite- aud melilite-basalts; as of Wartenberg in Bohemia; Hochbohl near Owen in Wurtemberg; the Saxon Erzgebirge, basaltic lava of Scharteberg in the Eifel (doubly refracting, Hussak), etc.; also in serpentine (altered peridotyte) at Syracuse, N. Y. (cf. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 34, 137, 1887); in peridotyte of Elliott Co., Ky. (Diller, ib., 37, 219, 1889). Also noted as a result of the alter- ation of titanite (Schneidei, Jb. Min., 1, 99. 1889).
Named after von Perovski of St. Petersburg.
Artif.— Formed in crystals by making lime act at a high temperature on titanium silicate (Ebelmen); also by Hautefeuille (cf. Fouque-Levy, Synth. Miu., 176, 1882). The artificial crys- tals show the optical characters of the natural mineral.
Ref— ' See Rose, 1. c., also Dx., Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 338, 1845; Kk., Min. Russl., 1, 199, 1853, 6, 388, 1874, 7, 375, 1878, 8, 39, 1881; Mir., Miu., 461, 1852; Hbg., Wildkreuzjoch, Min. Not., 4, 20, 1861, 10, 38, 1871, 11, 1, 1873.
On the optical characters, see Dx., 1. c. and Opt. Propr., 2, 81, 1858; N. R., 84, 1867; Zs. G. Ges., 26, 932, 1874; Jb. Min., 160, 1877, 43, 372, 1878. Also Ben Saude, Preisschrift, Gottingen, 1882; Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 233, 1882; Klein, Jb. Min., 1, 245, 1884, and 175 ref. (the latter a notice of Ben Saude). On the results of etching, see Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 4, 187, 1879.
8Ilica Tes—Titana Te8.
519. DYSANALYTE. A. Knop, Zs. Kr., 1, 284, 1877. Perovskite of former writers. Isometric; iu cubes.
Cleavage: cubic. H. 5-6. Gr. 4'13. Luster submetallic. Color iron- black. Opaque.
Comp. — A titano-niobate of calcium and iron approximating (anal. 3) to 6RTi03.LiNba06.
Mar calculates for anal. 4 the molecular ratio, TiO2 : (Nb,Ta)2O6 : Y2O3,Fe3O3 CaO 0-54 : 0-027 : 0'05 : 0'60.
Anal.— 1. 2, Seneca, Lieb. Ann., 104, 371, 1857. 3a, Knop, 1. c.; Sb, same, deducting SiO, 4, F. W. Mar, Am. J. Sc., 40, 403, 1890.
G.
TiOs
TaaO6 Ya(V FeO CeaO3b CaO Na3O
1. Kaiserstuhl 4 "03 58-95 — — — 6 23 — 35 69 — 100-87
2. " 59-30
Sa. " 40-57
36. " 41-47
4. Magnet Cove 418 44-12
— — 5 99 — 35-94 — 101-23 22-73 — — 6-12-: 5-58 19-36 3'50 SiO2 2-31, MgO,
[K2O,A12OS)F tr. 100-17
23-23 — 5-42 6'24d 5'72 19'77 3'57 100 4-38 5-08 — 5'66e O'lO 33 22 — MgO 0'74, SiO2
[0-08, magnetite 0'73 99-53
Yttrum earths. b Cerium oxides. c Incl. 0'42 MnO. d 0-43 MnO.
Fe2O3
Obs. — Found in the granular limestone of Vogtsburg, Kaiserstuhlgebirge, Baden. The mineral has previously been called perovskite, but is in fact intermediate between the titanate, perovskite, and the niobates, pyrochlore and koppite. Named, in allusion to the difficulty of the analysis, from SvaavdhvroS, hard to undo.
A related mineral, which has also long passed as perovskite, occurs with magnetite, brookite, rutile, etc., at Magnet Cove, Arkansas. It is in octahedrons or cubo-octahedrons, black or brownish black in color and submetallic in luster. The amount of niobium (and tantalum) present is much smaller than in the mineral from the Kaiserstuhl and it hence is more closely allied to perovskite. Ben Saude has shown that sections a (100) and o (111) show twinning lamellae analogous to perovskite.
HYDROTITANITE Koenig, Proc. Acad. Philad., 82, 1876. An altered form of the so-called perovskite (dysanalyte) from Magnet Cove, Arkansas. G. 3'681. Soft. Color yellowish gray. An analysis afforded :
TiO, 82-82 Fe2O3 7'76 MgO 2'72 CaO 0'80 HaO 5'50 V tr. 99'60. This does not correspond to any definite formula.
Oxygen Salts. 3. NIOBATES, TANTALATES.
The Niobates and Tantalates are chiefly salts of metaniobic and metatantalicacid, RNbsOg and RTa2Oe; also in part Pyroniobates, R,Nb20,,etc. Titanium is promi- nent m'a number of the species, which are hence intermediate between the niobates nd titanates. Niobium and tantalum also enter into the composition of a few silicates, as wohlerite, p. 376, lavenite, p. 375, etc.
1. Pyrochlore Group. Isometric.
520. Pyrochlore RNb,06.R(Ti,Th)03.NaF
Also R,Nb207.R(Ti,Th)Os.NaF, etc. 520A. Koppite R,Nb,07.fNaF
521. Hatchettolite 2R(Nb,Ta)a06.Ra(Nb,Ta)a07.R U08, Ca, Fe, etc.
522. Microlite CaaTaaO, pt.
2. Fergusonite Group. Tetragonal.
523. Fergusonite (Y,Er,Ce)(Nb,Ta)04 6 T4643
524. Sipylite, essentially ErNb04 1-4767
3. Columbite Group. Orthorhombic.
a-.l:6
525. Columbite (Fe,Mn)NbaO.
(Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)aO. 0-8285 : 1 : 0'8898
526. Tantalite FeTa,0.
Manganocolumbite MnNb206.MnTaaO,
Manganotantalite MnTaaOg
526A. Skogbolite FeTaaO. 0-8170 : 1 : 0-6511
Ixiolite
527. Tapiolite Fe(Nb,Ta)a06 Tetragonal 6 0-6464
4. Samarskite Group. Orthorhombic.
ii in iii n
628, Yttrotantalite RaR4(Ta,Nb)4016, R Y,Er; also R Ca, Fe, etc.
a : I : t 0'5411 : 1 : 1-1330
Niobates, Tantalates.
529. Samarskite
530. Annerodite
531. Hielmite
R3R2(Nb,Ta)6081, R Ca,Fe,UO_s; R
& : I : 26
Pyroniobate of uranium, yttrium, etc.
d:b:6 4R0.3Ta006? 2a : 1 : 6
Y, Ce, etc. 0-5456 : 1 : 1-0356
0-8257 : 1 : 0-8943 0-9290 : 1 : 1-0264
532. JEschynite
533. Polymignite
534. Euxenite
535. Folycrase
5. JEschynite Group. Ortho-rhombic.
S,Nb401,.R>(Ti,Th)t01I & : b : 6 0-4866 : 1 : 0-6737
in R((Nb,Ta)03)8.5R((Ti,Zr)03)3a : b :6
or 6 : b : a
R(Nb03)3,R2(Ti08)3.fH30 d : I : 6 R(Nb03)3.2R2(Ti03)3.3H20 a : : 6
0-7121 : 1 : 0-5121 0-5121 :1 : 0-7121
0-364 : 1 : 0'303 0-3462 : 1 : 0-3124
1. Pyrochlore Group. Isometric.
520. PYROCHLORE. Pyrochlor (fr. Fredriksvarn) Wohler, Pogg., 7, 417, 1826. Hydrochlor, Fluochlor, Herm., J. pr. Ch., 50, 186, 187, 1850.
Isometric. Observed forms:
a (100, i-i); d (110, i); o (111, 1); m (311, 3-3), n (211, 2-2)? Commonly in octahedrons; also in irregular embedded grains.
Cleavage: octahedral, sometimes distinct. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5-5-5. G. 4-4-36; 4 -32, Miask, Rose; 4-203, ib., Hermann; 4-359, ib., Rg. ; 4-203- 4-221, Fredriksvarn, Hayes; 4-328, ib., Rg. Luster vitreous or resinous, the latter on fracture surfaces. Color brown, dark reddish or blackish brown. Streak light brown, Miask, Kk. yellowish brown. Subtranslucent to opaque.
Comp. — Chiefly a niobate of the cerium metals, calcium and other bases, with also titanium, thorium, fluorine. Probably essentially a metaniobate with a titanate, RNb?06.R(Ti,Th)03; the part played by the fluorine in this and the following species is doubtful.
Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., Erg., 191, 1886) calculates for the pyrochlore from Miask [5RNb2O6.4R(Ti,Th)O3] + 4NaF; for that from " Brevik" [5RNbaO..2R(Ti,Th)O8] + 4NaF; Fredriksvarn [R2Nb2O7.RTiO3] -j- NaF. Brogger (Zs. Kr., 16, 511, 1890) suggests that the metaniobate may represent the original composition, the pyrouiobate be a result of alteration. Anal.— 1-3, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 183, 1871. Also earlier anals., 5th Ed., p. 513.
1. Miask
G.
2. "Brevik" 4-220
3. Fredriksvarn 4'228
TiOs
ThO2
CeaO3
CaO FeO 14-21 1'84
UO MgO Na2O — 0'22 5'01
496 550 1093 5'53 — 7-30 15-94 10-03
— 5-31 3-75 [ign. 1-53 101-16 — 0-19 3-12 290 [ign. 1-39 101-52
Pyr., etc. — Pyrochlore from Miask gives but traces of water in the closed tube. B.B. infusible, but turns yellow and colors the flame reddish yellow. When ignited it glows momen- tarily as if taking fire, the same phenomenon as observed with gadolinite. With borax and salt of phosphorus in both flames gives a light green bead, becoming colorless on cooling. A saturated bead of borax gives a greenish gray enamel in R.F., while that with salt of phosphorus is reddish gray. Decomposed by concentrated sulphuric acid with evolution of fluorine (G. Rose). Pyrochlore from Norway gives water in the closed tube, and B.B. fuses with
Pyrochlore Group— Eatchettolite.
difficulty to a dark brown slaggy mass. With borax in R.F. gives a dark red bead, which by flaming'turns to a grayish blue to pure blue enamel. Dissolves with effervescence in salt of phosphorus, giving in O.F. a yellow bead while hot, becoming grass-green on cooling (uranium). In K.F. the bead is made dark red to violet (titanium). Fused with soda gives a green color (manganese). All varieties are decomposed by fusion with potassium bisulphate. Most speci- mens are sufficiently decomposed by hydrochloric acid to give a blue_color when the con- centrated solution is boiled with metallic tin; this color disappears after a time, and almost immediately if diluted with water.
Obs. — Occurs embedded in elseolite-syenite at Fredriksva'rn and Laurvik, Norway, with zircon, polymignite, amphibole, and xeuotirne; on the island Lovo, opposite Brevik; on StokO, Lille Aro, and other points in the Langesund fiord (Bgr., Zs. Kr., 16, 509, 1890); near Miask in the Ural.
Lacroix mentions an pctahedial mineral resembling the Norwegian pyrochlore as occurring with astrophyllite and zircon, in the syenite of St. Peter's Dome, Pike's Peak, Colorado (C. R., 109, 39, 1889).
Named from itvp, fire, and Aoapd?, green, because B.B. it becomes yellowish green.
520A. Koppite. Knop, Jb. Min., 67, 1875.
Isometric; in minute embedded dodecahedrons, G. 4-45-4-56. Color brown. Transparent.
Comp. — Essentially a pyroniobate of cerium, calcium, etc.; formula as given by Rammels- berg (Min. Ch., Erg., 191), 5R2Nb2O7.2NaF.
Anal.— 1, Kuop, 1. c. and Zs. G. Ges., 23, 656, 1871. 2, G. H. Bailey, J. Ch. Soc., 49, 153, 1886. An earlier analysis by Bromeis is quoted by Knop.
Nb2OB TiOa ZrO3 (Ce,La,Di)2O3 FeO CaO
61-90 — —
2-20a 16-00
61-64 0-52 3-39
3-01 16-61
MnO 0-40.
MgO NaaO
n .CO
1-62 3-58 Na
K2O 0-36K
F
tr.
Obs.— Occurs with apatite in a granular limestone near Schelingen, Kaiserstuhlgebirge, Baden.
Named after Prof. Hermann Kopp of Heidelberg.
521. HATCHETTOLITE. J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 13, 365, 1877. 0. D. Allen, ibid., 14, 128, 1877.
Isometric. In octahedrons with also the subordinate forms a (100, i-i) and m (311, 3-3).
Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 5. G. 4-77-4-90. Luster resinous. Color yellowish brown. Translucent.
Comp. — A tantalo-niobate of uranium, near pyrochlore, approximating to R(Nb,Ta)aO. + H20 with K UO, : Ca 1-3 and Nb : Ta 2 : 1. The water present may be due to alteration.
Anal.— 1, 2, 3, Smith, 1. c. 4, 5, Alien, 1. c.
Ta2O5 Nb2O6 Ti02 WO3 SnO2 UO3 CaO
29-83 34-24
5. 29-60
0*30
FeO K2O Na20 HSO
2'08
0'50
1'21
undet.
tr.
— — 889 — 2-33 —
a With cerium oxide.
[Pb
[99-42 Pb tr. 100-18 99-06 MgO 0-15, tr. =98-55
From analysis 4, Allen deduces the formula R2(Nb,Ta)2O, + 2R(Nb,Ta)2O, with R UO2,Ca,Fe,Mg,Na2. Allen calls attention to the close relation to pyrochlore, and suggests that the original mineral in this case may have been anhydrous and hence analogous to it in composition. It is united with pyrochlore by some authors, which species, however, contains little or no uranium.
Pyr. — Nearly the same as for pyrochlore.
Obs — Occurs associated with samarskite, sometimes implanted upon it in parellel position, in the mica mines of Mitchell Co., North Carolina. Named after the English chemist, Charles Hatchett (1765-1847).
Niobates, Tantalate8.
522. MICROLITE. Microlite C. U. Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 27, 361, 1835, 32, 338 183? 43, 116, 1842. Pyrochlore Hayes, ib., 43, 33, 1842, 46, 158, 1844.
Isometric. Observed forms' :
a (100, i-i), n (211, 2-2)?
d(llO, i),
, 1), p (221, 2), m (811, 3-3)
after Feist
Habit octahedral; crystals often very small.
Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5-5. G.=5'485~ 5-562, the last from a large crystal, Shepard; 5 '405, Hayes; 6 '13 Virginia, Hidden. Luster resinous. Color pale yellow to brown, rarely hyacinth-red. Streak pale yellowish or brownish. Transparent to translucent or nearly opaque.
Comp.— Essentially a calcium pyro-tantalate, Ca./ra20T, but containing also niobium, fluorine, and a variety of bases in small amount.
Duuningtou calculates 3Ca2Ta2O7 + NbOF3. analysis [R2(Ta,Nb)2O,.2R(Ta,Nb)2O6] -f 3NaF.
Anal.— 1, Dunnington, Am. Ch. J., 3, 130, 1881. 282, 1872.
Rammelsberg deduces from the same 2, A. Nordenskiold, G. F6r. F5rh., 3,
G. Ta,O Nb.,06 WO3 SnOa CaO MgO BeO UOS Y-OS (Ce,Di)aO, FeaO, MnO 1. Va. 5-656 68'43 7 74 0'30 1'05 11'80 I'Ol 0'34 1'59 0'23 0'17 0'42 —
2. Utb 5-S5 77-3 - 0'8 11'7 1'8 — — —
Incl. 0-13 A12O3. FeO tr.
— 7-7" Incl. 0-29 K.,0.
F H,O
2'85 M7 100-25 — - 99'3
Pyr., etc.— B.B. infusible. In salt of phosphorus difficultly soluble, giving in O.F. a bead yellow while hot, and colorless on cooling. In R.F. after long blowing yields a pale bluish
freen bead. Not attacked by hydrochloric acid, but decomposed on fusion with potassium isulphate and the solution of the fused mass remains uncolored when boiled with metallic tin. Slowly decomposed by sulphuric acid.
Obs. — First found at Chesterfield, Mass., in minute octahedrons in an albite vein, with red and green tourmaline, spodumene, columbite, and a little cassiterite; similarly associated at Branchville, Conn., and at Uto, Sweden. Also in fine crystals up to 1 in. in diameter, and in imperfect crystals (up to 4 Ibs.) at the mica mines at Amelia Court House, Amelia Co., Va., with monazite, columbite, spessartite, beryl, fluorite, etc. (cf. Fontaine, Am. J. Sc., 25, 335, 1883); the crystals, embedded in smoky quartz, are rarely clear, highly polished, and resembling pyrope in color (Hidden, ib., 30, 82, 1885). Also in the granitic veins of Elba (Corsi, Boll. Com. G., 564, 1881). Cf. pyrrhite, below.
Named from /.UK/JOS, small, alluding to the minute size of the crystals at the original locality
Ref.— ' See Feist, Zs. Kr., 11, 255, 1885.
A mineral related to microlite, from Haddam, Conn., is called haddamite by C. U. Shepard (Am. J. Sc., 50, 93, 1870; Min. Contr., 1877). What its true character is, if it be a distinct species, has not been determined.
PYRRHITE 0. Rose, Pogg., 48, 562, 1840, Reis. Ural., 2, 1842.
Isometric; in octahedrons. Cleavage not observed H. 6. Luster vitreous. Color orange-yellow. Subtrauslucent. In composition probably a niobate, related to pyrochlore, and perhaps identical with microlite.
B.B. infusible, but blackens, and colors the flame deep yellow. In fragments difficultly soluble in salt of phosphorus, but in fine powder it is readily taken up by this salt, as well as by borax, forming a clear glass when cold if only a small portion is used, while if saturated it is yellowish green, becoming somewhat more intense in R.F. Fused with soda on charcoal, it spreads out and is absorbed by the coal, giving a slight white coating, somewhat resembling oxide of zinc; it yields no metallic spangles when the surface of the coal is removed and rubbed in the mortar. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid (G. Rose).
Pyrrhite was found by von Perovski of St. Petersburg at Alabashka, near Mursinka in the Ural, where it occurs in drusy feldspar cavities, containing also lepidolite, albite, and topaz. The largest crystal was but three lines long. Crystals from San Piero, Elba, referred here by Rath (Zs. G. Ges., 22, 672, 1870) are regarded by Corsi as microlite, which may also be true of the Uralian mineral (ref. above). Cf. also Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 187, 1871.
Named from irvppo?, yellowish red or fire-like.
To Rose's pyrrhite J. E. Teschemacher refers small orange-red, isometric octahedrons, found with albite on San Miguel, one of the Azores (J. Nat. H. Bost., 4, 499, 1844; Proc. id., 2, 108, 1846), along with tetragonal octahedrons of azorite (p. 484). The crystals are a half to two lines long, and those of minute size are transparent. They are called azor-pyrrhite by Hubbard, who
Verq U80Nite Uro Up—Ferq Usonite.
mentions a similar mineral (G. 4'l-4'3) in the sanidine-bombs of the Laacher See (Ber. nied. Ges.. June 7, 1886) associated with titanite and noselite. Cf. also Osanu (Jb. Min., 1, 115, 1887, 1, 117, 1888), who has further investigated the mineral from the Azores and finds the hardnesa below 6 and by chemical tests identifies Nb(Ti?)Ti, Fe, Na, Ca. It is hence, as urged by him, probably near pyroch lore, and may be identical with it; the specific gravity seems to be less than that of the pyrrhite from the Ural and Elba.
The chemical and blowpipe trials of A. A. Hayes (Am. J. Sc., 9, 423, 1850, detailed in 5th Ed., p. 763) on specimens by Teschermacher made the crystals consist of niobate of zirco- nium, colored apparently by oxides of iron, uranium, and manganese, but the results are not conclusive.
2. Fergusonite Group. Tetragonal.
523, FERGUSONITE. Haidinger, Ed. Phil. Trans., 10, 274, 1826, Tyrite Forbes, Ed. N. Phil. J., 1, 67, 1855; Phil. Mag., 13, 91, 1857. Bragite Forbes and Dahll, Nyt Mag., 8, 227, 1855. Yttrotantalite pt. (yellow).
Tetragonal; with pyramidal hemihedrism. Axis 6 1'4643; 001 A 101 55° 40f Miller1.
Forms2: c (001, 0); g (320, i-f); s (111, 1); z (321, 3-f).
Angles: cs 64° 13f , M' *79° 6', cz 79° 16i', ztl" 88° 1'.
The form is near that of the scheelite group, p. 985.
Crystals pyramidal or prismatic in habit, sometimes with basal plane prominent and often showing the hemihedral form, the pyramid of the third series, z (321).
Cleavage: ,9 (111) in traces. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 5-5-6. G-. 5-838 Allan; 5-800 Turner; diminishing to 4-3 when largely hydrated. Luster externally dull, on the frac- kire brilliantly vitreous and submetallic. Color brownish black; in thin scales pale liver-brown. Streak pale brown. Subtrans- lucent to opaque.
Comp. — Essentially a metaniobate (and tantalate) of yttrium
with erbium, cerium, uranium, etc., in varying amounts; also iron,
in in
General formula R(Nb,Ta)04 with R Y,Er,Ce.
Haidinger.
calcium, etc.
Water is usually present and sometimes in considerable amount, but probably not an original constituent ; the specific gravity falls as the amount increases, cf . anals. 12, 13, and Hidden & Mackintosh, 1. c.
Anal.— 1-9, Rg.. Ber. Ak. Berlin, 406,- 1871, and Min. Ch., 362, 1875; 2-5, of the so-called yellow (or brown) yttrotantalite. 10, W. H. Seamon, Ch. News, 46, 204, 1882. 11, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 13, 367, 1877. 12, 13, Hidden & Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 38, 482, 1889. Earlier auals., 5th Ed., p. 525. ,
G. Nb2O5Ta2O6 UO, WO, SuO,, YaO, EraO, Ce,O, FeO CaO HSO
H. Greenland, Ferg. 5'577 44'45 6'30 2'58 0'15 0'47 24 '87 9'81 7'63a 0'74 0'61 1-49
99-10
2. Ytterby, yw. 4-774 28'14 27'04 2'13 — — 24'45 8'26 — 0-72 4-17 5 12
100-03
40-16 8-73 1-98 0'91 38'26 — 3'09 3'40 4-47
101-00
39-93 9-53 1'20 0'21 0'28 26'25 11'79 1'79 0'60 3'04 5'20
99-77
49-85 — — — 38'01 2-91 3'29 6'19
100-25
45-82 — 6-21 — 0-45 18'69 11-71 9'26b 1'50 2'39 4-88
100-91
4560 — 5-38 — 0-45 22'3J 13'97 4'54C 0'82 205 4'88
100
8. " Bragite 5'267 43'36 2'04 8'16 — 0'83 22'6 13'95 3-33 — 2'21 4'18
100-74
brn.
6. Heile, Ty rite 4-77-4-86
730 Niobates, Tantalate8.
G. Nb,OBTaaO. UO, WO3SnO2 Y2O3 Er2Os Ce2O3 FeO CaO H2O
9. Kararfvet, 99-0?
Yttr.,gry. 4-306 14-4143-44 1'56 — — 28'81 1'73 0'47 1'51 — 7"14
10. Burke Co., N.C. 5-6 43'78 4'08 5 '81 0'76 37'21 4'15d 1'81 0'65 1-62
99-87
11. Rockport, Mass. 5'681 48'75 0'25 — — 46'01 4 "23 — — 1'65
100-89 UO3 ThO,
12. Llano Co., Tex. 5'67 46'27 — — 1'54 3'38 42'33e — 0'98f 0'14s 2-021'
[F 0-91, A12O3 0-09, PbO 1'43, ZnO 0 24 99 33
13. " 4-42 4279 — 3'93 3-12 0'83 31'36k — 3'75f 2-74 8-19*
[F 0-50, A12O3 0-85, PbO 1'94 100
a Incl..5-63 Di2O,,La2O3. b Incl. 3"56 Di,O,,La,O,,. Incl. 1-51 Di2O3,La2O3. d Incl. 3'49 Di2O3,La2O3. e Incl. 23 95 of at. . 110'55; 18'38, at. . 113'3. f Fe2O3. e Incl. 0'04 MgO. h At 110° 0-04. Do. 0-62. J At. . 121-77.
On the absorption spectra of the rare earths in fergusonite. see Krilss and Nilson, Ofv. Ak Stockh., 44, 373, 1887; on metallic acids, ib., p. 267.
Pyr., etc. — Fergusouite from Greenland gives in the closed tube a little water. B.B. infusible; on charcoal its color becomes pale yellow. With borax dissolves with difficulty, giving a yellow bead while hot, the insoluble portion being white; the saturated bead is yellowish red, and is made opaque by flaming. Slowly dissolved by salt of phosphorus, leaving a white insoluble residue; in O.F. the bead is yellow, while in R.F. it is colorless, or, if saturated, slightly reddish, becoming opaque on cooling; treated with tin the bead remains uncolored, while the insoluble residue is made flesh-red. Decomposed by soda without dissolving, leaving a reddish slag; with soda on charcoal affords globules of metallic tin (Berzelius). When evapo- rated with sulphuric acid yields a white residue, which, treated with hydrochloric acid and metallic zinc, gives a bluish green color. Tyrite decrepitates and yields much water in the closed tube (Forbes).
Obs. — Fergusonite was. discovered by Giesecke, near Cape Farewell in Greenland, dissem- inated in quartz, and named after Robert Ferguson of Raith. Also found at Ytterby, Sweden, and Kararfvet. In the granite of Konigshain, near .Gorlitz, Silesia (Woitschach).
Tyrite is associated with euxenite at Hampemyr on the island of Tromo. and Helle on the mainland; at Naskul, about ten miles east of Areudal. Bragite of Forbes and Dan 11 is from Helle, Narestb, Alve, and Askero, Norway.
Fergusonite is found in the U. S., at Rockport, Mass., in granite; on the allanite of Amelia Court House, Va. (?, sipylite); in the Brindletown gold district, Burke Co., N. C., in gold- washings, and similarly near Golden P. O., Rutherford Co. ; also from near Spruce Pine, Mitchell Co.; with zircon near Storeville, Anderson Co., S. Carolina (Hidden, Am. J. Sc. , 41, 440, 1891). At the gadoliuite locality (p. 511) in Llano Co., Texas, it occurs in considerable quantity with cyrtolite, thorogummite, magnetite, etc., in masses sometimes weighing over a pound, also in large rough crystals; the mineral is often hydrated to a greater or-less extent, cf. anals. 12, 13.
Ref.— ' Miu., 465, 1852. Haidtnger gives 79° 32'.
RUTHERFORDITE G. U. Shepard, Am. Assoc., 4, 312, 1850, Am. J. Sc., 12, 209, 1851. T, 8. Hunt, ib., 14, 344, 1852.
In crystals and grains, without cleavage. H. 5'5. G.= 5'55-5-69. Luster vitreo-resinous. Color blackish brown. Opaque, in thin fragments translucent. Occurs at the gold mines of Rutherford Co . North Carolina, along with rutile, brookite, zircon, and mouazite.
Shepard later announced (Am. J. Sc. , 20, 57, 1880) that rutherfojdite was probably identical with fergusonite, and of the correctness of this there seems little doubt.
KOCHELITE M. Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 20, 250, 1868.
Tetragonal? In columnar incrustations passing into rounded, apparently square octahedrons, occasionally showing prismatic planes. Color brownish isabella-yellow to honey-yellow. Trans- fucent. Luster dull greasy. H. 3-3'5. G. 3'74(?), An incomplete analysis gave:
Nb2O6 ZrO2 ThO2 SiO2 Y2O3 UOS A12O3 Fe2O3 CaO H2O
29-49 1281 1-23 449 17'22 0'43 1'41 12'48 2-10 6'52 PbO?Na2O? loss 11'82 100
In the closed tube yields water, and the mineral turns reddish. B.B. in the forceps fuses only on the edges to a black glass, coloring the flame yellow. With salt of phosphorus reacts for iron, but in R.F. fuses to a clear bead, showing only a faint reaction for uranium. . With soda on charcoal yields a yellowish white enamel, but no metallic globules.
Occurs as an incrustation upon a mixture of titanic iron and crystals of fergusonite m a coarse granite in the Kochelwiese, near Schreiberhau in Silesia.
The composition is near that of fergusonite, but further investigation ist needed. The density is remarkably low for a mineral containing so large a percentage of metallic acids.
Siptlite-Columbite ; Tantalite. 731
524. SIPYLITE. /. W. Mallet, Am. J. Sc., 14, 397, 1877; 22, 52, 1881.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 1-4767; 001 A 101 55° 53f Mallet.
Barely in octahedral crystals; pp' *79° 15', pp" 128° 50' (127° meas.). Usually imperfectly crystalline, or in irregular masses.
Cleavage: p (111)," distinct. Fracture small conchoidal and uneven. Brittle. H. 6 nearly. G. 4-89. Luster resinous and pseudo-metallic. Color brownish black to brownish orange; in splinters red-brown. Streak light cinnamon-brown to pale gray. Translucent.
Comp. — A niobate of erbium chiefly, also the cerium metals, etc. Anal.— W. G. Brown, 1. c.
WO3 SnO2 ZrO2 Er2O3 Ce2O3 La2O3 Di2O3 UO FeO BeO MgO CaO Na,O K2O HaO 48'66a 0-16 0-08 2'09 27"94b 1'37 3'92 4'06d 3'47 2'04 0'62 0'05 2'61 0'16 0'06 3'19
[MnO,Li2O,F tr. 100-48
a With Ta2O6 about 2 p. c. With Y2O3 about 1 p. c. c Di2O3 tr. d Ce2O3 tr.
Taking together the acid oxides of niobium, tantalum, tungsten, tin, and zirconium as NbaO6, and reducing all the basic elements to the form RO, and neglecting the water, the ratio RO : Nb2O5 221 : 100 is obtained, which corresponds to the formula: R3Nb2O8 -f- 4R2Nb2O7. Mallet prefers to include the water, making the hydrogen basic, and deduces on this supposition the formula: R3Nb2O8. This view is supported by the fact that in form sipylite is very near fergusonite.
Fyr.— B.B. decrepitates, and glows brilliantly, becomes pale greenish yellow and opaque; infusible. In the closed tube gives off acid water. With borax in O.F. gives a yellow bead, pale on cooling; in R.F. assumes a greener tint. Boiled in strong HC1 partially dissolves, the solution reacting for zirconium with turmeric paper; when metallic tin is added and the solution diluted, a sapphire-blue color is obtained (niobium). Decomposed completely, though slowly, in boiling concentrated sulphuric acid.
Obs. — Occurs sparingly, embedded in, or more commonly adherent to, masses of allanite and magnelite, at the northwest slope of Little Friar Mountain, Amherst Co., Virginia. Named from Sipylus, one of the children of Niobe, in allusion to the names niobium and tantalum.
Delafontaine (C. R. , 87. 933, 1878) states that sipylite contains yttrium, erbium (in small quan- tities), philippium (see samarskite), and also the ytterbium of Marignac (see gadolinite, p. 510).
ADELPHOLITE. Adelfolit N. Nordemkiold, Beskrifn. Finl. Min., 1855, Jb. Min., 313, 1858; A. E. Nd., Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 20, 452, 1863, Pogg., 122, 615, 1864.
Tetragonal. Angles undetermined. H. 3 5-4-5. G. 3-8. Luster greasy. Color brownish yellow to brown and black. Streak white or yellowish white. Subtranslucent. A niobate of iron and manganese, containing 41 -8 p. c. of metallic acids, and9'7p. c. of water. From Laurinmaki, in Tammela, Finland, with columbite.
3. Columbite Group. Orthorhombic.
525, 526. Columbite— Tantalite.
525. Columbite. Ore of Columbium (fr. Conn.) Hatchett, Phil. Tr., 1802. Columbite Jameson, Min., 2, 582, 1805. Columbate of Iron. Columbeisen Germ. Baierine (fr. Bavaria) Beud., Tr., 2, 655, 1832. Torrelite Thorn., Rec. Gen. Sc., 4, 408, 1836. Niobite Raid., Handb., 549, 1845. Greenlandite Breith., B. H. Ztg., 17, 61, 1858. Dianite KbL, Ber. Ak. Munchen, Mar. 10. 1860.
Mangautantalite A. E. Nordenskiold, G For. F5rh., 3, 284, 1877. Manganotantalite A. Arzruni, Vh. Min. Ges., 23, 181, 1887.
526. Tantalite. Tantalit Ekeberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 23, 80, 1802. Ferrotantalite Thorn., Rec. Gen. Sc., 4, 416, 1836. Siderotantal Hausm., Handb., 2, 960,1847. Ildefonsit Haid., Handb. 548, 1845; Harttantalerz Breith., Char., 230, 1832, Handb., 874, 1847. See also below.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : b 0'82850 . 1 : 0-88976 E. S. Dana1. 100 A HO 39° 38$', 001 A 101 47° 2£', 001 A Oil 41° 39|'.
Forms2: z (530, a'-f)5.8 / (102, |4)5 a (113, i)1 if (121, 2-§)5
a (100, m (110, /) £(203, H)4 o (111, 1)_ u (133, 1-3)
b (010, i-l) g (130, *-3) Q23 , ? a- (213, f-3)' (263, 2-8)'
d (730 k 02 1 2 I ft V™' H)' (163, 2-6)
„ (210 1 ' (463'2*)5 U-12-3, 4-12)'
Niobate8, Tantalates.
The form of columbite bears a rather close relation to that of wolframite (p. 982) as early pointed out by Rose.
Fig. 1. Middletown.
2, Haddam. 3, Black Hills, Pfd. 4, Greenland, after Schrauf (b (010) in front). 5, Standish, Bodenmais. 6, Standish, Me.
dd'"
—
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—
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56°
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ca 24° 56' co 54° 21|' co- 37° 46V ex 66° 43V 64° 18' 43° 48' 62° 28' 61° 9' act' 37° 53' 68° 56' 29° 57' 56° 17'
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uu'"
nri"
oo'"
itn'"
77° 29'
19° 54'
38° 39'
70° 6'
55° 30'
*108° 43'
87° 36'
31° 12'
79° 54'
118° 20'
62° 27V
100° 59'
era-'"
—
27°
7'
ftfi'"
—
71°
46'
8S'"
110°
42'
xx'"
ss
41°
10'
—
51°
aft
61°
51f
au
ss
75°
ait
ss
62°
15'
as
—
70°
40'
bo
58°
46'
bn
—
30°
50'
bu
50°
3'
Twins3 : tw. pi. e common, usually contact-twins, heart-shaped and showing a delicate feather-like striation on a (f. 5), here c.c 58° 40' and bb 121° 20';
also penetration-twins. Further tw. pi. q (023) rare (f. 6), here cc 118° 39', lib 61° 21'. Crystals short prismatic, often rectangular prisms with the pinacoids, abc, prominent; also thin tabular a; the pyramids often but slightly developed, sometimes, however, acutely terminated by u (133) alone (f. 2). Also in large groups of parallel crystals, and massive.
Cleavage: a rather distinct; b less so. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H.— 6. G. 5'3- 7;3, varying with the composition (see below). Luster submetallic, often very brilliant, sub-resinous. Color iron-black, grayish and brownisli black, opaque; rarely
Standish, Me.
reddish brown and translucent; frequently iridescent. Streak dark red to black.
Columbite Group: Columbite—Tantalite.
Comp., Tar. — Niobate and tantalate of iron and manganese, (Fe,Mn)(N"b,Ta)ilO(l> passing by insensible gradations from normal COLUMBITE, the nearly pure niobat-e, to normal TANTALITE, the nearly pure tantalate. The iron and manganese also vary widely. Tin and woliram are present in small amount. The percentage composition for FeNbs06 Niobium pentoxide 82'7, iron protoxide 17*3 100; for FeTaaOB Tantalum pentoxide 86'1, iron protoxide 13'9 LOO.
In some varieties, manganocolumbUe or manganotantalite, the iron is largely replaced by manganese. The variety from Brauchville, anal. 10, corresponds to MnNb2O6.MnTa2O; cf. also anal. 33. The mauganotautalite of Sanarka (anal. 13) is essentially MnTa2O6.
The connection between the specific gravity and the percentage of metallic acids is shown in the following table from Marignac, Bibl. Univ., 25, 25, 1866. See also analyses below.
Greenland Acworth, N. H. Limoges
Bodenmais (Dianite) Haddam
G.
Ta2O5
Bodenmais Haddam Bodenmais Haddam
Tantalite
G.
Ta2O
CRYST. COLUMBITE and TANTALITE.
Anal.— 1, Blomstrand, J. pr. Ch., 99, 44, 1866. 2, Genth, Proc. Ac. Philad., 51, 1889.
3, O. D. Allen, Dana Min., App. m, 30, 1882. 4, Cossa, Rend. Ace. Line., 3, 111, 1887. 5, Janovsky, Ber. Ak. Wien, 80 (1), 34, 1879. 6, T. B. Osborne, Am. J. Sc., 30, 336, 1885. 7-9, Blomstrand, 1. c. 10, Comstock. Am. J. Sc., 19, 131, 1880. 11, Dunnington, Am. Ch. J.,
4, 138, 1882. 12, Comstock, 1. c. 13, Blomstrand, Vh. Min. Ges., 23, 188, 1887.
1. Greenland
2 Mineral Hill, Pa.
3. Standish, Me.
4. Craveggia
5. Isergebirge
6 Branchville
7. Bodenmais
8. Haddam
9. Bodenmais
10. Branchville
11. Amelia Co., Va.
G.
12. Northfield
13. Sanarka
Manganotantalite 7-301
Nb2Os
Ta2Os SnO2 WO3 FeO
— 0-73 0-13 17-33
0-83 0-16 tr.f 7-65 [Y3OS 1-78, Ce2O3 0'34,
9-22 1-61 16-80
13-35 0-23 — 9-84
16-25* 0-41 1-01 13-06
19-20 — — 12-91
22-79 0-58 1-07 15'82
28-55 0-34 0-76 13'54
30-58 0-91 15-70
tr. —
MnO CaO MgO 3-28 — 0-23 PbO 0'12, [ZrO2 0-13 99-92 11-29 0-66 0-07 TJC-3 0-18, ZrO2 0-67, igu. 0'33 100-22 3-65 — — 100-27 8-98 1-17 tr. 98-74 6-11 — — ZrO2 0-48, [H2O 0-34 100-30 7-03 — — 99 84 2-39 — 0-40 ZrO2 0'28, [H,O 0 35 100-11 4 55 — 0-42 ZrO2 0'34, [H2OO-16 100-19 2-95 — 0-14 H2O 0-40 [99-55
15-58 0-37 — 98-83 8-05 1-27 0-20 Y2O8? 0'82 100-22 5-88 — — 99-64
[100-33 13-88 0-17 — ign. 0-16
Other determinations gave: Nb2O5 62'25, 61 '98, 62'03; Ta208 16'31, 17'12, 16'55, respectively.
The following are analyses by W. P. Headden (Am. J. Sc., 41, 89, 1891) chiefly of columbite from the Black Hills, S. Dakota. Auals. 14-21 are all from the Etta mine, and show well the variation in the metallic acids, even in specimens from a single locality (also shown in specimens from Haddam and Bodenmais); further the accompanying variation in specific gravity.
14. Etta Mine,
Black Hills
G.
Nb2OB Ta,O6 SnO2 FeO MnO
o-io
tr.
7-07 CaO 0-21 100'88 7-80 100-34 10 94 100 29 9-09 CaO 0-78, MgO O'lO 8-82 100-31 99 89- 9-26 100 20
6-707 31-31 5-2-49 0'09 6'10 10-71 100 70 6 750 29-78 53'28 0'13 ' 6'11 10-40 99'70
Niobates, Tantalate8.
G.
Nb2O6
Ta205
SnO2
FeO
Peerless M., Black Hills, 6 '373
Bob Ingersoll M. ,
Sarah M.,
Mallory Gulch
Oil
Yolo M., Nigger Hill Distr. 6 -592
Turkey Creek, Col. 5'383
l-35a
Haddam, Conn. 5 '780
Mitchell Co., N. C.
Elk Creek, S. D. 6'170
MnO
11-02 100-14 11-23 100-49 13-55 100-68
8-67 100 79
7-24 100-16
8-70 100-57
8-68 99-89
2-55 CaO 0-73 lOO'lS*
9-70 CaO 0-61 99-17
7-51 100-47
7-30 CaO 0-80 100'73 16-25 99-95
Incl. 1-14 WO3.
b 4 '46 of admixed SnOa deducted.
For other earlier analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 517; also (incomplete as regards separation of metallic acids) Colorado, G. 5'15, and Yancey Co., N. C., G. 5-6, Smith, Am. J. Sc., 13, 359, 1877; San Roque, Argentine Rep., G.= 5'625, Siewert, Min. Mitth., 224, 1873; Middletown, G.= 6-14, Hallock, Am. J. Sc., 21, 412, 1881; Turkey Creek, Jefferson Co., Colorado, G.= 5'48, MuO 11-23, Proc. Col. Sc. Spc., 2, 31, 1886.
JSordeuskiGld (1. c.) obtained for the mangantalite from Ut8: G. 6'3, NbjO6,Ta205 85'5, FeO 3-6, MnO 9'5, CaO 1-2 99'8.
Massive Tantalite.
The following are analyses of tantalite, chiefly massive, in part belonging with normal columbite tantalite above, in part with skogbolite (and ixiolite) below. The analyses of the crystallized skogbolite and ixiolite are also included.
Anal.— 1, 2, Kg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 164, 1871. 3, Comstock, Am. J. Sc., 19, 131, 1880. 4, Mgc., Bibl. Univ., 25, 26, 1866. 5, 6, Rg., 1. c. 7, A. Nd., Pogg., 101, 629, 1857. S-10, W. P. Headden, Am. J. Sc., 41, 98, 1891; also earlier Schaeffer, ibid., 28, 430, 1884. 11, 12, Rg., 1. c.
G.
1. Broddbo?
2. Broddbo
3. Yancey Co., N. C.
4. Broddbo
5. Rosendal, Kimito
6. Harkasaari, Tammela
7. Skogbole, Slcogbdlite
8. Grizzly-Bear Gulch, S. D.
10. CoosaCo., Ala.
11. Skogb5le, Ixiolite
a Incl CaO. b With trace WO3.
G.
Nb2O6
Ta2O6
SnOa
FeO
MnO
l-()7a 99-61
2-88 ign. 0-75 98'80
f 23-63
—
3-06 MirO 0-34
99-81
6-61 98-14
1-20 99 99
1-42 99-90
—
13'41
0-96 CuO 0-14,
CaO 0-15
0 81 99-92
[100-36
1-33 100-12
5-37 99-34'
5-9T ign. 0-23 99-91
12-26d
14-83 100
Igu. 0-20 deducted.
d lucl. 1 p. c. TiOa.
Pyr., etc. — For tantalite B.B. unaltered. With borax slowly dissolved, yielding an iron glass, which, at a certain point of saturation, gives, when treated in R.F. and subsequently flamed., a grayish white bead; if completely saturated becomes of itself cloudy on cooling. With salt of phosphorus dissolves slowly, giving an iron glass, which in R.F., if free from tungsten, is pale yellow on cooling; treated with tin on charcoal it becomes green. If tungsten is present the bead is dark red, and is unchanged in color when treated with tin on charcoal. With soda and niter gives a greenish blue manganese reaction. On charcoal, with soda and sufficient borax to dissolve the oxide of iron, gives in R.F. metallic tin. Decomposed on fusion with potassium bisulphate in the platinum spoon, and gives on treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid a yellow solution and a heavy white powder, which, on addition of metallic zinc, assumes a smalt-blue color; on dilution with water the blue color soon disappears (Kbl ).
For columbite nearly as with tantalite. Von Kobell states that when decomposed by fusion with caustic potash, and treated with hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, it gives, on the addition of zinc, a blue color much more lasting than with tantalite; and the variety dianite, when similarly treated, gives, on boiling with tin-foil, and dilution with its volume of water, a sapphire-blue fluid, while, with tantalite and ordinary columbite, the metallic acid remains undissolved. The variety from Haddam, Ct., is partially decomposed when the powdered mineral is evaporated to dryness with concentrated sulphuric acid, its color is changed to white, light gray, or yellow, and when boiled with hydrochloric acid and metallic zinc it gives a beautiful blue. The remarkably pure and unaltered columbite from Arksut-fiord in Greenland is also partially decomposed by sulphuric acid, and the product gives the reaction test with zinc, as ;above.
Columbite Group: Columbite— Tantalite. T35
Obs.— Occurs at Rabenstein, near Zwiesel, and Bodenrcais. Bavaria, in granite, with iolite and magnetite; at Tirschenreuth, Bavaria; at Craveggia, Italy; at Tamrnela, in Finland; at Cbanteloube, near Limoges, in pegmatyte witb tantalite; near Miask, in the Ilmen Mts., with samarskite; in tbe gold-washings of the Sanarka region in the Ural; at Hermanskar, near Bjorskar, in Finland; in Greenland, in cryolite, at Ivigtut (or Evigtok), in brilliant crystals; disseminated through or among the wolframite of Auvergne, and detected by acting with aqua- regia, which dissolves the wolframite and leaves untouched the columbite-(Ph4pson, Ch. News, 160, 1867); at Montevideo, S. A.; San Roque, Argentine Republic.
In the United States, in Maine, at Standish, in splendent crystals in granite; also at Stone- ham with cassiterite, etc. In N. Hampshire, at Plymouth, with beryl; at Acworth, at the mica mine. In Mass., at Chesterfield, some flue crystals, associated with blue and green tour- maline and beryl, in a vein of albitic granite; also Beverly; Northfield, Mass. (anal. 12), with beryl. In Connecticut, at Haddam, 2 in. from the village, in a granite vein, some of the crystals several pounds in weight;. also at the chrysoberyl locality, but not now accessible; also at the iolite locality, Haddam; near Middletown, in a feldspar vein in fine crystals, some very large; at Brauchville, Fairfield Co., in a vein of albitic granite, in large crystals and aggregates of crystals, sometimes weighing many pounds, also in minute thin tabular crystals translucent (manganocolumbite, anal. 10) implanted upon spodumene; also at other points in the neigh- borhood of Brauchville in granite veins. In N. York, at Greenfield, with chrysoberyl. In Penn., Mineral Hill, Delaware Co. In Virginia, Amelia Co., in fine splendent crystals with microlite, monazite (p. 728), etc. In N. Carolina, with samarskite crystals in parallel position at the Wiseman's mica mines of Mitchell Co.; also at the Deake mine and other points; Ray's mine in Yancey Co.; Balsam Gap in Buncombe Co.; near Franklin, Macon Co.; White Plains, Alex- ander Co. In Colorado, on microcline at the Pike's Peak region; Turkey Creek, Jefferson Co. (11 '23 MnO). In 8. Dakota, in the Black Hills region, common in the granite veins associ- ated with cassiterite, beryl, etc. ; the crystals and crystalline groups are often large, one mass is estimated to have weighed 2000 Ibs. ; most abundant at the Etta and Bob Ingersoll mines; also at other points in Penuington Co ; also in Nigger Hill distr.. in Lawrence Co., sometimes associated with stream tin. Cf. Headden, 1. c., also W. P. Blake, Am. J. Sc., 28, 340, 1884, 41, 403, 1891 (figures and measurements, Pfd.). In California, King's Creek distr., Fresno Co.
Mangantantalite of Nordenskiold is from Ut6, Sweden, where it occurs with petalite. lepiilolite, microlite, etc. Manganotantalite of Arzruni is from the gold-washings in the Sanarka region in the Ural.
Massive tantalite occurs in Yancey Co., N. C. ; Coosa Co., Ala.; also in the Black Hills, S. Dakota.
Also occurs in Finland, in Tammela, at Harkasaari near Torro, associated with gigantolite and rose quartz; in Kimito, at Skogbole, in Somero at Kaidasuo, and in Kuortane at Katiala, with lepidolite, tourmaline, and beryl; in Sweden, near Falun, at Broddbo and Finbo; in France, at Chanteloube near Limoges, in pegmatyte. Ildefonsite is from Ildefonso, Spain, and has G. 7-416, H. 6-7.
The occurrence of eolurnbite in America was first made known by Mr. Hatchett's examina- tion of a specimen sent by Governor Winthrop to Sir Hans Sloane, then President of the Royal Society, which was labeled as found at Neatneague (better Naumeag). Dr. S. L. Mitchill stated (Med. Repos., vol. 8) that it was taken at a spring at New London, Conn. No locality has since been detected at that place. But the rediscovery of it at Haddam, first published by Dr. Torrey (Am. J. Sc., 4, 52, 1822), and since near Middletown, about 7 m. distant, has led to the belief that the original locality was at one of these places, which are about 30m. N.W. of New London. Mr. J. Hammond Trumbull in a letter to Prof. Brush (July 16, 1882) discussing this subject, remarks: "The name of Namueg or Naumeag, originally given to the plantation at New London, may have been extended-1- as were the bounds of the plantation — east of the Thames, to the Mystic, including what is now Groton. I conjectured that the colunibite was found near Winthrop's mill a short distance above the head of Mystic, and there used to be a local tradition to that effect; though it had no definite value.'
The metal of colunibite was named columbium by Hatchett in 1802, from Columbia, a name of America, whence his specimen was received, and thus came the name columbite given by Jiimeson and Thomson (see further below). Rose, after investigating the metal and its com- pounds, named it anew, calling it niobium, and this gave rise to the name niobite. Baierite is from the German name of Bavaria. Torrelite Thomson, named after Dr. J. Torrey, is the ordinary Middletown columbite; and Greenlandite Breith. is that from Greenland; both names originated partly in erroneous views of the crystals of the minerals. Dianite is the Bodenmais columbite, in which v. Kobell supposed he had discovered the acid of a new metal, which he called dianium.
No good reason has been given for substituting niobium for columbium, and it is contrary to the scientific law of priority; but as it is now accepted by most chemists the common usage is here followed.
Tantalite was named by Ekeberg, from the mythic Tantalus, in playful allusion to the difficulties (tantalizing) he encountered in his attempts to make a solution of the Finland mineral in acids. The name was afterward extended to the American mineral columbite, and to the same from other .localities; while the name columbite, the metal columbium haying been discovered a little prior to tantalum, received a similar extension, so as to include all tantalite.
Niobates, Tantalates.
The subsequent discovery that tantalum and columbium were distinct elements finally estab- lished them as independent species.
Ref.— ' On splendent crystals from Standish, Me., Zs. Kr.. 12, 266,1886; these results differ but little from those of J. D. D. (1 837) on the Haddam mineral. The form seems to vary but little with change of composition. Analyses 1-13 (also most and probably all of 14-33) belong to min- erals having the columbite habit and angles; even the crystals of manganotanlalite of Arzrurii (anal. 13, a manganese tantalate) show the planes a, b, c, I, k, u, n, and affords nearly the same ratio (below, from ck *19° 1!)', bu *50° 30A'). It is plain, therefore, that skogbolite and ixiolite cannot be included in this series; their relation to normal columbite-tantalite needs further investigation (cf. below, p. 737).
The following axial ratios are interesting for comparison, although it is to be noted that the crystals seldom allow of accurate measurements. The axes of Schrauf, ref. ' below, are based upon angles (only approximale) from crystals of different localities aud are hence of no value for comparison. Schrauf made u — 111, g 110, etc., see list, p. 737. Cf. also Kk., Min. Russl., 10, 261, 1891.
Greenland Ilmen Mts. Standish Haddam Sanarka
G.
Ta2O6
29?
A
b
b
Dx.
Kk.
E. S. D.
J. D. D.
Arz.
8 J. D. D., Am. J. Sc., 32, 149, 1837, and Min., p. 370, 1837, and App., p. 65; in Min., p. 354, 1854, the forms, 530, 740, 035, are added as doubtful.
3 Rose, twins, Bodenmais, Pogg., 64, 171, 1845. 4 Mir., Min., p. 471, 1852. 5 Dx., Green- land, Ann. Mines, 8, 398, 1855. 7 Schrauf, Greenland, Ber. Ak. Wien, 44 (1), 445, 1861. 8 Maskelyne, Montevideo, Phil. Mag., 25, 41, 1863. 9 Penfield, quoted by W. P. Blake, Am. J. Sc.,41,403, 1891.
526A. Skogbolite. A. E. Nordenskiold, Beskr. Finl. Min., 30, 1855. Tantalit mit zimmt- braunem Pulver, Berzelius. Tammela tautalit N. Nordenskiold, Act. Soc. Fenn., 1, 119, read April 25, 1832, Pogg., 50, 656, 1840.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : c 0-81696 : 1 : G'65106.
100 A HO 39° 14f, 001 A 101 38° 33f, 001 A Oil 33° 4', N. Nordenskiold.
Forms: a (100, i-i), b (010, r (490, f-|), n (016, $-?), ju (Oil, 14), q (031, 34), p (111, 1), (322, f-f), o (211, 2-2). Also x (181, 3-3)?
Angles : rr' 57° 6', nri 12° 23', juju' 66° 8', qq' 125° 47', pp' *67° 28f pp" 91° 88$, pp'" *53° 58', vv' 90° 6 , oof 106° 21*'.
Measured: pp" 91° 45', rr' 57° 3, bq 29i° (27° 7' calc.), nri 12% 90°, oo' 110°.
In prismatic crystals (f. 1) the angle of the prism near that of yttrotautalite and samarskite.
Cleavage indistinct. Fracture uneven. H. 6-0-6-5. G. 7-8-8-0. Luster metallic. Color black. Opaque. Streak blackish brown to cinna- mon-brown.
Comp. — Essentially FeTa2O6, a nearly pure iron tantalate. Cf. anal. 7, p. 734.
Obs. — From Harkasaari iu Tarumela, Finland, associated with rose quartz and gigontolite, in albitic granite. Also with ixiolite at Skogbole in Kimito. This is the mineral ordinarily called tan- talite, and regarded as isomorphous with columbite (Rose, Rg. et al.), but in fact as shown by the author having quite a different though related form. Cf. ref. '.
Figs. 1, 3, Skogbolite, N. Nd. A. mineral from Pisek, Bohemia, referred to
tantalite by Vrba (Zs. Kr., 15, 201, 1889), is later stated to be only rutile, cf. Gdt., Index, 3, 185, 1891.
IXIOLITE A. E. Nordenskiold, Pogg., 101, 632, 1857. Kimito-tantalit N. Nordenskiold. Ixionolit F. J. Wiik. Kassiterotantal Hausm. Cassitero-tantalite.
Orthorhombic. Axes a:b:c=. 0'5508 .1.1 2460 A. E. Nordenskiold." 100 A HO 28° 50f, 001 A 101 66° 9f , 001 A Oil *51° 15'.
/ p"
/
n n q
1Zz
Columbite Group: Columbite— Tantalite.
73T
Forms: a (100, i-l), 5(010, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, /), s (103, fi)? tw. pi.; n (Oil, 1-fy, cp — *68° 50', pp' 109° 32', pp'" 53° 28'.
Crystals rectangular prisms (a b c), sometimes twins with s (103) as tw._pl._ Fracture uneven5, to subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 6-6'5. G. — 7'0-7'1. Luster submetallic. Color blackish gray to steel-gray. Powder brown.
In composition a niobo-tantalate of iron and manganese, containing also a small amount of. tin (anal. 11, p. 734). An analysis by Nordenskiold gave 13 p. c. tin dioxide, but this is not con- firmed by Rg. (Min. Ch., 357, 1875).
From Skogbole in Kiinito, Finland. Named from Ixion, a mythological person related to> Tantalus.
Relation of Skogbolite and Ixiolite to Columbite-tantalite. That there is a certain relation between the forms of columbite and the above two kinds of tantalite has been shown by various* authors; it is exhibited in the following axial ratios starting from the axes of each given above:
Columbite SkogbSlite
Ixiolite
a : b : c 0'8285 : 1 : 0'8898
1. a : b : fc 0'8170 : 1 : 0 8681 or
2. §6 : a : c 0-8160 : 1 : 0'7969
1. : a : 0'8069 : 1 : 0 7541 or
2. f a : J : fj 0'8262 : 1 : 0 8307
In 1 under both skogbSlite and ixiolite the occurring prism (like samarskite in angle) has- the symbol (490), in 2 the symbol (320) or columbite — the symbols of the other planes are in general less simple, and the value of this comparison is doubtful.
Groth proposes to retain Schrauf's position for columbite, while doubling the and k axes, giving for columbite (Staudish) and tantalite-skogbolite:
Columbite Tantalite-skogbolite
a : b : b 0'8047 : 1 : 0'7159 a : b : c 0'8170 : 1 : 0'6511
The similarity, however, is more apparent than real, for nearly all the prominent planes of each species are wanting on the other, and the habit is very different — moreover, true tantalite corresponds exactly with columbite in both habit and angle.
The following table shows the planes of tantalite-skogbolite common to columbite with the symbols in the positions of Dana, Schrauf and Groth; also the prominent planes of each species (those in parentheses not having been observed).
b h
CT ft
Also
A.lso
Dana.
(320) (109) (201) (496)
Columbite Schrauf.
Oil
(290) (013) (061)
(342)
Groth.
Oil
(490) (016) (031)
(322)
Tan talite-skogbOlite
N. Nd.
Oil
(230) (120)
(232)
(432)
Ilmenite Brooke, Phil. Mag., 10, 187, 1831. Mengit Q. Rose, Reis. Ural, 2, 88, 1842.
Occurs in short prisms terminated by a pyramid. The angles are nearly those of columbite <incl Des Cloizeaux states (priv. contr.) that there can be no doubt that it is really that species. The planes are then a, m, g, u; angles gg' 43° 40', uu 78° 50', uu'" 29° 28' Bmokp-
Niobates, Tantalates.
G. 5-43. Color black. Occurs in small crystals embedded in the albite of the granite veins iu the Ilmen mountains. Named mengite, after Menge, the discoverer of the mineral. The mengite of Brooke is monazite.
HERMANNOLITE C. U. Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 50, 90, 1870; 11, 140, 1°76. A mineral from Haddam, Conn., probably identical with columbite. Cf. Hermann, who found in it " hypo- tan talic acid," hypoilmenic acid, etc., J. pr. Ch., 13, 386, 1876; further Delafontaine, Am. J. Sc., 13, 390, 1877, also Min., 5th Ed., 3d App., p. 30.
FERRO-ILMENITE Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 2, 118, 1870. A kind of columbite from Haddam, Connecticut.
527. TAPIOLITE. Tapiolit A. E. Nordenskiold, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 20, 445, 1863. Tantalite (fr. Sukula) Arppe, Act. Soc. Femi., 6, 590, 1861.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 0-6464; 001 A 101 32° 52£' Nordenskiold.
Forms: a (100, i-i); m (110, J); e (101, 1-1); p (111, 1), c (001, 0)
Angles : ee 45° 9', pp' 56° 59£' pp" *84° 52'. The form is very near that of rutile, cassiterite, and zircon.
In square octahedrons, often monoclinic in appearance by distortion.
Cleavage not distinct. H. 6. G. 7 '36 Nd.; 7'496 Kg. Luster strong adamantine, approaching metallic. Color pure black. Opaque.
Comp. — A tantalate and niobate of iron, having the same composition as tantalite, Fe(Ta,Nb),,06 (Ta : Nb 4 : 1), Tantalum pentoxide 73-9, niobium pentoxide 11*1, iron protoxide 15 '0 100. Anal Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 181, 1871. For earlier analyses see 5th Ed., p. 519.
Ta2O5 Nb2OB SnO2 FeO MnO
G. - 7-496 73-91 11 -22 0'48 14-47 0'81 100'89
Pyr., etc. — B.B. behaves like tantalite, but gives no reaction for manganese. Obs. — Occurs near the Kulmala farm, in the village of Sukula, in the parish of Tammela, Finland, in white pegmatyte granite, with beryl, tourmaline, and arsenopyrite. Named from an ancient Finnish divinity.
4. Samarskite Group. Orthorhombic.
528. YTTROTANTALITE. Yttrotantal Ekeberg, Ak. H. Stockh., 23, 80, 1802. Tantale oxide yttrif&re H., Tr., 1822. Yttroilmenit Herm., J. pr. Ch., 38, 119, 1846. Schwarzer Yttrotantalit.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-54115 : 1 : 1-1330 A. E. Nordenskiold1. 100 A HO 28° 25|', 001 A 101 64° 28f , 001 A Oil 48° 34'. Forms : b (010, i-i), c (001, 0); o (210, i-Z), m (110, /), p (120, i-2), q (150, t-5); a (201, 24); ft (Oil, 1-J).
Angles: oo'" 30° 17', mm'" 56° 50', pp' 85° 28', bq *20° 17', M' 153° 8'. 001 97° 8', bft *41° 26'.
Crystals prismatic, often six-sided with m, b prominent; also tabular b.
Cleavage: b very indistinct. Fracture small conchoidal. H. 5-5-5. G. 5-5-5-9. Luster submetallic to vitreous and greasy. Color black, brown, brownish yellow, straw-yellow. Streak gray to colorless. Opaque to subtranslucent.
Comp.— Essentially RRTaNbO,, + 4H30, according to
it in
Rammelsberg, with R Fe,Ca, R Y,Er,Ce, etc. The water may be secondary.
The so-called yellow yttrotautalite of Ytterby and Kararfvet belongs to fergusonite (p. 729) js shown by Rammelsberg.
Anal.— 1, A. Nd., 1. c. 2, Rg., Min. Ch., 360, 1875, also Pogg., 150, 200, 187a
Samarskite Group— Samarskite.
Ta205 NbaO5 W03 SnOa
2. G. =5-425 |46-25 12-32 2-36 1-13
Y2O3 EraOs Ce2O3 UOa FeO CaO H2O
100-66
19-56 — — 0-82 8-90 4-27 6'68 10-52 6-71 2-22 1-61 3'80 5-73 6-31
[ 98-95
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water, turns yellow. On intense ignition both varieties become white. B.B. infusible. With salt of phosphorus dissolves with at first a separation of a white skeleton of tautalic acid, which with a strong heat is also dissolved; gives a glass faintly tinted rose-red from the presence of tungsten. Not decomposed by acids. Decomposed on fusion with potassium bisulphate, and when the product is boiled with hydrochloric acid metallic zinc gives a pale blue color to the solution which soon fades.
Obs. — Occurs in Sweden at Ytterby, near Vaxholm, in red feldspar; at Finbo and Broddbo, near Falun, embedded in quartz and albite, associated with garnet, mica, and pyrophysalite.
The name yttrotantalite alludes to the composition. Tttroilmenite was given to a variety by Hermann upon the discovery in it of his supposed new metal ilmenium.
Ref.— ' Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 17, p. 28, 1860, or Pogg., Ill, 280, 1860.
pp" 94° 28',
529. SAMARSKITE. Uranotantal H. Rose, Pogg., 48, 555, 1839. Samarskit (TJranniobit), H. Rose, Pogg., 71, 157, 1847. Yttroilmenit Herm., J. pr. Ch., 42, 129, 1847, 44, 216, 1848. Eytlandite Adam, Tabl. Min., 31, 1869.
Orthorhombic. Axes d:l:6 0-54565 : 1 : 0-51780 E. S. Dana1.
100 A HO 28° 37$', 001 A 101 43° 30', 001 A Oil 27° 22£'. Forms: a (100, i-l), b (010, m (110, J), h (120, £2); e (101, 1-i); p (111, 1); v (231, 3-|).
Angles: mm'" 57° 14', hh' *85°, ee' *87°, pp' 80° pp"' 41° 10', &p 69° 25'. vv' 91° 33', bv 54" 5*'.
Crystals rectangular prisms (a, b}, with e (101) prominent, also prismatic b by development of e, sometimes tabular a or b. Faces rough and not allowing of exact measurement. Commonly massive, and in flattened embedded grains.
Cleavage: b imperfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5-6. G. 5 '6-5 -8. Luster vitreous to resinous, splendent. Color velvet-black. Streak dark reddish brown. Nearly opaque.
Comp.— BJ$,(Nb,Ta).Oai according to Rg., with R=Fe, Ca,
in UO,,, etc. ; E, cerium and yttrium metals chiefly.
Anal. — 1, Miss E. H. Swallow, Proc. Nat. Hist. Bost., 17, 424, 1875. Mitchell Co N C 2, O. D. Allen, Am. J. Sc., 14, 130, 1877. 3, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 13, 362, 1877. 4, 5, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 29, 817, 1877, 6, Hoffmann, Am. J. Sc., 24, 475, 1882. 7, Koenig, quoted by G. H. Williams, Minerals of Baltimore, 1887.
G.
1. N. Carolina 5755
2. "
8. " 572
4. " 5-839
5. Miask 5'672 5. Canada 4*95 '. Baltimore 5-96-6-20
TaaO, NbaOt SnOa,WO, UO3 CeaO,(DiaLaa)O3 YaO3 EraO3 FeO MnO CaO HaO
5?96 0-16 9-91 UO 5'17 CeO 12'84 — 14'02 0'91 0'52b 0'66
[insol. fr. cerium oxalate 1'25 100-40 4-17 14-48 — 10-75 0'78 0'55 1'12
100-17
*4'24 14-49 — 11-74 l'53b — 0'72
99-12 2-37 6-10 10-80 14-61 — — —
[TiO, 0-56 (SiOa) 100'93 4-33 8-80 3-82 14-30 - — —
[TiO, 1-08 99-83
478 14-34 4-83 0'51 5'38
[MgO O'll, Na,O 0-23, K,O 0'39, H2O 2'21 99'04
56-40 — 13-48 Uo, 3'85 11'90 8'98 - — 0'30
[FeaO, 1-66, AlaO3 2'00 98'57 b MgO. e Sp. grav. 5'77.
§ 18-20 37-50 0-08 12'54
— 55-13 031 10-96 14-36 41-07 0-16 10'90
3 — 55-34 022 11-94
— 55-41 O'lO 1075
Examination of the earths contained in samarskite from North Carolina: J. L. Smith
740 Niobates, Tantalate8.
(" mosandrum"), C. R, 87, 146, 148, 831, 1878. Delafontaine (terbium), Bibl. Univ., 61, 273, 1878; id. (decipium, phillipiura), ib., 3, 246, 250, 1880; C. R., 93, 63. 1881. Same subject dis- cussed by Marignac, Bibl. Univ., 3, 413, 1880; Roscoe, J. Ch. Soc., 41, 277, 1882.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates, glows like gadolinite, cracks open, and turns black, and is of diminished density. B.B. fuses on the edges to a black glass. With borax in O.F. gives a yellowish green to red bead, in R.F. a yellow to greenish black, which on naming becomes opaque and yellowish browu. With salt of phosphorus in both flames an emerald-green bead. With soda yields a manganese reaction. Decomposed on fusion with potassium bisul- phate, yielding a yellow mass which on treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid separates white tantalic acid, and on boiling with metallic zinc gives a fine blue color. Samarskite in powder is also sufficiently decomposed on boiling with concentrated sulphuric acid to give the blue reduc- tion test when the acid fluid is treated with metallic zinc or tin.
Obs.— Occurs in reddish brown feldspar, with crystallized aeschynite and columbite (and sometimes in parallel position with the latter) in the Ilmeu mountains, near Miask in the Ural. The largest pieces met with were of the size of hazel-nuts.
In the United States, rather abundant and sometimes in large masses, up to 20 Ibs., at the Wiseman mica mine in Mitchell Co., N. Carolina, it is intimately associated with columbite; also at the Grassy Creek mine, Mitchell Co., and in McDowell Co. Sparingly at Middletown, Conn.; also at Jones Falls, Baltimore, Md. ; a related mineral in Colorado (see below). Also in Berthier Co.. Quebec. Canada.
Named after the Russian, v. Samarski.
Alt. — An altered samarskite from Mitchell Co., N. C., called "euxenite" by Smith has yielded the following results: 1, Smith, 1. c. 2, W. H. Seamon, Ch. News, 46, 205, 1882.
Nb2O6 SnO2,WO3 UO3 Y2O, Ce2O3 (Di,La)2O3 CaO FeO MnO H,O
G. 4-62 54-12 0 21 9'53 27lO 5'53 0"31 0'08 5'70
99 '58
G. =4-33 47-09 0'40 15'15 13-46 1'40 4'00 1-58 7'09 — 9'55
[- 99-67
Ref.— ' No. Carolina, Am. J. Sc., 11, 201, 1876.
A mineral related to samarskite has been found in the granitic debris of Devil's Head Mt., Douglas Co.. Colorado. In small fragments up to the size of a chestnut, with faint suggestions of a crystalline form. Fracture subconchoidal. Very brittle. H. 5'5-6. G. 6'18. Luster vitreous. Color pitch-black, pale brown in thin splinters. Streak dirty brown. Slightly soluble in hydrochloric acid. B.B. becomes dull but does not fuse. Composition given in 1. Another sample (anal. 2) had a salmon-colored streak; a third (3) seemed to be much Altered. Analyses, W. F. Hillebrand, Proc. Col. Sc. Soc., 3, 38, 1888.
Nb2OB Ta2O6 WO, SnO, ZrO2 UO2 ThO2 Ce2O, (Di,La)2O3 Er2O, Y2O, Fe2O3 Xb HaO
1. 27-77 2703 2'25 0'95 2'29 4'02 3'64 0'54 1'80 10'71 6'41 8'77 2'55 1'58 100'31
2. 26-16 28-11 2-08 1'09 2-60- 4'22 3'60 0'49 2'12 1070 5'96 8-72 2'60 1-30 9975
3. 27-56 19-34 5 51 0'82 S'lO" 6'20b 3'19 0'41 1'44 9'82 5'64 8'90 4'31 3'94 lOO'lS
Incl. some TiOj. b UOS.
Inl, X FeO 0-33 MnO 0'78 ZnO 0-05 PbO 072 CaOO'27 MgO - K,O 0'17 (Na,Li)2O 0'24
2, X 0-35 075 0 07 0'80 0'33 0 13 017
3, 0-39 077 1-07 1'61 O'll ?36
NOHI.ITE A. E. Nordemkiold, G. For. F5rh., 1, 7, 1872.
Massive. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 45-5-0. G. 5'04. Luster vitreous. Color Mack-brown. Streak brown. Opaque. Analysis:
Nb2O6 50-43, ZrO2 2'96, UO 14'43, Y8(Era)O, 14'36, Ce2O3 0'25, FeO 8'09, CaO 4'67. MnO.MgO 0-28, CuO (HI, H2O 4'62 100'20.
B.B. fuses quietly on the edges to a dull glass. Decrepitates slightly in giving off its water. With borax easily dissolved, giving a bead colored by uranium. Easily decomposed by warm sulphuric acid.
Found in a feldspar quarry at Nohl, near Kongelf , Sweden. One fragment, weighing 297 grams, seemed to be a portion of a mass at least 20 times us great,
VIETINGHOFITE v. Lomonosov — Damour, Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 23, 463, 1877.
Essentially a ferruginous variety of samarskite. Amorphous. H. 5'5-6. G. 5'53. Color black, dull. Streak brown. Luster submetallic. Easily decomposed by HaSO4. An analysis by Damour gave:
Nb2O6 51 00, TiO2l-84, ZrO2 0'96, U2O, 8'85, Y2O3 6'57, Ce2(Di,La)2O3 1'57, FeO 23-00, MnO 2-67, MgO 0*83, ign. 1'80 99'09. Locality near Lake Baikal, eastern Siberia.
Samarskite Group: Annerodite—Hielmite. 741
530. ANNERODITE. W. C. Brogger, G. F5r. Forh., 5, 354, 1881. Aannerodite.
Orthorhombic. Axes a:l:b 0-82572 : 1 : 0-89434 Brogger.
100 A HO 39° 32$', 001 A 101 47° 17', 001 A Oil 41° 48$'.
Forms: c (001,0) g (130, -3) e (021, 24) (133. 1-3)
(100, . (530) ,,f) , (108i H) 0 (in, !) (263, 2-3)
22"' 52° 43' kK 39" 42' en 61° 16' uu'" 80° 8V
WTO'" 79° 6' 00' 121° 35' w' 77° 50' M'" 110°
gg' 43° 58' 5e *29° 12$' uu' 30° 7f ao 51° 5'
II' 20° 28' cu 43° 58' oo'" 62° 29' aw 74° 56'
Twins: tw. pi. z (530) ; also e (021). In prismatic crystals of varied habit, often closely resembling columbite; planes sometimes developed according to monoclinic symmetry. In angles near columbite, also polycrase. Many crystals often grouped in parallel position, thus forming an apparently single crystal of considerable size.
Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 6. G. 5-7 of anhydrous crystals. Luster submetallic to greasy submetallic. Color black. Streak dark blackish brown to brownish or greenish gray. Opaque, or translucent in very thin splinters
Comp. — Essentially a pyro-niobate of uranium and yttrium; formula doubtful, the water is probably not essential. Anal. — C. W. Blomstrand.
Cb2O6 SnOj ZrOa SiOa ThOa Ce.O, Y3O3 UO PbO FeO MnO CaO MgO KjO Na,O AlaO, H,O 48-13 0 16 1-97 2-51 2'37 2'56 7'10 16'28 2'40 3'38 0'20 3'35 0'15 0'16 0'32 0'28 8'19 99'51
Neglecting the silica, the formula calculated by Blomstrand is RNbOT -f- 2HSO, which makes it nearly identical with samarskite, and also to the less certain nohlite (p. 740), except in the water; Brogger, however, shows that the water is not essential, but is due to a partial altera- tion which is accompanied by a lowering of the hardness (to 4-5) and specific gravity (to 4'28), and a loss of luster. A crystal with G. 5'7 showed only a trace of water. The mineral is consequently hardly to be separated from samarskite in composition, but it is different in form.
Pyr. — Fuses B.B. with difficulty. Brogger remarks that anuerodite (also euxenite and polycrase) bears much the same relation to columbite that samarskite does to tantalite (skogbOlite); the two last being very near iu form, as are anuerodite and columbite.
Obs. — From the pegmatyte vein at Auuerod, near Moss, Norway, where it is associated with monazite, alvite (p. 487), apatite, magnetite, beryl, topaz, and other minerals.
531. HIELMITE. Hjelmit A. E. Nordemkiold, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 17, 34, 1860, Pogg., Ill, 279, 286, 1860.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0*4645 : 1 : 1-0264 Weibull1.
100 A HO 24° 54|', 001 A 101 65° 39', 001 A Oil 45°44f.
Forms : m (110, 1 ), p (230, i- 1), r (101, l-). q (201, 24).
Angles : mm'" 49° 50', pp' 69° 44', rr' 131° 18', qtf 154° 30', qq1" 30'. mq *27° 48'.
Crystals usually rough and indistinct. Massive, without apparent cleavage. H. 5. G. — 5 -82. Luster metallic. Color pure black. Streak grayish black.
Comp. — A stanno-tantalate (and niobate) of yttrium, iron, manganese, calcium; formula doubtful.
Anal. 3 gives 4RO.3Taj06.2H2O, but the material was considerably altered. Anal.— 1, Nd., I.e. 2, Rg., Ber. Ch. Ges., 926, 1870. 8, 4, M. Weibull, G. For. Forh., 9, 371, 1887.
Niobates, Tantalates.
G. Ta,O6 Nb,Os WO3 SnO, UOj Y2O3
1. 5-82 ~~62-42 6-56 4-87 5'19
2. 5-655 54-52 16'35 028 4'60 4-51 1-81
3. 72-16 3-63 0'91 1-12 — 1
4. 75:66 ~~2-12 2-34* 1'65
aU08.
Ce,O, FeO MnO CaO MgO H5O
1-07 8-06 3-32 4-26 0'26 3'26
[CuO 0-10 99-37 048 2-41 5-68 4'05 0'45 4'57
99-71 18 — 2-21 6-19 0-60 2'23
[PbO 0-21 98-70 0-40 — 2-55 6-79 0'45 —
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates and yields water. B.B. infusible, but turns, brown in O.F. With salt of phosphorus easily dissolved to a bluish green glass. With borax dissolves to a clear glass, which remains unchanged on flaming. With soda on charcoal gives metallic spangles (Nordenskiold).
Obs. — From the Kararfvet mine, near Falun, Sweden, along with garnet, pyrophysalite. gadolinite, asphaltum, in a pegmatyte granite.
Named for the Swedish chemist, P. J. Helm (1746-1813).
Ref.— G. For. FOrh., 9, 371, 1887.
Jschynite Group. Orthorhombic.
532. JESOHYNITE. Eschynit Berz., JB., 9, 195, 1828. Dystomes Melan-Erz Moht, Min ., 459, 1839.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0-48665 : 1 : 0-67366 Koksharov1. 100 A 110 25° 57', 001 A 101 54° 9£', 001 A Oil 33° 58'.
Forms1 :
c (001, 0)
t (350,
H)3
n (130,
0(021, 24>
b (010,
m (110, 1)
r (120,
tft)
d (101,
14)"
o (111, 1)
mm'"
- *51°
54'
nri
68°
49'
bv
*36°
35'
oo'
97°
53'
It
101°
dd"
108°
19'
mo
33°
(y
oo"
113°
59'
rr>
91°
33'
m/
106°
50'
vo
51°
44'
00'"
43°
31'
rb
Crystals prismatic, vertically striated; also tabular b with c, n prominent, b striated horizontally.
Cleavage: a in traces(?). Fracture small conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5-6. G. 4-93 Hittero, Bgr. ; 5-118 Miask, Kk.; 5-168 Rg. Luster submetallic to resinous, nearly dull. Color nearly black, inclining to brownish yellow when translucent. Streak gray or yellowish brown, almost black. Subtranslucent to opaque.
Comp. — A niobate and titanate (thorate) of the cerium metals chiefly, also in small amount iron, calcium, etc. Rammelsberg
calculates R,Nb401,.R,(Ti,Th)801,.
Anal.— 1, Mgc., Bibl. Univ., 29, 282, 1867. 2, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 29, 815, 1877, Min. Oh. Erg., 2, 1886. Earlier analyses see 5th Ed., p. 522.
ThO2 SnO2 Ce2O3 La,(Di,)Oi YaO3,(Er2O3) FeO CaO 15-75 0-18 18-49 5'60 1-12 3'17 2'75
[ign. 1-07 99-58
19-41 3-10 3-34 2-50
99-61
Also f NbaOB 57-6, TiO, 42-4 100, or Nb2Os 29-64, TiO2 21 '81 51-45.
Pyr., etc. — In the open tube yields water and traces of fluorine. B.B. in the forceps swells up and changes its color from black to a rusty brown. In borax dissolves easily in O.F., giving a yellow bead while hot, and on cooling becomes colorless; in R.F. with tin gives a blood-red bead. More difficultly soluble in salt of phosphorus; with a small amount of the assay gives a colorless bead, while with a larger quantity there separates a white substance which clouds the bead; in R.F., with tin on charcoal, yields an amethystine glass (Berzelius. Decomposed on. fusion with potash; yields reactions similar to those mentioned under euxenite (Kobell It is, also sufficiently decomposed by sulphuric acid to show the reduction test with zinc.
Miask. Kk.
1. G. 5-23
2. G. 5-168
Nb2O, TiO
32-51 21-20 17-55 —
jBSCHYNITE GROUP— POLYMIGNITE.
Obs.— Prom Miask in the Ilmen Mts., in feldspar with mica and zircon; also with euclase In the gold sands of the Orenburg District, Southern Ural. From Hittero, Norway (Bgr., 1. c.) in a pegmatyte vein. In the granite of Konigshain, Silesia.
Named from aicr'y. shame, by Berzelius, in allusion to the inability of chemical science, at the time of its discovery, to separate some of its constituents.
Ref.— ' Min Uussl., 3, 384, 1858; see also earlier, Brooke, Phil. Mag~ IO, 188, 1831; Rose, Reis. Ural, 2, 70, 1842; Dx., Aun. Mines, 2, 349, 1842; and later, Bgr., Zs. Kr., 3, 481, 1879.. Bgr. obtained for Hittero crystals, a: b : c 0'4816 : 1 : 0'6725.
4 Bgr., Hittero, 1. c. 3 Woitschach, Konigshain, Abh. Ges. Gorlitz, 17, 182, 1881.
533. POLYMIGNITE. Berzelius, Ak. H. Stockh., 338, 1824.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : 1 : 6 0-71213 : 1 : 0-5120? Brogger1. 100 A 110 35° 27f , 001 A 101 35° 43f , 001 A Oil 27° 7'.
Forma1 : c (001, 0) 8 (120, t-2")
a (100, iri) I (210, i-2) (140, z-4)
o (181, 3-3)
6 (010, a) m (110, J) p (111, 1)
'
The pyramid p (111) corresponds nearly u (133) of columbite.
in angle to
fl
m
11'" 39° 12' pp" *45° W"
63° 54'
mm'" 70' 55' #p"' 82° 52*' oof
42° 50'
of 70° 9' w? 59° 23' oo"
102° 33*' X
tf 38° 41' w" 92* 55' oo"'
118° 57'
pp' 14*'
stb
Figs. 1,2, Norway; 1, Rose; 2, Bgr.
Crystals slender prisms, vertically striated.
Cleavage: a, b in traces. Fracture perfect conchoidal. H. 6-5. G.= 4*77 -4'85. Luster submetallic, brilliant. Color black. Streak dark brown. Opaque.
Comp. — A niobate and titanate (zirconate) of the cerium metals, iron, calcium. Brogger calculates 5RTi03.5RZr03.R(Nb,Ta)206.
Anal.— Blomstraud, quoted by Brogger:
Nba06 Ta2Os ZrOa TiOa ThO2 SnO2 (Y,Er)aOs Ce9O, (La,Di)aO, Fe,Os FeO CaO H,O 11-99 1-35 29-71 18-90 3'92 0-15 2'26 5-91 5'13 7'85a 3 40b 7'14C 0-28
[PbO 0-39, Alk. 1-36 100-91
Incl. 0-19 A13O,. b Incl. 1-82 MnO. c Incl. MgO 0'16.
An early incomplete analysis was made by Berzelius, Ak. H. Stockh., 339, 1824 (5th Ed., p. 524).
Pyr., etc.— B.B. infusible, and unchanged in color. With borax dissolves readily, giving an iron bead; with more of the assay becomes brownish yellow on naming, and opaque on cooling; with tin in R.F. turns reddish yellow. With salt of phosphorus not easily acted upon, gives a reddish tinge in R.F., which is unchanged by tin. With soda shows traces of manganese (Berzelius). The powdered Fredriksvarn mineral, heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, gives a whitish residue, which, treated with hydrochloric acid and tin-foil, gives a beautiful azure-blue color, indicating, as under polycrase, the presence of some other metallic acid in addition to titanic, which of itself gives only a violet color. The dilute acid solution gives with turmeric paper the orange color characteristic of zirconia.
Obs. — Occurs at Fredriksvarn and on the island of SvenOr, in Norway, with feldspar, zircon-elseolite, pyrochlore, magnetite. Its crystals sometimes exceed an inch in length. Reported from Moravia; also by Shepard as occurring at Beverly, Mass.
Ref.—1 Zs. Kr., 16, 387, 1890. Earlier Rose, Pogg., 6, 506, 1826. If the axes a and i are interchanged the axial ratios of polymignite and seschynite are closely similar, the pyramid p corresponding too; the forms are hence very near and the two may be the same species, as sug- gested by Frankenheim, Pogg., 91, 372, 1855, and later Rammelsberg.
Niobates, Tantalate8.
534. EUXENITE. Euxenit Scheerer, Pogg., 50, 149, 1840, 72, 566, 1847.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : b: 6 — 0-364 : 1 : 0-303 Groth1.
100 A HO 20° 0', 001 A 101 39° 46', 001 A Oil 16° 51'. Forms' : a (100, i-l), b (010, i-l); m (110, /); d (201, 2-1); p (111, 1). Angles: mm'" *40° 0', dd' *118° 0', #p' 77° 4', pp'" 26° 12'.
Crystals rare. Commonly massive.
Cleavage none. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 6'5. G. 4-60 Jolster, Scheerer; 4-73-4-76 Tvedestrand, id.; 4-94-4-99, ib., Breith.; 4-89-4-99 Alve, Forbes; 4-96, Chydenius. Luster brilliant, metallic-vitreous, or somewhat greasy. Color brownish black; in thin splinters a reddish brown translucence lighter than the streak. Streak-powder yellowish to reddish brown.
Comp.— A niobate and titanate of yttrium, erbium, cerium,
and uranium; formula (Bg.) probably K(Nb03)3.R2(Ti03)3.|H20.
Euxenite contains the rare element germanium in small amount, cf. Krtiss, Ber. Ch. Ges., 21, 181, 1888. .
Anal.— 1-3, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 428, 1871. 4, Jehn, Inaug. Diss., Jena, 1871.
Groth.
Nb2OB TiO2 Y2O3 Er2O3 Ce2O3 UO2 FeO CaO H2O
3-17 4-78
2-63
2-26 8-55
3-47
60
3-50 12-12
36
2-40 K20,Na2O
—
8-43 7-75a
63
2-87 Al
aO.5-41,
MgO
[3-92
aUO.
G.
1. Alve 5-00
2. Morefjar 4-672
3. Eydland 5' 103
4. Hittero
On the absorption-spectra of rare earths in euxenite see Krilss and Nilsou, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 44, 378, 1887.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible. Dissolves in borax and salt of phosphorus, giving a yellow bead while hot; with salt of phosphorus shows a yellowish green (uranium reaction) on cooling, if sufficiently saturated (Scheerer). When decomposed by fusion with caustic potash, and subse- quently treated with water, and this solution neutralized with hydrochloric acid, it gives a precipitate, which, boiled with concentrated hydrochloric acid and tin-foil, gives a clear sapphire- blue lluid, which changes to an olive-green, and finally bleaches. If the residue of the fusion after leaching is treated with hydrochloric acid and boiled with tin-foil it yields on dilution a pale rose-red color (Kobell). The mineral is sufficiently attacked, on evaporation with sulphuric acid, to give a whitish residue, which, treated with metallic zinc or tin, affords the characteristic blue reduction test.
Obs. — Occurs at Jolster in Norway, embedded in feldspar and sometimes in scaly mica, the largest crystals 2 in. long and $ in. wide, but usually much smaller; also near Tvedestrand; at Alve, Troin5, near Arendal; at Morefjar, near Naskilen; also Hittero.
Named by Scheerer from evevoS, friendly to strangers, hospitable, in allusion to the rare elements it contains.
Ref. — ' Arendal, Min.-Sarnml. Strassburg, 255, 1878; the measurements are approximate only, but agree fairly well with Breith. and Kjerulf (see Zs. Kr., 3. 483, 1879); not, however, with Dahll (Ed. N. Phil. J., 1, 63, 1855) who gives a prism of ."4 . u mncrodome of 129° 4ar 25° 30') and a pyramid a, ba 73 .
536. POLYORASE. Polykras Scheerer, Pogg., 62, 480 1814.
Orthorhombic. Axes d : : 6 — 0-3462 : 1 : 0-3124 Brogger1.
100 A HO 19° 5f, 001 A 101 42° 3£', 001 A Oil 17° 21'.
Forms' : a (100, i-l) 6 (010, i-l)
c (001, 0) m (110, /) u (101,
2-1) q (301, 3-i)
I (Oil, l-i) (111, D
mm'" 38° 11$ II - 34° 42'" dd' - 122° 1'
139° 27' *81° 2& 87° 21
as"' 26° 7' sb *76° 56$' zz1 74° 51'
zz
rr'
95° 19J'
49"
jESCHYNITE ORO UP— POL TCEASE.
Crystals thin prismatic, tabular &.
Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. "Brittle. H. 5-6. G. 4-97-5-04. Luster vitreous to resinous. Color black, brownish in splinters. Streak grayish brown.
Comp. — A niobate and titanate of
yttrium, erbium, cerium, uranium, like
in euxenite. Formula (Kg.) K(Nb03)s.
2R(Ti03)3.3H20.
Hidden and Mackintosh deduce from anal 4, 5: Nb2O5 : TiO2 : RO : H2O 1 : 2 : 1$ - : or (uniting H2O and RO) 10RO.Nb2O5.5TiO2.
Fig. 1, Norway, Scheerer
Marietta, H.
Scandium is prominent in the spectrum of the American polycrase (Rowland).
Anal.— 1, 2, Kg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 425, 1871. 3, Blomstraud, Minnesskrift Sallsk. Lund No. 3, p. 19. 1878. 4, 5, Hidden & Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 41, 423, 1891. Also earlier anals., ib., 39, 302, 1890.
G. Nb2O5 Ta2O5 TiO2 ¥,03 Er2Os Ce2O3 UOa FeO H2O
2035 4-00 26-59 23'32 7'53 2'61 7'70 2'72 4'02=98'84 4-972 25-16 — 29'09 23'62 8'84 2'94 5'62 0'45 3'00=98'72 4-98 22-82 — 25'24 18-06 6'45 3'07 8'45 2'76 4-71 ThO2
[3-51, Sn02 0-55, Xa lO'Ol 100'63
19-48 — 29-31 27-55" — — 13'77d 2'87 5'18=98-16 19-37 — 28-51 21-23C — — 19'47d 2'47 4'46Xe2-45
97-96
a X SiO2 3-33, A12O3 0-60, MnO 0 60, PbO 0'92, CaO 3'53, MgO 0'22. K2O 0'52, Na2O 0-29. bAt. . 112. c Do. 114-1. dUO3. 8X=PbOO 46, CaO 0 68, SiO2l'01, Fe2O30'18, insol.0'12.
1. Hitter5 cryst.
2. ' ' mass.
3. SUittakra
4. Henderson Co., N. C.
5. Greenville Co., S. C.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates, and gives traces of water. B.B. in the forceps glows, and turns to a light grayish brown color, but is infusible. Soluble in borax, giving in O.F. a clear yellow bead, which in R.F. with tin turns brown. In salt of phosphorus gives a clear yellow glass, which on cooling is greenish; in R.F. the color becomes darker. With soda no reaction for manganese, and on charcoal no metallic particles Decomposed by evaporation with concentrated sulphuric acid; the product, treated with hydrochloric acid, gives on boiling with metallic zinc or tin a deep azure-blue solution which does not fade. The dilute solution gives a deep orange to turmeric paper (zirconia).
Obs.— From Hittero, Norway, in crystals to in. long, in granite with gadolinite and orthite; at Slattakra, parish of Alsheda, Smaland, Sweden; also near Dresden.
In the U. States, occurs in well-formed prismatic crystals (G. 4'724-4-78) in N. Carolina, in the gold- washings on Davis laud, Henderson Co., with zircon, monazite, xenotime, magnetite; the crystals are altered on the exterior to a yellow substance resembling gummite. Also in S. Carolina, four miles from Marietta in Greenville Co. (G. 4'925-5-038), about twenty miles from the N. Carolina locality.
Named from TTO/IU?, many, and KpacriS, mixture.
N. B. Moller makes the so-called polycrase of Brevik certainly, and that of HitterO probably, identical with polymignite (J. pr. Ch., 69, 318, 1856).
Ref. — ' Zs. Kr. , 3, 484, 1879, the angles make no great claim to accuracy; Scheerer, 1. c., obtained earlier pp"' — 283, mm'" 40°. Hidden & Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 39, 302, 1890, and 41, 423, 1891; the crystals described showed some irregularity in the distribution of the planes, suggesting hemimorphism; apparent twins are mentioned with d (201) and I (Oil), also (101) as twinuing-planes.
Appendix To Niobates, Tantalates.
ARRHENITE Nordenskiold; Engstrom, Inaug. Diss., Upsala, 1877.
A heterogeneous decomposition-product looking like red feldspar; occurs with fergusonite and cyrtolite at Ytterby, Sweden. G. 3-68. Analysis:
Ta2O6 Nb2O6 SiO2 ZrO2 Fe2O3 A12O3 Ce2(Di2,La2)Os Y,O3 Er2O, CaO BeO H2O 21-28 2-67 17-65 3'42 1'87 3'88 2'59 22'06 11-10 5'22 0"74 6'87 100'35
746 Niobates, Tantalate8.
BLOMBTRANDITE Lindstrom, G. F5r. F&rh., 2, 162, 1874.
Massive. H. 5'5. G. 4-17-4-25. Luster vitreous. Color black. Powder coffee, brown. Opaque, only translucent in very thin splinters. Analyses:
NbaOsTaaO, TiOa UO FeO CaO H2O MgO MnO t. 49-76 10-71 23-68 3-33 3'45 7'96 0'16 0'04 AlaOs O'll, Xb 0'12 99'32
2. 60-77 23-37 3'39 3'04 8'17a tr. 0'06 Xb 0-20 99-00
At 100°, 2-78 (in another trial 2'65); above 100°, 5'39. b Precip. by H,S.
The atomic ratio of R : Nb.Ti 1 : 2'5, and for Ti : Nb 1 : 2'75.
B.B. fuses with difficulty. Gives off water in the closed tube. With borax in O.F. a reddish yellow, on cooling a yellow bead; in B.F. reddish brown. With salt of phosphorus in O.F. a red brown bead when hot, and yellow when cold; in R.F. reddish yellow hot, and green cold.
Found very sparingly with nohlite in a feldspar quarry at Nohl, Sweden. Named for Prof. C. W. Blomstrand of Lund.
ROGERSITE /. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 13, 367, 1877.
Massive. As a thin mammillary crust on samarskite. H. 3 '5. G. 3-313. Color white. Analyses (approximate):
1. NbaO6 18-10 YaO,, etc. 60-12 H,0 17-41 95-63
2. . 20-21 und. 16'34
Considered as a decomposition-product of samarskite, with which, and with hatchettolite, It occurs in Mitchell Co., N. C. Named after Prof. Wm. B. Rogers (1805-1882).
Oxygen Salts, 4. PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES, ANTIMONATES.
A. Anhydrous Phosphates, etc. B. Acid and Basic Phosphates, etc. C. Hydrous Phosphates, etc.
A. Anhydrous Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates, Antimonates.
1. Introductory Subdivision.
2. Triphylite Group. Orthorhombic.
3. Apatite Group. Hexagonal.
4. Wagnerite Group. Monoclinic.
5. Amblygonite Group. Monoclinic, Triclinio.
1. Introductory Subdivision.
536. Xenotime YP04 Tetragonal 0'6187
(Y,Ce,Er)P04
&-.1-.6 ft
537. Monazite (Ce,La,Di)P04 Monoclinic 0-9693 : 1 : 0-9256 76° 20'
Most varieties contain also thorium and silicon.
538. Berzeliite (Ca,Mg,Mn)3As208 Isometric
Pseud oberzeliite
539. Monimolite (Pb,Fe,Ca)3SbaOB Isometric
540. Caryinite (Pb,Mn,Ca,Mg)3AsaOg? Monoclinic
541. Carminite PbsFelo(As04)ia? Orthorhombic
542. Puoherite BiV04 Orthorhombic 0-5327 : 1 : 2-3357
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
536. XENOTIME. Phosphorsyrad Ytterjord Berz., Ak. H. Stockh., 2, 334, 1824. Phosphorsaure Yttererde Germ. Phosphate of Yttria Xeuotime Beud., Tr., 2, 552, 1832. Ytterspath Glocker, Handb., 959, 1831. Castelnaudite Damour, L'Institut, 78, 1853.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 — 0-61867; 001 A 101 31° 44f Rath-Klein1.
r (311, 3-3)*.
63° 29' 28" 82° 22' rr' 46° 56' mr 37° 13'
JT 66° 44' zd* 97° 38' rr'" 32° 42i' gr 29° 534'
f 102° r tct*' 82° 43'
k, 2. 3. 4.
Fig. 1, Clarksville, Ga. 2, Binnenthal, Klein. 3, Alexander Co., N. C., Hidden. 4, Fibia, Klein. 5, Xenotime, enclosing zircon in parallel position, Henderson Co., N. C., Hidden. 6, HitterS, after Flink
In crystals, usually pyramidal or prismatic, resembling zircon in habit; some- times compounded with zircon in parallel position, f. 5. In rolled grains.
Cleavage: m periect. Fracture uneven and splintery. Brittle. H. 4-5. G. 4*45-4"56; 4'557 Berz.; 4'54 Georgia, Smith. Luster resinous to vitreous. Color yellowish brown, reddish brown, hair-brown, flesh-red, grayish white, wine- yellow, pale yellow; streak pale brown, yellowish, or reddish. Opaque. Optically -)-.
Comp. — Essentially yttrium phosphate YP04 or Y203.PQ05 Phosphorus pent- oxide 38-6, yttria 61'4 100. The yttrium metals may include erbium in large amount ; cerium is sometimes present ; also- silicon and thorium as in monazite.
Anal.— 1, SchiStz, Jb. Min., 306, 1876. 2, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 18, 378, 1854. S.Wartha, Pogg. Ann., 128, 166, 1866 (6'59 p. c. hematite deducted). 4, Gorceix, C. R., 102, 1024, 1886. 5, 6, Blomstrand, G. For. FSrh., 9, 185, 1887. 7, Id., quoted by Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 68, 1890.
G. PaO5 Y2Oa Ce,Os Fe2Os
54-88 8-24 2'93 Mn2O3 013, FeO 0'87, CaO 0'13, HaO 1-56 54-13 ll'03b 2-06 99'67 100'62
62-49 — — 100 63-75 — — insol. 0'40 99'79
Incl. LasO,DiaOs. c About one-sixth ErtO*.
1. Hitter5 2. Georgia 4-54 3. St. Gothard 4. Minus Geraes 4*6
Incl. A1SO,.
Xenotime—Monazite. 749
G. P2O§ Y2O, Er,Os CeaO, UO, SiO2 SnO2 ZrOa ThOa A18O, FeaOs MnO CaO MgO PbO HaO 8 Halo 4-49 32'45 38'91 17'47 1'22 — 1'77 0'19 0'76 3'33 0'36 1'88 0'13 0'34 — 0'21 1'03
100-05
6 Naresio 4-493 29'23 30-23 24'34 0'96 3'48 2'36 0'08 I'll 2'43 0'28 2'01 — 1'09 0'26 0'68 1'77
100-31
7. Aro 4-62 35'66 62 63 0'32 — 0'24 O'll — 0'49 — 0-38" - 0'35 — — 0'23
100-41 Molec. . 254-5. b FeO.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible. "When moistened with sulphuric acid colors the flame bluish green. Difficultly soluble in salt of phosphorus. Insoluble in acids.
Obs.— Occurs as an accessory mineral in granite veins; sometimes in minute embedded crystals generally distributed in granitic and gueissoid rocks. From a granite vein at HitterS, with polycrase, malacon, arid orthite, where the crystals are sometimes symmetrically compounded with crystals of zircou (E. Zschau, 1. c.-), the two species being closely homoeomorphous; also at Moss, Kragero, and from pegmatyte veius at other points in Norway, as NarestO near Arendal; rare in the Laugesund fiord region, as on the Aro reefs; at Ytterby, Sweden; the Fibia Berg, S. W. from St. Gothard; the Binueuthal in Upper Valais, Switzerland; from the granite of the Schwalbenberg near Gorlitz, Silesia; Pisek, Bohemia (G. 4'308, Vrba). Kenugott's wiserine, from the Biuuenthal, formerly referred here, is in fact octahedrite (see p. 241).
An accessory constituent in considerable quantity of the muscovite granites of Brazil as detected by washing the decomposed or crushed rock; the localities noted are chiefly in the states Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Miuas Geraes (cf. O. A. Derby, Am. J. Sc., 41, 308, 1891). Observed in grayish white or pale yellow crystals in the diamond sands of Diamantinos and of Bahia (castelnaudite).
In the United States, in the gold washings of Clarksville, Georgia, associated with zircon, *utile, and cyanite; in McDowell Co., N. C., near Dysortville, sometimes in twisted crystals; at Mill's Gold mine, Burke Co., N. C. (in crystals compounded), also near Green River P. O., Henderson Co., and in Mitchell Co. with zircon (cyrtolite); further in brilliant crystals in Alex- ander Co. with rutile, etc., with tysonite near Pike's Peak, Colorado; rare on New York Island (Hidden, 1. c.). .
Beudant named the species xenotime (apparently from £er6?, stranger to, and ri/urf, honor), but in the next line gives the derivation " KevoS, vain, et n/jrf, honueur," as if the word were kenotime, and adds afterward that his name is intended to recall the fact that the mineral was erroneously supposed by Berzelius (in 1815) to contain a new metal (the metal which he named thorium, before the later thorium was discovered). There is a sneer at the great Swedish chemist in the name, which should have occasioned its immediate rejection. Fortunately the word was misspelt from the first; and in its accepted form may be regarded as referring to the fact that the crystals are small, rare, not showy, and were long unnoticed.
Ref— ' Rath. Fibia, Pogg., 123, 187, 1864, Klein, Binnenthal, Jb. Min., 536, 1879. Hbg. obtained £ 0-61631 Tavetsch, Min. Not., 12, 1, 1875; Bgr., 0-62596, Kragero, G. For. F6rh., 6, 750, 1883; Washington, c 0'61943, New York Island, Am. J. Sc., 36, 380, 1888. Cf. Scharizer on vicinal planes, Zs. Kr., 13, 15, 1887.
2 Zschau, Jb. Min., 513, 1855; Brezina, Min. Mitth., 15, 1872. 3 Lsx., KOnigshain, Jb. Min., 175, 1877. 4 Bgr., Kragero, HitterS, 1. c.; also Flink, Ak. H. Stockh,, 12 (2), 2, 41, 1886. 6 Hidden, Alex. Co., N. C., Am. J. Sc., 36, 381, 1888.
537. MONAZITB. Monazit Breitfi., . J., 55, 301, 1829. Monacite bad orthogr. Mengite Brooke, Phil. Mag., 10, 139, 1831. Edwardsite Shep., Am. J. Sc., 32, 162, 1837. Eremite Shep., ib., 341, 1837. Monazitoid Herm., J. pr. Ch., 40, 21, 1847. Urdit Forbes & Dahll, Nyt. Mag., 8, 227, 1855. Turnerite Levy, Ann. Phil., 5, 241, 1823.
Kryptolith Wohler, Gel. Auz. Gott., 19, 1846, Pogg., 67, 424, 1846. Cryptolite. Phospho- cerfte H. Walts, J. Ch. Soc., 2, 131, 1849.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0-96933 : 1 : 0*92558; ft 76° 20' 10" 001 A 100 E. S. Dana1.
100 A HO *43° 17' 10", 001 A 101 37° 7' 40", 001 A Oil 41° 58' 5",
Forms8 : I (210, i-2) q (701, - 7-i)< / (112, - £)4 (311, 3-3)
a (100, i-i) m (110, /) x (101, 1-t) r (111, - 1) t (212, 1-2)
b (010, -i) n (120, i-2) 012 , . d (112, f (211, 2-2)
y (310, i-3) w (101, - 1-i) u (021, 2 i) (121' " 2'2)
Phosphates, Ar8Enates, Etc.
yy"'
34°
52'
mr
33°
35'
ar
48°
Ui j
Mt
—
98° 58'
ii"
50°
26'
m'd
53°
56'
ae
*79°
53' 3"
dd'
—
48° 22*'
mm'"
86°
34'
m'v
30°
56'
as
59°
47'
w'
—
73° 19'
nri"
124°
4'
cy1
103°
2'
au
83°
25'
22'
—
35° 35'
ah
50°
13'
y'z
19*
2<y
a'z
26°
44'
tf
—
40r 49'
aw
*39°
13' 30"
el
102°
20*'
a'i
38°
21'
if
—
49° 51'
a'x
53°
31'
27°
15'
a'v
61°
31'
00'
—
112° 12'
99'
48°
26'
en
83°
38'
a'i
56°
8'
xz
—
37° 12'
ee'
83°
56'
ns
24°
50'
ag
77°
33
—
33° 39'
uu'
121°
51'
n'o
27°
18'
rr'
60°
40?
cm
80'
6'
Fig. 1, Norwich, Conn. 2, Watertown, Conn. 3, Alexander Co., N. C. 4, 6, Binnenthal, Trechraanu. 5, Turnerite, Rath Trechmann. 7, Watertown.
Twins: tw. pi.6 a not uncommon, in part cruciform twins. Crystals commonly small, often flattened a or elongated axis b; sometimes prismatic by extension of v (111), f. 3; also large and coarse. In masses yielding angular fragments; in rolled grains.
Cleavage: c sometimes perfect (parting?); also, a distinct; b difficult; some- times showing parting c, m. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 5- 5-5. G-. 4'9-5'3; mostly 5'0 to 5 -2. Luster inclining to resinous. Color hyacinth-red, clove-brown, reddish or yellowish brown. Subtransparent to sub- translucent.
Optically -f-. Ax. pi. b and nearly a. A + 1° to 4°. Disper- sion p v weak; horizontal weak.
Tiirncrite
Bx. A 4 + 1° 4' 2H..r 23° 5'
2H._ 23° 24' .-. 2Er 34° 12'
2Egr 34° 48' Tr.
Monazite. 751
Monazite, Conn. Bxa A c -f 3° 46' 2Er 29° 4' 2Ebl 28° 48' Dx. Siberia 2Er 31° 8f 2Ebl 31° 48f
Schiittenhofen Bxa A i + 58 54' 2Er 25° 22' 2E. 24° 56' /S=l-9465 =1-9285
.-. 2V 12° 44' Scharizer
Pisek 2Er 29° 7' Sr 2E. 28° 25' [ft 1'9465] 2Vr 14° 50'
2Yy14°29' Vrba.
Comp. — Phosphate of the cerium metals, essentially (Ce,La,Di)P04.
Most analyses show the presence of ThO2 and SiO,, usually, but not always, in the proper amount to form thorium silicate; that this is mechanically present is not certain but possible (cf. Penfield, Blomstrand).
AnaL-1, Rg.. Zs. G. Ges., 29, 79, 1877. 2, Pisani (on -018 gr.), C. R., 84, 462, 1877. 3 Fontaine, Am. Ch. J.. 4, 140, 1882. 4-6, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 24, 250, 1882. 7, Penfield and Sperry, ibid., 36, 322, 1888. 8, W. A. Dixon, Min. N. S. W., 114, 1888. 9, Genth, Am. J Sc 38, 203, 1889. 10-19, Blomstrand, G. For. F5rh., 11, 379, 1889, and Lund. Univ. Arg- skrift, 25, 1888-89 (also in J. pr. Ch., 41, 265, 1890).
G. P,O6 Ce2O, LaaOs DiaOs (Y,Er)sO, SiO4 ThOa
1. Arendal 5'174 29'92 28'82 40'79 — — — 99'53
2. Turnerite 28'4 68-0 — — 96'4
3. Amelia Co., Va. 24 04 16'30 10 30 24'40 I'lO 2'70 18-60* Fe,O3 0-90,
[A1,O, 0-04 98-38
4. " " 5-30 f 26-12 29-89 26'66 — 2'85 14-23 ign. 0'67
[100-42
5. Portland, Conn. 5 -22 f 28-18 33-54 28-33 — 1"67 8'25 ign. 0'37
6. Burke Co., N. C. 5'10 f 29'28 31'38 30"88 — 1'40 6'49 ign. 0-20
[99-63
7. Alex Co., " 5-203 f 29'32 37'26 31'60 — 0'32 1'48 ign. 0-17
[100-15
8. Gough Co., N. S. W. 5-001 25-09 36'64 30-21 — 3'21 1-23 A12O3 3-11,
[MnO,MgO tr. =99-49
9. Ottawa Co., Q. 5'233 26'86 24-80 26-41 4'76 0-91 12'60 FeaO3 1'07,
[CaO 1-54, MgO 0'04, H20 0'78 99'77 a Not pure.
G. P5O5 Ce,Ot La,O8 Y,O, SnO, SiO2 ThO, Fe,O, A1,O3 MnO CaO MgO H,O
10. Moss 4-89 28-62 32-52 29-41 2'04 0-22 1-51 4'54 0-36 0'22 — 0'84 — 0'27
100-55
11. " 4-64 26-37 31'23 24-51 1-83 0'21 2'10 9'20 1'97 — 0'28 0'93 0-16 1'53
100-32
12. DillingsO 5-19 29-41 36-63 26'78 1-81 0'09 0'93 381 0'33 0'12 — 0'34 — 018
100-43
13. " 5-18 27-07 25-82 30'62 2-03 0'18a 1'85 9-60 I'Ol 0'15 0'08 0'91 0-03 0'35
[PbO 0-58 100-28
14. LSnneby 28-27 28-06 29-60 1-82 — 1-65 9-34 0'66 0'16 — 0'53 — 0'21
100-30
15. " 4-77 27-99 30'98 25"88 2'76 — 1-58 9-03 1'25 — — 0'55 — 0'20
100-22
16. Arendal 5-15 27'55 29-20 26'26 3'82 — 1-86 9'57 1-18 — — 0'69 — 0'52
100-60
17. Narest5 5'117 28'94 30'58 29'21 0'78 — 1'32 7-14 0'42 0'18 — 1-19 — 0'09
[PbO 0-33 100-18
18. Halo 23-85 27-73 21 '96 2'86 0'66b 5-95 9'05 4'63 — — T83 — 1-61
100-13
19. " 5-08 27-28 30-46 24'37 1'58 0'08 2-02 11-57 1-10 — 0'24 1'05 — 0'38
[PbO 0-26 100-39 a Metallic acids. b ZrOa.
r., etc. — B.B. infusible, turns gray, and when moistened with sulphuric acid colors the flame bluish green. With borax gives a bead yellow while hot and colorless on cooling; a saturated bead becomes enamel-white on flaming. Difficultly soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Mouazite is rather abundantly distributed as an accessory constituent of gneissoid rocks in certain regions, thus in North Carolina and Brazil (cf. Derby, Am.. J. Sc., 37, 109,
It occurs near Zlatoust in the Ilmen Mts., in granite, along with flesh-red feldspar; also
752 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
near the river Sanarka, in the Ural; with zircon in gold sands of Ivalo, Finnish Lapmark. lu Norway near Notero (urdite), in crystals sometimes 1 in. across; at various points near Arendal, and in pegmatyte at AnuerOd near Moss. In granite at Schreiberhau, Silesia, with gadolinite; at Schuttenhofeu and Pisek, Bohemia; uear the Laacher See. At Nil St. Vincent, Belgium (cf. Franck., Bull. Soc. Belg., 21, 40, 1891). In Cornwall, England.
Found also iu the gold-washings of Rio Chico, in Autioquia, in the diamond gravels of Minas Geraes, Caravel las, and Bahia, Brazil.
In the United States it is found in small crystals from to f in. long, with the sillimanite of Norwich, and sparingly with the same mineral at Chester, Ct. A few miuute crystals (eremite of Shepard) were found in a boulder of albitic granite, containing also a few minute zircons and tourmalines, in the northeastern part of Watertown, Ct. ; sparingly at Portland, Ct. Good crystals have been obtained with the sillimanite of Yorktown, Westchester Co., N. Y. In large coarse crystals and masses in albitic granite with microlite, etc. (see p. 728); at Amelia Court House, Virginia. In Alexander Co.. N. Carolina, in splendent crystals at Milholland's Mill; also at Stony Point in large cruciform twins with rutile, hiddenite. etc. In considerable quantities in Madison Co., N. C., yielding angular fragments due to parting c, m (with twinning striations?), probably d and perhaps other planes. Also in Mitchell Co., Yancey Co. In rolled grains in the gold washings, sometimes abundant, in Burke, Polk, McDowell, and Rutherford counties; large quantities have been mined from this 'source for technical purposes ; some 15 tons of mouazite sand, containing from 60 to 92 p. c. of small crys- tals, have been obtained (Genth, 1891). In the mica veins of Villeneuve, Ottawa Co., Quebec.
The original turnerite, whose crystal lographic identity with monazite was established by J. D. Dana in 1866, was from Dauphine, probably from Le Pays, near St. Cristophe (not " Mt. Sorel," cf. Miers, Min. Mag., 8, 207, 1889); it occurs in small yellow or brown crystals with quartz, albite, octahedrite, crichtonite (ilmeuite); also similarly from Santa Brigritta, Tavetsch, the Biunenthal, Laacher See, etc.
Cryptolite occurs in wine-yellow prisms and grains in the green and red apatite of Arendal, Norway, and is discovered on putting the apatite in dilute nitric acid; constitutes 2 or 3 p. c. of the mass; it was found especially in the red apatite, or in reddish points of the green, and asso- ciated with particles of magnetic iron, hornblende, and another cerium ore of a hyacinth-red color, supposed to be monazite. Occurs also in the apatite of the Sliudianka river in Siberia. Phosphocerite, according to Watts and Chapman, may be present iu the cobalt ore of Tunaberg. The crystalline forms described as most common iu the powder are an octahedron and a square or rectangular prism, terminating in a four-sided pyramid parallel with the lateral planes, resem- bling zircon. Genth has observed a mineral, probably cryptolite, in the Hurdstown apatite. Named from KPVKTOS, concealed. The relations of phosphocerite are uncertain.
Mallard has .shown that minute crystals inclosed in the apatite from MidbS, near Tvede- trand, are monazite, and it seems probable that all the cryptolite is of the same nature. Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 236, 1887.
Monazite is named from povdeiv, to be solitary, in allusion to its rare occurrence. Turnerite is named after the English chemist, E. H. Turner.
Ref.— ' Milholland's Mill, Alexander Co., N. C., Am. J. Sc., 24, 247, 1882; the axial ratios vary rather widely for different localities. Some other values of the axial ratio, in addition to that here adopted, are as follows :
± i a o
Norwich, Conn. 0'9742
Sanarka 0'9705
Laach 0'9659
Alex. Co., N. C. 0-9(509
Schiltteuhofen 0'9735
Nil St. Vincent Q'9718
0-9227 76° 14' J. D. Dana.
0-9221 76° 14' Koksharov.
0-9217 76° 82' Rath.
0-9081 76° 33f
0-9254 76° 23' Scharizer.
0-9233 76° 18' Franck.
2 See J. D. D., monazite, Conn., Am. J. Sc., 33, 70, 1838; Kk., Ural. Min. Russl., 4, 5, 1862; 6. 387, 1870, 9, 10, 1884. On turnerite Levy, 1. c. and Min. Heuland, 3, 423, 1837; Dx.( Miu., 1, 533, 1862; Rath, Pogg., 119, 247, 1863; further J. D. D., Am. J. Sc., 42. 420, 1866, who first suggested its identity with monazite, later Rath, Pogg., Erg.-Bd., 5, 413, 1871.
3 Trechmanrn Binnenthal, Jb. Min., 593, 1876. 4 Miers, Cornwall, Min. Mag., 6, 164, 1885. 5 Kk., Min Russl., 4. 5; Rath, Jb. Min., 393, 1876: Hidden, Alex. Co., N C., Am. J. Sc.. 32, 207, 1886; Rath, do., Ber. nied. Ges.. May 3, 1886. Dx., N. R , 150, 1867; Bull. Soc. Miu., 4, 57, 1881; Trechmunn, 1. c.; Scharizer, Zs. Kr., 12, 255, 1886; Vrba, Zs. Kr., 15, 203, 1888.
KARARFVEITE. Korarfveite F. Radominski, C. R., 78, p. 764, 1874. Occurs in albite with gadolinite, hielmite, and beryl at Kararfet near Falun, Sweden (there called monazite). In imperfect crystals, or crystalline masses often very large; one cleavage perfect. Luster vitreous. Double refracting. G. 4'93. Color yellow passing into brown. Translucent. Streak grayish yellow. Analysis upon impure material :
P.,O6 27-38 (Ce,La,Di)8Os 67-40 CaO 1-24 MgO tr. Fe203 0'32 F 4'35 H2O tr. 100-69-
B.B. infusible. Partially attacked by hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine. Bloni- straud shows it to be impure mouazite, G. For. FOrh., 11, 379, 1889.
Berzeli1Te.
538. BJ3RZELIITE. Berzeliit, Kuhn, Lieb. Ann., 34, 211, 1840. Magnesian Pharmacolite Dana, Min., 289, 1844. Chaux arseniatee anhydre Dufr. Berzelit Haid., Handb.. 495, 1845. Kubnite B. & M., Min., 481, 1852. Pyrrhoarsenite L. J. Jgelstrom, Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 218, 1886. Pyrrharseuite.
Isometric, rarely in trapezohedrons1 n (211, 2-2) with also a (100, i-i), d (110, i), and e (210, /-2). Usually massive.
Cleavage none. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 5. G. - 4-07-4-09 Flink. Luster resinous. Color honey-, sulphur-, and orange-yellow; yellowish red. Streak nearly white to orange-yellow. Transparent to translucent. Optically isotropic.
Comp. — An orthoarsenate, R3As208 with R — Ca, Mg, MM. The relative amounts of manganese and magnesium vary widely.
In pyrrharsentte a little antimony takes the place of part of the arsenic.
Anal.— 1, Flink, 1. c. 2, Hogbom, G. For. Forh., 9, 397, 1887.
3, Igelstrom, Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 28, 1886. 4, Id., Jb. Min., 1, 48, Langban, Flink.
1889. 5-7, Hogbom, 1. c.
1. Langban
3. Pyrrharsenite
5,
G. As2O6 Sb2O6 MnO CaO MgO
straw-yw. red yw.
yellow
60-00 — 8-40
57-59 — 5-68
58-06 17-96
53-23 6-54 10'82
50-92 2-60 19-18
undet. 17'12
53-39 2-90 14-12
20-73 10-10 Na2O 0'73 99'96
19-97 16-12 insol. 0'49 99 85
18-68 3-58 ign. 0'85, insol. 1'02
20-21 9-20 100 [100-15
18-35 3-50 CO2 127, insol. 8'96
18-50 3-55 [99-78
18-54 7-53 CO, 1'58, insol. 1'36
[99-42
Kiihn's original analyses (5th Ed., p. 544) led to the formula RioAs6O25. He gives also G. 2'52(!). B.B. infusible. His observations, which can hardly be entirely correct, may have been made on pseudoberzeliite.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily to a black bead if rich in manganese, less readily to a gray or brown bead in other kinds. With soda on charcoal gives an arsenical odor; with soda on platinum foil fuses with effervescence, and gives a manganese reaction. Soluble in nitric acid.
Pyrrharsenite fuses easily to a black bead; with soda on charcoal a strong arsenical odor and some antimony fumes; with soda also a manganese reaction. Dissolves readily in acids; with sulphuric acid gives a precipitate of calcium sulphate.
Obs. — Occurs at Langban in Sweden, with iron ore and granular limestone, braunite, haus- mannite; also the Moss mine. Nordmark, with hausinanmte in crystalline limestone. Sometimes encloses a nucleus of caryinite. Named after the Swedish chemist, Berzelius (1799-1848).
Pyrrharsenite occurs in deep yellowish red embedded , with hausmannile, tephroite, also barite, calcite, at the Sjo manganese mines of Grythytte, Orebro, Sweden.
Named from nvppoS, fire, and arsenic, in allusion to its brilliant fire-red color.
Ref.— ' Flink, Nyt Mag., 29, BOO, 1885. Ak. Handl. Stockh. Bihang, 12 (2), No. 2 27 1886; see earlier H. Sj., G. For. Forh., 2, 533, 1875. Wichmann, Zs. Kr., 5, 105, 1880.
PSEUDOBERZELIITE. Dubbelbrytande Berzeliit W. Lindgren, G. For. Forh., 5, 552, 1881. Pseudoberzeliit Id. , ibid.. 7, 291, 1884. Associated with the isometric berzeliite there occurs at Langban also a doubly refracting arsenate similar in appearance and probably also having the composition R3As2O8. If, as appears probable, it proves to be a distinct species, the above name may be retained for it.
Massive; anisotropic. No distinct cleavage. H. 5. G. 4'03-4'04. Color dirty yellow- ish white or light sulphur-yellow. Composition R3As2O8. Anal. — L. W. McCay, G. For. FOrh 5, 554, 1881.
As2O5 MnO CaO MgO
62-00 4-18 20-00 12'81 PbO,Fe2O, tr., insol. 0-
99-67
Occurs in a light brown fine granular mixture of calcite and manganiferous mica, often penetrated by hausmannite.
Here also seems to belong the berzeliite from the Moss mine, Nordmark, described by Igelstrom, G. For. Forh., 7, 101, 1884. It occurs iu veins and rounded grains. Color yellow. Optically biaxial, positive (orthorhombic ?). 2E 140°, p v Btd. (Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 81, 1884). Comp. probably R3AsaO,. Analysis, Igelstrom, 1. c. :
As2O5 57-80
CaO 25-25
MgO(MnO tr.) 16 "95 100
754 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
539. MONIMOUTE. Monimolit L. J. Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 22, 227, 1865. Isometric. Observed forms1:
a (100, i-i), d (110, i), o (111, 1), m (311, 3-3).
Usually in octahedrons, also cubic. Also massive and incrusting. Cleavage: octahedral, indistinct, fracture small conchoidal, splintery. Brittle. H. 5-6. G-. — 6'58; also 7*29 (cf. below). Luster greasy to submetallic. Color yellowish or brownish green, dark brown to black. Streak straw-yellow, cinnamon-brown. Trans- lucent to nearly opaque. Isotropic, or sometimes showing slight double refraction.
Comp., Var. — An antimonate of lead, iron, and sometimes calcium, in part, R3Sb208, with R Pt : Fe 3 : 1, hence: Antimony pentoxide 36 '6, lead protoxide 57'2, iron protox- ide 6 -2 100. Manganese is present in small amount.
Var. — 1. Contains calcium (anal. 1, 2). Octahedral with m (311).
wr L- H. 6. G. 6'579. Luster greasy. Color brownish green; by
.rajsnerg, X link. transmitted light yellow-green. Not attacked by fusion with alkaline
carbonates. Anal. 1 gives 4RO.SbaO6; anal. 2, 15RO.4SbaO6, with R Pb : Fe : Ca 5 : 2 : 5 nearly.
2. Without calcium. Cubic, with o, d. H. 5. G. 7 '287. Luster submetallic. Color dark brown to black, nearly opaque. Readily decomposed by fusion with alkaline carbonates. Agrees with the formula RsSb2O8 given above.
These varieties are distinguished by Flink, their relation is uncertain. Anal.— 1, Igelstr5m, 1. c. 2, 3, Flink, 1. c.
G. SbaO6 PbO FeO MnO CaO MgO NaaO
1. Pajsberg 5-94 40-29 42-40 6'20 7'59 3-25 — 99'73
2. " 6-58 40-51 42-74 5'38 0'41 9'70 0'56 0'54 99'84
3. 7-29 38-18 55'33 5'57 1-16 — — 100'24
Nordenski51d 2 made the species tetragonal, with c - 0'9950, oo' *70° 23'6', oo"= 109° 12'.
Fyr., etc. — B.B. fuses to a black slag; on charcoal gives a malleable lead-colored globule, -which in O.F. gives a white coating of antimony trioxide, and nearer the assay the yellow of lead oxide. Insoluble in strong acids, or with carbonated or caustic alkalies, even on fusion, except var. 2 (cf. above). Reduced by hydrogen gas at a red heat; becomes soluble in acids.
Obs. — Occurs with tephroite, magnetite, and hedyphane at the Harstig mine, Pajsberg, in Wermland, Sweden. Also at Langban with tephroite and rhodonite.
Named from /J.QVIIJ.OS, permanent, stable.
Ref.— i Flink, Ak. Stockh., Bihang, 12 (2), No. 2, 35, 1887. 2 Nd., Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 27, 550, 1870.
540. CARYINITE. Koryinit, Karyinit G. H. Lundstrom, G. F5r. F5rh., 2, 178, 223,1874.
Massive, probably monoclinic. Cleavage in two directions at 90° (at 50° Dx.).
Fracture splintery. H. 3-3'5. G. 4'25. Luster greasy. Color brown to yellowish brown Streak yellowish white. Biaxial, 2E 41° 58' to 47°. Dispersion p v, also horizontal, Dx.1
Comp.— Perhaps RsAsOs with R Pb, Mn, Ca, Mg.
Anal.— LundstrOm, 1. c.
As,O. PbO MnO FeO CaO MgO CO, Cl insol.
47-17 10-52 15-82 0-54 16'40 4'25 3 86 0'07 0'65 99'28
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily to a black slag, giving reactions for arsenic, lead, and man- ganese. Dissolves readily, with slight effervescence in nitric acid.
Obs. — Occurs intimately mixed with calcite and hausmaunite and berzeliite (isotropic, A. Sj., G. For. Forh., 2, 533, 1875: cf. Lindgren, ib., 5, 556, 1881) at Langban, Wermland, Sweden.
Named from KapvivoS, nut-brown.
CABMIlflTE—P UCHERITE.
541. CARMINITE. Carminspath Sandberger, Pogg., 80, 391, 1859. Karminspath. Carmine Spar. Carminite Dana, Min., 410, 1854.
Orthorhombic. In clusters of fine needles. Also in spheroidal forms with a columnar structure. Cleavage parallel to the faces of a rhombic prism.
H. — 2-5. G. 4*105. Luster vitreous, but cleavage pearly. Color carmine to tile-red; powder reddish yellow. Translucent. Brittle.
Comp.— Perhaps Pb3Ass08. 10FeAs04 Arsenic pentoxide 48 -5, iron sesqui- oxide 28-1, lead oxide 23-4 — 100.
Anal — R. Milller, on 0'068 gr., Pogg., 103, 345, 1858.
As2O5 49-11
Fe2O3 30-29
PbO 24-55 103-95
etc. — B.B. on charcoal fuses easily to a steel-gray globule, giving out arsenical vapors; with soda a globule of lead, and with borax an iron reaction. Heated in a glass tube no change. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — From the Luise mine at Horhausen, N. of Neuwied on the Rhine, with beudantite and quartz in a mine of limonite.
542. PUCHERITE. A. Frenzel, J. pr. Ch., 4, 227, 361, 1871.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-5327 : 1 : 2-3357 Websky1. 100 A HO 28° 2f, 001 A 101 77° 9f , 001 A Oil 66° 49.
Forms1 : a (100, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, /); w (012, |-i), a: (Oil, 1-2); n (112, £); (544, f-f);
e (122, 1-2).
mm'" 56° 5' ww' 98° 51' art 133° 39'
en 68° 4' cif) 80° 28' ce 72° 40'
nri 109° 55' W 130° 16' ee1 81° 35'
nri
51* 43' 45° 29' 88° 13'
Schneeberg, after Websky.
Crystals small, usually tabular c; also acicular. Faces e striated edge c/e* Cleavage : c perfect. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 4. G. 6-249. Luster vitreous to adamantine. Color reddish brown. Streak yellow. Trans- lucent to opaque.
Comp. — Bismuth vanadate, BiV04 or Bia03.V.,05 Vanadium pentoxide 28-2, bismuth trioxide 71'8 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Frenzel, 1. c. 3, Id., Jb. Min., 514, 1872.
As2O6
Pa05
Bi2O,
ioo-7a
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates. B.B. on charcoal fuses and gives a coating of bismuth oxide, with soda yields a globule of metallic bismuth. With salt of phosphorus a chrome-green bead in R.F.. becoming light yellow in O.F. (vanadium). Soluble in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine to a deep-red solution, which on dilution becomes green and deposits a yellow basic chloride.
Obs. — Found at the Pucher Mine, Schneeberg, Saxony, on quartz associated with bismite and asbolite. Also at the Arme Hilfe mine, at Ullersreuth, near Hirschberg, Voigtland, on
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
ocherous limonite with bismuthinite, native bismuth, etc.; at the mine Sosaer , at Sosa, near Eibenstock.
Artif. — Obtained by Frenzel by the desiccation (over HaSO4) of a solution containing bismuth nitrate aud vanadium chloride. Jb. Min., 680, 1875.
Ref.— ' Min. Mitth., 245, 1872.
2. Triphylite Group. Orthorhombic.
Orthophosphates of an alkali metal, lithium or sodium, with iron and
manganese.
d:b :6
543. Triphylite Li(Fe,Mn)P04 0-4348 : 1 : 0-5265
544. Lithiophilite Li(Mn,Fe)P04
545. Natrophilite NaMnP04
546. Beryllonite
547. Herderite
548. Hamlinite
NaBeP04
(CaF)BeP04
(CaOH)BeP04
Khombohedral
0-5724 : 1 : 0-5490 0-6206 : 1 : 0'4235
6 1-1353
543, 544. Triphylite— Lithiophilite :
„ 543. Triphylite. Triphylin Fuchs, J. pr. Ch., 3, 98, 1834, 5, 319, 1835. Tetraphylin Berz., Arsb., 15, 1835. Perowskyn N. Nor dens kiold.
544. Lithiophilite. O. J. Brush and E. 8. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 16, 118, 1878; 18, 45, 1879.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-4348 : 1 : 0-5265 Tschermak1. 100 A HO 23° 30', 001 A 101 50° 27', 001 A Oil 27° 46'.
Forms: b (010, i-i), c (001, 0); m (110, /), I (120, t-2); w (102, fi), e (101, 14), v (302, |-i); e (021, 2-i), n (031, 34).
Angles: 92° 57
mm'" 0', ', nri 115° 19'
IV" 82° 1', ww' 62° 23', ee' 100° 54', wf 122° 20', me *45° 0', me 73° 12'.
Crystals rare, usually coarse and faces uneven. Commonly massive, cleavable lo compact.
Cleavage: c perfect; b nearly perfect; m interrupted. Fracture uneven to
subconchoidal. H. 4-5-5. G. 3'42-3'56. Luster vitreous to resinous. Color greenish gray, bluish in triphylite; also salmon-color, honey-yellow, yellowish brown, light clove- brown in lithiophilite; often nearly black on the surface. Pleochroism distinct, for lithi- ophilite: I a deep pink, b faint pink, 6 pale greenish yellow, E. S. D., 1. c. Streak un- colored to grayish white. Transparent to translucent.
Optically +. Ax. pi. c. Bx b. 2Har 74° 45', 2Ha.bl 79° 30'.
Comp., Tar. — A phosphate of iron, manganese, and lithium, Li(Fe,Mn)P04, Tarying from the bluish gray TRIPHYLITE with little manganese to the salmon-pink or clove-brown LITHIOPHILITE with but little iron.
Typical Triphylite is LiFePO4 or LisPCK.FesPuOs Phosphorus pentoxide 45 0, iron protoxide 46-5, lithia 9'5 100.
c
H
m
m
b
/
A
m
Norwich.
Bodenmais.
Triphyl1Te Group: Triphylite—Lithiophilite.
Typical Lithiophilite is LiMnPO4 or LisPO4.Mn3P,,O8 Phosphorus pentoxide 45'3, manga- nese protoxide 45 1, lithia 9'6 100.
AnaL— 1-4, S. L. Pentield, Am. J. Sc., 13, 425, 1877, 17, 226, 18, 47, 1879. 5, H. L. Wells, ib., 16, 118, 1878. For earlier analyses see 5th Ed., p. 542.
Triphylite. G.
1. Bodenmais, light blue 3'549
2. Norwich, gr. green 3 '534
3. Grafton, light blue 3'52
Lithiophilite.
4. Branchville, clove-brown 3 '482
P3O5 FeO MnO CaO MgO Li2O NaaO HaO X" 43-18 36-21 8-96 O'lO 0'83 85" 0-26 0'87 0'83
99 39 44-76 26-40 17'84 0'24 0'47 9'36 0'35 0'42 —
99-84
44-03 26-23 18'21 0'94 0'59 8'79 0'44a 1-47 —
100 70
45-22 13-01 32-02 — — 9'26 0-29 0-17 0'29
100-26
salmon-pink 3'478 44'67 4'02 40-86 — — 8'63 014 0'82 0'64
99-78 a Incl. K2O, 0-32. b X gangue.
Fyr., etc. — In the closed tube sometimes decrepitates, turns to a dark color, and gives off traces of water. B.B. fuses at 1'5, coloring the flame beautiful lithia-red in streaks, with a pale bluish green on the exterior of the cone of flame. The coloration of -the flame is best seen when the pulverized mineral moistened with sulphuric acid is treated on a loop of platinum wire. With the fluxes reacts for iron and manganese, the iron reaction is feeble in pure lithiophilite. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Triphylite occurs at Rabensteiu, near Zwiesel, in Bavaria; also at Keityo, in Finland (perowskiue or tetraphyline); Norwich, Mass. : also withspodumene at Peru, Me., Grafton, N.H.
Named from rt>/?, threefold, and (, family, in allusion to its containing three phosphates.
Lithiophilite occurs at Branchville, Fairfield Co., Conn., in a vein of albitic granite, in irregular masses intimately associated with spodumene (and cymatolite, q.v.), also with eosphor- ite, triploidite, rhodochrosite, uraninite; the masses are sometimes very large and occasionally there are rough crystals with the forms; also at Tubbs' Farm, Norway, Me. Named from lithium and <£//lo?, friend.
Alt. — Triphylite and triplite, like other minerals containing manganese protoxide, undergo easy alteration by oxidation and hydration, and the former also by losing its alkalies. The iron shown in some analyses (cf. sarkopside, p. 778) is thus accounted for. The following have come from the alteration of one or the other of these minerals.
A. HETEROSITE. Heteposite Alluaud, in an Art. by Vauquelin, Ann. Ch. Phys., 30, 294, 1825. Heterosite, Heterozite, Alluaud, Ann. Sc. Nat., 8, 346, 1826.
Cleavable, massive and lamellar; cleavage stated to be in three directions, unequal, affording an oblique prism of 80°. H. 5-5-6; G. 3'52, or 3 39 after further alteration, Dufrenoy; luster resinous, or like that of apatite; color greenish and bluish gray, becoming violet and sub- metallic on exposure. Soluble in acids, with a slight residue of silica. B.B. fuses to a deep brown submetallic enamel. Found in pegmatyte near Limoges, Dept. of Haute Vienne, France, and especially at the quarries of Hureaux. Named heterosite from erepos, other or different, but misspelt by Vauquelin.
B. PSEUDOTKIPLITE Blum, Orykt., 2 Aufl. , 537, with anal, by Delffs. Resembles triplite; but occurs iucrusting triphylite at Rabenstein, Bavaria, to the alteration of which its formation is owing.
C. ALLUAUDITE Damour, Ann. Mines, 13, 341, 1848 [not Alluaudite Bernhardi\. In nodules, or massive, with three rectangular cleavages, two of these rather easy, the other less so. H. — 4-5; G. 3-468. Color brown, brownish red at the edges by transmitted light; powder brownish yellow. B.B. fuses easily to a black magnetic globule. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine. Supposed to be altered triplite, and comes from Chanteloube, near Limoges.
Anal.— 1-4 of altered triphylite, 5, 6, altered lithiophilite. 1, Rg., Pogg.. 85, 439, 1852. 2, Fuchs, 1. c. 3, Dmr., 1. c. 4. J. W. Mallet, Am. J. Sc., 18, 33, 1854. 5, F. P. Dewey, ib.. 17, 367, 1879. 6, H. L. Wells, ib., p. 368. Other analyses, 5th Ed., p. 543.
1. Limoges, Heterosite
2. Rabenstein, Pseudotr.
3. Chanteloube, Alluaud.
4. Norwich, Mass.
5. Branchville
G.
PSO6 Fe2O3 Mu2O3 MnO CaO
30-01 — 8-94 — 1-06 23-08
22-59 — 25-27 11-66
40-38 15'89 14'71 18'80 0'72 4'83
H8O
6-35 100
5-30 SiOa 1-40=99-51
2-65 SiO, 0-60, NaaO
[5-47 99-73 2-05 Mg 0-73 =99-79 307 A12O3 0-10, [Na2O 0-49 99 65 3-37 K2O 0-26, insol.
[0-90 99-86
Phosphates, Ar8Enates, Etc.
Ref.— i Ber. Ak. Wien, 47 (1), 282, 1863. Cf. J. D. D., Am. J. Sc., 11, 100, 1851.
A phosphate near triphylite has been described by W. P. Headden (Am. J. Sc , 41, 416; 1891) from the "Nickel Plate" tin mine, Pennington Co., S. Dakota. It occurs in nodules associated with spodumene and beryl. Cleavage in two directions, one perfect, the other imper- fect. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. H. 5. G. 3'612. Luster greasy to vitreous. Color dark green. Transparent to translucent in thin splinters. Anal. —
P2O5 FeO MnO CaO MgO Na,O K2O Li2O F 38-64 25-05 15'54 5 53 1'50 7'46 2'00 0'28 0'69
ign. gangue
0'73 2'47 99'89
Formula deduced 4R3PO4.9R3PaO8.
MELANCHLOR Fucks, J. pr. Ch., 17, 171, 1839. A hydrous iron phosphate from Raben- stein, occurring on triphylite and probably derived from its alteration. The name alludes to its blackish green color.
545. NATROPHILITE. G. J. Brush and E. S. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 39, 205, 1890.
Orthorhombic, near triphylite in form; measured angles: mm'" — 50° 30', IV" 87°, ce - 47°-49°. Chiefly massive, cleavable.
Cleavage: c perfect; b much less so; m. interrupted. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. 4'5-5. G. 3'41. Luster resinous to nearly ada- mantine, on c somewhat pearly. Color deep wine-yellow. Transparent to trans- lucent. Optically -)-. Ax. pi. c. Bx b.
Comp. — Sodium-manganese phosphate, NaMnP04 or Na3P04.MnsP.,08 Phosphorus pentoxide 41-1, manganese protoxide 41 '0, soda 17 '9, 100. Anal.— H. L. Wells, 1. c.
P2O5
MnO
FeO
Na2O 16'79
Li2O 0'19
0-43, insol. 0'81 100'50
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily, coloring the flame intensely yellow. Reacts for manganese with the fluxes. Soluble in acids.
Obs.— Occurs rather sparingly at Branchville, Fairfield Co., Connecticut, closely associated with the corresponding lithium-manganese phosphate, lithiophilite. It may have been derived from the alteration of it, analogous to the changes which the lithium silicate, spodumene, has undergone at the same locality (cf. p. 368).
546. BERYLLONITE. E. S. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 36, 290, 1888. E. 8. Dana and H. L. Wells, ibid., 37, 23, 1889.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-57243 : 1 : 0-54901 E. S. Dana.
100 A HO 29° 47' 17", 001 A 101 43° 48' 13", 001 A Oil 28° 46' 2".
Forms : a (100, i-l) 6 (010, c (001, 0)
a (410 i4)
j (320, *-f)
I (120, i-2) n (130, £-3) o (140, 4) n (150, f-5)
d (102, H) . (101, 1-.) (01'3-4)
a (014, H)
ft (013, H) y (012, H) d (023, fi) € (Oil, 1-*)
C (°33'
(051,
tf (U2, i)
(111, 1)
(221, 2)
A (331, 3)
r (211, 2-2) 77 (421, 4-2)
0(232,1-4) (231, 8-4)
P (123, f-2) x (122, 1-2) w (121, 2-2)
(161, 6-6)
Bertllonite.
99'"
M'"
ii"
mm'
Ii'
nri
oo
nn'
dd' ee' ff' aa'
16° 17'
21° 36'
31° 57'
59° 34V
82° 16'
60° 26'
47° 11'
38° 31'
51° 14'
87° 36V
124° 56'
15° 38'
fifi'
yy' 88'
cA cp
20° 44'
30° 42'
40° 12'
57° 32'
95° 21'
117° 28'
131° 2'
28° 55' *47° 51V 65° 39' 73° 13' 25° 55'
ex cQ cy
m'
m'"
ww'
ww'
at
ax
55° 33'
43° 37'
62° 19'
50° 9'
67° 21'
80° 6V
43° 14'
65° 42V
76° 47'
45° 8'
63° 32'
bv 68° 23'
bw 51° 36'
bx 40° 4'
by - 32° 15'
bz 26° 47'
boa 22° 49'
-4* 52° 43'
6s 63°
br 75°
br 43°
5' 46' 43'
bu 78° 48'
bo- 53° 24' bp 70° 47'
Twins: tw. pi. m, hence aa 120° 25'. Sometimes repeated, rarely in stellate forms. Crystals short prismatic to tabular, highly complex. Prismatic faces near a often united in oscillatory combination, hence showing vertical stria- tions. Faces v also striated edge v/f. In crystals or broken fragments.
Cleavage: c highly perfect; a less so, interrupted; m still less distinct; b faintly indicated. Fracture couchoidal. Brittle. H. 5 '5-6. Gr. 2-845. Luster vitreous, brilliant; sometimes on c pearly. Colorless to white or pale yellowish. Transparent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. a. Bx c. Dispersion small p v. Axial angles:
'760
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
2E, 120° 26' Li Also
2H..r 72° 35 125° 13'
2Ey 121°
1' Na
2H —
a-y —
72° 47'
2H0.y 124° 59' Refractive indices :
Red, Li Yellow, Na Green, Tl
121° 24' Tl
2H,,gr= 73° 1'
2H0.gr 124° 30'
a
2Vr 67° 34'
Y
Comp. — A phosphate of beryllium and sodium, NaBeP04 or Na3P04.Be3P,08 Phosphorus pentoxide 55-9, beryllium oxide, 19-7, soda 24/4 100.
Anal.— H. L. Wells, 1. c.
BeO
Na,O
ign.
0-08 99-42
Pyr. — Decrepitates somewhat and fuses about 3 to a slightly clouded glass, coloring the flame deep yellow with a green streak on the lower edge. Slowly but completely soluble in hot acids.
Obs. — Found loose among the disintegrated material of a granitic vein, at Stoneham, Maine; associated with feldspars, smoky quartz, beryl, columbite. The same region has yielded herderite and phenacite.
The crystals of beryllonite often show a columnar structure due to the presence of hollow canals and fluid cavities arranged parallel to the vertical axis. Other cavities (with liquid HaO,COa) are present often in great numbers (f. 8). The natural faces are often delicately etched on c, showing minute depressions nearly square in outline.
Artif.— On the artificial formation of beryllonite, see Ouvrad, C. R., 110, 1334, June 23,
547. HERDERITE. Herderite Head., Phil. Mag., 4, 1, 1828. Allogonit Breith., Uib., 23, 1830, Char., 78, 1832.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-62060 : 1 : 0-42345 E. S. Dana1. 100 A HO 31° 49£', 001 A 101 34° 18|', 001 A Oil 22° 57'.
Forms : b (010, i4) c (001, 0)
m (110, I) I (120, z-2)s (130, ity
d (101, 1-i)4
u (Oil, l-i) t (032, f-) (031, 34)3
s (061, 6-i)
p (111,1) g (332, |)3 n (331, 3)
o (441, 4)* y (131, 3-3>
Figs. 1-3, Stoneham.
Heb.Derite.
mm II'
MM dd'
ee'
uu'
tt'
63° 89' 77° 43' 56° 29' 68° 37' 91° 20' *45° 54' 64° 51' 103° 35' 137° 2'
38° 46' 50° 18' 67° 27' 72° 42*' 58° 29*' 55° 15*' 64° 17' qq1 81° 39' nri 103° 24'
cp eg en
Co
ex cy
oo
yy' pp"
qq" nri oo'" nu
108° 26' 64° 40' 45° 46' 38° 33V
47° 52' 58° 174' 60° 28'
4, Ehrenfriedersdorf.
Crystals sometimes resembling a low hexagonal pyr- amid (f. 4); also short prismatic in direction of axis a.
Cleavage: m interrupted. Fracture subconchoidal. H 5. G. 2"99- 3-01; 3-012, a perfectly transparent crystal from Stoueham, Penfield. Luster vitreous, inclining to subresinous. Color various shades of yellowish and greenish white. Translucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bx a. Dispersion p v. Axial angles, Dx.6:
Maine 2Er 121° 44' Li
2Ha.r 72° 34' glass 2Er 120° 21'
2Ey =121° 22' Na
2Ha.y 72° 12'
2Ey 119° 45'
2Ebl 120° 33' CuSO* 2Ha.bi= 71° 24' 2Ebl 119° 11'
Also for yellow a 1-592, ft 1'612, y - 1-621 Btd.
Saxony 2Ha.r 74° 18' 2Er 124° 35'
2Ha.y 74° 4' 2Ey 124° 18'
2H0.r 105° 11' 2H0.y 105° 23'
2Vr 74° 29' 2Vy 74° 16'
Comp. — A fluo-phosphate of beryllium and calcium, (CaF)BeP04, with the fluorine in part replaced by hydroxyl. If F : OH 1:1, this requires: Phos- phorus pentoxide 43-8, beryllium oxide 15-4, lime 34-6, fluorine 5'9, water 2-8 102-5, deduct 2-5 (0 2F) 100. If fluorine alone were present the amount would be 11 "7 p. c.
Grotli includes herderite in the Olivenite Group, cf. Tab. Ueb., pp. 75, 76, 1889.
Anal.— 1, Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 27, 135, 1884. 2, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 21, 694, 1884. 3, Pentield and Harper, Am. J. Sc., 32, 107, 1886.
PaO6 BeO CaO F HaO
1. Stoneham 44-81 15-76 88-21 11-32 — 104'60
2. " I 43-43 15-04 33'65 8'93 0'61? AUOs.FejO.O-SS, MnO 0-11 102-12 3 " 43-74 15-51 33'67 5'27 3'70 101-89
Analyses of the herderite from Ehrenfriedersdorf and from Stoneham by Winkler, made on minute quantities, have been shown to be untrustworthy; he gave considerable alumina and overlooked the fluorine, Jb. Min., 2, 134, 1884.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. phosphoresces with an orange-yellow light, fuses with difficulty, becomes white and opaque: takes a blue with cobalt solution ; gives acid water in the closed tube when strongly heated. Dissolves in acids.
6bs. — The original herderite is known only from a few specimens obtained prior to 1825 at the tin mines of Ehrenfriedersdorf, Saxony; the crystals described by Haidinger resemble apatite in form (f. 4). pp'" 38° 43' herderite, xx' 37° 44' apatite.
Discovered in 1883 at Stoneham, Maine (see Hidden, Am. J. Sc , 27, 73, 135, 1884). It occurs in a granitic ledge in isolated crystals and in clusters implanted on quartz crystals, or embedded in them; also on muscovite and associated with albite; found sparingly with tourmaline at Auburn, Me.; also at Hebron.
Named after Baron von Herder, director of the Saxon mines. The name glucinite was suggested (Hidden, 1. c.) for the Stoneham mineral in the idea that it might prove to differ from the Saxon in containing beryllium (glucinum) in place of aluminium, but the identity of the minerals from the two localities has been thoroughly proved.
Ref.— ] Stoneham, Am. J. Sc., 27, 229, 1884. Haidinger gives for Ehrenfriedersdorf: pp' — 63° 57', pp'" 38° 43'. '; Ehrenfriedersdorf only, Haid., 1. c. 8 Stoneham only, E. S. D., 1. c. 4 Stoneham, Hidden, ibid., 32, 209, 1886. 6 Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 130, 1884; Btd., 9, .141, 1886.
762 Phosphates, Ansenates, Etc.
548. HAMLINITE. W. E. Hidden and S. L. Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 39, 511, 1890. Khombohedral. Axis 6 1-1353; 0001 A 1011 52° 39£' Penfield. Forms: c (0001, 0), r (1011, R), /(0221, - 2).
Angles : cr 52° 40', cf 69° 7f , rr' *87° 2', ff' 108° 2', r/ 54° 1'. In small rhombohedral crystals with basal plane prominent.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. H. 4-5. G. 3-228. Luster on c pearly; on rhombohedral faces greasy to resinous. Colorless and transparent, or with a slight yellow tint. Optically -[-; double refraction not strong.
Comp. — A phosphate of aluminium or beryllium (or both) with water and fluorine; exact composition undeter- mined.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses about 4 to a white porcelain-like mass coloring the flame green. In the closed tube gives off water abundantly and fluorine which etches the glass. Slowly soluble in acids, giving a solution which reacts strongly for phosphoric acid. The presence of aluminium (or beryllium) and absence of calcium were proved by qualitative test.
Obs. — Occurs very sparingly at Stoneham, Me., associated with the beryllium phosphate, herderite, and the beryllium silicate, bertrandite. Only a single specimen has thus far been found.
Named after Dr. A. C. Hamlin of Bangor, Me., author of a work on precious stones.
3. Apatite Group. Hexagonal with pyramidal hemihedrism. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates of calcium and lead, with chlorine or fluorine.
General formula R6(F,Cl)[(P,As,V)04]3 (R(F,C1) )R4[(P,As,V)04]3;
Also written 3R3(P,As,V)208.R(F,Cl)8. Here R=Ca or Pb, also Mn.
549. Apatite (CaF)Ca4(P04)3 Fluor-apatite 0-7346
or (CaCl)Ca4(P04)3 Chlor-apatite Manganapatite (CaF)Ca4(P04)3 with (MnF)Mn4(P04)s
550. Pyromorphite (PbCl)Pb4(P04)3 0-7362
Polysphserite ( (Pb,Ca)Cl)(Pb,Ca)4(POJs
551. Mimetite (PbCl)Pb4(As04)3 0-7224
Campylite }ggjB$2fo.
552. Vanadinite (PbCl)Pb4(V04), 0-7122
Endlichite (PbCl)Pb4(As04)3 Q.7
( (PbCl)Pb4(V04)3
549. APATITE. Crystallized from Spain. Chrysolite ordinaire de Lisle (with figs.), Crist., 1772, 2, 271, 1783; Spargelgrilne Steinkrystalle aus Spanien nahern Apatit Wern., Bergm J., 74, 1790; — Spargelstein Wern.; Asparagus Stone; Pierre d'Asperge Fr.; Asparagolithe Abildgaard, Ann. Ch., 32, 195, 1800. Chaux phosphatee Vauq., Ann. Ch., 26, 123, 1798. Phosphate of Lime.
Crystfr. Saxony. Aquamarin (celandine-green, fr. Schneckenstein) Brunnich, his Cronst., 1770. Amethiste basaltine (mostly violet, fr. Mines d'etain de Saxe) Sage, Miu., 1, 231, 1777; de Lisle, Crist., 2, 254, 1783; Apatit Wern., Gerhard's Gruudr., 281, 1786, Bergm. J., 576, 1788, 378, 1789. Phosphorsaurer-Kalk Klapr., ib., 294, 1788. Stlchsischer Beryll, Agustit (with announcem. of supposed new earth, Augusterde), Trommsdorf, Trommsd. J. Pharm.,
Cryst.fr. Norway, etc. Moroxit (fr. Arendal) Abildgaard, Moll's Jahrb. B. H., 2, 432, 1798. Francolite (fr. Devonshire) Brooke, T. H. Henry, Phil. Mag., 36, 1850. Lazur-Apatit Jf. Nd., Bull. Soc. Moscou, 30, 224, 1857.
Massive. La Pierre Phosphorique (fr. Lagrosan, Estremadura) Davila, p. 60, Madrid; Phosphate calcaire Proust, J. Phos., 32, 241, 1788; Pelletier, Ann. Ch., 7, 1790; Phosphorite
Apatite Group— Apatite.
Kirw., Min., 1, 129, 1794; id., Karst., Tab., 52, 1808. Eupyrchroite (fr. N. Y.) Emmons, Rep. G. N. Y., 1838. Osteolith Bromeis, Lieb. Ann., 79, 1851 Bone-phosphate.
Apatite (incl. the Saxon and the Spanish crystallized (Spargelstein) and massive Phos- phorite, excl. Moroxite) Karst., Tab., 36, 1800; id. incl. the same and also Moroxile) H., Tr., 2, 1801.
Hexagonal, with pyramidal hemihedrism. Axis 6 0-734603; 0001 A 1011 40° 18' 22" Koksharov1.
jf> (1124, *-2)10 v (1122, 1-2) s (1121, 2-2) d (2241, 4-2)
zone msx', r) p (4151, 5-f)6 n (3141, 4-|)
Forms2 :
r (1016, £)6
a (3032,
c (0001, 0)
o- (1013, i)6
# (2021, 2)
m (1010, /) a (1120, i-2)
C (5-0 -5-12, Ty5 r (1012, i) 77 (3035, f)8
w (7073, |)9 2 (3031, 3) n (4041, 4)
e (3034, f)6
1-2-12 J
ht (3120, £f , I)3 # (4150, £f , r)4
x (1011, 1)
0 (1126, i-2)'
(a (7-3-10-3, M (2131, 3-|) i (1232, f-f)fi
H, (3121, 3-|, 1)* o (3142, 2-|, r) 5 (4371, 7-1, r)
Also the vicinal form11: 3 (3-1-4-280, TV|).
mk 10° 54'
mh 19° 6'
cr 8° 3'
ca- 15° 47'
=19° 28'
cr 22° 59'
erf =26° 58V
ce 32° 28'"
ca 51° 50'
cy 59° 29'
cw 63° 12'
cz 68° 33'
Tt 73° 35'
13° 45J'
36° 18'
55° 45i'
cd
71° 12'
cp
75° 34'
Co
56° 49'
en
71° 54'
48° 18'
Cm
65° 59'
cq
79° 2'
rr'
8° 2'
(To1
45° 38'
K'
19° 11'
rr'
ee' xx' aa'
yy1
zz1
88'
dd't
22° 26° 31° *37° 46° 51° 55° 34° 48° 56° 54° 19°
31' 13' 8' 18' 2' 28' 26' 50' So* 21' 53'
mp mn
ms mi mx' aq
ao ax
34° 48' 18° 7V 22° 41' 27° 18' 30° 20' 44° 17' 55° 38V 71° 8' 11° 56' 26° 14' 36° 29' 55° 56'
'i ?' Common forms. St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., and Canada. 3, 6, Alexander Co., N. C , Midden and Washington'*. 4, Paris, Me. 5, Hebron. 7, Branchville, Conn. , Pirsson. o, bt. Gothard, Haidiuger.
764 Phosphates, Ar8Enates, Etc.,
Crystals varying from long prismatic to short prismatic and tabular; in the latter cases often highly modified; also in low pyramids (f. 5); rarely terminated
by a pyramid of the third series (f. 4). Also globular 9. and reniform, with a fibrous or imperfectly columnar
structure; massive, structure granular to compact.
Cleavage: c imperfect; m more so. Fracture conchoidal and uneven. Brittle. Etching-figures conform to the pyramidal hemihedrism14. H. 5, sometimes 4*5 when massive. Gr. 3'i7-3"23 cryst. Luster vitreous, inclining to subresinous. Streak white. Color usually sea-green, bluish green ; often violet-blue; sometimes white; occasionally yellow, gray, red, flesh-red, and brown. Transparent to opaque. A bluish opalescence sometimes in the di- rection of the vertical axis, especially in white varieties. Some colored varieties pleochroic; absorption e GO. Alexander Co., N. C., basal Optically — . Double refraction weak. Some-
section of f. 6. times abnormally biaxial (cf. Mid.15). Indices,.
Heusser1':
Fraunhofer lines D E F G
oo 1-64607 1-64998 1-65332 1-65953
e 1-64172 1-64543 1'64867 1'65468
Var. — 1. Ordinary. Crystallized, or cleavable and granular massive. Colorless to green, blue, yellow, flesh-red, (a) The asparagus-stone, originally from Murcia, Spain, is yellowish green, as the name implies. Moroxite, from Arendal, is iu greenish blue and bluish crystals. Both names have been used for apatite of the same shades from other places, (b) Lasurapatite is a sky-blue variety; it occurs iu crystals with lapis-lazuli in Siberia, (c) Francolite, from Wheal Franco, near Tavistock, Devonshire, occurs in small crystalline stalactitic masses, grayish green to brown, and in minute curving crystals (anal. 11).
Ordinary apatite is fluor-apatite, containing fluorine often with only a trace of chlorine, up to 0'5 p. c. ; rarely the chlorine preponderates, and sometimes fluorine is entirely absent. The normal angle, ex (0001 A 1011), and also the specific gravity seem to diminish with increase of the chlorine percentage, but more observations are needed to establish this (Kk., Pusirevsky, Baumh., ref. '). The following data are brought together by Baumhauer:
Schwarzenstein Tokovaya Sulzbach Rothenkopf Sliudianka Blagodatsk Achmatovsk
Chlorine tr. O'Ol 0'028 0-085 0'109 0'22 051
Sp. gravity 3'215 3-202 3 153 3'149 3'178 3'132 3-091
ex (0001 A 1011) 40° 17' 40° 18f 40° 15f 40° lOf ' 40° 16J' 40D 6V
2. Manganapatite (Siewert, Zs. Nat. Halle, 10, 339, 1874) contains manganese replacing calcium. The original is a variety from San Roque, near Cordoba, Argentine Republic, color dark bluish green, containing 6 7 p. c. MnO, anal. 26. For other occurrences, which have proved to be not uncommon, seeanals. 27-33. The dark green apatite from Dixou's quarry, Wilmington, Del., also contains considerable manganese (Genlh, priv. contr.).
Cupro-apatite Adam, Tabl. Min., 45, 1869. From near Coquimbo, Chili, at the mines of Tambillos, occurring iu clear turquoise-blue crystals, containing, according to F. Field, 20-93 CuO, the copper being present as phosphate; it needs confirmation.
3. Fibrous, concretionary, stalactitic. The name Phosphorite was used by Kirwan for all apatite, but it especially included the fibrous concretionary and partly scaly mineral from Estremadura, Spain, and elsewhere. It has H. 4'5; G. 2 '92-3 Forbes, but 2 98-3'12 after ignition. Eupyrchroite , from Crown Point, N. Y., belongs here; it is concentric in structure, consisting of convex subfibrous layers, more or less easily separable; H. 4'5; G. 3'053; ash- gray and bluish gray in color, and gives a green phosphorescence when heated (whence the name, from ei>, well, itvp,fire, and XPoa, a color).
4. Earthy apatite; Osteolite. Mostly altered apatite. Coprolites are mainly impure calcium phosphate. For both see beyond, p. 768 et seg. Lasne finds sedimentary phosphates to be fluor- apatite iu composition, C. R , 110, 1376, 1890.
Pseudoapatite of Breithaupt from Kurprinz, near Freiberg, and Schlackenwald in Bohemia, has been called pseudomorphous apatite. Frenzel makes pyromorphite the original mineral, analysis: P2O5 39'28, CaO 56'66, SO, 1'42, CO2 [2-641, Cl tr. - 100. Min. Mitth., 3, 364, 1880.
Staff elite of Stein (Jb. Min., 716, 1866) occurs incrusting the phosphorite of Staff el, in botryoidal, reniform, or stalactitic masses, fibrous and radiating. H. =4. G. 3'128. Color
Apatite Group— Apatite. 765
leek to dark green, greenish yellow. See anal. 37. Stein regards it as a result of the action of carbonated waters on phosphorite.
Comp.— For Fluor-apatite (CaF)Ca4P,0lf; for Chlor-apatite (CaCl)Ca4P,0IS ; also written 3Ca3P208 + CaF, and 3Ca3P208 + CaCla. There are also intermediate compounds containing both fluorine and chlorine. The percentage composition for these normal varieties is as follows :
Fluor-apatite P2O6 42'3 CaO 55-5 F 3'8 101'6 or Ca3P2O8 92-25 CaF2 7'75 100
Chlor-apatite P2O6 41 "0 CaO 53 '8 Cl 6"8 101'6 or Ca3P2O8 89'4 CaCla 10'6 =100
In the formula as first (and more correctly) written the univalent group (CaF) or (CaCl) takes the place of one hydrogen atom in the acid 3H3PO4 H9POi2.
Some analyses give results at variance with this normal composition, showing a deficiency
( CaF, in the fluorine and chlorine: thus Voelcker proposes to write the formula 3CasP2Oe. CaCl2, and
(CaO Hoskyns-Abrahall gives Ca]0(PO4)8(O,F2,Cl2). Cf. Groth, Tab. Ueb., 74, 1889.
Fluor-apatite is much more common than the other variety; here belongs the apatite of the Alps, Spain, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Canada. Apatites in which chlorine is prominent are rare; this is true of some Norwegian kinds. An apatite from Kragero contained 4-10 chlorine and no fluorine, Voelcker, J. pr. Ch., 75, 384, 1858, while others gave l-38 and 1 03. See also analyses below. Varieties also occur in which the calcium is largely replaced by manganese, as in manganaptitite. Further Cossa (Trans. Ace. Line., 3, 17, 1878) has noted the presence of didymium (also Ce.La) in many apatites as proved by absorption bands in the spectrum; these- elements have been found before by chemical means, but usually referred to enclosed cryptolite. Scheerer found 5 p. c. cerium oxide in the apatite of the augite-syenite of southern Norway, which is not due to enclosed cryptolite— cf. Bgr.. Zs. Kr., 16, 70, 1890.
Anal. — G. Rose first detected the fluorine and chlorine, and published the following as the composition of different specimens (Pogg., 9, 185, 1827):
1. Snarum 2. Murcia 3. Arendal 4. Greiner 5. St. Gothard
G. 3-174 G. 3-235 G. 3'222 G. 3-175 G. 3-197
Calcium phosphate 9M3 92'066 92-189 9216 92-31
Calcium chloride 4'28 0'885 O'SOl 0'15 tr.
Calcium fluoride 4'59 7'049 7'01 7'69 7'69
The following are other typical analyses; some earlier ones are given in 5th Ed., p. 532.
1-7, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Surv. Canada, 1 H., 1879. 8,9, Voelcker, Inaug. Diss., Giessen,. 1883. 10, Rowan, Ch. News, 50. 208, 1884. 11, Maskelyue and Flight, J. Ch. Soc., 24, 3, 1871. 12, Klement, Bull. Mus. Belg., 5, 159, 1888. 13-15, Hoskyns-Abrahall, Inaug. Diss., Munich, 1889. 16, Sachsse, after deducting impurities, quoted by Stelzuer, Jb. Min., 1, 265, 1889. 17, Schertel, ibid. 18, .Nikolayev, Zs. Kr., 11, 391, 1886; also other anals. of massive varieties with 3'05 to 1'87 p. c. Cl. 19-24, Voelcker, 1. c. 25, Waage, quoted by Brogger and Reusch, Zs. G. Ges., 27, 674, 1875: also another anal, with 35 p. c. Cl.
26. Siewert, I.e. 27, 29, 30, Peufield, Am. J. Sc., 19, 367, 1880. 28, Dewey, ibid. 31. Hilge quoted by Sandbersrer, Jb. Min., 1, 171, 1885. 32, Weibull, G. F5r. Forh., 8, 492, 1886. 33, Igelstrom, Bull.Soc. Min., 5, 303, 1882.
34, Garzo and Penuelas, Bull. Soc. G., 17, 157, 1860. 35, Mayer, Lieb. Aim., 101. 281, 1857. 36, 37, Forster, quoted by Stein, Jb. Min., 716, 1866. 38, Jackson, Am. J. Sc.. 12, 73, 1851.
For many other analyses of phosphorite see: Wicke, Nassau, Jb. Miu., 88, 1869. Schwack- hofer, Jb. G. Reichs., 21, 211, 1871. De Reydellet, Belmez, Bull. Soc. G., 1, 350, 1873. Niederstadt, Estremadura, Ber. Ch. Ges., 107, 1874. Nivoit, Ciply C. R., 79, 256, 1874. Moller, Nizhni Novgorod, Vh. Min. Ges., 12, 61, 187 . Gunn, Russia, Min. Mag., 1, 209, 1876. Guyot, Vosges, C. R., 87, 333, 1878. Vernadsky, Zmolensk, Zs. Kr., 17, 628, 1890.
G. PSO5 CaO F Cl A12O3 Fe2O3 MgO insol. CO,
0-03 102-04 0-37 0-37 101-04 O'lO 102-23 0-22 101-56 0 11 102-51 0-86 101-13 0-52 101-24 0-86 SO3 0-32, 0-25 101-10
9. " 41-37 55-19 2'45 0'48 0'99 0-24 — 0-99 - 101-71
10 Amelia Co., Va. 3'161 41 '06 5394 3'30 tr. 0'19 0'81 — 0'63 — igu. 0'81
100-74
Storrington
Buckingham
N. Burgess
Portland
Loughborough
3'73
0 1(5
e.
Portland
(H19
0'08
Templeton
Canada
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
G.
Tavistock, Francolite
Zillerthal Jumilla
PaO6 CaO F Cl AlaO3 FeaO3 MgO insol. COa
101 '01
38-14 54-09 3-34 — — 0'91a 0'69C — 2'25H3Ol-59 43-49 54-49 1'31 0'57 1-48 0'33 0'42 tr. 42-86 56-22 1'54 — — — — — 41-12 55-45 1-98 0'24 — 1'07 0'44C —
15. Ehrenfriedersdorf
42-07 55-83 2-27 — — 0'56d — —
018e 0-12
Freiberg Kinzigthal Turkestan 3199 Norway cryst.
55'43
tr.
92
85
B. "
04
"
39
" mass.
Arendal, Moroxite
[3'61]b
Odegaard, red
—
Incl. moisture, in 8, 0-04; in 9, 018. b Incl. COa,SOs. c NaaO. Manganapatite.
— - 102-07
— 100-62
— ign. 0-25 100-55
— igu. 0-57 100-90
— 101-44
— 101-58
— 10M6
- 0-64 0-09 So3 0-14,
[ign. 0-22 99-83
- 0-34 — So3 0-15,
[ign. 0-44 101-07
- 0-32 — So3 013,
[ign. 0-30 99-35
- 1-89 — So3 015,
[ign. 014 98-99
- 1-77 — So3 0-18,
[ign. 0-14 - 100-75
0-31 — ign. 0-08
100
- 0-8 — ign. 0-6
99-35
FeO + MnO. MnO.
26. Cordoba
Branchville, dark green 3'39 ' ' green
white 3144
Franklin Furn., cryst. 3'22
Zwiesel
Westana
HorrsjOberg
G. P206 CaO MnO F Cl Al.O, Fe.O, insoL
42-54 48-01 6-59 2'75 — — 0'92a — MgO 0'48
101-29
41-63 44-92 10-59 3'12 0'03 — 0'77 — 101-06 40-96 53-53 2'48 3'84 — 0'50 0'08 0'06 101 '45 41-47 53-15 1-96 2'68 O'lO — 0'22 T50 101 '08 39-59 51-64 1'35 3'37 0"04 0'56 0'77 — ZnO 0'03, [CaCOs 2-82, HaO 0"52 99'69 3169 43-95 52'78 3-04 2-15 — — — — 101 93 42-04 50-12 5-95 3'74 tr. — — — 101-85 36-42 45-17 8'80b und. — — — -
FeO. b Incl. some FeO.
Phosphorite.
Estremadura Amberg
Staffel
' ' Staff elite Eupyrchroite
Incl. SiOj.
G. Pa06 CaO F Cl AlaO, FeaO, MgO insol. COa
40-12 53-50 216 0'06 310* 0 61 — — — 100-21 39-57 52-21 1-90 — — 0'90 0'09 1'96 2'78 Alk. 0-66
100-07
34-48 45-79 3'45 — 1'08 6'42 016 4'88b 1-51 Alk. 1-00.
[H2O2-45 101 17
3-128 39-05 54-67 3'05 — 0'03 0'04 — — 319H2O140
101-43
3-053 45-71 48-71 0-60 013 — 2'00e — — 2'77dHaOO'50
100-42
b SiOa FeO. d CaCO,.
For further analyses of phosphorite see references above.
The oxygen equivalent of the fluorine (chlorine) is to be deducted from the above analyses. Anal. 20, 21 are from different parts of the same crystal. From 16, 17, impurities have been deducted.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in the forceps fuses with difficulty on the edges (F. 4'5-5), coloring the flame reddish yellow; moistened with sulphuric acid and heated colors the flame pale bluish green (phosphoric acid); some varieties react for chlorine with salt of phosphorus, when the bead has been previously saturated with copper oxide, while others give fluorine when fused with this salt in an open glass tube. Gives a phosphide with the sodium te*t.
Dissolves in hydrochloric and nitric acid, yielding with sulphuric acid a copious precipitate of calcium sulphate; the dilute nitric acid solution gives with lead acetate a white precipitate,
Apatite Group- Apatite.
which B.B. on charcoal fuses, giving a globule with crystalline facets on cooling. Some varieties of apatite phosphoresce on heating.
Obs. — Apatite occurs iu rocks of various kinds and ages, but is most common in metamor- phic crystalline rocks, especially in granular limestone, granitic and many metalliferous veins, particularly those of tin, in gneiss, syenite, hornblendic gneiss, mica schist, beds of iron ore; occasionally in serpentine; common in igneous or volcanic rocks in the form of microscopic acicular crystals which have been early formed in the crystallization from the magma; some- times in ordinary stratified limestone, beds of sandstone or shale of the Silurian, Carboniferous, Jurassic, Cretaceous, or Tertiary. It has been observed as the petrifying material of wood.
Among its localities are Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony; Schwarzenstein, Rothenkopf, Pfitsch iu the Tyrol; with epidote on the Knappenwand, Untersulzbachthal; St. Gothard, Tavetsch, etc., iu Switzerland; Mussa-Alp in Piedmont, white or colorless, and of like form and color on the Mittaghorn in Upper Valais; Zinnwald and Schlackenwald in Bohemia; in England, in Cornwall, with tin ores; in Cumberland, at Carrock Fells, in celandine-green crystals in gilbertite; in Devonshire, cream-colored at Bovey Tracey, and at Wheal Franco (francolite); in Ireland, in a basaltic dike near Kilroot in Antrim, also in Down, Dublin, and Killiney Hill. The greenish blue variety, called moroxite, occurs at Arendal, Snarum, and KragerG in Norway, at the latter place in part flesh-red, and looking much like feldspar; with magnetic iron of a greenish yellow color at Mt. Blagodatsk in the Ural; with black tourmaline on the Shaitanka in Ekaterinburg; on the Sliudianka (las-ur apatite); at the emerald mine of the Takovaja, 85 versts N.E. of Ekaterinburg; on the Kiriiba, 70 versts S.W. of Miask, containing no chlorine (Pusi- revsky), with G. 3-126; in Pargas, Finland. The asparagus-stone or spargelstein of Jumilla, in Murcia mot C. de Gata), Spain, is pale yellowish green in color; a variety from Zillerthal is wine-yellow; a similar variety is obtained from the Cerro de Mercado, Durango, Mexico. The phosphorite, or massive radiated variety, is obtained abundantly near the junction of granite and argillyte, in Estremadura, Spain; at Schlackeuwald in Bohemia; at Amberg, Bavaria, in Jurassic limestone, nodular and stalactitic; Nassau, etc.
Large quantities of apatite are mined in Norway at KragerO, where it was worked as early as 1854; also at Odegaard, near Bamle, Norway, with eustatite and wagnerite (kjerulnne) in large crystals; further in veins at many points along the southern coast from Langesund fiord to Arendal, in part in connection with the so-called " geflecter gabbro" mentioned on pp. 467, 472. in which a triclinic feldspar has been largely altered to scapolite.
In Maine, on Long Island, Blue-hill Bay, in veins 10 in. wide, intersecting granite. In N. Hamp., crystals, often large, are abundant, 4 m. S. of the N. village meeting-house, West- moreland, in a vein of feldspar and quartz, in mica slate, along with molybdenite; fine crystals at Piermout, in white limestone, on the land of Mr. Thomas Cross, In Mass., crystals occasion- ally 6 in. long, at Norwich (N.E. part), in gray quartz; at Bolton abundant, the forms seldom interesting; sparingly at Chesterfield, Chester, Sturbridge, Hiusdale, and Williamsburgh. In Conn., at Branch ville, dark greenish blue (manganapatite), also in greenish white and colorless crystals, highly modified and resembling the Swiss, in short pearly white prisms with rough basal planes; at Leete's quarry, near Stony Creek. In New York, large crystals of apatite are found in St. Lawrence Co., in granular limestone, with scapolite, titanite, etc., at Hammond, Gouverneur; in Rossie, with titanite and pyroxene, 2 m. N. of the village of Oxbow; also on the bank of Vrooman Lake, Jefferson Co., in white limestone; Sanford mine, East Moriah, Essex Co., in magnetite, which is often thickly studded with six-sided prisms; at the iron mine, Brewster, Putnam Co. ; near Edenville, Orange Co. , asparagus-green, in white limestone; in the same region, blue, grayish green, and grayish white crystals; 2 m. S. of Amity, emerald- and bluish green crystals; at Long Pond, Essex Co., with garnet and vesuvianite; fibrous mammillated (eupyr- cliroite) at Crown Point, Essex Co., about a mile south of Hammondsville, in large quantities, quarried for agricultural purposes. In New Jersey, on the Morris Canal, near Suckasunny, of a brown color, in massive pyrrhotite; with the magnetite of Bryam mine; Mt. Pleasant mine near Mt. Teabo, in a low hill near the junction of Rockaway R. and Burnt Meadow Cr., J m. from the canal, in masses sometimes 6 in through; at Hurdstown, Sussex Co., where a shaft has been sunk and the apatite mined; masses brought outweigh occasionally 200 Ibs., and some cleavage prisms have the planes 3 in. wide. In Penn., at Leiperville, Delaware Co.; in Chester Co., at New Garden; in Bucks Co., at Southampton, manganesian, Genth. In Maryland, near Baltimore. In Delaware, at Dixon's quarry, Wilmington, of a rich blue color. In-N. Carolina, in highly modified clear yellow crystals (f. 6, p. 763), also in slender greenish prisms with hiddenite, rutile, emerald, dolomite, muscovite, etc.; at Stony Point, N. Carolina, one of the latter habit seemed to be a cruciform-twin with tw. pi. s (f. 10).
In Canada, in North Elmsley, and passing into South Burgess, in an extensive bed 10 ft. broad, 3 ft. of which are pure sea-green apatite, and outside of this mixed with limestone, and sometimes occurring in prisms a foot long and 4 in. through, with pyroxene and phlogopite — a fluor-apatite containing only 0'5 chlorine (Hunt); similar in Ross; at the foot of Calumet Falls, in blue crystals;
co N C. H. &W.
also near Blaisdell's mill on the Gatineau; at St. Roch, on the Achigan, clear rose-red, amethystine, and colorless crystals, with augite.
768 Phosphates, Absenates, Etc.
In extensive beds in the Laurentian gneiss of Canada, usually associated with limestone, and accompanied by pyroxene, amphibole, titauite, zircon, garnet, vesuvianite, and many other species. Prominent mines are in Ottawa county, Quebec, along the Lievre river in the townships of Buckingham, Tempieton, Portland, Hull, and Waketield. Also in Renfrew county. Ontario, and in Lanark, Leeds, and Frouteuac counties. The yield in 1889 was 30,500 tons. The crystals of apatite are sometimes of enormous size, one crystal from Buckingham, Ottawa Co., Quebec, weighed 550 Ibs. and measured 72£ inches in circumference.
Apatite was named by Werner from anaraeiv, to deceive, older mineralogists having referred it to aquamarine, chrysolite, amethyst, fluor, schorl, etc.
For a comprehensive review of the occurrence of apatite, phosphorite, and calcium phos- phate in general, see R. A Penrose, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 49, 1888, who also gives an extended bibliography. On the Canadian deposits, see Harrington, G. Surv. Canada, 1-50 G, 1877-78; Vennor, Rep. G. Surv. Canada, 1870 et seq.; also Hoffmann, 1. c., ref. on p. 765. On Ihe apatite of Norway, see BrOgger & Reusch. Zs. G. Ges., 27, 646, 1875; Nyt Mag., 25, 255, 1880; H. SjOgren, G. For. Forh., 6, 447, 1883; G. Lofstrand, ibid., 12, 145, 207, 1890; G. Torell, ibid., p. 365. Or: the phosphorite of various localities, see ref. on p. 765. See also Phosphatic Nodules below.
Alt.— See osteolite. etc., below. Moore and Zepharovich have described apatite altered to eallaite from Fresno Co., California. Zs. Kr., 10, 240, 1885.
Artif.— Early obtained by Deville & Carou (C. R., 47, 985, 1858, and Ann. Ch. Phys., 67, 443, 1863). Lechartier has shown (C. R., 65, 172, 1867) that an arsenic apatite may be made by fusion together of calcium arsenate and calcium chloride; and that from the same at a lower temperature an arsenical wagnerite is obtained in crystals. See also Fouque-Levy, Synth. Min., 262, 1882, Bourgeois, Reprod. Min., 178, 1884.
Ref.— ! Ekaterinburg, Miu. Russl., 2, 39, 1854; see also ib., 5, 86, 1866, where the rather widely varying angles for different localities are compared. A review of the angles for apatite from different localities is given by Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 18, 31, 1890, in part quoted on p. 764.
Cf. Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 62 (1), 745 et aeq., ]870, also Atlas xviu-xx; earlier Haid., Isis, 1824, Kk., 1. c. 3 Cf. Klein, Jb. Min., 485, 1871. 4 Questioned by Schrauf, but noted by E. S. D., see9 below. 6 Struver, Att. Ace. Torino, 3, 125, 1867, 6, 363, 1871. 6Schrauf,
I. c. 7 Klein Untersulzbach, Jb. Min., 121, 1872. f Schmidt, Tavetsch, Zs. Kr., 7, 551, 1883. 9 E. S. D., Paris, Me., Am. J. Sc , 27, 480, 1884. 10 Flink, Nordmark, Ak. H. Stockh., Bin., 12 (2), No. 2, 42, 1886. n Weisbach, Ehrenfriedersdorf, Jb. Min , 2, 249, 1882. 12 Vrba, Pisek, Zs. Kr., 13, 464, 1889. 1S Hidden and Washington, Am. J. Sc., 33, 503, 1887.
14 Etching-figures, Baumhauer, Ber. Ak. Milnchen, 5, 169, 1875; Ber. Ak. Berlin, 863, 1887, 447, 1890. 16 Pusirevsky, quoted by Kk.; also Baumh.. Zs. Kr., 18, 41, 1891; Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 147, 1876. Refractive indices, Heusser, Pogg., 87, 467, 1852. Elasticity, Vater, Zs. Kr.,
II, 581, 1886. Pyroelectricity, Haukel, Wied. Ann., 6, 52, 1879.
OSTEOLITE is a massive impure form of calcium phosphate, and according to A. H. Church (Ch. News, 16, 150, 1867), after analyses of specimens from various localities, it is to be regarded as an altered apatite. The ordinary compact variety looks like lithographic stone of white to
fray color. It also occurs earthy. H. 1-2; G. 2'8-3'l, fr. Ostheim near Hanau, Bromeis; 86, ibid.. Church; luster feeble or wanting. Excepting impurities, it has the composition of apatite, although most analyses, excepting those of Church, do not show fluorine or chlorine. Analyses: 5th Ed., p. 533. 534. Named from ooreor, bone, and Az'6o$, since bones consist largely of the same phosphate.
EPIPHOSPHORITE Breithaupt, B. H. Ztg. 25, 194, 1866. Occurs reniform, of scaly-granular structure, inclining to fibrous, vitreous luster, leek- to celandine-green color, with H. 4'5-5, G. — 3'125. According to Richter it fuses with much difficulty, and affords indications of phosphoric acid, lime, iron protoxide, alumina, and a very little silica; not tested for fluorine or chlorine, because of too little material. Occurs with garnets and graphite in a crystalline rock, but locality unknown.
TALC-APATITE Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 31, 101, 1844. An apatite from chlorite slate near Zlatoust, containing a large percentage of magnesia in place of part of the lime, and low in specific gravity. It occurs in 6-sided prisms, grouped or single; H. 5; G. 2'7-2'75; luster dull to earthy; color milk-white, yellowish externally; feebly translucent. Anal., Hermann, deducting 9'50 insoluble material as impurities:
P3O6 43-11 CaO 41-44 MgO 8 55 Fe.,O3 MO Cl 0'92 SO3 2'32 F undet.
Berzelius suggests that the magnesia may have come from the gangue. According to Volger it is an altered impure apatite. Some magnesia is present in many apatites (Bischof).
HYDROAPATITE Damour, Ann. Mines, 10, 65, 1 856. In mammillary concretions, looking a little like chalcedony. H. 5*5. G. 3'10. Color milk-white. Subtransparent. Composi- tion that of a hydrous apatite. Analysis by Damour:
P3O6 40-00 CaO 47-31 F 3'36 Ca 3'60 H3O 5'30 99'57
Heated in a tube it decrepitates and gives out ammoniacal water. Found near St. Girons in the Pyrenees, in the fissures of a brownish, ferruginous, argillaceous schist, a rock which not iar distant affords wavellite.
Apatite Group— Apatite. 769
Besides the definite mineral phosphates, including normal apatite, phosphorite, etc., there are also extensive deposits of amerphous phosphates, consisting largely of " bone phosphate " (Ca3PaO8), of great economic importance, though not having a definite chemical composition and hence not strictly belonging to pure mineralogy. Here belong the phosphatic nodules, coprolites, bone beds, guano, etc.
PHOSPHATIC NODULES. COPROLITES. Phosphatic nodules occur irPmany fossiliferous rocks of different ages, and are probably in all cases of organic origin. They sometimes present a spiral or other interior structure, derived from the animal organization that afforded them, and in such cases their coprolitic origin is unquestionable. In other cases there is no definite or only a concretionary structure. Phosphatic nodules, from the Lower Silurian rocks of Canada, contain sometimes fragments of shells of Lingula and Orbicula, which shells, unlike most others, consist largely of phosphates. They are found in the Chazy formation at Allumette Id., Hawkesbury. K. Ouelle, and elsewhere. They have been investigated by T. S. Hunt (Logan's Rep. Can., 1851-52, 1863, and Am. J. Sc., 17, 235, 1854).
The nodular phosphatic deposits are most abundantly developed in the Tertiary of South- Carolina, where they have been extensively mined since 1868. There are three principal regions: first, near Charleston, north and east of the city, from Waudo river and the east branch of the Cooper river on the northeast to Rantowles creek and Stone river on the southwest. Again, west of the above from the Edisto river to Horseshoe creek, and finally between Bull and Broad rivers with the deposits of Coosaw and Beaufort rivers and those of Chisholm island. There are also other points where the nodules have been obtained. They are, in general, most abundant in river bottoms, where they have been washed together from their original beds.
The nodules are irregular in form and range from the size of a pea or larger up to a ton; the larger masses often formed by the union of many small nodules. They vary in hardness from 2 to 4 and in specific gravity from 2'2 to 2'5. They have no crystalline structure, but sometimes are distinctly concretionary. In color they vary from light gray to brown and rarely jet black. Chemically they usually consist of from 50 to 60 p. c. or more of bone phosphate, with 6 to 8 p. c. calcium carbonate, 4 to 5 p. c. organic matter and moisture, and a variable amount of sand. The nodules are accompanied by the remains of marine life of various forms, sharks' teeth, etc.
Phosphatic deposits also occur in North Carolina, Alabama, and Florida. Those of Florida have come into prominence recently (since 1889), and have already assumed considerable economic importance. The beds have been traced from near Tallahassee and Gainesville through Madison and Alachua counties, along a line nearly 250 miles long, running a little east of south to the mouth of Peace R. into Charlotte Harbor. The beds are chiefly in Madison, Alachua, Levy, Marion, Citrus, Hernando, Pasco, Hillsboro, Polk, and De Soto counties. The main point of interest is at Dunnellon between Marion and Citrus Cos. The Florida phosphate has been called Floridite by Cox (Proc. Auier. Assoc., p. 260, 1890). Much of it is a hard phosphate rock (rock phosphate), sometime a " pea-like phosphorite"; there is also a conglomerate, and again it is soft and plastic; it is stated to average about 80 p. c. or more of bone phosphate.
Other phosphate deposits occur in the greensand of England, in N. Wales (L. Silurian), in Belgium, France, Russia, etc. See further C. U. Shepard, South Carolina Phosphates (Charleston, 1880); Penrose, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 46, 1888, referred to above and here quoted from; also on the Florida deposits, Cox, 1. c., Dartou, Am. J. Sc., 41, 102, 1891; also, in general, the authors quoted above (p. 768).
GUANO. Guano is bone phosphate of lime, mixed with the hydrous phosphates, and gener- ally with some calcium carbonate, and often a little magnesia, alumina, iron, silica, gypsum, and other impurities. It often contains 9 o.r 10 p. c. of water. It is often granular or oolitic; also compact through consolidation produced by infiltrating waters, in which case it is frequently lamellar in structure, and also occasionally stalagmitic and stalactitic. Its colors are usually grayish white, yellowish and dark brown, and sometimes reddish, and the luster of a surface of fracture earthy to resinous. Shepard 's Pyroclasite (Am. J. Sc., 22, 97, 1856) is nothing but the hard guano from Monk's island, Caribbean sea, the mass of which he named Pyroguanite, under the wrong idea of its having undergone the action of heat; in a later notice (ibid.. 23, 404. 1882) Shepard suggests that pyroclasite may be a " uniform compound of monetite and monite" or "a- mechanical mixture of the two." Phipson's Sombrerite (J. Ch. Soc., 15, 277. 1862) is similar to pyroclasite from Sombrero, as shown by A. A. Julien (Am. J. Sc., 36, 423, 1863). The waters which have filtrated through the guano at Sombrero have altered the coral rock adjoining, turning it more or less completely into phosphate of lime of a yellowish or brownish color; and phosphatic stalagmites and stalactites resinous in fracture are common.
Shepard's massive Glaubapatite, yellowish brown to chocolate-brown in color, and in fibrous stalactites, from Monk's island (1. c.), is also in all probability merely the guano rock above described. He says the mineral contains 15'1 p. c. of sodium sulphate, with 74*0 of calcium phosphate, and 10'3 of water; but such a compound is hardly a possibility, and the fact of its existence needs confirmation. The name, from glauber and apatite, alludes to the composition The mineral includes also " tabular crystals," which may possibly be brushile, although the composition is against it. For analyses of the guano of Mexillones see Domeyko, C. R., 90, 544, 1880.
For various guano minerals see monetite, struvite, brushite, metabrushite, martinite, etc.,, p. 784, etc.; also stercorite, p. 826
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
650. PYROMORPHITE. GrOn Blyspat, Minera plumbi viridis pt., Wall., Min., 296, 1748. Mine de Plomb verte Fr. Trl. Wall., 1, 536, 1853. Griinbleierz, Braunbleierz, Schultse, Dresden Mag., 2, 70, 1761, 2, 467, 1765 (with obs. on identity). Griln Bleyerz, PHOSPHOR- BAUREHALTIG (fr. Zschopau), Klapr., Crell's Ann., 1, 394, 1784. Green Lead Ore, Brown Lead Ore; Phosphate of Lead. Phosphorsaures Blei, Phosphorblei, Buntbleierz, Germ. Plomb phosphate Fr. Polychrom, Pyromorphit, Hausm., Handb., 1089, 1090, 1813. Traubeublei id., ib., 1093. Polysphserit Breith., Char., 54, 1832. Nussierite Danhauser, Barruel, Ann. Ch. Phys., 62, 217, 1836. Miesit Breith., Handb.. 285, 1841. Cherokine Shep., Rep. Canton Mine, 1856, Mm., 407, 1857, Am. J. Sc., 24, 38, 1857.
Hexagonal, with pyramidal hemihedrism1. Axis 6 0*7362; 0001 A 1011 *40° 22' Haidinger2.
Forms3: c (0001, 0); TO (1010, /), a (1120, *2); SB (1011, 1), y (2021, 2), it (4041, 4). s(1121, 2-2).
Angles: ex 40° 22', c.y 59° 32', en 73" 37', cs 55° 49', xx' 37° 47*', yy' 51° 3}', Jtit' 57° 20', as' 48 52', xs 26 52', ax 55" 53'.
Crystals prismatic, with faces m striated vertically, and often in rounded barrel-shaped forms; also in branching groups of prismatic crystals in nearly
parallel position, tapering down to a slender point. Often globular, reniform, and botryoidal or verruciform, with usually a subcolumnar structure; also fibrous, and granular.
Cleavage: m, x (1011) in traces. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle. H. 3*5-4. G-. 6*5-7*1 mostly, when pure; 5*9-6*5, when containing lime. Luster resinous. Color green, yellow, and brown, of different shades; some- times wax-yellow and fine orange-yellow; also grayish white to milk-white. Streak white, sometimes yellowish. Subtransparent to sub- translucent. Optically — . Sometimes biaxial, and increasingly so as the amount of arsenic increases. Cf. mimetite, p. 772.
Var. — 1. Ordinary, (a) In crystals as described ; sometimes yellow and in rounded forms resembling campylite (pseudo-campylite). (b) In acicular and moss-like aggregations, (c.) Concre- tionary groups or masses of crystals, having the surface angular, (d) Fibrous, (e) Granular massive. (/) Earthy; incrustiug.
2. Polysphwrite. Containing lime; color brown of different shades, yellowish gray, pale yellow to nearly white; streak white; G. 5-89-6'44. Rarely in separate crystals; usually in groups, globular, mammillary, verruciform. Miesite, from Mies in Bohemia, is a brown variety. Nussierite is similar and impure, from Nussiere, near Beaujeu, France; color yellow, greenish, or grayish; G. 5'042. Cherokine is milk-white or pinkish white in color, and occurs in slightly acuminated prisms, and also botryoidal and massive; G. 4'8 (?); from the Canton mine, Cherokee Co., Georgia. 3. Chromiferous; color brilliant red and orange. 4. Arseniferous; <color green to white; G. 5'5-6'6. 5. Pseudomorphous; (a) after galena; (b) cerussite.
Both the green and brown colors occur with the pure phosphate of lead, as well as that containing calcium.
Comp.— (PbCl)Pb4P3Oia or also written 3Pb3P208.PbCl,, Phosphorus pentox- ide 15*7, lead protoxide 82*2, chlorine 2'6 100*5, or Lead phosphate 89*7, lead chloride 10*3 100.
The phosphorus is often replaced by arsenic, and as the amount increases the species passes into mimetite. Calcium also replaces the lead to a considerable extent.
Anal.— 1, Hilger, Jb. Min., 129, 1879. 2-5, Jannettaz and Michel, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 196, 1881. 6, Rivot, quoted by Jannettaz and Michel. 7, Hidegh, Zs. Kr., 8, 535, 1883. 8, Heddle, Min. Mag., 5, 21, 1882. 9-11, Collie, J. Ch. Soc., 55, 93, 1889. 12, Peterseu, Jb. Min., 393, 1871. 13, 14, Seidel, quoted by Sandberger, Jb. Miu., 222, 1864. 15, 16, Kersten, . J., 62, 1 et seq., 1831, also other anals. of the normal variety. 17, G. Barruel, Ann. Ch. Phys., 62, 217, 1837. 18-22, Januettaz and Michel, 1. c.
Nerchinsk, Erem.
1. Ordinary.
1. Dernbncb, colorless
2. Ems
3. Emmendingen
PaO6 As2O5 PbO
15-90 — 80-89 15-73 — 82-12 15-57 — 81-72
CaO Cl
042 2-13 insol. 0-31 99-65
— 2-62 100-57
— 2-73 100-02
Apa Tite Gro Up—Mimetite.
B.
4. Joachim sthal
5. Hofsgrund
6. Huelgoet
7. Schemnitz
8. Leadhills
9. " orange
10. ' ' green
11. " yellow
2. Containing Calcium.
12. Schapbach, green
13 Badenweiler, wax-yellow
14 " dark orange
15. Freiberg G. 6 092
16. Mies G. 6 444
17. Nussierite
3. Containing Arsenic.
18. Marienberg
19. Zschopau
21. Roughten Gill
22. Comwall
P2O5 As2O6 PbO CaO Cl
—
—
—
—
—
— :
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
[1936]
—
[18-85]
—
—
—
—
—
2-45 FeO 3'00 98'90
2-47 FeO 0'87 100'36
2-43 FeO 0'15, CaF, 1'20 101
2-54 99-70
2-68 iron phosphate 0-45=100-57
2-6 99-7
2-62 F,CuaO tr. 99'93
2-64 99-27
und.
1-94 99-94
2-05 99-94
1-95 FeO 2-44, SiO, 7-20=100'3
2-45 100-45
2-85 100-03
2 35 FeO 1 75 99'94
2-31 99-89
2-52 100-02
A calcium vanado-pyromorphite, with G. 6-9-7-0, from Leadhills gave Collie: Lead phosphate 52'0, lead vanadate 19'2, calcium phosphate 15 "8, lead chloride 11 '4. J. Ch. Soc., 55, 94, 1889.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives a white sublimate of lead chloride. B.B. in the forceps fuses easily (F. 1*5), coloring the flame bluish green; on charcoal fuses without reduction to a globule, which on cooling assumes a crystalline polyhedral form, while the coal is coated white from chloride and, nearer the assay, yellow from lead oxide. With soda on charcoal yields metallic lead; some varieties contain arsenic, and give the odor of garlic in R.F. on charcoal. With salt of phosphorus, previously saturated with copper oxide, gives an azure-blue color to the flame when treated in O.F. (chlorine). Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — Pyromorphite occurs principally in veins, and accompanies other ores of lead.
Occurs at Poullaouen and Huelgoet in Brittany; at Zschopau and other places in Saxony; at Pfibram, Mies, and Bleistadt, in Bohemia; at Sonnenwirbel near Freiberg; Clausthal in the Harz; in fine crystals at Ems, Braubach, in Nassau; also at Dernbach near Montabaur in Nassau; Kranzberg near Usingen; Berezov in Siberia; in the Nerchinsk mining district, in fine crystals; Cornwall, green and brown; Devon, gray; Derbyshire, green and yellow; Cumberland, golden yellow, in England; Leadhills, red and orange, in Scotland; Wicklow, clove-brown and yellow- ish green, and elsewhere, Ireland.
Pyromorphite has been found in good specimens at the Perkiomen lead mine near Philadel- phia, and very fine at Phenixville; also in Maine, at Lubec and Lenox; in New York, a mile south of Sing Sing; sparingly at Southampton, Massachusetts, and Bristol, Conn.; in good crystallizations of bright green and gray colors in Davidson Co., N. C., also in Cabarrus and Caldwell Cos.
Named from 7tvp,Jire, noptrj, form, alluding to the crystalline form the globule assumes on cooling. This species passes into mimetite.
Alt. — Occurs altered to galena, cerussite, calamine, calcite, and limonite.
Pseudoapatite (p. 764) is according to Frenzel a pseudomorph after pyromorphite.
Artif. — See mimetite.
Ref. — ' Baumh., as shown by etching-figures, Jb. Min., 411, 1876. s Haid., Breisgau, Min. Mohs, 2, 134, 1825; Rose obtained xx 37° 53', Pogg., 9, 209, 1827. Sbs. gives green cryst., Zschopau, xx' - 37° 46', Po?g., 100, 300, 1857; Erem., green, Nerchinsk, xx' 37° 43f and 37° 41', Vh. Min. Ges., 22, 179, 1886, and Zs. Kr., 13, 191, 1887. 3 Haid, I.e., Erem, 1. c.
551. MIMETITE. Minera plumbi Viridis pt., Plumbum arsenico mineralisatum, Wall., Min., 296, 1748. Plomb vert arsenical (fr. Andalusia) Proust., J. de Phys., 30, 394, 1787. Idem (fr. Roziers, with anal.) Fourcroy, Mem. Ac. Sc. Paris, 1789. Arsenikalisches Bleyerz Lem, Min., 2, 224, 1794. Grilnbleierz pt., Buntbleierz pt., Flockenerz, Traubenblei pt., Arsen- saures Blei, Germ. Arsenate of Lead, Green Lead Ore pt. Plomb arseniate Fr. Pyromorphite pt. Mohs. Mimetese Beud., Tr., 2, 594, 1832; Mimetene Shep., Min., 1835; Minietesit Breith., Handb., 289, 1841; Mimetit Haid., Handb., 1845, Glocker, Syn., 1847 Kampylit Breith., Handb., 2, 291, 1841.
Hexagonal, with pyramidal hemihedrism1. Axis 6 O7224; 0001 A 1011 *39° 50' Haidinger.2 Observed forms as in pyromorphite. Also
Phosphates, Absenates, Etc.
Habit of crystals like pyromorphite ; sometimes rounded to globular forms. Also in mammillary crusts.
Cleavage: x imperfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3-5. G.
7 '25. Luster resinous. Color pale yellow, passing into brown;
orange-yellow; white or colorless. Streak white or nearly so.
Subtransparent to translucent.
Optically often biaxial. Bertrand4 has shown that while the phosphate, pyromorphite, is normally uniaxial, the arsenate, mimetite, is biaxial and sometimes with an angle (2E) of 64°, Johanngeorgeustadt. A basal section shows a division into six triangular sectors with ax. pi. parallel to the sidesof the hexagon and Bxa (— ) JLC. Jaunettazand Michel have extended these observations with analyses and shown the increase in biaxial character with increase of arsenic in passing from pure pyro- morphite througli its arsenical varieties to pure mimetite.
Var. — 1. Ordinary, (a) In crystals, usually in rounded aggregates. (b) Capillary or filamentous, especially marked in a variety from St. Prix- sous-Beuvray, France; somewhat like asbestus, and straw-yellow in color, (c) Concretionary.
2. Calciferous. Here belongs a variety from Villevieille near Pontgibaud, Puy-de-D6me. Hedyphane (p. 775) formerly was placed here, but seems to be distinct optically.
3. Containing much phosphoric acid. Campylite, from Drygill in Cumberland, has G. =7'218, and is in barrel-shaped crystals (whence the name, from Ka/<invXo$, curved), yellowish to brown and brownish red.
Comp.— (PbClJPb.ASjO,,, also written 3Pb3AsaOe.PbCl2 Arsenic pentoxide 23'2, lead protoxide 74*9, chlorine 2*4 100*5, or Lead arsenate 90'7, lead chlo- ride 9 '3 100. Phosphorus replaces the arsenic in part, and calcium the lead. Endlichiie (p. 774) is intermediate between mimetite and vanadinite.
Anal. — 1, Rivot, quoted by Jannettaz and Michel. 2, 3, Jannettaz and Michel, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 200. 1S81. 4, Wohler, Pogg., 4, 167, 1825; Dufrenoy, Min., 3, 269, 1856. 5, Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 6. 84, 1883. 6, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 20, 248, 1855. 7, Massie, Ch. News, 46, 215, 1882. 8, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 24, 33, 1887, also other anals. 9, Rg., Pogg., 91, 316, 1854. Also Langban, Kiutaro Iwaya, G. For. Forh., 5, 272, 1880.
G.
1. Zacatecas
2. Johauugeorgenstadt
5. Pontgibaud
6. Phenixville, lemon-yellow 7'32
7. Eureka, colorless 6 '92
8. Durango, pseudoinorphs 6'636
9. Cumberland, Campylite 7'218
-a.sau6
I'aUs
tr. tr.
r"uu
2-50 101-03
— 1-91 100-42
— 2-31 99-52
— 2-50=101-24 3-46 2-57 100'44
— 2-39 101'28
— 2-22 100-81
0-57 2-47 clay 0-65, ign.O-37=100-48
0-50 2-41 101'19
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube like pyromorphite. B.B. fuses at 1, and on charcoal gives in R.F. au arsenical odor, and is easily reduced to metallic lead, coaling the coal at first with lead chloride, and later with arsenic trioxide and lead oxide. Gives the chlorine reaction as under pyromorphite. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs.— Occurs at Wheal Unity, near Redruth in Cornwall, and at several other of the Coruish mines; also at Beer Alston in Devonshire; Roughten Gill, Drygill, etc., in Cumberland; formerly at Leadhills and Wanlockhead in Scotland. At St. Prix in the Department of the Saone, in France, in capillary crystals; at Villevieille, near Pontgibaud, Puy-de Dome; at Johanngeorgeu- stadt, in tine yellow crystals; at Nerchinsk, Siberia, in reniform masses, brownish red, also in fine crystals, also at Zinnwald, and Badenweiler; Langbau, Sweden; Mine grande, Marqueza, Chili; Peru. At the Brookdale mine, Phenixville, Pa., crystals of pyromorphite capped with mimetite; at the Cerro Gordo mines, California.
Pseudomorphs (anal. 8) in reticulated crystalline groups, perhaps after anglesite, have been described by Genth and Rath from the Mina del Diablo, Durango, Mexico. Am. Phil. Soc., 24, 33, 1887.
Named from //i/urs, imitator, it closely resembling pyromorphite. Beudant's word mimetese is inadmissible, because wrongly formed. Shepard's modification of it, mimetene, he has rejected for mimetite in his last edition. Mimetite is the correct form in view of the deriva- tion. Mohs united this species with pyromorphite.
Artif. --Formed by fusing together arsenate and chloride of lead, and dissolving out after- ward the excess of chloride, Lechartier, C. R., 65 172, 1867. Michel has described the formation of crystals varying like the natural mineral from the phosphate to the arseuate and showing like optical characters. Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 133, 1887.
Apa Tite Quo Up— Vanadinite.
Ref. — l Baumhauer, as shown by etching-figures, Jb. Min., 411, 1876. a Johanngeorgen- ;stadt, Haid., Min. Mohs, 2, 135, 1825; Schabus gives same. Eremeyev gives k 0'7242, 0'7251, 0'7285 0'7315 for four varieties from the Nerchinsk mining district, Vh. Min. Ges. , 22, 179 et aeq.l 1886, and Zs. Kr., 13, 191, 1888 (full abstract). 3 Mir. (quoting Haid., 1. c., who does not separate pyromorphite and mimetite) gives the same list as for pyromorphite, p. 481. Erem. (ref above) adds A, /u. 4Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 36, 1881, 5, 254, 1882; also Jannettaz, ib., 4, p. 39; Jannettaz and Michel, ib., 4, p. 196; Michel, ib., 10, 133, 1887.
552. VANADINITE. Plomb brun, Braunbleierz of Zimapan, early authors. Chromate de plomb bruu (from Descotil's anal.) Brongn., Min., 2,204, 1807. Vanadinbleierz G. Base, Pogg., 29, 455, 1833. Vanadinit v. Kobell, Grundz., 283, 1838. Vanadate of Lead. Vanadin- spath, Vanadinbleispath, Vanadinsaures Blei, Germ. Plomo pardo Domeyko. Endlichite Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 22, 367, April 17, 1885.
Hexagonal, with pyramidal hemihedrism. Axis 6 0-71218; 0001 A 1011 *39°25' 56" Vrba.1
Forms'2 :
c (0001, 0)
a (1120, i-2) h (2130, i-f)5
or (1013, £)'
(1011, 1) if (2021, 2)
q (5052, f)? z (3031, 3)6
9 (1122, 1-2)8
s (1121, 2-2) u (2131, 3-f)
ocr 15° 20'
cr 22° 21'
cy 58° 42'
cq 64° 4'
cz 67° 56'
en 35° 27V cs 54° 56' cu 65° 19' rr1 21° 55' oaf 37° 2'
yy' 50° 35' gq' 53° 26' zz' 55° 13' m>' 33° 43' 8ft 48° 19'
mu 30° 51' ms 44° 52' mat 71° 29' au 26° 50i' ax 56° 38'
Figs. 1, 3, Final Co., Arizona, Pfd. 2, Endlichite, Lake Valley, Sierra Co., K M., Id. 4, Cordoba, Websky. 5, Yuma Co., Arizona. 6, Basal projection of 3.
Crystals prismatic, with smooth faces and sharp edges; sometimes cavernous, the crystals hollow prisms; also in rounded forms and in parallel groupings like pyromorphite. In implanted globules or incrustations.
Fracture uneven, or flat conchoidal. Brittle. H. 2-75-3. G-. 6-66-7-23; 6-88*6 Carinthia, Rg. ; 6'863 Berezov, Struve. Luster of surface of fracture resinous. Color deep ruby-red, light brownish yellow, straw-yellow, reddish brown. Streak white or yellowish. Subtranslucent to opaque.
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Comp.— (PbCl)Pb4V3Oia, also written 3Pb3V208.PbCla Vanadium pentoxide 19'4, lead protoxide 78'7, chlorine 2*5 100 '6, or Lead vanadate 90'2, lead chloride 9-8 100.
Phosphorus is sparingly present, also sometimes arsenic, both replacing vanadium. In endlichite the ratio of V : As 1 : 1 nearly. A pyromorphite, from Leadhills, carrying a large amount of vanadium is mentioned on p. 771.
Anal.— 1, Flight, J. Oil. Soc., 25, 1053, 1872. 2. Freuzel, Min. Mitth., 3, 504, 1880 (Jb. Min., 678, 1875). 3, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., Oct. 2, 1885. 4, 5, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 661, 1880; 4, G. 6'635, 5, G. 6-373, both containing some quartz. 6, Doering, Bol. Acad. Cienc., Cordoba, 5, 498, 1883. 7, NordstrOm, G. For. FOrh., 4, 267, 1879. 8, Rg., Min. Ch. Erg., 252, 1880. 9-11, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 22, 365, 1885. 12, H. F. Keller, ibid.; from 12 nearly 80 p. c. gangue (quartz, etc.) has been deducted. 13-15, Genth, 1. c. Also Leadhills, Collie. J. Ch. Soc., 55, 94, 1889.
G.
1. S. Africa
2. Wanlockhead
4. Cordoba, brown
5. " yellow
7. Bolet
8. Arizona
9. Lake Valley, K M.
10. "
11. Oracle, Arizona
13. Yavapai Co., "
14. Endlichite
V20S
As2O&
P206
PbO
—
—
—
— .
—
—
—
—
tr.
—
tr.
tr.
tr.
—
2-56 100-22 2-34 CaO 3-02 100 2-53 99-57 2-36 ZnO 0-94 99'19 2 19 ZuO 2-48 100-82 2-44 Zn(Mn)O 2-91, H2O, etc. 0-52 2-34 Fe3O3 1-39 100'52 [=99-24 2-40 100-71 2-39 100 2-49 100-26 2-41 Fe2O3 0-48 100-71 2-46 101-39
2 69 CuO 0-18, Fe2O3 0-04=100-23 2-45 CaO 0-34 100'77 2-18 100
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates and yields a faint white sublimate. B.B. fuses easily, and on charcoal to a black lustrous mass, which in R. F. yields metallic lead and a coating of lead chloride; after completely oxidizing the lead in O.F. the black residue gives with salt of phosphorus an emerald-green bead in R.F., which becomes light yellow in O.F. Gives the chlorine reaction with the copper test. Fused with 3 parts of potassium bisulphate forms a clear yellow mass, which on cooling reddens, becoming finally of a pomegranate-yellow color. Decomposed by hydrochloric acid.
If nitric acid be dropped on the crystals they become first deep red from the separation of vanadic oxide, and then yellow upon its solution.
Obs. — This mineral was first discovered at Zimapan in Mexico, by Del Rio. Later obtained among some of the old workings at Wanlockhead in Dumfriesshire, where it occurs in small globular masses, on calamine, and also in small hexagonal crystals; also at Berezov in the Ural, with pyromorphite; and near Kappel in Cariuthia, in crystals; at Undenfts, Bolet, Sweden. In the Sierra de Cordoba, Argentine Republic. South Africa (anal. 1).
In the U. States, sparingly with wulfeuite and pyromorphite as a coating on limestone near Sing Sing, N. Y. Abundant in the mining regions of Arizona and New Mexico, often associ- ated with wulfenite and descloizite. In Arizona, at the Hamburg, Melissa, .-ind other mines in Yuma Co., in brilliant deep red crystals; Vulture, Phoenix, and other mines in Maricopa Co.; at the Black Prince mine, also from the Mammoth gold mine, near Onicle, Final Co.; in brown barrel-shaped crystals in the Humbug dist., Yavapai Co. In New Mexico, at Lake Valley, Sierra Co. (endlichite) ; and the Mimbres mines near Georgetown. Sparingly in Montana at the Bald Mountain mine, Beaver Co. Endlichite is named after Dr. F. M. Endlich.
Before it was shown by Roscoe that the vanadium oxide was V3O6 instead of VO3 it was supposed that vanadinite crystals might be pseudomorphs after pyromorphite.
Del Rio discovered this species at Zimapan, and obtained from it, in 1801, 80'72 of lead oxide, and 14'8 of a new metallic acid, the basis of which he called Erythronium. This result was later (1804) set aside by himself, and also by Descotils, both of whom made the acid the chromic, and the mineral a brown chromate of lead. The metal vanadium was not discovered by Sef strom until 1830, and then in iron made of ore from Taberg, Sweden; and in the same year WOhler showed that Del Rio's lead ore was a vanadate.
Ref. — ' From Kappel, Carinthia, Zs. Kr., 4, 353, 1880. Other determinations are: Rg., 0-72699, Pogg., 98, 249, 1856; Sbs., 0-71157, ib., 100, 297, 1857; Pfd., Final Co., Arizona, c 0-71121, and Lake Valley, New Mexico (eudlichite), c — 0'7495, axe' 38° 12', Am. J. Sc., 32. 441, 1886.
1 See Vrba, 1. c. 3 Kenng., Ueb. Min., 48, 1854. 4 Sbs., 1. c. 5 Vrba, 1. c. Websky,. Cordoba, Zs. Kr., 5, 553, 1881. 7 Zeph., Yuma Co., Arizona, Lotos, 1889.
Wagnerite Group— Wag Nerite. 775
HEDYPHANE Breithaupt, . J., 60, 310, 1830.
Massive, perhaps monoclinic. Two cleavages at 84°. H. 4'5. G. 5*404 Br.; 5'82 Lindstrorn. Luster resinous. Color white or yellowish white. Optically biaxial with small divergence, one axis visible in cleavage section.
Comp. — Apparently analogous to mimetite, but with calcium (and barium).
Anal.— 1, Kersten, . J., 62, 22, 1831, as recalc. by Kg., Min. Ch., 337, 1875. 2, Michaelson, ibid. 3, Liudstrom, G. For. F5rh., 4, 266, 1879, after deducting some CaCO. 4, Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 22, 229, 1865.
Langban
G.
AsjOj
P,06
und.
PbO
CaO
BaO
MgO
2-66
"
—
—
3 06 102-71
"
3-14 FeaO, 0-08, (N
aa,Ka)(
Pajsberg
—
58-64a
—
3-00 100-68
a Pb 49-20, PbCl2 11-76.
From Langban, Sweden ; also from Pajsberg, but containing no barium. Named rjSv of attractive aspect.
Hedyphane has ordinarily been included as a calcium variety of mimetite to which it seems. to correspond in composition, but if monoclinic, as suggested by Dx. (Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 93, 1881), it must stand independently. It needs further investigation.
PLEONECTITK. Pleonektit L. J. Igelstrom, G. For. FOrh., 11, 210, 1889, Jb. Min., 2, 40,
Occurs in embedded grains with arseniopleite and an undetermined antimonio-arsenate of manganese in a gangue of hausmannite, rhodonite, calcite at the Sj5 mine, Grythytte parish, Orebro, Sweden. Massive with indistinct cleavage. H. 4. Luster resinous. Color grayish white. Translucent in thin splinters. Contains AsaO, SbaO6, PbO, Cl, but not analyzed.
Named from itXeoveKreiv, to have more, in allusion to the fact that several related minerals occur at the same mine.
4. Wagnerite Group. Monoclinic.
Phosphates of magnesium (calcium), iron and manganese containing fluorine (also hydroxyl). Formula KtFP04 or (RF)RP04.
a'.i:6 ft
553. Wagnerite (MgF)MgP04 1-9145 : 1 : 1-5059; 71° 53'
554. Spodiosite (CaF)CaP04?
555. Triplite (RF)RP04
R Fe : Mn 2 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 2, etc.
556. Triploidite (ROH)RP04 1-8572:1:1-4925; 71° 46'
R Mn : Fe 3 : 1
557. Sarkinite (MnOH)MnAs04 2-0017 : 1 : 1-5154: 62° 13$'
553. WAGNERITE. Waguerit, Phosphorsaurer Talk, Fuchs, . J., 33, 269, 1821. Magnesie phosphatee Fr. Pleuroklas Breith., Char., 50, 193, 1823. Kjeruln'n von Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 7, 272, 1873.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 1-9145 : 1 : 1-5059; ft *71° 53' 001 A 100 Miller1.
100 A HO 61° 12 J', 001 A 101 30° 59$', 001 A Oil 55° 3£'.
Forms2 :
M (210, i-2)
it (101, - 1-i)3
/ (034, f4)
d (618, f-6)
a (100, i-l)
A (430, i-f)3
w(101, 1-i)
c (Oil, 14)
Jb (414, 1-4)
b (010, i-l)3 c (001, 0)
v (870, z-f)3 m (110, Mir.)
y (201, 2-i) q (301, 34)
(112, - i) i (112, i)
To (214, |-2) 8 (212, 1-2)
I (410, i-4)
8 (450, z'-f)3
(014, fl)
(212, - 1-2)
u (211, 2-2)
h (310, i-3)
T' (120, i-2)3
r (012, -1)
o (211, - 2-2)
Also doubtful, Bgr.3: n (890), k (054), ? (132), (231)
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
M
Iv"
—
48°
55'
en
—
30°
31'
Jih!"
ss
62°
28f
cz
—
53°
52'
Mm"
Sb
84°
cu
—
76°
8'
mm'"
*122°
25'
as
—
47°
18'
yy'
30°
44'
av
59°
23'
cw
*44°
42'
ar
ss
75°
21'
cy
71°
8'
a'i
z?
86°
eg
83°
14'
a'z
68°
13'
U'
39°
vv'
—
62°
21'
rr'
—
71°
11'
—
68°
18'
ff'
94°
3'
ii'
—
73°
45'
ee'
110°
7'
nn'
41°
r
35°
44'
—
27°
3'
cm
—
81°
23'
xx'
—
37°
13'
Co
54°
16'
67°
54i'
ei
42°
86f
uu'
84°
21'
Fig. 1 , Wagnerite, after Mir. 2, Kjerulfine, Bgr.
Prismatic planes vertically striated. Crystals sometimes large and coarse. Also massive.
Cleavage: a, m imperfect; c in traces. Fracture uneven and splintery. Brittle. H. 5-5-5. G. 3-068, transparent crystal; 2-985, untransparent, Rg. Luster vitreous. Streak white. Color yellow, of different shades; often grayish, also flesh-red, greenish. Translucent.
Optically -. Ax. pi. b. Bxa 6 Dx. Bxa A t - 21° 30' Bgr., kjerulfme. Dispersion p v marked; inclined nearly inappreciable.
60° 21' Li 2Ey
Wagnerite 2Er 44° 48' Kjerulfine 2E,
2Ha.y 39° 41'
Refractive indices:
Bamle a 1-569
2EH 43° 8' Dx. 59° 30' Na 2H0.y 167° 28' .-,
ft 1-570
2Egr 58° 23' Tl 2Va.y 37° 49' ft, 1-5313 Bgr.
y 1-582 Levy-Lex.
Var. — 1. Wagnerite, in crystals, often highly modified.
2. Kjerulfine, massive cleayable, also in large, rough crystals. Made a new species upon the basis of an incorrect analysis of altered material; the identity with wagnerite was first estab- lished by Bauer, Zs. G. Ges., 27, 230, 1875. Jb. Min., 2, 75, 1880.
Comp. — A fluo-phosphate of magnesium, (MgF)MgP04 or MgjPOj.MgF, Phosphorus pentoxide 43-8, magnesia 49'3, fluorine 11'8 104/9, deduct (0 2F) 4-9 100. A little calcium replaces part of the magnesium.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Pogg. Ann., 64, 252, 1845. Also earlier Fuchs (1821) and Kbl., Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 155, 1873, cf. Rg., Min. Ch., 700, 1875, Bauer, 1. c. 2, Friederici, Jb. Min., 2, 77, 18BO. 3, Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 31, 107, 1879. Also Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 43, 1879.
1. Wagnerite
2. Kjerulfine
G.
P2O6 MgO FeO CaO F
40-61 46-27 4-59 2 38 9-H6 103-21
42-35 46-01 0 65- 4'81 5'06 Na2O(K.,O) 1'54, insol. 2'04 102'46
44-23 44-47 — 6'60 6'23 ign. 0'77 102'30
FeaO, and AlaO3. From 1, 2 68 p. c. SiO., has been deducted.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in the forceps fuses at 4 to a greenish gray glass; moistened with sulphuric acid colors the flame bluish green. With borax reacts for iron. On fusion with soda effervesces, but is not completely dissolved; gives a faint maiiiranese reaction. Fused with salt of phosphorus in an open glass tube reacts for fluorine Soluble in nitric and hydrochloric acids. With sulphuric acid evolves fumes of hydrofluoric acid.
Obs.— Wagnerite occurs in the valley of Hollengraben, near Werfen, in Salzburg, Austria, in irregular veins of quartz, traversing clay slate. Named after the Oberbergrath Wagner. Kjerulfine is from Kjorrestad, near Bamle, Norway. Named after Prof. Th. Kierulf of Christiania (1828-1888).
Artif.— Obtained by Deville & Caron (C. R., 47, 985, 1858, Ann. Ch. Phys., 67, 454, 1863) by fusing ammonium phosphate with magnesium fluoride and an excess of magnesium chloride. Other isomorphous compounds were formed with chlorine in place of fluorine, also iron,
Wagnerite Group— Spodiosite—Triplite. 777
ganese, corresponding to triplite, etc. Lechartier (C. R., 65, 172, 1867) has obtained an arsenical wagnerite.
Ref. — ' Min. , p. 489, the predominating prism (g of Mir.) here, as in kjerulfine (and triploidite), is made the unit prism. 2 See Mir., 1. c. 3 Bgr. on Kjerulfine, Zs. Kr., 3, 474, 1879.
CRTFHIOLITE. Crifiolite A. Scacchi, Ace. Sc. Napoli, 1, No. 5, 1886 (read Sept. 8, 1883). Kryphiolith.
In smr.ll monoclinic crystals, tabular a and showing the forms:
a (100. i-l), c (001, 0), e (201, 2-1), v (111, — 1), n (111, 1). Approximate measured angles: ac 65° 52', ce 78° 46', cju 51° 42', en 69° 1', ajj. 54° 39', nn' 88° 44', nn' 112° 36', un 49° 17'.
H. about 6. Brittle. G. 2 '674. Luster vitreous. Color honey -yellow. Transparent.
Composition uncertain, but apparently not far from wagnerite. Anal. — Scacchi, on 0'07 gram (analysis corrected by Cathrein, Zs. Kr., 14. 525, 1888):
P2O6 47-59 MgO 33-72 CaO 14'74
Regarding the loss as fluorine, the amount is found to be 6'93 p. c. B.B. becomes opaque, without complete fusion.
Found at Vesuvius in a mass of a conglomerate, consisting of fragments of leucitophyre and volcanic saud, enveloped in the lava of 1872. The crystals are concealed by a coating of apatite, hence the name from Kpixfuo, concealed.
554. SPODIOSITE. H. V. Tiberg, G. F5r. Forh., 1, 84, 1872. Orthorhombic? In flattened b) prismatic crystals with the forms:
b (010, i-l), m (110, /), e (021, 2-), p (111, 1). Angles: mm'" 84°, eef 147°.
Cleavage: b distinct; c indistinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5. G. 2'94, Luster dull porcelain-like, but vitreous. Color ash-gray, inclining to brown. Streak white.
Comp.— A calcium fluo-phosphate, perhaps (CaF)CaPO4 or CasPaOe.CaF2, analogous te wagnerite (A. Sjogren).
Anal. — C. H. Lundstrom, 1. c.
P2O6 CaO MgO F AsaO5 CO2 Cl Fe2O, Al2Os MnO HSO insol. 32-20 49-81 2-27 [4'71]a 0'24 3'90 0'12 1'24 I'll 0'55 2'70 IMS 100 a Including loss [but the analysis should show an excess].
Pyr. — B.B. fuses in the thinnest splinters to a white enamel; does not decrepitate. Soluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids with effervescence.
Obs.— From the Krangrufva, Wermland, Sweden. Named from <T7i68io<s, ash-gray.
A relation to wagnerite which has MM " 84° 36', is suggested by A. Sjogren, (ibid., 7, 666, 1885), which suggestion is here provisionally accepted.
555. TRIPLITE. Phosphate natif de fer melange de manganese (fr. Limoges) Vauq., J. de M., 11, 295, 1802, Ann. Ch., 41, 242, 1802. Eisenpecherz pt. Wern., 1808. Manganese phosphate Lucas, Tabl., 1, 169, 1806. Phosphorrnangan Karst., Tabl., 72, 1808. Manganese phosphate ferrif ere, H., Tab!., 1809. Triplit Hausm., Handb., 1079, 1813. Eisenapatit Fuchs, J. pr. Ch., 18, 499, 1839. Zwiselit Breith., Handb., 2, 299, 1841. Phosphate of Iron and Man- ganese. Zwieselit Block., Syn., 244, 1847. Talktriplit L. J. Igelslrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 39, No. 2, 86, 1882.
Monoclinic Dx.1 Massive, imperfectly crystalline.
Cleavage: unequal in two directions perpendicular to each other, one much the more distinct. Fracture small conchoidal. H. 4-5'5. G. — 3'44-3'8; 3*617 Peilau, Berg. Luster resinous, inclining to adamantine.1 Color brown or blackish brown to almost black. Streak yellowish gray or brown. Subtrans- lucent to opaque. Somewhat pleochroic.
Optically -f-. Ax. pi. nearly to the difficult, and to the easy cleavage; to the latter Bxa is inclined 42° 10' red, and 41° 53' yellow. Dispersion p v. Axial angles, Dx.1:
2Ha.r 96° 15' 2Ha.y 95° 27' 2Ha.gr 95° 20' 2H0 125° 3V
Comp., Var.— (RF)RP04 or R3P8Oe.RFa with R Fe and Mn, also Ca andMg. The ratio varies widely, in anal. 1, Fe : Mn 1 : 1; in 2 (zwieselite), Fe : Mn 2 : 1; in 3, 1 : 2; in 5, 1 : 7.
Talktriplite is a variety from Horrsjoberg, containing magnesium and calcium in large ,mouut; it occurs in embedded grains of a yellow or yellowish red color.
778 Phosphates, Aesenates, Etc.
Anal.— 1. Kbl., J. pr. Ch., 92, 390, 1864. 2, Rg., Min. Ch., 351, 1860. 3, 4, Siewert, light and dark colored, Min. Mitth., 225, 1873. 5, Penfield, priv. contr. 6, Igelstrom, 1. c.
P2O6 FeO MnO CaO MgO F
1. Schlackenwald G. 3'77 33.85 26'98 30-00 2'20 3'05 810 K2O tr. 10418
2. Zwieseliie 30'33 41'42 23'25 — — 6'00 lOl'OO
3. Sierra de Cordoba 35-65 18-30 37'84 4'46 — 4'94 SiO2 0'13 101-32
4. " " 31-50 16-07 38-20 5'99 — 7'87 Fe2Os 2 25 101-88
5. Branchville 32'17 7'69 5414 1'80 — 7'53 H.,O 0'36 103'69
6. Talktriplite 32'82 16-12 14-86 14-91 17-42 undet.= 96'1 3 Earlier analysts, Berzelius, Bergemann, overlooked the fluorine. See 5th Ed., p. 543.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily at T5 to a black magnetic globule; moistened with sulphuric acid colors the flame bluish green. With borax in O.F. gives an amethystine colored glass (manganese); in R.F. a strong reaction for iron. With soda reacts for manganese. With sulphuric acid evolves hydrofluoric acid. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Found by Alluaud at Limoges in France, in a vein of quartz in granite, accompanied by apatite; occurs also at Peilau in Silesia; from Helsingfors, Finland; also from Sierra de Cordoba, Argentine Republic, in masses in quartz with beryl, apatite, columbite; it is in part altered to a mineral like heterosite. Also found at Stoneham, Maine; at Brauchville, Conn.
Zwieselite, a clove-brown variety, is from Rabeustein, near Zwiesel, in Bavaria, in quartz. (G. 3-97 Fuchs). Talktriplite occurs in a rock carrying lazulite at HorrsjSberg, Wermland, Sweden.
Alt.— Often occurs coated with manganese oxide as a result of its alteration, and is some- times changed to a substance near heterosite, p. 757.
Ref.— Dx., N. R.. 180, 1867.
GRIPHITE W. P. Headden, Am. J. Sc., 41, 415, 1891.
A problematical phosphate, occurring in embedded reniform masses. Optically amorphous. Cleavage none. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5'5. G. 3*401. Luster resinous to vitreous. Color dark brown. Translucent.
Anal. — 1, Headden, I.e., mean of two complete and three partial analyses. 2, L. G. Eakins, U. 8. G. Surv., Bull. 60, 135, 1890.
P2O5 A12OS Fe2O3 MnO FeO CaO Na20 K2O LiaO F Cl H2O 1. 38-52 10 13 — 29-64 4'00 7'62 5'52 0'30 tr. tr. Oil 4-29 insol. 0-16
[100-29
3. 39-68 8-74 2'36 2913 1'97 6-72 5'25 tr. 013 2'35 0'25 3'67 CO, 0-26,
[SiOa 0-43 100-94 a Incl. 0-15 MgO.
In anal. 1 the oxygen ratio for bases (including water) to acid is 1 : 1 very nearly, and Headden suggests the formula R6P2Oi0 or a salt of normal phosphoric acid H6PO6. The fact, however, that no other similar salts are known among minerals makes the suggestion of doubtful value. Other analyses gave confirmatory results, and it is significant that Eakins obtained so nearly the same composition on independent material, but the presence of fluorine lends support to the suggestion that the mineral may have been derived from triplite.
The material analyzed by Headden was from the Riverton lode near Harney City, Pennington Co., S. Dakota; occurs in kidney shaped masses, sometimes 50 Ibs. in weight, embedded in granite. Externally the masses are dark brown due to oxidation. Eakins's mineral was from a tin mine near Rapid City, S. Dakota. Named from ypi<j>o<,, an enigma.
A phosphate occurring in green massive forms resembling apatite, at Stoneham, Me., afforded O. H. Drake (priv. contr.):
P2O5 FeO MnO CaO MgO Na2O K2O F
40-54 33-39 11-47 2'53 0'36 616 1-67 3-70 FeaO, 0-79, A12O3 1-38=101 -89, deduct O(=3F)-
[1-59 100-30
It is optically biaxial (Pfd.) and may represent a new species; the analysis, however, does not yield a satisfactory formula.
SARCOPSIDE. Sarkopsid M. Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 20, 245, 1868.
Monoclinic? occurring in irregular ellipsoids, sometimes in distorted six-sided plates.
H. 4. G. 3-692-3-730. Luster glistening to silky and greasy. Color, on fresh surface, flesh-red to lavender-blue. Translucent in thin splinters. Streak straw-yellow, some grains give a green color. Analysis, Websky:
fP2O5 34-73 Fe2O3 8-83 FeO 30'53 MnO 20-57 CaO 3 '40 H2O [1-94] F und.
Soluble in dilute hydrochloric and sulphuric acids. Occurs with vivianite and hureaulite in a granite vein on a ridge between Michelsdorf and the valley of the Muhlbach in Silesia. Perhaps an impure, partially altered triplite.
Wagnerite Group: Triploidite— Sarklnite.
556. TR1FLOIDITE. G. J. Brush and E. S. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 16, 42, 1878.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 1-85715 : 1 : 1-49253; ft *71° 46' 001 A 100 E. S. Dana.
100 A HO *60° 27', 001 A 101 31° 22|', 001 A Oil =-*54° 48'.
Forms' : a (100, i-l), b (010, c (001, 0); m (110, J); e (Oil, 14); p (211, 2-2).
Angles: mm'" 120° 54', ee' 109° 36', cm 81° 7', cp 76° 35', pp' 82° 53,' ap 52° 49', me 36° 53'-
Crystals striated vertically. Commonly in crystalline aggregates, parallel- fibrous to columnar; also divergent, or confusedly fibrous to nearly compact or massive.
Cleavage: a perfect. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 4 '5-5. G. 3'697. Luster vitreous to greasy adamantine. Color yellowish to reddish brown, in isolated crystals also topaz- to wine-yellow, occasionally hyacinth-red. Streak nearly white. Transparent to translucent. Pleochroism faint. The axes of elasticity in the clinodiagonal section nearly coincide respectively with the vertical axis (3° to 4° behind) and a normal to
Comp.-(Mn,Fe)P,08.(Mn,Fe)OH2 or 4(Mn,Fe)O.P205.H20. If K Mn : Fe — 3 : 1, the percentage composition is : Phos- phorus pentoxide 32*0, iron protoxide 16-2, manganese protoxide 47-8, water 4-0 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, S. L. Penfield, 1. c.
f 32-11
FeO MnO CaO H2O
14-88 48-45 0'33 4'08 99-85
18-65 42-96 und. 4'09 quartz 1-09 99'03
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube gives off neutral water, turns black and becomes magnetic. Fuses quietly in the naked lamp-flame, and B.B. in the forceps colors the flame green. Reacts for manganese and iroti with the fluxes. Soluble in acids.
Obs. — Occurs at Branch ville, Fairfield Co., Conn., intimately associated with eosphorite, dickinsouite, lithiophilite, and other species, in a vein of albitic granite. In crystalline form triploidite is very similar to wagnerite, and as the formulas of the latter species and of Iriplite are closely analogous, it is concluded that the three species are isomorphous; in triploidite, the hydroxyl (OH) takes the place of the fluorine. Named from tripliteand €i8o,formt in allusion to the close similarity between the two species.
Triplite also occurs at Branchville (anal. 5, p. 778), but it cannot be concluded from this fact that triploidite is only an altered triplite, which has lost its fluorine and taken up water, for the analyses of triploidite were made on perfectly clear glassy crystalline fragments.
557. SARKINITE. A. Sjogren, G. F5r. F6rh., 7, 724, 1885. Polyarsenite L. J. Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 42, 257, 1885, Bull. Soc. Miu., 8, 369, 1885.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 2-0017 : 1 : 1-5154; 6 62° 13i' 001 A 100 Flink1.
100 A HO 60° 33', 001 A 101 45° 59', 001 A Oil 53° 17'.
Forms1 : a (100, i-l), b (010, i-l), c (001, O); m (110, /); p (021, 2-i); o (111, 1).
Angles: mm'" 121° 6', mm' — *58° 54', pp' 139° 6', cm 76° 45', co 66° 39', a'o 79° 44', oo' 110° 26', m'o *36° 36', mo *51° 8'.
Crystals somewhat elongated axis I and flattened a. Sarkinite, Flink. Faces a striated vertically or uneven, c uneven. Some-
times grouped in spherical forms. Cleavage: prismatic (?) distinct. H. 4-5. GK 4'17-4'19. Luster greasy.
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Color rose-red, flesh-red, reddish yellow. Streak light rose-red. Optically — .. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. b. Bx A — — 54°. Ax. angle about 83°, Btd. Coin p. — Mn3As108.Mn(OH)!1 or 4MnO.As.106.H,0 Arsenic pentoxide 43-3, manganese protoxide 53'3, water 3 '4 100.
Anal.— 1, C. H. Lundstrom, G. For. Forh., 7, 725, 1885. 2, H. G. SSderbaum, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 42, 258, 1885. 3, A. Hamberg, G. For. Forh., 10, 381, 1888.
G. As3Os PaO. MnO H,O
1. Sarkinite 4'145 41'60 0'21 51 "60 306 PbO 0'25, FeO 0'13, CaO 1-40, MgO 0'98>
[CO, 0-76, insol. 0'38 100'37
2. Polyarsenite 4-085 f 39'04 — 50-18 3-15 Sb2O6 1'20, CaO 2-89, MgO 0-75, CO, 3-51
3. Pajsberg 41'50 tr. 51 "92 3'48 CaO 1-22, MgO 0'38 98'50 [100'72
Pyr., etc. — B.B. decrepitates and fuses with some difficulty to a black shining non-magnetic globule; with soda on charcoal a brownish mass and arsenical odor. In the tube gives off water, becomes brown, and the residue reacts for manganese with the fluxes. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Sarkinite is from the iron-manganese mines of Pajsberg, Sweden. Named from crapxiro?, made of flesh, in double allusion to the blood-red color and greasy luster. Polyar- tenite is from the Sjo mine, Grythytte parish, Orebro, Sweden.
Ref.— Crystals from Harstig mine (anal. 3), Pajsberg, G. For. F6rh., 10, 380, 1888.
5. Amblygonite Group. Monoclinic, Triclinic.
558. Durangite Na(AlF)As04 Monoclinic
a : I : 6 0-7716 : 1 : 0-8250; ft 64° 47'
559. Amblygonite Li(AlF)P04 Triclinic
a : b : 6 0'7334 : 1 : 0'7633; or=108° 51', /?=97° 48', =106° 27'
558. DURANGITE. G. J. Brush, Am. J. Be., 48, 179, 1869.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : b 0-77158 : 1 : 0-82499; /3 64° 47' 001 A 100 Blake, Des Cloizeaux1.
100 A HO 34° 55', 001 A 101 60° 37-6', 001 A Oil 36° 44f .
Forms2 : a (100, i-l\ b (010, m (110, 7); e (021, 24); p (111, - 1): q (112, $), it (111, 1).
mm'" *69° 50'
ee' 112° 22'
mp 29° 32i'
1-
m'q 72° 6' m'Tt *44° 28' pp' 46° 15'
qq' 44° 33' me' *67° 50' ap 38° 6f
a'n 61° 15f pit 80° 38'
Figs. 1-8, after Des Cloizeaux.
Amblygonite Group— Amblyqonite.
In crystals; habit oblique pyramidal m and it predominating; faces usually uneven.
Cleavage: m distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5. G. 3-94-4-07. Luster vitreous. Color orange-red, light and dark. Streak cream-yellow. Trans- lucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bxa 6 — 25° 7'. Dispersion p v feeble; horizontal distinct. Axial angles, Dx.:
2Ha.r 80° 53' 2Ha.y 80° 49' Dx.
Comp. — A fluo-arsenate of sodium and aluminium, Na(AlF)As04 or AlAs04.NaF Arsenic pentoxide 55'3, alumina 24*5, soda 14-9, fluorine 9-2 103'9, deduct (0 2F) 3-9 100. Part of the aluminium is replaced by ferric iron, and a little of the sodium by lithium.
Anal. — 1, 2, G. J. Brush, light colored crystals, 1. c. 8, G. W. Hawes, dark crystals, Am. J. Sc., 11, 464, 1876.
AsaO5 AlaO, Fe2O3 MnaO3 Na2O LiaO F
55-10 20-68 4-78 1'30 MnO 1166 081 undet.
53'22 20-09 5'06 1'28 " 11'86 0'70 undet.
5311 17-19 9-23 2'08 13'06 065 7'67b
G.
a Regarded as too low.
10299
b A second trial gave F 7'49 p. c.
Pyr., etc. — In the forceps fuses at 2 giving an intense soda flame. In the closed tube blackens at a moderate temperature, but regains its color on cooling; at a higher heat fuses easily to a yellow glass and gives a faint white volatile sublimate, etching the tube slightly. The same in the open tube, with evolution of acid fumes, reddening litmus paper. On charcoal, B.B. fuses readily and gives a white sublimate with a strong arsenical odor iu R.F. With soda and charcoal powder in a matrass yields a sublimate of metallic arsenic. With the iluxes reacts for iron and manganese. Decomposed by sulphuric acid with evolution of fluohydric acid.
Obs. — Found at the Barranca tin mine, eighteen miles northeast of Coneto, State of Durango, and about ninety miles northeast of the city of Durango, Mexico. Occurs in a vein four to six inches in thickness; the crystals are sometimes attached to the walls of the vein (here the large, light, orange-colored variety), sometimes with cassiterite in the white pulverulent matter which fills the veins (small, dark colored variety). The largest crystal found was 19 X 11 mm.
Ref.— i Ann. Ch. Phys., 4, 401, 1875.
559. AMBLYGONITE. Amblygonit Breith.. Hoffm. Min., 4, b, 159, 1817, Handb., 483. Moutebrasite Dx., C. R,, 73, 306, 1247, 1871. Hebronit KbL, Ber. Ak. Mimchen, 284, 1872.
Triclinic. Axes & : b : 6 0-73337 : 1 : 0'76332; a 108° 5U', ft 97° 48f, y 106° 26f J. D. Dana1.
100 A 010 - 69° 35£-', 100 A 001 *75° 30', 010 A 001 67° 38'. Forms' : a (100, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, /'), M (110, '/), z (120, 't-2); I (101, 1-i' L, Dx.) as tw. pi., k (101, ,1-i, H, Dx.), e (021, '24).
am 29° 35' az 72° 7' Ih 90° 24' cM *92° 20'
aM *44° 30' al 37° W ce *74° 40' eM *66° 30'
74° 5' ch 53° 14' cm 68° 9' ae 101° 25f
Crystals large and coarse ; forms rarely distinct, and compact massive. Polysynthetic twin- ning lamellae common, parallel to I and h, two planes nearly at right angles to each other (89° 8' Dx.), and h usually the more prominent, nearly bisecting the interior angle ac (cf. f. 2).
Cleavage: c perfect, with pearly luster; a somewhat less so, vitreous; e_(02l) some- times equally distinct; M (110) difficult. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. H. — 6. G. 3-01-3-09. Luster vitreous to greasy, on c pearly. Color white to pale greenish, bluish, yellowish, grayish or brown- ish white. Streak white. Subtransparent to translucent.
Usually cleavable to columnar
Hebron.
After Dx.
782 Phosphates, Absenates, Etc.
Optically — . For the Penig mineral (amblygonite, Dx. 1872) : ax. pi. inclined 12£° to 67° to c, and the plane Bxa inclined almost equally to a and c, normal angles Sa 80° 52', Sc 80° 35', Dx. Bxa inclined 11° 40' to edge a/c. fty 1-594 Na. Dispersion p v small. 2Er 86° 23', 2Ey 86° 21'.
Some varieties (montebrasite, Dx., 1872, see below) are also optically negative, but the ax. pi. is inclined about 23° to c and 82° to a. Bxa nearly edge a/c. Axial angles large and vari- able:
2Ha.r 95° 48'-102° 38' 2H0.r 102° 50'-106° 10'
Refractive indices:
a 1-579 13 1-593 y 1-597 Levy-Lex.
Comp — A fluo-phosphate of aluminium and lithium, Li(AlF)P04 or AlP04.LiF Phosphorus pentoxide 47'9, alumina 34'4, lithia lO'l, fluorine 12-9 105*3, deduct (0 2F) 5'3 100. Sodium often replaces part of the lithium, and hydroxyl part of the fluorine.
Cf. Rg., Jb. Min., 1, 15, 1883, and Min. Ch. Erg., 5, 1886, who takes a somewhat different view of the composition. He regards the water as due to gradual alteration and proposes the
formula: A1.F. 4- 2(R3PO4 4- A12P2O8) or perhaps j 3A1SP2O8- .— 1-8, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 18, 295, 1879.
G. PaO6 A13O3 LiOs NaaO HaO F
1. Penig $48-24 33'55 8'97 2'04 1-75 11 26 Mn2O3 0'13 105'94
2. Montebras, A 3'088 f 47'09 33'22 7'92 3'48 2'27 9'93 CaO 0'24 104-15
3. Auburn, Me. 3'059 f 48'48 33'78 9'46 0'99 3'57 6 20 102-48
4. Hebron, Me., A [48'53] 3412 9'54 0'34 4'44 5'24 102-31
5. Paris, Me. 3'035 f 48 '31 33'68 9'82 0'34 4'89 4"82 KaO 0'03 101'89
6. Hebron, Me., B 3'032 f 47 -44 33'90 9'24 0'66 5'05 5'45 100'74 101-10
7. Branchville, Ct. 3'032 f 48'80 34'26 9'80 0-19 5'91 1'75 Fe2O3 0'29, MnaOs O'lO
8. Montebras, B 3'007 f 48'34 33 55 9'52 0'33 6'61 1-75 CaO 0'35 100'45
Other analyses, Pisani, C. R., 75, 79, 1872; Kbl., 1. c.; Rg., Ber. Ch. Ges., 78, 1872, these are quoted in Min.. 5th Ed., App. n, p. 271, 1875; see also 5th Ed., p. 546, where the early analyses of Berzelius and of Rammelsberg are quoted.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water, which at a high heat is acid and corrodes the glass. B.B. fuses easily (at 2) with intumescence, and becomes opaque white on cooling. Colors the flame yellowish red with traces of green; the Hebron variety gives an intense lithia-red; moistened with sulphuric acid gives a bluish green to the flame. With borax and salt of phos- phorus forms a transparent colorless glass. In tine powder dissolves easily in sulphuric acid, more slowly in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs at Chursdorf and Arnsdorf, near Penig in Saxony, where it is associated with tourmaline and garnet in granite; near Geier, Saxony; also at Arendal, Norway. At Montebras, Creuze, France, in two varieties, cf. below.
In the U. States, in Maine, at Hebron, embedded in a coarse granite in masses, sometimes well crystallized, with lepidolite, albite, quartz, red, green, and black tourmaline, apatite, and rarely cassiterite; also at Mt. Mica in Paris, 8 m. from Hebron, with tourmaline; Auburn; at Peru, abundant with spodumene, petalite, lepidolite, etc. Occurs very sparingly at Branch- ville, Conn., with spodumene, also lithiophilite and other manganese phosphates in a vein of albitic granite.
The name amblygonite is from dn/3A.v?, blunt, and yovv, angle; montebrasite and hebronite from the localities. The name montebrasite was first given to normal arnblygouite from Moutebras, made a new species on the basis of an analysis by Moissenet, later shown to be incorrect by Pisani and von Kobell (cf. App. i, p. 10, n, 27); this name was afterwards transferred (Dx., 1872) to the mineral of Hebron hebronite, Kbl.) and to another variety (B) from Montebras, translucent and greenish in color, the original Montebras mineral (A, dull white or witl a violet tinge) and that from Penig being united (Dx.) under the name amblygonite; the two varieties differ in optical characters, as shown above, and perhaps also in composition; cf. analyses 1, 2, (arnblygouite, Dx.), which show soda and but little water, with the other anals., which have little soda and several per cent of water.
Ref. — On a crystal from Hebron in the Brush collection, re-examined by the author, cf. 5th Ed., p. 545. With Dx. , p c, m — a, t M, for the angles for these three cleavages he gives (Hebron) pm 75°, pt 90° to 90° 45', mt 44° to 45°. On the Penig mineral and Monte- bras A he noted only the cleavages a and c, with ac 74° 16'. C. R., 57, 357, 1863, Ann. Ch. Phys., 27, 385, 1872.
Olivenite Group. 783
B. Acid and Basic Phosphates, Arsenates, etc.
560. Monetite HCaP04 Triclinic
Natrophite HNa,P04?
Olivenite Group. Orthorhombic.
Basic phosphates, arsenates, etc., of copper, zinc, and lead.
Ra(OH)(P,As,V)04 or (ROH)R(P,As,V)04 R Cu, Zn, Pb.
As noted by Groth this group corresponds in a measure to the monoclinic Wagnerite Groups p. 775, which also includes basic members.
a:l:6
561. Olivenite Cu,(OH)As04 0-9396 : 1 : 0-6726
562. Libethenite Cu,(OH)P04 0-9601 : 1 : 0-7019
563. Adamite Zna(OH)As04 0-9733 : 1 : 0'7158
564. Descloizite (Pb,Zn),(OH)V04
& I : 6 0-6368 : 1 : 0-8045 or : I : 6 — 0*9552 : 1 : 0-8045 Cuprodescloizite (Pb,Zn,Cu)2(OH)V04
565. Calciovolbortbite (Cu,Ca),(OH)V04
566. Brackebuschite (Pb,Fe,Mn)3Va08.HaO? Monoclinic
567. Psittacinite (Pb,Cu)4(OH)2V,08.H20?
568. Erinite Cus(OH)4As,0.
569. Dihydrite Cu6(OH)4Pa08 Monoclinic or Triclinic
a :b:6 - 2-8252 : 1 : 1-5339 a 89° 29f ft 91° 0$' y 90
570. Pseudomalachite Cu,(OH),P04 pt.
a :k :6 ft
571. Clinoclasite Cu,(OH)3As04 Monoclinic 1-9069:1:3-8507 80° 30'
572. Chondrarsenite Mn,(OH),As04
573. Dufrenite Fe,(OH),P04 Orthorhombic 0-8734 : 1 : 0-4262
also Fe§(OH).vP04)t
a:l:t ft
574. Lazulite (Fe,Mg)Al3(OH),P,Oll Monoclinic 0-9750 : 1 : 1-6483 89° 14*
575. Tavistockite CasAl,(OH)flP2Og
576. Cirrolite OatAlt(OH),(P()4),
577. Arieniosiderite Ca,Fe4(OH)9(As04).
784 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc
a:b\t ft
578. Allactite Mn7(OH),As,Og Monoclinic 0-6128 : 1 : 0-3338 84° 17'
n m a : £ : " ft
579. Synadelphite Mn6(Al,Mn),(OH)10As,09 Monoclinic 0-8582 : 1 : 0-9192 90°
n m a : 1) : 6
580. Flinkite MnaMn(OH)4As04 Orthorhombic 0-4131 : 1 : 0-7386
581. Hematolite Mn4(Al,Mn)(OH)f,As04 Rhombohedral b 0-8885
582. Arseniopleite R9R,(OH)9(As04),? R Mn,Ca(Pb,Mg) 5 Mn(Fe)
583. Manganostibiite Mn10Sb,0I§?
Hematostibiite MtigSbjO,,?
a: b:6 ft
584. Atelestite Bis(OH),As09 Monoclinic 0-9334 : 1 : 1-5051 70° 43'
560. MONETITB. C. U. Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 23, 400, 1882.
Triclinic. In thin rhomboidal crystals with a (100), I (010), c (001), m (110), M (110), the hemi-prisms yw, n (hkO) and I (hkO), dome e (101).
Approximate angles: aM 42°, db' 81°, a// 17°, an 28°, al 18°, ae — 76° a'e 42° E. S. Dana.
Crystals small with rough faces, often arranged in interpenetrating groups. Also massive.
Cleavage: a distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3'5. G. 2' 75. Luster vitreous. Color pale yellowish white. Semi transparent.
Comp. — Acid calcium phosphate, HCaP04 or 2CaO.PsOt.H,0 Phosphorus pentoxide 52-2, lime 41-2, water 6'6 100.
Anal.— C. U. Shepard, Jr., 1. c., after deducting 9 '78 p. c. gypsum.
P3O8 52-28 CaO 41 -14 HaO 6'58 100
Fyr. — B.B. in the forceps turns white and fuses to a globule with crystalline facets; gives off water in the closed tube.
Obs. — Found in the Tertiary limestone of the islands Moneta and Mona, West Indies, under- neath a bed of bird guauo. Occurs in thick isolated masses, two or three inches across, also in Irregular seams in gypsum, and in crusts lining cavities.
NATROPHITE Pisani; mentioned by Adam, Tabl. Min., 45, 1869. Pisani, Min., 288, 1883. Acid sodium phosphate, HNaPO4 Phosphorus peutoxide 64-0, soda 27'9, water 8'1 100.
Olivenite Group. Orthorhombic.
661. OLIVENITE. Arseniksaures Kupfererz (fr. Cornwall) Klapr., . Ges. Nat. Fr. Berl.. 7, 160. 1786; Olivenerz (fr. Cornwall) Wern., Bergm. J., 382, 385, 1789. Olive Copper Ore Kirwan, 2, 151, 1796. Olive-green Copper Ore Rashleigh, Brit. Min , 1, pi. 11, f. 2, 1797, 2, pi. 6, 1802. Cuivre arseniate en octaedre aigus Bourn., Phil. Tr., 177. 1801. Pharmako- chalzit pt. Hausm., Min., 3, 1042, 1813; Olivenkupfer, -id., 1045; Pharmucolzit id. , 1025, 1847. Oliveuite pt. Jameson, Syst., 2, 335, 1820; Leonh., Orykt., 283, 1821.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-9396 : 1 : 0-6726 Washington1.
100 A HO 43° 13', 001 A 101 35° 35f, 001 A Oil 33° 55$'. Forms1 : a (100, i-l), b (010, t-i); m (110, I); v (101, 14); e (Oil, 14). Angles: mm"' *86° 26', vv' 71° llf. ee' *67° 51', ve 47° 34'.
Olivenite Group— Olivenite.
Crystals prismatic, often acicular; faces usually somewhat uneven. Also
globular and reniform, indistinctly fibrous, fibers straight and divergent, rarely irregular; also curved lamellar and granular.
Cleavage: m, b, e (Oil) in traces. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 3. G.= 4'l- 4*4. Luster adamantine to vitreous; of some fibrous varieties pearly. Color various shades of olive-green, passing into leek-, siskin-, pistachio-, and blackish green; also liver- and wood-brown; sometimes straw - yellow and grayish white. Streak olive-green to brown. Subtransparent to opaque.
Optically -J-. Ax. pi. c. Bx a. Disper- sion p v large. Axial angles, Dx." :
m b
2Ha.r 105° 5'
2Ha.y 106° 6'
Fig. 1, Cornwall, Phillips. 2, Utah, Washington.
2Ha.w 109° 47'
Var.— (a) Crystallized; G. 4'378 Cornwall, Damour; 4'135 ib., Hermann.
(6) Fibrous; finely and divergently fibrous, of green, yellow, brown, and gray, to white colors, with the surface sometimes velvety or acicular, G. 3'913 Hermann; found investing the common variety or passing into it; called wood copper or wood-arsenate (Holzkupfererz).
(c) Earthy; nodular or mapsive; sometimes soft enough to soil the fingers.'
Comp.— Cu,As,08.Cu(OH), or 4CuO.As,05.H,0 Arsenic pentoxide 40'7, cupric oxide 56*1, water 3*2 100.
Anal.— 1, Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 412, 1845. 2, Hillebrand, Proc. Col. Soc., 1, 113, 1884. Other analyses 5th Ed., p. 564.
1. Cornwall G. 4'378
2. Utah, wood-copper
AsaO. P,O CuO HaO 34-87 3-43 56'86 3 -72 98 -88 40-05 0-06 55-40 3'39 gangue 0'81 99'71
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives water. B.B. fuses at 2, coloring the flame bluish green, and on cooling the fused mass appears crystalline. B.B. on charcoal fuses with deflagration, gives off arsenical fumes, and yields a metallic arsenide which with soda yields a globule of copper. With the fluxes reacts for copper. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs.— The crystallized varieties occur disposed on, or coating, cavities of quartz in Corn- wall, at Wheal Gorland, Ting Tang, Wheal Unity, and other mines near St. Day; also near Redruth; near Tavistock, in Devonshire; also in inferior specimens at Alston Moor, in Cumber- land; at Camsdorf and Saalfeld in Thuringia; Tyrol; the Banat; Nizhni Tagilsk in the Ural; Chili.
In the U. S., in Utah, at the American Eagle and Mammoth mines, Tintic district, both in crystals and the form of wood-copper.
The name olivenite alludes to the olive- green color.
Ref.— ' Utah, Am. J. Sc.. 35, 298, 18887 Earlier measurements by Phillips, Min., 319, 1823, who gives mm'" 87° 30', ee' 69° 10', hence a : b : c 0-9573 : 1 : 0'6894. Cf. also Dx., Ann. Ch. Phys.. 13, 417, 1845. Propr. Opt., 2, 43, 1859; N. R, 81, 1867.
In general the mineral phosphates or arsenates were not distinctively recognized in ancient mineralogy. The species containing copper, if observed, were left to pass under the general names of chrysocolla and malachites. In 1747, Wallerius has, besides Koppar-Lazur or azurite. the two species Copper Green (malachite) and Copper Blue (chrysocolla and azurite in part), but without well-defined limits. Cronstedt, in 1758, describes the Mountain Blue as sometimes impure (terra calcarea mixta), and hence effervescing with aqua-fortis. Fontana, in 1778, announced the green carbonate after an analysis; and Bergmann in his Seiagraphia, 1782, recognizes only carbonate of copper, and calls wrongly the green mica of Werner (1780, and later torbernite) a chloride. In 1786 Klaproth analyzed an arsenate, and Werner soon after gave it the name of Olivenerz; and in Werner's system of 1789 (Bergm. J., 382, 1789), Azurite, Mala- chite, Copper green of compact texture not effervescing with acids (chrysocolla). and Olivenerz, together with a so-called Eisennchiissig Kupfergrun (mostly earthy green carbonate), were the only species. Karsten's Tabellen of 1800 contain no addition to thelist, But in 1801 Bournon announced, from an analysis by Chenevix, a second arsenate, afterward called Liroconite; Vauquelin a third, afterward named Chalcophyllite ; Klaproth a fourth, the Strahliges Olivenerz, or Clinoclase. Klaproth also published at the same time an analysis of the first phosphate, now called Pseudomalachite; besides one of the oxychloride Atacamite, which mineral had been brought from Chili as copper sand between 1780 and 1790, and was pronounced an oxide by Vauquelin. and a chloride by Karsten in his Tabellen of 1800.
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
562. LIBETHENITE. Olivenerz pt. Phosphorkupfererz pt. Phosphate of Copper pt. Ouivre phosphate pt. Octaedrisches Phosphorkupfer Leonh., Leonh. u. Selb's Min. Stud., 1812. Blattricher Pseudomalachite pt. Hausm., Handb.. 1036, 1813. Libethenit Breith.. Char., 267, 1823. Apherese Beud., 2, 569, 1832. Pseudo-libethenit Eg., Min. Ch., 344, 1860.
Orthorhombic. Axes a 100 A HO 43
Forms1 : a (100, i-l) cleavage, U, 1). Angles: tf" 51°
b : c — G'9601 : 1 : 0-7019 Eose1. 50', 001 A 101 36° 10|', 001 A Oil 35° 4'.
6 .010, t-i): t (210. i-2). m (110, 7"); 5(310 f 3), t (Oil, 1-i),
17', mm"' - *87" 40', 88' 35° 30', ee' 61° 47f , ss" 90° 46 , u'" 59° 4i'.
*70° 8', me 66°
In crystals usually small, short prismatic in habit; ofters united in druses. Also globular or reriiform and compact.
Cleavage: a, b very indistinct. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. =4. G. 3-6-3'8. Luster resinous. Color olive-green, generally dark. Streak olive-green. Trans- lucent to subtranslucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. c. Bx b. Dispersion p v large. Axial angles, Dx.2 :
2Ha.r 101° 42' 2Ha-y 101° 8' 2Ha.w 99° 59'
2H0.r 127° 47' 2H0.y 128° 56f 2H0.bi 130° 22f
2Vr 81° 38' 2Vy =81° 8' 2Vbl 80° 20'
& 1-739
ft, 1-743
1-755
Comp.— CusP,08.Cu(OH)s or 4CuO.PaO,.HsO Phosphorus pentoxide 29-8, cupric oxide 6 6 '4, water 3 '8 100. Anal.— Kilhn, Lieb. Ann., 51, 124, 1844.
CuO 66 94
H3O 4-05 100-43
Other analyses (5th Ed., p. 563) agree closely, except one by Berthier which yielded 7 '4 p. c. HaO; this mineral is called Pseudo-libethenite by Rammelsberg, who writes the formula CuPjO8.Cu(OH)2.H2O. Beudant cites the same analysis in connection with his name Apherese.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube yields water and turns black. B.B. fuses at 2 and colors the flame emerald-green. On charcoal with soda gives metallic copper, sometimes also an arsenical odor. Fused with metallic lead on charcoal is reduced to metallic copper, with the formation of lead phosphate, which treated in R.F. gives a crystalline polyhedral bead on cooling. With the fluxes reacts for copper. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — Occurs in cavities in quartz, associated with chalcopyrite, at Libethen, near Neusohl, in Hungary; at Rheinbreitenbach and Ehl on the Rhine; at Nizhni Tagilsk in the Ural; in Bolivia, S. A., with malachite; at the Mercedes mine, near Coquimbo, Chili, with tagilite and limonite; also in small quantities near Gunnis Lake in Cornwall, and near Redruth.
Artif.— Cf. Friedel and Sarasin, Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 157, 1879.
Ref.— ' Hungary, Reis. Ural, 1, 316, 1837. For Uralian crystals he obtained mm'" 84° 36', ee' 69° 19'. Cf. Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 4, 19, 1879, who discusses the irregularities in the angles, vicinal planes, etc., and suggests a monoclinic form. 2 Dx., Propr. Opt., 2, 43, 1859; N. R., 73, 1867.
563. ADAMITE. Adamine C. Friedel, C. R., 62, 692, 1866. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-9733 : 1 : 0-7158 Des Cloizeaux1. 100 A HO 44° 13$', 001 A 101 36° 20', 001 A Oil 35° 35
Forms* :
(100, i-l) b (010, M)
c (001, 0)
k (410, i4) h (210, i-2)
n (530, t-f) m(110, 7) s (350, -f )
t (120, t-2) f (506, H)
I (Oil, 1-i) o (111, 1)
hJi'" *51° 54' mm'" 88° 27' 54C 23'
ff' 63° 0' dtf *72° 407
71° ll oo' 61° 46'
oo" 91° 29' oo'" - 59° 56'
Olivenite Group— Descloizite.
Crystals small, sometimes prismatic 6 like olivenite ; again prismatic b, by extension of the macrodome d (101). Crystals often grouped in crusts and fine granular aggregations.
Cleavage: d distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3*5. G-. 4-34-4-35. Luster vitreous, strong. Color honey-yellow, violet, rose-red, green, colorless. Streak white. Transparent,
Laurium, Laspeyres.
Optically +. Ax. pi. c. Bx b. Dispersion p v large. Axial angles:
Chili 2Ha.r 108° 34' 2Ha.bi 111° 39'
Laurium 2Ha.r 100°-108°, Dx.
2H0.r 115° 50' 2H0.bi 113° 52'
Comp. — Zn3As308.Zn(OH).1 or 4ZnO.As!106.H.10 — Arsenic pentoxide 40'2, zin< oxide 56-7, water 3'1 100. Copper and cobalt may also be present.
Anal.— 1, Friedel, 1. c. 2, Damour, C. R., 67, 1124, 1868. 3, 4, Pisani, ib., 70, 1001, 1870. 5, Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 31, 1878.
1. Chafiarcillo G. 4'338
2. Cap Garonne G. 4'352
3. " rose-red
4. ' ' sea-green
5. Laurium, green
As2Os ZnO CuO CoO H3O
39-95 54-32 — — 4'55 FeO 1 48, MnO tr. 100'SO
39-24 49-11 1-75 5'16 4'25 FeaO, tr. 99'51
38-50 52-50 — 3'92 3'57 98 49
39-85 31-85 23'45 0'52 3'68 CaO 0'87 100'22
40-17 55-97 0-64 — 4'01 FeO 0'18 100'97
Pyr., etc. — Heated in a closed tube decrepitates feebly, and yields a little water, becoming white and porcelanous. On charcoal fuses, producing a coating of zinc oxide, and a feeble odor of arsenic. In a closed tube with soda and charcoal gives a ring of arsenic. With borax in O.F. pearl-yellow while hot, colorless on cooling. Easily soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — From Chanarcillo, Chill, with limonite and native silver. At Cap Garonne near Hyeres, France. At the ancient zinc mines of Laurium, Greece, rilling drusy cavities in a cellular smithsonite. Named after M. Adam, the mineralogist, of Paris.
Ref.— ' Chanarcillo, N. R., 26, 1867; LauriuTn crystals gave mm'" — 89° 50'-88° 40' and dd' 72° 20', also mm'" 88° 20-88° 30'. Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 30. 1878.
5 Chanarcillo, Dx., with h m t d o; Laurium, Dx., with b h m t df; Laurium, Lasp. (Zs. Kr., 2, 147, 1878), with b n m t d on "type I " colorless crystals, prismatic b, with a : b : c 0-996 : 1 : 0'718, and a c k 7i n m s df I on " type II " emerald-green crystals, prismatic k, with a : b : c 0*996 : 1 : 0'685; a variation in composition (Cu) is suggested to account for this difference in b (20 : 19), but the observations need confirmation.
564. DESCLOIZITE. A. Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 41, 72, 78, 1854. Rhombischer Vanadit Zippe, Ber. Ak. Wien, 44 (1), 197, 1861, Tschermak, ib., 44(2), 157, 1861, Schrauf, Pogg., 116, 355, 1862. Tritochorit Fremel, Min. Mitth., 3, 506, 4, 97, 1881. Cuprodescloizite Eg. , Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1215, 1883. La Ramarita Miguel Velazquez de Leon, Naturaleza, 7, 65, 1884. Schaffnerite (1886) mentioned by Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 43, 1889.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0*6368 : 1 : 0-8045 Kath1
100 A 110 32° 29f, 001 A 101 51° 38$', 001 A Oil 38° 49'.
Forms1 : a (100, i-l) ft (010, i-i) e (001, 0)
n (510, i-5) m (110, /) I (130, z-3)
e (102, i-i)
/ (201, 2-i) d (012, -B) u (Oil, 14) v (021, 2-1)
t (1-1-10, 0(111, 1) e (211, 2-2) i (641, 6-|)
k (861, 8-f)
(132,
mm
U'
ee'
ff' dd'
64° 59' 55° 15f 64° 33*' 136° 49' 43° 49f
uu' 77° 38'
vv' 116° 17'
co 56° 16'
coo 34° 15'
eh 53° 43'
oo' *89° 6'
oo'" *53° 4'
ee'" 32° 59'
oaoa'" 59° 50'
hJi" 91° 9'
fo 31° 4'
do 47° Of
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Figs. 1-3, Lake Valley, N. Mexico, Rath.
Crystals usually small, short prismatic m or I (130), or pyramidal, o (111). Faces seldom perfectly smooth; I strongly striated vertically; /(201) dull and striated f/f", o (111), d (012) bright. The crystals forming drusy surfaces and crusts, also in stalactitic aggregates. Also massive, fibrous radiated with mammillary surface.
Cleavage none. Fracture small conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 3*5. G. 5'9-6'2. Luster greasy. Color columbine- or cherry-red, brownish red, hair- brown, reddish chestnut-brown, blackish brown, black. Streak orange to brownish red or yellowish gray. Transparent to nearly opaque.
Ax. pi. b. Bx c negative, Bx a positive; axial angle very large, the interference-rings hardly visible in oil.
Comp., Tar.— R,Va08.R(OH), or 4RO.V206.H20; R Pb, Zn chiefly and usually in the ratio 1 : 1 approx. ; the percentage composition is then: Vanadium pentoxide 22'7, lead protoxide 55'4, zinc oxide 19*7, water 2*2 100. Copper is also sometimes present, and further arsenic replacing vanadium.
Var.— 1. Ordinary, containing lead and zinc. Usually in distinct crystals as described. G. 5-9-6-1.
2. Cuprodesdoizile, containing copper in considerable amount; this variety also carries arsenic. It usually appears in crusts or reniform masses with mammillary surface and line columnar structure, somewhat divergent or radiating. Color dull green to greenish black, yellowish brown. G. 6'l-6"2.
Anal.— 1, Rg.,Ber. Ak. Berlin, 656, 1880, Zs. G. Ges., 32, 709, 1880. 2-4, Doering, Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, 471, 1883. 5, 6, Geuth, Am. Phil. Soc., 22, 373, 1885. 7, 8, Hille- brand, Am. J. Sc., 37, 434, 1889. 9, Penfleld, Am. J. Sc., 26, 361, 1883. 10, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1215, 1883. 11, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc.. 24, 36, 1887. 12, Pisani, Bull. Soc. Mm., 12, 38, 1889. 13, Velazquez de Leon, 1. c. 14, Hillebrand, 1. c.
For Damour's original analysis of descloizite, see p. 791.
G.
1. Cordoba, light brown 6 -080 f 22 -74
2. " black 6-14 2259
3. " gray
4. " yellow 5'93
5. Lake Valley, red
6. " " black
1. Beaverhead Co., Mont S. Georgetown, N. M.
V9O AsaO6 PaO PbO ZnO CuO FeO MnO H2O
56-48 16-60 — — 1-16 2'34
[Cio 24 99-56
0-27 56-00 17-02 0'02 0'26 0'40 2'14
[Cl 0-08, iusol. 0 31 99-09
— 0-30 56-01 17-56 0'40 0"07 0'77 2'57
LCI 0 27, iusol. 0-78 100'58
— 0-05 63-63 11-41 0'24 1-18
[Cl 1-07, insol. 1-26 99'05
0-20 — 56-12 17-41 110 0'15 0'49 2'37
f 99-49
0-50 0-04 56-36 1391 0'87 0'30 274 3'39
99 46
20-80 0-32 0-27 55'93 15-94 1'15 0'70 — 4 37
[X1 0-34 99-82
20-44 0-94 0-26 56'01 17'73 1'05 0'07 — 2-45
[X* 1-12 100 07
f 21-35
Olitenite Group— Descloizite.
D. Ouprodescloteite
13. Ramirite
14. Tombstone
G.
5-856 22-47 0'28
6-203 f 19-99 3-63
6-06 17-40 4-78
6-01-6-10 19-85
5-88 19-79
As2O, PaOs PbO ZnO CuO FeO MnO HaO 18-95 3-82 0-18 54'93 12-24 6'74 006 — 2'70
[SiOa 0-12 99-74
0-17 54-03 12-62 813 — — 2-52
100-22
0-13 54-52 12-70 658- — — 2'62
100-17
— 53-90 11-40 8-80 — - 3'20
99-48
1-83 54-28 11-25 8'69 — — 015"
[=99-66
0-19 57-00 4-19 11-21 tr. — 2 50 [X 3-01 98-99 a MnaO8.
1X SiOa018, CaO 010, MgO 0-06. X Cl 0-04, SiOa I'Ol, CaO 0-04, MgO 0 -03. X Cl 0-07, SiOa 0-80, CaO 1-01, MgO 0'04, K2O O'lO, NaaO 0'17, COa 0'82. The material of anal. 2-4 contained some vanadinite.
Frenzel's analysis of tritochorite is as follows : V2O5 24-41, AsaO6 3'76, PbO 53'90, ZnO 1T06, CuO 7'04 100-17. There is no question as to its identity with cuprodescloizite; he has since stated that the water present was neglected or overlooked.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube gives water. B.B. on charcoal fuses, and is partially reduced to a globule of metallic lead enveloped in a black scoria. With borax in R.F. a green glass, and with niter in O.F. a violet, color due to manganese. With salt of phosphorus in R.F. a glass of a chrome-green color, which is orange-yellow in the O.F. Dissolves in cold dilute nitric acid.
Obs.— Occurs in small crystals, 1 to 2 mm. thick, clustered on a siliceous and ferruginous gangue from S. America, at the Venus mine and other points in the Sierra de Cordoba, Argentine Republic, associated with acicular green pyromorphite, vanadinite, etc. At Kappel in Carinthia, in small clove-brown rhombic octahedrons, with G. — 5'83 (vanadite of Zippe, cf. Schrauf, Pogg., 116, 355, 1862).
Sparingly at the Wheatley mine, Phenixville, Penn., as a thin crystalline crust on wulfenite, quartz, and a ferruginous clay (J. L. Smith, continued by Genth). Abundant at the Sierra Grande mine, Lake Valley, Sierra Co., New Mexico, in red to nearly black crystals, pyramidal and prismatic in habit, associated with vanadinite. iodyrite, etc.; at the Mimbres and other mines, near Georgetown, New Mexico, in stalactitic crystalline aggregates. In Arizona near Tomb- stone; in Yavapai Co., in brownish olive-green crystals; at the Mammoth Gold mine, near Oracle, Final Co., in orange-red to brownish red crystals with vanadinite and wulfenite.
A vauadate probably identical with descloizite occurs at the Mayflower mine, Bald Moun- tain distr., in Beaverhead Co., Montana, see anal. 7; it is in an impure earthy form of a dull yellow to pale orange color. The water present is double in amount that required by normal descloizite, but in view of the nature of the material this may not be significant ; cf. bracke- buschite beyond.
A massive variety, containing copper, in crusts and reniforrn masses with radiated structure occurs in San Luis Potosi, also in a vein of argentiferous galena in Zacatecas (Pisani), Mexico; it has been variously named tritochorite, cuprodescloizite. ramirite. A similar variety occurs as an incrustation on quartz at the Lucky Cuss mine, Tombstone, Cochise Co., Arizona.
Named after the French mineralogist. A. Des Cloizeaux. Ramirite is after the Mexican mining engineer Santiago Ramirez. Tritochorite. from rpz'roS, third, and ;ffi>/3V, to follow, was given on the supposition that the mineral formed a third member of a series with eusynchite and aroeoxene.
Ref.— ' N. Mexico, Zs. Kr., 10, 464, 1885. The form was made monoclinic by Websky, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 672, 1880, Zs. Kr., 5, 542, 1881; the orthorhombic character is established by Des Cloizeaux, Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 138, 191, 1886. See earlier Dx., Ann. Ch. Phys., 41, 78,
The pages immediately following contain descriptions of several other vanadates of more or less uncertain composition and probably in part to be united with descloizite.
EUSYNCHITE Fischer & Nessler, Ber. Ges. Freiburg, 1854, Jb. Min., 570, 1855. Araeoxen Kbl., J. pr. Ch., 50, 496, 1850.
Massive: in nodular, stalactitic forms. H. 3'5. G. 5'596. Luster resinous. Color yellowish red, reddish brown, greenish. Streak orange-yellow to pale yellow.
Composition, perhaps Rt with R lead, zinc, and sometimes copper, and the vana- dium in part replaced by arsenic. It is to be noted, however, that the analyses are unsatis- factory, and the mineral may contain water like the so-called tritochorite which was originally described as anhydrous and belonging to this series. If this is the case eusynchite would be simply identical with descloizite.
790 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Sandberger has recently made it almost certain that arseoxene is only descloizite; he quotea Pecher as having found 3'2 p. c. H2O in the original mineral. Jb. Min., 1, 258, 1889.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 40, 1864. 2, Id., Mm. Ch. Erg., 91, 1886. 3, 4. Czudnowicz, Pogg., 120, 26, 1863; Rg., Min. Cb., 290, 1875. 5, Bergemann, Jb. Min., 397, 1857, and Rg., ib., 291.
V,O6 As2O, P-.O, PbO ZnO CuO
1. Hofsgrund G. 5 596 [2422] 0'50 1-14 57'66 15'80 0'68 100
2. " G. 5-462 undet. — 1'54 57'38 16-27
3. " 2432 tr. 5835 17'33 — 100
4. " 20-28 tr. 57-06 22'66 — 100
5. Armxene 17 -04 10 -66 — 53 '26 18-36 — 99 32
From 3, 3'2 p. c. Sid and from 4, 5'5 SiOa have been deducted; from 5, T34 p. c. gangue.
Eusynchite Is from Hofsgrund near Freiburg in Baden; araeoxene from Dahn near Nieder- Schlettenbach, Rhenish Bavaria, with dechenite.
DECHENITE, vanadinsaures Bleioxyd C. Bergemann, Pogg., 80, 393, 1850.
Massive, botryoidal. nodular, stalactitic; sometimes traces of a columnar structure. H. 3-4. G. 5"6-5'81. Luster of fresh fracture greasy. Color fine deep red to yellowish red and brownish red; also leather-yellow. Streak orange-yellow to ocher- and pule yellow.
Composition usually accepted as PbVaO or PbO.V2O6 Vanadium peutoxide 45'0, lead protoxide 55-0 100. The old analyses, however, are faulty, for the mineral contains zinc as shown by Brush (Am. J. Sc., 24. 116, 1857). and Pisani (Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 40, 1889). New analyses may prove that the composition is essentially the same as that of eusynchite and arseoxene, and like them it may have to be united with descloizite.
Analyses.— 1-3, Bergemann, 1. c. 4, Nessler [Ber. Ges. Freiburg, 1854] Rg., Min. Ch., 811, 1860.
V2O5 PbO
1. Dahn, dark red cryst. 47-16 52'92 100-08
2 " " " " 46 10 53-72 99'82
3. " ywh. verruciform 49'27 50'57 99'84
4. Zahringen G. 4'945? 45'12 55'70 100'82
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily without decrepitation to a yellow glass. On charcoal in R.F. gives lead globules and a white coating, which, treated with cobalt solution, becomes green (zinc). With salt of phosphorus and borax gives an emerald-green bead in R.F., becoming yellowish green to yellow in O.F. Decomposed by hot hydrochloric acid, yielding an emerald-green solution. This treated with alcohol, boiled and decanted from the separated lead chloride, yields, after evaporation, a solution which, diluted with water, has an azure- blue color (v. Kobell).
Occurs with other ores of lead near Nieder-Schlettenbach in the Lauterthal, Rhenish Bavaria. A lead vanadate occurs with the lead ores at Leadville, Col. (lies, Am. J. Sc., 23/381, 1882), and it has been suggested that this may be dechenite; it is, however, probably descloizite.
Named after the German geologist, Heinrich von Dechen (1800-1889).
565. CALOIOVOLBORTHITE. Kalk-volborthit Credner, Pogg., 74, 546, 1848. Calcio- volborthite A. D'Achiardi, I Metalli, 2, 492, 1883. Calcvolvorthite Adam, Tabl. Min., 33, 1869.
Occurs in two varieties : (1) green, in thin tables, cleaving easily in one direction, greenish yellow in streak, pearly in luster, with G. 3"495; (2) gray, fine crystalline granular, brownish yellow in streak, with H. 3'5, and G. 3'860.
Comp.— Probably (Cu,Oa).VO..(Cu,OaXOH)i or 4(Cu,Ca)O.V,O6.H2O; if Cu : Ca 3 : 2, this requires: Vanadium pentoxide 38'0, cupric oxide 39'6, lime 18'6, water 3-8 100.
Anal. — Credner, 1. c.
V,O6 CuO CaO MgO MnO H2O
1 Green G. - 3'495 f 36'58 44'15 12-28 0'50 0'40 4'62 gangue O'lO 98'63
2 Light green [36'91] 38'90 17-40 0'87 0'53 4"62 " 0'77 100
3. Gray G. 3-860 39'02 38'27 16'65 0'92 0'52 5'05 0'76 101 "19
The resxilts correspond most nearly with the formula above given. The ratio of Cu to Ca in No. 1 is about 5 : 2; and in 2 and 3, 3 : 2.
Obs.— From Friedrichsrode, Thuringia. For the ordinary volborthite see p. 838.
BRA CKftB USCHITE—PSITTA CINITE.
566. BRACEEBUSCHITE. Doering, quoted by Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 32, 711, 1880; also Bol. Acad. Cieuc. Cordoba, 5, 501, 1883.
lu groups of small prismatic crystals flattened and vertically striated; monoclinic? Color black, reddish by transmitted light. Streak yellow. Translucent to nearly opaque.
Optically — ? Ax. pi. j. striations. Bx (obtuse?) oblique to the large face of the crystals. Ax. angle large, Dx. (quoted by Pisani).
Comp.— Perhaps R3V2O8 + H3O with R Pb chiefly, also Fe, Mn ; if 4 : 1 : 1 Vanadium pentoxide 25'4, lead protoxide 62'1, iron protoxide 5'0, manganese protoxide 5-0, water 2-5=100.
If this composition is confirmed brackebuschite belongs with the hydrous phosphates, etc., near hopeite, p. 808.
Anal. — 1, Doering, quoted by Rg., 1. c., after deducting 4'36 insol. 2, 3, Doering, I.e., 1883.
The above analyses agree tolerably well with that of Damour of descloizite (ref. on p. 787) as recalculated by Rg., 1. c., deducting obvious impurities (3 "44 p. c. sand), viz.:
VaO As,O6 PaO6
PbO
ZnO
CuO FeO
MnO
H2O
29 23
0-42 4-65 5-78a 0-41? 4-46
77 54"
2-03 99-66 1-94 insol. 3-40 9 2-43 Xc 1-29, insol.
3-07
a And
Fe2O,.
b
And Mn3O.
eFe2Os+MnsO
PbO
ZnO
CuO
FeaO,
MnaO,
H8O
0-35 9939
It is to be noted, however, that Damour regarded the oxides of manganese, iron, copper also as impurities, so that the result is doubtful at best.
Groth suggests that bruckebuschite may be the monoclinic equivalent of descloizite, but the evidence now in hand gives it another formula.
Obs. — Occurs with descloizite and vanadinite, at several localities in the State of Cdrdoba, Argentine Republic. Named for Dr. D. Luis Brackebusch, of Buenos Aires.
667. PSITTACINITE. F. A. Genth, new tellurate of lead and copper, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 14, 229, 1874; Id., Am. J. Sc., 12, 35, 1876.
In thin crypto-crystalline coatings, sometimes small mammillary or botryoidal; also pul- verulent.
Color siskin- to olive-green, sometimes with grayish tint.
Comp.— Perhaps, as suggested by Rg., RaVaOg.RCOHVHaO or 4RO.V?O 2H,O, with R Pb : Cu 1 : 1, hence requiring: Vanadium pentoxide 22'2, lead protoxide 54'1, cupric oxide 19-3, water 4'4 100.
Genth deduces for anal. 1: the mean oxygen ratio for Pb : Cu : V : H 1 : 0'98 : 2'25 : 2'15 9 : 9 : 20 : 18. corresponding to the formula 3Pb3V2O8.CusVaO8.6Cu(OH)2.12H.)O, for which he calculates: V2O6 19'3, PbO 53'2, CuO 18'9, H3O 8'6 100. This, however, is not far from SRO.VsOa.SHsO. Other analyses give much less water.
Anal. — 1, Geuth, 1. c., after deducting impurities (see below). 2-4, Doering. Bol. Acad. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, 506, 1883. 5, 6, Doering, as recalc. by Rg., after deducting gangue, cerus- site, malachite, etc., Miu., Ch. Erg., 189,. 1886. 7, Pisani, C. R., 92, 1292, 1881.
1. Montana
2. Argentine R.
7. Laurium
As2OB PaO6 PbO CuO ZnO Fe2O, HSO
—
18-44 — —
14
25
29
39
17-76 0-07 0-75 49-71 17-19 0'96 0-42
21-65 0-37 1-43 53'70 17'54 1'35 — 21-97 0-09 0-93 5324 18'34 1'19 —
9-54 100 99-22
5-54a HaO (105C) 0-29, insol. 5'74 3-41 H20 (310°) 0-73, CO, T93, [insol. 7-91 99-65 3-70 MnO O'll, H2O (310°) 0-74. [CO2 1-97, insol. 6'30 =99'68 3-96 100 4-24 100
25-53 —
50-75 18'40 l'53b — 4'25 100'46
Incl. CO,
bCaO.
From anal. 1, 22 p. c. impurities have been deducted (SiO2 15-13, Fe2O3 2-72, AlaO, 1-29, CaO.MgO 2'86); other analyses on material with 7'60 to 48'84 p. c. gangue agreed with 1.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily to a black, shining mass. Reacts for lead, copper, and vanadium with the fluxes. Soluble in dilute nitric acid.
Obs. — Occurs associated with gold, cerussite, chalcopyrite, and limonite, on quartz, at the Iron Rod mine and New Career mine, in the Silver Star District, Montana; also probably the same mineral in the province of San Luis, near Las Cortaderas, east of Villa San Martin, Argen-
792 Phosphates, Absenate8, Etc.
tine Republic, as a crystalline incrustation on quartz with vanadinite. A vanadate from Laurium, Greece (anal. 7), seems to belong here (Rg., Pisani). Named from psittacinus, siskin- or parrot- green.
MOTTRAMITE H. E. Roscoe, Proc. Roy. Soc., 25, 111, 1876.
In thin crystalline incrustations, occasionally in distinct, minute crystals, also compact. H. =3. G. 5"894. Luster resinous. Color velvety black ; in thin sections yellow. Streak yellow. Translucent.
A vanadate of lead and copper. Roscoe calculates R3V2O8.2R(OH)a, which corre- sponds to dihydrite and erinite. If R Pb : Cu 1 : 1, the percentage composition is: Vanadium pentoxide 18 '7, lead protoxide 57 '2, cupric oxide 20-4, water 3'7 100. Rg., how- ever, suggests RsVaO8.3R(OH)3. The imperfect analysis, with a loss of 3 p. c. , makes the result doubtful. It seems not improbable that it may be identical with psittacinite.
Analysis. — 1, Roscoe. 2, the same, after deducting impurities:
VaO& PbO CuO FeO.ZnO.MnO MgO CaO HaO
1. 17-14 50-97 19-10 2-53 0'26 2'13 3-63 hygr. water 0'22, SiO, 1 -06=97-03
18-87 56-12 21-02 — — — 3'99 100
Obs.— Occurs on the Keuper Sandstone, at Alderley Edge, and at Mottram St. Andrew's, Cheshire, England.
CHILEITE Kenngott, Mohs'sche Min.. 28, 1853. Vanadate of Lead and Copper Domeyko Ann. Mines, 14, 150, 1848 Vanadinkupferbleierz. Cuprovanadite Adam, Tabl. Miu., 33, 1869.
An ore having a dark brown or brownish black color, and observed only in an earthy state, looking much like a ferruginous clay or earth. It occurs in cavities in an arseuo-phos- phate of lead along with amorphous carbonates of lead and copper.
An uncertain vanadate of lead and copper. Analyses by Domeyko, 1. c.:
VaO. As2OB P2O6 CuO PbO PbCU CaO Fe3O3,Al2O3 SiOa HaO clay
13-5 4-6 0-6 14-6 54'9 0'3 0'5 3'5 I'O 2'70 I'O 97'2
13-33 4-68 068 16'97 51-97 0'37 0'58 3'42 1 33 2'70 1'52 9755
B.B. fuses easily, and affords a black pearl, a little blebby; gives a clear green pearl with salt of phosphorus or borax, and a globule of lead containing copper on charcoal. In nitric acid easily soluble.
This ore occurs at the silver mine called Mina Grande, or Mina de la Marqueza, in Chili ; it has been worked for copper and silver.
Vanadate from the Lake Superior Copper Region. An ore similar in color and clayey appearance to Domeyko's mineral has been announced by J. E. Teschemacher among specimens from the Cliif mine, in the Lake Superior Copper Region. The presence of vanadium was ascertained by both blowpipe and acid tests. The color is a dark chocolate, and also a bright yellow. The exact state of composition of the vanadic acid is doubtful. There is no lead oxide in the ore, and the brown variety is mixed with an earthy iron oxide; when carefully separated from the gangue it was found to contain no copper. This Min., 531, 1850.
VANADTOLITE Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 1, 445, 1870.
Form not determined. Occurs in small crystals, partly in druses. Color dark green, almost black, in small fragments dark emerald-green. Streak grayish green. Luster vitreous, brilliant. G. — 3'96. Analysis gave:
V3O64485 SiO, 15-61 Al.O, MO FeO 1'40 CaO 34 -43 MgO 2-61 100
B B. fuses to a black slag with cauliflower-like intumescence. With salt of phosphorus gives a dark green bead, and a silica skeleton. Decomposed on fusion with a mixture of sodium carbonate. From the Sliudianka river near Lake Baikal in Siberia, associated with lavroffite.
A doubtful substance, regarded by Rammelsberg as a mixture of augite and a vanadate.
WICKLOWITE. Vichlovite A. D'Achiardi, I Metalli, 2, 568, 1883. A doubtful lead vanadate, apparently that mentioned by Thomson (Min., 574, 1836) as said to have come from Wicklow county, Ireland.
568. ERINITE. Haidinger, Phil. Mag., 4, 154, 1828.
In mammillated crystalline groups, concentric in structure and fibrous, and rough from the terminations of very minute crystals ; the concentric layers compact, and often easily separable.
Cleavage in. one direction in traces. Brittle. H. 4-5-5. G. 4-043. Luster almost dull, slightly resinous. Color fine emerald -green, slightly inclining to grass-green. Streak green, paler than the color. Subtranslucent to nearly opaque.
Dihydrite.
Comp.— Cu3As308.2Cu(OH), or 5CuO.Asa06.2H20 Arsenic pentoxide 34-7, cupric oxide 59'8, water 5-4 100.
There is some question as to the amount of water present.
Anal.— 1, Turner, Phil. Mag., 4, 155, 1828. 2, 3, Pearce, Proc. Col. Soc., 2, 150, 1886. 4, 5, Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 35, 399, 1888.
As,O CuO ZnO HaO
1. Cornwall 33'78 59'44 — 5'01 A12O, 1-77 100
2. Utah 32 07 56'56 — 6'86 FeOa 0'85, CaO 0'43, SO, tr. 96'77
3. " 32-54 57-43 7 "67 97 64
4. " 33-53 57-67 1'06 7-22 PaO, 0-10, FeQO, 014, CaO 0'32 100'04 .5. " 31-91 57-51 0-59 9'15 Fe2O3 0'20, CaO 0'51 99'87
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates and yields water. B.B. on charcoal emits arsenical fumes and fuses, giving an arsenide, which in O.F. yields a globule of copper. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — Stated by Haidinger to come from the county of Limerick, Ireland; but shown by Church to be a Cornish species.
Occurs with oliveuite and implanted upon clinoclasite, azurite, enargite, or barite at the American Eagle aud Mammoth mines, Tintic district, Utah.
Erinite of Beudaut (1832), Des Cloizeaux (1845), Schrauf (1860) is chalcophyllite.
569. DIHYDRITE. Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 37, 178, 1846. >chalcite, Phosphorkupfer pt. See also Pseudomalachite, p. 794.
Pseudomalachite, Phosphor-
Monoclinic or triclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 2'8252 : 1 : 1-53395; a 89 ft 91° Of, y 90° 39' Schrauf1.
100 A 010 89° 21', 100 A 001 88° 59f, 010 A 001 90° 29f.
Forms : a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l) (001, 0)
I (430, I'-f') n (540, i-\')
m (110, /') L (430, Y-t) JV (540, 'i
g (102, 'HO
t (101, 1-5') (302, 'f-i') r (101, ,14,) C (302, ,f-S,) TF (501, ,5-i) K- (045, 'f i)
(445, I') / (334, f) ft (434, 1-f) fl (312, ,f8) X (434, ,1-f) T (545, ,l4)
w (312, !-§,) (f§4, 1-i) (545, 1-i) I) (44*5, 'f ) fl"(434, '1-f)
o3f 71° 5' mM 141° 1' cw 90° 8'
cM 89° 12' ct 28° 16' bt 90° 8' ct 28° 44'
cC 39° 34'
cd 52° 39'
cf 50° 51'
bfl 59° 38'
cfl 48° 38i'
6'o) 58° 27f
coo 48° 35'
a? fl - 61° 54|'
Crystals monoclinic in habit with embedded tw. lamellae a; also tw. pi. b (cf. Scnranf). Crystals often united in aggregates with drusy surface or in hemi- spherical forms; also lamellar; reniform or massive with con- centric structure; indistinctly fibrous.
Cleavage: b imperfect. Fracture small conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 4*5-5. G. 4-4'4. Luster adaman- tine, inclining to vitreous. Color dark emerald-green. Streak green, a little paler than the color. Translucent to subtrans- lucent.
Pleochroism distinct : c deep bluish green, b yellowish green, a bluish green. Optically — . Bxa t (101) approx. , and inclined + 68-° to normal to a. Bx0 nearly b] but inclined at a maximum 5£°.
Comp.— Essentially Cu3P208.2Cu(OH)3 or 5CuO.Pa06.2H,0 Phosphorus pentoxide 24 '7, cupric oxide 69'0, water 6'3 100.
Anal. — See amils. 1-3, under pseudomalachite, p. 794.
Pyr., etc. — Like libethenite.
Obs.— The distinctly crystallized forms of pseudomalachite, lunnite, or phosphocalchlte, as the group has been variously called, are here included. The typical localities are: Ehl near Linz on the Rhine; Rheinbreitenbach; also Nizhni Tagilsk, in the Ural.
Ref.— Zs. Kr., 4, 1 etseg., 1879.
Ehl, Schrauf.
Phosphates, Absenates, Etc.
570. PSEUDOMALACHITE. Phosphorsaures Kupfer pt. Karst., Klapr., N. Schrift. Berl. Ges. Nat. Fr., 3, 304, 1801. Phosphorkupfer id., Tab., 64, 97, 1808. Phosphorkupfererz Wern. Cuivre phosphate H., Tabl., 92, 1809. Phosphate of copper. Pseudomalachit Hausm., Handb., 1035,1813. Phospborocbalcit Glocker, Handb., 847, 1831. Ypoleime Beud., Tr., 2, 570, 1832. Ehlit, Prasin-chalzit, Breith., Cbar., 45, 49, 1832. Lunnit Bernhardi. Kupfer- diaspore Kulm, Lieb. Ann., 51, 125, 1844.
Usually massive, reniform, and botryoidal, with a radiating fibrous structure. H. 4-5-5. G. 3 '4-4-4. Luster vitreous. Color dark emerald-green, verdigris- green, blackish green, often darker on the surface. Streak paler green.
Comp.-In part Cu.P.O.ClOH), or 60uO.Pa05.3H20 Phosphorus pent- oxide 21-2, cupric oxide 70*8, water 8'0 100. Here belongs ordinary amorphous pseudomalachite. Perhaps also Cu3P2Os.2Cu(OH)2.H20 or 5OiiO.P,0..3H,0 Phosphorus pentoxide 24'0, cupric oxide 66'9, water 9 '1 100. To the mineral with the latter composition the name Ehlite is ordinarily given.
Dibydrite, eblite, pseudomalacbite form a closely related series of phosphates of copper, but their relations are not entirely certain (cf. Schrauf, below). The first occurs in distinct crystals and is set apart as an independent species; the others are only kuown in fibrous, foliated, or massive forms.
Anal.— 1, Hermann, 1. c., also Nordeuskiold [Act. Soc. Fenn., 1857], 5th Ed., p. 568. 2, Arfvedson, Berz. JB., 4, 143, 1825. 3, Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 4, 12, 1879.
4, Hermann, 1. c. 5. A. E. Nordeuskiold, Rg., Min. Ch., 346, 1860. 6, Bergemanu, . J., 54, 305, 1828. 7, Id., Jb. Min., 195, 1858. 8, Heddle, Phil. Mag., 10, 39. 1855. 9, Her- mann, 1. c. 10, Wendel, Rg., Min. Ch., 326, 1875. 11, Maskelyne and Flight (local, not given), J. Ch. Soc., 25. 1057, 1872. 12-14, Church, ibid., 26, 107, 1873. 15, Schrauf, 1. c.
16, Ktihn, Lieb. Ann., 34, 218, 1840. 17, Id., ibid., 51, 126, 1844. 18, Church, Ch. News. 10, 217, 1864. 19, Bergemann, Pogg., 104, 190, 1858. 20, 21, Schrauf, 1. c. 22, , 1. c.
1. Dihydrite.
1. Nizhni Tagilsk
2. Rheinbreitenbach
G. P-.O. CuO H3O
4'4 25-30 68-21 6'49 100
24-70 68-20 5'97 98'87
4-309 23-86 69-25 6'76 FeO 0 19 100-Q6
2. Ehlite.
4. Libethen
5. Ehl
6. "
7. "
8. Cornwall
9. Nizhni Tagilsk
11. Prasine
12. Cornwall
15. Ehl, throw
3-911-4-23
3. Pseudomalachite.
16. Hirschberg
17. Rheiubreitenbach
18. Libethen
19. Ehl
20. Nizhni Tagilsk 4'175 31. Libethen 4156 22. Hirschberg, Kupferdiaspore
24-55 67-25 8'20 100
23-00 67-98 9'02 100
24-93 65-99 9'06 99'98
17-89 64-09 8-90 V2O6 7 34 99'22
22-73 68-13 8'51 quartz 0'48 99'85
23-75 68-75 7'50 100
23-45 68-05 8'94 100'44
23-45 64-76 8'63 As2O6 1'49, SiO2 0 96, A1,O, 1'03, [H2O (hygr.) 0'41 100'7a
20-38 66-29 8'25 As2O5 2'42, Fe3Os 1'42 98'76
23-73 66-84 9'26 As2O5 tr. 99'83
[23-96] 66-88 9'16 As2O6 tr. 100
22-07 66-97 7'59 FeO 0'30, SiO2 3'01 99'94
[20-87] 71-73 7-40 100
21-52 68-74 8 '64 98-90
19-63 71-16 8-82 99'61
19-89 69.97 8-21 As2O6 1'78 99'85
23-23 69-02 8-09 100'34
22-16 69-11 8 02 FeO 0'22, SiOa O'll 99'62
24-13 69-61 [6-26]= 100
The relations of these phosphates of copper have been studied by Schrauf (Zs. Kr., 4, 1879, 8, 231, 1883). He embraces the whole group under the name Lunnite. For the crystalline varieties, which he makes pseudo-monoclinic (triclinic), with G. 4-4, and corresponding mostly to CusPuHiOn, he uses the name dihydrite (D); they show no loss at 200°. The names ehlite (E) and phosphorocalcite (P) he gives to the compounds Cu6P2H6Ois and CusPaHgO, respectively, and he regards the three as entering in varying proportions to form the different massive varieties; the latter have a lower specific gravity, and lose water on ignition at 200°.
According to Schrauf s view, anal. 3 corresponds to a molecular mixture of 3D -4- IP; 15, after deducting 8'8 p. c, chrysocolla, to simply "dihydrite;" 20 to D -4- E -f- P; 21 to 4P -f- 2E -f- D; where the letters D, E, P have the values explained above. The value of this
Clinoclasite.
complex hypothesis, especially in view of the uncertain homogeneity of much of the material analyzed, seems doubtful.
All these compounds are embraced, in the 5th Edition, under the name pseudo-malachite of Hausmanu, which is the earliest of the names of this species, and is as short and as good as the later Phosphorochalcite of Glocker. Lunnite was substituted by Bernhardi, and has been used in some recent works, also by Schrauf (1879). But Luun's one analysis (see_below) was not made until 1821, and gives a different composition from that since obtained.
Fyr. — Like 1-ibetheuite.
Obs. — Occurs in veins traversing slate at Virueberg, near Rheinbreitenbach, and at Ehl, near Linz, on the Rhine, along with other copper ores; at Hirschberg in Voigtland; Libetheu in Hungary; Kreuzberg in Bohemia; Nizhni Tagilsk in the Ural. Also in Cornwall, in minute globular concretions. Also met with in the Perkiomen mine, Pa. ; in Cabarras Co., N. C.
The phosphates of copper were included in the olivenerz and malachite of the mineralogists of last century, cf. p. 785.
A hydrous cupric phosphate from Phillipsburg, Montana, gave Pearce: PaO6 SO'10, CuO 62-56, H..O [17-34] 100. Proc. Col. Sc. Soc., 1, 119, 1884.
Rev. F. Lunn obtained for an ore from Rheinbreitenbach (Ed. Phil. J., 5, 211, 1821): PaO5 21-69, CuO 62-85, H2O 15-45 99'99, giving the formula 5CuO.2P2O.5H2O. But no later analyst has found as much water. Beudaut cites this analysis under his ypoleime.
571. CLINOCLASITE. Strahliges Olivenerz Karat., Klapr., N. Schrift. Berl. Ges. Fr., 3, 298, 1801. Cupreous Arsenate of Iron Bourn., Phil. Trans., 1801 (with anal, by Chenevix). Strahlenerz Karsten, Tab., 64, 97. 1808. Cuivre arseniate ferrifeTe H., Tabl., 91, 1809. Strah- lenkupfer Hausm., Handb., 1050, 1813. Strahlerz Wern. Klinoklas BreitJi., Uib., 1830. Siderochalcit Glocker, Grundr., 840, 1831. Aphanese Beud., Tr., 2, 602, 1832. Aphanesite 8hep., Min., 1835. Abichit Bernhardi, Glocker's Grundr., 579, 1839.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 1-9069 : 1 : 3-8507; ft - *80° 30' 001 A 100 Phillips'.
100 A HO 62° 0', 001 A 101 56° 12', 001 A Oil 75° 15'.
Forms1 : a (100, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, J); r (101, - 1-i), s (302, |4), p (113, t (111, 1)'.
mm"' 124° mm' *56° ar 24° 18'
a *80° 30' cm 85° 33' cp 58° 7*'
ct 81° 10' pp' 97° 32'
it' 122° 7' m's 63° 39'
Crystals prismatic (in)', also elongated 5; sometimes in acute forms, rhombo- hedral in aspect (f. 2). Faces rounded or uneven. Often grouped in nearly
parallel position and further inclined both in the direction of the axes 6 5 and 6 a, yielding finally spherical forms bounded by the curving basal faces. Also massive, hemispherical, or reniform; structure radiated fibrous.
Fig. 1, Cornwall, after Phillips. 2-4, Utah. 3, 4, Washington.
Cleavage: c highly perfect. Brittle. H. 2-5-3. G. 4-19-4-36; 4*36, 4*38 Utah. Luster: c pearly; elsewhere vitreous to resinous. Color internally dark verdigris-green; externally blackish blue-green. Streak bluish green. Sub- transparent to translucent.
796 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bx inclined about 90° to a. Dispersion p v very large, inclined small. Axial angles somewhat variable, Dx.c.
(1) 211.. 81° 56' .-. 2Er 134° 36' (2) 2Ha.gr 84° 12' .-. 2ff 141° 14'
(1) 2H..bl 83° 42' .'. 2Ebl 160° 52' (2) 2H.bl 86° 42' .'. in air total reflection.
Comp.— CUjAsOg.SCuH), or 6CuO.As,06.3H,0 Arsenic pentoxide 30-3, cupric oxide 62'6, water 7*1 100.
Anal.— 1, Rg.( Min. Ch., 378, 1860. 2, Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 13,412, 1845. 3, Pearce, Proc. Col. Soc., 2, 134, 1886. 4, Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 35, 303, 1888.
As,O6 P2O, CuO HaO Fe3O, I.Cornwall G. 4'26-4'36 29-71 0'64 60'00 7'64 0'89 CaO 0'50, SiO, M2 100
2. " G. 4-312 27-08 1'50 62'80 7'57 0'49 99-44
3. Utah G. 4-36 29-10 — 61-45 7'29 tr. 97'84
4. " G. =4-38 |29'59 0'05 62'44 7'72 012 ZnO 0'05, SiO, 0'06 100'03
Pyr., etc. — Same as for olivenite.
Obs. — Occurs in Cornwall, with other ores of copper, at Tiiig Tang mine, Wheal Unity, and Wheal Gorland, and at Bedford United Mines, near Tavistock. The crystals usually present a very dark blue color and brilliant luster, but are rarely recognizable, being aggregated in diverging groups, or disposed in extremely minute individuals, in cavities of quartz; whence the name aphanesite, from ix<f>avjfS, unmanifest. Also found (about 1825) with chalcophyllite at mines now abandoned near Saida in Saxony.
In Utah, Tintic district, at the Mammoth mine, in fine crystallizations, with other copper and iron arsenates associated with enargite.
Named Clinoelasite in allusion to the basal cleavage being oblique to the sides of the prism.
Ref.— ' Min., 331. 1837; cf. Dx., Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 419, 1845; Schrauf, Atlas, xx. 1 H. S. Washington, Utah, Am. J. Sc., 35, 303, 1888.
572. CHONDRARSENITE. Kondroarsenit Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 22, 3, 1865.
In small embedded grains.
Brittle. Fracture conchoidal. H. 3. Color yellow to reddish yellow. Translucent. Biaxial; optically — . Ax. angle large, Btd.1
Comp. — Perhaps MnsAs2O8.3Mn(OH)2 or 6MnO.As2O5.3HaO Arsenic pentoxide 32'5, manganese protoxide 59'9, water 7'6 100.
The analysis gives about molecule more water than the above formula demands, and the mineral obviously needs further examination.
Anal. — Igelstr&m, 1. c.
AsaO6 33-50 MuO 51'59 MgO 2'05 CaO 4'86 HaO 7'00 COa tr. 99 00
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in tube decrepitates, blackens, and gives neutral water. On charcoal easily fusible to a black bead, not magnetic; in the inner flame gives arsenical fumes. With borax gives manganese reaction. Easily and completely soluble in dilute hydrochloric and nitric acids.
Obs. — Occurs in the Pajsberg mines, Wermland, Sweden, in veins of barite intersecting hausmannite.
Named from its similarity in occurrence, color, and transparency to chondrodite, while differing from it in being an arsenate.
Ref.—1 Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 374, 1885.
XANTHARSENITE. Xanthoarsenite L. J. Igelstrom, Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 237, 1884.
In grains and massive; optically biaxial (Btd.). Fragile. Color sulphur-yellow. Opti- cally biaxial, +? Btd.
Near chondarsenite, but contains more water. Composition perhaps essentially 5MnO.AsaO. 5HaO Arsenic peutoxide 34'1, manganese protoxide 52'5, water 13'4 100. Needs further examination. Anal — Igelstrom.
AsaO6(SbaO5a) MnO FeO MgO CaO HaO
33-26 43-60 3'11 6'08 1'93 12-03 100
a Perhaps 3 p. c.
Occurs with hausmannite, also with hematite and magnetite in crystalline limestone at the 8j5 mine, parish of Grythytte, Orebro, Sweden.
Dufrenite.
573. DUFRENITE. Strahlstein (var.) Jordan, Min., etc., Reisebem., 243, 1803. Griin- eisenstein (strahlicher) Ullmann, Syst. Tab. Uebers., 152, 319, 1814. Faseriche Griin-Eisenerde W. Dufreiiite Srongn., Tabl., 20, 1833. Green Iron Ore. Kraurit Breith., Handb., 152, 1841.
Orthorhombic. Axes (approx.) & : b : 6 0-8734 : 1 : 0-4262 Streng1. 100 A HO 41° 8', 001 A 101 26° Of, 001 A Oil 23°_5
Forms1 : a (100, i-l), b (010, i4)\ m (110, 7), I (120, j-2)?; e (Oil, 14). Angles: mm'" *82° 16', ee' *46° 10', II' 59* 35'.
Crystals rare, small and indistinct in consequence of grouping; e much; rounded, a, b vertically striated. Usually massive, in nodules; radiated fibrous with, drusy surface.
Cleavage: a, probably also i,but indistinct. H. 3'5-4. G. 3 '2-3-4; 3'227 Dufr. Luster silky, weak. Color dull leek-green, olive-green, or blackish green; alters on exposure to yellow and brown. Streak siskin-green. Subtranslucent to nearly opaque. Strongly pleochroic.
Comp. — Doubtful; in part (anal. 1, 2) corresponds to FeP04.Fe(OH)s 2Fe203.P!106.3H.10 Phosphorus pentoxide 27-5, iron sesquioxide 62-0, water 10-5 100. Other analyses give somewhat different results.
The crystallized mineral of Waldgirmes corresponds nearly to 3FePO4.2Fe(OH)3 or 5Fe2O3.3P2O6.6H2O — Phosphorus pentoxide 33'2, iron sesquioxide 58'4, water 8-4 100. Ferrous iron is present only in small amount.
Further, some analyses show ferrous iron, and perhaps these kinds do not belong here. Anal. 8 gives FeO.3Fe2O3.2P2O6.6H2O (cf. chalcosiderite).
Anal.— 1, Karsten [Arch., 15, 243], Rg., 329, 1860. 2, Diesterweg, B. H. Ztg., 22, 257,, 1863. 3, Deichsel, Rg., Min. Ch., 316, 1875. 4, 5, Boricky, Ber. Ak. Wien, 56 (1), 6, 1867. 6, Streng, Jb. Min., 1, 110, 1881. 7, E. Kinch and Butler, Min. Mag., 7, 65, 1886 8, E. Kinch,. ibid., 8, 112, 1888. 9, Schnabel, Rg., Min. Ch., 829. 1860. 10, Kurlbaurn, Am. J. Sc., 23, 423, 1857. 11, Massie, Ch. News, 42, 181, 1880. 12, Campbell, Am. J. Sc., 22, 65, 1881. Also 5th Ed., p. 583.
For a discussion of the composition, see Church, Ch. News, 10, 157, 1864, Streng, 1. c., and Kinch, 1. c.
G.
1. Siegen, dark green
4. St. Benigna, dark green
5. ' ' light green
6. Waldgirmes, crystals
7. East Cornwall, crystals
8. Wh. Phosnix, Corn., botr.
9. Siegen, dark green
10. Allentown, N.J., "
11. Rockbridge Co., Va.
P,05
Fe2O3
FeO
H2O
—
tr.
tr.
—
6-30a
[0-40,
. Incl.
0-24 MnO.
99-73 100-88 98-55 99-20 99-06 101-58
CuO 0-96, CaO 1-61 99-50 A12OS 0-87, CaO 1-69, MgO 100-99 [0-17 99-54
SiO2 0-72 101-33 MgO 2-16, A12O3 0-29, SiO, [0-20 99-85
A12O3 0-21, CaO 1-12, MnO MgO 0-76, insol. 012 99'89
Pyr., etc. — Same as for vivianite, but less water is given out in the closed tube. B.B. fuses easily to a slag.
Obs. — Occurs near Anglar, Dept. of Haute Vienne, and at Hirschberg in Westphalia (the localities of the specimens, according to Dufrenoy, originally named dufrenite); at Rochefort-en- Terre, Morbihau, France; Eiserfeld near Siegen. From the Rothlaufchen miue near Waldgirmes; St. Beuigua, Bohemia; East Cornwall, in crystals resembling those described by Streng (Miers); also in botryoidal form at Wheal Phrenix.
In the U. States, at Allentown, N. J., as a fibrous leek-green coating, sometimes half an inch thick, in the Green Sand formation; it changes to brown in altering to limonite. In Rockbridge Co., Va., in radiated coarsely fibrous masses of a dark greenish brown color, forming an irregular bed of about 10 inches in depth, underlying limonite.
Named after the French mineralogist, P. A. Dufrenoy (1792-1857). Kraurite is from. Kpnvpof, harsh, dry.
Ref.— ' Jb. Min., 1, 110, 1881.
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc..
574. LAZULITE. Himmelblau Fossil von Steiermark [Styria] Widenmann, Bergm. J., 346, Ap. 1791; Smalteblaue F. von Vorau, Schrift. Ges. N. Berlin, 9, 352, 1791; Natilrliche Smalt; Berlinerblau, Eisenblau Vivianite]; Bergblau Chrysocolla]; Unachter Lasurstein False Lapis-Lazuli], Stiitz, Einricht. Nat. Wien. 49, 1793; Lazulit Kieselerde Tlionerde + Eisenerde, Klapr., Schrift. Ges. N. Berl., 10, 90, 1792, Beitr., 1, 197, 1795 Dichter blauer Feldspath (fr. Krieglach, Styria) Klapr., Beitr., 1, 14, 1795; Lazulith Klapr., Beitr., 4, 279, 1807. Blue Spar, Blue Feldspar. Wahrscheinlich n. Foss. aus d. Salzburgischen, Siderit, v. Moll, Jabrb. B. H., 4, 71, 1799 (with bad anal, by Heim); Mollit Haberle, Haudb., 1804; Lazulith Mohs, Null Kab., 1, 427, 1804. Blauspath Wern. Voraulite Delameth., Miu., 1812. Azurite Jameson, Min., 1, 341, 1816. Phosphorsaure Thouerde, etc., Fuchs, . J , 24, 373 1818. KlaprothiteJfewd., Tr., 464, 1824; Klaprothiue id., 2, 576, 1832.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-97496 : 1 : 1-6483; ft 89° 13f 001 A 100 Priifer1.
100 A 110 44° 16f, 001 A 101 - 58° 49f , 001 A Oil 58° 45f .
Forms1 :
a (100, i-l) tw. pi. b (010, M) (001, 0)
m (110, /)
y (103, - t (101, -
5 (101, 14)
u (012, i-1) d (Oil, 1-i)
x (113, - i) (112, - i) p(lll, -1) r (221, - 2)
v (113, fl e (111, 1) q (212, - 1-2)
Figs. 1-3, Georgia. 4, after Prtifer.
mm
cy
at
cs
ts
uu'
88° 32J' 29° 13' 30° 24' 59° 58' 118° 47i' 78° 59'
dd' 117° 30' 37° 59i' 49° 25' 66° 34f
89° 27' 38° 25'
ex ez cp cm —
cv
ce
cq,, pe
xx'
zz
67° 81' 61° 28' 45° 54f 50° 54' 64° 2'
pp' *79° 40'
w' 51° 25' ee' *80° 20' qq' 45° 17' ap 48° 3H' pe *82° 30'
Twins: (1) tw. pi. a, or tw. axis 6', (2) 223, rare. Crystals usually acute pyramidal in habit; also flattened (f. 3) by extension of one pair of pyramidal planes. Also massive, granular to compact.
Cleavage: prismatic, indistinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. — 5-6. G. 3-057 Fuchs; 3-067-3-121 Priifer; 3-122 Smith and Brush. Luster vitreous. Color azure-blue; commonly a fine deep blue viewed along one axis, and a pale greenish blue along another. Streak white. Subtranslncent to opaque.
Pleochroism strong in colored varieties: t and b azure-blue, a colorless. Optically — . Ax. pi. fb. Bx? A t 9° 20' approx. Dispersion p v (in oil) small, p v (in air) distinct; inclined, small. Axial angles, Dx.':
(1) 2HaT 77° 16' .-. 2Er 132° 29' (2) 2Ha.r 78° 36' .'. 2Er 186° 25'
(1) 2H,.bl 77° 11' .-. 2Ebl 134° 25' (2) 2H8.bl 78° 22' .'. 2EW 138° 4'
Also Bx. A c 9° 45' 2Er 110° Lex.*
Indices, Brazil a 1'603 ft- 1-632 =1-639 Levy-Lex.6
Comp.-RAl1(OH)aP,08or2AlP04.(Fe,Mg)(OH), (I
Ta Vistockite—Cirrolite.
with Fe : Mg(Ca) 1 : 12, 1 : 6, 1 : 2, 2 : 3 (Rg.). For 1 : 2 the formula requires: Phosphorus pentoxide 45'4, alumina 32*6, iron protoxide 7'7, magnesia 8*5, water 5-8 100.
Anal.— 1, Fuchs, . JM 24, 373, 1818. 2, Rg., Min. Ch. Erg., 148, 1886. 3, Igel- strOm, J. pr. Ch., 64, 253, 1855. 4, Blomstrand, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 25, 2011868. 5, Smith and Brush, Am. J. Sc., 16, 370, 1853. 6, Gamper, Jb. G. Reichs., 29, 611, 1878. 7, Hoffmann, Geol. Canada, 1879-80. Also 5th Ed., p. 573.
P,O, A1,O, FeO MgO CaO H,O
G.
1. Radelgraben 3'057
2. Fischbacher Alp
3. HorrsjOberg 2'78(?)
4. WestanS,
5. Sinclair Co., N.C. 3-122
6. Zermatt
7. Keewatin, Canada 3-045
From 7, 3 p. c. SiOa, and from 8, 3 '8 p. c. SiO3 deducted.
10-04 —
8-89 —
tr.
6-06 SiO-2-10 9768 6-40 99-97
5-30 MnO tr. =99-81 [100-36 5-72 MnO 018, CuO 010 5-59 SiO, 1-07 100-33 5-77 100
46-39 29-14 2'09 13'84 2'83 6'47 100'76
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube whitens and yields water. B.B. with cobalt solution the blue color of the mineral is restored. In the forceps whitens, cracks open, swells up, and without fusion falls to pieces, coloring the flame bluish green. The green color is made more intense by moistening the assay with sulphuric acid. With the fluxes gives an iron glass; with soda on charcoal an infusible mass. Unacted upon by acids, retaining perfectly its blue color.
Obs. — Occurs both massive and crystallized in narrow veins, traversing clay slate, in the torrent beds of Schladmiug and Radelgraben, near Werfen in Salzburg, with siderite; in Graz, near Vorau; Krieglach, in Styria; at Hochthaligrat, at the Gorner Glacier, Rympflschwang, Upper Valais, Switzerland; also in veins or pockets in quartzyte, in Horrsjoberg, Wermland, Sweden massive and granular, sometimes in 8-sided crystals 6 inches long and 2 inches in diam- eter; in the iron mine of Westana, in Scania, Sweden, massive, of a dark azure color; also at Tijuco in Minas Geraes, Brazil. At Gulabgarh, India (La Touche, Rec. G. Surv., 23, 59, 1890).
Abundant with corundum at Crowder's Mt., Gaston Co., N. C. ; and in fine sky-blue crystals, often 1-1± inch long and broad, on Graves Mt., Lincoln Co., Ga., 50 m. above Augusta, with cyanite, rutile, pyrophyllite, etc. In Keewatin, Canada, near the mouth of the Churchill river.
The name lazulite is derived from an Arabic word, azul, meaning heaven, and alludes to the color of the mineral.
Ref.— ' Hatd , Nat. Abhandl. Wien, 1, 169, 1847. 9 Gamper, Krieglach, Vh. G. Reichs., 118, 1877. Dx., N. R., 142, 1867. Lasaulx, Zs. Kr., 9, 424, 1884. Levy-Lex., Min. Roches, 229, 1888.
675. TAVISTOCKITE. Hydrated Calctum-aluminic Phosphate (?) A. H. Church, J. Ch. Soc., 18, 263, 1865. Tavistockite Dana, Min., 582, 1868.
In microscopic acicular crystals, sometimes aggregated in irregular stellate groups, constituting a white pearly powder.
Fragile. Luster pearly. Color white. Transparent to translucent.
Comp.— Ca3Pa03.2Al(OH), or 3CaO.AlaO,.P,0§.3HaO Phosphorus pentoxide 30-5, alumina 21 -9, lime 36'0, water 11'6 100. Anal.— Church, 1. c.
P,Os 30-36
A1,O, 22-40
CaO 36-27
H,O 12-00 101-03
Pyr., etc.— B.B. becomes opaque. With cobalt nitrate gives a blue color. Difficultly soluble in acids.
Obs.— Occurs at Tavistock, Devonshire, in cavities with quartz crystals, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and chtldrenite.
676. OIRROLITB. Kirrolith C. W. Blomstrand, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 26, 202, 1868.
Compact, without a trace of cleavage. H. 5-6. G. 3-08. Color pale yellow.
Comp.— Perhaps CasAl(POJ3.Al(OH)3 or 6Ca0.2Al,0,.3Pa06.3H,0 Phos- phorus pentoxide 41-8, alumina 20'0, lime 32-9, water 5'3 100.
Anal.— Blomstrand, 1. c., after removal of 4'60 not dissolved in the acid solution, of which 8'17 was silica.
P,0,
A1.0.
FeO
MnO
PbO Oil
MgO
CaO
H,O
5-06 99-61
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses very easily to a white enamel. With soda a manganese reaction. Decomposed on digestion in fine powder in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs at the iron mine at Westana, in Scania, Sweden. Named from KippoS, pale yellow.
577. AR8ENIO9IDERITE. Arseniosiderite Dufr., Ann. Mines, 2, 343, 1842, C. R., 16, 22, 1843. Arsenokrokit, Arsenocrocites, Glocker, Syn., 226. 1847.
Tetragonal or hexagonal? Optically uniaxial, negative, Lex.1 In fibrous con- cretions resembling cucoxenite; the fibers large and easily separable between the fingers.
H. 1-2. G. 3-520 Dufr.; 3-88 Kg. Luster silky. Color yellowish brown and somewhat golden. Pleochroic. Powder yellowish brown, rather deeper in color than that of yellow ocher.
Comp.— Ca.FeCAsOJ.-SFeOH), or 6Ca0.4Fe,0,.3As,06.9H,0 Arsenic pent- oxide 37 '8, iron sesquioxide 35-0, lime 18*3, water 8-9 100.
Anal.— 1, Dufrenoy, 1. c., recalc. 2, 3, Rg., Pogg., 68, 508, 1846. 4, Church, J. Ch. Soc., 26, 102, 1873.
9-11 100-01
8-66 100
9-36 100
7-87 MgO 0-18, K,0 0'47 99*68
G.
Fe,0,
CaO
1. Romaneche
44-38*
a.
[39-16]
f 39-86
Incl. 1-35 Mn,O,.
Pyr., etc. — Like scorodite.
Obs.— Occurs in a manganese bed at Roman6che, near Mficon, Department of Saone-et- Loire, France; also at Schneeberg, Saxony, with erythrite and roselite.
Named from arsenic and (TtStfpof, iron. Changed to arsenocrociie (fr. Kpotctf, fiber) by Glocker, because of a previous use of arsenosiderite (see p. 96).
Ref.— Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 3, 1886.
678. ALLAOTITB. Allaktit A. Sjogren, G. For. ., 7, 109, 1884; Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 4,1, No. 8, 29, 1884.
Monoclinic. Axes a : i : 6 0-61278 : 1 : 0-33385; ft 84° 16f' 100A001 H. Sjogren1.
100 A HO 31° 22}', °01 A 101 27° 12f, 001 A Oil 18° 22£'.
Forms1: g (910, t-9)
a (100, i-'i) k (310, -3)
b (010, 4) I (210, t-2)
/ (320, -J)
Also numerous vicinal planes in the prismatic zone.
o (340, *-f) r (150, *-5)
e (101, - 1-i) p (504, - |-i) h (101, 1-i)
kk" 22° 59'
Ii'" 33° 54V
ff"' 44° 14V
ff ' - *135° 45V
mm"' 62° 45'
oo' 101° 47'
rr' 36° 19'
ae *57° 4'
cp 32° 24'
ah *65° 54'
ch 57° 2'
Cm 31° 5V
(111, - 1) d (141, - 4-4)
cd 53° 42'
an 58° 26'
W' 31° 18'
u" 70° 1'
dd' 96° 31'
ef 59° 45f
Crystals small, prismatic, often tabular vertically striated. Resembles axinite.
Cleavage: e (101) distinct, a less so. Fracture uneven, splintery. H. 4-5. G. 3-83-3-85. Luster vitreous,
on the fracture greasy. Color brownish red. Streak brownish gray. Transparent. Strongly pleochroic, hyacinth-red to olive-green.
Stnadelphite.
Optically — . Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. in acute angle of axes d<J. Uxr.yiu plane b. Bxr.y A t - 49° 12'. b. Axial angles, Km-.1
11° 36' CuSO. 2V..y T 34'
2H..r 13° 22'
Also flt 1-778
2H..y 9° 12' Na
2H.
2H8.gr 0° Tl ft, 1-786 H. Sj. and .'. 2V.., 10° IS'
Comp.— Mn,As,08.4Mn(OH)a or 7MnO. As,0..4H,0 Arsenic pentoxide 28'8>
manganese protoxide 62 "2, water 9 -0 100.
Anal.— 1, A. Sjogren, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 41, No. 3, 29, 1884; other analyses gave like results. 2, LundstrOm, ibid. 3, A. Sjogren, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 44, 109, 1887. 4, Lundstr5m, ibid.
1. Nordmark
3. Langban
AsaOs
MnO FeO
CaO
MgO
H,O
62-19 —
tr.
62-08 0-24
—
58-86 0-25
9'02
Pyr. — B.B. nearly infusible, reactions for arsenic a black at a low red heat. Easily soluble in acids.
Obs. — Found with other manganese arsenates, wit fluorite, etc., in druses in a manganiferous dolomite at tl at Langban with manganiferous barite (2 p. c. Mm)).\
Named from a'AAoirrezv, to change, in allusiota to its strong pleochroism.
Ref.— G. For. FOrh., 7, 220, 1884, Zs. Kr.i l6, 114, 1885. 3 Knr., Zs. Kr., 10, 83, 1884,
Loses water and becomes
magnetite, hausmannke, pyrochroite, Moss mine, Nordmark, Sweden. Also
579. SYNADBLPHITB. Synadelphit
and H. Sjogren, G. For. FOrh., 7, 235, 382r : 1:0-9192; ft 90° 001 A 100
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : H. Sjogren1.
100 A HO 40° 38f, OOJkA Ifel 46° 58', 001 A Oil 42° 35|'.
A (786, - |-4), g (786, H)-
uu' 75° 41' oo' - 60° 27' at 61° 50' 56° 20V
jT W 31' ff" 109° 22' ff" *64° 12' KK 76s 37'
hh" 120° 31'
hJi'" 74° 53'
ui 73° 10'
oi 76° 15'
if 36° 41' of 39° 84'
& 43° 7'
The form shows some resemblance to that of lazulite and liroconite, cf. SjOgren.
Crystals prismatic with u, o, vertically striated, also pyramidal with f (111) largely developed. Also in embedded grains.
Cleavage not observed. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Brittle. H. — 4 '5. G. 3'45- 3'50. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color brown- ish black to black. Feebly pleochroic. Nearly opaque. Optically +. Ax. pi. b and inclined 45° to 6. Bxa b. Ax. angle small.
Comp. - - 2(Al,Mn)As04.5Mn(OH),. If Mn(Fe) : Al 2 : 1, this requires: Arsenic pent- oxide 28-3, alumina 4'2, manganese sesquioxide Synadelphite, SiSgren. 12'9, manganese protoxide 43*5, water 11'1 100. Calcium and magnesium are also present in small amount.
Anal.— A. Sj5gren. Zs. Kr., 10, 146, 1885.
AlaO,
FeaO3
MnaO3
MnO
CaO
MgO
H,O
11-39 101-54
Pyr. — Fuses easily on charcoal to a black slntrgy bead: with soda gives
802 Phosphates, Absenates, Etc.
reacts for manganese. Gives off water in the closed tube aud becomes black. Dissolves readily jn acids, giving off chlorine when warmed with hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— Occurs in a porous manganiferous limestone, often on barite, at the Moss mine, Nord- mark, Sweden.
Named from avv, with, a<5eA0d?, brother, because intimately associated with other related species.
Ref. — ' Zs. Kr., 10, 143, 1885 ; the and — signs attached to the planes are given provi- sionally, as the direction of obliquity is not fixed. Cf. Hamberg, G. For. Forh., 11, 222, 1889.
580. FLINKITE. A. Hamberg, G. F5r. Forh., 11, 212, 1889.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-41306 : 1 : 0-73862 Hamberg1. 100 A HO 22° 26f, 001 A 101 60° 47', 001 A Oil 36° 27'.
Forms: c (001, 0), b (010, m (110, /); e (101, 1-i), (111, 1). Also doubtful (01 '10, Ml), n (014, H), n (027, f 4).
Angles: mm'" 44° 53, ee' 121° 34', ck *62° 40', kkf 110° 23', kK" 39° 39', bk *70° 104', W 10° 28', en 11° 55'.
In minute crystals, thin tabular c; faces c often striated a, also in, k, e sometimes vertically striated. Crystals grouped in feather-like aggregates.
Brittle. H. 4-4 '5. G. 3'87. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color greenish brown. Transparent. Strongly pleochroic: c a) orange-brown, a b) yel- lowish to brownish green, b c) yellowish green. Optically -f Ax. pi. c. Bx 100. Axial angle large; dispersion probably p v.
Comp.— MnAs04.2Mn(OH)2 or 4MnO.Mn203.As206.4H20 Arsenic pentoxide 30'5, manganese sesquioxide 22 -3, manganese protoxide 37-6, water 9'6 — 100.
The composition is near that of synadelphite, and there is some resemblance in form, but, as shown by Hamberg, they can hardly be united. Anal. — Hamberg, on 0'05 gr.
AsaOB SbaOB MnaO, FeaO8 MnO MgO CaO HaO
29-1 2-5 20-2 1-5* 35'8 1'7 0'4 9'9 101 -1
a Also AlaOa?.
Pyr., etc. — Same as synadelphite.
Obs. — Occurs with caryopilite and sarkinite at the Harstig mine near Pajsberg, Sweden.
Named after the Swedish mineralogist, Gustav Flink.
681. HEMATOLITE. Aimatolith L. J. Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 41, No. 4, 85, 1884, G. For. F6rh., 7, 211, 1884. Hamatolith. Diadelphit H. Sjogren, G. For. Forh., 7, 233, 369, 1884, Zs. Kr., 10, 130, 1885.
Khombohedral. Axis 6 0'8885; 0001 A 1011 *45°44' H. Sjogren1. Forms'2 : c (0001, 0); q (3034, f ), r (1011, S), s (2021, 2), t (7073, f)2. Angles: eg 37° 35', cr 45° 44', cs 64° 1 , qq 63° 45f , rr 76° 39', ss' 102° 15'.
Habit rhombohedral; r striated horizontally.
Cleavage: c perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3'5. G. 3 -30 3 '40. Luster vitreous to greasy, on cleavage face metal- loidal. Color brownish red, garnet-red, becoming black on the surface. Streak bright chocolate-brown. Trans- lucent when fresh.
Optically megative. Refractive indices: cyr 1'723, GL>V 1-740 Sj. Exhibits striking optical anomalies, sometimes biaxial with small axial angle3.
Comp. — According to Sjugreu,(Al,Mn)As04.4Mn(OH)1.
The manganese protoxide is in part replaced by magnesia. The percentage com- position (Sj., calc.) is: Arsenic pentoxide 22'6, alumina 7'6, iron sesquioxide 1'2, manganese protoxide 48 '9, magnesia 5'5, water 14'2 100.
Arseniopleite—Manganostibiite. 803
Anal.— 1, C. H. Lundstrom, Zs. Kr., 10, 142, 1885. 2, A. Sjogren, ibid.
AsaO6 AlaO3 Fe2O3 MnO CaO MgO HaO
1. 21-55 6'39 I'Ol 4686 0'66 6'66 13-93 insol. 0'64 — 97'70
2. 22-54 8-61 50'98 0'71 5'38 14 02_=Jl02'24
Igelstrom's analysis gave: AsaO5 25-70, MnO 34'55, FeO 13-05, MgO 8'10, CaO 2'52, HaO 16-08 100.
H. Sjogren argues that the manganese is chiefly present as sesquioxide.
Pyr. — B. B. does uot fuse; gives off water and becomes black, on strong ignition becomes browu (Mu3O4). On charcoal gives arsenical fumes, and with soda a manganese reaction. Easily soluble iu acids.
Obs. — Occurs in crystals lining cavities in a manganiferous limestone with magnetite,, jakobsite, and fluorite at the Moss mine in Nordrnark, Sweden.
Named from a'ijua, blood, iu allusion to its color; diadelphite from 6iS-, twice, and d8eX<f)6sy brother, because of its close association with allactite. The former name has the priority.
Ref.— ' L. c. Lorenzeu, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 41, No. 4, 95, 1884. 3. See Btd., Bull. Soc, Min., 7, 124, 1884, who refers it to the monoclinic system, also Loreuzen and H. Sj.
582. ARSENIOPLEITE. Igelstrom, Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 209, 1888, Jb. Min., 2, 117,.
Massive, cleavable (rhombohedral ?). Optically uniaxial, positive. Color broAvnish red. Streak yellowish brown. Opaque in the mass. Transparent and blood-red in thin section.
Comp.— Perhaps R,R2(OH)6(As04)8 or R3R(As04)3.fR(OH), or 9RO.RaO,.
3Asa06.3H20. R Mn,Ca, also Pb,Mg; R Mn, also Fe. Anal.— Igelstrom, 1. c.
AsaO6 SbaO6 Fe2O, MnO PbO CaO MgO HaO
44-98 tr. 3-68 28-25* 4'48 8'11 310 5'67 Cl tr. - 98'27
a Regarded as MnsOs 7'80, MnO 21-25.
It is believed that the manganese is present in part as sesquioxide, and the relation Mn 5O, 7"80, MnO 21425 is suggested, but this is assumed somewhat arbitrarily and needs confirmation.
Pyr. — Decrepitates and on charcoal fuses B.B. easily, leaving a black slag, giving arsenical fumes, and a trace of a lead sublimate. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs at the Sjo mine, Grythytte parish, Sweden, with rhodonite iu crystalline lime- stone; it forms thin veins or nodules.
Named irregularly from the Latin arsenicum and Greek itXeiov, more, because it adds ta the number of related minerals already described.
PLEURASITE L. J. Igelstrom, G. For. Forh., 11,391, 1889; Jb. Min., 1, 253, 1890.
In masses of a bluish black color and opaque. H. 4. Fracture conchoidal. Luster sub- metallic. Color bluish black, and streak 'black with a faint tinge of red. Opaque. Contains arsenic, a little antimony, manganese and iron protoxide, water; not analyzed. Occurs at the Sj5 mine, Grythytte parish, Orebro, Sweden. It form bands, 1 cm. or less in thickness, on the side of arseniopleite, and is hence named from nkevpa, side.
583. MANGANOSTIBIITE. L. J. Igelstrom, G. F6r. Forh., 7, 210, 1884; Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 120, 1884. Hamatostibiite Id., ibid., 8, 143, 1886. Hematostibiite.
In embedded grains; orthorhombic?. Compact.
Color black. Streak brownish. Opaque.
Var. — The above characters apply to manganostibiite. Hematostibiite is blood-red in thin splinters. Optically — . Bx cleavage. Ax. angle small. Pleochroic.
Comp. — Highly basic manganese autimonates. For manganostibiite the formula 10MnO.SbaO§ is suggested; for hematostibiite, 8MnO.SbaO6 or 9MnO.SbaO6. Arsenic may replace part of the antimony, and iron, etc., the manganese.
Anal.— 1, 2, Igelstrom, 1. c.
SbaOs AsaO5 MnO FeO CaO ' MgO
1. Manganostibiite 24'09 7'44 55'77 5'00 4"62 3'00 99'92
2. Hematostibiite 37'2 — 51 -7 9'5 1'6 100
804 Phosphates, Absenates, Etc.
Pyr. — B.B. does not fuse, but gives an antimony coating on charcoal; with soda reacts for manganese. Dissolves completely in hydrochloric acid; with nitric acid gives a clouded solution.
Obs. — Manganpstibiite occurs at Nordmark, Sweden, in crystalline manganesian limestone with other mangauiferous minerals, as hausmannite, pyrochroite, allactite.
Hematostibiite is found at the Sj5 mine, Grythytte parish, Orebro, Sweden, filling veins with calcite, also tephroite.
The following are other antimonates containing manganese, but imperfectly investigated and of doubtful relations :
FERROSTIBIAN L. J. Igelstrom, G. For. F5rh., 11, 389, 1889; Jb. Miu., 1, 250, 1890.
In monoclinic (?) crystals with a (100), b (010), c (001). Cleavage in two or three directions. H. 4. Luster submetallic. Color black. Streak brownish black tending to red. Weakly magnetic. Anal. — Igelstrom, 1. c.
Sb2O* 14-80 FeO2260 MnO 46-97 MgO,CaO 2'14 H-,010'34 SiO3 2'24 99'09
B.B. fuses on thin edges to a black magnetic glass. Gives antimony fumes on charcoal. Dissolves only imperfectly in acids.
Occurs embedded "in massive rhodonite at the Sj5 mine, Grythytte parish, Orebro, Sweden.
STIBIATIL L. J. Igelstrom, G. F6r. Forh., 11, 391, 1889; Jb. Min., 1, 254, 1890.
In prismatic crystals (monoclinic?) with rectangular and rhombic cross-section. H.= 5-5'5. Luster metallic. Color and streak iron black. Opaque. Not magnetic. Contains antimony, manganese, iron, water. An approximate analysis gave:
SbaOs 30 MnaO, 44 FeO 26 100
Occurs embedded in, polyarsenite (sarkinite, p. 779) and associated with tephroite at the Sjo mine, Grythytte parish, Orebro, Sweden.
584. ATBLESTITE. Breithaupt, Char. Min. Syst., 307, 1832.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-9334 : 1 : 1-5051; ft *70° 43'= 001 A 100 Busz1.
100 A 110 41° 22j>', 001 A 101 44° 48f , 001 A Oil 54° 51|'.
Forms: a (100, &(010, i-i), c (001, 0), I (310, £-3); m (110, /), d (101. - 1-i), g (101, 1-i), (Oil, 14), o (111, - 1), q (313, - 1-3).
Angles : IV" 32° 44', mm'" *82° 45f, cd 44° 48', eg 72° 55*', a'g *36° 2H', *ce' 109° 43', co - 53° 39', oo' 66° 40', qq' 24° 44'.
In minute crystals tabular a and with g (101) also prominent; faces usually smooth and brilliant.
Cleavage: basal, indistinct. H. 3-4'5. G-. 6'4 Busz. Luster adamantine. Color sulphur-yellow. Transparent to translucent. -
Comp. — Basic bismuth arsenate, H2BisAs08 or 361,0,. As50B.2H.,0 Arsenic pentoxide 13 -9, bismuth trioxide 83-9, water 2 '2 100.
The composition is interpreted by Busz as either (BiO),(Bi(OK)2)As04 or (more probably) BiAs04.2(BiO)OH. Anal.— K. Busz, Zs. Kr., 15, 625, 1889.
As2O5 14-12 Bi2O3 82-41 Fe2O, 0'51 HaO 1'92 98'96
Obs.— Occurs very sparingly on bismutoferrite, associated with erythrite at the Neuhilfe mine, Schneeberg, Saxony.
Niimed from are/lj/s, incomplete, presumably because its composition was unknown when first described. Breithaupt remarks upon the resemblance of the crystals to the Swiss titanite.
Ref.— ' Zs. Kr., 15, 625, 1889. Cf. earlier Rath (Pogg., 136, 422, 1869), who made 205 and o 111.
Classification. 805
C. Hydrous Phosphates, Arsenates, etc.— Normal Division.
585. Struvite (NH4)MgP04 + 6HaO Orthorhombio _0'5664 : 1 : 0-9121
586. Collophanite Ca3Pa08 + H20 Amorphous
587. Hopeite Zn,PaO. + HaO? Orthorhombic 0-5722 : 1 : 0-4717
588. Dickinsonite S,P,08 + HaO Monoclinic 1-7320 : 1 : 1-1981 61° 30'
R Mn : Fe(Ca) : Naa(Ka,Lia) 6:3:2
589. FiUowite R3PA + £HaO Monoclinic 1-7303 : 1 : 1-4190 89° 51'
R Mn : Fe(Ca) : Na, 6 : 2 : 1 or 1-7303 : 1 : 1-1093 58° 31'
Boselite Group. Triclinic.
590. Roselite (Co,Ca)3Asa08 + 2HaO
a : b : 6 0-4536 : 1 : 0*6560; a 90° 34', ft 91° 0', y 89° 20'
591. Brandtite CaaMnAsa08 + 2HaO
592. Fairfieldite CaaMnP,08 + 2HaO
& : 1 : 6 0-2797 : 1 : 0-1976; a 102° 9', 0 94° 33', y 77* 20'
593. Messelite (Ca,Fe),Pa08 + 2£H,0 Triclinic
594. Reddingite Mn3P208 + 3H40 Orthorhombic 0'8678 : 1 : 0-9486
595. Picropharmacolite (Ca,Mg)3As208 + 6HaO
596. Trichalcite Cu,Asa08 -f- 5HaO
Vivianite Group. Monoclinic. Hydrous phosphates, etc., of magnesium, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc.
R8PA + 8H20. R Mg,Fe,Co,Ni,Zn.
a : I : b ft
597. Vivianite Fe3Pa08 + 8HaO 0-7498 : 1 : 0-7015 75° 34'
598. Symplesite Fe3Asa08 + 8H20 0-7806 : 1 : 0-6812 72° 43'
599. Bobierrite Mg3P208 + 8HaO 600 Hoernesite Mg3Asa08 + 8H20
601. Erythrite Co3Asa08 + 8H,0 0-75 : 1 : 0'70 75°
602. Annabergite Ni3As208 + 8HaO
668. Cabrerite (Ni,Mg)3Asa08 + 8H,0
604. Kbttigite Zn3Asa08 + 8HaO
605. Rhabdophanite . (La,Di,Y)P04 + H,0
606. Churchite CeP04 + 4HaO Monoclinic
PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ETC. Scorodite Group. Orthorhombic.
607. Scorodite
608. Strengite
FeAs04 FeP04
2H,0 2H,0
0-8658 : 1 : 0-9541 0-8652 : 1 : 0-9827
609. Phosphosiderite 2FeP04 + 3|H,0 Orthorhombic
610. Barrandite
611. Variscite
612. Callainite
613. Zepharovichite
614. Koninckite
(Al,Fe)P04 + 2H,0
A1P04 + 2H40 Orthorhombic
A1P04 -f 2£HaO
A1P04 + 3H20 ?
FeP0 + 3HO
& : I : 6 0-5330 : 1 : 0-8772
& : I 0-648 : 1
685. STRUVITE. Struvit Ulex, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 3, 32, 1845, Lieb. Ann., 68, 99, 1846. 66, 41, 1848. Guanite E. F. Teschemacher, Phil. Mag., 28. 546, 1846.
Orthorhombic, hemimorphic. Axes & : b : 6 0-56643 : 1 : 0-91207 Sadebeck1* 100 A HO 29° 31|', 001 A 101 *58° 9f , 001 A Oil 42° 22'.
Forms11 :
c (001.
0)
14)
q (Oil,
14)
ft (0-16
a
P (120,
i-2)
n (301,
h (021,
2-1)
t (121,
2-2)
(010, i-l)
x (507,
H)8
t (025,
I-*)4
k (041,
4-t)4
pp'"
97°
8'
hh'
122°
32'
it"
135° 19'
so - *67°
34'
88'
116°
19'
kk'
149°
80*'
it"
87° 48'
Do 59° 40'"
84°
44'
tf
75°
29'
ps
55° 47f
Sadebcck.
Fig. 1, Sadebeck. 2, 3, Kalkowsky. 4, Rath.
Twins: tw. pi. c (f. 5). Habit varied: prismatic 6, or axis also flattened b, or again c. Usually hemimorphic, the extremity terminated by the domes, s (101), q (Oil), etc., being the antilogous pole, and the basal plane,, c, predominating at the analogous pole, cf. f. 1-4.
Cleavage: c sometimes perfect; b less so. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 2. G. 1-65-1-7. Color slightly yellowish to brown; white. Luster vitreous. Translucent; some- times opaque. Tasteless, being but slightly soluble. Pyroelectric', see above.
Optically +. Ax. pi. c. Bx b. .Dispersion p v large. Axial angle variable, increased by heat, Dx.6
Struvite. 807
2E 59° 30' Mir. 2E 60° 30' Lang 2E 60° Solly 2Er 46° 32' 2Ey 47° 30' 2EV 48° 46' Dx. ftt 1-497 ft, - 1'502 Also 2Er 41° 49' at 6°-6 C., 43° 14' at 21|°, 46° 4' at 47°, 51° 50' at 95° "5 2Er 59° 40' Li 2Ey 60° 56' Na, Kalkowsky3
Comp. — NH4MgP04 -+- 6HaO Phosphorus pentoxide 29 '0, "magnesia 16 '3r ammonium oxide 10'6, water 44'1 100.
Anal.— 1, Ulex, Jb. Min., 51, 1851, also other anals. 2, Pittman. Contr. Min. Victoria, 56X 1870. 3, Quoted by Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., 8, 1879. 4, Maclvor, Ch. News, 55, 215, 1887.
P2O5 MgO (NH4)2O HO FeO MnO
1. Hamburg 28'56 13'46 53'76 3'06 1-12 99'96
2. Skipton Caves 28-81 16-57 54-49 0'95 tr. 100'82
3. " " 28-45 16-27 10-74 44-28 — 99;74 4 " " 28-82 16-07 10'57 [48-57] O'Sl 0'16 100
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives off water and ammonia and becomes opaque;. B.B. colors the flame greeu, and fuses easily to an enamel which, heated with cobalt solution, assumes a beautiful purple color. Soluble in acids.
Obs. — Found in guano from Saldanha Bay, coast of Africa, embedded in patches of crys- tals; also under an old church in Hamburg, where quantities of cattle-dung existed in the soil above a bed of peat which contained the crystals. Also similarly at Homburg v. d. H. (Kal- kowsky3). In the bat guano of the Skipton Caves near Ballarat in Victoria.
Named after the Russian statesman, v. Struve.
Artif. — A not uncommon artificial product, cf . Haushofer, 1. c. Well-developed crystals of struvite have been obtained by Robinson in tubes of nutrient gelatin and agar-sugar, in which* various micro-organisms were being cultivated; see Cambr. Phil. Soc., May 20, 1889; also Solly, ref.4 below. Formed also from Koch's "Fleischpepton," Arzruni, ref.6.
Ref. — ' Hamburg, Min Mitth., 113, 1877; the position of Sbk. is here taken.
5 See Sbk., 1. c., for early literature, etc. On struvite from the Skipton Caves near Ballarat, Victoria, see Ulrich, Contr. Min. Viet., 1870, and Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., 10, 1878. Oa artif. cryst., see Haushofer, Zs. Kr., 4, 43, 1880, also Solly, Arzruni, below. 3 Kalkowsky, Zs. Kr., 11. 1, 1885. 4 Solly, on artif. cryst., Min. Mag., 8, 279, 1889; possible tetartohedrism is suggested, cf. Sbk. 6 Arzruni. artif. cryst., Zs. Kr., 18, 60, 1890. 6 Propr. Opt., 2, 30, 1859; N. R., 95, 1867.
GUANO MINERALS. C. U. Shepard, Rural Carolinian, 1, 470, 1870. The substances; described occur in the guano of Guanape Island, 400 miles north-east of the Chincha Islands.
Ouanapite occurs in irregular balls and veins looking like red rock-salt but having a rhom- bic cleavage. H. 1-2. G. 2'3. Soluble in 4-5 pts. of water at 60°. Taste bitter and saline. Analysis gave: Potassium sulphate 67'75, ammonium sulphate 27-88, ammonium oxalate 3-75 99'38. It loses ammonia on exposure to the air. Heated to redness leaves a residue of about 70 p. c. of potassium sulphate. It is near taylorite (p. 895) in composition. Guanoxalate is stated to be a pseudomorph of birds' eggs; the specimens are exteriorly white, " and seem to retain portions of the original shell, but these when tested seemed to be a mixture of phosphate and oxalate of lime." Within the substance is foliated and has a rhombic cleavage. Color cream white; luster pearly; translucent. H. 1-2. G. 1'58. When heated swells up, turns black, partially fuses, gives off ammonia fumes, and leaves a white residue of potassium sulphate. Composition stated to be potassium sulphate 40 20, ammonium oxalate 29 '57, water 30'46 100-23— a very doubtful compound. Oxammite, phosphammite, and biphosphammite are other names given by Shepard for supposed new species consisting of ammonium oxalate, ammonium phosphate, and ammonium biphosphate.
Epiglaubite and crystallized Olaubapatite of Shepard (Am. J. Sc., 22, 98. 99, 1856). One or the other of these may be metabrushite or brushite. On glaubapatite see p. 769.
Epiglnubite is described as occurring in " small aggregates or interlaced masses of minute
iys implanted on druses of phosphate, chiefly of lime, . impossible that the mineral is metabrushite, although some characters are inconsistent with such a conclusion. If so, the name epiglaubite (meaning occurring implanted on glaubapatite) is inapplicable, and should be rejected.
Eedondite. A name given by C. U. Shepard to a hydrous phosphate of aluminium and iron from Redonda. W. I. Found in nodular aggregations Translucent to opaque. Color grayish to yellowish white. H. 3'5. G. 1-90-2 '07. Specimen analyzed contained: SiO2 8-8, P5O. 40-19. H ,024-78, Am. J. Sc., 50, 96, 1870. An earlier analysis gave: PaO5 43'20, FeaO, 14-40, AUO, 1660, H3O 2400, SiO2 1-60, CaO 0'57 100-37, contained also traces of SO,, Na, Cl, and MgO. B.B. infusible. Heated with solution of cobalt gives a deep blue color. Am. J. Sc., 47, 428, 1869.
DITTMARITE, MuLi,EKiTE Maclwr, Ch. News, 55, 215, 1887. Stated to be new species from the guano of the Skipton Caves near Ballarat, Victoria.
808 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
586. OOLLOPHANITE. Kollophan Sandberger, Jb. Min., 308, 1870. Monite C. U. Shepard, Am. J. Sc., 23, 402, 1882.
Amorphous. Collophanite appears in layers resembling gymnite or opal, with conchoidal fracture; monite in slightly coherent masses, with earthy fracture. H. 2-2~5; G. 2'7, collophanite; 2-l, monite. Luster dull. Colorless or snow-white, yellowish white.
Comp.— CasPaO8 + H8O or 3CaO.P2O6.H2O Phosphorus pentoxide 43'3, lime 51 2, water 5-5 100.
Anal. — 1, Kottnitz, quoted by Sandberger, 1. c. ; la, same, after deducting calcium car- bonate. 2, C. U. Shepard, Jr., after deducting 4'64 p. c. gypsum.
G. P,OS CaO MgO H2O
1. Sombrero 2'70 39'10 50 70 0-80 5'02 COa 3'96 99'58 la. " 43-16 50-00 0'88 5'54 99'58
2. Mona 2'1 41 "92 51 '15 693 100
At 100°, 3-36 HaO.
Pyr., etc.— Fuses with difficulty to a white enamel; gives off water in the closed tube; collophanite decrepitates violently B.B. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Collophanite occurs on the island of Sombrero, having been formed in the elevated coral reef by infiltration of the salts from the overlying guano. Monite is found intimately associated with monetite, as also with gypsum andcalcite, at the islands Mona and Moueta in the West Indies. Of. monetite, p. 784.
Collophanite is named from KoXka, glue, and 0<TzVecr0az, to appear, in allusion to its colloidal aspect. Monite from the locality.
PYROPHOSPHOIUTE C. U. Shepard, Jr., Am. J. Sc., 15, 49, 1878.
Massive, earthy. H. 3-3'5. G. 2'50-2'53. Color snow-white, dull; also in part bluish gray, with small botryoidal structure. Analysis: Shepard after deducting impurities (about 2 p. c.):
f P,O6 51-67 CaO 45-16 MgO 3'17 100
The formula calculated is : Mg2P2O7 + 4(Ca3P2O8 + CaP). Named in allusion to its apparent composition as a pyrophosphate; the nature of the material, however, makes its homogeneity seem very questionable. From the West Indies; exact locality not stated.
587. HOPEITE. Brewster, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 10, 107, 1826 (1823). Prismatoidischer Zinkphyllit Breith., Char., 38, 1832. Stilbite duovigesimale Hduy, cf. Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 133, 1879.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 0-5722 : 1 : 0-4717 Levy1. 100 A 110 29° 46f, 001 A 101 39° 30', 001 A Oil 25
Forms : b (010, i-l) x (320, i-f) s (120, &5) e (101, 14)
a (100, a) <5(001, 0) m(lW,I) w(103, fi) r (111, 1)
xx'" 41° 46' uu' 30° 44' ae *50° 30' rr1 73° 25'
mm'" 59° 33' ee1 79° 0' cr 43° 31* rr'" *40° 0'
Crystals minute, prismatic. Faces b, s striated vertically. Also in reniform masses, and amorphous.
Cleavage: a perfect; b less perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 2'5-3. Gr. 2*76 Br. ; 2*85 L. Luster vitreous; a somewhat pearly. Color grayish white; reddish brown when compact. Streak white. Transparent to translucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. c. Bx b. Dispersion p v weak. Ax. angles:
2Er 78° 3' glass 2ET 78° 35' Na
2Ha.r 54° 47' 2Ha.y 54° 52' also 2Er 84° 49V 2Ey 85° 7' 2H0.r 125° 52' 2H0.y 125° 47' 2Vr 54° 39' 2Vy 54° 44' /?r 1-469
fty l-471Dx.
Comp. — Probably hydrous zinc phosphate, Zn,PsOg + H,0 Phosphorus pentoxide 35-2, zinc oxide 69"3, water 4-5 100.
The natural mineral has not been analyzed; the above is the composition of an artificial salt having the form (Dx., 1. c.) of hopeite, Friedel and Sarasin, Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 153, 1879.
Dickinsonite. 809
Pyr., etc. — Dissolves without effervescence in hydrochloric or nitric acid. B.B. gives out water, and fuses with difficulty to a clear colorless globule, tingeing the flame green. With soda it affords a scoria which is yellow when hot, and gives out copious fumes of zinc and some of cadmium.
Obs. — Found in cavities in calamine at the zinc mines of Altenberg, near Aix-la-Chapelle.
Named in honor of Prof. Hope of Edinburgh.
Hef.— ' Ann. Mines, 4, 517, 1843. Cf. also Haid., quoted by Brewster, 1. c., and Dx., 1. c.
888. DICKINSONITE. G. J. Brush and E. S. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 16, 114, 1878.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 1-73205 : 1 : 1-19806; ft *61° 30' 001 A 100 E. S. Dana1.
100 A HO 56° 41£', 001 A 101 42° 13£', 001 A Oil 46° 28£'. Forms: a (100, i-l), c (001, 0); x (301, - 34); y (103, fi), n (051, 5-i), p (111, 1), t (221, 2).
Angles : cy 12° 50', ex *42° 30', en 79° 15', cp 61° 8f , cs 82° 2', pp' 98° 40', 88' 118° 7', Angle a'cp *60°.
Crystals tabular, pseudo-rhombohedral; triangular striations on c. foliated to micaceous; also curved lamellar, radiated or stellated.
Cleavage: c perfect, separable into thin lamellae. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3-5-4. G. 3-338- 3*343. Luster vitreous, on c some- what pearly. Color olive- to oil-green, grass-green; slightly dichroic. Op- tically biaxial.
Comp.— 3R3P20, + H,0 with R — Mn, Fe, Na, chiefly, also Ca, K,, Li2. The ratio for Mn : Fe(Ca) : Na, (K,,Li,)is closely 6:3:2, which requires : Phosphorus pentoxide 39 -9, iron prot- oxide 16*5, manganese protoxide 32'6, soda 9-3, water 1-7 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, H. L. Wells, Am. J. Sc., 39, 214, 1890, upon material of established purity.
P,O FeO MnO CaO Na3O K3O Li2O H2O
1. G. 3-143 39-57 13'25 31'58 215 7'46 1'52 0'17 1 '65 quartz 2'58 99'93
2. 4089 12-96 31 '83 2'09 7'37 1-80 0'22 1 '63 quartz 0 -82 99 '61
Earlier analyses, 3, 4, by Pentield (quoted by Brush and Dana, 1. c.) were made on much less pure material, they show more lime and water and less alkalies.
3, after deduction of impurities, viz., 3-30 p. c. quartz and 6'89 p. c. eosphorite; 4, after deducting 1/89 p. c. quartz, 6'89 p. c. eosphorite.
PaOB FeO MnO CaO Li3O Na,O K2O H2O
3. 39-36 12-40 25'10 13-36 0'03 5'25 0'89 3'86 100'25
4. 39-53 11-90 23 96 [14'98] 0'24 4'78 0'73 3'88 100
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives water, the first portions of which are neutral, but the last portions react faintly acid; the residue is magnetic. Fuses in the naked lamp-flame, and B.B. in the forceps colors the flame at first green, then greenish yellow; reacts for iron and manganese with the fluxes. Soluble in acids.
Obs.— Occurs at Branchyille, Fairfield Co., Conn., intimately associated with eosphorite, triploidite, and other species in nests in a vein of albitic granite. Often disseminated in minute plates through massive eosphorite, giving it a green color; similarly embedded in lithiophilite. Named after Rev. Wm. Dickinson, formerly of Redding.
Ref.— ' L. c., 1878. Id., ibid., 39, 213, 1890.
589. FILLOWITE. G. J. Brush and E. 8. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 17, 363, 1879.
Monoclinic. Axes &:l\6 1-7303 : 1 : 1-4190; /? 89° 50| 001 A 100 E. S. Dana.
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
In granular crystalline
100 A HO 59° 58J, 001 A 101 39° 25', 001 A Oil 54° Forms: c (001, 0); d (201, - 2-1), p (111, 1). Angles: cd *58° 31', cp *58° 40', pp' *95° 23', dp 95° 18f .
If d be made 100, the axial ratio becomes somewhat similar to that of dickinsonite, as shown below.
Habit pseudo-rhombohedral. masses.
Cleavage: c nearly perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 4-5. G. 3-43. Luster subresinous to greasy. Color wax-yellow, yellowish to reddish brown, colorless. Transparent to translucent. Optically biaxial, bisectrix c approx. Comp. — A hydrous phosphate of manganese, iron, calcium, and sodium, 3K3PaOg + H20. If Mn : Fe(+Ca) : Na, 6 : 2 : 1, this requires: Phosphorus pentoxide 39-6, iron protoxide 13 '4, manganese protoxide 39'5, soda 5-8, water 1-7 100.
Anal.— 1, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 17, 363, 1879. 2, H. L. Wells, ib., 39, 215, 1890.
FeO
MnO
CaO
Na2O
Li,O
HaO
quartz
0-88 100-27 1-02 100-69
Fyr. — B.B. fuses at 1-5, with intumescence to a black feebly magnetic mass, coloring th.e- flame momentarily pale green, then intensely yellow. In the closed tube a little neutral water. With the fluxes reactions for manganese and iron. Soluble in acids.
Obs. — Occurs sparingly with other manganesian phosphates, especially reddingite and triploidite, in a vein of albitic granite at Branch ville, Conn. Named after Mr. A. N. Fillow, of Branchville.
The formula is apparently the same as for dickinsonite, but the ratio for the bases is some- what different. In form the two minerals are also related, though widely diverse in physical characters. Both are pseudo-rhombohedral, and further we have :
Dickinsonite. 001 A 100 61' 30* 001 A 111 =61° 8' 001 A 111 61° 8'
Fillowite.
001 A 100 58° 31' 001 A 111 58° 40' 001 A iil 58° 40'
Here d of flllowite is made 100, which gives the axial ratio, compared -with that of dickinsonite :
Dickinsonite Fillowite
d:b:i 1-7320 : 1 : M981 ft 61° 30'
1-7303 : 1 : 11093 58° 31'
Roselite Group. Triclinic.
590. ROSEUTE. Levy, Ann. Phil., 8, 439, 1824; Edinburgh J. Sc., 2, 177, 1825. Triclinic. Axes 0-45360 : 1 : 0-65604; a 90° 34', ft 91°,
Forms' : a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l) c (001, 0)
n (210, i-2') m (110, /')
M (110, '/) d (401, '4-i')
0 90° 39£'
, 100 A 001
89° 0£', 010
A (401, '4-i')
v (021, '2-i)
I (343, ,ff)
e (023, f 4')
C (083,
r (421, 4-2,)
h (Oil, 14') / (043, f
y (421,4-2') cr (Ul, 1')
2 (Hi, 1,) .Q (221, 2,)
i (021, 24')
(221, 2')
A (343, f f ,)
A (343, f-f ')
G (421, '4-2)
rj (023, 'f 4)
x (Oil, '14)
g (421, ,4-2)
s (in, ,1)
8 (111, '!) 0 (221, '2)
0(043,
o (221, ,2)
', 010 A 001 89° 26f.
After Schrauf.
Schrauf 's lateral axes are exchanged in the above in order to bring out the close approximation! to monoclinic symmetry.
Roselite Group: Roselite— Brandtite. 811
bm 66° 9' crj 23° 48' bo - 66° 0' c8 57° 28'
bM 65° 3f erj 47° 15' bO. 67° 22' co 73° 124'
mM 48° 474' bv 69° 53' ofi, 46° 38' cm 88° 52
cd 79" 14' &'£ 69° 30' ccr 56° 53' cM 89° 20*
ce 23° 32' <r8 40° 37' cfl 73° 294'
Crystals small, often complex and, as explained by Schrauf, combined accord- ing to a number of twinning laws with embedded tw. lamellae. Also in druses of crystals and in spherical aggregates.
Cleavage: macrodiagonal. H. 3 -5. G. 3-5-3-6. Luster vitreous. Color light to dark rose-red. Transparent to translucent. Axes of elasticity sensibly parallel to crystallographic axes.
Comp.— (Ca,Co,Mg)sAs,,08.2HaO Arsenic pentoxide 51'4, lime 28'1, cobalt protoxide 12-5, water 8'0 100 (Ca : Co 3 : 1). Anal.— Winkler, J. pr. Ch., 16, 86, 1877.
As2O, CoO CaO MgO HaO Daniel mine G. 3'56 f 52-67 10'29 25'05 410 8'29 100-40
Earlier analyses by Schrauf (on minute quantities), 1. c., and Winkler (J. pr. Ch., 10, 191, 1874) gave somewhat different results. The crystals from the Rappold mine are darker in color and contain a little more cobalt with G. 3'585; G. 8'506 Daniel, Schrauf.
Pyr. — Heated to 100° becomes dark blue and splits up, but regains the red color on cooling. Fuses B B. easily and on charcoal gives arsenical fumes; after roasting reacts for cobalt with the fluxes. Dissolves in acids.
Obs.— Early (1824) found at Schneeberg, Saxony, on quartz; later obtained from the same region at the Daniel and liappold mines. Also reported from Schapbach, Baden.
Named after Gustav Rose (1798-1873).
Ref.—1 Min. Mitth., 137, 1874; earlier but incomplete observations were made by Levy and Haidinger, cf. Schrauf.
591. BRANDTITE. A. E. Nordenskiold, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 45, 418, 1888. Tricliuic. In form near roselite.
Forms1 : e (023, f.*') 0 (043, '|4) (HI, 1') 8 (111, '!)
c (001, 0) rj (023, 'f-i)
Approximate measured angles: be 90° 35', bn 66° 55' bd> 49" 46', bf 47° 2', be 65° 7', bS 69° 52'.
In crystals, prismatic by development of the brachydomes, and with c largely developed. Faces c striated edge c/rj. Twins common with c as tw. pi. Crystals united in radiated groups and in rounded or reniform aggre- gates.
H. 5-5-5. G. 3-671-3-672. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent to translucent.
Comp.— CtiaMnAss08 + 2H20 or 2CaO.MnO.As,06.2HaO Arsenic pentoxide 51'3, manganese protoxide 15*8, lime 24'9, water 8'0 100. Anal.— G. LindstrSm, G. F5r. Forh., 13, 123, 1891.
As,O6 P3O, MnO PbO FeO CaO MgO HaO
50-48 0-05 14-03 0'96 0'05 25'07 0'90 8'09 01 0'04, insol. 0'04 99-71
Pyr., etc.— Fuses rather easily to a brown bead; in the closed tube gives off water without decrepitation; arsenical fumes on charcoal. Dissolves in hydrochloric and nitric acids.
Obs.— Found at the Harstig mine, near Pajsberg, Wermland, Sweden. Associated with, barite, calcite, caryopilite, sarkinite. and also crystallized native lead.
Named after the Master of the Mint, Georg Brandt (d. 1768). Ref.—1 Nordenskiold, quoted by Lindstrom, 1. c.
Phosphates, Ar8Enate8, Etc.
592. FAIRFIELDITE. O. J. Brush and E. 8. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 17, 359, 1879. Leuco- manganit Sandberger, Jb. Min., 370, 1879; 1, 185, 1885.
Triclinic. Axes & : b : 6 — 0-2797 : 1 : 0-1976; a 102° 8£', 6 94° 33i' y 77° 19£' E. S. Dana.
100 A 010 *102° 0', 100 A 001 *88° 0', 010 A 001 78C
Forms : a (100, i-l) b (010,
c (001, 0) g (320, i-f)
m (110, /') n (230, i-f) o (120, f-3')
M (110, '/) r (113,
9 (112, p(lll, 1') s (141, '4-4
o# 10° 57*'
am 16° 31'
an 24° 40'
ao 32° 20'
aM 14° 45'
cr 12° 43'
eg 18° 31'
cp *33° 0'
cm 84° 39' ap *56° 30' as 51° 17'
bp *78° 30' b's 58° 42*' ps 42° 47*'
The relation in form between fairfieldite and roselite-brandtite is not clear; the fairfieldite measurements leave much to be desired.
In prismatic crystals with a, b largely developed. Usually in foliated to lamellar crystalline aggregates; occasionally curved, foliated, or fibrous; in radiating masses.
Cleavage: b highly perfect; a less so. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3-5. G. 3-07-3-15. Color white or green- ish white to pale straw yellow. Streak white. Luster pearly to sub-adamantine; on the surface of perfect cleavage (b) very brilliant, resembling selenite. Transparent.
The planes of light-vibration intersect a in lines making angles of 40° and 50° with the obtuse edge a/b; in the latter, an optic axis is visible toward the edge named. The planes intersect b in lines making angles of 10° and 80° with the edge a/b, the second axis visible in this plane.
Comp. — A hydrous phosphate of calcium and manganese, Ca.jMnP.jO,, + 2HaO Phosphorus pentoxide 39-4, manganese protoxide 19'6, lime 3TO, water 10-0 100. Iron replaces a little of the manganese. Anal.— 1, 2. S. L. Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 17, 359, 1879; 1, clear transparent, filling cavities In reddingite; 2, massive, somewhat friable. 3, H. L. Wells, ib , 39, 212, 1890.
G.
Pa06
MnO
FeO
CaO
Na20
K2O
H2O
quartz
1-31 100-56
0-55 100-30
1-66 100
Pyr., etc. — B B glows, blackens, and fuses at 4'15 to a dark yellowish brown mass, coloring the flame pale green, with faint reddish yellow streaks on the upper edge. Reactions for iron and manganese with the fluxes. In the closed tube gives off neutral water; turns first yellow, then dark brown, and becomes magnetic. Soluble in acids.
Obs. — Occurs with other manganesian phosphates in a vein of albitic granite at Branchville, Fairtield Co., Conn. Also at Rabenstein, near Zwiesel, Bavaria (leucomanganite). In composi- tion fairfieldite is analogous to roselite and more closely to brandtite.
593. MESSELITE. W. Muthmann, Zs. Kr., 17, 93, 1889.
Triclinic. In indistinct minute tabular crystals, with am 42°-43°; often in stellate aggregates.
H. 3-3-5. Colorless to brownish. Transparent to translucent. Extinction on a inclined 20° to the edge a/m ; an optic axis visible through a.
Comp.— (Ca,Fe)3P,Og + 2*H30 Phosphorus pentoxide 38*3, iron protoxide 19-4, lime 30-2, water 12-1 100. Here Ca : Fe 2 : 1. With 2H,0 the compo- sition would correspond to brandtite and fairfieldite. Anal. — Muthmann. 1. c.
Redding1 Te—Picropharma Oolite.
P2O6 FeO MnO CaO MgO HaO
37-72 15-63 tr. 31-11 1'45 12-15 insol. 1'40 99'46
Gives off water when heated and becomes dark brown to black.
Obs.— Found near Messel in Hesse, in a coal mine; the crystals occur in a bituminous clay slate.
594. REDDINGITE. G. J. BrusJi and E. 8. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 16, 120, 1878; ib., 17* 865, 1879.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-8678 : 1 : 0-9486 E. S. Dana1. 100 A 110 40° 57', 001 A 101 47° 32|', 001 A Oil 43° 29$'.
rr
rr"
rr'''
52° 34'
71° 47'
45° 12'
63° 151'
87° 57'
Pp'
Pp'
Pp'
it'
54° 8f
*76° 50'
*110° 43'
65° 16'
91° 6'
Qq"
141° 53'
76° 33
89° 17'
99° 59'
35° 30'
bp 57" 22' bq 72° 15' ps 11° 23' pr 19° 28' ft 15° 35'
Also granular*
Homoaomorphous with scorodite and strengite. Habit octahedral; crystals often in parallel groupings, massive.
Cleavage distinct in one direc- tion. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3-3-5. G. 3-102. Luster vitreous to subresinous. Color pink- ish white or pale rose-pink to yellow- ish white, surface sometimes dark reddish brown from alteration. Translucent to transparent.
Comp. — Hydrous phosphate of manganese, MnsPaOg 3H20 Phosphorus pentoxide 34*7, manganese protoxide 52*1, water 13-2 100. Iron replaces part of the manganese; in anal. 3, Mn : Fe
Anal.— 1, 2, H. L. Wells, quoted by Brush and Dana; 1, after deducting 12'08 p. c. quartz; 2, after deducting 4'42 p. c. quartz. 3, Id., ib., 39, 212, 1890.
P2O, FeO MnO CaO Na2O H2O
34-52 5-43 46'29 0'78 0'31 18'08 100-41
35-16 7-89 43-22 0-71 12-27 99"25
34-90 17-1? 34-51 0'63 13-18 quartz 0-18 104'48
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube, first whitens, then turns yellow, and finally brown, but doea not become magnetic. Fuses in the naked lamp-flame. B.B. colors the flame pale green, and fuses easily to a blackish brown non-magnetic globule. Reacts for manganese and iron with the fluxes. Soluble in acids.
Obs. — Occurs sparingly at Branchville, Fairfield Co., Conn., intimately associated with fillowlte, fairfieldite, dickinsouite, in a vein of albitic granite. Black octahedral crystals, pseudo- morphs after reddingite, are also found. Named from Redding, the name of the town in which the locality is situated.
In crystalline form, reddingite is closely related to scorodite and strengite, but differs from them in composition, containing but three equivalents of water, and having the metals in the protoxide state.
Ref.— ! L. c., 1878. Id., Am. J. Sc., 39, 211, 1890; the symbols for r and t are given incorrectly.
695. PICROPHARMAOOLITE. Stromeyer, Gilb. Ann., 61, 185, 1819. In aggregates of small spherical, botryoidal forms with radiating foliated struc- ture.- Luster feeble pearly. Color white. Opaque.
Comp. — K,As208 + 6H,0, with E Ca : Mg 5:1; this requires: Arsenic pentoxide 46-2, lime 28*1, magnesia 4-0, water 21*7 100.
Anal.— 1, Stromeyer, 1. c. 2, Frenzel, Jb. Min., 786, 1873. 3-5, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 40, 204, 1890. The material of anal. 5 was dried over HQSO4 one month.
814 Phosphates, Aesenates, Etc.,
G. AsaO6 CaO MgO HaO
1. Riechelsdorf 46'97 24-65 3-22 23 98 CoO I'OO 99'82
:2. Freiberg 46'93 25-77 3-73 24'01* 100-44
3. Joplin 2-583 47-60 22'42 6 64 23'llb 99-77
4. " 47-74 19-64 8'41 24'58 6. " 50-56 17-09 11-54 20-35
At 100° loss 13 p. c. b Do. 11-6.
Obs. — From Riechelsdorf and from Freiberg. At Joplin, Mo. The name alludes to the magnesia present, from niKpoS, bitter.
596. TRICHALCITE. Trichalcit Harm., J. pr. Ch.. 73, 212, 1858.
In radiated groups, columnar; also in dendritic forms.
H. 2 -5. Luster silky. Color verdigris-green.
Comp. — Cu,As.,08 + 5HaO Arsenic pentoxide 41/3, cupric oxide 42'6, water 16-1 100.
AnaL — Hermann, 1. c.
AsaO 38-73 PaO6 0-67 CuO 44-19 HaO 16-41 100
Pyr., etc.— Heated decrepitates, yields much water, and becomes dark brown. B.B. on charcoal fuses in the outer flame to a pearl, and in the inner yields a bead of copper. Dissolves easily in cold hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— From the Turgiusk copper mine, or Berezov, on tetrahedrite. Resembles tyrolite.
LAVENDULAN Breithaupt, J. pr. Ch., 10, 505, 1837. Lavendulite.
Amorphous, with a greasy luster, iucliningto vitreous. H. 2'5-8. G. 3'014 Br. Color lavender-blue. Streak paler. Translucent. Fracture conchoidal.
Contains, according to Plattner, arsenic, cobalt, nickel, and copper. Goldsmith (Proc. Acad. Philad., 192, 1877) obtained on an impure sample from Chili, after deducting impurities (11-6 insol.):
As2O5 46-89 CuO 40'10 CoO 2'51 NiO 1-35 HaO 9-13 99-98
The formula arrived at is R3AsaO8.3H2O, but the material was too impure to make the conclusion very definite. B.B. fuses easily. Soluble in warm hydrochloric acid.
Occurs with cobalt and other ores at Annaberg, Saxony, as the result of their alteration. Similarly with cobalt ores from Chili.
CHLOROTIT.E. Chtorotil Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 42, 1875; Jb. Min., 517, 1875.
In minute capillary crystals of prismatic habit (orthorhombic), also fibrous and massive; soft. Color in the mass pale green to emerald-green, microscopic crystals colorless. Trans- parent. Composition asserted to be Cu3As2O8 -f- 6HaO Arsenic pentoxide 39 '9, cupric oxide 41-3, water 18'8 100. An approximate analysis gave: AsaO5 41, CuO 41, HaO 18 100. Occurs with aragonite and wapplerite, at Schneeberg, and with, quartz and scheelite at Zinnwald.
Virianite Group. Monoclinic.
597. VIVIANITE. Bloa Jarnjord, Naturligit Berlinerblatt, Calx Martis phlogisto juncta, etc., Gronst., 182, 1758. Cseruleum Berolinense nativum Born., Lithoph., 1, 136, 1772. Ocre martiale bleue, Bleu de Prusse natif, de Lisle, 3, 295, 1783. Natllrliche Berlinerblau, Phosphor- saurer Eisen, Klapr., CrelFs Ann.. 1, 390, 1784. Eisenblau, Blaueisenerde, Germ. Vivianit (fr. Cornwall) Wern., Letztes Min. Syst., 41, 1817; Breith., Hoffm. Min., 4 b, 146, 1817. Phos- phate of Iron, Blue Iron Earth. Fer phosphate, Fer azure, Fr. Eisenglimmer Mohs, Min., 212, 1824. Eisen-Phyllit Breith., Char.. 26, 1823. Glaukosiderit Q locker, Handb., 857, 1831. Mullicite Thorns., Min., 1, 452, 1836. Anglarite Berthier, Ann. Mines, 12, 303, 1837.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-74975 : 1 : 0-70153; ft 75° 34±' 001 A 100 Rath1.
100 A HO 35° 59', 001 A 101 49° 45f ', 001 A Oil 34° llf.
b (010, i-l) n (101, - 14) S (401, 44) m' J( to (833, f-f)<
" m'0) -1 " '
y (310, *-3) ° ' ! / (023, H)< . (ill,
m(110../) (101. 14)
Vivianite Group— Vivianite.
yy'"
mm" ak an ad
a'o a'w
27° 13'
*71° 58'
53° 29'
39 16'
13° 38'
86° 18'
54° 40'
a't 30° 50'
a'd 15° 30'
gg' 37° 31V
ff' 48° 44'
ee' 68° 23'
me 78° 22'
mz 51° 28'
mx 35° 48'
m'r 68° 58'
mv *45° 44'
az 55° 3'
ag 76° 21'
ax 44° 57'
ae 78° 6'
a'r 77° 58'
a'v 59° 52'
zz' 31° 28'
xx1 47° 53'
rr' 37° 47'
m' *59° 34'
Crystals prismatic, sometimes flattened a ; prismatic faces vertically striated. 'Crystals often in stellate groups. Often reniform and globular. Structure divergent, fibrous, or earthy; also in- crusting.
Cleavage: b highly perfect; a in traces; also fracture5 fibrous nearly J_6. Flexible in thin lamina?; sectile. H.= 1-5-2. G.= 2 -58-2-68. Luster, b pearly or metallic pearly; other faces vitreous. Colorless when un- altered, blue to green, deepening on exposure. Streak colorless to bluish white, soon changing to indigo-blue; color of the dry powder often liver- brown. Transparent to translu- cent; becoming opaque on exposure. Pleochroism strong.
Optically +. Ax. pi. and b. Bxa.bi A £ 61° 36'. Dispersion p v small, also horizontal inconsiderable. Axial angles, Dx.
Pigs. 1, 2, Cornwall. Rath. Bx,,.,. A 6 61° 22'. Bxa.y A 6 61° 28'.
2Ha.r 80° 26' 2Ha.y 80° 33' 2H..T 80° 54'
2Er 142° 22' 2Ey 143° 14' 2ET 146° 46'
2H0.r 121° 19' 2H0.y 121° 10' 2H0.T 120° 52'
.-. 2Vr 73° 4' ft, 1-590 .-. 2Vy 73° 10' fl7= 1-592 .-. 2VT= 73° 26' 0T 1-604
Comp. — Hydrous ferrous phosphate, FeO,, + 8H,0 Phosphorus pentoxide 28-3, iron protoxide 43'0, water 28 -7 100.
Many analyses show the presence of iron sesquioxide due to alteration; see 5th Ed., p. 557.
Colorless crystals from Delaware gave Fisher (Am. J. Sc., 9, 84, 1850): P,O6 27'17, PeO 44-10, H2O 27-95, SiO, O'lO 99'32.
Pale bluish green crystals from Cornwall (measured by Rath, above) gave Flight 1-13 FeaOt ; a dark blue variety contained 9-17 Fe2Os and dark brown crystals 5'08 PeaO, Ch. News, 22, 860, 1870.
A peculiar variety of vivianite has been described by W. L. Dudley (Am. J. Sc., 40, 120, 1890) forming " blue roots " embedded in clay some two feet below the water surface near Eddy- ville, Ky. The roots were from $ to 2 cm. thick and 6 to 12 in length, and the woody fiber had been nearly replaced by the vivianite. An analysis of material purified by washing and decanta tion and dried for twelve hours over sulphuric acid gave:
PaO. AUO, Fe.,0, FeO CaO MgO HaO(243°) H,O(100°) insol.
27-71 17-74 9-35 24-58 0'59 0'43 7'24 10'59 1-84 100'07
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields neutral water, whitens, and exfoliates. B.B. fuses at 1-5, coloring the flame bluish green, to a grayish black magnetic globule. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs associated with pyrrhotite and pyrite in copper and tin veins; sometimes In narrow veins with gold, traversing gray-wacke; both friable and crystallized in beds of clay, and sometimes associated with limonite, or bog iron ore; often in cavities of fossils or buried bones.
At St. Agnes in Cornwall transparent indigo crystals have been found, 1 inch in diameter and 2 in. long, in pyrrhotite; at Wheal Falmouth, and near St. Just; in Devonshire, near Tavistock; at Bodenmais and the gold mines of Verespatak in Transylvania, in crystals; on the promontory of Kerch in the Black Sea, in large indistinct crystals in the interior of shells. The earthy variety, sometimes called blue-iron earth or native Prussian blue (Fer azure), occurs in Greenland, Syria, Carinthia, Cornwall, etc. The friable varieties in bog iron ore in several peat swamps in the Shetland Isles, at Ballagh in the Isle of Man, accompanying sometimes the horns of the elk
816 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
and deer, and near an old slaughter-house in Edinburgh. At Ciansac, France, in crystals formed after the burning of a coal mine; at Anglar, a massive form (anglarite).
In N. America, it occurs in N. York, at Harlem, in crystals accompanying stilbite and feld- spar in tissures in gneiss In New Jersey, at Imleytown, in dark blue crystals; at Allentown, Monmouth Co., in considerable abundance, both crystallized, in nodules, and earthy, embedded in bog iron ore, and associated with clays; at Mullica Hill, Gloucester Co. (mullicite), in cylindrical masses, consisting of divergent fibers or acicular crystals; at Frankliu, occasionally; It often fills the interior of beleinnites and other fossils iu the ferruginous sand formation. Also in Delaware, 4 m. W. of Cantwell's Bridge, and near Middletown, in the Green Sand, in fine large crystals which are colorless when first obtained, containing only iron protoxide; near Cape Henlopen, in Sussex Co. In Maryland, in the north part of Somerset and Worcester Cos. In Virginia, with bog ore in Stafford Co., and 8 or 10 m. from Falmouth, with gold and galena. In Kentucky, near Eddyville, embedded in clay (cf. above). In California, an earthy form in cavities in asphaltum in Los Angeles Co. ; crystallized at Camptonville, Yuba Co. In Canada, with limonite at Vaudreuil, abundant.
Named by Werner after J. G. Vivian, an English mineralogist who discovered the specimens in Cornwall. Werner was not aware of their identity with the Blaueisenerde when he gave the name.
Alt.— Becomes altered, as above stated, through the oxidation of the iron. Tschermak obtained (Ber. Ak. Wien. 49 (1), 340, 1864) for an altered vivianite in crystals from a cabinet in. Vienna: PaO6 30-5, Fe5O, 55'0, Na,O 1-5, HSO 14'0 101. G. 2'95; luster metallic-pearly; color on face of cleavage pinchbeck-brown, elsewhere blackish brown; streak ocher-yellow.
Ref.—1 Cornwall, Pogg., 136, 405, 1869; earlier angles are incorrect. " Mir., Min., p. 500, 1852; Rath, 1. c. Rath, 1. c. 4 Dx., on French crystals, N. R., 184, 1867. 6 Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 63, 1884.
698. SYMPLESITE. Breithaupt, J. pr. Ch., 10, 501, 1837.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 0-7806 : 1 : 0-6812; ft 72° 43' 001 A 100 Krenner1.
100 A HO 36° 42', 001 A 101 33° 29|, 001 A Oil 33° 2£'.
Forms1 : a (100, i-i), b (010, t-i), c (001, O); m (110, /); r (013, f I). Angles: mm"' *73° 24', rr 24° 28', br *77° 46', mr *68° 56'.
In small prismatic crystals sometimes tabular b; faces m vertically striated; in radiated spherical aggregates.
Cleavage: £ perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 2-5 nearly. G. 2-957. Luster of cleavage-face pearly; elsewhere vitreous. Color pale indigo, inclined to celandine-green; sometimes between leek- and mountain-green. Streak bluish white. Subtransparent to translucent.
Pleochroic : c yellowish green to oil-green, b colorless to greenish yellow, a bluish green to blue. Optically — . Ax. pi. b and inclined to 6 -f- 31° 48'. Bx. JL b. 2Ha.y 107° 28'.
Comp. — Hydrous arsenate of iron, probably FejAsO, -)- 8H,0 Arsenic pentoxide 39-0, iron protoxide 36-6, water 24-4 100. The analysis gives 9H,0, which requires: Arsenic pentoxide 37 -8, iron protoxide 35 -5, water 26-7 100. AnaL— Boricky, Vh. Min. Ges., 3, 98, 1868, deducting 7'7p. c. quartz.
As,O FeO HaO
Huttenberg G. 2'964 37'84 34-73 27'43 100
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields much water; at a high temperature some arsenous acid sublimes, imparting an acid reaction to the water, and giving a black magnetic residue. B.B. in the forceps infusible, but colors the outer flame light blue (arsenic), and becomes black and magnetic. On charcoal gives a strong arsenical odor. With the fluxes reacts for iron, and gives also traces of manganese and sulphuric acid (Plattner).
Obs.— Occurs at Lobenstein in Voigtland, with siderite; at Huttenberg, Carinthia; sparingly with pharmacosiderite at Pisek, Bohemia (Vrba). Also with quartz in cavities in horustone at Felsobauya.
Named from avv and itA.r?crid£eiv, to bring together, in allusion to its relation to other minerals.
Ref.— ' [Term. ., 10, 83, 108, 1886] Zs. Kr., 13, 70; Jb. Min., 1, 462, ref., 1887.
Vivianite Group: Bobierrite—Hcernesite—Erythrite. 817
599. BOBIERRITI3. Phosphate de Magnesie tribasique et hydrate Bobierre, Les Mondes, 691, April 1868. Bobierrite Dana, Min., 595, 1868.
Monoclinic; in minute six-sided prismatic crystals, with a (100), b (010), m (110) and a terminal plane c (001) ? inclined 77° to a. Forms crystalline agglomerations, looking like white spots in the guano in which, it is embedded. Also massive.
Cleavage: clinodiagonal. Colorless to white. Optically Ax. pi. 7j. Bxa inclined 34° to a. 2E 125° approx. Dispersion p v weak, Lex.
Comp. — Hydrous magnesium phosphate, MgsP,Og -f- 8HaO Phosphorus pentoxide 29-5, magnesia 35-0, water 35'5 100. Anal.— A. Lacroix, C. R., 106. 681, 1888.
P2O 29-97 MgO 34-59 H,0 35'38 99'94
Insoluble in water, but easily soluble in acids without effervescence. Obs. — From the guano of Mexillones, on the Chilian coast.
600. HO3RNESITE. H5rnesit Haid., Vh. G. Reichs., 41, 1860; Ber. Ak. Wien, 40, 18,
Monoclinic. In crystals resembling gypsum in habit, giving the angles: mm'" 73°, zz'(?) 28° (cf. vivianite, p. 814). Also columnar; stellar-foliated.
Cleavage: clinodiagonal, perfect. H. 1. G. 2 -474. Luster of cleavage pearly. Color snow-white. Folia transparent, flexible.
Comp. — Hydrous magnesium arsenate, MgSjO, +8H,0 Arsenic pentoxide 46'6, magnesia 24'3, water 29'1 100. Anal. — Hauer, quoted by Haidinger, 1. c.
As-,0, 46-33 MgO 24'54 H,O 29-07 99'94
Pyr., etc. — In a glass tube gives much water. B.B. fuses easily, and on charcoal affords the odor of arsenic. Insoluble in water and easily soluble in acids.
Obs. — First distinguished by Kenngott in minerals from the Banat, Hungary (vicinity either of Cziklowa or Orawitza), in the Imperial Mineral Cabinet at Vienna. Occurs in a coarsely granular calcite, containing also some garnets.
Named after Dr. H&rnes, of the Imperial Cabinet.
601. ERYTHRITE. Kobold-Bliithe Bruckmann, Magnalia, 161, etc., 1727. Kobolt Blomma, Flos Cobalti [the cryst.], Koboltbeslag [impure earthy], Cobalti minera colorerubro, etc., Wall., Min., 234, 1747. Koboltbliite, Koboltbeschlag, Ochra Cobalti rubra, Cronstedt, 212, 1758. Kobaltbliithe Germ. Cobalt Bloom, Red Cobalt, Cobalt Ocher. Cobaltum acido arsenico- mineralisatum Bergmann, Sciagr., 134, 1782, Opusc., 2, 446, 1780 (first anal.). Arsenate of Cobalt. Cobalt arseniate Fr. Erythrine Beud., Min., 2, 596, 1832. Rhodoise Huot, 1, 313,.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 0*75 : 1 : 0*70; /3 75° approx., Brezina.1 Forma2 : a (100, b (010, t-i); m (110, I), w (101, r (112, v (111, 1). Angles nearly as with vivianite, measured: m'v 45° 48', vw — 29° 43', rr' 34° 12'.
Crystals prismatic and vertically striated. Also in globular and reniform shapes, having a drusy surface and a columnar structure; sometimes stellate. Also pulverulent and earthy, incrusting.
Cleavage : b highly perfect ; a, w indistinct. Thin laminae flexible' in a direc- tion J. b and nearly 6. Sectile. H. l'5-2'5; least on b. Gr. 2-948. Luster of A pearly; other faces adamantine, inclining to vitreous; also dull and earthy. Color crimson- and peach-red, sometimes pearl-gray or greenish gray; red tints incline to blue b. Streak a little paler than the color; the dry powder deep lavender-blue. Transparent to subtranslucent.
Optically—. Ax. pi. and Bxa b. Axial angles, Dx.a:
2Hr 104° 41' 2Hy 104° 81' 2HW 102°
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Var. — 1. Crystallized and foliated. 2. Earthy. The latter is the earthy cobalt bloom (Kobult. beschlag Germ., Rhodoise Huot.).
Comp. — Hydrous cobalt arsenate, CosAsa08 + 8H50 Arsenic pentoxide 38'4, cobalt protoxide 37'5, water 24*1 100. The cobalt is sometimes replaced by nickel, iron, and calcium.
Anal.— 1-3, Kersten, Pogg., 60, 251, 1843. 4, Lindaker, Yogi's Joach., 1857. 5, Petersen, Pogg., 134, 86, 1868.
1. Schneeberg
4. Joachimsthal
5. Wittichen
As2O CoO NiO FeO CaO
38-43 36-52 tr. I'Ol —
G. 2-912 38-30 33'42 — 4'01 —
38-10 29-19 — — 8-00
36-42 23-75 11 '26 3'51 0"42
38-10 30-36 3-71 3'04 tr.
H9O
24-10 100-06
24-08 99-81
23-90 99-19
23 52 So, 0-86 99'74
24-79 100
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube yields water at a gentle heat and turns bluish; at a higher heat gives off arsenic trioxide, which condenses in crystals ou the cool glass, and the residue has a dark gray or black color. B.B. in the forceps fuses at 2 to a gray bead, and colors the flame light blue (arsenic). B.B. on charcoal gives an arsenical odor, and fuses to a dark gray arsenide, which with borax gives the deep blue color characteristic of cobalt. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, giving a rose-red solution.
The earthy cobalt bloom, of a peach-blossom color (Kobaltbeschlag), is shown by Kersten to be cobalt bloom, with some free arsenic trioxide. He obtained, ibid., p. 262:
1. Schneeberg
2. Annaberg
As2O,
AsaOs
CoO 16'60
FeO
HaO
NiO, SO, tr. 100-70 NiO, CaO, SO, tr. 98-53
Obs. — Occurs at Schneeberg in Saxony, in micaceous scales, stellately aggregated; in brill- iant specimens, consisting of minute aggregated crystals, at Saalfeld in Thuringia; also at Riechelsdorf in Hesse; Wolf ach and Wittichen in Baden ; Auerbach on the Bergstrasse; Modum in Norway. The earthy peach-blossom varieties have been observed at Allernout in Dauphine; in Cornwall, at the Botallack mine, St. Just, etc.; near Alston in Cumberland; near Killarney in Ireland. A perfectly green variety occurs at Flatten in Bohemia, and sometimes red and green tinges have been observed on the same crystals.
In the U. S., in Penn., sparingly near Philadelphia. In Nevada, at Lovelock's station. In California, Los Angeles Co., and at the Kelsey mine, Compton.
Named from epvQpoS, red.
Ref.— ' Min. Mitth., 19, 1872. Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 53, 1884. 3 Dx., N. R., 182, 1867, Bull. .Soc. Min., 1, 76, 1878.
602. ANNABERGITE. Ochra Niccoli, Niccolum calciforme, Cronst., Min., 218, 1758. Nickelocker. Nickelblilthe. Nickel Bloom; Nickel Ocher; Nickel Green; Arsenate of Nickel. Nickel Arseniate. Annabergite B. & M., 503, 1852. Dudgeonite Heddle, Min. Mag., 8, 200,
Monoclinic. In capillary crystals; also massive and disseminated.
Soft. Fracture uneven, or earthy. Color fine apple-green. Streak greenish white.
Comp. — Hydrous nickel arsenate, Ni3Asa08 + 8HaO Arsenic pentoxide 38'5, nickel protoxide 37*4, water 24'i 100.
A little cobalt protoxide (to 2-5 p. c.) is sometimes present. In dudgeonite about one-third of the nickel is replaced by calcium.
Anal.— 1, Berthier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 52, 1820. 2, Stromeyer, . J., 25, 221, 1819. 3-5, Kersten, Pogg., 60, 269, 1843. 6, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 23, 46, 1885. 7, Heddle, 1. c.
1. Allemont
2. Riechelsdorf
3. Schneeberg
'6. Silver Cliff
7. Pibble M.
As3O. NiO CoO CaO H2O
2-5 —
—
—
tr.
tr.
—
tr.
—
24-5 100
24-32 FeaO, 1-13, SO, 0'23 100
23-91 FeO, SO, tr. 99'94
24-02 FeO 2-21, SO, tr. 100-13
23-92 FeO 1-10, AsaO, 0'52 - 88'85
23-94 MgO 3-74 100'97
25 01 99-43
Vivian1Te Group: Cabrer1Te—Kottigite. 819
Fyr., etc.— In the closed tube gives off water and darkens in color. B.B. fuses easily, and 'on charcoal gives an arsenical odor and yields a metallic button, which with borax glass gives at first a cobalt-blue glass, and later the violet to reddish brown color characteristic of nickel; in R.F. it becomes gray from reduced nickel. Soluble in acids.
Obs.— Occurs on smaltite at Allemont in Dauphine, and is supposed to result from the decomposition of this ore; also at Kamsdorf, near Saalfeld; at Annaberg and Schueeberg; at Riechelsdorf, and other mines of nickel ores. It lias been occasionally observed associated with copper nickel in the cobalt mine at Chatham, Connecticut. In Colorado, at the Gem mine near Silver Cliff, with niccolite. In Nevada, with niccolite in Churchill Co.
Dudgeouite is from the Pibble mine in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland, a few miles from Creetown; named after the discoverer, Mr. Dudgeon.
603. CABRERITE. Wasserhaltige Nickeloxyd-Magnesia /. H. Ferber, B. H. Ztg., 22, 306, 1863. Cabrerite Dana, MinL, 561, 1868.
Monoclinic, aw (100 A 101) 54° 20' to 55° Dx.1 Like erythrite in habit. Also fibrous, concentric, radiated. Keniform and granular.
Cleavage: clinodiagonal, perfect. H. =2. G. 2*96 Spain; 3'11 Laurium. Luster pearly on face of cleavage ; silky when fibrous. Color apple-green. Trans- lucent to transparent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. and Bxa b. Dispersion p v strong, also crossed. Axial angles, Dx. :
Spain 2Hr 105° 30'-106° 32' Laurium 2Hr 110° 20'-112° 20'
Comp. — A hydrous arsenate of nickel and magnesium, (Ni,Mg)3As,08 + 8H20. Cobalt, iron also replace part of the nickel. If Ni : Mg —3:1, the formula requires: Arsenic pentoxide 40'2, nickel protoxide 29-3, magnesia 5 '3, water 25*2 100.
Anal.— 1, Ferber, 1. c. 2, Frenzel, Jb. Min., 682, 1874. 3, Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 77, 1878.
As,O. NiO CoO FeO MgO H2O I.Spain G. 2-96 42-37 20'01 4'06 — 9'29 25-80 101-53
2. " G. 2-92 41-42 25'03 1'49 6'94 2578 100'66
3. Laurium G. 3-11 41 "40 28-72 tr. 2-01 4'64 23'11 99'88
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube yields water and becomes grayish yellow. B.B. in R.F. infusible: on charcoal gives arsenical fumes.
Obs.— From the Sierra Cabrera, Spain, in a gangue of brown spar, which is connected with the Mountain Limestone and argillaceo'us schist; similarly associated at the zinc mines of Laurium, Greece. Results from the alteration of arsenides of nickel and cobalt.
Ref.— i Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 75, 1878.
604. KOTTIGITE. Zinkarseniat Otto Kottig, J. pr. Ch., 48, 183, 1849; Naumann, ib., p. 256. Kottigite Dana, Min., 487, 1850.
Monoclinic, isomorphous with vivianite, bm 53°, an (100 A 101) 39° Groth1. Massive, or in crusts, with crystalline surface and fibrous structure.
Cleavage: clinodiagonal, perfect. H. 2'5-3. G. 3'1. Luster of surface of fracture silky. Color light carmine- and peach-blossom-red. Streak reddish white. Translucent to subtranslucent. An axis of elasticity in b inclined 37° to 6.
Comp.— Hydrous zinc arsenate, Zn3As208 + 8H20 Arsenic pentoxide 37 '3, line oxide 39'4, water 23-3 100. Cobalt and nickel replace part of the zinc. Anal.— Kottig, 1. c.
As2O5 [37 17] ZnO 30'52 CoO 6'91 NiO 2'00 CaO tr. H2O 23-40 100
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube gives much water, and at a higher temperature a faint crys- talline sublimate of arsenic trioxide. B.B. fuses easily, coloring the flame blue; on charcoal in R.F. gives copious fumes of arsenic and coats the coal with zinc oxide; with soda the coating is much more marked, and is yellow while hot and white on cooling; this moistened with cobalt solution and heated in O.F. assumes a green color. With borax and salt of phosphorus gives a cobalt-blue glass.
Obs.— Occurs with smaltite at the cobalt mine Daniel, near Schneeberg. The color is owing partly to the arsenate of cobalt in the mineral.
Ref.—1 Min.-Samml. Strassb., 166. 1878.
820 Phosphates, Absenate8, Etc.
605. RHABDOPHANITE. Rhabdophane Lettsom, Zs. Kr.( 3, 191, 1878; Proc. Cryst. Soc., 105, 1882; L. de Boisbaudran, C. R., 86, 1028, 1878. Scovillite G. J. Brush and ti. L. Pen- field, Ain. J. Sc., 25, 459, 1883. Skovillit.
Massive, small mammillary, globular with indistinct fibrous structure. Also aa an incrustation, botryoidal or stalactitic, with radiated fibrous structure.
Fracture uneven. H. — 3*5. G. 3'94-4'01 scovillite. Luster greasy. Color brown, pinkish or yellowish white. Translucent. Optically uniaxial, posi- tive, Bertrand1. Shows the spectroscopic absorption-bands for didymium and erbium.
Comp. — A hydrous phosphate of metals of the cerium and yttrium groups, EP04 HaO or KaOs.P8Os.2HaO. Assuming the relation of yttrium to cerium metals as 1 : 4, the percentage composition is: P,0§ 28 -4, (Y,Er)aO, ll'l, (La,Di),Ot 53-3, H,0 7-2 100.
Anal.— 1, Hartley, J. Ch. Soc., 41, 210, 1882, as recalc. by Brush and Peufield. 2, Brush and Penfield, 1. c. and ibid., 27, 200, 1884.
P2O. (Y,Er)3O, (La,Di)aO, HaO
1. Rhabdophanite 26-26 65-75 7'99 100
2. Scovillite 29'10 9 -93 53*82 6'86 Fe8O, 0'29 100
The original analysis of scovillite (Penfield) gave: PaO5 24-94, (Y,Er)3O3 8-51, (La,Di),O, 55-17, Fe2O, 0'25, combined H2O 5'88, H2O lost at 100° T49, CO., 3'59 99'83. The authors conclude that the CO3 is due to an admixed mineral having the composition RaOj.3COa.3HjO, and deducting this the result above given is obtained. Hartley obtained, excluding 5'69 impurities: PaO6 24'64, (Ce,La,Di,Y)3Os 61'69, H2O combined 7'50, A12O3, Fe2O8, CaO, MgO with some PaO5 1'93, SiO8 3'76 99'52; another determination gave: CeaO3 23'19, YaO, 2'09.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible. With salt of phosphorus and borax gives a rose-colored bead in both flames. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Rhabdophanite is known only in a few specimens obtained from Cornwall prior to 1820; it was taken for brown sphalerite, some varieties of which it resembles rather closely. Named from pdfidoS, rod, and (pairea-ai, to appear, in allusion to the absorption-bands seen in its spectrum.
Scovillite occurs sparingly in thin pinkish or yellowish incrustations on limonite and pyrolusite at the Scoville ore bed in Salisbury, Conn.
Ref.— ' Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 58, 1880.
606. OHUROHITE. A new British mineral containing cerium, A. H. Church, Ch. News, 12, 121, 1865. Churchite G. G. Williams, ib., 183. Hydrated cerous phosphate Church, J. Ch. Soc., 18, 259, 1865.
Monoclinic? In fan-like aggregations of minute crystals. Also radiated columnar.
Cleavage perfect in one direction. Fracture conchoidal. H. 3-3*5. G 3*14 approx. Luster vitreous; pearly on cleavage plane. Color pale smoke- gray, tinged with flesh-red. Streak white. Transparent to translucent. Doubly refracting.
Comp. — A hydrous phosphate of cerium (didymium) and calcium, RP04+ 2H,0 or ROg + 4H,0. If Ce,,03 : CaO 5:3, the formula requires: Phosphorus pentoxide 27*5, cerium oxide 53*2, lime 5 '4, water 13'9 100. Anal.— Church, 1. c.
P.O. Ce,O, CaO H,O
28-48 51*87 5'42 14-93 F tr. 100'70
C. G. Williams (1. c.) has proved churchite to contain didymium.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in tube yields acid water, becoming opaque. In outer flame becomes reddish, and difficultly fusible With borax in outer flame gives a bead which is orange-yellow and opaline while hot, and colorless or slightly amethystine when cold.
Obs. — Occurs at Cornwall, in a copper lode, as a coating one-tenth of an inch thick on quartz and argillaceous schist.
Named after Prof. A. H. Church, of Cireucester, England.
Scorodite Group— Scorodite.
Scorodite Group. Orthorhombic.
607. SOORODITE. Cupreous Arsenate of Iron. Cupro-martial Arsenate Bourn., PhiL Trans., 191, 1801. Martial Arsenate of Copper. Cuivre arseniate ferrifere JZ , Tabl., 91, 1809. Scorodit Breith., Hoffm. Handb., 4, 2, 182, 1817. Scorodite and Neoctese Beud., 2, 605, 607, 1832; Dx., Ann. Ch. Phys., 10, 402, 1844. Arseniksinter, Eisensinter, Hermann, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1, 254; 1845. Kobalt-scorodit Lippmann, v. Horn berg, Zool. Min. Ver. Regensb., 11, 172.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-86578 : 1 : 0-95414 Eath1. 100 A HO 40° 53f, 001 A 101 47° 46£', 001 A Oil 43
Forms : a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l)
e (001, 0) m (110, /)
h (340, t-f d (120, i-2)
n (201, 2-1) e (012, i-i)
(112, i) p (111,1)
(121, 2-2)
mm'" 81° 46'
dd' 60° 1'
nri 131° Hi'
51° Of
mi 53* 55' mp 34° 27' ds 24° 244' ii 52° 53'
ii" 72° 10' M'" 45° 21' pp' *77° 8' pp" 111° 6'
pp"' *65° 20'
M" 181" 11'
104° 6'
Fig. 1, Common form. 2, 3, Ural, Erem (r 16'17'16). 4, Dernbach, after Rath.
Habit octahedral, also prismatic (d), less often tabular a. Crystals aggregated in irregular groups. Also earthy, amorphous.
Cleavage : d imperfect ; a, b in traces. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H.= 3-5-4. G. 3'l-3-3. Luster vitreous to subadamantine and subresinous. Color pale leek-green or liver-brown. Streak white. Subtransparent to translucent.
Optically -f. Ax. pi. a. Bx c. Ax. angles:
2Ha.r 76° 43 2Ha.y 76° 5'
2Ha.bi 72° 44'
2Er 130° 58' . 2Ey 129° 32' . -. 2EW 122° 25' Dx.4
Also (meas.) 2Er 115° 43' at 17° C., 116° 56' at 76° -5
Comp.— Hydrous ferric arsenate, FeAs04 + 2HaO or Fe101.As,Oi.4H10 Arsenic pentoxide 49-8, iron sesquioxide 34-6, water 15-6 — 100.
Anal.— 1-4, Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 10, 412, 1844. 5, Raimondi, Min. Perou, 228, 1878. Also 5th Ed., p. 574.
1. Vaulry, green crystals
2. Cornwall, blue crystals
3. Saxony, bluish
4. Brazil, Neoctese
5. Peru, earthy
As-jOs
FeaO,
H,O
G.
3-11
15-64
1568
15-58
G.
3-18
15-70
14-5
An Iron-sinter (Eisensinter, Arseniksinter) from Nerchinsk, analyzed by Hermann, 1. c., is an amorphous scorodite.
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields neutral water and turns yellow. B.B. fuses easily, coloring the flame blue. B.B. on charcoal gives arseuical fumes, and with soda a black magnetic: scoria. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Found of brown color in the granitic mountains of Schwarzenberg, in Saxony, asso- ciated with ursenopyriie; at Derubach, iNassau; at Lolling, near Hiltteuberg in Cariuthia] with lolliiigite; at Chauteloube, near Limoges; at Nerchinsk, biberia, in fine crystals; also 'as an
rseuopyrite and gold.
Occurs in minute crystals and druses of leek-green and greenish white colors, near Eden- ville, N. Y., with arseuopyrite, iron-sinter, etc., in white limestone; in Cabarrus Co., N. C., on G. Luderick's farm, in aggregations of greenish white, brownish green and leek-green crystals; coating cavities of quartz and limouite with copper ores and pyrite. In Northern Alabama with arsenopyrite. In Utah, Tintic district, at the Mammoth mine on enargite associated with pharnia- cosiderite and various copper aisenates; at the Horn Silver mine, Utah. As a thin amorphous incrustation on the siliceous sinter of the geysers and hot springs of the Yellowstone region; thus at the Joseph Coat Springs and elsewhere (Hague, Am. J. Sc., 34, 171, 1887); also at the Steamboat Springs, Nevada.
The cobalt-scorodite of Lippruann (1. c.) occurs in bluish crystals with quartz and hypo- chlorite, at Schueeberg; it has not. been analyzed.
Named from <TK 6 podov, garlic, alluding to the odor before the blowpipe.
Alt. — Scorodite occurs altered to limouite.
Artif.— Formed in crystals like the natural mineral (G. 3'28) by the action of arsenic acid on metallic iron in sealed tubes at a high temperature, Yemeni! and Bourgeois, Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 32, 1880.
Ref.— ' Dernbach, Nassau, Jb. Min., 396, 1876. 2 Dx., Ann. Ch., Phys., 10, 402, 1844; cf. Mir., Min., p. 411, 1852, Kk., Min. Russl., 6, 307, 1874, Rath, I.e. 3 Eiem., Ural, Vh. Min. Ges., 20, 185, 1885 (Jb. Min., 1, 3 ref., 1889), also the vicinal pyramids 19'19'20, T 16-17-16. 4 Propr. Opt., 1, 60, 185; N. R., 89, 1867.
JOGYNAITE N. Nordenskiold. An earthy mineral, formed from the decomposition of arsenopyrite, and referred to scorodite. Occurs with beryl from the Adun-Chalon Mts., Nerchinsk, Siberia. See v. Koksharov, Bull. Acad. St. Pet., 19, 571, 1873.
608. STRENGITE. A. Nies, Jb. Min., p. 8, 1877.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-86517 : 1 : 0-98272 Bruhns and Busz1. 100 A HO 40° 52', 001 A 101 48° 38f , 001 A Oil 44° 30'.
Forms' : a (100, i-), k (430, &-f)*, d (120, i-2); /(302, f-I)2; g (805, f-i)8, e (012, ft)', (111, 1),. it (15-12-10, |-|)4?.
kk"' 65° dd' 60° ff 119°
11'
gg' 122°
ap 50°
20' 59'
Pp Pp'
*78° 112°
H'
pp'" *65° 59' 50" bit 62° 33'
Crystals rare; in habit and angle near scorodite; also prismatic by extension
of macrodomes. Generally in spherical and botryoidal forms, aggregates with radiated fibrous structure, and drusy sur- face.
Cleavage: a imperfect. II. 3-4. G. — 2 '87. Luster vitreous, brilliant. Color peach-blossom-red, carmine-red, and various other shades; sometimes nearly colorless. Streak yellowish white. Trans- lucent to transparent. Bx c. Ax. angle 60° approx., Bruhns & Busz3.
Comp. — H y d r o u s ferric phosphate, FePO, 4- 2H,0 or FeaOs.P,06.4H,0
Eleouore M.,Nies.
Virginia, Ayres.
Phosphorus pentoxide 38-0, iron sesquioxide 42-7, water 19 -3 100. Anal.— 1, Nies, 1. c. 2, Koenig, Proc. Acad. Philad., 277, 1877.
1. Eleonore Mine G. 2'87
2. RockbridgeCo., Va.
P,O5 FeaO, H,O
37-82 43-65 19'61 insol. 0'15 101-83
38-30 42-30 18'87 101 '47
Phosphosiderite.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses readily to a black shining bead, coloring the flame bluish green. Iron reaction with borax. Dissolves easily in -warm hydrochloric acid; in nitric acid insoluble.
Obs. — Occurs with cacoxenite, at the Eleouore iron mine on the Dilusberg, near Giessen; also iu colorless crystals with eleonorite, at the Rothliiufchen mine, near Waldgirmes, in the same region; also the Jakobssegeu miue near Bremthal in the Tauuus. In distinct crystals, piuk to red, in cavities in dufrenite, from Rockbridge Co., Va., sometimes like f. 1 in habit, also f. 2. Named after Prof. A. Streug, of Giessen.
Ref.—1 Zs. Kr., 17, 558, 1890. The results of Nies, 1. c., were deduced from 111 A 111 77° 46', 111 A 111 64° 52', 120 A 120 61° 24'.
2 E. F. Ayres, priv. contr. The crystals examined were in part like f. 1 with also another brachypyraniid, s in part (f. 2) prismatic axis b. The last named are like the crystals figured and imperfectly described by Koeuig, and formed the material of anal. 2. The suggestion, therefore, that they belonged to phosphosiderite (cf. f. 1, below) does not seem applicable unless, indeed, the latter is merely a form of strengite. The angles measured by Koenig and Ayres are as follows: bk 58° K, 57° 52' A; bd 30° 29' A; ff " 62 35' K; gg'" 57° 40 K, 58° 24' A; bn 62° 53' A.
3 Cf. phosphosiderite below\
Artif. — Rose-red microscopic crystals having the composition of strengite have been obtained by A. de Schulten by heating a solution of FeCl3.6HaO with phosphoric acid solution in a closed tube at 180°-190° C. They are, however, monoclinic, tabular b (010) with ft 65°. Extinc- tion inclined 38° to edge a/6. Twins a (100) and c (001). Ax. plane b (010). C. R., 100, 1532,
609. PHOSPHOSIDERITE. W. Bruhns and K. Busz, Zs. Kr., 17, 555, 1890. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0-53302 : 1 : 0 -87723 Bruhns & Busz1. 100 A HO 28° 3f, 001 A 101 58° 43', 001 A Oil 41
d (111, 1) t (771, 7)
Forms : c (001, 0) n (210, t-2) g (034, f-)
a (100, i-l) p (710, z-7) m(llQ,I) h (Oil, l-l)
b (010, i-i) o (410, i-l) e (101, l-l) t (041, 4-i)
The form is not far from that of strengite (cf. ref. ') and the chemical composition differa only iu the amount of water, but it does not seem possible to unite the two species.
oo'" 15° II' nn"' - 29° 51' mm'" 56° 7' bm *61° 56V
ee' =117° 26' ce *58° 43' gg 66° 41' hh' - 82° 31'
148° 11' dd' 102° 6' dd" 123° 36'
dd"' 48° 59' cd 61° 48' ci - 85° 37'
In prismatic crystals, with b prominent; faces mostly rough and not allowing of exact measurement.
Cleavage: b perfect. H. 3 -75. G. 2'76. Color peach-blossom-red or reddish violet. Transparent.
Pleochroism distinct : c nearly colorless ; b carmine-red ; a pale rose. Optically -(-. Ax. pi. b. Bx c. Axial angle large. Dispersion strong, p v.
2Ky 62° 55' 2Ey 126° 26' Na /37 1'7315 .-. 2Vy 62° 4'
Comp.— 2FeP04 + 3$H,0 or Fea03.P,06.3|H,0 Phos- phoric pentoxide 38*9, iron sesquioxide 43 '8, water 17*3
Anal. — Bruhns & Busz, 1. c.
PaO5 38-85 Fe,O, 44'30 H2O 17-26 100-41
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube becomes yellow and opaque, giving off water without decrepi- tation. B.B. fuses easily to a black magnetic bead. Soluble completely in hydrochloric acid; nearly insoluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — Found in cavities in an iron ore (Pecheisenstein) from the Kalterborn mine, near Eiserfeld, Siegen mining district, Germany.
Ref.—1 L. c. By making the cleavage face 001 and m (110) 021 Bruhns & Busz calculate the axes:
d : b : b 0'82285 : 1
which are not very far from the axes of strengite. orientation as well as chemically.
0-93805, The two minerals differ, however, in optical
24 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
610. BARRANDITE. Barrandit v. Zepharovich, Ber. Ak. Wien, 56 (1), 20, 1867.
In spheroidal concretions, indistinctly radiated fibrous, with the surface crys- talline angular; concentric in structure.
H. 4'5. G. 2 '576. Luster between vitreous and greasy. Color pale bluish, reddish, greenish or yellowish gray. Streak yellowish to bluish white. Translucent to opaque.
Comp.— (Al,Fe)P04 + 2H,0 or (Al,Fe),Os.P,06.4HaO. If Al : Fe 3 : 4 the percentage composition is: Phosphorus pentoxide 40*7, alumina 12-5, iron sesqui- oxide 26-2, water 20'6 100. Anal. — E. Boricky, 1. c.
PaO6 39-68 AlaO, 12-74 FeaO, 26-58 H,O 21-00 100
Pyr., etc. — Yields water with an acid reaction. B.B. splits open and becomes darker in color; moistened with sulphuric acid colors the flame bluish green. Soluble in hot hydro- chloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs at Cerhovic, N.N.W. of Pfibram, in Bohemia, in clefts in a Lower Silurian sandstone, with cacoxenite and stilpnosiderite; the translucent globules £ to 1£ mm. in diameter, and having within some resemblance to opal; the opaque variety without luster; sometimes a grain of lunonite at center, and particles of the same as impurity.
Alt. — Stated to give origin by alteration to dufrenite, similar globules and fibrous crusts at the locality having the composition of the latter mineral.
611. VARISCITE. Variscite Breithaupt, J. pr. Ch., 10, 506, 1837. Orthorhombic. Axes & : b 0'648 : 1; 100 A HO 32° 57' Chester1.
Observed forms: a (100, i-i), b (010, i-i), c(001, 0), m (110, 7); mm'" *65° 54'.
Crystals prismatic, usually six-sided, but rarely distinct. Commonly in sheaf- like aggregates and incrustations with reniform surface.
H. 4. Luster vitreous, brilliant. Color deep emerald-green, bluish green to colorless. Transparent to translucent. Indices y — a 0"0173 Lex.
Comp.— A1P04 + 2H,0 or Al,Os.P,0B.4HaO Phosphorus pentoxide 44-9, alumina 32-3, water 22-8 100.
Anal.— 1, Petersen, Jb. Min., 357, 1871. 2, Chester, Am. J. Sc., 13, 295, 1877.
P2O5 A1,O. H-.O
1. Voigtland G. 2-408 44-05 31-25 22'85 Cr,O,,Fe,O,,FeO 1-21, CaO 0-18, MgO 0-41
2. Arkansas 44-35 81-85 23-80 100 99'95
From 2 an insoluble residue of 50-70 p. c. has been deducted.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water in a matrass. B.B. in the forceps infusible, but becomes white ; in the outer flame, colors the flame deep bluish green; with borax and salt of phosphorus forms a pale yellowish green glass; with soda fuses with effervescence, but imperfectly; with cobalt solution becomes blue.
Obs.— Occurs in quartz and siliceous slate at Messbach near Plauen in Saxon Voigtland. In Montgomery Co., Arkansas, on quartz. Named from Variscia (Voigtland).
Ref.— ' Arkansas, Am. J. Sc., 15, 207, 1878.
PLANERITE Hermann, Bull Soc. Nat. Mosc., 35 (2), 240, 1862. A mineral from the copper mines of Gumeshevsk, in the Ural. Occurs in thin stibcrystalline, botryoidal layers in the cavities of a quartz rock. H. 5; G. 2'65. Color on fresh surface verdigris-green, passing to olive-green on exposure to the air. Luster dull. Translucent on the edges, y — a 0'0173, like variscite, Lex. Analysis afforded:
P2O, 33-94 AUG. 37-48 CuO 3'72 FeO 3'52 H,O 20'93 99'59
Hermann regards the hydrated oxides of iron and copper as unessential, as in many other aluminous phosphates, turquois, pegauite, fischerite, etc.
B.B. in tube decrepitates, yielding much neutral water. Easily soluble in borax, giving copper reaction. Only slightly attacked by acids, but easily decomposed by boiling with caustic soda. Named after Planer, director of the mines.
AMPHITHALITE. Amfithalit Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 23, 93, 1866. B. H. Ztg., 25, 809, 1866.
Massive. H. — 6 Color milk white. Subtransluceut. Analysis. — IgelstrOm:
P,O6 3006 Al,0i 48 50 MgO 1-55 CaO 5-76 H,0 12-47 FeO.MnO tr. 98'34
Callainite -Zepharo Vichite—Koninckite. 825
B.B. infusible. Insoluble in acids. Occurs in the quartzyte of HorrsjOberg, Wermland, with lazulite, rutile, and cyanite. Named from djt0t£o:A.0$, becrowned. since it usually occurs surrounded by other beautiful minerals, though unattractive itself. Groth refers this to the doubtful berlinite (A1PO4 -f- iH3O?) which is mentioned on p. 847.
612. OALLAINITB. ? Callaina Plin., 37, 33. Turquois pt. Callais paanour, C. R., 69, 936, 1864. Callainite Dana.
Massive. Texture wax-like.
H. 3-5-4. G. 2-50-2 -52. Color apple-green to emerald-green, spotted or lined with whitish and bluish. 'Translucent.
Comp A1P04 + 2|H,0 or Al,0,.Pa05.5H,0 Phosphorus pentoxide 42'6,
alumina 30'5, water 26 '9 100. Anal. — A. Dainour, 1. c.
P2OS AlaO, Fe,O, MnaO, CaO H2O
42-58 29-57 1'82 tr. 0'70 23'62 sand 2'10 100-39
Pyr., etc. — When heated yields water, and becomes opaque, chocolate-brown, and friable. B.B. infusible.
Obs. — From a Celtic grave, near Mane-er H'roek in Lockmariaquer, in rounded pieces from the size of a flax-seed to that of a pigeon's egg, and found in the collections of the Polymathic Society of Morbihan, in western France.
Damour makes this mineral the callais of Pliny, and especially in view of its green color. But the callais was blue, and the green stone really related to it was probably the callaina (see p. 845). Yet, as this identity is not established, the name callainite is better than Pliny's name unmodified.
613. ZEPHAROVIOHITE. E. Boricky, Ber. Ak. Wien, 59 (1), 593, 1869. Crystalline to compact, horn-like in aspect. Fracture conchoidal. H. 5*5. G. 2'37.
Color greenish, yellowish or grayish white. Translucent.
Comp.— AlPCvSHjO Phosphorus pentoxide 40"3, alumina 29'0, water 30'7 100.
P2O5 AlaO3 Fe3O CaO MgO HaO quartz
1. 35-56 29-77 — 1-07 0"41 26'70 5'46 98-97
2. 37-46 28-44 — 0'54 tr. 26'57 6'05 99 06
3. 37-80 29-60 0'86 1'38 28'98 0'46 99-08
Nos. 1 and 2 contained intermingled wavellite, and No. 3 an earthy gibbsite. Boricky thinks the analyses prove the mineral to be essentially an aluminium phosphate with 8 molecules HaO. It is, however, to be noted that this differs from callainite above only in containing 1 molecule more of water, and analysis 2, after deduction of the 6'04 of quartz, gives: PaO 40'28, AlaO3 30-57, CaO 0'58, HaO 28 56, a result which approaches the figures given by Damour in his analysis of callaiuite. The species, therefore, must be regarded as a doubtful one.
Occurs in sandstone at Trenic in Bohemia.
Named for Prof. V. von Zepharovich (1830-1890).
GIBBSITE. A so-called gibbsite stated to have come from Richmond, Mass., and to occur with the true gibbsite (aluminium hydrate hydrargillite, p. 254) has given Hermann, J. pr. €h., 40, 32, 1847; also 47, 1, 1849:
P2O5 37-62 Auo3 26-66 H,O 35'72 100
This corresponds nearly to A1PO4 -4- 4H2O. but the occurrence is not above question. The substance was called richmondite by Kenngott (cf . p. 255).
Genth also mentions a gibbsite of Hermann, occurring in scales on wavellite from Gen. Trimble's farm near White Horse Station, Chester Valley R. R. (locality formerly called "Steamboat"). He says it is a phosphate corresponding with peganite but containing more water.
614. KONINOKITE. Cetdro, Ann. Soc. G. Belg. Mem., 11, 247, 1883-84.
In small spherical aggregates of radiating needles; in one case terminated by an oblique plane.
Cleavage transverse. H. 3'5. G. 2*3. Luster vitreous. Color and streak yellow. Transparent. Extinction parallel.
Comp.— FePO4 -f- 3H,O or FeaOi.P,,O.6H!iO Phosphorus pentoxide 34'6, iron sesqui- oxide 39-0, water 26'4 100.
Anal. — Cesaro, 1. c.
PaO5 34-8 Fe3O, 33'8 A120, 4-6 HaO 26'8 100
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses easily. Soluble in strong acids. Obs. — Occurs with richellite at Richelle near Vise, Belgium. Named for the Belgian geologist, L. G. de Koninck (1809-1887).
Phosphates, Absenate8, Etc.
Hydrous Phosphates, etc.— Acid Division.
a : 1 : 6 ft
615. Stercorite H(NH4)NaP04 + 4H20 Monoclinic 2-8828 : 1 : 1-8617 80° 42$'
a : I :6
616. Haidingerite HCaAsO, + H,0 Orthorhombic 0-8391 : 1 : 0-4990
617. Pharmacolite
618. Brushite
Pharmacolite Group. Monoclinic.
HCaAs04 + 2H20 HCaP04 + 2H80
a : b:6 ft
0-6137 : 1 : 0-3622 83° 13' 0-6221 : 1 : 0-3415 84° 45'
619. Metabrushite 2HCaP04 + 311,0 Monoclinic
620. Martinite H,Ca6(P04)4 + H20? Ehombohedral
& : b:t
621. Newberyite HMgP04 -f 3HaO Orthorhombic 0-9548 : 1 : 0-9360
a : b: 6 /3
622. Wapplerite -HCaAs04 + 3$H20 Monoclinic? 0-9125 : 1 : 0-2660 84° 35'
623. Hannayite H4(NH4)2Mg,(P04)4 + 8HS0 Triclinic
& : b : 6 0-6990 : 1 : 0'9748; a 122° 31$', ft 126° 46', y 54° 9'
a : I : 6 ft
624. Hureaulite H2Mna(P04)4+ 4H20 Monoclinic 1-9192 : 1 : 0-5245 84° 1'
625. Forbesite Ha(Ni,Co)sAsa08 + 8HaO?
615. STEROORITE. Stercorite Herapath, Q. J. Ch. Soc., 1849. Microcosmic Salt. Native Salt of Phosphorus. Phosphorsalz Germ.
Monoclinic. Axes a:b:6 2-8828 : 1 : 1-8617; ft *80° 42$' 001 A 100 Mitscherlich1.
100 A HO 70° 38', 001 A 101 29° 59$', 001 A Oil 61° 26$'.
Forms' (artif. cryst.): a (100, i-l) e (001, 0)
Ji (310, '-8) m (110, /)
r (101, - l-l) k (201, - 2-1)
f (101, 14) x (201, 2-1)
n (112, - t (112, i)
M"' 86° 58' cr 29° 59f ex 58° 10' ct 45° 44'
mm'" =*141° 16' ck 46° 81$' en - 42° 441' nn' 79° 46'
am 70° 38' cf 26f cm 86° 56' 85° 9'
Artif. cryst. prismatic fl 6 with m prominent and terminated by c and the dome/ (101), also other forms. Native mineral in crystalline masses and nodules.
H. 2. G. 1-615. Luster vitreous. Color white, stained yellowish brown. Transparent. Fragile. Not efflorescent. Easily soluble in hot and cold water.
Haidingerite— Pharmacolite. 827
Comp — HNa(NH4)P04 + 4HaO Phosphorus pentoxide 34-7, soda 15-1, ammonium oxide 10*7, water 39'5 100.
Anal.— 1, Herapath, 1. c. 2, Raimondi, Min. Perou, 28, 1878.
PaO. Na,O (NH4)aO HSO-
1. Ichaboe 34'33 15-75 7'68 42'24 100
2. Guafiape 34'54 14-50 8'48 42'48 100
Pyr., etc. — B.B. intumesces, and gives off water and ammonia, colors the flame momentarily a faint green, and fuses to a transparent colorless glass, soluble in boiling water.
Obs. — Found in guano at the island of Ichaboe on the west coast of Africa, and named from the Latin stercus, dung. Also in the guano of the Guafiape Islands on the coast of Peru.
This species is identical with the salt of phosphorus, used as a flux in blowpipe analysis.
Ref.— Ann. Ch. Phys., 19, 399, 1821.
616. HAIDINGERITE. Turner, Edinb. J. Sc., 3, 308, 1825. Diatomes Gypshaloid, Raid., ib., 303, and Pogg., 5, 182, 1827.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 0-83910 : 1 : 0-49895 Haidinger1. 100 A HO 40° 0', 001 A 101 30° 44|', 001 A Oil 26° 31'.
Forms : a (100, i-l)
mm'"
99' kK
*80° 33° 99°
m (110, /)
0' if
r tt'
53' ss'
134° 118°
ff (102, k (201,
24' 2'
2-i)
s"
nTl'
137°
42° 92°
i (401, t (Oil,
87'
17' 55'
4-i) 14)
nn"'
121° 58°
n(542,
88' 14'
4-2) ff)
Mostly in minute crystals aggregated into botryoidal forms and drusy crusts.
Cleavage: b highly perfect. Sectile; thin laminae slightly flexible. H. 1-5-2-5. G. 2'848. Luster vitreous, on cleavage face 'pearly. Streak white. Color white. Transparent to translucent:
Optically -f. Ax. pi. a. Bx0 b. Ax. angle large. Refractive index, y 1'67, Dx.*
Comp.— HCaAs04 + H,0 or 2CaO.Asa06.3H,0 Arsenic pentoxide 58'1, lime 28'3, water 13-6 100.
Pyr. — B.B. like pharmacolite. Dissolves easily in nitric acid.
Obs. — The single original specimen, in the cabinet of R. P. Greg, Jr., was of uncertain origin. Later observations by Tschermak show that the locality was doubtless Joachimsthal, where it occurs with pharmacolite. Also' from Wittichen and Alpirsbach, Baden (Sandberger).
Named after the Austrian mineralogist Wilhelm von Haidinger (1797-1871).
Ref.—1 L. c., or Pogg., 5, 182, 1825. Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 195, 1888.
617. PHARMACOLITE. Arseniksaurer Kalk (von Wittichen) Selb, Scherer's J., 4, 537, 1800. Pharmakolit Karsten. Tab., 75, 1800. Arsenikblilthe Wern., pt. Arsenate of Lime. Chaux arseniatee Fr. Arsenicite Beud., Min., 2, 593, 1832. Hemiprismatischer Gypshaloid, Haid., Pogg., 5, 181, 1825.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 0-61373 : 1 : 0-36223; /3 83° 13£' 001 A 100 Schrauf1.
100 A HO 3r 2 If , 001 A 101 32° 12£', 001 A Oil 19° 47'.
Forms': c (001. 0) m (110, /) d (331, - 8)< a? (§21, 84)
6 (010, t4) (310, t-3) n (Oil, 1-1) x (111, 1)
ss'" 22° 58' em 84° 13' iex' 36° 14' m'it= 59" IV mm'" 62° 43' tn 36° 28' axe' 40° 56' 81° 8' nn" 39° 34' ex 67° 24' m'x 47° 45'
828 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.,
Crystals rare, small; in habit prismatic axis a. Faces c, n often striated edge c/n. Commonly in delicate silky fibers or acicular crystallizations; in stellated groups. Also botryoidal and stalactitic and sometimes massive.
Cleavage: b perfect. Fracture uneven. Flexible in thin laminae. H. 2- 2 '5. G-. 2-64-2-73. Luster vitreous-; on b inclining to pearly. Color white or grayish ; frequently tinged red by arsenate of cobalt. Streak white. Translucent to opaque. Optically — . Ax. pi. and Bx0 b. Bxa A + 69° 42'. Axial angles, Dx.::
2He.r 113° 24' 2H0.y 112° 20' 2H0.bl 111° 47'
Comp.— Probably HCaAs04 + 2H90 or 2CaO.As,Oi.5H10 Arsenic pent- oxide 53-3, lime 25-9, water 20'8 100.
This is the composition of artificial crystals which gave Dufet : AsjO6 52'65, CaO 26 '68, HO 20-94 100-22. Bull. Spc. Min., 11, 187, 1888. These were identical in form and optical constants with the natural mineral; analyses of the latter, however, give half an equivalent more water.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Pogg. Ann., 62, 150, 1844. 2, Petersen, ib., 134, 86, 1868. 3, Jannettaz, Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 212, 1888. 4, Hatle and Tauss, Vh. G. Reichs., 226, 1887.
As5O6 CaO HaO
1. Gltlcksbrunn 51-58 23-59 [23-40] CoO.FeO 1-48 100
2. Wittichen 49'45 24-18 [26-37] CoO.FeO.MgO.MnO tr. 100
3. St. Marie-aux-Mines G. 2'535 50-54 23'90 23-80 MgO 0-50, Fe2O, 0'35, SiO, 0*70,
4. VOllegg 48-60 27'04 24'49 100'13 [P,0. 0'30 100'Ofr
Pyr.. etc.— In the closed tube yields water and becomes opaque. B.B. in O.F. fuses with, intumescence to a white enamel, and colors the flame light blue (arsenic). On charcoal in R F. gives arsenical fumes, and fuses to a semi-transparent globule, sometimes tinged blue from traces of cobalt. The ignited mineral reacts alkaline to test paper. Insoluble in water, but readily soluble in acids.
Obs. — Found with arsenical ores of cobalt and silver, also with arsenopyrite. Has been found at Wittichen. Baden, in crystals; at St. Marie-aux-Mines in the Vosges, in botryoidal or globular groups; at Andreasberg in the Harz, and at Riechelsdorf and Bieber in Hesse; at Glticksbrunn in Thuringia; at Joachimsthal in Bohemia; at V511egg, Styria, with arsenopyrite.
This species was named, in allusion to its containing arsenic, from (pdpnaKov, poison.
Ref. — l Joachimsthal, Min. Mitth., 138, 1873; earlier observations by Haid., 1. c., are not accurate. On the form of the artif . cryst. , see Dufet, 1. c.
1 See Miller, Min., p. 506, 1852, and Schrauf, 1. c. 3 Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 4, 284, 1879. 4Dx., Bull Soc. Min., 11, 192, 1888; on the optical constants of the artif. cryst., see Dufet, 1. c.
618. BRUSHITE. G. E. Moore, Proc. Acad. Cal., 3, 167, 1864; Am. J. Sc., 39, 43, 1865.
Monoclinic. Axes a: 1:6 0'6221 : 1 : 0-3415; ft *84° 45' 001 A 100 J. D. Dana1.
100 A HO 31° 46f, 001 A 101 29° 55£', 001 A Oil 18° 46'.
Forms: b (010, t-1); (310, i-8), n (Oil, 14), I (301, 3-i) cleavage.
Angles : bs *78° 20', ss' 23° 20', bn 71° 13', nn' *37° 34', I A edge n/n' 62° 37'.
In small slender prisms, flattened ~b, with a rough oblique termination. Also concretionary massive, consisting of lamellar individuals, and having pearly cleavages.
Cleavage: b perfect; I (301) also perfect. H. 2-2-5. G. 2-208. Luster of b pearly, elsewhere vitreous, and in part splendent; when massive, earthy, or more or less resinous. Colorless to pale yellowish. Transparent to translucent.
Comp.— HCaP04 + 2H,0 or 2CaO.P,06.5HaO Phosphorus pentoxide 41'3, lime 32-5, water 26'2 100.
Metabeushite. 829-
7 Anal.— 1, 2, Moore, 1. c. 3, Julien, Am. J. Sc., 40, 369, 1865.
PaO8 CaO H2O
1. Avesl. 41-50 32'65 26'33 100'48
2. " 41-32 32-73 26'40 100'45
3. Sombrero 39'95 32-11 25'95 AlaO3)Fe2O3 0'33, SO3 0'78, hygrosc. 1-23 100-35
Pyr., etc. — Heated in a closed tube whitens, and at an incipient red heat gives off water B.B. in the platinum forceps fuses easily with intumescence, tingeing the flame green; the button crystalliue with brilliant facets on cooling. Dissolves readily in dilute acids.
Obs.— Occurs on the rock guano of Aves Island and Sombrero in the Caribbean Sea, in groups and crusts consisting of delicate and mostly transparent crystals. Named after Prof. Of. J. Brush of New Haven.
Ref. — ' Am. J. Sc., 39, 45, 1865; the position is changed to correspond to pharmacolite Vj.v.), as suggested by Dufet, Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 187, 1888.
619. METABRUSHITE. A. A. Julien, Am. J. Sc., 40, 371, 1865. Zeugite Julien, ib., p. 373. Ornithite Julien, ib., p. 377.
Monoclinic. In imperfect crystals with a (100, i-i), £(010, i-l), o (101, — 1-1). Faces a broad and even, but dull, J, o deeply furrowed and rounding into one another; crystals sometimes flattened b. Angle ao — 38°, but varying. J. D. D.
Cleavage: b perfect. Brittle. H. 2-5-3. G. 2'288, 2-356, 2-362. Luster feeble, sometimes resinous on fracture; on b pearly. Color pale yellow, buff, to nearly white; streak uncolored. Translucent to transparent.
Comp.— 2HCaP04 + 3H,0 or 2CaO.P10.-4HiO Phosphorus pentoxide 43-6, lime 34-3, water 22-1 100. Anal.— Julien, 1. c.
P2O5 CaO H2O MgO Ala03,FeaO, SO3 $ 42-72 32-98 21-88 0'52 0'79 0'05 hygr. 1-50 100
The water included some organic matter.
Pyr., etc. — Same as for brushite.
Obs.— From the island of Sombrero, West Indies, coating cavities in guano and the coral rock, the latter altered by nitrations from the overlying guano. The crystals are sometimes 1 inch long and J inch broad.
Alt. — The crystals of metabrushite from Sombrero are often hollow from the removal of the interior, and otherwise altered. Julien describes the following varieties:
1. H. 3'25. G. 2-971. The crust of the hollow crystals thin, and surfaces within and without often coated by minute rhombs of calcite; the zeugiteof Julien. 2. Crust rather thicker, without a glittering surface of calcite rhombs. 3. G. 2'988-3'030; in narrow blades some- times an inch long; the crust thick, the crystals being nearly or quite solid. Zeugite is named from evyirrf,, yoked together, because of its relation to metabrushite and ornithite. Cf. mar- tinite, beyond.
4. Ornithite of Julien, from Sombrero (1. c., p. 377), appears also to be altered metabrushite, its crystals presenting the same forms and habit, but usually quite small and very thin parallel to the orthodiagonal; also sometimes thin parallel to the clinodiagonal, and acute rhombic in section; angle 100 A 101 about 38°; H 2'5. The analysis given was made on only one-tenth of a gram, and the results are hence unavoidably doubtful.
Analyses of varieties 1, 3, 4, afforded Julien (the water including some organic matter):
P205 CaO H2O MgO Fe.,O3,AlaO, SOS CO, F NaCl
Var. 1. Zeugite f 46 55 44-21 3 02 3'59 0'66 0'19 0'24 tr. 1'08 99'54
Var 3. " 43-24 48'87 3'98 0'56 1-03 0'18 1'74 tr. ? 99'59
Yar. 4. Ornithite 40 -14 45'77 9'45 tr. 4'62 — — — — 99'98
In 1, oxygen ratio for P2O6 : CaO (impurities excluded) 2'95: 1'56, and as noted beyond the composition is near that of martiuite.
Ornithite corresponds nearly to the formula Ca3P2O8 -f- 2H2O.
There occur also, with the above, hemispherical stellated groups of wliite crystals, as altered ornithite, which Julien has not analyzed, but supposed to be the same compound minus the water. One crystal of the so-called ornithite had on its edges and surface microscopic tufts of acicular crystals.
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
620. MARTINITE. Kloos [Sammlg. G. Reichsmus. Leiden, 1], Jb. Min., 1, 41 ref., 1888. Rhombohedral. As an aggregation of minute rhombohedrons (0'05 mm.) with
plane angles of 75° and 105°, filling cavities in pseudomorphous crystals of gypsum. G. 2*894. Luster vitreous. Color white or slight yellowish. Transparent.
Comp.— H3Ca6(P04)4.£H80 or 5CaO.Ps06.|HaO Phosphorus pentoxide 48'1, lime 47-3, water 4'6 100. Anal. — Kloos, 1. c.
P2O6 CaO HaO
47-67 46-78 4-52 insol. 0'20, organ. 0'75 99'92
47-87 47-63 5-46 100 '96
Pyr., etc. — B.B. burns white and falls to pieces without melting. Dissolves in dilute acid without effervescence.
Obs. — Found in the phosphorite deposits derived from guano on Table Mt., near St. Barbara, on the south shore of the island Curayoa, West Indies.
Martinite seems to be nearly identical with the zeugite of Julien.
621. NEWBERYITE. G. wm Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., p. 5, Jan. 18, 1879. Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 0-95482 : 1 : 0-93601 Schmidt1.
100 A 110 43° 40' 34", 001 A 101 44° 25' 48", 001 A Oil 43° 6' 25".
Forms3 :
I (210, i-2)
m (110, /)
g (Oil. 14)
o (111, 1)
(100, i-l)
v (320, i-f)
e (102, |4)
/ (021, 24)
8 (722, H)
b (010, i-l) (001, 0)
t (430,
d (101, 1-*) q (302, f-i)
P (112, i)
r (211, 2-2)
tt'" 51° 3'
mm'" 87° 21'
a. *63° 53' 18"
a! 52° IS'
dd'
88° 52*
qq' 111° 34' gg' 86° 13' ff' 123° 47' cA 42° 6'
co 53° 35'
cr 65° 17'
pp' 47° 53'
M' 58° 1'
oo' 71° 11'
ao *54° 24' 32"
pp'" 45° 35'
hh'" 55° 10'
oo'" 67° 31'
rr"' 46° 5'
Figs. 1-3, after Schmidt.
Crystals often large (to 1 sq. in.), tabular a.
Cleavage: b perfect; c imperfect. H. 3-3*5. G-. 2'10. Luster vitreous. Color white. Optically +. Ax. pi. 5. Bx c. Axial angles, Schmidt:
For Na 2E 70° 20' 2H. 46° 24' 2H0 145° 56' .'. 2V. 44° 47' ft 1-5196 Also 2Er 69° 47' 2Ha.r 46° 12' 2H0.r 147° 25'
Comp.— Hydrous phosphate of magnesium HMgP04 + 3HaO or 2MgO.P,0.. 7HS0 Phosphorus pentoxide 40-8, magnesia 23-0, water 36*2 100.
Wapplerite.
Anal.— 1, Maclvor, quoted by Rath, 1. c. 2, Id., Ch. News, 65, 216, 1887.
1. Skipton Caves
P2O& MgO(MnO tr.) 41-25 [23-02]
40-73 22-37
a Expelled at 170°
H2O
35-73 100 [35-84] FeO 0'85, MnO 0'21 100
none at 100°.
Easily soluble in cold nitric and hydrochloric acids.
Obs.— From the guano of the Skipton Caves near Ballarat, Victoria; also from the guano of Mexillones, Chili.
Named after Mr. J. C. Newbery of Melbourne.
Ref.— ' Chili, Zs. Kr., 7, 26, 1882; these results vary but little from those of vom Rath. AH on Chili crystals, Schmidt; observed by Rath on Victoria crystals a b c efo.
622. WAFPLERITE. Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 279, 1874.
Monoclinic (or triclinic ?). Axes & : I : 6 0'9125 : 1 : 0-2660; ft 84° 35' 001 A 100 Schrauf1.
100 A HO 42° 15$', 001 A 101 15° 46$', 001 A Oil 14° 50'.
Forms : a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l)
n (210, i-2) m (110, /) I (120, i-2)
d (Oil, 1-i) t (031, 3-i) o (411,- 44)
p (211,- 2-2) oo (411, 4-4) n (211, 2-2)
g (231, -3-i) e (251,- 5-4) Y (231, 3-|)
Also if> (lO-O-l, 104).
nri" 48° 51'
mm'" 84° 30'
Ii 57° 39£
dd' 29° 40'
76° 56'
oo' 18° 43£
yp' 24° 48'
gg' 66° 50'
oooo' 20° 31
mt' 26° 52'
ao 39° 15f op 56° 40' a'oo 43° 52' a'n 64° 37f
In small highly modified crystals, with monoclinic sym- metry. Also in incrustations sometimes crystalline, or glob- ular, sometimes glassy, with a reniform surface.
Cleavage : b. H. 2-2 -5. G. 2 -48. Luster strongly vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent to translucent. Ax. pi. in a section b inclined 69 £° to edge bm, 13° to bp, 15° to bd. Bxa normal, or nearly so, to b. 2E 55°. Dispersion p v, also crossed.
Comp.— HCaAs04 + 3£HS0 or 2CaO.AsaOB.8HaO Arsenic pentoxide 47'4, lime 23-0, water 29 -6, 100. The calcium is replaced in part by magnesium. Anal. — Frenzel, 1. c.
After Schrauf.
As2O6
CaO
MgO
HaO
29-40 99-58
2949 100-13
5 equivalents of water (19 p c.) go off at 100°, the remainder at 360°.
Obs.— Found with pharmacolite at Joachimsthal; also at Schneeberg. Named after Herrn Wappler of the Freiberg Mineralien-Niederlage.
Ref.—1 Jb. Min., 290, 1875, and later Zs. Kr., 4, 28i, 1880. It may yet prove that wap- plerite belongs to the monoclinic system, from which it deviates but little, if at all. The triclinic axial ratio and angles deduced by Schrauf (1. c., 1880) are as follows :
0-90089 : 1 : 0-26159; a 90° 13' 55", ft 95°
90° 10' 35"
ROSSLERITE B. Blum [JB. Wett. Ges. Hanau, 32, 1861], Jb. Min., 334, 1861.
Described as occurring with pharmacolite and erythrite in the Kupferschiefer at Bieber, Hesse, in thin crystalline plates with columnar or fibrous structure. One cleavage. H. 2-3. Luster vitreous or dull. Colorless or white. An analysis by Delffs gave :
As,O6 40-16
MgO 14-22
CaO tr.
HaO 45-62 100
Phosphates, Arsenate3, Etc.
This conforms to the formula HMgAsO4 + 7HaO. Named after Dr. K. Rossler.
A mineral referred here by Tschermak (Ber. Ak. Wien, 56 (1), 828, 1867) occurring in mono- clinic crystals at Joachimsthal and Kremnitz is made by Schrauf (Jb. Min., 290, 1875) an altered form of wapplerite. This may be true of the original mineral also. An analysis gave Tscher- mak: As,06 491, MgO 17-0, HaO 34'7 100'8.
623. HANNAYITEL Ulrich, vom Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., p. 11, Jan. 7, 1878; p. 5, Jan. ia
Triclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0-6990 : 1 : 0'9748; a 122° 3l£', ft 126° 46£', y 54° 9' Bath.
100 A 010 112° 58i', 100 A 001 *65° 28', 010 A 001 73° 14'.
Forms: a (100, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, /'), I (130, £3') cleavage, M (110, '/); co (133, 1-3,).
aoo *70° 24'.
In small and slender prismatic crystals, vertically striated.
Cleavage: c, m, M, I. G. 1*893. Color yellowish.
Comp. — A hydrous phosphate of magnesium and ammonium, Mg3P2Ov2H,(NH4)P04+8H,0 or (NH4),0.3Mg0.2P1Oi.10H,0 Phos- phorus pentoxide 44'4, magnesia 18'7, arnmon. ox. 5'6, water 22'5 100. Anal.— 1, Maclvor, quoted by Rath, 1. c. 2, Id., Ch. News, 55, 216, 1887.
After Rath.
P2O6 MgO (NH4),O H3O
45-70 18-90 8-09 28'20 100'89
44-71 18-54 8-10 [28'25] FeO 0'31, MnO 0'09 100
Heated 36 hours at 100° undergoes no change; between 100° and 110° or 115° loses 21 '08 p. c., becoming opaque; heated over a Bunsen flame loses the remainder of the water and the ammonia (36'48 total loss). The remainder fuses, but dissolves only in part in concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Discovered by Maclvor of Melbourne in the bat guano which forms deposits 30 feet deep in the Skipton basaltic caves 30 miles s.w. of Ballarat. Victoria, and recognized as new by Ulrich, as stated in a letter to vom Rath. Occurs with struvite and newberyite. Named after Prof. J. B. Hannay, of Manchester, England.
624. HUREAULITE. Alluaud. Vauquelin, Ann. Ch. Phys.. 30, 302, 1825; Alluaud,
L, 338, Damour, ibid., 53, 293, 1858.
Ann. d. Sc. Nat., 8, 349, 1826. Dufrenoy, Ann. Ch. Phys., 41,
1829; Des Cloizeaux and
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 1-9192 : 1 : 0-5245; ft *84° 1' 001 A 100 E. S. Dana1.
100 A HO *62° 21', 001 A 101 14° 48'-2, 001 A Oil 27° 32'"9.
Forms : c (001, 0) ft (501, 54)
a (100, a) m (110, 7) p (223, - f)
b (010, a (401, 4-1) 5 (111, - 1)
See also below, ref. ', for planes on figs. 3, 4.
e (221, 2) k (511, 5-5)
2 (621, 6-8) I (841, 8-2)
mm'"
124° 42'
cm 87° 14'
a' I 47" 59'
ca
50° 49'
ce 51° 17'
pp' 37°
a' a
45' 10'
ap 74° 47f
83' - 52° 14]
cp
21° 3'
aS 71° 25'
kk' 35° 58'
cS
29° 46'
a'k 41° 40'
If 84° 15'
m'e 41°
m'l 25° 13'
m'k 51° 9"
TO' a *70° 54'
In short prismatic crystals, sometimes tabular a. Faces a, m striated ; also e I edge m/e, and d edge 6/m. In Branchville crystals zone mllca striated inter- section-edges. Crystals isolated or grouped, the groups sometimes mammillary, or fascicled as in stilbite. Also massive, compact, scaly, or imperfectly fibrous.
Hureaulite.
Cleavage: a rather perfect. H. 5. G. 3'185, yellow, and 3-198, reddish, Damour; 3 '149 Brunch ville. Luster vitreous, somewhat greasy, bright. Color orange-red, brownish omnge, rose-violet, and pale rose, grayish, nearly colorless. Streak nearly white. Transparent to translucent.
Bx0 A 76° or ta 14° for blue. Dispersion p v large; crossed distinct (1°).
Limoges
2Ha.r 88° 52'
2Er 173° 52' 2Hy 86° 22' 2HbJ 87° IT
Other trials gave 2Har 84° 51', 85° 55', etc. The angle diminishes 6° 34' between 410-£ and 121° C., Dx.
Var. — The (a) brownish orange or yellowish, (6) the rose-violet, and (c) the pale rose, are three varieties occurring at Limoges, differing somewhat in their crystalline planes. The orange is the most common.
Comp.— H2MnB(P04)4 + 4H,0 or 5Mn0.2P206.5HaO Phosphorus pentoxide 39'0, manganese protoxide 48 '6, water 12'4 — 100.
Anal.— 1, Dufrenoy, 1. c., 1829. 2-4, Damour, 1. c., 1858. 5, H. L. Wells, Am. J. Sc., 39, 210, 1890.
Figs. 1, 2, Branchville. 3, 4, Limoges, Dx.
G. P2O5 MnO FeO CaO HaO
1. Limoges 38-00 32'85 11 -10 — IS'OO 99'95
2. " yellow 3'185 37'96 41-15 8"10 12'35 quartz 0'35 99'91
3. " " 38-20 42-04 6'75 12'00 " 0'50 99'49
4. " reddish 3'198 37'83 41'80 8'73 11-60 " 0'30 100'2ft
5. Branchville 3'149 38'36 42'29 4'56 0'94 12'25 " 1'76 10011
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives water. B.B. fuses to au orange-yellow or reddish yellow crystalline pearl, brown in the outer flame, then becomes black, and the flame is colored green. Reactions of manganese and iron. Easily soluble in acids.
Obs. — Found in cavities of triphylite or its altered form heterosite, in granite, at Limoges, commune of Bureaux, France. Probably at JVIichelsdorf, Silesia, with sarcopside (Websky).
In the U. States, at Branchville, Conn., in a vein of albitic granite, immediately associated with lithiophilite, also fairtieldite, dickinsonite, etc.
Ref.— ' Branchville, Conn., Am. J. Sc., 39, 207, 1890.
As described by Dx., the Limoges crystals conform to two types: Type I, f. 4, with b (010), p (001). m (110); also g (301), e (Oil), u (311), t (341). Again, II, f. 3, with a (100), m (110); also o(105). a (15-0-8), 8 (435). &U9-.r8), x (ll-9'lO), e (9\11'10).
The axial ratio and calculated angles are: d : b : c 1 6977 : ] : 0'8887; ft 89" 27' 001 A 100. mm'" — 119° 0 ; po 5° 58', pg 57° T; pa 44° 44', pm 89° 43', ee' 83° 15', aS 69° 17', a'e - 71° 44', pe 47° 28', 68' 52° 13'; ee' 83° 11', uu 51° 14'; pt 75" 47', ti - 124° 55', bt 27° 32'.
Referred to the axial ratio above accepted, the forms of Dx., type I, receive the following probable symbols: b 010, p 103, m 110. e 153, u 12 3 2?, t — 661?. Those of type II become: a 100, m 110. o 001, a 401, S 111, k — 511, x — 532?, e —221.
The angles of Dx. differ from those of Branchville chiefly in the prismatic zone. Type II conforms most nearly to the Branchville crystals, and referred to their axial ratio the anomalously complex symbols become simple. The relations of the other type are less certain. The Limoges crystals obviously need further examination.
Phosphates, Absenates, Etc.
625. PORBESITE. Hydrous Bibasic Arsenate of Nickel and Cobalt D. Forbes, PhL Mag., 25, 108, 1863. Forbesit Kenngott, Ueb., 1862-65, 46, 1868.
Structure fibro-crystalline.
H. 2'5. G. 3-086. Luster dull to silky or resinous. Color grayish white.
Comp.— HNi.CoAsaOg + 8H,O Arsenic pentoxide 42'5, nickel protoxide 18'4, cobalt protoxide 9'2, water 29'9 100.
Anal. — Forbes, 1. c.
AsaO6 44-05
NiO 19-71'
CoO 9-24
H,O 26-98 99-98
Pyr. — B.B. in the closed tube yields water, becoming darker; on charcoal fuses imperfectly, evolves arsenic fumes, leaving metallic globules of an arsenide of nickel and cobalt. With fluxes gives reactions for nickel and cobalt.
Obs. — Occurs in the desert of Atacama in veins in a decomposed dioryte. A few yards below the surface it passes into chloanthite, from which mineral it appears to have been derived.
626. Isoclasite
627. Hemafibrite
Hydrous Phosphates, etc.— Basic Division.
Cas(OH)P04 + 2HaO Monoclinic ?
a:t:6 Mn3(OH)3As04 + HaO Orthorhombic 0'5261 : 1 : TISIO
Conichalcite
Bayldonite Tagilite
Leucochalcite
Euchroite
Volborthite
Cornwallite
Tyrolite
Chalcophyllite
Veszelyite
(Cu,Ca)a(OH)As04 - (Pb,Cu)a(OH)As04 - Cua(OH)P04 4- H90 Cua(OH)As04
Ho
Cua(OH)As04 Cu3(OH)3V04 <X(OH)4AsaOe
Monoclinic ?
&il:6 Orthorhombic 0-6088 : 1 : 1*0379
638. Ludlamite
(640. €41.
€43. €45. €46.
€48.
Wavellite Fischerite Peganite Turquois
3HaO
6HaO?
r-HaO
<X(OH)4Asa08 + 7H.O Orthorhombic & : b 0-9325 : 1 Cu,(OH)BAs208-f 10HaO? Rhombohedral 6 2-5538
(Cu,Zn),(OH)8(As,P),08+5HaO Monoclinic or Triclinic
a : b : 6 ft
Fe7(OH)a(P04)4+8HaO Monoclinic 2-2520:1:1-9819 79° 27'
& : b : t
Al3(OH)3(P04)a + 4HaO Orthorhombic 0-5049 : 1 : 0*3751 Ala(OH)3P04 + 24HS0 Orthorhombic & : b 0-5937 : 1 Ala(OH)3P04 + lHaO Orthorhombic & : b 0-499 : 1 Ala(OH)3P04 4- H.,0
(with HCuP04 4- HHaO) SphtBrite A1.(OH),(POJ, + 34H20
Liskeardite (Al,Fe)3(OH)8As04 4- 5HaO
Evansite A13(OH)6P04 4- (5H20
Pharmacosiderite Fe<(OH)3(As04)3 + 6HaO Cacoxenite Fea(OH)sP04 +
Beraunite
Eleonorite
Isometric; tetrahedrai
a: b: 6 ft
Fe3(OH),(P04), + 24H,0 Monoclinic 2 -7538: 1 :4-0165 41° 33'
Isoclasite.
835*
649. Childrenite
650. Eosphorite
651. Mazapilite
(Fe,Mn)Al(OH)2P04 + 2H20 Orth. 0-7780 : 1 (Mn,Fe)Al(OH)2P04 + 2H20 " 0-7768 : 1
Ca3Fe2(FeO)2(OH)2(As04)4 + 5H20
652. Calcioferrite Ca3Fe3(OH)3(P04)4 + 8H20 Monoclinic
653. Borickite CaFe4(OH)6(P04)2 + 4H20?
654. Liroconite Cu9Al4(OH)15(As04)6 + 20H20 Monoclinic
a : 1 : 6 1-3191 : 1 : 1-6808 ft 88° 33f
655. Chenevixite Cu2(FeO)2As208 + 3HaO ?
Henwoodite
656. Chalcosiderite CuFe6P4020.8H20 Triclinic
d:b:6: 0-7910 : 1 : 0-6051; a 92° 58', ft 93° 30', y 107° 41'
657. Goyazite Ca8Al]0P2023.9H20
658. Plumboguminite PbAl4P,012.9H20 pt.
659. Torbernite
660. Zeunerite
661. Aut unite
662. Uranospinite
663. Uranocircite
664. Phosphuranylite
665. TrBgerite
666. Walpurgite
667. Rhagite
668. Mixite
Cu(U02)2P208 + 8H20 Tetragonal Cu(U02),As308 + 8HaO
2-9361 6 2-9125
a : T) : b
Ca(U02)2P2Og + 8H20 Orthorhombic 0-9875 : 1 : 2-8517 Ca(U02)2As208 + 8H20
Ba(UO,)aP,08+ 8H00 (U02)3(P04)2 + 6H20 (U02),(As04)2 + 12H20 Bi,n(U02)3(OH)24(As04)4 Bi,0(OH)18(As04)4 5Bi203.2AssO, + 9H,0 Cu]0Bi(OH)M(As04)6 + 7H,0
626. ISOOLASITE. Isoklas Sandberger, J. pr. Ch., 2, 125, 1870. Monoclinic ? In minute crystals with dull. faces. Also columnar. Cleavage: clinodiagonal, perfect. H. 1'5. G. 2*92. Luster vitreous ta pearly. Colorless to snow-white.
Comp.— Ca3P2Oe.Ca(OH)2.4H20 or 4CaO.P,05.5H,0 Phosphorus pentoxide 31-2, lime 49'1, water 19'7 100. Anal. — Sandberger, 1. c.
P2Ob 29-90
CaO 49-51
HaO 18-53 (ign.)
H20 2-06 (at 100°) 100
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives off neutral water. B.B. the fresh mineral glows and fuses. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Found with hornstone and brown-spar on specimens from Joachimsthal, obtained eighty years ago, and now in the Wtirzburg Museum.
Altered crystals yielded: PaO6 34'00, CaO 1 -00, MgO 17'30, NaaO 9'80, FeaO,,AlaO, 0'36, H2O 9-22 (ign.), H5O 24'26 (100°). insol. 0'18 96'12.
Named from Tcro?, equal, and KvlaoYS, fracture.
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
627. HEMAFIBRITE. Aimafibrit L. J. Igelstrom, 6fv. Ak. Stockh., 41, No. 4, 86, 1884. Hamafibrite.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 0-5261 : 1 : 1-1.510 H. Sjogren1. 100 A HO 27° 45', 001 A 101 65° 26J-', 001 A Oil 49° 1'.
Forms1 : b (010, m (110, I), e(122, 1-2).
me 36° 44'. The form approximates closely to that of scorodite, strengite, and reddingite.
Crystals prismatic; commonly in spherical radiated groups with fibrous structure.
Cleavage: b distinct; m less so. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3. Gr. 3-50-3-65 A. Sj. Luster vitreous on crystalline faces, greasy on the fracture. Color brownish red to garnet-red, soon becoming brownish black to black. Streak brick-red. Trans- parent to translucent.
Optically +. Ax. pi. a. Bx c. 2E 70° approx. Dis- persion p v.
Comp.— Mn,Asa08.3Mn(OH), -f 2H20 or 6MnO.As206.5H20 Arsenic pentoxide 30-93, manganese protoxide 57*0, water 121 100.
Anal.— 1, A. Sjogren, Zs. Kr., 10, 129, 1885. 2, C. H. Lundstrom, ibid.
Nordmark
MnO
FeO
H2O
101-50
MgO 0-41 101-57
An earlier but incorrect analysis with somewhat different results is given by Igelstrom, 1. c.
Pyr.— B.B. fuses easily to a black slaggy bead. On charcoal yields arsenical fumes. Gives off water in the closed tube, and becomes black. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— Occurs with other manganese minerals at the Moss mine, Nordmark, Sweden; it is easily decomposed on exposure and goes over into a black foliated mineral. Named from aiua, blood, and Latin fibra, fiber, in allusion to its red color and also to the fibrous structure.
Ref.-1 G. For. Forh., 7, 386, 1884, and Zs. Kr., 10, 126, 1885. Cf. also Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 124, 1884.
628. OONICHALCITE. Konichalcit Bretthaupt and Frttzsche, Pogg., 77, 139, 1849.
Reniform and massive, resembling malachite.
Fracture splintery. Brittle. H. 4'5. Gr. 4-123. Color pistachio-green, inclining to emerald-green; streak the same. Subtranslucent.
Comp.— Perhaps (Cu,Ca)sAs208.(Cu,Ca)(OH)8 + |H,0 or 4(Cu,Ca)O.As20(. .,0 Arsenic pentoxide 43'6, cupric oxide 30*1, lime 21'2, water 5'1 100. ere Cu : Ca 1 : 1.
The original mineral also contains phosphorus and in small amount vanadium replacing the arsenic. These are absent in the Utah variety, which also contains zinc and further gives the ratio RO : As2O6 : EUO 4 : 9'44 : 1'64.
Anal.— 1-3, Fritzsche, 1. c. 4, Hillebrand, Proc. Col. Sc. Soc., 1, 114, 1884.
As.,O6 PaOs VaOB CuO CaO ZnO H3O
1. Spain 30-68 [8'81] 1-78 31 '76 21-36 — 5-61 100
2. " 32-41 — 31-60 21-82 5-30
8. " undet. 9'10 undet. 22-10 5'56 [CO., 0'97], quartz 0'90 100
4. Utah 39-94 0'14 — 28 68 19'79 2 86 5'52 Fe2O8 0'36, MgO 0'54, Ag 0'30,
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube decrepitates, gives water and turns black. In the forceps fuses, and colors the flame at first emerald-green, but after a time light blue adjacent to the assay. On charcoal fuses with deflagration to a red slag-like mass, which gives an alkaline reaction to
Ba Yldonite—Tagilite—Leucochalcite. 887
test paper, and with soda gives a globule of copper. On charcoal, with salt of phosphorus and metallic lead, the Spanish mineral yields a glass which is dark yellow while hot and chrome-green on cooling (vanadium).
Obs. — From Hiuajosa de Cordova, in Andalusia, Spain. Also from the American Eagle mine, Tintic district, Utah, where it occurs with other copper arsenates, derived from the altera- tion of enargite.
Named from Kovia, powder, aud aAKoS, lime.
629. BAYLDONITE. A. H. Church, J. Ch. Soc., 18, 265, 1865.
In minute mammillary concretions, with a drusy surface. Structure often somewhat reticulated.
Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. H.= 4'5. Gr.= 5'35. Luster strong resinous Color grass-green to blackish green. Streak siskin- to apple-green. Subtranslu- cent.
Comp.— (Pb,Cu)3As208.(Pb,Cu)(OH), + HaO or 4(Pb,Cu)O.As906.2Htp, with Pb : Cu 1 : 3 Arsenic pentoxide 31 '7, cupric oxide 32 '7, lead protoxide 30'6, water 5*0 100.
Anal. — Church, 1. c.
As,O6 31-76 CuO 30-88 PbO 30'13 H,O 4'58 Fe,O8, CaO, and loss 2'65 100
Pyr., etc.— B.B. gives off water and becomes black. On charcoal fuses to a black bead, deflagrates, giving off arsenical fumes, and leaves a white metallic bead of lead and copper. "With borax in outer flame gives a blue bead. Difficultly soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — Occurs in Cornwall. Named after Dr. John Bayldon.
630. TAGILITE. Tagilith (fr. N. Tagilsk) Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 37, 184, 1846; (fr. Ullers- reuth) Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 309, 1865.
Monoclinic, but like liroconite in habit of crystals, Breith. Also in reniform or spheroidal concretions. Structure fibrous; also earthy.
Cleavage: brachydiagonal, distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3-4. G. 4'076 Breith. Luster vitre.ous. Color verdigris- to emerald-green. Streak verdigris-green. Subtranslucent.
Comp.— Cu3P,08.Cu(OH)a + 2H20 or4CuO.P,06.3H20 Phosphorus pentoxide 27'7, cupric oxide 61'8, water 10'5 100.
Anal. — 1, Hermann, 1. c., including a little limonite. 2, Field, Ch. Gaz., 17, 225, June 15, 1859.
P,O CuO H,O
1. Ural 26-44 61-29 10'77 Fe,Os 1'50 100
2. Coquimbo 27'42 61'70 10'25 99'37
Pyr.— Like libethenite, p. 786.
Obs.— Occurs at Nizhni Tagilsk in the Ural, on limonite; at the Arme Hilfe mine, Ullers- reuth, in minute crystals and reniform groups or masses, on limonite, with quartz; in S. America, at the Mercedes mine, Coquimbo, fibrous on limonite.
Hermann's tagilile was in reniform concretions, with H. 3, G. 3'5, and color emerald- to mountain-green; and had the composition mentioned. The other characters in the above description (excepting the anal, by Field) are from Breithaupt, in an account of the Ullersreuth. ore, which he refers to tagilite, but which has not been analyzed and may perhaps not be that species.
631. LEUCOCHALOITE. Leucochalcit Sandberger, Petersen, Jb. Min., 1, 263, 1881.
In very slender, needle-like crystals. Nearly white, with tinge of green. Luster silky.
Comp.— Probably Cu,AsfO,.Cu(0H), + 2H,0 or 4CuO.AsQ06.3H,0 Arsenio pentoxide 42'7, cupric oxide 47*2. water 10*0 100.
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Anal. — Petersen.
AssO5[37-89J P2O*1-60 CuO 47'10 CaO 1- 56 MgO 2-28 ign. 9'57 100
H2O,CO2 tr.
Pyr., etc. — Becomes first green on ignition, and finally fuses to a black glass. Obs.— Occurs as a delicate coating with malachite and calcite at the Wilhelmine mine in the Spessart, Germany.
632. EUCHROITE. Euchroit Breithaupt, Char., 172, 266, 1823.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 0-6088 : 1 : 1-0379 Haidinger1. 100 A HO 31° 20', 001 A 101 59° 36£', 001 A Oil 46° 4'.
n (Oil, 14).
Angles: mm!" *62' 40', M' 95° 12', II' 78° 474', <fcZ' 80° 52', ee' 119° 18', im' *92° 8'.
Habit prismatic ; faces msl striated vertically.
Cleavage: m, n (Oil) in traces. Fracture small conchoidalto uneven. Rather brittle. H. 3-5-4. G. 3-389. Luster vitreous. Color bright emerald- or leek-green. Transparent to translucent. Optically -J-. Ax. pi. a. Bx c. Axial angles:
2E 61° 11' at 17° C. and 56° 8' at 86° C., Dx.s
Comp.— Cu3As208.Cu(OH)2 + 6H,0 or 4CuO.As,05.7H,0
Arsenic pentoxide 34-2, cupric oxide 47-1, water 18 -7 100.
Analyses agree closely, see 5th Ed., p. 566. Wohler obtained: AsaOB 33-22, CuO 48'09, H2O 18'39 99'70, Lieb. Ann., 51, 285, 1844. Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives more water, but has otherwise the same reactions as olivenite.
Obs. — Occurs in quartzose mica slate at Libethen in .Hungary, in crystals of considerable size, having much resemblance to dioptase. Named from evxpoa, beautiful color.
Alt. — Tschermak suggests that olivenite may be euchroite altered by the loss of water, he finding crystals of olivenite projecting from the holes of cavernous euchroite, Ber. Ak. Wien, 51, 129. "
Ref.— Ed. J. Sc., 2, 133, 1825, or Pogg., 5, 165, 1825; also Dx., Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 423, 1845. 2 Solly, Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc., 4, 6, 1883. 3 Propr. Opt., 2, 30, 1859, N. R., 57,
633. VOLBORTHITE. Hess, Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 4, 1838, and J. pr. Ch., 14, 52, 1838. Knauffite. Vanadate of Copper. Vanadinsaures Kupfer.
In small six-sided tables, often aggregated in globular forms.
Cleavage': in one direction very perfect. H. 3-3-5. G-. 3-55 Credner. Luster pearly to vitreous. Color olive-green, citron-yellow. Streak clear yellowish green, nearly yellow. Thin splinters translucent.
Comp. — A hydrous vanadate of copper, barium, and calcium; perhaps (Cu,Ca,Ba)3(OH)sV04 + 6H20 Vanadium pentoxide 19-6, cupric oxide 38-4, lime 6-8, baryta 6-2, water 29'0 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Genth, Am. Phil. Soc. Philad., 17, 122, 1877; la, 2a, the same, after deduction of impurities (Rg., Min. Ch. Erg., 263, 1886).
la.
2a.
v2o.
CuO
BaO
CaO
MgO
H2O
Si02
A12O3
Fe2O,
[33-151
1-77 100
[31-60]
0-45 100
— 100
—
—
— ioo
Cornwallite—Ttrolite. 839
The material analyzed consisted of about 85 p. c. of insoluble gangue, the analysis of the remainder is given in 1 and 2; in la, 2a, the corresponding results after the deduction of the impurities are given. Calciovolborthite or Kalkvolborthit, p. 790, has a very different composition.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal fuses easily to a black bead, which in the inner flame becomes blackish gray. With soda, on charcoal yields copper; with borax and salt of phosphorus reac- tions for copper. Fused with soda in the platinum spoon, the mass yields" on treatment with water a solution which, acidulated with hydrochloric acid and boiled, gives an emerald-green solution, and this diluted with water becomes blue; Kbl.
Obs. — From Sisersk and Nizhni Tagilsk in the Ural, where it was found by Dr. A. Volborth, after whom it was named; and from several mines of the Permian formation in the government of Perm, especially at the Alexaudrov mine in the Motovilich District.
634. CORNWALLITE. Cornwallit Zippe, Abh. BOhm. Ges. Prag, 1846. Massive.
Fracture conchoidal. H. 4*5. G. 4'16-4'17. Color emerald-green to dark verdigris-green.
Coinp.— Cu,As,08.2Cu(OH)2 + H20 or 5CuO.As,06.3H40 Arsenic pentoxide 33'8, cupric oxide 58'2, water 7'9 100. AnaL-Church, J. Ch. Soc., 21, 276, 1868.
AsaOs PaO, CuO H,O
G. 4 17 30-47 2-71 59'95 J 8'23 101'36
An earlier analysis by Lerch (5th Ed., p. 569) gave 13 p. c. HO.
Pyr., etc. — In the matrass yields water. B.B. on charcoal gives arsenical fumes, and a bead of copper enveloped in a brittle crust.
Obs.— From Cornwall, occurring in small botryoidal or disseminated individuals on olivenite. Resembles malachite, but differs from it in not effervescing with acids.
635. TYROLITE. Kupferschaum Wern., Hoffm. Min., 3, 180, 1816, Letzt. Min. Syst., 19, 50, 1817. Kupaphrite Shep., Min., 1, 294, 1835. Tirolit Haid., Handb., 509, 1845.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I — 0'9325 : 1, E. S. Dana1. In thin crystals, tabular- c, and elongated I, the free extremity bounded by the forms : b (010, i-i), m (110, /), I (120, i-2). Angles: mm'" *86°, am 43°, IV — 56° 24', U 28° 12'.
Distinct crystals rare, usually grouped in fan-shaped forms and closely foliated aggregates. Also reniform, massive; structure radiate foliaceons, surface drusy.
Cleavage: c highly perfect, micaceous. Very sectile. Thin laminae flexible. H. — l-l'S. Gr.= 3-02-3-098. Luster: c pearly; other faces vitreous. Color pale apple-green and verdigris-green, inclining to sky-blue. Streak a little paler. Translucent to subtranslucent. Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bx c. Axial angle large.
Comp.— Perhaps Cu3As,08.2Cu(OH)a + 7H,0 or 5CuO.Asa06.9H,0 Arsenic pentoxide 29'2, cupric oxide 50'2, water 20'6 100.
Kobell's analysis, quoted below, gives 13'65 CaCO3, present apparently as an impurity; it is also stated (N.-Z. Min.. 540, 1885) that Frenzel found 13 p. c. CaCO3 in the Schneeberg mineral . Further, recent careful analyses by Hillebrand on material seemingly faultless show no carbonic acid, but, on the other hand, some sulphuric acid which is not to be explained as due to admixed gypsum; the exact composition is hence complex and as yet uncertain.
Anal.— 1, 2, Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 35, 300, 1888; from 2, 1'25 p. c. gangue has been deducted. 3, R. Pearce, Proc. Col. Soc., 2, 135, 150, 1886. 4, Kbl., Pogg., 18, 253, 1830. 5, Church, J. Ch. Soc., 26, 108, 1873.
G. As3O. CuO CaO H2O
1. Utah 3-27 f 28'78 45 "22 6"84 17'26 ZnO 0'04, MgO 0-05, SO3?,P2O6 tr. - 98'19
2. " 26-22 46-38 6'69 17'57 ZnO tr., MgO 0-04,P.,O. tr., SO, 2-27=99'17'
3. " 27-87 42-60 910 16'23 FeOs.AUO, 0'97, SO, 2'45 99'22
CaCO,
4. Falkenstein 25-01 43'88 13-65 17'46 100
5. Libethen(?) 3'162 29'29 50'06 11'92 [8'73J= 100
It is not clear that anal. 5 belongs here.
840 PHOSPHATES, ARSENATdS, ETC.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates and yields much water. B.B. in the forceps fuses to a steel-gray globule. On charcoal gives off arsenical fumes, and fuses quietly without deflagration to a slaggy mass, which in R.F. yields globules of copper. Soluble in nitric acid, iu some cases with effervescence. Soluble in ammonia, yielding a blue solution and a white residue of calcium carbonate.
Obs. — Usually occurs in the cavities of calamine, calcite, or quartz, accompanied by other ores of copper, appearing in small aggregated and diverging fibrous groups of a pale green color, and possessing a delicate silky luster. Has been observed in the Bauat; at Posing and Libetheu in Hungary; Nerchinsk in Siberia; Falkenstein and Schwatz in Tyrol ; Saalfeld in Thuringia; Riechelsdorf in Hesse; Schneeberg in the Erzgebirge; in Zechstein-dolomite near Bieber.
In the U States, in the Tintic district, Utah, at the Mammoth mine with chalcophyllite and other related species.
Ref.—1 E. S. Dana, Utah, Am. J. Sc., 39, 273, 1890.
636. OHALOOPHYLLITE. Cuivre arseniate lamelliforme H., Tr., 1801; Vauquelin, J. Mines, 1O, 562, 1801. Blattriges Olivenerz, Kupferglimmer, Karst., Hoff's Mag., 1, 543, 1801; Ludwig's Werner, 180, 1803. Copper Mica Jameson., Min., 1820. Kupferphyllit Breith., Char., 42, 1832. Eriuite Beud., Tr., 2, 598, 1832. Dmr.-Dx., Ann. Ch., Phys., 13, 420, 1845. Chalkophyllit Breith., Handb., 149, 1847. Tamarite B. & M., Min., 1852.
Rhombohedral. Axis 6 2-5538; 0001 A 1011 71° 16' Des Cloizeaux1.
Forms2: c (0001, 0); m (1010, /); w (1016, £)a, (1012, i), r (1011, B), d (0113, i), e (0112, - i).
Angles : cw 26° lOf , cv 55° 51', cr 71° 16', cd 44° 30£', ce 55° 51', ww' 44° 55' rr' *110° 12 , dd 74° 45J', ee 91° 34'.
Usually in six-sided tabular crystals; faces c sometimes triangularly striated.
Also foliated massive, and in druses.
Cleavage : c highly perfect ; r in traces. H. 2. G. — 2'4--
, , 2"659 ib, Damour. Luster of c
Fie. 1, simple form. 2, Utah, Washington. ' , „ .
pearly; 01 other laces vitreous
or subadamantine. Color emerald- or grass-green to verdigris-green. Streak somewhat paler than the color. Transparent to translucent. Optically — .
Comp. — A highly basic arsenate of copper; formula uncertain, anal. 2 gives: 7CuO.As205.14HaO; anal. 4 gives approx.: 9CuO.Al203.2Asa05.27H20 (Eg.).
Anal.— 1, Hermann, J. pr. Ch ., 33, 294, 1844. 2, 3, Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 413, 1845. 4, Church. J. Ch. Soc. , 23, 168, 1870.
G. AsaO5 P2O6 CuO H2O A12OS
1. Cornwall 2'435 17'51 undel. 44'45 31 '19 3-93 FeO 2'92 100
2. " 2-659 19-35 1'29 52'92 23'94 1'80 99-30
3. " " 21-27 1-56 52-30 22'58 2'13 99'84
4. " 2-44 f 15-54 — 46-14 [31'75]b 5'97 Fe2O3 0 60 100
With P2OS b At 100', 14-06 p. c.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates, yields much water, and gives a residue of olive- green scales. In other respects like olivenite. Soluble in nitric acid, and in ammonia.
Oba. — The copper mines of Tingtaug, Wheal Gorland, and Wheal Unity, near Kedruth, are its principal localities iu Cornwall. Occurs also crystallized in iron ore nt Sayda in Saxony; in minute crystals at Herrengrund in Hungary; Moldawa in the Banat. Nizhni Tagilsk in the Ural, but rare.
In the U. States, in the Tintic district, Utah, at the Mammoth mine, with clinoclasite and other related species derived from euargite.
Alt. — Found altered to chrysocolla.
Ref.—1 Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 420, 1845 (called by him erinite). 5 See Miller, 1. c,
3 H. S. Washington, Utah, Am. J. Sc.. 35, 303, *888.
Ve8Zel Yite—L Udlami?**
637. VESZELYITE. Schrauf, Anz. Akad. Wien, 135, 1874; Zs. Kr., 4, 31, 1879.
Monoclinic (or triclmic?). Form as in figure.
Measured angles, Schrauf1 : mM — 84° 47 , ee 70° 43'-51', inclination edge e/e to m/M 76° 10'; also me 57° 19', me 104° 3', Me — 104° 16'.
Incrustiug, consisting of a granular aggregate of indistinct crystallise-
Individuals. Occasionally in distinct crystals, combinations of the prism and brachydome.
H. 3'5-4. G. 3-531. Color and streak greenish blue.
Comp. — A hydrous phospho-arsenate of copper and zinc; perhaps (Rg.) 7RO.(P,As)2O5.9H2O (R Zn : Cu 2 : 3, As : P 2 : 3), requiring: Arsenic pentoxide 10'2, phosphorus pentoxide 9*5, cupric oxide 37'5, zinc oxide 24'8, water 18'1 100.
Anal. — Schrauf (on O'l gr.).
As2O6
CuO
ZnO
17-05 99-01
Obs. — Occurs as an incrustation on granite, and on limonite, at Morawitza, in the Banat.
Named after the mining engineer Veszelyi.
Ref. — ' L. c., Schrauf 's letters are retained, m Oil, e 110, also S (201) and (121) rare. Schrauf gives a triclinic axial system (with which the angles do not wholly agree), but it obviously makes small claim to exactness.
638. LUDLAMITE. If. 8. Maskelyne and F. Field, Phil. Mag. , 3, 52, 135, 525, 1877.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 2-2520 : 1 : 1-9819; /3 *79° 27' 001 A 100 Maskelyne.
100 A HO *65° 41£', 001 A 101 45° 53', 001 A Oil 62° 49f.
Forms: a (100, i-l) c (001, 0)
m (110, 2) t (201, - 24)
d (101, 14) k (201, 2-1)
I (Oil, 14)
q (111, 1)
mm!" 131° 23'
ct 52° 37f
cd 45° 53'
ck 68° 37'
II =125° 40' cr 44° 36£' cp =61° 24'
cm 85° 41'
cq 68° 31' ap 64° 2' al 85° 12'
a'q 72° 17'
rr' 79° 52' pp' 106* 46' qq' =*116° 31V
Crystals small, tabular c. Faces c, q striated or furrowed edge c/q.
Cleavage: c highly perfect; a distinct. H. 3-4. G. 3 '12. Luster vitreous, brilliant. Color bright green. Streak greenish white. Transparent. Optically +. Ax. pi. I b. Bxa A — 67° 5'. Dispersion p v small; of bisectrices nearly zero.
2H. 97° 50' 2H0 119° .-. 2V 82° 22'
Comp.— 2Fe3P,08.Fe(OH), + 8H20 or 7Fe0.2PsOt. 9H50 Phosphorus pentoxide 29'9, iron protoxide 53*0, water 17-1 100.
Anal.— Flight, 1. c.
FeO 52 76
Hso 16-98 99-85
Pyr., etc. — B B. colors the flame pale green, and leaves a black residue. In the closed tube decrepitates violently, becomes dark blue, and gives off water. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric and sulphuric acids.
Obs.— Occurs with siderite, vivianite, pyrite, at the Wheal Jane mine, near Truro, Cornwall. -Probably also from StOsgen near Linz on the Rhine. Named after Mr. Ludlam, of London.
Phosphates, Aesenates, Etc.,
639. WAVELLITE. Wavellite Babbington, Davy's Mem. in Phil. Tr., 162, 1805, Hydrargillite Davy, ib., 155, 162. Devonite Thomson. Strahliger Hycftargillit columnai- var. of Diaspore) Hausm., Handb., 443, 1813. Lasionit Fuchs, . J., 18, 288, 1816, 24, 121. Striegisau Breith., . J., 62, 379, 1831. Thonerdephosphat Germ. Alumine phosphatee Fr. Subphosphate of Alumina. Kapnicit Kenng., Ueb., 1855, 1856-57.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-50489 : 1 : 0-37514 Senff1.
100 A HO 26° 47|', 001 A 101 36° 36f ', 001 A Oil 20° 33}'.
Forms1 :
q (13-1-0, z-13)? m (110, /)
n (340, z-|) p (101, 14)
(111, 1) o (121, 2-%)
mm'" *53° 34£ '
7171' 112°
pp' *73° 13f
88' 69" 39' oo' 27' M" 79° 33' oo" 93° 7' M'" 33° 31' oo'" - 62° 7'
r (5-11-6,
6s 73° 14£' to 58° 56f
Figs. 1, simple form. 2, after Senff. Dispersion p v small (oil), y — a 0-025 Lex. Axial angles (Donnegal) Dx
Distinct crystals rare; faces m striated vertically. Usually in aggre- gates, hemispherical or globular with crystalline surface, and having a radi- ated structure.
Cleavage: p and b rather perfect (Senff). Fracture uneven to subcon- choidal. Brittle. H. 3-25-4. G. 2-337,2-316. Luster vitreous, inclining to pearly and resinous. Color white, passing into yellow, green, gray, brown, and black. Streak white. Translucent. Optically -f. Ax. pi. a. Bx c.
2Ha.r 75° 22' .-. 2Er 127° 18' 2H0.r 114° 81' .'. 2Vr 72° 1' ftr 1'524 2Ha.y 75° 8' .'. 2Ey 127° 2' 2H0.y 114° 45' .'. 2Vy 71° 48' ftj 1-526 2Ha.bi 74° 29' .-. SEbi 126° 52' 2H0.bi 115° 20' .'. 2Vbi 71° 14' 0W 1-586
Comp.— 4A1P04.2A1(OH), + 9H,0 or 3Al203.2PaO,.12HaO Phosphorus pent- oxide 35-2, alumina 38 '0, water 26'8 100. Fluorine is sometimes present, up to 2 p. c.
Anal.— 1, Berzelius, . J., 27, 63, 1819. 2, Erdmann, ib., 69, 154, 1833. 3, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 33, 288, 1844. 4, Stadeler, Lieb. Ann., 109, 305, 1859. 5, Pisani, C. R.,75, 79, 1872. 6, Church, J. Ch. Soc., 26, 110, 1873. 7, Genth, Am. J. Be., 23, 423, 1857. 8, E. F. Smith, Am. Ch. J., 5, 273, 1883. Also 5th Ed. , 576.
1. Devonshire 33-40
2. Striegis, blue 34-06
3. Zbirow 34 -29
4. Hungary, Kapnicite G. 2'356 35'49
5. Montebras G. 2'33 34'30
6. Cork 32-00
7. Chester Co., Penn. 34'68
8. Upper Milford, Penn. 3414
A1.,O6 H2O F
35-35 26-80 2 -06aCaOO-50,(Fe,Mn)aO3l -25=99-36
36-60 27-40 tr. Fe2O, I'OO 99*06
36-39 26-34 !-78aFe2O3 1'20 100
39-59 [24-921 — 100
38-25 26-60 2'27 101'42
37-18 26-45b 2-09 SiOa 0'19, CaO,Fe3O, tr. =97'91
36-67 28-29 tr. limonite 0'22 "
36-66 28-32 tr. limonite 0'60 — 99'72
HF. b Dried at 100°; at 100° loses 2'28 p. c. H2O, at 200° 22-14, the rest at a red heat.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives off much water, the last portions of which react acid and color Brazil-wood paper yellow (fluorine), and also etch the tube. B.B. in the forceps swells up and splits frequently into fine acicular particles, which are infusible, but color the flame pale green; moistened with sulphuric acid the green becomes more intense. Gives a blue with cobalt solution. Some varieties react for iron and manganese with the fluxes. Heated with sulphuric acid gives off fumes of hydrofluoric acid, which etch glass. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, and also in caustic potash.
Obs. — Wavellite was first discovered in a tender clay slate near Barnstaple, in Devonshire,
fflSCHERITE—PEGANITE. 843
by Dr. Wavel. It has since been found at Clonmel and Cork, Ireland; in the Shiant Isles of Scotland; with the amblygonite of Montebras, France; at Zbirow and Zajecov in Bohemia; at Frankenberg and Laugenstriegis, Saxouy; Dunsberg near Giessen, Hesse Darmstadt; on brown iron ore in the Jura limestone at Amberg in Bavaria (the laaionite of Fuchs); in a man- ganese mine at Weinbach near Weilburg in Nassau (Genth); at Villa Rica, Minas Geraes, Brazil. Kapnicite is from Kapnik, Hungary.
In the United States reported as found near Saxton's River, BellowsTFails, N. H. ; also at the slate quarries of York Co., Pa., near the Susqueuanna; at Silver Hill mine, Davidson Co., N. C., with actinolite, pyrite, and native silver; at White Horse Station, Chester Valley R. R., Pa., in a bed of lirnonite, abundant in stalactitic forms, part drusy with rhombic crystals, and often coated with a pearly scaly mineral yet undetermined; at Magnet Cove, Arkansas, in fine stellate radiations of a light green to deep green color.
Named after Dr. Wavel, the discoverer. The species was considered a variety of diaspore by D'Aubuissou, Bournon, Hausmann, and some other early mineralogists, and placed next to diaspore by Werner in 1817; while Jameson arranged it in 1816 among the zeolites.
Ref.— i Pogg., 18, 474, 1830. 2 Dx., Montebras, Ann. Ch. Phys., 27, 405, 1872.
LIME-WAVELLITE. Kalkwavellit Kosmann, Zs. G. Ges., 21, 799, 1869. An impure wavellite found as the cement of a phosphorite breccia at Dehrn and Ahlbach. Supposed to contain lime as an essential ingredient, but doubtful. See App. i, p. 9, 1872. An analysis (deducting 15 p. c. impurities) gave :
P2O5 28-39 AlaO, 35-65 CaO 14'86 H3O 21-09 99'99
640. FISCHERITE. Shchurovski, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 33, 285, 1844. Orthorhombic. Axes a : I 0-5937 : 1; 100 A HO 30° 44' Koksharov1. Forms : b (010, i-i), c (001, 0), m (110, 7); with also g (120, i-2). Angles : mm'" *61° 28', gg' 80° 8'.
Crystals small, often six-sided prisms (m, b), also in scales, and in acicular crystals grouped in druses in radiating form ; also in crusts.
H. 5. Gr. 2 '46. Luster vitreous. Color grass-green to olive-green, and verdigris-green. Translucent. Optically +. Ax. pi. a. Bx c. Axial angles variable, Dx.3
2Ha.r 66° 23' .'. 2Er 106° 45' 2H0.r 130° 56' also 2H0.r 124° 58' /?r 1 '50-1 -56 2Ha.y 66° 4' .-. 2Ey 106° 18' 2H0.y 131° 0'
Comp.— A1P04.A1(OH)3 + 2£HaO or 2Al203.PaOB.8HaO Phosphorus pent- oxide 29-9, alumina 41'6, water 29 -4 100. Anal. — Hermann, 1. c.
P2O5 A12O3 H20
29-03 38-47 27-50 CuO 0'80, Fe-.Os.MnOs 1'20, gangue 3'00 100
Pyr., etc. — B.B. becomes white, and clouded; yields much water, but no fluorine. Soluble in sulphuric acid.
Obs. — From Nizhni Tagilsk in the Ural, where it occurs in veins in a ferruginous sandstone and clay slate. Also reported as occurring in a botryoidal, enamel-like form at Roman-Gladna, Hungary (Foldt. ., 12, 179, 1882).
Named after Fischer v. Waldheim of Moscow.
Ref.—1 Min. Russl., 1, 81, 1853. Dx., Vh. Min. Ges., 9, 32, 1874.
641. PEGANITE. Peganit Breithaupt, . J., 60, 308, 1830. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b 0-499 : 1 ; 100 A HO 26£° approx., Breith. Forms: c (001, 0), b (010, i-l), m (110, /), r (121, 2-2).
Crystals prismatic, indistinct; usually in aggregates, passing into incrustations. Cleavage: b, c, m, all indistinct. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 3-3-5. G. 2 '492-2-501. Luster greasy to vitreous. Color deep green, greenish gray, greenish white. Streak white.
Comp.— A1P04.A1(OH)3 + 1£H20 or 2Al20,.P,05.6HtO Phosphorus pentoxide 31-3, alumina 44'9, water 23'8 100.
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Anal.— 1, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 33, 287, 1844. 2, Lichtenberger, Jb. Min., 819, 1872.. 8, Frenzel, ibid.
P8O5 A1,O3
1. Striegis 30'49 44 "49
2. Portugal G. 2'46 36'14 38'90 3 " " 34-33 39-62
H2O
22-82 CuO.FeOs.gangue 2'20 100 23-14 CuO 0-64, BaO 0'43 99-25 23-53 CuO 0-83, BaO 0'39 98'70
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water, and assumes a violet or rose color. B.B. cracks open, becomes violet, but does not fuse. Gives but a faint copper reaction, but in other respects like turquois. The powdered mineral gives a fine blue with cobalt solution.
Obs.— Occurs in crusts, consisting of small prismatic crystals, at Striegis, near Freiberg, Sazony. Also at Nobrya near Albergharia Velha in Portugal.
Named from mjyavov, an herb, in allusion to the color.
642. TURQUOIS. ?Callais, ?Callaina, Plin., ?7, 56, 33. Firuzegi Pers. Turques, Tur- quois pt., of the 16th century and later (Turques, Fabyan's Chronicle). Tilrkis pt. Germ., Turchesa Ital., Turquoise Fr. Turquoise J. B. Tavernier, Voy. en Turquie, en Persie, etc., Paris, 1678. Turchine Bocconi, Museo di Fisica, etc., 278, "1697. Orientalischer Tvirkis Demetrius Agaphi, N. Nord. Beytr., 5, 261, Pallas, ib., 265. Turquois orieutale, Calaite,
analyses and assertion that it is no Odontolite). Hydrargillite pt. Hausm., Handb., 444, 1813. Turquoise de vieille roche (in distinction from Odontolite, or T. de nouvelle roche, called also Occidental Turquois). Kallait, Kalait, Germ. Turchesia Ital. Turquesa Span. Turquoise.
Massive; amorphous or cryptocrystalline. Keniform, stalactitic, or incrusting. In thin seams and disseminated grains. Also in rolled masses.
Cleavage none. Fracture small conchoidal. Rather brittle. H. 6. Gr 2'6-2'83; 2'621, Hermann. Luster somewhat waxy, feeble. Color sky-blue, bluish green to apple-green, and greenish gray. Streak white or greenish. Feebly sub- translucent to opaque.
Comp. — A hydrous phosphate of aluminium colored by a copper compound, A1P04.A1(OH)3 + H20 or 2A1203.P205.5H20 Phosphorus pentoxide 32-6, alumina 46-8, water 20'6 100. The copper salt present probably has the composition 2CuO.P20B.4H20 Clarke.
Anal.— 1, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 33, 282, 1844, deducting impurities, Rg., Min. Ch., 337, 1860 2, Church, Ch. News, 10, 290, 1864. 3, Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 5, 184, 1883. 4, Nicolayev, Kk., Min. Russl., 9, 86, 1886. 5, Moore, Zs. Kr., 10, 240, 1885. 6-8, Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 32, 211, 1886.
1. Oriental, blue
2. Persia
3. Sinai
4. Karkaralinsk
5. California, pseud.
6. N. Mexico, bright blue
7. " pale blue
8. " dark green
G.
aFeO.
P2O5 A12OS H2O CuO Fe2O3 CaO
28-90 47-45 18'18 2'02 MO l'85MnOO'50
32-86 40-19 19-34 5'27 2'21a — MuO 0-36
28-40 38-61 20-69 3'32 — 3'95MgOO'15,
[S03 0-66
7-67 3-52 — 100
7-80 2-99 — 99-96
6-30 — 0-13 SiO2 1-15
7-51 2-40 0-38 SiO3 0'16
6-56 4-07 und. SiO2 4'20
34-42 [35-79] 18 '60
33-21 35-98 19'98
31-96 39-53" 19 '80
32-86 36-88 19-60
28-63 37-88 18-49
100 100-23 SiO2 4-37, 100-15
98-87 99-79 99-83
b Includes some FeO3
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates, yields water, and turns brown or black. B.B. in the forceps becomes brown and assumes a glassy appearance, but does not fuse; colors the flame green ; moistened with hydrochloric acid the color is at first ftlue (copper chloride). With the sodium test gives hydrogen phosphide. With borax and salt of phosphorus gives beads in O.F. which are yellowish green while hot and pure green on cooling. With salt of phos- phorus and tin on charcoal gives an opaque red bead (copper). Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — The highly prized oriental turquois occurs in narrow seams (2 to 4 or even 6 mm. in thickness) or in irregular patches in the brecciated portions of a porphyritic trachyte and the surrounding clay slate in Persia, not far from NishSpur, Khorassan (cf . Schindler, Vh. G. Reichs., 93, 1884, Rec. G. SUIT. India, 17, 132, 1884); the exact locality is stated to be on the southern slopes of the Mt. Ali-Mirsa, N.W. of the village Maden. Also in the Megara Valley, Sinai, with limonite in seams in porphyry; a greenish blue variety comes from the Karkaralinsk (Kirgeshi Steppes), Semipalatinsk, Siberia. Also in the Kara-Tube Mts. in Turkestan, 50
Turquois— Sphseite. 845
versts from Samarkand -with limonite, etc., in seams in a siliceous clay slate; the locality has been worked at some unknown time in the past. An impure variety is found at Steine in Silesia, and at Oelsuitz in Saxony.
In the U. States, occurs in the Los Cerillos Mts., 20 m. S.E. of Santa Fe, New Mexico, 'in a trachytic rock, a locality long mined by the Mexicans and in recent years reopened and exten- sively worked. It has afforded some tine gems. Cf. Blake, Am. J. Sc., 25, 227, 1858; 25, 197, 1883; Silliman, ib., 22, 67, 1881; Clarke and Diller, 1. c.; also Kunz, Gems, -etc., of the U. 8.,
Found also in the Burro Mts., Grant Co., N. M., southwest of Silver City (Snow, Am. J. Sc., 41, 511, 1891); at the Holy Cross Mt., Colorado. A pale green turquois occurs in the Sierra Nevada, five miles north of Columbus, Nevada; a kind pseudomorphous after apatite at Taylor's ranch, Chowchillas river, in Fresno Co., California (Zeph. & Moore, 1. c.).
Domeyko (Min., 3d Ed.) refers here an earthy cupriferous aluminium phosphate from San Lorenzo, Chili (5th Ed., p. 587).
On the microscopic structure of turquois, see Bkg., Zs. Kr., 2, 163, 1878, 3, 81, 1879.
Natural turquois of inferior color is often artificially treated to give it the tint desired. More- over, many stones which are of a fine blue when first found retain the color only so long as they are kept moist, and when dry they fade, become a dirty green, and are of little value. Much of the turquois (not artificial) used in jewelry in former centuries, as well as the present, and that described iu the early works on minerals, was bone-turquois (called also odontolite, from d<5ouS, tooth), which is fossil-bone, or tooth, colored by a phosphate of iron. Its organic origin becomes manifest under a microscope. Moreover, true turquois, when decomposed by hydro- chloric acid, gives a tine blue color with ammonia, which is not true of the odontolite.
The Callais of Pliny is generally regarded as turquois, and probably rightly so. But all he says of it is, " Callais sapphirum imitatur. candidior et litoroso mari similis, " resembling sapphire (that is, lapis-lazuli) in color, but paler, and like the sea toward the shore; indicating a greenish blue tint and degree of opacity corresponding well enough with much turquois.
The Callaina also of Pliny (to which he devotes a long chapter) is referred to this species, and with even better reason. It was a stone of a pale green color, and was obtained, according to him, amid inaccessible rocks in the countries that lie at the back of India, nearMt. Caucasus, etc. He also states that it was remarkable for its size, and was full of holes and foreign sub- stances, which it is difficult to reconcile with the true turquois. But he speaks in the next sentence of a kind from Carmania (a district of Persia) as of better quality and clearer, and this may have been real turquois. He says that no stones were more easily imitated, which is very true of turquois. He also remarks that the beauty of the Callaina is greatly heightened by a setting of gold, the contrast peculiarly befitting it.
Pliny also speaks of another stone called Callaica (37, 56), and says of it: " Callaicam vocant e turbido callaino; ferunt pluris conjunctis semper inveniri;" it is so called because it is a turbid callaina, and they are found together. He also remarks that the stone called " Augetis (37, 54) multis non alia videtur quam callaina," by many is thought to be nothing but callaina. (See further CALLAINITE, p. 825).
The Persian smaragdus, or emerald, alluded to by Pliny (37, 18, citing from Democritus), as "without transparency, agreeable and uniform in color, satisfying the vision without allowing it to penetrate it," may have been turquois; yet, as with most of Pliny's descriptions (owing to his mixing different things of similar aspect), when all the other characters given are weighed they leave doubt.
It is probable that the turquois — oriental and occidental — was as commonly used in Persia as a gem in ancient times as now. The name turquois (or turquoise) is French in form, and means Turkish, a Turkish gem, the gem having come into Europe through Turkey.
W. P. Blake (1. c., and ib., 25, 197. 1883) regards the bluish green turquois of Los Cerillos as the chalchihuitl of the Mexicans; he proposes the mineralogical name chalchuite. By others this Mexican stone is referred to jade (p. 371), also by others to emerald.
643. SFH.ZERITE. Spharit v. Zepharomc7i, Ber. Ak. "Wien, 56 (1), 24, 1867.
In globular concretions with a drusy faceted surface, without a distinct fibrous or concentric structure.
Cleavage distinct in one direction. H. 4. G. 2-536. Luster greasy- vitreous, glimmering. Color light gray, bluish; also reddish from mixture with hematite. Translucent.
Comp.— Perhaps 4A1P04.6A1(OH)3 + 7H,0 or 5Al,03.2Pa06.16HaO Phos- phorus pentoxide 26'3, alumina 47'1, water 26'5 100.
Anal.— 1, Boricky (1. c.); la, same, with SiOa, CaO, MgO, and some PiO§ (for these bases) excluded:
P5O5 AUC-3 MgO CaO H,O SiO,
1. 28-58 42-36 2'60 1-41 24'03 0'87 9985
la. 26-80 46-71 — — 26"49 — 100
-846 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. is infusible, and colors the flame bluish green. With cobalt solution a tine blue.
Obs. — Occurs lining cavities or seams in hematite, at Zajecov, north of St. Benigna, Bohemia, in Lower Silurian schists, along with wavellite.
Alt.— Becomes opaque white, dull, and earthy by alteration.
644. LISKEARDITE. Maskelyne, Nature, 18, 426, Aug. 15, 1878.
Massive; in thin iucrustiug layers, with uniform fibrous structure. Color white, with a slight blue or greenish blue tint.
Comp.— (Al,Fe)AsO4.2(Al,Fe)(OH)3 + 5H2O or 3(Al,Fe)aO3.As9O5.16HaO Arsenic pent- oxide 27 1, alumina 30'9, iron sesquioxide 8*1, water 33'9 100.
Anal.-W. Flight, J. Ch. Soc., 43, 140, 1883.
As2O5 A12O3 Fe2O3 H2O 26-96 28 23 7'64 34'05 CuO 1'03, CaO 0'72, SO3 I'll 99'74
Loss at ordinary temp., 4'35 p.c.; at 100°, 10'96 (6HO); at 120°, 5'55 (3H2O); at 140°- 190°, 8-22, and with lead oxide, 4'97 (7H3O).
Obs. — Occurs in crusts one-fourth of an inch thick as a coating of cavities or incrustation on quartz or other minerals; accompanying species are scorodite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, earthy chlorite; from Liskeard, Cornwall.
645. EVANSITE. D. Forbes, Phil. Mag., 28, 341, 1864. Massive; reniform or botryoidal.
Fracture subconchoidal. H. 3 '5-4. G-. l-939. Luster vitreous or resinous; internally waxy. Colorless, or milk-white; sometimes tinged with yellow or blue. Streak white. Translucent, subtranslucent.
Comp.— 2A1P04.4A1(OH)3 + 12H,Oor ZAltOt.P9Ot.l8HtO Phosphorus pent- oxide 18-4, alumina 39-6, water 42 -0 100. Anal. — Forbes, I.e.
P.,O6 19-05 A12O, 39-31 HaO 39'95 insol. 1'41 99'72
Pyr., etc.— B.B in closed tube yields neutral water, decrepitates, leaving milk-white powder. Infusible. Moistened with sulphuric acid colors the name green. On charcoal with cobalt solution gives intense blue. With fluxes trace of iron. Soluble in sulphuric, nitric, and hydro- chloric acids. Fluorine not detected.
Obs. — Occurs at Zsetcznik, Hungary, as reniform or globular concretions on limonite.
Brought in 1855 from Hungary, by Brooke Evans, of Birmingham, England, after whom it was named. It was labeled allophaue.
A mineral occurring in a small assure in the Yoredale Rocks, Ratcliffe Wood, Macclesfield, is referred here by A. S. Woodward. The loss on ignition was 40 p. c. Min. Mag., 5, 333, 1883.
CCERULEOLACTITE. Coeruleolactin T. Petersen, Jb. Min., 353, 1871.
Crypto-crystalline to micro-crystalline. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. H. =5. G. 2'552-2-593. Color milk-white passing into light copper-blue. Streak white.
Composition, perhaps 3A12O3.2P2O6.10H2O Phosphorus pentoxide 36'9, alumina 39'7, water 23'4 100.
Anal. — 1, Petersen; la, obtained from 1 after excluding 10 p. c. impurities. 2, Genth, Min. Rep. Penn., 143, 1875.
P3O5 A12O, HaO CuO
1. Nassau 3633 35'11 21'23 1'40 Fe,O3 0'93, CaO 2'41, MgO 0'20, la. " 37-04 39-34 23'62 — 100 [SiO2 l-82,ZnO,F<r.=99'43
2. Chester Co., Pa. G. 2-696 36-31 38"27 21-70 4'25 insol. 0-54 101-07
B.B. decrepitates, infusible, on charcoal turns reddish gray. With cobalt solution gives a deep blue. Moistened with sulphuric acid colors the flame green. With the fluxes gives a faint reaction for copper. Soluble in mineral acids, also in fixed caustic alkalies.
From the Rindsberg Mine near Katzenellnbogen, Nassau. A similar mineral occurs with wavellite at General Trimble's iron mine, East Whiteland Township, Chester Co., Penu.
An aluminium phosphate, referred here with some question by Wibel, has been noted as forming with 25 p. c. carbonaceous matter, the substance of an ancient fabric dug up at Forst- haus-Perlberg. Jb. Min., 1, 209 ref., 1890.
TABANAKITE Hector [Jurors' Rep. N. Z. Ex., 423, 1865J. Cox, Trans. N. Z. Inst., 15, 385,
Phabma Cosiderite.
Massive, resembling wavellite. Soft. Color yellowish white. Anal. — Hector, 1. c.
P2O6 A13O3 FeO CaO K2O Na2O H3O
35-05 21-43 445 0'55 4'20 tr. 33-06 Cl 0'46, SO, tr., insol. 0'80 100
Of the water 15'46 p.c. is lost at 100°, and 17'60 more at a red heat B.B. fuses readily,, :From Sugar Loaves. Taranaki, New Zealand.
BERLINITE C. W. Blomstrand, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 25, 198, 1868. TROLLEITE, ibid., p. 199. AUGELITE, ibid., p. 199. ATTACOLITE, ibid., p. 201.
These are aluminium phosphates from the iron mine of Westana, Scania, Sweden. They need further study to show that they are all independent species. The characters given are as follows:
BERLINITE. Compact massive, no cleavage, resembles quartz. H. =6. G. 2 64. Luster vitreous. Colorless to grayish or pale rose-red. Translucent. Analysis:
PaOfi 54-84 A1,O 40-27 Fe2O3 0"26 HSO 4'14 99'51
This corresponds to 2AlaO3.2P:iO6.H2O. B.B. whitens without fusing. Hardly attacked by acids. Named after Prof. N. H. Berlin, of the University of Lund.
TROLLEITE. Compact, with indistinct cleavage. Fracture even to conchoidal. H. 5'5- G. 3'10. Luster more or less vitreous. Color pale green. Analysis:
f PaO6 46 72 A13O3 43-26 Fe2Os 2-75 CaO 0-97 HaO 6'23 99'93
This corresponds to 4AlaO3.3P3O6.3HaO. Scarcely attacked by acids. Named after the Swedish chemist H. G. Trolle-Wachtmeister.
AUGELITE. Massive. Cleavage distinct in three directions. G. 2'77. Luster of cleavage surface strongly pearly. Pale red, also colorless. Analysis:
P,OB 35-04 A12O3 49-15 Fe2O8 0 89 MnO 0'31 CaO 1 '09 H,O 12-85 99'33
This corresponds to 2Al2O3.P2Os.3H2O. Yields much water in the glass tube. B.B. infu- sible. Scarcely affected by acids. Named from avyr;, luster.
ATTACOLITE. Massive, indistinctly crystalline. H. 5. G. 3'09. Color pale red Analysis: [H2O 6'90 98'68
f P2O5 36-06 A12O3 29-75 Fe2O, 3-98 MnO 8'02 MgO 0-33 CaO 18-19 NasO 0-45
8-6 p. c. SiO2 has been deducted; the formula is doubtful. B.B. fuses easily, and, when more heated, with intumescence, to a brownish yellow glass. With soda a strong manganese reaction. Very incompletely decomposed by acids. Named from drraKev's, salmon, alluding to the color.
646. PHARMACOSIDERITE. ?Fer mineralise par 1'acide arsenique Proust, Ann. Chem., 1, 195, 1790; Arsenicated Iron Ore Kirwan, 2, 189, 1796. Olivenerz, Arseniksaures Eisen in Wurfelu kryst. (f. Carharrack) Klapr., Sckrift. Ges. nat. Fr. Berl., 1, 161, 1786, Beitr., 3, 194, 1802; Wurfelerz, var. of Olivenerz, Lem, 2, 18, 151, 1794. Wurfelerz Karsten, Tab., 66, 1808. Cube Ore. Pharmakosiderit Hausm., Handb., 1065, 1813.
Isometric: tetrahedral. Observed forms:
d(110,
1)
(40-1-1, 40-40)1
Commonly in cubes with faces sometimes striated edge a/o, or replaced by the vicinal trapezohedron GO; also tetrahedral. Rarely granular.
Cleavage: a imperfect. Frac- ture uneven. Rather sectile. H. 2-5. G-. — 2-9-3. Luster adaman- tine to greasy, not very distinct. Color olive-green, passing into yel- lowish brown, bordering sometimes upon hyacinth-red and blackish brown ; also passing into grass-green, emerald -green, and honey-yellow. Streak green to brown, yellow, pale.
Figs. 1, 2, Utah, Pearce. Pyroelectric. Shows anomalous double
Subtransparent to subtranslucent. refraction.1
Comp.— Perhaps 6FeAs04.2Fe(OH)3 + 12H,0 or 4Fe,0J.3As,06.15H,0 (Eg.) Arsenic pentoxide 43-1, iron sesquioxide 40*0, water 16*9 100.
848 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Anal.— Berzelius, Ak. H. Stockh., 354, 1824.
AsaO6 P2O5 Fe2O3 CuO H2O
37-82 2-53 39-20 0-65 18'61 gangue 1-76 100-57
Pyr., etc. — Same as for scorodite.
Obs.— Formerly obtained at the mines of Wheal Gorland, Wheal Unity, and Carharrack, in Cornwall, coating cavities in quartz, with ores of copper; found in quartz at Burdle Gill in Cumberland, in small brilliant crystals; in minute tetrahedral crystals at Wheal Jane; also in Australia; at St. Leonard and Garonne, Dept. du Var, in France; at Schneeberg and Schwar- zeuberg in Saxony; at Kftuigsberg, near Schemnitz, Hungary, and on the Sandberg; in cubic crystals (G. 2'873 Vrba) at Pisek, Bohemia.
In Utah, at the Mammoth mine, Tintic district, in straw-yellow to pale green crystals (f. 1, 2) on a ferruginous quartz with scorodite and various copper arseuates derived from enargite.
Named from (papjuaKov, poison (in allusion to the arsenic present), and cridrjpoS, iron.
Proust first announced the existence of an arsenate of iron, from greenish white concre- tionary specimens found in Spain; but from his meager description its identity with this species cannot be made certain.
Alt. — Has been observed altered to psilomelane, limonite, hematite.
Ref. — ' Phillips, vicinal to the cube; this approximate symbol is suggested by Naumann, Lehrb. Kryst., 1, 113, 1829. 2 Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 256, 1881.
647. CACOXENITE. Kakoxen /. Steinmann, Vortr. B5hm. Ges., Prag, 1825. Cacoxene.
Occurs in radiated tufts of a yellow or brownish yellow color. H. 3-4. G. 3-38. Becomes brown on exposure.
Comp.— FeP04.Fe(OH), + 4£H20 or 2Fe,0,.P,0§.12H10 Phosphorus pent- oxide 20 '9, iron sesquioxide 47*2, water 31 -9 100.
The above corresponds to anal 1; anal. 2, 3, give somewhat different results. Anal.— 1, 2, Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 5, 67, 1854; after deducting insoluble matter. 3, Nies, Jb. Min., 1, 108, 1881.
P,05 Fe,0, H,0
1. Hrbek mine 19'63 47'64 32-73 100
2. " 25-71 41-46 32'83 100
3. Eleonore mine G. 2'4 26'17 40'35 30'59 A1,O, 2'89 100
Pyr., etc.— Yields water, with trace of fluorine. Fuses on the edges to a black shining slag, and colors the outer flame bluish green. Reactions for iron. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs at the Hrbek mine, near St. Benigna in Bohemia, along with earthy limonite, dufreuite, etc. Stated by Zepharovich to be sometimes derived from the alteration of barrandite. Also at the Eleonore mine on the Dilnsberg, near Giessen.
In the U. States, at Noblis mine, Lancaster Co., Penn., on limonite; reported with the martite of the Lake Superior mining region.
648. BERAUNITE. Breithaupt, Handb., 156, 1841, B. H. Ztg., 402, 1853. Eleonorite Nies, Ber. Oberhess. Ges., 19, 111, 1880; Streng, Jb. Min., 1, 102, 1881.
Monoclinic. Axes a i I : 6 2-7538 : 1 : 4-0165; ft *48° 33' 001 A 100 ' Streng.
100 A 110 64° 9', 001 A 101 88° 11 V, 001 A Oil 71° 37£'. Forms1: a (100, i-i), c (001, 0); x (hQl, - m-l ), p (111, 1) Angles: cp — 89° 23, ap *75° 36', pp' - 140° 4', pp'" *39° 56.
Twins: tw. pi. a; sometimes penetration-twins.
Crystals small, tabular a, resembling some lazulite; faces a striated edge c/a. Commonly united in druses and in radiated foliated globules and crusts.
Cleavage: a distinct. Luster vitreous, on a inclining to pearly. Color reddish brown to dark hyacinth-red. Strongly pleochroic; red-brown axis b, pale yellow in a transverse direction. Streak yellow. Bisectrix nearly Var.— 1 Bernunite in small foliated aggregates; also in monoclinic crystals with c, b, p till); cleavage b, c (Boricky).
Bsba Unite,
Eleonorite in crystals (of. fig.) with angles as above. Its identity with beraunite can hardly be questioned, though not absolutely proved. Cf. Bertraud (Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 88, 1881), who states that they are alike in angles, pleochroism, and optical characters.
Comp.— Perhaps 2FeP04.Fe(OH)3 + 2|H20 or 3Fe203.2P,06.8H20 Phos- phorus pentoxide 31'3, iron sesquioxide 52-8, water 15'9 — 100.
Boricky calculates for the St. Benigna beraunite, 5Fe2O3.3P2O3.12H2O Phosphorus pent- oxide 29'6, iron sesquioxide 55'4, water 15'0 100.
Anal.— 1, Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 49 (1), 341, 1864. 2, 8, Boricky, ib., 56 (1), 11, 1867. 4, Frenzel, Jb. Min., 23, 1873. 5, Streng, crystals, 1. c. 6, Id., radiated coating on limonite i. c. 7, Koenig, Proc. Acad. Philad., 139, 1888, and Zs. Kr., 17, 91, 1889.
Beraunite.
P2O5 Fe2O3 H2O
1. St. Beuigna 30'5 55-0 14'0 Na2O 1-6 101
2. " 30-2 55-8 15-1 Mn2O3,Na2O tr. lOl'l
3. " 28-99 55-98 14'41 Mn2O3,Na2O tr. 99'3S
4. Scheibenberg G. S'983 28'65 54'50 16'55 99'70
Eleonorite.
5. Waldgirmes, cryst. 31 88 51 '94 16'37 100-19
6. " radiat. 31 -78 52-05 16-56 100-39
7. Sevier Co., Ark. G. =2'949 30-93 49'60 14'81a A12O3 4'50 99'84
a Expelled at 250° C.
Fyr.— B.B. fuses easily to a black bead metallic in appearance, crystalline on cooling. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Beraunite is from the Hrbek mine, St. Benigna, near Beraun, in Bohemia; reported also from Wheal Jane, near Truro, England, by Greg, associated with pure and altered vivianite; from Scheibenberg, Saxony.
Eleonorite occurs on limonite at the Eleonore mine on the Dilnsberg, near Giessen, and at the Rothlaufchen mine near Waldgirmes, in the same region. Also occurs (anal. 7) with dufren- ite in Sevier Co., Arkansas, in rosettes of foliated crystals of a blood-red color.
GLOBOSITE Breithaupt, B. H. Ztg., 24, 321, 1865. A mineral occurring at the Arme Hiife mine near Hirschberg, in small globular concretions. H. 5-5'5. G. 2'825-2'827. Luster greasy to adamantine. Color wax-yellow to yellowish gray. Streak white. Brittle. Analysis, Fritzsche:
P2O5 As2O6 SiO2 Fe2O, CuO MgO CaO
28 89 tr. 0-24 40'86 0'48 2'40 2'40 H2O and F 23'94 99-21
B.B. in tube yields water; by stronger heat gives the fluorine reaction, depositing a ring of silica, and leaving a red residue not magnetic, but giving with fluxes the reaction for iron. Slowly soluble in hydrochloric acid. It occurs as above with massive and pulverulent limonite; also in the cobalt mine of Schneeberg in Saxony, with quartz and hypochlorite.
PICITE A. Nies, Ber. Oberhess. Ges., 19, p. 112, 1880. A. Slreng, Jb. Min., 1, 116, 1881.
Amorphous; in thin coatings, or in. small stalactitic and spherical forms. Fracture sub' conchoidal. H. 3-4. G. 2'83. Color dark brown. Streak yellow. Luster vitreous to- greasy. Translucent. Anisotropic. Analysis. — Nies, deducting 2'10 p. c. insol.:
P2O5 24-47 Fe2O3 46-50 A12O3 I'OO H2O 28'03 100
From the Eleonore mine, on the Diinsberg, and the Rothlaufchen mine, near Waldgirmes, in the neighborhood of Giessen. Closely related, as shown by Nies, to the Picites resinaceiis of Breithaupt (Handb. Min., 3, 897, 1847), and to a phosphate mentioned by Boricky (Ber. Ak. Wien, 56 (1), 16, 1867) as occurring at the Hrbek mine, St. Benigna, Bohemia.
DELVATJXITE. Delvauxene Dumont, L'Institut, 121, 1839, Delvaux, Bull. Ac. Belg., 147, 1838. Delvauxit Haid., Handb., 512, 1845.
A hydrated ferric phosphate from Berneau, near Vise, Belgium, with 40 to 50 p. c. water. Color yellowish brown to brownish black or reddish; G. 1'85. Anal. — 1, 2, Dumont, 1. c. 3, Delvaux, 1. c.
P2O5 Fe2O, H2O
1. 16-04 34-20 49-76 100
2. 16-57 36-62 46'81 100
3. 18-20 40-44 4M3 99'77
Dumont's analyses give 2Fe.,Oj.P2Cv24H2O. The mineral is characterized as a wei dufrenite by Church, Ch. News, 10, 157, 1864, who found that it lost 20'33 p. c. over sulphuric acid, and
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
nearly 6 p. c. more on heating to 100° C. ; the total percentage of water having been found to be 37-23, whence the essential water is only 10-11 p. c. He detected a trace of lime.
Delvauxite sometimes occurs at Vise in the form of gypsum (Cesaro), cf. also Jorissen, Mem. Soc. G. Belg., 6, 38, 1879, who gives the formula 5Fe2O3.2P2O5.15H2O or 26HaO if the water lost at ordinary temperatures is included. A similar hydrated ferric phosphate has been noted at Pisek, Bohemia (G. 2-789), cf. Vrba, Zs. Kr., 15, 206, 1888.
649, 650. CHILDRENITE— EOSPHORITE. 649. Childrenite. Levy, Brandes J., 16, 274, 1823.
Orthorhombic. Axes d : b : 6 0-77801 : 1 : 0-52575 Miller1.
100 A HO 37° 53', 001 A 101 34° 3', 001 A Oil 27° 44'. Forms: a (100, i-l), b (010, m (110, 1); p (111, 1), s (121, 2-2), r (131, 3-3).
rr'" 105° 9'
br 37° 25'
bs 48° 56'
bp 66° 28'
mm'"
*75°
46'
pp'
61°
46'
rr"
119°
32'
mp
49°
26'
ss'
49°
56*'
pyiv
*60°
28'
ap
59°
7'
rr'
39°
47'
Pp'"
47°
5'
as
65°
2'
Pp"
81°
8'
ss'"
82°
or
70°
7'
ss"
Bs
102°
41'
Habit pyramidal, form sometimes a double six-sided pyramid, comb, of am or rsm; also prismatic. Faces r, s striated edge s/s'"', also m vertically. Only known in crystals.
Cleavage: a imperfect. Fracture uneven. H. 4-5-5. G. 3-18-3-24. Luster vitreous to resinous. Color yellowish white, pale yellowish brown, brownish black. Streak white to yellow- ish. Translucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. a. Bx b. Ax. angles variable, Dx.2 :
Fig. 1, Tavistock, after Mir. 2, Hebron, Me., Cooke.
2Er 75° 22'
2Ey 74°
25'
2Ew 71° 30'
650, Eosphorite. G. J. Brush and E. 8. Dana, Am. J. Sc., 16, 35, 1878.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-77680 : 1 : 0-51501 E. S. Dana3.
100 A HO 37° 50' 25", 001 A 101 33° 32' 38", 001 A Oil 27° 14' 57". Forms : a (100, i-l), b (010, m (110, I), g (120, *-2); p (111, 1), q (232, H). (121, 2-2).
mm'" 75°
gg' 65°
mp 49°
as 39°
41' 32' 59'
pp gg'
Pp'
*61° 55C 49C
80C
1' 54' 22' 35'
2'
gg" 91° H
ss" 101° 33'
ss'" - 81* 18'
gg'" 65° 33'
Habit prismatic, faces in zone db with vertical striations. cleavable to closely compact.
Cleavage : a nearly perfect. Frac- ture uneven to subconchoidal. H. =5. G. 3-ll-3-145. Luster vitre- ous to sub-resinous; also greasy (massive). Color rose-pink, yellow- ish to colorless; of compact forms grayish, bluish, yellowish white. Transparent to translucent.
Feebly pleochroic: t (P) faint pink to colorless, b (a) deep pink, a (b) yellowish.
Optically — . Ax. plane a. Bx b. Ax. angles :
pp'" *46° 27' 45"
bs 49° 21'
bg 57° 13'
bp 66° 46'
Commonly massive,
2Ha.r 54° 30'
Branchville, Conn. 2Ha.w 60° 30'
Children Ite ; Eosphorite—Mazapilite.
Comp.— In general 2AlP04.2(Fe,Mn)(OH)a + 2H,0 or 2RO.A1,01.PS0§.4H 0.
In CHILDBENITE the iron phosphate is present chiefly; this requires: Phos- phorus pentoxide 30'9, alumina 22'2, iron protoxide 31-3, water 15-6 — 100. In anal. 1, 2, Fe : Mn — 5 : 1 nearly.
In EOSPHORITE the manganese phosphate predominates, which requires: Phos- phorus pentoxide 31 -0, alumina 22-3, manganese protoxide 3CFD, ater 15'7 100. In anal. 3-5, Fe : Mn 1 : 3 or 1 : 4.
Anal.— 1 2, S. L. Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 19, 315, 1880. 3, Church, J. Ch. Soc. 26, 103, 1873. 4, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 16, 40. 1878. 5, H. L. Wells, ibid., 16, 41. 6, Id., ibid., 18, 47, 1879. Also earlier Rg., Pogg. Ann., 85, 435, 1852.
Childrenite.
G. P2O5 A12O3 FeO MnO CaO
1 Tavistock 30'19 21-17 26-54 4'87 1-21
2 29-98 21-44 26'20
3! " 3-22 30-65 15-85 23'45 7'74 103s
Eosphorite.
4. Branchville 3-134 - f 31 "05 22-19 7-40 23'51 0-54
5 31-43 21-83 6'84 22'43 3'01
Q. 3-11 31-39 21-34 6'62 22'92 1-48
HaO
15-87 insol. O'lO 99'95
FeaO, 3'51 99'33
15-60 Na2O 0-33 100'62
15-07 100'61
15-28 insol. 1-46 100-49
Anal. 4 was made on pure crystals; 5, on the massive mineral containing 14'41 p. c. impu- rities, chieliy quartz; 6, on pink massive mineral occurring in nodules in a chloritic mineral.
Pyr., etc. — Childrenite in the closed tube gives off neutral water. B.B. swells up into ramifications, and fuses on the edges to a black mass, coloring the flame pale green. Heated on charcoal turns black and becomes magnetic. With soda gives a reaction for manganese. With borax and salt of phosphorus reacts for iron and manganese. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Eosphorite in the closed tube decrepitates, whitens, gives off abundance of neutral water, and the residue turns first black, then gray, and finally liver-brown with a metallic luster, and becomes magnetic. B.B. in the forceps cracks open, sprouts and whitens, colors the flame pale green, and fuses at about 4 to a black magnetic mass. Reacts strongly for manganese.
Obs. — Childrenite occurs in crystals and crystalline coats, on siderite, pyrite, or quartz, and sometimes with apatite, near Tavistock, and at the George and Charlotte mine, and also at Wheal Crebor, in Devonshire; on slate at Criunis mine in Cornwall. Crystals 1 in. long have been observed.
In U. States, at Hebron, Me., in minute hair-brown prismatic crystals, with amblygonite.
Eosphorite occurs at Brauchville, Fairfield Co., Conn., in a vein of pegmatyte associated with rhodochrosite and the manganesian phosphates, lithiophilite, triploidite, dickinsonite. Also as embedded nodules (anal. 6), in a massive green chloritic mineral. The massive mineral (anal. 5, G. 2-92-3'08) is often impure from the presence of quartz, dickinsonite. and apatite.
Childrenite was named after Mr. J. G. Children, an English mineralogist (1777-1852). Eosphorite from eoo(T<popoS (synonym of (pooo-fidpoS), which means dawn-bearing, in allusion to the characteristic pink color.
Ref.— l Mill., p. 519, 1852. Cooke obtained ss' 49° 50', ss" 101° 43', .'. ss'" 81° 20' Tavistock, and ss 50° 30', am — 32° 50', .'. ss" 101° 36', ss'" 80° 38' Hebron, Am. J. Sc., 36, 258, 1863. 2 Dx., Propr. Opt., 2, 42, 1859, N. R., 49, 1867. 3 L. c.
651. MAZAPILITB. G. A. Koenig, Proc. Acad. Philad., 192, 1888, Zs. Kr., 17, Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : c 0-8617 : 1 : 0-9980 Koenig1. 100 A 110 40° 45', 001 A 101 49° il$', 001 A Oil 44° 56£'.
Forms: a (100, i-l), n (120, i-2), r (201, 2-1), d (012, fi), o (111, 1).
Angles: nri" *119° 45', rr' 133° 18', rr'" *46° 42', dd1 53° 2', oo' 66° 14', oo" 113° 37', oo'" 78° 41', nr 62° 34'.
Crystals slender prismatic, 3 to 15 mrn. in length; often monoclinic in development of faces.
Cleavage not observed. H. 4-5. G. 3-567, 3'582. Luster sub- metallic, dull on the fracture. Color black, on fracture surfaces deep brownish red; in thin splinters blood-red by transmitted light. Streak ocher-yellow. Subtranslucent.
Comp.— CasFe,(As04)4.2FeO(OH) + 5II20 or 3Ca0.2Fe203.2AsvOs. 611,0 Arsonic pentoxide 43'6, iron sesquioxide 30-3, lime 15-9. water 10 -2
85, 1889.
852 Phosphates, Arsenates,
Anal.— G. A. Koenig, 1. c., 1889.
As2O SbaO6 P2O6 Fe2O3 CaO H2O
43-60 0-25 0-14 30'53 14-82 9'83 99'17
About one molecule of water is expelled up to 360°; the remaining five at a red heat.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water in the closed tube, and at a red heat the powder becomes brick-red. B.B. fuses at 3 to a black magnetic globule, on charcoal gives the odor of arsenic and a coating of arsenic trioxide.
Soluble in warm hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— Occurs sparingly at the .lesus-Maria Mine in the mining district of Mazapil, Zacatecas, Mexico. The crystals are embedded in a gangue of radiated aragouite and granular calcite with other minerals probably identified as chrysocolla and pharmacolite; also associated with silver ores.
Ref.— ' L. c.; cf. also Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 441, 1889, who makes n 110, d 102, r 041, o 121. He gives 110 A 110 60° and 102 A 102 52° 6', whence a : b : c 0-57735 : 1 : 0 56443.
652. OALCIOFERRITE. Calcoferrit J. B. Blum, Jb. Min., 287, 1858. Monoclinic? Foliated massive; in nodules.
Cleavage: very perfect, or foliated, in one direction ; traces in another at right angles to the perfect one; also in another oblique to the same. Brittle. H. 2'5. G. 2'523-2-529 Reissig. Luster of cleavage-face pearly. Color sulphur-yellow, greenish yellow to siskin-green, yellowish, white. Streak sulphur-yellow. Thin laminae translucent.
Comp.— Ca3Fe.2(PO4)4.Fe(OH)3.8H2O or 6CaO.3Fe5O3.4P-iO6.19H.iO Phosphorus pent- oxide 32-9, iron sesquioxide 27 '8, lime 19'5, water 19'8 100.
Anal. — Reissig, 1. c.
P2O6 34-01 Fe2Os 24'34 A12O3 2'90 CaO 14-81 MgO 2'65 HaO 20'56 99'27
Pyr., etc.— B.B. fuses easily to a shining black magnetic globule. Easily decomposed by hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — In nodules in a bed of clay at Battenberg in Rhenish Bavaria. The exterior of the nodules is yellowish or reddish brown impure calcioferrite.
653. BORICEITE. Delvauxene (fr. Leoben) Bauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 5, 68, 1854; (fr. Nena- covic) Boricky, Nat. Zs. Lotos, March, 1867. Borickite Dana, Min., 588, 1868. Boryckite.
Reniform massive. Compact, without cleavage.
H. 3-5. G. 2-696-2-707. Luster weak waxy. Color reddish brown. Streak the same as color. Opaque.
Comp.— Perhaps (Rg.) Ca3Fe2(PO4)4.12Fe(OH)3 + 6H2O. Vala and Helmhacker give for the material dried over calcium chloride, 2CaO.5Fe8O3.2P2O5.16HaO or perhaps CaO.2Fe2Os. PSO6.7H.,0. Jb. Min., 317, 1875.
Anal — 1, v. Hauer, 1. c. 2, Boricky, 1. c.
P2O5 Fe2O3 CaO MgO H2O
1. Leoben f 20'49 52'29 8-16 — 19'06 100
2. Nenacovic 19'35 52 99 7'29 0'41 19'96 100
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. fuses easily to a black mass. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. Obs. — From Leoben in Styria, and in a Lower Silurian schist at Nenacovic in Bohemia. RICHELLITE Cesaro and Desprets, Ann. Soc. G. Belg. Mem., 10, 36, 1883; Cesaro, 11, 257, 1884.
Massive, compact or foliated. H. 2-3. G. 2. Luster greasy. Color yellow. Anal.— 1, 2, Cesaro and Desprets. 3, 4, Cesaro, 1. c.
P2O6 Fe2O3 A12O3 CaO H2O HF
1 28-78 28 71 1-81 5'76 23"33a 6-10" 6'11 - 100'60
2 28-55 1-79 553
3 compact 27-23 29'63 2'82 6'18 6-90' 25'64 1'22 - 99'62 4. foliated 25'49 29'67 3'64 7'19 9'47C 23'63 0'96 - 100'05
a At 100°. b At a red heat. c Hygroscop.
Cesaro calculates the formula 4FeP2O8.Fe2OF2(OH)2 + 36H2O.
B.B. fuses easily. Dissolves readily in acids.
Occurs with halloysite, allophane, at Riclielle near Vise, Belgium.
Liroconite—Chenevixite. 853
654. LIROCONITE. Octahedral Arseniate of Copper (fr. Cornwall) Bourn., Phil. Trans., 174, 1801, Rashleigh's Brit. Min., 2, pi. 2. 5, 11, 1802. Linsenerz Wern., 1803, Ludwig's Min., 2, 215, 1804; Karsten, Tab., 64, 1808. Linsenkupfer Hausm., Handb., 105], 1813. Lirokon- malachit pt. Mote, Grundr., 180, 1822. Chalcophacit Glocker, Handb., 859, 1831.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 1-3191 : 1 : 1-6808; ft 88° 33f'_= 001 A 100 Des Cloizeaux1.
100 A HO 52° 49J', 001 A 101 50° 58 f, 001 A Oil 59° 14£'. Forms: m (110, /); e(Oll.l-i). Angles: mm'" *105° 39', mm' 74° 21'; etf *118° 29', me 46° 10', m'e *47' 24'.
Crystals thin, resembling rhombic octahedrons, faces m, e faintly striated intersection edge. Earely granular.
Cleavage: m, e indistinct. Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Imperfectly sectile. H. 2-2-5. G. — 2 -882 Bournon; 2-926 Haid.; 2'985 Hermann; 2-964 Damour. Luster vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color and streak sky-blue to verdigris-green.
Optically — . Ax. pi. and Bxa b. Bx0 6 — 25°. Dispersion p v. Axial angles, Dx. " ;
2Ha.r 77° 24|' . '. 2Er 132° 54'. Also 2Er 132° 22' measured.
2Ha.y 77° 18' .'. 2Ey 132° 57'
2Ha.bi 76° 57f . 2Ebl 133° 46' 2Ebl 133° 57' measured.
Comp. — A hydrous arsenate of aluminium and copper, formula uncertain; the analyses correspond nearly to Om<Al(A804)..8CuAl(OH)i.20H,0 or 18Cu0.4Al203. 5As206.55H20 Arsenic pentoxide 28'9, alumina 10-3, cupric oxide 35 '9, water 24-9 100. Phosphorus replaces part of the arsenic.
Anal.— 1, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 33, 296, 1844. 2, 3, Dmr., Ann. Ch. Phys., 13, 414, 1845.
As2OB P2OS A12O3 CuO H2O
1. Cornwall G. 2'985 23-05 3 73 10'85 36'38 25'01 Fe2O3 0'98 100
2. " G. 2-964 22-22 3'49 9'68 37'18 25'49 98 06
3. 22-40 3-24 10'09 37-40 25'44 98'57
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube gives much water and turns olive-green. B.B. cracks open, but does not decrepitate; fuses less readily than olivenite to a dark gray slag; on charcoal cracks open, deflagrates, and gives reactions like olivenite. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs.— Crystals occasionally an inch in diameter; usually quite small. With various ores of copper, pyrite, and quartz, at Wheal Gorland, Wheal Muttrell, and Wheal Unity, in Cornwall; Also in minute crystals at Herrengrund in Hungary; and in Voigtland.
Named from Ae/po?, pale, and xovia,' powder.
Ref.— ' Propr. Opt., 2, 71, 1859. L. c., and K R, 144, 1867.
655. CHENEVIXITE. Adam, F. Pisani, C. R, 62, 690, 1866.
Massive to compact.
Fracture subconchoidal. H. 3'5-4-5. G. 3-93 approx. Luster vitreous. Color dark green, olive-green to greenish yellow Streak yellowish green.
Comp.— Somewhat uncertain, perhaps (Groth) Cu2(FeO)2As208 4- 3H20 or 2CuO.Fe203.As206.3H00 Arsenic pentoxide 38*2, iron sesquioxide 26*5, cupric oxide 26-3, water 9"0 100. In anals., RO : Asa05 6:1 nearly, not 5:1.'
Anal.— 1, Pisani, 1. c., after deducting 10-3 p. c. sand. 2, Hillebraud, Proc. Col. Soc., 1, 115, 1884.
As2O5 P2O5 Fe203 CuO CaO H2O
1. Cornwall 32-20 2'30 25-10 31'70 0'34 8'66 100'30 S.Utah 35-14 — 27'37 26'31 0'44 9'33 A12OS 0'66, MgO 0'16, quartz 0'40=99'81
Pisani refers here an approximate analysis by Chenevix, 5th Ed., p. 583.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube usually decrepitates and yields water; becomes brown after
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
calcination. B.B. on charcoal fuses easity, giving out arsenical fumes, and leaving a black magnetic scoria with grains of copper. Easily soluble ii the acids.
Obs. — From Cornwall, involved in a quartz rock in small compact masses, from which gangue it is difficult to separate it entirely. Also from the American Eagle mine, Tintic dis- trict. Utah, with olivenite, conichalcite, etc. ; it occurs in irregular patches scattered through, the ore.
HENWOODITE. J. H. Collins, Min. Mag., 1, 11, 1876. C. Le Neve Foster, ibid., p. 8.
In botryoidal globular masses having a crystalline structure. Fracture conchoidal. H. 4-4'5. G. 2'67. Color turquois-blue. Streak white with bluish green tinge. Analyses, Collins:
A12O3 Fe2O3 CuO CaO H2O
18-24 2'74 7'10 0-54 17-10 Si02 1-87, loss 3'97 100 — — 7-00 — 19-50
The iron, lime, and silica are regarded as due to impurities. In the closed tube decrepitates slightly, gives off water, and turns brown. B.B. infusible, colors the flame green. Copper reactions with borax.
Occurs on limouite at the West Pheuix mine, Cornwall. Named from Mr. Wm. Jory Henwood.
656. OHALCOSIDERITE. Chalkosiderit Maskelyne, J. Ch. Soc., 28, 586, 1875.
Triclinic. Axes a : b : 6 0-7910 : 1 : 0-8051; y 107° 41' Maskelyne.
IJllmann, Syst. Tab. Ueb., 323, 1824. a 92° 58', ft 93° 29f '„
100 A 010 *72° 4', 100 A 001 85° 22f, 010 A 001 85° 45f.
Forms :
a (100, i-l) b (010, i-i) m (110, /')
am — 31° 10' ad 8° 59' a/j. - 13° 0'
an — 183 26'
d (510, i-5) M (720, Y-£) 7t (520, 'i-\) 9 (210, 7-2)
M (110, 'I) u (Oil, 14') k (Oil, '14)
ag 23° aM *44C
mM 76C bu *54C
11'
50'
0'
38'
Vk *60° uk 64° au - 76° ak *95°
41' 41'
58' 45'
Cornwall, Maskelyne. vitreous. Color light siskin -green.
Crystals small with prismatic faces striated; usually united in sheaf-like groups; also as crystalline incrustations. Cleavage: k (Oil) easy. H. 4-5. G. 3-108. Luster
Streak pale green.
Comp.— Cu0.3Fe?03.2P2Os.sH20 Phosphorus pentoxide 28-8, iron sesqui- oxide 48-6, copper oxide 8-0, water 14'6 100. Anal. — Flight, quoted by Maskelyne, 1. c.
P2O6 As2O6 Fe2O3 A12O3 CuO U2OS
29-93 0-61 42-81 4'45 8'15 lo'OO tr. 100'95
a'Loss at 100° C. 0'46, at 120°-130° additional loss 0'13; remainder at a red heat.
Obs.— Occurs in bright green crystals, implanted on audrewsite at the West Phoenix mine, Cornwall. Also as a thin crystalline coating on dufrenite at Sayn, Westphalia (Ullmann).
ANDREWSITE Maskelyne, Chem. News, 24, 99, 1871; J. Ch. Soc., 28, 586, 1875. Near chalcosiderite. Occurs in globular disks with radiated structure resembling wavellite. H. 4. G. 3-475. Color bluish green. Streak blackish green. Analysis.— Flight, J. Ch. Soc., 28, 586, 1875.
P3O6 Fe2O3 FeO CuO MnO H2O A12O3 CaO SiO2
26-09 44-64 7'11 10-86 0'60 8'79 0'92 0-08 0'49 99 59
A little limonite is probably present as impurity.
The nucleus of the andrewsite globules afforded : P2OS 12-28, Fe2O3 73'92, CaO 4'31, HaO 7-85, CuO.MnO tr., SiO2 1'48 99'84. This corresponds to SFeaOs.PaOB.SHjO.
Obs. — Occurs in Cornwall on a quartzose veinstone associated with limonite and gOthite, and interpenetrated with a mineral resembling, if not identical with, dufrenite.
a 0 YAZITE—PL UMBOG UMMITE. 855
657. GOYAZITE. Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 204, 1884. Tetragonal or hexagonal. In small rounded grains.
Cleavage: basal. H. 5. G. 3'26. Color yellowish white. Semi-transparent. Opti- cally uniaxial, positive, Itichard.
Comp. — A highly basic phosphate of aluminium and calcium, Ca3AlioP2O23.9H2O or 8CaO.5Al2O3.P2O5.9H2O Phosphorus pentoxide 14'5, alumina 51'9, lime 17*1, water 16'5 100.
Anal. — Damour, 1. c.
P2O5 14-87 A12O3 50-66 CaO 17'33 H2O 16'67 99'53
Pyr. — B.B. fuses with difficulty on thin edges; becomes blue when ignited and moistened with cobalt solution. Gives off water in the closed tube and turns white and opaque. Not attacked by acids.
Obs. — From the diamond washings of Minas Geraes, Brazil.
Named from the province in which the principal diamond localities occur.
A phosphate was described by Damour in 1853 (L'Institut, 78) which may be a related min- eral. Compact, of a pale or dark brick-red color. Scratches glass feebly. G. 3'194. Sup- posed by Damour to be a hydrous phosphate of aluminium and calcium. B.-B. in a tube gives, considerable water; ami in u platinum crucible at a red heat loses 12'70 p. c. of water. Found in rolled pebbles with the diamond sand of Bahia.
658. PLUMBOGUMMITE. Plouib rouge en stalactites— tantot en globules, de Lisle, Demeste Lettres Miu., 2, 399, 1779; Crist., 3, 399, 1783. Sel acide-phosphorique-martial G. de Laumont, J. de Phys., 28, 385. 1786. Plomb-gomme de Laumont. Aluminiate de Plomb avec eau de combinnison Berz., in his Nouv. Min., 283, 1819. Bleigummi, Blei-aluminat, e\c.,Berz., . J., 27. 65, 1819 (trl. fr. Nouv. Min.). Native Aluminiate of Lead Smtihson, Ann. Phil., 14, 31. 1819 (citing Berz., and also a letter by de Laumout, in which S. Teunaut (who died in 1815) is said to have first analyzed plombgomme and made it a combination of oxide of lead, alumina, and water). Plomb hydro-alumineux H. , Tr., 3, 410, 1822. Gumuiispath Breith., Char., 56, 1832. Plpmgomme Beud., Tr., 2, 1832. Plumbo-gummite, Shep., Min., 2, 113, 1835 Plumbo-resinite Dana, Min., 230, 1837. Bleigummi, Gummibleispath. Bleihydro- aluminat, Germ. Hitchcockite Shep., Rep. Canton Mine, Ga., 1856, Min., 401, 1857.
Hexagonal. Reniform, globular, botryoidal, with sometimes a concentric structure; in thin crusts; compact massive.
H. — 4-5. Gr. 4-4*9; 4'88, Nuissiere, Dufrenoy; 4 '014, hitchcockite, Genth; Breithaupt gives 6'42. Luster resinous or gum-like. Color yellowish gray, reddish brown, greenish; also yellowish white; sometimes grayish white, bluish. Streak uncolored. Translucent; subtransparent. Optically uniaxial, positive, Bertrand1.
Comp. — Uncertain; anal. 4 corresponds nearly to PbOAlOj.POj.OHO Phosphorus pentoxide 19'4, alumina 27'9, lead protoxide 30'5, water 22'2 — 100. The other analyses vary widely.
Anal.— 1-3, Damour, Ann. Mines, 17, 191, 1840. 4, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 23, 424, 1857.
P2O5 SOS A12O3 PbO H2O Fe2O3 CaO PbCl2
1. Huelgoet 8-06 0'30 34'32 35'10 18'70 0'20 0'80 2'27 99 75
2. " 12-05 0-25 12-05 62'15 6'18 — — 8'24 100'92
3. " 15 18 0-40 2-88 70'85 1'24 — — 9'18 99'73
4. Hiiclicockite 18'74 — 25'54 29'04 20-86 0'90 1-44 CO2 1-98, Cl 0'04, insol. 0-48=99'02
Berzelius made the mineral a hydrous aluminate of lead. Damour concluded from his results that in Berzelius 's investigation the phosphoric acid was precipitated with the alumina and lead, and so lost sight of. He observes that his own analyses, though so widely different, agree in affording 1 : 1 for the oxygen ratio of water and alumina, and regards the alumina as present in the state of a hydrate.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube decrepitates and yields water. B.B. in the forceps swells up like a zeolite, colors the flame azure-blue, but is imperfectly fused. On charcoal gives in addition a faint white coating of lead chloride (Plattner). With soda gives metallic lead. With cobalt solution gives a blue color. With the sodium test yields a phosphide. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs.— Occurs in clay-slate at Huelgoet in Brittany, associated with galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and pyromorphite; also in a lead mine at Nuissi£re, near Beaujeu; at Roughteu Gill, Cumberland; at Mine la Motte, Missouri(?); at Canton mine, Ga., with galena, etc. (hitchcockite}.
Named from the Latin plumbum, lead, and gummi, gum. The identity of de Lisle's mineral (which was carnelian-like in color) with plombgomme, though questioned by de Laumont in his early paper, is admitted in his letter cited in Ann. Phil., 14, 31, 1819.
856 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
The mineral looks usually like drops or coatings of gum, also at times somewhat like
chalcedony or allophane. It differs from globular pyromorphite or sphalerite iu not being
fibrous within. The hitchcockite occurs in botryoidal crusts and thin coatings, white, bluish,
.yellowish, or greenish, allophane-like, sometimes concentric in structure; Shepard gives H.
2'75-3, and says that it loses 29 p. c. on ignition.
Ref.— ' Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 37, 1881.
Uraiiite Group.
659. TORBERNITE. Mica viridis cryst. (fr. Joh.) v. Boi-n, Lithoph., 1, 42, 1772. Grtiner Glimmer (fr. Saxony) Wern., Ueb. Cronst., 217, 1780; Torberit Wern. (earliest name); Karst., Ueb. Wern. Verbess.. 43. 1793 [later spelt Torbernite, as in Ludwig's Wern., 1, 308. 1803); Chalkolith [put near Chlorite] Wern., Bergm. J., 376, 1789; Urankalk durch Kupfer gefarbt, Uranites spathosus pt., Klapr., Schrift. Ges. N. Berl.. 9, 273, 1789; Beitr., 2, 217, 1797. Urau- .. glimmer Wern., 1800, Ludwig, 1, 55, 1803. Urane oxyde H., Tr., 1801. Uraiiite Aikin, Min., 1814. Uran-Mica' Jameson, Syst., 1820. Urauphyllit Breith., Char., 1820. Phosphate of Uranium containing Phos. Copper R. Phillips, Ann. Phil., 5, 57, 1823. Phosphate of Uranium and Copper Berz., Jahresb., 1823. Kupfer-Uranit Oerm. Copper-Uranite. Torberit e B. & M 517, 852. Cuprouranit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 302, 1865.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 2-9361; 001 A 101 71° 11$' Schrauf.
Forms2 :
c (001, 0) a (100, i-i)
ex 30° 25'
es 89° 59f oe - 41° 22f
co *44° 23'
ce 51° 31f
cy 55° 44'
cf 62° 56'
69° 2'
Crystals usually square tables, sometimes very thin, again thick; less often pyramidal. Also in foliated, micaceous aggregates.
Cleavage: c perfect, micaceous. Laminae brittle. H. 2-2'5. G. S'-i-S'G. Luster of c. pearly, other faces subadamantine. Color emerald- and grass-green, and sometimes leek-, apple-, and siskin-green. Streak paler than the color. Transparent to subtranslucent. Optically uniaxial; negative.
Comp. — A hydrous phosphate of uranium and copper, Cu(U02)2P208 + 8H,0 Cu0.2U03.P206.8H20 Phosphorus pentoxide 15'1, uranium trioxide 6T2, ,opper 8'4, water 15 '3 100. Arsenic may replace part of the phosphorus.
Anal.— 1, Werther, J. pr. Ch., 43, 334, 1848.' 2, Pisaui, C. R, 52, 817, 1861. 3, Church, on. News, 12, 183, 1865. 4-6, Winkler, J. pr. Ch., 7, 10, 1873.
P2OB As2O, UO3 CuO H2O
1. Cornwall 14'34 — 59'03 8'27 15-39 97'03
2. " 14-0 — 59-67 8-50 15-0 sand 0"40 97'57
3. " 13-94 1-96 61-00 8'56 14 16 CaO 0 62 100-24
4. " 13-91 3-10 62'10 8'07 15'01 102'19
5. " 13-54 3-24 60'71 8 13 15'36 100-98
6. Schneeberg 14-25 56'75 8 92 14'70 quartz 4'21 98'83
Church finds that there is no loss in vacua or dry air, at 100° 11 -1 p. c. (6H20), and the rest Upon ignition.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube yields water. In the forceps fuses at 2-5 to a blackish mass, and colors the flame green. With salt of phosphorus gives a green bead, which with tin on charcoal becomes on cooling opaque red (copper). With soda on charcoal gives a globule of copper. Soluble in nitric acid.
m (110, /) e (3-0-10, TVO x (105, i-z) o (103, fi) s (207, f-) , e(307, f-)
y (102,
r (809, e (101,
H)
H)? l-O
t (114, i I (112, 4) (334, 3)
j 30°
53T
Hausm.
(70°
26' G. & L.
I 32°
Levy
ce
71°
Hi'
71°
7' Kk
39°
53'
Levy
71"
22' Hbg.
41°
50'
Hbg.
ct
46°
4'
46°
10' Lev-
( 43°
15'
G. &L.
64°
17'
64°
21'
Kk.
72°
12'
72°
25' G. & u
( 44°
23'
Schrauf
xx'
41°
58'
51°
25'
Levy
oo'
59°
17'
55°
33'
Kk. (calc.)
yy'
71°
31'
63°
Hausm.
ee'
84°
2'
79° 9'
68°
15'
Levy
it'
- 61°
14'
w'
84° 38'
Uranite Group: Zeunerite—Autunite. 857
Obs.— Guunis Lake formerly afforded splendid crystallizations of this species, and also Tincroft aud Wheal Buller, near Redruth, and elsewhere iu Cornwall. Found also at Johanu- georgenstadt, and Eibeustock aud Schneeberg, in Saxony; in Bohemia, at Joachimsthal and Zinnwald; in Belgium, at Vielsalm. A variety from Providence in Cornwall is in 8-sided tables with a low pyramid, and has a leek-green color, with G. — 3'329-3-372 (Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 303, 1865)
As noted below, some so-called torbernite belongs to the corresponding arseffate, zeunerite.
First named torberite (torbernite) by Werner, after the chemist Torber Bergmann [Lat. Torbernus, as written by Bergmanu himself]. Then, this naming after persons having been denounced as an innovation (see Karsten's Werner's Verbess. , 43, 1793), Werner substituted Chalcolite (ir. jaA/cd?, copper, signifying, us he says, " eiu Kupferhaltender Stein ") in allusion to Bergmann's determination in 1780 that the mineral was muriate of copper. When, finally, it was shown by Klaproth to be an ore of uranium instead of copper, Werner, with Karsten and others, threw aside chalcolite, because false in signification, and used Uranglimmer. Chalcolite has since crept back again, but is no more appropriate now than it was sixty years ago. The name torberite was written as it should be. torbanite, by some mineralogists of the last century.
Both this species and the autvmite have gone under the common name of uranite; the former also as Copper -uranite, the latter Lime-uranite.
Ref. — ' Min. Mitth., 181, 1872. This list contains the forms noted by Levy, Min. Heul., 3, 329, 1837, angles quoted by Dut'renoy and repeated by Mir., Min., 517, 1852; Hausm., Min., 2, 1104, 1847; Greg and Lettsom, Min., 384, 1858, whose list as here noted contains several angles not given by Mir.; Hbg., Min. Not., 6, 41, 1863; Kk., Min. Russl., 5, 35, 1866. As suggested by Schrauf , some of these observations may have been made on the following species, zeuuerite, so that the list of forms is not above doubt.
660. ZEUNERITE. Weisbach, Jb. Min., 207, 1872; 315, 1873; Jb. Berg-Hutt,, 1877. Kupferurauite, Kupfer- Uranglimmer, pt.
Tetragonal. Axis 2-9125; 001 A 101 *71° 3' Weisbach1. Angles : ce 22° 35|', cp 59° 0', ce 71° 3', ci 80° 15i', ee' 83° 57'.
In tabular crystals resembling torbernite; also acute pyramidal.
Cleavage: c perfect; a distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 2-2 '5. G. 3 -2. Luster on c pearly. Color grass-green to emerald- and apple-green.
Comp. — An arsenate of copper and uranium corresponding to the phosphate torbernite, Cu(UOa)2As,08 + 8H,0 or Cu0.2U03.As206.8H20 Arsenic pentoxide 22'3, uranium trioxide 56'0, cupric oxide 7'7, water 14-0 100. Anal.— Winkler, J. pr. Ch., 7, 8, 1873.
As2O5 20-94 UO3 55-86 CuO 7-49 HaO 15'68 99-97
Pyr., etc.— Yields arsenical fumes on charcoal, aud with soda gives a globule of copper. Soluble in nitric acid.
Obs.— First found with other uranium minerals at the mine Weisser Hirsch, near Schnee- berg, Saxony; the crystals rest upon quartz or upon iron ocher. Also found at Geisterhalde, near Joachimsthal; Whe;il Gorland, Cornwall, on smoky quartz with chalcocite and melacouite; and Zinnwald, Saxony, on quartz.
Named for the Director of the Academy at Freiberg.
Artif. — Winkler (1. c., p. 14) has obtained zeunerite artificially, having the following com- position: As2O5 22-11, UO, 57-21, CuO 7'01, H2O 14-65 100'98.
Ref. — ' Schneeberg, 1. c. Schrauf gives ce 68° 20', which varies widely from the allied species; he adds (ci 78° 46'), Min. Mitth., 182, 1872. Cf. also torberuite, ref. 2; the two species were probably early confounded.
661. AUTUNITE. Var. of Urauglimmer, Urankalk, or Chalcolite, of autJiors prior to 1819. Sel & base de chaux, 6u 1'oxide d'urane joue le role d'acide, Berz., N. Syst. Min., 295, 1819. Uranit Berz., Jahresb., 4. 46, 1823. Kalk-Urauit, Kalk-Uranglimmer, Qerm. Lime-Uranite. Autunite B. & M., 519, 1852. Calcourauit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 302. 1865.
Orthorhombic, but approaching the tetragonal species, torbernite, closely. Axes a :t> :6 0-9875 : 1 : 2 '8517 Des Cloizeaux1.
100 A HO 44° 38|', 001 A 101 *70° 54', 001 A Oil - 70° 40'. Forms: a (100, i-l), b (010, i-l), c (001, 0), m (110, /), u (101, 1-*), e (Oil, 1-*), I (112, i).
Angles : mm'" 89° 17', uu' 141° 48', ee1 141° 41', cl *63° 46', V rr 79° 20', II'" 78° 8'
858 Phosphates, Ar8Enates, Etc.
In thin tabular crystals, nearly tetragonal in form and deviating but slightly from torbernite in angle; also in foliated aggregates, with micaceous structure.
Cleavage: basal, eminent. Laminae brittle. H. 2-2'5. Gr. 3'05-3'19. Luster of c pearly, elsewhere subadamantine. Color lemon- to sulphur-yellow. Streak yellowish. Transparent to translucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bx c. Ax. angles, Dx.:
(1) 2E 60° 57' at 17°, 57° 32' at 47°, 56° 36' at 71|°, 55° 8' at 81°, 54° 10' at 91°.
(2) 2E 59° 46' at 17°, 57° 46' at 264°, 55° 24' at 47°, 53° 18' at 71°, 50° 12' at 91°. Refractive Index: ft 1-573
Comp. — A hydrous phosphate of uranium and calcium, probably analogous to torbernite, Ca(Upa),P,08 + 8H20 or Ca0.2UO,.Pa06-8HaO Phosphorus pentoxide 15'5, uranium trioxide 62 -7, lime 6*1, water 15'7 100.
Some analyses give 10 and others 12 molecules of water, but it is not certain that the addi- tional amount is essential. Cf. below.
Anal.— 1, Wiukler, J. pr. Ch., 7, 12, 1873. 2-4, Church, J. Ch. Soc., 28, 109, 1875. 5, Ja-nnettaz, Bull. Soc. Miu., 10, 17, 1887. Also 5th Ed., p. 586.
P.,O5 UO3 CaO H2O
1 Falkenstein 15'09 62'24 6'11 16-00 99-44
2. Cornwall f 13'84 60'00 5'01 18'95 97'80
3 Autun 14-32 61'34 5 24 19'66 100-56
4 I 13-40 60-84 5'31 20 33 99"88
5. Madagascar 14-93 55'08 6-51 22-08 Fe2O3 1'36 =99'96
Church found that the mean loss of water (anals. 2, 3, 4) in dry air, in vacuo aud at 100° (or in vacuo alone), was 15-03 p. c. , aud at a red heat 4'68 p. c. more. He concludes that unaltered crystals contain 10 p. c. H2O, or if dried in vacuo, 2H2O.
The early analysis of Berzelius gave 15;48 p. c. H2O 8 molecules.
Pyr., etc. — Same as for torberuite, but no reaction for copper.
Obs. — Autunite is found usually with urauinite and other minerals containing uranium; also associated with silver, tin, and iron ores. Occurs in the Siebengebirge, in the hornstone of a trachytic range; at Johanngeorgeustadt aud Eibenstock; Falkenstein in Saxon Voigtlaud; at Lake Onega, Wolf Island, Russia; near Limoges, and at St. ISymphorien near Autun; for- merly at South Basset, Wheal Edwards, aud near St. Day, England.
In the U. States, occurs sparingly at the feldspar quarry in Middletown, Conn., associated witlrcolumbite and albite. in minute tabular crystals and thin scales, of light green and lemon- yellow colors; with uraninite at Branchville, Conn.; also in minute crystals at Chesterfield, Mass., on the quartz or albite, and sometimes in the red centers of tourmalines; at Acworth, N. H. , straw-yellow and light green; also in a gneiss quarry on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia, about i m. above the suspension bridge. In N. Carolina, at the Flat Rock and other mica mines in Mitchell Co.; in Alexander Co. Found in the Black Hills, S. Dakota; at Silver Reef, Utah.
Berzelius calls the urauite.of Cornwall and that of Autun, respectively, chalcolite and uranite, in his article announcing the composition, in JB., 4, 146, 147, 1823; and the special application of uranite to this species dates from that time. Yet, in order to avoid confusion from the double use of the name, it is better to adopt for the species the name of autunite, from one of its noted localities.
Ref. — l Ann. Mines, 11, 261, 1854; 14, 339, 1858. Brezina makes the Johanngeorgenstadt mineral monoclinic, with d : b : c 0-3463 : 1 : 0'3o25, ft 90° 30', Zs. Kr., 3, 273, 1879.
An early paper on the crystallization of " Oxyd of Uranium" (probably including both tor- bernite and autunite), with two plates, is given by Phillips in Trans. G. Soc., 3, 112, 1816 (read Feb. 1815).
o62. URANOSPINITB. Weisbach, Jb. Min., 315, 1873; Jb. Berg-Hutt., 1877. Orthorhombic. Axes d : b : 6 1 : 1 : 2-9136 approx.
Angles : eg 16° 15' (meas. 17°), cy ex *55° 32', cr 71° 3' (meas. 71f ).
In thin tabular crystals rectangular in outline.
Cleavage: c perfect. H. 2-3. Or. 3-45. Color siskin-green. Optically biaxial.
Comp. — Probably an arsenate of uranium and calcium corresponding to autun-
Uranocircite—Phosphuranylite—Troqerite. 859
ite, Ca(UO,)2Asa08 + 8H20 or Ca0.2U03.AsaOB.8H,0 Arsenic pentoxide 22-9, uranium trioxide 57'2, lime 5;6, water 14'3 100. Anal.— Winkler, J. pr. Ch., 7, 11, 1873.
AsaO6 19-37 UO, 59-18 CaO 5-47 HaO 16'19 100 21
Church urges that the water may correspond to 10 equivalents instead of 8, Min. Mag., 1, 236, 1877.
Obs.— Occurs with uraninite and various secondary uranium minerals at Neustadtel near Schneeberg, Saxony.
Artif.— Obtained by Winkler (1. c.) by mixing uranium nitrate with a solution of lime in an excess of arsenic acid. The minute yellow crystals gave: AsaO5 23-01, UO3 59'01, CaO 5'62, HaO 14-27 101-91.
663. URANOCIRCITE. Weisbach, Jahrb. Berg-Hutt., 187-7, Abhandl., p. 48. Barium- uranite.
Orthorhombic. In crystals similar to autunite.
Cleavage: c perfect; a, & distinct. G. 3 '53. Luster pearly on c. Color yellow-green. Transparent to translucent. Optically biaxial. Bx c. 2E 15°-20°.
Comp. — A phosphate of barium and uranium analogous to autunite, Ba(U05)3P,08 + 8H20 or Ba0.2U03.PaOB.8H,0 Phosphorus pentoxide 14-0, uranium trioxide 56'7, baryta 15*1, water 14'2 100. Anal. — Winkler, quoted by Weisbach.
PaOs 15-06 UO3 56-86 BaO 14-57 HaO 13'99 100'48
Earlier analyses by Georgi, and Uwao Imai, gave confirmatory results. Church (Min. Mag., 1, 234. 1877) finds that in vacua over HaSO4, at 20° C., 6H2O go off; and the remainder (2HaO) at a red heat.
Obs.— Occurs in quartz veins near Falkenstein, Saxon Voigtland. Formerly called autunite (lime-uranite).
664. PHOSPHURANYLITE. F. A. Genth, Am. Ch. J., 1, 92, 1879.
Occurs as a pulverulent incrustation; consisting of microscopic rectangular scales, with pearly luster. Color deep lemon-yellow.
Comp.— Hydrous uranium phosphate, (U02)SP308 + 6H,0 or 3U03.P206.6H90 Phosphorus pentoxide 12'7, uranium trioxide 77'6, water 9-7 100.
Anal.— 1, Genth, 1. c. ; la, same, after deducting the lead oxide, present as impurity.
Pa06 U08 H20 PbO
1 11-30 ' 71-73 10-48 4-40 97-91
la. 12-08 76-71 11-21 — 100
Pyr. — B.B. in the closed tube yields water, and becomes brownish yellow on cooling. Easily soluble in nitric acid.
Obs. — Occurs with other uranium minerals at the Flat Rock mine, Mitchell Co., N. C. ; incrusts the quartz, feldspar, and mica; also at the Buchanan mine.
665. TROGERITE. Weisbach, Jb. Min.. 870, 1871.
Monoclinic. In thin tabular crystals b, resembling gypsum; crystals united in druses.
Cleavage: b perfect. G. 3-3. Luster on cleavage face pearly. Color lemon-yellow.
Comp.— A hydrous uranium arsenate, (UOJjAsO, + 12H..O or 3UO,.Asa06. 12H20 Arsenic pentoxide 17'6, uranium trioxide 65'9, water 16 '5 100.
Anal. — Winkler; two other analyses on material less pure gave concordant results, J. pr. Ch., 7, 7, 1873.
AsaO5 19-64 UOa 63-76 HaO 14-81 98'21
860 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Obs. — Occurs with walpurgite and other uranium minerals at the Weisser Hirsch mine at Neustadtel, uear Schneeberg, Saxony. Named after the mining administrator, li. Troger.
Reported with uraninite from the Bald Mountain miniug district, Black Hills. S. Dakota.
For remarks on the form, cf. Schrauf, JVIin. JVlitth., 185, 1872.
FRITZSCHEITE Breitfiaupt, B. H. Ztg. , 24, 303, 1865. A mineral much resembling autunite in its four-sided quadratic (or nearly so) tables, with a perfect basal cleavage; with H. 'J-2-5; G. 3*504?; vitreous to pearly in luster; reddish brown to hyacinth-red in color and streak; translucent; affording Fritzsche (1. c.) reactions for uranium, manganese, vanadium, phosphorus, and water. The red color is attributed to the manganese, and it is considered a mangau-uranite containing some vanadium. It occurs with crystals of autunite and torbernite at Neuhammer, near Neudeck in Bohemia, in a hematite mine; at Johaungeorgenstadt, of tine red color, with torbernite. Red crystals in groups, supposed to be this mineral, have been observed on specimens of uranite from Autuu. and from Steiuig, near Elsterberg, in Saxon Voigtlaud.
666. WALPURGITE. Walpurgin A. Weisbach, Jb. Min., 870, 1871; 1, 1877; Jb. Berg- Htitt. Sachs., 1877.
Triclinic. In thin scale-like crystals resembling gypsum; usually tabular b and twins with b as twinning-plane; sometimes a feather-like striation on a.
Measured angles: mm 62° 30', /i/i 72° 18', be 70° 52', cm 80° 40', cju 82° 59', bm 59° 2', bfji 53° 50'. Extinction-angle 8° with vertical axis in plane normal to b, lfi° for twin, Weisbach-Groth1.
Cleavage: & distinct. H. 3*5. G. 5*76. Luster adamantine to greasy. Color pomegranate- and wax-yellow.
Comp. — Probably a basic arsenate of bismuth and uranium, Bi10(U02)3(OH)24(As04)4 or 5Bi203.3U03.2As,06.12H20 Arsenic pent- oxide 11*9, uranium trioxide 22-4, bismuth trioxide 60'1, water 5'6 100. Anal.— Winkler, J. pr. Ch., 7, 6, 1873.
As2O6 UOS Bi2O3 H2O
11-88 2029 61-43 4'32 9792
1303 20-54 59-34 465 97'56
Obs. — Occurs with trogerite and other uranium minerals at the Weisser Hirsch mine at Neustadtel, near Schneeberg, Saxony.
Ref.— ' Zs. Kr, 1, 93, 1877. Cf. Schrauf, Min. Mitth., 183, 1872.
667. RHAGITE. Weisbach, Berg-Hutt., Abh.; Jb. Min.. 302, 1874.
'In crystalline aggregates, spherical or mammillary, smooth on the surface. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. =5. G. 6*82. Luster resinous to adamantine. Color yellowish green, sometimes wax-yellow. On the edges trans- lucent.
Comp.— Perhaps (Rg.) 2BiAs04.3Bi(OH)3 or 5Bi,03.2As,05.9H20 Arsenic pentoxide 15'7, bismuth trioxide 78 -8, water 5 '5 100. AnaL— Wiukler, J. pr. Ch., 10, 190, 1874.
As2O5 Bi2Os FeaO3,AlaOs CoO CaO H3O gangue
14-20 72-76 1-62 1-47 0'50 4'62 3-26 98'43
Pyr., etc. — Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid, with difficulty in nitric acid. In the mutruss decrepitates, and crumbles to a yellow powder, giving off its water; on charcoal fusible.
Obs.— Occurs on bismutite and quartz, accompanied by walpurgite, at the Weisser Hirsch mine, Neustadtel, near Schueeberg, Saxony.
Named from pa% (payoS), grape, in allusion to the color and botryoidal grouping
668. MIXITE. Schraitf, Zs. Kr., 4, 277, 1879.
In very slender acicular crystals, deeply striated vertically; extinction parallel1. Also as an incrustation in irregular particles, granular and rough or spherical, reniform, with partial concentric fibrous structure.
H. 3-4. G. 3'79. Color emerald-green to bluish green, pale green, or whitish; streak somewhat lighter. Translucent to transparent in fine fibers.
Comp. — A hydra ted basic arsenate of copper and bismuth, but formula doubtful..
ATOPITti.
Schrauf suggests 20CuO.Bi203.5As20&.22H.20 Arsenic pentoxide 32-0, bismuth trioxide 12'9, cupric oxide 44'0, water ll'l 100.
Anal.— 1, Schrauf, 1. c. 2, Hillebrand, Am. 3. Sc., 35, 305, 1888; also Pearce Proc. Col Soc., 1, 151. 1886.
G. As2O5 P2O5 Bi2O3 CuO ZnO H2O
1. f ~45 13-07 4321 — 11'07 FeO 1'52, CaO 0'83 100-15
2. Utah 3-79 28'79 0'06 11 '18 43'89 2'70 11-04 Fe2O3 0'97, CaO 0'26, 8iO20'42=99'31
Pyr., etc. — ID dilute nitric acid the mineral is instantly covered with a layer of a brilliant, white powder of bismuth arsenate, insoluble in the acid; the copper arsenate goes into solution. On ignition becomes blackish green and gives off water. Roasted on charcoal gives a silver- white bead of copper and bismuth, with a coating of bismuth trioxide.
Obs. — Occurs with bismuth ocher, bisinutite, and torberuite in the Geistergang at Joachims- thai Also at Witticheu, Baden, in crevices in barite with erythrite. In Utah, Tintic district, at the Mammoth mine in tufts of minute acicular crystals in a loosely coherent gangue.
Named after Bergrath A. Mixa.
Ref.— l Cross, Am. J. Sc., 35, 306, 1888; cf. Schrauf, 1. c., who makes it oblique 6° to 9°.
Antimonates ; also Antimonites, Arsenites.
A number of antimonates have been included in the preceding pages among- the phosphates, arsenates, etc. Cf. pp. 754, 803, 804.
669. Atopite Ca2Sb207 Isometric
670. Bindheimite Contains PbO,Sb205,H,0
671. Romeite CaSb204 Tetragonal 6 1-0257
a : b : 6
672. Nadorite (PbCl)SbO, Orthorhombic 07490 : 1 : T0310
673. Ecdemite PbjCljAs, Tetragonal or Orthorhombic
a : b : 6
674. Ochrolite Pb6Cl2Sb207 Orthorhombic 0-9050 : 1 : 2-0137
675. Trippkeite wCuO.As.:03? Tetragonal 6 0-9160
669. ATOPITE. A. E. Nordemkiold, G. For. Forh., 3, 376, 1877. Isometric; in octahedrons, with cube and dodecahedron.
H.— 5-5-6. G. 5-03. Luster greasy. Color yellow to resin-brown. Trans- lucent.
Comp. — Perhaps calcium pyroantimonate, Ca2Sb207 or 2CaO.Sb205=Antimony pentoxide 74"1, lime 25*9 100. Iron, manganese, and the alkali metals are also present.
Anal. — Nordenskiold, 1. c.
SbaO6 72-61 FeO 2-79 MnO 1'53 CaO 17 85 K2O 0 86 Na3O 4-40 100-04
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in forceps in O.F. unchanged. On charcoal in R.F. sublimes in part, fuses at first with difficulty, and gives finally, when the antimony pentoxide is all reduced to the metallic state and driven off, a dark infusible slag. In salt of phosphorus dissolves to a clear bead, yellow while hot, and colorless on cooling. Insoluble in acids; decomposed with difficulty by fusion with sodium carbonate. Esisily reduced by hydrogen.
Obs. — Occurs sparingly in octahedrons embedded in hedyphane, which in turn forms little veins in rhodonite, at Laugbau, in Wermlaud, Sweden. Named from aroitoS, unusual.
862 Phosphates, Aesenate8, Etc.
SCHNEEBEHGITE A. Brezina. Vh. G. Reichs., 3115, 1880.
Isometric; in small (O'5-l mm.) octahedrons. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Cleavage dodecahedral in traces. H. 6-5. G. 4'1 Weidel. Luster vitreous to adamantine. Color honey-yellow. Transparent. Consists principally (Weidel) of calcium and antimony, with a little iron, and traces of copper, bismuth, zinc, magnesia, and sulphuric acid. B.B infusible, becomes slightly brown. Insoluble in acids. Found by Lhotsky, at Schneeberg, Tyrol, near the union of anhydrite (or gypsum) with chalcopyrite and magnetite.
670. BINDHEIMITB. Blei-Niere (fr. Nerchinsk) Karst., Tab., 50, 77, 78, 1800 (citing aual. by Bindheim, Schrift. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 10, 374, 1792). Antimonate of Lead. Anti- monbleispath, Antimonsaures Bleioxyd, Germ. Stibiogaleuit Glock.. Syn., 257, 1847. Bleinierite Nicol. Min., 383, 1849. Pfaffite Adam, Tabl. Miu., 37, 1869.
Amorphous, reniform, or spheroidal ; also earthy or incrusting. Structure sometimes curved lamellar.
H. =4. G. 4'60-4'76 Siberia, Hermann; 5 '05 white, Cornwall, Heddle; 4'707 brown, ib., Heddle. Luster resinous, dull, or earthy. Color white, gray, brownish, yellowish. Streak white to grayish or yellowish. Opaque to translucent.
Comp. — A hydrous antimonate of lead, but analyses vary widely und no general formula can be given.
Anal. 1 gives nearly Pb3Sb2O8 + 4H2O — Antimony peutoxide 30'2, lead protoxide 63'0, water 6'8 100. Other varieties "give 2PbO.Sb2O6.3H2O. Anal. 7, made on apparently very pure material, irives Sb2O5 : PbO : H2O 5 : 6'3 : 11, and, as noted by Duunington, most analyses give the molecular ratio PbO -f- SbaO5 : H2O 1 : 1 or 1 : 2.
Anal.— 1, Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 34, 179. 1845. 2, C. Stamm, Pogg., 100, 618, 1857. 3, 4, Heddle, Phil. Mag., 12, 126, 1856. 5, Dick, ibid. 6, Mixter, King's Rep. G. Surv. 40th Par., 2, 759, 1877. 7, Dunnington, Proc. Amer. Assoc., 182, 1877. 8, Wait, Trans. Am. Inst. Mng. Bug., 8, 51, 1880. Also W.F. Hillebrand, Proc. Col. Soc., 1, 119, 1884, an impure variety from Secret Canon, Nevada.
G. Sb2OB PbO H3O
1. Nerchinsk 4-6-4'76 31 '71 61-83 6-46 100
2. Horhausen 41-13 48'84 5 -43 Fe2O3 3'35, CuO 0'84 99'59
3. Cornwall, white f 42'33 46'86 11'74 100'93
4. " In-own 46'70 43'94 6"63 97'27
5. " 47-36 40-73 11-91 100
6. Nevada 51'94 4089 4'58 Ag 0'33, Fe2O3 0'60, insol. 1'66 100
7. Sevier Co., Ark. 4'73 49'67 40'35 5 98 Fe2O3 2'98, SiO2 1-14 100'12 lOO'OO
8. " " 41-72 45-38 5'00 Fe2O3 2'06, A13O3 4-05, SiO2 1'84, Ag 0 04
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube gives off water. B B. on charcoal reduced to a metallic globule of antimony and lead, coating the charcoal white at some distance from the assay, and yellow nearer to it.
Obs. — A result of the decomposition of other antimouial ores; thus at Nerchinsk in Siberia; Horhauseu; near Endelliou in Cornwall, with jamesouite, from which it is derived, etc. In the U. States, in Sevier county, Arkansas; also Montezuma mine. Humboldt valley, Nevada.
Bleinierite is German for Lead-kidney-ite ! and Stibiogalenite implies the presence of galena or lead sulphide; hence the substitute above after the earliest analyst of the species.
671. ROMEITE. Romeine Damour, Ann. Mines, 20, 247, 1841; 3, 179, 1853. Tetragonal. Axis 6 1'0257; 001 A 101 45° 43£' Damour1.
In groupsof minute octahedrons o (111). Angles: oo' 71° 12', 0o"=*110°50'. Cleavage none. H. above 5*5. G. 4*713. Color hyacinth- or honey-yellow. Double refraction strong".
Comp. — An antimonitf of calcium, perhaps CaSb,,04 Antimony 69 '8, oxygen 14-0 (antimony trioxide 83'8), lime 16'2 100.
The analysis gives more nearly Ca2Sb3O8 Antimony 63'4, oxygen 16'9, lime 19'71 100. Anal. — Damour, 1. c.
O 15-82 Sb 62-18 Fe 1-31 MnO 1-21 CaO 16'29 SiO2 sol. 0-96 insol. 1-90=99-87 orSbaO64079 8b,Oa 36-82 FeO 1-70 121 16"29 0'96 1'90=99'67
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses to a blackish slag. With borax affords a colorless glass in the inner flame, a violet in the outer (manganese). With soda on charcoal gives white antimonial fumes
Nadorite—Ecdemite.
and globules of metallic antimony; fused on platinum foil with soda gives a bluish green manganate. Insoluble in acids.
Obs.— Romeite was found by B. de Lorn at St. Marcel in Piedmont, in small nests or veins in the gangue which accompanies manganese, consisting in part of feldspar, epidote, quartz, lirnonite, and greenovite.
Named by Damour after the crystallographer Rome de Lisle (or Rome tie PIsle, 1736-1790).
Ref.— ] L. c. 2 On the anomalous double refraction see Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 240, 1881.
672. NADORITE. Flajolot, C. R., 71, 237, 406, 1870. Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 0-7490 : 1 : 1-0310 Cesaro1. 100 A HO 36° 50', 001 A 101 54° Of, 001 A Oil 45° 52f.
Forms 2 a (100, i-l) (010, i-l) c (001, 0)
Tt (430, f-f ) q (230, f-l) r (130, z-8)
O (103, H) £ (15-0-8, 77 (101, 14)
d (201, 24) e (703, f)
5 (11-0-3, V-*) I (Oil, 14) tw. pi.
p an. i)
Also doubtful x (3717-12), y (17-5'4).
nit'" 58° 39' gq1 83° 20*' rr' 47° 59'
77*7' 108° 0' ee' 132° 54' II' 91° 45'
pp' - 87° 34' pp" #110° 39'
62° 26' 13'
Twins: tw. pi. I (Oil), hence crossing at angles 1.
of nearly 90 (f. 2), since IV 91° 45'. Crystals
Cleavage a, very perfect. H. 3-5-4. G. 7-02. Luster resinous to adamantine. Color smoky- brown to brownish yellow. Streak yellow. Trans- lucent.
Optically +. Ax. pi. b. BxJ_c. Ax. angle large. 2H0 145°. Dispersion strong, p v. Dx.
Comp.— PbClSbO.or PbSb904.PbCl, Antimony 30-5, lead 52'4, chlorine 9'0, oxygen 8'1 100.
Anal.— 1, Pisani, C. R., 71, 319, 1870. 2, Flajolot, 1. c. and Zs. G. Ges. , 24, 47, 1872. 3, Tobler, Zs. G. es. , 24, 40, 1872.
Fig. 1, 2, Cesaro.
Sb Pb O Cl
1. G. 7-02 31-17 51-88 8'22 9'00 100'27
2. 31-55 51-60 8-00 8'85 100-00
3. 31-21 50-69 8-56 8'15 H2O 0'67 99'28
Pisani gives : Sb2O3 37-40, PbO 27/60, Pb 26'27, Cl 9'00 100-27.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube decrepitates and gives a white sublimate. B.B. on charcoal yields an antimony coating and a globule of metallic lead. Added to a bead of salt of phosphorus saturated with copper gives the blue coloration of the flame due to copper chloride. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— From Djebel-Nador, in the province of Constantine, Algiers; it occurs in cavities in a deposit of zinc in the Nummulitic limestone, cf. Braun, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 30, 1872.
Ref. — ' Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 44, 1888. Cesaro's position is here accepted, as also his inter- pretation of the planes and angles of Des Cloizeaux; cf. Dx., ib., 5, 122, 1882, and earlier, C. R., 73, 81, 1871.
673. ECDEMITE. Ekdemit A. E. Nordenskiold, G. F5r FOrh , 3, 379, 1877. Helio- phyllit G. Flink, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 45, 574, 1888; Hamberg, G. F5r. Forh., 11, 229, 1889.
Tetragonal1 (?). In acute pyramidal crystals, p, with cp 52°-54° approx. Hamberg; faces strongly striated horizontally. Also in crystals tabular c. Com- monly massive, coarsely foliated or granular; also as a crystalline incrustation.
Cleavage: basal, nearly perfect. Brittle. H. 2'5-3. G. 6 -89-7-14. Luster on cleavage plane vitreous, on fracture surfaces greasy. Color bright yellow
864 Phosphates, Aesenates, Etc.
to green. Translucent in thin splinters. Optically uniaxial, negative; in part also biaxial.
Hamberg shows that basal (cleavage) sections of heliophyllite are in part normally uniaxial, in part biaxial. In the case of the foliated masses (A) the lamellae cross at right angles as if twinned about a prism of 90°. There are also acute pyramidal crystals of tetragonal form (B); of these sections c show an isotropic ground-mass, also systems of doubly-refracting lamellae as if twinned as above; the lamellae in part diagonal, also in the direction of a ditetragonal prism (210). Sections of ecdemite showed a structure somewhat similar to that last mentioned. These biaxial, doubly-refracting lamellae are regarded as secondary, the original structure having been normal tetragonal. Cf. below.
Comp. — Perhaps (Flink), Pb4Asa07.2PbCls Arsenic trioxide 12 -1, lead prot- oxide 81-3, chlorine 8'6 102-0 deduct (0 2C1) 100.
This composition is analogous to that taken for ochrolite, which, however, is based on the analysis of a very small amount of material. Hamberg shows that analyses 2-4 agree more closely with the complicated formula PbjsClsAss Pb9As4O16.4PbCl2. Nordenskiold gives the formula Pb6As2O8.2PbCl2.
Anal.— 1, Nordeuskiold, 1. c. 2, Flink, 1. c. 3, 4, Hamberg, 1. c.
As2O? Sb2O3 PbO Cl
1 Ecdemite G. 7'14 10'60 — 83'45 8'00 102'05
2. Heliophyllite G. 6-886' 11-69 — 80-70 8-00 FeO.MuO 0'54 100'93
3 "A 10-85 0-56 81-03 8'05 FeO.MuO 0'07. CaO 0'08 100-64
4. B 10-49 1-38 80-99 7'96 FeO.MnO 0'16, CaO Oil 101 '09
The oxygen equivalent of the chlorine (1'8) is to be deducted.
Pyr., etc. — Fuses easily to a yellow mass, with the loss of lead chloride as a white subli- mate; gives a characteristic lead coating on charcoal. Soluble readily in nitric acid or in warm hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— Found at Langban, Wermland, Sweden, in small granular masses, embedded in a yellow manganesian calcite; also as an incrustation. Associated crystals of a similar composition were regarded by Nordenskiold as orthorhombic (see below).
Also found (heliophyllite} at the Harstig mine, Pajsberg, Sweden; it occurs in crystals in druses later filled with barite and inesite.
Ecdemite is named from ex-/t/oS, unusual; heliophyllite from ??kio?, sun, and <£i>AAor, leaf, in allusion to the color and structure.
Ref.— ' See observations of Hamberg. Nordenskiold give's the angles on the supposed orthorhombic mineral, dimorphous with ecdemite, cp 65° 24', pp' 78° 32 . Brogger gives (quoted by Flink) for the same angle, cp 05° 36'; the crystals are regarded as twins or four- lings. Flink calculates for heliophyllite the axial ratio a : b : c 0'9666 : 1 : 2'2045 correspond- ing to the axial ratio of ochrolite.
674. OCHROLITE. Ochrolith G. Flink, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 46, 5, 1889. Orthorhombic. Axes &\l:6 0 90502 : 1 : 2-01375 Flink. 100 A HO 42° 8f, 001 A 101 65° 48', 001 A Oil 63° 35f .
Forms: c (001, 0), d (101, 14), e (Oil, l-i).
Angles: cd 65° 48', dd"' - *48° 24', ce 63° 35*', etf" *52° 49', de 79° 30'.
In small crystals, thick tabular c, and often elongated I by extension of d. Crystals often united in diverging groups having the macro-axis in common. Luster adamantine. Color sulphur-yellow, sometimes with tinge of gray. Trans- lucent.
Comp.— Probably Pb4Sb207.2PbCl2 Antimony trioxide 16'6, lead oxide 77 '0, chlorine 8-2 101-8, less oxygen 1-8 100.
Anal.— Flink on 0'2 gr., after deducting 5 p. c. CaCOs.
SbaO3 [17-59] PbO 76-52 Cl 7'72
Dissolves in nitric acid, the solution becoming turbid upon dilution; also soluble in caustic potash.
Obs.— Found sparingly in the Harstig mine at Pajsberg, Sweden; occurs in druses with barite, mimetite, hematite. Named in allusion to the bright sulphur-yellow color from bright yellow, and Az'doS, stone.
Trippkeite.
675. TRIPPKEITE. Damour and wm Rath, Zs. Kr., 5, 245, 1880, Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 175. Tetragonal. Axis 6 0-9160; 001 A 101 42° 29£' Bath.
Forms : m (110, /) e (331., 3) x (312, f-3) a"
c (001, 0) u (112, i) y (314, f-3) z '(24-5-30, f-8/) a (100, i-i) o (111, 1)
uu' *45° 13'
ee"
151° 8'
yy'
30° 25'
oo' 68° 4'
cy
35° 55'
30° 10'
ee' 86° 26'
55° 23'
yy™
21° 23'
uu" 65° 52'
xx'
43° 11'
22Tii
17° 31'
oo" 104° 40'
Habit octahedral, crystals small, brilliant.
Cleavage: a perfect; m less perfect. Color bluish green. Optically uniaxial, positive, Dx.
Comp. — According to a qualitative examination by Damour, essentially an arsenite of copper (;>CuO,As2Os).
Pyr., etc.— Easily soluble in acids. B.B. in the closed tube becomes emerald-green on slight heating, then the green disappears and the color becomes brownish; on continued ignition the color becomes yellowish green a second time. Fuses easily to a green slag. In the open tube gives crystals of arsenic trioxide.
Obs. — Occurs with olivenite, as an older formation, in druses in massive cuprite from Copiapo, Chili. Named after the young mineralogist, Dr. Paul Trippke, who died June 16,
The following are antimonates, or antimonites, of doubtful character.
AMMIOLITE. Antimonite de Mercure Domeyko, Ann. Mines, 6, 183, 1844. Cinabrio subido Domeyko, Min., 168, 1845. Ammiolite Dana, Min., 534, 1830. Antimoniato de cobre con cinabrio terroso Domeyko, Min., 129, 1860.
Earthy powder. Color deep red, scarlet.
Composition doubtful, but regarded as antimonate of copper mixed with cinnabar and with other impurities. Analyses by Domeyko of the material obtained in the earliest part of a process of levigation:
Sb2Os
CuO
Fe2O,
quartz
H2O and loss.
Rivot has found in a similar substance from Chili (Ann. Mines, 6, 556, 1854): Sb 36'5, Cu 12-2, Hg 22-2, Te 14'8, Fe,S tr., quartz 2'5, O and loss 11 "8. He observes that his result indicates the presence of mercury telluride (cf. coloradoite, p. 64) and antimonic acid along with antimonate of copper.
Found in many of the Chilian mines, filling cavities in the quartzose or argillo-ferruginous gangue of the mercurial tetrahedrite, and in the pores of the imperfectly compact tetrahedrite itself, and has proceeded from the decomposition of this mercurial ore.
Named from ajujutov, vermilion.
F. Field has analyzed a red earthy substance from Tambillos, near Coquimbo, Chili, and made it a compound of antimonite of mercury and sulphantimonite of mercury; but there is much uncertainty over his results Cf. J. Ch. Soc., 12, 27, I860, and Miu., 5th Ed., p. 548.
AREQUIPITE A. Raimondi, Mineraux du Perou, Paris, p. 167, 1878.
Compact, wax-like. Fracture conchoidal. H. nearly 6. Color honey-yellow. On the basis of a qualitative analysis, stated to be a silico-antimonate of lead. B.B. on charcoal fuses with difficulty, yielding buttons of lead, and gives off antimonial vapors. Slightly attacked by nitric acid; dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid to which a little nitric has been added, and leaves a residue of silica. Occurs sparingly in a quartzose gangue, with argentiferous lead car- bonate and chrysocolla, at the Victoria mine, Mt. de la Trinite, near Tibaya, Province of Arequipa, Peru.
BARCENITE /. W. Mallet, Am. J. Sc., 16, 306, 1878.
Massive; structure finely granular, compact or porous; also columnar (pseudomorphous). Fracture tolerably even. Brittle. H. 5'5. G. 5'343. Luster dull, earthy, sometimes slightly resinous. Color dark gray, nearly black. Streak ash-gray, with slight green- ish tint. Anal. — J. R. Santos :
Sb
S
Hg
Ca
3'88
O
H2O
4 -7:',
w 130° C. 1'23) SiO O'lO 100
866 Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
The sulphur is assumed to exist as HgS, and is accordingly deducted with a corresponding amount of mercury. For the remainder the following atomic ratios are then obtained: RO : Sb2O3 : Sb2O6 4 : 1 : 5, and Sb2O6 : H2O 1:5. The antimouic acid (Sb2O6.5H2O) is again assumed to exist independently as an impurity, and the formula for the remainder written:
[Sb2O3.4(RO)].(Sb2O6)6 corresponding to a normal antimonate RSbO3. The result reached, however, must at best be regarded as of very doubtful value.
From Huitzuco, State of Guerrero, Mexico; associated with livingstonite, from the decomposition of which it has been formed. Named after Sr. Mariano Barcena, a Mexican mineralogist.
CORONGUITE Raimondi, Mineraux du Perou, pp. 88, 91, 1878.
Amorphous, earthy, pulverulent, sometimes slightly lamellar. H. 2-5-3. G. 5'05. Color, exterior, grayish yellow; interior, blackish, with luster slightly resinous. Intimately mixed with small quantities of sulphur, antimony, silver, and lead. An analysis, after the deduction of impurities, gave:
Sb2O5 58-97 PbO 21-48 Ag2O 7'82 Fe2O3 0'52 H2O 11-21 100
It is hence, if homogeneous, an antimonate of lead and silver. Found at the mines of Mogollon, Huancavelica, and Empalme, in the district of Corongo, province Pallasca, and at Pasacancha, proviuce of Pomabamba, Peru.
TAZNITE Domeyko, C. 11., 85, 977, 1877; Min. Chili, 3d Ed., p. 298, 1879.
Amorphous, more or less fibrous in structure. Earthy. Color yellow. Soluble in hydro- chloric acid. Regarded as an arsenio antimonate of bismuth, analogous to bindheimite, but doubtless heterogeneous; believed to have been derived from the alteration of some sulpharseuite or sulphantimonite of bismuth. Very impure, from the admixture of varying quantities of bis- muth ocher. An analysis gave : Bi2O3 (sol. in HNO3) 42'00, Bi2O3 (united with Sb and As) 29-50, Sb2O5 5-29, As2O5 12'20, Fe2O, 7'00, H2O 4'90, insol. 1 -00 101-89. Obtained with other bismuth minerals from the mines of Tazna and of Choroloque, in Bolivia.
Some other related antimony minerals, of doubtful character, are mentioned on pp. 293, 294.
Phosphates or Arsenates -with Carbonates. Sulphates. Borates.
676. Dahllite 2Ca3Pa08.CaC034HaO
677. Diadochite 2Fea03.2S03.P,06.12H,0 pt.
678. Pitticite Contains Fe,03, S03, As206, H,0
679. Svanbergite 6
Contains Na,0, CaO, Al,03> S03, P206, H20 Ehombohedral 1-2063
680. Beudantite
Contains CuO, PbO, Fe,03, S08, (P,As)205, 11,0 Rhombohedral 1-1842
681. Lindackerite
Contains FeO, NiO, CuO, S03, As,06, H,0
682. Ltineburgite 3MgO.B,03.P205.8H20
676. DAHLLITE. W. C. Brogger and H. Bdckstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 45, 493, 1888.
In crusts with fibrous structure normal to the surface.
H. 5. G. 3'053. Luster resinous. Color pale yellowish white; colorless in thin section. Optically uniaxial, negative. Double refraction slightly greater than that of apatite.
Comp. — 2Ca3P2Oe.CaC034H20 Phosphorus pentoxide 39 '0, carbon dioxide 6-0, lime 53'7, water T3 100.
Anal. — H. Backstrom, 1. c.
P2O5 CO, CaO FeO Na2O K2O H2O
38-44 6-29 53'00 0'79 0'69 O'll T37 100-89
Pyr., etc. — Decrepitates B.B., but does not fuse. Dissolves in cold dilute acid with the evolution of carbon dioxide.
Obs.— Occurs as a crust from 6 to 8 mm. in thickness, upon a bright red massive apatite ,at Odegaard, Bamle, Norway.
Diadochite—Pitticite. 867
The natural suggestion that the mineral is a mechanical mixture of apatite and calcite is answered by the microscopic examination, showing it to be fresh and homogeneous.
Named for the brothers Dr. Tellef Dahll and Johann Dahll, mineralogists and geologists.
CIPLYTE /. Ortlier [Ann. Soc. G. Nord., 16, 270, 1888-89], Bull. Soc. Miu., 13, 160, 1890.
Stated to be a silico-phosphate of calcium occurring in the chalk of Ciply and other points in Belgium, associated with phosphorite. Composition, based itpeii- au analysis of impure material : 4CaO.2P2O6.SiO3?. It is only feebly soluble in sulphuric acid and hence can be separated from the enclosing mass. No physical description is given.
677. DIADOCHITE. Diadochit Breith., J. pr Ch., 10, 503, 1837. Phosphoreisensinter Rg. Destinezite Forir & Jorisser, Bull. Soc. G. Belg., 7, 117, 1881.
Monoclinic. In microscopic six-sided tables, perhaps related to gypsum in form (Cesaro). Reniform or stalactitic; structure curved lamellar.
Fracture conchoidal. Fragile. H. — 3. G. 2*035. Luster resinous,, inclining to vitreous. Color yellow or yellowish brown. Streak uncolored.
Comp. — Formula uncertain. Destinezite, anal. 4, gives 2Fea03.2S03.P.,0!>. 12H20 (Cesaro) Phosphorus pentoxide 16*9, sulphur trioxide 19'1, iron s.esqui- oxide 38-2, water 25-8 100.
Rammelsberg calculates for anal. 1, 7Fe2O3.6SO3.3P2O5.54H2O.
Anal.— 1, Plattner, Rg., Min. Ch., 360, 1860. 2, 3, Carnot, Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 39, 1880; the material in 2 was brown, vitreous, of 3 whitish, earthy. 4, Ces&ro, Mem. Soc. G. Belg., 12, 173, 1885.
PaO6 As,O5 SO, Fe,O, H2O CaO MgO
1. Arnsbach 14'82 — 15'14 39'69 30-35 — — 100
2. Isere G. 2'22 16'70 0'45 13'37 36'63 32'43 0'30 tr. 99'88
3. " G. 2-10 17-17 — 13-65 36'60 32'20 0'15 tr. 99'77
4. Destiuezite 16-76 — 18'85 37-60 25-35 — — H2O hygr. 0'30, insol.
[1-40 100-26 14-9 p. c., Rg.
Fyr., etc. — Yields much water in the closed tube, and swells up, becoming lusterless and opaque yellow; when ignited gives off sulphuric acid. B.B. in the forceps swells up and falls to powder, but carefully ignited fuses easily to a grayish black slag, and colors the flame bluish green. On charcoal affords a steel-gray magnetic globule. With soda affords metallic particles, and gives a sulphide which blackens silver. With borax and salt of phosphorus reacts for iron. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— From alum-slate near Grafenthal and Saalfeld in Thuringia. Also at the anthracite mine of Peychagnard, Isere, France. Named from didSoxot, a successor, on the supposition that it is an iron sinter, in which phosphoric acid has replaced the arsenic acid.
Destinezite occurs in yellowish white nodular masses of an earthy aspect on the surface, but dull on the fracture; it is from the ampelite at Argenteau, Belgium. Named after M. Destined.
678. PITTIOITE. Eisenpecherz Karsten [not Wern.}, Tab., 66, 98, 1808. Fer oxyde,. resinite Hauy, Tabl., 98, 1809. Pittizit Hausm., Handb., 285, 1813. Eisensinter Wern., Hoffm. Min., 3, b, 302, 1816; 4, b, 141, 1817; fr. Freiesleben G. Arb., 5, 74, 261. Arseneisen sinter Germ. Pitchy Iron Ore. Diarseuate of Iron. Sideretine Beud., Tr., 2, 609, 1832 [not Pittizite Beud., p. 484]. Pitticit Hausm., Handb., 1022, 1847.
Reniform and massive.
H. 2-3. G. 2 -2-2 -5. Luster vitreous, sometimes greasy. Color yellowish and reddish brown, blood-red and white. Streak yellow to white. Translucent to opaque.
Comp. — A hydrated arsenate and sulphate of ferric iron, but formula doubtful; perhaps not homogeneous.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Pogg., 62, 139, 1844. 2, Id., Min. Ch.. 384, 1860. 3, Freuzel, Jb. Min., 787, 1873. 4, Church, Chem. News, 24, 135, 1871. 5, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 40, 205, 1890. Also earlier, 5th Ed., p. 589.
As2O5 SO, Fe2O, H2O
1. Seiglitzstollen S4'67 5'20 54'66 [15 47] 100
2. Schwarzenberg 26 70 13'91 34'85 24'54 100 S.Freiberg G. 2'398 29-53 13'84 29'27 25'16 CuO 0'94 98'74
4. Redruth 33"99 728 32'54 24'92 =100 [SiO, 1'92 100'09
5. Utah 39-65 1-14 33-89 18'24 CuO 1-17, Fe2O, (insol.) 4'08,
a At 100°, loses 15-56 p. c. H3O.
Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
Anal. 5 shows almost no sulphuric acid, Genth calculates 4FeAsO4.Fe(OH)3 -f- 10H2O. An iron-sinter mentioned on p. 821, from Nerchinsk, analyzed by Hermann had the composition of scorodite.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube yields water, and at a high heat gives off sulphur dioxide. In the forceps and on charcoal like scorodite. With soda on charcoal gives arsenical fumes and a sulphide which blackens silver.
Obs. — Occurs in old mines near Freiberg and Schneeberg in Saxony, and elsewhere; occurs also at Redruth in Cornwall. An ore on Hopkins's farm near Edeuville, N. Y., is referred by Beck to this species. The mineral analyzed by Genth (anal. 5) was from the Clarissa mine, Tintic district, Utah.
679. SVANBERGITE. Svanbergit Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 11, 156, 1854. Khombohedral. Axis 6 1-2063; 0001 A 1011 54° 19£' Dauber1.
Forms: c (0001, 0), r (1011, R), n (4041, 4), F(5051, 5); s (0221, - 2). Angles: en 79= 494', cV — 81° 50', cs 70° 15', rr' 89° 25', nn' - 116° 57', W 118° 1', 109° 12', rn 25° 30'.
In rhombohedral crystals, resembling cubes; also in modified forms.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. H. — 5. G. 3-30; 2-571 Breith.; 3'29 Blomstrand. Luster vitreous to adamantine. Color honey- yellow to yellowish brown, reddish brown, and rose-red. Streak reddish or colorless. Subtransparent. Optically uniaxial, positive. Double refraction strong.
Comp. — A hydrated phosphate and sulphate of aluminium and calcium chiefly; formula doubtful. Anal.— 1, IgelstrSm, 1. c , and J. pr. Ch., 64, 252, 1855. 2, Blomstrand, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 26, 204, 1868.
P,O5 SO, A12O3 FeO MnO PbO MgO CaO Na2O H2O Cl 17-80 17-32 37-84 1-40 — — - 6'00 12-84 6 '80 tr.
100
15-70 15-97 34-95 0'73 tr. 3-82 0'24 16'59 — 12'21 —
100-21
Pyr., etc. — In a tube yields acid water. B.B. on coal fuses only on the thinnest edges; with soda in reducing name a red hepatic mass, which becomes green with water and yields hydrogen sulphide with dilute acid. With borax, an iron-colored glass. With cobalt solution a tine blue. But little acted upon by acids.
Obs. — From Horrsjoberg in Wermland, Sweden, occurring with lazulite, cyanite, pyro- phyllite, damourite, hematite, etc., in gneiss; also from the iron mine at Westana, Scania. It is near beudantite in crystallization.
Ref.— ' Pogg., .100, 579, 1857; Seligmann obtained nri" 62° 54' whence c 1-2389 and rr' 90° 26', but he measures rr' 89* 13'. Zs. Kr., 6, 227, 1881.
Seligmann.
G.
1. Wermland 3'30
2. Westana 3 29
680. BEUDANTITE. Levy, Ann. Phil., 11, 195, 1826. Bieirosite, Corkite, Dernbachite Adam, Tabl. Min., 49, 1869.
Khombohedral. Axis 6 1-1842; 0001 A 1011 53° 49±' Dauber1.
Forms: c (0001, 0); r (1011, R)*, F(5051, 5)3; 77 (Olll, - l)s, (0221, - 2)2, t (0552, - f)3, u (- 0441, - 4)", v (0551, - 5)!.
Angles : cr 53° 49', cs 69° 55', ct - 73° 42', cu 79° 38', cv 81° 41', rr' *88° 42', ss' - 108° 51', it' 112° 26i', 116° 50', vi 117° 564'.
Crystals usually acute rhombohedrons, often modified; also in nearly square rhombohedrons (r), withe, resembling the isometric cube with octahedron. Faces c fiat, dull; r bright, curved.
Cleavage: c, easy. H. 3"5-4'5. Gr. 4-4-3. Luster vitreous to subadamantine, resinous. Color dark to clear olive-green, yellowish
Lindackerite—L Uneeeegite.
green, black, brown. Streak greenish gray to yellow. Usually opaque, rarely transparent. Optically negative.
Coiup. — A phosphate or arsenate with sulphate of ferric iron and lead; formula doubtful. Includes (1) the mineral from Cork and Dernbach with little or no arsenic, and (2) that from Horhausen (the original beudantite) with little phosphorus.
The Cork crystals are black, brown, or green aud opaque; G. 4'295, green, Rg.; those of Dernbach, olive green to yellowish green, sometimes transparent, with H. 3'5, G. 4'002 Sandberger. These two varieties form Cork and Dernbach have been called by Adam, corkite and de,rnbachite, respectively, while the name beudantite is given to that from Horhausen.
Beudantite and svanbergite have nearly the same form and may prove also to have analo- gous formulas.
Anal.— 1, Sandberger, Pogg., 100, 611, 1857. 2, Rg., ibid., p. 581. 3, 4, Percy, Phil. Mag., 37, 161, 1850. 5, Sandberger, 1. c.
1. Dernbach
2. Cork, green
G. 4-002 G. 4-295
tr.
So,
Fe2O3
PbO
CuO tr.
H2O
11-44 100-30 9-77 99-93
3. Horhausen
1-46 9-68 12-31 42-46 24-47 8'49 98'87 und. 13-60 12-35 37 '65 29-52 8'49 101 '61 2-79 12-51 1-70 47-28 23'43 [12-29] 100
Pyr., etc.— Heated yields water. B.B., alone, the Cork mineral is infusible, but yields on charcoal fumes of sulphur dioxide and affords a yellow slag, and with soda a kernel of lead; the Dernbach fuses easily on charcoal with intumescence to a globule of lead, mixed with a black hepatic slag; the Horhausen also fuses easily, affording a gray slaggy globule, and after long "blowing the odor of arsenic.
Obs. — Occurs at the Glendore iron mine, near Cork, with quartz and limonite; at Dernbach, near Montabaur, in Nassau; at Horhausen, on limonite.
Ref.— ' Cork; from Dernbach rr' 88° 51', Horhausen, 88° 12', Pogg., 100, 579, 1857. Eath obtained, for Derubach crystals, ss' 108° 50', .'. rr' 88° 40', Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 34, 177,
Dauber, 1. c. 3 Sandb., ib., p. 614, 1857.
681. LINDACKERITE. J. F. Vogl, Jb. G. Reichs., 4, 552, 1853.
Orthorhombic. In oblong rhombohedral tables, grouped in rosettes, and in reniform masses.
H. 2-2'5. G. 2-0-2-5. Luster vitreous. Color verdigris- to apple-green. Streak paler to white.
Comp.— Perhaps 3NiO.6CuO.SO3 2As2O5.7H2O Arsenic pentoxide 33 '7, sulphur trioxide 5'9, cupric oxide 34'8, nickel protoxide 16'4, water 9'2 100.
Anal. — Lindacker quoted by Vogl, 1. c.
As2O, 28-58 SO3 6-44 CuO 36'34 NiO 16'15 FeO 2'90 H3O 9-32 99'73
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal gives alliaceous fumes, and fuses to a black bead. With borax and salt of phosphorus a copper reaction. Soluble after long heating in hydrochloric acid, the solution giving a yellowish brown precipitate with hydrogen sulphide.
Obs. — From Joachimsthal.
682. LUNEBURGITE. Nollner, Ber. Ak. Miinchen, 291, 1870. In flattened masses with fine crystalline fibrous to earthy structure. G. 2'05. Comp.— 3MgO.B2O3.P2O5.8HaO Phosphorus pentoxide 29'8, boron trioxide 14'7, magnesia 25'2, water 30 3 100. Anal. — Nollner, 1. c.
B2O3 12-7
MgO 25-3
H,O 32-2 100
Upon ignition a little (0'7 p. c.) fluorine goes off.
Obs.— From the gypsum-bearing marl of Luneburg, Hannover.
870 Phosphates, Arsenates—Niteates.
Appendix To Phosphates, Arsenates, Etc.
MIRIQUIDITE Frenzel, Jb. Min., 939, 1872, 673, 1874.
Rhornbohedral. In minute crystals with r (1011, E) and e (0112, — 4); approx. angles rr' — 114°, re — 57° Ratb. Faces r often horizontally striated and curved. Also massive. Brittle. H. 4. Luster vitreous. Color blackish brown to yellowish or reddish brown. Streak ocher-yellow. Translucent to opaque.
Contains As2O5 PjO6, PbO, Fe2O3, H2O; not analyzed.
B.B., fusible to a globule, coloring the charcoal yellow (PbO). In matrass gives water, and with the fluxes reacts for iron.
Found at Schneeberg with chalcocite, pyromorphite, cuprite, torbernite, etc.
The following arsenates of nickel need confirmation:
ARSENATE OF NICKEL. Nickelerz C. Bergemann, J. pr. Ch., 75, 239, 1858. Erugite Adam, Tabl. Min., 43, 1869. Crystalline massive or amorphous. H. =4. G. 4'838. Color dark grass-green to brownish in spots where amorphous; streak lighter.
Comp. — Perhaps NiaAsaOio or 5NiO.As2Os Arsenic pentoxide 38'0, nickel protoxide 62 0 100. Analysis afforded :
As3O. 36-57 P2O. 0-14 NiO 62-07 CoO 0'54 CuO 0'34 BiaO, 0'24 Fe2O3 tr. 99-90
Unaltered in the closed tube. B.B. on charcoal affords arsenical fumes; with borax in R.F. gives a gray bead (nickel); with soda on charcoal gives off arsenical fumes and yields a magnetic mass. From Johanngeorgenstadt, along with the normal nickel arsenate below, also nickel oxide and native bismuth.
ARSENATE OF NICKEL. Nickelerz C. Bergemann, J. pr. Ch., 75, 239, 1858. Xanthiosite Adam, Tabl. Min., 42, 1869. Amorphous. H. =4. G. 4 982. Color sulphur-yellow. Comp. — Perhaps Ni3AsaO8 or 3NiO.AsaOs Arsenic pentoxide 50'5, nickel protoxide 49'5 100. Analysis by Bergemann, 1. c. :
AsaO. 50-53 PaO. tr. NiO 48'24 CoO 0'21 CuO 0-57 BiaO3 0'62 100-17 Like the preceding in pyrognostic characters. Also occurs at Johanngeorgenstadt.
Nitrates.
683. Soda Niter NaNOs Ehombohedral 6 0-8276
684. Niter KNO, Orthorhombic d:b:6 0-5910 : 1 : 0-7010
685. Nitrocalcite Ca(NOa), + rcH20
686. Nitromagnesite Mg(NOs)a + rcH.,0
687. Nitrobarite BavX03)4 Isometric, tetartohedral
a -.'1:6 688. Gerhardtite Cu4(OH)6(NO,)8 Orthorhombic 0-9217 : 1 : 1-1562
689. Darapskite NaN03.Na,S04 + H20 Tetragonal
690. Nitroglauberite 6NaN03.2Na,S04 + 3H,0
683. SODA NITER. Soude nitratee native M. de Rivera, Ann. Mines, 6, 596, 1821.
Nitrate of Soda. Soda Niter. Cubic Niter. Niter cubique. Natrou-Salpeter Leonh., Handb.,
246, 1826. Nitratin Raid., Handb., 1835. Natrouitrite Weisbach, Synops. Min., 8, 1875.
Chilisalpeter, Salpetersaures Natron, Germ. Nitro, Salitre sodico, Caliche, Span.
Khombohedral. Axis 6 0-8276; 0001 A lOll 43° 42', rr' *73° 30' Brooke-Rammelsberg1.
Niter.
Isomorphous with calcite. Usually iu massive form, as an incrustation or in beds.
Cleavage: r perfect. Fracture conchoidal, seldom observable. Rather sectile. H. 1-5-2. G. 24-2-29; 2-290 Tarapaca, Hayes. Luster vitreous. Color white; also reddish brown, gray, and lemon-yellow. Transparent. Taste cooling. Optically — . Double refraction strong. Refractive indices for yellow (Na):
co 1-58739
e 1-33608 Schrauf
Comp. — Sodium nitrate, NaN03 Nitrogen pentoxide 63-5, soda 36*5 100.
Pyr., etc. — Deflagrates on charcoal with less violence than niter, causing a yellow light, and also deliquesces. Colors the flame intensely yellow. Dissolves in three parts of water at 60° F.
Obs. — In the district of Tarapaca, northern Chili, and also in the neighboring parts of Bolivia, the dry pampa for 40 leagues, at a height of 3,300 feet above the sea, is covered with beds of this salt (caliche) several feet in thickness, along with gypsum, common salt, glauber salt, and remains of recent shells. The azufrado or caliche jaune is a deposit rich in the nitrate and colored yellow by alkaline iodides, cf. V. L'Olivier, Ann. Ch. Phys., 7, 289, 1876. These nitrate deposits are of great commercial value; they formerly belonged to Peru, but passed into the hands of Chili in 1884.
Deposits also occur in Huuiboldt Co., Nevada, 25 miles east of Lovelock's station; also near Calico, San Bernardino Co., Cal. Reported from southern New Mexico (Min. Res., 1882).
Ref.— ' Ann. Phil., 21, 452, 1823; Rg., Kryst. Ch., 348, 1881; Haiiy gives 73° 44', Mobs 73" 27', Schrauf 74° 10'. An increase of 100° C. causes rr' to increase about 27' Mir. Ber. Ak. Wien, 41, 784, 1860.
684. NITER. Nitrate of Potash. Saltpeter. Salpeter, Salpetersaures Kali, Germ. Kali- salpeter Hausm., Handb., 849, 1813. Potasse nitratee Fr. Salitre Span.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0*5910 : 1 : 0*7010 Miller1.
100 A HO 30° 35', 001 A 101 49° 52', 001 A Oil 35° If.
Forms: a (100, i-l), b (010, c (001, 0); m (110, /); x (012, 1).
k (Oil, 1-i), t (021, 2-t);
Angles: mm" *61° 10', xaf 38° 38', kk' *70° pp" 108° 3', pp'" 48° 38'.
19° 0', pp' 88° 20',
Twins: tw. pi. m, pseudohexagonal, resembling aragonite. Generally in thin crusts, silky tufts, and delicate acicular crystallizations.
Cleavage: k (Oil) perfect; b less so; m imperfect. /
Fracture subconchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 2. G. — 2-09-2-14. Luster vitreous. . Streak and color white. Subtransparent. Taste saline and cooling.
Optically — . Ax. pi. a. Bx c. 2E 8° 40', Mir. Refractive indices for yellow (Na) :
a ft y
1-33463 1-50562 1'50643 .-. 2V =7° 12' 2E=10° 51' Schraiif2 1-3327 1-5031 1-5046 and 2E=7°'5 Kohlrausch3
Comp. — Potassium nitrate, KN08 Nitrogen pent- After Mir.
oxide 53-5, potash 46'5 100.
Pyr., etc.— Deflagrates vividly on burning coals, and detonates with combustible substances. Colors the flame violet. Dissolves easily in water; not altered by exposure.
Obs.— Found generally in minute needle-form crystals, and crusts on the surface of the earth, on walls, rocks, etc. It forms abundantly iu certain soils in Spain, Egypt, and Persia, especially during hot weather succeeding rains. Also manufactured from soils where other nitrates (nitrate of calcium or sodium) form in a similar manner, and beds called nitriaries are arranged for this purpose in France, Germany, Sweden, Hungary, and other countries. Refuse animal matter, also, if putrified in calcareous soils, gives rise to the calcium nitrate. Old plaster, lixiviated, affords about 5 p. c. of niter. In India it is obtained in large quantities for the arts.
In Madison Co., Kentucky, it is found scattered through the loose earth covering the bottom
872 Nitrates.
of a large cave. Also in other caverns in the Mississippi valley. Those of Tennessee, along the limestone slopes and in the gorges of the Cumberland table-laud, afford it abundantly.
Niter, according to Fran kenheim, is dimorphous, like calcium carbonate; one form ortho- rhombic and isomorphous with aragonite, the other rhombohedral, like soda niter (q.v.), isomorphous with calcite. The former is the normal one between — 10° C. and 300° C. ; and between these temperatures the rhombohedral is easily transformed into it. Above 300" the rhombohedral is the normal one, the orthorhombic here changing to it, and retaking again its form on a diminution of temperature, Pogg., 92, 354, 1854.
Ref.— ' At 19° C., Phil. Mag., 17, 38, 1840; Min., 601, 1852; an increase of 100° increases kK about 44', mm1 remains about constant. 2 Ber. Ak. Wien, 41, 787, 1860. 3 Zs. Kr.. 2, 102,
685. NITROCALOITE. Kalksalpeter Haus., Handb., 1813. Nitrate of lime. Calcium nitrate. Chaux nitratee. Nitrocalcite Shep., Min., 2, 84, 1835. Calcinitre Huot., Min., 2, 430,
In efflorescent silken tufts and masses. Color white or gray. Taste sharp and bitter.
Comp. — Hydrous calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2 -j- H2O. The amount of water of crystalliza- tion is uncertain.
Pyr., etc.— On burning coals it slowly fuses with a slight detonation, and dries. Very deli- quescent before, but not after, being desiccated by heat.
Obs. — It occurs in silky efflorescences, in many limestone caverns, as those of Kentucky. The salt forms in covered spots of earth, where the soil is calcareous, and is extensively used in the manufacture of saltpeter. According to Hausmann, a large part of the so-called niter in nature is this salt.
On the crystallization of the artif. salt, Ca(NOs)3 -f 4H2O, cf. Rg., Kr. Ch., 358, 1881 (Mgc., etc.).
686. NITROMAGNESITE. Nitrate of Magnesia Beud., Tr., 2, 384, 1832. Nitro- magnesite Shep., Min., 2, 85, 1835. Magnesiuitre Huot., Min., 2, 431, 1841. Magnesie nitratee. Magnesia salpeter.
Ir efflorescences. White. Taste bitter.
Comp. — Hydrous magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2 -4- nH8O.
Obs. — From limestone caves, along with nitrocalcite.
The existence of this species as a natural product has not yet been clearly made out.
On the artif. salt, Mg(NO3)2 + 6H3O, cf. Rg., Kr. Ch., 359, 1881 (Mgc.).
687. NITROBARITE. Barytsalpeter, Salpetersaurer Baryt, Germ. Nitrobarite H. C. Lewis, Amer. Nat.. 16, 78, 1882.
Isometric; tetartohedral. In octahedrons made up of the plus and minus tetrahedrons, 111 and 111; also in twins like spinel.
Crystals colorless, in part covered with a thin brownish black coating resembling wad.
Comp. — Barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)3 Nitrogen pentoxide 41 "4, baryta 58'6 100.
Obs. — From Chili, exact locality unknown.
Artificial crystals are tetartohedral and often highly modified. Cf. Sec., Pogg., 109, 366, 1860; Baumh., Zs. Kr., 1, 51, 1877; Lewis, ib., 2, 64; Wulff, ib., 4, 122, 1879; Henriques, ib., 6, 365, 1881; a summary is given in Rg., Kr. Ch., 354, 1881.
688. GERHARDTITE. H. L. Wells and S. L. Pe?ifield, Am. J. Sc., 30, 50, 1885.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-92175 : 1 : 1-15617 Penfield. 100 A HO 42° 40', 001 A 101 51° 2Gf , 001 A Oil 49° 8$'.
Forms: z (201, 2-1) w (223, f) t (778, g (221, 2)
c (001, 0) y(112, i) v (7-7-10, 7>(H1, 1) r (551, 5)
m (110, /) x (13-13-20, u (3:J-I, $)
of" 43° 28' cu - 51 5!i rr - 83° 19' ss" 81° 8$'
cy 40° 28' ct 56 11' 78° 44' zp — *39° 3f
47° 57'
Nitrogla Uberitk 873
In crystals, the pyramidal zone strongly striated and the faces often in oscillatory combination.
Cleavage: c highly perfect, yielding flexible laminae; a less perfect. Sectile, fragile. H. — 2. G. 3 426. Luster vitreous, brilliant. Color deep emerald-green. Streak light green. Transparent.
Pleochroic: c blue, b (b) and a (6) green. Opticallv — . Ax. pi. b. Bx c. Dispersion p v. Axial angles: 2Ky 76° 20', 2Kgr 80° 4' (ny 1'703, 1-722).
Comp — Basic cupric nitrate, Cu(N03)2.3Cu(OH)a or 4CuO.N106.3HaO Nitrogen pentoxide 22 '5, cupric oxide 66 '2, water 1V3 100.
Anal.— H. L. Wells, 1. c.
1. NaO6 22-76 CuO 66-88 HaO 11-26 100-40
2. [22-25] 66-26 11 '49 100
Pyr., etc. — Fuses at 2, coloring the flame green. With soda on charcoal easily reduced to metallic copper with deflagration. In the closed tube gives nitrous fumes and strongly acid water. Soluble iu dilute acids; insoluble in water.
Obs. — Occurs with acicular crystals of malachite in cavities in cuprite at the United Verde copper mines at Jerome, Arizona; only a few specimens have been found. Q;'
Named after Charles Gerhardt, the chemist who first established the compositions of the corresponding artificial salt, Aim. Ch. Phys., 18, 178, 1846, or C. B., 22, 961, 1846. #&
Artif. — Obtained by Gerhardt (1. c.) as already noted. Further, the same compound has been formed by Wells by heating a solution of normal nitrate with metallic copper iu a sealed tube to 150° C. for 24 hours or more. The crystals (Pfd.) were tabular c and elongated b. The form is near thajt of the natural crystals, but they are referred to themonoclinicsystem'with the axial ratio d : b : b 0-9178 : 1 : 1-1402; ft *85° 27' 001 A 100. Observed forms: a (100), c (001), TO (110), d (101), e (Oil). Angles: cd *48° 25f , ee' - *97° 19', mm" 84° 55', cm 86° 39'. Twins: tw. pi. a.
Cleavage: c perfect. Brittle. Luster brilliant. Color dark green. Transparent. Pleo- chroic. green and blue. Ax. pi. b. Negative bisectrix in the obtuse axial angle. Dispersion p v. 2Hgr 63° 50' (section not exactly 6).
Bourgeois, however, has repeated these experiments and obtained orthorhombic crystals; he has also obtained similar results by heating the nitrate of copper in a sealed tube at 130° with urea, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 66, 1890. Michel has also obtained orthorhombic crystals of the same basic nitrate at ordinary temperatures and under the normal atmospheric pressure by the action for several years of a solution of cupric nitrate and fragments of Iceland spar (ibid., p. 139).
689. DARAPSKITE. A. Dietze, Zs. Kr., 19, 445, 1891.
Tetragonal. In square tabular crystals with several undetermined pyramids on the edges. Colorless. Transparent.
Comp. — NaN03.Na2S04 + H20 Nitrogen pentoxide 22'0, sulphur trioxide 32-7, soda 38 '0, water 7*3 100 ; or, Sodium nitrate 34-7, sodium sulphate 58'0, water 73 100. Anal. — Dietze, I.e.
N2O6 22-26 SO3 32-88 NaaO 38'27 HaO 7'30 100'71
The water is readily expelled by heat, without decrepitation.
Obs.— From the Pampa del Toro in Atacama, Chili ; intimately associated with blOdite and soda niter. Named after Dr. L. Darapsky.
690. NITROGLAUBERITE. ScTiwarlzemberg , Domeyko, 3d App., Min. Chili, 46, 1871. From the desert of Atacama, forming' a white, homogeneous mass with fibrous crystalline structure. Comp.— 6NaNO3.2Na2SO4.3H2O — Sodium nitrate 60'1, sodium sulphate 33'5, water 6'4 100. Analysis:
NaaSO4 33-90 NaNO, 60-35 HaO 5'75 100
Dissolves in water. An artificial salt, having the composition 2NaNO.2NaaSO4.3HaO, has been described, cf. Rg., Kryst. Ch., 468, 1881.
Oxygen Salts.
5. Equates.
The alumi nates, ferrates, etc., allied chemically to the berates, have been already intro- duced among the oxides. They include the species of the Spinel Group, pp. 220-229, also chrysoberyl, p. 229, etc.
691. Nordenskioldine
692. Jeremejevite
693. Sussexite
694. Ludwigite
695. Pinakiolite
696. Hambergite
697. Szaibelyite
698. Boracite
699. Rhodizite
700. Warwickite
701. Howlite
CaSn(BO,)a
A1Bos
H(Mn,Mg,Zn)BOs
Mg3FeFeaBa010
Mg,MnMnaBa010
Bea(OH)B03
HsMg10B60,6?
Mg,Cl,Ble030
RAlaB3Oe
MgeFeTi2B6Oao?
H6Ca8B6Si014
Rhombohedral Hexagonal
6 0-8221 0-6836
Orthorhombic
Orthorhombic 0-8338 : 1 : 0-5881 " 0-7988 : 1 : 0-7268
Isometric, tetrahedral
Isometric, tetrahedral Orthorhombic & : b 0-977 : 1 Orthorhombic
702. Lagonite Fe(BOa)s.l£HaO
703. Larderellite (NH4)aB80li.4H,0 Monoclinic?
a :l :6 ft
704. Colemanite CaaB8Ou.5H80 Monoclinic 0-7748 : 1 : 0-5410 69° 51'
Priceite, Panderrnite
705. Pinnoite MgB204. 3HaO Tetragonal 6 0-7609
a:l:6 ft
706. Heintzite KaMg4B1B0S2.16HaO? Monoclinic 2-9137 : 1 : 1-7338 80° 12'
707. Borax Na2B407.10H20 Monoclinic 1-0995 : 1 : 0-5632 73° 25'
708. Ulexite NaCaB609.8H20?
709. Bechilite CaB407.4H20
Hayesine CaB407.6HaO?
710. Hydroboracite CaMgB6On.6H20 Monoclinic?
Nordenskioldine—Jeremeje Vite.
691. NORDENSKIOLDINE. Nordeuskioldin W. C. Brogger, G. For. Forh., 9, 255, 1887; :Zs. Kr., 16, 61, 1890.
Rhombohedral. Axis 6 0-8221; 0001 A 1011 43° 30£' Brogger.
In tabular crystals with the forms: c (0001, 0), a (1120, i-2), r (1011, JR). Angles: cr 30$', rr' 73° 12', ar 53° 24'.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5 -5-6. G. 4-200 Cleve. Luster some- what pearly on c; elsewhere vitreous. Color sulphur-, lemon-, or wine-yellow. Transparent to translucent. Optically negative. Double refraction strong.
Comp. — A borate of calcium and tin, CaSn(BOs)a or CaO.SnOvBO., Boron trioxide 25'1, tin dioxide 54'5, lime 20 '4 100.
Regarded by Groth as a stannate, Ca(BO)aSnO4. Brogger points to similarity in axial ratio to proustite, also calcite and soda niter. Anal.— P. T. Cleve, 1. c.
[23-18]
SnO2 53-75
ZrO.,(?)0-90 a Probably also B3OS.
CaO 20-45
ign. 1-72" 100
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on the platinum wire, when strongly heated, sinters but does not fuse, though coloring the flame green, especially after being moistened with sulphuric acid. Gives a colorless glass with salt of phosphorus after long blowing. Only imperfectly decomposed by hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — From the island Ar5 in the Langesund fiord, southern Norway; occurs very sparingly, with meliphanite, homilite, cancrinite, elseolite, etc.
Named in honor of the Swedish mineralogist and explorer, A. E. Nordenskiold.
692. JEREMEJEVITE. Jeremeiewit Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 20, 1883. Eichwaldit Websky, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 671, 1883, Jb. Min., 1, 1, 1884. Jeremejewit Germ., Jeremejefnte, Yeremeyevite.
Hexagonal. Axis 6 0-68358; 0001 A 1011 38° 17' 6" Websky.
Forms: a (1120, z-2), e (2130, t-f), n (1014,1), / (1013, 1), d (1011, 1), g (7075, g (4153, f-f). Also various vicinal forms, e, ju, etc.
Angles : nri" 22° 19f, ff'" 29° 29', dd'" 76° 34', qq"' 95° 43', nn' 11° 6JV ff 14° 37', dd' 36° 5f, qq' 43° 31', gg' 29° 11', gg* 16° 44'.
In elongated prisms resembling beryl; summits rounded and prismatic faces broken by vicinal planes.
Cleavage none. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 6*5. G. — 3*28. Luster vitreous. Colorless to pale yellow. Transparent. Optically negative.
Figs. 1-3, Websky; 4, Klein.
Websky describes the crystals as consisting, in the first place, of an outer zone which is hexagonal with perhaps pyramidal (or trapezohedral) hemihedrism and optically uniaxial — to
876 Bo Rate 8.
this he Jimits the original name of Damour. He assumes also a twinning with tw. axis (1120) with hemimorphic development. Within, more or less irregularly bounded, is a core in sectors seeming to form an orthorhombic trilling; to this he gives the name eichwaldite. Optically biaxial. For the former he gives c 0-68358; for the latter he deduces a : b : c 0-5523 : 1 : 0-5434, with the forms x (104), p (101), y (136). Optically — . Ax. pi. inclined 30* to the prismatic edges. 2E 52°, p v. ft — 1'64. The terminal planes referred to the eichwaldite project at the extremity beyond the jeremejevite (f . 2, 3). The crystallographic results, based upon the various reflections from the parts of the rounded summits, must be regarded as more or less uncertain, and it is difficult to believe that the two parts of the crystals are fundamentally distinct.
Klein (Jb. Min., 1, 84, 1891) has studied the optical structure more minutely. He finds a section to consist of three and often four parts (f. 4), of which A is uniaxial; B is biaxial with variable angle, 6° to 35° (in air), ax. pi. ledge B/G; C, divided into differently orientated sectors, is biaxial with an angle of 52°, ax. pi. in C, JL line bisecting angle BB?, etc.; finally, D, some- times but not always observed, is uniaxia1 and negative like A. Elevation of temperature makes no change in optical relations, but pressure normal to the axis c imide A biaxial with ax. pi. pressure; while with both B and C the axial angle could be increased, or diminished to 0*, according as the pressure was normal or parallel to the ax. plane. No difference in density could be detected between the parts A, B. C.
Comp. — An aluminium borate, A1B03 or A1203.B203 Boron trioxide 40'6, alumina 59*4 100. A little iron sesquioxide replaces part of the alumina. Anal.— Damour, 1. c.
G. 3-28 B2O3 [40-19] A12O3 55-03 Fe2O3 4-08 K2O 0'70 100
Pyr. — B.B. in the forceps loses its transparency, becomes white and tinges the flame green, but does not fuse. Gives a fine blue when moistened with cobalt solution and subsequently ignited. In fine powder dissolves in concentrated caustic potash leaving a faint residue of iron sesquioxide.
Obs. — Collected by the director of the Neichinsk mines, J. I. Eichwald, at Mt. Soktuj, a northern extension of the Aduu-Chalon chain in Dauria, in the Nerchinsk mining region in east- ern Siberia; the crystals were found loose in a granitic sand beneath the turf.
Jeremejevite is named after Prof. Eremeyev (Oerm. Jerernejew), of the School of Mines at St. Petersburg ; the name here retains essentially the German form.
On a borate of aluminium, 3A12O3.B2O3, and other borates prepared by Ebelmen, cf. Ann. Ch. Phys., 33, 63, 1851, also Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 308, 1888.
693. SUSSEXITE. G. J. Brush, Am. J. Sc., 46, 140, 240, 1868.
Orthorhombic?). In fibrous seams or veins.
H. =3. Gr. 3 '42. Luster silky to pearly. Color white with a tinge of pink or yellow. Translucent,
Comp.— HRB03, where R Mn, Zn, and Mg, or 2(Mn,Zn,Mg)O.B203.H20 Boron trioxide 34*1, manganese protoxide 41-5, magnesia 15 '6, water 8'8 100. Here Mn (+ Zn) : Mg — 3 : 2. In anal. 3, the ratio of Mn : Zn : Mg - 0'536 : 0 -040 : 0-398.
Anal. — 1, Brush, mean of 6 partial analyses, Am. J. Sc., 46, 240, 1868. 2, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 36, 323, 1888.
B2O3 MnO Zn MgO H2O
1. 31-89 40-10 — 17-03 9'59 98-61
2. G. 3-123 33-31 38-08 3'24 15'92 8'53 H2O at 250° 0-90 99'98
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube darkens in color and yields neutral water. If turmeric paper is moistened with this water, and then with dilute hydrochloric acid, it assumes a red color (boric acid). In the forceps fuses in the flame of a candle (F 2), and B.B. in O.F. yields a black crystalline mass, coloring the flame intensely yellowish green. With the fluxes reacts for manganese. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Found on Mine Hill, Franklin Furnace, Sussex Co., N. J., associated with franklinite, zincite, willemite, and other manganese and zinc minerals. Named from the county in which the locality is situated.
Ref.— Cf. Dx., Min., 2, 15, 1874.
Ludwigite-Pinakiolite. 877
694. LUDWIGITE. G. TscJiermak, Min. Mitth., 59, 1874.
Orthorhombic, Renard1. Prismatic angle: mm'"= 89° 20'. Observed forms: 110, 410, 310, 120 Mallard2.
In finely fibrous masses; fibers parallel, often radiating; also short and inter- woven. Extinction parallel.
Tough upon fracture, but easily cut. H. =5. G. — 3'91-4'02. Luster silky on fresh fracture. Color blackish green to nearly black with a tinge of violet; greenish brown in microscopic splinters. Streak dark. Strongly pleochroic. Axial plane probably prismatic axis.
Comp. — Perhaps SMgO.B.O,, + FeO.Fe.O, Boron trioxide 16 '6, iron sesqui- oxide 37 '9, iron protoxide 17'0, magnesia 28 -5 100.
The above formula of Tschermak and Ludwig finds some support in the fact that a corre- sponding composition is obtained by Fliuk for pinakiolite, which he characterizes as a manganese- ludwigite. Whittield's analysis, however, gives different results. He obtains the ratio MgO : FeO : Fe,O3 : B2O3 : H2O 76 : 24 : 24 : 17 : 20; the first three terms here agree with Tschermak's formula, the others do not. Further, RO : (B2OS + Fe,O3)=3 : 1, also H2 : Mg : Fe 1:3:1 and B : Fe 2 : 3 nearly. The corresponding percentage composition is : Boron trioxide 11 "2, iron sesquioxide 38'4, iron protoxide 17'3, magnesia 28'8, water 4'3 100.
The formula is then 3(H2,Mg,Fe)O.(B,Fe)2O3 or 3RO.B2O3, analogous to that of sussexite. Anal.— 1, 2, Ludwig and Sipocz; 1 mean of 7 partial analyses. 3, Whitfield, Am. J. Sc., 34, 284, 1887.
G. B2O3 Fe203 FeO MgO MnO HaO
1. Dark green 3'951 16-09 39'92 1246 31 '69 tr. — 100'16
2. Black 4-016 15-06 399 17'67 26'91 tr. — 98'93
3. " 12-04 37-93 15'78 30'57 0'16 3'62 lOO'lO
Pyr., etc. — Heated in the air the mineral becomes red; in fine splinters fusible with difficulty to a black, strongly magnetic, slag. With the fluxes gives the reaction for iron. Dissolved slowly by cold hydrochloric acid when in the state of a fine powder.
Obs.— Occurs embedded in a crystalline limestone, with irregularly situated beds of mag- netite, at Morawitza in the Banat, Hungary; the magnetite is embedded in the mineral in the form of grains or fine thread-like veins.
Named after Ernst Ludwig, Professor of Chemistry at Vienna.
Alt.— F. Berwerth has described (ibid., 247, 1874) ludwigite altered to limonite. An analysis of material, having a brownish red color, and graduating insensibly into pure ludwigite, afforded: FeaO3 75-34, MuO tr., CaO 0'09, MgO 5'80, CO2 1'65, SiO2 2-83, HaO 14-51, B2O3 0'80=101-02. G. 3'41. Besides the limonite (88'17 p. c.), some talc, brucite, magnesite, and calcite are also present as mechanically mixed impurities.
Artif. — An artificial borate allied to ludwigite has been prepared by Ebelmen, cf. Mid., I.e.; it is orthorhombic with a prismatic angle of 89° lO*.
Ref.— ' Bull. Ac. Belg., 9, 547, 1885. Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 310, 1888.
695. PINAKIOLITE. Pinakiolith G. Flink, Zs. Kr., 18, 361, 1890.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-83385 : 1 : 0*58807 Flink1.
100 A HO 39° 49|', 001 A 101 35° llf ', 001 A Oil 30° 27£'.
Forms : 5 (010, i-i), I (310, z-3), e (Oil, 14) as tw. plane.
Angles: bl 74° 28', II *31° 4', ee' *60° 55', le 82° 12'.
In small rectangular crystals tabular b, usually thin and often bent or broken. Twins common with e (Oil ) as tw. pi. ; in habit cruciform, the axes crossing at angles of nearly 60° and 120°.
Cleavage: b rather perfect. Very brittle. H. 6. G. 3'881. Luster metallic, brilliant on crystalline faces. Color black. Streak brownish gray. Absorption b a C. Optically — . Ax. pi. c. Bx b. Ax. angle about 60°. Dispersion probably v p.
Comp — 3MgO.B203 + MnO.Mn203 Boron trioxide 16-7, manganese sesqui- oxide 37-7, manganese protoxide 16'9, magnesia 28 '7 100. Anal. — Flink, 1. c. la from 1, after deducting SiO2 and H2O.
B Orates.
la.
MnsO4
FesO4
2'07
MgO
28'58 29'30
CaO
1'09 1'12
PbO
0'76 SiO, 1' 0'78 100
0'47 99'22
A determination of the oxygen set free gave 4'34 p. c. (required by the formula 3*80).
Pyr., etc.— Fuses with some difficulty to a black non-magnetic glass. With potassium bisulphate and fluorite colors the flame intensely green. Reacts for manganese with the fluxes. Dissolves in warm concentrated hydrochloric acid with the evolution of chlorine.
Obs. — Occurs at Langban, Wennland, Sweden, in bands in granular dolomite with haus- maunite. Also associated with tephroite, manganophyllite, berzeliite.
Named from itivaxiov, a small tablet, and Az'Oo?, stone, in allusion to the form of the crystals.
Ref. — ] L.c. ; cf. also Brogger, ibid., p. 376, on the morphological relations of pinakiolite to manganite, etc.
696. HAMBERGITE. W. C. Brogger, Zs. Kr., 16, 65, 1890. Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : 6 0-79877 : 1 : 0-72676 Brogger. 100 A HO 38° 37', 001 A 101 42° 17 J', 001 A Oil 36° 0$'.
Forms: a (100, i-l), b (010, i-i); m (110, 1); e (Oil, 14).
Angles: mm'" 77° 14', bm *51C 23', ee' *72° 1', me 68° 28f.
In prismatic crystals (f. 1), the faces a vertically striated.
Cleavage: b perfect; a less so. Brittle. H. 7'5. G. 2'347. Luster vitreous. Color grayish white. Transparent to translucent.
Optically -f. ' Ax. pi. b. Bx c. Double refraction very strong. Disper- sion small v p. Axial angles, Bgr. :
For Li 2Ha.r 95°
21'
2H0.r
102°
46'
2Vr 86°
50'
v For Na 2Ha.y 95°
42'
2H0.y
102°
28'
2Vy 87°
d
Ts
For Tl 2Hfe.gr 96°
8'
2Ho.Kr
102°
13'
2Vgr 87°
24*'
Refractive indices:
n
a
m.
1-5542 fir 1
yr
1-
1-5595 py 1
Yi
1-
'. 2Vy 87
°40'
CTgr 1-5693 Sgl 1
yt
1-
J.
J-_
Comp.— Be,(OH)B03
or 4BeO.B20..
H,0
Boron
trioxide 3
7-1,
beryllium oxide 53 '3, water 9'6
100.
Anal. — BSckstrom, quoted by Brogger, 1.
B2O3 [36 72]
BeO 53-25 f
H8O 10-03 100
The water goes off only at a strong red heat, and the last fourth requires the blast lamp.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. decrepitates violently, but does not fuse. Insoluble in ordinary acids, but completely dissolved by digestion with hydrofluoric acid over a water bath.
Obs.— Occurs in a small vein near Helgaraen on the mainland near the entrance to the Langesuud fiord, southern Norway. The vein consists of feldspar, black mica, barkevikite, red spreustein, and iu traces zircon and fluorite.
Named after the Swedish mineralogist, A. Hamberg.
697. SZAIBELYITE. Szaibelyit K. F. Peters, Ber. Ak. Wien, 44, 143, June 1861. Boromagnesit Groth, Tab. Ueb., 38, 1874.
In small nodules bristled with acicular crystals.
H. — 3-4. G. 3. Color white outside, yellow within. Streak white. Translucent. Optically biaxial.
Comp 2Mg6B40,,.3H20 or 5Mg0.2B,Os.l£H,0 Boron trioxide 38-1,
magnesia 54 '5, water 7 -4 — 100.
Anal.— Stromeyer, Ber. Ak. Wien, 47 (1), 347, 1863, after deducting impurities.
C. ystals
B2O3 [38-35]
MsrO 54 65
H2O 7-00 100
Bobacite.
A granular form contained more water (12-35 p. c.).
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. splits open, glows, and fuses to a pale, hornlike, brownish gray mass, coloring the flame yellowish red. Dissolves with difficulty in hydrochloric acid. Obs. — Occurs in kernels embedded in a gray granular limestone at Rezbanya,in Hungary. Named after Szajbelyi, who collected the limestone containing it.
698. BORACITE. Kubische Quarz-Krystalle (fr. Luneburg) Lasius, Crell's Ann., 2, 333, 1787. Ltineburger Sedativ-Spath Westrumb, Kl. phys.-ch. Abb.., 3, 167, 1789. Borazit Wern. Bergm. J., 393, 1789, 284, 1790. Borate of Magnesia. Magnesie boratee Fr. Parasit 0. Volger, Pogg., 92, 77, 1854. Massive Boraciteof Stassfurt Stassfurtit G. Hose, Pogg., 97, 632, 1856.
Isometric and tetrahedral in external form under ordinary conditions, but in molecular structure orthorhombic and pseudo-isometric; the structure becomes isotropic, as required by the form, only when heated to 265°. Observed forms1 :
a (100, i-i) d (110, o (111, 1) o, (111. - 1)
rj (17-3-0, O (13-3-0, h (410, i-4)3 / (310, -3)2
Also doubtful 12-1-0 and C (116).
e (210, e-2)3
1 (530, z-f)4 p (221, 2)3
2 (552, |)s
p (441, 4)5 <r,(881, - 8)s r, (16-16-1, - 16)5 n (211, 2-2)'
n d (
a
d
/
J
TO, (211, - 2-2) u (431, 4-|)4 v (581, 5-£)
Penetration-twins: tw. pi. o. Habit cubic and tetra- hedral or octahedral ; also dodecahedral. Crystals usually isolated, embedded; less often in groups. Faces o bright and smooth, ot dull or uneven. Also massive.
Cleavage: o, o/ in traces. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. H. 7 crystals. G. 2-9-3. Luster vitreous, inclining to adamantine. Color white, inclining to gray, yellow, and green. Streak white. Subtrans- parent to translucent. Commonly 'shows double refrac- tion', which, however, disappears upon heating to 265°, when a section becomes isotropic. Kefractive indices, Dx.:
nt 1-663 Also, Mid.:
ft - a 0-00477 .'. a 1-6622
n, 1-667
y - a 0-01074
ft 1-6670 (Dx.)
After Groth.
n,,, 1-675
Y - ft 0-00597 y 1-6730
Strongly pyroelectric7, the opposite polarity corresponding to the position of the + and — tetrahedral faces. The faces of the dull tetrahedron o, (111) form the analogous pole, those of the polished form o (111) the antilogous pole, Eose.
As very early observed, boracite commonly shows double refraction, at variance with the external form; this has been variously explained, and some authors have attributed it to altera- tion. Sections show tw. lamellae which in general may be explained (Mallard) as having the dodecahedral faces as tw. plane; further, a simple dodecahedral crystal has a structure as if made up of twelve biaxial individuals (ax. angle about 90°), with ax. pi. parallel to the longer diagonal of the rhombic face to which the bisectrix is normal; other forms, however, show
880 Borates.
distinct types of internal structure. Increase of temperature brings about a change in position of the tw. lamellae, and at 265° (Mallard) they disappear and a section becomes normally isotropic, at the same time the pyroelectricity disappears also; the molecular structure then agrees with the external crystallographic form. No chemical change has taken place, for eveu at 300° no chlorine is lost (Jannasch). The molecular structure of boracite has been minutely studied optically and by etching especially by Klein and Baumhauer, also pyroelectrically by Mack (cf. references beyond).
Comp. — Mg7CL,B16080 or 6MgO.MgCla.8B.103 Boron trioxide 62-5, magnesia 31-4, chlorine 7'9 101-8, deduct (0 01) 1-9 100.
A little iron (FeO) is sometimes present (as an impurity?) and the Eisenstassfurtit (iron- boracite, Huyssenite, Dana, Min., 799, 1868) of Huyssen from Stassfurt is described as hi viug half the Mg replaced by Fe, Jb. Min., 329, 1865. For analyses see 5th Ed., p. 596.
Var. — 1. Ordinary. In crystals of varied habit. 2. Massive, with sometimes a subcolumnar structure; Stassfartite of Rose. It resembles a fine-grained white marble or granular limestone. Parasite of Volger is the plumose interior of some crystals of boracite.
Pyr., etc. — The massive variety gives water in the closed tube. B.B. both varieties fuse at 2 with intumescence to a white crystalline pearl, coloring the flame green; heated after moisten- ing with cobalt solution assumes a deep pink color. Mixed with oxide of copper and heated on charcoal colors the flame deep azure-blue (copper chloride) Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Alters very slowly on exposure, owing to the magnesium chloride present, which takes up water. It is the frequent presence of this deliquescent chloride in the massive mineral, thus origi- nating, that led to the view that there was a hydrous boracite (stassfurtite). Parasite of Volger is a result of the same kind of alteration in the interior of crystals of boracite ; this alteration giving it its somewhat plumose character, and introducing water.
Obs. — Observed in beds of anhydrite, gypsum, or salt. In crystals at Kalkberg and Schild- stein in Lilneburg, Hannover; at Segeberg, near Kiel, in Holstein; at Luneville. La Meurthe, France; massive, or as part of the rock, also in crystals, at Stassfurt, Prussia. When from the carnallite layer it is fine granular or compact, with conchoidal fracture, white or greenish; from the kainite layer it is white, soft, with earthy fracture and yellowish or reddish in color (Precht and Wittjen). It occurs at Douglashall, Westeregeln, in crystals pseudomorph after quartz (Ochsenius, Jb. Miu., 1, 271, 1889).
It has been urged that the original mineral from which the pseudomorphous crystals called achtaragdite may have been formed was boracite, cf. p. 435 and Zs. Kr., 17. 93, 1889.
Artif. — Obtained by Heiutz (Pogg., 110, 613, 1860) by fusing a mixture of 10 parts boric acid, 100 of sodium chloride, 5 of magnesium borate. Also in the wet way by A. de Gramont, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 252, 1890.
Ref.— ' See Mir., Min.. 602, 1852. " Schrauf. Min. Mitth., 114. 1872, Atlas xxxvi, 1877. 8 Klein, Jb. Min., 1, 242, 1884. 4 Mgg., ibid., 1, 251, 1889. 5 Bkg., Westeregeln, Zs. Kr., 15, 572, 1889; n, (not n) is given by Miller.
8 On the double refraction phenomena of boracite see : Brewster, Ed. Phil. J., 5, 217, 1821; Biot, 0. R., 13, 155, 1841; Volger. Monographic, Hannover, 1855; Dx., N. R., p. 5, 1867, Min., 2, 4, 1874; Mid., Ann. Mines, 10, 93. 1876; Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 147, 1879; also on the effect of heat, ibid., 5, 144, 214, 1882, and 6, 122, 129. 1883; E. Geinitz, Jb. Min., 484, 1876, 394. 1877; Baumhauer, Zs. Kr.. 3, 337, 1879, and later 10, 451, 1885; Klein, Jb. Min., 2, 209, 1880, 1, 239, 1881. 1, 235, 1884, also ib.. p. 181, ref. (critique of Mid.).
1 On the pyroelectricity, Friedel and Curie, Bull. Soc. Min., 6, 191, 1883; Mack, Zs. Kr., 8, 503, 1883. Also earlier Hankel, Riess and Rose, etc. Boracite was first shown to be pyroelec- tric by Hauy in 1791.
699. RHODIZITE. Rhodizit G. Rose, Pogg., 33, 253, 1834, 39, 321, 1836. Rhodicit Hausm.
Isometric and tetrahedral, like boracite. In dodecahedrons, faces o smooth and shining, d often uneven.
H. =8. G. 3-41 Rose; 3'38 Dmr. Luster vitreous, inclined to adamantine. Color white. Translucent. Pyroelectric, the angles replaced by o, the antilogoua pole, Rose. Exhibits the phenomena of double refraction, analogous to boracite, but does not become isotropic with elevation of temperature2.
Comp. — A borate of aluminium and potassium, with also caesium and rubidium; perhaps R,0.2A1,03.3B20V
Anal.— Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 98, 1882.
B,O, A12O3 Fe2O3 K2O,Cs2O,Rb2O Na2O CaO MgO
38-93 41-40 1-93 12-00 1'62 0'74 0'82 ignilion 2'96 95-40
The loss and 2-96 of volatile matter (at a wliite heat') are referred to boric acid giving 41-49 p. c. There is probably no water present, possibly M little fluorine, Dmr.
War Wickite—Ho Wlite. 881
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in the platinum forceps fuses with difficulty on the edges to a white opaque glass, tingeing the flame at first green, then green below and red above, and finally red throughout. With borax aud salt of phosphorus fuses to a transparent glass.
Obs. — Found by G. Rose in minute crystals on red tourmalines from near Sarapulsk and Shaitansk in the vicinity of Ekaterinburg in the Ural, and named from po8ieiv, in allusion to its tiugeing the flame red. The largest crystals seen were two lines in diameter.
Ref.— ' Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 31, 72. 1882. Cf. Klein, Jb. Min., l.
700. WARWIOKITE. SJiepard, Am. J. Sc., ,34, 313, 1838, 36, 85, 1839. Enceladite T. S. Hunt, ib.( 2, 30, 1846, 11, 352, 1851.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b 0*977 : 1 Des Cloizeaux1. Forms: a (100, i-l), b (010, -i); 7t (310, i-3), m (110, 1), g (130, -8). Angles: ma — *44° 20', mm'" 88° 40', hh'" 36° 5', gg' 37° 41'.
Usually in elongated prismatic crystals with rounded terminations.
Cleavage: a perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3-4. G. — 3'355 Dmr. ; 3'362 Smith. Luster of cleavage surface submetallic-pearly to subvitreous; often nearly dull. Color dark hair-brown to dull black, sometimes a copper-red tinge on cleavage surface. Pleochroic. Streak bluish black.
Optically +. Double refraction strong. Ax. pi. b. Bx a. 2E 125* approx., Lcx.s
Comp.— Perhaps 6MgO.Fe0.2Ti02.3B203 Boron trioxide 30-7, titanium diox- ide 23-5, iron protoxide 10'6, magnesia 35'2 100. Anal.— J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 8, 432, 1874.
B2OS TiO2 FeO MgO
27-80 23-82 7 '02 36 80 8iO I'OO, AlOs 2-21 98 '65
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. Infusible, but becomes lighter in water; moistened with. sulphuric acid gives a pale green color to the flame. With salt of phosphorus in O.F. a clear bead, yellow while hot and colorless on cooling; in R.F. on charcoal with tin a violet color (titanium). With soda a slight manganese reaction. Decomposed by sulphuric ariu; the product, treated with alcohol and ignited, gives a green flame, and boiled with hydrochloric acid and metallic tin gives on evaporation a violet-colored solution.
Obs. — Occurs in granular limestone 2£m. S.W. of Edenville, N. Y., with spinel, chondro- dite, serpentine, etc. Crystals usually small and slender; sometimes over 2 in. long and f in. broad. The latter are the enceladite of Hunt.
Ref.— ' Dx., Min., 2, 16, 1874. 2 Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 74, 1886.
701. HOWLITE. Silicoborocalcite H. How, Phil. Mag., 35, 32, 1868. Howlite Dana, Min., p. 598, 1868.
Orthorhombic? Penfield. In small rounded embedded nodules consisting of microscopic thin flattened prismatic crystals, sometimes terminated by two domes. Extinction parallel. Ax. pi. to axis of crystals. Texture compact, without cleavage; also chalk-like or earthy.
Fracture nearly even and smooth. H. — 3-5; often less. G. =2-55; 2'59 Pfd. Luster subvitreous, glimmering. Color white. Subtranslucent, or trans- lucent in thin splinters.
Comp.— A silico-borate of calcium, H6Ca.,B6Si014 or 4Ca0.5B203.2SiO,.5HaO Silica 15 '3, boron trioxide 44*6, lime 28'6, water 11'5 100.
Anal — 1, How, I.e. 2, Pentield and Sperry, Am. J. Sc., 34, 220, 1887.
SiO, B2O3 CaO NasO K,O H,O
1. 15-25 [44-22] 28'69 — — 11-84 100
3. G 2-59 15-33 44-52 27 94 0'53 0'13 11'55 100
A small amount of gypsum has been deducted in both cases, 4'3 p. c. for anal. 2. The water does not go off below 360° C.
Pyr. — Ignited in the closed tube, water reacting for boron with turmeric paper is given off Obs.— Occurs in Nova Scotia, in nodules, of the size mostly of filberts, embedded in anhy-
882 Borates.
drite or gypsum, at Brookville, about 3 m. S. of Windsor, and associated with ulexite; a harder kind occurs in anhydrite, and a softer in gypsum. Also 30-40 miles N.E. of Brookville and at other points in Hants Co. In aggregates of transparent scales in gypsum at Winkworth in the same region, the nodules sometimes as large as a man's head.
WINKWORTHITE H. How, Phil. Mag., 41, 270, 1871.
In embedded nodules, crystalline on fracture. Glistening. H. 2'3. Colorless to white. Translucent. Analysis.— SiO2 4'98, B2O3 [14-37], SO3 31 -51, CaO 3M4, H2O 18'00 100. Found in gypsum at Winkworth, Nova Scotia.
Probably to be regarded as a mixture of howlite and gypsum.
702. LAGONITE. Borate de Fer Omalius d'Halloy, 1833. Lagonite Huot, Min., 1, 290, 1841. Sideroborine Huot, 1, 273, 1841. Lagunit Kenng.
An earthy mineral of an ocherous yellow color, occurring as an incrustation.
Comp.— Fe2O3.3B2Os.3H2O Boron trioxide 49'5, iron sesquioxide 37'8, water 12'7=100.
Anal.— Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 17, 129, 1854.
B,OS 47-95 FeaO3 36'26 H2O 14-02 MgO.CaO and loss 1-77 100
Occurs as an incrustation at the Tuscan lagoons. First mentioned by Beudant, Min., 2, 250, 1832.
703. LARDERELLITE. Mascagni [Viagg. Tosc., 3, 1806], Achiardi, Min., Tosc., 1, 858, 1872. Larderellite Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 17, 129, 1854.
Monoclinic, Very light, white to yellowish, and tasteless. Appearing under the microscope to be made up of minute tabular crystals with the plane angle of the prism 66° or 67° with sometimes also 100 and 010, Dx.1 Extinction parallel to the diagonals of the base.
Comp. — A hydrous borate of ammonium Boron tri- oxide 69-2, ammonium oxide 12-9, water 17'9 100. Anal.— Bechi, ib.
B2OS C8-57 (NH4)2O 12'73 HaO 18-33 99-63
In Am. J. Sc., 19, 120, 1855 (also Contin. at Georg., 1, 128, 1853, quoted by Achiardi, Min. Tosc., 1, 258, 1872), the results given are : B2O3 69'24, (NH4)2O 12'90, H2O 17-86 100. This is obviously an error, for these numbers give the exact theoretical composition.
Pyr., etc. — Gives off ammonia fumes in the glass tube. B.B. fuses easily to a colorless .glass which gives a green color to the flame when treated with alcohol.
Dissolves in hot water, and is transformed into a new salt, represented by the formula (NH4)2O.6B2O3.9H2O. A salt with the formula (NH4)2O.4B2O3.6H2O is also known.
Obs. — Occurs at the Tuscan lagoons.
Named after Sr. Larderel, a proprietor of the Tuscan borax industry.
Ref.— ' Min., 2, 9, 1874.
704. COLEMANITE. Neuschwander, H. Q. Hanks, 3d Rep. Min. California, 86, 1883.
Monocliuic. Axes a : I : 6 0-774843 : 1 : 0-540999; ft 69° 50' 45" - 003 A 100 Jackson1.
100 A HO 36° 1' 55", 001 A 101 41° 59' 46", 001 A Oil 26° 55' 29".
Forms2: J (370, i-%) V (601, 64) v (221,2) y (321, 3-f)
(100, i-i) H (ISO, i-3) ,mi ,,. q (331,3) e (121, - 2-2)*
' A (201, - 24) ff ,. p (412, 2-4) r (232, f-|)
t (210, i-2) i (101,14) 1' 5(411,4-4) e (231, 34)
m (110, /) h (201, 24) ;J7 ' 6)_ & (311, 3-3) d (121, 2-2)
P (10-19-0, --iJ) TT(301, 34) r -I 'f) w (721, 7-|) Q (241, 4-2)
t (130,1-$) !F (401, 44) (fiiJ!) 0(211,2-2) x (131, 3-3)
Also doubtful C (10-1-1, - 10-10)3, £ (711, - 7-7)3, D (731, - 7-|)3-
Colemanite.
39°
58'
mm'"
8' 51"
as'
69°
o*'
cA
41°
31'
40°
48'
ch
*68°
24' 21"
cW
81°
57'
cW
89°
10*'
ca'
110°
9'
Kk'
53°
51'
acd
90°
54'
eft
—
33°
45f
co-
55°
19'
cm
B-
*73°
49' 17"
cy
47°
31'
ss
72°
874'
cq
—
83°
37'
Co
69"
444'
coo
53°
12'
cd
57° 52'
oooo' 94° 43'
ak aft
23° 38' 45° 40'
yy' 53° 42' dd' 90° 43' oo' 39° 37'
aK
fty
62° 40'
vo' 71° 32' Jck' 22° 0'
aoo a'y
59" 46' 71° 40'
BB 21° 55f xx' 113° 17'
ftp
39° 48'
m'W 44° 33'
'
60° 29'
Figs. 1, 2, after Jackson. 3, 4, Washington.
Crystals usually short prismatic with m predomi- nating, highly modified and resembling datolite. Faces y (111) strongly striated edge y/d. Also resembling acute rhombohedral forms (fig. 3, 4) with W (301) rounded. Massive cleavable to granular and compact.
Cleavable: b highly perfect; c distinct. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. H. 4-4-5. G. 2-417 B. & R. ; 2*428 Evans. Luster vitreous to adamantine,. brilliant. Colorless to milky white, yellowish white,
gray. Transparent to translucent.
Optically +. Ax. pi. and Bx0 b. Bxay A 82° 34' B. & R. Dispersion p v small.
83° 44' Hj.; Bxay A
2Ha.y 55°
2Ey 95° 1'
2Ey 95° 15' 2Ha.y 54
Also for D, a 1-58626
18' 2H0.y 124° 29' .'. 2Va.y 55° 21' ft, 1-5878 Hj. 48' 2H0.y 122° 45' .-. 2Va.y 55° 20' ffr 1-5910 B. & R. /3 1-59202 1-61398 .'. 2Vr 54° 52' Mulheims4
Comp.— Ca9B.OlI.5H80, perhaps HCa(BOJ1 + 2H20 or 2Ca0.3B203.5H20 Boron trioxide 50-9, lime 27'2, water 21-9 — 100.
Anal.— 1, T. Price, 3d Rep. Miu. Cal., p. 86. 2, Hjortdahl, 1. c. 3 Bodewig, 1. c. 4, 5, Whitfield, Am. J. Sc., 34, 282, 1887.
B2O3 CaO H2O
1. California [4812] 28'43 22-20 Al2O3)Fe2Os 0-60, SiO, 0'65 100
2. " 47-64 27-97 22'79 SiO2 1-38, Al2O3)Fe2O3 0-19, MgO 0'13 100
3. " 49-70 27-42 22'26 99'38
4. Death Valley 50-70 27-81 21-87 MgO 0-10 99'98
5. " " 49-59 27 38 22'68 MgO 0-26, SiO2 0'45 100'36
The figures of Evans, Bull. Cal. Acad., p. 59, Feb. 1884, apparently give simply the theoretical composition.
Pyr.— B.B. decrepitates, exfoliates, sinters, and fuses imperfectly, coloring the flame yellow, ish green. Soluble in hot hydrochloric acid with separation of boric acid on cooling.
Obs.— First discovered (Oct. 1882) in Death Valley, Inyo Co., California; later (1883) in
freater abundance in Calico district, San Bernardino county. The beautiful crystals, sometimes or 3 inches in length, line geodes in the massive mineral, associated with quartz crystals
Borates.
an earlier deposit, also strontianite, etc. A snow-white massive borate sometimes covers Ibe crystals (see priceite below).
Named after Mr. William T. Coleman of San Francisco.
Ref. — 'Bull. Cal. Acad., No. 2, January 1885 (read Oct. 1884); the measurements of vom Rath, Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 41, 333, 1884, Zs. Kr., 10, 179, 1884, Hjortdahl, Vid.-Selsk. Christ., Oct. 17, 1884, and Zs. 'Kr., 10, 25, Arzruui, ib., 10, 272, agree closely with these results 2 Jackson, 1. c. 3 Id., ibid., 358, 1886. 4 Zs. Kr., 14, 230, 1888, also for B, C, E, etc.
PRICEITE. Cryptomorphite(?), Chase, Am. J. Sc., 5,287, 1873. Priceite Silliman, ibid. 6 138, 1873. Paudermite Muck, vom Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., p. 193, July 2, 1877.
Massive, loosely adherent, friable and chalky (priceite), to firm and compact (pandermite)
H. 3. G. 2-26-2-30; 2 48. Color snow-white.
Comp. — A hydrous borate of calcium, near colemanite. Whitfield's analyses for both minerals correspond nearly to 5CaO.6B2O3.9H2O. Boron trioxide 487, lime 32'5, water 18'8 100. The various analyses are discussed by Kenngott, Jb. Min., 1, 241, 1885.
Analyses.— 1, Silliman, 1. c. 2, Chase, 1. c. 3, Whitfield, ib., 34, 283, 1887. 4, Muck, 1. c 5, Pisani, Min., p. 215, 1875. 6, Whitneld, 1. c., p. 284.
1. Priceite
4. Pandermite
B2O3
[48-92] [47-04]
[54-59] [50-1]
CaO H2O
31-83 18-29 NaCl,Fe2O3,Al3O3 0-96 100
29-96 22-75 alkalies 0'25 100
32-15 19-42 100-01
29-33 15-45 FeO 0'30, MgO 0'15, KaO 0'18 100
32-0 17-9 100
32-16 19-40 100-19
B.B. gives a green flame, and fuses at a red heat. In the matrass gives off neutral water. Insoluble in water, but perfectly so in hydrochloric acid.
Priceite is from Curry Co., Oregon, five miles north of Chetko, where it occurs in a hard, compact form in layers, between a bed of slate above, the cavities and fissures of which it fills, and a tough blue steatite below; also occurring in boulders or rounded masses completely embedded in the steatite. Many of these masses weigh 200 Ibs. each. Others are smallw, from 20 Ibs. down to small pellets the size of a pea. Named after Mr. Thomas Price of San Francisco.
Pandermite occurs in more or less irregular lumps or nodules of varying size up to a ton,, in an extensive bed beneath a thick stratum of gypsum, on the Chinar San, a small stream emptying into the Rhyndacus river which flows into the sea of Marmora near the port of Panderma. Cf. C. G. Warnford Lock, J. Soc. Arts, 28, 767, 1880.
These two minerals are obviously identical, they may represent a massive and not entirely pure variety of colemanite.
705. PINNOITE. Staute, Ber. Chem. Ges., 17, 1584, 1884.
Tetragonal, with pyramidal hemihedrism. Axis 6 0-7609; 001 A 101 37° 16', Luedecke1.
Forms : a (100, i-i), e (101, 1-i), o (111, 1), z (312, f-3). Angles: ee' 50° 42', ee" 74° 32', oo' — 62° 23f, oo" 94° 12', eo 31° 12', ao *58° 48 2', az 43° 9', a'z 75° 55}'.
Rarely in distinct prismatic crystals, showing pyramidal hemihedrism in the form z (312). Usually crystalline and fine granular to faintly fibrous, in nodules with radiated fibrous struc- ture.
Fracture even. H. 3-4. G. 3-27 St., 3-373 L. Luster vitreous. Color sulphur- or straw-yellow, sometimes pistachio- green. Translucent.
Comp. — A hydrous magnesium borate, MgB,!04.3H!10 or MgO.Ba03.3H.10 Boron trioxide 42-6, magnesia 24*4, water 33-0 100.
Anal 1, Staute, 1. c. 2, 3, Stromeyer, Zs. Nat. Halle, 58, 646, 1885.
Luedecke.
2. mass., yw.
3. cryst. gran., gray
B203
[42-50]
[42-68] [42-85]
MgO
Fe
0-18 100-13
0-40 100
0-37 100
Eeintzite.
Pyr. — B.B. fuses with some difficulty to a dense white mass. Soluble in acids.
Obs. — From the upper kainite layers at Stassfvirt, associated with earthy boracite, also with kainite. Named after Oberbergrath Pinno.
Ref.— ! Zs. Ver. Halle, 58, 645, 1885.
KALIBORITE W. Feit, Ch. Ztg., 13, 1188, 1889; J. Ch. Soc., 58, 341, 1890.
Massive, resembling pinnoite; separating into microscopic granules, clear and colorless when digested in water. G. 2 '05. Anal. — W. Feit, after deducting l-2~p. cr NaCl :
B,O3 57-46
MgO 12-06
H,0 24-00 100
B.B. fuses with difficulty to a colorless glass. Slightly soluble in water yielding an alkaline solution ; readily dissolved in warm acids.
Occurs with boracite (and stassfurtite), also pinnoite in the upper kainite layers at Schmidtsmanushall near Aschersleben ; it contains a small amount of sodium chloride which probably cements together the minute granules. Regarded as an alteration-product of pinnoite.
706. HEINTZITE. Bin neues Mineral, etc., Luedecke, Zs. Nat. Halle, 62, 354, 1889. Heintzit Id., Zs. Kr., 18, 481, 1890. Hintzeite L. Milch, ibid., p. 478.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 21937 : 1 : 1-7338; ft 80° 12' 001 A 100 Milch.
100 A HO 65° lOf , 001 A 101 34° 28|', 001 A Oil 59
Forms :
c (001, 0)
(101, l-l) o (112, 4)
a (100, i-l)
m (110, /)
n
(Hi, -
1) r (311, - 3-3)
mm'"
130°
21'
cm
85°
54'
nn'
102°
18'
a'x
*57°
49'
Co
45°
11'
nn'"
42'
ex
41°
59'
m'o
48°
55'
oo'
80°
24'
en
58°
a'r
37°
49'
rr'
64°
10'
mn
27°
3'
an
64°
2'
xn
*81°
33'
With Luedecke, the forms lettered as above have the following symbols: a (100) a' (100), c (001) d (102), x (101) c (001), m (110) TO (120), n (111) 0(111), x (311) (211). He measures ac 57° 41-4' (a'd - 57° 49' M), cd 42° 6-5' (xc 41° 59' M), am 65° 23' (am 65° 10£'M). He gives perfect cleavage d (102) and c (901), also less perfect a (100).
In small crystals, sometimes aggregated together; faces m, c, n, often hemi- morphically developed.
Cleavage: rr, c, both perfect. H. 4-5. G. 213. Luster vitreous. Color- less to white. Transparent, sometimes clouded.
Optically +. Ax. pi. and Bx0 b. Axial angles, Milch:
2Hr 105° 42' Li
2Hy 104° 27' Na
2Hgr 104° 54'
(ny 1-4678)
Milch gives Bxm A c — T or c A 100 83°; while Luedecke gives Bxa A c — 64° 44' or c A 100 25" 16'. Obviously there is an error here, probably due to the confounding of the two cleavage -faces.
Comp. — A hydrous borate of magnesium and potassium, but formula doubtful, since the two analyses differ widely.
Anal. 1 gives K2O.4MgO.9B2O3.16H2O. Anal. 2, K3O.4MgO.llB2O3.14H!1O. Anal.— 1, Baurath, quoted by Milch, 1. c. 2, Luedecke, 1. c.
1. G. 2 127
2. G. 2-129
60-53"
Another determination gave 51-
MgO
KQO H2O Na2O
8-14 23-83 0-39 Cl 0'35 98'90
7-39 19-85 — 100
J. b Do., 59-27.
The sodium and chlorine in 1 are probably present as NaCl.
Borates.
Pyr., etc. — Fuses very easily (below 1) coloring the flame intensely green. Easily soluble in hydrochloric and nitric acids.
' Obs.— Occurs at Leopoldshall, Stassfurt, embedded in nodules of pinnoite.
Named Heintzite after the chemist Heintz of Halle, arid simultaneously Hintzeite after the German mineralogist, Ch. Hintze. Luedecke's name is taken because he lirst announced the species, but it is impossible to decide which chemical and optical data should be accepted where they differ.
707. BORAX. Tinkal or Tincal of India. Chrysocolla (ex uitro confecta), Borras, Agric., 1546. Borax Wall., Min., 1748. Borate of Soda. Borsaures Natron Germ. Soude boratee Fr.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : b 1-0995 : 1 : 0-5632; ft *73° 25' 001 A 100 Mohs-Zippe1.
100 A 110 46° 30', 001 A 101 29° 53f, 001 A Oil 28° 21f .
Forms2 :
a (100, i-i) b (010, '-l) c (001, 0)
M'" cu ss'
Co
cz
h (750, m (110, u (201,
73° 56' *93° 0' 54° 13' 130° 18' 40" 31' 64° 8'
/)
2-i)3
cm' a'o a'z oo'
zz'
s(041
0(111
2(221
101°
78° 62° *57° 83°
, 4-i)
, 1) ,2)
20' 20' 53'
27'
28'
In angles and in habit, borax is near a pyroxene, also mirabilite.
Twins: tw. pi. a. Crystals prismatic, sometimes very large; faces m, o, z, often striated edge m/c.
Cleavage: a perfect; m less so; b in traces. Fracture conchoidal. Rather brittle. H. 2-2-5. G. 1-69-1-72. Luster vitreous to resinous; sometimes , earthy. Color white; sometimes grayish, bluish, or greenish. Streak white. Translucent to opaque. Taste sweetish-alkaline, feeble.
Optically -. Ax. pi. b. Bxa b. Bx0,. A o - 56° 50', Bx0.bl A 6 54° 50' Dx.4 The position of c Bx0.r) suffers a change of 3° 26' between 21'5° and 86°. Dispersion crossed large; p v also large. Axial angles:
2Er 59" 30' 1-447, /3y 1-470,
2Ebl - 56" 30 at 17" C.; also 2Er 60° 56' at 56°'5 C. 1-473; .'. 2Vy 39° 14', 2Ey — 59'' 8', and2Ey 58° 59' meas. Dx.
Also, Tschermak5:
2Er 59° 53' 2Ha.r 39° 27'
2Ey 59° 23' 2Ha.y 39° 12'
2Egr 58° 18'
2Ha.gr— 38' 35
2H0.r 140° 29' 2H0.r 140C 56' 2Ho.gr 38° 35'
Refractive indices:
a
For Li 1-4442
Na 1-4468
green glass 1'4493
blue " 1-4535
ft
2Vr 39° 28' 2Vy 39° 10' 2Vgr 38° 35'
39° 52' 39° 36' 39° 22' 39° 22'
Also from ft and 2E, 2Vr 39° 46' 2Vy 39° 25' 2Vgr 38° 42'
Comp.— Na9B40,.10H90 or Na20.2B203.10H,0 Boron trioxide 36-6, soda 16-2, water 47 -2 100.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. puffs up and afterward fuses to a transparent globule, called the glass of borax. Fused with fluorite and potassium bisulphate, it colors the flame around the assay a clear green. Soluble in water, yielding a faintly alkaline solution. Boiling water dissolves double its weight of this salt.
Obs. — Borax has been obtained since very early times from the salt lakes of Tibet, and until the discoveries in California and Nevada this was the most important source; it was brought to Europe in the crude state under the name of tincal and there purified.
Borax— Ulexite. 887
The lakes furnishing the borax or tincal are in Ladak and Great Tibet. The most westerly deposits are in the lake-plain of Pugha on the Rulangchu (a branch of the Indus) at an elevation of 15,000 feet. The deposits of impure borax (sohaga) here occur over an area, 2 miles long by $ mile broad, covered by a saline efflorescence; successive crops are obtained by the action of moisture (rain or snow) and subsequent evaporation. Deposits also occur to the east of the Pugha district, at the lakes of Rudokh where a purer material (chu tsale) or water borax is obtained; also farther east at the large lakes of Teugri-Nur, 100 miles north of LhaslT. and further at the lake Bui Clio to the north and Yamdok Cho or Patte to the south. (See further Spon's Encyclopedia, 1, 533, 1882). H. Warth shows that borax is present in the waters of Sambhar Lake in Rajputaua, India, and also in the saline efflorescence called "reh" (p. 155) from Aligarh (Rec. G. Surv. India, 24, 68, 1891). Borax has also been found at Viquiutizoa and Escapa in Peru; at Halberstadt in Transylvania; in Ceylon. It occurs in solution in the mineral springs of Chambly, St. Ours, etc., Quebec, Canada (Hunt, Logan's G. Rep., 1853).
In California, it is abundant in Lake Co., 80 miles north of San Francisco, at Borax Lake and Hachinhama, two small alkaline lakes in the immediate vicinity of Clear Lake; — it is stated to have been discovered here in 1856. It is present in solution in the lake waters and in the case of Borax Luke has been obtained also in large quantities in fine crystals embedded in the lake mud and the surrounding marshy soil. The crystals are sometimes very large, up to 5 or 7 inches in length and weighing a pound each. Nine hundred pounds of crystals have been taken from one cofferdam, four feet square (Ayres). It has also been found in fine large clear crystals at Borax Lake, San Bernardino Co., with hauksite (which it sometimes incloses), thenardite, and other soda salts; at Death Valley, Inyo Co. Also occurs with the ulexite of Rhodes Marsh, etc., Esmerakla Co., Nevada. Cf. H. G. Hanks, 3d. Min. Rep. California, 1883.
Named borax from the Arabic buraq, which included also the niter (sodium carbonate) of ancient writers, the natron of the Egyptians. Borax was called chrysocolla by Agricola because used in soldering gold.
Prof. Bechi has analyzed a borate occurring as an incrustation at the Tuscan lagoons, which afforded: B2O3 43'56, Na2O 19-25, HoO 37'19 100, giving the formula Na2O.2B2O3.6H2O. Am. J. Sc., 17, 129, 1854.
Ref.— ' Min., 54, 1839, credited to Naumann. 2 Mohs-Zippe, 1. c. 3 Dx., Min., 2, 7, 1874. 4 Dx., ibid. 5 Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 57 (2), 641, 1868.
TINCALCONITE C. U. Shepard. Borax from California, pulverulent and efflorescent, 32, p. c. water. Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 144, 1878.
708. ULEXITE. Boronatrocalcit Ulex, Lieb. Ann., 70, 49, 1849 Natroukalk-borat. Ulexite Dana. Min., 695, 1850. Natrouborocalcite. Tinkalzit (fr. Africa) Kletzinsky, Polyt. Centr., 1384, 1859. Tiza 8. America.
Usually in rounded masses, loose in texture, consisting of fine fibers, which are acicular or capillary crystals.
H. 1. G. T65 N. Scotia, How. Luster silky within. Color white. Tasteless.
Coinp. — A hydrous borate of sodium and calcium, probably NaCaB.SHjO: Na,O.2Ga0.5B,0,.16H,G Boron trioxide 43-0, lime 13'8, soda 7'7, water 35'5 100.
Some doubt exists as to the quantity of water; analysis 7 gives only 12 H2O(calc. 29'2p. c.).
Anal.— 1, Raimoudi, Min. Perou, 263, 1878. 2. Holtz, -Rg., Min. Ch. Erg., 51, 1886.
3, Rg., Pogg., 97, 301, 1856, Min. Ch., 216, 1875. 4, Rg., Jb. Min., 2, 158, 1884. 5, Kyle,
An. Soc. Argent., 10, 169, 1880. 6, H. How, Am. J. Sc., 32, 9, 1861. 7, Whittield, Am. J.
Sc., 34, 284, 1887. Also 5th Ed., pp. 598, 599.
B2O3 CaO Na2O H2O
1. Tarapaca f 43'05 14'05 6'98 36'13 100'21
2. Atacama [42-31] 14'71 8'43 33-69 Fe2O3 0'86 100
3. Iquique [44-25] 13'67 7"45 34'63 100
4. Argentine R. 42'06 15'91 8'90 33'48 100'35
5. " Prov. Salta 44'71 14'03 8'22 33'04 100
6. Nova Scotia 44'10 14'20 7'21 34'49 100
7. Rhodes Marsh, Nevada 45'34 15'04 8'83 30'79 100
Impurities have been deducted (gypsum, KC1, NaCl, SiO2, etc.): in 1, 4'07 NaCl, in 3, 7'7 p. c. NaCl.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water. B.B. fuses at 1 with intumescence to a clear blebby glass, color- ing the flame deep yellow. Moistened with sulphuric acid the color of the flame is momentarily changed to deep green. Not soluble in cold water, and but little so in hot; the solution alkaline in its reactions.
Obs.— Occurs in the dry plains of Iquique, Chili, in the province of Tarapaca (where it is
888 Boratks.
called tiza), in whitish rounded masses, from a hazelnut to a potato in size, which consist of interwoven fibers of the ulexite, with pickeringite, glauberite, halite, gypsum, and other impuri- ties; at Salinas de la Puna, Province of Jujuy, Argentine Repub.; also at the Laguua Blauca, Catamarca, and in Prov. Salta; on the West Africa coast.
In Nevada, in large quantities in the salt marshes of the Columbus Mining District, in the south-eastern part of Esmeralda Co. Thus in the deposits called Teel's Marsh, Rhodes Marsh, Columbus Marsh, and Fish Lake valley — these are oval-shaped alkali flats covering 10,000 to 20,000 acres each. The ulexite occurs here in the saline crusts formed by evaporation ; it is mixed with common salt, also gypsum and glauberite; it occurs in part in the form of balls (" cotton- balls ") 3-4 inches through embedded in the salt. In California, in San Bernardino Co.; also the variety called "sheet cotton" from Death Valley, Inyo Co., and from Desert Springs, also called Cane Springs, in Kern Co. Also in Nova Scotia, at Windsor, Brookville, and New- port Station, tilling narrow cavities, or constituting distinct nodules or mammillated masses embedded in white gypsum, and associated at Windsor with glauber salt, the luster internally silky and the color very white.
Named after the German chemist, G. L. Ulex, who gave the first correct analysis of the mineral.
Alt.— Occurs altered to gypsum.
The following are near ulexite: FRANKLANDITE Reynolds, Phil. Mag., 3, 284, 1877.
Massive, with fine fibrous structure. H. 1. G. 1 65. Color white. An analysis gave:
B2O, CaO Na2O H2O (Na,K)Cl CaSO4 + 2 aq.
[43-76] 12'10 12-37 27'92 2'41 1-44 100
8 Other independent determinations gave B2OS 41 '81, CaO 11-94, H-jO 27'66.
Deducting impurities, the formula deduced is NasCaBeOnHjO. It is very near ulexite. Slightly soluble in water, readily in dilute hydrochloric and nitric acids. Fuses easily. From Tarapaca, Chili. Named after the English chemist, Frankland.
CRYPTOMORPHITE H. How, Am. J. Sc., 32, 9, 1861: Min. Mag., 1, 257, 1877.
In dull white kernels consisting of microscopic rhombic plates. Near ulexite in composi- tion. Analysis. — How, after deducting impurities :
B2O3 59-10 CaO 15-55 Na,O 5'61 HaO 19'72
Occurs in white lusterless kernels of the size of a pea or bean lying between crystals of gypsum aud glauber salt at Windsor, Nova Scotia. Named from KpvnToS, concealed, and ju.op<t>r},form, because the structure is only revealed by the microscope.
709. BECHILITE. Borate de Chaux Beud., Tr., 2, 249, 1832. Hayesine? Bechi, Am. J. Sc., 17, 129. 1H54. Bechilite Dana. Hydrous Borate of Lime. Borocalcit Oroth., Tab. Ueb., 38, 1874. Alger- Phillips, Min., 318, 1844.
In crusts, as a deposit from springs.
Comp.— CaB4O7.4H2O or CaO.2BaO3.4Hi,O=Boron trioxide 52'2, Iime20'9, water 26'9=100.
Anal.— Bechi, 1. c.
B2O3 51-14 CaO 20:85 H2O 26-25 SiOa,AlaOs,MgO 1-75 99'99
Pyr., etc.— Yields water. B.B. fuses easily, coloring the flame reddish yellow; moistened with sulphuric acid the flame is colored green.
Obs. — Found by Bechi (after whom it is named) as an incrustation at the baths of the boric acid lagoons of Tuscany. The borate mentioned by Beudant (1832) was from Monte Rotondo, Tuscany.
The Hayesine of D. Forbes (Phil. Mag., 25, 113, 1863), from the waters of the hot springs, Bafios del Toro, in the Cordilleras of Coquimbo, may be the above species. It occurs in the waters in the form of snow-white silky or feathery flakes, and also as a flaky sediment at the bottom. Forbes suggests that the mineral is formed by the action of hot vapors, volcanic in source, on the lime of the waters through which they pass.
HAYESINE. Hydrous borate of lime A. A. Hayes, Am. J. Sc., 46, 877, 47, 215, 1844. Borocalcite. Hydroborocalcite Hausm., Handb., p. 1429, 1847. Hayesine Dana, Min., 217,
The supposed borate of lime of Hayes (CaB4O, 6H2O — Boron trioxide 46-0. lime 18 4, water 35'6 100) has been shown to be ulexite (cf. 5th Ed., p. 599, and Raimondi, Min. Perou, 252, 264, 1878). The same is true of the mineral analyzed by Reichardt (JB. Ch., 737, 1858, 760, 1862; these analyses, however, are quoted by Dx., Min.. 2, 10, 1874). Two recent analyses par- tially sustaining the species have been made. 1, Brun, Zs. Kr., 7, 390, 1882. 2, Darton, Am. J. Sc., 23, 458, 1882.
Htdrobora Cite— Uraninite. 889
BaO3 CaO Na2O H,O
1. Chili [48-49] 14'69 1-87 34'95 100
2. Bergen Hill, N. J. 46'10 18'39 35'46 99'95
The mineral analyzed by Darton is stated to have come from a cavity with datolite at Bergen Hill, N. J.
710. HYDROBORACITE. O. Hets, Pogg., 31, 49, 1834. Hydrous Borate of Lime and Magnesia.
Monoclinic'(?). Structure lamellar-fibrous. Eesembles fibrous and foliated gypsum; fibers flattened parallel to the plane of symmetry (b) of a prism of 122° to 130°.
Cleavage in one, or perhaps in two directions. H. 2. G. 1*9-2. Color white, with spots of red from iron. Thin plates translucent. Optically biaxial. Ax. pi. b. A bisectrix strongly inclined to the vertical edge.
Comp.— CaMgB6011.6H,OorCaO.Mg0.3BaOI.6H,0 Boron trioxide 50 -7, lime 13 '5, magnesia 9 '7, water 26*1 100. Anal. — Hess, 1. c.
BaO3 [49 58] CaO 13 52 MgO 10 57 H2O 26'33 100
Pyr., etc.— B.B. fuses to a clear glass, tingeing the flame slightly green, and not becoming opaque. In a matrass affords water. Somewhat soluble in water, and yielding a slightly alka- line reaction. Dissolves easily in hydrochloric and aitric acids.
Obs. — First observed by Hess, in a collection of Caucasian minerals. The specimen was full of holes filled with clay, containing different salts. It may be mistaken for gypsum, but is readily distinguished by its fusibility.
Ref.— Dx., Min., 2, 14, 1874.
Uranates.
711. TJraninite Contains UOS, U0a, PbO, N", etc. Isometric
Broggerite also Th02.
Cleveite " Th05,Y203, etc.
Nivenite " " " "
712. Gummite (Pb,Ca)U3Si0ls.6H,0?
Thorogummite
713. TJranosphserite (BiO)JJaO,.3H,0
711. URANINITE. Schwarz Beck-Erz (fr. Joach.) Bruckm., Magn Dei, 204, 1727. Beck-Blande Pseudogalena picea pt. [rest (? all) pitch-like Zinc-blende] Wall., 249, 1747. Swart Blende Pechblende (fr. Saxony, etc.) pt. [id.] Cronst., 198, 1758. Pseudogalena uigra conipacta, Pechblende (fr. Jcach. and Jon.), De Born, Lithoph., 133, 1772. Pechblende, Eisen- pecherz [put under Iron Ores] Wern., Bergm. J., 1789. Uranerz (fr. Joach.) Klapr., Mem. Ac. Berl., 1786-87, 160. pub. in 1792, Beitr., 2, 197, 1797 (discov. of metal uranium). Pecherz Karst., Tab., 56, 1800. Urane oxydule H.. Tr., 1801. Pitchblende, Protoxide of Uranium. Uranatemnite Chapm., Pract Miu., 148, 1853. Uranin Haid., Handb., 549, 1845. Nasturan Kobell, Min.--Namen, 84, 1853. Pitchblende. Uranpecherz, Pechuran, Germ. Urane oxydule Fr. Pecurauo, Urano ossidolato, Ital. Pezblenda Span.
Schwerurauerz (fr. Pfibram) Breith., Handb., 903, 1847. Coracite (fr. L. Sup.) Le Oonte, Am. J. Sc., 3, 117, 173, 1847. Kristallisirtes Uranpecherz (fr. Norway) Th. Scheerer, Pogg., 77, 570, 1847 Uranoniobit Herm., J. pr. Ch., 76, 326, 1859.
Cleveite A. E. Nordemkiold, G. For. Forh., 4. 28, 1878. Broggerite, Thor-uranin, C. W. Blomstrand, ibid., 7, 60, 1884. Nivenite Hidden and Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 38, 481, 1889.
890 Uranates.
Isometric. In octahedrons (0), also with dodecahedral planes (d) ; less often in cubes with o and d. Crystals rare. Usually massive and botryoidal; also in grains; structure sometimes columnar, or curved lamellar.
Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 5*5. G. 9O to 9'7 of crys- tals; of massive altered forms from 6 -4 upwards, see below. Luster submetallic, to greasy or pitch-like, and dull. Color grayish, greenish, brownish, velvet-black. Streak brownish black, grayish, olive-green, a little shining. Opaque.
Comp. — A nranate of uranyl, lead, usually thorium (or zirconium), often the metals of the lanthanum and yttrium groups; also containing nitrogen in varying amounts up to 2'6 p. c. Calcium and water (essential ?) are present in small quan- tities; iron also, but only as an impurity. The relation between the bases varies widely and no definite formula can yet be given. Cf. Hillebrand, ref. below.
When the composition of the minerals here provisionally included together is more thoroughly understood, it may prove that they should be separated, as two or three independent species.
The ratio of UO3 and UO2 varies widely even in different specimens from the same locality. Thus the oxygen ratio of UO3 to other bases varies from 1 : 4'37 (Branchville) to 1 : 1 in broggerite: while nivenite gives an acid ratio. This fact, coupled with the behavior of the material when treated with acids, has led Hillebraud to suggest that while the variation may be only due to alteration, it is perhaps more probable that all specimens examined are simply mix- tures of two (or more) compounds in varying amounts.
The presence of nitrogen, first shown by Hillebrand, to whom we owe most of our present knowledge of the composition of the species, is a remarkable fact, as being the only case in which this element has been identified in a mineral belonging to the original crust of the earth. The part played by the nitrogen is still uncertain; the amount seems to bear some rela- tion to the UO2 present. The nitrogen is set free, as nitrogen gas, by a non-oxidizing inorganic acid and by fusion with an alkaline carbonate; probably also by caustic alkalies in a current of C02.
Var. — The varieties of uraninite include:
1. Crystallized. Uranniobite of Hermann, from Norway. In crystals, usually octahedral, with G. varying for the most part from 9'0 to 9'7: occurs as an original constituent of coarse granites (pegmatyte). The variety from Branchville, which is as free from alteration as any yet examined, contains chiefly UO2 with a relatively small amount of UO3. Nitrogen is present in the maximum quantity, as yet observed, 26 p. c. Thoria is prominent, while the earths of the lanthanum and yttrium groups are only sparingly represented.
Broggerite, as analyzed by Hillebraud, gives the oxygen ratio of UO3 to other bases of about 1:1. It occurs in octahedral crystals, also with d and a. G. 9-03.
Cleveite and nivenite contain UOa in larger amount than the other varieties mentioned, and are characterized by containing about 10 p. c. of the yttrium earths. Cleveite is a variety from the Areudal region occurring in cubic crystals modified by the dodecahedron and octahedron. G. 7'49. Nivenite occurs massive, with indistinct crystallization. Color velvet-black. H. 5-5. G. 8'01. It is more soluble than other kinds of uraninite, being completely decom- posed by the action for one hour of very dilute sulphuric acid at 100°.
2. Massive, probably amorphous. Pitchblende; nasluran of Kobell (from vaorof, dense). Contains no thoria; the rare earths are also absent, and nitrogen is very sparingly present if at all. Water on the other hand is prominent and the specific gravity is much lower, in some cases not above 6'5. These last differences are doubtless largely due to alteration. Here belong the kinds of pitchblende which occur in metalliferous veins, with sulphides of silver, lead, cobalt, nickel, iron, zinc, copper, as that from Johanngeorgeustadt, Pfibram, etc.; probably also that from Black Hawk, Colorado, (Hillebrand).
Anal.— 1-11, 15-21, Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 40, 384, 1890; also U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 78. In the latter place the methods, results, and conclusions are stated more minutely. 12-14, 22, Id., Am. J. Sc., 42, 390, 1891. In these analyses the La2O3 group includes the earths insoluble in potassium sulphate, the Y2O3 group those soluble in it.
Earlier analyses are more or less incomplete or untrustworthy, see 5th Ed., p. 155; also Branchville, Comstock, Am. J. Sc., 19, 220, 1880 (in which the thorium is overlooked).
Further, 23, Blomstrand, 1. c. 24, G. Lindstrom, quoted by Nordenskiold, 1. c (cf. Blom- strancl, 1. c., p. 69). 25, Hidden and Mackintosh, 1. c. 26, Lorenzen, Nyt Mag., 28, 249, 1884. The absence of thorium in anal. 26, while Hillebrand obtained a considerable amount in material stated to have come from the same locality, is not explained.
For analyses, see p. 891, opposite.
Blomstrand (I.e.), in discussing the composition of the natural uranates, deduces for uraninite
Iv Vi
the formula of an ortho-uranate, U3(UO)a, or (UOa)(UO3)2 ; this Hillebrand shows has no general application.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. infusible, or only slightly rounded on the edges, sometimes coloring the outer flame green (copper). With borax and salt of phosphorus gives a yellow bead in O.F., becoming green in R.F. (uranium). With soda on charcoal gives a coating of lead oxide, and
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frequently the odor of arsenic. Many specimens give reactions for sulphur and arsenic in the- open tube. Soluble in nitric and sulpburic acids; the solubility differs widely in different varieties, being greater in those kinds containing the rare earths. Not attractable by the magnet.
Obs. — As noted above, uraninite occurs either as a primary constituent of granitic rocks or as a secondary mineral with ores of silver, lead, copper, etc. Under the latter condition it is found at Johanngeorgenstadt, Marieuberg, and Scbueeberg in Saxony, at Joachimsthal and Pfibram in Bohemia, and Rezbauya in Hungary. It is associated with torbernite at Tincrof t and Tolcarn mines near Redruth in Cornwall; also near Adrianople, Turkey. Occurs in Norway in pegmatyte veins at several points near Moss, viz.: Aunerod (broggerite), Elvestad, Huggeuas- kilen, Skraatorp; also near Areudal at the Garta feldspar quarry (clewite), associated with orthite, fergusonite, thorite, etc.
In the U. States, at the Middletown feldspar quarry, Conn., in large octahedrons, rare; also more abundantly at Hale's quarry in Glastonbury, a few miles N.E. of Middletown. At Branchville, Conn., in a pegmatyte vein, not uncommon as small octahedral crystals, often aggregated together; usually embedded in albite. In N. Carolina, at the Flat Rock mine and other mica mines in Mitchell Co., rather abundant, but usually altered, in part or entirely, to gummite and urauophane; the crystals are sometimes an inch or more across and cubic in habit. In S. Carolina, at Marietta. In Texas, at the gadolinite locality in Llano Co. (tiivenite). In large quantities at Black Hawk, near Central City, Colorado. Rather abundant in the Bald Mountain district, Black Hills, S. Dakota.
Also with monazite, etc., at the Villeneuve mica veins, Ottawa Co., Quebec, Canada.
Cleveite is named after the Swedish chemist, P. T. Cleve. Broggerite after the Swedish mineralogist, W. C. Brogger. Nivenite after Mr. William Niven, of New York City.
Alt. — The hydrous mineral called gummite occurs asa result of the alteration of this species; also uranic ocher.
Coracite is from about 90 m. above Sault Ste. Marie, on the north side of L. Superior; it appears to be a uraninite partly altered to gummite. Analyses. — 1, Whitney, Am. J. Sc., 7, 434, 1849, 5th ed., p. 155. 2, Genth, ibid., 23, 421, 1857. Whitney found 15'92 p. c. CaCO3, which was separated by Genth before analysis.
UOi.UO, PbO Fe2O, CaO MgO SiO3 H2O
1. 72-60 6-56 2-74 5'99 - 5'33 5-68 A12O3 Mo 100
2. 62-68c 7-39 3'51 5'33 0'56 13-15 6-14" A12O3 0'52 99 28
FeO. b Incl. CO2. c UO3 46'21, UO2 16-47.
712. GUMMITE. Feste Uranokker pt. Wern.. Min. Syst., 26, 1817, Hoffm. Min., 4, a, 279. Lichtes Uranpecherz Freiesleben. Urauisches Gummi-Erz, Breith., Uib., 60, 1830, Char., 218, 1832. Urangumrni Breith., Handb., 903, 1847. Phosphor-Gumniit Herm., J. pr. Ch., 76, 327, 1859.
Uranisches Pittin-Erz, Pittinus inferior, Breith., Haudb., 901, 1847. Eliasit Haid., Jb. G. Reichs., 3, No. 4, 124, 1852. Pittinit Herm., J. pr. Ch., 76, 322, 1859.
, Crystalline (Foullon); perhaps in part amorphous. In rounded or flattened pieces, looking much like gum.
H. 2-5-3. G. 3-9-4-20 Breith. Luster greasy. Color reddish yellow to orange- or hyacinth-red, reddish brown. Streak yellow. Feebly translucent. Comp. — An alteration-product of uraninite of doubtful composition. Foullon calculates the formula (Pb,Ca,Ba)U3SiOi2+6H2O, for the essential part of gummite which is associated with uranophaue (p. 699) and sometimes intimately mixed with it.
Anal.—l, Kersten, . J., 66, 18, 1832. 2, Ragsky, Pogg., Erg., 4, 348, 1854. 3, Her- mann, 1. c. 4-10, von Foullou, Jb. G. Reichs., 33, 1, 1883. 11, Geuth, Am. Ch. J., 1, 89, 1879.
1. Johanngeorgenstadt
2. Joachimsthal, Eliat.
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4. " Ettas.
8. Mitchell Co., N.C.
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Genth, discussing anal. 11, arrives at the conclusion that it represents a mixture of uranium hydrate (40 p. c.), uranotile (33 '4), lead urauate (22"7), and barium uranale (4-3).
Pyr., etc. — Yields much water and a bituminous odor. With salt of phosphorus in O.F. gives a yellow bead, becoming green in R.F. (due to uranium), leaving an undissolved skeleton of silica.
Obs. — From Johanngeorgenstadt, with urauinite. Eliasite and pittimteare from Joachims- thai, where they occur with pitchblende. Eliasite is somewhat resin-like in aspect: G. 4'(>87- 4'23? Zeph. Color dull reddish brown. Pittinite is black in color; streak olive-green; luster greasy submetallic; G. 4 -5 0 Breith. ; 5'16 Herm.
Gummite is also abundant at the Flat Rock mine, Mitchell Co., N. C. ; crystals examined by Foullon consisted of a lemon-yellow granular or earthy exterior (uranophane) inclosing the orange-red gummite and often in the center a nucleus of urauinite. Also at many other localities with uraniuite, as at Branchville, etc. On coracite see p. 892.
YTTROGUMMITE A. E. Norde.nskiold, G. For. Forh., 4 31, 1878. Occurs with cleveite (p. 890) and is probably a final decomposition-product of it. It has the appearance of orangite. Luster brilliant. Color black to yellow. Translucent- fracture couchoidal. Optically auiso- tropic. H. 5. A hydrous compound containing yttrium and uranium oxides. Between the black opaque cleveite and the translucent honey-yellow yttrogummite occur many intermediate products.
THOROGTJMMITE Hidden and Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 38, 480, 1889. Occurs with ferguson- ite, cyrtolite, and other species at the gadolinite locality in Llano Co., Texas. Usually massive, sometimes in groups of crystals near zircon in form. H. 4-4'5. 'G. 4'43-4-54. Color dull yellowish brown. Easily soluble in nitric acid. After ignition becomes of a dull greenish hue. Anal. :
UO, ThO2 SiOa (Ce,Y),O3 PbO A12O, FeaO, CaO H2O
22-43 41-44 13'08 669* 216 0'96 0-85 0'41 7'88 PaOs 1-19, hygr. HaO 1-23
98-38 a At. . 135.
The formula calculated for the above is UOs.3ThOa.3SiOa.6HaO.
CHLOROTHORITE Hidden, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sc., 8, 185, May 27, 1889. A name provisionally suggested for "a tetragonal thorium silico-uranate. " Apparently the same as the above, thoro- gummite. So named because it turns green upon ignition.
713. URANOSPHffiRITE. WeisbacJi, Jb. Berg-Hiltt. Sachs., and Jb. Min., 315, 1873.
In half -globular aggregated forms, sometimes with a dull or a slightly lustrous surface, sometimes rough and drusy, made up of minute acutely-terminated crys- tals. Structure concentric, also radiated.
H. 2'3, G-. — 6'36. Color orange-yellow, brick-red (Winkler). Luster greasy. Streak vellow.
Comp.— (Bi6),U,07.3H20 or Bi,03.2TJ03.3H20 Uranium trioxide 52-7, bis- muth trioxide 42'4, water 4/9 — 100.
Anal.— 1, 2 Winkler: 1, impurities (11 p. c.) deducted, 2, perfectly pure material, J. pr. Ch.. 7, 5, 1873.
UO, BiaOs H2O
1. 50-32 44-12 5-56 100
2. 50-88 44-34 4'75 99'97
Pyr., etc.— Decrepitates on heating, and falls to pieces to a mass of crystalline needles, with silky luster, homogeneous and of brown color.
Obs. — Occurs with other related uranium minerals at die mine VVeisser Hirsch, near Schneeberg, Saxony.
Oxygen Salts. 6. SULPHATES, CHROMATES, TELLURATES.
A. Anhydrous Sulphates, etc.
B. Acid and Basic Sulphates.
C. Hydrous Sulphates.
A. Anhydrous Sulphates, etc.
714. Mascagnite
715. Taylorite
716. Thenardite
717. Aphthitalite
a-.l 0-5642 : 1
(NH4),S04 Orthorhombic
(Nh4)9S04.5K8S04
Na2S04 Orthorhombic a:l:6 0-5976 : 1 (K,Na)aS04 Bhombohedral
718. Glauberite NaaCa(S04)s
6 1-2839
a : I : 6 Monoclinic 1-2200 : 1 : 1-0275 /3 67° 49'
Barite Group. ESQ.. Orthorhombic.
a
BaS04
SrS04
PbS04
CaS04
ZnS04 (artif.)
CuS04
719. Barite
720. Celestite
721. Anglesite
722. Anhydrite
723. Zinkosite
724. Hydrocyanite
a : t : 6 ft
725. Crocoite PbCr04 Monoclinic 0-9603 : 1 : 0-9159 77° 33'
726. Phcenicochroite Pb3Cr209 Orthorhombic?
727. Vauquelinite 2(Pb,Cu)Cr04.(Pb,Cu)3P208 Monoclinic
a : I : 6 0-7498 : 1 : 1-3908; ft 69° 3'
714. MASCAGNITE. Mascagni, Dei Lagoni, etc., in Siena, 1779. Sel ammoniac ritriolique, Sel ammoniac secret de Glauber (fr. Solfatara near Naples), Sage, Min., 1, 62, 1777. Ammoniaque sulfatee Fr. Sulphate of Ammonia. Maskagoin Karst., Tab., 40, 75, 1800. Schwefelsaures Ammoniak Germ.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-5642 : 1 : 0-7309 Mitscherlich1. 100 A HO 29° 26', 001 A 101 52° 20', 001 A Oil 36° 10'.
Taylorite—Thenardite. 895
Forms: a (100, i-l), & (010, M). c (001, 0); m (110, J), / (130, S); u (Oil, (021, 24); o (111, 1).
oo' 92° 34', oo'" 48° 8'.
Twins: tw. pi. ?n, pseudo-hexagonal, like the artificial potassium sulphate. Usually in mealy crusts and stalactitic forms.
Cleavage: c distinct. H. 2-2'5. G. 1 '76-1-77. Luster when crystal- lized, vitreous. Color yellowish gray, lemon-yellow. Translucent. Taste pungent and bitter.
Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Bx a. Dispersion weak, p v. Ax. angles: 2Er 87° 44', 2Ebl 88° 47'. The angle is increased by rise of temperature, Dx.a Comp. — Ammonium sulphate, (NH4)SS04 Sulphur trioxide 60*6, ammonium oxide 39-4 100.
Pyr., etc. — lu the closed tube yields water and is sublimed; with lime gives off ammonia vapors. Dissolves readily in water.
Obs. — Occurs about volcanoes, in the fissures of the lava, as at Etna, Vesuvius, and the Lipari Isles, and is also one of the products of the combustion of mineral coal. Also found in the guano of the Guafiape Islands, Peru. Named after Professor Mascagui.
Ref.— ' Artif. cryst., Pogg., 18, 169, 1830; Rg., Kr.'Ch., 387, 1871. 2 Propr. Opt., 2, 24, 1859, N. R., 96, 1867.
715. TAYLORITE. Sulphate of Potash and Ammonia W. J. Taylor, Proc. Ac. Philad., 309, 1859. Taylorite Dana, Min., 614, 1868.
In small compact lumps or concretions; structure crystalline.
H. 2. Color yellowish white. Taste pungent and bitter. Unalterable in the air.
Comp — 5K2S04.(NH4)SS04 Sulphur trioxide 47 -8, potash 46'9, ammonium oxide 5-2 - 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, W. J. Taylor, 1. c.
SO, Na,O KaO (NH4)O
1. 48-40 1-68 43-45 5'37 org. matter tr. 98'90
2. 48-30 46-49 5'10 " " tr. 99'89
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on platinum foil blackens and fuses with difficulty, leaving a white bead, which is soluble in water and tastes a little saline and bitter. Heated in a platinum crucible becomes first black and then snow-white, not fusing at a high heat (Taylor).
Obs. — From the guano beds of the Chiucha Islands.
An artificial sulphate of potassium and ammonium was described by Link as early as 1796. According to Lang the salt 10KaSO4.(NH4)2SO4 is isomorphous with potassium sulphate and like that occurs in pseudohexagonal forms, both twins and trillings, Ber. Ak. Wien, 31, 97,
716. THENARDITE. /. L. Casaseca, Ann. Ch. Phys., 32, 308, 1826. Pyrotechnite Scacchi, Mem. Incend. Vesuv., Napoli, 1855. Makite Adam, Tabl. Min., 61, 1869.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0 5976 : 1 : 1-2524 Barwald1.
100 A HO 30° 51f, 001 A 101 64° 29£', 001 A Oil 51° 23f.
Forms': c (001, 0); b (010, i-l); m (110, /); r (101. 1-1) and e (Oil, 1-i)4 as. tw. pi.; t (106, £I)4, o (111, 1), a (181, 3-3").
Angles: mm" 61°.43f , It' 38° 30 J', rr' 128° 59', ee' 102° 47', co 67° 43f, cs 76° 55', oo' *105° 11', oo'" - *56° 41', ss' 56° 39', ts'" 116° 34'.
Twins: tw. pi. (1) r (101 )8; (2) e (Oil), cruciform twins4 (f. 3), the vertical axes inclined 102° 47' and 77° 13'. Habit pyramidal, o with c; also short prismatic or tabular with c rough and striated.
Cleavage : c distinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H.= 2-3. G. — 2-68-2 69. Luster vitreous. Color white to brownish. Transparent to translucent.
Sulphates, (Jhromates, Etc.
Optically -f-. Ax. pi. c. Bx a. Dispersion weak, p v (oil). Axial angles, Barwald*:
2Ha.r 83° 36' Li 2Ha.y 83° 35' Na 2Ha.gr 83° 35' Tl .'. 2Vr 89° 59' 2H0.r=96°20' 2H0.y=96°25 2H0.gr 96° 31' .-. 2Vp 90° Of
Also Des Cloizeaux6:
2Er 152° 42'; and (from H, and H0) 2Vr 83° 5' 2Vb, 82° 39' ftt 1-470 A,, 1'488 Thenardite probably goes over to a hexagonal form on heating7.
Figs. 1, Atacama. 2, 3, California, Ayres.
Comp.— Sodium sulphate, Na2S04 Sulphur trioxide 43'7, soda 56*3 100. Anal.— 1, Dunham, Am. J. Sc., 22, 204, 1881. 2, Barwald, 1. c., containing a little glauberite. Also 3, Darapsky, Jb. Miu., 1, 66, 1890. Also 5th Ed., p. 616.
1. Arizona
2. Aguas Blancas
3. Atacama
SO3 Na2O CaO
G. 2-681 f 56-36 [43'02J 0'12 MgO 0'02, Cl O'lO, insol. 0'38 100 54-34 41-91 2-66 H3O 0'93 99'84
54-24 41-66 0'23 A1O, 0'06, Fe2O3 0'20, MgO 0-07, Cl 0'36,
(msol. 2-45, H3O 0-73 100
Pyr., etc. — Colors the blowpipe flame deep yellow. Wholly soluble in water.
Obs. — Often observed in connection with salt lakes, as iu Central Asia, Africa, etc.; thus in lakes north of the Caspian; in the Caucasus; on the shores of Lake Balkhash, Central Asia. Also in Spain, at Espartinas, 5 leagues from Madrid and 2£ from Aranjuez. The water exudes during wiuter from the bottom of a basin, and becoming concentrated in the summer season, deposits crystals of thenardite. Also in S. America in Tarapaca, Chili (called Sal de San bebastian), also near Agnas Blaucas, at Salinas and other points in the desert of Atacama (cf. Darapsky). Also on the scoria of Vesuvius (pyrotechnite) of the eruption of 1855; on solution and evaporation, octahedral crystals were obtained by Scacchi with the planes m, r, o, s, with mm'" - 61° 23', rr' - 128° 58', etc.
In the U. S. forms extensive deposits on the Rio Verde, Arizona (anal. 1). In California, at Borax Lake, San Bernardino Co., with hanksite, glauberite. etc. With ulexite, etc., at Rhodes Marsh, Esmeralda Co., Nevada.
Pseudomorphs of calcite or less often quartz after thenardite, in part twins with r as tw. pi., occur in volcanic tufa of the hill Rosenegg in the Hegau, southern Wurtemberg.
Ref. — ' Aguas Blancas, Zs. Kr. , 6, 36, 1881. The position is that suggested by Hausmann (Pogg., 83, 577, 1851) to show the isomorphism with the corresponding potash salt; see also Mitsch., Pogg., 12, 139, 1828 (artif. cryst.); Sec., 1. c.: Rg., Kr. Ch., 394, 1881; Milgge, Jb. Min., 2, 1, 1884. Cf. Sec. 3 Cf. Dx., N. R., 100, 1867, Barwald, etc. 4 E. F. Ayres, Am. J. Sc., 37. 235, 1889. 6 On pseudomorphs from the Rosenegg, Leuze, Jahresheft. Ver. Wilrtt., 319, 1889. 6 L. c. ' Cf. Milgge, 1. c.
DIHYDRO-THENARDITE [J. Russ. Phys.-Ch. Ges., 19. 252, 22, 26, 27], Ber. Ch. Ges., 20, 546 ref., 1887, Jb. Min., 1, 16ref., 1890, J. Ch. Soc., 60, 156, 1891.
Described by Markovnikov as a hydrous sodium sulphate, NajSO4.2H3O, from L. Gori, Gov't Tiflis. Form mbnoclinic with c (001), m (110), I (210), p (111) with a : b : c 0-4651 : 1 : 0'7194, ft 78° 55' Wyrouboff. Cleavage c. Later stated to be only blodite (astrakanite) containing thenardite in considerable amount.
Aphthitalite. 897
717. APHTHITALITE. Vesuvian Salt Smithson, Phil. Trans., 256, 1813. Aphthalose Beud., Tr., 2, 477, 1832. Aphthitalile, Shepard, Min., 1, 36, 1835. Aftalosa. Aftalosio, Sofato potassico, Ital.
Arcauite Haid., Handb., 492, 1845. Glaserite Hausm., Handb., 1137, 1847. Sulphate of Potash, ttchwefelsaures Kali, Kalisulphat, Germ. Potasse sult'atee_J'V1
Ehombohedral. Axis 6 1-2839; 0001 A 1011 *56° 0' Mitscherlich1. Forms: c (0001, 0); m (1010, /); a (1120, i-2), e (1012, 4), r (1011, R), d(0114, - $), (0112, - y (0111, - 1).
Angles: 00 36° 33', ry 48° 59, ee 62° 6', rr' 91° 46*'.
1. 2. 3.
Figs. 1-3, Douglashall, Bucking.
Occurs in rhombohedral crystals, often thin tabular; also in distorted forms which appear to be orthorhombic in symmetry, and again united in groups resem- bling the pseudohexagonal twins of aragonite (1 3), but throughout optically uniaxial (Bkg.). Also in blades made up of aggregated crystals; massive, or im- perfectly mammillary, and in crusts.
Cleavage: m rather distinct; c imperfect. H. 3-3-5. G-. — 2-63-2-656 Bkg. Luster vitreous, inclined to resinous. Color white, sometimes tinged with blue or green. Transparent to translucent, or opaque. Taste saline and bitter, disagreeable. Unalterable in the air. Optically +. Indices :
oo 1-493 e 1-501 Senarmont (Dx.).
ForNa, GO 1-4907 e 1-4993 Bucking.
Comp. — Sulphate of potassium and sodium, (K,Na)aS04; if K : Na 3 : 1, as found by Sec. (1. c.) the percentage composition is: Sulphur trioxide 48'2, potash 42'5, soda 9-3; or, Potassium sulphate 78*6, sodium sulphate 2L'4 100.
Geserick (quoted by Bucking) found that crystals from Douglashall near Westeregeln, con- taining 10 to 14 p. c. of sodium chloride as impurity, consisted of K3SO4 and NaaSO4 in the ratio of 5 : 2, and 3 : 1. An analysis of the Rocalmuto salt gave Rath, Pogg. Ann., Erg.-Bd., 6, 360, 1873:
SO, 49'50 K2O 33-24 NaaO [17-26] 100
This corresponds nearly to 4K2SO4 -f- 3Na2SO4.
Pyr., etc. — Fuses before the blowpipe without intumescence. Soluble in water.
Obs. — Found at Vesuvius, upon lava, in delicate crystallizations, and also in masses an inch or more in thickness. Occurs at Douglashall near Westeregelu in blodite, which with the halite forms a deposit between kainite and halite in the kieserite region. Also at Rocalmuto, Sicily. These crystals were regarded by Ratli MS orthorhombic, but Strilver shows (Reud. Ace. Line., 5, 750, 1889) that it is throughout optically uniaxial and identical with aphthitalite of Scacchi. Bucking earlier proved the same for the Westeregeln crj'stals as above noted.
The artificial salt (K,Na)2SO4 is dimorphous. Of. Mitscherlich, 1. c., or Rg., Kr. Ch., 401, 1881. Sec., Mem. Ace. Napoli, 1, read May 12, 1863 (Polisimm. Crist., p. 11 et seq.), also 5, Mch. 12, 1870; 6. Dec. 13. 1873. Rath, Pogg. Erg., 6, 362, 1873. Mid., Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 226, 1882; also arcanite beyond.
Named aphthalose by Beudaut, in 1832, from 0$zroS, unalterable, and a A 5, salt; and changed, by Shepard. to the less incorrect form from these Greek words, aphthitalite. Arcanite of Haidiuger was derived from one of its alchemistic names, Arcanum duplicatum. Glaserite given by Hausmann in 1847, after the chemist Christoph Glaser (1664), the salt having been early called Sal polychrestum Glaseri.
Ref.— J Artif. cryst., Pogg. Ann., 58, 468, 1843. The rhombohedral nature of the Vesuviiin mineral was shown by Scacchi. Bucking obtained for the Douglashall crystals, 0001 A 1012 — 36 38', whence c 1-2879, Zs. Kr., 15, 561. 1889.
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
The following description is based upon the artificial potassium sulphate, which thus far has not been identified in nature, although formerly supposed to be represented by the mineral from Rocalmuto.
ARCANITE. Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : c 0'5727 : 1 : 0'7464 Mitscherlich.
100 A 110= 29° 48', 001 A 101 52° 30', 001 A Oil 36° 44* .
Forms : a (100, i-l), b (010, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, I), /(130, £3); e(102, H): (011, l-l)\ v (021, 24), s (112, i), o (111, 1).
Angles: mm'" *59° 36', ff' 60° 24', ee' 66° 11', uu' — 73° 28V, OT' *112° 22', 36° 54', co 56° 21', M' 62° 49', ss'" 34° 43V, oo' 92° 29', oo'" 48° 52'.
Twins: tw. pi. m, repeated, yielding pseudohexagonal forms, resem- bling aragonite; also/ (130). Crystals prismatic, in, also pyramidal, o. Cleavage: c distinct; also b, m. Fracture uneven to conchoidal. Rather brittle. Optically +. Ax. pi. a. Bx ± c. Dispersion feeble, p v oil, p v in air. Axial angles, Dx.:
2Ha.r 68° 3V
Also ttT 1-4920
2Er 110° 15'; 2Ha.bi 67° 31' .-. 2Ebi 110° 26' 1-4935 r7 1'4970 .'. 2Vy 66° 30'
2E, 109° 57'
The axial angle is increased about 10° C. in passing from 17° to 155° '8 C. Mallard notes that crystals are uuiaxial and negative above 650°.
Composition : Potassium sulphate, K2SO4 Sulphur trioxide 46'0, potash 54-0 100; also (K,Na)2SO4.
On artif. cryst., Pogg., 18, 169, 1830; 58, 468, 1843. Kg., Kr. Ch., 389, 401, 1871; also Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 12, 308, 1886, Tf. vi. Cf. also Sec., etc., references under aphthitalite. Dx Propr. Opt., 2, 23, 1859; N. R., 98, 1867. See also Mid., on the effect of heat, Bull. Soc. Min'., 5, 219, 1882.
718. GLAUBERITE. Glauberite Brongniart, J. Mines, 23, 5, 1808. Brongniartin Leonh., Handb., 270, 1826.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 1-21998 : 1 : 1-02749 ; § 67° 49' 7" 001 A 100 Zepharovich1.
100 A HO *48° 29' 6", 001 A 101 30° 36' 54", 001 A Oil 43° 34' 30".
Forms2 :
c (302, f-i)
ft (113, - i)6
(111,
-1)
n (ill, 1)
a (100, i-l)
(201, 2-i)
S (112, - I)6
i (661,
- 6)3
a; (331, 3)
c (001, 0)
/ (023, f-i)5
a (334, - |)4
0 (113,
.,
e (311, 3-3)
771(110, J)
0 (021, 24)'
e (445, - |)4
it (112,
I)3
Fig. 1, Common form. 2, Aranjuez, Laspeyres. 3, Westeregeln, after Zepharovich.
Wto'"
96°
58'
cS
27° 57'
24°
oca'
55° 2'
cz
65°
55'
ca —
36° 41'
cu
36°
11'
ee'
57° 2'
ct
76°
52'
ce
38° 7'
en
61°
0'
ss' -
63° 42'
—
64°
cs
43° 2'
ex
89°
17'
nn' —
87° 7f
Qq'
124°
33'
cm
*75° 30'
30"
31°
1H'
ee'
44° 15'
ViS
*fl
20"
*32° 28'
45"
Ss
42°
31'
Glauberite—Barite Group: Barite. 899
Crystals tabular c, the prism m sometimes wanting; also prismatic by exten- sion of s (111). Faces c and 5 often striated edges with c/s.
Cleavage: c perfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. =2*5-3. G. 2'7- 2'85. Luster vitreous. Color pale yellow or gray; sometimes brick-red. Streak white. Taste slightly saline.
Optically — . Ax. pi. 3; also b. Axial angles very variable with change of temperature. Bxa.r A c - 31° 3', Bxa.y - 30° 46', Bxa.bl A 6 - 30° 10'. The optical character (— ) aud the position of the axes of elasticity remain sensibly constant between 0D and 100°. The ax. pi., however, at first .1 b with horizontal dispersion and v p becomes on rise of temperature b with inclined dispersion and v p. The axial angle accord- ingly diminishes to 0° at a temperature depending upon the wave-length and then increases in the new plane. In white light, therefore, the interference-figures are abnormal and change with rise in temperature. Axial angles, Laspeyres7:
red (Li) yellow (Na) green (Tl) blue
At 5° 2E 16° 6' 14° 8' 11° 42' 8° 51'
22° 13° 30' 11° 8' 8° 14' 0° (at 18°)
36° 11° 1' 8° 9' 0° 8° 42'
46° 8° 40' 0° 7° 8' 11° 8'
58° 0° 7° 14' 10° 32' 13° 2'
85° 10° 47 13° 14' 15° 15' 17° 7'
Comp.— Na2S04.CaS04 Sulphur trioxide 57'6, lime 201, soda 22*3 100; or, Sodium sulphate 511, calcium sulphate 48*9 100. Analyses agree closely, see 5th Ed., p. 628.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. decrepitates, turns white, and fuses at 1'5 to a white enamel, coloring the flame intensely yellow. On charcoal fuses in O.F. to a clear bead; inR.F. a portion is absorbed by the charcoal, leaving an infusible hepatic residue. With soda on charcoal gives the reaction for sulphuric acid. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. In water it loses its transparency, is partially dissolved, leaving a residue of calcium sulphate and in a large excess this is completely dis- solved. On long exposure absorbs moisture aud falls to pieces.
Obs. — In crystals in rock salt at Villa Rubia, near Ocana, in New Castile; also at Aussee, in Upper Austria; Berchtesgaden, in Bavaria; at Douglashall, Westeregeln, also at Leopoldshall, Stassfurt, sometimes in large crystals 3X2 inches across; at the salt mines of Vic, in France; at Vareugeville, near Nancy, a red variety in salt with polyhalite and anhy- drite; with thenardite, hanksite, etc., Province of Tarapaca, Chili, with ulexite; at the Mayo salt mines in Punjab, India. In the volcanic tufa of the hill Rosenegg, Rielasiugen, Hegau, crystals changed to calcite.
In crystals in the Rio Verde Valley, Arizona, with thenardite, mirabilite, etc.; the crystals are tabular c with the prism nearly wanting; they are sometimes altered to calcite, cf. Blake, 1. c. Borax lake, San Bernardino Co., California.
Alt. — Occurs altered to calcite, as above noted.
Artif. — On the artificial preparation of glauberite, J. Fritzsche, J. pr. Ch., 72, 291, 1857; Rg., ibid., 35, 105, 1887.
Ref.— ' Westeregeln, Ber. Ak. Wien, 69 (1), 16. 1874. Mir., Min. p. 532, cf. also Zeph., 1. c. 3 Senarmont, Iquique, Chili, Ann. Ch. Phys., 36, 157, 1852. 4 Zeph., 1. c. 5 Schimper, Punjab, India, Zs. Kr., 1, 70, 1877. 6 E. S. D., Arizona, quoted by Blake, Am. J. Sc., 39, 43, 1890. ' Lasp., Zs. Kr., 1, 529, 1877.
SULPHATITE. This name has been given to liquid sulphuric acid which is present in water in some volcanic regions and at other points. Cf. 5th Ed., p. 614.
Barite Group. Orthorhombic.
719. BARITE. Lapis Bononiensis, Litheosphorus, F. Licetus, Utini, 1640; Mentztl, in Misc. Ac. N. Cur., 1673, 1674, and Lap. Bon. in obscuro lucens, 1675. (1) Lysesten, Bononien- sisksten, Gypsum irregulare, lamellosum, etc., Wall., Miu., 56, 1747; (2) M armor metallicum, Spatum tessuhire (G. 4'266), id, 58, 1747. (1) Gypsum spatosum pt., Marmor metallicum, Spatum Bononiense (G 4'5), Tungspat, Cronst., Min., 21, 1758; (2) Terra calcarea phlogisto et acido vitrioli inixta, Leswersten, Lapis hepaticus, id., 25) 1758. Gypsum ponderosum D. Born, Lithoph., 1, 14, 1772. Spath pesant ou seleniteux de Lisle, Crist., 1772, with figs. ; ib., 1783. Heavy Spar; Bolognian Spar; Cauk, Calk, Cawk, Derbysh. Miners, Withering, Phil. Tr., 1784. Schwerspath Wern., etc. Spathum pouderpsum Terra ponderosa vitriolata Bergm., Sciagr., 1782. Sulphate of Baryta. Baryte sulfatee Fr. Schwefelsaures Baryt Germ. Stangensputh W*rn Sfrahlbaryt. Baroselenite Kirw., Min., 1, 136, 1794. Barytite Delameth., T. T., 2, 8,
900 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
1797. Baryt Karst., Tab., 38, 75, 1800. Baryte H.t Tr., 2, 1801. Barytiue Beud., Tr., 441, 1824. Barytes. Michel-levy te Lacroix, C. R., 108, 1126, 1889. Schwersputh Germ. Tungspat Swed. Spato pesato Hal. Baritina Ital. , Span.
Hepatit Karst., Tab., 38, 75, 1800; Lapis hepaticus Cronst., v. supra; Terr. pond. vit. petroleo imbutu Bergm., Sciagr., 1782; — Leberstein pt. Germ.; — Fetid Heavy Spar. Allomor- phit Breith., J. pr. Cb., 15, 322, 1838. Calstronbarite Shep., Am. J. Sc., 34, 161, 1838. Barytocolestiu Waltersh., Pogg., 94, 137, 1855.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-81520 : 1 : 1-31359 Helmhacker1.
100 A HO 39° 11' 13", 001 A 101 58° 10' 36", 001 A Oil 52° 43' 8".
Forms2 :
o- (105, H)
e (089, f4)?
z (111,1)
f (364, f2)
a (100, i4)
1 (104, f i)
o (Oil, 14)
;? (441, 4)6
2 (121, 2-2)
b (010,
# (103, H)
(021, 2-i)
it (916, f-9)s
-4 (362, 3-2)
c (001, 0)
g (308, f-i)1J
If (031, 34)16
n (718, f 7)3
t (136, 1-3)
T (410, 4)
K (205, f 4)
a; (041, 4-i)9
I (14-2-9, -V4--)3
/ (133, 1-3)
/S (310, i-3) A (210, i-2)
V (508, f 4)
£1 (051, 5-i)16 C (0-11-2, Y-*)?
X (15-3-10, f5)3 S (414, 1-4)
s (132, |-3) $ (131, 3-3)3
17(530, i-|)
£ (203, |4)
s (071, 74)"
6 (28-7-24, J-4)3
77 (320, z'-f)
r (405, H)15
Jj (0-10-1, 104)
(11-3-6, V-V-)6
h (540, z-f)6
To (110, /)
JV(230, z-1) (120, i-2)
M, (23-0-24, ff-i)3 w (101, 14) 17(201, 24)*
e (1-1-20,)' E (119, & (118, £) P (H6, i)4
a? (313, l-3)s y (312, |-3) J (524, f -|)s 0 (213, f-2)18
/a (144, l-4> € (142, 2-4)3 T (141, 4-4> (155, 1-5)
X (130, i-3)
a (0-1-12, Ty?)
r (324, 3-|)13
C (154, f-5)5
Z (140. i-l)
or (018, H)
9 (114, i)
v (212, 1-2)
(153, f-5)7-8
E (150, i-5)16
K (109, f J)14 TF(108, f i) (106, H)
S (014, £4)" 0 (012, |4) # (023, ft)1*
r (112,' I) J? (223, f ) f (334,1)
.$ (128, f2)16 u (124, i-2) y (122, 1-2)
S (151, 5-5)3 W (166, 1-6)6 0 (176, |-7)5 T (1-8-12, f-8)
B (056, f-i)?
The above list includes all common forms and some others. Recent investigations have added a large number to these, some of which can be accepted without question, others are doubtful, and still others are simply vicinal planes. These additions are as follows :
(10-1-0)18, (710)18, (610)18, (740)15, (13-7-0)18, (320)22, (450)21', (650)33, (7'H-O)18, (370)18, (130)M, (4-11-Oy", (290)18, (1-22-0)43, (1-30-0)23, (1-44'W3, (l'50'O)53?
(1-0 40)18, (1-0-30)18, (1-0-13)18, (107)18, (307)11, (19-0-48)18, (307)'1, (22-Q-15)18, (405)', (18-Q-7)18.
(0-2-5)50, (0-5-12)18, (035)20, (079)ls, (0-16-1), (0-20-1)'-13.
(1-1-27)18, (1-1-25)", (1-1-lOV9, (117)S1, (6-6-13)15.
(10-1-7)10, (56-8-35)10, (55-11-30)10, '(12-4-9)1', (H'5'55)12, (322)18?, (28-16-7)23, (455)13?, (3'4'10)13? (1-2-44)18, (1-2-40)", (137)18, (159)18, (177)1', (1-23'20)20.
Also other forms in etching-figures, cf. Valentine2' (36'35-0), (750), (1-0-50), (1-0 -20), (905), (22-20-55), (2-21-21).
TT'" - 23° 2' dd' *77° 42' 56" ez 64° 19' vv' 106° 49'
ft/f" 30° 24' uu' - 116° 21' ep — 83° 9' yy' 52° 2'
AA'" 44° 21' UU' 145° 31' cy 6go as' 40= 4'
Tjr>'" 57° 3' aa' 18° 39' cv - 60° 7' rr"' 54° 10*'
mm'" *78° 22' 26" 00' 66° 36' cy - 57° 1' zz'" 69° 25'
-ZVJV 78° 33' oo' 105° 26' cs 64° 50' w'" 38' 12'
nn' 63° 3' ii' 138° 19' cp 53° 57' yy'" 91° 18'
XX' 44° 29' . Uo 34. cQ 53° 31' 113° 49'
7- ri nio o' CAC — Ot
cv 22° 35 tw' 34° 37' md 60° 54'
ww' - 30° 4' eg 27° 28' ff' - 53° 24' mo 59° 49'
II' 43° 53' cf 34° 43 rr' 67° 55' do =61° 51'
gg 56° 29' cr 46° 6' zz' 88° 37
Barite Group— Barite.
Twins"4: (1) m, only as tw. lamellae, developed by pressure and producing a -structure somewhat similar to that of a triclinic feldspar. (2) (601) also as tw. lamellae, forming striations on c and m, the latter inclined about 19° to the vertical edge; (3) o (Oil) as polysynthetic tw. lamellae, also producing fine striations which
Figs. 1-8, 10, 11, Simple forms. 9, Buckingham Co., Va. 12, De Kalb, N. Y., Chester. 13, Colorado. 14, Cheshire. 15, Vernasca, Sansoni.
on m are inclined about 45° to the basal edge._ Crystals commonly tabular c, and united in diverging groups having the axis I in common; also prismatic, most frequently axis I, d (102) predominating, but also axis 6, m prominent, or again a with o (Oil) prominent. Earely apparently hemimorphic" in direction of axes
902 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
a (f. 12) or 6, but only as a result of secondary development, not properly a molecular hemimorphism as concluded, after pyroelectrical experiments, by Hankel, and also by Valentin on the ground of the symmetry of the etching- figures. Also in globular forms, fibrous or lamellar, crested; coarsely laminated, laminae convergent and often curved; also granular, resembling white marble, and earthy; colors sometimes banded as in stalagmite.
Cleavage: c perfect; m also perfect, fig. 1 the form yielded by cleavage; also b imperfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 2 "5-3 -5. G. 4*3-4 -6; 4'486, Gr. Rose, a pure colorless crystal. Luster vitreous, inclining to resinous; sometimes pearly on c, less often on in. Streak white. Color white; also inclining to yellow, gray, blue, red, or brown, dark brown. Transparent to translucent to opaque. Sometimes fetid, when rubbed.
Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Bx a. Refractive indices, etc., Arzrunr" :
a ft y 2E 2V
ForC 20° 1-63351 1'63457 1 '64531
" D " 1-63609 1-63712 1-64795 64° 1' 37° 28'
" F " 1-64254 1-64357 1 '65469
ForD 50° 1-63575 1-63678 1-64726 38° 43'
" " 100° 1-63512 1-63612 1-64643 68° 51' 40° 15'
" " 200° 1-63344 1-63474 1-64426 77° 16 (204°) 44° 18'
Dx. gives 2Er 63° 5' at 12° C., 69° 49' at 95°-5, 74° 42' at 195'8°.
Var. — 1. Ordinary, (a) Crystals usually broad or stout; sometimes very large, weighing 100 Ibs. ; again in slender needles. (b) Crested; massive aggregations of tabular crystals, the crystals projecting at surface into crest-like forms, (c) Columnar; the columns often coarse (Stangenspath) and loosely aggregated, and either radiated (Strahlbaryt) or parallel; rarely fine fibrous. Werner's Stangenspath was from Freiberg, ( globular or nodular concretions, subtibrous or columnar within. Bologna Stone is here included, being radiated, globular, often reddish gray in color. It is from a bed of clay in Mt. Pateruo, near Bologna, and was early a source of wonder because of the phosphorescence it exhibited after heating with charcoal. "Bologna phosphorus" was made from it in the form of sticks, by powdering the mineral and uniting it again with gum. (e) Lamellar, either (a) straight or (/?) curved; the latter sometimes as aggregations of curved scale-like plates; the krummschaliger Schwerspath of Werner, from Freiberg, is included here; it contained some lime, and Breithaupt gives mm'" 78° 7' and G. 4'02-4'29. (/) Granular, (g) Compact or cry ptocrystal line, (h) Earthy, (i) Stalactitic and stalagmitic; similar in structure and origin to calcareous stalactites and stalagmites and of much beauty when polished.
Michel-levyle from Perkin's Mill, Templeton, Quebec, was described by Lacroix as a mono- clinic form of barium sulphate, but shown by the author (Am. J. Sc., 39, 61, 1890) to be simple barite. It is peculiar in showing a strong pearly luster parallel usually to one face of prismatic cleavage (also to both) and in this direction separates easily into thin laminae. This is the result of pressure from the inclosing crystalline limestone, which has also produced polysynthetic twinning! m (110) and o(011). Cf. Bauer24, who has studied the twinning structure minutely and who shows that crystals standing free in cavities are without these secondary tw. lamellae and peculiarities of cleavage.
The barite of Muzsaj, Hungary, and of Betler, near Rosenau, was early called Wolnyn. It is common barite, in crystals, usually oblong in the direction of the vertical axis. See Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 39, 286, 1860; Schmidt, Zs. Kr., 3, 428, 1879, et al.
Gawk is the ordinary barite of the Derbyshire lead mines. Withering, who first analyzed it, describes it as occurring in roundish forms, consisting of rhomboidal laminae confusedly aggregated and white or reddish in color, with G. — 4-330; and a second variety as radiated fibrous, somewhat silky in luster, and at times concentric in structure, yellowish white, and opaque, with G. 4'00. Greg & Lettsom (1858) confine the term to an opaque earthy variety of the Derbyshire lead mines.
2. Fetid; so called from the odor given off when struck or when two pieces are rubbed together, which odor may be due to carbonaceous matters present; a highly fetid variety is obtained in Berks Co., Pennsylvania.
3. Allomorphite Breith., a kind having the form and cleavage of anhydrite, and found at Unterwirbach, near Rudolstadt; G. 4'36-4'48. Probably pseudomorphous; Breithaupt regarded it as a case of dimorphism.
4. Calcareobarite Thomson, Min., 1, 105. A white barite from Strontian in Argyleshire, containing, probably as mixture, 6-6 p. c. of lime, and some silica and alumina.
5. Celestobarite ; the variety containing much strontium sulphate, as that of the Binnenthal, Switzerland, to which von Waltershausen applied the name barytocelestine; also from other localities. See further p. 906.
Bar1Te Group— Barite. 903
6. Calstronbarite, from Schobarie, N. Y., bus tbe aspect of a mere mixture. Shepard made it a compound of carbonates of strontium and calcium, witb 65'55 p. c. of sulphate of barium, and says it is partly soluble in hydro- chloric acid with effervescence. Von Hauer found a specimen from Scbobarie labeled calstronbarite to consist of sulphate alone.
Schoarite Adam, Tabl. Min., 62, is a barite containing some 10 p. c. of silica.
Comp. — Barium sulphate, BaS04 Sulphur triox- ide 34-3, baryta 65'7 100.
Strontium sulphate is often present, also calcium sulphate and rarely ammonium sulphate (as noted below); further, as impurities, silica, clay, bituminous or carbonaceous substances. Analyses, see 5th Ed., p. 618.
A barite from Pettis Co., Missouri, has been described by Luedeking & Wheeler (Am. J. Sc.,42, 495, 1891) which showed thin white or yellowish bands parallel to the edges of the tabular crystals (f . 16). These bands consist of a mixture of the sulphates of barium and strontium with small amounts of the
sulphates of calcium and ammonium. An analysis of the white Pettis Co., Mo., L. & W. barite gave :
BaSO< 87-2 SrSO 10'9 CaSO4 0-2 (NHSO* 02 HaO 2'4 100"9
The ammoniunv sulphate is present to somewhat greater extent in the yellow than in the- white kinds.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. decrepitates and fuses at 3, coloring the flame yellowish green; the fused mass reacts alkaline witht test paper. On charcoal reduced to a sulphide. With soda gives, at first a clear pearl, but on continued blowing yields a hepatic mass, which spreads out and soaks into the coal. If a portion of this mass be removed, placed on a clean silver surface, and moistened, it gives a black spot of silver sulphide. Should the barite contain calcium sulphate, this will not be absorbed by the coal whn treated in powder with soda. Insoluble in acids.
Obs. — Occurs commonly in connection with beds or veins of metallic ores, especially of lead, also copper, silver, cobalt, manganese, as part of the gaugue of the ore; also often accompanies stibnite. Sometimes present in massive forms with hematite deposits. It is met with in secondary limestones and sandstones, sometimes forming distinct veins, and in the former often in crystals along with calcite and celestite; in the latter often with copper ores. Sometimes, occupies the cavities of amygdaloid, porphyry, etc. ; forms earthy masses in beds of marl. Occurs as the petrifying material of fossils and occupying cavities in them, cf . Roth, Allg. Ch. Geol., 1, 608, 1879.
Barium sulphate as a cement in sandstone occurs near Nottingham. It is deposited by mine- water in boxes and pipes at the coal mines of Newcastle-on-Tyne in layers, white and brown, rather soft; they contain 90 p. c. BaSO4, 8 SrSO4, 1 CaSO4, also SiO2, AlaO3, Fe3O3; the mine waters contain some BaCl2. Clowes, Proc. Roy. Soc., 46, 363, 368, 1889.
At the Duftou and Silverband lead mines, in Westmoreland, England, large transparent- crystals occur, sometimes of gigantic dimensions; some were found lying in the mud at the bottom of a cavern, and one weighed 100 Ibs. Other English localities are in the Qwennap and Liskeard districts, Cornwall; in Cumberland and Lancashire; in Derbyshire, Staffordshire, etc. — thus beautiful blue crystals come from the Gillfoot hematite mine near Egremont in Cumber- laud; also Frizingtou; Cleator Moor; Alston Moor; fine stalactitic at Newhaven; also from Middleton near Matlock, Derbyshire. In Scotland, in Argyleshire, at Strontiau; in Perthshire, of a bright yellow color at Ballindean; at the Cumberland lead mine; in Ireland, in thick veins in old red sandstone, at Ballyuascreen in Londonderry.
The septaria of Durham, England, which are cut and polished for tables, etc., have the veiuings lined with brown heavy spar, adding much to their beauty. Some of the most im- portant of the many European localities are at Felsobanya, Nagybanya, Schemnitz, and Kremnitz, in Hungary, often with stibuite; Hilttenberg, Carinthia; at Freiberg, Marienberg, in Saxony; Clausthal in the Hur/.; Pnbrani, Bohemia; with the manganese ores of lief eld, (Ehren- stock, etc.; sit Royal and Roure in Auvergne.
In the United States, in N. Hamp., nt Piermont. In Mass., at Hatfield and Leverett. In Conn., at Cheshire, large crystals, sometimes transparent, intersecting the red sandstone in veins with chalcocite and malachite; at Berlin, Farmington, and Southington. In N. York, at Pillar Point, opposite Sackelt's Harbor, massive, 2-3 ftT thick, in compact limestone, affording large slabs, beautiful when polished; at Scoharie, a fibrous variety with calcite, thetwooften mechan- ically mingled;- in St. Lawrence Co., fine tabular or prismatic crystals at De Kalb, the crystals often opaque and earthy white on the surface; at Fowler with hematite, at the Parish ore bed, and on the farm of J. Morse, in Gouverneur, with calcite and hematite, and on the banks of Laidlaw lake in Rossie; the crested variety at Hammond, with crystals of pyrite; at Wolcott, Wayne Co., near the stratum of lenticular iron ore, and on the S. side of the Mohawk, opposite Little Falls.
904 Sulphates, Chroma Tes, Etc.
In Penn., in crystals at Perkiomen lead mine. In Virginia, at Eldridge's gold mine in Buckingham Co.; 3 m. S.W. from Lexington, in Rockbridge Co.; a beautiful white variety on the plantation of J. Hord, Esq., Fauquier Co. In N. Carolina, a vein of white massive barite occurs at Crowders Mt. , Gaston Co.; also another in Madison Co.; iu crystals at the Phoenix mine in Cabarrus Co. In Kentucky, near Paris, in a large vein. In Tenn., on Brown's Creek; at Haysboro'. near Nashville; in large veins in sandstone on the W. end of I. Royale, L. Superior, and 011 Spar Id., N. shore, one vein (containing also calcite) 14 ft. wide, sometimes in crystals. In Missouri, not uncommon with the lead ores; a peculiar variety, containing ammonium sulphate, as noted above, occurs at Smithton and Sedalia, Pettis county; also interesting crystals at the Last Chance mine, Morgan Co.; in earthy form near St. Louis; iu concretionary forms at Salina, Saline Co., Kansas. In Colorado, at Sterling, Weld Co.; Apishapa Creek; also in El Puso and Fremont Cos. In the Bad Lands of S. Dakota, wine-yellow crystals occupying the cavities of fossils, e.g., the tooth of a Brontotherium. In fine crystals near Fort Wallace, New Mexico.
Near Perkin's Mill, Templeton, Quebec (Michel-levy te, p. 902), embedded in granular lime- stone which carries apatite in the neighborhood; iu a veiu cutting Laurentiau limestone at Hall, Ottawa Co. In Ontario, in Bathurst, and N. Burgess, Lanark Co.; Galway, Peterborough Co.; as large veins on Jarvis, McKellar's, and Pie islands, in L. Superior, and near Fort William, Thunder Bay. In Nova Scotia, in veins in the slates of East River of the Five Islands, Colchester Co.
Named from fidpoS. weight, or fidpvs, heavy.
Alt. — Occurs altered to calcite, siderite, cerussite, quartz, limonite, hematite, pyrite, psilo- melane, gothite.
Artif. — Obtained crystallized by Gorgeu from a solution of the sulphate in the fused chlo- ride. Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 284, 1887.
Ref. — ' Svarov, Denkschr. Ak. Wieu, 32, pt. 2, 1, 1872; the variation for crystals of differ- ent localities is not inconsiderable. Cf. Dbr., Pogg., 108, 440, 1859; Hkr. , 1. c. ; also Kk., Miu. Russl., 7, 25, 58, 1875. This is the common position, which the cleavage makes natural; some authors make the cleavage planes 010 and 101, then d 120, etc.
See Mir., Min., 529, 1852; Hkr., I.e., and Min. Mitth., 71, 1872; Schrauf, Atlas, Tf. xxx, xxxi, 1872; Kk., 1. c.; Trechmanu, Min. Mag., 7, 49, 1886; Gdt., Index, 1, 279, 1886; Her- sell ii z i*cf bclo'w
3 Hkr., 1. c. 4 Strilver, Val Alvernia, etc., Att. Ace. Torino, 6, 371, 1871. B Schrauf, Pfibram, Ber. Ak. Wien, 64, 199, 1871, and 1. c. 6 Schmidt, Telekes, Hungary. Zs. Kr., 6, 554, 1881. ' Miers. LaCroix, ib., 6, 600, 1881. 8Id., ib., 7, -651. 9 Gruuling, Binuenthal, ib., 8, 243, 1883. 10 Busz, Mittelagger, ib., 10, 32, 1884. Fenyes [Term. Fuz., 8, 288, 1884], Zs. Kr., 10, 89. 12 Trechmann, Addiewell, Midlothian, 1. c. 13 Schmidt, wolnyn, Zs. Kr., 12, 105, 1886. 14 Beckeukamp, Kaiserstuhl, Zs. Kr., 13, 25, 1887. 15 Artini, Mem. Ace. Line., 4, 89, 1887. 16 Trail be, Neurode, Jb. Min., 2, 69, 1887
11 Herschenz, Harz, Inaug. Diss., Halle, 1888, and Zs. Nat. Halle, 61, 143. 1888. 18 Dilsing, Zs. Kr., 14, 481, 1888. Cathreiu, Valsugana, Vh. G. Reichs., 107, 1889. '20 Hamberg, Harstig mine, G. F6r. Forh., 11, 224, 1889. 2I Graeff, Waldshut. Zs. Kr., 15, 380, 1889. Valentin, Kronthal, Zs. Kr., 15, 576, 1889. 23 Brunlechner, Hiittenberg, Min. Mitth., 12, 62, 1891.
84 On twinning lamellae (601) see Bauer, Jb. Min., 1, 37, 1887; also (110) aud (Oil), Id., Perkin's Mill, ibid., 1, 250, 1891, on massive specimens; the crystals (with the form (0-ri2)) are free from twinning. Gonnard notes crystals crossing with lateral axes at right angles as if twins with tw. pi 9-11-6 (100 A 9-11-0 44° 54'), Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 351, 1890.
26 On the supposed hemimorphic character, cf. Reuss, Ber. Ak. Wien, 59, 623, 1869; Chester, Am. J. Sc., 33, 288, 1887. Cf. Schrauf, Atlas, f. 4, 12, 15. Also Hankel, 1. c., and Valentin (and etching- figures), Zs. Kr., 15, 576, 1889.
Refractive indices, Arzruui, Zs. Kr., 1, 171, 1877. Cf. also Heusser, Pogg., 87, 462, 1852; Dx.. N. R., 43,1867; Mallard and Chatelier, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 123, 1890. On hardness, Exuer, Unt. Harte, 60, 1873. On constants of elasticity, Voigt, Nachr. Ges. Gott., 561, 1887; Niedmann, Zs. Kr., 13, 362, 1887. Pyroelectricity , Hankel, Abh. Sachs. Ges., 10, 281, 1874.
LEEDSITK Thomson. A mixture of CaSO4 71 -9, BaSO4 28'1, from near Leeds.
DREELITE. Dreelite Dufrenoy, Ann. Ch. Phys., 60, 102, 1835. Dreeit Olocker, Syn., 261,
Supposed to be rhombohedral and in composition between barite and anhydrite, 3BaSO4. <JaSO4, with G. 3-2-3-4. Dufrenoy obtained on analysis:
BaSO4 CaSO4 CaCO, SiO, A12OS CaO H2O
61-73 14-27 8-05 9"71 2'40 1'52 2'31 100
Occurs in small unmodified crystals, disseminated on the surface and in the cavities of a quartzose rock, at Beaujeu, France, Dept. of the Rhone; also at Badenweiler, Baden. Named by Dufrenoy after M. de Dree, a liberal patron of science.
Shown by Lucroix (Bull. Soc. Min., 8, 435, 1885) to be simply barite, the crystals ortho- rhombic and no i rhombohedral.
Baeite Group— Celestite.
EGGONITE Schrauf, Zs. Kr.. 3, 852, 1879. Described as occurring in minute crystals resembling barite, but assumed to be triclinic by Schrauf. In composition supposed to be essentially a cadmium silicate. Later shown (priv. contr.) to be simply barite. It occurs on and implanted in crystallized calamine jit Altenberg (natural association?), which in turn fills cavities in smithsonite; so called from eyyovot,, grandson, as being siirjposed to be the third generation in the series of zinc-cadmium compounds.
720. CELESTITE. Fasriger Schwerspath [=Fibrous Heavy Spar] (fr. Pennsylvania, Pa.) Sc7iutz, Beschr. Nordamer. Foss., 12, Leipz., 1791. Schwefelsaurer Strontianit aus Peunsyl- vanien Klapr., Beitr., 2, 92, 1797. Strontiane sulfatee (fr- Sicily) (after Vauquelin's anal.) Dolo- mieu, J. Phys., 46. 203, 1798 (disc, by D. in S. in 1781). Crelestin Wern., Min. Syst,, 1798; Lew, Min., 283, 1800; Karst., Tab., 54, 95, 1808. Sicilianite Lenz, Min., 233, 1800. Schutzit Gerhard. G. Karst., Tab., 36, 75, 1800. Zolestin other Germ, orthogr. Calciocelestine Wicke, Arch. Pharm., 152, 32,
Barytosulphate of Strontian Thorn., Min., 1, 111, 1836.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0-77895 : 1 : 1-28005 Auerbach1. 100 A HO 37° 55', 001 A 101 58° 40f, 001 A Oil 52° Q$*.
Forms8 : a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l) c (001, 0)
A (10-3-0, i
p (210, i-2)
t (530, i-l)
u (320, i-l)
(750, i-l)
y (650, z-f )
m (110, I)
n (120, *-2)
5 (108, £4) A (2-0-11, i (104, *4) y (207, |4)4 0 (103, *-i) d (102, *4) e (304, i-l)
k (101, 14)
g (0-1-12, TV4) p (018, *4) r (015, H)
z (013, H)
h (012, *4)
C (023, f-i)
o (Oil, 1-i)
e (021, 24)
a (115,
(112, *)4 2 (111, 1) o- (221, 2)
D (215, f -2> v (324, f-f)
(124, *-2)6 y (122, 1-2) /J (121, 2-5)
# (258, f-f) w (512-10, f
(135, f-3) iff (133, 1-3) M (132, f-3) 0 (131, 3-3)
rf (277, 1-D*
X (144, 1-4) A (143, |-4) T (142, 2-4) 5 (153, f-5)8 £ (155, 1-5)8 G (169, |-6) 0 (166, 1-6) F (187, f-8) / (1-16-24, f-i6) 7f (1-16-16, 1-16) H (1-24-23, 24)
Fig. 1, Sicily. 2, L. Erie. 3, W. Virginia, G. H. Williams (with b (010) in front).
pp'"
mm'" nri
42° 34' *75° 50' 65° 23'
' dd' kk'
44° 40' 57° 25*' *78° 49' 117° 21'
ii'
12° 11' 18° 11' 46° 13'
hh' 65° 14' oo' 104° 0' ee' 137° 20'
ca
eg
cf
cs
cz
ccr
cy —
22° 37' 27° 30*' 34" 46*' 46° 10' 64° 21' 76° 30' 56° 41'
en
64° 25'
Ct
69° 36'
zz
90° 40'
yy'
53° 40'
Mm'
41° 34'
61° 45'
37° 16'
xx'
28° 23'
19° 8*'
aa!"
27° 20'
zz"' 67° 17'
yy'" 89° 22'
Hh1" 112° 2'
fiP" 106° 9'
96° 37'
Xx"' 99° 38'
md 59° 57'
mo 61* 2'
do 61° 36'
Crystals resembling those of barite (q.v.) in habit ; commonly tabular c or prismatic axis a or b',' also more rarely pyramidal by the prominence of the forms ip (133) or x (144); in the latter the faces often rounded and the crystals
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
lenticular in shape (f. 3). Also fibrous and radiated; sometimes globular; occa- sionally granular.
Cleavage: c perfect; m nearly perfect; b less distinct. Fracture uneven. H. 3-3 '5. G.= 3'95-3'97; 3'959, crys- tals, Beudunt; 3'973 Tharand, Breith. ; also below. Luster vitreous, sometimes inclining to pearly. Streak white. Color white, often faint bluish, and sometimes reddish. Transparent to subtranslucent. ,
Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Bx a. Axial angles, in- dices, etc., Arzruni9:
Herrengrund, after Schrauf.
Also, Dx.'° :
ForC, 20°
ForD, 50° " 100° " 200°
a
ft
Y
2Ey
89° 13'
51° 12'
92° 0'
52° 23f
95° 44'
54° 19'
105° 26'
58° 35'
At 20° C. 2Er 88° 30' ftt - 1-623 2Ey 89° 36' /Jy 1'625 2Ebl 92° 49' /?bl 1-635 Also 2Er 89° 15' at 6°-6, 92° -4 at 47°, 93° 42' at 76° -5, 95° 56' at 100° -5. Also (measured), Arzruni9:
2Er 87° 2' Li 2Ey 88° 38' Na 2Egr 89° 55*' Tl
Var. — 1. Ordinary, (a) In crystals of varied habit as noted above, and giving varying fundamental angles, cf. ref. '; a tinge of a delicate blue is very common and sometimes belongs to only a part of a crystal.
The variety from Montmartre, called apotome by Haiiy (Min., 2, 33, 1822), was prismatic by extension of o (Oil) and doubly terminated by the pyramid (133); his dioxynite (p. 35) was similar with also d (102), from Meudon.
(b) Fibrous, either parallel or radiated, (c) Lamellar; of rare occurrence, (d) Granular. (e) Concretionary. (/) Earthy; impure usually with carbonate of lime or clay.
2. Calciocelestite. Containing much calcium.
3. Barytocelestite. Contains much barium. Cf. below.
Comp. — Strontium sulphate SrS04 Sulphur trioxide 43'6, strontia 56*4 100.
Many celestites are pure strontium sulphate, thus from Liineburg, G. 3'975 Hintze, 1. c. ; Torda, G. 3'89-3'94 A. & Fr. Koch, Min. Mitth., 9, 416, 1887.
Calcium is, however, often present in small quantities, usually less than 0'5 p. c. Cf. Arz- runi, 1. c.; also Barwald, Zs. Kr., 12, 228, 1886, who gives G. 3-902-3'93l.
Barium is less common, though in some varieties present in large amount. A celestite from Greiner gave Ullik 48'9 p. c. BaO, G. 4'133, Ber. Ak. Wien, 57 (1), 929, 1868; in one from Lairdsville, N. Y., Chester found 7'28 BaO, 2-01 CaO, Am. J. Sc., 33, 286, 1887. Collie found in Clifton barytocelestite varying amounts of BaO, Min. Mag., 2, 220, 1879. The barytocelestite from Werfen. Salzburg, contains BaSO4 and SrSO4 in the ratio of 4 : 1, Hatle and Tauss., Min. Mitth., 9, 227, 1887.
General analyses, besides those noted above, see 5lh Ed., p. 620.
Wittstein attributes the blue color of the celestite of Jena to a trace of iron phosphate.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. frequently decrepitates, fuses at 3 to a white pearl, coloring the flame stroutia-red; the fused mass reacts alkaline. On charcoal fuses, and in R.F. is converted into a difficultly fusible hepatic mass; this treated with hydrochloric acid and alcohol gives an intensely red flame. With soda on charcoal reacts like barite. Insoluble in acids.
Obs. — Celestite is usually associated with limestone, or sandstone of Silurian, Devonian, Jurassic, and other geological formations; occasionally with metalliferous ores, as with galena and sphalerite at Condorcet, France. Occurs also in beds of gypsum, rock salt, and clay; some- times tills cavities in fossils, e.g., ammonites; and with sulphur in some volcanic regions, some- times incloses sulphur in crystals, in one case 14 p. c., Johnston-Lavis. Observed as a recent formation at Bourbonne d'Archambault.
Sicily, at Girgenti and elsewhere, affords splendid groups of crystals along with sulphur and gypsum. Fine specimens are met with at Bex in Switzerland, and Conil in Spain; at Dorn- burg, near Jena, fibrous and bluish; in the department of the Garonne, France; in the Paris basin at Montmartre and elsewhere; in Tyrol; Rezbanya, Hungary; at Northen, Liineburg, in Hannover; in rock salt, at Ischl, Austria. Also found at Aust Ferry, near Bristol; in trap rocks.
Barite Group: Celestite—Anglesite.
near Tautallan, in East Lothian; at the Calton Hill, Edinburgh; near Knaresborough, in York- shire; at Popayan, U. S. Colombia.
Specimens, finely crystallized, of a bluish tint, are found in limestone about Lake Huron, particularly on Drumuiond Island, also on Strontian Is., Put in Bay, L. Erie, and at Kingston in Ontario, Canada; Chaumont Bay, L. Ontario, Schoharie, and LockportlL Y., have afforded good specimens; also the Rossie lead mine; Depauville and Stark (farm of James Coill), N. Y. A blue fibrous celestite occurs at Bell's Mills, Blair Co., Penn., associated with pearl spar and anhydrite, and this was the celestite taken to Europe by Schiltz, and named by "Werner after an analysis by Klaproth.
In Mineral Co., W. Virginia, a few miles south of Cumberland, Md., in pyramidal blue crystals up to 8 inches in length, f. 3, also 5-9. They are found in small cavities in an argil- laceous limestone used for cement. The cavities apparently represent former concretions, but are now partially empty and in part filled with clay (G. H. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 39, 183, 1890). In cavities iu limestone at Nashville, Tenn. In Brown Co., Kausas, a red variety in large crys- tals. In Texas, at Lainpasas, in very large crystals. At Glen Eyrie, Colorado. In fine clear crystals with the colemauite of Death Valley, San Bernardino Co., California.
In Canada, in crystalline masses at Kingston, Frontenac Co.; Lansdowne, Leeds Co.; in radiating fibrous masses in the Laurentian of Renfrew Co. ; also a red variety in dolomite at Caledon, Peel Co.
The dark blue fibrous celestite of Jena is peculiarly pleochroic; and its color also varies with the angle between the principal cleavage and the direction of the fibers; the color with the angle 86°, dark blue; 67C, sky-blue; 46°, pale blue (Schmid, Pogg., 120, 637. 1867).
Named from ccelestis, celestial, iu allusion to the faint shade of blue often present.
Alt. — Pseudomorphs of calcite, occurring in acute pyramidal forms (f. 10, 11) from Obers- dorf, near Saugerhausen, Thuriugia — the so-called barleycorn (Gerstenkorner) pseudomorphs — have been referred to gay-lussite (Breith.), to celestite, Haily's apotome (Dx.), gypsum (Kenng.), anhydrite (Groth). They occur as complete crystals, often in interpenetrating groups, up to two inches or more in length, embedded in clay. Color pale yellow, the exterior usually smooth and hard; the interior, cavernous with loosely coherent calcite grains. They have been called nalrocalcite on the idea that they contained soda.
Similar pseudomorphs, but not all of like origin, have been noted from a number of other localities. For a list of these cf. E. S. D., U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 12, p. 25, 1884; also Blum, Pseudomorphosen, 18, 1843; Roth, Allg. Ch. Geol., 1, 201, 1879.
5. 7. 9. 10. 11.
Figs. 5-9, Celestite, Mineral Co., W. Va., Williams. 10, 11, Pseudomorphs, Sangerhausen.
The recent discovery by G. H. Williams of celestite in pyramidal crystals (f. 3, also 5-9) resembling closely the pseudomorphs and occurring like them embedded in clay makes it almost certain that Des Cloizeaux's explanation was correct. The apparently related forms from the thinolite of Lake Lahontan (p. 271) cannot, however, be explained in this way.
Artif.— Cf. Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 284, 1887; Bourgeois, ib., p. 323.
Ref.— ' Bex and Herrengrund, Ber. Ak. Wien, 59 (1), 549, 1869, the axial ratio varies widely for different localities. Cf. Dbr., Pogg., 108, 447, 1859; Kk., Min. Russl., 5, 5, 1866; Arzruni, Zs. G. Ges., 24, 477, 484, 1872.
2 Cf. Hugard, Ann. Mines, 18, 3, 1850; Mir., Min., 527, 1852; Websky, Zs. G. Ges., 9, 303, 1857; Auerbach, 1. c.; Schrauf, Atlas XLVIII, 1877; Gdt., Index, 1, 447, 1886.
3 Arzruni, 1. c. 4 Schmidt, Zs. Kr., 6, 99, 1882. 5 Panebianco, Att. Soc. Veneto, 9, 1, 1884, also (1-0-10) doubtful. 6 Hintze, Luueburg, also vicinal planes, Zs. Kr., 11, 220, 1885. ' Zimanyi, Zs. Kr., 17, 512, 1890. Stuber, Scharfenberg, Saxony, Zs. Kr., 19, 437, Oct. 1891. 9 Arzruui, Zs. Kr., 1, 177, 1877. 10 Dx., N. R., 47, 1867; also Barwald, Zs. Kr., 12, 228, 1886. Pyroelectricity, Hankel, Wied. Ann., 6, 54, 1879.
721. ANGLESITE. Vitriol de Plomb Monnet, Syst. Min., 371, 1779. Plumbum acido vitriolico mineralisatum Bergm., Sciagr., 116, 1782. Lead mineralized by vitriolic acid Withering, Trl. Bergm. Sciagr.. 1783. Lead mineralized by vitriolic acid and iron (on I. Anglesea "in im- mense quantities") Withering, ib. Vitriol de Plomb (fr. Andalusia) Proust., J. Phys., 30,
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
394, 1787. Bleiglas (fr. the Harz) Lasius, Beob. Harzgeb., 2, 855, 1789. Nat. Bleivitriol Karsten, Tab., 24, 1791. Lead Vitriol, Sulphate of Lead. Vitriolbleierz Germ. Plomb sulfate Fr. Anglesite Beud., Tr., 2, 459, 1832. Sardinian Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 320, 1865, 25, 194*
Orthorhombic. Axes d : I : 6 0-78516 : 1 : 1-28939 Koksharov1.
100 A HO 38° 8±', 001 A 101 58° 39f, 001 A Oil 52° 12£'.
Forms2 :
7t (340, i-f)
j (0-2-11, T?r4)<
T (221, 2)
i (233, H)6
a (100, i4)
5 (230, z-|)
5 (029, f 4)5
£ (331, 3)5
w (128, i-2)4
6 (010, i-i)
v (013, £4)4
J (441, 4)10?
V (124, i-2)
e (001, 0)
w (120, i-§)
0 (012, i4)
& (214, i-2)
r d23, |-2)
M (410, z-4) N (310, i-3)8 A. (210, z-2) P (740, e-J)5 i (320, i-i )4 $ (430, z-f)5 (110,7) T (780, 4) J7 (790, Hf)
x- (130, i-8) TT(270, t-J)
A; (1-0-24, ,V-*)8 J" (107, f i)1 K (106, HP Z (104, ±4) 0 (103, H)3 d (102, }4)
a (018, i-i)
a; (035, f-i)8 o (Oil, 14) $ (0-21, 24) /? (031, 34)
6 (116, i) / (H4, i)5
g (H3, i)3
r (112, i) a (111, 1)
v (212, 1-2) p (324, |-f ) t (435, H) n (781, 8-$)5 f, (561, 6-f)8 q (8-10-1, 10-|)s P (34-3, 2-|) 0 (7-10-1, 10-V-)5
y (122, 1-2) t (121, 2-2) (133, 1-3) s (132, f-3) X (144, 1-4) C (142, 2-4) 7f (155, l-5y>T 9 (166, 1-6)1 r (1-12-12, 1-12)'
Sella5 adds the following, observed once only and needing confirmation: 520, 10'9'0, 9-100, 1-0 22, 1-0-15, 108, 2-Q-15; 0-1-16; H'12'2, IO'H'2, 9-10'2, 782, 671, 562, 792, 236, 126, 131, 143, 295, 168, 1-10-20, 1-11-18. Also vicinal, 1'0'949.
Figs. 1, 5, 8, Phoenixville. 2, Anglesea, Lang. 3, Felsobanya, Knr. (&, 010, in front). 4, 7, Siegen, Lang. 6, 9, Miisen.
Barite Group— Anglesite.
/Ut"
42° 52'
mm'"
hh'
87° 23'
nri
64° 59'
44° 38V
dd'
78° 47'
w'
46° 31'
00'
65° 37'
oo'
*104° 24i'
&&'
137° 37'
cr
46° 14'
cz —
64° 24f
cr
76° 32'-
cv
60° 27'
cp
54° 16'
cy
56° 48i'
ct
71° 53'
cs
64° 33'
69° 43'
rr'
69° 13'
tz
90° 22'
rr'
99° 48'
yy
53° 25'
tt
61° 24'
ss'
41° 19'
1/njj'
37° 5i
28° 15'
Cc'
33° 4'
nn'
22° 46'
rt
19° y
rr'"
52° 58'
ze!"
67° 42'
Pp'"
44° 14'
yy'"
89°
48'
tt"'
106°
35'
88'"
—
112°
26'
rfirl/"
—
97°
2'
:— ;
100°
3'
126°
43'
nit'"
101°
33'
md
60°
Si'
mo
60°
47i'
do
61°
44'
Lang (1. c.) gives a long list of calculated angles.
Crystals sometimes tabular c; more often prismatic in habit, and in all the three axial directions, m, d, o, predominating in the different cases; also thick and stout. Also pyramidal of varied types. Faces m, a often vertically striated; d horizontally. Also massive, granular to compact. Sometimes stalactitic; in nodular forms, often inclosing a nucleus of galena, with concentric structure, being made up of layers of different color.
Cleavage: c,m distinct, but interrupted. Frac- ture conchoidal. Very brittle. H. 2 '75-3. G. 6-12-6-39; 6'35 Phenixville, Smith. Luster highly adamantine in some specimens, in others in- clining to resinous and vitreous. Color white, tinged yellow, gray, green, and sometimes blue. Streak uncolored. Transparent to opaque.
Optically -f-. Ax. pi. b. Bx a. Ax. angles and indices, Dx.
Anglesea, after Laug.
2Ha.r 89° 44'
At 15°
Also, Arzruni11:
For C at 20° D " F "
D at 50° " 100° " 200°
2Vr 66° 45' 2Hft.y 89° 52'
1-8740 1-8770
/?r 1-8795 ft, 1-8830
2Vy 66° 47'
1-8924 1-8970
2Ha.bi 90° 59
2Vr 66° 40' 2Vy 60° 50'
Y
75° 24'
2V (calc.) from a, ft, y
68°
77°
40'
44' 17'
72° 77°
Comp.— Lead sulphate, PbS04 Sulphur trioxide 26-4, lead oxide 73-6 100. Analyses, 5th Ed., p. 624.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. decrepitates, fuses in the flame of a candle (F. 1-5). On charcoal in O.F. fuses to a clear pearl, which on cooling becomes milk-white; in R.F. is reduced with effervescence to metallic lead. With soda on charcoal in R.F. gives metallic lead, and the soda is absorbed by the coal; when the surface of the coal is removed and placed on bright silver and moistened with water it tarnishes the metal black. Difficultly soluble in nitric acid. Soluble in citrate of ammonia (J. L. Smith). Soluble in 22,816 parts of water of 11° C. (Fresenius). Soluble in 30,062 parts of water (Rodwell).
Obs.— First observed by Monnet as a result of the decomposition of galena, and often found in its cavities: also surrounds a nucleus of galena in concentric layers. At Leadhills it occurs, occupying the cubical cavities of galena, or disposed on the surface of the ore; and this locality, and also that of Wanlockhead, formerly afforded large and beautiful crystals, some transparent and several inches in diameter. First found in England at Pary's mine in Anglesea. Occurs also at Melanoweth in Cornwall; in Derbyshire and in Cumberland in crystals; Clausthal, Zellerfeld, and Giezenbach, in the Harz; near Siegen in Prussia; Schapbach and Badenweiler in
910 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc,
Baden; Schwarzenbach and Mies in Cariuthia; Felsobanya and elsewhere in Hungary; Nerchinsk lu Siberia; and at Monte Poni, Sardinia in small but perfect transparent crystals; Foudon in Granada; massive in Siberia, Andalusia, Alston Moor in Cumberland; in Australia, whence it is exported by the ton to England. In the Sierra Mdjada, Mexico, in immense quantities, mostly massive.
In the United States it occurs in large crystals at Wheatley's mine, Phenixville, Pa. ; less well crystallized in Missouri lead mines; at the lead mine of Southampton, Mass.; at Rossie, N. Y.; with galena at the Walton gold mine, Louisa Co., Va. In fine crystals of varied habit at the Mountain View mine, near Union Bridge, Carroll Co., Maryland, associated with galena, also cerussite and native sulphur (G. H. Williams, Johns Hopkins Univ. Bulletin, April, 1891). In Colorado at various points, but less common than cerussite. At the Cerro Gordo mines of California (argentiferous galena), with other lead minerals, also mimetite, chrysocolla, sruithson- ite, etc. In Arizona, in the mines of the Castle Dome district, Yuma Co., and elsewhere.
Named from the locality, Anglesea, where it was first found by Dr. Withering.
Alt. — Anglesite occurs altered to cerussite (lead carbonate); also to a hydrous auglesite, according to Breith. Cf. ref. 6, also Slg., Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 33, 253, 1876. Pseudomorphs of mimetite (cf. p. 772), perhaps after auglesite from Mexico, are described by Genth and Rath, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 24, 33, 1887.
Artif. — Obtained in crystals at a temperature of 300° C. from solution in water (Dr. Sullivan); in lamellar crystals by fusing a mixture of gypsum and common salt, and treating with water; A .Gages. A recent formation at Bourbonnes les-Bains.
Ref.—1 Min Russl., 1, 34, 1853, 2, 167, 1854; cf. Lang, also Dbr., Poeg., 108, 444, 1859. 9 Cf. Mir., Min., 526, 1852; Lang, Ber. Ak. Wien, 36, 241, 1859, an exhaustive monograph with many figures; Helmhacker, ref. under barite, p. 904; Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 39, 913, 1860; Atlas, Tf. xi-xv, 1871; Zeph., ibid., 50 (1), 369, 1864; Hbg., Min. Not., 5, 31, 1863; Sella, Sardinia, Trans. Ace. Line., 3, 150, 1879, also Mem. Ace. Line., 2, 199, 1885; Gdt., Index, 1, 205, 1886.
3 Zeph., Hilttenberg, Lotos, Dec., 1874. 4 Knr., Hungary, Zs. Kr., 1, 321. 1877. 8 Sella, 1. c. 6 Erem., pseud, altered to cerussite, Nerchinsk, Vh. Min. Ges., 18, 108, 1883, Zs. Kr., 7, 637, 1883. ' Franzenau [Term. Fiizetek, 8, 77, 119, 1884], Zs. Kr., 10,88,1884. 8 Liweh, Badenweiler, Zs. Kr., 9, 498, 1884. 9 Slg., Zs. Kr., 9, 420, 1884. 10 Cf. Goldschmidt, Zs. Kr., 18, 287. 1890.
11 Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 1, 182, 1877. Cf. also Ramsay, ibid., 12, 217, 1886; Dx., N. R., pp. 30, 204, 1867. On Pyroekctricity, Hankel, Wied. Ann., 6, 54, 1879.
722. ANHYDRITE. Muriazit, Salzsaurer Kalk (fr. Hall, Tyrol) Abbe Poda, Fichtel's Min. Aufsatze. Wien, 228, 1794. Wilrfelspath Wern., 1800, Ludwig's Min., 1, 51, 166, 1803 Cube Spar. Soude muriatee gypsifere (of Hall) (from Klapr. anal, in Beitr., 1, 307, 1795) H., Tr., 2, 1801. Chaux sulfatee anhydre (fr. Bex) Vauq.,H., Tr., 4, 1801. Anhydrit Wern., 1803, Ludw., 2, 212, 1804. Wiirfelgyps Ludwig, 2, 169. Anhydrous Sulphate of Lime, Anhydrous Gypsum. Karstenit Hausm., Haudb., 880, 1813.
Gekrosstein (fr. Bochnia and Wieliczka) Wern.; Tripe Stone Engl.; Pierre de tripes Fr.; Anhydrit Klapr., Beitr., 4, 231, 1807. Pierre de Vulpino; Marrnor Bardiglio di Bergamo; Bardiglione; Chaux sulfatee quartzifere Vauq., H., Tr., 4, 251, 1801; Siliceous Anhydrous Gyp- sum. Kieselgyps, Vulpinit, Ludwig, 2, 170, 1804.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-89325 : 1 : 1-0008 Hessenberg1. 100 A HO 41° 46, °01 A 101 48° 15' °01 A 011 4&° H'
Forms2: v (103, f i)s x (304, f i) h (502, f-i)2 (053, \4)
b (010, i-l) u (102, i-i) r (101, 1-i) d (Q18 0 (in
V g (305- |4)3 i (m> 24)2
mm'" 83° 33' rr' 96° 30 en 66° 27' bn 36° 53'
ww' 25° 16' H1 131° 54' cf 72° 40' bf - 26° 34'
31° 18' dd 53° 10 oo' 76° 45' oo'" 67° 22'
vd 40" 57|' 90° 3 nn' 53° 12' nri" 106° 14'
uu 58° 31' o-o-' 143° 9V ff1 - 39° 0' ff" 126° 51'
qq' 73° 81' co 56° 21' bo 56° 19'
Bar1Te Quo Up— A Nhtdrite.
Twins: 1, tw. pi.6 d (012) with II - 53° 10' and W 76° 29' Hbg.; 2, tw. pi. r (101) occasionally as tw. lamellae, which may be developed by heat6. Crystals
Figs. 1, 2, Stassfurt, Hbg. 3, Aussee, Id. 4, Santorin, Id.
not common, thick tabular, also prismatic axis b, often
terminated by a horizontally striated brachydome, prob- 5.
ably d (012) in oscillatory combination 7 with b. Also
massive, cleavable, and then somewhat resembling an
isometric mineral with cubic cleavage; fibrous, lamellar,
granular, and sometimes impalpable. The- lamellar and
columnar varieties often curved or contorted.
Cleavage : in the three pinacoidal directions yielding rectangular fragments but with varying ease, thus, c very perfect; b also perfect; a somewhat less so. Fracture uneven, sometimes splintery. Brittle. H. — 3-3 '5. G. 2-899-2-985; 2'956 Aussee; 2 '985 Stassfurt. Lus- ter: c pearly, especially after heating in a closed tube; a somewhat greasy; b vitreous; in massive varieties, vitreous inclining to pearly. Color white, sometimes a grayish, bluish, or tinge ; also brick-red. Streak grayish white.
Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Bx a. Axial angles, Grailich8:
reddish
2Er 71° 24'-71° 42' Dx. 2Er 70° 18' 2EV 72° 42'
Indices a 1-571 ft 1-576 y 1-614 Miller9
Var.— 1. Ordinary, (a) Crystallized; crystals rare, more commonly massive and cleavable in its three rectangular directions ( Wurfelanhydrit Germ.) as noted above, (b) Fibrous; either parallel, radiated or plumose, (c) Fine granular, (d) Scaly granular. Vulpinite is a scaly granular kind from Vulpiuo in Lombardy; it is cut and polished for ornamental purposes. It does not ordinarily contain more silica than common anhydrite. .A kind in contorted concre- tionary forms is the tripestone (Gekrosstein or Schlangenalabaster).
2. Pseudomorphous; in cubes after rock-salt.
Comp. — Anhydrous calcium sulphate, CaS04 Sulphur trioxide 58*8, lime 41-2 100
Pyr., etc.— B B. fuses at 3, coloring the flame reddish yellow, and yielding an enamel-like bead which reacts alkaline. On charcoal in R.F. reduced to a sulphide; with soda does not fuse to a clear globule, and is not absorbed by the coal like barite; is, however, decomposed, and yields amass which blackens silver; with fluorite fuses to a clear pearl, which is enamel-white on cooling, and by long blowing swells up and becomes infusible. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
One hundred parts of water, at 18'75° C., dissolve 0'2 part of anhydrite Cf. further under gypsum, p. 935.
Obs.— Occurs in rocks of various ages, especially in limestone strata, and often the same that contain ordinary gypsutn, and also very commonly in beds of rock-salt. It was first dis- covered at the salt mine near Hall in Tyrol, by Abbe Poda; and next that of Bex, Switzerland. Other localities are at Aussee, both crystallized and massive, the former sometimes in splendid geodes, the latter brick-red; at Sulz on the Neckar, in Wurtemberg; Himmelsberg, near Ilefeld; Andreasberg- Bledherg in Carinthia: Luneburg, Hannover; Lauterberg in the Harz; Kapnik in
912 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
Hungary; Wieliczkain Poland; Ischl in Upper Austria:Berchtesg-aden in Bavaria; at Rienthal and elsewhere in the Alps, crystals, or other cavities, within quartz crystals; Stassfurt, in fine crystals, embedded in kieserite. in cavities in lava at Santorm.
In the U. States, at Lockport, N. Y., fine blue, in geodes of black limestone, accompanied by crystals of calcite and gypsum; also at Hillsboro, New Brunswick, etc. lu Pennsylvania, at the Darby Tunnel on the Baltimore & Ohio R. It. near Philadelphia; in cavities in limestone at Nashville, Tenu. In Nova Scotia it forms extensive beds at the estuary of I he Avon and the St. Croix rivers, also near the Five Islands and elsewhere, associated with gypsum, in the Carboniferous formation.
Alt. — Absorbs moisture and changes to gypsum, cf. Hammerschmidt, Min. Mitth., 5, 245, 1882 Extensive beds are sometimes thus altered in part or throughout, as at Bex, in Switzer- land, where, by digging down 60 to 100 ft., the unaltered anhydrite may be found. Sometimes specimens of anhydrite are altered between the folia or over the exterior. Also altered to quarts and siderite.
Artif. — Obtained from fusion (Mitscherlich), also (Hoppe-Seyler) by heating gypsum in a closed vessel with sodium or calcium chloride; again (Gorgeu) from a solution at a red heat in the chlorides of potassium, sodium, etc. Cf. Rose (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 363, 1871), who describes the transformation of gypsum into anhydrite in a solution of sodium chloride; also Hammer- Schmidt, I.e. Spezia (Att. Ace. Torino, 21, 912, 1886) shows that, contrary earlier statements, pressure alone, even up to 500 atmospheres, is not sufficient to cause the formation of annydrite instead of gypsum.
Ref. — ' Min Not , 10, 1, 1871. This is the position of Grailich and von Lang, Ber. Ak. Wien, 27, 25, 1857; with Mir. and Dx., a 100, b (above) 001, c 010, r 110, / 113; with Naumann and Schrauf, a 001, b 100, c 010, r 011,/= 311. The dissimilarity in cleavage makes an attempt to obtain correspondence in angle between this species and barite, celestite and auglesite quite unsatisfactory.
2 Cf. the monograph of Hbg ; he adds as probable 706, 708, 067. 3 Mir., Phil. Mag., 47, 124, 1874; also doubtful 021, 023. " Groth, Min.-Samml., 141, 1878. 6 Hbg., Santorin, 1. c. 6 Mgg., Jb. Min., 2, 258, 1883. ' Vater, Stassfurt, Zs. Kr., 10, 390. 1885. 8 Grailich, 1. c., Dx., Propr. Opt., 2, 23, N. R., 70, 1867. 9 Mir., Phil. Mag., 19, 177, 1841, also cf. 1. c., 1874.
723. ZINKOSITE. Zinkosit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 11, 100, 1852. Almagrerite. Anhydrous zinc sulphate, ZuSO according to Breithaupt, occurring at the mine of
Barranco Jaroso in the Sierra Almagrera, Spain. In crystals isoinorphous with anglesite and barite. G. 4 '331. Needs confirmation.
Artificial crystals of ZnSO4, with 001, 101, Oil, gave de Schulten : 101 A 101 64° 32', Oil A Oil 70° 33'. G. 3-74. Ax. pi. 6. C. R., 107, 405, 1888.
724. HYDROCYANITE. Idrociano A. Scacchi, Note Min., 1, p. 26, 1873; from Attl Accad. Sci. Napoli, 5, read March 12, 1870. Hydrocyan.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-7971 : 1 : 1-1300 A. Scacchi1.
100 A HO 38° 33£', 001 A 101 54° 48', 001 A Oil 48° 29 J'.
Forms: k (120, e-2) e (012, H) (112, i)
b (010, tt) u (102, H) d (OH. 1-*) n (212, 1-2)
, /, 1, Sec.)
mm'" --. IT T be *60° 32' 49° 30'
kk' 64° 12' dd' 96° 59' nri 101° 58'
bk *32° 6' ju/u' 63° 21|' nn" 113° 32'
uu' 70° 39f nn" — 84° 23' nn'" 36° 5' ee' 58° 56'
After Scacchi Color pale green, brownish or yellowish, also sky-blue.
Translucent.
Comp. — Cupric sulphate, CuS04 Sulphur trioxide 50'3, cupric oxide 49 -7 100.
Anal. — Scacchi, 1. c.
SO, 50-30 CuO 49-47 99-77
Pyr., etc. — Completely soluble in water. Effloresces very readily in contact with the air. When preserved in the matrix untouched the crystals will remain two or three days without sensible alteration, but upon being detached, or even touched, they change color almost im me-
Crocoite.
dint ely. In the alteralion the crystals first show a blue color, then split to pieces slowly, and separate into miuuie granules, which seem to be crystals, though too small to allow of their form, being determined. The cause of the efflorescence in this case is the absorption of the water from the atmosphere, not the loss of water, as is generally true. The change when complete results in the production of chalcauthiie.
Obs.— Found at Vesuvius, having been produced by sublimation at the time of the eruption of October, 1868. The name is derived from vdaop, water, KvavoS, azure blue, in allusion to the change of color noted above.
Ref. — " L. c. ; the position here taken is that which brings out the relation in form to barite, etc.
725. CROCOITE. Nova minera Plumbi /. G. Lehmann, Acad. Petrop., 1766; Pallas, Voyages, 2, 235, 1770. Miuera Plumbi rubra Wall., Miu., 1778. Rothes Bleierz Wern,., Auss. Keunz., 296, 1774. Plomb rouge Macquart, J. Phys., 34, 1789; Vauquelin. Bull. Soc. Philo- math., and J. Phys., 45, 393. 1794, 46, 152, 311, 1798. Plomb chromate H., Tr., 3, 1801. Chromate of Lead. Curomsaures Blei, Bleichromat, Chrombleispath, Germ. Kallochrom Hausm , Handb., 1086, 1813. Crocoise Beud., Tr., 2, 669, 1832. Crocoisit Kbl., Grundz., 282, 1838. Krokoit Breith., Haudb., 2, 262, 1841. Lehmanuite B. & M., 557, 1852.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-960342 : 1 : 0-915856; /3 77° 32' 50" 001 A 100 Dauber-Koksharov1.
100 A 110 43° 9' 36', 001 A 101 37° 40' 57", 001 A Oil 41° 48' 23".
Forms9:
ra (401, — 4-1)
0 (331, - 3)
g (841, - 8-2)
o (100, i-l)
(801, - 8-1)
(441, -4)
C (953, - 3-f)
b (010, t-i) .
A (101, 14)
A (112, i)
c (001, 0)
x (301, 34)
r (223,
S (11-10-1,- 11
a (310, z-3) d (210, t-2)
I (401, 4-i) e (501, 54) 0 (601, 64)
(111, 1) e (11-1-1, - 11-11)
(13-1-5, V-13 r (911, 9-9)
g (320, i-f )3
#(911, - 9-9)
r (612, 3-6)
w(110, /)
w (012, i-i)
(7(812, - 4-8)
.4(511, 5-5)
C (350,
8 (Oil, 1-1)
Jv(711, - 7-7)
R (18-4-1, 18-|)
/ (120, i-2)
y (021,2-1)
77 (412, - 2-4)
(411, 4-4)
h (101, - 1-i)
t (111, - 1)
q (12-4-1, - 12-3)
ft (§12, |-3)
p (502, - f-i)
?r (221, - 2)
L (2-1 -10, - t-2)
0(311, 3-3)
F(621, 6-3) r(931. 9-3) B (521, 6-|) u (211, 2-2) (328, j-f)
0 (8-?-io, |-i
Jf(6-10-9, - o- (352, -
1 (123, -
M)
1-2) f-5)
Figs. 1-5, after Dauber; 1-3, Siberia; 4, Brazil.
Dauber adds the following as probable: 230, 601, 443, 665, IO'S'4, 16'5'4, 532, 852, 652, 512, 922, 11-3-4, 722, 932, 13-5-2, 12'5-4, 15'7-5, 532, 13'8-6, IHO'10, 783, 3-4'12, 348, 588, 123, 3-8'12; and the following as doubtful: 530, 450, 340, 380, 501, 803, -702, 085, 554, 332, ll'S'l, 13'5'1, 12-9 4. 13-1-4, 12-1-4, 15-2-3, 713, 2i'3'5, l8-3'4, 17-5-4, 416. 12-3-2, il'5'1, 743, iO'9-10. II 10 6, 456, 362.
914 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
aa"' 34° 43' ww' 48' 11' cA 35° 44' qq' ' 34° 0'
dd" 50° 14 22' 833 37' c® 58C 24' 72° 18' mm'" 86° 19' yy' 121° 35' . ,So oo* 49° 12'
-an Kry° Q' a' — "" n'i QQ° Q'
57 8 c, 46o gg, a,v 60c 52, at* 38 3
en 63° 56' cd 67° 20f „, 6()o -, gft Z g. ,5.
??., £(, g. W 79° 28' mu 106° 50'
ex 82 lit cm 80 57 si ° <u'
el 87° 16'
Crystals usually prismatic (m, rarely t (111)), but habit very varied; some- limes resembling acute rhombohedral forms (f. 4). Faces mostly smooth and brilliant; m vertically striated. Also imperfectly columnar and granular.
Cleavage: m rather distinct; c, a less so. Fracture small conchoidal to un- even. Sectile. H. 2*5-3. G. — 5!9-6'l. Luster adamantine to vitreous. Color various shades of bright hyacinth-red. Streak orange-yellow. Translucent.
Optically -f . Ax. pi. b. Bxa A t + 5° 30'. Dispersion inclined, very large (oil). Axial angle large:
2Hr 97° 35 2Hy 97° 0' ny 1-468 .-. 2Vy 54° 3' 0, 2'42 approx., Dx.4
Comp. — Lead chromate, PbCr04 Chromium trioxide '31*1, lead protoxide 68-9 - 100.
Anal.— 1, Barwald, Zs. Kr., 7, 170, 1883. Also Pfaff, Berzelius, 5th Ed.
1. Berezov Cr03 3116 PbO 68 82 99'98
Vauquelin discovered the metal chromium in this mineral in 1797.
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube decrepitates, blackens, but recovers its original color on cool- ing. B.B. fuses at 1'5, and on charcoal is reduced to metallic lead with deflagration, leaving a residue of chromium oxide, and giving a lead coating. With salt of phosphorus gives an emerald- green bead in both flames.
Obs.— First found at Berezov, in crystals in quartz veins, or intersecting gneiss or granite; also occurs at Mursinka and near Nizhni Tagilsk in the Ural, in narrow veins, traversing decom- posed gneiss, and associated with gold, pyrite, galena, quartz, and vauquelinite ; in Brazil, at Congouhas do Campo, in fine crystals in decomposed granite; at Rezbauya in Hungary, at the mine of St. Anthony; Moldawa in Hungary; on Luzon, one of tbe Philippines, whence crystals were received by J. D. Daiia in 1842, from El Senor Roxas of JVIanila, and understood to be from the northern peninsula of Luzon; according to Dr. Hochstetter, at the mines of Labo, in the Province of North Camarines, on the southeastern peninsula of Luzon (Dauber). Occurs in limited quantities with vanadinite, wulfeuite, etc., in some of the mines of the Vulture district, Maricopa Co., Arizona.
This species was first, noticed by Lehmanu (I.e.). The name Crocoile is from KpoKoS, saffron. Berthier, in 1832, gave the word the bad form Crocoise, which von Kobell altered, in 1838, to Crocoisite, and Breithaupt, in 1841, to Crocoite (Krokoit), and v. Kobell also to this last-mentioned form in his later works.
Artif.— Formed by Manross (Lieb. Ann., 82, 359, 1852) by the fusion together of potassium chromate and lead chloride; also by Drevermann (ib., 89, 36, 1854) by the diffusion method using potassium chromate and lead nitrate. Also more simply in crystals like the native mineral by Bourgeois, Bull. Soc. JVIin , 10, 187, 1887.
Ref._i Ural. Dbr., Ber. Ak. Wien, 42, 19, 1860: Pogg., 106, 150, 1859, and Kk., Min. Ruesl., 7, 97, 1875. See Dbr. for values for other localities.
See Dbr., 1. c. ; Mir., Min., 557; Hbg.,Min. Not., 3, 27, 1860, who gives a, from Berezov. 3 Mir., 1. c., not noted by Dbr., but requiring confirmation. 4 Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 103, 1882; Cf. also Barwald, who makes the refractive index somewhat higher, Zs. Kr., 7, 170, 1882.
A lead chromate from Pretoria, Transvaal, S. Africa, afforded Dawson: CrO3 25'24, PbO 74-76 100. This corresponding nearly to 4PbO.3CrO3. Min. Mag., 6, xvni, 1885.
726. PHOE3NICOCHROITE. Melanochroit Hermann, Pogg., 28, 162, 1833. Phoeniko- chroit Olocker, Gruudr., 612, 1839. Subsesquichromate of Lead Thorn. Phonicit Haid. , Handb., 504, 1845.
Orthorhombic ? Crystals usually tabular, and reticularly interwoven Also massive.
Cleavage in one direction, perfect. H. 3-3'5. G. 5'75. Luster resinous or adamantine, glimmering. Color between cochineal- and hyacinth-red; becomes lemon-yellow on exposure. Streak brick-red. Subtninslucent to opaque.
Comp.— A basic lead chromate, 3Pb0.2CrOs Chromium trioxide 23'2, lead protoxide 76 '8 100.
Vauquelinite.
Anal — Hermann, 1. c.
CrO, 23-31
PbO 76-69 100
Pyr., etc.— B.B. on charcoal fuses readily to a dark mass, whichjs crystalline when cold. In R.F. on charcoal gives a coating of lead oxide, with globules of Tcad and a residue of chromium oxide. Gives the reaction for chromium with fluxes. Dissolves in hydrochloric acid with the separation of lead chloride.
Obs.— Occurs iu limestone at Berezov in the Ural, with crocoite, Vauquelinite, pyromorphite, and galena.
Named Melanochroite by Hermann, from yue'Aa?, black, and color. But, as the color is red, and not black, and the name is therefore false to the species, Grlocker changed it to Phceni- cochroite, from (poiviKoS, deep red, and XPua> and in this he is followed by Hausmauu. The abbreviated form phoenicite is bad, because it is too much like the name of another mineral, phenacite.
Artif. — Meunier obtained phcenicocroite by the action of a solution of potassium dichromate on galena, C. R., 87, 656, 1878. Cf. earlier, Drevermaun, Lieb. Ann., 89, 36, 1854.
727. VAUQUELINITE. Vauqueline Berz., Afh., 6, 246, 1818. Vauquelinite Berz., N. Syst. Min. Paris, 202, 1819. Chromate of Lead and Copper Phillips. Laxmannite A. E. Nordenskiold, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 24, 655, 1867; Pogg. Ann., 137, 299, 1869. Phosphochromite Hermann, J. pr. Ch., 1, 447, 1870.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0-74977 : 1 : 1-39083; ft — *69° 3' 001 A 100 Koksharov1.
100 A HO 35° 0', 001 A 101 *79° 0', 001 A Oil 52C
Forms 2 : a (100, i-l) c (001, 0)
s (410, a-4)
w (940, £J)? z (320, a-f ) TO (110, /) / (120, i-2)
g (370,
e (102, x (304,
n (102, H) p (304, f-i) h (101, 1-i)
d (Oil, 14)
u (931, 9-3)? y (146, f-4)
ss'" 19° 51V
zz'" 50° 3'
Toto'" *70° 0'
ff' 11° 3V
ce 33° 2V
ex 40° 57' en 52° 21'
cp 68° 51' dd' 104° 49' cu 72° 49'
cy — 45° 44V uu' 26° 47' yy' 85° 36'
Twins: tw. pi. e (102)3. Crystals usually minute, often wedge-shaped;1 irregularly aggregated, and in mammillary forms. Also reniform or botryoidal, and granular; amorphous.
Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 2-5-3. G-. 5-8-6-1. Luster adamantine to resinous, often faint. Color green to brown, apple-green, siskin-green, olive- green, ocher-brown, liver-brown; sometimes nearly black. Streak greenish or brownish. Faintly translucent to opaque.
Comp. — A phospho-chromate of lead, perhaps, as suggested by Rammelsberg, 2(Pb,Cu)Cr04.(Pb,Cu)3P208 — Chromium trioxide 15'0, phosphorus pentoxide 10-6, lead protoxide 69'5, cupric oxide 4-9 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Nordenskiold, 1. c. 3, Hermann, 1. c. 4, Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 196 1880. 5, Nicolayev, Min. Russl., 8, 353.
1. Laxmannite G. .5 '77
3. Phosphochromite G. — 5 '80
5. "Vauquelinite" G. — 6'06
Berzelius gave for the original vauqueliuite: CrO3 28'33, PbO 60'87, Cu 10'80 100, which correspond to 3(Pb,Cu)O.2CrO3; he probably overlooked the phosphoric acid, for the observations of Des Cloizeaux and Koksharov make it almost certain that vauqueliuite and laxmannite are identical, although Nordenskiold argues for the presence of a pure chromate, free from phosphoric acid, with his laxmannite. All the crystals examined by Koksharov proved to contain P2O5) but varying somewhat in amount (8 to 10 p. c.) as explained by the associated pyromorphite. Some authors give the name laxmannite to the above phospho-chromate, the existence of which is suffi.
P206
CrOs
PbO
CuO
Fe2O3
H20
99-40
99-42
99-72
—
—
100-75
—
96-46
916 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
ciently proved, and retain vauquelinite for the still hypothetical chromate, assumed to have the composition given above. This, by the way, is identical with that of phoenicochroite except in the presence of copper.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal slightly intumesces and fuses to a gray submetalh'c globule, yielding at the same time small globules of metal. With borax or salt of phosphorus affords a green transparent glass in the outer flame, which in the inner after cooling is red to black, according to the amount of mineral in the assay; the red color is more distinct with tin. Partly soluble in nitric acid.
Obs.— Occurs with crocoite at Berezov in the Ural, generally in mammillated or amorphous masses, or thin crusts; early reported at Pontgibaud in the Puy-de-D6me (but needs confirma- tion, Dx.); also with the crocoite of Brazil.
At the lead mine near Sing Sing it has been reported by Dr. Torrey in green and brownish green mammillary concretions, and also nearly pulverulent; and at the Pequa lead mine in Lan- caster Co.. Pa., in minute crystals and radiated aggregations on quartz and galena, of siskin- to apple-green color, with cerussite. Probably also with crocoite, vauadinite, wulfeuite at some of the mines in the Vulture district in Mancopa Co., Arizona. All these American localities require revision.
Named after Vauquelin, the discoverer of the metal chromium, and also the first one to notice the crystals of this species (J. Mines, 6. 737). Laxmauuite is for the chemist Prof. E. Laxtnann, who early traveled extensively in Siberia, and (Nd.) first called attention to the min- erals of Berezov.
John describes a greenish or brownish ckromo'-ptiosphate of lend and copper (Chrom-Phosphor- kupferbleispath) from Berezov, Siberia, as occurring in small crystalline concretions, having tha surface covered with capillary prisms; H. 2-3; opaque to subtrauslucent; fracture uneven, powder dull greenish. Analysis afforded (Jb. Min., 67, 1845): PbCrO4 45'0, PbO 19 0, CuO 11-20, P2OB 4'10, CrO3 7'50, manganese tr., H2O 1'78, impurities 11 '42. To a large extent soluble in nitric or hydrochloric acid. It is probably only an impure vauquelinite.
Ref. — J Crystals with the composition given in anal. 5, Miu. Russl., 8, 345, 1878. See also Nd., 1. c., and Dx., Bull. Soc. Miu., 5, 53, 1882, whose angles vary rather widely from these. 2 Kk., p. 357, also Dx. 3Haid.; the specimen supposed to be from Pontgibaud, cf. Dx., .1. c., p. 56.
JOSSAITE Breithaupt, B. H. Ztg., 17, 54, 1858. From Berezov, occurring in small orange- yellow crystals with vauquelinite. Described as orthorhombic, with a prismatic angle of 62°-70°, and traces of prismatic cleavage; the luster between vitreous and waxy; streak dull yellowish white; H. 3'0; G. 5'2. According to Plattner, it gives the reactions of chromic acid and oxides of lead and zinc.
TAWAPACAITE Raimondi, Mineraux du Perou, p. 274, 1878. Occurs in minute fragments ol a brilliant yellow color, in the midst of soda niter (the variety called caliche azufrado, p. 871). Essentially a potassium chromate, but mixed with a little sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, and sodium and potassium sulphates. From the province of Tarapaca, Chili; also (Domeyko, Miu. Chili, 3d Ed., 447) in the natural salt deposits of the desert of Atacama, Chili. It needs furthei examination.
CALCIUM CHROMATES. On the artificial formation and crystalline form of various calcium chromates, see H. B. v. Foullon, Jb. G. Reichs., 40, 421, 1890. The salts described have the composition : Ca2CrO6 + 3H2O, monoclinic; CaCrO4 + 2H2O, monoclinic and isomorphous with gypsum; CaCrO4 -f H2O, orthorhombic.
SULPHATES OF MERCURY. Seyfriedsberger has described two sulphates of mercury from the mercury furnace at Idria, Hg2SO4 and HgSO4. The former occurs in orthorhombic crys- tals, with a (100). b (010), c (001), m (110), p (230), /(102), g (203), h (101), d (Oil), o (111). Axial ratio a : b : c — 0-666 : 1 : 0'707. Angles: mm'" 67° 20', hh' 93° 30', dd' 70° 33', etc. Zs. Kr., 17, 433, 1890.
Sulphates with Chlorides, Carbonates, etc.-In part hydrous
compounds.
728. Sulphohalite 3Na0S04.2NaCl Isometric
& :b:6
729. Caracolite Na2S04.Pb(OH)Cl? Orthorhombic 0-5843:1:0-4213
a:i : 6 /3
730. Kainite MgS04.KCl + 3H20 Monoclinic 1-2187:1:0-5863 85° G'
731. Connellite Cult(Cl,OH),SOir, + 15H.O Hexagonal 6 1-1562
732. Spangolite (A1C1)<X(OH)12S04 + 311,0 .Rhombohedral 6 2-0108
Sulphohalite—Caracolite. 917
733. Hanksite 4Na,S04.Na1CO, Hexagonal 6 1-0140
a :b:6 ft
734. Leadhillite 4PbO.S08.2COa.HaO? Monoclinic 1-7476 2-2154 89° 48'
Two double salts, sulphates and nitrates of sodium, are described on p. 878.
728. SULPHOHALITB. W. E. Hidden and /. B. Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 36, 463, 1888. Sulfohalit Germ.
Isometric. In dodecahedrons, also with cubic and octahedral faces; an appa- rent development of the latter according to tetrahedral symmetry has been noted1. H. 3-5. G. — 2 '489. Luster vitreous. Color faint greenish yellow. Trans- parent.
Comp.— 3NaaS04.2NaCl Sulphur trioxide 44'2, chlorine 13-0, soda 45'7 102-9; or, Sodium sulphate 78'5, sodium chloride 21'5 100. Anal. — Mackintosh, 1. c.
SO3 42-48 Cl 13-12 NaaCO, 1-77
This is interpreted as Na2SO4 75-41, NaCl 21-62, NaaC03 1'77 98'80. If the loss is regarded as NaaSO4 and the Na2CO3 is taken as replacing a small part of the sulphate, the Above formula is obtained. Slowly soluble in water.
Obs. — Observed implanted upon crystals of hanksite from Borax lake, San Bernardino Co., California; obtained from a cavity reached in boring at a depth of 35 feet.
Ref.— ' Cf. Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 41, 438, 1891.
729. CARACOLITE. Websky, Ber. Ak. Berlin, p. 1045, 1886.
Orthorhombic (?) and pseudo-hexagonal by twinning. Axes a : I : 6 0-5843 : i : G'4213 Websky1.
100 A 110 30° 17 J', 001 A 101 35° 47f, 001 A Oil 22° 50£'. Measured angles: pp'" *37° 44', *100° 16', also pp' 67° 13' (calc.). As a crystalline incrustation; the crystals have the form of a hexagonal pyramid with base and prism, but are explained as trillings, analogous to aragonite, with the prism as twinning plane, mm1" 60° 3'5£'.
Cleavage not noted. H. 4'5. Luster vitreous. Colorless. Comp.— Perhaps Pb(OH)Cl.Na,S04 — Sulphur trioxide 20-0, lead protoxide 55-5, soda 15-5, chlorine 8*8, water 4'5 104*3. Anal. — Websky, 1. c., on impure material.
SO3 Cl Pb Cu FeO ZnO
16-70 10-18 50-88 2'51 0'33 ' 0'29 insol. 1-84 82'73 + 2'30 (O Cl) 85-03
Adding 12 '46 Na2O equiv. of SO3 (diminished by equiv. of ZnO and FeO), 2'51 p. c. H2O remains. This is interpreted as consisting of 83'9 p. c. caracolite and 14'26 percylite (with 1-84 residue), but the result is very problematical.
Pyr.— Fuses in the Bunsen flame to a brown glass giving a strong soda flame with a blue spot close to the assay. Partially dissolved by water, the solution evaporated depositing cubes of sodium chloride, etc.
Obs. — Occurs intimately mixed with blue cubes of percylite as an incrustation and in crevices in a gaugue consisting of galena, anglesite, and quartz. From Mina Beatriz, Sierra Gorda, Atacama, some 20 or 30 miles from Caracoles, Chili (cf. Fletcher, 1. c., and Sandb., Jb. Min., 2, 75, 1887.
Ref. — ' L. c., it may prove that the crystals belong to the hexagonal system to which they approximate closely; cf. Fletcher, Min. Mag., 8, 172, 1889.
CHLOROTHIONITE. Clorotionite A. Scacchi, Att. Accad. Napoli, 6, 1873 (Contrib. Min., n, p. 59).
Occurs in thin crystalline mammillary crusts of a bright blue color. Analysis:
8O4 32-99 Cl 20-04 Cu 19'56 K 26'29 loss 1-12 100
Crystals obtained by recrystallization from a solution, and thus purer than the original material, gave essentially the same result. Formula K2SO4.CuCl2 SO< 3l"2. Cl 23-0, Cu 20'5, K 25-3 100. From Vesuvius, as a result -of the eruption of April, 1872. The name records the presence of chlorine and sulphur (®eiov).
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
730. KAINITE. Zincken, B. H. Ztg., 24, 79, 1865.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 1-21866 : 1 : 0-58635; /3 85° 5£' 001 A 100 Groth1.
Forms1 :
(100, i-l) : (001, 0)
100 A HO 50° 31$', 001 A 101 24° 43$', 001 A Oil 30° !?§'.
(310, z-3)2 (210, tf-2> (110, /)
t (101, - 1-i)3 r (201, - 2-i) n (401, - 44)3 d (021, 2-i)2
Also4 doubtful Tt (980), £ (1-18-7).
Hi
o (111, - 1) v (221, - 2)* e (223, f
Iv" 44° 4'
ff" 62° 31' mm"' 101° 3'
cr =41° 32'
dd' =98° 53'
co =35° 58'
cv 60 J 39'
c&7 38" 144'
(111, 1) (311, - 3-3)3 (131, - 3-3)9 (131, 3-3)
60° 11'
*63° 52'
=*105° 47'
54° 1'
57° 11'
113° 38'
117° 6'
Figs. 1, 2, Loederburg, Luedecke.
Crystals often tabular c; also prismatic (GO), pyramidal o and co. Faces c uneven and broken. Also granular massive and in crystalline crusts.
Cleavage: a very distinct; H. 2-5-3. G. 2-067-2-188. Luster
m distinct; b less so; also o, c*i Bkg.
vitreous. Color white or colorless to dark flesh-red.
Optically -. Ax. pi. b. Bxa A c - 8° Grotli, - 10° 43' Zeph. Disper- sion inclined, very distinct. Axial angles:
Also 2Ha.r 87° 8' Li
2Ey 141 c
approx.
2Hy 86C
40' Groth
2Ha.y 87° 3' Na 2Ha.gr 87° 0' Tl 2H0.y 98° 30' .'. 2Vy 84°
Comp.— MgS04.KCl + 3H20 Sulphur trioxide 32-1, chlorine 14-3, magnesia 16'1, potassium 18'9, water 21-8 103-2; or, Magnesium sulphate 48'2, potassium chloride 30'0, water 21-8 100.
Anal.— 1, Philipp, Zs. G. Ges., 17, 649. 1865. 2, Frauk, Ber. Ch. Ges., 1. 121, 1868, Rg., Min. Ch., 261, 1875. 3, Hauer, Jb. G. Rek-lis.. 20, 141, 1871. 4, Tscbeimak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 311, 1871. 5, Liuck, Zs, Kr., 15, 572, 1889.
1. Stassfurt
3. Kalusz
5. Douglasball
Does not deliquesce, but easily soluble in water. The solution yields crystals of picromerite leaving the potassium chloride behind, whence the earlier view that kainite of Zincken was nothing but the impure picromerite. (cf. 5th Ed., p. 642).
Obs.— Found in granular masses, less often in crystals, at Stassfurt; with picromerite (schcenite), halite, and sylvite at Aschersleben ; at Kalusz, Galicia, in beds of considerable thickness (., 1. c.).
Artif.— A. de Schulten (C. R., Ill, 928, 1890) describes the synthesis of kainite by the evaporation of a concentrated solution of 500 gr. of crystallized magnesium chloride with a solu- tion containing 40 gr. potassium sulphate and 56 gr. of magnesium sulphate. An analysis of crystals obtained gave :
So,
MgO
K
Na
H2O
21-00
—
19-47
21-37
0'03
20-73
—
21-11
So3 33-30
Cl 14-03
MgO 17-17
K 15-09
H2O 20-50 100-09
Ref.— Stassfurt, Pogg., 137. 442. 1869. 2Zeph., Zs. Kr., 6, 234, 1881. 3 Luedecke, Loeder burg, Zs. Nat. Halle, 58, 656, 1885. 4 Bkg., Zs. Kr., 15, 569, 1889.
Connellite— Spang Olite.
731. CONNELLITE. Copper Ore of an azure-blue color, composed of needle crystals (f r. Wheal Providence) Rashleigh, Brit. Min., 2, 13, pi. 12, f. 1, 6, 1802. Sulphato-chloride of Copper Connel, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1847. Connellite Dana, Miu., 523, 1850.
Hexagonal. Axis 6 - 1*1562; 0001 A lOll 53° 10' Story- Maskelyne1.
Forms1 : c (0001, 0), m (1010, I), a (1120, i-2), p (1011, 1), to (Il*2i8*8, Y-H)-
Angles: mp - 36° 50', pp' 47° 10f, pp'" - *106° 20', ww' 42° 48i'. ww" 21° 59', ww 21° 0', ap 46° 7', aw 24° 4f, mw 13° 18'.
Crystals slender, or acicular, usually hexagonal prisms, a, with the pyramid sometimes also with the dihexagonal pyramid also stout prisms, a, m with basal plane. In radiating groups, forming botryoidal or rounded masses.
H. 3. Gr. 3-364. Luster vitreous. Color fine blue; of the powder pale greenish blue. Translucent. Optically uniaxial, positive, Btd.
Comp. — Probably CuJ5(Cl,OH)4SOie.15H20. Neg- lecting the hydroxyl, regarded as replacing part of the chlorine, the percentage composition is: Sulphur trioxide 4*8, cupric oxide 72*1, chlorine 8*6, water 16'4= 101*9.
Anal.— Peufield, made on 0'074 gram, Am. J. Sc., 40, 82, 1890.
SO3 4-9 01 7-4 CuO 72'3 H2O 16'8 (at 100° 0*4) - 101 '8
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses at 2 to a black shining globule coloring the flame green. Gives acid water abundantly in the closed tube. Insoluble in water, but easily soluble in nitric or hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — In Cornwall, at Wheal Unity and Wheal Damsel, in slender crystals, not over in. in diameter and y1 in. thick. Recently (1885) found in crystals up to 4 mm. in length at the Marke Valley mine in Eastern Cornwall with cuprite, malachite, and chalcophyllite, and in th& Camborne district with cuprite, azurite, malachite, brochautite, etc. Also noted with cuprite, malachite, and quartz from Namaqualand, S. Africa (Prior. Min. Mag., 8, 182, 1889).
Ref.— ' Phil. Mag., 25, 39, 1863. Penfield (1. c.) obtained pp' 49° 39' and Trechmann 47° 31', Min. Mag., 6, 171, 1885. Miers notes c (0001), ibid., p. 167.
Figs. 1, 2, Cornwall, Maskelyue.
732. SPANGOLITE. 8. L. Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 39, 370, 1890. Rhombohedral. Axis6l 2-0108; 0001 A 1011 66° 42' Penfield.
Forms :
c (0001, 0) m (1010, J)
ck 26° 41' en 33° 50' co 45° 9'
a (1120, i-2) k (1128, i-2) n (1126, £-2)
cp 56° 27' d 59° 53' cp *63° 33i'
0 (1124, i-2) p (3368, f-2)
1 (3367, f-2)
ex 71° 39f cy 76° 2f cz 80° 35'
p (1122, 1-2) x (3364, |-2)
oo' 41° 31J' pp' *53° Hi'
y (1121, 2-2) z (3362, 3-2)
yy' 58° 3' mp 39° 9'
Figs. 1, 2, Penfield.
In hexagonal crystals with promi- nent basal plane; sometimes short prismatic with faces a horizontally striated ; also flattened with a series of pyramids in oscillatory combina- tion. These pyramids are shown to belong to the second series by the etching-figures.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. Frac-
ture conchoidal. Etching-figures on c rhombohedral in symmetry, and correspond- ing to various scalenohedrons varying with the kind of acid or its degree of con- centration. H. — 2 on c; on pyramidal faces 3. G. 3*141. Luster vitreous. Color dark green. Pleochroism not strongly marked, green (a?) and bluish green
(e). Optically — . A 525 approx.
SULPHATES, CHROMA TES, ETC. Double refraction strong. Indices: co 1-694, e 1-641 for
Figs. 3-5, Penfleld, basal sections showing etching-figures: 3, in dilute sulphuric acid; 4, in very dilute sulphuric acid; 5, in hydrochloric acid.
Comp.— A highly basic sulphate of aluminium and copper, Cu6AlClSO .9H 0 which may be written (AlCl)S04.6Cu(OH), + 3H20 Sulphur trioxid'e 10-1, alumina 6-3, cupric oxide 59'7, chlorine 4-5, water 20'4.= 101 -0, deduct (0 2C1) 1-0 100.
Anal.— Penfleld, 1. c.
SO3 10-11 Cl 4-11 A12OS 6-60 CuO 59-51 H3O 20-41 100'74
Pyr., etc. — B.B. fuses at 3 to a black slaggy mass, coloring the flame green. Ou charcoal in the reducing flume yields globules of metallic copper. Yields acid water abundantly in the closed tube. Insoluble in water, but readily soluble in dilute acids.
Obs. — From the neighborhood of Tombstone, Arizona, but exact locality unknown; perhaps from the Globe district. Only a single specimen has thus far been preserved; this shows a mass of impure cuprite nearly covered with the line hexagonal crystals of spangolite associated with a few crystals of azurite and a prismatic mineral, perhaps atacamite.
Named after Mr. Norman Spang of Etna, Allegheny Co., Penn.
733. HANKSITE. W. E. Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 30, 133, 1885. Hexagonal. Axis 6 1-0140; 0001 A 1011 *49° 30' Hidden1. Forms: c (0001, 0); m (1010, /); p (4045, f)'2, o (1011, 1), s (2021, 2).
cp 43° 8', co 49° 30', cs 66° 52f, pp' 39° 58f , oo' 44° 41f, as' 54" 45'.
3- In hexagonal prisms, usually short
prismatic to tabular; often in inter- penetrating groups. Faces m striated horizontally. Also in quartzoids.
Cleavage: c distinct. Fracture un- even to subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 3-3'5. G. 2 '562. Luster vitreous, rather dull. Color white, inclining to yellow. Transparent to translucent. Optically uniaxial, negative. Taste saline.
Comp. — An anhydrous sulphato-car- bonate of sodium, 4Na2S04.Na,iCO!! Sulphur trioxide 47-5, carbon dioxide 6*5, soda 46-0 100; or, Sodium sulphate 84-3, sodium carbonate 15 -7 100. Anal.— 1, J. B. Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 30, 134, 1885. 2, S. L. Penfield, ib., p. 137.
Figs. 1-3, Ayres.
So3
Co,
Na2O
ign.
insol.
100-01
K 2 33 100-06
Leadhillite.
The bases in 1 were calculated as soda. In 2 the insoluble portion is admixed clay which rendered the crystal partially opaque; the chlorine is probably due to impurity (NaCl); inclusions of cubic crystals were observed microscopically.
Pyr. — Fuses easily with a yellow name Readily soluble in water. Effervesces with acids.
Obs. — Found with halite, thenardite, glauberite, trona, borax, etc.,_at_Borax Lake, San Bernardino Co., California; cf. Hanks, Am. J. Sc., 37, 63, 1889. Hauksite is sometimes inclosed in borax crystals. Also known from Death Valley, Inyo Co., and reported from Nevada. The crystal analyzed by Penneld was a low hexagonal prism, 75 mm. across; from California, but exact locality unknown.
Named after Henry G Hanks, formerly State Mineralogist of California.
Ref.— ' L. c. Bode wig measured oo 44° 31', co 49° 15', Am. J. Sc., 38, 165, 1889.
734. LEADHILLITE. Plomb carbonate rhomboidal Bourn., Cat., p. 343, 1817. Sulphato- tricarbonate of Lead Brooke, Ed. Phil. J., 3, 117, 1820. Leadhillite Beud., Tr., 2, 366, 1832. Bleisulphotricarbonat, Ternarbleierz, Weiss. Psimythit Olocker, Syn., 256, 1847. Maxite Laspeyres, Jb. Min., 407, 508, 1872; 292, 1873.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 1-74764 : 1 : 2-21545; ft 89° 47' 38" 001 A 100 Laspeyres1.
100 A HO 60° 13' 18", 001 A 101 51° 36' 18", 001 A Oil 65° 42' 24".
Forms2 : a (100, i -? i b (010, W)
m (110, J)
i (203, - f-i) w (101. - 1-*)
a (014,
g (012,
h (034,
H) H)
(Uu1,
z
(302
ft (113,
-i)s
d
(410,
i-l)
u
(201
, - 24)
t
(112,
— i)
G3 (310,
i-3) tw.pl.
y
(401
, - 44)*
(Hi,
-1)
z
(210,
i"4)
f
(101
, 14)
(112,
i)
L (430,
*-i)3
e
(201
, 2-i)
r
(in,
1)
dd'"
47°
12'
j
—
*42°
4'
26"
cr
Good
—
60°
27'
I'.f
—
95°
51'
cs
11'"
82°
18'
hh'
117°
55'
ck
mm'
"
120°
27'
ct
51°
51'
cq
cu
rs
68°
18'
ex
68°
31'
cp
cf
—
51°
51i'
cm
89°
54'
U'
ce
ss
68°
39'
cv
51°
59'
xx'
Y (612, - 3-6)3 S (418, - i-4)3 s (414, - 1-4) € (214, - i-2)3 k (212, - 1-2) C (412, - 4-2)3 e (434, - l-l)3
A (4'1 12, i-4>
68° 42' 54° 1' 59° 10}' 54° 16' 59° 24' 86° 6' 107° 44'
bx w' rr'
gx —
jj. (418, |-4)3 q (414, 1-4) p (814. 2-4) p (212, 1-2) o- (436, f-D'M o (434, 1-|)3
T (477, 1-|)3
*36° 7' 54"
86° 17' 107° 55J'
37° 48'
37° 56' *69° 15' 37"
Twins: tw. pi. m, analogous to aragonite; also co (310) as tw. lamellae, some- times developed by elevation of temperature. Crystals commonly tabular jj c.
Cleavage: c very perfect; a in traces. Fracture conchoidal, scarcely observable. Kather sectile. H.= 2'5. Gr. 6'26-6'44. Luster of c pearly, other parts resinous, somewhat adamantine. Color white, passing into yellow, green, or gray. Streak uncolored. Transparent to trans- lucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. a. Bx sensibly c. Dis- persion p v rather large. Axial angle diminishes with
Sardinia, Laspeyres.
increase of temperature, and finally a section becomes uniaxial and negative.
At 15° C., 2Er 20° 32'. 2EW 22° 22'. 2Er 20° 28' at 21° -5, 6° 46' at 47°, 0° at 121°. Again, 2Er 20° 54' at w° C and 0° at 146° -5. Again, 2Er 23° 16' at 12°, 10° 22' at 47°, 8° 26' at 175° -8 Dx.4
Hintze5 found it uniaxial at 125°, Milgge6 at 300°, previous tw. lamelUe having completely disappeared.
Comp. — Sulphate-carbonate of lead, perhaps (Groth) 4PbO.S03.2C02.H!)0 Sulphur trioxide 7'4, carbon dioxide 8-2, lead oxide 82*7, water 1-7 100.
Hintze wrote the formula 7PbO.2SO3.4CO2.2H2O.
Anal. — 1, 2, Laspeyres, 1. c. ; 2, mean of several analyses. 3, Bertrand, Bull. Soc. Ch., 19, 67,1873. 4, Hintze, 1. c. 5-7, Collie, J. Ch/Soc., 55, 91, 1889.
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
1. Leadhills
2. Sardinia, Maxite
5. Leadhills
G. 6-60 G. 6-547
S03
Co2
PbO
H30
Pyr., etc. — B.B. intumesces, fuses at 1'5, and turns yellow; but becomes white on cooling. Easily reduced on charcoal. With soda affords the reaction for sulphuric acid. Effervesces briskly in nitric acid, and leaves white lead sulphate undissolved. Yields water in the closed tube.
Obs. — Found at Leadhills, with other ores of lead; also in crystals at Red Gill, Cumberland, and near Tauuton in Somersetshire; at Matlock, Derbyshire. From the Mala-Calzetta lead mine near Iglesias, Sardinia (maxite], associated with galena, cerussite, anglesite; it was supposed at tirst to be an independent species (cf. App. n. 38, in, 67). Grenada is also stated to be a locality of it, and the island of Seriphos, Grecian Archipelago. The crystals seldom exceed an inch in length, and are commonly smaller.
Reported by C. U. Shepard from Newberry District, S. C., but there is some doubt as to the locality; also from the Morgan silver mine, Spartanburg District, S. C. Observed from Arizona, at the Schulz gold mine with wulfenite, vauudinite, cerussite; it is partly altered to cerussite (Pfd.).
The name maxite was given for the Belgian mining engineer, Max Braun.
Ref. — l Zs. Kr., 1, 193, 1877; the form was first made monoclinic by Haidinger, later ortho- rhombic and hemihedral, cf. Haid., Trans. R. Soc. Eclinb., 10, 217, 18-36(18-34); Mir., 563, 1852. Artini (ref. below) calculates d : b : c 1 '75152 : 1 : 2'2260'8; ft 89° 31' 55'.
2 Cf. Lasp. and Mir., Min. 563, 1852. 3 Artini, monograph of the Sardinian mineral, Giorn. Min., 1, 1, 1890. 4 Dx., Propr. Opt., 2, 38, N. R., 72, 1867. 6 Hintze. Pogg., 152, 259, 1874; cf. also Bertrand, C. R., 86, 348, 1878. Mgg., Jb. Min., 1, 63, 204, 1884.
SUSANNITE. Sulphato-tricarbonate of Lead pt. (fr. Susanna mine, Leadhills) Brooke, Ed. N. Phil. .!., 3, 117, 138, 1827. Suzannit Haid., Handb., 505, 1845.
Regarded at one time as rhombohedral and dimorphous with leadhillite, but it is very probably only a modification of that species.
In attached crystals, described as acute rhombohedral, rr' 107°, at the Susanna mine, Leadhills, in Scotland; at Moldawa in Hungary; Nerchinsk in Siberia.
Cf. Leadhillite.
735. Misenite
B, Acid and Basic Sulphates.
HKSO, Mouoclinic ?
736. Alumian A1(A10)(S04)2 Rhombohedral?
737. Lanarkite (Pb20)S04
738. Dolerophanite (Cu20)S04
Monoclinic
739. Caledonite (Pb,Cu)2(OH)aS04 Orthorhombic? 0-9163
740. Brochantite Cu4(OH)6S04
741. Linarite
PbCu(OH)9S04 Monoclinic
a :
(5
ft
0-8681 :
88° 11'
1-4813 :
66° 8'
a :
b
0-9163 :
0-7739 :
a :
b
t
ft
1-7161 :
77° 23'
735. MISENITE. A. Scacchi, Mem. G. sulla Campania, 98, 1849. In silky fibers of a white color. Soluble; taste acid and bitter. Comp.— Probably acid potassium sulphate, HKS04 or K,804.H,S04 Sulphur trioxide 58-8, potash 34'6, water 6-6 100. Anal. — Scacchi, 1. c.
So3 56-93 K2O 36-57 H3O 6'12 A1,O3 0'38 100
Al Umian—Lanabkite.
Fyr, etc. — Fuses easily in the flame of a Bunsen burner, imparting to it a violet color. Soluble in water.
Obs. — Occurs in a hot tufa cavern at Cape Misene near Naples.
The artificial salt is dimorphous, being obtained ordinarily in orthorhombic crystals, and also in silky fibrous forms and acicular crystals which are monoclinic. Cf . farignac and Rg. , Kr. Ch., 391, 1881. The monoclinic modification has been studied by Wyrouboff, who concludes that misenite belongs to this, the less stable form. It has : 110 A 110 68°, 001 A HO 80°, 001 A 101 62°, ft IT 55', G. 2-245. Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 5, 1884.
736. ALUMIAN. Breith., B. H. Ztg., 17, 53, 1858.
Rhombohedral? Crystals microscopic. Also massive.
Cleavage, traces. H. 2-3. G. 2-702-2'781. Luster of small crystals vitreous; of masses weak. Color white. Subtranslucent.
Comp.— Perhaps A12O3.2SO3 Sulphur trioxide 61'1, alumina 38'9= 100. According to Utendorffer's determinations (1. c.), contains 37-38 p, c. of alumina, with sulphuric acid, and no water.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. unaltered; only hygroscopic water given off, but at a high temperature sulphuric acid, which may be detected by litmus paper. With cobalt solution a fine blue.
Obs. — From mines in the Sierra Almagrera, southern Spain. What appears to be the same mineral was earlier mentioned by Goebel as an efflorescence on the north-east side of Mt. Ararat. He found: SO3 58 -58, A12O3 38'75, FeSO4 2'78 100-11, . J., 60, 401, 1830.
737. LANARKITE. Sulphato-carbonate of Lead Brooke, Ed. Phil. J., 3, 117, 1820. 1., Tr., 2, 366, 1832. Dioxylith Breitli., Char., 1832. Kohlenvitriolbleispath, Halbvitriolblei, Germ.
Monoclinic. Axes a:l:6 0-86811 : 1 : 1-38363; ft 88° 11' - 001 A 100 Schrauf1.
100 A HO - 40° 56f, 001 A 101 56° 35f ' , 001 A Oil 54° 7f '.
Forms' : a (100, i-l), c (001, 0); u (103, - H), (302, f-i), z (181, -3-3), s (MO'5, - 2-10.) Also less certain (10-1-29), TF (13-4-37), r (28-1-15).
51', ca 76° 42', cs 70°
Angles: ew 27° 34f, ca 88° 11', ccr 36', az 69° 9'.
Cleavage: c perfect; a, u (103) in traces. Laminae flexible. G. 6-3-6'4 Thomson; 6'8 Pisani. Luster of the cleavage-face pearly ; elsewhere adamantine, inclining to resinous. Streak white. Color greenish white, pale yellow or gray. Transparent to translucent.
Optically—. Double refraction strong. Ax.pl.
6'3° 55' Pisani
3£', zz' 130° H. 2-2-5.
2Hr 65° 3'
2H0
Comp. — Basic lead sulphate, Pb2SOB or PbS04.PbO Leadhills, Schrauf.
Sulphur trioxide 15'2, lead protoxide 84-8 100; or, Lead sulphate 57'6, lead protoxide 42'4 100.
Anal.— 1, Pisani, C. R., 76, 114, 1873. 2, Flight, J. Ch. Soc., 27, 103, 1874. 3-4, Collie, ib., 55, 92, 1889. All from Leadhills.
G. 6-8
So,
PbSO*
! 57-65
PbO
PbO
ign.
ign.
100-89
98-6
— 100-6
0-5 99-6
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal easily reduced. Partially dissolved in nitric acid, leaving a residue of lead sulphate.
Obs. — At, Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland, with caledouite and susaunite; of very rare occurrence. Massive at Siberia, und at Tanne, in the Harz; tit Biberweier. Tyrol.
Ref.— ' Zs. Kr., 1, 31, 1877.
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
738. DOLEROPHANITE. Dolerofano A. ScaccM, Note Min., 1, p. 22, Napoli 1873 Extract from Atti Accad. Sc. Napoli, 5 (read March 12, 1870). Doleropliau.
Monoclinic. Axes a :b : 6 1-4813 : 1 : 1-4761; ft *66° 8' 001 A 100- Scacchi.
100 A 110 53° 33f, 001 A 101 33° 0', 001 A Oil 53
Forms :
a (100, i-l) b (010, i-i) c (001, 0)
The composition of dolerophanite seems to correspond to that of lanarkite, out the relation in form is not clear.
d (103, - i-i)
7i (302, |-i)
jj (739, - H)
e (103, i-i) / (203, H)
n (331, - 3) t (111, 1)
r (533, - l-f)
9 (101, 1-i)
r (§22, f|) s (133, - 1-3) 9 (139, 4-3)
After Scacchi.
cd ce
tf
eg ch
14° 19° 39° 56° 73°
59f
43'
47'
en *65° 40'
ct 69' cr 50' an *50' a/* 37' ar 38'
33'
39'
44'
37'
17'
as nn it'
65°
102C
rr' 61°
41'
5' 12' 57'
5'
Crystals small, rarely having a diameter of more thai) two millimeters. Faces brilliant.
Color brown. Powder brownish yellow. Opaque.
Comp. — A basic cupric sulphate, probably corre- sponding to lanarkite, Cu2SOB or 2CuO.S03 Sulphur trioxide 33-6, cupric oxide 66'4 100.
SO3 CuO insol.
36-07 62-27 1-22 99'56
33-49 65-20 [1'31] 100
Fyr., etc. — Kept for some time in water, the crystals dissolve in part, giving a blue solution; they preserve their form, however, though the color changes from brown to bluish. Dissolves easily in nitric acid. B.B. fuses, leaving a black scoriaceous residue. Unaltered at a temper- ature of 260°. With the fluxes gives reaction for copper.
Obs. — Found at Vesuvius, having been produced by sublimation during the eruption of October, 1868. The name is derived from doXepof, fallacious, (paive(r$ai, to appear.
739. CALEDONITE. Cupreous Sulphato-carbonate of Lead Brooke, Ed. Phil. J., 3, 117, 1820, Ann. Phil., 4, 117, 1822. Caledonite Beud., Tr., 2, 367, 1832.
Orthorhombic. Axes d : I : 6 — 0-9163 : 100 A HO *42° 30', 001 A 101 56C
1 : 1-4032 Brooke-Miller1. 51i', 001 A Oil - *54° 31$'.
Forms2 : J (010, i-l) c (001, 0) m (110, I)
x (201, 2-1) #(0-1-24, , X (0-1-20, h (0-1-16, T
r (O-i-io, T
mm"' 85° 0'
xx' 143° 50'
Jt 70° 64'
etf 109° 3'
g (018,
k (016, ip (013, / (012,
cs 54° 10' cr 64° 174' ct 76° 28'
(Oil, 14) (021, 2-fl
(335, f) (223,
M' 73° 25' n1 83° 154' 91° 35'
r (111, 1). (774, J) t (221,2) w (20-20-1, 20)?
as'" 66° 25' rr'" 74° 594'
82° 7'
Crystals prismatic in the direction of the brachy diagonal axis; usually minute; occasionally in divergent groups.
Cleavage: c perfect; a less so. Fracture uneven. Kather brittle. H.=2'5-3. G. 6'4. Luster resinous. Color deep verdigris-green or bluish green; inclining to mountain-green if the crystals are delicate. Pleochroic. Streak greenish white. Translucent.
Caledonite-Brochantite. 925
Optically — . Ax. pi. a. Bx 010. Axial angles, Dx.s
2Ha.r 112° 27' 2Ha.bi 113° 27|' 2H0.r 142° 5f 2H0.w 141° 32'
.-. 2Vr 82° 37' 2Vbi 83° 3' flr 1-846 /4i 1-864
Comp. — A basic sulphate of lead and copper. Perhaps (Pb,Cu)S04.(Pb,Cu)(OH)., or 2(Pb,Cu)O.SOs.H20. If Pb : Cu 2 : 1 the percentage composition is: Sulphur trioxide 17-9, lead protoxide 66-3, cupric oxide 1]'8, water 4-0 100. Anal.— 1, W. Flight, J. Ch. Soc., 27, 101, 1874 2, Collie, ib., 55, 92, 1889.
SO3 PbO CuO H2O
1. Leadhills 17'30 6842 10'17 4 "05 99'94
2. " 15-6' 67-7a 10-7 35 COa 1-9 99'4
Given as PbSO4 59.1, PbO 24 2.
The analysis of Brooke gave.CO2, which according to N. Story-Maskelyne and Flight belongs with the admixed cerussite.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal easily reduced. Partially soluble, with a slight effervescence when impure with lead carbonate, in nitric acid, leaving a residue of lead sulphate.
Obs. — Occurs at Leadhills, Scotland, accompanying other ores of lead, in crystals with linarite; at Red Gill in Cumberland; also at Rezbanya in Hungary; Tunue in the llarz; Mala- Calzetta mine near Iglesias, Sardinia, with leadhillite in a quartzose gangue (Rath). In the Ural at the Preobrayensk mine near Berezov, in gold quartz with cerussite, auglesite, bismite.
Said to occur at Mine la Motte, Missouri, but needs confirmation. In California at the argentiferous galena mines of Gerro Gordo, with anglesite, mimetile, smithsonite, etc.
Ref. — l The early, though not very satisfactory, measurements of Brooke are accepted here, as is done by Koksharov (Min. Russl., 9, 40, 1884). Schrauf refers crystals from Rezbanya to the monoclinic system, the macrodiagonal axis of Miller becoming the cliuodiagonal axis; the cry_stals are regarded as twins with numerous tw. lamellae; thus e (Oil) becomes e (101) and rf (101), etc. The same conclusion is reached by Eremeyev after the study of Uralian crystals. The axial ratios deduced by these authors are:
d : b : b 1-09134 : 1 : 1-57860 ft 89° 18' Schrauf
1-08956 : 1 : 1'57725 88° 22' Erem.
The question cannot be regarded as definitely settled, until the complex structure assumed is confirmed by optical examination. On the crystallization of the species, see: Brooke, Ann. Phil., 4, 117, 1822; Greg and Lettsom, Min., 403, 1858: Mir., Min., 561, 1852; Peters, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 44 (1), 170, 1861; Hbg., Min. Not., 9, 48, 1870; Schrauf, Rezbanya, Ber. Ak. Wien, 64 (1), 179, 1871, Atlas XL, 1873; Erem., Mem. Acad. St. Pet., 31, No. 16, 1883; Rath, Ber. nied. Ges., Feb. 8, 1886.
8 Cf. Mir., Schrauf, Erem., 1 c. 3 Dx., N. R., 205, 1867, he finds no proof of the twinning assumed, cf. remarks quoted by Kk.
740. BROCHANTITE. Brochantite (Ural) Levy, Ann. Phil., 8, 241, 1824. Konigine (fr. Russia) Levy, ib., 11, 194, 1826. Brongnartine (fr. Mexico) Huot, Min., 1, 331, 1841. Krisuvigit (fr. Iceland) Forchhammer, Skand. Nat. Stockh., 1842, Arsb., 192, 1843. Waring- tonite (fr. Cornwall) Mkelyne, Ch. News, 10, 263, 1864, Phil. Mag., 29, 475, 1865. Warring- tonite, wrong orihogr.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0-7739 : 1 : 0'4871 Koksharov1. 100 A HO 37° 44|', 001 A 101 32° 11|', 001 A Oil 25° 58J'.
Forms: a (100, i-l) b (010, i-l), c (001, 0) ; m (110, /), r (120, i-2); v (101, l-l), x (201, 2-i);
(012, i-i).
Schrauf1, who makes the species monoclinic-triclinic, adds: A. (610), fj. (730), n (340), i (Oil), o(112), k (12 -1 -4), / (616), 0(313), p (212), t (532), s (136).
Angles: mm"' 75° 28', rr' — 65° 46', w' 64° 22', xx' 103° 4', ee' 27° 22*', mx 51* 44', 123° 50', kK" 6° 31f.
Crystals commonly prismatic b, with faces w, r, b vertically striated; also elongated b with carving faces. In groups of acicular crystals and drusy crusts. Massive with reniform structure.
Cleavage: b very perfect; m in traces. Fracture uneven. H. — 3'5-4. G. 3-907 Rose. Luster vitreous; a little pearly on the cleavage-face b. Color emertild- greeu, blackish green. Streak paler green. Transparent to translucent.
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
Optically — . Ax. pi. 2H. 95° 6' Chili, (
a. Bx b. Axial angles: 0 Nizhni Tagilsk, Btd. Also 2Hgr 96° 10' Dx., Chili.
Comp — A basic sulphate of copper, CuS04.3Cu(OH),, or 4CuO.S03.3HaO — Sulphur trioxide 17'7, cupric oxide 70 '3, water 12'0 100.
Figs. 1, Ural, Rose. 2-4, Utah, Washington4.
Anal.— 1, Ludwig, Min. Mitth.. 38 1873; earlier Magnus. 2, Forchhammer, J. pr. Ch., 30, 396, 1843. 3, Risse, Pogg., 105, 614, 1858. 4. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 51 (1), 181, 1865. 5, Chester, Am. J. Sc., 33, 287, 1887. 6, Church, J. Ch. Soc., 18, 85, 1865. 7, Maskelyne, Phil. Mag., 29, 475, 1865. 8, Pearce, Proc. Col. Soc., 1, 119, 1884.
S03 CuO H2O
1. Rezbanya 17'38 70-64 11-97 99'99
2. Krisuvig 18-88 67'75 12-81 99'44
3. Nassau 19'0 67'8 13'2 Cl tr. 100
4. N. S. Wales G. 3'89 19-4 69'1 11 -5 100
5. Chili 18-21 71 '73 10'06 100
6. Cornwall, Waringtonite 18'93 68-27 12-22 insol. 0'58 100
7. " " G. 3-43 16-73 68'24 14'64 99'61
8. Colorado 18'65 68'70 [12-65] 100
Ludwig found that the water went off above 300°; Church gives H2O 1-04, below 260°.
Var. — 1. Ordinary Brochantite. The analyses vary considerably, as shown below. The crystals are vertically striated.
2. Waringtonite. Essentially brochantite in composition, but occurring in non-striated crys- tals in form like a doubly curving wedge, of paler green color than ordinary brochautite, with G. 3-39-3-47, and H. 3-3'5.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water, and at a higher temperature sulphuric acid, in the closed tube, and becomes black. B.B. fuses, and on charcoal affords metallic copper. With soda gives the reaction for sulphuric acid.
Obs. — Occurs in small but well-defined crystals, with malachite and native copper, at Gume- shevsk and Nizhni Tagilsk in the Ural; the k5uigine (or konigite) was from Gumeshevsk; in small brilliant crystals with malachite in a quartzose rock near Roughten Gill, in Cumberland; in Cornwall (in part Waringtonite), and sometimes with crystals of brochantite 011 the so-called Waringtonite; at Rezbanya; in Nassau, with chalcopyrite; in small beds at Krisuvig in Iceland (krisuvigite); in Mexico (brongnartine); in Chili, at Andacollo, Atacama with atacamite, with which it can easily be confounded; in Australia (brought from Sydney, N. S. W.); Balade mine, New Caledonia.
In the U. States, found at Monarch mine, Chaff ee Co., Colorado; Bill Williams Fork, Arizona. In Utah, Tiutic district, at the Mammoth mine; also, near Frisco.
Named after Brochant de Villiers. Waringtonite is for Wariugton W. Smyth (1817-1890).
Artif.— Formed in a bright green powder by Field (Phil. Mag., 24, 123, 1862) by adding to a strong solution of sulphate of copper a small quantity of caustic potash, boiling, filtering, and washing till all the sulphate of copper is removed; analysis after drying at 100° C. afforded SO3 16-98, CuO 67-51, HO [15-51] 100. See further under LANGITE.
Also by Meunier as the result of the action of concentrated sulphate of copper upon galena for 11 months, C. R., 86, 686, 1878. Atanasesco heated copper sulphate in a closed tube at 200° with (A) oxide of copper and (B) with water. The brochautite obtained had the following com- position:
A B
S03
CuO
H2O
10-36 100-82
10-47 100-18
Linaeite.
These correspond to 3CuO.SO3.2H2O. Bull. Soc. Ch., 44, 14, 1885.
Ref.— ! Min. Russl., 3, 260. Compare also Rose, Reis., Ural, 1, 267, 1837; Levy, Heul. Min., 3, 98, 1837; Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 67 (1), 275, 1873. Schrauf gives an exhaustive monograph of the species; he makes it isomorphous with malachite, and in crystalline form approximately mouoclinic. He distinguishes four types. I. Brochantite from Rezbauya_ (in two varieties), Redruth, Cornwall, etc., triclinic. II. Waringtonite- from Cornwall, and a variety from Rezbanya, monoclinic (?). III. From Nizhni Tagilsk, monoclinic-triclinic. IV. Konigine from Russia, also a variety from Rezbanya, monoclinic or orthorhombic.
Cf. also Groth, Min.-Samml., Strassb., 155, 1878. 'Washington, Utah, Am. J. Sc., 35, 306, 1888; Dx., Btd., Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 56, 1880.
741. LINARITE. Cupreous Sulphate of Lead Brooke, Ann. Phil., 4. 117, 1822. Cupreous Anglesite. Linarite Alger-PMllips, Min., 552, 1844. . Bleilasur, Kupferbleispath, Kupferbleivitriol, Germ.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 1-71613 : 1 : 0-82962; /3 *77° 22' 40" 001 A 100 Koksharov1.
100 A HO 59° 9' 25", 001 A 101 23° 6' 23", 001 A Oil 38° 59' 33".
Forms2 :
y (101, - l-i)
(100, i-i)
rf (501, - 5-i)
(oio, a)
d (108, f i)
(001, 0)
(210, i-2) mo n
t (506, £-i) s (101, l-i)
Also doubtful & (28-5-27),
(302, I-?) p (39-0-20, fJ4) M (201, 24) n (703, l-i) /? (12-0-5, -*gM) p (701, 74)
(24-5.21), h (28-5-30).
w (012, f 1) r (Oil, l-i)
(112, i) e (111, 1) n (221, 2) v (22-1-14, V-22)
a (13-1-13, 1-13)
Y (H-i-io, ij-ii
6 (919, 1-9) e (817, |-8) 9 (211, 2-2) o- (121, 2-2)
S'
s
Figs. 1, 2, After Koksharov.
ir
79° 53'
a'u *52° 31'
mm'1
118° 18' 50"
ww' 44°
Co
18° 41'
rr' 77° 59'
ct
23° 19'
eg 26° 19'
cs
27° 49*
ce 46° 20'
ex
en 67° 10
cu
50° 6'
cm' 96° 26'
m'e 50° 6' 57° 36i' cJ' 99° 39'
I'g 42° 2' a'e 78° 12' a'r 99° 47'
'
nri
59° 27' 10° 10' 77° 22'
116° 2' 66° 43'
105° 34'
Twins3: tw. pi. a. Crystals elongated b, and often tabular also s (101).
Cleavage: a very perfect; c less so. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H.= 2'5. O. 5'3-5'45. Luster vitreous or adamantine. Color deep azure-blue. Streak pale blue. Translucent.
Comp. — A basic sulphate of lead and copper, (Pb,Cu)S04.(Pb,Cu)(OH)2 or PbO.CuO.S03.HaO Sulphur trioxide 20'0, lead oxide 55-7, cupric oxide 19-8, water 4-5 100.
Anal.— 1, Kobell, J. pr. Ch., 83, 454, 1861. 2, Collie, J. Ch. Soc., 55, 93, 1889. 3, Peter- -sen, Sandb. Erzg., 125, 1882. 4, Frenzel, Jb. Miu., 675, 1875.
1. Nerchinsk
2. Leadhills
3. Schapbach
4. Argentine R.
G. 5-47 G. 5-06
PbS04
CuO
H2O
Cl tr. 100
100
74-88"
98-69
99-33
SO, 20-08, PbO 54-80.
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water and loses its blue color. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily to a pearl, and in R.F. is reduced to a metallic globule which by continued treatment coats the coal with oxide of lead, and if fused boric acid is added yields a pure globule of copper. With soda gives the reaction for sulphuric acid. Decomposed by nitric acid, leaving a white residue of lead sulphate.
Obs.— Formerly found at Leadbills. Occurs at Roughten Gill, Red Gill, and near Keswick, in Cumberland, in crystals sometimes an inch long; near Schneeberg, rare; in Uillenburg, at the mines Aurora and Thomas; Nassau on the Lahn; at Schapbach, in Baden (Saiidberger, 1. c.),, and from Badenweiler (Liweh, Zs Kr., 9, 522, 1884); at Rezbauya; at the Kadainski mine, Nerchinsk, in E. Siberia; in the vicinity of Berezov in the Ural; supposed formerly to be found at Limires in Spain, whence the name.
From the Ortiz mine in the Sierra Capillitas, Argentine Republic; from Chili (Stelzner, Min. Mitth., 249, 1873; Frenzel, 1. c.). Also from the state of Jalisco, Mexico.
In the United States, in fine specimens at the Cerro Gordo mines in Inyo Co., California.
Alt. — Linarite occurs altered to cerussite, a change like that of anglesite to cerussite.
Ref.— Cumberland, Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 13, 472. 1869, Min. Russl., 5, 206. Cf. Erem., Ural and Altai, Vh. Min. Ges., 19, 15, 1884.
2 Mir., Min., 554, 1852; Greg and Lettsom, Min., 395, 1858; Hbg., Min. Not., 6, 31, 1864; Kk., i. c.; Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 64 (1), 172, 1871, 65 (1), 241, 1872; Zeph., Erzberg, Lotos, Dec. 1874. 8 Rath, Ber. nied. Ges , 79, 1878, or Zs. Kr., 4, 426, 1880.
ANTLEKITE W. F. Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 55, 54, 1889.
Massive; in soft lumps of a light green color. G. 3'93 corrected. Composition, perhaps 3CuSO4.7Cu(OH)2 or 10CuO.8SO3.7H2O Sulphur trioxide 20-7, cupric oxide 68'4, water 10'9 100. Anal. — Hillebrand, 1. c. , after deducting 8 aud 6 p. c. gangue.
S03
CuO
ZnO
CaO
H2O
11-11 100-10
10-76 - 9997
From the Antler mine, Yucca Station (Atlantic & Pacific R.R.), Mohave Co., Arizona.
C. Hydrous Sulphates.— Normal Division.
742. Lecontite (Na,NH4,K),S04 + 2H,0 Orthorhombic 0-7848 : 1 : 1-5312
a : I : b ft
Monoclinic 1-1158 : 1 : 1-2372 72° 15' " G'9147 : 1 : 1-7571 89° 6'
743. Mirabilite Na,S04 + 10H,0
744. Kieserite MgS04 + H20
745. Szmikite MnS04 + H20
746. Gypsum CaS04 + 2H50 Monoclinic 0-6899 : 1 : 0-4124 80° 43
747. Ilesite (Mn,Zn,Fe)S04 + 4HaO Monoclinic?
Epsomite Group. KS04 + 7HaO. Orthorhombic.
748. Epsomite MgS04 + 7HaO
(Fe,Mg)S04 + 7H,0 Tauriscite FeS04 + 7HaO?
749. Goslarite ZnS04 + 7H 0
Ferro-goslarite (Zn,Fe)S04 + 7H,0
750. Morenosite NiS04 + 7H.O
a : fi : 6 0-9902 : 1 : 0-5709
0-9807 : 1 : 0-5631 0-9816 : 1 : 0-5655
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc. 929
Melanterite Group. RS04 + 7H20. Monoclinic.
751. Melanterite FeS04 + 7H20 1-1828 : 1 : 1-5427 75° 44'
Luckite (Fe.Mu)S04 + 7H20
752. Mallardite MnS04 + 7H20
753. Pisanite (Fe,Cu)S04 + 7H20 1-1609 : 1 : 1-5110 74° 38'
754. Bieberite CoS04 + 7H20 1-1815 . 1 : T5325 75° 20'
Cupromagnesite (Cu,Mg)S04 + 7H40
755. Chalcanthite CuS04 + 5H,0 Triclinic
a :b :6 0-5656 : 1 : 0-5507; a 82° 21', /3 73° 11', y 77° 37'
a:b:6 ft
756. Syngenite K,Ca(S04)a + H,0 Monoclinic 1*3699 : 1 : 0-8738 76° 0'
757. Loweite Na,Mg(S04)a + 2H20 Tetragonal
758. Blbdite Na4Mg(S04)2 + 4H20 Monoclinic 1-3494 : 1 : 0-6705 79° 22'
a : 1 : 6 0
759. Boussingaultite (NH4)2Mg(S04)2+6H20 Monoclinic 0-7438 : 1 : 0-4862 71° 50
760. Picromerite K2Mg(S04)a + 6H20 " 0-7265 : 1 : 0-4900 75° 12
761. Cyanochroite K2Cu(S04)2 + 6H20 " 0-7477 : 1 : 0'5052 75° 30
762. Polyhalite K2MgCa2(S04)4+2H20 Monoclinic?
Krugite
763. Wattevillite Na,Ca(S04), + 4H20?
Alum Group. Isometric.
EA1(S04)2 + 12H20 or RaS04.Al2(S04)s + 24HaO
764. Kalinite KA1(S04)2 + 12H20
765. Tschermigite (NH4)A1(S04)2 + 12H,0
766. Mendozite NaAl(S04)2 + 12H20
767. Tamarugite NaAl(S04)2 + 6H20
Halotrichite Group. Monoclinic. RA12(S04)4 + 22H20 (or 24H20)
768. Pickeringite MgAl2(S04)4 + 22H20
Stiivenite (Na2,Mg)Al2(S04)4 + 24H20
769. Halotrichite FeAl2(S04)4 + 241-1,0, or perhaps 22H20
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
770. Apjohnite
Bushmanite
771. Dietrichite
MnAl2(S04)4 + 24H,0 (Mn,Mg)Al2(S04)4 + 24H20 (Zn,Fe,Mn)Al2(S04)4 + 22H20
772. Coquimbite Fe,(S04)3 + 9H20
773. Quenstedtite
774. Ibleite
775. Alunogen
Rhombohedral b — 1-5613
a: I :6 ft
Fe2(S04)3 + 10H,0 Mouoclinic 0-3940 : 1 : 0-4058 78° *X(S04)3 + 12H.O A1,(S04)3 + 18H20 Monoclinic
776. Krbhnkite Na2Cu(S04)a + 2H,0 Monoclinic
777. Ferronatrite Na3Fe(S04)3 + 3H20 Rhombohedral 6 0-5528
778. Roemerite FeFe2(S04)4 + 12H20 Triclinic
a : I : 6 0-9684 : 1 : 2-6425; a 116° 3', ft 94° 41', y 80° 7'
742. LECONTITB. W. J. Taylor, Am. J. Sc., 26, 273, 1858. Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-7848 : 1 : 1-5312 J. D. Dana1. 100 A HO 38° 7$', 001 A 101 62° 51f ', 001 A Oil 56° 51'.
Terms : m (110, I), g (120, z-2); d (104, i-i).
Angles: mm'" 76° 15', gg' *65° 0', dd' *52° 0'.
In prismatic crystals, long or short.
H. 2-2-5. Luster vitreous. Colorless, when pure, and transparent. Taste saline and rather bitter. Permanent in the air.
Com p. — Hydrous sulphate of sodium, ammonium, and potassium, (Na,NH4,K), S04 + 2H,0.
Anal.— Taylor, 1. c.
SO, NaaO (NH4)iO K,O HaO
44-97 17-56 12-94 2'67 19-45 residue 2-41, P,O5 tr. 100
Pyr., etc. — Only partially sublimed in the closed tube, but otherwise reacts like mascagnite.
Obs. — From the cave of Las Piedras, near Coniayagua, Central America, embedded in a black mass made up of the excrement of bats. The crystals often have a coating of organic matter. The cave is worked for the niter, which the earth of the floor near its mouth affords by lixiviation.
Named after Dr. John L. Le Conte.
GUANOVULITE Wibel, Ber. Ch. Ges., 7, 392, 1874.
Found in crystalline deposits filling the eggs of birds in Peruvian guano. H. 2. G. 2"33-2'65. Color yellowish white. Luster silky. A sulphate of potassium and ammonium. Calculated formula, 7K2O.2(NH4)aO.12SOs.llH2O. Analysis, after deducting impurities:
So, 49-60
K2O 35-49
H,0 9-82 106
In water dissolves, leaving a very small residue, and giving a light yellowish solution, which has a salty taste. Insoluble in ether or alcohol. Heated in a glass tube it first loses water and ammonia, then becomes black, and on stronger heating melts and gives off much sulphuric acid.
Mieabilite.
743. MIRABILITE. Glauber Salt. Sal inirabile Glauber (the artificial salt at the time of its first formation). Natiirliches Wuudersalz, Glaubersalz, Germ. Glauber Salt. Sulphate of Soda. Soude sulfatee, Sel de Glauber, Fr. Mirabilite Haid., Handb., 488, 1845. Gediegen Glaubersalz (fr. Saidschitz and Sedlitz) Reuss, Crell's Ann., 2, 18, 1791; Naturliclies Bittersalz pt. Lenz, Min., 1, 489, 1794; Reussin Karst., Tab., 40, 1800.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 1-11584 : 1 : 1-23719; ft *72° 15' 001 A 100 Haidinger.
100 A HO 46° 44f , 001 A 101 57° 55', 001 A Oil 49° 40f.
Forms5 :
a (100, i-l ) b (010,
c (001, 0) m (110, /) w (102, - 44)
I (102, 4.4) r (101, 14) // (Oil, 14)
v (021, 24) e (112, - 4)' d (111, - 1)
u (221, - 2)*
y (ii2, i)
n (111, 1)
Figs. 1, 2, Aussee, Zepharovich.
mm"
' *93°
29'
JUJLl'
99°
(Wl"J
cm
77°
564'
a'n
62° 3'
cw
24*
18'
vv'
134°
1'
cy
43°
854'
ee'
a
49° 20'
32*
26'
ce
34°
5'
en
67°
18'
dd'
Ss
69° 19'
cr
57°
55'
cd
49°
47'
ad
46°
59'
yy'
61° 474'
a'r
*49°
50'
cu
62°
54'
aju
78°
37'
nn'
86° 47?
Twins : tw. pi. a, rare. Crystals like pyroxene (also borax) in habit as well as angles. Usually in efflorescent crusts.
Cleavage: a perfect; c, b, in traces. H. 1-5-2. G. 1-481 Haid. Luster vitreous. Color white. Transparent to opaque. Taste cool, then feebly saline and bitter.
Optically -. Ax. pi. and b. Bxor A 6 + 30° 56'. Bxobl 6 26° 31'. Ax. angles, Dx.4
2Ha.r 73° 35' .'. 2Er 122° 48'
2Ha.bi 72° 51' .-. 2Ebl 122° 42'
Artif . cryst. yellowish with a trace cf vanadium were positive, with the bisectrix in plane b and nearly normal to c; Ba.r A i 20° 15', Bxa.w A c — 18° 26'. Also 2Hy 58° 0' and 2Ey 90° 45'.
Comp. — Hydrous sodium sulphate, Na,S04 + 10HaO Sulphur trioxide 24-8, soda 19-3, water 55-9 100.
Analyses, 5th Ed., p. 636; also Sicily, Zs. Kr., 4, 639, 1880; Peru, Raimondi, Min. Perou, 288, 1878.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube much water; gives an intense yellow to the flame. Very soluble in water. Loses its water on exposure to dry air and falls to powder.
Obs. — Occurs at Ischl, Hallstadt, and Aussee in Upper Austria; also in Hungary, Switzer- land, Italy; at Guipuzcoa in Spain, etc.; abundantly at the hot springs at Carlsbad; inconsider- able beds near Bompensieri Montedoro, Sicily. In beds in the province of Tarapaca, Chili; at Kailua, on Hawaii, Sandwich Islands, abundant in a cavern, and forming from the action of volcanic heat and gases on salt water.
Effloresces with other salts on the limestone below the Genesee Falls, Rochester, N. Y. ; at Windsor, Nova Scotia; also near the Sweetwater River, Rocky Mountains. Large quantities of this sodium sulphate are obtained from the Great Salt Lake, Utah. It is present in solution in,
932 Sulphates, Chbomates, Etc.
the waters of the lakes, and in winter when a temperature falls to a certain point the precipitation begins and the salt accumulates so that it can be gathered from the bottom and is thrown upon the shores by the waves. "Under favorable circumstances the shores become covered to a depth of several feet with crystallized mirabilite. . . . Speaking only of the amount thrown upon the shores and of most ready access, the source is practically inexhaustible. The substance must be gathered, if at all, soon after the deposit first appears; as, if the water once rises above the critical temperature, the whole deposit is taken again into solution. This change is verp rapid, a single day being often sufficient to effect the entire disappearance of all the deposits within reach of the waves." — J. E. Talmage, Science, 14, 446, Dec. 27, 1889.
The artificial salt was discovered by Glauber, a German chemist, about the middle of the seventeenth century, while he was operating with sulphuric acid and common salt; and the name sal mirabile was his own expression of surprise at its formation.
Ref.— ' Min. Mohs, 2, 31, 1825. 8 See Haid.; also Miller, Min., p. 545, 1852; with him, a is the base and c the orthopinacoid. Cf. also Kg., Kr. Ch., 395, 1881. 3 Aussee, Zeph., Lotos, 1877. 4 Propr. Opt., 1, 73, 1857. N. R., 175, 1867.
The so-called Reussin is impure glauber salt, as pronounced by Reuss in 1791, after his early study of it. It occurred as a deposit of crystals and efflorescent crusts in or about the mineral springs of Saidschitz and Sedlitz. The crystals had the form of glauber salt. The analysis by Reuss corresponded to 68'0 of glauber salt, 31 '7 of epsomite, and 0'3 of gypsum 100.
EXANTHALOSE Beudant, Tr., 2, 475. 1832. A white efflorescence, such as results fiom the exposure to the air of glauber salt. Beudant obtained Na2SO4 + 2H2O; analyses:
SO, Na20 H,0
1. Vesuvius 44-8 35-0 20'2 100
2. Hildesheim 42'5 33'4 18'8 gangue 5'3= 100
The Vesuvian mineral was from the lavas of 1813, according to Beudant. It was named from eavQeiy, to effloresce, and aXs, salt.
744. KIESERITE. Kieserit Beichardt, Salzbergwerk Stassfurt, 1860; B. H. Ztg., 20, 39, 1861. Martinsite Kenngott, Ueb., 22, 1856-57; Rammelsberg, Pogg., 98, 262, 1856 (not Mar- tinsite Karsten, 1845).
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-91470 : 1 : 1-75713; /3 89° 5f 001 A 100 Tschermak1.
100 A HO 42P 26f ', 001 101 63° 12£', 001 A Oil 60° 21£'.
Forms: t (101, — \-l) cleavage; u (012, f i); x (113, — i), p (111, — 1); h (229, f), v (113, i), e (111, 1).
uu' 82° 36' cp 68° 24' ve *28° 20" vv' *52° 50'
ct =61° 47' cv 41° 14' xx' 52° 11' ee' *78° 28'
ex 40° 40' ce 69° 34' pp' 77° 44?' pe"' 42° 2'
Rarely in crystals. Habit pyramidal, resembling lazulite in form and angle. Faces e, v, brilliant and smooth, p less so; x, u rounded. Twinning lamellae of undetermined position observed in grains. Usually massive, coarse to fine granular, or com- pact.
Cleavage: e., v perfect; p, t, u less so. Friable to firm. H. 3-3-5. G. 2-569 .; 2-517 Bischof. Luster vitreous. Color white, grayish white, to yellowish. Trans- lucent to opaque. Little soluble.
Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Bxa A t 76° 25'. Dis- persion inclined distinct (30'), p v also distinct.
2Er 90° 42' 2Ey 90= Na 2Egr 89° 38 2Ebl 89° 16' Hallstadt, Tschermak.
Comp. — Hydrous magnesium sulphate, MgS04 -f HaO Sulphur trioxide 58-0, magnesia 29'0, water 13'0 100.
The water goes off above 200° (Tschermak), whence the formula H(MgOH)SO4.
Analyses agree with formula closely; see 5th Ed., p. 641; also Wieser, Vh. G. Ileichs., 130, 1871, and Tschermak, 1. c., both of Hallstadt. Also Preclit ;md Wittjen, Ber. Ch. Ges., 14, 2131. 1881, who show that the massive and crystallized varieties have the same composition.
Szmieite— Gypsum. 933
Pyr., etc. — lu the closed tube yields water. B.B. fuses easily, and with soda on charcoal gives the sulphuric acid reaction. But little altered at 100° C. Dissolves in nitric acid, leaving a small residue of impurities. Soluble slowly, but completely, in water, 100 of water taking up 40*9 parts; a residue is deposited of microscopic crystals of anhydrite, or of stassfurtite.
Obs. — From the stilt mine of Stassfurt, often mixed with carnallite and-gy-psuui . F. Bischof divides the Stassfurt salt beds vertically (Ann. Ch. Phys., 5, 805, 1865, and B. H. Ztg., 24, 1865) into four regions, corresponding, he observes, to the natural order of origin from an evaporating saline: 1, or lower, the anhydrite region; 2, the polyhalite; 3, the kieserite; and 4, the carnallite. The kieserite is in beds, 9 to 12 in. thick, alternating with common salt. The whole deposit is about 190 feet thick, and has the following as its mean percentage composition: Common salt 65 kieserite 17, carnallite 13, magnesium chloride (hydrated) 3, anhydrite 2 100. At Neu-Stass- furt it forms a mass with halite on the border of the white carnallite; the solution of the halite leaves the kieserite in crystals resembling anhydrite.
Occurs also at the Hallstadt salt beds with blodite, halite, anhydrite, glauberite; at Kalusz in Galicia. In the Mayo salt mines, Punjab, India.
Named after Mr. Kieser, President of the Academy of Jena. For the martinsite of Karsten, see under HALITE, p. 156.
Ref.— ' Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 317, 1871.
ABRAUM SALTS. Abraumsalze Germ. (From the German Abraum, abraumen, i.e., to be removed). The mixed salts overlying the rock-salt deposits at Stassfurt, Prussia; they consist chiefly of carnallite, sylvite, and kieserite.
745. SZMIKITE. /. von Schrockinger , Vh. G. Reichs., 115, 1877. Amorphous, stalactitic, with botryoidal surface. H. 1'5. G-. 3'15. Color whitish, on the fracture reddish white to rose-red.
Comp. — MnS04 + HaO Sulphur trioxide 47'4, manganese protoxide 41'9, water 10'7 100.
Anal. — 1, Schrauf; 2, Dietrich, both 1. c.
SO, MnO H,O
1. 47-43 41-78 10-92 100'13
2. 47-11 41-61 11-19 99-91
Exposed to damp air in small fragments becomes deeper red, and increases slightly In weight.
Obs. — From FelsObanya, Hungary. Named after Bergrath Szmik.
746. GYPSUM. FviboS mostly burnt Gypsum] Herodotus, Plato, Tlieophrastus. ~2eX?}viTr)S, 'AqipcreXrjvov, Dioscorides, 5, 152, 159. Lapis specularis (principal part), Gyp- sum burnt gypsum only), Plin. Lapis specularis, Gypsum, creAf/zrs, Germ. Gips and Fraueneis, Ital. Lumen de Scaiola [Scagliola], Agricola, Foss., 251, Interpr., 465, 1546. Glacies Marise, Marienglas [— SeleniteJ, Gips, Gypsum, Alabastrum (fine-grained G.), Selenites (cryst. G.), Wall, Min., 50, 1747. Marmor fugtfx Linn., Syst., 1736. Gypsum, Terra calcarea acido vitrioli saturata, Alabaster, Selenites, Cronst., Min., 18, 1758. Montmartrite Delameth., Le9ons, 2, 380, 1812. Gips, Gyps, Fraueneis, Wern. Gesso Ital. Yeso Span. Sulphate of Lime, Alabaster, Plaster Stone. Chaux sulfatee, Albatre, Fr. Satin Spar.
Perhaps in part 'Aka/3aoTpin?S, Theophr., Plin.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 0'68994 : 1 : 0-41241; ft 80° 42£' 001 A 100 Des Cloizeaux1.
100 A HO 34° 15', 001 A 101 28° 16f ', 001 A Oil 22° 8|'.
Forms2: m (110, /) r (140, A) t (101, l-l) C (733, - f|)4
a (100, i-l) g (230, e-|) 0 (290, t-|) (023 8 i)4 I (697, - H)T
c (001,0) A (120, il) Jgf cr(234,H)4
a 20 'I (™' 4 ! 3 Til
'
(320 0 509 3 ' .
q (270, t--J) n (HI. 1)
Also doubtful (besides some included above): ll'5'O, 13-23-0, ll'25'O, 7-25-0, 5'23-Q, 7-0'H. 225or7-7-18, 245 or 5-10-12, 11-21 -28.
Sulphates, Chromate8, Etc.
mm'
99' hh' kk1 rr'
25° 34V 37° 36'
48° 50' *68° 3U' 72° 35' 52° 10' 40° 19V
c/l
ad
ce
a'e
ct
m'
10° 47' 52° 25V 11° 29' 87° 49' 33° 8V 30° 22' 44° 17V 33° 10'
82° 194'
51° 2'
13° 52'
38° 25V
*59° 15'
48° 3'
25° 2'
56° 20'
Iv
36° Is'
88° 52V 15° 38' *41° 20' 74° 4' 44° 48' 97° 4'
Figs. 1-5, etc., Common forms. 6, Sicily, Pirsson. 9, Wasenweiler, Kaiserstuhl, Hbg.
O-B.i
Twins: (1) tw. pi. a, and usually contact-twins, very common, often the famil- iar swallow-tail twins; the reentrant angle formed by the pyramid /; also as cruci- form, penetration-twins. (2) d (101), contact-twins and usually bounded by m or M; again in forms represented by f. 9. Crystals usually simple in habit, common form (f. 1) flattened b or prismatic to acicular 6j again prismatic (f. 3) by
extension of I (111). The faces w, b often vertically striated. Also lenticular by rounding of I (111) and e (103). The form e (103), whose faces are usually rough and convex, is nearly at light angles to the vertical axis (edge m/m'"), hence the apparent hemi- morphic character of the twin, f. 6. Simple crystals often with warped as well as curved surfaces. Also foliated massive; lamellar-stellate; often granular massive; and sometimes nearly impalpable.
Cleavage: b eminent, yielding easily thin polished folia; a (100), giving a surface witli_ conchoidal fracture; n (111), with a fibrous fracture t (101) ; a cleavage frag- ment has the rhombic form of fig. 11, with plane angles of 66° and 114°. Also cleavage ft (509) and e (103) developed by pressure in thin cleavage fragments. H. 1*5-2. G-. 2*314-2*328, when pure crystals. Luster of b pearly and shining,
Gypsum. 935
other faces subvitreous. Massive varieties often glistening, sometimes dull earthy. Color usually white; sometimes gray, flesh-red, honey-yellow, ocher-yellow, blue; impure varieties often black, brown, red, or reddish brown. Streak white. Trans- parent to opaque.
Optically -j-. Ax. pi. at ordinary temperatures b, and Bx A t — + 52£° (at 9-4° C.), cf. f. 16. Dispersion p v, also inclined strong, Bxr A — 0° 30'. Axial angles, Dx. :
2Er 95° 14' at 20°, 75° 58' at 47°, 59° 19' at 71£°, 39° 1' at 95£°, 0° at 116°.
With increase of temperature the axes come together, and at 116° the axial angle is 0° for red rays; at 120° the axes (red) open in a plane b with small horizontal dispersion. Bx, changes its position 5° 38' between 20° and 95°, the axial figure in the polariscope showing; the more rapid motion for the blue rays than for the red.
Refractive Indices, Lang8 :
a(!6-8°) ft (17-7°) y (16'8°)
ForB 1-517427 1 '519407 1 "527251
C 1-518325 1-520365 1 '528 142
D 1-520818 1-522870 1 '530483
E 1-523695 1 '525806 1 '533552
P 1-526269 1-528262 1-535994
G 1-530875 1-532831 1-540736
The values corrected by Cauchy's formula agree closely, e.g.:
ForD 1-520717 1 '522772 1 '530483
Also axial angles (observed): 2VB 57° 18' 2VC 57° 42' 2VD 58° 8' 2VE 58° 6' 2VF 57' 28' 2V<j - 56° 13'
Further at 19°, Dufet:8 For D a 1-52046 ft 1'52260 y 1-52962 .'. 2VD 58° If
Var. — 1. Crystallized, or Selenite; either in distinct crystals, or in broad folia, the folla sometimes ajrard across and transparent throughout. Usually flexible and yielding a nbroua fracture 1 1 (101), but the variety from Montmartre rather brittle..
An arenaceous variety occurs in Sussex, N. Brunswick, the crystals containing much, sand, which is often regularly arranged within (O. C. Marsh).
2. Fibrous; coarse or fine, (a) Satin spar, when fine- fibrous, a variety which has the pearly opalescence of moonstone (cf. p. 266); (b) plumose, when radiately arranged.
3. Massive; Alabaster, a fine grained variety, either white or delicately shaded; scaly-granu- lar; earthy or rock gypsum, a dull-colored rock, often impure with clay, calcium carbonate or silica, and sometimes with anhydrite. -The Montmartre gypsum contains calcium carbonate, and Delametherie called it Montmartrite.
Also, in caves, curious curved forms, often grouped in rosettes and other shapes.
Comp. — Hydrous calcium sulphate, CaS04 + 2H20 Sulphur trioxide 46*6, lime 32'5. water 20'9 100.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives off water and becomes opaque. Fuses at 25-3, coloring the flame reddish yellow. For other reactions, see ANHYDRITE, p. 911. Ignited at a tempera- ture not exceeding 260° C., it again combines with water when moistened, and becomes firmly solid. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, and also in 400 to 500 parts of water.
Recent experiments on the solubility of gypsum and anhydrite in water have been mads by McCaleb, Am. Ch. J., 11, 30, 1889. The specimens employed were as follows: A, gypsum, pink foliated mass, Saltville, Va. ; B, do., white massive, Nova Scotia; C, selenite, honey-yellow crystal, Montmartre; D, gray massive anhydrite, impure (81 p. c.) 13 p. c. sand, Salzburg; E, do., grayish massive, pure (97 p. c.), Nova Scotia; F, gypsum and anhydrite mixed, white massive, Nova Scotia. The following figures give the amount of calcium sulphate in grams dissolved from each square centimeter in one week :
A B C D E F
0-2388 0-2219 0-1177 0'0666 0-0601 0-2184
The differences in A, B, C, are due to the different amount of surface presented; in C only the f;u-e b was exposed.
Ol>3. Oypum often forms extensive beds in connection with various stratified rocks,
936 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
especially limestones, and marlytes or clay beds. It occurs occasionally in crystalline rocks. It is also a product of volcanoes, occurring about furaaroles, or where sulphur gases are escap- ing, being formed from the sulphuric acid generated, and the lime afforded by the decomposing lavas — lime being contained in augite and labradorite. It is also produced by the decomposition of pyrite when lime is present; and often about sulphur springs where hydrogen sulphide is emitted, this gas changing, through reaction with vegetable matter, into sulphuric acid. Gypsum is also deposited on the evaporation of sea-water and brines, in which it exists in solu- tion. Crystals may be seen to form on evaporating a drop of sea-water in the field of a microscope.
Fine specimens are found in the salt mines of Bex in Switzerland; at Hall in Tyrol; in the sulphur mines of Sicily; in the gypsum formation near Ogana in Spain; in the clay of Shotover Hill, near Oxford; and large lenticular crystals have been met with at Moutmartre, near Paris. A noted locality of alabaster occurs at Castelino, 35 m. from Leghorn, whence it is taken to Florence for the manufacture of vases, figures, etc.
This species occurs in extensive beds in several of the United States, and more particularly N. York, Ohio, Illinois, Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas, and is usually associated with salt springs, also with rock salt. Also on a large scale in Nova Scotia, etc.
Handsome seleuite and snowy gypsum occur in N. York, near Lockport in limestone along with pearl spar and anhydrite; also near Camillus, Ouondaga Co.; occasionally crystals are met with in the vicinity of Manlius. In Maryland, large grouped crystals on the St. Mary's in clay; also near the mouth of the Patuxent. In Virginia, large beds of gypsum with rock salt, in Washington Co, 18 m. from Abingdon; also near Lynchburg. In Ohio, large transparent crystals have been found at Ellsworth and Canfield, Trumbull Co. In Tenn., selenite and alabaster in Davidson Co. In Kentucky, in Mammoth Cave, it has the forms of rosettes, or flowers, vines, and shrubbery, often called oulopholites (cf. Encyc. Brit., 15, 449). Also common in isolated crystals and masses, in the cretaceous clays in the western U. S.
In N. Scotia, in Sussex, Kings Co., on Capt. McCready's farm, large single and grouped crystals, which mostly contain much symmetrically disseminated sand.
Named from yilipos, the Greek for the mineral, but more especially for the calcined min- eral. The derivation ordinarily suggested, from yrj, earth, and etyeiv, to cook, corresponds with this, the most common use of the word among the Greeks. Theophrastus, after mention- ing localities, speaks of the making of gypsum by burning the proper stones (among which alabaster is included); of making plaster or cement from it by "powdering it, pouring on water, and stirring it with wooden instruments, there being too much heat for the hand;" of the necessity of preparing it " immediately before the use of it, because it soon dries and becomes hard;" of its value for whitening the walls of houses, and of its being an excellent material for mnking images and ornaments.
The word yvipoS in Plato and Herodotus has been sometimes translated chalk, but not so by the best authorities. The sentences in Herodotus containing it, and the verb yvipoao derived from it meaning to cover or whiten with gypsum, are most intelligible if calcined gypsum, or preparations from it, are understood
Powdered chalk is not likely to have been used for a whitewash; and awash is implied instead of dry chalking. Moreover, true chalk was probably unknown to the Greeks, it being a production of more western countries; and, according to Pliny, even the Romans included un- der their term Greta (Latin for chalk) principally clays, and prominently the " Cimolian earth " (cimolite, p. 689), true chalk being what Pliny calls " the inferior kind." Theophrastus speaks of a Tymphcean gypsum (so called by the people of Tymphsea) which was a fuller's earth of some kind. The word yvrfoS is, therefore, much more likely to have been applied at times to white clays than to the chalk. The ancients were acquainted with Time from the burning of lime- stone, and could not have called this yvipoS. Plato's expression, Tt'jv <5e oov; kevKij yvijiov r/ XiovoS \evKorepav, " Whiter than gypsum or snow," is not improved by supposing it chalk; for there is nothing whiter than calcined gypsum, or the ceilings or ornaments made from it.
Selenites moonstone) of Dioscorides, which he says was also called aphroselenon (moon- froth), " because it was found at night while the moon was on the increase," was probably crys- tallized gypsum or modern seleuite. His description XevxoS, diavytft, white, transparent, light), is good as far as it goes; and the uses of the stone which he mentions also agree better with this view than with that of its being either the modern moonstone or cat's-eye, to which it has been referred. The name is from aeXr/vr/, moon, and alludes probably to the peculiar moon-like white reflections. Some aggregated crystallized masses might well have suggested the name aphroselenon. It is doubtful what Pliny had in view under the name selenitis (37, 67); it is probable, from his brevity on the subject, that he did not know the mineral.
Lapis specularis (Specular-stone) of Pliny was mostly crystallized gypsum (the rest being mica): he speaks of it (36, 59) as affording by burning the best of gypsum.
1 AXafiacrrpiTrjS (or alabaster-stonermenning the stone out of which ointment vases of the kind called alabastra were made) was with Theophrastus and Pliny mainly if not wholly stalagmite, which is now often called oriental alubaster (see under CALCITK, p. 268); and Thebes in Egypt was a famous locality. Such vases were made of other materials, and it is possible that gypsum-alabaster was one; for when polished it often resembles some clouded stalagmites. This opinion is favored — though not placed beyond question— by the statement in Theophrastus,
O Tps Um—Ilesite.
which Pliny reiterates,* that the gypsum-stone is " very similar to," " not unlike " (meaning in the rough state, of course) alabastrites, which resemblance is not obvious if stalagmite is the only alabastrites. The alabastritis of Pliny, from Syria, said to be white spotted with various tints, may be of this kind, as Syria was noted for its gypsum-stone, according to Theophrastus and Pliny.
' AXafiacrrpov (alabastron) occurs as the name of alabaster-stone in the writings of the historian Herodiauus about two centuries after Christ, but without description. The alabastrum of Pliny, something white aud froth-like, called also, as he says, stimmi, stibi. and larbasis, and coming from silver mines, cannot be alabaster. There is here probably some mistake on the part of Pliny.
Burnt gypsum is called Plaster-of-Paris, because the Montmartre gypsum quarries, near Paris, are, and have long been, famous for affording it.
Alt. — Gypsum occurs altered to calcite, malachite, quartz; also to anhydrite; cf. Hammer* schmidt, Min. Mitth., 5, 245, 1882.
Ref.— ' Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 175, 1886; cf. also Ann. Ch. Phys., 10, 53, 1844. Trustworthy angles are difficult to obtain; the dimensions change sensibly, with change of temperature; cf. Beckenkamp, Zs. Kr., 6, 450, 1882. Beckenkamp deduces the following :
At
0° 25° 50°
75° 100° 120°
a
98° 99° 99° 99°
56'
58'
59'
1'
3'
5'
17-7" 6-4" 59-0" 32-8" 25-6" 29-6"
See earlier, Neumann, Pogg. , 27, 240, 1833. With Dx., m is also the unit prisu but n — Oil, t — 001, etc.; in the 5th Ed. n was the unit prism, t 100, etc.
2 See Hbg., Miu. Not., 4, 1, 1861, and Breziua, Min. Mitth., 17, 1872, for lists of plane and early authorities; also Dx., 1. c., Gdt. Index, 2, 121, 1888. 3 Hbg., Girgenti, 1. c 4 Hbg., Wasenweiler,, ib., 10, 30, 1871. 5 Schrauf, Harz, Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 157, 1871. Brezina, Kalinka 1. c . ' Lasp., Eisleben, Min. Mitth., 113, 1875, who gives the axes :
a : b : c 0-6895 : 1 : 0 4133
On experiments on hardness, see Exuer, Unt. Hftrte, 71, 1873; on artificial twinning, Lex., Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 515, 1889. Elasticity, lieusch, Pogg., 136, 135, 1869, Min. Mitth., 67, 1876, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 259, 1883; Laspeyres, 1. c; Coromilas (abstr. in Zs. Kr., 1, 408), Iruug. Diss., Tubingen, 1877. Gliding planes, Miigge, Jb. Miu., 2, 13, 1883; percussion-figure, id., ibid., 1, 51, 1884. Etching-figures, Baumhauer, Ber. Ak. Mlinchen, 1875. Thermo-electricity, Hankel, Wied., 1, 277, 1877. Thermal expansion, Beckenkamp, 1. c. , and Neumann (1833), 1. c. 8 Optic axes of elasticity and effect of heat, Lang., Wien, 76 (2), 793, 1877; also Dufet, Bull., 4, 113, 191, 1881, 11, 123, 1888, 14, 144, 1891, and J. Phys., 8, 292, 1888.
CALCIUM CHKOMATE. An artificial calcium chromate, isomorphous with gypsum, has been described by Foullon. Cf. p. 916.
747. ILESITE. A. F. Wuensch, Mining Index, Leadville, Colorado, Nov. 5, 1881. M. W. lies, Am. Ch. J., 3, 420, 1881.
Monoclinic?, in artificial crystals Hillebrand1.
In loosely adherent crystalline aggregates, prismatic. Color clear green, becoming white on exposure in consequence of loss of water. Taste bitter, astringent. Friable. Soluble in water.
Comp.— RS04 + 4H,0 with R Mn : Zn : Fe 5 : 1 : 1. This requires: Sulphur trioxide 35'6, manganese protoxide 22*5, zinc protoxide 5'2, iron protoxide 4-6, water 32'1 100.
Anal. — M. W. lies, mean of several partial analyses, deducting residue (0'63 SiOa).
So3
MnO
ZnO
FeO
H20
31-60 100-13
It is not clear that Pliny is here independent authority. He appears to be citing from Theophrastus in the most of what he says about gypsum; and in one or two cases he cites blun- deringly. He says, for instance, that plaster after hardening may by pounding be powdered [for use again]; whereas Theophrastus states more correctly that " by burning it may again aud again be made fit for use."
Sulphates, Chroma Tes, Etc.
The amount of water is in doubt, and in the unaltered mineral is probably larger than in the material analyzed (Hillebrand).
Obs.— Occurs in a siliceous gaugue with the sulphides of iron and zinc (from which it haa been formed), in veins 2 to 8 inches wide; found in several mines at the head of Hall Valley, Park Co., Colorado. Named after Dr. M. W. lies of Denver.
Ref..— ' Proc. Col. Soc., 1, 140, 1884.
748. EPSOMITE. Epsom Salt. Sal nativum catharticum A. Hermann, De Sale native cathartico in fodinis Huugariae receiis inveuto, Posouii, 1721. Sal neutruni acidulare, Sal Anglicanum, Wall., Min., 184, 1747. Id., Sel d'Epsom Fr. Trl. Wall., 1, 339, 1753. Halo- trichum Scopoli, De Hydrarg. Idriense Tent., Venet., 1761 (Klapr. Beitr., 3,104), Priucip. Min., 1772. Magnesia vitriolata (Sal Anglicus, Epsomensis, Seidlizeusis, Seydschiitensis, amarus, etc.) Bergm., Sciagr., 1782. Bittersalz Wern. Gletschersalz. Haarsalz pt. Epsomite Beud., Tr., 445, 1824. Reichardtit Krause [Arch. Pharm., 5, 423, 6, 41], Zs. Nat. Halle, 44, 554, 1874.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-9902 : 1 : 0-5709 Miller1. 100 A HO 44° 43', 001 A 101 29° 58', 001 A Oil 29
Forms: a (100, i-i) b (010,
m (110, /) / (120, i-2) n (101, l-l)
(201, 3-i) v (Oil, 1-i) r (021, 24)
mm"' *89° 26' ff' =53° 35' nn' 59° 56'
xaf 98° 8' t' - 59° 27'
rr' 97° 34V zz' 53° 12 zz" 78° 7' zz'" *52° 38' ss' 90° 5'
ss
68'"
It'
tt"
ti"
8(111, 1)
(211, 2-2) <(121, 2-2)
104* 17V
41° 1' 41° 36' 103° 58'
89C 22V
Crystals prismatic in habit; often hemihedral in the- After Miller pyramidal planes. Also in botryoidal masses and deli-
cately fibrous crusts.
Cleavage: b very perfect; v (Oil) less perfect; m in traces. Fracture conchoi- dal. H. 2-0-2-5. G. 1-751; 1-685, artif., Schiff. Luster vitreous to earthy. Streak and color white. Transparent to translucent. Taste bitter and saline. Optically — . Ax. pi. c. Bx b. Axial angles:
2Er 77° 59', 78° 5', 78° 11' in three sections, Dx.2 2EV 77° 43', 77° 44', 78° 3' " " Refractive indices for D line, Topsoe and Christiansen2:
a 1-4325 ft 1-4554 y 1*4608 2E 78° 18' 2V 51° 25'
Comp. — Hydrous magnesium sulphate, MgS04 + 7H30 Sulphur trioxide 32'5, magnesia 16-3, water 51 2 100.
Pyr., etc. — Liquefies in its water of crystallization. Gives much water in the closed tube at a high temperature; the water is acid. B.B. on charcoal fuses at first, and finally yields an infusible alkaline mass, which, with cobalt solution, gives a pink color on ignition. Very soluble in water, and has a very bitter taste.
Obs — Common in mineral waters, and as a delicate fibrous or capillary efflorescence on rocks, in the galleries of mines and elsewhere. In the former state it exists at Epsom, England, and at Sedlitz and Saidschitz (or.Saidschtitz) in Bohemia At Idriu in Carniola it occurs in silky fibers, and is hence called hairsalt by the workmen. Also obtained at the gypsum quarries of Montmartre, near Paris; in Fitou, Dept. of the Aude, France; at the anthracite mine of Peychag- nard, Istire, in large crystals; in Aragon and Catalonia in Spain; in the Cordillera of St. Juan in Chili; and in a grotto m Southern Africa, where it forms a layer 11 in. thick. Also found at Vesuvius, at the eruptions of 1850 and 1855. A massive variety (reichardtite) occurs inthiu layers with carnallite at Leopoldshall, Stassfurt.
The floors of the limestone caves of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Indiana, are in many instances covered with epsomite, in minute crystals, mingled with the earth. In the Mammoth Cave, Ky., it adheres to the roof in loose masses like snowballs. At the Alum Cave, in Sevier, Tenn., on the headwaters of the West Fork of Little Pigeon River, masses of nearly pure epsomite, almost a cubic foot in volume, have been obtained (Safford's Rep.. 119). It effloresces from the calcareous sandstone, 10 m. from Coeymans, on the east face of the Helderberg, N. Y. Said to occur also over the California plains, east of San Diego (Am. J. Sc., 6, 389, 1848). Also efflo- resces from a pyritiferous serpentine in Marmora, Ontario; and on dolomites of the Clinton formation (Silurian) in sheltered places between Niagara Falls and Lake Huron as at Dun das, where layers occur 1 in. thick.
Goslarite. 939
Ref.— ' Min., 546, 1852; earlier, Brooke, Ann. Phil., 6, 40, 1823; see also Mitsch., ib., 11 -327, 1827, and Kg., Fogg., 91, 324, 1854.
2 Propt. Opt., 2, 39, 1859. Topsoe and Christiansen, Pogg., Erg., 6, 545, 1874.
On the wide variation in form, for different isomorphous compounds of MgSO4 + 7HO and ZnSO4 + 7EUO, see Dufet, Bull. Soc. Miu., 12, 22, 1889; cf. also l.-c.
TAURISCITE. Tauriszit O. H. 0. Volger, Jb. Miu., 152, 1855.
Orthorhombic. Planes and angles those of epsomite. In acicular crystals. Luster and other physical characters those of copperas (melanterite), p. 941. Composition stated to be that of copperas, FeSO4 -f 7HSO, but needs confirmation.
From Windgalle in the Canton Uri ( Tauriscorum of the Romans), Switzerland, associated with copperas and alum. The crystal is stated to be a rhombic prism with pyramidal terminations.
749. GOSLARITE. Atramentuin sutorium, candidum, potissimum reperitur Goselariae, transluciduui, crystalli instar, Agric., Foss., 213, 1546. A. album fossile durum Goslarianum Gesner, Foss., 13, 1565. Vitriolum Zinci album nativum, Galizensten, Hvit Viktril, Wall., 157, 1747. Zinc Vitriol, White Vitriol, White Copperas, Sulphate of Zinc. Zinc sulfatee, Couperose blanche, Fr. Gallizinite Beud., Tr., 446, 1824. Galiznite. Goslarit Haid., Handb., 490, 1847. Ferro-Goslarite //. A. Wheeler, Am. J. Sc., 41, 212, 1891.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0'9807 : 1 : 0-5631 Brooke1.
100 A HO 44° 26£', 001 A 101 29° 51|', 001 A Oil 29° 23'.
Forms: m (110, 7) x (201, 2-1) r (021, 24) a (211, 2-2)?
a (100, t-i) / (120, z-2) (Oil, 14) z (111, 1) t (121, 2-2)
mm'" *88° 53' vo' 58° 46' 22' 53° 9f 90° 3'
ff' 54° 2' bv - *60° 37' ez" 77° 37' 41° 44'
nn' 59° 44' rr' 96° 47f 22"' 52° 3' it'" 88° 39' xx' 97° 54'
In long acicular crystals; commonly massive or stalactitic.
Cleavage: b perfect. Brittle. H. 2-2-5. G. 1-9-2-1; 2-036; 1-953, artif. cryst., Schiff. Luster vitreous. Color white, reddish, yellowish, bluish. Transparent to translucent. Taste astringent, metallic, and nauseous.
Optically — . Ax. pi. c. Bx b. Dispersion p v small, Dx.
2Er 70° 23' 2EV 70° 6', Dx.
Refractive indices for D line, Topsoe and Christiansen2 :
a 1-4568 /? 1-4801 y 1-4836 .-. 3Ey 71° 8' 2Vy 46° 14'
Com p. — Hydrous zinc sulphate, ZnS04 + 7HaO Sulphur trioxide 27*9, zinc oxide 28'2, water 43 '9 — 100. Iron may be present replacing the zinc.
Anal.— 1, Frenzel, Jb. Min., 675, 1875. 2, Hillebrand, quoted by Pearce, Proc. Col. Soc., 2, 12, 1885.
SO3 ZnO CuO (Mn,Fe)O MgO H2O
1. Freiberg 29'52 21 -58 — — 6'18 [42-731 100
2. Butte 28-09 [27-56] 0'12 0'30 43'93 100
In 2, six molecules of water escape at 100°.
Wheeler found 4 '9 p. c. FeSO4 in \heferro-goslarite.
Pyr., etc.— Yields water. On charcoal with soda gives a zinc coating, and a sulphide which tarnishes silver. Easily soluble in water.
Obs. — This salt is formed by the decomposition of sphalerite, and is found in the passages of mines. It occurs at the Rammelsberg mine near Goslar, in the Harz; atSchemnitz in Hungary; at Falun in Sweden; and at Holywell in Wales; Elba at Capanne Vecchie. It is not of com- mon occurrence.
In Montana at the Gagnon mine, Butte, derived from the alteration of a cupriferous zinc sul- phide. Ferro-goslarite occurs associated with sphalerite at Webb City, Jasper Co., Missouri; it is in mammillary or stalactitic incrustations of a light yellow to brown color. Goslarite is com- mon in the drainage of the mines of the region.
Ref.—1 Ann. Phil., 6, 437, 1823 ; Mir., Min., 547, 1852. Cf. also Schrauf, Jb. Min., 675, 1875. 2 Ibid., (epsomite), p. 548.
940 SULPHATES, CHROMATEb, ETC.
750. MORENOSITE. Nickel-Viktril, Vitriolum ferrum et nicolum continens ("of a deep green color, with Kupfernickel, in Cobalt mines ") Cronst. (the discov. of the metal Nickel), Min., 114, 1758. Niccolum vitriolatum (interdum e mineris sulphuratis fatiscentibus geuituni) Bergm., Sciagr., 50, 1782. Sulfato de niquel (fr. Galicia) D. A. Casares, 1849, A. M. Alcibar, in Revista Minera, Madrid, 305, 1850. Sulfato de nickel, Morenosita, Casares, ib., 176, March, 1851. Nickel Vitriol T. 8. Hunt. Dana Min., 679, 1850, Logan's G. Rep. Can., 1863. Pyromelin Kbl., Gel. Anz. Munch., 35, 215, 18*2 J. pr. Ch., 58, 44.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : 6 0*9816 : 1 : 0-5655 Marignac1.
100 A HO 44° 28% 001 A 101 29° 56£', 001 A Oil 29° 29$'.
Forms: / (120, i-2) x (201, 2-1) r (021, 2-?) (211, 2-2)
ft (010, t'-i) n (101, 1-i) e(011, 1-i) a (111, 1) t (121, 2-2)
m (110, /)
mm'" *88° 56' xx' 98° 5' zz" 77° 50' ss' 90° 10'
ff' 53° 59' m' 58° 58i' zz'" 52° 13' 40° 40*'
nri 59° 53f zz — *53° 16'
In acicular crystals and thin prisms. Also fibrous; and as an efflorescence.
Cleavage: £. H. 2-2-25. G. 2'004, Fulda. Luster vitreous. Color apple-green to greenish white. Streak white, faintly greenish. Soluble; taste metallic astringent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. c. Bx #. Dispersion p v large.
2Er 64° 24' 2EV 63° 45' Dx.
Refractive indices for D line, Topsoe and Christiansen2: a 1-4669 I 1-48& y 1 '492.1 .-. 2E, 64° 22' 2Vy 41° 56'
Comp. — Hydrous nickel sulphate, NiS04 -f- 7H20 — Sulphur trioxide 28*5, nickel protoxide 26'6, water 44'9 100.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. in tube gives water, strongly acid, swells up, and hardens, becoming yellow and opaque. On charcoal glows strongly and evolves sulphurous acid. With borax and phosphorus salt gives a distinct nicke! reaction. The Riechelsdorf mineral colors the outer flame blue, from the presence of arsenic.
Obs. — A result of the alteration of nickel ores. Occurs near Cape Hortegal, in Galicia, Spain, on magnetite, with which some millerite is mixed; at Riechelsdorf, in Hesse; as an earthy crust, mountain-green in color, with native bismuth and arsenical nickel, at the Friedens mine near Lichtenberg in Bayreuth (pyromeline). Also in acicular crystals and crusts at Wallace mine, Lake Huron, upon a sulphide of nickel and iron; at the Gap nickel mine, Lan- caster Co., Pennsylvania.
Named by Casares after Sr. Moreno, of Spain. A. M. Alcibar states that Prof. Casares sent a communication on this mineral to the Societe de Pharmacie of Paris in 1849, which was not published.
Ref.— i Mem Soc. Geneve, 14, 242, 1858. There has also been believed to be a tetragonal form, 3cf. Haid., Pogg., 6, 196, 1826; Mitsch., ib., 12, 144. 1828. but according to Mariguac this contains only 6H2O.
2 Ibid, (epsomite), p. 549. 3 Lang, Ber. Ak. Wien, 31. 99, 1858.
TECTICITE Ereitli. Graulit Glocker, Syn., 1847. A clove-brown mineral, easily soluble in water and attracting moisture readily, occurring in small pyramidal and acicular crystals sup- posed to be orthorhombic, and also massive. Probably a hydrous sulphate of ferric iron; but composition not ascertained, H. l'5-2.
From Graul, near Schwarzenberg, in Saxony, and Braunsdorf in the Erzgebirge. Named from rr/xrttfoS, in allusion to the deliquescence; but changed to graulite by Glocker, because the Greek signifies liquefying actively, and not passively as in deliquescence.
FAUSERITE. Fauserit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 301, 1865.
Orthorhombic. Prismatic angle 88° 42'. Cleavage: brachypinacoidal, distinct; prismatic, in traces or none; basal, rather distinct. Crystals grouped in stalactitic forms. H. — 2-2 '5. G.= 1-888. Luster vitreous. Color reddish and yellowish white to colorless. Translucent to- transparent. Taste astringent, bitter.
Comp Perhaps (Mn,Mg)SO4 + 6H2O, with Mn : Mg 2 : 1, requiring: Sulphur trioxide
32-2, manganese protoxide 19'0, magnesia 5'4, water 43'4 100. Some authors give 7H2O.
Melanterite Group— Me Lan Terite. 941
Anal. — 1, 2, Mollnar, quoted by Breithaupt.
SOS MnO MgO H2O
1. 34-49 19-61 5-15 42'66 AUOFeaOs trace
2. 33-78 20-05 5'63 40-54
Obs. — Stated to be from Herrengrund in Hungary. Named after Mr. Fauser.
A mineral called fauserite by Loczka, from Hodrusbanya, Hungary, was epsomite, MgSO4 4- 7HaO, with only small quantities of zinc (0'54 ZuO), manganese (0'54 MnO), cobalt (i>. 08 CoO iron (0-04 FeO). Ber. aus Ungarn, 8, 108, 1890. This throws doubt over Breithaupt's mineral.
Melanterite or Copperas Group. Monoclinic.
The species here included are the ordinary vitriols. They are identical in general formula with the species of the Epsomite group, and are regarded as the same compound essentially under oblique crystallization. The copper sulphate diverges from the others in crystallization, and contains but 5 of water.
SYNONYMY BEFORE 1750. Xoi\K<x vQov, Xa\Kirrj, MeXavrrjpia, 2aopv, Micrv, Dioscor., 5, 114-118. [Chalcanthum (from nrA/coS. brass, and avQo?, flower) is vitriol of any kind; Spain is given as a locality; Chalcitis. a disintegrating pyrites, iron or copper, impregnated with the same, as a result of its alteration; Melanterut (fr. neXav, ink), a salt-like chalcanthus, or earth containing it; Soru, a black earth or stone impregnated with some vitriol; Misu, a yellowish vitriolic stone, perhaps partly copiapite, and partly yellow ocher impregnated with vitriol of some kind.]
Atramentnm sutorium Chalcanthum, Chalcites, Sory, Misy, Plin., 34, 29-32; evidently In part from Dioscorides. [The description of Chalcanthum gives prominence to blue vitriol, while its use as shoemaker's ink (which Atr. sutorium signifies) implies the presence of green (or iron) vitriol, the material still used for blackening leather; Chalcites and sory are the same as above; Misy is yellow and pulverulent, like the mineral now called copiapite. ]
Atraraeutum sutorium Melanteria Chalcanthum, Chalcites, Sory, Misy, Agric., Foss., 212-214, 1546; Kupferwasser id., Interpr., 463, 1546. [The first three of these names are syno- nyms for any vitriol or all; and include (as partly also in Dioscorides) capillary or wool-like, plumose, stalactitic, and salt-like kinds, besides Lapis atramenti; Agricola mentions the varieties Atramentum sutorium candidum XevKoiov Or.), which is white or zinc vitriol; A. s. viride, which is green vitriol; A. s. cceruleum, which is blue vitriol; Sory, a gray or blackish stone, often nodular (gleboe rotundae), impregnated with any vitriol; Misy, a yellow efflorescent or mealy vitriol. Goslar in the Harz is the principal locality cited by Agricola. Chalcites is said to be between sory and inisy in texture, and rubra et ceris colore; perhaps a red ocher (a frequent result of the alteration of pyrites) containing copperas and some unaltered pyrites.
Atramentum viride, a quibusdam Vitreolum vocatur, Albertus Magnus, De Min., Libr. 5, c. 3, 1270. Vitriolum Agric., ib., 213. [So named from mtrium, glass, in allusion to the glassy appearance of the crystals of vitriols; Agricola speaks, in connection with his explanation of the word, of " A. candidum translucidum instar Crystalli."]
Atrameutum Gesner, Foss., 13, 1565; divided into A. album durum Goslarianum [or Zinc vitriol], A. viride [or Iron vitriol], A. cceruleum Cyprium pulcherrimum [or Blue vitriol], etc. Melanteria. Sory, Misy, Gesner, ib., 15, 16.
Vitriolum Wallerius, Min., 155, 1747, and Cronstedt, Min., 113, 1758; a genus including the species V. Cupri V. Cypri, V. Veneris); 2, V. viride V. ferri. V. martis); 3, V. album, vel zinci (from Goslar); besides 4, V. mixtum (a mere mixture); 5, 6, Terra vitriolica and Lapis atramentarius (earth or stone impregnated with vitriol of some kind), and including Lapis atramentarius flavus, or Misy.
751. MELANTERITE. Mi-Xavrrjpia, XdXKavQov, etc., Dioscor. Chalcanthum, Atra- mentum sutorium, etc., Plin. Melanteria, Atramentum sutorium viride, Agric. Vitriolum pt. Albertus Magnus. Atramentum viride Gesner. Vitriolum viride, V. ferri, V. martis, Wallerius, Green Vitriol. Copperas. Sulphate of Iron. Fer sulfate Fr. Melanterie Beud., Tr., 2, 482, 1832. Luckite Car not, Bull. Soc. Min.. 2, 168, 1879. Alcaparrosa verde 8. Amer., Raimondi, Min. Perou, 212, 1878. Vitrolo verde Span.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : 6 1-1828 : 1 : 1-5427; /3 75° 44£' 001 A 100 Zepharovich1.
100 A HO 48° 54', 001 A 101 43° 44', 001 A Oil *56° 13£'.
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
Forms5 :
w (103, - f i)
t (101, 1-1)
r (111, -1)
a (100, 4)
(101, - 14)
e (013, f i)
n (211, - 2-2)
b (010, i-l)
u (301, - 3-i)
o (Oil, 14)
ft (121, - 2-2)
c (001, 0)
s (105, H)
P (112, - 1)
<r(121, 2-2)
m (110, J)
mm cw av ct
*97° 48' 20° 50' 32° Of 61° 46' 52° 59'
112° 27'
cp cr cm en cs
40° 9' 55° 59' *80° 41' 60° 47' 67° 51'
co- 78° Hi'
rr' 78° 33'
nn' — 52° 45' ft/3' 117° 6*'
o-o-' 138° 44'
Crystals (artif.) short prismatic in habit; usually in capillary, fibrous, stalactitic, and concretionary forms ; also massive and pulverulent.
Cleavage : c perfect ; m less so. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 2. Gr. 1 -89 -1'90; 1'79 Idria. Luster vitreous. Color, various shades of green, passing into white; becoming yellowish on exposure. Streak uncolored. Subtransparent to translucent. Taste sweetish, astringent, and metallic.
Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Bxa.r A b — 61°. Dispersion p v, inclined weak. Axial angles, Dx.3
2Ha.r 86° 54' 2H0.r 94° 13' ftr 1'469 .-. 2Va.r 86° 21$' (mean) 2Ha.y 86° 49' 2H0.y 94° 24' fty 1-470 .-. 2Va.y 86° 13' 2Ha.w 86° 33' 2H0.bi 94° 46' 0W= 1'478 .'. 2Va.w 85° 53f "
Comp. — Hydrous ferrous sulphate, FeS04 + 7H20 — Sulphur trioxide 28-8, iron protoxide 25'9, water 45'3 100. Manganese and magnesium sometimes re- place part of the iron, the former in the variety luckite.
Anal.— 1, Janovsky, Ber. Ak. Wien, 79 (1), 187, 1879. 2, Carnot, 1. c.
An impure iron-maguesium sulphate from Falun, sold as " botryogen," belongs here, see -analyses by Blaas, Ber. Ak. Wien, 88 (1), 1135, 1884; Hockauf, Zs. Kr., 12, 253, 1886.
1. Idria G. 1-
2. Utah, Luckite
S03
FeO MnO MgO 20-37 — 4-60 21-7 1-9 0-2
H2O
45-07 99-84 [42-2] CaO 0-5, insol. 7-2 100
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water, and after a time sulphurous and sulphuric acids. On charcoal turns at first brown, then red, and finally black, becoming magnetic. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Soluble in twice its weight of water, and the solution is blackened by a tincture of nutgalls. Exposed to the air becomes covered with a yellow powder, which is the ferric sulphate'.
Obs. — This salt usually proceeds from the decomposition of pyrite or marcasite, which readily afford it, if occasionally moistened while exposed to the atmosphere. Occurs near Goslar in the Harz; Bodenmais in Bavaria; Falun, Sweden; at Hurlet, near Paisley; and in many mines in Europe and elsewhere. Usually accompanies pyrite in the U. States, occurring as an efflorescence; at Copperas Mt., a few miles E. of Bainbridge, Ohio, it is associated with alum and pyrite.
Luckite is from the " Lucky Boy " mine, Butterfield Canon, Utah.
Ref. — ' Ber. Ak. Wien, 79 (1), 183, 1879, measurements of the pure iron sulphate; the pres- ence of magnesium in varying amounts makes a sensible change in angle, cf. Zeph., 1. c., and Rg., Pogg., 91, 325, 1854; Schrauf, Jb. Min., 1, 236, 1886. Cf. epsomite, p. 938.
2 Cf. Brooke, Ann. Phil., 6/120, 1823; Mir.. Min., 550, 1852.
Rammelsberg shows that there is a close relation in form between the monoclinic melanterite and orthorhombic epsomite, Kr. Ch., 425, 1881. See also Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 39, 894, 1860; Zeph., 1. c. 3 Dx., N. R.. 173, 1867.
BOURBOLJTE. Lefort, C. R., 55, 919, 1862. An impure sulphate of iron, apparently a mixture of melanterite and a ferric sulphate; from Bourboule, in the Dept. of Puy-de-D6me, France. Derived apparently from the alteration of marcasite. Lefort's analyses obtained:
So3
Fe2O3
FeO
HaO
40-80 100 39-91 100 43-54 100
It is a friable greenish substance, partly soluble in water and partly in acids.
Melanterite Group: Mallardite—Pi8Anite—Bieberite. 943
752. MALLARDITE. Carnot, Bull. Soc. Min., 2, 117, 1879.
Monoclinic, Mid. In crystalline masses with fibrous structure. Colorless. Comp. — Hydrous manganese sulphate, MnS04 + 7HS0 Sulphur trioxide 28'9, manganese protoxide 25'6, water 45'5 100.
Analyses by Carnot and Rioult agree closely, 1. c. and App. HI, p. 72.
Pyr., etc.— Easily soluble in water. Changes rapidly on exposure; effloresces, becomes opaque, and finally pulverulent. Is decomposed by strong heating, losing the sulphuric acid and water, and leaving a reddish brown residue. Carnot obtained from a solution of manganese sulphate at 15° C. the salt MuSO4 -j- 5H2O in tricliuic crystals; but at a temperature of 6° C. he obtained monoclinic crystals with the composition MuSO4 -4- 7H2O.
Obs. — Occurs in a gray clay-like gangue, with quartz sand and barite. From the silver mine " Lucky Boy," south of Salt Lake, near Butterfield Canon, Utah.
753. PISANITE. F. Pisani, C. R., 48, 807, 1859. Pisanit Kenng., Ueb. 1859, 10, 1860. Cyanoferrite Adam, Tabl. Min. , 66, 1865. Cuproferrite Das Cloizeaux, N. R. , 157, 1867. Kupfer- eiseuvitriol Germ.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 11609 : 1 : 1-5110; ft 74° 38£' 001 A 100 Des Cloizeaux1.
100 A HO 48° 13£', 001 A 101 62° 26f , 001 A Oil 55
ic (112, i). y (889, f).
Angles mm"' *96° 27', cw *20° 34', oo' 111° 4', en 49° 17', it-it' 70° 6', cm *79° 50'.
In concretionary and stalactitic forms, occasionally showing distinct crystals. Cleavage: c easy. Luster vitreous. Color bright blue. Becomes ocherous -externally. Optically Ax. pi. b. Bxa nearly axis a. Axial angles, Hintze4.
2Ha.r 86° 8' 2Ha.y 85° 52' 2Ha.gr 85° 3'
2H0r 94° 25' 2H0.y 94° 59' 2Ho.gr 95° 31'
Comp. — An iron vitriol (melanterite) with the iron in part replaced by copper, (Fe,Cu)S04 + 7H,0.
Anal.— Pisani, 1. c. 2, C. Hintze, Zs. Kr., 2, 309, 1878.
SOS FeO CuO H2O
1. Turkey 29'90 10'98 15'56 43'56 100
2. Tuscany 28'84 und. 10'07 und.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. gives with the fluxes reactions for copper. Otherwise like melanterite, Obs. — Occurs with chalcopyrite at a c'opper mine in the interior of Turkey. The interior of
the mineral has sometimes druses of minute crystals. Also as a recent formation at the mines of
chalcopyrite and pyrite near Massa Marittima, Tuscany. Ref.— ' N. R., 157, 1867. ! Zs. Kr., 2, 309, 1878.
754. BIEBERITE. Cobalt Vitriol Sage, J. Phys., 39, 53, 1791. Kobaltvitriol Kopp, Gehleu's J., 6, 157, 1808. Red Vitriol. Sulphate of Cobalt. Rhodhalose Beud., Tr., 2,481, 1832. Bieberit Haid., Handb., 489, 1845.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 1-1815 : 1 : 1-5325; ft 75° 19 J' 001 A 100 Marignac1.
100 A HO 48° 49', 001 A 101 43° 22', 001 A Oil 56° 0'.
Forms :
b (010, i-l)
m (110, /) / (103, - -H)
t (101, e (013,
H)
o (Oil, 14) n (121 'r (111, - 1) v (121
, - 2
, 2-2)
c (001, 0)
v (101, - 14)
mm'"
*97°
38'
ee'
52°
36'
cr
55°
38'
78°
13'
rf
20°
39'
Oft'
112°
0'
cm
80°
24'
rr>
78°
6'
cv
43°
22'
Co —
*56°
0'
en
67°
35'
nri
116°
42i'
ct
61°
51'
Sulphates, Chromates, Etg.
Usually in stalactites and crusts, investing other minerals.
G. 1*924, artificial crystals, Schiff. Luster vitreous. Color flesh- and rose- red. Subtransparent to translucent. Friable. Taste astringent.
Comp. — Hydrous cobalt sulphate, CoS04 -(- 7H20 Sulphur trioxide 28'5r cobalt oxide 26-6, water 44'9 100.
Pyr., etc.— In a matrass yields water, and when strongly heated, sulphur dioxide. Gives a blue bead with borax.
Obs.— In the rubbish of old mines at Bieber, in Hesse; at Leogaug in Salzburg; at Tres Puntas, near Copiapo, Chili.
Beudaut's name Rhodhalose is not an admissible derivative from podoeiS, rose-colored, and aAs, salt, and is uumineralogical in its termination; it should have been Rhodohalite. Instead of making it right (in which rase it would be no longer Beudant's name), it appears better to adopt the name applied by Haidinger, derived from the longest known locality.
Ref.— ' Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve, 14, 245, 1855. See also Rg.,-Kr. Ch., 1, 419, 1881.
CUPROMAGNESITE. Scocchi, Rend. R. Accad. Sc. Napoli, Oct., 1872; Zs. G. Ges., 24, 506. Found at Vesuvius as a product of the eruption of April, 1872, iu bluish green crusts, consisting of copper vitriol and sulphate of magnesium. From the solution crystals are obtained having the composition (Cu,Mg)SO4 + 7H2O, and isomorphous with iron vitriol.
755. OHALOANTHITE. XdXKavQov, Chalcanthum pt., Dioscor., Plin., Atramentum cceruleum, Agric., Oemer. Vitriolum Cupri V. Cypri V. Veneris, Wall., Cronst. Sulphate of Copper, Blue Vitriol, Copper Vitriol. Kupfervitriol Germ. Couperose bleue, Cuivre sulfate, Fr. Vitriolo di Rame Ital. Cyanose Beud., Tr., 2, 486, 1832. Chalkanthit v. Kobell, Tafeln, 31, 1853. Vitriolo azul Span.
Triclinic. Axes & : b : 6 0-56562 : 1 : 0*55067; a 82° 214/, ft 73° 10£' y 77° 37i' Kupffer1.
100 A 010 *100° 41', 100 A 001 105° 37|', 010 A 001 94
Forms2 : a (100, i-l, n Mir.) b (010, i-i, r Mir.) c (001, 0, o Mir)
d (210, i-2') m (110, /', t Mir.) h (120, i-2') a (130, z-3')
/ (310, Y-3) r (210, 'i-2) M(llO, 'I, m Mir.)
k (Oil, 1-1')
v (021, 2-1') q (Oil, '14) w(021, '24)
P (Hi, 1')
s (121, 2-2') a; (131, 3-3'> z (121, '2-2),
ad 15° 47' am 30° 51' ah 53° 24' bm *69° 50' aM 25° 59' mM 56° 50'
mp — *52° 20' cs 62° 55' ap 59° 10' ak *109° 38'
ck eg cw cp cm
29° 18' 49° 32' 27° 2V 44° 51' 54" 57' 107° 17'
kp as bp bs bx — b'z - Mp If v
50° 28' 68° 46' *76° 33' 55° 2i' 40° 47' 41° 14' 71° 39' 54° 2f
Crystals commonly flattened p. Occurs also massive, stalactitic, reniform, sometimes with fibrous structure.
Cleavage: M, m, p imperfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 2 -5. Gr. 2'12-2 30. Luster vitreous. Color Berlin-blue to sky-blue, of different shades: sometimes a little greenish. Streak uncolored. Subtransparent to trans- lucent. Taste metallic and nauseous.
Optically — . Acute bisectrix in the right quadrant behind; a plane, S, normal to it makes the following angles, Pape3 (see Introduction, p. xxxiii) :
S 72° 52'
mS 81° 31'
Dispersion p v. D line, Pape3:
Mb' 43° 41'
Axial angle, 2V 56° 2'. Refractive indices for the
Also
a 1-5156 a 1-5140
ft 1-5394 ft 1-5368
Y — 1 "5464 y 1-5483
2E 93" 1' K.4
Stnoenite.
Comp. — Hydrous cupric sulphate, CuS04 + 5H20 Sulphur trioxide 32'1, cupric oxide 3T8, water 36*1 100.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube yields water, and at a higher temperature sulphur trioxide. B.B. with soda on charcoal yields metallic copper. With the fluxes renctsjfor copper. Soluble in water; a drop of the solution placed on a surface of iron coats it with metallic copper.
Obs.— Found in waters issuing from mines and in connection with rocks containing chal- copyrite, by the ulteratiou of which it is formed. Some of its foreign localities are the Rammels- berg mine near Goslar in the Harz; Falun in Sweden; at Parys mine, Auglesea; at various mines in Co. of Wicklow; formerly in crystals an inch long at Ting Tang mine in Gwennap; also Rio Tinto mine, Spain. The waters of the Rio Tinto mine have yielded annually 1,800 cwt. of copper, consuming 2,408 cwt. of iron. At Wicklow about 500 tons of iron were laid in the pits at one time, and in about 12 months the bars were dissolved, and each ton of iron yielded 1£ to 2 tons of a reddish mud which was cement copper (Cementkupfer Germ.) containing for every ton 16 cwt. of pure copper. It has been observed at Vesuvius among the products of the erup- tion of 1855; at Copiapo. Chili, with stypticite.
Found at the Hiwassee copper mine, also in large quantities at the Isabella and other mines, in Polk Co., Tennessee, 30 m. from Cleveland; at the Canton mine, Georgia. In Arizona, at the Yavapai mine near Clifton, Graham Co., and at Jerome, Yavapai Co.
On the ancient chalcanthum, see p. 645. Beudant's name cyanose (with cyanosite derived from it, from KvavoS) is rejected like other names in which the terminal s of the Greek is retained Moreover, chalcanthite, meaning flowers of copper, is old and good.
Ref.— ' Posrg., 8, 218, 1826. 2 Mir., Min., 556, 1852. Gdt., Index, 2, 277, 1888. 3 Pape, Pogg., Erg., 6, 85, 1873; cf. also ib., 138, 364, 1868 (corrosion ellipsoid, etc.). 4 Kohlrausch, Zs. Kr., 2, 102, 1877.
756. SYNGENITE. v. Zepharovich, Lotos, 137, 213, June, 1872; Ber. Ak. Wien, 67 (1), 128, 1873. Kaluszite Rumpf, Min. Mitth., 117, 1872. Kalk-Kali-Sulfat Germ.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 1-3699 : 1 : 0'8738 ; ft *76° 0' 001 A 100 Zepharovich1.
100 A HO 53° 2f, 001 A 101 28° 12', 001 A Oil 40° 17$'.
Forms1 : a (100, i-i) b (010, 4-i) c (001, 0)
h (810, t-8)
(610, *-6) I (410, i-l) $(310, i-3) A (210, i-2) e (650, z-f)
m (110, 7) g (120, e-2)
p (203, -}4) r (101, -14)
u (101, 14) (201, 24)
g (Oil, 14) o (ill, - 1)
co (111, 1) 7t (221, 2) i (411,- 4-4) (211, 2-2)
a$ *23° 53|' co 42° 17'
00'" 47° 48' cm 81° 38'
W 67° 13' coj 51' 9'
mm'" 106° 5' en 71° 46'
gg' 41° 14' ao 55° 40t'
ar 47° 48' aq *79° 22'
a'u 67° 48' a'oo 72° 55'
a'v 43° 11' oo' 65° 50'
qq 80° 35' oooo IT 57'
Twins: tw. pi. a, observed in the lamellar aggregates; also on artif. cryst.2 Crystals pris- matic and flattened a; faces a vertically striated, also $, A.
Fig. 1, 2, After Rumpf.
Cleavage: m perfect; a also perfect. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 2-5. G. 2-603. Luster vitreous. Colorless or milky-white. Transparent to trans- lucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. JL b. Bx A + 87° 14', hence nearly a.
2Er 41° 36' 2Ey 44° 23' 2Eb, 49° 45' .
2Er 41°35' 2Ebl 46°22' ft 1-55 .'. 2Vr 26° 31' 2Vbi 29° 24' Vrba.4
Comp.— CaS04.K,SO, + H20 Sulphur trioxide 48-8, lime 17-1, potash 28-6,
946 Sulphates, Chbomates, Etc.
water 5*5 100; or, Calcium sulphate 41-5, potassium sulphate 53-0, water 5 '5 100.
Anal.— 1, Ullik, Min. Mitth., 120, 1872. 2, VOlker, Ber. Ak. Wien, 66 (1), 197, 1872.
SO8 CaO K2O H2O
1. 48-44 16-88 28 -55 5'47* 99'34
2. 49-04 16-97 28'03 5'85 (also 0'46 MgO) 99"89
a Also in one anal., 1'42 Na.Cl.
Pyr., etc. — In the flame of a Bunsen gas-burner becomes milky, colors the flame violet, and melts easily to a colorless (on cooling white) bead, with a crystalline granular texture. In closed tube gives off water, decrepitating violently. Easily attacked by water, dissolving in part with the separation of calcium sulphate. Vrba found that one part of syngenite dissolved in 400 pts. of water, like gypsum.
Obs. — Found in cavities in halite at Kalusz, East Galicia; it occurs below the level of the " Abraum Salts " (p. 933), and in gypsum-anhydrite-bearing rock salt. Name derived from <rvyyevr/S (related), alluding to its close relation to polyhalite.
Artif. — The artificial salt is well known; it was described by Miller5 and Lang6 as ortho- rhombic, which has led to the supposition of dimorphism1, It is shown, however, by Zepharo- vich that the natural and artificial salts are identical and both monocliuic, but the latter often twins.
Ref.— ' Ber. Ak. Wien, 67 (1), 128, 1873. 2 Brz., Min. Mitth., 47, 1873, also Zeph., 1. c. 3 Min. Mitth., 198, 1872. 4 Lotos, 212, 1872, quoted by Zeph.; cf. also Murmann & Rotter, Ber. Ak. Wien, 34, 135, 1859. 6 J. Ch. Soc., 3, 348, 1850, Miu. Mitth., 47. 1873. 6 Lanir, Ber. Ak. Wien, 61 (1), 194, 1870. ' Rumpf, p. 123; Kg., Kr. Ch., 446, 1881.
757. LOWEITE. Loweit Raid., Abh. Ges. Wiss. Prag, 4, 1846; Raid., Ber. Fr. Nat. 2,266, 1847. Loeweite.
Tetragonal. Cleavage octahedrons yield the angles 68° 16' and 74° 58'. Mas- sive, cleavable.
Cleavage: basal, distinct; prismatic, imperfect ; octahedral in traces. Fracture conchoidal. H. 2'5 — 3'0. G. 2-376. Luster vitreous. Color yellowish-white to honey-yellow, also reddish. Taste weak.
Optically uniaxial, positive. Double refraction strong; GO 1*491, e 1'494, Haid.
Comp. — Hydrous sulphate of magnesium and sodium, MgS04.Na2S04 -4- 2H.,0 Sulphur trioxide 52-l, magnesia 13 -0, soda20'2, water 14-7 100; or, Magnesium sulphate 39'1, sodium sulphate 46'3, water 14-7 100. Anal.— 1, Karafiat, 1. c. 2, Hauer, Jb. G. Reichs., 605, 1856.
SO, MgO Na2O H2O
1. 52-35 12-78 18-97 14'45 Fe5O3,Al2O3 0'66 99*21
2. 52-53 14-31 18-58 14-80 Fe2O3,NaCnr.= 100-22
Obs. — In pure crystalline masses an inch thick, involved with foliated anhydrite, at the Ischl salt mine, Austria.
Named after A. Lowe of the Mint.
758. BLODTTE. Blodit John, Unters., 1811. Astrakanit G. Rose, Reis. Ural, 2, 270. 271, 1842. Simonyit Tscliermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 60 (1), 718, 1869. Warthite. Bloedite.
Monoclinic. Axes & : I : 6 1-34940 : 1 : 0-67048; ft 79° 21f ' 001 A 100 Groth and Hintze1.
100 A HO 52° 59', 001 A 101 24° 6', 001 A Oil *33° 23'.
Forms3: n (210, i-2) r (101, 1-i)4 w (112, (212, 1-2)
a (100, a) I (320, t-f) 9(201,24) u (ill, 1) o (121, -2-2)
6 (010, i4) m (110, /) d(011, 14) y (221, 2) z (131, -3-3)
c (001, O) v (120, i-2) e (021, 2-i) t (311, 3-3) x (121, 2-2)
Blodite.
vv
A/I'" 47° 42' co
nn'" 67° 6' cz
II"' 82° 58' cv
mm"' 105° 5SL _cs
41° 19' ap
28° 13'
28° 16'
50° 6'
66° 46'
105° 37'
*36° 55'
83° 37'
23° 15|'
42° 5'
63° 32'
52° 61° 32° 55° 60°
ltd 81° a'u 75° pp' *57° uu' 65° yy' 91° oo' 95° zz' 117° ss' 54° w' 35°
10'
48' 58'
4' 8' 13'
59' 33' 39' 44' 26'
Fig. 1, 2, Stassfurt, after Groth.
In short prismatic crystals often highly modified. Also massive granular or compact, also somewhat fibrous.
Cleavage not observed. H. 2'5. G. 2'22-2'28. Luster vitreous. Colorless and transparent to bluish green, reddish yellow and translucent; also flesh-red to brick-red. Taste faint, saline and bitter.
angles' :
2Ha.r 71° 17' 2H0.r 112° 23'
2Ha.bi 73° 22' 2H0.w
.-. 2Vr 70° 5' fir 1-500
108° 55' .-. 2Vw=72°34'
Var. — The original bWdite from Ischl, analyzed by John, was massive, somewhat fibrous,, flesh-red to brick-red in color, and splintery in fracture. The aslrakanite, from near Astrakhan, was in whitish crystals. Simonyite from Hallstadt was supposed to differ from blodite in not efflorescing in the air, which, however, has been shown not to be true of the characteristic mineral.
Comp. — Hydrous sulphate of magnesium and sodium, MgS04.NazS04 + 4H,O Sulphur trioxide 47*9, magnesia 12*0, soda 18*6, water 21"6 — 100; or, Magnesium sulphate 36-4, sodium sulphate 42'0, water 21*6 100.
Analyses agree closely with the formula; one by Paul, Stassfurt, gave: SO3 48-14, MgO 11-97, Na2O 18-55, H,O 21 -60 100-26, Zs. G. Ges., 23, 671, 1871 ; see also 5th Ed., p. 659; Tschermak, 1. c. (simonyite); Zimniermann, Stassfurt, quoted by Luedecke, \.c.etal. Foullon obtained a somewhat abnormal composition (12-6 MgO, 24 H2O, etc.) for blodite from Hall in Tyrol (Jb. G. Reichs., 38, 1, 1888).
Fyr., etc. — Heated loses water rapidly; at a red heat fuses quietly to a transparent globule, which is white on cooling. Somewhat deliquescent in a moderately moist atmosphere.
Obs. — From the salt mines of Ischl; at Hallstadt (simonyite) in thin layers between rock salt; at Stassfurt in crystals, sometimes an inch across, on the massive mineral or on carnallite. Also from salt lakes near Astrakhan, east of the mouth of the Volga; the soil of the country near Mendoza, between San Luis de la Punta and the foot of the Andes, especially east of San Juan, occurring in imperfect crystals at the junction of two layers of common salt, one to two feet below the surface. Also common in northern Chili in the Pampa del Toro, Atacama (Dietze, Zs. Kr., 19, 446, 1891), and at Cerros Pintados, in Tarapaca (Schulze, Vh. Ver. Santiago, 2, 54, 1889). In India, in rock salt at the Varcha mine, 30 miles from Shahpur, Punjab.
Named after the chemist and mineralogist Blode. Simonyite from F. Simony, who discovered the Hallstadt locality.
Ref.— ' Stassfurt, Zs. G. Ges., 23, 670, 1871; also Rath, Pogg., 144, 586, 1871. See Groth, and Hintze, 1. c., and vom Rath. 1. c. Breziua noted on simonyite c, n, m, d, p, Ber. Ak. Wien, 60 (1), 718, 1869, Min. Mitth.. 20, 1872.
3 Schimper, Punjab, Zs. Kr., 1, 71, 1877.
4 Luedecke, Zs. Nat. Halle, 59, 157, 1886. Cf. also Bucking, Douglashall, Westeregeln, Zs, Kr., 15, 568, 1889.
A sulphate of magnesium and sodium having the formula Na2SO4.4\rgSO4 -f- 7H2O is men tioned by Domeyko as occurring at Canota, 55 miles from Mendoza, Argentine Republic. An analysis gave:
S03 83-48
MgO 14-00
Na30 4-60
H2O 47-95 100
It is fibrous in structure, white, translucent.
Sulphates, Chbomates, Etc.
759. BOUSSINGAULTITE. E. BecM, C. R., 58, 583, 1864. Cerbolit 0. Popp, Lieb. Ann., Suppl. Bd. 8, 1, 1872.
Monoclinic. For artif. cryst., axes a : I : 6 0-7438 : 1 : 0-4862; ft 71° 50' 001 A 100 Brooke1.
100 A HO 35° 15', 001 A 101 - 27° 17|', 001 A Oil 24° 47f.
Forms: b (010, t'4), c (001, 0); m (110, 1), I (130, z-3), n (201, - 24), r(201, 24), o.(011, 14),
o (111, - 1), s (111, 1).
Angles: mm'" *70° 30', II' 50° 30', en 41° 26', cr *64° 30', qq' 49° 35f, co 32° 44f, cm *75C 15', cs 44° llf, 00' 37 40 , ss' - 65" 29'.
Crystals prismatic (m) with c prominent. G. 1*68-1'72. Bx nearly a. Ax. pi. b. Axial augles and indices, Heusser2:
2Er 77° 26' 2Ey 77-28 2Ebl 75° 50'
ftt 1-46772 /?y 1-47369 /JM 1-48461
Comp. — A hydrous sulphate of ammonium and magnesium (NH4)2S04.MgS04-r- 6HaO S03 44-4, MgO ll'l, (NH4)20 14 4, HaO 30-0 100; or, Ammonium sul- phate 36'7, magnesium sulphate 33-3, water 30-0 100.
Anal. — 1, 2, O. Popp, 1. c.: 1 of crystals obtained by recrystallizatiou ; 2, crystallized product from evaporation of lagoon waters.
8OS MgO (NH4)2O HaO
1. 44-39 11-05 9-38 35-16 99'98
2. 44-30 10-27 9 32 34'67 FeO 0'38, MnO 0'73, CaO 0'34 100-01
Obs. — Occurs in the water of the boric acid lagoons, Tuscany, especially at the f umaroles of Monte Cerboli; the amount increases as the quantity of borou diminishes.
Ref.— ' Ann. Phil., 7, 117, 1824. Cf. Rg., Kr. Ch., 447, 1881. Heusser, Pogg., 91, 506,
A soft white mineral occurring in irregular granular masses in Sonoma, California, gave Goldsmith: SO3 38'86, MgO 15'56, (NH4)?O 5'03, H2O 40-55 100. G. 1'67. Proc. Acad. Philad., 264, 1876.
760. PICROMERITE. Picromeride Scacchi, Mem. Incend. Vesuv., 191, 1855. Pikromerit Rg., Min. Ch., 281, 1860. Schoenite E. ReicMrdt, Jb. Min., 602, 1865, 340, 1866.
Monoclinic. Axes a: 1:6= 0-7265 : 1 : 0-4900; ft *75° 12' 001 A 100
100 A HO *35° 5', 001 A 101 29° 5£', 001 A Oil *25° 21'.
e (001, 0) n (120, z-2)s q (Oil, 14)
m (110, /) 8 (130, z-3)j 0 (111, - 1)'
u (230, i-f)9 e (201, 24) u (111, 1)
ce 63° 19' qq' 50° 42'
Forms1 : a (100, t'4) b (010, i-l)
mm'" 70° 10'
uu' 87° 1'
W 50° 46i'
co 34° 31'
cm 77° 56' cu 44° 14' 00' 38° 54'
uu' 48° 25' ao 49° 11' a'u 68° 44'
Figs. 1-3, Ascherslebeu, Luedecke.
Picromerite—Ctanochroite. 949
As a white crystalline incrustation; the solution of this (Vesuvius) yielded Scacchi the crystals described by him. G-. 2-10-2-20. Also rarely in natural crystals, f. 1-3, Luedecke.
Optically +. Ax. pi. 1. ac — 1° 0' or ta 13° 48', Jience Bxa A &
— 76° 12'. Dispersion p v. Axial angles, M. & R.8
2H 48° 22' 2E 74° 2' 2V 48° 21' ft, 1-468 ft? 1'470 /?w 1-478 Also, Des Cloizeaux 4:
2Er 72° 20' 2EV 71° 16' 2V.r 47° 37' ft, 1-468
Comp. — Hydrous sulphate of magnesium and potassium, MgS04.K2S04 -f- 6H,0 Sulphur trioxide 39'8, magnesia 9-9, potash 23-4, water 26*9; or, Magnesium sulphate 29-9, potassium sulphate 32 -2, water 26'9 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, H. Reichardt, Jb. Min., 602, 1865; 340, 1866. 3, Staute, Zs. Nat. Halle, 58, 653, 1885. 4, Rosenthal, ibid. 5, Niedzwiedzki, Vh. G. Reichs., 149, 1890.
SO3 MgO K2O H2O
1 Leopoldshall 39'74 10-40 23-28 26'87 Cl 0'28 100-57
2. " 38-52 11-56 22'82 [26-29] Cl 0'81 100
3. Aschersleben 38'85 9'64 23'01 28'49 99'99
4. " 39-49 10-40 23'99 26'54 Cl 0'99 101 "41
5. Galusz G. 2-10 39'78 10-01 22'35 26 71 NaaO 1'54, Cl 0'48 100'87
Fyr., etc.— Loses 11 p. c. water at 100°, and all the rest by heating to 133°, Reicbardt. According to Graham, the artificial salt loses its water wholly at 132°.
Obs.— Found at Vesuvius among the salts, produced at the eruption in 1855, in crystals along with crystals of cyanochroite, an isomorphous species in which copper replaces the magne- sium. Further as a thin incrustation upon the kainite of Leopoldshall, Stassfurt (schoenite); also at Aschersleben in the kainite region; with kainite at Galusz in East Galicia.
Named from nixpoS, bitter, and /upoS, part, in allusion to the magnesium present. Schoenite is for the mining officer Schoene of Leopoldshall.
Ref. — ' L. c. The artificial crystals have been measured by Brooke, Murmann and Rotter, and Raminelsberg with results agreeing for the most part with the above, cf. Rg. , Kr. Ch., 1, 448, 1881. 2 Luedecke, Zs. Nat. Halle, 58, 651, 1885. 3 Murmann and Rotter, Ber. Ak. Wien, 34, 142, 1859. 4 Dx., Propr. Opt., 2, 51, 1859.
761. CYANOCHROITE. Cianocroma Scacchi, Mem. Vesuv., 191, 1855.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0'7477 : 1 : 0-5052; ft *75° 30' 001 A 100 Scacchi1.
1()0 A HO *35° 54', 001 A 101 38° 13', 001 A Oil 26° 3|'.
Forms: a (100, i-l), b (010, i4), c (001, 0); m (110, /); 77 (101, l-l), e (201, 2-1); o (Oil, 1-1); n (111, 1); /u (121, 2-2).
Angles : ce 63° 10', en 44° 31', nri 49° 39', nn' 85° 83*', em! *52° 32'.
In crystalline crusts of a clear blue color, crystals obtained from solution. Artif. crystals of this salt have been measured by Brooke2.
Optically + . Ax. pi. b. ac + 4° 23' or ta 18° 53', 'hence Bxa A t
— 71° 7'. Dispersion p v. Axial angles, Murmann and Rotter3 :
2H 49J 39' 2E 76" 12' 2V 48° 53' /8r 1'489 ft, 1-491 /?„, 1-498
Comp. — Hydrous sulphate of copper and potassium, CuS04.K2S04 + 6H20 Sulphur trioxide 36'3, cupric oxide, 17'9, potash 21-3, water 24-5 100; or, Cupric sulphate 36 1, potassium sulphate 39'4, water 24'5 100.
Obs.— From the saline crusts formed on the lavas during the eruption of Vesuvius in 1855.
Named in allusion to the color from KvavoS, blue, and \poa, color. Scacchi's name has been changed to the above, in order to secure the termination lie and avoid ambiguity (the mineral containing no chrome).
Ref.-1 L. c. Ann. Phil., 7, 118, 1824. 3 Ber. Ak. Wien, 34, 169, 1859. Cf. Re.. Kr. Ch.. 1. 462. 1881.
950 Sulphates, Chromate8, Etc.
762. POLYHALITE. Polyhalites Strom., Comment. Soc. R. Getting., 4, 139. Polyhalit Strom., Unters., 1, 444, 1821.
Probably monoclinic1. Usually iu compact fibrous or lamellar masses. Cleavage easy in one direction, H. 2'5-3. G. 2-769; 2'7S4 Pfeiffer. Luster resinous or slightly pearly. Streak red. Color flesh- or brick-red, some- times yellowish. Translucent to opaque. Taste bitter and astringent, but very weak.
" Comp. — Hydrous sulphate of calcium, magnesium, and potassium, 2CaS04. MgS04.KaS04 + 2HaO Sulphur trioxide 53*2, lime 18-6, magnesia 6-0, potash 15-6, water 6*0 100; or, Calcium sulphate 45 '2, magnesium sulphate 19'9, potassium sulphate 28 -9, water 6-0 100.
Analyses conform closely to the formula after deduction of impurities (NaCl, Fe2O3, etc.); see 5th Ed., p. 641; also Scholar, Berchtesgadeu. Jb. Min., 578, 1869; v. Lill, Stebnik, Galicia, Min. Mitth , 89, 1874; E. Pfeiffer, Stassfurt [Arch. Pharm., 219. 1881], Zs. Kr., 10, 524, 1885. et al.
Pyr., etc.- — In the closed tube gives off water. B.B. fuses at 1-5, colors the flame yellow. On charcoal fuses to a reddish globule, which in ll.F. becomes white, aud on cooling has a saline hepatic taste; with soda like glaubeiite. With fluorite does not give a clear bead. Partially soluble in water, leaving a- residue of calcium sulphate which dissolves in a large amount of water.
Obs.— Occurs at the mines of Ischl, Ebensee, Aussee, Hallstadt, and Hallein in Austria, with common salt, gypsum, and anhydrite; at Berchtesgaden in Bavaria; at Stassfurt, cf. kieser- ite, p. 932; at Stebnik, Galicia; at Vic iu Lorraine.
The name poly halite is derived trom novf, many, and a/1?, salt, in allusion to the number of salts in the constitution of the mineral.
Ref. — ' Cf. Dx., N. R., 202, 1867, who finds that the Iscbl variety is amorphous, inclosing a biaxial mineral whose ax. pi., about the -f- bisectrix, is strongly inclined to the plane of cleavage and oblique to the direction of fibers.
KKUOITE Precht, Ber. Ch. Ges., 14, 2138, 1881. Near polyhalite. Massive, crystalline. H. 3-5. G. 2-801.
Formula, 4CaSO4.MgSO,.K2SO4 -+- 210 Calcium sulphate 62 3, magnesium sulphate 13'7, potassium sulphate 19'9, water 4'1 100. Anal.— Precht :
CaSO4 MgSO4 K2SO4 H2O NaCl
1. 63-15 1371 18-60 4'16 0'38 100
2. 63-85 13-34 17-85 4'20 0'80 100'04
In cold water the magnesium sulphate is dissolved, and gypsum and the double salt K2SO4.CaSO4 + 2H2O are left insoluble; in hot water the magnesium and potassium sulphates are dissolved out, and only the gypsum is left behind. Named for the Mining Director, D. Krug v. Nidda.
MAMANITE A. Goebel Bull. Ac. St. Petcrsb , 9, 16, 1865. Like polyhalite in aspect and characters, but stated to have the CaO, MgO, K2O in the ratio 3:2: 1. Color white; luster silky; structure foliated fibrous. In nodules as large as the fist, at the salt mine of Maman in Persia, with carnallite, and also investing or intersecting nodules of carnallite.
763. WATTEVILLITE. Singer, Inaug. Piss. Wilrzburg, p. 18, 1879.
In very minute acicular crystals, orthorhombic or monoclinic; in part twins; forms fine fibrous aggregates. G. 1'81. Color snow-white. Luster silky. Taste first sweet, then astringent.
Comp.— Perhaps CaSO4.Na2SO4 + 4H2O Sulphur trioxide 45-7. lime 16'0, soda 20'6, water 17'7 100; or, Calcium sulphate 38'8, sodium sulphate 43'5, water 17'7 100.
The calcium is replaced in part by magnesium and about one third of the sodium by potas- sium. The water corresponds more closely to 4iH2O.
Anal.— Singer, 1. c., after deducting 33'69 p. c. hygroscopic water.
SO3 A12O3 FeO NiO CoO CaO MgO K2O Na20 H2O 44-01 0-24 0-88 1'05 1'30 16'87 2-49 4'74 10-46 17'73 99'77
Pyr., etc.— B.B. swells up and fuses with difficulty to a white blebby enamel. Very soluble iu water; from the concentrated solution, crystals of gypsum separate on standing, and still more quickly on warming.
Obs.— Found on lignite, associated with other related sulphates on the Bauersburg, near Bischofsheim vor dem Rhon, in Bavaria. Named after M. v. Watteville, of Paris.
Alum Group— Kalinite. 951
Alum and Halotrichite Groups.
The ALUMS proper are isometric in crystallization and, chemically, are hydrous sulphates of aluminium with an alkali metal and 12 (i.e., if thefoJin'flla is doubled, 24) molecules of water. The HALOTRICHITES arc oblique in crystallization, com- monly fibrous in structure, and are hydrous sulphates of aluminium with magnesium, manganese, etc.; the amount of water in some cases is given as 22 molecules, and in others 24, but it is not always easy to decide between the two.
The species here included are not easily distinguishable by the taste or external characters, and hence early authors on minerals include all under one or two names. The old synonymy and the history of the species are therefore more conveniently given here than under the several subdivisions of the group.
"Srwrrfftia Or. Alumen Piin. [embracing vitriols as well as the alums]. 'Syicrrq (rrvTtrrjpia Diosc. [embracing the fibrous or feathery kinds, SXIOTJJ being from aeiv, I cut, and alluding to the easy subdivision into fibers]. Tpi%irr]S Dioscr. [fr. 6/Jz'c, hair, it embracing capillary kinds]. Alurnen fossile, Germ. Alaun, Gesner, Foss., 1565 [vitriols being excl., and comprising the var. A. c;mdidum Neapolitanum (fr. Naples), A. capillare, ib., A. Placodes (latas crustas havens), ib., etc.]. Alun, Alumen [including var. a solidum, ft crystallisatum, y plumosum, or Fjader-Alun], Wall., Min., 161, 1747. Aluu, Argilla acido vitriol! imbuta, Cronst., 115, 1758. Argilla vitriolata Sulphate of Alumina] Bergm., Sciagr., 1782. Alaun, Haarsalz, Federalaun [all as one species, or if two, without right distinctions], Wern., and other Min. before 1800. Alumine sulfatee alkaline//., Tr., 2,278,1801 [citing Vauquelin's anal, of potash-alum, but including all alums].
In 1795 Klaproth proved (Beitr., 1, 311), and in 1792 Breislak (Essais Min. sur la Solfatara, etc.), that some alum (that of Miseiio and the Solfatara, near Naples) was putaah-alum. In 1802 Klaproth showed (Beitr., 3, 102) that the Federalaun of Freyenwald was iron-alum. Beudant ascertained that there was a native alum-like mineral which had the constitution attributed in the last century to true alum — that is. was a simple sulphate of aluminium, without an alkali or other protoxide (Tr., 449, 1824). Griiner, in 1821 (Gilb. Ann.. 69, 218), made known a native ammonia-alum: Thomson, in 1828 (Ann. Lye. N. Y., 3, 19, 1828), a native soda-alum; A. A. Hayes, in 1845 (Am. J. Sc., 47, 360), a magnesia- alum.
Alaun Germ. Aluu Fr. Allume Ital. Alumbre Span.
764. KALINITE. Potash Alum. Native Alum. Kalialaun, Kalinischer Alumsulphat, Germ. Alumen Weisbach, Synops. Miu., 9, 1875. Kalinite Dana.
Isometric. Usually fibrous or massive, or in mealy or solid crusts. Artif. cryst. commonly octahedral, also cubic and with d (110, i), n (211, 2-2), p (221, 2), and the pyritohedron e (210, i-2)1. Twins: tw. pi. o.
H. 2-2'5. G. T75. Luster vitreous. Color white. Transparent to translucent. Often exhibits anomalous double refraction3. Refractive index, n 1-4557 for D, FockA
The anomalous double refraction wa,s early explained by Biot3 as due to lamellar polariza- tion, but Reusch3 (Pogg., 132, 618, 1867) showed that this hypothesis would not answer, since the more transparent the crystals the more distinctly the phenomena are shown, but that they were probably to be explained by secondary internal tension. The subject has been discussed by Mallard 3, from his standpoint an octahedral crystal being regarded as made up of eight hexagonal pyramids having their bases coincident with the octahedral faces and their vertices at the center. Again by Klocke3, who, after giving the results of detailed observations, shows that Mallard's hypothesis does not explain the facts observed, but they are rather to be referred to secondary disturbances in the normal isotropic molecular structure. The investigations of the same author have extended also to the etching-figures and related points.
Coinp. — Hydrous sulphate of aluminium and potassium, K2S04.A12(S04)3 -4- 24H,0 Sulphur trioxide 33-7, alumina 10'8, potash 9-9, water 45-6 100; or, Potassium sulphate 18 aluminium sulphate 36 '3, water 45'6 100.
The alum from Vulcan contains traces of caesium and rubidium, Cossa.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. fuses in its water of crystallization, and froths, forming a spongy mass; with cobalt solution an intense blue; on charcoal gives a hepatic mass. Soluble in from 16 to 20 times its weight of cold water, and in little more than its weight of boiling water.
Obs.— Effloresces on argillaceous minerals, and more particularly alum slate. Whitby ia Yorkshire is a noted locality, also Hurlet and Campsie near Glasgow. Also obtained at the volcanoes of the Lipari isles and Sicily. Cape Sable, Maryland, has afforded large quantities of alum. An alum, formerly described from the caves of the Unaka Mts., Eastern Tennessee, in Sevier Co., is mentioned with analysis on p. 955 ( apjohnite); masses a cubic foot in size have been obtained.
D52 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc-
Ref.— Of, Weber, Pogg., 109, 379, 1860. See also Wulff, Zs. Kr., 5, 81, 1881. Fock, Zs. Kr., 4, 593, 1880. On the refractive indices and dispersion of various alums (Ga-Cs, Ga-Th, etc.), see Soret, Bibl. Univ., 20, 517, 1888.
3Biot, C. R., 12, 967, 13, 155, 391, 1841. Reuscb, Pogg., 132, 618, 1867, or Ber. Ak. Berlin, 424, Juue, 1867. Mallard, Ann. Mines. 10, 116, 1876. Klocke, Jb. Min., 1, 53, 158, 1880; also on etching-figures, etc., Zs. Kr., 2, 126, 293, 298, 552, 1876.
765. TSCHERMIGITE. Ammonia Alum. Ammouiakalaun, Ammonalaun, Germ. Ammonalun Beud., 2, 497, 1832. Tscherrnigit v. Kobell, Tafelu Bestimm., 1853.
In octahedrons and fibrous.
H. 1-2. G, 1-50. Luster vitreous. Color white. Transparent to translucent.
Comp. — Hydrous sulphate of aluminium and ammonium, (NH4)2S04. A12(S04)3+ 24H20 Sulphur trioxide 35 '3, alumina 11'3, ammonium oxide 5'7, water 47*7 100; or, Aluminium sulphate 37'7, ammonium sulphate 14'6, water 47'7 100.
An analysis of ammonia alum occurring in white fibrous plates near Dux, Bohemia, gave Deichmiiller (Isis, p. 33, 1885):
So3 34-99 A1303 11-40 (Nh4)2O 3'83 H2O 49'72 X" 0'06 100
Alkali sulphate not volatilized.
Pyr., etc. — lu the closed tube yields water and ammonium sulphate; B.B. sublimes; on charcoal gives a coating of ammonium sulphate, and leaves a residue which gives a fine blue with cobalt solution; with soda gives ammonia fumes, and the reaction for sulphuric acid.
Obs. — From Tschermig, and from the mine near Dux, in Bohemia. This salt is manufactured from the waste of gas works, and used extensively in place of potash alum.
766. MENDOZITE. Soda Alum. Natronalaun, Natrumalaun, Germ. Natronalun Huot, 2, 448, 1841. Solfatarite pt. Shep., Min., 2, 187, 1835 (not in Min. of 1857). Mendozite Dana, Min , 653, 1868.
In white fibrous masses.
H. 3, and G. — 1'88 Thomson. Externally white or pulverulent. Some resemblance to fibrous gypsum, but harder.
Comp. — Hydrous sulphate of aluminium and sodium, Na2S04.Al3(S04)3 + 24H 0 — Sulphur trioxide 34-9, alumina 11-1, soda 6-8, water 47*2 100; or, Sodium sulphate 15-5, aluminium sulphate 37 '3, water 47'2 100.
Some doubt exists as to the amount of water, which is sometimes taken as 22, or even 20, molecules; the theoretical amounts corresponding to these are 45'0 and 42-7 p. c. Thomson's early analysis gave 41 '96 p. c. H2O. The normal amount, however, can hardly differ from that of the other isometric alums. This is confirmed by an analysis by Mori (Ch. News, 44, 218, 1881), of a soda alum from Shimane, Prov. Idzumo, Japan:
SO3 34-73 A12O3 11-27 Na2O 7'26 HaO 46'74 100
Pyr, etc. — Resembles ordinary alum.
Obs.— Occurs near Mendoza, in the Argentine Republic.
Thomson found for the composition of a soda alum from Southern Peru, which he called Subsesquisulphate of Alumina (Phil. Mag., 22, 192, 1843): SO3 32'95, A12O3 22'55, Na2SO4 6-50, HaO 39-20 101 '20. G. 1'584.
767. T AMARU GITE. H. Schulee, Vh. Ver. Santiago, 2, 56, 1889.
Structure fibrous. H. 1. G. — 2-03-2'04. Luster vitreous. Colorless. Composition like ineudozite, but contains only half as much water: Na2SO4.Al2(SO4)3 -4- 12H2O — Sulphur trioxide 45'7, alumina 14'6, soda 8'9, water 30'8 100. Analysis:
SO34566 A12O3 14-48 Na2O 9'04 CaO 0'20 CoO Ir. H2O 30-86 Cl 0-12 100'36
From the Cerros Pintados. Tarapaca, Chili. Named from the Pampa del Tamarugal. An alum (alumbre nalivo) analyzed by Domeyko (Miu., 2d App. to 3d Ed., p. 30, 1883) is .near the above and may be the same thing; he obtained:
SO3 41-94 A12O3 15-10 Na2O 10-70 CaO 0'89 H2O 31'37 100
S03
A12O3
FeO
MgO
CaO
Hs0
0-43a
45-45 Hc1 0-60
(
J9-74
46-10 Cl 0-02
—
44-95 100-91
0-58a
—
46-06 CoO 0-06,
Ni 0-14,
[CuO
0.02, K
2O 0-23, slate 0-72
—
41 '94 sand 1-90
—
Incl.
MnO.
b CuO.CoO.
Halotrichite Group— Pigkerinoite. 953
768. PIOKERINGITE. Hayes, Ain. J. Sc., 46, 360, 1844. Magnesia Alum ib. Magnesia- alaun, Talkerde-Alaun, Germ. Alumbre.
Monoclioic? In fine acicular crystals; in long fibrous masses; and in efflo- rescences.
H. — 1. Luster silky. Color white, yellowish, pale rose-red. Becomes pulverulent and white on exposure. Taste bitter to astringent.
Comp. — Hydrous sulphate of aluminium and magnesium, MgS04.Al.,(S04)3 + 22H20 Sulphur trioxide 37'3, alumina 11 '9, magnesia 4*7, water 46-1 100; or, Aluminium sulphate 39'9, magnesium sulphate 14'0, water 46'1 100.
Some authors give 24H2O, but this is not confirmed by the analyses.
Anal.— 1, Hayes, 1. c. 2, Schulze, Vh. Ver. Santiago, 2, 58, 1889. 3, Schickendantz, Brackebusch, Min. Argentina, 74, 1879; also other analyses giving similar results. 4, H. How, J. Ch., Soc., 16, 200, 1863. 5, Goldsmith, Proc. Ac. Philad., 333, 1876.
G.
1. Chili
2. "
3. Argentine R.
4. Newport, N. 8.
5. Colorado 1'729
In two other trials How obtained: SO3 36'36, 36'59, and H2O 4616, 46'07.
Pyr.j etc. — In the matrass yields water, and acts like other alums. Tastes like ordinary alum.
Obs. — From the Cerros Pintados, northern Chili, and at other points. From various points in the Argentine Republic (Brackebusch, Min. Argent., 74, 1879). From Colorado City, Colorado (anal. 5). Also from N. Scotia, in Newport, on the bank of the Meander, as an efflorescence on the slate or shale (Silurian) of a sheltered cliff, where it results from the action on the shale of decomposing pyrite — and probably a kind containing traces of cobalt and nickel.
Named after the Hon. John Pickering of Boston (d. 1846).
STUVENITE L. Darapsky, Vh. Ver. Santiago, 107, 1886.
Occurs in slender acicular crystals. Apparently intermediate between mendozite and pickeringite, but somewhat doubtful. Composition, (Na2.Mg)SO4.Al2(SO4)3 + 24H2O. Analysis:
f SO336-1 Al2O3ll-6 MgO 1-0 Na-,0 2'7 K2O tr. H2O 47'6 99'0
Occurs with other sulphates at the old mine of Alcaparossa, near Copiapo. Chili. Named after the mining engineer Enrique Stiiven.
Sesqui-Magnesiaalaun of Darapsky (1. c., Jb. Min., 1, 131,1887) is an alum near pickeringite from the Cerros Pintados, Chili, for which the formula is calculated lMgSO4.Al2(SO4)3-)-26|H2O. The homogeneity of the substance is well questioned by Groth. Analyses:
SO, A1,O3 MgO H3O MgCl, insol.
1. Compact 37-93 7'75 8'18 45'22 0'20 0'73 lOO'll
2. " 35 95 11-60 5-82 45"97 0'24 0'36 99'94
3. Fibrous 35'17 10'26 6'90 48'54 0'14
An analysis is also given of an altered kind.
The following are near each other, and related to pickeringite; they require further examination.
SONOMAITE E. Goldsmith, Proc. Ac. Philad., 263, 1876. Crystalline. G. 1'604. Silky luster. Colorless. Composition, 3MgSO4.Al2(SO4), -j- 33H3O. Analysis:
SO3 38-54 A1,O38-01 FeO 1-78 MgO 7 "33 H2O [44 -84] 100
From the neighborhood of the Geysers, Sonoma Co., California.
PICROALLCMOGENE G. Roster, Boll. Com. Geol., 302, 1876. Stalactitic; in nodular and fibrous radiated masses. Color white, with a rose-red tinge. Streak nearly white. Semi- translucent. Taste acid, bitter. Composition, if homogeneous, 2MgSO4.Al2(SO4)j + 28HaO. Analysis:
SO, A1,O, MgO H2O
36-39 9-16 8-19 45'69 K,O 0'37, CoO tr. 99'80
954 Sulphates, Ceromates, Etc.
Fuses easily in its own -water of crystallization, and swells out, becoming opaque and porous. Dissolves in slightly warmed water, forming an acid solution, from which oblique prisms resembling gypsum separate on slow evaporation. Occurs with sulphur and melanterite, in the iron mine of Vigneria, Island of Elba.
DUMKEICHERITE Doelter, Capverd Inseln, 93, 1882.
Monoclinic ?. In thin crusts consisting of aggregated columns. Taste astringent. Soluble in water. Composition, 4MgSO4.Ali(SO4)3 -f- 36H2O. Analysis, F. Kertscher :
SO3 36-65 A12O, 7-14 MgO 11-61 HaO 45'01 NaaO,Cl tr. 100-41
From crevices in the lava of the Paule valley, S. Antao, one of the Cape Verde islands. Named after A. von Dumreicher of Lisbon.
AROMITE L. Darapsky, Jb. Min., 1, 49, 1890.
Crystalline. Fracture conchoidal.
Resembles epsomite, but B.B. swells up slightly, and is decomposed rapidly on exposure. Composition, 6MgSO4.Al2(SO4)3.54H2O. Analysis:
SO3 A12O3 MgO H2O
1. 33-71 5-00 12-71 48'58 100
2. 33-21 1-15 15-90 49'87 100'3
From the Pampa de Aroma, in the northern part of Tarapaca, Chili.
A related sulphate from the neighborhood of Copiapo is near aromite. It is in fibrous masses. Color yellowish. Luster vitreous, dull. Analysis:
SO, A12O3 FeO MgO Na2O CuO H2O
34-59 4-68 9'45 2'87 1'03 2'12 45'36 Cl tr. 100-10
The copper belongs to admixed copper sulphate.
769. HALOTRIOHITE. Federalaun vom Freyenwalde (with anal, showing it to be an iron alum) Klapr., Beitr., 3, 102, 1802. Eisenalaun Germ. Iron Alum. Halotrichit Olocker, Gruudr-, 691, 1839. Hversalt Forc7hammer, JB. Ch., 23, 263, 1843. Halotrichine Scacchi, Mem. Geol. Camp. Nap., 84, 1849.
Monoclinic or triclinic. Silky fibrous. Yellowish white. Taste inky- astringent. Becomes dull and pulverulent on exposure.
Comp.— FeS04.Al2(S04)3 + 24H,0 Sulphur trioxide 34-5, alumina 11-0, iron protoxide 7'8, water 46 '7 10U; or, Aluminium sulphate 36'9, ferrous sul- phate 16-4, water 46 100.
The early analyses gave only 22 H2O; the formula then requires : Sulphur trioxide 35'9, alumina 11'5, iron protoxide 8'1, water 44'5 100.
Anal.— 1, Rg., Pogg., 43, 399, 1848. 2, Silliman, Dana Min., 226, 1850. 3, Arppe, Finsk. Min., 1857. 4, Forchhammer, 1. c. 5, Scacchi, 1. c. 6. Linck, Zs. Kr., 15, 26, 1888.
7, Janovsky, quoted by Zepharovich , Ber. Ak. Wien, 79 (1), 183, 1879, after deducting impurities.
8, F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Be., 28, 24, 1884.
SO3 A12O3 FeO MgO CaO H2O
1. Morsfeld 36"03 10'91 9'37 0'23 — 43 -03 KaO 0'43 100
2. Urumia 33'81 10'62 9'15 — — 41 '61 SiO2 3'34, Fe2O,
[1-05 99-58
3. Finland 34'71 18-88 6"23 — — 44-20 98'47
4. Hversalt 35'16 11-22 4'57 2'19 — 45-63 Fe2O3 100
5. Halotrichine 34'12 9'76 10-20 — — 45-92 - 100
6. Chili G. 1-885 33-98 10-43 5'55 0'78 0'69 46'94 Ti2O3 0'95 99-33
7. Idria G. 2'04 34'90 10-29 4'36 1-94 — 47-11 Fe2O3 1-40 100
8. GilaR., N. Mexico G. 1-89 87-19 7'27 13'59a — — 40-62 iusol. 0'50 99-17
a A trace as Fe2O3.
Lippitt gives for a sulphate from Tepeji, Mexico : SO4 41-59, Al 4'92, Fe 7'81, Ca 0'52, HaO 43-60 98-44, Ch. News. 48, 98, 1883.
The name Halolrichite is from aAs, salt, and 0pz'|, hair.
Berg butter (Beurrede Mbntagne) is an impure alum or copperas efflorescence, of a butter- like consistence, oozing from some alum slates. A yellowish kind from Wetzelstein, near
Halotrichite Group— Apjohnite.
Saalfeld, afforded R. Brandes (. J., 39, 417, 1823) : SO3 34'82, AlaOs 7'00, FeO 9'97, MgO 0-80, Na2O 0'73, (NH4),O 1-75, H2O 43'50 99'00.
Pyr., etc.— Fuses in its own crystallization-water, cracks open, and if strongly heated gives off sulphuric oxide, leaving a brown residue; with the fluxes reacts for iron, and with soda on charcoal gives an hepatic mass.
Obs. — Occurs at Bodenmais, Bavaria, and at Morsfeld in Rhenish Bavaria. Also at Ururnia, Persia, where the inhabitants use it for making ink of a fine quality; at Hurlet and Carnpsie near Glasgow; at Bjorkbakkagard in Finland; at the Solfatara at Pozzuoli (halo- tricliine). At the Tierra Amarilla near Copiapo, Chili, in white silky fibrous forms with oblique extinction (tricliuic?). The Hversalt of Forchhammer. is an allied alum from Iceland.
Probably at Rossville, Richmond Co., N. Y. (Beck). The related sulphate of anal. 8 occurs in white asbestiform fibers at the headwaters of the Gila River, 40 miles north of Silver City, New Mexico; the deposit of aluminous sulphates is said to cover some two thousand acres. The salt analyzed by Lippitt was in fine flexible fibers of a greenish white color, from Tepeji, State of Mexico, Mexico.
770. APJOHNITE. Manganese Alum Ajyohn, Phil. Mag., 12, 103, 1838. Manganalaun.
Apjohuit Olocker, Syn., 298, 1847.
Bushuianite. Manganese Alum pt. , Mangano-magnesian Alum. Bosjemanite Dana, Min., 654, 1868. Buschmanite. Boschjesmanite.
Monoclinic ? In fibrous or asbestiform masses; also as crusts and efflorescences.
H. 1*5. G. 1*782 (anal. 3). Luster silky. Color white or with faint tinge of rose, green, or yellow. Taste like that of ordinary alum, but less strong.
Comp., Yar. — Hydrous sulphate of aluminium and manganese, MnS04.Al2(S04)3 -J- 24H20 Sulphur trioxide 34'6, alumina ll'O, manganese protoxide 7'7, water 46-7 100; or, Manganese sulphate 16 '3, aluminium sulphate 37*0, water 46'7 100.
Bushmanite is intermediate between pickeringite and apjohnite ; formula, (Mn,Mg)SO4. Al2(SO4)3+22 (or 24) H2O.
Anal.— 1, Apjohn, 1. c. 2, Ludwig [Arch. Pharm., 143, 97], Rg., Min. Ch., 273, 1875. 3, W. G. Brown, Am. Ch. J., 6, 97, 1884.
4, Stromeyer, Pogg., 31, 137, 1834. 5, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 18,379, 1854. 6, E. Schweizer, Kenng. Ueb. , 12, 1859.
Ajyohniie.
So3
1. S. Africa 32-79
a 35"90
3. SevierCo.,Tenn. 35 -47
Bushmanite.
4. S. Africa
5. Utah
6 Maderanerthal
S03
A12O3 MnO H2O
10-65 6-60 48 -15 MgSO4 1-08 99-27
10-47 7-44 46-99 (NH4)2O 1'54 102-34 [insol. 0'06 100-07
10-03 8-73 44-78 FeO 0'39, MgO 0-30, (Co.Ni)O 0'29, CuO 0'02,
AlaO3 FeO MnO MgO H2O
11-52 — 2-17 3-69 45-74 Kc1 0-20 100-09
10-40 0-15 2-12 5-94 46'00 K2O 0-20 100-66
10-55 1-06 2-51 3-74 44-26 CaO 0-27, K2OO'58, CuO 0'22,
[insol. 1-12 100
In the last there was some ammonia with the water.
Brown (1. c.) shows that anals. 1, 2, 4 agree with the general formula given above, while the others agree with R3A14(SO4)9 + 51H2O.
Pyr. — Nearly the same as for ordinary alum, but gives with fluxes a reaction for manganese.
Obs.— Apjohnite is from Lagoa Bay in South Africa.
The mineral of anal. 3 is from Alum Cave, Sevier Co., Tenn.; it had been earlier called kalinite. The cave is situated at the headwaters of the Little Pigeon, a tributary of the Tennessee river; it is properly an overhanging cliff 80 or 100 feet high and 300 feet long under which the alum has collected. It occurs in masses, showing in the cavities fine transparent needles with a silky luster; extinction oblique; color of the mass white, with faint tinge of rose, pale green or yellow: H 1'5; G. 1'782. Epsomite and melanterite also occur with it.
Bushmanite covers the floor of a cave near the Bosch jesman (Bosjesman Bushman) river in South Africa, to a depth of six inches; the roof is a reddish quartzose conglomerate, contain- ing magnesia and pyrites; it rests on a bed of epsomite, 1-fc inches thick. Also, a related alum is found in the Maderanerthal in Canton Uri. Switzerland (called keramohalite by Schweizer) and at Alum Point near Salt Lake, in Utah. This Utah mineral was made a manganesian alum by Dr. Gale, Am. J. Sc., 15, 434, 1853.
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
771. DIETRIOHITE. Von Scliroclcinger, Vh. G. Reichs., 189, 1878. Arzruni, Zs. Kr . 6, 92, 1881.
Monoclinie (?), Arzruni.
In fine tibrous, tufted forms, as an efflorescence or incrusting.
H. 2. Luster silky. Color dirty white to brownish yellow. Easily soluble in water- taste like vitriol. B.B. fusible.
Comp.-(Zn,Fe,Mn)S04.Al2(SO4)3 + 22H2O.
Anal. — Dietrich, quoted by Vou Schrockinger.
So,
A12O3
ZnO
FeO
MnO
MgO
H2O
44-38 100-12
A recent formation (within 14 years) in an abandoned working at Felsobanya, Hungary.
772. . Neutrales schwefelsaures Eisenoxyd H. Rose, Pogg., 27, 310, 1833. White Copperas. Coquimbit Breith., Handb., 100, 1841. Blakeite, Dana, Mm., 447, 1850. Rhombohedral. Axis c! 1-5613; 0001 A 1011 60° 59' Linck1.
Forms2:
c (0001, 0) m (1010, /) a (1120, i-2) z (1013,
y (iol2,
q (3035, f) r (1011, 1)
o (3032, a (3031, 3) n (0337, - $) b (0334, - f ) rf (0111, - 1) A (0331, - 3) d (1122, 1-2) s (1121, 2-2)
cz 31° 0' cy 42° 2' cr 60° 59' m'rj *29° 1' co 69° 42' ea 79° 314'
cd 57° 22' cs 72° 144' rr' 98° 274' oo' 108° 38' rrj 51° 51' ao 35° 41'
1, 2, Copiapo, Chili, Linck.
Twins: Tw. pi. c, the faces a coinciding and often showing a reversed stria- tion edge o/a. Commonly in hexagonal prisms, f. 1, also in rhombohedral forms; again in forms simulating a regular octahedron, f. 2. Also granular massive.
Cleavage imperfect: i, r, 77. H. 2-2-5. G. 2'092 Breith.; 2-105 Linck. Color white, yellowish, brownish, greenish, sometimes with a violet or amethystine tint. Taste astringent. Optically -f. Kefractive indices:
1-5376 Li
eP 1-5468
l-5455Na
1 -5547 Arzruui 1-5575 Linck
Comp.— Fea(S04)3 + 9H20 — Sulphur trioxide 42'7, iron sesquioxide 28 -5, water 28-8 100. The iron may be partly replaced by aluminium.
Anal.— 1, 2, Bamberger, Zs. Kr., 3, 522, 187#. 3, Linck, Zs. K., 15, 10, 1888. 4-6, J. B. Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 38, 242, 1889.
G.
SOa
Fe2O, H2O A12O3
1. Chili
f 42-53 23.61 28'75 4"92 99'81
[28-92]
[29-79
[29-08 [28-67
ft Incl. SiO
4-88 100
tr. 100
4-39 Na2O 0'25, CaO.MgO tr. 100
1-65 Na,0 0-27, CaO.MgO tr. 100
0-91" 100
From 1 and 2 some admixed epsomite and silica, and from 3, 1-3 p. c. silica, have been deducted. Water expelled at 110° in anals. 4, 5, 6 5, 6, molecules respectively. The material of anal. 4 was amethystine in color, crystalline, transparent; of 5, amethystine, massive, translucent; of 6, white, massive, opaque.
Earlier analyses by H. Rose (1. c. and 5th Ed., p. 650) established the composition.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. resembles melanterite. Wholly soluble in cold water: if the solution be heated, iron sesquioxide is copiously precipitated. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid
Quenstedtite-Ieleite. 957
Obs. — Forms a bed in a feldspathic or trachytic rock, Tierra Amarilla near Copiapo, in the province of Atacama, Chili. The bed of salt is on the increase, and is probably derived from decomposing sulphides. Pits 20 ft. deep have been formed in it by the people of the country. Also north of Sierra Gorda near Caracoles The mineral does not occur in Coquimbo, from which it takes its name.
A mineral referred here by Scacchi was observed by him about fumaroles after the eruption of Vesuvius in 1855, partly in a brownish friable crust, which, by solution and evaporation, afforded yellow hexagonal crystals; also as a yellowish crust, in many parts tinged green, com- pact in texture, with the luster of a surface of fracture very bright.
Ref.— ' Zs. Kr.( 15, 5, 1888; Arzruni gave b - 1'5645, ibid., 3, 516, 1879; Rose gavec 1'562, Pogg., 27, 309, 1838. 2 Cf. authors quoted.
"The name blakeite (Dana, Miu., 447, 1850) was given to a mineral "from Coquimbo, "anatyzed by Blake and having the composition of coquimbite but supposed to occur in regular octahedrons. It is doubtless identical with coquimbite, as remarked by Linck, who notes that the combination e, o (f. 2) has nearly the form of an octahedron co 69' 42', oo'" 71" 22'.
773. QUENSTEDTITE. G. Linck, Jb. Min., 1, 213, 1888, Zs. Kr., 15, 11, 1888.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-39397 : 1 : 0-40584; ft 78° 7$' Linck.1 100 A 110 21° 5', 001 A 101 39° 45 fr', 001 A Oil 21° 39f '.
Forms: p (350, t|) r (O'll'lO, |fi) t (074, J-i) ® (094, f-i)
b (010, f-1) . q (Oil, 14) 8 (085, f-1) u (0'15'8, -Vs-*) (052, f-i)
m (110, /)
mm'" 42° 10' pp' — 114° 33' it' 69° 36' ww' 89° 35$'
bm *68° 55' qg' 43° 19' bt *55° 12' m'q *92° 37'
Crystals tabular b and elongated a, resembling gypsum ; clinodome faces
Cleavage: b perfect; a 100 (or a prism) less perfect, yielding a fibrous fracture. H. — 2 '5. G. 2*116. Luster vitreous. Color reddish violet. Transparent. Optically -. Ax. pi. b. Bx A t + 21°.
Comp.-Fe,(S04)3 + 10H,0 or Fe.SSO.lOHO Sulphur trioxide 41-4, iron sesquioxide 27*6, water 31"0 — 100. Anal. — Linck, 1. c.
£ SO3 39-83 Fe2O3 27'66 HaO 31-85 CaO 0"40 AlaO3,MgO tr. 99'24
Also SO3 41-40, Fe3O3 27-59. Of the water 20-84 p. c. goes off at 100°, 3*60 at 140°, 4'68 at 180°, I'Ol at 240°, 1-61 above It is readily soluble in water.
Obs. — Occurs with coquimbite and other sulphates of the Tierra Amarilla near Copiapo, Chili.
Named after the German mineralogist. Prof. F. A. von Quenstedt (1809-1889).
Ref. — J L. c.; Linck give as a fundamental angle 110 A Oil 87° 23'; this, however, gives ft 84° 14', while the value of ft measured on b was found to be 78° approx., the supplement of 87° 23' or 92° 37' gives results agreeing approximately with his (he gives a : b : e 0-3942 : 1 : 0-4060, ft 77" 58').
774. IHLEITE. Schrauf, Jb. Min., 252, 1877
An efflorescence on graphite, having a botryoidal or small reniform structure. G. 1'812. Color orange -yellow, becoming pale yellow in dry air.
Comp. — An iron sulphate near coquimbite, probably Fe2(S04)8 + 12H.,0 Sulphur trioxide 39'0, iron sesquioxide 25'9, water 35'1 100. Anal. — Schrauf.
SO3 38-2 FeaO3(AUO3) 24-5 FeO 2'1 H2O 35'5 100'8
Soluble in cold water.
Occurs at the graphite deposits at Mugrau. Bohemia, owing its origin to the decomposition of embedded crystals of pyrite. Named for Mr. Ihle. superintendent of mines in Mugrau.
TCoTmET,iTE Krenner. abstract in Ch. Ztg., 861, 1888, from the Hungarian Academy. Stated to b" M iivdrous ferric sulphate Fea(SO4)j 7iH3O Sulphur trioxide 44'9, iron sesquioxide 29 y, \v;i:er 25-2 100.
958 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
775. ALUNOGEN. Hydro-trisulfate d'aluniine Beud., Tr., 449, 1824. Davite (?) Mill Quart. J., 25, 382, 1828. Aluuogene Beud., Tr., 2, 488, 1832. Solfatarite pt. Shep., Min., 188, 1835. Keramobalit Glocker. Grundr., 689, 1839. Saldanite Huot, Min., 2, 451, 1841. Stypterit Glocker, Syu , 297, 1847. Halotrichit pt. Hausm., Handb., 2, 1174, 1847 (not Halotrichit Glocker). Schwefelsaures Thouerde. Haarsalz Rg.
Monoclinic, Jurasky. Usually in delicate fibrous masses or crusts ; also massive. H. 1-5-2. G. — 1 -6-1*8. Luster vitreous to silky. Color white, or tinged with yellow or red. Subtranslucent to subtransparent. Taste like that of common alum.
Comp.— Hydrous aluminium sulphate, A1S(S04)3 + 18H20 Sulphur trioxide 36*0, alumina 15*3, water 48*7 100.
Analyses agree, for the most part, closely, except for impurities; see 5th Ed., p. 649, also references as in App. m; Jb. Min., 2, 254. 1882; Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 28, 24, 1884; Hof, Teueriffe, Min. Mitth., 12, 39, 1891. Marguerite- Delacharlonuy has obtained an artificial sulphate with only 16H2O, which requires 45 -7 p. c. ; an analysis of the mineral from Bolivia confirms this, giving 45-38 p.c. H2O, CVR., Ill, 229, 1890.
Fyr., etc. — Yields water, and at a higher temperature sulphuric acid, in the closed tube. Gives a fine blue with cobalt solution. Soluble in water.
Obs. — This species results both from volcanic action, and the decomposition of pyrite in coal districts and alum shales, and occurs at numerous localities; as at Kolosoruk near Bilin. Bohemia; Bodenmais; Pusterthal, Tyrol. The Pasto mineral was from the crater of a volcano. It has been observed by Scacchi at Vesuvius; at Konigsberg, Hungary, it occurs in thick druses with iron vitriol. At various points in Peru and Bolivia; the Argentine Republic; Wallewaraug, New South Wales; Teneriffe, Canary Islands.
It is found as an efflorescence in numerous places in the United States. A white fibrous alunogen (?) occurs abundantly at Smoky Mtn., Jackson Co., N. C., where, it is said, tons may be obtained. Extensive deposits occur on the Gila river, 40 miles north of Silver City, N. Mexico.
Davite was obtained from a hot spring at Chiwachi, a day's journey from Bogota. Mill obtained : SO3 28'8, AlaO3 15'0, HaO 51 '8, FeaO3 1'2, earthy matters 3'2 100.
776. KROHNKITE. Kronnkite I. Domeyko, 5th Appendix, Min. Chili, p. 33, 1876; also 3d Ed., Min. Chili, 250, 1879. Kronkite.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : b 0*44625 : 1 : 0*43521, ft — 72° 41' 001 A 100 Darapsky1.
100 A HO 23° 4f , 001 A 101 35° 49f , 001 A Oil 22° 34'. Forms : b (010, i-l), m (110, /), e (Oil, 1-1), p (111, - 1). Angles : mm'" 46° 9', ee' - 45° 8', me 66° 13', m'e 95° 53'.
In irregular prismatic crystalline masses with coarsely fibrous structure.
Cleavage: m, b, distinct. Fracture conchoidal. H. 2-5. G. — T98. Luster vitreous. Color azure-blue, changing somewhat on exposure to the air.
Comp. — A hydrous sulphate of copper and sodium, CuS04.Na2S04 -+- 2H20 Sulphur trioxide 47*5, cupric oxide 23*5, soda 18*4, water 10*7 100; or, Cupric sulphate 47*2, sodium sulphate 42*1, water 10*7 100. Anal.— 1, 2, Darapsky, Jb. Min., 1, 192, 1889.
SO3 CuO NaaO H2O Cl
1. White 47-02 t22'34 [19'24] 11 -40 tr. 100
2. Green cryst. 46'64 21-38 19'52 12'58 tr. 10010
The analysis of KrOhnke, quoted by Domeyko (who writes KrSnke and Kronnke), gave CuSO, 46-28 NaaSO4 42'95 HS0 10-77 100
Another analysis by Domeyko gave :
SO3 46-56, CuO 23-20, Na2O 18-04, HSO [11*08], A12O3 0'22, CuSO4 0*90 100.
Fyr., etc. — B.B. decrepitates and fuses to a green mass. Easily soluble in water, giving an acid solution.
Obs. — Found in the copper mines near Calama, on the road from Cabija toPotosi, Atacama; from the mining district of Incahuase with sideronatrite. Named for B. Krohnke.
An artificial salt of this composition is known.
Ref. — ! L. c. ; his calculations do not entirely agree with the above.
Ferronatrite—Romeritk 959
PHILI.IPITE I. Domeyko, 5th Appendix, Min. Chili, p. 38, 1876; 3d Ed., Min. Chili, p. 248,
Compact, granular, or with fibrous structure, transverse to veins in the chalcopyrite. Luster vitreous. Color azure-blue. Translucent, astringent. Composition approximately given by the formula, CuS04.Fe2(SO4)3 + nH2Q. Analysis gave :
SO3 28-96, FeaO3 9 80 (iron subsulphate 2'28), CuO 14'39, MgO 0'85, H2O 43'72, A1?O, tr. 100. Soluble in water, but unaffected by exposure to the air. Fouud at the copper mines in the Cordilleras of Condes, province of Santiago, Chili. Produced from the decomposition of chalcopyrite, and found in small irregular masses and bands with it in an argillaceous ocher.
777. FERRONATRITE. J. B. Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 38, 244, 1889. Gordait Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 11, 218, 1890..
Bhombohedral. Axis 6 0-55278; 0001 A 1011 *32° 33' Arzruni1.
Forms : c (0001, 0), m (1010, /) cleavage, a (1120, i-2), s (1012, r (1011, B), rj (0111,- 1). Angles : cs IT 42', cr 32° 33', ss' 30° 32', rr' 55° 33', rrj 31° 13', ar 62° 14'.
Rarely in distinct acicular crystals, combination of a and r; usually in spheri- cal forms having a lamellar-stellate structure, often resembling wavellite.
Cleavage: m perfect; a less so. H. 2. G. 2-547-2-578 Genth & Penfield. Oolor pale greenish white, grayish white, white. Optically uniaxial, positive. Indices: oo7 1-558, ey 1-613 Pfd.a
Comp.— 3Na2S04.Fe2(S04)s + 6H30 or 3NasO.Fe209.6S03.6H,0 Sulphur trioxide 51 -4, iron sesquioxide 17'1, soda 19'9, water 11 -6 100; or, Sodium sulphate 45"6, ferric sulphate 42*8, water 11 -6 100.
Anal.— 1, Mackintosh, 1. c. 2, F. A. Genth, Am. J. Sc., 40, 202, 1890. 3, Frenzel, Zs. Kr., 18, 595, 1891.
SO, Fe2O3 A12O3 Na2O K,O HaO
1. 50-25 17-23 0-43 18'34 0-40 11 -14 insol. 2'00 99-79
2. £ 51-30 17-30 19-95* 11-89=100-44
3. 50-85 17-69 20-22 11 "90 100'66
Of the H2O, 5-fc molecules are lost at 110° C., the remainder is easily soluble in water. In anal. 2, the loss at 100° was 0 28 p. c. after two hours.
Obs.— Occurs with other sulphates at Sierra Gorda near Caracoles, Chili. Ref.— ' Zs. Kr., 18, 595, 1891. 2 Am. J. Sc., 40, 202, 1890.
778. ROMERITE. Grailich, Ber. Ak. Wien, 28, 272, 1858. Bilckingit Q. Linck, Jb. Min., 1, 213, 1888. Roemerite.
Tricliuic. Axes a: 1:6 0-96840 : 1 : 2-64250; a 116° 3£', ft 94°40f, y 80° 7$' Linck1.
100 A 010 *98° 43', 100 A 001 *89° 36', 010 A 001 *64° 20'.
Forms : c (001, 0) y (508, 'f-i') I (014, 'H) n (012, 'H)
b (010, i-l) n (320, 'z-D e (Oil, 14') s (013, 'H)
am 51° 45' ex *686 27' cs 52° 38' cq 93° 46'
bm *46° 58' ce 48° 10' en 70° 46' cm 69° 33' .-
cy 56° 58f cl 40° 19'
Crystals tabular c, often monoclinic in habit; faces a, c striated their inter- section-edge, brachydome faces vertically striated. Also coarsely granular, crystalline.
Cleavage: b perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. — 3-3-5. G. 2-174 Gl.; 2-102 Linck. Luster vitreous. Color light to dark chestnut-brown, violet- brown, rust-brown to yellow. Pleochroic. Transparent to translucent. Taste saline, astringent.
Optically — ; double refraction weak. Ax. pi. on c bisects obtuse angle of edges a/c and b/c. Bisectrix inclined about 30° to c. 2Ha — 57° 45'.
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
Comp.— Perhaps FeS04.Fe2(S04)3 + 12H20 Sulphur trioxide 41 -7, iron sesquioxide 20-8, iron protoxide 9*4, water 28*1 — 100.
Some analyses give more water, 15H2O call for 32'9 p. c. Mackintosh calculates 13'7 p. c., Anal.— 1, L. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 28, 277, 1858. 2, Linck, 1. c. 3, J. B. Mackintosh Am. J. Sc., 38, 243, 1889.
1. Goslar
2. Chili
G. 2-15
SO3 Fe2O3 A12OS FeO H2O
41-54 20-63 — 6-26 28'00 ZnO 1'97, CaO 0'58, insol. 0'50
38-47 17-62 1'02 9'06 34'10 CaO tr. 100-27 99'48
40-19 19-40 — 9-52 [80-85] Na30 0'14 100
Easily soluble in water, giving an acid solution; basic salts separate on heating.
Obs. — From the Rammelsberg mine near Goslar in the Harz. along with copiapite (cf. p. 964). Also from Persia. From Tierra Amarilla, near Copiapo, Chili, with other iron sulphates.
Named for A. R6mer (or Koemer). of Clausthal.
Ref.— l Chili, Zs. Kr., 15, 22, 1888; on the form of the mineral from Persia, see Blaas, Ber. Ak. Wien, 88 (1) (1121), 1883.
C. Hydrous Sulphates.— Basic Division.
a : ft : 6
779. Langite Cu4(OH)6S04 + H20 Orthorhombic 0-5347 : 1 : 0-6346
780. Herrengrundite (Cu,Ca)B(OH)6(S04)2 + 3H20 Monoclinic
a : I : 6 1-8161 780A. Arnimite Cu6(OH)6(S04)2 + 3H20
781. Cyanotrichite Cu4Al2(OH)12S04 + 2H20 782 Serpierite Contains S03, CuO, ZuO, H20
1 : 2-8004; ft 88° 50'
Orthorhombic Orthorhombic d:b:6 0-8586 : 1 : 1-3637
783. Castanite
Fe.S.Oa.8HD0
Monoclinic
a : b : 6 ft
784. Copiapite
Fe4S6021.18H20 Monoclinic 0-4790 : 1 : 0'9751 72° 3'
785. Knoxvillite
Hydrous Chromium sulphate
7 86. Utahite
Fe,S0..1iH.O
Rhombohedral 6 1-1389
787. Amarantite
Fe2S209.7H20
Triclinic
a : I : 6
0-7691 : 1 : 0-5738; a
95° 38', ft 90° 24', y 97° 13*
788. Fibroferrite
Fe2S20,.10H20
Monoclinic ?
789. Raimondite
Fe4S3016.7H20
Hexagonal or rhombohedral
790. Carphosiderite
Fe6S4021.10H20
Rhombohedral?
791. Aluminite
A12S06.9H20
Monoclinic
792. Glockerite
Fe4S09.6H20
793. Felsb'banyite
A14S09.10H20
Orthorhombic
794. Paraluminite
A14S09.15H,0
795. Cyprusite
Al2Fe14S10064.14H20 !
Hexagonal or rhombohedral
n in
796. Voltaite
(Fe,Mg)6(Fe,Al)4S100
41.15H20? Tetragonal
797. Metavoltine
- (K2,Naa,Fe)6FeeSI2060.18H20 Hexagonal
ii in
a:b :6 ft
798. Botryogen
MgFeFe!1S4017.18H20
Monoclinic 0-6522 : 1 : 0-5992 62°26'
799. Sideronatrite
Na4Fe,S40M.7H10 ?
Orthorhombic
Langite. 961
800. Alunite KAl.S.OSEO Ehombohedral 6 1-2520
801. Jarosite KFe3S2On.3H20 " 1'2492
802. l,8wigite KAl3S2On.4HsO
803. Ettringite Ca6Al2Ss018.33H20 ? Hexagonal 6 0-9434
804. ftuetenite MgFe2S3013.13H,0 Monoclinic?
805. Zincaluminite Zn6Al(,S!(0.11.18H.10 Hexagonal?
806. Johannite Hydrous copper-uranium sulphate Monoclinic
807. Uianopilite CaU8S,011.25H10
The simple empirical formulas are given for most of the basic hydrous sulphates above, since the data in most cases are not sufficient to determine the rational formula.
779. LANGITE. A new British mineral N. S. Maskelyne, Phil. Mag.. 27, 316, 18R4. Langite Maskelyne, Pisaui, C. R., 59, 633, 1864, Maskelyne Phil. Mag., 29, 473, 1865. Devil- line Pisani, C. R., 59, 813, 1864 Lyellite Maskelyne, Ch. News, 10, 263, 1864.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : 6 0-5347 : 1 : 0-6346 Maskelyne1. 100 A HO 28° 8', 001 A 101 49° 53', 001 A Oil 32° 24'.
Forms: a (100, i-i), b (010, i-i), c (001, 0); m (110, /); /(021, 24). Angles : mm"' *56° 16', cf *51° 46'.
Twins: tw. pi. in, in forms resembling aragonite. Crystals small and short; simple forms not observed. Also in fibro-lamellar and concretionary crusts, with earthy surface.
Cleavage: c, b. H. 2-5-3. G-. 3*48-3-50. Luster of crystals vitreous; of crusts somewhat silky. Color fine blue to greenish blue; pleochroic. Trans- lucent. Optically — . Ax. pi. b. Bx c.
Comp. — Near brochantite, but contains one molecule of water of crystalliza- tion, formula CuS04.3Cu(OH), + H,0 or 4CuO.S03.4H20 Sulphur trioxide- 17'0, cupric oxJde 67'6, water 15-3 100.
Anal.— 1, Church, J. Ch. Soc., 18, 87, 1865. 2, 3, Waiington, ibid. 4, Pisani, I.e. Also Tschermak, Her. Ak. Wien, 51 (1), 127, 1865.
8OS CuO H8O
1. Cornwall 16-79 67'48 15'73 100
2. " 16-72 . 67-31 16-25 100-28
3. " 16-88 67-88 15-53 100-29
4. " 16-77 65-92 16-19 CaO 0'83. MgO 0'29 100
5. Demlline 33 '65 51-01 16-60 CaO 790, FeO 2'77 101-93-
Anals. 1, 2 on material dried in vacua; 3, do. at 100°.
Maskelyne's early analysis (1. c.) gave 18 p. c. HSO.
The demlline (or lyellite), which includes the incrusting variety, is, as Tschermak has shown, langite mixed with gypsuui, which is apparent in scales. His analysis (ref. above) was made on the devilliue containing 18 p. c. of gypsum; and he slates that Pisaui's analysis of the same (5) indicates the presence of 24 p. c. For an analysis of the lyeUite by Church, see J. Ch. Soc.. 18, 83, 1865.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. on charcoal yields water, acid fumes, and metallic copper. Heated it passes through (1) a bright green color, losing 1 equivalent of water, and then having the ratio of some brochautite; (X) various tints of olive-green; and (3) becomes black. It has finally a strongly acid reaction.
Obs.— Found in argillaceous schist (killas) in Cornwall, in minute twinned crystals; also as a blue crust, partly earthy. It is associated sometimes with connellite.
Named langite after Dr. Victor v. Lang, formerly of the British Museum, later Professor of Physics at Vienna.
The analyses of so-called brochantite by Berthier of a Mexican specimen, and Field of a Chilian, as well as of the artificial mineral, have the same composition assigned by Pisani and Church to the langite; and there is yet some uncertainty as to the true limits between the two species. The specimens had ihe green color ol brnchuulite.
962 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
Ref.-' Phil. Mag., 29, 473, 1865; cf. Brezina, Zs. Kr., 3, 374, 1879.
WOODWARDITE Church, Ch News, 13, 85, 113, 1866, J. Chem. Soc., 19, 130, 1866.
A complex sulphate of aluminium and copper, perhaps allied 1o cyauotrichite (lettsomite), or perhaps only an impure uucrystallized variety of langite, mixed with aluminium hydrate. Occurs in Cornwall, in minute botryoidal concretions, of a lich turquois-blue tu greenish blue color, translucent to almost transparent. G. 2 38. Anal. — 1, Church, 1. c. 2, 3, Wariugton, ibid. 4, Pisani, C. R., 65, 1142, 1867,
S03 A12O3 CuO H2O
1. Cornwall 13 "95 17 '97 48'34 18 '48 98 -74
2. " 13-04 1864 48 67 [19-65] 100
3. " 12-54 17-93 46'80 [22'73] 100
4. " 11-7 13-4 46-8 [26-9] SiO2 1-2 100
The material of 1, 2 was dried at 100°, of 3 in vacuo over H2SO4.
Church and Warington also found traces of silica, lime, magnesia, and phosphoric acid, which were undetermined. Pisani makes the mineral impure langite. He analyzed (1. c.) another similar material from Cornwall (received from Mr. Tailing), of a clear green color, and obtained :. SO3 4'7, A12O3 33'8, CuO 17'4, H2O 38-7, SiO2 6'7 100'5; showing a mixture of the Copper sulphate with a hydrous silicate of aluminium as well as hydrate; and this he considers as proving that woodwardite is only a mixture. Analyses by Maskelyne & Flight (J. Ch. Soc., 24, 1, 1871), confirm this view.
The mineral is soluble with scarcely any residue in diluted acids. Named after Dr. S. P. Woodward.
780. HERRENGRUNDITE. Brezina, Zs. Kr., 3, 359, 1879. Urvolgyite Szabo, Min. Mitth., 2, 311, 1879, and Lit. Ber. Ungarn, 3, 510, 1879.
Monoclinie. Axes a : b : 6 1-8161 : 1 : 2-8004; /? 88° 50£' 001 A 100 Brezina1.
100 A 110 61° 9$', 001 A 101 57° 51', 001 A Oil 70° 20f '.
Forms1 : y (540, y (350, z-|) e (102, - H) d (507, fi)
c (001, 0) m(lW, I) 6(120, -2) 5(507, - f-i) ' q (111, 1)
1(980, £f)? C (450, K-(250, i-|)? e (102, i-i)
mm" - 122° 19' cS 47° 8' eg 73° 8' qq' 113° 55'
£$' 30° 474' ce 38° 34' cm' 90° 34' qe 59° 8'
ce — 37° 12' cd 48° 24'
Twins : tw. pi. c (001) ; perhaps also n (750). In thin six-sided tabular crys- tals with c striated a. Usually in spherical groups.
Cleavage: c perfect; y (or m) rather distinct; also core. Kather brittle. H. 2 -5. G. 3'132. Luster vitreous; on c sometimes pearly. Color emerald- green, verdigris-green, and bluish green. Pleochroic: c yellowish green, b bluish green. Streak light green. Transparent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. b and sensibly a. Bx JL c. Axial angles, Brezina:
2Er 59° 2' Li 2Ey 65° 18' to 66° 53' Na 68° 39' Tl
Comp.— 2(CuOH),S04.Cu(OH)a -f 3H20 with one-fifth of the copper replaced by calcium, or Ca0.4Cu0.2S03.6H20 Sulphur trioxide 25'0, cupric oxide 49-4, lime 8-7, water 16-9 100.
Anal.— 1, Berwerth, Zs. Kr., 3, 373, 1879. 2, Schenek, Min. Mitth., 2, 315, 1879. 8, Winkler, Jb. Berg-., Sachs., 1886.
SO, CuO CaO HSO 1 24 62 54-16 2'05 19'61 100'44
2. 24-62 49-52 8'59 16-78 S2O2 0-33, FeO 0'14, MnO, MgO tr. 99'93
3. G. 2-906 24-59 49'96 8-17 17-76 100'48
Brezina regards the CaO as present in the form of gypsum as an impurity; deducting this the result obtained is : SO3 23'04, CuO 57 '52, H2O 19 '44 100. Szabo, on the contrary,
Gtanotrichite—Serpierite, 963
regards the CaO as essential, which is confirmed by Wiukler, and also indirectly by Weisbach (cf. arnimite, following).
Pyr., etc. — On charcoal, loses its green color, becomes black and fuses; with soda a copper bead. Soluble in nitric acid in hydrochloric acid and in ammonia with a residue of calcium sulphate.
Obs.— Occurs with malachite and calcite in a quartz-conglomerate at Herrengrund in Hungary. Related to langite, brochautite, etc. Also on the Sandberg, between Altgebirg and Herrengrund. Named from the locality Herrengrund Urvolgy in the Hungarian language.
Ref.—1 L. c. ; these forms are not all certain. Cf. Gdt., Index, 2, 149, 1890.
780A. Arnimite. Weisbach, Jb. Berg-Hutt., Sachs., 1886.
Forms a bright green incrustation, consisting of short acicular or scaly crystals.
Comp.— 2(CuOH)2SO4.Cu(Oll)2 -f 3H2O or 5CuO.2SO3.6H3O Sulphur trioxide 24*1, cupric oxide 59*6, water 16*3 100. Corresponds to the preceding species, but differs in con- taining no lime.
Anal. — 1, 2, Winkler; 2 containing gypsum.
SO3 CuO Fe2O3,Al2O3 CaO H2O
2. f 28-73 46-38 0*84 6*89 [17-16] 100
Deducting impurities and recalculating, the result obtained is: SO3 24'07, CuO 59*69, HaO 16*24 100. This corresponds, as noted above, to herrengrundite.
Obs.— Occurs on porcelain-jasper in the coal region at Planitz near Zwickau. Named for the family von Arnim.
781. CYANOTRICHITE or LETTSOMITE. Kupfersammeterz, Kupfersammterz, Wern., Karsten's Tab., 62, 1808. Velvet Copper Ore Jameson, Min., 3, 153, 1816. Sammeterz Breith., Char., 168, 1823, 320, 1832. Cuivre veloute Fr. Cyanotrichit Glocker, Grundr., 587, 1839. Lettsomite Percy, Phil. Mag., 36, 100, 1850.
Orthorhombic. Occurs in velvet-like druses of short capillary crystals; some- times in spherical globules.
Color clear smalt-blue, sometimes passing into sky-blue; strongly pleochroic. Luster pearly. Optically biaxial, negative. Ax. pi. and Bxa to the direction of elongation of the crystals. Dispersion p v large Btd.1
Comp.— Perhaps 4CuO.Al203.S03.8H20 (Genth) Sulphur trioxide 12'4, alumina 15'9, cupric oxide 49*3, water 22'4 100.
Percy calculated 6CuO.Al2O3.2SO3.12H2O, which requires : Sulphur trioxide 16*8, alumina 10*7, cupric oxide 49*8, water 22*7 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, Percy, 1. c. 3, Pisani, C. R., 86, 1418, 1878. 4, 5, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 40, 118, 1890.
1. Moldawa 15'39 11*70 48*16 23-06 98*30
2. " 14*12 11-06 1-18 46-59 23*06 insol. 2*35 98'36
3. Cap Garonne 12'10 11*21 1-41 49*00 22-50 CaO 2*97 9919
Obs. — Occurs sparingly at Moldawa in the Banat, coating the cavities of an earthy hydrated iron oxide, along with a white amorphous aluminium sulphate. Also at the copper mines of Cap Garonne, Dept. du Var, France.
In Utah, at Copperopolis, formerly the American Eagle mine, Tintic district; also in Arizona, at the Copper Mountain mine near Morenci, Graham Co.
Named Cyanotrichite from Kvavot, blue, and Qpi%, hair; and Lettsomite after the English mineralogist, W. G. Lettsom.
Ref.—1 Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 11, 1881.
782. SERPIERITE. Des Cloizeaux, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 89, 1881.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : I : 6 0-8586 : 1 : 1-3637 Des Cloizeaux. 100 A HO 40° 39', 001 A 101 57° 48 J', 001 A Oil 53° 44£' . Forms: c (001, 0); m (110, /); p (111, 1); also probable, rj (034, f-i), e (Oil, \4); and uncer tain, a (203, f-l), x (043, f-S), y (053, f-i), z (081, 8-i), perhaps a (100, i-l).
964 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
Angles : mm"' *81° 18', a a' 93° 16i', w' 91° 18', ee' 107° 30', xxf 122° 23', yy' 132° 30', cp *64° 28', pp' 86° 25', pp'" 72° 0'.
Crystals minute, tabular c, and elongated axis a; faces c striated often grouped in light tufts.
Color bluish green. Transparent. Optically negative. Ax. pi. a. Bx c. Dispersion p v strong. Axial angles, Dx. :
2Ha.r 43° 40' . '. 2Er 66° 5'; 2Ha.r 44° 20' .-. 2Er 67° 10'; 2Ha.r 43° 35' . 2Er 65° 57'
Comp. — Stated by Damour to be a basic sulphate of copper and zinc.
This may prove to belong near brochautite.
Obs. — Occurs on smithsonite at the zinc mines of Laurium, Greece. The probable existence of two other undetermined basic sulphates of copper at the same locality is also mentioned.
783. CASTANITB. L. Darapsky, Jb. Min., 2, 267, 1890.
Monoclinic, with a prismatic angle of 82°, and terminated by one or two oblique planes. Usually in prismatic crystals, perhaps twins; they seldom show distinct faces, which are then dull and rounded. United in massive aggregates; also in minute crystals lining cavities.
H. — 3. Gr. 2'118. Luster vitreous, brilliant. Color chestnut-brown. Powder orange-yellow.
Comp. — Fe.jOSOg.SHO Sulphur trioxide 34'5,iron sesquioxide 34-5, water 31-0 100.
Differs from amarantite, p. 967, only in containing one molecule more of water. Anal. —Darapsky, 1. c. ; la after deducting impurities.
SO8 Fe2O3 H2O
1. 33-80 33-92 30-76 A12O3 tr, barite 115 99'63
la. 34-32 34-45 31 -23 100
Loss of water at 50°, I'O p. c.; 80°, 9'5; 100°, 11'8; 145°, 15'5; 170°, 20'5.
Only very slightly soluble in water, but dissolves in warm hydrochloric acid. Remains unchanged oil exposure to the air and also in the desiccator over calcium chloride.
Obs.— From Sierra Gorda, Chili; occurs implanted upon olive-green crystalline copiapite and associated with minute barite crystals.
Named in illusion to its chestnut-brown color.
RUBRITE L. Darapsky, Jb. Min., 1, 65, 1890.
In indistinct lamellar crystals of a deep red color, penetrated by white nodules and clear zones, which are present even in the purest portions and hence make the physical characters and composition of the remainder more or less doubtful. Iron sesquioxide is separated by cold water. Analyses:
SO3 41-15 FeaO3 18-22 A12O3 3-01 MgO 5'62 CaO 4-10 HaO 27'64 99'84
For this the formula calculated is: 2iCaO.4|MgO.Al2O3.4Fe2O3.17SO3.51H3O. Deducting gypsum and epsomite, the result is: Fe2O3.2SO3.3H2O Sulphur trioxide 42'8, iron sesquioxide 42-7, water 14'5 100.
From the neighborhood of the Rio Loa, Chili.
784. COPIAPITE. Mzcru Diosc. Misy (fr. Cyprus, etc.) Plin., 34, 31. Misy, Germ. Gelb Atrameut (fr. Harz, etc.) Agric., Nat. Foss., 213, 457, Interpr., 466, 1546. Misy, Gul Atrament Sten, Lapis atramentarius flavus, Wall., Min., 159, 1747. Misy(fr. Harz) Hausm., Handb., 1061, 1813, 1203, 1847. Gelbeisenerz Breith., Char., 97, 238, 1823, 223, 1832. Yellow Copperas, liasisches schwefelsaures Eisenoxyd, H. Rose, Pogg., 27, 314, 1833. Copiapite, Haid., Handb., 489, 1845. Xanthosiderit pt. Olocker, Syn., 65, 1847.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-47904 : 1 : 0-97510; 0 72° 3'= 001 A 100 Linck1.
100 A HO 24° 30', 001 A 101 49° 57J', 001 A Oil 42° 51'.
Copiapite. 965
Forms1 : p (120, i-2) r (023, f-i) x (427, - f 2) y (15-2-18, f-) b (010, d (409, |-l) j (Oil, 1-i) o (449, f) (7 '4-28, f-J)
w (110, 7) s (015, |-i)
WOT'" 49° 0' rr' 63° 28' oo' 40° 19f 79° 29
jop' 95° 181 ?g' 85° 42' bm *65° 30' bq *47° 9'
21° 1' TO'O 53° 22' bo 69° 50' mq - *60° 49
Crystals tabular b. Usually in loose aggregations of crystalline scales, or granular massive, the scales rhombic or hexagonal tables. In- crusting.
Cleavage: b. H. 2'5. G. 2-103 Linck. Luster pearly. Color sulphur-yellow, citron-yellow. Translucent.
Optically — . Ax. pi. b, and nearly coinciding with d. Bx0 b. Ax. angles :
2H0.r 113° 10*' 2H0.y 114C 15' Dx. 2H0.y 111° 36 Linck.
Coin p. — A basic ferric sulphate, perhaps SFe Sulphur trioxide 38-3, iron sesquioxide 30-6, water 31*1
Anal.— 1. Linck, after deducting 1-6 quartz sand, Zs. Kr., 15, 17, Chili, Linck.
1888. 2, J. B. Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 38, 242, 1889. 3, L. Darapsky,
Jb. Min., 1, 62, 1890. 4, 5, Melville & Lindgren, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 61, 25, 1890. Earlier anals., 5th Ed., p. 655; also Domeyko, Min. Chili, 155, 1879.
SO, Fe2O3 A13O8 H2O
1. Chili 38-91 30 10 tr. 30'74 CaO tr. 99'75
2. " 39-03 29-16 [20-94] FeO 1'56, Na2O 0'31 100
3. " 38 47 28-18 2'95 29-50 MgO 0-15, CaO tr. insol. 0'78 100'03
4. Knoxville, Cal. 39'97 26'54 30'43 FeO 0-46, MnOO'21, MgO 3'06 - 100-87
5. Sulphur Bank, Cal. 38'82 26'79 0'37 [29-57] FeO 3'28, MnO tr., MgO 0-16, CaO 0'26,
[insol. 0-75 100
Loss of water in anal. 1. 12'73 p. c. at 110°; in 2, two-thirds (12 molecules) at 110°; in 3, J molecule at 75°, 24 at 100°, 4 at 140°, 6 at 150°, 7 at 190°.
Melville calculates for anal. 4, the formula: RO.2R2O3.6SO3.20H2O, but in other analyses protoxides are nearly or quite wanting. Darapsky writes the formula: Fe2O3.24SO3.8H2O for the mineral analyzed by him, or intermediate between coquimbite and amarantite. He proposes, moreover, to drop the uame coquimbite. and to use copiapite broadly for ferric sulphates soluble in water, which have one equivalent of iron sesquioxide to more than two of sulphur trioxide. The individual minerals he would call, violite, flaveite, eUiite, niveite, etc.
Misy is an old term, which has been somewhat vaguely applied. It seems to belong in part here and in part also to other related species (cf . metavoltine, p. 972). The description of Dioscorides is unsatisfactory, but that of Pliny, not over 25 years later, is <>ood, and may represent the true //z'cru of the Greeks; also that of Agricola, which was taken from specimens from the Ranimelsberg mine near Goslar in the Harz, to which the name has been particularly applied. It is the result there of the decomposition of pyrite. Analyses by List (Lieb. Ann., 74. 239, 1850) of this mineral gave:
SO3 Fe2O3 ZnO MgO K20 H2O
1. Goslar 42-92 30'07 2'49 8-81 0'32 21 '39 100
2. " 43-21 30-37 — — undet.
Rammelsberg deducts magnesium sulphate 17'25, zinc sulphate 8'83, potassium sulphate 0'57, and obtains:
SO3 47-15 FeaO3 41 '00 H,O 11-85 100
For this he calculates 4Fe2O3.9SO3.llH2O; but the result is doubtful.
Pyr., etc. — Yields water, and at a higher temperature sulphuric acid. On charcoal becomes magnetic, and with soda affords the reaction for sulphuric acid. With the fluxes reacts for iron. Soluble in water, and decomposed by boiling water.
Obs. — The original copiapite described by Rose was from Copiapo. It is well represented at the Tierra Amarilla, near Copiapo, Chili, as an incrustation on coquimbite, or alone with copper and iron vitriols; also near Caracoles, in crystalline masses.
966 Sulphates, Cheomates, Etc.
Occurs in soft masses of sulphur-yellow scales at the Redingtou mine, Knoxville, Cal. ; the crystals are described as orthorhombic with prism of 78°, ax. pi. b (010), Bx0 ± c. Also at Sulphur Bank, Lake Co., California, as a result of the decomposition of marcasite, on cinnabar.
A ferric sulphate, containing 88 p. c. SO3 (Hillebrand) has been noted from the neighborhood of Las Vegas, N. Mexico (Pearce, Proc. Col. Soc., 3, 228, 1889).
Ref. — ' Zs. Kr., 15, 14, 1888; a number of doubtful planes are added.
785. KNOXVILLITE. Q. F. Becker, U. S. G. Surv., Hon., 13, 279, 389, 1888 (issued 1889). W. H. Melville and W. Lindgren IJ. S. G. Surv., Bull. 61, 24, 1890.
Orthorhombic? In rhombic plates with angles of 78° and 102°, and inferred to be isomorphous with copiapite.
Cleavage: basal, perfect; prismatic and orthodiagonal, also good. Color greenish yellow. Pleochroic. Optically biaxial. Of the axes of elasticity in the basal plane, the greater is parallel to the brachydiagonal axis.
Comp. — A hydrous basic sulphate of chromium, ferric iron, and aluminium, probably related to copiapite.
The calculated ratio gives the complex formula 54RO.70R2O3.165SO3.540H2O, which is not very far from 3RO.4R2O3.9SO3.30H2O.
Anal. — Melville and Lindgren, 1. c., on 0'148 grams.
SO3 Cr2O3 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO NiO H2O above 100° HaO (100°) gangue 35-90 7-41 4-84 15'36 3'81 3'22 0'83 17'60 9-30 1'73 100-
Obs. — Occurs with redingtonite at the Redington mercury mine, Knoxville, California.
REDINGTONITE. G. F. Becker, U. S. G. Surv., Mon., 13, 279, 1888. W. H. Melville and W. Lindgren, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 61, 23, 1890.
A hydrous chromium sulphate, occurring in finely fibrous masses of a pale purple color, iu part white with silky luster and only purple on a surface perpendicular to the tibers. Also mas- sive with crystalline structure. G. 1 '761. Extinction oblique (13° to 38°). Double refraction feeble. Soluble in water. When heated turns green without losing all its water.
In composition, a hydrous sulphate of chromium, aluminium, iron, etc. The calculated formula is 9RO.8R2O3.33SO3.171H2O. The sample analyzed was moist and part of the water may hence be simply hygroscopic.
Anal. — Melville and Lindgren, 1. c.
SO3 Cr2O3 A12O3 FeaO3 FeO NiO MgO HaO (above 100°) H2O (100°) gaugue 35-35 7-51 3-14 019 4'58 I'OO 1-85 14 34 27'09 3'46 100'51
Occurs at the Redington mercury mine, Knoxville, California, where (Becker) it results from the action of solfataric gases on chromite.
786. UTAHITE. A. Arsruni, Zs. Kr., 9, 558, 1884; Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 126, 1884. Rhombohedral. Axis 6 1-1389; 0001 A 1011 *52° 45' Arzruni. In
aggregates of fine scales resolved under the microscope into tabular hexagonal crystals (c, m) with rhombohedral faces (r).
Color orange-yellow. Luster silky.
Comp.— 3Fe!!0,1.3SOs.4H!10 Sulphur trioxide 30 '3, iron sesquioxide 60-6, water 9-1 100.
Anal.— Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 7, 128, 1884.
SO8 28-45 Fe8O3 58'82 H2O 9'35 AssOs 3'19 99-81
Pyr., etc. — Gives off acid water in the closed tube and turns red. On charcoal becomes black and fuses with some difficulty to a black magnetic scoria.
Obs.— Occurs as an incrustation on quartz at the Eureka Hill mine, in the Tintic district, Utah.
Genth & Penfield mention a ferric sulphate occurring in minute brownish white, apparently hexagonal, scales at the Mimbres mine near Georgetown, N. Mexico, with vanadinite, descloizite, quartz. It seemed to contain no water, and the results of an incomplete analysis led to the ratio of Fe2O3 : SO3 1:1, with, however, 17 or 18 p. c. unaccounted for. Am. J. Sc., 40, 203,
Auaraxtite.
787. AMARANTITE. Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 9, 398, 1887. Hohmannite A. Frenzel Min. Mitth., 9, 397, 1887.
Triclinic. Axes d : I : 6 076915: 1 : 0-57383; a 95° 38' 15", /? 90° 23' 43", y 97° 13' 4" Penfield1.
100 A 010 82° 42' 25", 100 A 001 *88° 53', 010 A 001 *84° 16'.
Forms : a (100, f-l) b (010, c (001, 0)
M (110, '/) x (101, '14') d (Oil, 14')
A (012, 'H) 6 (Oil, '14) /.(021, '24)
n (121, 2-2') o (111, ,1) JP (111, '!)
52° 28f ce — *31° 25' co 40° 18'
elf' 92° 48' ep 42° 46' ae *92° 48'
ap *57° 48' bn 42° 39$' b'p 72° 53
Aj
Crystals slender prismatic, with the faces a, b vertically striated". Usually in columnar or bladed masses, also radiated.
Cleavage: a, b perfect. Brittle. H. 2-5. G. =2-11; Chili, Penfleld. 2-286 Pfd. Color orange-red, brownish red, amaranth-red. Streak lemon-yellow.. Pleochroism not strong on a, stronger on b (brownish red and lemon-yellow).
Optically — . Ax. pi. inclined about 38° to 6, its trace on a (100) passing from right above to left below. Extinction on b (010) inclined 16°-17° to 6 in the- acute angle ft above, behind. Axial angles measured on cleavage-plates a, and hence not strictly Bx, gave Penfield:
2EP 59° 3' Li
2Ey 63° 3' Na
Comp.— Fe203.2S03.7H,,0 Sulphur trioxide 35-9, iron sesquioxide 35-8, water 28-3 100.
Anal.— 1, Frenzel, 1. c. 2, J. B. Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 38, 243, 1889. 3, L. Darapsky, Jb. Min., 1, 55, 1890. 4, F. A. Genth, Am. J. Sc., 40, 201, 1890.
S03
Fe2O3
H2O
[27-44] 28'33b
100-46
A12O3 0-21, Na2O 0-51 100
100-15
Alk. 0-70 101-91
At 110°, 3-5 molecules. b At 100°, 3 molecules; at 140°, 4; at 175°, 5; at 200°, 5|; the remainder at a red heat. c Do. 12-17 p. c. 3 molecules.
The fine powder is gradually decomposed bjr cold water, forming a basic insoluble salt.
Hohmannite is amarantite, in part slightly altered. The following are analyses : 1, Frenzel* i. c. 2, Id., ibid., p. 423, on fresher material. 3, Id., ibid., 11, 215, 1890. 4, Darapsky, Jb. Min., 1, 56, 1890.
1. G. 2-24
3. G. 2 17
'SO3 FeaO3 H2O
30-88 40-05 29-63 100'56
33-84 35"-58 30'08 99-50
35-76 37-03 27'71 100'50
36-85 36-86 26'34 gangue 0'53 100'58
Cf. also Frenzel. 1. c., and Min. Mitth., 11, 21, 223.
Obs. — From a vein of argentiferous lead ores with sphalerite, chalcopyrite, atacamite, etc., near Caracoles, Chili, some leagues north of Sierra Gorda; it occurs in copiapite; also from the Sierra de la Caparrosa between Calama and Sierra Gorda.
Named amarantite in allusion to the red color; hohmannite after the discoverer, mining engineer Th. Hohmanu of Valparaiso.
Ref.— ' Am. J. Sc.. 40, 199, 1890. The optical determinations of Wiilfing (Min. Mitth., 9, 403. 1887) agree substantially with those of Penneld.
PAPOSITK L. Darapsky [Bol. Soc. Min., Santiago, 735, 1887], Jb. Min., 1, 23ref., 1889.
In crystals and in rudiate-fibrous masses. Cleavage distinct. Brittle. Color dark red.
968 Sulphates, Cheomates, Etc.
Composition calculated by Darapsky, 2FeO3.3S03.10HaO Sulphur trioxide 32-5, iron sesqui- oxide 43-2, water 24 -3 100.
Anal.— 1, Darapsky, 1. c. 2, Grabner, quoted by Freuzel, Min. Mitth., 11, 223, 1890.
1. SO3 24-72 FeaO3 30'00 HaO 16-43 Chalcanthite 28'85 100 la. 3474 42-17 23"09 100
2. 36-18 35-92 2813 100'23
The analysis of Grabner as shown by Frenzel makes paposite identical with hohmannite and amarantite; this assumes that essentially the same minerals were analyzed in the case of anals. 1 and 2.
Occurs at the Union mine, Reventou district, near Paposa in Atacama, embedded in massive copper vitriol.
FERRIC SULPHATES. Mackintosh has analyzed (Am. J. Sc., 38, 243, 245, 1889) several ferric sulphates from Chili, which cannot be classed with known species, and yet which are not sufficiently known to deserve independent position.
A. Occurs with copiapite and amaruutite in pulverulent orange flakes arranged in parallel layers. It may be a result of the alteration of amarantite; the calculated formula is FeaO3.2SO3.4H2O. Loss of water at 110°, 0'304 molecules; cf. also rubrite, p. 964.
B. White, pulverulent; calculated formula, 4FeO.FeaO3.6SO3.19HaO. Loses 9'6 molecules of water (or one half) at 110 .
C D Both white powders. For C, the approximate formula belongs : 12Na2O.7FeO. 6Fe2O3.AlaO3.10SO3.10HaO. For D, lp[aaO.12FeO.8FeO.14SO3.19HaO. Analyses:
SO3 FeaO, AlaO2 FeO NaaO HaO
A. 41-24 41-22
B. 38-00 12-16 22-51 0'58
C. 47-90 5-64 0'65 80-81 4'42
D. 45-61 5-14 35-05 0'33
100
100 100 100
788. FIBROFERRITE. H. Eose, Pogg., 27, 316, 1833. Fibroferrite Prideaux, Phil. Mag., 18, 397, 1841. Stypticit Hausm., Handb., 2, 1202, 1847. Copiapite J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 18, 375, 1854.
Monoclinic ? In delicately fibrous aggregates.
H. 2-2-5. G. 1-84 Smith; 1-857 Linck. Luster silky, pearly. Color pale yellow, or nearly white. Translucent.
Comp. — Fej.OSOg.lOHjO (Linck) Sulphur trioxide 32'0, iron sesquioxide 32-0, water 36-0 100. Smith gives 10H,0. Linck writes the formula Fea(OH)2(S04), -f 9H.O.
Anal.— 1, Smith, Am. J. Sc., 18, 375, 1854. 2, Tobler, Lieb. Ann., 96, 383, 1855, 1; 3 p. c. insol. deducted. 3, Field, J. Ch. Soc., 14, 156, 1861. 4, Brim, Zs. Kr., 5, 103, 1880. 5. Linck, Zs. Kr., 15, 19, 1888. 6, L. Darapsky, Jb. Min., 1, 64, 1890. 7, Pisani, C. R., 59, 911, 1864. 8 E. C. Woodward, priv. contr. Also 5th Ed., p. 656, and Domeyko, 4th App. Min. Chili, p. 8,
SOS Fe2O3 HaO
1 Chili G. 1-84 30-25 31-75 38-20 insol. 0'54 100-74
2. 31-49 31-69 [36 82] 100
3. 31-94 31-89 35 '90 99 '73
4 31-24 30-99 36 '41 insol. 1'36 100 [0'63 100'72
5 G. 1-857 32-94 32<43 84'82 CaO 0'40. AlnOs, MgO tr., insol.
6 30-60 32-13 35-74 insol. 1-41 99'88
7. Pallieres 29'72 33-40 [36 -88] CaO tr. 100
8. Colorado 30'7 30-9 undet.
Linck found the loss of H,O 21 37 p. c. at 110°; 5 52 at 155°; 4-15at210°; 2'59at260°; 1-57 above. In anal. 6, 24'96 p. c. H,O was expelled at 100°.
Pyr., etc.— Same as for copiapite.
Obs.— From the Tierra Amarilla near Copiapo, Chili, in delicately fibrous masses, associated with coquimbite; also from the mines of Paillieres, Dept. du Gard, France (cf. pastreite below). An iron sulphate of similar appearance (anal. 8) occurs at the Black Iron mine, Red Cliff, Colorado.
The name alludes to Ihe fibrous structure There is no reason to doubt the identity of Pri- deaux's fibroferrite of 1841 with the mineral analyzed by Rose, Smith, and others, and which Hausmann named stypticite in 1847.
Raimondite—Carphosiderite. 969
789. RAIMONDITE. Raiinondit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 25, 149, 1866.
Hexagonal or rhombohedral. In thin six-sided tables with replaced basal edges, scale-like.
Cleavage: basal, perfect. H. 3-3'25. G. 3'190-3'323. Luster pearly. Color between honey- and ocher-yellow. Streak ocher-yellow. Opaque. Optically uniaxial, negative.
Coinp.— 2Fe203.3S08.7HaO Sulphur trioxide 35-0, iron sesquioxide 46-6, water 18-4 100. Anal. — Rube, 1. c.
Bolivia SOS 36'08 Fe2O3 46'52 HaO 17-40 100
Rg. refers here the mineral from Greenland analyzed by Pisani; this analysis is given under carphosiderite below.
Pyr., etc.— Probably the same as for copiapite, but in water insoluble.
Obs. — From the tin mines of Ehrenfriedersdorf, in scales on cassiterite; also from the tin mines of Bolivia (unless the two localities have been confounded), cf. Raimondi, Min. Perou, 231, 1878.
PASTREITE Norman, Bergemann, Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 17, 1866. This may be the above species, if part of the iron is present as limonite. According to Bergemann, it occurs amorphous or reniform, of a yellow color, at Paillieres, near Alais, Dept. du Gard, with cerussite, limonite, calcite, gypsum, tibroferrite (cf. anal. 7, above); B.B. infusible, in hydrochloric acid easily solu- ble. The analyses gave :
SO3 SiO2 As2O6 Fe2O3 PbO H2O
1. Yellow 30-47 2-40 1-86 46'50 1'25 16-04 A12O3, MnO, CaO 0'89 99'41
2. Yellowish brown 30'55 — 2-05 52'80 — 13'95 A12O3, CaO, sand 0'63 99-98
Received by Dr. Bergemann from Dr. Normann, of Marseilles, who named it after President Pastre, of that city. It approaches jarosite except in the absence of alkalies.
APATELITE Meillet, Aim. Mines, 3, 808, 1841.
In small friable nodules or balls. Color clear yellow. Resembles copiapite. Composition, perhaps. 4Fe2O3.6SO3.3H2O Sulphur trioxide 40'9, iron sesquioxide 54'5, water 4'6 100.
Anal. — Meillet.
SO3 42-90 Fe2O3 53'30 H2O 3'96 100'16
Occurs at Meudon and Auteuil, disseminated in an argillaceous bed connected with the plastic clay.
790. CARPHOSIDERITE. Karphosiderit Breith., . J., 50, 314, 1827. Rhombohedral? In reniform masses, and incrustations; also in lamellae
grouped as in mica.
Cleavage: basal, easy. H. 4-4'5. G. 2-49-2-50 Breith.; 2-728 Pisani. Luster resinous. Color pale and deep straw-yellow. Streak yellowish. Feel greasy. Optically uniaxial, positive. Double refraction strong.
Comp. — A basic ferric sulphate, perhaps SFeOSOlOHO Sulphur tri- oxide 32-7, iron sesquioxide 48"9, water 18*4 100.
The P2O5 is regarded (Lex.) as partly replacing the SO3.
Anal. — 1, Pisani, C. R., 58, 242, 1864, after deducting 15 p. c. sand, 9 p. c. gypsum. 2, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 142, 1887.
SO3 Fe2O3 H2O
1. Greenland G. 2'728 31-82 49'88 18-80 100
2. St. Leger 80'18 48'52 18*48 P2O6 2'72 99'90
Supposed by Harkort after blowpipe trials to be a hydrous phosphate; but shown by Pisani's analysis of an original specimen to be a sulphate.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. nearly like copiapite, but insoluble in water. Readily soluble in hydro- chloric acid.
Obs. —Occurs in fissures in mica slate, and was first distinguished by Breithaupt among some specimens which he says were from Labrador. Pisani's specimens were from the Kolburg col- lection in Paris, and were labeled Greenland, most probably the true locality. In the sandstone quarries at Saint-Leger near Mftcon, France.
The name alludes to the color, and is from Kdp<poS, straw, criSypoS, iron.
970 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
791. ALUMINITE. Heine Thonerde (fr. Halle) Wern., Ueb. Cronstedt, 176, 1780. Native Argill Kirwan, Mia., 1, 175. Alumiait C. C. Haberle, Das Mineralreich, etc., 1807; Karst., Tab., 48, 1808. Hallite Delameth., JVJiu., 2, 1812. Websterite Levy, in Brooke, 1823. Hydro- sulphate d'alumiue, Websterite, Bend., Tr., 449, 1824.
Monoclinic. Usually in compact, reniform masses.
Fracture earthy. H. — 1-2. G. 1-66. Luster dull, earthy. Color white. Opaque. Adheres to the tongue; meager to the touch.
Comp. — A hydrous aluminium sulphate, AIaOs.SOs.9H.,0 Sulphur trioxide 23-3, alumina 29'6, water 47'1 100.
Analyses agree closely, see 5th Ed., p. 658; also App. n, in.
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube gives much water, which, at a high temperature, becomes acid from the evolution of sulphurous and sulphuric acids. B.B. infusible. With cobalt solu- tion a fine blue color. With soda on charcoal a hepatic mass. Soluble in acids.
Obs.— Occurs in connection with beds of clay in the Tertiary and Post-tertiary formations. First found in 1730 in the Garden of the Psedagogium at Halle; afterward suspected to be an artificial product from a manufactory near by; subsequently found elsewhere in the plastic clay of the region, and proved to be native. Since discovered by Mr. Webster at Newhaven, Sussex, in reniform and botryoidal concretions, embedded in ferruginous clay, which rests on the Chalk strata; under similar circumstances at Epernay, in Lunel Vieil, and Auteuil, in France; also at Muhlhausen near Kralup; at Kuchelbad in Bohemia.
WERTHEMANITE Raimondi, Min. Perou, p. 244, 1878; Domeyko, 5th Append., Min. Chili, 1876.
Massive, easily reduced to powder. G. 2 '80. Color white. Gives an argillaceous odor, and adheres to the tongue. Composition, AlaO3.SO3.3H2O Sulphur trioxide 33-9, alumina, 43-2, water 22'9 100. Analysis:
S09 34-50 AlaO, 45-00: Fe2O3 1'25 H9O 19-25 100
B.B. infusible. Soluble in acids. B.B. infusible; after ignition gives a blue color with cobalt solution. Insoluble in acids. Found in a bed of clay near the city of Chachapoyas, Peru. It differs from aluminite only in containing less water.
WINEBERGITE Gumbel [Ostbayer. Grenzgeb., 260] Roth, Allg. Ch. G., 1, 239, 1879. A basic sulphate of aluminium occurring with pissophanite at the Lowmilhl near Passau; also at Bodenmais. Analysis:
SO, 15-61 A18O3 40-80 FeO 2-60 MgO 0'78 HaO 40'21 100
792. GLOCKERITE. Vitriolocker Berz., Afh., 5, 157, 1816. Fer sous-sulfate terreux Berz., N. Min. Syst., 1819. Vitriol Ocher. Pittizite Beud., Tr., 447, 1824. Glockerit Naum., Min., 254, 1855.
Massive, sparry or earthy. Stalactitic.
Luster resinous or earthy. Color brown to ocher-yellow, also brownish black to pitch-black; dull green. Streak ocher-yellow to brown. Opaque to subtrauslucent.
Comp., Var.— 2Fe2O3.SO3.6H2O Sulphur trioxide 157, iron sesquioxide 63-0, water 21 '3 100. This formula was given by Berzelius for a brown to ocher-yellow variety, occurring with botryogen at Falun, containing according to him: SO3 15'9, Fe2O3 62-4, H2O 21-7 100.
Tlie same for a Stalactitic variety from Obergrund, near Zuckmantel, the stalactites of which are sometimes 2 feet long, brown to pitch-black, yellowish brown, and dark green in color, with yellowish brown to ocher-yellow streak, shining luster to earth}', and insoluble in water. It is the OLockerite of Naumann, who cites Hochstetter's analysis: SO3 15'19, Fe2O3 64'34, H2O 20-7, agreeing closely with that by Berzelius.
Jordan obtained for a compact and earthy vitriol ocher from the Rammelsberg mine near Gos- lar (J. pr. Ch., 9, 95, 1836), and Scheerer for another from Modum, Norway (Pogg. , 45, 188, 1838):
SO3 Fe2O3 H8O
1. Goslar, compact 13-59 63-85 18'46 ZnO 1'23, CuO 0-87, gangue 2-00 100
2. " earthy 9'80 68 75 15'52 ZnO 1'29, CuO 0'50, gangue 4'14 100
3. Modum, brown 6-00 80-73 13 57 100'30
Obs. — A result of the alteration of pyrite or marcasite.
Glockerite was named after the mineralogist E. F. Glocker. Pitticite is the name of pitch ore (p. 867).
Felsobanyite—Paral Uminite-Ctpr Usite. 971
793. FELSOBANYITE. Felsobanyt Kenng., Ber. Ak. Wien, 10, 294, 1853; Haid., ib., t2, 183, 1854.
Orthorhombic. Massive, and in concretions, grouped or single, consisting of scales, which are hexagonal, and have two angles of 112°. — Cleavage perfect. Optically biaxial.
H. 1'5. G. 2*33. Luster of cleavage-face pearly. Color snow-white, surface often yellowish. Translucent to subtransparent.
Comp.— 2Ala03.S03.10HaO Sulphur trioxide 17'2, alumina 44 -0, water 38'8 100.
Anal.— Hauer, Ber. Ak. Wien, 12, 188, 1854.
So3 16-47 A12O3 45-53 H2O 37'27 99-27
Pyr., etc. — Nearly as for aluminite.
Obs. — From Kapnik near Felsobanya in Hungary, the concretions sometimes grouped on barite.
794. PARALUMINITE. Paraluminit Steinberg, J. pr. Ch., 32, 495, 1844, Massive, and like aluminite. White to pale yellow.
Comp. — Near alumiuite, but supposed to be 2A12OS.SO3.15H2O Sulphur trioxide 14*5, alumina 36'8, water 48"7 100. Anal. — Schmid, 1. c.
SO, 14-54 A13O3 3617 HaO 49'03 99'74.
Other analyses (5th Ed., p. 661) correspond more or less closely. The species cannot be regarded as well established.
Obs.— Similar in its modes of occurrence to aluminite. Found in Pressler's Mountain and elsewhere, near Halle, and at Huelgoatiu Brittany.
PISSOPHANITE. Pissophan Breith., Char., 101, 1832. Garnsdorflte.
Amorphous or stalactitic, somewhat pitch-like in appearance. Fracture couchoidal. Very fragile. H. 1'5. G. 1 -93-l -98. Luster vitreous. Color pistachio-, asparagus-, or olive green. Transparent. Analyses. — Erdmann, . J., 62, 104, 1831.
SO3 AUO, Fe2O3 H2O
1. Green 12-59 35'23 9-77 41 -69 0'72 100
2. Yellow ocherous 11-90 6'80 40'06 40-13 I'll 100
For the most part insoluble in water. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid. B.B. becomes black. In a glass tube gives off alkaline water.
Occurs at Garnsdorf, near Saalfeld, and at Reichenbach, Saxony, on alum slate. Named from Ttiacra, pitch, and (paiyefrQat, to appear. Probably not a simple mineral.
795. OYPRUSITE. P. F. Reinsch, Proc. Roy. Soc., 33, 119, 1881. J. Deby, J. R. Micr. Soc., 4, 186, 1884.
Hexagonal? An aggregation of microscopic crystals with hexagonal cross- sections.
Soft, chalk-like. H. 2. G. 1'7-1'8. Color yellowish; in powder intense sulphur-yellow.
Comp.— A hydrous ferric sulphate, perhaps 7Fea03.Al203.10S03.14HaO Sulphur trioxide 35'2, iron sesquioxide 49*2, alumina 4 '5, water 11*1 100. Anal.— H. Fulton, after deducting insoluble portion, J. R. Micr. Soc., 4, 187, 1884.
SO, 35-34 FeaO3 49-68 A12O3 3'89 H2O 11-06 99'97
The amount of alumina is variable. An earlier approximate analysis was made by Reinsch,
Insoluble or but slightly soluble in water. Soluble in acids, leaving a residue.
Obs. — Forms veins of considerable magnitude in a doleryte on the island of Cyprus, in the district of Chrysophone, especially on the right bank of the Balahussa. The veins are marked on the surface by a series of ridges several hundred meters long and 25 to 90 broad, having a yellow or vermilion color. The mineral incloses great quantities of the siliceous shells of Radiolaria.
972 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
ERUSIBITE Shepard, Rep. Mt. Pisgah Copper Mine, N. Haven, 1859; Am. J. Sc., 28, 129, 1859. A "rusty insoluble ferric sulphate" of undetermined nature. His copperasine (ib.) is announced as a "hydrous cuprous and ferric sulphate," from the same place. His leucanterite (ib.) is an efflorescence on the copperasine. These are names without descriptions.
796. VOLTAITE. Voltaite A. Scacchi, Accad. Sci. Nap., 1840. Zs. G. Ges., 4, 163, 1852. Isometric ? In octahedrons, cubes, and dodecahedrons, and combinations of
these forms1.
Fracture conchoidal. H. 3-4. G. 2 '79. Luster resinous. Color dull oil-green, greenish black, brown, or black. Streak grayish green. Opaque.
Comp.— Perhaps 5R0.2R.203.10S03.15H20 Blaas. Tschermak calculates for anal. 1, K20 : FeO : Fe,03 : SOS : H20 1:5-5 : 3'4 : 15-6 : 22-6.
Anal.— 1, Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wien, 56 (1), 831, 1867. 2, Blaas, ibid., 87 (1), 143, 1883. An early incorrect analysis was made by Dufrenoy, and another on artificial crystals by Abich (5th Ed., p. 652).
G. SO, A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO K2O Na2O HaO
1. Kremnitz 2'79 48'0 5-1 12-9 15-6 — 36 tr. 15-3 100'5
2. Persia 2'6 49-12 3'72 18-85 5'24 7'35 2'37 1 62 16'60 99'87
Pyr., etc.— Soluble in water with difficulty, and at the same time decomposes.
Obs. — This species was first observed at the solfatara near Naples, by Breislak (1792). It has been found by F. Ulrich at the Rammelsberg mine near Goslar in the Harz. The last contains manganese protoxide as well as iron. From Kremnitz in melanterite.
In a pyritiferous trachyte from the region of Madeni Zakh, Persia; the crystals (anal. 2) are described by Blaas, 1. c., as tetragonal, having c nearly 1 and with the forms: 111, 100, 101, and 102 Complex twins, fourlings resembling hausmannite, as inferred from the optical exami- nation. Optically uniaxial. Color greenish black.
Ref.— ' On the form see Blaas, above, and Ber. Ak. Wien, 87 (1), 143, 1883; but cf. Streng, Jb. Min., 2, 164 ref., 1884. Tschermak describes the crystals examined by him as isometric, and, in habit, octahedral with cubic and dodecahedral faces. Both the form and composition are hence somewhat uncertain; it is possible that analyses 1, 2, were made on different minerals.
PETTKOITE. A. Paulinyi, Jb. Min., 457, 1867. Described as isometric, in cubes. H. 2'5. Luster bright. Color pure black. Streak dirty greenish. Taste sweetish. Anal. — A. Paulinyi:
SO3 45-32 Fe2O3 44'92 FeO 6'66 HaO 1-51 98-41
From Kremnitz, in a breccia, along with iron-vitriol (melanterite), in crystals from the size of peas to millets, and in grains. Named after Bergrath v. Pettko.
Tschermak has shown that pettkoite is only voltaite, the analysis being incorrect. Ber. Ak. Wien, 58 (1), 831, 1867.
797. METAVOLTINE. /. Blaas, Ber. Ak. Wien, 87(1), 155, 1883.
Hexagonal. In aggregates of minute six-sided scales. H. 2-5. G. 2'53. Color yellow. Dichroic: GO yellow, e green.
Oomp.— Perhaps 5(K2,Na2,Fe)O.3Fe203.12SO3.18II2O. Analysis.— Blaas,!. c.
SO3 46-90 Fe2O321-20 FeO 2-92 K2O 9'87 NaaO 4-65 H2O 14-58 100-12
Dissolves slowly and imperfectly in cold water; upon heating a red powder separates. Slowly soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— Occurs with voltaite in a pyritiferous trachyte from Madeni Zakh in Persia. The author states that much so-called misy belongs here.
The above is very near the compound sometimes named Maus's salt (Maus, Pogg., 11, 78, 1827) (the mausite of Haidiuger, Ber. Ak. Wien, 11, 393, 1853).
798. BOTRYOGEN. Rother Eisen-Vitriol Berz., Afh., 4, 307, 1815. Red Iron Vitriol. Fer sulfate rouge Fr. Botryogen Haid., Pogg., 12, 491, 1828. Neoplase pt. Beud., Tr., 2, 483, 1832. Botryt Glock., Syn., 300, 1847.
Monoclinic. Axes a: b : 6 - 0-65215 : 1 : 0-5992; ft 62° 26£' 001 A 100 Xlaiainger1.
100 A HO 30° 2', 001 A 101 54° 47', 001 A Oil 27° 58f.
Forms: b (010, i-l), c (001, 0); m (110, 1), /(120, -2); x (101, 1-i); (023, f-1); n (111, 1),
Bo Tr To G En—Sidergna Trite. 973
Angles: mm'" *60° 4', ff 81° 42', a'x 62' 46$', vcf *39° 0', em *66° 23'. en 24f , nri 56° 6'.
Crystals short prismatic, small; faces m, f vertically striated. Usually in reni- and botryoidal shapes, consisting of globules with a cry stall me surface.
Cleavage: m rather distinct; /(120) in traces. H. — 2-2 -5. G. 2 -04-2 -14. Luster vitreous. Color deep hyacinth-red; massive varieties sometimes ocher- yellow. Streak ocher-yellow, a little shining. Translucent. Taste slightly astrin- gent. Pleochroic : vibrations 6 orange, 6 orange-gray.
Comp.— Perhaps MgO.FeO.Fe203.4S03.18H20 (Hockauf) Sulphur trioxide 34'9, iron sesquioxide 17 -4, iron protoxide 7'9, magnesia 4'4, water 35'4 100. Some manganese protoxide is also present.
Anal.— 1, Hockauf, 1. c., 0'3 p. c. insol. residue deducted. 2. Blaas, Ber. Ak. Wien, 87 (1), 161, 1883. Cf. also ibid., 88 (1), 1134.
SO3 FeaO3 FeO MnO MgO CaO H2O
1. Falun 36-94 16-88 2'23 1-98 7'63 0'90 33 99 100
2. Persia G. 2-138 40'95 20'50 4'12 3'59 30'82 99'98
For the early results of Berzelius, see 5th Ed., p. 657.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. iutumesces and gives off water, producing a reddish-yellow earth. On, charcoal becomes magnetic; with soda gives a hepatic mass. Remains unaltered if kept dry, but in a moist atmosphere it becomes covered with a dirty yellowish powder. Partly soluble in boiling water, leaving an ocherous residue.
Obs. — Occurs at the copper mine of Falun, in Sweden, coating gypsum or pyi-ite. Much of the so-called botryogen is not this mineral, but a mixture of other sulphates, cf. Blaas, Hockauf, 1. c. From the region of Madeni Zakh. Persia, where it incloses crystals of voltaite. Also noted by4Raimondi (called alcaparossa amarilla) as occurring in Peru (and Chili).
Named from fiorpvS, a bunch of grapes, and -yevrjs, producing (from yiyvecrftai, to become). This last part of the name is bad and is well thrown aside by Glocker, who makes it botryte; botryite would be more correct.
Ref. — ' L. c. ; this is Miller's position. There is some uncertainty about the true symbol of n, cf. Hockauf, Zs. Kr., 12, 240, 1886, who also calls attention to the resemblance in angle to anorthite and the possible asymmetry of the crystals, based upon an extended series of measure- ments.
799. SIDERONATRITE. Raimondi, Min erauxdu Perou, 212, 233, 1878. Domeyko, 3d Ed. Min. Chili, p. 158, 1879. Urusit Frenzel, Miu. Mitth., 2, 133, 359, 1879.
Orthorhombic Pfd.1 In crystalline masses of fine fibrous structure, separating into thin splinters.
Cleavage: probably pinacoidal. H. 2-2-5. G. 2'153; 2-355 G. & P. Color orange-yellow to straw-yellow. Streak pale yellow to yellowish white. Optically -f-. C Bxa) fibers, Pfd!1
Comp.— 2Na3O.Fe,03.4S03.7H20 (Genth) Sulphur trioxide 43'8, iron sesqui- oxide 21-9, soda 17-0, water 17'3 100.
The above description applies to sideronatrite. Urusite, which seems to be the same mineral, occurs in pulverulent, earthy forms; also in lumps, consisting of minute prismatic crystals. Soft. G. 2'22. Color lemon- to orange-yellow. Streak ocher-yellow. Transparent in minute crystals.
Anal.— 1, Raimondi, 1. c. 2, Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 11, 214, 1890. 3, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 40, 201, 1890. 4, Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 2. 133, 1879. 5, Id., ib., p. 359.
SO3 Fe2O3 Na2O H2O
1. Sideronatrite 43'26 21-60 15-59 15-35 NaCll'06, gangue3'20 100'06
2. G. 2-31 42-93 22-86 17'49 15'66 98'94
3. 44-22 21-77 16'39 17'07 99'45
4. Urusite 42'08 21-28 16-50 19-80 99'66
5. 41-64 22-00 17-24 [19-12] 100 a At 110° loses 4 molecules H2O, Genth.
Both sulphates are insoluble in cold water, but decomposed by boiling water with separation of iron sesquioxide; soluble in acids.
Obs.— Sideronatrite is from the mine San Simon, Huantajaya, province of Tarapaca, Chili.
Urusite is found underlying deposits of iron vitriol (melanterite) on the Urus plateau, near Sarakaya, on the naphtha island, Cheleken, in the Caspian Sea.
Ref.—1 Am. J. Sc., 40, 201, 1890.
974 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
800. ALUNITE. Alumen de Tolpha, quod primum fossum est in Italia, Pii 2di Pontificia temporibus (Piccolomini, 1458-1464), Oesner, Foss., 13, 1565. Romersk Alunsten Wall., Min., 163, 1747. Alaunstein (fr. Tolfa) Wern., Bergm. J., 376, 1789. Alumstone. Aluminilite Delameth., T, T., 2, 113, 1797. Alua de Rome pt. H., Tr., 1801. Pierre alumineuse cle la Tolfa Fr, Alunite Beud., 449, 1824. Alaun-Spath Breith., Char., 1823.
Khombohedral. Axis 6 1-2520; 0001 A 1011 55° 19|' Breithaupt1.
Forms2: a c (0001, 0) p
(1120, z-2)3 (l-O'i-64,
w (7079, |)3 j) r (1011, R)
8 (6065, t (0221, -I
m (1010,
2)s v
(3034, |)3
q (6067, f )
cp
1° 18'
cs
60° 2'
rr'
*90° 50'
cv
47° 19'
ct
70° 55'
91'
84C 45'
cw
48° 21'
pp'
ss'
97° 14'
cr
55° 20'
m'
79° 5'
it'
109° 51£'
cq
51° 6'
ww'
80° 39'
Bereghszasz, Breithaupt.
Inrhombohedrons, resemb]ing cubes (rrf 90° 50'); often terminated by the vicinal rhombohedron p. Faces r often striated edge c/r. Also massive, having a fibrous, granular, or impalpable texture.
Cleavage: c distinct; r in traces. Fracture flat conchoidal, uneven; of mas- sive varieties splintery; and sometimes earthy. Brittle. H. 3*5-4. G. 2*58- 2*752; 2*594 Erem. Luster of r vitreous, basal plane somewhat pearly. Color white, sometimes grayish or reddish. Streak white. Transparent to subtranslucent. Optically positive.
Comp. — Hydrous sulphate of aluminium and potassium, Ka0.3Al2Os.4S03.6HaO Sulphur trioxide 38*6, alumina 37*0, potash 11*4, water 13-0 — 100.
The formula may be written K(A1O)3(SO4)2 + 3H2O.
Analyses agree closely, cf. 5th Ed., p. 659; also Rev. Geol., 13, 38, 1877; Lsx., Jb. Min., 142, 1875.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. decrepitates, and is infusible. In the closed tube yields water, sometimes also ammonium sulphate, and at a higher temperature sulphurous and sulphuric oxides. Heated with cobalt solution affords a fine blue color. With soda and charcoal infusible, but yields a hepatic mass. Soluble in sulphuric acid.
Obs. — Forms seams in trachytic and allied rocks, where it has been formed as a result of the alteration of the rock by means of sulphurous vapors.
Met with at Tolfa, near Civita Vecchir , in the neighborhood of Rome, in crystals; at Montipni in Tuscany; at Musaz and Bereghszasz in Hungary; on Milo, Argentiera, and Nevis, Grecian Archipelago, and with opal on Santorin; at Mt. Dore, France; near Hadji-Khan, Buchara; with the hyalite and opal of Queretaro, Mexico.
In the U. S., occurs, associated with diaspore, in rhombohedral crystals, tabular through the presence of c (0001) at the Rosita Hills, Ouster Co., Colorado, particularly Democrat Hill and Mt. Robinson. The crystals are dull and opaque with rough faces and consist of alunite but with a granular structure, they being pseudomorphs after an earlier formation of alunite. The formation of the alunite is explained by the action of sulphurous gases upon the highly aluminous andesytes.
The compact varieties from Hungary are so hard as to admit of being used for millstones. Alum is obtained from it by repeatedly roasting and lixiviating, and finally crystallizing by evaporation.
This species was first observed at Tolfa, near Rome, in the 15th century, by J. de Castro, a Genoese who had been engaged in the manufacture of alum, from an alumstone or " Rock- alum " found near Edessa in Syria. It was named Aluminilite by Delame'therie in 1797, a long name well changed to Alunite by Beudant in 1824.
Ref.— ' Vh. G. Reichs., 4, 25, 1852. 2 Breith., 1. c. 3 Eremeyev, Buchara, Vh. Min. Ges., 18, 221, 1883.
801. JAROSITB. Gelbeisenerz Rg., Pogg., 43, 132, 1838. Misy Haid., Haudb., 512, 1845. Vitriolgelb, Gelbeisenerz, Hausm., Haudb., 1205, 1847 [not Gelbeisenerz fr. Harz Breith., Char., 1832]. Jarosit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 6, 68, 1852. Moronolite Shep., Suppl. Append. Min., p. 4, 1857.
Rhombohedral. Axis 6 1*2492; 0001 A 1011 55° 1C', Koenig1. Forms8: c (0001, 0), r (1011, R), s (0221 , - 2)s. Angles: rr' *90° 45', cs 70° 53', 109° 49'. Often in druses of minute indistinct crystals; less often crystals rhombohedral
Jarosite. 975
in habit, or with c, and then somewhat resembling cubes with tetrahedrai planes. Also fibrous, and granular massive. Also in nodules, or as an incrustation with a tuberose or coralloidal surface.
Cleavage: c; distinct. -Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 2'Ji-3_:5. G. 3'15— 3*26 cryst. Luster vitreous to subadamantine; brilliant, also dull. Color ocher- yellow, yellowish brown, clove-brown. Streak yellow, shining.
Var. — (1) Crystallized; Jarosite, which occurs also fibrous and granular: G. — 3 256, Spain; 3'244, Maryland, Breith.; 3'144 Arizona; 3'163 Utah. (2) Concretionary, the ordinary form of the Norway and Bohemian mineral, and the moronolite of Orange Co., N. Y. ; G. 2'62 (moronolite)-2'79.
Comp.— K20.3Fe.)03.4S03.6H.!0 Sulphur trioxide 31'9, iron sesquioxide 47 -9, potash 9-4, water 10-8 100.
The formula may be written K(FeO)3(SO4)2 + 3H2O.
Anal.— 1, Ferber, B. H. Ztg., 23, 10, 1864. 2, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 21, 160, 1881. 3, Koenig, 1. c. 4, 5, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 39, 73, 1890. See also 5th Ed., p. 660.
G. SOS FeaO8 KaO NaaO H2O SiOa
1. Spain 31-76 49:24 5'90 0'80 11'35 — AlaO3 1-25=100-30
2. Vulture M., Arizona 3-09 30'42 48'27 8'53 0'28 [11-42] 1 '08 100
8. Arrow M.( Colorado 3144 29'33 52'36 7'30 0'90 10'55 — 100'44
4. Tinticdistr., Utah 3163 29'60 50'41 9'23 10-68 0'08=100
5. " " 28-93 51-16 9'05 0'33 10'24 0'29 100
The water determined in 2, viz., 12'91, was too high; the result obtained by difference is more nearly correct. In 3, the silica has been deducted, and 8'8 p. c. of turgite remains to be rejected.
For the Gelbeisenerz from near Bilin, Rammelsberg calculates K2O.4Fe2O3.5SO3.9HaO, and for that from Modum NaaO.4FeaO3.5SO3.9H2O. Analyses.— 1, Rg., 1. c. 2, Scheerer, Pogg., 45, 188, 1838.
SO3 FeaO3 KaO Na2O H2O
1. Bilin 32-11 46-74 7'88 — 13'56 CaO 0'64 100'93
2. Modum 32-45 49'63 5'20 13'11 100'39
Both of the above come very near jarosite. Weisbach has used the name kolosorukite for the above, Synops. Min., 42, 1875.
Pyr., etc.— Nearly as for coquimbite, p. 956.
Obs. — The original Gelbeiseuerz (cf. above) was from Luschitz, between Kolosoruk and Bilin, Bohemia, in brown coal; and later from Modum, Norway, in alum slate.
The jarosite was from Barrauco Jaroso, in the Sierra Almagrera, Spain, on limonite; also, according to Breithaupt (B. H Ztg., 25, 149, 1866), from Maryland, of granular form, with quartz and a magnetite altered to hematite; Mexico; Saxony, Theklamine, nearHauptmanngrtin in Voigtland, in small crystals on turgite (hydrohematite) and limonite; Erzgebirge, near Schwarzenberg, at the Frisch Glilck mine. In the Ural near Berezov, 15 versts from Ekaterin- burg. Also from the province of Cajamarca, Peru.
In the U. S., occurs on quartz at the Vulture mine, Arizona; at the Arrow mine, Chaffee County, Col.; at the Mammoth mine, Tiutic district, Utah, lining cavities in a siliceous limonite.
Moronolite is from Monroe, N. Y., where it occurs on gneiss. It. contains less alkali (viz. 3'81 p.c. Tyler) than is required for the formula. Named moronolite from oopov, mulberry, alluding to a resemblance to the mulberry calculus.
Ref.— Am. Ch. J., 2, 375, 1880; cf. Kk., Min. Russl., 6, 227, 1874, 8, 242. Breithaupt gives rr' 91° 2', and Koksharov 90° 49i'. 9 Pfd., Utah, Am. J. Sc., 39, 73, 1890, he obtained rr' 91° 33'.
BARTHOLOMITE Cleve, Ak. H. Stockholm, 9, Nov. 1870; Geol. W. I. Islands, p. 31. A hydrous sulphate of ferric iron and sodium of uncertain nature. An analysis on impure mate rial, after deducting 2'88 NaCl (halite), 3'87 MgSO4 + 7H2O (epsomite), 3'56 insol. yielded :
SO, 48-66 Fe2O3 25-41 NaaO 19'11 H2O 6'82 100
Occurs with mendozite in yellow nodules composed of small needles, an alteration -product of pyrite, at St. Bartholomew, West Indies.
PLAGIOCITRITE Sandberger; Singer, Inaug. Diss., p. 13, Wurzburg, 1879.
Monoclinic or triclinic. In microscopic prismatic crystals. G. 1"881. Color lemon- yellow. Translucent. Taste astringent.
976 Sulphates, Chroma Tes, Etc.
Composition, perhaps (K,JSra)2O.2FeO.3(Al,Fe)sO3.6S03.27H20. Analysis, after deducting 9'85 p. c. hygroscopic water :
SO, AlaO8 Fe3O3 FeO NiO CoO MgO CaO Na2O KaO H2O
35-44 14 -61 7-95 T64 0'97 0'58 M9 0'43 4'04 4'23 29 "42 100 '26
Easily soluble in water, the solution giving an acid reaction; by boiling, Fe2O3 separates out free from SO3. Decomposes on exposure, becoming orange-yellow. B.B. swells up, fuses in its own water of crystallization, and leaves a reddish brown spongy residue.
Occurs with other related sulphates at the Bauersberg near Bischofsheim vor dem Rhon; derived from the decomposition of pyrite.
CIINOPH.EITE. Klinophaeit Sandberger; Singer, Inaug. Diss., Wurzburg, p. 16, 1879.
In microscopic crystals, probably mouocliuic, with planes c (001), m (110), d (101); prismatic angles 85° and 95°. G. 2'979. Color blackish green. Streak light grayish green. Luster vitreous. Translucent to opaque. Taste astringent.
Composition, perhaps 4(K,Na)2O.FeO.(Fe,Al)2O3.5SO3.8HaO. Analysis, after deducting 7'88 p. c. hygroscopic water:
SO3 Fe2O3 A12O3 FcO NiO(CoO) MgO CaO Na2O K2O H2O 37-01 9-48 4'04 6'06 0'76 1-88 0'77 6'35 21-79 14-72 102'86
Difficultly soluble in water; on boiling, iron sesquioxide separates from the aqueous solution. B.B. fuses with intumescence, leaving finally a black magnetic residue. Occurs with other sulphates at the Bauersberg, near Bischofsheim, as a result of the decomposition of pyrite.
CLINOCROCITE. Klinocrocit Sandberger; Singer, Inaug. Diss., Wurzburg, p. 9, 1879.
A mineral of a deep saffron -ye How, occurring in microscopic crystals, probably mono- clinic. According to a qualitative examination, a hydrous sulphate of aluminium, ferric iron, sodium, and potassium (lime in traces). From the Bauersberg, near Bischofsheim, formed by the decomposition of pyrite in basalt tufa. Related to the more clearly defined mineral, clinophceite.
802. LOWIGITE. Alaunstein Homer, Zs. G. Ges., 8, 246, 1856. Lowigit A. Mitscherlich, J. pr. Ch., 83, 474, 1861. Loewigite.
In rounded masses, similar to compact alunite.
H. 3-4. G. 2-58. Luster feeble. Color pale straw-yellow. Slightly subtranslucent. Fracture perfectly conchoidal.
Comp.— Perhaps K2O.3A12O3.4SO3.9H2O (Rg.) Sulphur trioxide 36'3, alumina 34'7, potash 10-7, water 18-4 100.
This is like alunite except in the presence of more water.
Anal.— 1, L6wig. Zs. G. Ges., 8, 246, 1856. 2. Mitscherlich, J. pr. Ch., 83, 474, 1861.
SO3 A12O3 Fe2O3 K2O Na2O H2O
1. 34-84 33-37 — 10-10 — 18-32 SiO2, etc., 3'37 100
2. 34 81 34 95 0'68 9'30 0'39 17'87 SiO2, etc., 2"00 100
Pyr., etc. — B.B. nearly like alunite. The water is expelled at a lower temperature than in alunite; and the compound resulting after heating, instead of containing a mixture affording alum and insoluble hydrated alumina, affords to water sulphate of potassium and subsulphate of aluminium. Partially soluble in hydrochloric acid, while alunite is not at all so.
Obs. — Found in a cgal bed at Tabrze in Upper Silesia, in compact lumps, having the luster, color, and texture of the Solenhofeu lithographic stone, but blackish externally from a coaly crust; also with alunite at Tolfa
IGNATIEVITE. Ignatiewit K. K. Klug, Vh. Min. Ges., 23, 116, 1887. Occurs in nodules and reuiform masses, having a fibrous structure in white sand in the district of Bakhmut, Ekateriuoslav, South Russia. An impure hydrous sulphate of aluminium and potassium.
803. ETTRINGITE. Lehmann, Jb. Min., 273, 1874. Hexagonal. Axis c 0'94345; 0001 A 1011 47" 27' Lehmann. Forms: c (0001, 0); m (1010, /); o (1012, 4), p (1011, 1).
Angles : co - 28° 35 , oo' 30° 53', cp 47° 27', pp' 43° 14', mp *42° 33'.
In minute needle-like prismatic crystals, seldom more than 3 mm. in length, thickness to £ mm.
Cleavage: m perfect. H. 2-2'5. G 1-75. Colorless. Transparent. Optically uniaxial, negative, Bid.
Comp.-Perhaps 6CaO.Al2O3.3SO3.33H2O (Rg.) Sulphur trioxide 18'9, alumina 8'0.
Quetenite— Zinc Aluminum. 977
lime 26'4, water 46'7 100. The small quantity analyzed makes the complex formula doubtful.
Anal. — Lehmann, 1. c , On 0"36 gr.
SO, A12O3 CaO HaO
16-64 7-76 27-27 45'82 2'51 - 100
Pyr.— B.B. swells up but does not fuse. Soluble in acids, also to a considerable extent in water, giving an alkaline solution.
Occurs in cavities in the limestone-inclusions in lava of the Bellenberg at Ettringen and Mayen, in the district of Laach.
804. QUETENITE. A. Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 11, 217, 1890.
Monoclinic or triclinic ? Massive and in indistinct prismatic crystals embedded in chalcanthite.
Cleavage: prismatic, rather perfect. H. =3. G. 2'08-2'14. luster greasy, feeble. Color reddish brown. Translucent to opaque. Taste slightly astringent.
Comp.— MgO.Fe203.3S03.13H20 Sulphur trioxide 35'6, iron sesquioxide 23'7, magnesia 6'0, water 34*7 100.
Anal.— Frenzel, 1. c., after deducting admixed chalcanthite.
SO, 37-37 Fe2O3 22-70 MgO 5"92 HO 34-01 100
Decomposed by water with the separation of iron sesquioxide.
Obs. — From the Salvador mine in Quetena, eight kilometers west of Calama, Chili; inti- mately associated with chalcauthite.
805. ZINCALUMINITE. Bertrand and Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 135, 136, 1881.
In minute crystals, forming very thin hexagonal plates. Optically uniaxial, negative, and hence hexagonal, or possibly orthorhombic with a prismatic angle of about 60° (Bertrand).
H. 2-5-3. G. 2'26. Color white, or slightly bluish.
Comp.— 2ZnS04.4Zn(OH),.6Al(OH)s + 5H20, or 6Zn0.3Al203.280s.18H.,0 Sulphur trioxide 12'5, alumina 24'0, zinc protoxide 38'1, water 25'4 100. Anal. — Damour, after deducting a little clay.
SO, AlaO3 ZnO CuO HaO
12-94 25-48 34-69 1'85 25'04 100
Pyr., etc. — B.B. in the closed tube gives off abundance of water, Slightly alkaline, With cobalt solution on strong ignition gives a greenish gray mass with blue at some points. On charcoal a zinc coating. Soluble in nitric acid, leaving 5 to 7 p. c. clay.
Obs. — From the zinc mines of Laurium, Greece, associated with smithsonite, serpierite, etc.
ENYSITE Collins, Min, Mag., 1, 14, 1876; C. Le Neve Foster, ibid., p. 9.
Forms a bluish green stalagmitic crust. H. 2-2'5. G. 1'59. An analysis gave: SO3 8-12, A12O3 29-85, CuO 16'91, CaO 1'35. SiO2 B'40, CO2 1 05 H2O (over H2SO4 after 3 days) 14-04, at 150° C. 18-21, at a red heat 7'17, Fe2O3,Cl,NaaO tr. 100-10. Compare analyses of woodwardite by Flight, J. Ch. Soc., 24, 1, Jan., 1871; and Pisani, Phil. Mag., 35, 320, 1868.
Found at St. Agnes, Cornwall, in one of the caves at the old quay. Named after John S. Enys, F.G.S. Probably a mechanical mixture. Cf. Groth, Zs. Kr., 1, 75, 1877.
LAMPROPHANITE. Lamprophan Igelstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 23, 93, 1866.
In thin cleavable folia. H. =3. G. 3'07. Luster pearly. Color and streak white. An analysis afforded Igelstrom :
SO3 PbO MnO MgO CaO NaaO,K2O H2O
11-17 28 00 7-90 5-26 24'65 14-02 8'35 99'85
FeO tr.
Yields water. With soda on charcoal yields metallic lead and a hepatic mass. Not wholly soluble in acids.
From Langban in Wermland, Sweden. Named in allusion to the luster from
978 Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
806. JOHANNITE. Urauvitriol John, Ch. Unters., 5, 254, 1821. Johanuit Haid., Abhandl., Bohm. Ges. Prag, 1830. Sulphate of Uranium. Sulfate vert d'urane Beud.
Monoclinic. Prismatic angle 111° and 69°, ft — 85° 40'. Crystals flattened, resembling those of trooa, and from one to three lines in length; arranged in concentric druses or reniform masses.
H. 2-2 -5. G. 3'19. Luster vitreous. Color beautiful emerald-green, sometimes passing into apple-green. Streak paler. Transparent to translucent; sometimes opaque. Sol- uble in water. Taste bitter, rather than astringent.
Oomp. — A hydrous sulphate of uranium aud copper, formula uncertain.
Anal.— Lindacker, Vogl. Min. Joach., 1857.
SO3 20 02 UO3 67-72 CuO 5'99 FeO 0'20 H2O 5-59 99'52
Pyr., etc. — In a glass tube at a low heat does not change; highly heated gives off water and sulphur dioxide, and becomes brown aud finally black. B.B. on charcoal gives sulphurous fumes and a scoria of black color and dull green streak. With salt of phosphorus reacts for copper and uranium. Somewhat soluble in water.
Obs.— Discovered by John near Joachimsthal in Bohemia. Found also at Johanngeorgen- stadt. Reported from the Middletown feldspar quarry by Shepard.
Named after the Archduke Johanu of Austria.
807. URANOPILITE. Weisbach, Jb. Miu., 2, 258, 1882. Uranocher pt.
A velvety incrustation on uraninite or mica schist at Johanngeorgeustadt; a similar substance occurs at Joachimsthal. Crystals minute flattened, acicular and terminated obliquely (79£°); extinction oblique (9°). G. 3 75-3'97. Color yellow.
Oomp.— Perhaps CaU8S2O3I.25H2O or CaO.8UO3.2SO3.25H3O Sulphur trioxide 5'4, uranium trioxide 77'6, lime 1'9, water 15'1 100.
Anal.— H. Schulze, 1. c.
SO3 UO3 CaO H2O iusol.
1. 3-18 77-17 2-08 16'59 0'39 99-41
2. 4-56 77-46 1'96 14-69 1-33 100
A basisches Uransulphat from Joachimsthal, like the above, gave Dauber : S03 4*0, U03 79"9, H2O 14'3 98'2. In microscopic lemon-yellow crystals, Pogg., 92, 251, 1854.
MEDJIDITE J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 5, 337, 1848. Sulphate of Uranium and Lime.
Massive, with an imperfectly crystalline structure. H. 2'5. Luster vitreous in the fracture. Color dark amber. Transparent. A hydrous sulphate of uranium and calcium according to some qualitative trials by Smith.
Occurs near Adrianople, Turkey, on pitchblende, associated with liebigite, in some places with crystals of gypsum; also at Joachimsthal, with liebigite on uranium ore. Externally often dull from loss of water. Named after the Turkish sultan Abdul Medjid.
The following are uncertain uranium sulphates from Joachimsthal, Bohemia, derived from the alteration of uraniuite.
URANOCHALCITE. Urangrun Hartmann. Uranochalzit Breith., Handb., 173, 1841. In small nodular crusts and velvety druses, consisting of acicular crystals. H. 2-2'5. Color fine grass-green to apple-green; streak apple-green.
ZIPPEITE. Basisches schwefelsaures Uranoxyd (verwitterter Uran-Vitriol) J. F. John, Unters., 5, 1821, Jb. Min., 299, 1845. Uranbluthe Zippe. Vh. Ges. Bohm., 1824. Zippeit Haid Handb., 510, 1845. Dauberite Adam, Tabl. Min., 64, 1869.
In delicate needles; acicular rosettes; warty crusts. H. 3. Color fine sulphur-yellow, lemon-yellow, orange-yellow.
VOGLIANITE. Basic Sulphate of Uranium Vogl, Min. Joach., 1857. Voglianite Dana. In soft globular, and nodular, earthy coatings. Color pistachio- to verdigris-green; streak pale green or apple-green.
UKACONITE. Uranocker Vogl, Min. Joach. ? Uracouise Beud., Tr., 2, 672, 1832. Uraconite Dana. Amorphous, earthy, or scaly, and of a fine lemon-yellow color, or orange. Uracouise of Beudant was described as a yellow pulverulent ore; its composition is unknown.
Analyses of these substances, Lindacker, Vogl, Min. Joach., 1857, 5th Ed., pp. 667, 668.
SO3 UO,U2O3 FeO CuO CaO H2O
Uranochalcite f 20'03 36'14 0'14 6'55 lO'lO 27-16 100'12
Zippeite 13'06 67'86 Fe2O3 0'17 0'61 17'69 99'39
17-36 62-04 5-21 15-23 99'84
Voglianite 12'34 79'50 0'12 1'66 5 '49 99 '11
12-13 79-69 0-36 2'24 0'05 5'25 99'72
Uraconite, yellow 7'12 7094 Fe2O3 0'41 0'24 20'88 99-58
orange 10'16 66 05 " 0 86 2'62 20'06 99'76
Montanite—Emmonsite. 979
Tellurates ; also Tellurites, Selenites. 808. Montanite Bi,(OH)4Te06?
809. Emmonsite Ferric tellurite Monoclinic
810. Durdenite Fea(Te03)3 + 4H,0
a : I : 6 /3
811. Chalcomenite CuSeO, + 2H20 Monoclinic 0-7222 : 1 : 0-2460 89° 9'
Molybdomenite Cobaltomenite
808. MONTANITE. F. A. Gentfi, Dana Min., 668, 1868; Am. J. Sc., 45, 318, 1868.
Incrusting; without distinct crystalline structure.
Soft and earthy. Luster dull to waxy. Color yellowish, greenish to white j also brownish red. Opaque.
Comp.— BiQ03.Te03.2H,0 Tellurium trioxide 257, bismuth trioxide 68'9, water 5'4 100.
Anal.— 1-3, Genth, 1. c. 4, Mingaye, Rec. G. Surv., N. S. W., 1, 28.
TeOs BiaO3 FeO3 HaO
1. Montana 26'83 66'78 0'56 [5-44] Fe2O3 0'56, PbO 0'39 100
2. " 25-45 68-78 1-26 [3-471 Fe,O, 1'26, Cu20 1-04 100
3. " 23-90 71-90 032 [2-80] Fe,OrO'82, Cu,0 1*08 100
4. Norongo, N.S.W. 27'65 50-68 14-38 6'16 gangue 1-00 99'87
Pyr., etc.— Yields water in a tube when heated. B.B. gives the reactions of bismuth and tellurium. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.
Obs.— Incrusts tetradymite, from whose alteration it has been formed, at Highland, in Montana. The waxy luster is observed when the incrustation has separated from the scales of tetradymite; also with the tetradymite of Davidson Co., N. C. Occurs with tetradymite at Norongo near Captain's Flat, New South Wales; it has in part a pale yellow color, also brown- ish red color with G. 3 789. The former incrusts tetradymite; the latter (anal. 4) is in small cubical forms, and is regarded (T. W. E. David) as a pseudomorph after pyrite.
809. EMMONSITE. W. F. Hillebrand, Proc. Col. Soc., 2, pt. 1, 20, 1885.
Monoclinic (?) In thin scales, formed by perfect cleavage b (010), whose outlines are formed by two unequal cleavages giving the plane angles 85° and 95°.
Hardness about 5. Color of scales clear yellow-green. Extinction on b in obtuse angle (95°) inclined 13° to the better cleavage direction and 82° to the other, E. S. D.
Comp. — Probably a hydrated ferric tellurite, but exact composition un- determined.
Anal.— 1, 2, Hillebrand, 1. c. : 1, of the brown substance; 2, of green portions. From 3-5 p. c. quartz have been deducted.
Te(Se) Fe ZnO CaO H2O
1. f 59-32 14-32 — — 3'28
2. 59-14 14-20 1-94 0'56
Pyr. — In a closed tube fuses to a deep red globule, water collects in the upper part, a faint sublimate of selenium and a stronger one of selenous oxide, lower down one of tellurous oxide fusible to colorless drops. Readily dissolved in strong acids.
Obs.— Obtained from Arizona, near Tombstone, exact locality unknown. The yellowish green scales are in part embedded in a hard brown gangue consisting of lead carbonate, quartz, and a brown substance containing iron and tellurium.
Named after S. F. Emmons of the U. S. Geological Survey.
Sulphates, Chromates, Etc.
810. DURDENITE. E. S. Dana and H. L. Wells, Am. J. Sc., 40, 80, 1890. Massive; in small mammillary forms showing but little structure and exerting almost no action on polarized light.
H. — 2-2 -5. Friable. Luster vitreous, dull. Color greenish yellow. Trans- lucent to nearly opaque.
Comp — Hydrous ferric tellurite, Fe,(Te03)3 + 4H,0 or Fe203.3TeO,.4H30 Tellurium dioxide 67'1, iron sesquioxide 22 '7, water 10'2 100. Selenium replaces a small part of the tellurium.
Anal. — 1, H. L. Wells, 1. c. ; la, same after deducting insoluble matter (quartz).
la.
TeOj
SeO2
Fe2O9
HaO
insol.
23-89 99-60 — 100
Pyr., etc. — Gives the usual reaction for tellurium in the open tube; fuses on charcoal and leaves a magnetic residue. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — From the El Plomo mine, Ojojoma district, Dept. Tegucigalpa, Honduras. It occurs disseminated in grains and narrow veins in a quartzose conglomerate containing much nearly pure metallic tellurium. The same locality affords the selen-tellurium noted on p. 11.
Named after Henry S. Durdeu of the State Mining Bureau of San Francisco.
FERROTELLURITE F. A. GentJi, Am. Phil. Soc., 17, 119, 1877. Described as occurring in delicate radiating tufts, also iu very minute prismatic crystals, as a coating on quartz associated with native tellurium and tellurite, at the Keystone mine, Magnolia District, Colorado. Color between straw- and lemon-yellow, inclining to greenish yellow. Insoluble in ammonia; soluble in HC1. A qualitative examination showed the presence of iron and tellurium, and the composition FeTeO4 is suggested; the quantity, however, was too minute to allow of a satisfactory examina- tion, and Dr. Genth states (priv. contr.) that it is not impossible that the crystals were tellurous oxide colored yellow by a salt of ferric oxide.
MAGKOLITE F. A. Genth, Am. Phil. Soc., 17, 118, 1877.
In radiating tufts of very minute acicular or capillary crystals. Color white. Luster silky. Contains mercury and tellurium, and composition inferred to be Hg2TeO4. Blackened by ammonia. A decomposition-product of coloradoite, found in the upper part of the Keystone mine Magnolia District, Colorado.
811. OHALCOMENITE. Des Cloizeaux and Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 51, 164, 1881.
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0'72219 : 1 : 0-24604 ; ft 89° 9' 001 A 100 Des Cloizeaux.
100 A HO *35° 50', 001 A 101 *18° 54', 001 A Oil 13
a (100, '-i) m (110, /) / (801, - 8-S) e (261, - 6-3)
c (001, 0) g (101, 1-5) # (421, - 4-2) /3 (2-12-1, - 12-6)
mm'" 71° 40'
cf 69° 6'
eg 18° 54'
a'g - *71° 57'
em — 89° 19'
ce 58° 9'
88' - 32° 15'
€€' 100° 55V
ft/3' - 135° 9' ae 68° 40'
aft IT 24f
Crystals small; faces c, g often horizontally striated.
Gr. — 3-76. Luster vitreous. Color bright blue. Transparent. Optically — . Ax. pi. and Bxa 1) (010). Angle small. Dispersion strong, p v.
Comp.— Hydrous cupric selenite, CuSeO, + 211,0 or CuO.SeO.,.2H,0 Sele- nium dioxide 49'1, cupric oxide 35*0, water 15-9 100. Anal. — Damour, 1. c.
SeOa 48-12
CuO 35-40
HaO 15 30 98-82
Pyr., etc.— B.B. on charcoal fuses to a black slag, giving off selenium fumes, and coloring the flame deep blue. In the closed tube yields a little water and a sublimate of SeO3 in white needles. In salt of phosphorus gives in O.F. a greenish blue glass, which becomes blood red when reduced with the addition of metallic tin. Soluble iu acids.
Chalcomenite. 981
Obs. — Occurs in minute crystals with the various selenides of silver, copper, and lead, which are found in small veins in the Cerro de Cacheuta, Mendoza, Argentine Republic. Often inti- mately mixed with azurite, iron oxide, and lead carbonate, which have been formed by the alteration of the selenides and of the pyrites which forms the gangue.
Named from crAoS, copper, and fJ-rivrj, moon, in allusion to selenium, derived from the more common creXtfvrj, moon.
Artif.— MM. Friedel and Sarasin have made artificially (Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 176, 225, 1881, Zs. Kr., 6, 302, 1881) a copper selenite having the same form and composition as chalcomeuite, and another differing in crystalline form (orthorhombic).
MOLYBDOMENITE. Selenite de plomb Bertrand, Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 90, 1882.
Orthorhombic. In very thin, fragile scales. Cleavage in two directions; easy large face of the scales. Luster pearly. Color white. Transparent to translucent. Optically -)-. Ax. pi. normal to intersection of two cleavages, and obtuse bisectrix normal to easy cleavage.
Contains lead and selenium, and regarded as a lead selenite; some varieties also contain copper. Occurs associated with chalcomeuite and various selenides at Cacheuta, Mendoza, Argentine Republic. Named from yudAu/JSoS, lead, and ur/vrj, moon.
COBALTOMENITE Bertrand, ibid. Associated with molybdomenite. In minute rose-red monoclinic crystals, resembling erythrite. Optically — . Ax. pi. parallel to direction of elonga- tion of crystals, and acute bisectrix normal to it, but strongly inclined to the cleavage direction. Contains cobalt and perhaps a cobalt selenite. There also occur with the lead selenide at the same locality minute white acicular crystals, entirely volatile and apparently consisting only of selenous oxide (p. 201).
KERSTENITE. Seleuichtsaures Bleioxyd Kersten, Pogg., 46, 277, 1839. Selenbleispath. Kerstenite Dana. Bleiselenit Germ.
In small spheres and botryoidal masses. Cleavage distinct in one direction. H. 3-4. Luster greasy to vitreous. Color sulphur-yellow. Streak uncolored. Brittle. Fracture fibrous. According to Kersten, it consists of selenous oxide and lead oxide, with a small proportion of copper. On coal it fuses readily to a black slag, giving off a strong selenium odor, and is finally reduced to a metallic globule. With borax it fuses and forms a yellowish-green pearl, which is of the same color on cooling. With soda on charcoal metallic lead is obtained. Occurs with selenide of antimony and lead, malachite, etc., at the Friedrichsgluck mine, near Hildburg- hauseu, on the west side of the Thuriugerwald.
ONOFKITE Kdhler, Abhandlung, etc. (Programm zur Prilfung der ZOglinge der Gewerbe- schule am 23Marz, 1853), Berlin, 1853; also Pogg., 89, 146. 1853. Kohlerite Adam, Tabl. Min., 71, 1865. Selenigsaures Quecksilberoxydul, Quecksilberselenit, Germ.
An earthy yellow mineral from S. Onofre, Mexico, intimately mixed with calomel; regarded as probably mercurous selenite, but very doubtful.
Oxygen Salts. 7. TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES.
812. Wolframite
813. Hilbnerite
Ferberite?
(Fe,Mu)W04
MuW04
FeW0
a : I :6
0-8300:1:0-8678 89 0-8362.: 1: 0-8668 89
22'
814. Scheelite
815. Cuprotungstite
Cuproscheelite
816. Powellite
817. Stolzite
818. Wulfenite
Scheelite Group. Tetragonal.
CaW04 6 1-5360 CuW04
(Ca,Cu)W04
Ca(Mo,W)04 6 1-5445
PbW04 6 1-5667
PbMoO, 6 1-5771
819. Reinite
820. Belonesite
MgMo04 ?
6 1-279 26=1-3211
812, 813. Wolframite— Hubnerite.
812. Wolframite. Lupi Spuma, Lapis niger ex quo contiatur candidum plumbum Tin], Agric., Foss., 255, 1546. Volfram, Ferrum arsenico mineralisatum, Spuma Lupi (fr. tin veins) Wall., Min., 268, 1747. Magnesia Manganese] parva cum portioue martis et jovis mixta, Wolfram (fr. Altenberg), Cronst., Miu., 107, 175s. Wolfram TUNGSTIC ACID, Iron, and Mang., d'Elhuyar, Cbem. Zergl. Wolframs., 1785. Tungstate of Iron and Manganese. Scheelin ferru- gine H., Tr., 4, 1801. Wolframit Breith., Cliar., 227, 1832.
813. Hubnerite. E. Riotte, Reese River (C'al.) Reveille, 1865; H. Credner, in B. H. Ztg., 24, 370, 1865. Manganowolframit Weisb., Synops. Min., 40, 1875.
Megabasit Breith., B. H. Ztg., 11, 189, 1852. Blumit Breith., K. L.T. Liebe, Jb. Miu., 652,
Monoclinic. Axes a : 1 : 6 0'83000 : 1 : 0-86781; ft 89° 21-6' 001 A 100 Des Cloizeaux1.
100 A HO 39° 41f , 001 A 101 45° 56$', 001 A Oil 40° 57'. '
Forms5: a (100, i-l) 6 (010,
% (810, a-S)1 h (310, i-3)6 M210, i-2)
m (110, 7) r (120, z-2)
y (102, H) A (101, 1-i)5 8 (304, ftf
(102,— i-i) aj (101.-14)1 r (I-0-11,TV*)5
A; (023, f-i) as tw. pi. /(Oil, 14)
0 (095, f-1) (021, 2-1)
fi? (Ill, -1) e (112, i)
$ (552, f)6 K (211, -2-2)'
o- (121, -2-2) (121, 2-2) a (132, f-3)6
Wolframite— H Ubnebite.
Figs. 1-3, Wolframite, 1, 2, Zinnwald. 3, Zinnwald, Rose.
(anal. 20), Pfd.
4, Hubnerite, Silverton, Col.
hh'"
—
30°
56'
mA
55°
28'
A A'
41°
53'
11'"
—
45°
moo
36°
11'
K)00'
61°
38'
mm"
1 —
79°
23'
me
89°
31'
ee'
Sb
42°
rr'
—
62D
8'
me
56°
9'
oo'
62°
nv
at
—
61°
54'
m'o
36°
dd
41°
13'
ax
—
43°
25'
aao
51°
24'
(To-'
100°
3'
a'y
S3
62°
54'
af
*89°
31'
ss'
100°
41'
ty
ass
55°
12'
a'o
0'
ft
58°
19'
kK
—
60°
6'
a'd
32 '
29'
mt
56°
1'
f
*81°
54'
a'e
68°
52'
m'y
70°
41'
ww
Ss
120°
Wolframite, Sierra Almagrera, after Slg.. For hilbnerite from Silverton, Colorado (f. 4 and anal. 20) Penrield calculates (priv. contr.): a : b : c 0'83623 : 1 : 0-86684; ft 89° 7V.
Angles: mm' - *100° 12', bf *49° 5', bm' *65° 43'.
Twins: (1) tw. axis 6 with a as comp.-face; (2) tw. pi. Tc (023) Rose, f. 3. Crystals commonly tabular a; also prismatic with a b d, or I b c. Faces in pris- matic zone vertically striated. Often in bladed crystals; also irregular lamellar; coarse divergent columnar; massive granular, the particles strongly coherent.
Cleavage: b very perfect; also parting sometimes observed a, and / (102) (Dx.). Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 5-5'5. G. 7-2-7*5. Luster sub- metallic; metallic-adamantine; resinous. Color dark grayish or brownish black, brownish red, hair-brown. Streak nearly black to dark reddish brown; yellowish brown; greenish gray. Opaque or sometimes translucent. Sometimes weakly magnetic.
For Mbnerite, ax. pi. and Bx0 b. Bxy A & 17° 39|' Na. Measure- ments (approx.) on artif. cryst. :
2Ha.r 93°
2H0.r 141'
2Vr 75° (Li) Groth & Arzruni 8
Hubnerite from Colorado, with extinction-angle 17°, is pleochroic (Pfd.9) with c green, 6 yellowish brown. The color varies in the same section presumably from variation in amount of FeO.
Comp., Yar. — Tungstate of iron and manganese (Fe,Mn)W04. In WOLFRAMITE Fe : Mn chiefly 4 : 1 and 2 : 3, but varying from 9 : 1 to 2 : 3. HUBNERITE is nearly pure MnW04.
The percentage composition for the pure tungstates, and the compounds in various ratioa between them, is as follows:
FeO : MnO
1 :0 5:1 4:1 1 :1 2: 3 0:1
Wo3
FeO
MnO
Tungstates, Moltbdate8.
WOLFRAMITE. Of ten in crystals as above described. Color and streak nearly black. Opaque Chiefly ferrous tuugstate.
HUBNERITE. Usually in bladed forms, rarely in distinct terminated crystals. Color brown- ish red to hair-brown to nearly black. Streak yellowish brown, greenish gray. Often translucent. Optical characters as above. Chiefly manganese tungstate.
Megabasite, supposed to have a different composition, was later shown (Rg.) to belong here. Crystals from Schlackenwald gave Groth and Arzruni the forms: a, b, c, n, m, y, S, A, ao d
Anal.— 1, Bock & Teich, Vh., Min. Ges., 4, 314, 1869. 2, Liversidge, Min. N. S W 85 1888. 3-6, Kerndt, J. pr. Ch., 42, 81, 102, 105, 1847. 7, Geuih, Am. J. Sc., 28, 253, 1857. 8. Beck & Teich, ib., p. 317. 9, Carnot, C. R., 79, 637, 1874; two other analyses gave 0'9 0'95 Ta2O6. 10, Bernouilli, Pogg., Ill, 603, 1860. 11-14, Kerndt, 1. c.
15, Philipp, Rg. Min. Ch., 286, 1875, earlier analyses (Rg.) were made on less pure material. 16, Beck & Teich, ib., p. 315. 17, Kulibin, Vh. Min. Ges., 3, 1, 1868. 18, Pflucker, Domeyko, 3d App. Miu. Chili, 9, 1871. 19-22, F. A. Genth, priv. coutr.; the hilbuerite from Cement Creek has also been analyzed by H. F. Keller, J. Frankl. Inst., 128, 153, 1889. 23, W. F. Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 27, 357, 1884. 24, A. H. Low, ibid.,p 358. See further Kerndt, Schaffgotsch 1 c , also 5th Ed., pp. 602-605.
Wolframite.
1. Adun-Chalon
2. Inverell, N. S. W.
3. Chauteloup
4. Monte Video
5. Harzgerode
6. Ehrenfriedersdorf
7. FloweMt., N. C.
8. Altai
9. Meymac
10 Traversella
11. Altenberg
12. Schlackenwald
13. Monroe, Ct.
14. Ziunwald
Hubnerite.
15. Schlackenwald Megabasite
16. Bnyevka, Ural
18. Morochocha
19. Bonita Mt., N. M.
20. N. Star M., Silverton
21. Cement Cr., Silverton
22. Nye Co., Nevada
23. Ouray Co., Col.
24. Phillipsburg, Mont.
G.
W03
FeO
MnO
CaO
—
—
—
!
—
6-54?
0-26 MgO 0-51 100 "0-52
tr. 101-26
0-04, Ta2O6 1-10, [HaO 0-70 99-25 75-99 16-29 3'45 4'03 99 76 7-19 75-44 9-64 14'90 — 99'98
7-48-7-54 75-68 9-56 14'30 — 99'54 7-41-7-49 7547 9'53 14'26 — 9926 7-22 76-34 9'61 14'21 - 100-16
73-60 3-74 22-24 — 99'58
7-267 76-61 4'64 18'59 0'17 MgO 0'20=100'21
7-357 74-32 2'11 20-90 1'30 SiO2 0'28 98'91
75-12 142 23-21 —
76-33 3-82 19'72 0'13 MgO tr. 100
6-713 74-75 2'91 21-93 Oil MgO tr. 99-70
6-891 76-63 1-61 21-78 0'09 MgO tr. lOO'll
74-88 0-56 23-87 0'14 MgO 0'08, Cu 0-08=99-61
7-177 75-58 0'24 23'40 0'13 SiO20'62, Nb2O60'05?
[100-02
74-82 0-06 25-00 —
Pyr., etc. — Wolframite fuses B.B. easily (F. 2-5-3) to a globule, which has a crystalline surface and is magnetic. With salt of phosphorus gives a clear reddish yellow glass while hot, which is paler on cooling; in R.F. becomes dark red; on charcoal with tin, if not too saturated, the bead assumes on cooling a green color, which continued treatment in R.F. changes to red- dish yellow. With soda and niter on platinum foil fuses to a bluish green mauganate, Decom- posed by aqua regia with separation of tungstic acid as a yellow powder, which, when treated B.B., reacts as under tungstite (p. 202). Wolframite is sufficiently decomposed by concentrated sulphuric acid, or even hydrochloric acid, to give a colorless solution, which, treated with metallic zinc, becomes intensely blue, but soon bleaches on dilution.
Hubnerite is less fusible than wolframite and gives a strong manganese reaction.
Obs.— Wolframite is often associated with tin ores; also in quartz, with native bismuth, scheelite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, etc. It occurs in fine crystals at Schlackenwald, Schuee- berg, Geyer, Freiberg, Altenberg, Ehrenfriedersdorf, Ziunwald, and Nerchinsk, and other places mentioned above; at Chanteloup, near Limoges, in France; near Red ruth and elsewhere in Cornwall with tin ores; in Cumberland (the ratio 2 : 3 at Lochfells, that of 4 : 1 at Godolphin's Ball); on the Island of Rpua, one of the Hebrides; in the auriferous sand of the Wicklow rivers, Ireland, with tin. Also in S America, at Oruro in Bolivia. With tin stone at various points in -New England, New South Wales; in quartz veins at Inverell and elsewhere in Gough Co.
In the U. States it occurs at Lane's mine, Monroe, Conn., in quartz, associated with native
Scree Lite Group— Scheelite. 985
bismuth and the other minerals above mentioned, often pseudomorphous after scheelite; in small quantities at Trumbull, Conn., at the topaz vein ; massive and in crystals on Camdage farm, near Blue Hill Bay, Me.; at the Flowe mine, Mecklenburg Co., N. C., with scheelite; in Mis- souri, near Mine la Motte, and in St. Francis Co., H m. from St. Francis River; in a gneiss boulder on the W. shore of Chief Island, L. Couchiching, Ontario.
The original hilbnerite was from the Erie and Enterprise veins, in Mammoth dist., Nevada, 1 in a vein 3-4 feet wide in argillyte, with scheelite, fluorite, and apatite. Occurs also in quartz of the Royal Albert vein, Uncompahgre district, Ouray County, Col.; at the North Star mine, Sultan Mt., and Cement Creek, Bonita Mt. , both near Silvertou, San Juan Co. At Phillipsburg, Montana; at the uomstock mine, Black Hills, S. Dakota; Bonita Mt. , near White Oaks, Lincoln 'Co., New Mexico.
Also found in Peru, Morococha, province of Tarma, and in rhodochrosite with friedelite and alabandite at Adervielle in the Pyrenees. The original megabasite was from Schlackenwald.
Alt. — Wolframite occurs altered to scheelite by a substitution of calcium for iron; the opposite exchange is more common, and wolframite pseudomorphs after scheelite are often met with.
Ref.— ' Ann. Ch. Phys., 19, 168, 1870. Erenner gives for Ehrenfriedersdorf 0'82447 : 1 : 0-86041, ,0 89° 39 38". Miu. Mitth., p. 9, 1875. Seligmann, for Sierra Almagrera (FeO 19'95, MnO 315 Doelter) 0'82144 : 1 : 0-87111, 0 89° 34', Zs. Kr., 11, 347, 1886. The species was formerly regarded as orthorhombic; its monoclinic character was first suggested in 1850, Dx. , ib., 28, 163. See also Rose, Pogg., 64, 171, 1845 (relation to columbite), Kerndt, 1. c , and Groth and Arzruni for measurements of artif. FeWO4, MnWO4, etc., Pogg., 149, 237, 1873.
Dx., 1. c., 1850 and 1870. 3 Mir., Min., 473, 1852. 4 Eremeyev, Vh. Min. Ges., 17, 301 1872. 5 Groth and Arzruni, on megabasite, 1. c. 6 Knr., Felsobanya, 1. c. ' Slg., Siernr Almagrera, Spain, 1. c. 8L. c., cf. also Dx., Bull. Soc. Min., 5, 105, 1882. Pfd., priv. contr., N. Star mine, Silverton, Colorado.
FERBEUITE. Ferberit K. L. T. Liebe, Jb. Min., 641, 1863, attributing the name t( Breithuupt. Ferrowolfrarnit Weisb. , Synops. Min., 43, 1875.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : b 0'8229 : 1 : 0'8462, assuming 0 89° 22' as with wolframite Forms on artif. cryst. (FeWO4) : a (100, i-i), b (010, i-i); m (110, /), g (120, z-2); d (102, - |-S) (Oil, 1-1); it (111, 1). Angles: mm" 78° 53', gg' 62° 34', cd 27° 5', ce 40° 14'. See Groth and Arzruni, Pogg., 149, 237, 1873.
The original "ferberite" was massive, granular, with some imperfect planes of crystallization. Cleavage: b perfect. H. 4-4'5. G. 6'801 Breith.; 7'109 Rg. Luster imperfectly vitreous, a little submetallic-adamantine. Color black. Streak brownish black to blackish brown. Opaque.
Composition of artif. cryst., ferrous tungstate, FeWO4 Tungsten trioxide 76 '3, iron prot- oxide 23'7 100. A little manganese is also present.
Analyses of "ferberite" from Spain: 1. Liebe, 1. c., deducting 1*39 limonite (Rg.). :2, Rg., Ber. Ak. Berlin, 175, 1864, and J. pr. Ch., 92, 263, 1864.
WO3 SnO2 FeO MnO MgO CaO
I.Spain 70-11 0'14 23-29 302 0'42 1-75 A18O3 117 99'90
2. " [69'27] 0-16 26-00 300 1'57 100
a Direct determinations, 69-49-69-88.
These analyses do not conform to FeWO4, rather to 2FeWO4 + FeO or 3FeWO4 -f FeO; further note that a "ferberite" stated to come from Sierra Almagrera proved (as described by Seligmann, ref., above) to be wolframite with Fe : Mn 5:1. The existence of the pure FeWO4 in nature is hence not proved, though made artificially. The original ferberite was from the Sierra Almagrera in southern Spain, in argillaceous schist, with quartz. Named after R Ferber of Gera.
Scheelite Group. Tetragonal.
814. SCHEETjITF Tennspat, Lapides stannifeii spathacei " lik en huit spat" (fr. Bohemia), Wall., Min., 303, 1747. Not Tungsten von Bastnaes Cerite] Cronst., Ak. H. Stockh , 1751, Min., 183, 1758. Stannum spathosum subdiaphanum album Linn., Syst, 1768. Tungsten TUNGSTIC ACID and Lime) Scheele, Ak. H. Stockh., 1781. Schwerstein Wern., Bergm. J., 386, 1789; Karst., Tab., 26, 1791. Scheelerz Karst., Tab., 56. 1800, 74, 1808. Tungstate of Lime. Tungstein. Scheelin calcaire H., Tr., 4, 1801. Scheelspath Breith., Char., 23, 1820. Scheelit Leonh., Handb., 594, 1821.
Tetragonal; with pyramidal hemihedrism. Axis 6 1-5356; 001 A 101 56° 55f ' Dauber1.
Tungstates, Molybdates.
Forms2 : c (001, 0)
a (100, i-i)
r (430, g, (120,
d (105, HT
2 (205, H)4
o (102, H)
;K (708, fa')8
e (101,
/ (H4, i)
(112, i) P (111, 1)
(311, 3-3)
J (12-1-12, 1-12)
A; (515, 1-5)
f (414, 1-4)
h (313, 1-3)
0 (212, 1-2) 6, (121, 2-2)5
(131, 3-3)
9. (122, 1-2) y, (135, f-3) A, (133, 1-3) w, (153, |-5) (142, 2-4)2
Figs. 1, Traversella, Bauer.
2, Trumbull, Conn. 3, 7, Schlackenwald, Bauer. 4, 5, 6, Zinnwald, Id.
dd' 23° 58'
22' 43° 26V
oaf =51° V
ee' 72° 40V
ff' 39° 26'
ft ft' 48° 59V
m' 62° 41'
#p' 79° 55V
ep - 39° 58'
co 37° 81'
ce 56° 56'
dd" 34° 9'
22" 63° 7'
00" 75° 2'
ee" 113° 51'
cp 65° 16V
ff" 57° 0'
/3ft" 71° 48'
vv" 94° 43'
pp" 130° 33'
ppiv *49° 27'
e, 78° 22'
eg 59° 47'
eh - 58° 17V
57° 43'
e& 57° 26'
60° 26'
el
ek
ei
eh
ep
es,
W -
ph
pi
63° 25' 64° 34'
65° 7'
3° 59V 9° 31' 11° 50' 15° 36' 22° 44' 39° 58' 68° 18V
28° 21'
17° 14' 24° 22' 28° 8'
pk 30° 27'
pi - 35° 59'
e'w, 15° 44'
e't, 20° 1'
e's, 27° 17'
a't, 22° 19'
a'g, 39° 23'
a 58° 39'
88, 51° 57'
M, 41° 40'
M/" 31° 13'
Twins: (1) tw. pi. a, both contact- and penetration-twins; the comp.-face usually a, also c. Habit octahedral, e predominating, also with p; again tabular c. Faces c rough; e striated edge e/s,; in the twins a feather-like striation meeting in a medial line. Also reniform with columnar structure; and massive granular.
Cleavage: p (HI) most distinct; e (101) interrupted. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 4'5-5. G-. 5'9-6'l; 6*059 Beauce Co., Quebec, Ferrier. Luster vitreous, inclining to adamantine. Color white, yellowish white, pale yellow,
Scheelite Quo Up—Scheelite.
brownish, greenish, reddish; sometimes almost orange-yellow. Streak white. Transparent to translucent. Optically +. Indices:
Go 1-918-1-919
e 1-934-1-935 red, Bx.
Comp. — Calcium tungstate, CaW04 Tungsten trioxide 80'6, lime 19'4 100.
Molybdenum is usually present and may replace a considerable part of the tungsten (cf. below). Copper replaces calcium, see cuproscheelite (p. 988). Didymium (Ce,La) may be present, a section of the mineral showing strong absorption bands (Cossa). Carnot found 0'4 p. c. Ta2O5 in scheelite from Meymac, Correze, C. R., 79, 637, 1874.
Analyses, 5th Ed., p. 505. R. A. A. Johnston obtained for the crystallized scheelite of Beauce Co., Quebec :
G. 6-059 Ferrier
WO3 79-90 CaO 19'37 SiO2 0'29 Fe2O3 0'70 100'26
Traube (Jb. Min., Beil. Bd., 7, 232, 1890) has shown that molybdenum is usually present in scheelite, and sometimes replaces a considerable part of the tungsten. The white and light yellow varieties contain the least, and the dark colored the most ; tbe amount varies -widely even in crystals from the same locality. The presence of the molybdenum probably exerts an important influence upon the angles of the species, cf. ref. '. ' The following are Traube's analyses :
12,
Zinnwakl, red brn. , cryst. " yw. brn, " " light yw. " " light yw. brn., cryst.
" gr. wh., mass.
Altenberg, gr. wh., cryst.
Schwarzeuberg, wh ., kernel
" yw. brn., shell
Schlackenwahl, wh., cr. mass.
Haslithal, transp. cryst.
Traversella, yw. gray, cryst. " honey -yw., "
Car rock Fells, yw. wh., mass.
PotM., S. Africa, gray, mass.
Mt. Ramsay, Tasmania New Zealand
G.
6-12 b
Wo3
Mo03
CaO
20-33 99-64
20-34 99-61
19-86 100-33
19-48 99-55
19-57 99 53
19-91 99-48
tr.
19-57 MgO tr.
19-49 MgO tr.
tr.
19-67 99-43
tr.
19-65 99-81
19-37 Ce2O3 tr.
99-56
79 '68
19-29 Ce2O3 tr.
99-73
19-27 - 99-59
20-05 CuO 0-34
99-04
20-51 99 73
tr.
19-65 99-42
tr.
19-44 99-73
(Ce,Di,La)8O3.
b By Frenzel.
Molybdenum is also present in the scheelite of Yxsio, Igelstrom, G. For. Forh., 13, 122, 1891.
Pyr., etc.— B.B. in the forceps fuses at 5 to a semi-transparent glass. Soluble with borax to a transparent glass, which afterward becomes opaque and crystalline. With salt of phosphorus forms a glass, colorless in outer flame, in inner green when hot, and fine blue when cold; varie- ties containing iron require to be treated on charcoal with tin before the blue color appears. In hydrochloric or nitric acid decomposed, leaving a yellow powder soluble in ammonia.
Obs. — Scheelite is usually associated with crystalline rocks, and is commonly found in connection with cassiterite, topaz, fluorite, apatite, molybdenite, or wolframite, in quartz; also associated with gold.
Occurs at Schlackenwald and Ziunwald in Bohemia, Altenberg in Saxony, and Filrstenberg near Schwarzeuberg; from Riesengrund in the Riesengebirge; the Kuappenwand in the Unter- sulzbachthal, Tyrol, and the Krimlertual; the Kamniegg near Gutannen in the Bernese Oberland; in fine crystals at Carrock Fells in Cumberland, with apatite, molybdenite, and wolframite. Also at Schellgaden in Salzburg; from the Meiseberg near Neudorf in the Harz; Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony; Posing in Hungary; Traversella in Piedmont, in fine crystals, sometimes transparent, also very large (1 pound); and in the Val Toppa gold-mine, near Domo d'Ossola, Piedmont; Meymac, Correze, France (containing Ta2O5); Dalecarlia and Bitsberg in Sweden; Pilkarantain Finland at the tin mines (G. 6'084); Framont in the Vosges, with pyrite in polished crystals, often twins; at the copper mines of Llamuco, near Chuapa in Chili, of a reddish-gray color, mixed with green, due to chrysocolla.
In New South Wales, at Adelong, from a gold mine. New Zealand, massive; Mt. Ramsay, Tasmania, with cassiterite; at the Pot mine, in south-western Africa.
In the U. States, crystallized and massive at Lane's Mine, Monroe, and at Huntington, Conn., with wolframite, pyrite, rutile, and native bismuth, in quartz; at Trumbull, sometimes in large
988 Tung States, Molybdates.
crystals an inch or more in length, often partly altered to wolframite; the crystals are embedded in quartz. Also at Chesterfield, Mass., in albite, with tourmaline; at Bangle mine, in Cabarrus Co., N. C. ; and Flowe mine, Mecklenburg Co., some crystals at the latter locality having a nucleus of wolframite; in the Mammoth mining district, Nevada; with gold at the Charity mine, "Warren's, Idaho; at Murray, Idaho, on the west slope of Cceur d'Alene Mts.; also at the Golden Queen mine, Lake Co., Colorado.
Fine crystals of scheelite, some over two inches long, occur, with pulverulent tungstite, in quartz veins cutting the slates and sandstones of the lower Cambrian or gold-bearing series in the townships of Risborough and Marlow, Beauce County, Quebec; the associated minerals are argentiferous galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, etc. (Ferrier).
Tuugstic acid was discovered in this species by the Swedish chemist Scheele, in 1781. The word tungsten, first used by Cronstedt, is Swedish for heavy stone.
Alt.— Occurs altered to wolframite, tuugstate of iron and manganese, by the action of a solution of bicarbonate of iron and manganese, or perhaps mainly through sulphate of iron arising from the decomposition of pyrite; crystals more or less altered to wolframite are common at many localities. Also to kaolinite (Ehrenfriedersdorf).
Ref.— ' Pogg., 107, 272, 1859; confirmed by Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 19, 493, 1867, also by Bauer. Traube (1. c.), in discussing the presence of molybdenum iu scheelite, obtains the value ee 72° 36$-' and c 1-5315, for pure scheelite from Schwarzenberg and Riesengrund, containing only a trace of MoO3. He also gives the following table, reproducing the results of the authors named; to these the value for powellite (p. 989) is added.
1-5315 Traube ,.5355 Dbr. (Mean result.)
Neudorf 1-5329 Dbr. Traversella 1'5364 Rath
Zinnwald V 1-5354 Dbr. Powellite 1-5445 Melville
Neudorf 1'5349 Dbr. CaMoO4 1'5458 Hiortdahl6
Krimlerthal 1'5349 Zeph.
2 Bauer, who gives a monograph for the species, with many figures, calculated angles,, adding 13 new forms, Jahr. Ver. Wurtt., 129, 1871. 3 Groth, Riesengrund, Min.-Samml. Strassb., 157, 1868. 4Rath, Traversella, Ber. nied. Ges., Dec. 4, 1882, and Zs. Kr., 8. 298, 1883. 5 Zeph.. Krimlerthal, Lotos, 1885. 6 On the form of CaMoO, SrMoO4, BaMoO4, see Hiortdahl Zs. Kr.. 12, 411, 1887.
815. OUPROTUNGSTITE. Cuproscheelite J. A Whitney, Proc. Cal. Acad., 3, 287, 1866. Tungstate de cuivre, Domeyko, Ann. Mines, 16, 537, 1869. Cuprotungstite Adam, Tableau Min., p. 32, 1869.
Crystalline-granular. Also in crusts.
Cleavage distinct in one direction. H. 4'5-5. Luster highly vitreous. Color pistachio-green, passing to olive- and leek-green. Streak light greenish gray to greenish yellow.
. Comp. — Tungstate of copper, CuW04; also tungstate of copper and calcium, (Ca,Cu)W04.
Anal.— 1, Domeyko, Ann. Mines, 16, 537, 1869. 2, Whitney, 1. c. 3, Domeyko, 1. c. 4, Id., ibid., 3, 15, 1843.
WO3 CuO CaO
1. Chili, Cuprotungstite 56'48 30-63 2'00 Fe2O3 2'53, SiOQ 3'87, H2O 4'62 100'13
2. La Paz.,Cupro8c?ieelite 79-69 6'77 10'95 FeO 0'31, H2O 1'40 99'12
3. Chili " [76-00] 5'10 15-25 Fe2O3 1'55, SiO3 0'40, H,O 1-70 100
4. " 75-75 3-30 18'05 SiO2 0'75 97'85
Pyr., etc. — In the closed tube blackens, and gives off water. B.B. fuses to a black glass, and colors the flame an intense green. On charcoal blackens, fuses with a little intumescence, forming finally a slag containing minute particles of metallic copper. With fluxes gives reactions for tungsten and copper. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid, tungsten trioxide being separated from the solution.
Obs. — Cuprotungstite is from the copper mines of Llamuco, near Santiago, Chili, and is stated to envelop kernels of Cuproscheelite. Ordinary scheelite is said to occur also, and the cupreous varieties may be the result of alteration. The original Cuproscheelite was from the vicinity of La Paz, Lower California, in a red metamorphic rock, associated with black tourmaline. Also mentioned by Traube (1. c., p. 241) as enveloping the scheelite from the Pot mine, south- western Africa.
Scheelite Qro Up : Po Wkllite—Stolzite— Wulfenite.
Q8&
816. POWELLITE. W. H. Melville, Am. J. Sc., 41, 138, 1891. Tetragonal. Axis 6 1-5445; 001 A 101 57° 4f Melville.
In minute octahedral crystals with c (001, 0), e (101, l-i), p (111,
Angles: ee' 72° 49', ee" 114° 9', pp' 80° 1', pp" 130° 48', pp" *49° 12'.
No distinct cleavage. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 3*5. G. 4*526.. Luster resinous. Color yellow with marked greenish tinge. Subtransparent.
Comp. — Essentially calcium molybdate, CaMo04 — Molybdenum trioxice 72'0, lime 28-0 100. Calcium tungstate is also present. Anal. — Melville, 1. c.
MoO, 58-58 WO3 10'28 CaO 25'55 SiO, 3"25
Fe2O3 1"65 99'47
Pyr., etc. — Fuses about 5 to a gray mass. Reacts for molybdenum with salt of phosphorus cf. scheelite. Decomposed by nitric and by hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Found at the Peacock lode in the " Seven Devils " mining district in western Idaho. It is associated with an argentiferous bornite and dark brown garnet. Cf. ref.6, p. 988.
Named for Major J. W. Powell, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey.
817. STOLZITE. Scheel-Bleispath Breith., Char., 14, 1820. Tungstate of Lead. Blei- scheelat, Wolfrarnbleierz, Scheelsaures Blei, Germ. Scb.eelitine.Beud., Tr., 2, 662, 1832. Stolzit Eaid , Handb., 504, 1845.
Tetragonal; with pyramidal hemihedrism. Axis 6 1-5667; 001 A 101 57°27'Kerndt'.
Forms : c (001, 0); m (110, J); e (101, 1-0; v (112, £), n (111, 1), o (221, 2).
Angles: ee' - 73° 10', vv' - 63° 19'. ee" 114° 54', vv" 95° 51', nri 80° 15', nn?' 131° 25', nu *48° 35', oo' 8T 13', oo" 154° 34'.
Habit acute octahedral. Crystals often indistinctly aggregated.
Cleavage: c imperfect; n more so. Frac- ture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. H. 2'75- 3. G. 7'87-8'13. Luster resinous, sub- adamantine. Color green, yellowish gray, brown, and red. Streak uucolored. Faintly translucent.
Comp. — Lead tungstate, PbW04 Tung- sten trioxide 5 TO, lead oxide 49'0 100. Analyses, 5th Ed., p. 607.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. decrepitates and fuses at 2 to a crystalline, lustrous, metallic pearl. With soda on charcoal yields metallic lead. With salt of phosphorus gives in O.F. a colorless glass, which in R.F. becomes
Fig. 1, Des Cloizeaux. Fig. 2, Levy.
blue on cooling. Decomposed by nilric acid, leaving a yellow residue of tungsten trioxide.
Obs. — Stolzite occurs at Zinnwald in Bohemia, with quartz and mica; in Chili, province of Coquiinbo; at Southampton, Mass.
This species was first made known, according to Breithaupt, by Dr. Stolz, of Teplit?,.
Ref.—1 J. pr. Ch., 42, 113, 1847, he gives nn" 48° 35' 14", but the seconds are of no value as the crystals did not admit of exact measurement. Levy. Pogg. Ann , 8, 513, 18'26.
818. WULFENITE. Plumbum spatosum flavo-rubrum, ex Annaberg Austr. v. Born, Lithoph., 1, 90. 1772. Karntherischer Bleispath v. Jacquin, Miscell. Austr., 2, 1781, Vicuna; Wulfen, Abhandl. K. Bleisp., Wien, 1785, fol. PlombJaunetfeXiWe, 3,387, 1783. Gelbbleierz Wern., Bergrn. J., 384, 1789. Yellow Lead-spar, Molybdenated Lead Ore, Kirwan, Min., 2, 212, 1796. Plomb molybdate //., Tr.. 3, 358, 1801. Molybdate of Lead. Molybdanbleispath, Bleimolybdat, Germ. Melinose Beud., Htimlb., 2, 664, 1832. Wulfenit Raid., Handb., 504, 1841. Chromowulfenite Schrauf. Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 184, 1871.
Tetragonal, with pyramidal hemihedrism. Axis 6 1-57710; 001 A 101 57° 37 1' Dauber1.
Tungsta Te8, Mol Tbda Tes.
Forms9 :
c (001, 0)
a (100, t-i) m (110, /) g (310, i-3) k (210, z-2) i (740, i-tf
8 (530, e-f)4
/ (320, z
u (430, i-|)
y (650, z-f )
6 (1 0-16, j1,
ft (1-0-12, rf
t (103, f 0
w (1-1-16, TV)
r (332,f)
z (205, f-i)3
(H8, i)3
d (221, 2)
y (203, f-i) e (101, l-i) q (302, |-i)
P (117, h (229, f ) (113, i)
71 (111, 1)
0 (7-1-75,-7)? a; (311, 3-3) C (432, 2-|) (S'9-18, 1-f)8?
Figs. 1-5, Goodenough : 1, Phenixville ; 2, 3, Red Cloud mine, Yuum Co., Arizona ; 4, Phenixville ; 5, Utah. 6, After Dx. 7, Bleiberg, after Haid.
38° 25'
bb"
11° 151'
ww'
11° 12'
w"
31° 9'
uu'
51° 56'
U"
55° 28'
49° 54'
Pp"
35° 21'
ee'
73° 20'
uu"
76° 31'
nri
80° 22'
ss"
cu ce GOOD"
38° 15' 57'J 37' 0° 41'
yy"
ee"t
92° 52' 115° 15' 134° 10'
cs en ww"
36° 38' 65° 51' 15° 52'
nn" rr" dd"
*181° 42' - 1461 43' 154° 44'
Crystals commonly square tabular, sometimes extremely thin, with a vicinal pyramid replacing the basal plane; less frequently octahedral in habit; also pris- matic, the prismatic faces showing the hemihedrism characteristic of the species. Also granularly massive, coarse or fine, firmly cohesive.
Cleavage : n (111) very smooth ; c, s (113) less distinct. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 2'75-3. G. 6'7-7'0. Luster resinous or adamantine. Color wax-yellow, passing into orange-yellow; also siskin- and olive-green, yellowish gray,
frayish white to nearly colorless, brown ; also orange to bright red. Streak white, ubtransparent to subtranslucent. Optically negative. Indices:
2-402
e 2-304, red,Dx.'
Comp. — Lead molybdate, Pb.Mo04 Molybdenum trioxide 39'3, lead oxide 60-7 100. Calcium sometimes replaces the lead.
Chromium is sometimes present, but according to Groth as an impurity, and not causing the occasional red color noted, though Sohrauf gave the name chromowulfenile on this ground; vanadium was found by Smith in Phenixville crystals (cf. Groth); also by WQhler (and Kg., cf. Min. Ch.), Lieb. Ann., 102, 383, 1857.
8CHEELITE GROUP: WULFEftlTE— REINITE. 991
Anal.— 1, 3, F. Jost, Zs. Kr., 7, 592, 1883. 2, J. L. Smith, Am. J. Sc., 20, 245, 1855. 4, 5, Reinitzer, Zs. Kr., 8, 587, 1884. 6, C. L. Allen, Cli. News, 44, 203, 1881. Also 5th Ed., p. 608.
MoO3 PbO CaO
1. Pbenixville 39-21 60-00 — CrO3 0'38
2. " 3747 60-30 — VSO5 1-28 9'J'Oo
3. Pfibram 38"54 60'74 — 99'28
4. Kreuth, Bleiberg, light G. 6'7 39'40 57 54 1'07 CuO 0'09, Al2O3,FeaO3 1 -96=100-06
5. " " dark 39"60 58'15 1-24 CuO 0'40, AlaO3,Fe2O3 0'50= 99'89
6. Eureka Co., Nev. G. 6 '701 39-33 61 '11 1'04 Fe2O, 0 38 101 '86
Domeyko gives 6-88 p. c. CaO in a Cbili variety.
Pyr., etc. — B.B. decrepitates and fuses below 2; with borax in O.F. gives a colorless glass, in R.F. it becomes opaque black or dirty green with black flocks. With salt of phosphorus in O.F. gives a yellowish green glass, which in R. F. becomes dark green. With soda ou charcoal yields metallic lead. Decomposed on evaporation with hydrochloric acid, with the formation of lead chloride and molybdic oxide; on moistening the residue with water and adding metallic zinc, it gives an intense blue color, which does not fade on dilution of the liquid.
Obs. — This species occurs in veins with other ores of lead. Found first at Bleiberg, Schwar- zenbach, in Carinthia; also at Ruskitza in Austria; at Rezbauya and Szaska in Hungary; ai Pfibram; at Moldawa in the Bauat, where its crystals are red, and have considerable resem- blance to crocoite; in the Kirghiz Steppes in Siberia; at Anuaberg, Schneeberg, Johanugenrtrpn- stadt, and Berggieshilbel in Saxony; at Badeuweiler in Baden; sparingly at Chalauches, Dept. of Isere, and at the abandoned mines of Beaujolais in France; in the gold sands of Rio Chico in Autioquia, Colombia, S. A.; in Lackentyre, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland; Zacatecas in Mexico.
In the IT. States, it is found in small quantities at the Southampton lead mine, Mass.; spar- ingly near Sing Sing, N. Y., in tabular crystals associated with vauadinite, pyrbmorphite, etc., upon crystalline limestone; in fine yellow and reddish orange to red crystals (fig. 4, and also in thin tables) at Wheatley's mine, near Phenixville. Pa.; at the Comstock lode in Nevada; in large thin tables of an orange-yellow color at the Tecomah mine, Utah. In New Mexico, pale yellow crystals at the Organ Mts. In Arizona in fine large deep red crystals at the Hamburg and other mines, Yuma Co., often with red vanadiuite; also at the Castle Dome district, 30 miles distant; at the Vulture mine, Maricopa Co.; at the Mammoth gold mine near Oracle, Final Co., with vanadiuite and descloizitc; at the Empire mine, Inyo Co., California.
Named in honor of the Austrian mineralogist Wiilfeu (1728-1805), who wrote a monograph, on the Carinthia lead ores in 1785.
Ref. — ' Bleiberg, Pogg., 107, 267, 1859; crystals from different localities vary rather widely, and make a mean axial ratio unsatisfactory; cf. Dbr., Koch, Zs. Kr., 6, 389, 1882, Kk., Min Russl., 8, 408, Zeph., Zs. Kr., 8, 583, 1884; Goodenough (priv. contr.) obtained on faultless red crystals from Yuma Co., ss" 73° 16£', .'. c 1 '57759. The Ca variety (anal. 4, 5) lias 1-5744 Zeph., Zs. Kr., 8, 583, 1884.
See Koch (1. c.) for literature, list of planes with authorities, etc. 3 Koch, 1. c. 4 Goodeuough. 6 Dx., Propr. Opt., 2, 18, 1859.
819. REINITE. K <e. Fritsch, Zs. Nat. Halle, 3, 864, 1878; Luedecke, Jb. Min. 286, 1879. In tetragonal pyramids, p (111, 1). with e (101, Axis i T279; pp' 76° 28'. Cleavage: prismatic (110), indistinct. H. =4. G. 6-640. Luster dull, submetallic. Color blackish brown. Streak brown. Opaque, except in the thinnest splinters. Comp.— FeWO4 Tungsten trioxide 76'3, iron protoxide 23'7 100. Anal. — E. Schmidt, quoted by Luedecke, 1. c.
WO3 75-47 FeO 24-33 CaO.MgO tr. 99*80
Obs. — Occurs with large quartz crystals, from Kimbosan, in Kei, Japan. Named for Prof. Rein, of Marburg, who brought the mineral from Japan.
Reinite may prove to be only a pseudomorph after scheelite; such pseudomorphs are common at Trumbull and Monroe, Connecticut, and their angles vary somewhat widely from the original mineral.
PATEKAITE. Paterait Ilaidinger, Jb. G. Reichs., 7, 196, 1856.
An impure massive mineral of black color, supposed to be a molybdate of cobait, Analysis.— Laube, ib., 14, 303, 1864.
MoO3 30-0 Bi2O3 2-0 Fe2O3 16'6 CoO 27'0 H2O 8-6 S 12-0 insol. 3'8 - 100
It was so intimately mixed with pyrite and bismuthinite that, even with the greatest care, it .could not be completely separated. Subtracting the bismuth, iron, and sulphur in the above analysis, molybdate of cobalt remains, which, according to Laube. is the true mineral.
992 Tung States, Molybdates.
Discovered by Vogl, in the Elias mine, Joacliimsthal, with uranium ores. Named from A. Patera, who first examined it.
EOSITE A. Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 63 (1), 176, Feb. 1871.
Tetragonal, in minute square octahedrons. Axis c 1'378; cp *62° 50', pp' 77° 58'. H. 3-4. Color deep aurora-red, between that of crocoite and realgar. Streak brownish orange-yellow.
Heated in the closed tube darkens, but regains its color on cooling. Fused with potassium bisulphate gives a mass which s ight yellow while hot, becomes, on cooling, first reddish brown and finally brownish ontnge-yellow. This dissolved in water and boiled with tin-foil colors the solution faint greenish blue. Not so rapidly acted upon by hydrochloric acid as crocoite or wultenite. When a splinter of eosite is placed on a glass plate, arid treated with hydrochloric acid, with subsequent addition of alcohol, and then gently evaporated, it affords a blue to bluish green coating, with a green precipitate on the edges. From these reactions, and a series of compara- tive tests made with crocoite, wulfeuite, and vauadiuite, Schrauf concludes that eosite isvanado- molybdate of lead.
Found implanted in very minute crystals on pyromorphite and cerussite at Leadhills, Scotland.
ACHREMATITE J. W. Mallet, J '. Ch. Soc., 28, 1141, 1875.
Massive, crypto-crystalliue. Fracture uneven to subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 3-4. G. 5"965; in powder, 6'178. Color pale sulphur-yellow to orange and red, in the mass liver- brown, from, admixed limonite. Streak pale cinnamon-brown. Luster resinous to adamantine. Translucent on thin edges.
Analysis after deducting limonite, 10 to 15 p. c.
As2O8 18-25 MoO3 5'01 PbO 68'31 Pb(for Cl) 6'28 Cl 2"15 100
The formula calculated is 3[3Pb3As2O8.PbCl2].4[Pb2MoO6]. That the mineral is homo- geneous is considered by the author as sufficiently proved. B.B. decrepitates slightly, turns dark brick-red, and fuses easily to a nearly black globule, which shows indistinct crystalline facets on cooling. On charcoal yields arsenical odors, a lead coating, and finally globules of lead. With the fluxes, reacts for iron, which, however, is only present as an impurity.
From the mines of Guanacere, Chihuahua, Mexico. Named from dxpiinctros, useless, in allusion to the fact that it was received as a silver ore, while, in fact, of no intrinsic value.
820. BELONESITE. Belonesia A. Scacchi, Mem. Ace. Napoli, 1, No. 5, announced Sept. 8, 1883, published 1886.
Tetragonal. Axis c 0'66054; 001 A 101 33° 26f Scacchi.
In minute acicular crystals with a (100, i~i) small, m (110, /), #(111, 1). Angles: pp' 57° 43*', pp" 86° 6', mp *46° 57'.
Color white. Transparent.
Comp.— A qualitative analysis proved the presence of magnesium and molybdic acid. Regarded as probably magnesium molybdate, MgMoO4 Molybdenum trioxide 78 '3, magnesia 21-7 100.
Pyr.— B.B. fuses with difficulty. Dissolves readily in salt of phosphorus, less easily in the borax bead. Insoluble in acids.
Obs.— From a fragment of an ancient rock enveloped in the lava of 1872 at Vesuvius. It i? near in angle to the species of the rutile group.
Named from fte-ovr, needle.
Vii. Salts Of Organic Acids.
Oxalates, Mellates.
a : 5 : b
821. Whewellite CaC204 + H,0. Monoclinic. 0-8696 : 1 : 1-3695 72
822. Oxammite (NH4),C,04 + 2H20
823. Humboldtine 2FeC204 + 3HaO
824. Mellite
AlaCia012 + 18H,0 Tetragonal t 0-7463
Oxalates.
821. WHEWELLITE. Oxalate of Lime H. T. Brooke, Phil. Mag., 16, 449, 1840. Oxacalcite Sfiepard, Min., Ill, 1844. Whewellite R & M., Min., 623, 1852. Kohlenspath, Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 11, 83, 1889.
Monoclinic. Axes a : I : 6 0-8696 : 1 : 1-3695; /3 72° 41$' 001 A 100 Miller1.
100 A HO 39° 42', 001 A 101 45° 40', 001 A Oil 52° 35$'.
6 (010, c (001, m (110, u (120,
mm' uu'
U' ck ce
zz
yy1
0)
i)
i-2)
*79 *70
I (130, i-3)s (102, - i4) e (101, 14) 2 (014, H)J
0 24' xx'
T Cf :
° 45' cm
0 IS* mx ° 21'
y (012, i-1)5 a? (Oil, 14) / (112, - i)
105° 11' 38° 54£' *76° 46' 48° 41' 122° 38'
Twins common; tw. pi. e (101) often 1, After Miller. 2, Burgk, Weisbach.
heart-shaped. Prismatic faces vertically striated; also/(112) edge///'. Only in crystals.
Cleavage : c, b, m ; also e Weisbach. Very brittle. Fracture conchoidal. H. 2'5. Luster vitreous to greasy; on b somewhat pearly. Colorless. Trans- parent to opaque.
Comp— Calcium oxalate, CaC204 + H20 (E. E. Schmid) C20, 49-4, CaO 38'3, HaO 12-3 100.
The related salt, CaC2O4 + 3H2O occurs in tetragonal crystals in the cells of certain plants (Cacti), Lieb. Ann.. 97, 225, 1856, and Pogg., 142, 111, 1871.
Obs. — The original crystals described by Brooke were from an unknown locality; in size they were from T'T to i inch broad and occurred implanted upon calcite. Large crystals, 2 inches in thickness, have been found, associated with calcite, in a crevice of the foot-wall of a coal bed at Burgk near Dresden (Weisbach); also found with the coal of Zwickau in Saxony (Frenzel) associated with brown spar and chalcopyrite.
Ref.— ' Miller, Phil. Mag., 16 450, 1840, and Min., p. 623. 2 Weisbach, Burgk near Dresden, Jb. Min., 2, 48, 1884.
994 Salts Of Or&Anic Acids.
THIEKBCHITE Liebig, Lieb. Ann., 86, 113, 1853. A calcium oxalate, occurring as a grayish, warty, and somewhat opaline incrustation, about a line thick, on the marble of the Parthenon, Athens. Not analyzed. Its origin is attributed to the action of some kind of vegetation on the marble. It is probably identical with whewellite. Named after Fried, v. Thiersch, the discoverer.
822. OXAMMITE. C. U. Stiepard, Rural Carolinian, p. 471, May, 1870. Guanapite Eaimondi, Min. Perou, 30, 33, 1878.
Rarely in small distinct prismatic crystals (ortho-rhombic) ; usually in small flattened grains, and pulverulent. Luster silky. Color yellowish white. Trans- parent. Inodorous.
Comp.- Ammonium oxalate, (NH4),CS04 + 2H,0 C204 55'0, NH422'5, HaO 22-5 100; or, C203 45-0, (NH4)20 32'5, H,0 22'5 100.
Anal. — J. A. Tanner, Ch. News, 32, 162, 1875; recalculated after deducting 5'5 p. c. organic matter.
CaO4 NH4 H2O
Guanape Islands 53-30 21-95 24-75=100
Obs. — Found with mascagnite, which it resembles, in the guano of the Guanape Islands, Peru
823. HUMBOLDTINE. Faser Resin (Honigsteinsaures Eisen ?) Breith. , Char., 75, 1820. Huniboldtine, Oxalsaures Eisen, M. de Rivero. Ann. Ch. Phys., 18, 207, 1821. Eisen-Resin Breith., Gilb. Ann,, 70, 426, 1822. Oxalit Breith. , Char. , 1823. Humboldtit Leonh., Handb., 789, 1826.
Iii capillary forms; also botryoidal and in plates, or earthy; structure fibrous or compact.
Fracture uneven, earthy. H. 2. G. — 2'13-2'489. Dull or slightly resinous. Color yellow. Negatively electrified by friction.
Comp.— Hydrous ferrous oxalate, 2FeC,04 + 3H20 CS03 42-1, FeO 421, H20 15'8 100.
Anal.-Rg., Pogg., 46, 283, 1839. Cf. also ibid., 53, 633, 1841.
CaC-3 42-40 FeO 41-13 (loss) 16-47.= 100
Pyr., etc.— In the closed tube yields water, turns black, and becomes magnetic. B.B. on charcoal is colored &t first black, but later red, and with the fluxes reacts for iron.
Obs. — Occurs in brown coal at Kolosoruk. near Bilin, Bohemia; at Gross- Almerode, in Hessia, and according to T. S. Hunt, at Kettle Point, in Bosauquet, Canada, as an incrustation on black shales, soft, earthy, sulphur-yellow.
OXALATE OF SODIUM AND AMMONIUM. Lacroix notes the existence of a mineral, probably an oxalate of sodium and ammonium, in the Peruvian guano. It occurs in small masses consisting of micaceous laminae; crystallization probably orthorhombic. Optically — . Bx cleavage. 2E 15°; dispersion p v. Bull. Soc. Min., 9, 51, 1886.
824. MELLITE. Honigstein (fr. Thuringia)Fer/i., Bergm. J., 1, 380, 395, 1789. Honig- stein Karst Mus Lesk., 2, P. 1, 335. 1789. Succiu transparent en cristaux octaedres, Pierre de miel v Born Cat de Raab, 2, 90. 1790. Mellites Gmelin, Linn. Syst., 3, 282, 1793. Mellilite Kirwan Min. 2, 68, 1796. Mellite H., 3, 1801. Honigstein, Melilituus, Honigsteiusiiure (Acidum melilithicum) -f Alaunerde + Wasser, Klapr., Ak. Berlin, 1799, Beitr., 3, 114, 1801.
Tetragonal. Axis 6 0'74628; 001 A 101 36° 44' Dauber1. In square pyramids, o (111, 1), with a (100, /-/), c (001, 0), m (110, 7), e (101, U).
Angles: oo' *61° 46', oo" 93° 5', ooiv 86° 55', ao 59° 7'.
Also in massive nodules, granular in structure.
Cleavage: o (111) very indistinct. Fracture conchoidal. Sectile. H. 2-2'5. G. 1-55-1-65; 1-636-1 '642 Kenngott. Luster resinous, inclining to vitreous. Color honey-yellow, of ten reddish or brownish; rarely white. Streak white. Trans- parent to translucent. Optically negative; sometimes abnormally biaxial, Dx.* (2Er 8° 22'). Refractive indices, Schrauf2-
Mellite. 995
ForB 03 1-53450 e 1-50785
D 03 1-53928 e 1-51101
E oo 1-54351 e 1 '51461
Also, Dx.* o?y 1 '541-1 -550 ey 1 -518-1 -52tT -
Comp. — Hydrous aluminium mellate, AlCOj., + 18H20 Mellitic acid 40'$ Carbon 20-15, oxygen 20'15), alumina 14-3, water 45'4 100.
Anal.— 1, Klaproth, Beitr., 3, 114, 1802. 2, Wohler, Pogg., 7, 325, 1826. 3, J. v. Ilenkov (Kk., Min., 3, 217).
C403 A12O3 HaO
1. 46 16 38 100
2. 41-4 14-5 44-1 100
3. 42-36 14-20 44'16 100-72
Pyr., etc. — Whitens in the flame of a candle, but does not take fire. Dissolves in nitric acid; decomposed by boiling water. In a matrass yields water.
Obs. — Occurs in brown coal at Arten in Thuringia; at Luschitz nearBilinin Bohemia; near Walchow in Moravia; in the Govt. of Tula, Russia in Europe; Nerchinsk, in Transbaikal, E. Siberia.
Artif.— An artificial crystal of mellite, see Friedel & Crafts, Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 189, 1880; Friedel & Balsohn, ibid., 4, 26, 1881.
Ref.— i Pogg., 94, 410, 1855; Kupffer obtained oo' 61° 46f , oo" - 93° 5', 93° 6', Preisschrift, 121, 1825; Koksharov gives oo" 92° 48', Min. Russl., 3, 217. 1858. 2 Dx., N. R., 15, 1867; Schrauf, Ber. Ak. Wien, 41, 777, 1860. On the pyroelectricity, see Hankel, Wied., 18, 422, 1883.
PIGOTITE Johnston, Phil. Mag , 17, 382, 1840. A salt of alumina and an organic acid called mudescous acid by Johnston. Composition, 4Al2O3.Ci;iHioO8 + 27H2O. Formed on granite, in Cornwall, from the action of wet vegetation. Reported also from Wicklow, Ch. Gaz., 378, 1852.
ORGANIC SALTS OF IRON. Native compounds of iron and organic acids have been indicated by Berzelius and other chemists as common in marshes. But none of them has yet been properly investigated, the kinds of acids, as well as the proportions of acid to bases, being undetermined.
Viii. Hydrocarbon Compounds.
The HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS are divided into two classes : (1) the Hydrocarbons proper, and (2) the Oxygenated Hydrocarbons. As an appendix to the chapter are introduced the highly complex substance Petroleum, and the different kinds of Bitumen, Asphaltuna, and Coal.
The Hydrocarbons proper, including the various kinds of mineral wax, also mineral tallow, etc., for the most part belong to the Paraffin Series, having the general formula CnH-zn + n- To the paraffins also belong the chief part of the many compounds present in crude petroleum; the American oil particularly consists almost exclusively of paraffins, gaseous, liquid and solid, varying widely in boiling point. With these are present also some of the oletiues with the general formula CnHan, and further in some cases the benzenes, CwHgn-e- Some kinds of coal also yield large quantities of paraffin.
The compounds of the series CwH2n, CnHgn-e, with perhaps others of the series CnHan -4, etc., may be also represented independently in nature, but the exact composition of the native sub- stances is often in doubt, since in many cases analysis alone is hardly conclusive, as the difference in amounts of carbon required by the formulas of members of different series, or even of the same series, may be less than the errors of analysis. Further, members of two series in some cases have the same percentage composition.
The Oxygenated Hydrocarbons include chiefly the numerous kinds of native fossil resins, many of which are included under the generic term, amber, also other more or less closely related substances. In general, in these compounds weak acids (succinic acid, formic acid, butyric acid, cinnainic acid, etc.) or acid anhydrides, are prominent.
TLt Hydrocarbon compounds in general, with perhaps a few exceptions, are not homogeneous substances, but mixtures, which by the action of solvents or by fractional distillation may be separated into two or more component parts. They are hence not definite mineral species and do not strictly belong to pure Mineralogy, rather, with the recent gums and resins, to Chemistry or, so far as they are of practical value, to Economic Geology. In the following pages they are treated with some fullness, though not accorded the rank of species. It may be added here that the original acouuts given of these substances, in many cases leave much to be desired in the way of minuteness and accuracy of statement.
For a fuller discussion, more particularly of the economic products, petroleum, bitumen, asphaltum, and coal in its various forms, reference must be made to more technical works.
The microscopic and optical characters of various hydrocarbons, resins and coals have been investigated by H. Fischer & D. Rilst, Zs. Kr., 7, 209, 1882.
1. Simple Hydrocarbons.
Chiefly members of the Paraffin Series CnH2n+2.
Scheererite. Scbeererit Stromeyer, Kastn. Arch., 10, 118, 1827; Napthaline resineuse prismatique Konlein, Bibl. Univ., 36, 316, 1827; Pogg., 12, 336, 1828. Macaire-Prinsep, Bibl. Univ.. 40, 68, 1829, Pogg., 15, 294, 1829. Schgrerite.
In monoclinic crystals, usually thin tabular 010), sometimes acicular. Also in loosely aggregated crystalline grains and folia. Soft. G. 1-1-2. Luster pearly or resinous; feebly shining. Color whitish, gray, yellow, green, pale reddish. More or less translucent to trans- parent. Easily frangible. Tasteless. Inodorous. Feel not greasy.
Comp., etc.— According to an imperfect analysis by Priusep contains: Carbon 73, hydrogen 24 — 97. This corresponds nearly to the ratio for H 1 : 4, or the composition of marsh-gas Carbon 75, hydrogen 25 100; whence, if the results may be trusted, it is a polymer of marsh-gas.
Soluble easily in alcohol, and also in ether. Melts at 44°, and then resembles a fatty oil, and like it penetrates paper; these spots, however, may be removed by heat. On cooling, the mineral crystallizes in acicular crystals. May be distilled without decomposition; boiling point near 100° (92°, Prinsep).
Hydrocarbon Compounds. 997
Soluble in sulphuric or nitric acid, and not in alkalies. Takes fire easily and burns without residue, giving out much smoke and a feeble aromatic odor.
Obs. — Found by Capt Scheerer, in the year 1822, in the coal of a bed of brown coal in the Tertiary, at Uznach. near St. Galleu, in Switzerland. The bed of coal is two to three feet thick, and the pine steins in it are almost unchanged. Among the species of-_pin_e, there is the P. sylvestris; and the birches and firs are those of modern species. The age is the same with that of the peat beds of lied w it z. Besides scheererite it affords also h'chtelite and koulite. Oncryst., Kenug., Ber. Ak. Wieu, 14, 272, 1854, and Min. Schweiz, 418, Leipzig, 1866.
Hatchettite. Hatchetine (fr. Merthyr-Tydvil) Conybeare, Ann. Phii., 1. 136, 1822. Mineral Adipocire, Mountain Tallow (fr. Loch Fyne). Brande, Ed. Phil. J., 11, 1824. Adipocerite. Hatchetine (fr. Glamorganshire)/. F. W. Johnston, Phil. Mag., 12, '638, 1838.
In thin plates, or massive. Reported as sometimes occurring as large crystals in fresh specimens. H. like that of soft wax. Feel greasy. G. 0'916 Johnston; 0'983 Loch Fyne, after melting and excluding air-bubbles, Braude; (V608, same before melting, id. Luster slightly
§ listening and pearly. Color yellowish white, wax-yellow, greenish yellow; blackens on exposure, ubtransparent to translucent; but opaque on exposure. Without odor. Melting point 46° Merthyr-Tydvil, Johnston; 47° Loch Fyue, Brande.
Comp., etc. — Ratio of C to H nearly 1 : 1, from Johnston's analysis, Carbon 85'55, hydrogen 14'45 100. Anal. — Johnston, I.e.
Glamorganshire Carbon 85'91 Hydrogen 14'62 100-53
Very sparingly soluble in boiling alcohol, and precipitated from the solution on cooling. Also soluble sparingly in cold ether, and more largely in boiling; and from the latter deposited in a mass of minute fibers or prisms. After repeated boiling with ether there remains only a minute portion uudissolved, mixed with particles of charcoal derived from the blackened surface of the specimen. Charred and decomposed by concentrated and boiling sulphuric acid. No apparent change in boiling nitric acid.
Obs. — From the crevices of iron-stone septaria, and often in geodes containing also quartz crystals, in the Coal-measures near Merthyr-Tydvil in Glamorganshire (and, Johnston adds, in some of the Midland Counties of England); also in a bog on the borders of Loch Fyne in Argyle- shire, Scotland. The latter has not yet been analyzed. Also reported from Rossitz in Moravia (Jb. G. lieiehs., 5, 898, 1854), in the Segeu-Gottes mine, with spherosiderite as a thin coating on calcite, having H. 1, G. 0'892 Patera.
Cesaro has found some hatchettite made up of thin laminae which are optically biaxial and positive; a less distinct axial figure was obtained from ozocerite, but it was also positive and like the hatchettite was referred to the orthorhombic system. Ann. Soc. G Belg. , 18, 1891; cf. also Dx., Miu., 2, 38, 1874.
Named after C. Hatchett, an English chemist (1765-1847).
This species (or at least the bog variety from Loch Fyne) is probably identical with the kind of paraffin that fuses at 45°-47° ; and which has been obtained by the destructive distillation of Boghead coal and peat, and from other sources. Anderson obtained in his analyses of this paraffin:
C H Melting T.
1. From Boghead coal, cryst. ' 85-1 15'1-15'3 45'5°
2. " " granular 85'0-85'3 15'4 52
3. From peat f 85'09 15'10 46'7
The Boghead coal (from Boghead and TorbaneHill, nearBathgate in Linlithgowshire) affords on destructive distillation a very large amount of different oils and paraffin, 70 p. c. of the dried mass being volatile. See BATHVILLITE beyond.
PARAFFIN. A native crystallized paraffin, like the above, is described by O. Silvestri as occurring in cavities in basaltic lava near Paterno, Sicily. It is in yellowish white, wax-like, transparent crystalline plates. Melts at 56°, volatilizes at about 300°. Nearly insoluble in cold alcohol, but readily dissolves in boiling ether. An analysis gave: f Carbon 84 '00, hydrogen 15 85 99-85. Boll. Com. G., 12, 578, 1881; also earlier [Gazz. Ch. KM., 1877].
CHRISMATITE Chrismatin (fr. Wattin) Germar, Zs. G. Ges., 1, 40, 1849. Ozokerit(fr. ib.) Breslau, Karst. u. Dech. Arch., 23, 749, 1850. Hatchettin (fr. i\).)Wagner, Jb. Min., 687, 1864; H. Fleck, Steinkohlen Deutschl., 1, 37. 4to, Miinchen, 1865.
Butter-like, or of semi-fluid consistence. Soft at 55° to 60°. G. below 1. Luster greasy to silky. Color greenish yellow to wax-yellow. Slightly translucent. Tasteless. Melts at a very low temperature to an oil, which is dark red by transmitted light, and apple-green by reflected.
H. Fleck obtained, 34 p. c. of ash having been removed: Carbon 78'51, hydrogen 19-19, oxygen 2-30 — 100. Excluding the oxygen as water, as done by Fleck, it leaves C 80-51, II 19'49 100, corresponding to CJI — Carbon 80, hydrogen 20; making it thus a polymer of C2H6, or the second member of the Marsh-gas series. Fleck adopted the formula C13HS8. If the
998 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
oxygen is an essential constituent, either view of the constitution is wholly at fault. Burns with u flame, without smell.
Occurs in cavities of calcite and quartz crystals in an argillaceous sandstone of the Carbon- iferous formation at Wettin, Saxony.
Named from picr/wa, ointment.
Ozocerite. Part of Native Paraffin. Ozokerit (brought by v. Meyer fr. Slanik, Moldavia) Glocker, . J., 69, 215. 1833; Magnus, Ann. Ch. Phys., 55, 217, 1833. Cire fossile Fr. Erdwachs Germ. Mineral wax pt.
Like wax or spermaceti in appearance and consistency. G. 0'85-0'90. Colorless to white when pure; often leek-green, yellowish, brownish yellow, brown; and when brown sometimes greenish by transmitted light. Often having a greenish opalescence. Translucent. Greasy to the touch. Fusing point 56° to 63°.
Comp., etc. — Essentially a paraffin, and consisting chiefly of one of the higher members of the series. The original ozocerite, from Slanik in Moldavia, as described by Glocker was wholly soluble in ether, and gave a yellow solution; also soluble in oil of turpentine and naphtha; and a little soluble in boiling alcohol. G. of the mass, 0-955 Glocker; 0'953 Schrotter. Melting poiut 62° Schrotter.
The mineral wax of Urpeth Colliery, after the separation of what was soluble in cold ether (see URPETHITE, p. 999). afforded Johnston another portion through its solubility in boiling ether; and this is apparently identical with true ozocerite. While soluble in boiling ether it is sparingly so in boiling alcohol. As obtained from the ether solution it was yellow, and had the consistence of soft wax.
A kind from Boryslaw in Galicia, examined by Hofstadter (Lieb. Ann., 91, 326, 1854), resembled the preceding in its appearance, but was darker colored, being blackish brown, in thin pieces reddish brown to leek-green by transmitted light; G. 0'944; melting point 60°. By fractional crystallization it was separated into parts varying in fusibility from 60° to 65-5°. That from Truscawitz, Galicia, examined by Walter (J. pr. Ch., 22, 181, 1841) appears to be similar.
Anal.— 1, Schrotter, Baumg. Zs., 4, 2, 1836, Bibl. Univ., 3, 184. 1836. 2, Johnston, 1. c. 3, Walter, 1. c. 4, 5, Hofstadter, 1. c. 6, 7, Seal, J. Frankl. Inst., 130, 402, 1890.
G. C H Melting T. Boiling T.
1. Slanik 0-953 84-43 13-69 98'12 62°-63° 210°
2. Urpeth C. 86'80 14-06 100-86 58° ?
3. Truscawitz, crude 84-62 14-29 98-91 59° ov. 300°
4. Boryslaw, A. 0'944 84-94 14'87 99'81 61°
5. " B. 85-78 14-29 100'07 65'5°
6. Utah 0-971 85'44 14'45 99-89
7. " 85-47 14-57 100'04
The A of Hofstadter was the portion separated by fractional crystallization which had 61* as the melting point, and the B that which had for this point 65'5°. Tbe material analyzed by Seal was the white paraffin extracted from the crude material by alcohol, cf. below.
Hermann has described a wax-like mixture from seams in a rock in the vicinity of Lake Baikal, which he calls Baikerite (J. pr. Cb. , 73, 230, 1858). About 6()-18 p. c. of it was soluble in boiling alcohol, 100 parts dissolving 1; and this portion appears to be ozocerite. It was tasteless and inodorous; melting point 59°; G. 0'90. The rest (29 '82 p. c.) of the baikerite consisted as follows: 7'02 wax-like substance insoluble in alcohol; 32-41 viscid 'resin; 0'39 earthy impurities.
The same compound has been obtained from mineral coal, peat, petroleum, mineral tar, etc., by destructive distillation. The following are examples. 1, Anderson, Rep. Brit. Assoc., p. 50, 1856, and J. pr. Ch., 72, 379, 1857. 2, Hofstadter, 1. c.
C H Melting Point.
1. Rangoon Tar 85-15 15'29 100-44 61°
2. From bitum. shale, Bonn. 86'16 14'36 100-52 61°
Obs. — Ozocerite occurs at the localities mentioned, in beds of coal, or associated bituminous deposits; that of Slanik, Moldavia, beneath a bed of bituminous clay shale; in masses of some- times 80 to 100 Ibs., at the foot of the Carpathians, not far from beds of coal and salt; that of Boryslaw in a bituminous clay associated with calciferous beds in the formation of the Carpathians in masses. Reported also from near Gaming in Austria; in Transylvania, near Moldavia, in the Carpathian sandstone; at Uphall in Linlithgowshire.
Ozocerite also occurs in southern Utah on a large scale, where it has been mined to some extent for technical purposes. The deposits are in the form of veins usually a few incites in thickness and extend over a wide area in Emery and Uintah counties; it is associated with fibrous gypsum.
The crude material has a dark-brown color, is of wax-like consistency and has a foliated structure. G. 0'9285 Seal. It has a melting point of 51°-55° Seal; 61 '5° New berry; it is
Hydrocarbon Compounds. 999
completely soluble in boiling ether, carbon disulphide a'ml benzene; the dilute solution is highly fluorescent. Boiling alcohol extracts from it twenty per cent of a white wax-like substance (S. B. Newberry, Am. J. Sc., 17, 341, 1879). Seal (1. c.) obtained 60 p. c. of this white solid after chilling the solution from the extractor, filtering and drying. This melts and becomes of a yellow-colored waxy consistency and has a specific gravity of 0 _It showed marked resistance to the action of a strong acid, agreeing with its character as a paraffin, one of the higher members of the series. Its composition is shown to be between CisHsa and Cta.
Ozocerite has also been found in the clay fields of South Amboy, IN". J. F. S. Smith obtained for a sample not purified: Carbon 86'46, hydrogen 12 83 99'29. This corresponds to CHan- Am. Oh. J., 6, 247, 1884.
Named from oeiv, to smell, and KrjpoZ, wax, in allusion to the odor.
On the occurrence and characters of ozocerite in general, see Rateau, Ann. Mines, 11, 147,
Woehler has noted the existence in meteorites of a hydrocarbon (Kabaite) near ozocerite or scheererite, and Meunier has recently repeated the observation (C. It., 109, 977, 1889). The com- position of the substance is not yet determined.
ZIETIUSIKITE. Cire fossile de Moldavie Magnus, Ann. Ch. Phys., 55, 217, 1833. Ozokerite (fr. Zietrisika) Malaguti, C. R., 4, 410, 1837, Ann. Ch. Phys., 63, 390, 1836, Pogg., 43, 147. Zietrisikite Dana
A mineral like ozocerite in most physical characters and in composition, but distinguished by almost complete insolubility in ether and higher melting point. Hardness like that of bees- wax, or harder. G. 0'9 ; 0'946 Malaguti. Color brown. Melting point 90°; 82°-84° in the crude or impure mineral. Insoluble in ether.
1. Magnus, who made the first examination of the fossil wax brought by Meyer from Slanik, Moldavia, appears to have had a different substance in hand from that examined by Glocker (by whom ozocerite was named) and by Schrotter, as he states that only a very little of it was dis- solved by alcohol or ether, and the rest, after the action of these solvents, was eroded with holes, showing the presence of insoluble and soluble constituents. The insoluble was soluble in oil of turpentine, and of this part the melting point was 82°, and the composition as given below.
2. The wax from Zietrisika, Moldavia, examined by Malaguti, is regarded by him as identi- cal with that of Magnus. It was foliated, couchoidal in fracture, pearly in luster, deep red-brown in color with a greenish reflection, but in very thin pieces brown, and a little harder than bees- wax. It was very slightly soluble in alcohol or boiling ether, and very soluble in oil of turpen- tine and naphtha, with no action from alkalies or cold sulphuric acid. It melts at 84°, and boils at above 300°. On subjecting it to boiling alcohol, a small portion was dissolved, whose melting point was 75"; by a second treatment another portion was obtained, having for the melting point 78'; and at the fourth, the portion dissolved was found to have the same melting point as that of the uudissolved mass, which was 90°. This then, which he calls brown ozocerite, appears to be the point of fusion of the true zietrisikite, and this alone was analyzed ; as the rest, his yellow ozocerite, he says, "est un melange, j'ai juge inutile d'en faire 1'analyse."
Anal.— 1, Magnus; 2, 3, Malaguti, I.e., and Rg., Miu. Ch., 964, 1860.
C H Melting T. Boiling T.
1. Moldavia 84-61 15'30 99 91 82°
2. Zietrisika, Mold. 84'53 14'22 98-75 90° Above 300°
3. " " 84-78 14-37 99'15 90°
The wax from Zietrisika, in Moldavia, occurs in large masses, and under similar circum- stances with that of Slanik.
URPETHITE. Part of Ozocerite (fr. Urpeth Colliery) J. F. W. Johnston, Phil. Mag., 12, 389, 1838. Urpethite Dana.
Consistence of soft tallow. G. 0"885. Color yellowish brown to brown. Adheres to the fingers, and stains paper.
Analysis. --Johnston : Carbon 85-83. Hydrogen 14'17 100. Soluble readily in cold ether. Ethereal solution brown by transmitted light, but with a greenish opalesceuce by reflected ; deposits the wax in brown flocks. Melts at 39° to a yellow-brown liquid.
Constitutes about four-fifths of the Urpeth Colliery ozocerite, and is separated from the latter through its solubility in cold ether. The crude wax, as found, was soft enough to be kneaded in the fingers ; had a greasy feel, and gave a greasy stain to paper ; was subtransparent ; of a brownish yellow color by transmitted light, but yellowish green and opalescent by reflected ; and had an odor slightly fatty, which was stronger when melted. It occurred in cavities near a fault in the Coal-measures, and part in the solid sandstone.
BAIKERINITE. Part of Baikerit. DickHussiges Harz. Hermann (see p. 998). A thick tar- like fluid at 35°, and a crystalline granular deposit in a viscid honey-like mass at 10°. Color brown. Translucent. Odor balsamic. Taste like that of wood-tar. Easily and perfectly soluble in alcohol and ether. The alcoholic solution becomes milky when diluted with water. Constitutes 32'61 p. c. of the baikerite. No analysis yet made.
NEFT-GIL. Naphtdachil, Nephatil, Jl). Min. . 84. 184fi. Naphthadil Kenng., Ueb., 254, 1844- 1849. Neftdegil Herm., J. pr. Ch., 73,220, I8.r>8 Neft gil Fritzsche, ib., 321. A very abundant
1000 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
material in the naphtha region on Chelekeu I., in the Caspian. It is a mixture of paraffins and a resin, but appears to be most nearly related to zietrisikite. G. 0'956 ; color chocolate-brown ; melting point 75°. Hermann found 66 p. c. of a wax-like substance insoluble in alcohol, and 18 p. c. of another soluble in alcohol, besides 13'33 p. c. of a resin. In ether a large part was insoluble ; and this portion maybe identical with the zietrisikite (see above), or with the insoluble paraffin from the Urpeth wax, called urpethite.
PYROPISSITE Kenng., Ueb., 148, 1850-51. Kenngott has thus named an earthy, friable, coaly substance, of grayish- brown color, and without luster, and having G. 0'493-0'522, which forms a layer 6 to 9 in. thick iu brown coal at Weisseufels, near Halle. A small part is soluble in alcohol, especially iu boiling, and this, precipitated by adding water, is a wax-like substance, paraffin-like in aspect. But whether true paraffin, or whether an oxygenated wax, related to geocerite, has not been ascertained. It melts easily to a pitch like mass, and hence the name from itvp, fire, and nicraa, pitch. It affords 62 p. c. of paraffin on dry distillation. Coals affording paraffin on distillation are sometimes called Paraffin coal, and in German Wachs- kolile. Kenngott refers here also an earthy brown substance from Mettenheim, which melts similarly to an asphalt-like substance. It occurs iucrustiug massive limestone.
HELENITE A. Nawratil. Diugl. Pol. J., 248, 513, 1883. Fossiles Kautschuk.
A wax near ozocerite, forming lamellae 10 to 15 cm. long and 4 to 5 cm. broad. Elastic like caoutchouc. G. 0-915. Color light to dirty yellow. Soluble in chloroform and carbon disulphide, but not in 94 p. c. alcohol. Anal. :
Carbon 85-13 ' Hydrogen 15-70 100-83
84-62 16-43 101 '05
85-30 15-29 100-59
Formed in the Helena shaft of the petroleum region at Ropa in Galicia.
Fichtelite. Tekoretin Forchh., Vid. Selsk. Afh. Copenh., 1840, J. pr. Ch., 20, 459, 1840. Fichtelit Bromeis, Lieb. Ann., 37, 304, 1841; T. E. Clark, ibid., 103, 236, 1857, Am. J. Sc., 25, 164, 1858.
Mouoclinic. Crystals tabular c or elongated b. Forms: a (100, i-l), c (001, 0), m (110, 1). i (101, l-l). Angles (measured): mm'" 97°, ac 53°, ai 52°, ci 75° Clark.
Twins: tw. pi. c. H. — 1. Luster somewhat greasy. Color white. Translucent. Brittle. Without taste or smell. Distils over without decomposition. Solidifying temperature 36° Easily soluble in ether ; less so iu alcohol. Ax. pi. 010.
Comp., etc. — Formula doubtful; Rg. gives C6H8 Carbon 88'4, hydrogen 11 '6 100; Clark deduced C4Hi Carbon 87'3, hydrogen 12'7 100. The latest analyses give from
CisHae to CisHas, S66 below.
Anal. — 1, Bromeis, 1. c. (Clark, recalc.). 2, Clark, 1. c. 3, Forchhammer, 1. c. 4, J. W. Mallet, Proc. Brit. Assoc., p. 79, 1872. 5, 6, Macadam, Min. Mag., 8, 137, 1889.
C H Melting T. Boiling T.
1. Redwitz 87-95 10'70 98'65 46°
2. " |87'13 12-86 99-99 46° above 320°
3. Tecoretin 85'89 i2'81 98'70 45° 360°
4. Alabama 87 "82 11-91 99 '73 45°
5. Handforth 86'78 12-18 O 1-04= 100
6. Shielding 87-14 12-08 O 0-78 100
Hell has investigated (Ber. Ch. Ges. 22, 498, 1889) fichtelite from a peat swamp near Redwitz, where it has been derived from Pinus uliginosa. Dissolves in a mixture of alcohol and ether, from which it is deposited as prismatic crystals upon the slow evaporation of the ether. The purified crystals thus obtained melt at 46° and gave on analysis :
Carbon 86-7-87-0, hydrogen 13-2-13-5.
Density of the vapor at 440', 7'37-7-77, corresponding to the formula C,6H28to dsHse, perhaps CiH91; the last (— doubled, CaoHsO requires : Carbon 87'0, hydrogen 130 100.
Bamberger (ibid., p. 635) confirms the above conclusion. He notes the occurrence at the Kolbermoor near Rosenheim in Upper Bavaria. Spiegel (ibid., p. 3369) gives the formula CjsHa-! Carbon 87'1, hydrogen 12'9 100.
Decomposed by anhydrous sulphuric acid; also by heated fuming nitric acid; soluble in cold nitric acid.
Clark, after a revision of the investigations on fichtelite and the related resins, concludes that there is no doubt of the identity of the substance analyzed by him with Bromeis's fichtelite, for which is deduced the empirical formula C6H8.
Obs.— The mineral occurs in shining scales, flat crystals, and thin layers between the rings of growth and throughout the texture of pine wood (in part identical in species with the modern
Hydrocarbon Compounds.
Pinus sylvestris) from peat beds in the vicinity of Redwitz, in the Fichtelgebirge, North Bavaria. The crystals described by Clark were obtained artificially by means of ether and alcohol.
An oily substance was extracted by Schrotter by means of ether from wood of the same peat bed which afforded the fichtelite ; and this solution yielded two substances, one of which was an oil, regarded by him as identical with fichtelite in ratio ; it gave on jtinajysis : Carbon 88 58, hydrogen 11 -34 99'42. The other substance was crystallized and contained oxygen.
Fichtelite also occurs in crystals in peat beds at Salzendeich, Elsfleth, Oldenburg ; near Sobeslau in peat. In England found in pine logs in a moss at Handforth in Cheshire, and in peat mosii at Shielding in Ross-shire. Also from Alabama, in recent pine logs (Pinus Australia).
Tecoretin was obtained from pine trees of the same species in marshes near Holtegaard in Den- mark. The resin from the wood, first observed by Steenstrup, was found by Forchhammer, after dissolving it in boiling alcohol, to contain two substances crystallizing from the solution at different temperatures. The tecoretin was the least soluble of the two, or which crystallized out first (the other was his phylloretin, see p. 1002) ; its crystallization was monoclinic, and its fusing point 45°. From the analysis Clark writes the empirical formula CH2; but states that the mineral resembles fichtelite in every other respect.
Ref.— ' L. c.; cf. Schuster, Miu. Mitth., 7, 88, 1885.
Hartite. Hartit Haid., Pogg., 54, 261, 1841. Branchite 8am, N. Cimento, 1, 342, Jb. Min., 459, 1842.
Triclinic or monoclinic. Resembling fichtelite in crystalline form, luster, color, translu- cency, and the reactions with alcohol, ether, and the acids. But melts at 74°-75° C. Boiling temperature very high.
Comp., etc.— Ratio of C to H 12 : 20 Carbon 87'8, hydrogen 12'2. Anal.— 1, Schrotter, Pogg., 59, 43, 1843. 2, Piria, JB. Ch., 984, 1855.
1. Hartite
2. Branchite
H
12-05 99-52 13-4 100-4
Piria's analysis corresponds nearly with th4
Obs. — Hartite is found in a kind of pine, Ime Iffclibslite, but of a different species, the Pence acerosa Unger, belonging to an earlier geologicarepoch. It is from the brown-coal beds of Ober- hart, near Glogguitz, not far from Vienna. Reported also from Rosenthal near Kotiach in Styria, and PrSvali in Carinthia. It occurs alpyng the layers or tissues of the wood, and also in clefts in the coal or lignite.
Branchite is colorless and translucektAwUh G. 1 '044, and comes from the brown coal of
Mt. Vaso in Tuscany. It is soluble
Hartite is also found at Obei crystals triclinic, Ber. Ak. Wien
DINITE Meneghini, Gaz. lion or druse of crystals ; cles due to a foreign substance.
Insoluble in water ; litti phicle. The ethereal soluti the warmth of the hand ; he; decomposition. When melt crystals on cooling.
From a lignite deposit at
like hartite.
Voigtsberg in Styria (cf. Rumpf, who makes the 1, 1869).
Firenze, Toscana, July, 1852. Occurs as an aggrega- ; with the appearance of ice, but with a yellow tinge ; tasteless ; fragile, and easily reduced to powder, in alcohol, very soluble in ether and in carbon disul- tanding deposits large crystals of the dinite. Fuses with close vessel distills over without undergoing any sensible boks like a yellowish oil ; crystallizes in large transparent
unigiana, Tuscany, where it was found by Prof. Dini.
IXOLYTE. Ixolyt Haid., ., 56, 345, 1842. Amorphous. Fracture imperfect conch oidal in the purer varieties. H. 1. G. — 1'008. Luster greasy. Color hyacinth-red. Pulver- ized in the fingers, it becomes ocher-yellow and yellowish brown. Thin fragments subtrans- lucent. Softens at 76°, but is still tenacious at 100°, whence the name, from 'z£d?, gluey, like birdlime, and Xveir, to dissolve.
This species is said to resemble hartite, though differing in the temperature of fusion and other characters. It occurs in a coal bed at Oberhart, near Gloggnitz ; pieces sometimes half an inch thick, associated with hartite.
NAPALITE G. F. Becker, IT. S. G. Surv., Monograph 13, 372, 1888.
A yellow bituminous substance of the consistency of shoemaker's wax. It is dark reddish brown and shows green fluorescence, which, however, disappears on exposure to the air; garnet- red by transmitted light. Brittle, but easily molded when warmed by the hand. Not elastic; fracture couchoida]. H. 2. Begins to fuse at 42° and becomes liquid at 46°; boils above 300°, and at 130° a heavy colorless oil distills over with an aromatic odor. Separated into various products by fractional distillation. Composition expressed by the formula, CsH4. Analyses, Melville:
Carbon 89'84 Hvdroeen 10-17 100-01
Hydrogen 10'17 100-01 10-36 99-90 10-11 99-46
Occurs at the Phoenix mercury mine in Pope Valley, Napa county, California.
1002 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
Eonlite. (Fr. Uznach) Kraus, Pogg., 43, 141, 1838. Konlit (fr. ib.) Schrdtier, ib., 59, 37, 1843; (fr. Redwitz) v. Trommsdorff, Ann. d. Pharm., 21, 126. Kouleinit Hausm., Handb., 1487, 1847 ; Kenngott, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 14, 272, 1854, Min. Schweiz, 419, Leipzig, 1866.
In folia and grains ; amorphous ; stalactitic. Soft. G. 0'88, Trommsdorff. Color red- dish brown to yellow. Melting point 114°, Kraus; 107|°, Trommsdorff. Distills at 200°, undergoing decomposition at the same time, and leaving a brown residue. Very slightly soluble in cold and hot alcohol ; much more soluble in ether ; the latter solution affording wax-like folia.
Comp. — Eatio of C, H 1 : 1 ; n(CslIs) or a polymer of benzene. Anal. — 1, Kraus, 1. c. 2, v. Trommsdorff, 1. c.
C H
1. Uznach, Switz. 92-49 7-42 99-91
2. Redwitz, Bavaria 90'90 7 -58 98'48
The Redwitz mineral may be a different species. Konlite, unlike scheererite, is changed by distillation, yielding a substance which melts by the warmth of the hand. For this product Kraus proposed the name pyroscheererite.
Obs. — In brown coal at Uznach, at the same locality with scheererite ; near Redwitz, Ba- varia, in the Fichtelgebirge with fichtelite ; reported by Kenngott from the brown coal of Fossa in the Eger valley (Ueb., 147, 1850-51). Named after K5nlein, formerly superintendent of the coal works at Uznach.
PHYLLORETIN Forchhammer, J. pr. Ch. , 20, 459, 1840. Near the above, and made identi- cal with it by Fdtzsche. It was obtained from an alcoholic solution of a resin from the marshes near Holtegaard in Denmark ; the more soluble of the two resins obtained (see p. 1001) being the phylloretin. Fusing point 86°-87°. Dissolves easily in alcohol. Forchhammer obtained : Carbon 90'22, 90'12, hydrogen 9'22, 9'26 ; he deduces for the ratio of C to H. 8 : 10.
NAPTHALENE, Naphtalin. Commonly, as artificially prepared, in rhombic tables of 122° and 78° with the acute angles truncated, or hexagonal tables. Luster brilliant. Color white. G. 1-153 at 18°; 0-9778 at 79-2", Kopp.; at which temperature it melts. Boiling point 218°. Dissolves readily in alcohol, ether, oil of turpentine, fatty oils. etc.
Comp.— Cio H8 Carbon 93'75, hydrogen 6'25 100. The first of the Napthalene series, the general formula for which is Cn H2n-i2- Burns with a dense smoking flame.
Found sparingly in Rangoon tar, by De la Rue and Milller, and by Warren and Storer. Formed easily from petroleum, coal-naphtha, essential oils, on passing them through red-hot tubes.
2. Oxygenated Hydrocarbons.
Succinite. "'RXeKrpov Homer, etc. ? Avyyvpiov Theophr., Demostr. Avyyovpiov Diosc., etc. Succinum, Electrum, Lyncurium, Plin., 37, 11, 12, 13. Amber pt. Succin, Ambre, Fr. Bernstein, Agstein, Germ. Succinite pt. Breith., Char., 75, 1820, 140, 1823.
In irregular masses, without cleavage ; fracture conchoidal. Optically anisotropic, showing bright interference-colors in polarized light.
H. 2-2'5. G. 1 050-1-096 Helm ; the lowest values for kinds with numerous minute cavities. Luster resinous. Color yellow, sometimes reddish, brownish, and whitish, often clouded, sometimes fluorescent. Streak white. Transparent to translucent. Tasteless. Nega- tively electrified on friction. Heated to 150° begins to soften and finally melts at 250°-300°.
Comp.— Ratio for C, H, O 40 : 64 : 4 Carbon 78'94, hydrogen 10'53, oxygen 10'53 100. Anal.— 1, SchrStter, Pogg., 59, 64, 1843. 2, O. Helm, Schriften Ges. Danzig, 7, No. 4, 192, 1891.
1. C 78-824 H 10-229 O 10-947 100
2. 78-63 10-48 10-47 S 0'42 100
Sulphur, in the form of an organic compound, is present in amounts varying from 0'26 to 0.48 p. c. Helm.
Amber was early found to be not a simple resin. According to Berzelius (Pogg., 12, 419, 1828), it consists mainly (85 to 90 p. c.) of a resin which resists all solvents along with two other resins soluble in alcohol and ether, an oil, and 2i to 6 p. c. of succinic acid. Schrotter and Forchhammer state that after removing these soluble ingredients, true succinite has the ratio 40 : 64 : 4, which is the ratio deduced from the analyses of the whole mass.
The properties of succinite or amber in the narrow sense are given minutely by Helm, 1. c., 1891, as follows:
Heated in the open air, it melts at from 250° to 300" without previously swelling up, boils quietly after the fusion, at the same time giving off dense white fumes which have a peculiar aromatic odor irritating to the respiratory organs. Heated in a glass retort, connected with a cooled receiver, the products of distillation, formed in (lie neck of the retort, are a reddish brown
Hydrocarbon Compounds. 1003
-oil and a crystalline solid (succinic acid), while a watery fluid goes over into the receiver, leav- ing a blackish brown coke-like substance behind. This residue is easily rubbed to powder and is soluble iu oil of turpentine (this is the so-called colophony of amber or Bernsteincolophonium Germ.). The oil noted above is thick, of a reddish brown color with greenish fluorescence and peculiar odor ; it contains in solution a little sulphur and succinic acid. -Tlie watery liquid is a solution of succiuic acid in water, and is also said to contain acetic acid and butyric acid.
In regard to the action of solvents, Helm notes that iu alcohol 20 to 25 p. c. are dissolved ; in ether 18-23 p. c. ; in oil of turpentine 25 p. c.; in chloroform 20'6 p. c.; in amyl alcohol 20 p. c. ; in carbon disulphide 24 p. c.; in methyl alcohol 13 p. c. : in benzol 9'8 p. c.; in petroleum ether 2 2 p. c. ; in alcoholic solution of potash 40 to 55 p. c. The evaporation of the solution in alco- hol or ether gives a brittle resin having the peculiar aromatic odor of succinite and melting at 146°. The amount of succinic acid present is usually from 5 to 6 p. c., or in some cases up to 8 p. c. The presence of this considerable quantity is taken as characteristic of true succinite or amber iu the narrow sense. On t he characters of amber and its occurrence in general see Helm, Schrifteu Ges. Danzig, 7, No. 4, 189, Ib91, and also several earlier papers in the same publication ; also Conwenz, ibid., 7, No. 3, 165, 1890.
Obs. — Amber occurs abundantly on the Prussian coast of the Baltic ; occurring from Dant- zig to Memel, especially between Pillau and Dorf Gross-Hubuicken. It occurs in England, near London, and on the coasts of Norfolk, Essex, and Suffolk ; also on the coast of Denmark, Sweden, and the Russian Baltic provinces ; also in western Russia and in Westphalia. It is mined extensively, and is also found on the shores cast up by the waves after a heavy storm.
Further, resins resembling amber in appearance and in many of their characters and of like use occur at many other points, but according to Helm they are to be distinguished from true succinite, or amber iu the strict sense, chiefly by their containing very little or no succinic acid. Some of these other localities (see further special kinds described beyond) are : iu Galicia, near Lemberg, and at Miszau ; in Poland ; in Moravia, at Boskowitz, etc. ; in the Ural ; near Christi- ania, Norway ; in Switzerland, near Bate ; iu France, near Paris, in clay, in the department of the Lower Alps, with bituminous coal; also in the department of 1'Aisne, de la Loire, du Gard, du Bas-Rhin. It also occurs in various parts of Asia, as in Upper Burma. Also near Catania, on the Sicilian coast, sometimes of a peculiar opalescent blue or green tinge (see simetite, be- yond); of a rich golden yellow in southern Mexico.
Amber like resins have been found in various parts of the Green-sand formation of the United States, either loosely embedded in the soil, or engaged in marl or lignite, as at Gay Head or Martha's Vineyard ; near Trenton and also at Camden and elsewhere in New Jersey, and at Cape Sable, near Magothy river, in Maryland. A mass found iu the marl pits near Harrison- ville, Gloucester Co., N. J., was 20 X 6 X 1 in. and weighed 64 oz. G. 1'061 Kunz (this contains no succinic acid, Helm).
In the royal museum at Berlin there is a mass of amber weighing 18 Ibs. Another in the kingdom of Ava, India, is nearly as large as a child's head, and weighs 24 Ibs.; it is intersected by veins of calcium carbonate, from the thickness of paper to one-twentieth of an inch.
It is now fully ascertained that amber and the similar fossil resins are of vegetable origin, altered by fossilization. This is inferred both from its native situation with coal, or fossil wood, and from the occurrence of insects incased in it. Of these insects, some appear evidently to have struggled after being entangled in the then viscous fluid; and occasionally a leg or wing is found some distance from the body, which had been detached in the effort to escape. Goppert has shown (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 450, 1853, Am. J. Sc., 18, 287, 1854) that at least 8 species of plants be- sides the Pinites succiniferlmive afforded these fossilized resins, and he enumerates 163 species as represented by remains in them. Besides pines, species of the family AbietinecB and Cupressinea have probably contributed to them. True succinite, however, is shown by H. Conwentz (Mono- graph der Baltischen Bernsteinbaume, Danzig, 1890, quoted by Helm) to have been derived from the Pinus succinffer.
Amber was early known to the ancients, and called rfXeKrpov, electrum, whence, on account of its electrical susceptibilities, has been derived the word electricity. It was named by some lyncurium, though this name was applied by Theophrastus also to a stone, probably to zircon or tourmaline, both minerals of remarkable electrical properties.
Pliny mentions, as one proposed derivation of electrum. the fable, as he regards it. that the sisters of Phagthon, changed into poplars, shed their tears on the banks of the Eridanus (or Padus), and that these tears were called electrum, from the fact that the sun was usually called elector; as another, that it comes from Electrifies, the name of certain islands in the Adriatic ; or another, electrides, the name of certain stones in Britannia, from which it exudes. He gives it as his opinion that "amber is an exudation from trees of the pine family, like gum from the cherry, and resin from the ordinary pine "; and, as proof that it was once liquid, alludes to the gnats, etc., in it. He observes that it had been long called succinum, because of this origin, " quod arboris succum prisci nostri credidere." He says that in his time it was " in request among women only." But "it had been so highly valued as an object of luxury that a very diminutive human effigy, made of amber, had been known to sell at a higher price than living men, even in stout and vigorous health."
SUCCINELLITE. Succiuic acid obtained in orthorhombic crystals from amber; cf. Rg. , Kr. Ch., 2, 209, 1882. H. 1. G. — 1'55. Luster vitreous. Colorless or white. An aromatic odor. Soluble iu water. Composition corresponds to C4HO4 Carbon 40-7, hydrogen 5'1, oxygen 54-2 100. Evaporates at a low temperature, and on cooling condenses in crystals.
1004 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
Exists in amber, constituting 2£ to 6 p. c. of the mass (cf. p. 1003), and easily obtained from it by distillation. Its presence ready formed in this resin is shown by the fact that it may be separated either by water, ether, or alkalies, the amber being left after the treatment without its succinic acid.
The mineral resins immediately following are for the most part near succinite or amber. Other resins less closely related are appended to them.
Retinite. Amber pt. A general name applied to various resins, particularly those from beds of brown coal, which are near amber in appearance, but contain little or no succinic acid. It may conveniently serve as a generic name, since no two independent occurrences prove to be alike, and the indefinite multiplication of names, no one of them properly specific, is not to be desired.
A. A retinite from Halle afforded Bucholz (. J., 1, 290, 1811) 91 parts soluble in absolute alcohol, and 9 parts insoluble. The former gives a yellowish -brown deposit on dilution, and is more soluble in boiling dilute alcohol than in cold ; and it is insoluble in pure ether and turpentine. The latter is also insoluble in ether. Both are soluble in alkalies. The resin fuses with more difficulty than most resins, blackens in the heat, and gives out a strong aromatic odor. By distillation yields a brown thick oil, some water containing a little acetic acid, besides car- bonic acid and carburetted hydrogen.
B. Another retinite from the lignite at Walchow (Pogg., 59, 61, 18—) has been called WAL- CHOWITE (p. 1005).
C. A resin described by Dietrich (Vh. G. Reichs , No. 8, 1875). It occurs at Skuc in Bohe- mia in a coal-bearing sandstone. Hard. G. 1'092. Color dark honey-yellow. Slightly soluble in alcohol, better in benzene and chloroform. Melts to a compact mass and gives off a little suc ciuic acid. Analysis : C 76 '47, H 7 '84, O 15-68. S 0-025, N tr.
D. Brouner (Jahr. Ver. ., p. 81, 1878) found in a resin from Lebanon a small amount of succinic acid, also formic acid. Analysis : C 74'8, H 12'3, O 12 9. 8 p. c. were dis- solved in alcohol. Cf. Schraufite, p. 1006, also lieim, 1. c.. 1891, p. 199.
E. A resin from Japan called Japanese amber, analyzed by J. F. Eykmann in Tokio (quoted by Helm, 1. c.. 1891, p. 200) gave : C 83'48. H 10'45, O 6'12.
F. A resin from Greenland, analyzed by Chydenius (G. F5r. Forh., 2, 549, 1878) gave: C 73-47, H 10-20, O 16-33 100; empirical formula deduced C6H10O. Helm found a small amount of succinic acid in this resin, though Chydeuius obtained none.
Some other related resins, which have not received special names, are mentioned by Helm,
GEDANITE Otto Helm, Schriften Ges. Danzig, 4, No. 3, 214, 1878. A resin resembling amber, but not containing succinic acid, and less rich in oxygen. Fracture conchoidal. Fragile. H. l'5-2. G. — 1 '058-1 -068. Color wine-yellow, mo re or less clear. Transparent. Analysis:
C 81-01 H 11-41 O 7-33 S 0"25 100 (ash 0'06)
Becomes opaque upon heating, finally milky, and at 140°-180C bubbles up and melts. Warm alcohol dissolves 18-25 p. c., and warm ether 40-52 p. c. Found with succinite on the shores of the Baltic. Named from Oedanum, Latin name of Danzig
GLESSITE 0. Helm. Schriften Ges. Danzig, 5, No. 1-2, 291, 1881. A resin occurring, like gedanite, with succinite on the shores of the Baltic. It is peculiar in the presence of minute spherical cell-like forms, discerned by the microscope. Fracture conchoidal. H. — 2. G. — 1'015-1'027. Luster greasy. Color red-brown and translucent to brown or brownish black and opaque. Analysis :
C 79-36 H 9-48 O 10-72 S 0'44 100
Behaves nearly like succinite with solvents. When heated, begins to swell up at 120°, giving off white fumes, and at 200° melts to a thick liquid. Contains no succiuic acid, but probably formic acid. Named glessite fromglessum orglcesum, a name applied, as noted by Tacitus, to the amber.
RUMANITE 0. Helm, Schrift. Ges. Danzig, 7, No. 4, 186, 1891. Rumanischer Bernstein. A yellow amber- like resin obtained from different points -in Rumania, as in sandstone in the Buseo district, at Telage in the Bohosa district, etc. Color brownish yellow to brown, seldom yellow Transparent to translucent. Occurs in brittle masses, with flat conchoidal fracture. H. 2-5-3. G. 1-048-1-105. Analysis:
081-64 H9-66 O 7'56 81-15 100
In alcohol 6-6 p. c. dissolves ; In ether 14/4 p. c. ; in chloroform 11 '8; in benzene 14-2. Not acted upon by nitric acid in the cold, but when warmed oxidized to a yellow crumbling sub- stance. Melts without previous swelling up at 300°. In a glass retort, a watery fluid is distilled
Hydrocarbon Compounds. 1005
over with evolution of hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide ; then follows a thick reddish brown oil, while white fine crystals form in the neck which consist of succinic acid; the amount of the last varies in different samples, in four cases 0'3, 0'9, l-35, 3 '2 p. c.
SIMETITE 0. Helm & H. Conwentz, Sell rif ten Ges. Danzig, 5, No 1-2, 293etal., 1881, [Mal- pighia, 1, 49, 1886 ;] Helm, Schriften Ges. Danzig, 7, No. 4, 198, 1891. A-resin near amber from near Alt. Etna, Sicily. Remarkable for its deep red color and often showing a beautiful fluo- rescence. It is usually garnet-red to dark red in color and by reflected light appears nearly black ; sometimes lighter yellowish red. G. 1 '052-1 -068. Analysis gave Helm :
C 69-48 H 9-24 O 20'76 S 0'52 100
It contains only 0"4 p. c. succinic acid, but more sulphur in the form of an organic acid than succinite ; Helm found 0'52 in a light colored kind, 0'67 in a dark red, and 2'4p. c. in the black varieties. Ether dissolves 27 p. c., alcohol dissolves 21 p. c., and an alcoholic solution of potash 32 p. c.
Conwenlz mentions a resin resembling amber from Yucatan, near shnetite.
KRANTZITE (Fossiles Harz fr. Nienburg. Krantzit C. Bergemann, J. pr. Ch., 76, 65, 1859), Near succinite. Occurs in small grains and masses of a light yellow or greenish yellow color, but reddish or brownish externally. G. 0'968. Rather tender. Sectile and somewhat elastic. The exterior has G. 1'002. Anal. — Landolt:
C 79-25 H 10-41 O 10'34 100
Corresponding nearly to the formula C4oH64O4.
Only 4 p. c. soluble in alcohol, and 6 p. c. in ether ; and only softens in turpentine. In. sulphuric acid gives a brown solution. Fuses at 225°, and becomes perfectly fluid at 288°; and at a higher temperature yields gas and products of distillation. The ether solution affords a brownish amorphous substance, which is elastic like caoutchouc at 12°, and fuses at 150°.
SIEGBURGITE A. Ldsaulx, Jb. Mm., 128, 1875.
A resin from the brown-coal formation in the neighborhood of Troisdorf and Siegburg in the region of the Lower Rhine Occurs in concretionary masses in which the resin is mixed with some 50 p. c. or more of quartz sand, which, in the form of small granules, it cements together. H. 2-2'5. Color gold-yellow to brownish red or hyacinth-red. Analyses, Lasaulx, of two samples after deducting sand :
1. C 85-14 H 7-90 O 6'96 100
2. 81-37 5-86 13'37 100
Partially soluble in alcohol; also partially in ether, which is colored yellow and after- evaporation yields a yellow oil without separation of crystals. Melts and burns readily with a yellow, smutty flame giving an aromatic odor; yields a light greenish yellow oil on distillation, but no succinic acid.
Later investigated by Klinger and Pitschki (Ber. Ch. Ges.. 17, 2742, 1884). They obtained from 600 grams of the crude substance, 113 c.c. of a light oily liquid and 10 c.c. of an acid watery liquid ; in the distillation styrol (25 gr.) and cinnamic acid (4'4 gr.) were deducted; benzene and toluene were present in small quantity only.
WALCHOWITE. Bergpech pt. (fr. Walchow) Estner, Min., 3, Ite Abtb... 114, 1800. Retinit von Walchow Schrotter, 59, 37, 1843. Walchowit Haid.-, Ueb., 99, 1843, Handb., 574,
In yellow translucent masses, often striped with brown. Luster resinous. Fracture con- choidul. Translucent to opaque. H. l'5-2 G. 1-0-1-069; an opaque variety 1'035.
Ratio for C, H, O 40 : 64 : 3£. Anal.— Schrotter, Pogg., 59, 61, 1843.
80-41 H 10-66 O 8'93
Fuses to a yellow oil at 250° and burns readily; becomes transparent and elastic at 140°. But it is a mixture, as alcohol takes up 1-5 p. c., and ether 7'5 p. c. Forms a dark brown solution in sulphuric acid.
Occurs in brown coal at Walchow, in Moravia, and formerly called Retinite. Estner also mentions a honey-yellow resin ffom Uttigshof in Moravia (called Bernstein in the Abh. Holnn. Ges., 3, 8), and another of a similar color, but a little greenish, from Litezko in Moravia.
CHEMAW-INITE B. J. Harrington, Am. J. Sc., 42, 332, 1891.
A resin related to amber occurring in small fragments, from the size of a pea to that of a robin's egg or larger, on a low beach on Cedar Lake near the mouth of the north Saskatchewan. It forms from five to ten per cent by volume of the sand and vegetable debris, and along a mile of the beach it was estimated to be found in a band thirty feet wide with a minimum depth of two feet (Tyrrell).
Fracture conchoidal. H. 2'5. G. 1-055. Color pale yellow to dark brown. Becomes
1006 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
electric on friction. Ratio for C : H : O 40 : 62'79 : 3'56, or not far from recent copals from India. Analysis of material dried in vacuo over sulphuric acid :
C 79-96 H 10-46 O 9'49 Ash 0 09 100
In absolute alcohol, after hours, 21 '01 p. c. were dissolved; in absolute ether, after 2 hours, 24'84 p. c. Heated in a closed tube, begins to soften at 150°, and at 180°-190° could be pressed into a single mass; at 300° became soft and elastic, but dicl not melt into a flowing liquid and had darkened somewhat from partial decomposition. Yielded no crystals of suc- cinic acid in a retort.
Named Chemawinite from Chemahawin or Chemayin, the Indian name of a Hudson Bay post not far from where the resin occurs. Probably derived from one of the Tertiary or Creta- ceous lignites occurring on the Saskatchewan. Some of these are known to contain resins, one of which was found by Harrington to be near the above, with H. — 2, G. T066, and dis solved in absolute alcohol to 29'30 p. c.
DUXITE Doelter, Vh. G. Reichs., 145, 1874. A resin from the lignite of Dux, Bohemia. Opaque. Color dark brown. G. 1'133. Melts at 246°. Fischer obtained, besides 2'72 water and 1-94 ash : C 78'25, H 8'14, O 13-19, S 0'42 100. Near walchowite.
MUCKITE J. wn Schrockinger, y\i. G. Reichs., 387, 1878. A resin from the coal beds at Neudorf, Moravia, disseminated in minute particles, and in small bands. Color opaque yellow, or light brownish yellow, and transparent to translucent. H. 1-2. G. 1-0025. Anal. — Dietrich :
C 79-22 H 9-57 O 11-21, corresponding to CHO,
Fuses between 290° and 310°. In alcohol, 14 p. c. dissolve; in ether, 40 p. c., both 'caving a yellowish brown residue.
NEUDORFITE J. von Schrockinger, Vh. G. Reichs., 387, 1878. A resin occurring in a coal bed at Neudorf, Moravia. Color pale yellow. Luster waxy. Fracture conchoidal G. 1 -045- 1-060. Anal.— Dietrich :
C 78-04, H 9-84, O 11-98, N 0'14, corresponding to Ci8Ha8Oa C 78-26, H 10-14, O 11-60 - 100.
Fuses at 280°. Dissolves in ether, leaving a whitish yellow resinous powder.
SCHRAUFITE J. wn ticking er , Vh. G. Reichs., 134, 1875.
Occurs in small masses and in layers, in the schistose sandstone (Carpathian sandstone) . near Wamnia, in Bukowina. Fracture semi-conchoidal to splintery. II. =2-8. G. I'O 1-12. Color hyacinth- to blood-red. Translucent. Melting point 326°, when decomposition goes on. Partially soluble in alcohol, benzene, and chloroform; completely soluble in sulphuric acid, fhe larger portion of the resin separating as a grayish yellow slimy mass, upon dilution with water. Formula: C,,HieO2, requiring : C 73'33, H 8'89, O 17 "78 100. Anal.— Dietrich :
C 73-81 H 8-82 O 17'37
With this resin correspond also a resin from Mizun and Hoflein, and less closely others from the neighborhood of Lemberg. Schrockinger proposes to include the several occurrences under the name Schraufite, after Prof. A. Schrauf, of Vienna.
This is near the resin from Lebanon, see p. 1004; cf. also John, Vh. G. Reichs., 255, 1876, and Bronner, Jahr. Ver. Want., 34, 86, 1878.
A resin near schraufite is mentioned by J. Stuart Thomson as found with the coal at Fauldhouse, Midlothian, Scotland, Min. Mag., 7, 215, 1887.
JATJLINGITE Zepharomch, Ber. Ak. Wien, 16, 366, 1855.
A resin occurring in the Jauling, near St. Viet, in Lower Austria. It somewhat resembles amber, is hyacinth-red, translucent in thin splinters, maybe rubbed to a yellow powder between the fingers, and has H. 2'5, G. l'098-l'lll. By the action of carbon disulphide a resin- like substance was obtained from this, which was brownish yellow in color; brittle; at 50°. softens, at 70° liquid. Easily soluble in alcohol and ether. Aromatic odor when heated. Ratio for C, H, O 39 : 60 : C26H4oO3, Ragsky, who obtained : f C 77 -97, H 10 14, O 11-89 100. Not soluble in a carbonated alkali, and scarcely at all in a potash solution.
A Bela-jnulingite was obtained from the residue, after the treatment with carbon disulphide, by the action of ether. Color brownish yellow. Softens at 135°, and becomes liquid at 160°. Dissolves easily in alcohol and ether, but not in carbonated alkali or carbon disulphide. Ratio for C, H, O 53£: 8f; or 18 : 24 : 4, Ragsky, who obtained : f C 70-90, H 7'93, O 21-17 100. It contains double the oxygen of the preceding, with less, proportionally, of hydrogen.
REFIKITE La Cava [J. connais. medicale. Paris, 1852], Dx , Min., 2, 58, 1874.
A resin found in the lignite of Montorio, near Feramo, Abruzzes. It is amorphous, in small scales. Very soft. Fragile. Color white. Composition, C2oH,,O2 Carbon 79'0, hydrogen 10'5, oxygen 10 '5 100. Analysis :
C 77-77 H 11-18 O 11-05 100
Hydrocarbon Compounds. 1007
Soluble in ether ami in absolute alcobol, and on boiling separates in masses or small crystals, .Also soluble iu boiliug caustic potash.
KOFLACHITE Doetter, Mitth. Ver. Steiermark, p. 93, 1878.
A resin from Laukowitz near Koflach in Styria, where it occurs in the Tertiary brown coaL Fracture couchoidal. G. 1 -3-1 '25. Color dark brown, but reddish browji in tine splinters. Becomes electric with friction. Composition, CjglsOa Carbon 82 '3, hydrogen 10 '2, oxygen 7'5 100. Analysis, Andreasch :
C 82-23 H 10-28 O 7'49 100
Meltiug point 98°, but becomes soft at a lower temperature. Easily soluble in ether; soluble in carbon disulphide, but insoluble in alcohol and caustic potash.
AMBRITE. Ambrit (fr. N. Zealand) Hochstetler, v. Hauer, Vh. G. Reichs., 4, 1861. Am- berite.
Amorphous; in large masses. H 2. G. 1'034 Luster greasy. Color yellowish gray. Subtransparent. Strong electric on friction. Fracture conchoidal.
Ratio deduced for C, H, O 40 : 66 : 5 Carbon 76'88, hydrogen 10'54, oxygen 12-77. Von Hauer makes the ratio 32 : 26 : 4, which is not nearer the analysis than the above. Anal.— R. Maly, 1. c.:
C 76-53 H 10-58 O 12'70 Ash 0-10
Wholly insoluble in alcohol, ether, oil of turpentine, benzene, chloroform, and dilute acid. Burns with yellow smoking flame. The ash contains iron, lime, and soda.
Occurs in masses as large as the head in the province of Auckland, N. Zealand, at the Hawakawa colliery, Bay of Islands, at Waikato and at Uhangarei. It much resembles the resin of the Dammara Australia, or Kauri gum, which abounds on the island, and is often exported with it.
BUCAKAMANGITE. Resine de Bucaramanga Boussingault, Ann. Ch. Phys., 6, 507, 1842. Resembles amber in its pale yeUow color. G. above 1.
Ratio for C, H, O 42 : 66 : - Carbon 82'7, hydrogen 10'8, oxygen 6'5 100. Insol- uble iu alcobol. In ether softens and becomes opaque. Fuses easily, and burns with a little smoky flame, leaving no residue. Yields no succiuic acid.
An analysis gave Boussingault: C 82'7, H 10'8, O 6'5, N tr. 100. C. R., 96, 1452, 1883.
KOSTHOKNITE H. Hofer, Jb. Min., p. 561, 1871.
In lenticular masses in coal. G. 1-076. Luster greasy. Color brown, with garnet-red reflections; in thin splinters wine-yellow. Composition, C34H4oO. Anal. — Mitteregger, 1. c.:
C 84-42 H 11-01 O 4-57 100
At 96° commences to melt to a viscous brownish red mass, which at 160° gives off bub- bles and at 205° white fumes; heated to 225° the evolution of gas ceases, leaving a thin dark purplish red fluid. Insoluble in dilute nitric acid, as also in potash or alcohol. Slightly soluble in warm ether and entirely so in warm oil of turpentine Completely soluble in benzene at ordinary temperatures. From Sonnberge, Carinthia.
COPALITE. Fossil Copal, High gate- Resin, Aikin, Min., 64, 1815. Retinite pt. Olock., Min., 372, 1831, Raid , Handb., 574. 1845. Fossil Copal /. F. W. Johnston, Phil. Mag., 14, 87, 1839. Copaliue Hausm., Handb., 1500, 1847.
Like the resin copal in hardness, color, luster, transparency, and difficult solubility in alco- hol. Color clear pale yellow to dirty gray and dirty brown. Emits a resinous aromatic odor when broken. G. 1'GIO Johnston; 1-05 Bastock; 1'053E. Indies, Kenugott.
Ratio for C, H, O 40 : 64 : 1 Carbon 85'7, hydrogen 11-4, oxygen 2'9 100. Anal.- 1, 2, Johnston. 3, Duflos [Min. Unters., 2, 1831], Min., 5th Ed., p. 739.
C H O Ash
1. Yellow trp. 85'677 11-476 2-847 — 100
2. Gray 85408 11 '787 2'669 0'136 100
3. E. Indies 85'73 11 '50 2'77 — 100
Volatilizes in the air by a gentle heat. Burns easily with a yellow flame and much smoke, and hardly any perceptible ash. Slightly acted upon by alcohol. Kenngott's mineral closely resembles the Highgate copalite in its honey-yellow color, and its action with heat and alcohol.
From the blue clay (London clay) of Highgate Hill, near London, from whence it is called Highgate resin. It occurs in irregular pieces of a pale honey-yellow color.
AMBROSINE G. U. Shepard, Rural Carolinian, 1, p. 311. In rounded masses. Color yellow- ish to clove-brown. Fracture conchoidal. Luster resinous. Becomes electric on friction. -Melts at about 250° to a clear yellowish liquid; softens at a lower temperature. Gives off " sue-
1008 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
cinic acid before melting "; on fusion gives an agreeable balsam-like color, unlike that from the resins oi ordinary pines, ami a dark, brown uou-voiatile fluid remains as long as the melting heat, is kept up. Combustible, leaves no ash. Soluble for the most part in oil ot turpentine, alcohol, ether, auu chloroform, as also in polash. Stated to have been found in the phospliatic beds near Charleston, S. C. (Ii has been suggested that ihis may be only a modern resin which has been subjected to the actiou of salt water.)
AJKITE. A resiu near amber, Ajka, Hungary (Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 126, 1878).
WHEELEUITE 0. Loew, Am. J. tic., 7, 571, 1874.
A resin, yellowish in color, found in the Cretaceous beds of northern New Mexico, filling the fissures of the lignite, or interst ratified in thiu layers in it. Most abundantly observed in the viciuity of Nachnieuto. Two analyses gave Loew :
1. C 78-07 H 7-95 O undet.
2. 72-87 7-88
These agree closely with the formula n(CsH6O), where n is probably 5 or 6.
Soluble in ether, less so iu carbon disulphide. In concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves producing a dark brown solution, from which it is precipitated by water. In alcohol the prin- cipal portion is readily dissolved, while a small part remains insoluble. The hot alcoholic extract of the resin deposits, on cooling, a few yellow flocculi. The solution, on evaporation, gives a yellowish resin very brittle, and becoming strongly electric on friction; it melts at 154°. Named for Lieut. G. M. Wheeler. U. S. Army.
IGNITE £ Purnell, Am. J. Sc. , 16, 153 1878. A fossil hydrocarbon found in a more or less impure condition in the lignite of lone Valley, Amador County, California. Structure- firm, earthy. Color brownish yellow. Partially soluble iu cold alcohol, largely soluble in ether, completely so iu chloroform. A brown tarry oil containing a small quantity of paraffin is separated by dry distillation. Exact chemical nature unknown.
EUOSMITE. Erdharz, Kampferharz, Euosinit, C. W. Gumbel, Jb. Min., 10, 1864.
Amorphous, in masses of a brownish yellow color, or like that of cherry gum, and looking like common pitch. H. 1'5. G. — I'S-l'o. Brittle. In thin pieces transparent. Fracture conchoidal. Strongly electric on friction. Has an odor between that of resin acd that of camphor. Dissolves easily iu cold alcohol or ether, and hot oil of turpentine.
Ratio of C, H, O 17 : 29 : 1 Carbon 81 '9, hydrogen 11-7, oxygen 6-4 100. Afforded 0'84 of ash. The ratio is almost identical with that of leucopetrite. Melts at 77% and burns with a bright flame and very aromatic odor. Solutions of the alkalies dissolve only a little of it, after long action.
From clefts iu brown coal, at Baiershof, near Thumsenreuth. in the Fichtelgebirge, and derived probably from a kind of Conifer, and one resembling the Cupi-essinoxyion suaquale Goppert.
Bathvillite. Bathvillite C. Gr. Williams, Ch. News, 7, 133, 1863. Torbauite pt.
Amorphous Dull, and of a fawn-brown color, looking somewhat like wood in the last stage of decay. Opaque. G. , after removing air of pores by air-pump, about T01. Very friable, but this characteristic may not be essential to the species. Insoluble in benzene. Torbauite has H. 2'25; G. 1"18 Heddle; color clove-brown; powder yellowish; tough.
Comp. — Ratio for C, H, O, from the analyses, 40 : 68 : 4, or near that of succinite, Carbon 78'43, hydrogen 11-11, oxygen 10-46 100. The ratio 40 : 66 : 4 is less near, giving the per- centage: Carbon 78'7, hydrogen 10'5, oxygen 108 100. Anal. — 1, Williams, 1 c. ; la, same
with ash excluded. 2, Miller; 2a, same with ash excluded.
C H O Ash
1. Bathvillite 58'89 8'56 1 23 25'32 100 la. " 78-86 11-46 9'68 — 100
2. Torbanite 63-10 8'91 8"21 19-78 100 8a. " 78-67 ll'll 10-22 — 100
Williams refers here the torbanite analyzed by Miller. Other analyses of torbanite give less oxygen. The oxygen includes a little nitrogen and sulphur. Williams makes the formula C3oHsoO3 Carbon 78'60, hydrogen 10'92, oxygen 10 48, agreeing hardly as well with the analyses as the above.
Does not melt when heated. In a platinum crucible affords a fatty odor, and burns with a dense smoky flame. No action with moderately dilute nitric acid; completely carbonized by concentrated sulphuric acid.
Htdrocarbon Compounds. 1009
Obs.— Bathvillite occurs in the torbanite or Boghead coal (of the Carboniferous formation), adjoining the lands of Torbaue Hill, in the grounds of Bathville, Scotland. It forms lumps which nil cavities in the torbauite Other cavities are occupied by calcite, pyrite, etc. It may be an altered lump of resin; or else material which has filtrated into the cavity from the sur- rounding torbanite.'
The analysis of Miller shows that some of the torbanite has the same composition. As proof of the absolute purity of the substances analyzed could not be had, the results are open to some doubt, as Williams observes.
TORBANITE. Torbanite, although related to cannel coal, has a very nearly uniform com- position, according to all analyses thus far made, excepting that of Miller, and this composition is like that of bathvillite, excepting less oxygen. It corresponds very nearly with the formula C4oHflt,O2.2s Carbon 82'19, hydrogen 1T64, oxygen (5T7. The mean of five analyses (see 5th Ed., p. 757) is, Carbon 81'1">, hydrogen 11 48, with oxygen about 6'0, nitrogen T'37 100; excluding the nitrogen, C 82-28, H 11-54, O 6'08 100. Less than p. c. of torbanite is soluble in naphtha (Fyfe).
RETINELLITE. Part of Bright Yellow Loam (fr. Bovey) so saturated with petroleum that it burns like sealing-wax, J. Milieu, Phil. Trans., 51, 536, 1760; Bitumen from Bovey, lletin asphaltum. Hatekelt, ib., 402, 1804; Retinite. Kesiu of Retiu Asphalt, Retiuic Acid, /. F. W. Johnston, Phil. Mag., 12, 560, 1888 Retinellite Dana.
Resin-like. Light brown. Begins to melt at 121°, is perfectly fluid at 160°. and gives off a resin-like odor at 100°. Soluble in alcohol, still more freely in ether. Ratio for C, H, O 21 : 28 : 3 Carbon 76'8, hydrogen 8'6, oxygen 14'6 100. Analysis: Johnston, i. c.
C 76-86 H 8-75 O 14'39 100
Johnston describes salts of retiuic acid with silver, lead, and lime.
The retinasphalt of Hatch'ett, from the Tertiary coal of Bovey in Devonshire, from which alcohol separates the above species, occurs in roundish masses, having H. l-2'5; G. 1'135 Hatchett; luster slightly resinous in the fracture, often earthy externally; color light yellowish brown, sometimes green, yellow, reddish, or striped; and is subtransparent to opaque; often flexible and elastic when first dug up, though brittle on drying. Johnston, after drying the retiuasphalt at 300°, obtained 53 "92 p. c. of resin soluble in alcohol, 27'45 of insoluble organic matter, and 13'23 of ash 100. The insoluble portion has not been investigated.
XYLORETINITE. Xyloretin Forchhammer, J. pr. Ch., 20, 459, 1840. Hartiu Schrotter, Pogg., 59, 45, 1843. Psathyrit Glocker, Syn., 8, 1847.
Massive, but crystallizes from a naphtha solution in needles of the orthorhombic system. G. 1 "115 hartine. Color white. Pulvet izes in the fingers. Without taste or smell. Soluble in ether.
Ratio (Rg.) for C, H, O 42 : 58 : 5 Carbon 78-51. hydrogen 9'05, oxygen.12'44. CaoHO,, deduced by Schrotter, corresponds better with the analyses. Anal. — 1-3, Schrotter, 1. c. 4, 5, Forchhammer, 1. c.
C H O Fusing T.
1. Hartine 78'26 10'92 10-82 100 210°
2. " 78-46 11-00 10-54 100
3. " 78-33 ' 10-85 10-82 100
4. Xyloretinite 79-09 10'93 9'98 100 165°
5. " 78-57 10-81 10-62 100
The hartine is a white resin separated by ether from a resin obtained from the brown coal of Oberhart. No. 1 is hartine as separated in an amorphous condition by means of naphtha; and 2, 3, crystallized from an ether solution. (Besides the hartiue, two amorphous brown resins were also obtained from the solution.) Xylorelinite was derived by Forchhammer through the action of alcohol on fossil pine-wood from the marshes of Holtegaard in Denmark.
SCLEKETINITE /. W. Mallet, Phil. Mag., 4, 261, 1852.
In small drops or tears, from the size of a pea to that of a hazel-nut. H. 3. G. 1'136. Translucent in thin splinters. Color black, but by transmitted light reddish brown; streak cinnamon-brown. Luster between vitreous and resinous, rather brilliant. Brittle; fracture conchoidal. Insoluble in alcohol, ether, alkalies, and dilute acids.
Ratio for C, H, O 40 : 56 : 4 Carbon 80'0, hydrogen 8'0, oxygen 9'3 100. Anal.— J W. Mallet :
1. C 76-74 H 8-86 O 10'72 Ash 3'68 100
2. 77-15 9-05 10-12 3'68 100
Heated on platinum foil it swells up, burns like pitch, with a disagreeable empyreumatic smell and a smoky flame, leaving a coal rather difficult to burn, and final!" ' 'fftte gray ash.
1010 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
In a glass tube yields a yellowish brown oily product of a nauseous empyreumatic odor. Even strong nitric acid acts slowly upon it. From the Coal-measures of Wigan, England.
GUYAQUILLITE J. F. W. Johnston, Phil. Mag., 13, 329, 1838.
Amorphous. In large masses or layers. Yields easily to the knife, and may be rubbed to powder. G. 1-092. Color pale yellow. Luster not resinous, or imperfectly so. Slightly soluble in water, and largely in alcohol, forming a yellow solution which is intensely bitter.
Ratio for C, H, O 40 : 52 : 6 Carbon 76"67, hydrogen 8'17, oxygen 15'16 100 Johnston. Begins to melt at 69°, but does not flow easily till near 100°. As it cools becomes viscid, and may be drawn into fine tenacious threads. Soluble in cold sulphuric acid, forming a dark reddish brown solution. A few drops of ammonia put into the alcoholic solution darken the color, and finally change it to a dark brownish red.
Stated to form an extensive deposit near Guyaquil in South America.
MIDDLETONITE /. F. W. Johnston, Phil. Mag., 12, 261, 1838.
In rounded masses, seldom larger than a pea, or in layers a sixteenth of an inch or less in thickness, between layers of coal. Brittle. G. 1'6. Luster resinous. Color reddish brown by reflected light, and deep red by transmitted; powder light brown. Transparent in small fragments. No taste or smell. Blackens on exposure. Only a trace dissolved by boiling alcohol, ether, or oil of turpentine. Not altered at 210°.
Ratio for C, H, O 40 : 44 : 2 Carbon 86'33, hydrogen 7'92, oxygen 5'75 100. Johnston obtained : Carbon 86'21, hydrogen 8'03, oxygen 5-76 100. On a red cinder burns like resin. Softens and melts in boiling nitric acid, with the emission of red fumes; a brown flocky precipitate falls on cooling. Soluble in cold concentrated sulphuric acid.
Occurs between layers of coal about the middle of the Main coal or Haigh Moor seam, at the Middleton collieries, near Leeds, in thin layers and masses, rarely thicker than in., and little rounded masses seldom larger than a pea; also at Newcastle.
Tasmanite. Resiniferous Shale (fr. Tasmania), Catal. Internal. Exhib., 1862. Tasmanite A. H. Church, Phil. Mag., 28, 465, 1864.
In disks or scales thickly disseminated through a laminated shale; average diameter of scales about 0-03 in. Fracture couchoidal. H. 2. G. 1'18. Luster resinous. Color reddish brown. Translucent. Not dissolved at all by alcohol, ether, benzene, turpentine, or carbon disulphide, even when heated.
Comp., etc. — No action wiih hydrochloric acid ; slowly oxidized by nitric acid. Readily carbonized by sulphuric acid, with evolution of hydrogen sulphide. Alkalies in solution without action. Burns readily with a smoky flame and offensive odor; fuses partially, yielding oily and solid products having a disagreeable smell. Ratio of C, H, O, S 40 : 62 : 2 : 1 Carbon 79-2, hydrogen 10'2, oxygen 5'28, sulphur 5-28 100. Anal.— Church, after rejecting 8'14 p. c. of ash :
C 79-34 H 10-41 O 4-93 S 5'32
Obs. — From the river Mersey, north side of Tasmania. The rock is called combustible shale.
TRINKERITE G. Tschermak, J. pr. Ch., 2, 258, 1870, and Jb. G. Reichs., 20, 279, 1870.
Compact and amorphous. H. 1-5-2. G. — 1'025. Luster greasy. Color hyacinth-red to chestnut-brown. Transparent to translucent. Anal. — 1, Hlasiwetz, 1. c. 2, Niedzwiedzki, Vh. G. Reichs., 132, 1871.
C HO S Ash
1. Carpano 81-1 11 '2 3'0 4-7 None 100
2. Gams G. 1'032 81'9 10'9 3'1 4'1 — 99"0
Fuses at 168°-180°, at a higher temperature gives off choking fumes. Insoluble in water, and only slightly in alcohol and ether. Soluble in hot benzene.
Occurs in large compact masses in brown coal at Carpauo near Albona in Istria; also found at Gams near Hieflau in Styria. Resembles in composition the tasinanite of Church.
Dysodile. (Fr. Melili, Sicily.) Paulo Boccone, Recherches et Obs. Nouv., etc., Amsterd., 1674. Dysodile Cordier, J. Mines, 23. 275, 1808. Merda di Diavolo Ital. Stinkkohle Germ. Houille papyracee, Tourbe papyracee, Fr.
In very thin leaves or folia, flexible, slightly elastic. G. l'14-l-25. Color yellow or greenish gray. Streak shining.
Very inflammable, burning with a bright flame and an odor like that of asafretida, leaving an ash in the form of laminaj, consisting largely, as shown by Ehrenberg, of the siliceous shells of infusoria, especially of Naviculae. Delesse found (These anal. Chim., 50, 1843) a variety from Glimbach, near Giessen, to afford water and volatile matters 49-l, carbon 5"5, ash, 45"4; of the last. 17'4 were soluble silica, 11 -0 iron sesquioxide, and 10-0 clay.
Hydrocarbon Compounds. 1011
Church, Ch. News, 34, 155, 1876, has obtained for dysodile from Rotl near Bonn, after deducting ash:
C 69-01 H 10-04 O 16-90 S 2'35 N 1'70 100
It is not certain that the sulphur may not be present as pyrite.
Originally from Melili, Sicily, forming a coaly deposit, made up of very thin paper-like leaves, which had evidently been derived from the joint decomposition and alteration of vegetable and animal matter. Reported also from the lignite deposits of Westerwald near Roll; of Siegberg to the north of the Siebengebirge; of Saint Armaud in Auvergne; Glimbach near Giesseu; but the real nature of only the first of these substances has been investigated.
Fyroretinite. Part of Pyroretin of A. E. Reuss, Ber. Ak. Wien, 12, 551, 1854; /. Stanek, ib., p. 554. Pyroretinite Dana.
Resin-like. Deposited in powder from a hot alcoholic solution of pyroretin as it cools. Ratio of C, H, O 40 : 56 : 4 Carbon 80*00, hydrogen 9 '33, oxygen 10 '67 100. Analysis. — Stanek, 1. c. :
C 80-02 H 9-42 O [10-56] 100
Approaches, as Stanek states, the beta-resin of the resin of Pinus abies (Johnston) C4oH58O5, and also copaivic acid (fr. Copaiba balsam), C4oHoO4, and other related compounds, showing that it is probably from coniferous trees.
Pyroretin of Reuss, the resin which affords the above, occurs in the brown coal, between Salesl and Proboscht, near Aussig in Bohemia. It occurs in masses from the size of a nut to that of a man's head, and also in plates an inch thick. It is brittle; of brownish black color; greasy- resinous luster; wood-brown powder; H. 2'5; G. 1 -05-1 "18; and resembles much brown coal. It burns with a reddish yellow flame, and a strong odor like that of burning amber, and leaves a black coal. It melts easily, decomposing and giving off white fumes, and leaves an asphalt-like mass. Reuss states evidence showing that it has probably been formed by the action of the heat of a basaltic dike on a bed of brown coal.
STANEKITE is separated from the pyroretin of Reuss by boiling alcohol, which leaves it behind. Not soluble in any fluid without decomposition, and not at all in a solution of potash. Anal. — Staiiek:
C 76-71 H 7-30 O 15'99 100
Corresponding to C : H : O 39 : 44 : 6, or perhaps 40 : 44 : 6. When heated gives oft' the odor of succiuic acid.
REUSSINITE. Resin-like. Color fine reddish brown. Soluble in boiling alcohol and in ether, and not deposited from the alcoholic solution on its cooling. Stanek (1. c.) found for the composition of the resin thus obtained: C 81 "09, H 9'47, 09*44 100; corresponding to CioHseOs-s; and he regards the substance as a mixture of the above pyroretinite, C4oH5<>O4, with another resin (here designated reussinite) of the formula C4oH5aO3.
Leucopetrite. Leucopetrin L. Bruckner, J. pr. Ch., 57, 1, 1852, in art. entitled Ueber einige eigenthumliche wachshaltige Braunkohlen.
Between a resin and wax in characters. Crystallizable in needles from solution. Color of crystals white. Melting point above 100°; and after fusion browu and partly decomposed, and hence the exact melting point not easily determinable. Soluble in ether; also 1 part in 268 of boiling absolute alcohol; but not at all in alcohol of 80 p. c.
Comp.— C5oHMO3, Bruckner, Carbon 81 '97, hydrogen 11'47, oxygen 6'56 100; very nearly C40H67O2. 4. Not at all acted upon by a hot solution of potash, or cold nitric acid.
Obs. — From a layer 4-2 ft. thick, in an earthy yellowish brown brown coal, at Gesterwitz, near Weissenfels. The material of the layer is of loam-like aspect, but gives a shining wax-like streak, has G. 1'297 Wackeuroder, and loses 22 p. c. of water at 100°. The dried mass is nearly half sand and other earthy materials. The leucopetrite is associated in the coaly layer, according to Bruckner, with other organic compounds, soluble in alcohol of 80 p. c., including two resins, two wax-like substances (p. 1012), and an acid which Bruckner calls Oeoretinic acid (Brucknerellite Dana). By a distillation of the mass of the brown coal, 28 p. c. of the whole passes over as a butter-like mass, which is related to the paraffins, but, according to Bruckner, contains 2 p. c. of oxygen. It afforded : f Carbon 84'04, hydrogen 14-10, oxygen [1'86J, and he writes the formula C56HuoC). It dissolves easily in hot absolute alcohol and ether, and very sparingly in alcohol of 80 p. c. ; crystals in pearly hexagonal plates from the alcoholic solution; melts at 50°.
Named after the locality, Weissenfels ( white rock), from \evxo?, white, and ne'rpo?, stone.
BRUCKNERELLITE (see above) has the following characters: Crystallizable in white needles from alcoholic solution. Dissolves easily in boiling alcohol; and. if the solution is a concentrated one, crystallizes out more or less completely on cooling. Composition C24H44O8, Bruckner,
1012 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
Carbon 62-61, hydrogen 9-56, oxygen 27-83 100. The lead salt afforded : Carbon 43'36, hydro- gen 6-59, lead oxide 34 '58, oxygen [15 '47] 100.
ANTHRACOXENITE. Part of Authracoxen (fr. Braudeisl) Reuss, T. Laurene, Ber. Ak. Wien, 21, 271, 1856, J. pr. Ch., 69, 4'28, 1856. Anthracoxenite Dana.
Obtained as a black powder from a resin, by separating the remainder by means of ether, the anthracoxenite being insoluble in ether. Ratio of C, H, O 40 : 38 : 7|. Anal.— Laureuz:
C 75-274 H 6-187 O 18-539
11 p c. of ash were separated. Not soluble in menstrua without decomposition.
From a resin-like material, constituting layers 2£ in. thick between layers of coal, in the coal beds of Brandeisl, near Schlan in Bohemia; the mass is amorphous, and has H. 2'5; G. 1-181; luster externally weak adamantine; color brownish black, hyacinth-red in thin splinters by transmitted light; streak dull, yellowish brown; fracture small-conchoidal; easily rubbed to a fine powder; fuses easily; burns with a yellow smoking flame, and an odor not disagreeable. This substance was named anthracoxene by Reuss. The name is here appropriated to the part insoluble in ether.
The soluble part, which has been named schlanite, is a dark or light brown powder. Ratio for C, H, O 40 : 52 : Carbon 81'63, hydrogen 8'85, oxygen 9'52 100. Anal.— Laurenz, 1. c.: f C 81 '47, H 8 '71, O 9 "82 100.
Geomyricite. Geomyricin L.Bruckner, J. pr. Ch., 57, 10, 1852.
Wax-like. Obtained in a pulverulent form from a solution, the grains consisting (as apparent under a microscope) of acicular crystals. Color white. Melting point 80°-83&. After fusion has the aspect of a yellowish brittle wax. No action in a solution of potash. Soluble easily in hot absolute alcohol and ether, but slightly in alcohol of 80 p. c.
Comp., etc.— CsaHesOa Carbon 80'59, hydrogen 13'42, oxygen 5'99 100. Anal.— Bruckner, 1. c.
C H O
1. Melt. T. 83° 80-33 13-50 [6'171
2. 83 79-97 12-85 [7-18]
3. " 80 80-21 13-24 [6-55]
Burns with a bright flame. Bruckner observes that the composition is very near that of the Chinese wax, Palrn wax (from the S. A. palm, Ceroxylon andicola), Carmiuba wax (from the S. A. palm, Corypha cerifera), for which Lewy obtained C38H72O2 Carbon 80'59, hydrogen 13-42. oxygen 5'99 100.
Obs.— Occurs at the Gesterwitz brown-coal deposit, in a dark brown layer, similar in most respects to the yellowish brown which afforded the leucopetrite. Its very slight insolubility in alcohol of 80 p. c. enabled Bruckner to separate resins and other soluble ingredients present in the mass. L. Lesquereux states (priv. coutr.) that the brown -coal beds of the basin in which Gesterwitz lies has afforded the palms Flabelaria latania and Phcznicites Oiebelianus, and perhaps others, though none has yet been reported from the particular bed at Gesterwitz.
Geocerite. Geocerain L. Bruckner, J. pr.Ch., 57, 14, 1852.
Wax-like. Color white. Not observed to crystallize from its solution in alcohol. Melting point near 80°; after fusion solidities as a yellowish wax, hard but not very brittle. Soluble in alcohol at 80 p. c. Not acted upon by a hot solution of potash.
Comp. — CssHseOa Carbon 79'24, hydrogen 13-21, oxygen 7'55 100. Anal. — Bruckner.
C 79-06 H 13-13 O [7-811 100
79-16 13-01 [7-83] 100
OD.— From the same dark-brown brown coal of Gesterwitz that afforded the geomyricite, and from the same solution. The solution, after yielding the geomyricite, and next, on adding a hot solution of acetate of lead, a precipitate of a salt of lead and " geocerinsaure" (geocerellite Dana), finally afforded, on filtering the hot solution, the geocerite in the state of a jelly, which on drying became a white foliated mass. Named from yt], earth, and Krjpfo, wax.
GEOCERELLITE has the following characters: Color white. Brittle, and easily pulverized. No crystallization observed. Soluble freely in hot alcohol, and deposited from the solution as a jellv on cooling, with nothing crystalline under the microscope. Melting point 82 . Analysis. Brlickner (1. c.): f Carbon 78-61, hydrogen 12'70, oxygen 18'69 100. This corre- sponds to CasHssO*-
Bombiccite. BecU, Achiartfi, Min. Toscana, 1, 358, 1873. Bombicci, Mem. Accad. Bologna, 9, 1869. GuarescJd, Boll. Com. G., 2, 70, 1871. Schrauf, Atlas, , 1873.
Triclinic. H. 0-5-1. G. 1'06. Transparent. Colorless. Analysis, Bechi (after deducting impurities), 1. c
C 74-56 H 10-70 O 14 '74 100
Hydrocarbon Compounds. 1013
This corresponds to the empirical formula C7HOi3. Softens with heat, and fuses at 75°, and at a higher temperature it volatilizes. Insoluble in water, but extremely soluble in carbon disulphide; also soluble in ether and in alcohol.
Found in lignite at Castelnuovo d'Avane.in the upper valley of the Arno, Tuscany.
Achiardi refers to this species a fossil resin, described by Guareschi-d. e.) as found in the upper valley of the Arno. It occurs in irregular whitish-yellow masses, soft. It fuses easily, and burns with a smoky flame. Two analyses gave:
1. C 72-72 H 9-41 O 17'87 100
2. 76-94 9-12 13'94 100
HOFMANNITE BecJii, Ace. Line. Trans., 2, 135, 1878. Occurs in rhomb-shaped tabular crys- tals; colorless, tasteless, odorless. G. 1-0565. Soluble in alcohol (5 pts. in 1000 pts. alcohol at 14°) more readily than in ether. Melts at 71° to a fluid resembling olive oil, burns with a bright flame. Composition CaoHseO. Analysis gave: C 82'23, H 12-20, O 5'57. Forms a white crystalline efflorescence on lignite in the neighborhood of Siena. Named after Prof. A. W. H of maun, of Berlin.
Idrialite. Quecksilberbrauderz pt. Idrialine (fr. Idria) Dumas, Ann. Ch. Phys., 50, 360, 1832. Idrialite Schrotter, Baumg. Zs., 3, 245, 4, 5.
In the pure state crystalline in structure. Color white. In nature found only impure, being mixed with cinnabar, clay, and some pyrite and gypsum in a brownish-black earthy material, called, from its combustibility and the presence of mercury, inflammable cinnabar (Quecksilberbranderz).
Dumas separated the idrialite by treatment with oil of turpentine and obtained: C 94'9, H 5-1 — 100, which corresponds to C : H 3 : 2; cf. SchrOtter, 1. c.
Insoluble in water, and little so in alcohol or ether. Fuses at 205°. Schrotter found in one specimen of the crude mineral: 77'32 idrialite, 17'85 cinnabar, and 2"75 of otner impurities.
Bodecker, Lieb. Ann., 52, 100, 1844, obtained for the composition of a substance he derived from the crude material: £ Carbon 91 '83, hydrogen 5'30, oxygen 2'87 100, corresponding to CvjHuO. He derived it from the ore by sublimation in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Bodecker states that a black material obtained from the condensation-chambers at Idria afforded a substance which has the composition of Dumas's idrialite; and this he c&llsldryl, supposing it to be the radical of his own idrialite.
Goldschmiedt (Ber. Ak. Wien, 80 (2), 290, 1880) has investigated a pistachio-green mineral resin of Idria occurring in nodules and as an incrustation at the mercury mines, which according to him is the substance which impregnates the hepatic cinnabar, and has been called idrialite. G. — 1'85. Composition, CsoHseOa Carbon 91-6, hydrogen 5'3, oxygen 3'1 100. Anal.: C 91 "71, H 5/32, to which the formula C8o HB4 O2 agrees more closely.
Zepharovich (Zs. Kr., 13, 140, 1887) has found some of the scales to be anistropic and biaxial with 2H 101° 20'. The extinction on the tabular face is oblique and it hence probably corresponds to the clinopinacoid, the system being monoclinic.
ARAGOTITE Durand, Proc. Acad. Gal., 4, p. 218, 1872. A volatile hydrocarbon supposed to be related to idrialite. Occurs at the New Almaden Mine, California, in bright yellow scales, impregnating a crystalline siliceous dolomite; also on cinnabar at the Redington mine. Insoluble in oil of turpentine, alcohol, and ether.
Bertrand found the scales to be optically biaxial, the bisectrix (-)-) sensibly normal to the tabular face, axial angle large, dispersion p Bull. Soc. Min., 4, 87, 1881.
POSEPNYTE J. von Schrockmger, Vh. G. Reichs., 128, 1877.
In plates and nodules, sometimes brittle, sometimes hard. Color generally dirty light green. G. 0'85-0'95. Separated by ether into two parts. Anal. — 1,2, Dietrich: 1, of the portion soluble in ether, 2, the insoluble portion. 3, Melville, quoted by Becker, U. S. G. Surv., Mou., 13, 361, 1888.
C H O
1. Sol. 71-84 9-95 18'21 100
2. Insol. 84-27 11 '74 3'99 100
3. 85-60 10-71 3-22 Ash 0'47 100
The insoluble portion is regarded as being ozocerite, and for the rest (anal. 1) the formula C22H36O4 is calculated, requiring: C 72'52, H 9'89, O 17'59 100. From the Great Western mercury mine, Lake Co., California.
The substance examined by Melville (anal. 3) is regarded as doubtless poscpnyte, though the characters differ somewhat from those given above. It is soft, elastic, with G. 0"985; color reddish brown. On platinum foil, volatilizes partially at a low temperature with a suffocating, aromatic odor; at a high temperature, becomes black, fuses and boils like rubber. In a retort, a brownish yellow liquid distills over considerably below red heat; at a low red heat a dark brown liquid is obtained, leaving a black residue Partially dissolved in alcohol; ether removes an olive-colored oil, the substance not dissolving.
1014 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
Rochlederite. Part of Substanz Bituminose Rochleder, Ber. Ak, Wien, 6, 53, 1851; Melanchym Raid., Lotos, 1, 85, 216, 6, 86, 8, Heft 3; Kenng., Ueb., 147, 1850, 134, 1853. Rochlederite Dana.
Resiu-like. Color reddish brown. Transparent or translucent. Melting point 100°. Soluble in alcohol.
Comp.— Ratio of C, H, O 40 : 56 : 6. Analysis.— Rochleder, 1. c.
C 76-79 H 9-06 O 14-15 100
Burns with a yellow smoking flame, something like amber.
Obs. — The part soluble iu alcohol of a bituminous substance called melanchyme by Haidinger, and found in masses as large as the head iu the brown coal of Zweifelsruth, near Neukircheu in Eger, Bohemia. A similar substance, of somewhat lighter color, occurs at Cehnitz, near Strako- nitz, in Bohemia.
The rest of the substance insoluble in alcohol has been called melanellite. It is black and gelatinous, as obtained by Rochleder. Separated from rochlederite, or the resinous ingredient of melanchyme, by dissolving the latter out by means of alcohol. The jelly-like mass gave: Carbon 67'14, hydrogen 4'79, oxygen 28'07 100. corresponding to the ratio 48 : 40 : 15 or 48 : 40 : 16 12 : 10 : 4. Regarded by Rochleder as an acid related toulmic acid, but, as it was not combined with a base before analysis, there is no proof of its purity.
NATIVE HUMUS ACID. C. v. John, Vh. G. Reichs. , 64, Feb. 3, 1891. Native humus acid has been observed at the coal-basin at Falkenau, Bohemia. It was found as a black, crumbling coaly mass leaving an ash of 5 25 p. c., and losing f>9 25 p. c. water at 100°. Soluble in ammonia and in sodium carbonate, leaving only a slight residue of clay and a trace of organic matter ; hydrochloric acid precipitated the entire organic substance from the solution. Analy- sis, of material dried at 100°:
I C 54-98 H 4-64 O 39'98 Ash 0'40 100
Calculated formula C4H46O25. This substance agrees closely with a humus acid obtained by Herz (1861) from the brown coal of southern Bavaria, for which he derived the formula
C4oH3aOj4.
HIRCITE. Hircine Piddington, Arch. Pharm., 74, 318, Kenng., Ueb., 134, 1853.
Amorphous. Fracture conchoidal. G. 1*10. Color exteriorly brown, within yellowish brown. Subtransluceut to opaque. Softens in boiling water, and then has the odor of a resin. In cold alcohol a little soluble ; in boiling about one-half, and the solution, which is gold-yel- low, affords white nocks on cooling.
In the name of a candle fuses and burns with a yellowish flame, like a bituminous coal, and leaves a tough coaly globule of a peculiarly strong animal odor (whence the name, from hircus, a goat). After complete combustion, leaves an ash. In sulphuric acid soluble, and color of solution blood-red.
Dopplerite. Dopplerit Haid., Ber. Ak. Wien, 2, 287, 1849, 52 (1), 281, 1865.
Amorphous. In elastic or partly jelly-like masses. When fresh, brownish black, with a dull brown streak and greasy subvitreous luster ; and when in thin plates reddish brown by transmitted light.
H. 0-5. G. 1-089 Fotterle. After drying, H. 2-2 -5. G 16.'), and luster some- what adamantine. Becomes elastic on drying from exposure to the air. Tasteless. Insoluble in alcohol or ether.
An acid substance, or mixture of different acids, related to humic acid. Ratio for C, H, O, nearly 10 : 12 : 5, from analyses 2, 3. Anal. — 1, Schrotter, Ber. Ak. Wien. 2, 287, 1849. 2, 3, F. Miihlberg, Jb. G. Reichs., 13, 283, 1865.
C H O N
1. Aussee 51-09 5'29 42'59 1-03 100
2. " 55-94 5-20 38'86 100
3. Obbtirgen f 56'63 5'58 37'79 100
From No. 1, 5'86 of ash are excluded ; from No. 2, 5'18; from 3, 5 to 14'2 p. c. All were dried. Schrotter found the loss of water 78'5 p. c. ; and Miihlberg, at 110°, for No. 2, 20'04 p. c. for an air-dried specimen ; for 3, 81 '8 p. c. for a jelly-like specimen, and 19'7 for an air-dried. In caustic potash soluble, with a residue of earthy matters. The Aussee dopplerite has also been analyzed by Dernel (Ber. Ch. Ges., 15, 2961. 1882), who obtained the composition Ci2Hi4Ofl, and showed that the ash (5-1 p. c.) consisted largely of lime, 72 67 p. c., with AUOs.FenOs 12'02 p. c. From the alkaline solutions acids gave a precipitate having the com- position CHCaOia ; this dopplerite is accordingly regarded as a lime salt of a humus acid.
Obs. — Found in peat beds, near Aussee in Styria ; and at Bad Gonten in Appenzell, and Obbilrgen, near Stansstad in Unterwalden, Switzerland.
Hydrocarbon Compounds. 1015
Named after Bergrath Doppler (18U3-1854),\vlio was the first to bdiig the substance to notice.
C. W. Giiuibel has referred here (Jb. Miu., 378, 1858) a substance from a peat bed near Berchtesgadeu. It is soft, plastic, elastic, black, of waxy luster, tasteless ; on drying in the air it resembles compact coal, is brittle and velvet-black, and has H. 2'5, G. 1 489, luster vitreous, with powder brownish black. The air-dried material loses, al8iT, 12 P- c. of water. Unlike dopplerite, it burns with a bright yellow flame, is partially soluble in alcohol, and the alcoholic solution affords a resin (Keung., Ueb., 142, 1858).
A pitch-black coal-like substance from the above-mentioned peat beds at Kolbenmoor, near
ash 3-78 100. It appears to be the same substance that is here partially described by Gilmbel. It is found embedded in, and entirely surrounded by, the peat ; and specimens show well the transition from peat to the coal-like substance.
PHYTOCOLLITE H. C. Lewis, Am. Phil. Soc. Philad., Dec. 2, 1881. A black gelatinous hydrocarbon, related to dopplerite, described by T. Cooper (Eiig. Mng. J , Aug. 13, 1881) as found iu a stratum of muck" below a peat bed at Scrauton, Penn. When first found it was jelly-like in consistency, but on exposure to the air it became tougher and elastic, somewhat like india-rubber, and finally when quite dry it was brittle and nearly as hard as coal. Only partially dissolved in hot alcohol, but completely in caustic potash. When dry burns with a yellow flame. Analysis by J. M. Stinsou, of material dried at 100°, gave : C 28'99, H 5'17, N 2-4(5, O 56-98, ash 6'40 100 ; whence the empirical formula Ci0H22O18 Carbon 30'2, hydrogen 5-5, oxygen 64'3 100. Named from <pvr6v and K'J/l/Ur, plant-jelly.
DOPPLEIUTE of /. G. Deicke, B. H. Ztg., 17, 383. (Not Dopplerite according to Kenng., Ueb., 141, 1858.) Grayish, earthy, plastic in the fingers when fresh; becoming dark reddish, brown to black on drying. Yields after drying: Combustible substance 83'25, water 12"5, ash 4'25. Burns with a bright flame and intense heat, and differs from dopplerite in this respect, and also in containing much less water. From a peat bed at Fiukeubach in the Canton of St. Gall, Switzerland.
Appendix To Hydrocarbons.
The substances included here are : 1, Petroleum, passing into the viscid bitumen, maltha or mineral tar ; 2, the solid bitumen Asphaltum ; 3, Mineral Coal. These are in general more complex substances than those included in the preceding pages and have still less claim to be regarded as definite mineral species (though it may be a matter of convenience in many cases to have the different kinds provided with names). It is hence not unnatural to separate them from the somewhat more definite substances previously described in this chapter, although no line can be drawn between them, and the division must be made somewhat arbitrarily. In fact it may be noted that even some of the substances ordinarily classed as coals, in behavior toward solvents and in composition, approach closely to hydrocarbons already mentioned (cf. torbanite, pp. 10(19, 1022.
With petroleum is to be included also another substance of the first economic importance, Natural Gas; the description of native 'gaseous compounds, however, does not fall within the scope of this work.
Petroleum. NAPHTHA AND PETROLEUM. Na'Qcr, Strabo, 16, (. § 15, Dioscor., 1, 101. Naphtha, Bitumen liquidum caudidum, Plin., 2, 109, 35, 51. Naphtha flos bituminis Agric., Ort. Caus. Subt., 45, 1544. Liquidum bitumen, mine vocatur Petroleum, Agric., Nat. Foss., 223, 1546. "Erdol, Bergol, Steinol, Germ. Mineral Oil. Kerosene. Bitume liquide Fr.
PITTASPHALT. Hit T a<j<pd.\.T o? Dioscor., 1, 100. Pissasphaltus Plin., 24. 25, 35, 51, Maltha Plin., 2, 108. Bergtheer Germ. Bitume visqueux, Bitume glutiiieux, Poix miuerale, Mineral graisse, Fr. Petroleum pt. Mineral Tar. Brea Span.
Liquids or oils, in the crude state, of disagreeable odor; varying widely in color, from color- less to dark yellow or brown and nearly black, the greenish brown color the most common ; also in consistency from thin flowing kinds to those that are thick and viscous ; and iu specific gravity from 0'6 to 0'9.
Petroleum passes by insensible gradations into pittaspJialt or maltha (viscid bitumen) ; and the latter as insensibly into asphalt or solid bitumen.
Comp. — Chemically, petroleum consists for the most part of members of the paraffin series, CnH2a + 2, varying from Marsh Gas, CH4, to the solid forms. The defines, CnHzn, are also pres- ent in smaller amount. The above is especially true of the American oils. Those of the Cau- casus have a higher density, the volatile constituents are less prominent, they distill at about 150° and contain the benzenes, C,iRzn - 6, in considerable amount. There are present also members of the series CnH<>H - s The German petroleum is intermediate between the American and the Caucasian. The Canadian petroleum is especially rich in the solid paraffins.
1016 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
Obs.— Petroleum occurs iu rocks or deposits of nearly all geological ages, from the Lower Silurian to th_e present epoch. It is associated most abundantly with argillaceous shales, sands, and sandstones, but is found also permeating limestones, giving them a bituminous odor, and rendering them sometimes a considerable source of oil. .From tliese oleiferous shales, sands, and limestones the oil often exudes, and appears floating on the streams or lakes of the region, or rises iu oil springs. It also exists collected in subterranean cavities iu certain rocks, whence it issues in jets or touutaius whenever an outlet is made by boring. These cavities are situated mostly along the course of gentle anticlinals in the rocks of the region ; and it is therefore prob- able, as has been suggested, that they originated for the most part in the displacements of the straia caused by the slight uplift. The oil which nils the cavities has ordinarily been derived from the subjacent rocks ; for the strata in which the cavities exist are frequently barren sand- stones. The conditions required for the production of such subterranean accumulations would be therefore a bituminous oil-bearing, or else oil-pi oduciug, stratum at a greater or less depth below ; cavities to receive the oil ; an overlying stratum of close-grained shale or limestone, not allowing of tiie easy escape of the naphtha vapors.
The two regions which now furnish the chief part of the petroleum are, first iu importance, western Pennsylvania, with parts of New York and Ohio, and, second, the Baku region on the Caspian Sea, at the eastern end of the Caucasus. The oil has been known to exist at the latter locality since early times, but only recently has its economic importance been recognized.
In the United States liquid oil occurs in the Lower Silurian, in the " Bird's-eye" limestone of Riviere a la Rose (Moutmoreucy), Canada, and of Watertown, IS. Y., in drops in fossil coral ; and in the Trenton limestone at Pakenham, Canada, the cavities of large Orthocerata sometimes hold several ounces (T. S. Hunt, Am. J. Sc., 35, 166, 1863); on Grand Manitoulin Id., where a spring affording it rises from the Utica shale, the source possibly the subjacent limestones ; at Ouilderland, near Alb:iny, from the Hudson River group, as observed iu a spring by J5eck ; quite freely in limestone and shale near Chicago ; far more so in Kentucky, in the Cumberland oil region, the wells descend 200 ft. into the Blue Limestone, in which there are bituminous shaly strata overlaid by sheets of thin-bedded compact limestone ; these features prevail from Lincoln and Casey Cos., through Adair and Russell, Cumberland and Clinton Cos., Ky., and Overton and Jackson Cos., Tenn.
In the Upper Silurian traces have been observed in the Niagara limestone and the Medina red shales; at Gaspe, Canada, in a Lower Helderberg limestone, on Silver Brook, etc.; near Ohicago, so abundant in a limestone as to ooze out, and the rock may be made to burn, owing to its presence.
In the Lower Devonian, the Corniferous limestone is regarded by Hunt as the source of the oil of Enniskilleu, Canada, where there are large areas covered by the half-inspissated bitumen. Hunt states (1. c.) that at Rainham, Canada, on L. Erie, shells of Pentamerits aratus are some- times tilled with petroleum ; and that in other places in the region embedded corals, Heliophyl- lum and Fawsites, have, in certain of the layers, their cells full of oil (while in other layers it is absent from the corals), and in quarrying, the oil flows out and collects on the water of the quarry ; and at Gaspe, Lower Devonian sandstones afford oil springs and give rise to beds of thickened petroleum, and the chalcedonic geodes of a trap dike, intersecting the -sandstone, sometimes contain petroleum. In the Middle Devonian, the Black shale, or Genesee slate, is supposed by many geologists to be the principal source of the oil of Pennsylvania, the Kenawha valley, and other parts of eastern Virginia, and of Ohio and Michigan ; but J. P. Lesley at- tributes much of the oil of western Pennsj'lvania to the Subcarbouiferous. Near Fredouia, Chautauqua Co., and at Rockville, Alleghany Co., oil is found in connection with Chemuug rocks, or the Upper Devonian (Hall).
A little oil has been observed in connection with Triassic shales at Southbury, Conn. The oil of southern California proceeds from Tertiary shales. On Trinidad, a thick oil, with asphalt, occurs in connection with lignite and other vegetable remains in the shales constituting the upper part of the Tertiary.
The oil spring of Cuba. Alleghany Co., N. Y., called the Seneca Oil Spring, long known, was described by Prof. Silliman in 1833 (Am. J. Sc., 23, 97) as a dirty pool, about 18 ft. across, covered with a film of oil, which was skimmed off from time to time for medicinal purposes. The so called "Seneca oil," sold at the time in the shops (and from which he often distilled naphtha for preserving potassium), he observes was not from this spring (around which the Seneca Indians then had a reserve of a square mile), but, as he was told, from Oil Creek, Venango Co., Pa., about 100 m. from Pittsburg. Seneca Lake has oil on its surface in some parts, and it is said to have given the name to the oil ; but whether this is the true source, or whether it came from its being collected and sold by the Seneca Indians, is not clear. Hildreth in 1833 (ib., 24. 63), and later in 1836 (ib., 29, 86, 121, 129), gave an account of the salt wells of the Little Kenawha valley, which then afforded, he says, 50 to 100 gallons a year. He also speaks, in 1833, of a well 475 ft. deep, 30 m. N. of Marietta, Ohio, which, when first opened, discharged at intervals of 2 to 4 days, for 3 to 6 hours each time, throwing out 30 to 60 gallons of oil at each " eruption," but was then yielding only a barrel a week. In 1840 a spouting well of oil. at Burksville, Kentucky, was described (ib., 39, 195); the well was bored for salt, and 200 ft. down a " fountain of pure oil was struck, which was thrown up more than 12 ft. above the surface of the earth," emitting, according to the estimate, 75 gallons a minute ; it "con- tinued to flow for several days successively, " but then failed; and efforts to bring it into action again, or rind another, were not successful. The petroleum of Euniskillen, Canada, was
Hydrocarbon Compounds. 1017
mentioned in 1844 by Mr. Murray, in the Canada Geological Report for 1846 ; and in 1857 wells were sunk for the collection of it. In 1859, on Oil Creek, Venaiigo Co., Pa., a boring for salt, but 75 feet deep, let out the first fountain of oil of that now famous oil region. For many weeks it discharged 1,000 gallons per day. Since that time the development in western Pennsylvania has been wonderfully rapid, and at the present time the production of this oil region amounts to 30,000,000 barrels annually. See further the volumes of the Pennsylvania Geol. Survey, also Miu. lies. U. S., 1883 et seq., for description of localities, statements of pro- duction ; also, Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York State, C. A. Ashbumer, Am. Inst. Mng. Eug. , read July, 1887.
Noted foreign localities are 3 miles from Ye-nan-gyoung (Fetid-water-rivulet), Upper Burma (and exported from Rangoon), where there are about luO wells, from 180 to 306 feet deep, each lined with horizontal timber, but not now much worked; also Pegu, Arakan, Upper Assam, and several parts of Punjab, Baluchistan, and Afghanistan (cf. Ball., Geol. India, 3, 124, 1881). Further on the peninsula of Apcheron on the western shore of the Caspian, at Baku, alluded to above, where naphtha exudes from argillaceous and calcareous beds, especially the former, of the Middle Tertiary (Abich), and where it has long been used for burning in lamps and for cooking; near the center of the region the light and pure naphtha oil is obtained, while along its borders the oil is a thicker petroleum, or passes into an asphalt, and solid masses of this asphalt are often seen floating in the Caspian; on the island of Chtleken, near the eastern coast of the Caspian, in Balkan Bay; on the banks of the Kuban, promontory of Tamau, east side of the straits between the Azov and Black Sea; near the river Betchora, in the government of Archangel, Russia; near the village of Amiano, in Parma, Italy, whence enough was formerly obtained to light the streets of Genoa; at Zante, one of the Ionian islands (ancient Zacyuthus), which has furnished oil for more than 2, 000 years, its petroleum spring having been mentioned by Herodotus. Also obtained in some quantity in Galicia; in Brunswick, Hannover, Alsace, etc. Pliny mentions the oil of a spring at Agrigentum, Sicily, and states that it was collected and used for burning in lamps, as a substitute for oil. He distinguishes this oil from naphtha, which he says was too light and inflammable for such a use. Of naphtha, he mentions a locality in "Parthia" (iibout the sources of the Indus). Oil is found also near the city of Mexico, and on the river Lagun. Also in Venezuela, in New Zealand, Japan, China, etc.
The Baku oil fields at Balakhaui, 8 miles north of Baku on the Caspian, have come into prominence especially since 1876, and they now rank as a prominent source of the commercial supply of the world. Some of the wells in the region have given phenomenal outflows (see further Miu. Res. U. S., p. 463 et seq., 1886).
The word naphtha is from the Persian nafata, signifying to exude; and petroleum from irerpos, rock, and oleum, oil (the latter from the Greek eXaiov, oil), dating only from the middle ages (see SYN., p. 1015.
The name pittolium is from nirra, pitch, and oleum, oil, analogous to petroleum; and pittasphaltum, from the Greek for pitch and asphalt.
The word maltha is from the Greek yun-'AQ??, soft wax; it was also used sometimes for a mixture of wax and pitch, employed for making the surface of writing-tablets, and for some kinds of cements. But Pliny (2, 108) describes under this name an inflammable mud flowing from a pool at Samosata in North Syria on the Euphrates, which he says (ib., 109) was similar in nature to naphtha; and this use of the word has led to its later application to viscid bitumens.
Petroleum in cavities in crystals. Davy, in his examinations of the fluids in crystals (Phil. Trans., 367, and postscript, 1822), found only water, except in the case of quartz from Dauphiny. The liquid in this case was about as viscid as linseed oil; brownish in color; became solid and opaque at 13°; had a smell resembling naphtha; acted like a fixed oil when heated, the temperature of ebullition being high; and burned with flame, producing a white smoke. The cavity was in. across, but only a sixth of it was occupied by the fluid. Davy made his investigations of the fluids in crystals by having the crystals bored through to the cavity by a lapidary, and was the first to use this method.
PETROLENE. Boussingault obtained from the viscid bitumen and asphalt of Bechelbronn an oil which he called Petrolene, and announced it as the liquid ingredient of all asphalt, the solid one being named by him Asphaltene. It was separated by heating in an oil bath to a temperature of 300°. None of it passed over at a temperature below 100°. He obtained for its composition, Ann. Ch. Phys., 64; 141, 1837; 73, 442, 1840:
Carbon 87'36 86'78 87'45 86'98 f 88'4
Hydrogen 11-90 12'20 12-30 12'70 12'5
He writes for it the formula Ci0Hi6, making it of the camphene series CnH2n-i. It boiled at 280°. The vapor density is stated at 9'415, or " double that of oil of turpentine." There can be no doubt that the petrolene was a mixture of oils. See further, 5th Ed., pp. 729, 730.
The Bechelbronn tar and that similar from Lobsann (both in the Dept. du Bas-Rhin, France) are called also Mineral Oraisse and Oraisse de Strasbourg.
Asphaltum. vyJcr0rrAro? Aristot., Strabo, Diosc., etc. Bitumen Plin., 35, 51. Asphalt, Mineral Pitch. Asphalt, Bergpech, Erdpech, Germ. Asphalte, Bitume, Fr. [For syn. of Pittasphalt or Mineral Tar (Bergtheer Germ.), see p. 1015.]
1018 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
Asphaltum, or mineral pitch, is a mixture of different hydrocarbons, part of which are oxygenated. Its ordinary characters are as follows:
Amorphous. G. 1-1 '8; sometimes higher from impurities. Luster like that of black pitch. Color brownish black and black. Odor bituminous. Melts ordinarily at 903 to 100°, and burns with a bright flame. Soluble mostly or wholly in oil of turpentine, and partly or wholly in ether; commonly partly in alcohol.
The more solid kinds graduate into the pittasphalts or mineral tar, and through these there is a gradation to petroleum. The fluid kinds change into the solid by the loss of a vaporizable portion on exposure, and also by a process of oxidation, which consists first in a loss of hydrogen, and finally in the oxygeuation of a portion of the mass.
Comp.— The action of heat, alcohol, ether, naphtha, and oil of turpentine, as well as direct analyses, show that the so called asphaltum from different localities is very various in composition. The following are the classes of ingredients present:
A. Oils vaporizable at about 100°, or below; sparingly present, if at all.
B. Heavy oils, probably of the Pittolium or Petrolene groups (see above); vaporizable between 100 J and 2503; constituting sometimes 85 p. c. of the mass.
0. Resins soluble in alcohol.
J). Solid asphalt-like substance or substances, soluble in ether and not in alcohol; black, pitch-like, lustrous in fracture; 15 to 85 p. c.
E Black or brownish black substance or substances not soluble either in alcohol or ether; similar to D in color and appearance, Kersten ; brown and ulmin-like, Vo!ckel; 1 to 75 p. c.
F. nitrogenous substances; often as much as corresponds to 1 or 2 p. c. of nitrogen.
Obs. — Asphaltum belongs to rocks of no particular age. The most abundant deposits are superficial. But these are generally, if not always, connected with rock deposits containing some kind of bituminous material or vegetable remains.
Some of the noted localities of asphaltum ;i re the region of the Dead Sea, or Lake Asphaltites, whence the most of the asphaltum of ancient writers; a lake on Trinidad, m. in circuit, which is hot at the center, but is solid and cold toward the shores, and has its borders over a breadth of in. covered with the hardened pitch with trees flourishing over it; and about Point La Braye, the masses of pitch look like black rocks among the foliage; at various places in S. America, similar lakes, as at Caxitambo (not Coxitamho), Peru, which is used at Payta, on the coast (under the equator), for pitching boats, etc.; at Berengela, Peru, not far from Arica (S.), where it is put to the same use; in California, near the coast of St. Barbara, an area of some acres; in a large bed, near Avlona in Albania (G. 1-205). Also in smaller quantities, sometimes disseminated through shale and sandstone rocks, and occasionally limestones, or collected in cavities or seams in these rocks; near Matlock, Derbyshire, in stalactitic masses; Poldice mine in Cornwall; Haughmond Hill in Shropshire; at Bastennes and Dax, Dept. of Landes, constituting 6 p. c. of a sandy deposit; Val de Travers, Neuchatel, impregnating a bed in the Cretaceous formation, and serving as a cement to the rock, which is used for building; impregnating dolomite on the island of Brazza in Dalmalia; in the Caucasus; in gneiss and mica schist in Sweden.
Elaterite. Subterranean Fungus (fr. Derbyshire) Lister, Phil. Trans., 1673. Elastic Bitumen. Mineral Caoutchouc. Bitume elastique Delameih., J. ., 31. HI, 1787. Elastic Bitumen Hatchett, Linn. Trans., 4, 146, 1797. Elastisches Erdpech Klapr., Beitr., 3, 107, 1802. Elastisches Erdharz Oerm. Elaterit, Fossiles Erdharz, Hansm., Handb., 1, 87, 1813.
Masssive, amorphous. G. 0-905-T233 Derbyshire. Soft, elastic, sometimes adhering to the fingers (a); also moderately soft and elastic; much like india-rubber (b); and occasionally hard and brittle (c), embedded in the softer kinds. Color brown, usually dark brown. Subtrans- lucent; sometimes dark orange-red by transmitted light.
Johnston analyzed the three kinds. A, B, C, separately (Phil. Mag.. 13, 22, 1838). He mentions the action of ether only on the B, from which it separated but 18 p. c. of the mass; and the two analyses given are those of the undissolved material. Analyses:
C H
1. A 85-47 13-28 98 -75
2. B 84-38 12-58 96'96
3. B 83-67 12-54 96'21
4. C 85-96 12-34 98'30
5. C 86-18 12-42 98'60
He states that the loss in A and C may be partly or wholly oxygen, and that in the case of C, of the insoluble residue, 3-3'8 p. c. is oxygen. He thus leaves the constitution of elaterite in doubt. It appears to be partly a carbohydrogen near ozocerite, and partly an oxygenated insoluble material.
It is found at Castleton in Derbyshire, in the lead mine of Odin, along with lead ore and calcite, in compact reniform or fungoid masses, and is abundant. Also reported from St. Bernard's Well near Edinburgh; Chapel quarries in Fifeshire; a coal mine at Montrelais, at the depth of 230 feet; and, according to Hausmaun (Handbuch, 3, 273), at Neuchatel, and on the island of Zante. A similar material in external characters has been met with at Woodbury, Ct.
Hydrocarbon Compounds. {019
A mineral tar from the Old Red Sandstone at Craig Well, near Dingwall, E /i/s-shire, is described by W. Morrison .(Trans. Ed. G. Soc., 5, 500, 1888, and Min. Mag., 8, 133, 1889). It is black, lustrous, sticky, of the consistence of tar, and occurs associated with albertite. Insoluble in acids, alkalies, alcohol, but soluble in paraffin oil, and partially soluble in ether, leaving- an inflammable residue. Melts at about 140°. On dry distillation yields an inflammable oil, a gas and water. A similar tar occurs in the Carboniferous limestone of Derbyshire.
Analyses, Macadam, Min. Mag., 8, 136, 1889: 1, 2, of elaterite; 3, of mineral pitch.
C HO, etc. N S
1. Derbyshire 83 -62 11 '19 4'78 0'17 0-24 100
2 " 82-80 11-92 4-92 O'll 0'25 100
3. Diugwall 81-19 13'37 4'45 0'13 0'86 100
Coorongite is a kind of mineral caoutchouc from the Coorong district, South Australia; analysis gave: C 64'73, C (fixed) 1-00, H 11-68, O 20'38, H2O 0'47, ash 1-79= 100. Cf. G. C. Morris, Proc. Ac-ad. Philad., 181, 1877.
SETTLING STONES RKSIN. New Mineral Resin fr. Settling Stones, <7. F. W. Johnston, Edinb. J. Sc., 4, 122, 1831, Phil. Mag., 14, 88, 1839. Settlingite Dx., Min., 2, 42, 1874. In the form of drops, more or less rounded, or flattened, as if once fluid or soft, and found intrusting the rocky walls of a vein at an old lead mine in Northumberland, known by the name of Settling Stones, resting- on and occasionally covered by calcite and pearl spar; the rock is the Mountain limestone (Subcarbouiferous). The resin is hard, brittle under the hammer, but difficult to reduce to powder; G. 1 '16-1 '54; color from pale yellow to deep red; a pale green opalescence; does not melt at 205°. Burns in the flame of a candle. Very slightly acted upon by alcohol. An analysis afforded Johnston:
C 85-133 H 10-853 Ash 3'256 99'242
But Johnston adds : "It is therefore doubtful whether this resinoid substance contains oxygen or not. It may be only an impure carbo-hydrogen. " It is very slightly acted upon by alcohol. Gives empyreumatic products when fused in a closed tube. It has close relations to elaterite.
BERENGELITE JoJmston, Phil. Mag., 13, 329. 1838. Asphaltum-like. Color dark brown, with a tinge of green. Powder yellow. Luster of surface of fracture resinous. Anal. — Johnston: C 72-47, H 9-20, O 18'33 100, corresponding to the ratio for C, H, O 40 : 62 : 8. Forms a solution with cold alcohol, which is bitter to the taste. On evaporation the resin obtained has a clear red color, and remains soft and viscid at the ordinary temperature Nearly insoluble in caustic potash. Odor resinous, disagreeable; but after fusion for some time at 100°, this odor is succeeded by an agreeable one; on cooling it regains the original odor. It is said to form a lake like that of Trinidad, in the province of St. Juan de Berengela, about 100 m. from Arica, Peru, and is used at Arica for paying boats and vessels.
BIELZITE G. Benko and K Jahn, Zs. Kr., 13, 68, 1887.
Massive. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 1-2. G. l-249 Luster resinous. Color brownish black. Opaque. Analysis: f C 79'74, H 6-34 86'08. Melts easily and burns with smoky flame; at 175° becomes soft and at 330° swells up and becomes dry, leaving on cooling a black shining coal. Dissolves in considerable part in chloroform and carbon disul- phide; much less soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene. From Zsil-Vajdej, Transylvania. Warned after E. A. Bielz.
PIATJZITE. Retinit von Piauze, Piauzit, Enid., Pogg., 62, 275, 1844. An asphalt-like substance, remarkable for its high melting-point, 315 . It occurs slaty massive; color brownish or greenish black; thin splinters colophouite-brown by transmitted light; streak light brown, amber-brown; H. 1-5; G. 1'220; V186 Kenngott. After melting, it burns with an aromatic odor and much smoke, leaving 5'96 per cent of ash. Soluble in ether and caustic potash, also largely in absolute alcohol. Heated in a glass tube a yellowish oily fluid is distilled, having an acid reaction.
Obtained from a bed of brown coal at Piauze, near Neustadt in Carniola; on Mt. Chum, near Tilffer in Styria, where thousands of pounds have been obtained. It much resembles a black lamellar coal (cf. Kenngott, Jb. G. Reichs., 7, 91, 1856).
WUKTZILITE W. P. Blake, Eng. Mng. J.( 48, 542, Dec. 21, 1889; Trans. Am. Inst. Mng. Engineers, Feb. 1890. Henry Wurtz, Mng. Eng. J., 49, 106, 1890.
From the Uinta Mountains, in Wasatch Co., Utah, between Salt Lake and the valley of Green River, not far from the source of uiutahite, or "gilsonite" (see p. 1020).
It is a firm, black solid, and breaks with a brilliant conchoidal fracture, and has a general resemblance to jet or some of the cannel coals. Sectile, the shavings having a degree of elas- ticity, but if bent too far, or suddenly, snap like glass; when slowly pressed and warmed a flake may be bent nearly double. In very thin plates, deep red. The color by reflected light jet- black. H. 2-3. G. 1'030. Does not fuse in boiling water, but becomes softer and tougher, and is more plastic. Melts in the flame of a candle, takes fire, and burns with a bright, luminous flame, with little smoke, giving off a strong bituminous odor. Fused in a glass tube it gives off a dense cloud of white and yellow smoke and distills over a thick, brown tarry oil
1020 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
with a stroug odor, and leaves a small residue of fixed carbon. Fragments warmed in the hand, emit a strong odor like that of some of the crude petroleums, which is rather offensive. .It resists the usual solvents of bitumen.
Named Wurtzilite after Dr. Henry Wurtz, of New York.
On the relations of uintahite, albertite, grahamite, and asphaltum in general, see "W. P. Blake, Trans. Am. lust. Mug. Eng., read Feb., 1890. Further on the occurrence of various bituminous substances and coals, in Utah and Colorado, with a discussion as to their origin, see Stone, Am. J. Sc., 42, 148, 1891.
The following are related to asphaltum.
ALBEKTITE Robb. Melan-Asphalt Wetfterill, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Philad., 53, 1852 Differs from ordinary asphaltum in being only partially soluble in oil of turpentine, and in its very imperfect fusion when heated. It has H. 1-2; G. 1'097; luster brilliant, pitch-like; color jet-black. Softens a little in boiling water: iu the flame of a candle shows incipient fusion. According to imperfect determinations, only a trace soluble in alcohol; 4 p. c. in ether; 30 in oil of turpentine. Wetherill obtained in an ultimate analysis: Carbon 86'04, hydrogen 8-96, oxygen 1'97, nitrogen 2'93, S tr., ash O'lO 100.
Occurs tilling an irregular fissure in rocks of the Subcarboniferous age (or Lower Carbon- iferous) in Nova Scotia.
This and the related substances have been usually regarded as inspissated and oxygenated petroleum. Peckham, however, takes a different view, cf. Am. J. Sc. , 48, 3(52, 1869. For an article on its mode of occurrence, see Hitchcock, Am. J. Sc., 39, 267, 1865.
An albertite from the Old Red Sandstone at Kiltearn (Strathpeffer), Ross-shire, has been described by W. Morrison, Min. Mag., 6, 101, 1884; Honeyman, ibid., 7, 77, 1880.
CLOUSTONITE Heddle, Min. Mag., 3, 222, 1879. Occurs in patches in blue limestone and in blue flags at Inganess, Orkney. Brittle. H. 3. Luster brilliant like obsidian. Color jet- black. Soluble iu benzene. At a red heat it gave : 47'8 p. c. of illuminating gas, 51 '8 carbon, 0'24 ash ; 0-1 p. c. volatile below 210°. Named after Dr. Cloustou, who in 1839 wrote an account of the geology and mineralogy of Orkney.
GRAHAMITE Wurtz. Coal or Asphalt Lesley, Proc. Am. Phil Soc. Philad., 9, 183, 1863; Grahamite Wurtz. Rep. Min. Format, in W. Virginia, 1865, Am. J. Sc., 42, 420, 1866. Proc. Am. Assoc., 18, 124, 1869. See also Wurtz, Gas Light Journal, Oct. 2, 1869; S. F. Peckham, ib., Dee. 2, 1869.
Resembles albertite in its pitch-black, lustrous appearance; H. 2; G. 1'145. Soluble mostly in oil of turpentine; partly in ether, naphtha, or benzene; not at all iu alcohol; wholly in chloroform and carbon disulphide. No action with alkalies or hot nitric or hydrochloric acid. Melts only imperfectly, and with a decomposition of the surface; but in this state the interior may be drawn into long threads.
Occurs .in W. Virginia, about 20 m. in an air line S. of Parkersburg, filling a fissure (shrinkage fissure) iu a sandstone of the Carboniferous formation; and supposed to be, like the albertite, an inspissated and oxygenated petroleum. Jenney has manufactured grahamite from petroleum (Am. Chemist, 5, 359). The material is partly columnar from a fracturing as a result of contraction iu the material, the structure being vertical to the sides of the vein. Named after J. Lorimer Graham of New York and Col. Graham of Baltimore.
A similar deposit occurs in Huasteca, Mexico (J. P. Kimball, Am. J. Sc., 12, 277. 1876). That from the Cristo mine (cristo-gm7iamite) has been analyzed by W. Wallace. G. 1*156.
Volatile matter Ilium, gas 61-32 S 0*46 H2O 0'36 62*14
Coke Carbon 31 '63 0'37 Ash 5'86 37 "86
UINTAHITE or Unitaite W. P. Blake, Eng. Mug. J., Dec. 26, 1885. Gilsonite. A variety of asphalt from the Uiuta (or Uintah) valley, near Fort Duchesne. Utah. Occurs in masses several inches iu diameter, with conchoidal fracture; very brittle. H. 2-2*5; G. — 1 '065-1 '070. Color black, brilliant, and lustrous; streak and powder a rich brown. A non-conductor of electricity; electrically excited by friction.
It fuses easily in the flume of a candle and burns with a brilliant flame, much like sealing wax; and like sealing-wax, it will give a clean sharp impression from a seal. Unless the melted mineral is very hot, it does not adhere to cold paper. It has considerable plasticity while warm, and is not sticky, but retains after melting its lustrous black and smooth surface. By distilla- tion a very small quantity of a clear white and dense oil is given oil', and a little gas or vapor. It is much more readily dissolved by the heavy oils and fats than by the lighter and more volatile menstrua. Thus it dissolves and incorporates quickly in heavy lubricating petroleum, while the white distillates from petroleum have litlleor no effect upon it at ordinary temperatures. So also it freely dissolves in oil of turpentine when warmed, but it does not readily dissolve in cold spirits of turpentine. Ether apparently docs not attack fragments, but the powder is slowly dissolved. Soluble in ordinary alcohol.
Also called gilsonite after Mr. S. II. Gilson of Salt Lake City.
Hydrocarbon Compounds. 1021
Mineral Coal. ' AvftpaKevrd 8'ucra TGJV Toiuvrooy yTfi it\4ov e Xft,ff KO.TIVOV [ Coal- like substances which have in them more of earth thaiiof smoke or fire] Aristol., MereaopoXoy., 4, 9. Ev &3 (river Pontus in Thrace) rival Az'SouS 01 Kaiovrai [ Certain stones which burn] Aristot., Uepi (~)av/ii 'AKov(r/ii., c. 115. Qv?8e KaXov&ir evQvf aiQpaiftiS TKIV dpVTtToercov Ci opvrTo/jefoov) Sid rt)v /je/cr? eicrt yecodei, etc. [ Those (of im-BCTals) dug for use, which are called simple coals, are earthy, but will kindle and burn like charcoal] (fr. Liguria), Theophr., 16 (in Schneider's edit.), 1515 B.C. Evioi de TWV 6pavcrr<3i' cirQpaKOVYrat rrf Kavcrei Kai Siajutt'ovai 7tA.eioa vporov [ — Some brittle stones become by burning like glow- ing coals, and remain so a long time] (fr. Bena in Thracia, and the promontory of Erineas) Tlieophr., 12. OpaKiaS /U'6oS Aristot. Tayyixt Az'SoS Strabo. Fayarrj Az'&oS, Opmeiat Jlz'Oos, Diosc., 5, 145, 146. Thracius lapis, Gemma Sammothracia, PUn., 33, 30, 37, 67. Ga gates. Plin.. 36, 34. Steiukohle Germ. Houille, Charbon fossile, Fr.
(Compact massive, without crystalline structure or cleavage; sometimes breaking with a degree of regularity, but from a jointed rather than a cleavage structure. Sometimes laminated; often faintly and delicately banded, successive layers differing slightly in luster.
Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle; rarely somewhat sectile. H. 0-5-2'5. G. 1- 1-80. Luster dull to brilliant, and either earthy, resinous, or submetallic. Color black, grayish black, brownish black, and occasionally iridescent; also sometimes dark brown. Opaque. With- out taste, except from impurities present. Insoluble in alcohol, ether, naphtha, and benzene, excepting at the most 2 or 3 p. c. (rarely 10?); usually less than 1 p. c. Insoluble in a solution of potash. Infusible to subfusible; but often becoming a soft, pliant, or paste-like mass when heated. On distillation most kinds afford more or less of oily and tarry substances, which are mixtures of hydrocarbons and paraftiu.
Var. — The variations depend partly (1) on the amount of the volatile ingredients afforded on destructive distillation; or (2) on the nature of these volatile compounds, for ingredients of similar- composition may differ widely in volatility, etc.; (3) on structure, luster, and other physical characters.
Coal is in general the result of the gradual change which has taken place in geological history in organic deposits, chiefly vegetable, and its form and composition depend upon the extent to which this change has gone on. Thus it passes from forms which still retain the original structure of the wood (peat, lignite) and through those with less of volatile or bituminous, matter to anthracite and further to kinds which approach graphite, like the coal of Rhode Island. vCf. schungite, p. 8.)
1. ANTHRACITE. Anthracit Karat., Tab., 58, 96, 1808. Glanzkohle Germ. H. 2-2'5. G. 1 32-1-7, Pennsylvania; 1'81, Rhode Island; 1 -26-1 -86, South Wales. Luster bright, often mbmetallic, iron-black, and frequently iridescent. Fracture conchoidal. Volatile matter after drying 3-6 p. c. Burns with a feeble flame of a pale color.
The anthracites of Pennsylvania contain ordinarily 85-93 per cent, of carbon; those of South Wales, 88-95; of France, 80-83; of Saxony, 81; of southern Russia, sometimes 94 per cent.
Anthracite graduates through semi-anthracite into bituminous coal, becoming less hard and containing more volatile matter; and an intermediate variety is called free-burning anthracite.
Native Coke. Carbonite. More compact than artificial coke, and some varieties afford con- siderable bitumen. From the Edgehill mines, near Richmond, Va., according to Genth, who attributes its origin to the action of a trap eruption on bituminous coal. (Cf. Wurtz, Trans. Am. Inst. Mng. Eng., 3, 457, 1875.)
2. BITUMINOUS COAL. Schwarzkohle Hausm., Handb. , 73, 1813. Steiukohle pt. Germ. Under the head of Bituminous Coals, a number of kinds are included which differ strikingly in the action of heat, and which therefore are of unlike constitution. They have the common characteristic of burning in the fire with a yellow, smoky tlame, and giving out on distillation hydrocarbon oils or tar, and hence the name bituminous. The ordinary bituminous coals contain from 5-15 p. c. (rarely 16 or 17) of oxygen (ash excluded); while the so-called brown coal or lignite contains from 20-30 p. c., after the expulsion, at 100% of 15-36 p. c. of water. The amount of hydrogen in each is from 4-7 p. c. Both have usually a bright, pitchy, greasy luster (whence often called Peclikohle in German), a firm compact texture, are rather fragile compared with anthracite, and have G. 1 '14—1 '40. The brown coals have often a brownish-black color, whence the name, and more oxygen, but in these respects and others they shade into ordinary bituminous coals.
The ordinary bituminous coal of Pennsylvania has G. l'26-l '37; of Newcastle, England. 1-27; of Scotland, 1 '27-1 32; of France. 1-2-1-33; of Belgium, 1-27-1-3. The most prominent kinds are the following:
(a) Caking or Coking Coal. A bituminous coal which softens and becomes pasty or semi- viscid in the fire. This softening takes place at the temperature of incipient decomposition, and is attended with the escape of bubbles of gas. On increasing the heat, the volatile products, which result from the ultimate decomposition of the softened mass are driven off, and a coherent, grayish-black, cellular, or fritted mass (coke) is left. Amount of coke left (or part not volatile) varies from 50-85 p. c. A caking coal will lose its caking quality if kept heated for 2 or 3 hours at 300°, and sometimes on mere exposure for a lime to the air.
(b) Non-Caking Coal. Like the preceding in all external characters, and often in ultimate- composition; but burning freely without softening or any appearance of incipient fusion.
1022 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
Percentage of volatile matter same as for caking coal, but the coke is not a proper coke, being in powder, or of the form of the original coal.
There are all gradations between caking and non-caking bituminous coals. In external characters the two kinds are alike. They often break into layers; and there is besides a hori- zontal banding arising from a succession of very thin non-separable layers, slightly differing in luster or shade of color. Cherry coal or soft coal (of England) is a non-caking coal igniting well and burning rapidly, while splint or hard coal ignites less readily, burns less rapidly, owing to the smaller amount of volatile matter. Coals which do not cake on burning are called free- burning coals, while the caking are called binding coals.
(c) Cannel <!oal (Parrot Coal). A variety of bituminous coal, and often caking; but differ- ing from the preceding in texture, and to some exterit in composition, as shown by its products on distillation It is compact, with little or no luster, and without any appearance of a banded structure: and it breaks wilh a conchoidal fracture and smooth surface; color dull black or grayish black. On distillation it affords, after drying, 40 to 66 of volatile matter, and the mate rial volatilized includes a large proportion of burning and lubricating oils, much larger than the above kinds of bituminous coal; whence it is extensively used for the manufacture of such oils. It graduates into oil-producing coaly shales, the more compact of which it much resem- bles. The original Parrot coal is a cannel from near Edinburgh, which burns with a crackling noise, whence the name (Percy); and Horn coal, a kind from South Wales, which emits when burning something of the odor of burning horn.
Torbanite. A variety of cannel coal of a dark brown color, yellowish streak, without luster, having a subconchoidal fracture; II 2'25; G. 1'17-1'2. Yields over 60 p. c. of volatile matter, and is used for the production of burning and lubricating oils, paraffin, illuminating gas. Named from the locality at Torbane Hill, near Bathgate in Liulithgowshire, Scotland. Also called Boghead Cannel (see pp. 1008, 1009).
(d) Brown Coal (Uraunkohle Germ , Pechkohle pt. Germ., Lignite). The prominent char- acteristics of brown coal have already been mentioned. They are non-caking, but afford a large proportion of volatile matter. They are sometimes pitch-black (whence Pechkohle pt. Germ.}, but often rather dull and brownish black. G. 1-15-1'3; sometimes higher from impurities. It is occasionally somewhat lamellar in structure.
Brown coal is often called lignite. But this term is sometimes restricted to masses of coal which still retain the form of the original wood. Jet (Ja'iet Fr., Gagath Germ.) is a black variety of brown coal, compact in texture, and taking a good polish, whence its use in jewelry.
Earthy Brown Coal (Erdige Braunkohle) is a brown friable material, sometimes forming layers in beds of brown coal. But it is in general not a true coal, a considerable part of it being soluble in ether and benzene, and often even in alcohol; besides affording largely of oils and paraffin on distillation. For a notice of " coal " of this kind see under LEUCOPETKITE, p. 101 1. Such a coal is sometimes called wax coal and paraffin coal (Wachskohle, Paruffinkohle, Germ.). See also BATHVILLITE, p. 1008.
Mineral Charcoal. Fibrous charcoal-like substance often found covering the surfaces between layers of coal, and observed in coal of all ages. It is soft, and soils the fingers like charcoal. One variety of it is 'a dry powder.
Comp. — Most mineral coal consists mainly of oxygenated hydrocarbons. On p. 1008 it is shown that the kind of cannel coal called torbanite and the substance batJimllite are closely related in composition, as well as insolubility, to succinite; and it is probable that other cannel coals contain this or some related compound; and that oil-producing (not oil-bearing) shales include a similar kind of hydrocarbon. The ordinary bituminous coals often have 10 to 15 p. c. of oxygen, and may be of analogous composition; though differing much in the precise constitu- tion of these hydrocarbons, some containing such as produce a pasty fusion or incipient decom- position when heated (caking), and others such as undergo no semi-fusion (non-caking). The brown coals, in which there are 20 to 35 p. c. of oxygen, must include other kinds of oxygenated hydrocarbons, of the insoluble kinds. But microscopic examinations appear to show that woody fiber is present in it in various stages of alteration.
Besides oxygenated hydrocarbons, there may also be present simple hydrocarbons (that is, containing no oxygen). This would seem to follow from the small percentage of oxygen (2-3 p. c.) in the Tyneside cannel, while the hydrogen is as large in amount as in any caunel or bituminous coals. And there are various bituminous coals, low in oxygen, that suggest the same conclusion. At present, however, chemistry knows of no simple hydrocarbons that are insoluble in naphtha and benzene.
The presence of free carbon is naturally inferred from the composition of coals like the anthracites, which afford very little volatile matter. But even these coals contain ordinarily 1-5 to 2'5 p. c. of each oxygen and hydrogen; and Berthelot holds that they are hydrocarbon compounds like other coals.
The portion of coal soluble in naphtha or benzene, although small in amount, indicates the presence of other hydrocarbons — simple or oxygenated — oils or resins. Their nature remains to be ascertained. Fyfe obtained by means of naphtha, from the Torbane mineral, 1'2 and 1'4 p. c.; from cannel coal, 2-4 p. c. ; and from Newcastle caking, in three experiments, 4'2, 5_'8, 9'8 p. c. of soluble material. These results do not accord with the ordinary statements with regard to the insolubility of coal, and the subject needs more extended study.
Coals often contain resins disseminated in visible points through the mass, which may or may not be of soluble kinds.
Sulphur is present in nearly all coals. It is supposed to be usually combined with iron,
Hydrocarbon Compounds. 1023
and when the coal affords a red ash on .burning, there is reason for believing this true. But Percy mentions a coal from New Zealand which gave a peculiarly white ash, although contain- ing 2 to 3 p. c. of sulphur, a fact showing that it is present not as a sulphide of iron, but as a constituent of an organic compound. The discovery by Church of a resin containing sulphur (see TASMANITE, TKINKERITE, etc., p. 1010) gives reason for inferring that fifmay exist in this coal in that state, although its presence as a constituent of other organic compounds is quite possible. Sulphur is also present as an organic compound in succinite (Helm, p. 1002).
The presence of nitrogen, sometimes 2 p. c., proves the presence of nitrogenous hydro- carbons; but of what nature is unknown.
The impurities present, which constitute the ash of th'e coal, consist of silica or quartz, oxide of iron, clay, and other aluminous silicates, or such ingredients as make up the mud and clay of fine soil or alluvium; also some silica, potash, and soda, derived from the original vegetation. The ash in the purest mineral coal amounts to but 0'25 to 1 p. c. ; but in that which passes for the best there are ordinarily 5 to 8 p. c.; and in most that is used for fuel there are 8 to 15 p. c.
Coal occurs in beds, interstratified with shales, sandstones, and conglomerates, and some- times limestones, forming distinct layers, which rary from a fraction of an inch to 80 feet or more in thickness. In the United States, the anthracites occur east of the Alleghany range, in rocks that have undergone great contortions and fracturings, while the bituminous are found farther west, in rocks that have been less disturbed; and this fact and other observations have led geologists to the view that the anthracites have lost their bitumen by the action of heat. For observations on the geological relations of coal beds, reference may be made to geological treatises.
The origin of coal is mainly vegetable, though animal life has contributed somewhat to the result. The beds were once beds of vegetation, analogous, in most respects, in mode of forma- tion to the peat beds of modern times, yet in mode of burial often of a very different character. This vegetable origin is proved not only by the occurrence of the leaves, stems, and logs of plants in the coal, but also by the presence throughout its texture, in many cases, of the forms of the original libers; also by the direct observation that peat is a transition state between unaltered vegetable debris and brown coal, being sometimes found passing completely into true brown coal. Peat differs from true coal in want of homogeneity, it visibly containing vegetable fibers only partially altered; and wherever changed to a fine-textured homogeneous material, even though hardly consolidated, it may be true brown coal
Extensive beds of mineral coal occur in Great Britain; in France, Spain, Belgium; in Netherlands, Prussia, Bavaria, Austria, northern Italy, Silesia, Russia on the south near the Azov, and also in the Altai. It is found in Asia, abundantly in China, in Persia in the Cabul territory, and in the Khorassan or northern Persia, in Hindostan, north of the Gulf of Cutch, in the province of Bengal (the Burdwan coal-field) and Upper Assam, in Borneo. Labuau, Sumatra, several of the Philippines, Formosa, Japan, New South Wales and other parts of Australia, New Zealand, Kerguelen Land; in America, besides the United States, in Chili, at the Straits of Magellan, at Nauaimo on Vancouver's Island, at Melville Island in the Arctic seas, and in the British Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland.
In England, the principal coal fields are the Manchester of Lancashire and Cheshire; the Great Central of South Yorkshire, Nottingham, and Derby; that of South Wales, Glamorgan- shire, etc.; the, Newcastle field of northern England. In Scotland, a range of beds extends across from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde; whole area 1650 sq. m. In Ireland, the three are the Limerick fields about the mouth of the Shannon, the Kilkenny fields to the east- ward, and that of Ulster on the north. Cannel coal occurs in Great Britain at Lt-smahago in Lanarkshire, about 20 m. from Glasgow; also near Wigan in Lancashire, and West Wemyss in Fyfe.
Mineral coal occurs in France, in small basins, 88 in number, and covering in all, according to Taylor, T{r of the whole surface. The most important are the basin of the Loire, between the Loire and the Rhone, and that of Valenciennes on the north, adjoining Belgium. In Belgium, it occupies a western and eastern division, the western in ihe provinces of JNauiur and Hainault, and the eastern extending over Liege.
In the United States there are several separate coal areas ; of these that of eastern Pennsyl- vania produces practically all tlie anthracite of the country, while the others yield bituminous coal. One of these areas, the Appalachian coal field, commences on the north, in Pennsylvania and southeastern Ohio, and sweeping south over western Virginia and eastern Kentucky and Tennessee to the west of the Appalachians, or partly involved in their ridges, it continues to Alabama near Tuscaloosa, where a bed of coal lias been opened. It embraces several isolated patches in the eastern half of Pennsylvania. The whole surface in Pennsylvania has been esti- mated at 15,437 sq. m., or £ the whole area of the state. A second coal area (the Illinois) lies adjoining the Mississippi, and covers the larger part of Illinois, though much broken into patches, and a small northwest part of Kentucky ; it is continued westward over a portion of Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, and northern Texas west of the Mississippi. The latter area is divided along the Mississippi by a narrow belt of Silurian rock , the whole area is about the same with that, of the Appalachian coal field. Another area covers the central portion of Michigan, not far from 5000 sq. m. in area. Besides these, there is a smaller coal region in Rhode Island, which crops out across the north end of the island of Rhode Island, and appears to the northward as far as Mansrield, Massachusetts ; the coal from this region is chiefly a graphitic carbon not useful for ordinary combustion. There is also coal (Triassic) in N. Carolina. There are further extensive coal fields in the Rocky Mountains, chiefly bituminous or semi-bitn-
1024 Hydrocarbon Compounds.
ruinous, and of more recent geological time than the Carboniferous ; much of it belongs to the Laramie epoch; thus at Carbon, Hallville, Wyoming; Evanston and Coalville in Utah; at many points in Colorado, abundant. Further, in Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Utah ; also on the Pacific coast, as at Carbonado near Tacoma, at Belliugham Bay, and other points in Washington; in Oregon, California. There are also said to be useful coal deposits in Alaska.
For a general account of the coul fields in the United States, see Min. Res. U. S., 1886, p. 22<ietseq. (Ashburner); also the other volumes of Min. Res. U. S. ; further the geol. reports of Pennsylvania, Ohio, etc.
Out of the borders of the United States, on the northeast, commences a fifth coal area, that of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, which covers, in connection with that of Newfoundland, 18,000 sq. m., or f the whole area of these provinces.
The mines of western Pennsylvania, commencing with those of the Blossburg basin, Tioga Co., those of the States west, and those of Cumberland or Frostburg, Maryland, Richmond or Chesterfield, Va., and other mines south, are bituminous. Those of eastern Pennsylvania con- stituting several detached areas — one, the Schuylkill coal field, on the south, worked principally at Mauch Chunk on the Leliigh, and at Pottsville on the Schuylkill — another, the Wyoming coal field, worked at Carboudale, in the Lackawauna region, and near Wyoming, besides others intermediate — those of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, and some patches in Virginia, are anthracites. Canuel coal is found near Greensburg, Beaver Co., Pa., in Kenawha Co., Va., at Peytona, etc.; also in Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana ; but part of the so-called, cannel is a coaly shale.
Brown coal comes from coal beds more recent than those of the carboniferous age. But much of this more recent coal is not distinguishable from other bituminous coals. The coal of Richmond, Virginia, is supposed to be of the Liassic or Triassic era. Coal of Cretaceous or Tertiary age occurs on the Pacific coast, and in many places over the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, where a " Lignitic formation" is very widely distributed as noted above.
The coal known to the Greeks and Romans was probably brown coal. The first sentence, in the synonymy, from Aristotle evidently alludes to mineral coal of some kind ; and the first of the two cited from Theophrastus (a favorite pupil of Aristotle) refers to a similar substance, and perhaps the same specimens. The locality of the latter, Liguria (or northwestern Italy along the Mediterranean), where, he adds, there also is amber, may be taken with some freedom, as articles brought by vessels trading with Ligurian ports, even though coming from French ports beyond, might be referred to Liguria. Elis, on the way to Olympias, is given as another locality. The sentence ends with the statement that " these coals are used by the smiths," showing that the value of the substance as fuel was well understood at the time (4th century B.C.). Theophrastus says further, that it will continue to burn as long as any one blows it, but on stopping it deadens, but may be made to burn again ; and that it burns with a strong dis- agreeable odor. The second citation from each, Aristotle and Theophrastus, relates to a similar coal. The locality, in Thrace, identifies it with the Thracian stone of Dioscorides and Pliny, the locality of which, according to the former (from Aristotle), was at Sintia, on the river Pontus (on the Macedonian border of Thracia, to the west of the present Constantinople) According to Dioscorides and Pliny (quoting further in part from Aristotle's " Wonderful Things heard of"), water would make the Thracian stone to burn, and oil extinguish it ; which is either altogether a fable, or a partial truth based on somebody's observation that masses or piles of impure pyritiferous coal will become hoi, and sometimes ignited, in consequence of being wet. Aris- totle mentions its bituminous odor when burning.
The Gagates (whence our word jet) occurred, according to Dioscorides and Pliny, at Gagas or Gages, a place in Lycia (Asia Minor). The former describes it as black, smooth, and com- bustible, to which Pliny adds that it was light, and looked much like- wood, and that it emitted a disagreeable odor when rubbed, and burned with the smell of sulphur. It was. in part at least, true lignite. Some of the best known localities of jet are the Yorkshire coast in England, near Whitby ( Whitby Jet), Aude in France; also Spain, Bohemia, etc.
BYERITE Mallet, Am. J. Sc., 9, 146, 1875. A mineral coal from Middle Park, Colorado. It belongs to the class caking-bituminous, and gave on analysis : 39'95 p. c. volatile matter (gas and tarry oil), 54'03 p. c. fixed residue (coke and ash), and 6'02 p. c. water. G. 1'323. Color jet-black. Powder brown. Resembles albertite in the large amount of gas and tarry oil yielded by it, but differs in being heavier and in yielding no soluble products with carbon disulphide, ether, etc. Also resembles torbanite, but is heavier, does not crackle in the fire, and melts and intumesces when heated.
HUMINITE. A hydrocarbon from Ostmark, in Wermland, Sweden, which, according to Ekman (Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 25, 138, 1868), has the composition (ash free) : C 67'15, O 29'83, H 2-55, N 0-47, S [0 40] 100. A similar coal from Grythytte, Finberget, Sweden, has, accord- ing to Helland (G. F6r. Forh., 2, 521, 1875), the composition (ash free): C 67'67, O 28-11, H3-89, Ntr., S 0'33 100.
ANTHRAXOLITE E. J. Chapman. A black combustible coal-like substance of varying com- position, found in Quebec and Ontario.
WOLLONGONGITE B. Silliman, Am. J. Sc., 48, 85, 1869.
This name was given provisionally to a supposed hydrocarbon from Wollongong, New South Wales, 1. c., occurring in cubical blocks, without lamination ; fracture broad couchoidal. It is shown by Liversidge to be simply a carbonaceous shale or kerosene-shale.
Supplement.
This supplementary chapter includes : First, descriptions of certain species, fairly well estab- lished, but as yet of unknown composition. Second, a summary of recent additions to min- eralogical literature, which have appeared during the eighteen months in which the preceding pages have been passing through the press, but too late to find their proper place. This is intended to make the work as complete as practicable to near the close of 1891. Third, brief accounts of many doubtful species, having little or no claim to recognition. This last portion of the chapter contains for the most part references of recent date. The list might be almost indefinitely extended, but the author does not believe that it would be a real service to inineral- ogical science to attempt to call to life the many bad or doubtful species, which have been once referred to in the literature, but most of them long since forgotten.
AERINITE Lasaulx, Jb. Min. , 352, 1876, 60, 1877. A compact, earthy mineral substance, of a bright blue color, from the Pyrenees. H. 3-4. G. =3'018. Shown by Des Cloizeaux to be a heterogeneous mass, consisting of a blue paste, inclosing different minerals, perhaps owing its color to artificial means. See Rg., Zs. G. Ges., 27, 234, 1876 ; also Macpherson, Jb. Min., 2, 98, 1882. Analyses are quoted in App. m, p. 2, 1882.
Aguilarite F. A. Oenth, Am. J. Sc., 41, 401, 1891.
Isometric. In skeleton dodecahedrons, often elongated in the direction of a cubic or octahedral axis.
No cleavage. Fracture hackly. Sectile. H. 2-5. G. 7'586. Luster metallic, bril- liant. Color iron black. Opaque.
Comp.— Sulpho-selenide of silver, Ag2S.Ag2Se Selenium 14'6, sulphur 5'9, silver 79'5 100.
Anal.— F. A. Geuth, 1. c.
Se 14 82 S 5-86 Ag 79'07 99-75
Another determination gave Ag 79-13.
Fyr., etc.— In the open tube heated slowly, yields metallic silver, a slight sublimate of selenium, silky needles of selenium dioxide and sulphur dioxide, the latter forming a small quantity of silver sulphate.
Obs.— From the San Carlos mine at Guanajuato, Mexico: very rare. Named after the superintendent of the mine, Senor Aguilar.
Alt.— Aguilarite is altered on the surface; the crystals losing their sharp edges and some- times becoming penetrated by holes showing metallic silver and a coatine of microscopic iron- black crystals, sometimes in hexagonal scales. An analysis of the brittle "iron black alteration- product gave :
S Sb As Ag Cu Fe
1362 10-82 1-29 67'08 6'44 0'82 100-07
This corresponds to 5(Ag,Cu)2S.(Sb,As)sS3, or a cupriferous stephanite.
ALBITE, p. 327. Glinka has given a monograph on Russian albite from the localities Kerebinsk in Govt. Orenburg, Kasbek, Kyshtimsk, Mursinka, and Shishimsk. The albite from Kerebinsk and Kasbek proved to be the purest, and of these the former gave the author :
& : b : c 0-6330 : 1 : 0-5573; ,r 94° 5', /3 116° 27', y 88° T. Angle of rhombic section on b (010), 27° 30'. [Russ. Bergjournal, 1889.] Jb. Min., 318
Supplement.
Munzing has investigated the Pfltschthal pericline and finds that the crystals consist essentially of an oligoclase, rich in soda, upon which albite has been deposited in parallel posi- tion, especially in the cavities of the original crystals; this albite follows the same twinning laws Ihis conclusion, based upon an optical examination, is confirmed by analysis. Jb. Miu* 2. 1,
AMPHIBOLE, p. 885 et seq.
The chemical constitution or the amphiboles is discussed by Haefke in an iuaug. dissertation (Berlin, 1890). He gives the following analyses, 1-8 :
G.
1. Pierrepont 3-031
2. " 3-008
3. " 2-981
4. Snarum 3'091
5. Ersby
6. Mte. Somma3-313
7. Edenville 3 283
8. Etna
SiOa TiO2 A12O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO Na2O K3O H2O F 1-29 0-78 2-33 22'96 12'25 1-24 0'66 1-98 0'62
100-01
2-10 0-29 1-35 21-86 12'09 3'03 0"91 1'42 0'90
[Li2O 0-26 101-54
0-82 0-69 22-61 12'59 1'93 0'62 1-27 T31
101-03
2-52 7-36 18-22 10-28 3'17 0-14 I'll 1-52
101-09
2-49 4-67 15-15 12-26 3'44 1-98 1'31 1'86
100-19
6-63 10-90 11-41 11-70 3'08 2-61 1-74 070
101-31
1-83 16-28 10-29 11-35 3-76 0-96 2-18 —
100-55
— 13-77 13-49 12-10 3'02 0'70 — —
101-24
55-90 —
57-13 0-20
55-82 0-16 3-21
53-42 0-23 3-12
41-20 0-43 15-40
38-84 — 13-70
41-67 0-85 11-38
40-20 3-34 14-62
Schneider has also given a series of analyses, 9-14, of basaltic hornblende, showing a con- siderable degree of constancy in composition, except in the Fe2Os and FeO. Zs. Kr., 18, 579,
9. Ortenberg
10. Bohemia
11. Hartlingen
12. Hoheberg
13. Wolkenburg
14. Laacher See
G.
SiO2
Ti02
A12O3
Fe2O3
FeO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
4'
1-77
r>'
40
1-61
21
1-14
26
6-48"
11'
1-35
undet.
68
7-34b
28
0-94
ft Incl. 0-21 MuO.
bDo., 0-31 MuO
Lane and Sharpless have described an iron-magnesium amphibole, called by them grunerite, which occurs with the iron ores of L. Superior. It resembles actiuolite, but corre- sponds chemically to the variety cummingtonite (p. 390). Shows polysynthetic twinning a, and also striations c. It is colorless or slightly greenish or brownish; faintly pleochroic. Extinc- tion-angle 20°. Analysis of pure material from the Champion mine, Am. J. Sc., 42, 505, 1891 :
Si02
A12O2
Fe2O3
FeO
MgO
Alk. tr.
H2O
2-80 100-20
Nephrite has been extensively mined in (he mountains of Nan Chan, China, Martin, C. II., 112. 1153. 1891. Anals., B. Columbia, see Harrington, Trans. R. Soc. Canada, 61, 1890.
Khrushchev has accomplished the difficult task of obtaining amphibole in artificial crystals by a hydrothermal method. A mixture of the following substances was taken : 3 per cent aqueous solution of colloidal silica; an aqueous solution of alumina, and also of ferric and ferrous hydrate; lime-water; freshly prepared magnesium hydrate suspended in water, and finally some drops of caustic soda and potash. This mixture, forming a rather stiff gelatinous mass, was heated in a sealed glass vessel to 550r for three months, with, however, some inter- ruptions.
At the end of this time the mass had been converted into a greenish brown pulp in which were dark-colored shining prismatic crystals, showing the forms : b (010), TO (110), r (Oil), with Oil A Oil 31° 32': c'eavage not distinct. Pleochroism not strong Optically — . Extinction- .angle 17° 56'. Absorption c 6 a. Axial angle 2V 82°. An analysis gave :
-G. 8 245
SiO, A12O3 42-85 8-11
Fe2O3 FeO 7-91 10-11
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K20
ign.
0-91 100 98
Supplement. 1027
In addition to these crystals, obviously a kiud of hornblende (cf. anals. above and on p. 396), there were obtained at the same time crystals referred to a pyroxene near diopside; also isotropic crystals and grains referred with a question to analcite; quartz crystals; adularia in tabular crystals. Jb. Min., 2, 86, 1891; C. R., 112, 677, 1891.
See ASTOCHITE below.
AUOMALITE G. A. Koenig, Am. Inst. Mng. Eng., Philadelphia meeting, 1876.
A name provisionally given to what appears to be a last stage of alteration of jeff ersonite The form of the original mineral is preserved perfectly, even the strong basal parting. Light, like pumice; color in thin section blood-red. Called anomalite, because it does not give B.B. with salt of phosphorus the manganese bead, although containing some 30 per cent of Mn2O3, on . account of the preseuce of cobalt and nickel, whose combined color is green, and this extinguishes the red of the manganese.
ANORTHITE, p. 337. Levy and Lacroix have determined the principal indices of refraction for crystals from Saint-Clement. Their values, together with the analysis, are:
SiOa A12O3 CaO NaaO Extinction on b
a 1 574 y 1-586 46 05 35'10 18'32 [0'53] 100 - 37°
The plane 8 c intersects the (real) obtuse angle cb and makes the (real) angles cS — 132°, bS 120'. C. R., Ill, 846, 1890.
APATITE, p. 762. Described as probably occurring in the Thomas slags, with also certain compounds of calcium sulphate and calcium silicate, by Stead and Ridsdale, J. Ch. Soc., 51, 601, 1887; also Miers, ibid., p. 608. Cf. also Hutchings, Nature, 36, 460, 1887.
A work on the occurrence of apatite and phosphates in general has been published recently by F. Wyatt (The Phosphates of America, New York, 1891).
ABAGONITE, p. 281. Buchrucker has described crystals from Leogang in Salzburg, showing the new form (850, t'-f ). The axial angles obtained are : 2Er 30° 38' Li, 2Ey 30° 43f Na, 2Egr 30° 57' Tl. Zs. Kr., 19, 140, 1891.
ASTOCHITE Sjogren, G. F8r. Forh., 13, 604, November, 1891. A new kind of amphibole- from Langban in Wermland, Sweden. It forms a rather coarse crystalline, short columnar, aggregate together with rhodonite, and has been locally known as "blue rhodonite." Crystal- lization monoclinic, cleavage-angle 56° 27', crystals not observed. Color varying from blue to grayish violet; for the former the extinction-angle (with i) is 15° 40', for the latter 17° 15'. Optically negative; axial plane b.
Analyses by R. Mauzelius gave:
G. SiOa FeO MnO MgO CaO Na,O K,O H2O F
1. Blue 3-05 56-25 0'15 6'49 21'89 5-44 6'17 1'60 1-56 0'15 99'70
2. Or. -violet 3'10 54'76 0'21 12-71 17'82 5'83 4"02 1'65 2'77 0-09 99-86
The above correspond to the composition of a normal metasilicate, consisting of (Mg,Mn,CajSiO3 and (Na,K,H)2SiO3. Named from acrrooS, missing the mark, aiming badly, in allusion to the fact that it was at first regarded as a pyroxene. It does not seem to be very far from richterite, p. 391.
AUERLITE, p. 489. Lemon-yellow crystals from Price's Land, Henderson Co., N. C., have been analyzed by Hidden and Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 41, 438, 1891. The crystals are in part twins, similar to those of rutile, zircon, etc. Analysis:
SiO2 P2O6 ThO, Fe2O, H2O
G. 4-051-4-075 6'84 8'58 [72-16] T78 10-64 100
BABINGTONITE, p. 381. Artificial crystals have been measured by Buchrucker, Zs. Kr., 18, 626, 1891. He calculates the axial ratio:
a : 'b : c 1 '08066 : 1 : 0'62370; a 77° 33', ft 108° 34', y 97° 7'
BARITE, p. 899. On crystals from the Puy-de-D6me, see Gonnard, Bull. Soc. Min., 14. 174, 1891.
BEATJMONTITE 0. T. Jackson, Am. J. Sc., 37, 398, 1839. A supposed "native crenated hydro-silicate of copper" from Chessy, France. Named after Prof. L. Elie de Beaumont.
1028 Supplement.
BERNARDINITE /. M. Stillman. Described as a new fossil resin from San Bernardino, Cal., Am. J. Sc. , 18, 57, 1879; later regarded as an exudation from a species of conifer, which had received its particular characters from exposure to the atmosphere (ib., 20, 93, 1880). It is finally shown by J. Stanley-Brown to be a fungous growth on Polyporus officinalis, impregnated by resinous material. Ibid., 42, 49, 1891.
BERTRANDITE, p. 545. Observed at La Mercerie near the bridge of the Verriere, La Chapelle-sur-Erdre, Lacroix and Baret, Bull. Soc. Miu., 14, 189, 1891.
Also noted in cavities in the beryl of Limoges, Haute Vieune, Michel, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 76, 1891.
BERYL, p. 405. Investigation of the optical anomalies, by A. N. Karnozhitsky, Vh. Min. Ges., 27, 1, 1891, and Zs. Kr., 19, 209, 1891.
Analysis of white crystals occurring at the tin mine of Winslow, Me., gave Hillebrand, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 55, 53, 1889:
SiOa TiOa A12O3 Fe2O3 BeO MgO K2O,CsaO NaaO Li2O H,0
G. 2-707 6521 tr. 18-50 0'33 13'03 0-09 0-14 0'87 0'16 1 -80 a 100-13
" After drying at 110C.
BINDHEIMITE, p. 862. Analyzed by Tscherne from Litica in Bosnia, where it occurs as an alteration-product of bournonite, Vh. G. Reichs., 211, June 30, 1891:
SbaO6 37-48 PbO 50'12 FeaO3 5'60 H20 7'39 100-59
BiSMtJTniNiTE, p. 38. A seleniferous variety from Guanajuato, Mexico, in prismatic crystals, has been analyzed by Genth:
G. 6-306 f S 14-06 Bi 77'54 Se 8'80 100-40
Formula: 4BiaS,.Bi2Se3. Am. J. Sc., 41, 402, 1891.
BOLEITE Mallard and Cumenge, C. R., 113, 519, Oct. 26, 1891.
In cubes, sometimes 2 cm. in diameter; also rarely with o (111), <?(110), and e(210). Cleavage: cubic, perfect; octahedral, less easy. H. 3-325. G. =5'08. Color indigo-blue. Refractive index, n 2'07. Sections of the cubic crystals show in polarized light an isotropic center bordered by doubly refracting bands; the latter are regarded as belonging to three crystals uniaxial and negative.
There are also octahedral crystals, regarded as tetragonal, with the forms a (100), c (001), e (101); the measured angles are:
ee' 74° 16' and ee" *117° 27' c 1'646
G. 5-0 approx. The crystals are optically uniaxial, negative, and are regarded as corresponding to the pseudo-isometric cubic crystals.
The composition deduced is that tentatively given to percyliteon p. 172, viz. PbCuCla(OH)a, with the addition of AgCl. Anal.:
Cl Pb Cu Ag H20 O
1. Cubic cryst. 19'98 48'45 13'95 8'85 4'77 [400] 100
2. " " 19-00 49-75 14'50 8'70 4'00 [4'05] 100
3. Octahedral cryst. 19'7 50'7 15'0 ' 9'4 undet.
From the copper mines at Boleo, near Santa Rosalia, Lower California. The copper deposits here consist of beds interstratified in the tufas and conglomerates resulting from the destruction of the volcanic rocks of the region. The copper is present as malachite, azurite, melaconite, cuprite, atacamite, also as silicates and rarely as the sulphide. Both the cubic and octahedral crystals of boleite are present in an argillacous gangue, and immediately associated with anglesite, cerussite, phosgenite, and atacamite.
The authors consider the two minerals, respectively in cubic and in tetragonal pyramidal crystals, as essentially identical, a pseudo-cubic "reseau " belonging to each; from the ordinary mineralogical standpoint, however, it seems more natural to regard them provisionally (until a more complete examination of percylite) as dimorphous forms of the same compound; in that case the name boleite would naturally belong to the tetragonal substance, while the isometric mineral would be united with percylile.
Supplement. 1029
BOMBITE De Boitrnon; Dnfrenoy, Min., 4, 289, 1859. An amorphous, dark blackish gray mineral "from near Bombay"; resembles Lydiau stone. Compact with con choidal fracture. H. 7. G. 2 '210. B B. fuses easily; insoluble in acids. An analysis by Laugier gave: SiO2 50-0, A12O3 10-5, Fe2O3 25"0, MgO 3"5, CaO 8'6, C 3'0, S 0'3 100 8 May be simply a kind of tachylyte.
BRATJNITE, p. 282. Crystals from Langban, described by Flink, show the new forms: o (304, f-t), I (401, 4-t), t (524, f-f), i (212, 1-2), (645, The axial ratio obtained is c - 0-99218, from 111 A ill 70° 19'. Anal.:
Mn3O4 84-77 Si08 9'89 Fe2O3 4'23 CaO 0 34 MgO 015 99'38
Oxygen (determined by Cl set free with hydrochloric acid) 7'35 p. c.; formula RO.RO2. Ak, H. tttockh., Bihaug, 16 (2), No. 4, 1, 1891.
BREITHATJPTITE, p. 72. Sarrabus, Sardinia, analysis by E. Mattirolo, Rend. Accad. Line., 7 (2), 98, 1891.
G. 8-42 Sb 65-07 As 0'20 Ni 32-94 Co 0'29 S, Ag, Pb tr. 98-50
BREWSTERLINITE. A new fluid in the cavities of minerals D. Brewster, Ed. Phil. J., 9, 1823; Trans. R. Soc. Ediub., 10, 1, 407, 1826; Am. J. Sc., 7, 186, 1824, 12, 214 (with a plate), 1827; Phil. Mag., 25, 174, 1863. Brewsterline Dana, Min., 559, 1850; Brewstoliue, ib., 471,
A colorless transparent fluid, occurring in cavities of topaz crystals from Brazil, Scotland, and Australia, of chrysoberyl, of quartz crystals from Quebec, amethyst from Siberia, and first described by Sir David Brewster. The cavities are mostly microscopic, but occasionally in. across, or even larger. They are general arranged in layers, and are sometimes counted by thousands in a single crystal. Index of refraction 1-2106, for the fluid from an amethyst from Siberia; 1'lSll for a kind from a topaz; boiling point in a vacuum from 23°-29°, the fluid filling the cavities with the warmth of the hand or mouth; highly expansible, between 10° and 27° more so than water. Volatilized by heat.
Composition not definitely known. The effect of moisture on the dry grains was regarded as showing that the substance was not one of the hydrocarbon oils, or a resin.
Nordenskiold has recently investigated this substance (earlier, Sorby, Vogelsang & Geissler, etc.) and concludes that it is a hydrocarbon probably belonging to the naphtha group. Jb. Min., 1, 242, 1886.
Cryptolinite or Cryptoline Dana, Min., 559, 1850, is another liquid with a refractive index of 1-2946 occurring with the above
See further on the above, 5th Ed., pp. 761, 762.
BROOKITE, p. 241. Occurs in fine crystals at Ville-es-Martin, near St. Nazaire, Loire Inferieuie. Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 192, 1891.
BUTYRELLITE. Bog Butter 'Williamson, Lieb. Ann., 54, 125, 1845. Butyrit Glocker, Syn., 9, 1847. Bntyro-limnodic Acid Brazier, Chem. Gaz., 375, 1852. Butyrellite Dana, Min., 747,
A butter-like substance from the peat bogs of Ireland. Supposed to be a native hydrocar- bon, but, after a thorough chemical examination, Macadam has proved that it is of animal not mineral origin, and is simply butter; all of the ten samples analyzed showed the presence of hairs, microscopically like those of a cow! In one case the same bog which had furnished " bog-butter " also yielded heads of cattle. Min. Mag., 6, 175, 1885.
CALCITE, p. 262. Sansoni, in continuation of an earlier memoir, has given a monograph of the forms of calcite observed from various localities in Baden. Zs. Kr., 19, 321, 1891.
Etching by acids as affected by the concentration of the solvent, Hamberg, G. For. FOrh., 12, 617, 1891.
CANCRINITE, p. 427. By heating 14 gr. of mica with 7 gr. soda, 14 gr. sodium carbonate, and a certain quantity of water for two days at 500°, Ch. & G. Friedel have obtained a mineral in. small hexagonal crystals, resembling hydronosean, p. 1043, with pp' 23° 49 to 25° V , optically negative, — e O'OIO. G. 2'357. Analyses gave:
SiO2 CO, A12O3 Na2O K,O H2O
3.V77 4-42 30-59 22'05 2'34 4'14 - 99'49
Formula calculated: 3(Na,O.Al2C)3.2SiOo).Na2O.CO, + 2H,O, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 74,
Supplement.
CASSITERITE, p. 234. Crystals from Cornwall described by Solly show the forms: n (661, 6), p (12-12-1, 12), q (IS'lS'l, 18), i/> (120-1201, 120), d (432, 2-£), 0 (13-11-2, A hemimorphic development in some crystals is noted. He gives also: oor 1-9793, 2-079. G. 6-92 Dolcoath, black crystals Min. Mag., 9, 199, 1891.
Occurs as a pseudomorph after hematite, also filling cellular crystals, at the Mine del Diablo,, Durango, Mexico. Cf. Genth and Rath, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 24, 23, 1887, also Pirssou, Am. J. Sc., 42, 407, 1891.
Noted in crystals in slag from the bronze melting. Bourgeois, Bull. Soc. Min., 11, 58,
The locality of cassiterite in San Bernardino Co., briefly alluded to on p. 235, has recently come into prominence and may prove to be of considerable economic importance. The author is informed (Dec. 10, 1891, priv. contr.) as follows in regard to it : The Temescal tin mines are situated near the northern end of the San Jacinto Estate in San Bernardino Co. The principal vein now being worked has been opened up to a depth of 180 and a length of 300 feet, and varies from a few inches to 8 feet in width. About 40 tons of ore per diem are being crushed and concentrated, yielding 5 p. c. of oxide (cassiterite) which is smelted into pig tin. This vein is evidently a true fissure vein, and shows no sign of weakening. There are also a large number of small veins of a ferruginous mineral similar to that being worked, but which do not appear to contain much tin.
CELESTIALITE /. Lawrence Smith, C. R., 81, 1055, 1875. On treating the graphite from the interior of the meteoric iron of Sevier, Tenn., with ether, Smith obtained small quantities of acicular crystals having a peculiar odor, mixed with some small rounded points. Thtse he regards as identical with crystals obtained from the iron of Alais, France (Mar. 15, 1806), by Roscoe (Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester, 3, 57, 1863). Smith has obtained the same crystals from the Alais meteorite. In the closed tube he finds that they fuse at 115°-120°, and at a higher temperature the sulphur is sublimed, and a black residue left behind. He regards these crystals as proof of the presence of a sulpho hydrocarbon, for which he proposes the name celes- tialiie. Roscoe (1. c.) found that l'94p. c. of the meteorite dissolved in ether, and from the solution he obtained crystals melting at 114°, and in two forms: acicular, which he considered as near to konlite (see p. 1002), and rhombic, which he identified as free sulphur.
CERUSSITE, p. 286. Crystals, in part twins with r (130) as tw. pi., are described by G. H. Williams from the Mountain View mine, near Union Bridge, Carroll Co., Md. Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., No. 87, April 1891. Similar twins, sometimes abnormally developed by extension of the tw. plane r (130), are figured by Pirssou (f. 1-3) from the Red Cloud mine, Yuma Co.,. Arizona. Am. J. Sc., 42, 405, 1881.
Yuma Co., Arizona, Pirsson.
CHALCOPYRITE, p. 80. Crystals from Cuba, similar to those described by Penfield from the French Creek mines, Pennsylvania (p. 81), have been described by Des Cloizeaux. The crystal figured resembles f. 12, p. 81, and to the forms he assigns the symbols (538, f -f) for the tetragonal scalenohedron and to the sphenoid (401, 4-i); these correspond respectively to x and (p of f. 12.
CHALCOSTIBITE (Wolfsbergit_e), p. 113. Crystals from Wolfsberg, studied by Laspeyres, gave the mean axial ratio: d : b: k 0'52830 : 1 : 0'62339, approximating to that' of sartorite. The forms present are:
r (7-21-27, f3).
Angles: 100 A 110 27C 50f, 001 A 101 cd 49° 48$', 001 A Oil cf 31° 56i', ce 26° 49*', eg 67° 2'.
In the above d Oil (d) of p. 113, g — 041 (h), etc. The habit is shown in the figure. The above axial ratio is that deduced by Laspeyres. The results, however, though increas-
Supplement. 1031
Jng our knowledge of the crystallization of the species, make little claim to exactness. Thus the calculated value of cd 49° 43', while he measures 51° 20'; again, cf 31° 56' calc., and 29° 14' meas. In view of this the abnormal symbols of the pyramids lose part of their significance; thus p may be 121 instead of 7-14-8, etc. Zs. Kr., 19, 428, 1891
CHANTONNITE. A supposed black silicate forming veins in certairTineTeorites, as those of Chantonnay, Charsonville. This is sbowu by Meunier not to be a definite species, but simply a structure developed by heat. C. It., 52, 339, 1861, and Meteorites> 81, 1884.
CHLORITOID, p. 640. Lane and Keller have studied the chloritoid occurring with the iron ores of northern Michigan. It occurs in green plates, several centimeters across and up to 4 mm. in thickness, thus at the Champion mine. It is distinctly tricliuic as shown in the extinction- angles and the want of symmetry of the lateral cleavages, thus confirming the results of Des Cloizeaux upon sisiuondine (p. 641). An analysis gave:
SiO2 TiO, A1QO3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO KQO Na2O H2O
24-29 0-28 34-00 10'55 20 51 tr. 1'29 0 61 0'97 0'35 6'75 99'6a
The formula deduced is 8H2O.7FeO.8AlaO3.8SiOii. The presence of alkalies is noteworthy; the same authors show that the so-called masonite of Natick, R. I., contains about 2 p. c., chiefly soda. Am. J. Sc., 42, 499, Dec., 1891, also Zs. Kr., 19, 383, 1891.
CHROMITE, p. 228. A variety from the Pick and Shovel mine, S. Fork of Chorro Creek, California, has been analyzed by H. Pemberton, Jr., Ch. News, 63, 241, 1891.
Cr2O3 AlaO, Fe2O3 FeO MgO MnO SiO, H2O la. 52-68 1140 3'52 11-77 16-23 0'15 3'40 0'94 100'09 Ib. 56-96 12-32 3'81 12'73 14'02 0*16 — — - 100
16 after deducting 3'26 p. c. serpentine.
On the decomposition of chromite by electric current, see E. F. Smith, Am. Ch. J., 13, 414, 1891.
CHRYSOBERYL, p. 229. Has been recently found (Foote) in twin crystals at Greenwood, Oxford Co., Maine.
CHRYSOLITE, p. 451. Analysis of clear pebbles from Fort Wingate, New Mexico, by Clarke & Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 40, 305, 1890, gave:
SiO, FeO NiO MnO MgO Fe2O, H2O
41-98 5-71 0.42 0-10 51-11 0'51 0'28 lOO'll
It was found that at 383°-412° the mineral was hardly attacked by dry hydrochloric acid, thousrh readily decomposed by the aqueous acid.
On the chrysolite of the Kiowa Co., Kansas, pallasite, see Huntington, Proc Am. Acad., 26, April 8, 1891.
CINNABAR, p. 66. Melville and Lindgren have described crystals from the New Idria mercury mines, California. They are very small, from 0-05 mm. to 0-6 in diameter, and_0-02 to 0-2 mm. in thickness; thin tabular in habit and show the forms c(0001, 0), h, (0223,— f), gt (0112, — -J); also various tetartohedral forms, chiefly in the zone c/h, and having for the most part highly complex symbols. U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 61, 1, 1890.
CORUNDUM, p. 210. Crystals obtained artificially by Fremy (see below) gave the new form (1123, |-2). Dx.. C. R., 106, 567, 1888.
Friedel has described the production of crystals of corundum and diaspore by the wet way by the action of a solution of soda on amorphous alumina at an elevated temperature. At 450° to 500°, both corundum and diaspore were obtained, at 530° to 535° only corundum, and at 400° only diaspore Bull. Soc. Min., 14. 8, 1891.
The artificial formation of rubies is described in detail with many colored plates by M. Fremy in Synthese du Rubin (30 pp. 4to, Paris, 1891). In the most successful method the rubies were obtained in an earthen crucible by the reaction at a very high temperature of a mixture of alumina (with more or less potnsh) upon barium fluoride, with bichromate of potassium as coloring matter. Tliey are well crystallized, clear, of brilliant color.
F. Noetling describes the Namseka ruby mine in the valley of the Nampai, Mainglon state, where the rubies have been found in isolated pockets in secondary deposits of river gravel and sand, probablv washed down by the Moffok stream wliich joins the Nanipai near the Namseka mine. Rec. G. Surv. India, 24," 119, 1891.
1032 Supplement.
CORONITE. A name proposed by T. S. Hunt for the common brown maguesian variety of tourmaline, Min. Physiology, pp. 162, 350, 1886; Syst. Miu., 299, 1891. The name is taken from the locality, Crown Point, N. V. A number of other variety names proposed by Dr. Hunt will be found in the same volumes; also a system of dual Latin names, after the method of Natural History, e.g., coronite " Turmalinus magneseus."
CORYNITE, p. 91. A specimen from a siderite mine near Gosenbach in the Siegen region has been analyzed by Laspeyres:
S Sb As Bi Ni Fe Co
G. 6 488 16-22 42'93 10'28 0'68 28'91 0'40 M8 100'56
This corresponds to Ni(Sb,As)S. Zs. Kr., 19, 8, 1891.
COVELLITE p. 68. On crystals from Leogang, Salzburg, Buchrucker has measured, cp *79° 18', and pp' 59° 22 , yielding c' — 4'5833. Zs. Kr., 19, 135, 1891.
CRAIGTONITE Heddle, Miu. Mag., 5, 30, 1882. A name given to a blue-black substance forming dendritic stains on red granite, in the quarry of Craigtou, Hill of Fare, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. An analysis gave alumina, iron sesquioxide, manganese protoxide, magnesia, and alkalies. It is not a mineral species.
CKYOCONITE. Kryokonit, Nordenskiold, Ofv. Ak. Stockholm, 28, 293, 1871; 32, 3, 1874 Geol. Mag., 9, 355, 1872.
A name given by Nordenskiold to the powder found by him in Greenland covering the surface of land ice, as also at a distance of thirty miles from the coast. It formed a layer of gray powder, sometimes several millimeters in thickness, and often agglomerated into small rouud balls of loose consistency. It was supposed to be cosmical in origin, but this is not con- firmed by later investigators. Cf. Lasaulx, Min. Mitth., 3, 521, 1881, and Wiilfiug, Jb Min., Beil.-Bd., 7, 152, 1890; the latter shows that the cosmical element is comparatively insignificant.
CKYOLITE, p. 166. The methods of twinning are described by Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 18, 355, 1890.
CRYSTALLITES. A name given by Vogelsang to the forms, often observed especially in igneous rocks, which show a regular arrangement of grouping, but have not the properties of crystals, particularly not their regular exterior form. They seem to form an intermediate step between amorphous matter and true crystals. See Vogelsang, — DIE KRYSTALLITEN, Bonn, 1875. To the crystallites Vogelsang has given a variety of names, according to their form or appearance: Globulites (Vogelsang, p. 13), margarites (p. 19), longulites (p. 21, 112), sphiirolites (p. 131), cumulites (p. 134), globospMrites (p. 134), belonospharites (p. 135), felsospJuirites (p. 135), granosphdrites (p. 135).
CUPROCALCITE Raimondi, Domeyko, 5th Append., Min. Chili, 1876; Min. Perou, p. 135, 1878. In small masses and in bands intimately mixed with a ferruginous caleite. H. 3. G. 3'90. Color bright vermilion-red. Analysis gave: Cu2O 50'45, CaO 20'16, CO2 24'00, H2O 3-20, Fe2Os 0'60, A12O3 0'20, MgOO'97, SiO2 0'30 99'88. Formula deduced (CuaO)a.COs-f SCaO.COa -f- H2O. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with effervescence; the solution, formed out of contact with the air, has a strong deoxidizing power, precipitating gold from solutions of gold salts. From the mines of Canza, near the city of lea, Peru. According to the results of Damour this is only an intimate mixture of calcium carbonate and cuprous oxide (Cu2O), Bull. Soc. Min., 1, 130, 1878.
DANALITE, p. 435. Found in El Paso Co., Colorado, at West Cheyenne Canon. It is thus described by Genth (priv. contr.):
Only part of one crystal, 15 X 17 mm., is thus far known, and one somewhat larger frag- ment discolored by oxides of iron and manganese. The crystal shows the forms (PennVld): plus tetrahedron 0(111), minus tetrahedron o, (111) with narrow planes of the dodecahedron d (110) truncating their edges. No cleavage observed; fracture uneven, splintery to subcon- choidal. Color in some portions pale rose-red to brownish, owing to slight oxidation; also massive G. 2'626-2'661. Associated with quartz and astrophyllite, a crystal of which is implanted in the crystal. The purest material, of a fine pale rose-color, gave on analysis:
SiO, ZnO FeO MnO CuO BeO S ign. G. 2661 3026 46'20 6\sl 1-22 0-30 1270 549 021 103-19 less 2'78 (O S)=100'41
This agrees closely with the empirical formula given on p. 435, (Be,Zn,Fe,Mn)7Si3Oi2S it differs, however, from that analyzed by Cooke in containing much more zinc and but little iron and manganese. A second analysis made upon material somewhat less pure gave nearly identical results.
S Upplement. 1 033
DATOLITE, p. 502. On crystals from Audreasberg, see Busz, Zs. Kr., 19, 21, 1891.
Obtained artificially by A. de Gramout, by the action of a solution of sodium borate upon calcium silicate at a high temperature underpressure, in crystalline forms conforming in physical properties and composition to the natural mineral. C. R., 113, 83, 1891.
DAUBREELITE, p. 79. Obtained artificially by Meunier by treating at a red heat an alloy of iron and chromium with hydrogen sulphide. Analysis gave: S 45'01, Fe 19'99, Cr 35'00 100. C. R., 112, 818, 1891.
DIAMOND, p. 3. Walter (Wied. Ann., 42, 505, 1891) has observed a characteristic absorp- tion-band between the Fraunhofer lines O and h in the spectrum given by a diamond prism; this was noted in numerous colorless diamonds, and is ascribed to the presence of some foreign substance at present undetermined. The mean values of the refractive indices for the Fraun- hofer lines are:
Abcd E F G H
2-40245 2-40735 2-41000 2-41734 2'42694 2-43539 2-45141 2'46476
A few diamonds, up to ff carat, have been found in the gold gravels of Plum Creek, Rock Elm township, Pearce Co., Wisconsin, Kunz, Am. J. Sc., 41, 252, 1891.
Reported as occurring in the meteoric iron of Canon Diable, Arizona. Cf. A. E. Foote, Am. J. Sc., 42, 413, 1891.
On the history of the Kohiuoor, cf. N. Story Maskelyne, Nature, 44, 555, 1891.
DIASPORE, p. 246. Observed by Cross forming, with alunite, a rock-mass at Mt. Robinson, Rosita Hills, Colorado (cf. also alunite, p. 974). Crystals, of the ordinary habit, are described by Melville, Am. J. Sc., 41, 466, 475, 1891.
On the artificial formation, see corundum, p. 1031.
DIOPTASE, p. 463. Basal sections showing abnormal optical characters have been described by Karnozhitsky. Six sectors were noted with quasi-twinuing bauds, in part biaxial, normal to the prism; a normal uniaxial central portion was not observed. Zs. Kr., 19, 593, 1891.
DIPYRE, p. 471. On the transformation of dipyre into feldspar, or " werneritization," see Lacroix, Bull, Soc. Miu., 14, 16, 1891.
DOLOMITE, p. 271. On the true orientation of the forms shown by crystals from the Gebroulaz glacier, described by A. Bella, see Becke, Min. Mitth., 11, 536, 1890; 8-20'12-5.
EKMANNITE, p. 662. Investigated optically by Hamberg ; uniaxial, positive, the ordinary ray (GO) grass-green, the extraordinary ray (e) nearly colorless. G. For. Forh., 11, 25, 1889.
ELLONITE Heddle, Min. Mag., 5, 30, 1882. A pale yellow unctuous powder from the gneiss of Ellon, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is an impure hydrous silicate of magnesium.
ELROQUITE C. V. Shepard, Min. Contr., 1877. An apple-green to gray, massive substance. Regarded as a hydro-silicate of A12O3 and Fe2O3, mixed with opaline silica and a supposed chromium phosphate, to which " the green color was found to be due." To the chromium phosphate the name PHOSPHOCHROMITE is given. From the island of Elroque, Caribbean Sea.
ENARGITE, p. 147. Occurs in the Cerro Blanco mines, Atacama ; angle of cleavage prism 82° 2'. Analysis gave R. de Neufville: G. 4-51, S 32'21, As 18-16, Cu 47'96, Fe 1'22, Zn 0-57 100-12. Zs. Kr., 19, 75, 1891.
ERILITE H. C. Lewis, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad., 292, 1880. Minute acicular crystals, looking like tufts of white wool, observed in a cavity in quartz from Herkimer Co. , N. Y. ; chemical nature unknown. The cavity also contained a liquid of undetermined character.
EUCAIRITE, p. 53. Analyses of a tine granular, perhaps cleavable, variety from the Sierra de Umango, province of La Rioja, Argentine Republic. 1, Fromme, J. pr. Ch., 42, 57, 1890. 2, 3, Bodiander, quoted by Klochmaun, Zs. Kr., 19, 265, 1891.
Se Ag Cu
1. 31-53 42-71 25-47= 99-71
2. 32-54 43-14 26 '42 10210
3. 32-32 42-20 25'41 99'93 A second determination of the material of anal. 3.
Supplement.
ETJDIALYTE, p. 409. Crystals from Magnet Cove, Ark., (see fig.), gavePenfield: ce 50° 44', cr 67° 35'. Am. J. Sc., 41, 397, 1891.
FALKENHAYNITE R. Scharizer, Vh. G. Reichs., 433, 1890. Massive, somewhat resembling galena. G. 4 '83 corrected. Color gray-black. Analysis of very impure material, after deducting 1316 p. c. quartz and 12'77 siderite :
S
Sb
As
Bi
Cu
Fe
Zn 1-89 100
Magnet Cove, Pfd.
Assuming further that 3'66 p. c. chalcopyrite are admixed, the for- mula Cu3SbS3 or 3Cu2S.Sb2S3 is obtained, or an antimony mem- ber of the Bournonite Group, p. 126 ; it is not far, apparently, from stylptypite, p. 130. The result, however, is not very conclusive, considering the nature of the material. From the Fied- ler vein at Joachimsthal; named after Count J. Falkenhayn, Minister of Agriculture.
FATALITE, p. 456. Analysis of a massive variety from Cheyenne Mt., Colorado, by Hidden & Mackintosh, Am. J. Sc., 41, 439, 1891:
G. 4-35 SiO, 27-66 FeO 65'79 MnO 4'17 CaO 0'47 98-09 Lacroix has noted the occurrence of fayalite in the trachytes of the Capucin, Mont Dore.
FELDSPAR GROUP, 314 et seq. Joly has made the following approximate determinations of the melting points of the various feldspars by the use of the instrument devised by him called the meldometer, Proc. R. Irish Acad., 2, 38, 1891 (read May 11); and Nature, 33, 15, 1885 :
Adularia 1175° C. Sanidine 1140° Microcline 1175°
Albite 1175° C.
Oligoclase 1220° Labradorite 1230°
These results do not entirely agree with the experience of some pottery makers, who have found that albite melts to a glass at a temperature at which orthoclase is only partially fused.
The same author gives the following as the (approximate) melting points of the minerals in von Kobell's scale of fusibility :
1. Stibnite 525° C.
2. Natrolite 965° 8. Almaudite 1265°
7. Quartz 1430
4. Actinolite (green) 1296°
5. Orthoclase 1175°
6. Bronzite (Diallage) 1300°
FERRITE. A name proposed by Vogelsang (Zs. G. Ges., 24, p. 529, 1872) for the amor- phous hydroxide of iron, which in red or yellow particles plays an important part in many rocks, and whose composition is as yet undetermined.
FERROSILICITE Shepard. A supposed ferrous silicate present in certain meteorites.
FLUOCERITE, p. 175. Crystals from Osterby in Dalarne, Sweden, are found by Weibull to be hexagonal, with m (1010) and p (1122) and mp 51° approx., hence c 1-06. G. For. Forh.. 12, 535, 1890.
FLUORITE, p. 161. On etching-figures, see Becke, Min. Mitth., 11, 349. 1890.
Becquerel has investigated the phosphorescence of fluorite, C. R., 112, 557, 1891.
The remarkable adaptivity of fluorite to the construction of lenses (apocliromatic) in con- sequence chiefly of its low refractive and dispersive powers, is developed by Abbe. Thus for the three hydrogen lines H, H0, Hv, the differences in the refractive indices are, n$ — na 0-00455, and ny — up 0-00255. Zs. lust., 10, 1, 1890; of. Thompson, Phil. Ma.u.. Feb., 1891.
FOOTEITE G. A. Koenig, Proc. Acad Philad., 289. 1891.
Monoclinic. In minute prismatic crystals, tabular ft, and in part twins, with tw. pi. a (100). Forms: b (010, m (110, /), d (Ml, - m-i\ n (Ml, m-?,V p (11 1 . - 1), o (111, 1). Approximate measured angles : mm"' — 49°, edge mm'"/vp'" 145U°. edge pp'/oo' - 33°. Color deep blue. Composition deduced, 8Cu(OH)2.CuCl2 + 4H2O Approximate analysis on 0-0165 gr.
CuCl2 13-5
CuO 68-7
H2O 22 8 100
Supplement. 1035
Occurs with paramelaconite and malachite on limonite at the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee, -Arizoua. Not very far from tallingite, p. 174, but contains only about half as much chlorine. Named after A. E. Foote of Philadelphia.
FOUQUEITE Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 327, 1889.
Monocliuic. In elongated crystals, usually with rounded outlines. Sometimes polysyn- thetic twins, with a (100) as tw. pi. Cleavage oblique to the direction of elongation and making an angle of 90° to 108° with this in sections. Color yellow or white; pleochroism extremely feeble. Optically Ax. pi. cleavage (001). Ax. angle about 90°. Dispersion p v. y - a 0-020.
Composition like zoisite, from which it differs in form; it appears to be an epidote essentially, containing but little iron (cf. anal. 18, p. 519). Anal.—
G. SiOa A12O3 FeO CaO ign.
White 3-24 38'6 32-5 1-9 23'9 2-7 99'6
Yellow 3-31 38-3 31 '9 4'4 23'5 2'7 100'8
Given as 36 6, which makes the total 97*6.
B.B. infusible.
Occurs in anorthite-gneiss at Salem, and less often at Kandy, Ceylon. The rock also contains ordinary epidote (but not immediately associated with fouqueite), scapolite, garnet, amphibole, pyroxene. Named for M. Fouque.
FRIEDELITE, p. 465. Crystals have been described by LindstrSm (G. For. F8rh., 18, 127, 1891) from the Harstig mine, near Pajsberg, Wermlaud, Sweden. They occur in six-sided tables with granular galena and greenish
§ray augite in calcite. Also the same occurrence by Flink (Ak. H. tockh., Bihang, 16(2), No. 4, 20, 1891). He measures cr 31° 33', whence c 0'5317 ; he also notes the steep rhombohedron £ (15'0'15'1, 15) with faces striated horizontally, cs 83° 43' meas. Pajsberg, Flink.
Analyses show the presence of 4 p. c. iron protoxide; 1, Lind- <=tr5m: 2, Fliuk.
G. SiO, MnO FeO CaO MgO Cl H2O
1. 33-36 49-08 3'83 0'74 1-81 419 8'45 P2OB tr. 100'96
2. 3-058 34-66 47'70 0'53 2'27 3'13 8'47 99'66
GADOLINITE, p. 509. Nordenskiold discusses again the molecular weight of the gadolinite- earths present in many rare species, and obtains values ranging from 275'8 in orthite from Sandoua to 247'9 in gadolinite from Gamla, Kararfvet. Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang 17 (2), No. 1,
GAHNITE, p. 223. Oebbeke has analyzed the kreittonite of Silberberg near Bodenmais, as follows (Jb. Min., 1, 17 ref., 1891).
Al-jOa Fe2O3 ZnO FeO MnO MgO
48-40 7-47 27-44 14'79 2'64 tr. 100'74
GANOMATITE Breith. , Char., 106, 1832. (GansekOthigerz Germ., Goose-dung Ore, Cheno- ccprolite Dana, Min., 1st Ed., 216, 1837). The material thus named is in part an impure iron- sinter, containing some oxide of cobalt, etc. That of Joachimsthal is a yellowish incrustation, occuiring with smaltite. That of Andreasberg is a mixture of oxides of antimony, arsenic, and iron, with a little arseuous oxide (Rg., Min. Ch., 993, 1860).
GAHNET. p. 437 et seq The following are recent analyses :
1 Beautiful rose-pink grossularite in larsre dodecahedrons from Xalostoc, U str Ouautla, State of Morelos, Mexico. Occurs embedded in crystalline limestone with honey-yellow vesu- vianite. etc. Described by C. F. de Landero, Am. J. Sc.. 41, 321, 1891, anal. 1 (cf. anal. 8 by Dam our. p 440). ,
2. From TCedabek in Caucasus, wine-yellow to honey-yellow crystals m trapezon described bv Miiller, Jb. Min., 1. 272. 1891 T ,, .
3. Cinnamon earnet from Ottawa Co ., Quebec, Canada; described by B. J. Harrington, Can. Rec. Sc., 4, 93. 1890.
4. "Rose-rod srarnets from Laurentian srneiss of Murray Bay. Quebec, Harrington, 1, c.
5. Hpar lieht VownisTi red cnessartite from Amelia Co., Virginia; analyzed by F. W. Clarke, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 60, 129, 1890.
1036 Supplement.
6. Melanite from Oberrothweil in the Kaiserstuhl, analyzed by Soltmann, Zs. Kr., 18, 628 1891. Cf. anals. 22-31, p. 444.
G. SiOa TiO2 Ala03 FeaO3 FeO MnO CaO MgO
1. Xalostoc 3-516 40'64 — 21 48 1-57 — tr. 35'38 075 BaO tr., insol.
[0-17 99-99
2. Kedabek f 39-12 — 22'73 1-77 — — 35'84 — ign. 0'15 99'61
3. Ottawa Co., Q. 3'58 36'22 — 18'23 7'17 — 0'63 37'39 tr. ign. 0' 70 =100 34
4. Murray Bay, Q. 4'047 37'97 — 22-44 2-39 26'12 1-18 5'27 5-43=100-80
5. Amelia Co., Va. 35'35 — 20-41 2'75 1'7588'70 0'94 — ign. 0-27 100 17
6. Oberrothweil 30'48 11-01 3-13 15'49a 3'84 — 30'19 2-28 Alk. 1-65, ign.
[0-19, ZrOa 1-28 99'54 a Incl. 0-28 MnaOs.
GRANGESITE, p. 654. Cf. Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 10, 142, 1887.
GRAPHITE, p. 7. On the formation by contact-metamorphism, see Beck & Luzi, Jb. Min., 2, 28, 1891.
GOETHITE, p. 247. Occurs with hematite, pyrolusite, calcite, barite, etc., in the Lower Carboniferous limestone of Clifton, Nova Scotia. An analysis by Shuttleworth (quoted by Harrington, Can. Rec. Sc., 4, 93, 1890) gave
G. 4-217 FeaO3 88'92 MnaO3 0'14 HaO 10-20 SiO4 0'32 99'58 GREENOCKITE, p. 69. On artificial crystals, see troilite, p. 1051. GUANAJUATITE, p. 38. An analysis of an original specimen gave Genth : G. 6-977 Se 25'50 S 4-68 Bi 68'86 99-04
Formula hence BiaSeaS or 2BiaSe3.BiaS3 analogous to common tetradymite. Am. J. Sc., 41, 403, 1891.
HALITE, p. 154. On the double refraction called out by pressure, see Pockels, Wied. Ann., 39, 440, 1890.
On indices of refraction, see Dufet, Bull Soc. Min., 14, 139, 1891.
G. Freda has analyzed some of the chlorides from Vesuvius, like those earlier noted by Scaccbi (p. 157) [Gazz. Cn. Ital., 16, 18b9], Jb. Miu., 2, 374 ref., 1890. The materials analyzed are as follows : 1, stalactitic salt of the 1884 crater ; 2, nodular crusts of 1875 crater ; 3, cubic crystals, 1881 ; 4, thick white stalactites, 1886 ; 5, white nodular crusts from the Mauro lava of 1887 ; 6, white crusts from the 1888 Mauro lava.
Nad KC1 LiCl CaCla MgCla CaSO4
1. 33-06 58-67 0'07 1-78 0'89 1'22 insol. 308, HaO and loss [1 -23] 100
2. 32-11 66-38 98'49
3. 31-03 68-20 99 23
4. 81-93 15-41 CaSO4 126 98'60
5. 54 20 43-71 97'91
6. 73-89 24-18 98'07
HAUSMANNITE, p. 230. Crystals from Jakobsberg show the new forms :
z (5-5-11, T5T)? m (110, 7) (335, f) u (223, f) t (414, 1-4)
Axial ratio assumed, b 1-1573, 001 AlOl 49° 10'. G. Flink, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 16 (2), No. 4, 10, 1891.
HELDBURGITE Luedecke, Zs. Nat. Halle, 4, 291, 884, 1879.
Tetragonal. Axis b 0-7500. In minute (3 mm. long, £ to £ mm. thick) prismatic crystals. Forms : a (100, i-i), m (110, /), p (111, 1). Angles : mp 48° 19', pp" *93° 22*', pp' 61° 56'. It is near zircon in form. In habit resembles guarinite. H. less than that of steel. Luster ada- mantine. Color yellow. Streak white. Transparent, B. B. infusible. Composition unknown (TiOa absent). Occurs in the feldspar of the phonolyte of the Heldburg near Coburg.
Supplement. 1037
HEMATITE, p. 213. Crystals altered to or inclosing cassiterite occur at the Mina del Diablo Durango, Mexico. Of. Genth & Rath, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 24, 23, 1887, and Pirssou, Am. J. Sc., 42, 407, 1891. The crystals de- 1-
scribed by Pirsson (fig. 1) are in part cellular, and are tilled with cassiterite. The planes of the hematite brilliant in luster, but are distinct only at the edges ; the forms observed are : c (0001), a (1120), d (1012), r (1011), & (2021), r? (0111), s (0221), n (2243). The cassiterite shows no definite orientation, but forms an intimate crystalline aggregation. Pirsson regards it as a case of simultaneous crystallization in which the form was determined by the hematite.
Hessenbergite Kenng., Ber. Ak. Mtlnchen, 2, 230, 1863. Sideroxen Hessenberg, Min. Not., 7, 4, 1866.
Monoclinic. Axis d : b : c 1-7514 : 1 : 1-0480 ; ft *89° 53' 001 A 100 Hessenberg1.
100 A HO 60° 16|', 001 A 101 30° 52', 001 A Oil 46° 20f.
Forms : c (001, 0). a (100 i-l), 5(010. z-i), i (910, '-9). (310, e-3), m (110, /), y (101, - 14), p (501, - 5-i, g (504, f-1), n (301, 3-i), e (012, 1), o (315, $-3).
Angles :)j£* 60° 33', mm'" *120° 33', cy *30i 52', cp 30° 55$', c# 36° 50', en 60° 58', ee' - 55° 18i', co 22° 35', oo 22° 20 .
Twins : tw. pi. y (101) common. Crystals tabular \c. H. 7-7'5. Luster adamantine. Colorless, bluish. Transparent.
Comp.— A silicate of undetermined constituents. It has been suggested that it may be dauburite (Groth), but failstofind correspondence in theforms. Cf . Hintze, Zs. Kr., 7, 303, 1882.
Pyr., etc. — In a closed tube yields no water, and is unchanged. In the platinum forceps whitens, but does not fuse. In borax melts without intumescence. Heated with cobalt solution becomes gray. No action from hydrochloric acid.
Obs. — Occurs implanted on crystals of hematite (Eisenrosen) at Mt. Fibia, west of the Hospice of St. Gothard.
Ref.— Min. Not , 7, 4. 1866. Cf. also Kenngott, Jb. Min., 232, 1864.
HESSITE, p. 47. An analysis of tabular crystals from Botes, Transylvania, by Loczka, gives the formula Ag(Au)2Te. Anal.: Te 37'77, Ag 61 '52, Au 1-01, Fe tr. 100-30. Ber. aus Ungaro, 8, 103, 1891.
HOWARDITE SJiepard. A supposed silicate of iron and magnesium, present in certain meteorites.
HYDRONICCITE C. U. Shepard, Min. Coutr., 1877. A name suggested for a doubtful substance conjectured to be a hydrated oxide of nickel, from Texas, Peun.
HYDROBUCHOLZITE Thomson. Thomson obtained (Min., 1, 237, 1836) SiOa41'35, AlaO| 49-55, HSO 4-85, gypsum 8-12 98'87. Probably from Sardinia.
HYDROSAMARSKITE. A. E. Nordenskiold, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 17 (2), No. 1, 8, 1891. A samarskite from the Nothamnsgrufra, VaddO, containing 10'5 p. c. water and 4 p. c. of " gadoliuite-earths " of a molecular weight of 274*1.
HYPOXANTHITE Eowney, Ed. N. Phil. J., 2, 308, 1855; Sienna Earth. A brownish yellow ferruginous clay or ocher, probably only clayey yellow ocher.
ILVAITE, p. 541. Occurs with calcite, tremolite, andradite, forming irregular crystalline masses in a large vein near the head of Barclay Sound, Vancouver Island, B. C. An analysis gave Hoffmann, Am. J. Sc., 42, 432, 1891 :
SiO2 Fe2O3 A12O3 FeO MnO CaO MgO H2O G. =3-85 29-81 18'89 016 32'50 222 13-82 0'30 1 '62 99 32
IRON, p. 28. J. M. Davison has analyzed the kamacite, tseuite, and plessite from the Wei- land meteoric iron (cf . anals. p. 30). He found the plessite to consist of two parts, A and B, corre- sponding in composition to the other alloys named, and the same may be true in general. Am. J. Sc., 42, 64, 1891.
Fe Ni Co C
1. Kamacite 93'09 6'69 0'25 0'02 100*05
2. Plessite A. (kamacite) 92-81 697 0'19 0 19 100-16
3. " B (tanite) 72'98 2-V87 0'83 0'91 100'59
4. Tanite 74'78 24'32 0'33 0'50 99'93
1038 Supplement.
Coheu and Weinschenk (Ann. Mus. Wien, 6, 131, 1891) have investigated chemically a series of meteoric irons. They conclude that the cubic irons have a constant percentage of nickel and cobalt ; thus they find Fe 92'90, Ni + Co 7'10 in Coahuila, and Fe 93'82, Ni + Co 6'18 in Braunau, while a series of others lie between these limits. In the Magura aud Wichita Co. irons they find large crystals (arranged parallel to an octahedral face) of an iron carbide (Kohlenstoffeiseri) with 6'4 and 5'1 p. c. carbon and yielding the formulas (Fe,Ni,Co)3C and (Fe,Ni.Co)4C; the former has been called cohenite (p. 31). In the octahedral irons they find two kinds of taeuite : A, tin- white, flexible, rich in cobalt and nickel, with small amount of carbon ; B, grayish, feebler luster, less flexible to brittle, lower in nickel and carbon and higher in carbon. Analyses :
A Fe Ni Co Cu
Toluca 65-17 34-29 0'40 0'14 100
Wichita Co. 65'54 32'87 1-59 — =100
GlorietaMt. 63-04 35'53 1-43 — =100
B Fe Ni Co C
Staunton 73 10 23 -63 2'10 1-17 100
The authors also remark that cohenite, (Fe,Ni,Co)3C, corresponds to the compound, Fe3C, which separates from cast iron in crystals when slowly cooled, between 600° and 700°.
The discovery, mode of occurrence, and distribution of the native nickel-iron alloy, called awaruite, on the west coast of the South Island of New Zealand, is minutely discussed by Ulrich in Q. J. G. Soc., 46, 619, 1890. It is shown to be somewhat widely distributed in a highly basic peridotyte or the serpentine which has resulted from its decomposition.
Found in the Berezovsk mining region near Ekaterinburg, Ural ; the special locality is the gold placers of Prikanavnv in the valley of the Pyshma which empties into the Tura, a branch of the Tobol. The fragments have a peculiar foliated structure. It is magnetic ; G. 7'59, and contains a minute amount of platinum but no nickel. Associated minerals are quartz, mica, chrysolite, pyroxene, serpentine, chromite, triclinic feldspar, etc. Daubree and Meunier, C. R., 113. 172, 1891.
Observed as forming part of a thin coating with oolitic structure on quartzyte on the north shore of St. Joseph Is., Lake Huron, Ontario. Analysis of the coating gave : Metallic grains 58'85, limonite 39'73, siliceous matter 1-42 100. The spherical metallic grains varied from a microscopic size up to 0-37 mm. in diameter ; an analysis of them yielded :
Fe Mn Ni Co Cu S PC insol.
88-00 0-51 0-10 0-21 009 0'12 0'96 ? 976 99-75
The insoluble portion formed a nucleus of rounded form and coated with a yellowish brown humus-like substance, which disappeared on ignition, leaving the snow-white spherules consist- ing of 94 p. c. SiO2. G. Ch. Hoffmann, Trans. R. Soc. Canada, 8 (3), 39, 1890.
Hussak has noted the occurrence of undoubted native iron in the gold gravels of the Ribeira in S. Brazil (ref. ottrelite, p. 1043).
ISOPYRE Haidinger, Ed. N. Phil. J., 3, 263, 1827.
In compact masses, with cleavage. Fracture flat conchoidal. Brittle. H. 6-6'5. G. 2*912. Luster vitreous. Streak light greenish gray. Color grayish black or velvet-black, occasionally spotted red, like heliotrope. Opaque to subtranslucent. Analysis. — Turner, p. 265:
SiOa 47-09 A12O3 13-91 Fe2O3 20-07 CaO 15'43 CuO 1'94 98'44
B.B. fuses easily to a magnetic bead, and colors the flame green. A silica skeleton with salt of phosphorus. With the acids decomposed with difficulty and imperfectly.
From St. Just, near Penzance, Cornwall, in a quartzose granite with tourmaline and tin ore, in pieces two inches in diameter. Also in breccia on the Caltou Hill, Edinburgh, with liinouite. Named from i'croS, like, and nvp, Jire, because the fused bead resembles closely the original mineral.
The above supposed mineral species has been examined by N. Story Maskelyne and W. Flight and proved to be simply impure opal. J. Ch. Soc., 25, 1049, 1872. The same conclusion has been reached by Fischer.
IVAARITE. liwaarite. p. 448. Occurs in an Elseolite rock (" Ijolith") at liwaara, Finland The analyses by Thoreld (p. 448) are questioned by Ramsay and Berghell on the ground that the material was probably not homogeneous; they obtained 25'42, 24'93 p. c. TiOa. G. For. Foi'h., 13. 305, 1891.
Supplement.
JORDANITE, p. 141. Crystals from the Binnenthal are shown by Baumhauer to conform in tingle to the monoclinic system. The axial ratio, calculated by him from the angles: 100 A 001 89°26f , 001 A 101 28° 6f, 010 A 250 38° 58±', is:
d : b : c 0-49450 : 1 : 0 "26552 ft - 89° 26*'
The planes, which on p. 141 are taken as macropinacoid (a), brachypinacoid (b), and base_(c), become, respectively, base (c), orthopinacoid (a), and clinopinacoid (6); further, x-(112) 121, 121, m (110) 101, 101, y (101) 011, p (Oil) 110, etc. A number of new forms are added. Ber. Ak. Berlin, 697, 915, 1891.
Kallilite. H. Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 19, 12, 1891. Wismuthnickelglanz. Massive. Luster metallic. Color light bluish gray.
Comp.— NiBiS or Ni62.NiBi, Sulphur 10'7, bismuth 69'7, nickel 19*6 100. belongs near ullmannite, etc , p. 91. Analysis :
It thus
S
Sb
Bi
As
Ni
Fe
Co 0'89= 101-22
Occurs at the Friedrich mine near Schonstein, a. d. Sieg. The name refers to the locality.
KAOLINITE, p. 685. Crosby describes a bed of white kaolin of considerable extent in Bland- ford, Hampden Co., Mass. It has been produced by the decomposition of the feldspar of large Teins of pegmatyte and is regarded as representing part of the pre-glacial soil. Tech. Q., 3, 228, 1890.
KARAMSINIT A. E. Nordenskiold, Rg., Min. Ch. , 683, 1875. A mineral supposed to be from Finland, containing, according to Thoreld : SiO2 51-53, A12O3 3'20, FeaOs 5'98, MnO 4'62, CaO 13-05, MgO 6'86, K2O 10'8, CuO 2'32, HaO T59.
KENTROLITE, p. 544. Found at Langban, Sweden, intimately asso- ciated with braunite, also richterite, barite. Crystals prismatic with a (100), w(110), o (111), s (221) (cf. fig.). Axial ratio d : b : c 0-63278 : 1 : 0-89879 from mm'" *64° 39 and 110 A 111 =*30°45'. Formula deduced,
R,SiO4.R2SiO6, with R Pb : Mn : Ca 33 : 5 : 2, and R Mn : Fe
8 1. Analysis :
G. 6-068
Si05 17-6*
MnaO3
Fe2O3
PbO
MnO
CaO
0-91 99-53
Flink finds an error in the axial ratio calculated by vom Rath (Q'633 : 1 : 0'784), which, however, has been corrected on p. 544. Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 16 (2), No. 4, 1891.
KULIBINITE. Koulibinite. See Koksharov, Min. Russl., 4, 281; Dx., Min., 1, 57, 1862. From Transbaikal. Probably simply a kind of pitchstone, Kk., and Dx., Mill., 2, xix, 1874.
KRKNNERITE, p. 105. Miers notes on crystals from Nagyag, the new forms- d (021 2-1), q (031, 34), s (041, 44), w (124, i-2), t (121, 2-2), v (362, 3-2). Min. Mag., 9, 184, 1890.
LANGBANITE, p. 543. Sjogren (G. F8r. F6rh., 13, 256, 1891) distinguishes two types of langbanite from Langban: A, occurring in hexagonal tabular crystals 0-5 to 1 cm. in diameter and some millimeters in thickness, associated with fine granular schefl'erite. B, small crystals of prismatic habit often embedded in calcite. Analyses 1, 2 (by R. Mauzelius) are of type B;
anal. 3, of type A. The formula deduced is wSb2O3.ttFe2O3.pMn(Mn,Si)O3. The coefficients m, n, p vary, but the relation of MnO : (Mn,Si)O2 is about constant 1:1. Attention is also called to the fact that the axial ratio, a : §c (Flink) 1 : l-3694, corresponds closely to that characteristic of the Hematite Group, p. 210 el seq.(cf. also pyrophanite, p. 1045). Further, some crystals seem to be hemihedral, i.e. rhombohedral, in habit. Analyses, 1-3, Mauzelius :
G. 8iO2 Sb2O3 Fe2O3 MnO3 MnO CaO MgO
1. 4-66 12-23 11-76 14-15 26-15 31-54 2"24 1-61 99'68 (O 3'50)
2. 4-73 11-32 11-61 14'31 27'12 32'30 2'04 0'86 H2O 0'32 9988 (O 3'70) 8. 8-95 12-92 4'33 35'15 36'39 1'95 0'47 100'16 (O 5-03)
1040 Supplement.
The same subject is discussed by Backstr-om (ibid., p. 271), who gives two new analyses and recalculates that of Flink (p. 543). Although differing as regards the state of oxidation of the manganese, he arrives at essentially the same conclusion as that of ISjogreu, that the mineral is to
in n
referred to the hematite-ilmenite group. He writes the formula ilRO3, where m -f- n 6. Analyses, 4-6, Backstrom:
SiO2 Sb2O3 MnaO3 Fe,O3 MnO CaO MgO
4. 9-58 12-58 63'67 3'44 8'21 1'73 0"53 99"74
5. 8-75 15-35 61 '04 4-75 5'86 2'98 0'40 99-13
6. 10-88 13-89 59-43 11-46 12-87 — 108-53
LANTHANITE, p. 302. On the crystalline form of the analogous didymium carbonate Di2(CO3)3 -f- 8H2O, which is orthorhombic with mm'" 87° 26', see Morton, 6fv. Ak. Stockh., 42, No. 6, 192, 1885.
Lautarite A. Dietze, Zs. Kr., 19, 447. Oct. 23, 1891.
Monoclinic. In large prismatic crystals sometimes weighing 20 grams. Prismatic angle of 83° 30'; basal plane rare. Crystals often rudiately arranged or in stellate aggregates. G. 4'59. Colorless to yellowish.
Comp. — Calcium iodate, Ca(IO3)2 Iodine pentoxide 85'6, lime 14'4 100. It thus belongs to a group not before represented among minerals. Analysis gave: 1 64'70 and 64'62, CaO 14-95, determined ou three portions. Slightly soluble in water, 0'22 gram in 100 grams of water at 20°, or 1-43 grams of iodine to the liter. Aqueous solution colorless. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine.
Obs. — Occurs in the caliche or sodium nitrate deposits (cf. p. 871) of Atacama, Chili, especially in the " Pampa del Pique III " belonging to the Oricina Lautaro and to neighboring Pampas, all of which belong to the so-called calcium chloride class. The crystals are often embedded in bands of gypsum.
On the form of the hydrous calcium iodate Ca(IO3) -f- 6H2O, see Rg., Kr. Ch., 332, 1881.
The same region furnishes crystals in the caliche, as described by Dietze (ibid.), which seem to be a double salt of iodate and chromate of calcium, corresponding to 7Ca(IO3)2.8CaCrO4; or perhaps more simply Ca(IO3)2.CaCrO4, which requires: Iodine pentoxide 61*1, chromium trioxide 18'4, lime 20'5 100. Analysis gave:
I2O6 CrO3 CaO I
58-12 19-00 22-01 99'13 44-20
58-10 19-90 21-50 99-50 44-17
58-89 20-28 21 '10 100'37 44'79
The crystals dissolve slowly, more readily on application of heat. On cooling, crystals of the hydrous calcium iodate (cf. above) separate out, while the calcium chromate remains in the solution. On a supposed chromate from the nitrate deposits, see tarapacaite, p. 916. Dietze, however, regards the chromic acid as always present as a double salt united with iodate.
On artificial double salts of iodic and chromic acid, see Berg, C. It., Ill, 42, 1890.
LEAD SILICATE. An artificial lead silicate from Bonueterre, St. Francois Co., Missouri, has been described by E. S. Dana and S. L. Penfield (Am. J. Sc., 30, 138, 1885), arid later by H. A. Wheeler (ibid., 32, 272, 1886.) It occurs associated with octahedral crystals of magnetite and cleavable galena; form, a hexagonal prism (TO) with pyramids (p, q), and basal plane (c), cp 50° approx., eg 25'; also in thin tabular crystals with apparently rhombohedral planes. Analyses of crystals : 1, Penfield; 2, Wheeler.
G. SiO2 PbO FeO CaO MgO Na2O
5-92 17-17 72-39 0'51 7'48 0 56 0'35 98'46
17-11 73-66 l'33a 2'35 0'22 2'22 NiO 3'06, Cl 0'08 100'03 " Fe2O3 0-80, .A12O3 0-53
Other analyses are given by Penfield of the massive silicate, and by Wheeler of fine crystals.
LAVENITE, p. 375. Occurs in the phonolytes of the Haute Loire, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 15, 1891.
LEOPAKJDITE. A quart zose rock spotted with stains of manganese occurring in North. Carolina.
Supplement. 1041
LECCITE, p. 842. The characters and distribution of the altered leucite ( pseudoleucite) and leucitic rocks of Magnet Cove, Arkansas, briefly alluded to on pp. 343 and 426, are fully described by J. F. Williams in the Ann. Rep. Geol. Arkansas, 1890, vol. 2, p. 267 el seq.
Lacroix has noted the presence of leucite in a basalt of Mont Dore, Puy-de Dome. C. R., 113, 751, Nov. 23, 1891.
LITHIDIONITE. Litidionite E. Scacchi, Rend. Accad. Napoli, 19, 175, Dec. 1880.
Blue lapilli, found at Vesuvius in 1873, 7 to 25 mm. iu diameter, were found to consist of a white earthy substance, with a glassy blue crust. Of the latter, H. 5-6, G. 2'535. The mean of two analyses gave, after being washed: SiO2 71 '57, CuO 6'49, FeO 4'0i, K2O 10'92, Na2O 6'78 99'78. Slightly attacked by HC1; fuses very easily (the white nucleus, consisting of augite, olivine, etc., is infusible). The author, on the ground of the fusibility, regards the substance as a mixture of quartz and the carbonates of potassium and sodium.
LUZONITE, p. 148. Klockmann has investigated the famatinite of the Sierra de Famatina, Argentine Repub., and also a mineral which he identities as luzonite from the same locality. He regards both these minerals as isomorphous and unlike enargite in form, while hitherto famatin- ite and enargite have been considered isomorphous, as given in p. 149. The argument is iiot con- clusive. Anal. — Bodlander, quoted by Klockmann.
G. 4-390 S 32-40 As 16-94 Sb 3-08 Cu 47'36 99'78
MAGNETITE, p. 224. Kemp has given the results of a more minute study of the striated magnetite crystals from Mineville, near Port Henry, Essex Co., N. Y. Zs. Kr.. 19, 183, 1891.
Scheibe mentions on crystals from Magnet Cove and Moriah, Essex Co., N. Y., tw. stria- tious and parting o (111); also tw. lamellae m (311); further, Moriah, e (210). Zs. G. Ges.f 42, 370, 1890.
A magnetite from Blichig near Hirschberg a. Saale in Oberfranken contains tin according to Sundbergor, Jb. Min., 2, 269, 1890.
Formation in slags and recent eruptive rocks, see Vogt, Arch. Math. Nat., 14, 25, 1890.
MANCINITE Jacquot, Ann. Mines, 19, 703, 1841. Described as a zinc silicate from Maucino near Leghorn, but according to Uzielli (Trans. Accad. Line., 1, 108, 1877) the mineral is not, as supposed, from the hill Manciuo, near Leghorn, nor is it a zinc trisilicate.
MANGANOFERRITE Vogt, Arch. Math. Nat., 14, 35, 1890. Blackish brown skeleton crystals formed in some Martin and Bessemer slags, having the composition (Fe,Mn)3O4 and resembling hausmannite and magnetite. To which system they belong, tetragonal or isometric, is not determined.
MARCASITE, p. 94. Trechmann describes marcasite twins (tw. pi. m) implanted in parallel position on the faces of pyrite cubes from Bredlar near Brilon, Westphalia. Min. Mag., 9, 209,
MARIPOSITE B. Silliman, Jr., Cal. Acad. Sc., 3, 380, 1868. A light apple-green micaceous mineral, occurring in scales associated with pyrite in a gangue of dolomite (aukerite) and quartz ; with the ore of the Mariposa region, California.
MELANOPHLOGITE, p. 194. The nature of this problematical mineral has been further discussed by Streng, Ber. Oberhess. Ges., 27, 123, 1890, and Jb. Min., 2, 211, 1891; also Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 356, 1890, and 14, 74, 1891. Streng argues that the mineral contains silicon disulphide (SiS2), not sulphur trioxide as ordinarily stated, but Friedel pretty conclusively shows that the latter view is correct. He concludes further that the ordinary mineral is pseudo-isometric and tetragonal, optically negative; further, that it does not gain its form by pseudomorphism. There also occur forms which are hexagonal in structure, optically positive, and corre- spond to tridymite.
METACINNABARITE, p. 62. The form of the crystals, from New Almaden, de scribed by Melville and briefly alluded toon p. 63 is given in the accompanying tig- ure. The crystals are minute but brilliantly polished and gave good measurements, but the symbols obtained by him, especially for the hemi-scalenohedrons, are highly complex. The forms observed at the analogous pole are: c (0001, 111 ), m (1010, 100), ,0554,332),(1 322,211); at the antilogous pole: (50-0-50-l,33-l7-17),(48-46-2-I,31-l7-l5), (41-38'3-i, 26-15-12;. The specific gravity obtained was only 7' 118. The relation of these crystals to those described by Penfield is at present undetermined.
Occurs with cinnabar at Knoxville, Cal., and at the Cerro Gordo mine, 11 .lies west of Panoche, Fresno Co. Melville & Lindgreu, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 61, 22, 1890. WA] villa
1042 Supplement.
Schrauf mentions the occurrence of metacinnabarite at Idria in hemispherical forms with concentric fibrous structure. They are implanted on calcite which coats the calcareous sandstone, forming the gangue rock. G. 7'66. The amount of sulphur was found to be 14'09 p. c. Anz. Ak. Wieu, 156, 1890.
MICROCLINE, p. 322. On the structure of the microcline in pegmatytes from the Argentine Republic, see Sabersky, Jb. Min., Beil., 7, 359, 1891.
MICROLITES. A name proposed by Vogelsang (Philosoph. Geol., p. 139, 1867) and since used by Zirkel (Mikr. Beschaff. d. Min., pp. 33, 88, 1873) for microscopic crystals, sometimes belonging to known species, sometimes of indeterminate nature, but often observed in igneous rocks. The method of aggregation of these microlites is sometimes very remarkable. Trichite and belonite are names given by Zirkel (1. c.) to analogous forms.
MOLYBDENITE, p. 41. Occurs in spherical forms with concentric structure at Plataro, in Colorado.
MORINITE A. Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 187, 1891. A new species, announced but not fullv described, occurring with the amblygonite at Montibras. In monoclinic crystals with a (100, i-l), b (010, i-i), c (001. 0), m (110, /). Cleavage: a (100). G. 2'94. Ax. pi. d. Bx inclined 30° in the obtuse angle ac. 2E variable, up to 40°.
B.B. the mineral bubbles up and fuses. In the closed tube gives off about 13'5 p. c. of acid water (with fluorine). Gives reactions for phosphoric acid, alumina, and soda.
Morinite is associated with an undetermined bydrated phosphate free from fluorine, crystal- lizing in tetragonal octahedrons, which are optically positive. Named after M. Morineau.
Mursinskite KoteTuirov. Min. Russl., 9, 341, 1886.
Tetragonal. Axis c 0'56641; 001 A 101 29° 81f.
Forms : y (503, f-i), x (201, 2-f); o (111, 1); z UO'5'2, 5-2), s (841, 8-2); also two undetermined zirconoids w,
Angles: cy 43° 21, ex 48° 34', co 38° 42', yy' 58° 5', xaf 64° If, oo' 52° 28', 22' 35° G', 22vlt 50° 29'. ss' 36° 9", ss'11 52° 3 .
H. 5-6. G 4 '149 (on 0'04 gram). Color wine- or honey-yellow. Transparent to semi- transparent.
Oomp —Unknown.
Obs. — Known only from two specimens discovered about 1854; it occurs as inclusions in topaz. From Alabashka, near Mursinka (Mursiusk) in the Ural.
NATROLI'IE, p. 600. Gonnard has analyzed several specimens from the Puy-de-D6me, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 165,1891:
SiO2 A12O3 Na2O CaO H2O
Puy-de-Marman 48 03 26'68 15'61 — 9'62 99'94
Tour de Gevillat 47'88 26-12 15-63 0'45 9-80 99-88
NATRON, p. 301. Described by E. Scacchi as occurring in colorless crystalline grains and prismatic crystals within the lava at the Fosso Grande, Vesuvius. An analysis gave: CO3 15-91, Na2O 22-15, K2O 0'41, H2O 61-68 100'15. Rend. Accad. Napoli, 2, 488, Dec. 1888, and Zs. Kr., 18, 100, 1890.
NEPHELITE, p. 423. Continued studies on the nephelite rocks of Brazil are given by Derby, Q. J. G. Soc., 47, 251, 1891.
Described from the rock called liolyte (Ijolith) occurring at liwaara, Finland, by Ramsay and Berghell (G. For. FOrh., 13, 308, 1891). Refractive indices: 1-54515, ey 1-54200. Analysis:
SiO, A12O3 CaO Na,O K2O
43-98 34-93 0'36 16-76 8'88 - 99'86
On the elseolite rocks of Magnet Cove and other regions in Arkansas, and their minerals, see J. F. Williams, Ann. Rep. G. Ark., vol. 2, 1891.
NESQTJEHONITE, p. 300. Occurs forming white fibrous masses in the galleries of the anthracite mine of la. Mure, Isere, France. An analysis by C. Friedel gave-.
CO2 31-88 MgO 28-98 f H2O 39-13 99'99
This conforms to MgCO3 + 3H2O. Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 60, 1891.
Supplement. 1043
NEWBOLDITE Piddington, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 26, 1129, 1847. A mineral found by Capt. Newbold in some old lead mines " near Gazoopilly, Kurnool." Probably a ferruginous sphalerite. Cf. Mallet, Min. India, 18, 1887.
NICCOCHROMITE C. U. Shepard, Min. Contr., 1877. A canary-yellow substance, occurring as a coating on zavatite, rarely on chrornite, at Texas, Pa. On the ground of a partial blowpipe examination, it is concluded to be a " dichromate of nickel."
NICKEL, cf. p. 29. The auriferous sands of the stream Elvo near Biella in Piedmont are shown by A. Sella to contain grains of an iron-nickel alloy corresponding nearly to Ni3Fe. They resemble native platinum in appearance, are malleable and strongly magnetic, and have G. 7'8. An analysis gave :
Ni (with some Co) 75-2 Fe 26'6 101-8
Soluble in nitric and dilute hydrochloric acid. C. R., 112, 171, 1891. See Iron, p. 1037.
NOSELITE, p. 432. A ' ' hydronoseane " has been obtained by Charles & Georges Friedel by heating mica with soda and sodium sulphate. It is in hexagonal crystals (m, 1010) with_ a pyramid p, with pp' — 24° 22'7'. Here p corresponds to p (1011) of microsommite and q (1012) of nephelite. Analyses gave:
SiO2 SO, A12O3 Na2O K2O . H3O
1. 35-62 7-20 29-65 23'82 3'94 100-23
2. 34-81 7-25 29'91 23'34 3'95 99'26 8. 34-66 7-34 31 '47 18-74 5'39 2'30 99"90 4. 34-20 7-98 3078 21'53 3'08 234= 99'91
Bull. Soc. Min., 13, 238, 1890, 14, 69, 1891.
OCTAHEDRITE, p. 239. Occurs in acute pyramidal crystals, resembling those from Tavetsch, with quartz and pyrite on joint-planes at the Arvon slate quarries, Buckingham Co., Va. Cf. G. H. Williams, Am. J. Sc., 42, 431, 1891. Occurs at Pranal, near Pontgibaud, Puy-de-Dome, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 191, 1891.
OFFRETITE F. Gonnard, C. R., Ill, 1002. 1890; Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 60, 1891.
Hexagonal or rhombohedral. In very minute hexagonal prisms, often rounded and with vertical faces striated; also in hemispherical forms with radiate structure. Cleavage: normal to the base. Fracture uneven. Brittle. G. 2-18. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white. Double refraction weak. Sections 1 c show sectors analogous to hersrhelite.
Calculated formula, (KzCaAlsSiOsg.nHjO. Anal. — Gonnard, I.e.
Si02 52-47 A12O3 19-06 CaO 2'43 KaO 7'72 H8O 18-90 100-58
B.B. turns white and fuses quietly to a white enamel. Decomposed by acids with difficulty.
Occurs in the basalts of Mont Simiouse near Montbrison, France. Named after Professor Offret, of Lyons.
OLDHAMITE, p. 65. Vogt notes a similar compound (also MnS, FeS, etc.) in certain furnace slags. Arch. Math. Nat., 14, 72, 1890.
ORPIMENT, p. 35. Deposited with realgar by the hot springs of the Norris Geyser basin in the Yellowstone Park, cf. Weed & Pirsson, Am. J. Sc., 42, 403, 1891.
OTTRELITE, p. 642. Phyllytes with ottrelite (chloritoid) are described by E. Hussak as occurring with magnetite in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Bol. Comm. G., S. Paulo, No. 7, 1890.
PALAGONITE, Palagonit Sartorius v. Waltershausen, Subm. Vulk. Ausbr. Val di Noto, etc., Gott., 1846; Vulk. Gest., 1853. Bunsen, Lieb. Ann., 61, 265, 1847, Pogg., 83, 219, 1851. Melanhydrit A. Krantz, Vh. Ver. Rheinl.. 6, 154, 1859.
A basaltic ' tufa consisting chiefly of glass lapilli and the products of their alteration. It formerly passed as a mineral species, but properly belongs to petrography. Cf . Rosenbusch, Mass. Gest., 747, 1887.
PARAMELACONITE G. A. Koenig, Proc Acad. Philad., 284, 1891.
Tetragonal. In pyramidal crystals p (111, 1), terminated by c (001, 0); the pyramidal faces, e (101, \-i), strongly striated horizontally. Measured angle, ce — 58° 50', hence the axis h 1-6534.
Cleavage not observed. H. =5. G. 5-833. Luster brilliant. Color on the faces purplish black; on the fracture pitch-black.
1044 Supplement.
Composition, probably essentially CuO, but requiring further examination. The analysis is interpreted as CuO 87'66, Cu2O 11'70, Fe2O3 0 64 100. Analysis:
CuO 100-58 Fe2O3 0'64 101-32
B.B. fuses on edges; in the reducing flame is reduced and yields metallic copper. Soluble in acids.
From the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee, Arizona, with footeite, etc.
PARATHORITE. Thorite SJiep., Proc. Am. Assoc., 2, 321, 1850. Parathorite Shep,, Min., 287, 1857; Dana, Brush, Am. J. Sc., 24, 124, 1857.-
Orthorhombic. In minute rectangular and rhombic prisms, with the planes a (100, i-l), b (010, i-l), m (110, J). Angles: mm'" 52°, bm 64°. H. 5-5'5. Luster subresinous. Color garnet-red to pitch-black; thin edges of black crystals with a ruby translucence, a little like rutile. Translucent to opaque.
In the matrass decrepitates slightly, but does not appear to contain water. B.B. in the platinum forceps glows, fuses with difficulty on the edges, and becomes paler. In borax dissolves to a bead, which is yellow, from iron, while hot, and becomes colorless on cooling. With salt of phosphorus gives in the outer flame a bead, yellow while hot and colorless on cooling. In the inner flame the bead assumes a delicate violet color (due to titanic acid ?), Brush.
Occurs embedded in dauburite and orthoclase, and only in very minute crystals, at Dan bury, Ct.
Shepard made the crystallization erroneously tetragonal. There are also other discrepancies in his description, which may lead to the supposition that the mineral here described is a different mineral from Shepard's; but the evidence to the contrary is complete.
PAROLIGOCLASE. Paroligoklas E. E. Schmid, Jb. Min., 1, 78 ref., 1881.
A problematical substance occurring in indistinct prisms, with calcite grains, embedded in the ground-mass of a rock found between Ilmseuberg, Quariberg, and Silberberg, in the Thilringerwald. It may be an impure scapolite. Cf. App. m, p. 88; also Rosenbusch, Jb. Min., 1, 78, 1881.
PELAGOSITE K. Moser, Tschermak, Min. Mitth., 1, 174, 1878.
A substance occurring as a thin, dark-colored incrustation on limestone ana dolomite, on the shores of the Mediterranean, as at the Island of Pelagosa (Moser). In some cases looking like varnish, and again resembling lichens. It consists of thin translucent layers, exerting on polarized light the effect of aggregate polarization. An analysis by J. (Jloez onsimilar material from Cape Ferrat afforded : CaCO3 91 '80, MgCO3 0"90, Fe2O30-25, SiO? T22, NaCl 0'49, H2O 4'56, organic matter 0'71 99-93. It is regarded as produced by the action of sea-water on the dolomite.
Des Cloizeaux and Velain have observed similar coatings on the feldspathic rocks of Corsica, on the coast of Orau, and on basaltic lava on the coast of Reunion Island, Bull. Soc. Geol., 6, <86, 1878.
PLATINUM, p. 25. Joly has described a method of obtaining crystals, by passing an electrical current through a ribbon of the pure metal upon which some topaz dust has been scattered. After maintaining a current sufficient to heat the strip to redness for half an hour, microscopic crystals are found clinging to the partially decomposed topaz, and after two hours some of these attain a size of O'l mm. The prevailing form is the octahedron. Nature, 43, 541, 1891. On artificial crystals, see also TSrnebohm, G. For. Forh., 13. 81, 1891.
Present in the ores of Boitza, Transylvania, with gold and tellurium; a ton contains 33 "6 gr. gold and 2 gr. platinum, Vh. G. Reichs., 96, 1891.
POLL.UCITE, p. 343. Described and analyzed from Hebron, Me., by H. L. Wells, Am. J. Sc., 42, 213, 1891. It was found by Loren B. Merrill chiefly in a single cavity, some 3x6 feet and 18 inches deep; it was in fragments in a loose heap mixed with clay, associated with quartz and a caesium beryl (anal. 10, p. 407). About half a kilogram was found in all. In appearance it is similar to the Elba mineral. G. 2'986, 2-977. Refractive indices, Peufield:
nr - 1-5215 Li n? 1-5247 Na %r 1'5273 Tl
Analyses, Wells, 1. c.
SiO3 A12O3 CaO Cs2O K2O Na2O Li.2O H2O
43-48 16-41 0-21 36'77 0'47 1-72 0'03 1'53 100'62
43-59 16-39 0'22 35~36 0'51 2'03 0'04 [1'53] 9967
43-51 1630 0-22 36'10 0'48 1-68 0'05 1'50 99'84
The above analyses yield the formula H2Cs4Al4(SiO3)9 or H2O.2Cs2O.2Al2O3.9SiO.i Silica 40'7. alumina 15-4, caesium oxide 4'2'5. water T4 100.
Wells shows by a discussion of the earlier analyses (p. 344. also Planner) that this composition probably also belongs to the Elba mineral. The unusually large amount of caesium obtained
Supplement. 1045
from this source has enabled Wells and Penfield to make some important researches upon the caesium tribalides.
POLYBASITE, p. 146. An analysis of polybasite from the Santa Lucia mine, Guanajuato, Mexico, gave Prior :
G. 6-33 S 15-43 Sb 10-64 As 0-50 Ag 68'39 Cu 5'13 100'09
The ratio calculated for S : Sb : Ag(Cu) 5 : 1 : 7*. Min. Mag., 9, 13, 1890.
Occurs (Endlich) at the Yankee Boy mine, Ouray Co., Colorado, with pyrargyrite in a quartzose gangue. The crystals are hexagonal in outline and have mm'" 60° approx. Pfd. Am. J. Sc., 40, 424, 1890. See also p. 1049.
POLYLITE Thomson, Min., 1, 495, 1836, Perhaps a variety of pyroxene (augite). It is described as cleavable massive; G. 8*281; H. 6-6'5: color black; opaque. Stated to come from a bed of magnetic iron ore at Hoboken, N. J., where no such bed of ore exists.
PYRITE, p. 84. Crystals from the Roetzgraben near Trofaiach show the new pyritohedron (lO'l-O, z-10). Hofer, Mitth. Ver. Steiermark, 25, 230, 1889.
A mangauiferous variety, containing 10'9 p. c. Mn, also a little Ag, is reported by Lang (priv. coutr.) as occurring at Mineral, Idaho.
PYROLUSITE, p. 243. Manganese nodules from the deep-sea dredgings in the Pacific, also from Loch Fyne; cf. Murray, Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., Jan. 5, 1891. Buchanan shows that the deep ocean nodules approximate in composition to MnO2 ; those from Loch Fyne are nearly MnQO3.
Pyrophanite Hamberg, G. Fo'r. Forh., 12, 598, 1890.
Rhombohedral ; tetartohedral. Axis b 1 -3692, 0001 A 1011 57° 41 V, 1011 A 1101 94° 6J' Hamberg.
Forms: c (0001, 0), a (1120, z-2), g (1012, £) cleavage, d (0221, —2). Also undetermined vicinal rhombohedrons, at a maximum, 2£° from c.
Angles : eg 38° 19*', cd - *72° 27', gff 64° 58', dd' 111° 19', ad 34° 20'.
In very thin tabular crystals or scales; basal plane brilliant but with triangular striations parallel to the zone of -f- rhombohedrous.
Cleavage: d (0221) perfect; g less so. Etching-figures are asymmetric. H. 5. G. 4*537. Luster brilliant, vitreous to submetallic. Color deep blood-red; yellowish red in very thin plates. Streak ocher-yellow with a greenish tinge. Not pleochroic. Transparent in thin plates. Indices :
GO, 2-4408, 2-4419 Li ooy 2-4804, 2'4816 Na ey 2'21
Oomp.— MuTiOs Manganese protoxide 46'9, titanium dioxide 53'1 100. A little silicon replaces part of the titanium. Anal. — Hamberg, 1. c.
TiO2 50-49 SiO3 1'58 MnO 46-92 FeO3 116 Sb2O3 0'48 100'63
Obs.— Occurs at the Harstig mine, Pajsberg, Wermland, Sweden ; found sparingly, associated with ganophyllite, also garnet and mangauophyllite, in cavities later filled with calcite. Named from nvp, fire, and Qavo's, shining, in allusion to its red color and brilliant luster.
Hamberg shows that pyrophanite is to be regarded as isomorphous with ilrnenite. Further he suggests the following grouping to show the relation to other allied compounds:
Hematite Group. Rhombohedral Ilmenite Group. Rhomb., tetartohedral
£ Ii Iv
Chromium sesquioxide Cr3O3 1'368 Ilmenite FeTiO3 1'385
Corundum A12O3 1'363 Pyrophanite MnTiO3 1'369
Hematite Fe2O3 1'366 Also Catapleiite 1-3605
Titanium sesquioxide Ti2O3 1'316 H2SiO3.Na2SiO3.Zr(OH)2SiO3
To the second group he would also add the hexagonal calcium metasilicate, CaSiO3, further the artificial compound KBrO3.
PYROXENE, p. 352. Wiilfing (Habilitationsschrift, Heidelberg, 1891) has made a careful optical examination of a series of pyroxenes ranging from diopside to hedenbergite, and connected the results with the variation in chemical composition as given by the analyses of Doelter, Flink, and others. The optical constants deduced for a pure diopside CaMgSi2O8 are as follows:
/? y 2V ct
For Li 1-6649 1'6719 1-6941 58° 53' 37° 55'
Na 1-6685 1-6755 16980 58° 40' 37° 50'
Tl 1-6722 1-6791 1'7015 58° 26' 37° 45'
Supplement.
For the segirite from the Langesund-fiord a re-examination of the optical constants was made, with the following results:
a
Eosin 1-7590 Na 1-7630
Tl 1-7714
ft
1'7929 1'7990
y
1'8054
117° 25' 93° 30'
117° 47' 94° 0'
118° 16' 94° 58'
The angles given in the last column correspond to Bxr A + 3° 30'; Bxy A c 4-4° 0', A c + 4° 58'.
On the alteration of pyroxene, or a mineral of the pyroxene group, into ainphibole in gabbros and related rocks, see Chester, U. S. Surv., Bull. 59, 1890.
On the relation between the gliding-planes and solution-planes with augite, see Judd, Min. Mag., 9, 192, 1890.
A chrome diopside from the basalt of Stempel near Marburg, investigated by Bauer (Jb. Min., 2, 187, 1891), has been analyzed by Friedheim, as follows:
G. 3-289
SiO2
A12O3
Cr2O3
FeO
CaO
MgO 18-01 100
QUARTZ, p. 183. Minute crystals (cf. figs. l_-3), characterized by the presence of the rhom- bohedron.; (3032) and the trapezohedrons JV (2132) and L, (8122), are described by Iddings and Penfield from the hollow spherulites of the rhyolyte of Glade Creek, Wyoming." Am. J. Sc., 42, 39, 1891.
Friedel has described artificial crystals which seem to be twins with (4489, f-2) as tw. plane, the axes crossing nearly at right angles. Bull. Soc. Min., 11 29, 1888 (and Zs. Kr., 18, 333. On crystals from Sarolay, see Cesaro, Mem Soc. G. Belg., 17, 1890.
Cathrein has described crystals of amethyst from the Zillerthal, Tyrol, showing the new forms. Zs. Kr., 17, 19, 1889.
0(7075,1), (11-H2-12, + 1-Hr), (Ml'12-12, - 1), (8-1-&-10. + TVt r), (9278, + H 1).
Lacroix notes the occurrence of cristobalite and tridymite associated with quartz in the basalt of Mayen in the Eifel. Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 185, 1891.
Beaulard discusses the effect of pressure upon sections of quartz crystals in producing biaxial phenomena, etc., C. II., 112, 1503, 1891.
REALGAR, p. 33. On the realgar, orpiment, and associated minerals of Casa Testi, M. Amiata, Prov. of Grosseto, Tuscany, see Grattarola, Giorn. Min., 1, 232, 1890. The new but uncertain form a (313, 1-3) is noted.
Occurs with orpiment as a hot-spring deposit in the Norris Geyser Basin in the Yellowstone Park, Weed & Pirssou, Am. J. Sc., 42, 403, 1891.
RESANITE Cleve, Ak. H. Stockh., 9, No. 12 (Nov. 1870). Geol. West India Islands, p. 28. Massive, olive-green color, uncrystalline. Analysis. — Fiebelkorn:
SiO2 35 08, CuO 23-18, Fe2O, 9'91, H8O 23-15 (at 100°), H2O 8'53 (ignition) 99'85.
It is easily decomposed by HC1. Found with malachite and chrysocolla, at Puerto Rico (Luquillo), West Indies, and named from Don Pedro Resano.
RHODONITE, p. 378. Crystals from Pajsberg, of ver}r varied habit, have been described by Hamberg. They show the new forms K (221, '2), £ (403, ,|4A 8 (623, ,2-3). Careful measure- ments are given and a new axial ratio calculated, corresponding to a new position proposed.
Supplement.
G. F5r. F&rh., 13, 545, 1891. New analyses (ibid., p. 572): 1, FrSulein Naima Sahlbom; 2-4, Gunnar Paykull.
SiO, MnO FeO CaO MgO
1. 46-49 43-60 0'84 7'18 0'90 Ao3-0-41 99'42
2. 46-35 45-25 0'53 6'96 0'84 99'93
3. 46-53 43-20 3'03 6'50 0'72 A12O3 0'15 100'13
4. 45-86 45-92 0'36 6'40 1'65 100'19
RIEBECKITE, p. 400. A secondary amphibole, resembling that described by Cross (p 402), has been noted by Lane in the rocks of the Lake Superior region. Atn. J. Sc., 42, 508, 1891.
On the occurrence in Great Britain, see Teall, Min. Mag., 9, 219, 1891; and Cole, ibid., p.
ROWLANDITE W. E. Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 42, 430, 1891.
Au yttrium silicate occurring iu massive form with tbe'gadolinite of Llano Co., Texas (pp. 511,512). G. 4'515. Color pale drab-green when pure, transparent in thin splinters. Alters to a waxy brick-red mineral. A partial analysis gave:
25-98 Y2O3
FeO 4-69 U03 0'40 "At. . 118.
CaO 0-19 ign., etc., 2'01
Oxygen ratio of bases to silica 83'47 : 86'60 or nearly 1 : 1, hence the formula 2Y2O3.8SiO. Easily soluble in acids, leaving gelatinous silica.
Named after Prof. Henry A. Rowland of Baltimore.
RUTILE, p. 237. The peculiar crystals of black rutile from the Black Hills, mentioned on p. 238, have been more fully studied by Headden and Pirsson; the form is shown in the accom- panying figure. Am. J. Sc., 41, 249, 1891. Analyses by Headden: gave :
TiO2
SnO2
FeO
MnO
tr. 100-20 tr. 100-10
The paramorphs of rutile after brookite from Magnet Cove, Ar- kansas (pp. 239, 243), have been minutely described by Bauer (Jb. Min., 1, 217, 1891). Also the pseudomorphs of rutile after octahedrite (" captives" Damour) from the gold-washings of Brazil, ibid., p. 232.
SANGUINITE H. A. Miers, Min. Mag., 9, 182, 1890. Occurs iu fine glittering scales usually curved or crumpled ; crystallization hexagonal or rhornbohedral. Fracture couchoidal. Color black by reflected light, but by transmitted light red like proustite only slightly darker ; in very thin scales yellowish red. Streak dark purplish brown. Optically uniaxial. Determined by qualitative trials to be a sulpharsenite of silver, hence near proustite in composition, with which it occurs on argentite from Chanarcillo.
SARAWAKITE Frenzel, Min. Mitth., 300, 1877. Occurs in minute crystals, with many planes and rounded angles, "probably tetragonal." Soft. Luster adamantine. Colorless or wine- yellow to greenish yellow. Transparent. Contains antimony, is anhydrous, and, it is sug- gested, may be an antimony chloride. Found iu cavities in the native antimony of Borneo.
SCHUCHARDTITE Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 6, 386, 1882. A name given by Schrauf to the so-called Chrysopraserde (p. 677), from Glaserndorf, Silesia. Cf. Starkl, ib., 8, 239, 1883.
SERPENTINE, p. 669. On the serpentine of the Lizard district, Cornwall, see Bonney and McMahon, Q. J. G. Soc., 47, 464, 1891.
SHALKITE. Same as piddingtonite, p. 385.
p. 276. A crystal from Algeria has been described by Cesilro which showed the new form (4159, is). Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 18, 1891.
SNARTJMITE Breith., B. H. Ztg., 24, 364, 1865. A mica-like cleavage in one direction, and another transverse imperfect. Occurs massive and in tufts columnar in structure, with H. 4 —5'5, the least on cleavage-surface ; G. 2'826 ; luster on cleavage-face pearly, elsewhere
1048 Supplement.
vitreous ; color mostly reddish white, colorless, grayish white. Comes from the shore of the Snarum-Elf, near Snarum, in Norway. Analysis by Lichteuberger (Jb. Min., 820, 1872) gave :
Si02 A12O3 Fe203 Mn2O3 CaO Na2O Li2O ign.
67-42 28-21 0'42 0'18 0'24 0'93 2 15 0'23 99'78
On another snarumite, see p. 384.
SORDAVALITE. Sordawalit N. Nordenskiold, Finl. Min., 86, 1820. A grayish or bluish black glassy substance from Sordavala in Finland. Like tachylyte earlier regarded as a mineral, but shown to be only a local vitreous form of diabase ; a dike of this rock cuts through the hornblende schists, and while crystalline in the mass, becomes more compact toward the margin, and finally at the contact there is a vitreous band one to two inches thick of the so-called sordavalite. Of. L6winson-Lessing, Min. Mitth., 9, 61, 1887, who also gives the literature and history.
SPHALERITE, p. 59. Cesaro has described crystals showing the hemi-hexoctahedron (861, 8-|). Mem. Soc. G. Belg., 17, 1890.
SPINEL, p. 220. Formation of various kinds of spinel in slags and recent eruptive rocks, see Vogt, Arch. Math. Nat., 14, 11, 1890.
STELLARITE. A name given by How to the so-called "stellar coal" or "oil-coal" which occurs with bituminous coal at the Acadia mines, Picton Co., Nova Scotia. It is regarded by Dawson as essentially an earthy bitumen.
STEPHANITE, p. 143. Prior (Min. Mag., 9, 11, 1890) has given the following analyses :
G. S Sb Ag
1. Copiapo 6-26 16-02 15-22 68'65 As tr. Cu tr. 99'89
2. Cornwall 6'24 15'95 15'86 68'21 Fe tr. 100'02
STIBNITE, p. 36. On the reflection of light from the cleavage (b) surface of stibnite crystals, see Drude, Wied. Ann., 34, 489, 1888.
Analysis of specimens from Hungary, see J. Loczka, Ber. aus Uugarn, 8, 99, 1891.
STROMEYKIUTE, p. 56. Occurs at the Silver King mine, Calico distr., San Bernardino Co., California. Analysis, Melville and Lindgren, U. S. G. Surv., Bull. 61, 27, 1890.
G. 6-28 S 15-51 Ag 53 96 Cu 28'58 Fe 0-26 gangue 1-55 - 99'86
STRONTIANITE, p. 285. Buchrucker (Zs. Kr., 19, 146, 1891) has described crystals from Leogang, Salzburg, and made the following optical determinations; indices of refraction :
a ft y
For Li 1-514 1'515 1'659
" Na 1-515 1-516 1'667
" Tl 1-519 1-520 1-670
Also 2Er 10° 30' Li 2E, 10° 36' Na 2EgT 10° 54' Tl
From 2E and ft, 2Vr 6° 55J' 2Vy 62° 59' 2V „ 7° Iff
SULPHUR, p. 8. Crystals from " Bassick in the United States" described by Busz showed the new forms : g (337, f), /(335, f); calculated angles for the axial ratio of p. 8 : eg 52° 17', cf 61° 5'. Zs. Kr., 17, 549, 1890.
Crystals with the above noted form / (335, f ) have also been described by G. H. Williams from the Mountain View mine, Carroll Co., Md. They occur distributed through the decomposed galena, with anglesite, cerussite. Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ., No. 87, April, 1891.
Weed and Pirsson have described the occurrence and form of crystals from the Yellowstone Park, Am. J. Sc.. 42. 401. 1891. They show the forms (cf. fig.), c (001), m (1KM, h (130), e (101), n (Oil), <(115), s (113), y (112), p (111), x (133), q (131). Crystals occurring with stibnite from Allchar, near Rozsdau in Macedonia have been described by Foullou, Vh. G. Reichs., No 17, Dec. 1890.
On the thermic constants, see Schrauf, Zs. Kr., 12 321, 1886. On the optical constants at different temperatures, Id., ibid., 18. 113, 1890.
A new rhombohedral variety is described by Friedel, obtained by En gel by agitating with chloroform a solution of sodium hyposulphite treated with Yellowstone. concentrated hydrochloric acid. The crystals are prisms terminated by
Supplement. 1049
-rhombohedral faces, with rr' — 40° 50', and optically uniaxial, negative. G. 2-135. Trans- parent when first found, but change gradually, with decrease of density into insoluble sulphur. A relation to the rhombohedral form of tellurium is suggested. C. R. , 112, 834, 866, 1891.
The " black sulphur " of Magnus (p. 10) is regarded by Knapp as not properly a modification of sulphur, but as consisting of such a modification adhering to or condensed with a carboniza- tion-product of the oil itself, containing sulphur. J. pr. Ch., 43, 305, 1891. Also earlier, ibid., 38, 55, 1888.
Sychnodymite Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 19, 17, 1891.
Isometric. Observed forms : a (100, i-i), o (111, 1), (110, i)f, TO (811, 3-3), n (211, 2-2).
In small octahedral crystals, in part with polysyuthetic twinning, tw. pi. o, analogous to polydymite; also massive. G. 4'758. Luster metallic. Color steel-gray.
Comp. — Essentially (Co,Cu)4S5, like the nickel sulphide, polydymite; a small part of the cobalt is replaced by nickel.
Anal. — 1, 2, Laspeyres, 1. c.
S Cu Co Ni Fe
1. 40-64 18-98 35-79 3'66 0'93 100
2. 40-33 17-23 35'64 5'74 0'82 99'76
Dissolves in nitric acid, giving a red solution.
Obs.— From the Kohlenbach mine, south-east of Eiserfeld in the Siegen district; associated with quartz, siderite. tetrahedrite, etc. It is near carrollite (p. 76), to which, however, the formula RsSCuS.CoaSj) has been assigned.
Named from crvxvvS TroAuS, as a name corresponding to the related species, polydymite.
SYLVITE, p. 156. On etching-figures, see Linck, Min. Mitth., 12, 82, 1891. On indices of refraction, see Dufet, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 143, 1891. On double refraction developed by pressure, Pockels, Wied. Ann., 39, 440, 1890.
TACHHYDRITE, p. 178. Artificial rhombohedral crystals have been obtained by A. de Schulten. They have rr 101° 20', and G. 1'666. Analysis gave: Cl 40'40, Ca 7'56, Mg 9-25, HaO 42-44 99'65 (author gives Ca 9'56 and sum 99'65). C. R., Ill, 930, 1890.
TACHYLYTE Breith., Kastn. Arch. Nat., 7, 112, 1826. A glassy substance, pitch-black or velvet-black in color, at one time regarded as a homogeneous mineral, but undoubtedly only a basaltic glass. The original was from Sasebuhl, between Dransfeld and Gottingen, but it is not an uncommon occurrence. Named from rau'S, quick, and AuroS, dissolved, in allusion to its fusibility.
Hyalomelan (Hausm., Handb., 545, 1847) is a similar substance rightly referred by Gmelin to tachylyte from Vogelsberg. Hausmann applied to it the name hyalomelan. Here belongs also the schlackige Augit of Karsten from Guiliana, Sicily.
TAMMITE. Tamm analyzed a dark steel-colored crystalline powder, locality unknown, very hard. G. 12'5. He obtained W 88'05, Fe 5'60, Mn 0'15, undetermined 6'20 1 100. The loss he says is not due to oxygen. He calls his unknown substance ferro-tungstine, and proposes, in case the character of the mineral is sustained, to give it the name crookesite. Mr. Crookes justly says that the name tammite should be preferred. Chem. News, 26, 13, July, 1872. It may be only an artificial alloy.
TELASPYRINE C. U. Shepard, Contrib. Min., 1877. Pyrite containing tellurium, from Sunshine Camp, Colorado.
TELLTTRITE, p. 201. Vrba has described artificial crystals which are in tetragonal pyramids with the forms : a (100, i-i), p (111, 1), r (221, 2); pp' 51° 42', hence c 0'5539. Zs. Kr., 19, 1, 1891.
TELLURIUM, p. 11. Analyses 1, 2, from Facebaya, Transylvania, by J. Loczka, Ber. aus Ungarn, 8, 104, 1891. The material of anal. 1 contained quartz and pyrite.
Te Se Au Fe S Quartz
1. 80-89 033 033 8-55 9'26 1-64 100-40
2. G. 6-083 97-92 tr. 0'15 0'53 1'56 Cu 0'06 100'22
TENNANTITE, p. 137. Penfield (priv. contr.) has investigated the tennantite and polybasite from the Mollie Gibson mine near Aspen, Colorado. The former occurs massive, of steel-gray color and reddish streak. Analysis gave:
S As Sb Cu Ag Zn Fe Pb
G. 4 56 25-04 17-18 0 13 13'72 13'65 6'90 0'42 0'86 99"90
1050 Supplement.
The ratio of all the metals to AsQ(Sb)2 is 4-00 : 0'99, agreeing closely with the formula
;)8.As2S3. It is remarkable in*the high percentage of silver.
The polybasite, or "brittle silver" of the local miners, occurs both indistinctly crystallized and massive; it is associated commonly with a pink barite, also siderite, etc. Analyses gave the following results, after the deduction of 28'18 p. c. impurities from 1, and 12'81 p. c. from 2:
S As Sb Ag Cu Zn
1. Massive 17'73 6'29 0'18 59'73 12'91 3'16 100
2. Crystallized 18'13 7'01 0"30 56'90 14-85 2'81 100
Both analyses conform to 9Ag2S.As2S3.
Tennantite and polybasite appear to be rather common minerals in Colorado. Much of the so-called tetrahedrite or "gray copper " is the related arsenical species; thus it is common in the mines near Central City, at the Freeland lode and Crocett mine near Idaho Springs, and at the Nationnl Bell mine near Rod Mountain. Further, in addition to the localities for polybasite, noted on op. 146 and 1044, it occurs well crys'allized in Hie mines about Georgetown, in the Mars 1 tall Basin near Tdluride, and piob:ibly at a number of mines in tlie Red Mountain district.
TEQUFZQUITE. Corruption of Tequixquitl. a mineral substnce formed of mixtures of different sal's. -especially sodium rarbonnte and sodium chloride; from Texcoro, Zumpango, in. the V;ille ile Mexico, and elsewhere in Mexico, chiefly as a surface efflorescence. Naturaleza 3, 239-246, 1875.
TETKADYMITE, p. 39. New analyses: 1, from Norongo, near Captain's Flat, New South Wales, J. C. H. Miugaye, Rec G. Sufv. N. S. W., 1. 25. 2, Zsupko, Hungary, J Loczka, Ber aus Uugarn, 8, 102, 1891. 3. Rezbanya, Hungary, Id., ibid., p. 107.
G. Te S Bi
1. Norongo 7'381 33'16 4'54 59-66 Fe 0'42, Si02 0'40 98'18
2. Zsupko 7-580 34'75 4'18 59'77 Fe tr., insol. 0'16 98"86
3. Rezbanya 7'022 35'69 4'00 57'42 Fe 0'19, Cu 0'03, insol. 2'04 99'37
All these analyses correspond to Bi2Te2S or 2Bi2Te3.Bi2S3, supporting the view of the com- position taken on p. 39.
THKRMONATRITE, p. 300. Described by E. Scacchi as occurring as an opaque white cavernous incrustation at the Fosso Grande, Vesuvius. Rend. Accad. Napoli, 2, 488, Dec. 1888.
THOMSONITE, p. 607. Hahn has described crystals from Mettweiler, near St. Wendel. They are prismatic in habit, with a, b prominent, and show also the brachydome x (0'1'48) and the new pyramid s (334). Measured angles: as 57° 26', bs 58° 37'. Zs. Kr., 19, 171, 1891.
THORITE, p. 488. A kind from Landbo, Norway, has a resin-yellow color, G. 4'322, and contains 9 p. c. UOS (11'97 p. c. H2O). Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 41, 440, 1891.
THROMBOLITE. Thrombolith Breith., J. pr. Cu., 15, 321, 1838.
An amorphous emerald-green mineral, found with malachite in a fine-grained limestone at Rezbanya, Hungary. According to an imperfect analysis by Plattner it contained chiefly P2O5, CuO, H2O. Schrauf, however, obtained : CuO39'44, FeaOsl-05, H2O 16'56, Sb2OB6-65, SbaO3 32-52, loss 3'78 100. G. 3'67. Zs. Kr., 4, 28, 1879. Very probably only a mixture.
TIEMANNITE, p. 63. Occurs with eucairite in the Sierra de Umango, Argentine Republic. Analysis by F. Klockmann, after deducting 11 -3 p. c. residue, gave :
Se 29-0 Hg 56-9 Ag 5-3 Cu 8'8 100
The silver and copper belong to admixed eucairite. Zs. Kr., 19, 267, 1891.
TOURMALINE, p. 551. Memoir (in Russian) on the crystallographic and optical properties by A. N. Karnozhitsky, Vh. Min. Ges., 17, 209, 1891.
F. Noetling describes the tourmaline mines near Mainglon, Rec. G. Surv. India, 24, 125,
TRICHITE, BELONITE. The name trichite (from Gpz£, hair) is applied by Zirkel (Zs. G. Ges., 19, 744, 1867) to microscopic capillary forms, often curved, bent, or zigzag, sometimes stellately aggregated, opaque and black or reddish brown, of undetermined nature, which he detected in some kinds of glassy or semi-glassy volcanic rocks; and Belonite (ib. , 738) to microscopic acicular crystals (whence the name, from fte\.6vrj, a needle), colorless and transparent. The trichite, he states, is not pyroxene or hornblende; the belonite may be a feldspar.
Supplement.
TROILITE, p. 72. Artificial crystals, like wurtzite in form and having the composition FeS, have been obtained by Lorenz, by passing dry hydrogen sulphide over a bundle of iron wires in a tube heated in a combustion-furnace. Wurtzite, in well formed hemimorphic crys- tals, was obtained in a similar manner, also millerite and further greenockite; the last iu forms like the native mineral and also in monocliuic crystals. Ber. Ch. Ges., June, 1891.
TTREEITE Heddle, Min. Mag., 4, 189, 1881. One and a half hundred-weight of the carnehan marble of Tyree, Scotland, dissolved in sixteen gallons of dilute hydrochloric acid left as a residue, thirty pounds salite, a little scapolite and titauite, and some ounces of a red mud. By decantation, 1-91 grams of a powder of deep brick-red color was obtained Of this mud sulphuric acid dissolved 0-78 gram, leaving M3 insoluble. The last was analyzed and decided to be an impure talc. The soluble portion yielded : FeaO3 38'22, AlO-, 8'23 FeO8 16 MnOO'39, MgO 29'94, CaO 2'21, HaO 12'47, P2O6 4-71, 8iOa 1'02 100-85. To this last obviously heterogeneous substance the new name is provisionally given.
ULLMANNITE, p. 91. Miers describes crystals of ullmannite, from Sarrabus, Sardinia which, as shown by the striations
upon the cubic faces (cf. fig. 1) are 1. 2.
twins of tetartohedral and enantio- morphous individuals. The faces of a trigonal trisoctahedron approx- imating to (27-27 -1, 27) occur on the cubic edges. Min. Mag , 9, 211, 1891.
Crystals from the Landeskrone mine, near Wilnsdorf in the Siegen region, have been described by Laspeyres, which show the forms: a (100, d (110, i), o (111, 1); py. ritohedrons, g(750, £4),/,(180,—HH, e, (120, - f-2), k (322, f-f); diploid, p, (261, - 6-3).
Fig. 1, Sardinia, Miers 2, Siegen, Laspeyres.
The crystals are pyritohedral in habit (cf . fig. 2) and do not show the tetartohedral character noted above, Zs. Kr., 19, 424, 1891.
Umangite F. Klockmann, Zs. Kr., 19, 269, 1891.
Massive; in fine granular to compact masses, no cleavage observed. Fracture uneven to small conchoidal. H. =3. G. 5'620. Luster metallic. Color dark cherry-red with a violet tinge on the fresh fracture, soon tarnishing, the color becoming violet-blue. Streak black. Opaque.
Comp. — Cu3Sea or CuSe.Cu2Se Selenium 45'4. copper 54'6 100.
Anal.— 1, 2, F. Klockmanu, 1. c. : 1, of a relatively pure fragment; 2, of the portion of another sample insoluble in acetic acid reduced to 100.
Se 41-44
Cu 56-03
Ag 0-49
CO2,HaO,O [2-04] 100
Obs. — Occurs with eucairite and tiemannite at the Sierra de Umango, La Rioja, Argentine Republic.
VALAITE W. Helmhacker, Jb. G. Reichs, 17, 210, 1867. Crystallized. Partly in small hexagonal tables, but forms not distinct. Also massive. Fracture uneven. H. below 1-5. Luster shining. Color pitch-black. Streak black. Odor aromatic when rubbed between the fingers Belongs among the resins, but composition undetermined. B.B. swells to more than 10 times its former bulk, and becomes a light, porous mass, which in a higher heat is reduced to a grayish ash. Occurs in thin crusts on dolomite and calcite, or in druses of small crystals, in the Rossitz-Oslawaner Coal formation, Moravia. It is associated with hatchettite (p. 997) and the same bed affords some mineral oil.
VESBINE. A name given by ScaccM to the material forming thin yellow crusts on the lava of 1631, Vesuvius, which is supposed to contain a new element called by him vesbium. Att. Accad. Napoli, Dec. 13, 1879.
VESTORIEN. Bleu Egyptien. Bleu de Pouzzoles. Egyptian Blue. An artificial enamel used for ornament by the Romans in the early centuries of the Christian era. It is essentially a silicate of copper and calcium, corresponding approximately, according to Fouque (Bull. Soc. Min., 12, 36, 1889) to the formula CaO.CuO.4SiO2. G. 3'04. Analysis, Fouque:
CuO 21-3
CaO 14-3
Fe3O8 0-6 99-9
1052 Supplement.
See further Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 3, 197, 1880, and Michault, ibid., 4, 31. 1881, who give other analyses, showing a considerable variation in composition, in one case 6 '7 p. c. Na2O and 28-3 p. c. PbO.
WEHRLITE, p. 40. Mingaye has noted the occurrence of a telluride, which he refers to wehrlite, at the Mt. Shamrock gold mine, Queensland. Found in thin folia with brilliant luster and light steel-gray color. G. 8'05. Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W., 23, 327, 1890.
WEHRI.ITE wn Kobell. A doubtful mineral substance from Szurrasko, Zemescher Comitat, Hungary, referred to lievrite by Zipser, Jb. Min., 637, 1834. Shown by Fischer to be a mixture.
WICHTISITE. Wichtyne Laurent, Ann. Ch. Phys., 59, 107, 1835. Wichtisit Hausmann. Wihtisit. From Wichtis in Finland, probably the same substance as sordavalite. p. 1048.
W OLLASTONITE, p. 371. Grosser has given a series of measurements on crystals from Vesuvius. From the measured angles, 001 A 110 — 86° 16', 001 A Oil 43° 51', 100 A HO 46° 20', he calculates, d : b : c - T05235 : 1 : 0'96494; 84° 35' 20". Zs. Kr., 19, 604, Dec. 4, 1891.
Among the contact-minerals occurring in connection with the igneous rock of the Potash Sulphur Springs, near Magnet Cove, Arkansas, J. F. Williams has described (Ann. Rep. G. Ark., 2, 355 et seq., 1891) a calcium silicate near wollastouite, but containing some water, which, however, is in part hygroscopic and in part due to alteration. Analyses by R. N. Bruckett (p. 356 et seq.) gave :
SiO2 CaO FeO MnO MgO Na2O K2O ign.
1. White 51-93 42'55 2'03 2-08 0'44 — — 1-23 100'26
2. Pink 50-96 36'72 1'69 1-40 0'57 4'41 0'90 2'74 99'39
Both minerals are regarded as altered wollastouite; that of anal. 2 is peculiar in containing sodium and is called natroxonotlite since it approximates to the imperfectly known hydrous calciu.ni silicate, xonotlite (p. 569).
ZINCITE, p. 208. Artificial crystals of a pale yellow color, with G. 5 605, from a furnace at Mostyn, N. Wales, have been described by A. Hutchinson. They are doubly terminated pyramids or quartzoids, showing one form (y) only; also a number of pyramids in the same zone, with' the basal plane and a pyramid of the other series r (1011) Hutchinson, d (1121) of p. 208. Referred to these two positions the forms noted are:
p. 208 Hutchinson p. 208 Hutchinson
c (0001) c (0001) n (1012) m (1123)
d (1121) r (1011) p (1011) x (2243)
/ (1018) / (1-1-2-12) y (2021) y (4483)
s (1013) k (2249) m (1010) a (1120)
Of the above,/ is new but uncertain; the author suggests the complex symbol, 4'4'8'Sl, with which the observed angle (cf 12° 14') agrees more closely. Min. Mag., 9, 5, 1890.
i(, ZINC, p. 14, Stated to occur in Transvaal, S. Africa, W. E. Dawson, Min. Mag., 6, xrx, J885. The reported occurrence in Shasta Co., California, referred to on p. 14 has not been positively substantiated (Durden).
ZIRCAKBITE C. U. Shepard, Coutrib. Min., 1877. A massive, compact, or cellular, yellowish brown, opaque mineral. H. 2-2-5. B.B. infusible. Chemical nature unknown. With cyrtolite, at the granite quarries of Rockport, Mass.
ADELITE //. Sjogren, G. F6r. Forh., 13, 781, 1891. A basic arsenate of calcium and mag- nesium from Nordmark and Langban, Sweden. In masses of a gray color. H. 5. G. 3'76. Calculated formula : H2O.2CaO.2MgO.As2O5. A relation to the olivenite or wagnerite group is suggested.
SVABITE //. Sfogren, G. For. Forh., 13. 789, 1891. In hexagonal prisms with the forms: c (0001, 0), m (1010, /), x (1011, 1), (1121, 2-2); measured angles xx' 36° 10', mx *50° 29', .-. k — 0-7143. H. 5. G. 3-52. Luster vitreous to greasy. Colorless. Also in fibrous, crystalline aggregates. Calculated formula: HjO.lOCaO.SA.SsOs; a relation to the apatite group is suggested. From the Harstig mine at Pajsberg, Sweden, associated with schefferite.
Catalogue Of American Locali- Ties Of Minerals.
THE following catalogue of American Localities of Minerals is supplementary to the Descriptions of Species. It is intended to give fuller information than was possible in the preceding pages of the occurrence of individual species and their association. It is essentially an historical list, and does not claim to state what minerals may be found at a given place at che present time. Many localities once prolific are now exhausted, and many others will yield specimens only after much time and money have been spent in opening them. Notwithstanding these limitations, however, the catalogue will prove of great aid to the mineralogical collector in selecting his routes and arranging the plan of his journeys.
Except in the case of very rare species, only important localities, which have afforded cabinet specimens, are in general included; and the names of tliose minerals obtained in good specimens are distinguished by italics. When the name is not italicized, the occurrence is not regarded as especially noteworthy. When the specimens procured have been remarkably good, an exclama- tion-mark (!) is added.
Localities for coal and oil are not given, and, for the most part, only general statements are made in regard to the occurrence of the peculiarly economic minerals, such as ores of iron, marble,, etc. For detailed information in regard to these points, the reader should turn to the series of volumes on the Mineral Resources of tlie United States, published since 1882, under the auspices of the U. 8. Geological Survey. The volume for 1887 (pp. 688-812) gives a summary for each state and territory of the localities of useful minerals, both those which are now mined and those which are not. In regard to the occurrence of marble and build: ng stones in general,, reference may be made to a recent work by George P. Merrill, Stones for Building and Decoration, New York, 1891.
This Catalogue has been carefully revised since it last appeared in print, and in this revision the author has been ably assisted by many gentlemen, whose contributions have done much to give it greater accuracy and completeness. Those who bave taken chief part in the revision are as follows:
For Arizona and the south- western territories, also notes on Colorado, Mr. George L. English of New York City ; California, Mr. Henry S. Burden of San Francisco ; Colorado, also northern New York, Prof. S. L. Penfield of New Haven ; Idaho and Montana, Mr. W. H. Melville of Washington ; Maine, Prof. F. C. Robinson of Bowdoin College ; Delaware, Mr. Fred. J. Hilbiber of Wilmington ; Maryland, Prof. G H. Williams of Baltimore; Michigan, Prof. A. C. Lane of Houghton ; Minnesota, Prof. C. W. Hall of Minneapolis ; Missouri. Mr. Walter P. Jenney of the U. S. Geol. Survey, and Prof. H. A. Wheeler of St. Louis ; North Carolina (also notes on Pennsylvania). Dr. F. A. Genth of Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania, Dr. F. A. Genth, Dr. T. D. Rand, and Col. Joseph Willcox of Philadelphia ; Texas, also S. Carolina, and notes on N. Carolina, Mr. W. E. Hidden of Newark; Virginia, Profs. W. G. Brown and H. D. Camp- bell of Lexington, also Profs. F. P. Dunniugton and W. M. Fontaine of the University of Virginia ; Wisconsin, Prof. Wm. H. Hobbs of Madison ; Canada, Mr. G. Ch. Hoffmann of Ottawa.
Also general notes from several of the gentlemen above named, and from Prof. F W. Clarke of Washington, Mr. George F. Kunz of New York City, and minor notes from others.
Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
Index Of States And Territories.
Alabama 1081
Alaska 1098
Arizona 1093
Arkansas 1082
California 1095
Colorado 1089
Columbia, Distr. of 1071
Connecticut 1060
Dakota, South 1088
Delaware 1070
Florida 1081
Georgia 1080
Idaho 1091
Illinois 1085
Indiana 1085
Iowa 1088
Kansas 1088
Kentucky 1084
Louisiana 1082
Maine 1051
Maryland 1070
Massachusetts 1058
Michigan 1 085
Minnesota 1087
Page
Missouri 1083
Montana 1091
Nevada 1094
New Hampshire 1056
New Jersey 1065
New Mexico 1093
New York 1061
North Carolina 1073
Ohio 1085
Oregon 1097
Pennsylvania 1066
Rhode Island . . 1060
South Carolina 1080
South Dakota 1088
Tennessee 1084-
Texas 1082
Utah 1092
Vermont 1057
Virginia 1071
Washington 1098
West Virginia 1073
Wisconsin 1087
Wyoming 1091
Also Dominion of Canada p. 1098; Newfoundland p. 1104.
Maine.
General Notes for the New England States.— The most interesting localities of Maine, as of the other New England States, are those of the veins of albitic granite, often worked economically for their feldspar, mica, quartz, and frequently affording fine specimens of many rare minerals, chiefly as accessory original constituents of the veins, m part also secondary. Among these species may be mentioned, the lithium minerals, lepidolite, red and green tourmaline, ambly- gouite, spodumene, petalite, triphylite (and lithiophilite); also beryllium minerals, beryl, chryso- beryl, and rarely herderite, phenacite, beryllonite ; further, columbite, cassiterite, uraniuite, and many others.
In Maine, localities of this class are chiefly in the western part of the state in Oxford Co.; they also occur in New Hampshire, as at Acworth ; in Massachusetts, as conspicuously at Chesterfield and Goshen ; in Connecticut, as at Haddam, Middletown, Portland, Giastonbury, also at Branchville and vicinity, and elsewhere. Further, similar occurrences are found in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North and South Carolina. The crystalline schists of New England often afford garnet, tourmaline, andalusite, staurolite, sillimanite, cyanite; also occasionally monazite, corundum, iolite, etc. In Massachusetts and Connecticut there are some interesting localities of zeolites and associated species (datolite, prehnite, etc.) connected with the dikes of "trap" rock.
In New England, mining for gold, silver, also tin (Maine, New Hampshire), has been attempted at various points on a small scale, but with no success ; copper, however, is obtained in economic quantities (e.g., Vermont), while the iron mines of western Massachusetts and Con- necticut have. been long productive. Other useful minerals sometimes obtained in paying quantities (besides the feldspar, etc., noted above) are steatite, graphite, marble, etc.
Albany. — Beryl! green and black tourmaline, garnet, feldspar, rose quartz, rutile.
Andover. — See RUMPORD.
Auburn, w. part, near Minot line. — Lepidolite, amblygonite, cassiterite, colorless, green, blue, etc., tourmaline! apatite, herderite, triplite, cookeite, allanite, garnet, molybdenite, beryl, albite, orthoclase, quartz, biotite, damourite.
Bath. — Vesuvianite, garnet, magnetite, graphite.
Bethel. — Cinnamon garnet, calcite, titanite, beryl, pyroxene, amphibole, epidote, graphite, talc, pyrite, arseuopyrite, magnetite.
Bingham. — Massive pyrite, galena, sphalerite, andalusite.
Blue Hill Bay. — Arsenical iron, molybdenite! galena, apatite ! fluorite! black tourmaline (Long Cove), black oxide of manganese (Osgood's farm), rhodonite, bog manganese, wolframite.
At the Blue Hill copper mines, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, cuprite, bornite, tetrahedrite, arsenopyrite, pyrite.
Bowdoin.— Rose quartz.
Bowdoinham. — Beryl, molybdenite.
Brunswick. — Green mica, garnet ! black tourmaline ! molybdenite, epidote, calcite, musco- vite, feldspar, beryl, titanite, columbite, pyrite, rutile.
Buckfield. — Garnet (estates of Waterman and Lowe), muscovite! tourmaline! magnetite.
Byard's Point. — Arsenopyrite.
Camdage Farm. — (Near the tide mills), molybdenite, wolframite.
Camden. — Chiastolite, galena, epidote, black tourmaline, pyrite, talc, magnetite.
Maine. 1055
Canton. — Chrysoberyl, feldspar, mica (mined).
Carmel (Penobscot Co.). — Stibnite, tetrahedrite, pyrite, chiastolite.
Oorinna. — Pyrite, arsenopyrite.
Deer Isle. — Serpentine, iierd-antique, asbestus, diallage, magnetite, talc (mined), barite.
Dexter. — Galena, pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, green talc.
Dixfield. — Native copperas, graphite.
Bast Woodstock. — Muscovite, garnet.
Farmington. — (Norton's Ledge), pyrite, graphite, garnet, staurolite.
Franklin Plantation. — Beryl.
Freeport. — Rose quartz, garnet, feldspar, scapolite, graphite, muscovite, amphibole, green mica.
Fryeburg. — Garnet, beryl.
West Gardiner, along the Litchfield border. See LITCHFIELD.
Georgetown. — (Parker's Island), beryl! black tourmaline, graphite.
Gorham. — A n dalusite.
Greenwood. — Graphite, black manganese, beryl! cJirysoberyl, arsenopyrite, cassiterite, mica, rose quartz, garnet, corundum, albite, zircon, molybdenite, magnetite, melanterite.
Hebron, 7 m. s. of Mt. Mica in Paris. — Lepidolite, amblygonite (hebronite), rubellite ! indico- lite, green tourmaline, damourite (as altered tourmaline), mica, beryl, apatite, albite, pollucite, childrenite. herderite, cookeite, cassiterite, arseuopyrite, vesuvianite.
Katahdin — Mines of limonite, hematite.
Linnaeus. — Hematite, limouite, pyrite, bog-iron.
Litchfield. — Socialite, cancrinite, elceolite, zircon, hydronephelite, albite, spodumene, musco- vite, pyrrhotite (from boulders), biotite.
Lovell. — Beryl.
Lubec Lead Mines. — Galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, bornite.
Machiasport. — Jasper, epidote, laumontite.
Madawaska Settlements. — Vivianite.
Minot. — Beryl, smoky quartz, vesuvianite.
Monmouth. — Actinolite, apatite, elcBolite, zircon, staurolite, plumose mica, beryl, rutile.
Mt. Abraham. — Andalusite, staurolite.
Norway. — Chrysoberyl ! molybdenite, beryl, rose quartz, orthoclase, green tourmaline, albite, lepidolite, cinnamon garnet, triphylite (lithiophilite), cookeite, cassiterite, amblygonite.
Orr's Island. — Steatite, garnet, andalusite.
Oxford. — Garnet, beryl, apatite, wad, zircon, muscovite, orthoclase.
Paris, ou Ml. Mica. — Green! red! black and blue tourmaline! mica! lepidolite! feldspar, albite, quartz crystals ! rose quartz, cassiterite, amblygonite, apatite, columbite, zircon, brookite, beryl, smoky quartz, spodumene, cookeite, lollingite, triphylite. See HEBRON.
Parsonsfield. — Vesuvianite ! yellow garnet, pargasite, adularia, labradorite (cryst.), scapolite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite.
Peru. — Crystallized pyrite, columbite, beryl, spodumene, triphylite (cryst.), chrysoberyl, petalite, amblygonite.
Phippsburg. — Yellow garnet ! manganesian garnet, vesuvianite, pargasite, axinite, laumont- it! chabazite, an ore of cerium ?
Poland. — Vesuvianite, smoky quartz, cinnamon garnet.
Portland. — Prehnite, actinolite, garnet, epidote, amethyst, calcite.
Pownal. — Black tourmaline, feldspar, scapolite, pyrite, actinolite, apatite, rose quartz.
Raymond. — Magnetite, scapolite, pyroxene, lepidolite, tremolite, amphibole, epidote, ortho- clase, yellow garnet, pyrite, vesuvianite.
Rockland. —Hematite, tremolite, quartz, wad, talc, calcite.
Rumford. — On n. slope of Black Mtn., tourmaline (red), lepidolite, spodumene, cookeite, yellow garnet, vesuvianite, pyroxene, apatite, scapolite, cassiterite, amblygonite, muscovite, albite, graphite.
Sanford (York Co.). — Vesuvianite! albite, calcite, molybdenite, epidote, black tourmaline, labradorite.
Searsmont. —Andalusite, tourmaline.
South Berwick. — Chiastolite.
Standish. — Columbite! tourmaline, andalusite, pyrrhotite.
Stoneham. — Columbite, chrysoberyl, herderite. topaz, beryllonite, cassiterite, bertrandite, phenacite, hamlinite, mica (curved), triplite, beryl, fluorite.
Stowe.— Chrysoberyl, sillimanite.
Streaked Mountain. — Beryl! black tourmaline, mica, garnet.
Sullivan. — At the Sullivan mining district (also in Franklin and Hancock), galena, argent- ite, silver, cerargyrite, pyrargyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, stephanite, sphalerite, also gold, native bismuth.
Thomaston. — Calcite, tremolite, hornblende, titanite, arsenical iron (Owl's Head), black man- ganese (Dodge's Mountain), thomsonite, talc, sphalerite, pyrite, galena.
Topsham — Quartz, allanite, chrysoberyl, garnet, orthoclase, muscovite, albite, black tour' maline, amphibole, apatite, zircon, beryl, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, gahnite, magnetite, bismuthinite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, tungstite? molybdenite, columbite. Union. — Magnetite, bog-iron ore.
1056 Catalogue Of Americal Localities Of Minerals.
Wales. — Axinite in boulder, alum, copperas. Warren. — Calcite, dolomite. Waterville. — Crystallized pyrite. West Gardiner. — lolite, blue sodalite. Whiting. — C halcopy rite, moly bd e nite.
Windham (near the bridge). — Staurolite, spodumene, garnet, beryl, amethyst, cyanite tourmaline.
Winslow. — Cassiterite in thin veins on slate, white beryl. Winthrop. — Slaurolite, pyrite, amphibole, garnet, beryl, copperas. Woodstock. — Graphite, hematite, prehnite, epidote, calcite. York. — Beryl, viviauite, oxide of manganese.
New Hampshire.
Acworth. — Beryl! mica! tourmaline, orthoclase, albite, rose quartz, columbite! cyanite, avn -suite, biotite, garnet, cyanite. '
Alexandria. — Muscovite.
Alstead. — Mica! albite, black tourmaline, molybdenite, andalusite, staurolite.
Amherst. — Vesumanite, yellow garnet, pargasite, amethyst, pyroxene, magnetite.
Antrim. — Graphite.
Bartlett.— Magnetite, hematite, quartz crystals, danalite, limonite, smoky quartz.
Bath. — Galena, chalcopyrite, alum.
Bedford. — Tremolite, epidote, graphite, mica, tourmaline, alum, quartz, graphite.
Bellows Falls. — Cyanite, staurolite, prehnite, calcite.
Benton. — Epidote, beryl, magnetite.
Berlin. — Chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnetite, amphibole.
Bristol. — Graphite, galena.
Campton. — Beryl !
Canaan. — Gold in quartz veins and alluvium, garnet.
Charlestown. — Staurolite, andalusite, prehnite, cyanite.
Chatham. — Green fluorite.
Concord. — Sillimanite.
Cornish. — Rutile in quartz! (rare), staurolite, stibnite.
Croydon. — lolite ! chalcopyrite pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite.
East Wakefield.— Beryl.
Enfield. — Gold, galena, staurolite, green quartz, ripidolite.
Prancestown. — Soapslone, arsenopyrite, quartz crystals.
Franconia. — Arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite.
Gardner Mtn. — Chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena, azurite, malachite.
Gilmanton. — Tremolite, epidote, muscovite, tourmaline, limonite, quartz crystals.
Goshen. — Graphite, black tourmaline.
Grafton. — Muscovite (quarried at Glass Hill, 2 m. S. of Orange Summit), albite ! blue, green, and yellow beryls ! (1 m. 8. of O. Summit), tourmaline, garnet, triphylite, apatite, fluorite, columbite , molybdenite, rhodonite.
Grantham. — Gray staurolite!
Groton.— Arsenopyrite, beryl, muscovite crystals, orthoclase, columbite.
Hanover. — Garnet, black tourmaline, quartz, cyanite. epidote, anorthite, cyanite, zoisite.
Haverhill. — Garnet! arsenopyrite, native arsenic, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, marcasite, steatite.
Hebron. — Beryl, andalusite, graphite.
Hinsdale. — RJiodonite, molybdenite, indicolite. black tourmaline.
Jackson. — Drusy quartz, cassiterite, arsenopyrite, native arsenic, fluorite, apatite, magnetite, molybdenite, wolframite, chalcopyrite, boruite.
Jaffrey (Monadnock Mt.). — Cyanite, limonite.
Keene. — Graphite, soapstone, milky quartz, rose quartz.
Landaff. — Molybdenite, magnetite, pyrrhotite.
Lebanon. — Limonite, arsenopyrite, galena, magnetite, pyrite.
Lisbon. — Staurolite, garnet, magnetite, amphibole, epidote, zoisite, hematite, arsenopyrite, galena, gold, ankerite. Franconia iron-mine, amphibole, epidote, zoisite, hematite, magnetite, garnet, arsenopyrite (danaite), molybdenite, prehnite, cynnite.
Littleton — Ankerite, gold, boruite, chalcopyrite, malachite, ilmenite, chlorite.
Lyman. — Gold, arsenopyrite, ankerite, dolomite, galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite.
Lyme. — Cyanite (N. W. part), black tourmaline, rutile, p\rrite, chalcopyrite (East part), stib- nite, molybdenite, cassiterite, staurolite.
Madison. — Galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, limonite.
Marlow. — Tourmaline.
Merrimack.— Rutile! (in gneiss nodules in granite vein).
Mid die to wn. — Ru tile, arsen opy rite .
Milan. — Chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite.
Millsfielrl. — Beryl, garnet.
New Hampshire- Vermont. 1057
Monadnock Mountain. — Andalusite, amphibole, garnet, graphite, tourmaline, orthoclase, sillimauite.
Nashua. —Muscovite,
New London.— Beryl, molybdenite, muscovite.
Newport. — Molybdenite, staurolite.
North Chatham (Bald Face Mt.).— Phenacite, topaz.
Orange. — Slue beryl! Orange Summit, chrysoberyl, muscovite (W. side of mountain), albite, tourmaline, apatite, galena, limonite.
Orford. — Brown tourmaline (obtained with difficulty), steatite, rutile, cyanite, ilmenite, garnet, graphite, molybdenite, pyrrhotite, melaconite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, malachite, galena, ripidolite.
Piermont. — Micaceous hematite, barite, mica, apatite.
Plymouth. — Columbite, beryl.
Richmond. — lolite, rutile, steatite, pyrite, anthophyllite, talc.
Rye. — Chiastolite (at Boar's Head, in boulders).
Saddleback Mt.— Black tourmaline, garnet, spinel.
Shelburne. — Galena, black sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrolusite.
Springfield. — Beryl (eight inches in diameter), manganesian garnet! black tourmaline! in mica schist, albite, mien, rose quartz.
Sullivan. — Tourmaline (black) in quartz, beryl.
Surry. — Amethyst, galena, tourmaline, cyanite.
Sutton. — Graphite, beryl.
Unity (estate of James Neal). — Chalcopyrite, pyrite, chlorophyllite, green mica, actinolite, garnet, magnetite, tourmaline.
Wakeneld. — Orthoclase, mica, columbite; in East Wakefield, beryl.
Walpole. — Chiastolite, staurolite, mica, graphite.
Ware. — Graphite.
Warren. — Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, epidote, quartz, pyrite, tremolile, galena, rutile, talc> molybdenite, cinnamon-stone ! pyroxene, amphibole, beryl, cyanite, tourmaline (massive).
Waterville. — Labradorite, chrysolite, amethyst.
Westmoreland (south part). — Molybdenite! apatite! blue feldspar, bog manganese (north village, quartz, amethyst, fluorite, chalcopyrite, molybdite.
White Mts. (Notch near the "Crawford House"). — Green fluorite, quartz crystals, black tourmaline, andalusite, amethyst, amazon -stone; also andalusite abundant in the gneiss of Mt. Washington.
Whitefield. — Molybdenite.
Winchester. — Pyrolusite, rhodonite, rhodochrosite, magnetite, pyrite, spodumene, tourmaline.
Vermont.
Athens. —Steatite, ankerite, actinolite, garnet.
Baltimore. — Serpentine, pyrite!
Barnet. — Graphite.
Belvidere. — Steatite, chlorite.
Bennington. — Pyrolusite, limonite.
Berkshire. — Epidote, hematite, magnetite.
Bethel. — Actinolite! talc, chlorite, octahedral iron, rutile, ankerite in steatite.
Brandon. — Pyrolusite, psilomelane, limonite, lignite, kaolinite., statuary marble; graphite, chalcopyrite, galena.
Brattleborough. — Black tourmaline in quartz, mica, zoisite, rutile, actinolite, scapolitei, spodumene, roofing slate.
Bridgewater. — Talc, dolomite, magnetite, steatite, chlorite, gold, native copper, sphalerite, galena, blue spinel, chalcopyrite.
Bristol. —Rutile, limouite, manganese ores, magnetite.
Brookfield. — Arseuopyrite, pyrite.
Cabot. — Garnet, staurolite, amphibole, albite.
Cavendish. — Garnet, serpentine, talc, steatite, tourmaline, asbestus, tremolite.
Chester. — Asbeslus, feldspar, chlorite, quartz.
Chittenden. — Psilomelane, pyrolusite, limonite, hematite and mapn&tite, galena, iolite.
Colchester.— Limonite, iron-sand, jasper, alum.
Corinth. — Chalcopyrite (has been mined), pyrrhotite, pyrite, rutile.
Coventry. — Rhodonite.
Craftsbury. — Mica in concretions, calcite, rutile.
Cuttingsville. — Chalcopyrite, pyrite.
Derby.— Mica (adtimsite).
Ely. — Chalcopyrite, pyrite (copper mines recently reopened).
Fair Haven. — Roofing slate, pyrite.
Farmington — Andalusite.
. — Pyrite. magnetite, acicular tourma?' :
1058 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
Grafton. — The Grafton steatite quarry is in Athens; quartz, actinolite.
Guilford. — Scapolite, rutile.
Hartford.— Calcite, pyrite! cyanite, quartz, tourmaline.
Irasburgh. — Rhodonite, psilomelane.
Jay. — Chromite, serpentine, amianthus, dolomite.
Lowell. — Amianthus, serpentine, cerolite, talc, chlorite.
Manchester. — Limonite.
Marlboro'. — Rhomb spar, steatite, garnet, magnetite, chlorite.'
Middlesex. — Rutile! (exhausted).
Monktown. — Pyrolusite, limouite, feldspar.
Moretown. — Smoky quartz! steatite, talc, wad, rutile, serpentine.
Mount Holly. — Asbestus, chlorite.
New Fane. — Glassy and asbestif or m actinolite, steatite, green quartz (called chrysoprase at the locality), chalcedony, drusy quartz, garnet, chromic and titanic iron, ankerite, serpentine, rutile.
Norwich. — Actinolite, feldspar, brown spar in talc, cyanite, zoisite, chalcopyrite, pyrite.
Pittsford. — Limonite, manganese ores, statuary marble!
Plymouth. — Siderite, magnetite, hematite, gold, galena, also limonite, kaolin.
Putney. — Fluorite, limonite, rutile and zoisite in boulders, staurolite.
Reading. — Glassy actinolite in talc.
Readsboro'. — Glassy actinolite, steatite, hematite.
Rochester. — Rutile, hematite cryst., magnetite in chlorite slate.
Rockingham (Bellows Falls). — Cyanite, indicolite, feldspar, tourmaline, fluorite, calcite, prehnite, staurolite.
Roxbury. — Dolomite, talc, serpentine, asbestus, quartz.
Rutland. — Magnesite, white marble, hematite, serpentine.
Sharon. — Quartz crystals, cyanite.
Shoreham. — Pyrite, black marble, calcite.
Strafford. — Magnetite and chalcopyrite (has been worked), native copper, amphibole copperas.
Thetford. — Sphalerite, galena, cyanite, chrysolite in basalt, pyrrhotite, feldspar, roofing slate, steatite, garnet.
Townshend. — Actinolite, black mica, talc, steatite, feldspar.
Troy. — Magnetite, talc, serpentine, amianthus, steatite, ilmenite, chlorite; one mile south-east of village of South Troy, on the farm of Mr. Pierce, east side of Missisco, chromite, zaratite.
Vershire. — Pyrite, chalcopyrite, native copper, malachite, tourmaline, arsenopyrite, quartz.
Wardsboro'. — Zoisite, tourmaline, tremolite, hematite.
Warren. — Actinolite, magnetite, wad, serpentine.
Waterbury. — Arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, rutile, quartz, serpentine.
Waterville. — Steatite, actinolite, talc.
Weathersfield. — Steatite, hematite, pyrite, tremolite.
Westfield. — Steatite, chromite, serpentine.
Westminster. — Zoisite in boulders.
Windham. — Glassy actinolite, steatite, garnet, serpentine.
Woodstock. — Quartz crystals, garnet, zoisite.
Massachusetts.
Athol.—Allanite, epidote! babingtonite? mica.
Auburn. — Masonite (chloritoid).
Sarre.— Rutile! mica, pyrite, beryl, feldspar, garnet.
Great Harrington. — Treraolite.
Bedford. — Garnet.
Belcherton. — Al 1 anite .
Bernardston. — Magnetite at loc. of crinoidal limestone.
Beverly. — Columbite, green feldspar , cassiterite.
Blandford — Serpentine, anthophyllite, actinolite! chromite, cyanite, rose quartz in boulders.
Bolton.— Scapolite! petalite, titanite, pyroxene, nuttalite, diopside, boltonite, apatite, magnesite, ankerite, allanite, yttrocerite, spinel.
Boxborough. — Scapolite, spinel, garnet, augite, actinolite, apatite.
Brimfield (road leading to Warren).— lolite, andalusite, adularia, molybdenite, mica, garnet.
Brookfield. — Limonite, garnet.
Carlisle. — Tourmaline, garnet! scapolite, actinolite.
Chelmsford.— Scapolite (chelmsfordite), chondrodite, blue spinel, amianthus! rose quartz.
Chester.— Amphibole, scapolile, zoisite. spodumene, indicolite, garnet, apatite, magnetite, chromite, stilbite. heulandite, unalcite, and cbabazitc.
At the Emery Mine. Chester Factories. — Corundum, margarite, diaspore, epidote, corundo- philite, chloritoid. tourmaline, ilmenite, rutile, biotite, cyanite, ami-site,
Chesterfield. — Blue, green, and red tourmaline, cleavelandite (albite), lepidolite, smoky quartz, microlite, spodumene, cyanite, apatite, beryl, garnet, quartz crystals, staurolite, cassiterite, columbite, zoisite, autunite, brookite (eumanite), scheelite, anthophyllite, bornite.
Massachusetts. 1059
Oonway. — Pyrolusite, fluorite, zoisite, rutile! native alum, galena.
Cummington. — HJwdonite! cummingtonite (amphibole), marcasite, garnet.
Deerrield. — Chabazite, heulandite, stilbite, datolite, prehnite, natrolite, analcite, calcite, fluorite, diabantite, sapouite, amethyst, carnelian, chalcedony, agate, pyrite, malachite.
Fitchburg (Pearl Hill). — Beryl, staurolite! garnets, molybdenite, tourmaline.
Foxborough. — Pyrite, anthracite.
Framingham. — Garnet.
Franklin. — Amethyst.
Gloucester. — Danalite.
Goshen. — Mica, albite, spodumene! blue and green tourmaline, beryl, zoisite, smoky quartz, columbite, tin ore, galena, beryl (gosheuite), cymatolite (mixture of albite and muscovite).
Greenfield (in sandstone quarry, m. E. of village). — Allophane.
Hatfield. — Bariie. galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, quartz crystals.
Hawley. — Micaceous hematite, massive pyrite, magnetite, zoisite.
Heath. — Pyrite, zoisite.
Hinsdale. — Limouite, apatite, zoisite.
Hubbardston. — Massive pyrite.
Huntington (name changed from Norwich). — Apatite! black tourmaline, beryl, spodumene/, triphylite (altered), sphalerite, quartz crystals, cassiterite.
Lancaster. — Cyanite, chiastolite! apatite, staurolite, pinite. andalusite.
Lee. — Tremolite, titauite; chondrodite in cryst. limestone in East Lee.
Leverett. — Barite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite.
Ley-den. — Zoisite, rutile.
Maiden. — Galena.
Marblehead. — In zircon-syenyte, sodalite, elseolite.
Martha's Vineyard. — Limouite, amber, radiated pyrite.
Mendon. — Mica! chlorite.
Middlefield. — Glassy actinolite. ankerite, steatite, serpentine, feldspar, drusy quartz, apatite, zoisite, nacrite, chalcedony, talc! deweylite.
Milbury. — Vermiculite, graphite.
Mt. Washington.— Garnet, staurolite, albite, ottrelite, ottrelite and ilmenite growths.
New Braintree. — Black tourmaline.
New Marlboro'. — Apatite, tourmaline, garnet (with granophyre structure), muscovite crystals, bi-pyramidal quartz (in pegmatyte of Tobey Hill); chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, hornblende, magnetite (at Cleaveland " Gold mine "); diopside, tremolite, quartz crystals (in limestone).
Newbury. — Serpentine, chrysotile, epidote, vesuvianite, siderite.
Newburyport. — Serpentine, nemalite, autunite. — Argentiferous galena, tetrahedrite, chalco- pyrite, pyrargyrite, siderite, etc.
Northfield. — Golumbite, flbrolite, cyanite.
Norwich. — See HUNTINGTON.
Oxford. — Arsenopyrite, pyrite
Palmer (Three Rivers). — Feldspar, prehnite, calcite.
Pelham.— Asbestus, serpentine, quartz crystals, beryl, molybdenite, green hornstone, epidote, amethyst, corundum, vermiculite.
Plainfield. — Cummingtonite, pyrolusite, rhodonite.
Richmond. — Limonite, gibbsite ! allophane.
Rockport (near the extremity of C. Ann). — Danalite, cryophyllite, annite, cyrtolite (altered zircon), amazon-stone, fergusonite, green and white orthoclase.
Rowe.— Epidote, talc; at Davis mine, pyrite, chalcopyrite, gahnite, zoisite.
Russell. — Garnet! mica, serpentine, beryl, galena, chalcopyrite.
Salem.— Cancrinite, sodalite, elaeolite, zircon.
Sheffield. — Asbestus, pyrite, native alum, pyrolusite; rutile in limestone, garnet, staurolite, albite in schist.
Shelburne. — Rutile.
Shutesbury (east of Locke's Pond). — Molybdenite.
Somerville. — Prehnite, laumontite, stilbite, chabazite, quartz crystals, melanolite, babing- tonite, calcite, epidote.
South Royalston. — Beryl! (now obtained with great difficulty), mica! feldspar! allauite. Four miles beyond old loc., on farm of Solomon Hey wood, mica! beryl! feldspar! ilmeuite.
Southampton. — Galena, cerussite, anglesite, wulfenite, fluorite, bornite, barite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, phosgenite, pyromorphite, stolzite, chrysocolla.
Sterling. — Spodumene, chiastolite, siderite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite. sterlingite (damourite).
Stoneham. — Nephrite.
Sturbridge. — Graphite, garnet, apatite, bog-ore.
Swampscot. — Orthite, feldspar.
Taunton (one mile south). — Paracolumbite (ilmenite).
Turner's Falls (Conn. River).— Chalcopyrite, prehnite, chlorite, siderite, malachite, diabantite.
Tyringham and on borders of Otis. — Pyroxene, scapolite, chondrodite, titanite, amphibole,
1060 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
Warwick. — Massive garnet, radiated black tourmaline, magnetite, beryl, epidote.
Washington. — Graphite.
Westfield.— Schiller spar (diallage, serpentine, steatite, cyanite, scapolite, aclinolite.
Westford. — Andalusite !
West Hampton. — Galena, argentine, pseudomorphous quartz.
West Stockbridge. — Limonite, fibrous pyrolusite, siderite.
Williamsburg. — Zoisite, pseudomorphous quartz, apatite, rose and smoky quartz, galena, pyrolusite, chalcopyrite.
Windsor. — Zoisite, actinolite, rutile!
Worcester. — Arsenopyrite.vesuvianite, pyroxene, garnet, amianthus, smoky quartz, graphite, calcite, bucholzite, siderite, galena.
Worthington. — Cyanite.
Zoar. — Bitter spar, talc.
Rhode Island.
Bristol. — Amethyst.
Burrillville. — Amethyst.
Cranston. — Actinolite in talc, graphite, cyanite, mica, melanterite, hematite.
Cumberland. — Manganese, epidote, actinolite, garnet, titaniferous iron, magnetite, hematite, chalcopyrite, boruite, malachite, azurite, calcite, apatite, feldspar, zoisite, mica, quartz crys- tals, ilvaite. Beacon Pole Hill, crocidolite.
At Sneech Poud, chalcopyrite, ilvaite, wad, molybdenite, magnetite, epidote, chlorite.
Diamond Hill. — Quartz crystals, hematite.
Foster. — Cyanite, hematite.
Gloucester. — Magnetite in chlorite slate, feldspar.
Johnston. — Talc, ankerite, calcite, garnet, epidote, pyrite, hematite, magnetite, chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite.
Lincoln. — Galena.
Natick. — See WARWICK.
Newport.— Serpentine, quartz crystals.
Portsmouth. — Anthracite, graphite, asbestus, pyrite, chalcopyrite.
Smithfield. — Dolomite, calcite, bitter spar, siderite, nacrite, serpentine (bowenite), tremolite, asbestus, quartz, magnetite in chlorite schist, talc! octahedrite, feldspar, beryl.
Valley Falls. — Graphite, pyrite, hematite.
Warwick (Natick village). — Masonite (chloritoid), garnet, graphite, bog-ore.
Westerly. — llmenite.
Woonsocket. — Cyanite.
Connecticut.
Berlin. — Barite, datolite, sphalerite, quartz crystals.
Bethel. — Tourmaline.
Bolton. — Staurolite, chalcopyrite.
Branchville.— In a vein of albitic granite, garnet, albite, microcline, amblygonite, spodu- mene! cymatolite, margarodite (curved), eospliorite, triploidite, triplite, reddingite, dickiusouite, lithiophilite, natrophilite, hureaulite, rhodocJirosite, fairfieldite, apatite, microlite, columbite, pyrite, tourmaline, staurolite, uraninite, torbernite, autunite, vivianite, eucryptite, chabazite, stilbite. heulandite, native bismuth, muscovite, biotite, beryl, montmorillonite.
Branford (Stony Creek). — Biotite, apatite.
Bristol. — Chalcocite, chalcopyrite, barite, bornite, allophane, pyromorphite, calcite, malachite, galena, quartz.
Brookfield. — Galena, calamiue, sphalerite, spodumene, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite.
Canaan. — Calcite (Canaan Lime Company's quarry), phlogopite, green tremolite (Maltby's quarry); diopside, in part changed to tremolite, fibrolite, garnet, hornblende (Canaan Mt.).
Chatham. — Arsenopyrite, smaltite, cloanthite (chathamite), scorodite, niccolite, beryl, erythrtte.
Cheshire. — Barite! chalcocite, bornite, malachite, kaolin, natrolite, prehnite, chabazite, datolite, cuprite.
Chester. — Sillimanite ! zircon, epidote.
Cornwall. — Graphite, pyroxene, actinolite, titanite, scapolite.
IDaribury.—Danburite with oligoclase (formerly), brown tourmaline, orthoclase, pyroxene, parathorite.
Derby. — Arsen opyrite.
Farmington. — Prehnite, chabazite, agate, native copper, diabantite.
Glastonbury (at Bale's quarry). — Columbite, muscovite, orthoclase, albite, uraninite.
G-ranby (Simsbury mines). — Bornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, malachite.
Guilford. — In gneiss, iolite; N. Guilford, rutile (boulder).
?L*&Aam.*—Chrysoberyl! beryl, epidote, tourmaline, orthoclase, garnet, iolite! chlorophyllite!
Tlie pegmatyte veins of Haddam have their continuation in similar veins in Middletown, Portland, and Glastonbury, to the north; in some cases doubt exists as to the exact locality.
Connecticut— New York. 1061
oligocla&e, automolite, magnetite, adularia, apatite, columbite! zircon (calyptolite), mica, pyrite, marcasite, molybdenite, alkiuite, bisumtli ocher, bismutite, cassiterite.
Hadlyme. — Chabazite niui stilbite in gneiss.
Hartford. — Datolite (Kooky Hill quarry).
Kent. — Limonite.
Litchfield. — Cyanite with corundum, apatite, and andalusite, ilmenite (washingtonite), chal- copyrite, diaspore. uiccoliferous pyrrhotite, 'margarodite, staurolite, apatite.
Lyme. — Garnet, sunstoue, microcliue.
Meriden. — Datolite (greenish), diabantite.
Middlefield Falls. — Datolite, chlorite, etc., in amygdaloid.
Middletown. — At the feldspar quarries, mica, albite, feldspar, columbite! prehnite, garnet, samarskite, biotite, mouazite, vesuvianite, beryl, topaz, uranite, apatite, uraninite, lepidolite with
freen and red tourmaline; at lead-mine formerly galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, quartz, calcite, uorite, pyrite sometimes capillary.
Milford.— Salite, pyroxene, asbestus, verd-antique marble.
Monroe. — See TRTJMBULL
New Britain. — Prehnite calcite, datolite, diabantite, agate, barite; copper minerals in small quantities.
New Haven.— Serpentine, salite; also with the trap rocks, prebnite, laumoutite, and the zeolites, stilbite, apophyllite, very sparingly; as a contact-mineral, garnet.
New Milford. — Beryl (golden yellow and green), tourmaline, mica, feldspar.
Newtown. — Cyanite, diaapore, rutile, damourite, tourmaline.
Norfolk. — Biotite crystals, pseudomorphs of a colorless mica, quartz andjibrolite after plagio- clase (at Norfolk granite quarry, the latter in blocks).
Norwich.— In gneiss, sillimanile, monazite! iolite, corundum, feldspar.
Portland. — At feldspar quarries, orthoclase, albite, muscomte, biotite, beryl, tourmaline, bisinuthiuite, bismutosphaerite, columbite, apatite; at Pel ton's feldspar quarry, monazite.
Plymouth. — Galena, heulandite, fluorite, ctilorophyllite ! garnet, rutile.
Roaring Brook (Cheshire). — Datolite! calcite, prehnite, saponite.
Roxbury. — Siderite, sphalerite, pyrite! galena, quartz, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, limonite.
Salisbury. — Limonite, pyrolusite, manganite, triplite, turgite, scovillite, staurolite.
Seymour. — Arsenopyrite, pyrite, native bismuth.
Simsbury.— Chalcocite, green malachite.
Southbury. — Rose quartz, laumontite, prehnite, calcite, barite, staurolite, garnet.
Southington. — Barite, datolite, asteriated quartz crystals, diabantite.
Stafford. — Massive pyrite, alum, copperas.
Tariffville.— Datolite !
Trumbull and Monroe. — Chlorophane, topaz, beryl, diaspore, pyrrhotite, pyrite, scheelite, wolframite (pseudomorph after scheelite), native bismuth, tungstite, siderite, arsenopyrite, argen- tiferous galena, sphalerite, scapolite, tourmaline, garnet, albite, augite, graphic tellurium (?), margarodite.
Washington. — Tripolite, ilmenite! (washingtonite), rhodochrosite, natrolite, andalusite (New Preston), cyauite.
Watartown (near the Naugatuck). — "White salite, monazite.
West Farms. — Asbestus.
Willimantic. — In gneiss, topaz, monazite, ripidolite, sillimanite, bismuthinite, bismutosphae- rite, beryl, orthoclase, uraninite.
Winchester. — Magnetite.
New York.
Of economic minerals, halite is obtained as rock salt, also from salt wells, extensively in the western counties from Cayuga Lake west to L. Erie (see p. 155); further gypsum in the same region. Hematite at Antwerp, Jefferson Co.; limonite in the south-eastern part of the state east of the Hudson river, chiefly in Dutchess and Columbia counties; also siderite in Columbia Co. Magnetite is largely mined in Essex Co., and occurs widely in the adjacent counties of the Adirondack region; also mined in the Highlands, in Orange, Westchester, and Putnam counties. The magnetite mines sometimes furnish beautiful specimens of rare minerals, e.g., allanite at Moriah, choudrodite, etc., at Brewster.
The most interesting localities for minerals are those of the Archaean in St. Lawrence Co., also Franklin, Jefferson, Lewis, etc., counties. Here are obtained, at many points, fine pyroxene, atnphibole, albite and other feldspars, phlogopite, tourmaline, apatite, titanite, zircon, etc.; they most commonly occur in crystalline limestone where it joins the schists. Other important localities, also in the Archaean, are those of Orange Co. (Warwick, Monroe), in the south-eastern part of the state, where in the crystalline limestone, chondrodite, spinel, etc., occur abundantly.
The limestone of the western part of the state affords (e.g., Lockport) calcite, dolomite, celestite, anhydrite, etc.
ALBANY Co. — Bethlehem. — Calcite, stalactite, calcareous sinter, snowy gypsum. Coeymans Landing. — Gypsum, epsomite, quartz crystals at Crystal Hill, 3 m. 8. of Albany. Watervliet. — Quartz crystals, yellow drusy quartz.
1062 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
CAYUGA Co. — Auburn. — Celestite, calcite, fluorite, epsomite. Springport. — At Thompson's plaster beds, sulphur ! selenite. Union Springs. — Selenite, gypsum.
CLINTON CO. — Arnold Iron Mine. — Magnetite, epidote, molybdenite. Finch Ore Bed. — Calcite, green and purple fluorite. Plattsburg. — Nugget of platinum in drift.
COLUMBIA Co. — Ancram. — Lead-mine, galena, sphalerite, wulfenite, chalcopyrite.
Canaan. — Chalcocite. chalcopyrite.
Catskill Station. — Siderite in large beds.
Copake. — Limouite (large ore beds), graphite.
Hudson. — Selenite! epsomite, brown spar, wad, siderite.
Linlithgo. — Siderite beds.
New Lebanon. — Nitrogen springs.
DDTCHESS Co. — Amenia. — Dolomite, limonite, turgite, siderite. Dover. — Dolomite, tremolite, garnet (Foss Ore Bed), limonite, staurolite. Fishkill. — Dolomite; near Peckville, talc, asbestus, graphite, amphibole, augite, actinolite, limonite.
North East. — Chalcocite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite. Union Vale. — At the Clove mine, gibbsite, limonite.
ESSEX Co. — Alexandria. — Kirby's graphite mine, graphite, pyroxene, scapolite, titanite.
Crown Point. — Apatite (eupyrchroite of Emmous), brown tourmaline! in the apatite, chlorite, quartz crystals, calcite, pyrite; S. of J. C. Hammond's house, garnet, scapolite, chal- copyrite, awnturine feldspar, zircon, magnetite (Peru), epidote, mica.
Keene. — Scapolite.
Lewis. — Wollastonite, colophonite, garnet, labradorite, amphibole, actinolite; 10m. S. of Keeseville, arsenopyrite.
Long Pond. — Apatite, garnet, pyoxene, vesuvianite, coccolite! scapolite, magnetite, blue ealcite.
Mclntyre. — Labradorite, garnet, magnetite.
Moriah. at Sandford Ore Bed. — Magnetite, apatite, allanite! lanthanite, actinolite, and feldspar; at Fisher Ore Bed, magnetite, feldspar, quartz; at Hall Ore Bed, or "New Ore Bed," magnetite, zircon; on Mill brook, calcite, pyroxene, amphibole, albite; in the town of Moriah, magnetite, black mica; Barton Hill Ore Bed, albite.
Newcomb. — Labradorite, feldspar, magnetite, hypersthene, tourmaline.
Port Henry. — Brown tourmaline, black tourmaline enclosing orthoclase, mica, rose quartz, serpentine, green and black pyroxene, amphibole, cryst. pyrite. graphite, wollastonite, pyrrhotite, adularia, phlogopite!; at Mineville, magnetite in large quantities, also in fine crystals; in Champlain iron region, uranothorite.
Roger's Rock. — Graphite, wollastonite, garnet, feldspar, adularia, pyroxene, titanite coccoliie.
Schroon. — Calcite. pyroxene, chondrodite.
Ticonderoga. — Graphite! pyroxene, salite, titanite, black tourmaline, cacoxenite? (Mt. Defiance).
Westport.— Labradorite, prehnite, magnetite.
Willsboro'. — Wollastonite, colophonite, garnet, green coccolite, amphibole.
JEFFERSON Co.— Adams.— Fluorite, calc tufa, barite.
Alexandria. — On S. E. bank of Muscolouge Lake, fluorite (exhausted), phlogopite, chalcopyrite, apatite; on High Island, in the St. Lawrence River, feldspar, tourmaline, amphibole, ortJwclase, celestite.
Antwerp. — Sterling iron-mine hematite, chalcodite, siderite, calcite, ankerite, millerite! red hematite, crystallized quartz, yellow aragonite, niccoliferous pyrite, quartz crystals, pyrite; at Oxbow, calcite! porous coralloidal barite; near Vroomau'slake, calcite! vesuvianite, phlogopite! pyroxene, titanite, fluorite, pyrite, chalcopyrite; also feldspar, bog-iron ore, scapolite (farm of Egglesou), serpentine, tourmaline (yellow, rare).
Brownsville. — Celestite, calcite (4 in. from Watertown).
Natural Bridge. — Gieseckite! steatite pseudomorphous after pyroxene, apatite, phlogopite, orthoclase.
New Connecticut. — Titanite, brown phlogopite.
Omar. —Beryl, feldspar, hematite.
Philadelphia. — Garnets on Indian River, in the village; hematite.
Pillar Point.— Massive barite (exhausted).
Theresa. —Fluorite, calcite, hematite, amphibole, quartz crystals, serpentine (associated with: hematite), celestite, strontianite.
Watertown. — Tremolite, agaric mineral, calc tufa, celestite.
Wilna. — One mile N. of Natural Bridge, calcite.
New York. 1063;
GREENE CO. — Diamond Hill. — Quartz crystals.
HERKIMER Co.— Fair field.— Quarts crystals, fetid barite.
Little Falls.— Quartz crystals! barite, calcite, smoky quartz; 1 m. 8. of Little Falls, calcite, brown spar, feldspar.
Middleville. — Quarts crystals ! calcite, dolomite.
Newport. — Quartz crystals.
Salisbury. — Quartz crystals ! sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite.
Stark.— Fibrous celestite, gypsum.
LEWIS CO.— Bonaparte Lake. — Wollastonite.
Diana (localities mostly near junction of crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and 2 m. from Natural Bridge). — Scapolite ! wollastonite, green coccolite, feldspar, tremolite, pyroxene! titanite, mica, quartz crystals, pyrite, pyrrhotite, blue calcite, serpentine, rensselaerite, zircon, graphite, chlorite, hematite, bog-ore, apatite.
Greig. — Magnetite, pyrite.
Lowville. — Calcite, fluorite, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, calc tufa.
Martinsburgh. — Wad, galena, etc. (formerly), calcite.
MONROE Co — Rochester. — Dolomite, calcite, snowy gypsum, fluorite, celestite, galena,, sphalerite, barite, hornstone.
MONTGOMERY Co.— Palatine. — Quartz crystals, drusy quartz, anthracite, hornstone, agate,, garnet.
Hoot.— Drusy quartz, sphalerite, barite, stalactite, galena, pyrite.
NEW YORK Co. — Kingsbridge. — Tremolite, pyroxene, mica, tourmaline, pyrite.
New York. — Serpentine, amianthus, actiuolite, pyroxene, hydrous anthophyllite, garnet, staurolite, molybdenite, graphite, chlorite, beryl, jasper, necronite, feldspar, xeuotime, wollastonite,, dumortierite. In the excavations for the 4th Avenue tunnel, 1875, harmotome, stilbite, chabazite, heulandite, etc.
NIAGARA Co. — Lewiston. — Epsomite.
Lockport. — Celestite, calcite, selenite, anhydrite, fluorite, dolomite, sphalerite.
Niagara Falls. — Calcite, fluorite, sphalerite, dolomite.
ONEIDA Co. — Boonville. — Calcite, wollastonite, coccolite.
Clinton. — Sphalerite, lenticular hematite in the Clinton group, strontianite, celestite, the former covering the latter.
ONONDAGA Co. — Camillus. — Selenite audfbrous gypsum. Syracuse. — Serpentine, celestite, selenite, barite.
ORANGE Co.— Cornwall.— Zircon, chondrodite, amphibole, spinel, feldspar, epidote, hudsonite, ilmenile, serpentine, coccolite.
Deer Park. — Cryst. pyrite, galena.
Monroe. — Mica! tilanite ! garnet, 'colophon ite, epidote, chondrodite, allanite, bucholzite, brown spar, spinel, amphibole, talc, ilmenite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, chromite, graphite, rastolyte, moronolite; Wilks and O'Neill Mine, aragonite, magnetite, dimagnetite (pseud.?), jenkiusite, asbestus, serpentine, mica, hortonolite; Two PONDS, pyroxene! chondrodite, amphibole, scapolite I zircon, titanite, apatite, GREENWOOD FURNACE, chondrodite, pyroxene ! mica, amphibole, spinel, scapolite, biotite! ilmeuite, anonrite.
Forest of Dean. — Pyroxene, spinel, zircon, scapolite, amphibole.
Town of Warwick, Warwick Village. — Spinel! zircon, serpentine! brown spar, pyroxene! amphibole, pseudomorphous steatite, feldspar ! (Rock Hill), ilmeuite, clintonite, tourmaline (R. H.), rutile, titauite, molybdenite, arseuopyrile, marcasite, pyrite, yellow iron sinter, quartz, jasper, mica, coccolite
Amity.— Spinel! garnet, scapolite. amphibole, vesuvianite, epidote! seybertite, leuchten- bergite, magnetite, tourmaline, warwickite, apatite, chondrodite, talc! pyroxene ! phlogopite, rutile, ilmeuite, zircon, corundum, feldspar, fluorite, titanite, calcite, serpentine, schiller spar (?), silvery mica, graphite.
Edenville.— Apatite, chondrodite! hair-brown amphibole! tremolite, spinel, tourmaline, warwickite, pyroxene, titanite, mica, feldspar, arsenopyrite, orpiment, rutile, ilmenite, scorodite, ehalcopyrite, leucopyrile (or lollingite), allanite.
West Point. — Feldspar, mica, scapolite, titanite, amphibole, allanite.
PUTNAM Co. — Brewster, Tilly Foster Iron Mine. — Chondrodite! magnetite, dolomite, serpentine pseudomorphs. brucite, enstatite, clinochlore, biotite, actinolite, pyrrhotite, fluorite albite, epidote, titanite! garnet, apatite, datolite, stilbite, prehnite, apophyllite.
1064 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
Anthony's Nose, at top. — Pyrite, pyrrhotite, pyroxene, amphibole, magnetite. Carmel (Brown's quarry). — Autbophyllite, arseuopyrite, epidote. Cold Spring. — Titanite, epidote.
Patterson. — White pyroxene ! calcite, asbestus, tremolite, dolomite, massive pyrite. Phillipstown. — Tremolite, amianthus, serpentine, titanite. diopside, green coccolite, amphibole, icapolite, stilbite, mica, laumontite, gurhofite, calcite, magnetite, chromite. Phillips Ore Bed.— Hyalite, actinolite, massive pyrite.
RICHMOND Co. — Rossville. — Lignite, cryst. pyrite.
Quarantine. — Asbestus, amianthus, aragouite, dolomite, gurhofite, brucite, serpentine, talc, magnesite.
ROCKLAND Co.— CaldweU.— Calcite.
Ladentown. — Zircon, malachite, cuprite.
Piermont. — Datolite, stilbite, apophyllite, pectolite, prehnite, thomsonite, calcite, chabazite.
ST. LAWRENCE Co. — Canton. — Massive pyrite,, calcite, brown tourmaline, titanite, serpentine, talc, rensselaerite, pyroxene, hematite, clmlcopyrite.
DeKalb.— On Sprague Dowuiug's farm and Calvin Mitchel's adjoining, diopside! cryst. with hornblende; datolite rare. On Andrew Murty's farm, white or colorless tourmaline! with pure white phlogupite, tremolite, pyroxene, serpentine, apatite, and pyrite. Near Osborn's lake, at Abuer Crosse's, calcite crystals, barite, fluorite, brown tourmaline, tremolite and phlogopite. On Francis Mclntyre's farm, barite !
Edwards. — At Freemansburgh, extensive talc mines, fibrous, pseud, after enstatite (agalite) pink tremolite (hexagonite), eustatite. Transparent white phlogopite at the Anthony Mine. Brown and silvery mica! scapolite, apatite, quartz crystals, actinolite, tremolite! hematite, serpentine, magnetite.
Fine.— Ou Lorenzo Guinup's farm, in a granite vein, large pyroxene cryst. (prisms over a foot in diameter, looking like basaltic columns), titanite cryst. as large as a dinner-plate, fluorite, fine sage-green zircons, calcite. On Fida Scott's farm, large oligoclase cryst., pyroxene, fluorite, calcite, zircon, pyrite, apatite, titauite.
Fowler. — Quartz (dihexahedral) with hematite and barite, sphalerite, galena, tremolite; foliated white talc at Win. Woodcock's mine, near the village of Little York. Also galena, tremolite, chalcedony, bog-ore, satin spar (assoc. with serpentine), pyrite, chalcopyrite, actinolite, rensselaerite (near Somerville).
Gouverneur. — At Richville, on the Reese farm, fine brown tourmaline! with tremolite. f pyroxene, apatite, pyrite, titanite and phlogopite. Near David Downing's farm, fluorite in twin cubes (etched). Also calcite ! serpentine ! amphibole, scapolite ! orthoclase, tourmaline ! vcsu- vianite (1 m. S. of G.), pyroxene, diopside, apatite, rensselaerite, serpentine, titauite, fluorite, barite (farm of Judge Dodge), black mica, phlogopite, tremolite! asbestus, hematite, graphite, vesuvianite (near Somerville in serpentine), spinel, houghite, scapolite, phlogopite, dolomite; m. W. of Somerville, chondrodite, spinel.
Hammond. — Apatite! zircon! (farm of Mr. Hardy), 'ortfioclase (loxocase), pargasite, barite, pyrile, purple fluorite, tremolite, phlogopite.
Hermon.— Quartz crystals, hematite, siderite, pargasite, pyroxene, serpentine, tourmaline, bog-iron ore.
Macomb. — On John McNiel's and Perry Washburn's farms, brown and black tourmaline! pyrorene, amphibole, albite (peristerite), graphite, apatite, phlogopite, scapolite. On Milton Truax's farm, large amphibole (six-sided prisms) in calcite. Veins of galena on many farms formerly extensively worked. On Vilas Ingram's farm, brown tourmaline ! graphite and feldspar. Also sphalerite, mica, titanite, fluorite!
Mineral Point, Morristown. — Fluorite, sphalerite, galena, phlogopite (Pope's Mills), barite.
Ogdensburgh. — Labradorite.
Pierrepont. — On Ryland Crary's farm, black tourmaline! black phlogopite, pyroxene (often changed to uralite), quartz in calcite. On Allen W. Wells' farm, large light gieen amphibole with pyroxene and oligoclase. On Reuben Vaughn's farm, dark green amphibole. On T. Fitzgerald's farm, large scapolite crystals, albite (peristerite), pyroxene.
Pitcairn. — Feldspar, pyroxene, zircon! titanite, satin spar, associated with serpentine.
Pope's Mills. — See Mineral Point.
Potsdam. — Amphibole; eight miles from Potsdam, on road to Pierrepont, feldspar, tour- maline, black mica, amphibole.
Rossie. — On James Martin's farm, scapolile, pyroxene, titanite, tourmaline, black phlogopite. Near Grasse Lake, on Abner Anables farm, pyroxene! scapolite, graphite! in splendid crystals, with titanite, and feldspar; tremolite in short prismatic crystals.
Also (Iron Mines). — Barite, hematite, coralloidal aragonite (near Somerville), quartz, pyrite, dolomite; ROSSIE Lead Mine, calcite, galena, pyrite, celestite, chalcopyrite, hematite, cerussite, anglesite, octahedral fluorite, black phlogopite ; elsewhere in ROSSIE, calcite, barite, quartz crys- tals, chondrodite (near Yellow Lake), feldspar ! pargasite! apatite, pyroxene, amphibole, titanite, zircon, mica, fluorite, serpentine, automolite, pearl spar, graphite.
Russell. — On Sam. Moore's farm, light green pyroxene! (uralite on the exterior), amphi-
New Jersey. 1065
bole! feldspar, scapolite, phlogopite. On Chas. Buskurk's farm, danburite! datolite (rare), scapolite, pyroxene, black tourmaline, albite, quartz, calcite, pyrite, black phlogopite, amphibole.
SARATOGA Co.— Greenfield.— Chrysoberyl! garnet! tourmaline Ijadca, feldspar, apatite, graphite, aragonite (in iron mines).
SCHOHARIE Co.— Ball's Cave, and others. — Calcite, stalactites. Carlisle. — Fibrous barite, cryst. and fibrous calcite. Schoharie. — Fibrous celestile, strontianite ! cryst. pyrite!
SULLIVAN Co. — Wurtzboro'. — Galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite.
ULSTER Co. — Ellenville. — Galena, sphalerite, cJialcopyrite! quartz! brookite, pyrite.
WARREN Co. — Caldwell. — Massive feldspar. Chester. — Pyrite, tourmaline, rutile, chalcopyrite. Diamond Isle (Lake George). — Calcite, quartz crystals. Johnsburgh. — Fluorite ! zircon ! graphite, serpentine, pyrite.
WASHINGTON Co.— Fort Ann. — Oraphite, serpentine. Granville. — Lamellar pyroxene, massive feldspar, epidote.
WAYNE Co.— Wolcott.— Barite.
WESTCHESTER Co.— Anthony's Nose.— Apatite, pyrite, calcite ! in large tabular crystals, grouped, and sometimes incrusted with drusy quartz.
Cruger's.— White pyroxene, amphibole, magnetite (with greenish spinel), staurolite, sillimauite, corundum, hercyuite.
Davenport's Neck. — Serpentine, garnet, titanite.
Eastchester. — Sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, dolomite.
Hastings. — Tremolite, white pyroxene.
New Rochelle. — Serpentine, quartz, mica, tremolite, garnet, magnesite, chromite.
Peekskill. — Amphibole, staurolite, graphite.
Rye. — Serpentine, chlorite, black tourmaline, tremolite.
Sing Sing. — Pyroxene, tremolite, pyrite, beryl; azurite, green malachite, cerussite, pyro- morphite, anglesite, vauquelinite, galena, native silver, chalcopyrite, wulfenite, vanadinite. At openings for the aqueduct, rutile, harmotome, heulandite, pectolite, stilbite, etc., in gneiss.
West Farms. — Apatite, tremolite, garnet, stilbite, heulaudite, chabazite, epidote, titanite.
Yonkers. — Tremolite, apatite, calcite, analcite, pyrite, tourmaline.
Yorktown. — Fibrolite, monazite-, magnetite.
WYOMING Co. — Wyoming. — Rock salt (and at many other localities, see above).
New Jersey.*
The most important mineral locality of the State is that of the zinc mines of Franklin Furnace and two miles from there at Sterling Hill (near Ogdensburgh) in Sussex Co., where zincite, franklinite, willemite, culamine are the chief ores, but many rare species, chiefly containing zinc and manganese, have been found. Magnetite is also mined in tlte northern counties (Sparta, Vernon), where the association is similar to that, of the adjoining Orange Co. in New York. Green sand marls are mined along a belt DO miles long from tSandy Hook to Delaware Bay. Zeolites and associated minerals of secondary origin have been obtained in fine specimens from the R. li. tunnels passing through the trap rock at Bergen, Weehawken.
Andover Iron Mine (Sussex Co.).— Willemite, brown garnet, limonite. malachite, azurite, sphalerite, calamine, chalcopyrite, pyrolusite, orthoclase, calcite, fluorite, phlogopite, talc, amphibole, tios ferri, blue asbestus.
Allentown (Mon mouth Co.). — Vivianite, dufrenite.
Beemersville. — Elaeolite, sodalite, titanite, aegirite, fluorite, pyrite, in elseolite-syenite.
Bellville. — Copper mines.
Bergen. — Calcite ! datolite! pectolite! analcite, apophyllite ! gmelinite, prehnite! titanite, stilbite, natrolite, heulandite, laumontite, chabazite, thomsonite, mesolite, pyrite, pseudornorphous steatite after apophyllite, diabantite, amphibole, sphalerite, chalcedony, copper, dolomite, epistilbite, fire- opal, hydrophane, milky quartz.
See the Catalogue of Minerals found in New Jersey, by F. A. Canfield, published in. vol. 2, Part 1, of the final Report of the State Geologist, 1889.
1066 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
Brunswick. — Native copper, malachite, mountain leather.
Bryam.— Chondrodite, spinel, at Koseville, epidote, zircon.
Bush Mine and Cannon Mine (Passaic Co.). — Epidote.
Cantwell's Bridge (Newcastle Co.). — Vivianite.
Chester. — Melan terite.
Danville (Jemmy Jump Ridge). — OrapJiite, chondrodite, augite.
Flemington. — Copper mines.
Frankfort. — Serpentine.
E. Belleville (Hudson Co.). — Azurite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, native copper, malachite.
Franklin Furnace and Sterling Hill near Ogdensburgh (Sussex Co.). — Spinel! garnet! rhodonite (fowlerite) ! franklinite ! zincite ! gahnite ! amphibole, tremolite, chondrodite, white scapolite, black tourmaline, epidote, mica, actinolite, augite, salite, coccolite, asbestus. jeffersonite (augite), polyadelphite, calamine, graphite, fluorite, beryl, galena, serpentine, honey-colored titanite, axinite, barite, quartz, chalcedony, amethyst, zircon, molybdenite, vivianite, tephroite, rhodochrosite, aragonite, sussexite, chalcophanite, roepperite, vanuxemite, hetserolite, pyrochroite, rauirnelsbergite, bementite, chloanthite, niccolite, apatite, smaltite, allanite, desaulesite. Also algerite in gran, limestone; green tourmaline! phlogopite.
Franklin and Warwick Mt. — Pyrite.
Gove Mine (Morris Co.). — Vivianite, clear crystals on magnetite.
Griggstown and Greenbrook. — Copper mines.
Hamburg (Sussex Co.) — One mile north, spinel! tourmaline, phlogopite, amphibole, limonits, hematite.
Harrisonville (Gloucester Co.). — Amber.
Hibernia (Morris Co.). — Enstatite, fluorite, molybdenite, pyrite, quartz (cap crystals), siderite.
Hoboken. — Serpentine (marmolite), brucite, nemalite (fibrous brucite), aragonite, dolomite, agate, cerolite, chromite, hydromaguesite, jasper, selenite.
Howell's Mill (Sussex Co.). — Vesuvianite, titanite, tourmaline, rutile.
Hurdstown.— Apatite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, pyrite.
Imlaystown. — Vivianite.
Lockwood. — Graphite, chondrodite, talc, augite, quartz, green spinel, phlogopite.
Montville (Morris Co.). — Serpentine, chrysotile, gurhofite (dolomite), marmolite, pyroxene.
Mullica Hill (Gloucester Co.). — Vivianite lining belemnites and other fossils, berauuite.
Newton. — Spinel, blue, pink, and white, corundum, mien vesuvianite, amphibole, tourmaline, scapolite, rutile, pyrite, talc, calcite, phlogopite, wernerite, galena, barite, pseudomorphous steatite.
N. Brunswick. — Azurite, barite, bornite, ch;ilcopyrite, native copper.
Paterson. — At Hoxie's quarry, prehnite, datolite, apophyllite, laumontite, stilbiie. cbubuziie, heulandite, natrolite, aualcite, pectolite, quartz, calcite, malachite, etc., also quartz pseud, after pectolite, stilbite, datolite and apophyllite.
Phillipsburg. — Anthophylhte, apatite, augite, beryl, pyroxene, serpentine, tremolite.
Pluckamin Copper Mines (Somerset Co.). — Prehnite! zoisite, epidote.
Red Bank. — Vivianite.
Roseville (Sussex Co.). — Epidote, amphibole.
Sparta. — Augite, chondrodite, corundum, franklin ite, phlogopite, rutile, spinel of varied colors, talc.
Stanhope. — At the Hude mine, molybdenite, molybdite, magnetite, selenite, copper.
Sterling Hill.— See FRANKLIN FURNACE.
Vernon. — Serpentine, spinel, hydrotalcite, dipyre, chondrodite, corundum, salite.
Weehawken. — At the R. R. tunnel, natrolite, apophyllite, stilbite, heulandite, pectolite, laumontite, allophane, anthraconite, hyalite, aragonite, pyrite, wad.
Pennsylvania.*
Besides the great production of coal and oil, Pennsylvania affords magnetite in considerable quantity, as in the South Mountain belt, at Durham, Northampton Co.; Jones's mine near Morgautowu, Berks Co.; Cornwall iron mountain, Lebanon Co.; near Knauertown and the Warwick mines, Chester Co. Hematite, limonite, and siderite are also mined at many points; further, galena in Chester, Montgomery, Bucks, and Blair counties ; copper ores (chalcopyrite, etc.), at Jones's mine, near Morgantowu, Berks Co.; Cornwall, Lebanon Co.; Fritz Island near Reading; near Knauertown, Chester Co. Further, nickel ores are mined (millerite, nicco- liferous pyrrhotite) at the Gap nickel mine, Lancaster Co.; also chromite at the Wood's mine and Texas mine, Lancaster Co., and elsewhere.
ADAMS Co. — Near Gettysburg. — Epidote, fibrous and massive, cuprite, native copper.
See also the Preliminary Reports on the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania by Dr. F. A. Genth, 1875, 1876; also the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania by John Eyerman, 48 pp., 1889.
Penn8 Tl Vania. 1067
BEDFORD CO.— Bridgeport. — Barite.
BERKS Co. — At Jones's mine, 1 m. E. of Morgantown, malachite, native copper, chryso- tolla, magnetite, allophane, pyrite, chalcopyrite, aurichalcite, cuprite, melaconite, byssolite, aragonite, apatite, talc. 2 m. N. E. from Jones's mine, graphite, titauite. At Steele's mine, magnetite, micaceous irou, coccolite, brown garnet.
Reading. — Smoky quartz crystals, zircon, stilbite, iron-ore. Near Pricetown, zircon, allanite, epidote.
Zion's Church, molybdenite. Near Kutztown, in the Crystal Cave, stalactites of aragonite, quartz.
Fritz's Island, apophyllite, thomsonite, chabazite, gismondite ?, datolite, brucite, grossularite, marcusite, xanthite, calcite, azurite, malachite, magnetite, chalcopyrite, stibuite, prochlorite, precious serpentine.
Buckingham Township. — Crystallized quartz. Near New Hope, vesuvianite, epidote, barite.
Southampton. — Near Feasterville, in G. Vanarsdale's quarry, graphite, pyroxene, salite, coccolite, titanite, green mica, calcite, wollastonite, glassy feldspar sometimes opalescent (microcline ?), phlogopite, blue quartz, garnet, zircon, pyrite, pyrrhotite, moroxite, scapolite.
New Britain. — Dolomite, galena, sphalerite, malachite.
BLAIR Co. — Bell's Mills near Frankstown. — Celestite (fibrous), quartz crystals. CARBON Co. — Summit Hill. — In coal mines, kaolinite.
CHESTER Co. — Avondale. — Asbestus, tremolite, garnet! opal, beryl (yellow), tourmaline, mountain leather.
Birmingham Township. — Amethyst, serpentine.
East Bradford. — Near Buffington's bridge, on the Brandywine, green, blue, and gray cyanite, gray crystals loose in the soil. Farms of Dr. Elwyn, Mrs. Foulke, Wm. Gibbous, and Saml. Eutrikiu, amethyst. At Strode's mill, oligoclase, drusy quartz, collyrite ?
Osborne's Hill, wad, manganesian garnet (massive), titanite. Caleb Cope's lime quarry, fetid dolomite, necronite, blue cyanite, talc. Near the Black Horse Inn, indurated talc, rutile. Amos Davis's farm, allanite ! Near the paper mill on the Brandywine, zircon, ilmenite, blue quartz.
West Bradford. — Near village of Marshalton , green cyanite.
At Chester County Poorhouse limestone quarry, chesterlite! on dolomite, rutile! in acicular crystals, damourite ! radiated on dolomite, quartz crystals.
Charles town. — Pyromorphite , cerussite, galena, quartz, amethyst.
North Coventry. — Allanite, near Pughtown, black garnets.
French Creek Mines (St. Peters). — See WARWICK.
East Goshen. — Serpentine, asbestus, magnetite.
Elk. — Ilmenite with Muscovite, chromite.
West Goshen.— On the Barrens, 1 m. N. of West Chester, serpentine, indurated talc, deweylite, aragonite, staurolite, asbestus, zoisite on hornblende at West Chester water-works (not accessible at present).
New Garden. — At Nivin's limestone quarry, brown and yellow tourmaline, necronite, aragonite, sillimanite, kaolinite, tremolite.
Kennett. — Actiuolite, tremolite. On Wm. Cloud's farm, sunstone! At Pearce's old mill, sunstone.
East Marlborough. — On farm of Bailey & Brother, 1 m. S. of Unionville, yellow and white tourmaline, chesterlite, white pyroxene. Near Marlborough meeting-house, serpentine, zircon loose in the soil at Pusey's sawmill.
West Marlborough. — Near Logan's quarry, asbestiform tremolite, black tourmaline, cyanite, yellow tourmaline, rutile. Near Doe Run village, tremolite. In R. Baily's limestone quarry, 2£ m. S. W. of Unionville, fibrous tremolite, cyanite.
Newlin. — 14 m. N: E. of Unionville, corundum! often in loose crystals with a coating of a soda-margarite (Genth), diaspore! spinel (black), picrolite, black tourmaline with flat pyramidal terminations in albite, unionite (zoisite), euphyllite, feldspar, beryl! in one crystal weighing 51 Ibs., pyrite, chloritoid, diallage, oligoclase; ilmenite, clinochlore, albite, orthocltise, halloysite, margarite, garnet, beryl. On J. Lesley's farm, corundum, a single mass weighing over 100 tons, diaspore! '"lesleyite." In Edwards's limestone quarry, rutile. C. Passmore's farm, amethyst.
East Nottingham. — Asbestus, chromite in crystals, hallite.
West Nottingham. — At Scott's chrome-mine, chromite, foliated talc, marmolite, serpentine, rhodochrome. Near Moro Phillips's chrome-mine, asbestus. At the magnesia quarry, deweylite, marmolite, magnesite, albite, serpentine, chromite, meerschaum. Near Fremont P. O., corundum.
1068 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
West Pikeland. — In iron-mines near Chester Springs, lurgite, limouite (stalactitic and in geodes), gothite.
Pennsbury. — On John Craig's farm, brown garnets, mica. On J. Dilworth's, near Fair- ville, muscomte! in Fairville, sunstone. Near Briu ton's Ford, chondrodite, titanite, augite. At Swain's quarry, orthoclase, muscovite containing magnetite.
Pocopson.— Farms of J. Entrikin and J. B. Darlington, amethyst.
Sadsbury. — Rutile! crystals loose for 7 m. along the valley, near the village of Parkesburg. Near Sadsbury village, amethyst.
Schuylkill. — In railroad tunnel at PHCENIXVILLE, dolomite! quartz crystals, calcite. At the WHEATLEY, BROOKDALE, and CHESTER COUNTY LEAD MINES (now abandoned, and good speci- mens not obtainable), m. S. of Phoenixville, pyromorphite ! cerussite! galena, anglesite! quartz crystals, chalcopyrite, barite, fluwite (white), wulfenite ! calamine, sphalerite! mimetite ! descloizite, gothite, chrysocolla, native copper, malachite, azurite, limonite, calcite, ankerite, sulphur, pyrite, melaconite, pseudomalachitei gersdorffite, chalcocite ?, covellite.
Willistown. — Magnetite, chromite.
West Town. — Brinton's serpentine quarry, 3 in. S. of West Chester, clinochlore, jefferisite, amethyst, tourmaline, beryl.
West Whiteland. — At Gen. Trimble's iron-mine (southeast), stalactitic hematite! wavellite! in radiated stalactites, coeruleolactite.
Warwick. — French Creek mines (Elizabeth mine and Keim's mine, 1 m. N. of Kuauertown), garnet! micaceous liematite, pyrite (octahedral) ! chalcopyrite massive and in crystals! in thurin- gite, magnetite, brown garnet, calcite, pyroxene, in part alt. to amphibole, scapolite, siderite, rhodochrosite, stilbite, apophyllite, erythrite, byssolite ! serpentine. Near village of St. Mary's, magnetite (dodecahedral), melanite, garnet, actinolite. At Hopewell iron mine, 1 m. N. W. of St. Mary's, magnetite in octahedral crystals.
Yellow Springs. — Allauite.
DAUPHIN Co. — Near Hummelstown. — Green garnets, cryst. smoky quartz, feldspar.
DELAWARE Co. — Aston Township. — Amethyst, corundum (Village Green), sillimanite, black tourmaline, margarite, sunstone, asbestus, autholite, steatite, quartz in modified cryst., also with implanted rutile cryst. Bridgewater Station (the locality in Chester township), titanite! in twins 2 inches long and translucent. At Peter's mill-dam in the creek, garnet.
Bethel . — Garnet.
Birmingham. — Sillimanite, kaolin (abundant), rutile, amethyst. At Bullock's old quarry, zircon.
Chester. — Amethyst, black tourmaline, beryl, crystals of orthoclase, garnet, molybdenite , molybdite, muscomte.
Chichester. — Lower Chichester. — Orthoclase, tourmaline, beryl, garnet, kaolin, cyauite.
Upper Chichester. — Spessartite, titanite, amethyst, orthoclase, green garnet, gahuite.
Concord. — Mica, feldspar, kaolin, drusy quartz, garnet, sillimanite, amethyst, manganesian garnet, meerschaum. In Green's creek, garnet.
Darby. — Blue and gray cyanite, beryl, garnet, smoky quartz, titaniferous garnet, zoisite, Babel quartz
Edgemont. — Amethyst. One m. E. of Edgemont Hall, rutile in quartz, limonite.
Leiperville. — Garnet, zoisite (thulite), heulaudite, leidyite, beryl (Deshoug's quarry), black tourmaline.
Marple. — Tourmaline, andalusite, audalusite-pseud, (damourite), amethyst, actinolite, bronzite, talc, radiated aclinolite in talc, chromite, beryl, ilmenite in quartz, amethyst.
Middletown. — Amethyst, beryl, black mica, mica with dendritic magnetite, manganesian garnets ! some 3 inches in diameter, indurated talc, rutile, mica, green quartz ! anthophyllite, radiated tourmaline, staurolite, ilmenite, sillimanite, serpentine.
At Lenni, lennilite, chlorite, green and bronze vermiculite ! green feldspar. At Mineral Hill, crystals of corundum, some of 6 inches, actinolite, bronzite, green feldspar (Lea's lenuilite, etc.), moonstone, sunstone, maguesite, chromite (octahedrons), columbite, beryl, asbestus, micro cline, talc, muscovite, deweylite, stilbite, enstatite, rutile, melanosiderite, hallite. At Painter's Farm, zircon with oligoclase, painterite, tremolite, tourmaline. At Hibbard's Farm and at Fairlamb's Hill, chromite in brilliant octahedrons. John Smith farm, meerschaum,
Also orthoclase, muscovite, rose quartz, gahnite, zircon, amethyst, vermiculite, ferruginous quartz, prase.
Newtown. — Serpentine, hematite, enstatite, stalactitic quartz.
Upper Providence. — Antholite, radiated asbestus, andalusite, radiated actinolite, tourmaline, beryl, green feldspar, amethyst (one of 7 Ibs. from Morgan Hunter's farm), andalusite! At Blue Hill, green quartz in chlorite, chrysotile in serpentine, cassinite, enstatite, clinochlore, bronzite, diaclasite, apatite.
Lower Providence. — Amethyst, garnet, feldspar ! (large crystals).
Radnor. — Enstatite, serpentine, pseudomorph after asbestus, quartz after serpentine, genthite, picrolite, hornstone, chrysotile, chromite, garnet, staurolite, labradorite, blue quartz.
Springfield. — Andalusite, tourmaline, beryl, ilmenite, garnet. On Fell's Laurel Hill, beryl, garnet. Near Lewis's paper-mill, allophane, mica, albite.
Waterville. — Near Chester and Upland, chabazite.
Pennsylvania. 1069
FRANKLIN CO. — Lancaster Station. — Barite, fluorite.
LANCASTER CO. — Drumore Township. — Quartz crystals.
Fulton. — At Wood's chrome mine, near Texas, brucite!! zaratite (emerald nickel), pennite, clinochlore ! kdmmererite! bronzite, baltimorite, chromite, williamsite, chrysolite! marmolite,'m>- lite, hydromagnesite, dolomite, magnesite, aragonite, calcite, serpentine, hematite, ilmenite, genthite, chrome-garnet, millerite. At Low's mine, hydromagnesite, brucite, picrolite, magnesite, williamsite, chromite, talc, zaratite, baltimorite, serpentine, hematite. On M. Boice's farm, 1 m. N. W. of village, pyrite, enstatite. Near Rock Springs, chalcedony, carneliau, moss agate, green tourmaline in talc, titanic iron, chromite, octahedral magnetite in chlorite. At Ueyaoldi'a old mine, calcite, talc, picrolite, chromite. At Carter's chrome mine, brookite (one crystal found).
Gap Mines. — Chalcopyrite. pyrrliotite (niccoliferous), millerite (botryoidal radiations), vivi- anite! actinolite, siderite, hisiugerite, pyrite. Noblis mine, cacoxenite ! on limonite.
Pequea Valley. — 8 in. S. of Lancaster, argentiferous galena, vauqueliuite, rutile, at Pequea mine. 4 m. N. W. of Lancaster, calamine, galena (with octahedral cleavage), sphalerite ; pyrite in cubes near Lancaster. At the Lancaster zinc mines, calamine, sphalerite, tennantite ? smith- sonite (pseud, of dolomite), aurichalcite.
LEBANON Co. — Cornwall. — Magnetite, pyrite (cobaltiferous), chalcopyrite, native copper, azurite, malachite, chrysocolla, cuprite (hydrocuprite), allopJiane, brochantite, serpentine, quartz pseudoinorphs; fluorite, covellite, hematite (micaceous), opal, asbestus, sphalerite, prehuite.
LEHIGH Co.- -Friedensville. — At zinc mines, calamine, smithsonite, hydrozincite, massive sphalerite, greeuockite, quartz, allophane, mountain leather, aragonite, lanthanite, sauconite. Near Alleutown, magnetite, pipe-iron ore. Near Bethlehem, on S. Mountain, allanite, with zircon, magnetite, martite, black spinel, tourmaline, chalcocite, chloropal.
Ironton. — Psilornelane in stalactitic, botryoidal, and reniform masses.
Macungie. — Wavellite !
Shimerville. — Corundum ! in fine crystals, black spinel.
LuzERNE Co. — Scranton. — Under peat, phytocollite. Drifton. — Pyrophyllite.
MIFFLIN Co. — Opposite Mount Union. — Strontianite, aragonite.
MONROE Co. — In Cherry Valley, calcite, chalcedony, quartz. In Poconac Valley, near Judge Merviue's, cryst. quartz.
MONTGOMERY CO. — Conshohocken. — Fibrous tourmaline, ilmenite, aventurine quartz, phyllite, limouite, cacoxenite, pyrite. In the quarry of Geo. Bullock, calcite in hexagonal prisms, aragonite.
Lafayette, at the Soapstone quarries. — Talc, jefferisite, garnet, albite, serpentine, zoisite, staurolite, chalcopyrite. At Rose's Serpentine quarry, opposite Lafayette, enstatite, serpentine, millerite! genthite, chalcanthite, bornite, epsomite, aragonite, chlorite, tremolite. steatite, dolo- mite, serpentine pseudomorph after staurolite.
Lower Providence. — Perkiornen lead and copper mines, near village of Shannouville, azurite, sphalerite, galena, pyromorphite, cerussite, wulfenite. anglesite, barite, calamine, chal- copyrite, malachite, chrysocolla, ankerite, cuprite, covellite (rare), melaconite, pseudomalachite.
White Marsh. — D. O. Hitner's iron mine, limouite in geodes and stalactites, gothite. pyro- lusite, wad, lepidocrocite. At Edge Hill Station (P. R. R.), ilmenite, braunite, pyrolusite, limouite, turgite, braunite, velvet manganese, titaniferous hematite, rutile, wad.
Near Marble Hall, at Hitner's marble quarry, white marble, granular barite, resembling marble. At Spring Mills, limonite, pyrolusite, gothite. At Flat Rock Tunuel, opposite Mauayuuk, stilbite, heulandite, chabasite, ilvaite, beryl, feldspar, mica.
NORTHAMPTON Co.— Bethlehem.— Axinite, zircon (f m. N.).
Bushkill T. — Crystal Spring on Blue Mountain, quartz crystals.
Nazareth — Quartz crystals.
Near Easton. — Zircon! (exhausted), coccolite, tremolite, pyroxene, salite, limonite, mag- Netite, purple calcite, bowenite.
Williams Township. — Pyrolusite in geodes in limonite beds, gothite (lepidocrocite) at Gleudon.
NORTHUMBERLAND Co.— Opposite Selin's Grove.— Calamine.
PHILADELPHIA Co. — Frankford. — At quarries on Frankford Creek, stilbite! molybdenite! In fine crystals, hornblende, titanite, apophyllite, tourmaline, fluorite, calcite, bornite, chalcc- pyrite, malachite, chrysocolla, hyalite colored by uranium, apatite, lepidomelane, titanite, rand- Iceland spar, orthoclase, oligoclase. On the Connecting Railroad, wad, earthy cobalt, basjinite in the drift.
.1070 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
Fairmount Water- works. — Autunite ! torbernite, orthoclaae, beryl, tourmaline, albite, wad, intercrystallized black and white mica.
Near Girard Avenue and the Schuylkill, ilmenite. Thirty-sixth Street and Penn. R. R., .garnet, wad. Fifty-ninth Street and Penn. R. R., halotrichite, glockerite. Darby Tunnel, B. & O. R. R., anhydrite.
Wissahickon Creek. — McKinney's quarry on Rittenhouse Lane, orthoclase, apatite, stilbite, heulandite, epidote, bornite, malachite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, laumontite. Near Gorgas's and Crease's Lanes, tourmaline, cyanite, staurolite. Near Heft's Mill, alunogen, tourmaline, cyanite.
Cresheim Creek. — Antholite in radiated masses. One half mile above, staurolite, ilmen- ite, hyalite, apatite, green mica, iron garnets in abundance.
Thorp's Lane. — Talc, magnetite.
Falls of Schuylkill. — Chabazite, titanite, fluorite, apatite, muscovite, tourmaline, prochlo- rite, quartz crystals, crocidolite laumontite, analcite.
SOHTJYLKILL Co. — Tamaqua (near Pottsville), in coal mines. — Kaolinite. Lansford, near Tamaqua, in an anthracite mine, lansfordite, nesquehouite.
Near Mahanoy City. — Pyrophyllite, alunogen, copiapite, in coal-mines.
YORK CO.— Bornite, rutile in slender prisms in granular quartz.
Delaware.
KENT CO. — Near Middletown, Polk's marl-pits (not open). — Vimanite! East Dover. — Limonite.
NEWCASTLE CO. — Brandy wine Springs. — Fibrolite, salite, pyroxene. Brandy wine Hundred, muscovite inclosing reticulated magnetite, garnet.
Dixon's Feldspar Quarries, 6 m. N. W. of Wilmington (not open). — Beryl, apatite, cinna- mon-stone! maguesite, serpentine, asbestus, black tourmaline! cyanite.
Eastburn's Limestone Quarries, near the Pennsylvania Hue (not always worked). — Tremo- Ute, bronzite.
Hockessin, on the Del. West. R. R.— Kaolin (large deposit), feldspar.
Kemiett Turnpike, near Centreville.— Cyauite and garnet.
Near Newark, on the railroad.— Sphaerosiderite on drusy quartz, jasper (ferruginous opal), cryst. siderite in cav-ities of cellular quartz, quartz crystals loose in soil ; limonite mined at Chestnut Hill pits.
Quarryville. — Garnet, fibrolite.
On Talley's Farm near Shellpot Creek. — Feldspar, muscovite inclosing reticulated mag- netite and layers of quartz, kaolin, hypersthene.
Way's Quarry, 2 m. S. of Centreville (not open). —Feldspar in cleavage masses, apatite, mica, deweylite, granular quartz.
Near Wilmington.— Hornblende, bog-iron ore. hypersthene.
Wilmington Granite Co. Quarries on the Brandywine. — Metalloidal diallage, black horn- blende, tourmaline, chalcopyrite, stilbite ! (rare).
Wooddale Quarries.— Garnet, biotite, feldspar.
SUSSEX Co.— Near Cape Henlopen.— Vivianite. At various localities, limonite.
Maryland.
BALTIMORE CO. — Baltimore City, Jones Falls gneiss quarries. — Microcline, lepidomelane, epidote, titauite, siderite (sphserosiderite), barite, calcite, apatite, pyrite, chabaeite (haydenite), heulandite (beaumontite), stilbite, laumontite, harmotome (rare). In pegmatyte veins, muscovite, tourmaline, apatite, molybdenite, samarskite (?).
Bare Hills.— At the copper mines in hornblende gneiss, octahedral magnetite! amphibole- anthophyllite ! bornite, chalcopyrite. At Blue Mount on Northern Central R. R., dodecahedral garnet, sillimanite, and octahedral magnetite in chlorite schist.
Bare Hills and Soldier's Delight. — In serpentine, cJiromite, kdmmererite, talc, steatite, chrysotile (baltimorite), magnesite (crystalline and earthy).
Texas.— In white marble, phlogopite. tremolite. pyrite, pink scapolite, brown and black tourmaline, rutile, green muscovite.
Owing's Mills,' Western Run. and Warren Mills.— In muscovite-gneiss, staurolite, cyanite,
Green Spring Valley, Shoemaker's quarry. — In quartz schist, stretclied black tourmaline ! muscovite.
Maryland— District Of Columbia— Virginia. 1071
CARROLL Co. — Marriottsville. — In marble, white augite, changed to tremolite! phlogopite.
Near Union Bridge (Mountain View lead mine). — In white limestone, galena, anglesite, cerussite, sulphur.
Finksburg. — At copper mines in hornblende gneiss, chalcopyrite, bornite, siegenite, carrollite, remingtonite, malachite, magnetite.
Mineral Hill. — Chalcopyrite, bornite, magnetite, gold.
Sykesville (Florence and Springfield mines, exhausted). — Gold on magnetite, chalcopyrite, bornite, pyrite, carrollite.
Piney Run. — In pyroxeuyte, bronzite altering to talc, steatite.
CECIL Co. — Near the Pennsylvania line. — Chromite in serpentine.
CHARLES Co. — In Cretaceous clay, radiating groups of large gypsum crystals.
FREDERICK Co. — Dolyhyde copper mine (abandoned). — Formerly bornite, chalcopyrite, malachite, ottreiite.
Liberty copper mine. — Black, gray, and purple copper ore, chalcocite, malachite, hematite in dolomite.
Catoctin Furnace. — Limonite, ocher, hematite, and franklinite in vein quartz.
1 mile south of Mechanicstown. — Manganese.
Middletown Valley. — Smoky quartz ! stibnite.
HARFORD Co. — Cooptown and Tarrettsville. — In serpentine, chromite, Mmmererite, green talc, chrysotile, tourmaline.
Near Deer Creek. — In chlorite schist, octahedral magnetite.
On Broad Creek — Mottled and veined serpentine (quarried). In metamorphic sandstone at " The Rocks " of Deer Creek, blue cyanite I magnetite, chlorite.
At Pylesville. — Graphite.
HOWARD Co.— Ellicott City. — Envelope titanite, allanite-epidote, parallel growths (p. 525), at the quarries on left bank of Patapsco River.
Ilchester — In pegmatyte, microcline, garnets, black and white micas. In peridotyte, near station, precilitic hornblende, and talc after hornblende. In pyroxeuyte, near Gray's Bridge, smaragdite after pyroxene. In porphyritic noryte, hypersthene. In gabbro-dioryte, " titano- morphite," titanite around rutile and ilmenite.
MONTGOMERY CO. — Etchison P. O. — In serpentine, chromite, chrome-tourmaline ! fuchsite. Great Falls and Sandy Spring, gold in vein quartz, manganese formerly mined, beryl, ortho- clase, mica.
ST. MARY'S Co.— In Miocene clay, groups of large gypsum crystals.
WASHINGTON Co.— Maryland Heights, opposite Harper's Ferry.— Thuringite (owenite).
District Of Columbia.
Near Washington. — Prochlorite, yellow titanite, rutile, ilmenite, calcite, gold.
Virginia.
Virginia affords some gold, both in gold gravel and in gold quartz; limonite abundantly, also hematite and magnetite; manganese (pyrolusite) in large quantities in Augusta Co., also R'ockbridge and Smythe Cos., etc.; lead and zinc ores (galena, calamine, smithsonite, sphalerite) in Wythe and Pulaski Cos.; copper ores (chalcopyrite, etc.) in Floyd Co.. Carroll Co., etc. Rock salt is obtained in Saltville, Smythe Co.; also salt from brines in Washington and Lee Cos.
ALBEMARLE Co. — Faber's. — Galena, sphalerite, fluorite, gold, serpentine or potstone, graphite.
Ragged Mountains, 4 miles west of Univ. of Virginia. — Quartz crystals. 6 miles west, garnet. 1 mile south of Univ. of Virginia, pseudomorphs of limonite after pyrite.
ALLEGHANY CO.— Limonite, hematite. The deposits also extend into Bath, Bland, Craig, Giles, and Highland Cos.
AMELIA Co. — Near Court House, mica! orthoclase, albite, microlite! columbite, allanite, helvite, spessartite! topazolite, amethyst, fJuorite, apatite, white beryl, monazite, phenacite, fergusonitc
1072 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
AMHERST Co. — Along the west base of Buffalo Ridge, copper ores.
On N. W. slope of Friar Mtn. — Allaniie, magnetite, zircon, sipylite, ilmenite.
AUGUSTA CO — Crimora. — Pyrolusite (cryst.) and psilomelane, abundant of product of U. S., 1890). W. foot of Blue Ridge, hematite, limouite, graphite.
1 mile E. of Staunton. — Pseudomorphs of limonite after pyrite. At Weyer's (or Weir's) cave, calcite, stalactites.
BEDFORD Co. — Near Montvale. — Brouzite, pyrite. Near the Peaks of Otter, allanite. Tscheffkiuite (exact local, not given).
BOTETOURT CO. — Limonite, hematite, psilomelane, pyrolusite.
BUCKINGHAM CO. — Gold at Garnett and Moseley mines, also pyrite, pyrrhotite, calcite, garnet. At Eldridge mine (now Loudon and Virginia mines) and the Buckingham mines near Maysville, gold, auriferous pyrite, chalcopyrite, tennantite, barite, cyanite, tourmaline, aclinolite.
Arvon slate quarries.— Octahedrite. Willis Mt., cyanite, tourmaline.
CAMPBELL Co. —Near Lynchburg.— Rutile.
CARROLL and GRAYSON Cos.— Chalcopyrite, pyrite, melaconite, galena, sphalerite, pyr- rhotite, magnetite, limonite.
CULPEPPER Co., on Rapidan River. — Gold, pyrite.
FAUQtriER Co., Barnett's mills. — Asbestus, gold mines, barite, calcite.
FLOYD Co. — Pyrrhotite! magnetite, hematite, gold.
FLUVANNA Co. — Gold at Stockton's mine. Also tetradymite, at "Tellurium mine." Phenix Copper Mine, chalcopyrite, etc.
FRANKLIN Co. — Grayish serpentine, "potstone." [This substance is not steatite (as Rogers calls it), having much iron (27 p. c. FeO) and little or no alumina; the same is true of all in this belt, Albemarle, etc. — F. P. D.] Also bornite, chlorite, muscovite, pyrrhotite, magnetite.
GOOOHLAND CO.— Gold mines (Moss and Busby's).
GREENE Co. —Malachite, pyrolusite (also in Madison Co.), native copper in felsyte, hematite.
HALIFAX Co.— Chalcopyrite, graphite.
HENRICO Co. (also Hanover, Chesterfield, Caroline, Prince William, Spottsylvania, and Stafford Cos.). — Glauconite (greensand marl).
JEFFERSON Co.— Shepherdstown.— Fluorite.
LOUDON Co. — Tabular quartz, prase, pyrite, talc, chlorite, soapstone, asbestus, chromite, actinolile, quartz crystals, micaceous hematite, bornite, malachite, epidote, near Leesburg (Potomac mine).
LOUISA Co.— Walton gold mine, gold, pyrite, chulcopyrite, argentiferous galena, siderite, sphalerite, anglesite. Boulaugerite, sphalerite (at Tinder's mine). Corundum (40 m. N. of Richmond). Pyrite in large quantities, pyromorphite, cerargyrite.
Tolers ville. — Py rite .
MONTGOMERY Co. —Chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, magnetite.
NELSON Co.— Near Fawbers. —Fluorite
Near Lowesville. — Allanite. 6 miles east of Lowesville, massive rutile. Near Arrington.— Crystallized rutile. — Also galena, chalcopyrite, malachite, allanite. Iso- lated mass of tscheffkinite at Hat Creek.
ORANGE CO — Western part, Blue Ridtre. hematite. Gold at the Orange Grove and Vaucluse gold mines, worked by the "Freehold " and " Liberty" Mining Companies.
West Virginia— North Carolina. 1073
PAQECO.-Luray Cave. — Stalactites. On Stony Man Mtn., malachite, limonite. PATRICK Co. — Magnetite, staurolite, chloritoid, cyanite, corundum. PITTSYLVANIA Co.— Barite, hematite. FULASKI CO.— Hematite, limonite, ROANOKE Co. — At Bonsacks. — Smithsonite, sphalerite.
ROCKBRIDGE Co. — On Irish Creek. — Cassiterite, wolframite, arsenopyrite (auriferous), epidote, nuorite, pyrite.
Near Lexington. — Pyrite, limonite pseud, after pyrite. Three m. S. W. of Lexington, barite, dufrenite, in bed 10 in. thick, with strengite. In Petetes Gap, zircon.
Near Buena Vista. — Wad, gothite. Mouth of Irish Creek, pyrolusite. In James River Gap, epidote (crystals). West of Lexington, galena, quartz crystals (in crystalline limestone) calcite. In the Blue Ridge, magnetite.
SHENANDOAH Co.— Near Woodstock. — Fluorite. SMYTH CO.— Near Marion.— Barite.
SPOTTSYLVANIA Co. , 2 m. N. E. of Chancellorsville.— Cyanite; gold mines at the junction of the Rappahanuock and Rapidan ; on the Rappahannock (Marshall mine) ; Whitehall mine, affording also tetradymite.
STAFFORD Co. — 8 or 10 m. from Falmouth. — Micaceous iron, gold, tetradymite, silver, galena, vivianite.
WASHINGTON Co.— 18 m.from Abingdon.— Halite, gypsum.
WYTHE Co. — Austin's Mines. — Cerussite, minium, plumbic ocher, sphalerite, calamine, galena, graphite, aragonite.
Bertha Mines.— Calamine f ! sphalerite, hematite, limonite.
West Virginia.
MASON Co. — Glenwood and Mason. — Cassiterite.
MINERAL Co. — Brady's, 5 m. S. of Cumberland, Md. — In Helderberg, limestone, blue celestite f
There are also hematite, limonite, siderite mines; also salt wells, as in Mason Co.
North Carolina.*
The following is a general statement in regard to the most important economic minerals of the state : Gold is found in quartz veins in gueissic, granitic, and dioritic rock, also in talcose, chloritic, argillaceous, and arenaceous slates or in beds in the slates; in veins generally associated with pyrite, chalcopyrite, more rarely with galena and sphalerite, and the products of their oxidation; or in auriferous gravels. The principal counties in which it has been found in quantity are : Franklin, Nash, Granville, Alamance, Chatham, Moore, Guilford, Davidson, Randolph, Montgomery, Stanly, Union, Cabarrus, Rowan, Mecklenburgh, Lincoln, Gaston, Catawba, Caldwell, Burke, McDowell, Rutherford, Polk, Cleveland, Cherokee, Jackson, Transylvania, and Watauga.
Iron Ores. — Valuable deposits of hematite and limonite are found in the counties of Chatham, Orange, Gaston, Lincoln, Catawba, Caldwell, Madison, and Watauga. Magnetite of superior quality occurs in belts, stretching through many counties for a distance of over 20 miles in the direction
See the Minerals of North Carolina by F. A. Genth, Bulletin 74 of the U. S. GeoL Survey, 1891. The list here eiven has been condensed for this place by Dr. Genth.
1074 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
of the inclosing strata from N. E. to S. W.; titaniferous ores often in parallel bands between pure magnetite. The principal counties in which they occur are : Chatham, Davidson, Guil ford, Forsyth, Rockingham and Stokes, Yadkin, Davie, Lincoln and Gaslon, Catawba, Swain, Madison, Mitchell, Ashe, and several others. West of the Blue Ridge uiauy mica mines are worked, especially in Macon, Jackson, Haywood, Buncombe, Ashe, McDowell, Mitchell, Yan- cey, Alexander, Cleveland, and other counties; these mines have furnished many highly inter- esting minerals. Corundum is also found in the same region in connection with chrysolite rocks — which latter have furnished by their decomposition many interesting magnesian minerals. The state has also yielded large quantities of zircon, monazite, etc.
ALEXANDER CO.— White Plains. — Scorodite, columbite, tourmaline, beryl, rose quartz, smoky quartz, rutile in geniculated and acicular crystals in limouite and in quartz, spodumene, in emerald and yellowish green crystals (hiddenite).
Price and Keever Place. —Beryl, tourmaline, columbite, autunite, muscovite.
Lead Mine. — Amethyst.
Hiddenite P. O. — Beryl ! and emerald ! monazite ! spodumene (hiddeuite), green and yellow- ish crystals! apatite, calcite, dolomite! siderite, rutile! muscovite! hisiugerite, tourmaline. Taylorsville, three miles distant, smoky 'quartz, rock crystal, tourmaline, beryl.
Marshall's Farm. — Garnets.
Elsewhere. — Green, brown, and black tourmaline, graphite, magnetite, tantalite, beryl (yellow, blue, green) quartz crystals ! (highly modified), monazite, asbestus, pyrite, magnetite, chalcopyrite, pyrolusite, limonite pseudomorph after siderite, siderite, kaolinite, orthoclase, large crystals (one of 40 pounds), biotite, muscovite, rutile! very fine at Milholland's mill, tourmaline !
ALLEGHANY CO. — Peach Bottom Mine. — Pyrite, chalcopyrite, malachite, galena, cuprite, sphalerite, molybdenite.
ASHE Co. — Ore Enob Mine. — Pyrite, calcite, chalcocite, arsenopyrite, malachite, metallic copper.
New River (South Fork, near mouth). — Chrysolite, chalcopyrite, magnetite.
Gap Creek (Copper Knob mine). — Gold, silver, hematite, epidote, bornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, malachite. On Gap Creek, cyauite, hornblende.
Elk Knob. — Chalcopyrite, epidote.
Phoenix Mountain. — Rock crystal !
BUNCOMBE CO. — Asheville. — Garnet, magnetite, serpentine, barite (granular). On Fox Branch, chrysolite. 19 to 20 miles north, pyrrhotite, magnetite, hematite, corundum with horn- blende and culsageeite, serpentine, prochlorite, asbestus, acliuolite, kaolin, jefferisite.
Black Mountain. — Almaudite garnet, cyauite at Bowlen's Pyramid
Balsam Gap mine. — Allanite T beryl, muscovite, biotite, albite, black garnet, columbite, tourmaline.
Ivy River. — Chrysolite, chromite, hornstoue, genthite, talc, asbestus, tremolite.
Brushy Mountain Mine. — Muscovite, kaolinite, orthoclase, albite.
Ream's Creek. — Garnet, large crystals.
Burnet Mine. — Muscovite, orthoclase crystals, large (100 to 1,000 pounds).
Swannanoa Gap. — Corundum in cyanite ! muscovite.
Elsewhere. — Muscovite in many mica mines with beryl, talc, columbite, garnet, ilmenite.
BURKE Co. — Brindletcwn. — At Mills's and other placer gold mines, crystallized gold, tetradymite, montanite, brookite, octahedrite, rutile, zircon and malacon, cyrtolite, monazite, xeno- time, sometimes in crystals an inch across, and rarely of a sage- to grass-green color, samarskite, columbite, fergusonite, hydrofergusonite, ilmenite, hematite, magnetite, chromite, limonite, pyrite, titanite, cyanite, tibrolite, corundum, muscovite, vermiculite, enstatite, hornblende (green and black) steatite, tourmaline (green and black) orthoclase, albite, zoisite (?), garnet, actinolite, beryl, talc, asbestus, quartz (clear, smoky, and amethystine) psilomelane, arseno- pyrite (?), allanite, thorite, diamond.
Bear's Knob. — Corundum with muscovite, 4 miles southeast.
Liimville Mountain. — Ilmenite, hematite, itacolumyte ! radiated pyrophyllite, limonite, graphite.
Shoup's Ford. — Beryl, garnet, corundum, in part altered to fibrolite gold, magnetite, ilmenite, cyanite, tourmaline.
South Mountains. — Quartz crystals ! inclosing liquid, garnet! beryl! yellowish green and deep green (aquamarine), tourmaline! serpentine, talc, chlorite, actinolite, hematite, magnetite, asbestus, magnesite, breunnerite, chrysolite, garnet, tremolite, corundum, arsenopyrite.
Sugar Mountains.— Quartz crystals, asbestus, gold, rutile, magnetite, beryl.
NOETH CAROLINA. 107£f
CABARRUS CO. — Gold in many veins and placers, sulphur, chalcopyrite, magnetite, limonite.
Daniel Earnhardt's Farm. — Barnhardtite.
Barringer's Mine. — Gold, arsenopyrite in calcite.
Boger's Mine. — TetradymUe, chalcopyrite, azurite.
Cosby's Mine. — Wolframite, scheelite, cuproscheelite, siderite, barite.
Cullen's Mine. — Tetradymite, cuprite (cubes), pseudomalachite, scheelite, malachite, in part pseudomorphous after cuprite, azurite.
Flowe's Mine. — Wolframite! scheelite, barite.
George Ludwick's Mine. — Gold, arsenopyrite, tetra?iedrite, scorodite, pyrite, chalcopyrite.
McMakin's Mine. — Silver, argeutite, galena, sphalerite, proustite (?) , tetrahedrite, var. freibergite! pyrolusite, pyromorphite, barite, goslarite, rhodochrosite, magnesite, calcite, wad, barite, talc.
Phoenix Mine. — Gold, tetradymite. In Orchard vein, barite, pyrite, chalcopyrite. Numerous mines of gold and copper ores.
CALDWELI Co. — Baker's Mine. — Galena, serpentine, picrolite, chrysotile, chrysolite, pyromorphite, anglesite, cerussite, asbestus, marmolite, psilomelane, chromite.
Elsewhere. — Gold, in placers and veins, chalcopyrite, mouth of Rocky River, amethyst, kaolin, halloysite.
CATAWBA Co. — Many valuable magnetite deposits.
Hickory. — Graphite, crystallized, pyritc, alunogeu, wad, amphibole, hematite, pyrolusite, limonite, quartz crystals, amethyst, garnet, muscovite, pyrrhotite, magnetite, chalcopyrite.
Elsewhere. — Gold, in placers and veins, graphite, rutile in acicular crystals in amethyst, rock crystal, quartz crystals inclosing liquid, beryl! garnet! cyanite, kaolinite, alunogen, wad, beryl.
CHATHAM CO. — Many deposits of magnetite, hematite and limonite, and black band and ball ore.
Buckhorn. — Rutile in quartz, manganese garnet.
Carbonton. — Pyrophyllite slate.
Clegg's Mine. — Galena, bornite, chalcopyrite, pyrite in cubo-octahedrons, cuprite, chryso- colla, pseudomalachite, cerussite, malachite, fibrous and earthy, azurite, anthracite, calcite, galena, prochlorite (?).
Deep River. — Pyrophyllite slate.
Egypt. — Siderite (black band and ball ore), dufrenite.
Evans's Mine. — Hematite, chloritoid in pyrophyllite slate.
Farmville and Gulf. — Siderite (black band and ball ore).
CHEROKEE CO.— Marble Creek. — Tremolite, talc, calcite (granular), white, pink, gray t
Murphy. — Galena, pyrolusite, limonite, wad, tremolite, talc, cerussite, gold, galena (argentiferous).
Nantehaleh River. — Niter in slates, calcite.. granular, white, and pink, talc, massive white.
Parker Mine. — Staurolite ! gold, garnet.
Valley River. — Hematite, phlogopite, talc, calcite (granular), dolomite, gold in placers, Staurolite, corundum in cyanite.
Valleytown. — Rutile.
Elsewhere. — Staurolite, pseudomorphs of muscovite after Staurolite.
CLAY Co. — Cullakenee Mine, Buck Creek. — Corundum! white, gray, pink, and ruby, frequently altered into other minerals, spinel, chromite, drusy quartz, black hornblende or arfvedsouite, smaragdite, chrysolite, zoisite, andesine, labradorite, orthoclase, tourmaline, serpen- tine, massive and variety picrolite, willcoxite, margarite! talc, albite, cyanite, enstatite, augite (?) prochlorite.
Shooting Creek. — Corundum, pseudomorphous quartz after feldspar (?), actinolite, chry- solite, talc, prochlorite, willcoxite, margarite, rock crystal, magnetite, cyanite, muscovite, gold in placers, rutile in black crystals, garnet, pyrite, chalcopyrite, micaceous hematite, limonite, prochlorite(?).
Tusquittah Creek. — Gold in placers and veins, Staurolite, rutile.
Tipton's. — Corundum, cyauite (green), muscovite.
CLEVELAND Co. — Whiteside Mine.— Gold in placers.
Mountain Mine. — Rock crystal, tourmaline, garnets, gold in placers, graphite, arsenopyrite, galena, muscovite, melanterite, aluuogen, pyrite, abundant in gneiss and mica schists, tourmaline Shelby — Within a few miles, muscovite in large plates, magnetite, actinolite, tourmaline. Double Shoals. — Arsenopyrite.
1076 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
DAVIDSON CO.— David Beck's Mine — Tetradymite, montanite.
Conrad Hill. — Chalcopyrite, hematite, limonite. siderite, malachite, barite.
Allen Mine. — Gold, pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, tetradymite.
Silver Hill. —Silver ! argentite, highly argentiferous galena, sphalerite, chalcocite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, cuprite, melaconite, zoisite (?), orthoclitse, calamine, pyromorphite ! (green, yellow, brown, black, and colorless) wamllite, stolzite, anglesite, goslarite, chalcanthite, calcite, cerussite ! in fine crystals, massive and in pseudomorphs after pyrite, malachite.
Silver Valley. — Galena, sphalerite, pyromorphite.
Uwharie River. — Sphalerite.
Russell Mine. — Gold, pyrite.
Ward's Mine. — Gold, electrum, pyrite, chalcopyrite.
FORSYTE CO. — Large beds of magnetite and titaniferous magnetite.
Near Salem. — Magnetite, manganese garnet, halloysite, hematite, micaceous hematite, graphite, emery variety of corundum, wad, halloysite.
Near Kernersville. — Brouzite, chrysolite, tourmaline, magnetite, hematite, chlorite, pyrite.
FRANKLIN Co.— Portis Mines.— Gold in placers, diamond.
GASTON Co. — Asbury's Mine. — Silver, tetradymite, galena, pyrrhotite, pyrite, leucopyrite, auriferous arsenopyrite, blsmite, scorodite, montanite (?), cerussite, bismutite.
Cansler and Shufbrd Mine. — Gold ! galena.
Clubb's Mountain. — Corundum, red and blue ! rutile ! tourmaline, cyanite! pyrophyllite! muscovite ! lazulite ! talc, quartz crystals.
Clear Mountain. — Lazulite.
Crowder's Mountain. — Corundum, red and blue ! rutile! gold, ilmenite, cyanite, pyrophyllite! muscovite, lazulite! barite, with galena (argentiferous), tourmaline, pyrite, chalcopyrite, manganese garnet, pyromorphite.
King's Mountain. — Gold, galena, altaile, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, nagyagite, magnetite, bis'mite, calcite, dolomite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, limouite, barite, pyrite, graphite, cassiterite.
Long Creek Mine. — Niccolif erous psilomelane, gold, pyrite, fluorite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, galena.
White's Mills. — Epidote, biotite, orthoclase ! pycnite, titanite.
All-Healing Springs. — Barite.
GRANVILLE Co. — Bowling's Mountain. — Radiated pyrophyllite.
Sassafras Fork.— Gold, pyrite, (a few miles north) malachite, tourmaline, quartz crystals, .agate.
Near Shiloh Church.— Epidote, labradorite, calcite.
Elsewhere. — Stibnite, in the northern part of the county, on land of N. A. Gregory.
OUILFORD CO. — Numerous gold veins with associated copper ores.
Friendship. —Granular corundum (emery), titaniferous magnetite.
McCulloh Mine — Copper, cuprite in acicular crystals, pyrite, chalcopyrite, siderite, malachite.
North Carolina (Fentress) Mine. — Cuprite in acicular crystals, pyrite, chalcopyrite, siderite, malachite.
Phoenix Mine. — Chalcopyrite, covellite.
HAYWOOD Co. — Presley Mine. — Corundum, blue and gray, altered into muscovite and albite; the muscovite in large crystals, also cryptocrystalline and compact.
HENDERSON Co. — Coleman's Station.— Zircon, phlogopite, jefferisite.
Green River.— On south side of Blue Ridge, at Freeman's, zircon, granular calcite. At Jones's mine, xanthitane, allanite, titaniferous garnet; also stilbite, orthoclase, epidote, titanite in granite, auerlite. On Price's farm, zircon, auerlite, staurolite. On the Davis land, polycrase, tircon, monazite, xenotime, cyrtolite, magnetite, apatite.
IREDELL Co —Belt's Bridge. — Pyrite in soapstone, corundum in globular masses, partly altered into muscovite, etc. Corundum in hexagonal crystals ! partly altered into soda-margarite at Hendrick's farm.
Dr. Haly burton's.— rLeucopyrite, scorodite.
King's Mill. — Graphite, hematite in hexagonal plates in quartz, rutile! in quartz, rock crystal, chalcedony, tourmaline.
Mount Pisgah. — Rutilated quartz, chloritic mineral resembling thuringite.
Spring Mountain. — Graphite.
North Carolina. 1077
Statesville. — Near Statesville, titanite in gneiss, quartz crystals, allanite, corundum rarely altered into cyanite, orthoclase, cyanite, muscovite, gOthite in thin scales, in light red feldspar (sunstoue), titanite.
Bethany Church. — Allauite, with small crystals of zircon.
Hunting Creek. — Albite, blue corundum altered into rhatizite. Near Campbell's Mill, large boulders of cyanite inclosing crystals of blue corundum.
JACKSON Co. — Casher's Valley. — Bismutite, talc, muscovite, amethyst, rock crystal, golds pyrite, chalcopyrite.
Cullowhee Mine. — Chalcocite, pyrite, melaconite, chalcopyrite ! hornblende, malachite.
Hogback Mine. — Corundum, rutile in corundum, chromite, drusy quartz, chrysolite, andesine, tourmaline, muscovite, dudleyite, margarite.
Savannah Mine. — Chalcopyrite. hornblende, tourmaline, malachite.
Waryhut Mine. — Chalcocite, chalcopyrite, cuprite, malachite.
Webster. — Corundum, chromite, pyrolusite, wad, chalcedony, drusy quartz, enstatite, tremolite, actinolite, asbestus, chrysolite, talc, serpentine, marmolite, deweylite, geuthite, penninite, magnesite ! crystalline and earthy, magnetite, kaolin, karnmererite.
Wolf Creek Mine. — Cbalcocite, native copper, chrysocolla, chalcopyrite, malachite.
Ainslie's. — Chrysolite, chromite, talc, chlorite, enstatite, smaragdite (?), asbestus, tremolite, garnet, actinolite, albite.
Scott's Creek.— Chrysolite, chromite, talc, peuninite (var. kammererite), enstatite, chlorite, corundum (blue and pink).
LINCOLN CO. —Cottage Home. — Diamond ! gold, chalcopyrite. Randleman's. — Quartz crystals, amethyst !
MAOON Co.— Culsagee Mine or Corundum Hill. — Corundum! in beautiful varieties crys- tallized and massive, aud frequently in part altered into other minerals; also chromite, spinel in crystals and granular, rutile rare, diaspore, one specimen only known, drusy quartz and quartz crystals, chalcedony, hyalite, enstatite, tremolite, chrysolite, oligoclase, tourmaline, talc, serpentine, deweylite, genthite, culsageeite, lucasite. kerrite, maconite, penniuite, prochlorite, willcoxite, margarite, anthophyllite, actinolite, magnetite.
Highlands. — Bismutite, beryl, gold, rose quartz.
Jacob's Mine. — Corundum, asbestus, tremolite, chrysolite.
Nantehaleh River. — Asbestus, talc, compact limestone, niter. At mouth of river, orthoclase.
Tennessee River, below Franklin. — Garnet, staurolite, cyanite, muscovite, columbite.
Tibbet's Mine. — Pleouaste, zircon.
West's Mine. — Ruby corundum with cyanite.
Ellijay Creek. — Near Higdon's, corundum, chlorite, asbestus, chromite, magnetite; hematite, garnet, chrysolite.
MADISON Co. — Mars Hill. — Monazite in large masses, zircon.
Carter's Mine. — Corundum ! in peculiar white and pink varieties, spinel, chromite, tremolite, chrysolite, andesine, prochlorite, culsageeite, ilmenite, beryl !
French Broad River. — Orthoclase.
Near Marshall. — Rutile, limonite, magnetite, galena, bornite, chalcopyrite, epidote, talc, fluorite, hematite, corundum. 3 miles below Marshall, prochlorite, margarite, barite, smoky quartz, in doubly terminated crystals.
Haynie Mine.— Blue corundum, rutile, margarite, green crystals of hornblende, magnetite, chlorite, ilmenite.
M'DOWELL Co.— Kirksey's Mine.— Tetradymite.
In the gold placers.— Gold, corundum, ilmenite, rutile, chromite, brookite, pyrope, zircon, epidote, sillimanite, xenotime, monazite, diamond, octahedrit'e.
MECKLENBURG Co. — Numerous gold veins, associated with copper ores, pyrite, etc.
Beattie's Ford. — Rutile ! in acicular crystals.
Davidson College. — Radiated cyanite, pyrophyllite, gold. 7 miles south, fine crystals of rutile.
McGinn Mine.— Gold, pyrite, chalcopyrite, barnhardtite, cuprite in acicular crystals, melaconite, pseudomalachite.
Todd's Branch. — Gold, diamond, zircon, garnet, monazite.
Tuckasegee Ford. — Epidote, labradorite near Tuckasegee Ford.
MITCHELL Co.— Bakersviile.— Muscovite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrophyllite, chromite I quartz crystals, chalcedony, enstatite, tremolite, actinolite, chrysolite, talc, rutile penetrating corundum, serpentine, deweylite, penuiuite, magnesite, asbestus, At Hawk Mine, oligoclase ! On Yellow Mountain, cyanite !
1078 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
Buchanan Mine. — Gummite, yttroguinmite (?), asbestus, beryl, allanite, muscomte, albite pliosphuranylite, cyanite, graphite, manganese garnet, black garnet, magnetite, limonite, apatite, orthoclase.
Cane Creek. — Ilmenite ! actinolite, talc, asbestus, (near head) graphite, rutile, garnet* samarskite.
Cranberry. — Magnetite, pyroxene, epidote, picrolite, hematite, orthoclase.
Plum Tree Creek. — Corundum crystals, hyalite
Near White Plains. — Gummite with uraniuite in a mica mine.
Deake Mine. — Quartz, flattened out between muscovite, muscomte ! columbite! gummite, albiie, gahnite, mouaziie
Flat Rock. — Ilmenite, uraninite, gummite, zircon, garnet, epidote, zoisite, var. thulite, muscomte, albite, orthoclase, uranotil, pJiosphuranylite, autunite !
Grassy Creek. — Samarskite, ilmenite, kaolinite, beryl, large muscovite, autunite, hyalite, columbite, montmorillonite.
Green's Mine. — Ferguson ite.
Point Fizzle. — Albite, apatite, pyrophyllite, actiuolite, beryl, garnet, manganese garnet, muscovite.
Unaka Mountains. — Magnetite, zircon, epidote, hematite.
Wiseman Mine. — Muscomte! kaoliuite, hatchettolite, columbite, samarskite! altered samar- skite, rogersite, cyrtolite, epidote, garnet.
North Toe River. — Orthoclase, muscovite, chrysolite, talc, chrysotile, prochlorite, wad, garnet, serpentine, kaolin, chalcedony.
Young's. — On South Toe River', serpentine, garnet, talc, chrysolite, prochlorite, tremolite,. pyrite.
MONTGOMERY Co. — Cottonstone Mountain. — Pyrophyllite!
Crump Mine. — Qold in placers.
Steele Mine. — Gold! galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, albite, prochlorite, calcite.
Swift Island Mine. — Gold! in fine crystals.
MOORE Co. — Cheek Mine. — Chaicopyrite, malachite, azurite, galena, red jasper, epidote-, talc, calcite, argentite, pyroxene, limonite..
Soapstone Quarry. — Slaty pyrophyllite ! pseudomalachite.
ORANG-E Co. — Hillsboro. — Pyrite in cubes, wad, limonite, hematite, pyrophyllite, chlorite in fine scales, epidote, barite. At Latta Mine, brauuite (?).
PERSON CO. — Barnett Mountain. — White cyanite. Dillahay's Mine. — Gold, radiated quartz.
Gillis Mine. — Chalcocite, pyrite, covellite, micaceous hematite, chrysocolla, cuprite, malachite, calcite, garnet, quartz, epidote. Leasburg. — Tourmaline, albite (?).
POLK Co. — Numerous placer mines, with the usual associated minerals.
RANDOLPH Co. — Gold in beds and placers in numerous places. Near Ashboro. — Pyrophyllite.
Franklinsville. — Five to seven miles west-northwest, leucopyrite. Pilot Klob. — Pyrophyllite, gold in placers, acicular rutile in quartz.
ROCKING-HAM Co.— Madison.— Chalcopyrite at W. Lindsay's, manganese garnet. Leaks ville. — Semi-bituminous coal.
ROWAN Co.— Gold Hill.— Gold, bismuthinite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite at Honey- cutt's, magnetite.
Salisbury. — Orthoclase !
RUTHERFORD Co. — Brindletown Creek. — Diamond !
Rutherfordton. — Quartz, pseudornorphous after calcite 1
Shemwell Mine. —Arborescent gold !
Twitty's Mine. — Diamond.
At the gold placers generally.— Gold, corundum in grains and crystals, ilmenite, rutile, chromite, brookite, garnet, zircon ! epidote, samarskite, xenotime ! monazite, fergusonite, octahedrite, fibrolite.
STANLEY Co. — Gold in veins and placers.
North Carolina. 1079
STOKES Co.— Bolejack's Quarry. — Calcite, phlogopite, actinolite.
Coffee Gap. — Lazulite with muscovite in quartz.
Danbury. — Magnetite, pyrolusite, cyanite, actinolite. At Roger's ore bank, titanite, sul- phur !
Dan River. — Opalescent quartz, anthracite and bituminous coaL prochlorite, hematite, magnetite.
Germanton.— Fossil wood. 2 miles east, serpentine, calcite, garnet.
Peter's Creek. — Sulphur.
Sauratown Mountain. — Itacolumyte, asbestus.
Snow Creek. — Phlogopite, granular calcite, agate, amethyst, hyalite, jasper, hematite, albite, pyrolusite.
Stokesburg. — Rock crystal, anthracite and bituminous coal.
SURRY Co. — Magnetic iron-ore beds at numerous localities.
Dobson. — Pyrolusite, talc in green crystals, serpentine, steatite, actinolite, breunnerite, magnesite, magnetite, chlorite, wad. Near Dobson, magnetite in prochlorite. Ararat River. — Pyrite ! magnetite ! garnet, white cyanite ! Chestnut Mountain. — Octahedral magnetite ! Pilot Mountain.— Talc !
SWAIN Co. — Bryson City. — Rutile, zoisite, limonite after pyrite. Oconaluftee River. — Gold, galena (argentiferous), pyrite, chalcopyrite. A Nichols's. — Pyrolusite, chalcocite, tourmaline. Quallatown. — Gold in placers.
TRANSYLVANIA Co. — Boyston River.— Gold in placers, granular calcite, limonite. Brevard. — Chlorite, graphite, limonite after pyrite, kaolin.
Elsewhere — Pyrite, chalcopyrite, rose quartz, pyrrhotite, tourmaline, graphite. Near mouth of Looking-glass Creek, kaolin.
UNION Co. — Gold in numerous veins and beds mostly associated with galena and sphalerite. Pewter Mine. — Electrum.
Stewart Mine. — Gold, electrum, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyromorphite. Walkup's Mine. — Barite !, granular.
WAKE Co. — Northwest corner of county — Serpentine, asbestus, actinolite, steatite, cyanite.
Raleigh. — Ilmenite, graphite, smoky quartz. Graphite ! at Tucker's Mill.
WATAUGA Co. — Beech Mountain. — Fiue-grained galena, pyrite, magnetite, hematite. At Pogie, galena.
Cooke's Gap. — Arsenopyrite, hematite, magnetite, itacolumyte, limonite, martite.
Rich Mountain. — Head of Cove Creek, chromite, quartz crystals, actinolite, chrysolite, epidote, penninite, iremolite.
Elk Knob. — Pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, epidote, limonite, garnet.
Flannery Mine. — Argentiferous galena.
Boone Fork. — Quartz crystals (fine).
Elsewhere. — Gold in placers, galena, fluorite, epidote, limonite, magnetite, cyanite, talc, chromite, chlorite, ilmeuite, asbestus.
W.ILKES Co — Brushy Mountains. — Asbestus.
Elk Creek. —Galena, cerussite.
Flint Knob. — Galena (argentiferous), pyrite.
Elkin Creek. — Barite, limonite, galena, cerussite.
Honey Creek. — Rutile in acicular crystals in brownish amethyst.
Trap Hill Mine.— Galena, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite (auriferous), pyrite, rutile, garnet, tour- maline, magnetite.
Elsewhere. — Graphite, corundum mostly altered into cyauite, pyrite, cyanite, mixture of muscovite, margarite, etc., resulting from the alteration of cyanite.
YADKIN Co.— Near Yadkinville. — Gold.
Hobson's Mine.— Magnetite, tremolite, magnetite. At East Bend and elsewhere.
Jonesville. — Pyrite in cubes in slate, chalcopyrite.
YANOEY Co. — Grassy Knob (Black Mountains). — Cyanite, muscovite.
Black Mountain. — Graphite.
Bald Mountain. — Grayish green actinolite, magnetite.
1080 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
Hampton's, Mining Creek. — Chromite, chalcedony, enstatite, tremolite, actinolite, asbestus, chrysolite, ortlioolase, talc, serpentine, deweylite, penuinite, magnesite, epidote in fine green crystals, bronzite, bornblende, prochlorite (?).
Hurricane Mountain. — Cyanite, titanite, muscovite.
Ray's Mica Mine. — Fluorite, pseudomorphous after apatite, yttrocerite (?), beryl, garnet, zircon, rutile, muscovite, also a scaly pink variety, orthoclase, tourmaline, black and yellowish green; kaolinite, columbite, apatite, nionazite, autunite, amazon stoue, cyanite, albite, smoky quartz, quartz crystals, actinolite, talc, glassy feldspar.
South Toe River. — Muscovite, garnet, hyalite, gumruite, autunite, garnet.
Profit's. — Corundum, muscovite, asbestus, garnet, penninite (?). talc, chrysotile, fibrous talc.
Young's Mine. — Chlorite, serpentine, chrysolite, chromite, talc, asbestus, tremolite, pyrite, manganese garnet and garnet crystals, bronzite, tourmaline, muscovite.
Presnell (Young's) Mine. — Muscovite, albite, apatite, autunite.
Gibb's Mine. — Muscovite, albite, garnet, glassy feldspar.
Guggenheim's Mine. — Muscovite, albite, manganese garnet, apatite, hyalite, tourmaline, autunite.
South Carolina.
The chief economic minerals of South Carolina are gold and calcium phosphate. Tbe gold belt extends from tbe N. Carolina border southwest across tbe counties York, Lancaster, Ches- terfield (incl. tbe Brewer mine), Kershaw, Fairfield, Union, Spartan burgh, Greenville, Pickens, Abbeville ; there are also auriferous gravels, chiefly in York, Union, and Spartanburgb Cos. (Min. Res. U. S.). The pbosphatic deposits are in Charleston, Berkeley, Colletou, and Beau- fort Cos., as noted on p. 769.
ABBEVILLE Co. — Oakland Grove. — Gold (Dorn mine), galena, pyromorphite, amethyst, garnet.
ANDERSON Co. — Near Storeville. — Zircon! red, brown, gray, and black, in the surface- soil. Most abundant at Thompson's and at Strickland's. Also columbite, fergusouite, mag- netite, and ilmenite. Corundum in crystals and massive, in tbe soil and in place, at Thomp- son's and elsewhere in the vicinity. Muscovite, witb some columbite, at Wharton's, near the Savannah River. Garnet (spessartite) at Island Ford, Rocky River. (Note. — Three hundred pounds of zircons— some of over 2 oz. — were gathered by hand, in about two weeks, from the region about Storeville, in 1888. — Hidden.)
Pendleton. — Aclinolite, galena, kaolin, tourmaline, zircon.
Cheowee Valley. — Galena, tourmaline, gold.
CHESTERFIELD Co.— Gold (Brewer's mine), talc, chlorite, pyrophyllite, pyrite, native bis- muth, bismuth carbonate, red and yellow ocher, whetstone, enargite.
GREENVILLE Co. — Near Marietta, polycrase! (pure black and a yellow hydrated variety), uraninite (nivenite), allanite. On Gap Creek, on Baynes' land, pyromorphite and cerussite) (argentiferous); on Taukersly's land, titanite, zircon, and corundum. Near Tigersville, zircon (pyramidal) in surface-soil.
Also galena, kaolin, chalcedony in buhrstone, beryl, graphite, epidote, tourmaline.
KERSHAW Co —Rutile.
LANCASTER Co. — Gold (Bale's mine), talc, chlorite, cyanite, itacolumyte, pyrite. Gold at Blackm sin's mine, Massey's mine, Ezell's mine.
LAURENS Co. — Corundum, damourite.
NEWBERRY Co.— Leadhillite.
PICKENS Co. — Gold, manganese ores, kaolin.
RlCHLAND Co.— Chiastolite, novaculite.
SPARTANBURGH Co. — Magnetite, chalcedony, hematite. At the Cowpens, limonite, graphite, limestone, copperas. Morgan mine, leadhillite, pyromorphite, cerussite.
UNION Co. — Fairforest gold-mines, pyrite, chalcopyrite.
YORK Co. — Gold at Magnolia mine; wbetstones, witherite, barite, tetradymite.
Georgia.
Gold is present over a considerable portion of tbe state, particularly the northern part; it is mined both in quartz veins and as placer deposits, thus in Barton, Lumpkin, Rabun Cos.; also in Lincoln, Wilkes Cos., etc. (cf. p. 18). Hematite is also mined, as in Dade, Cherokee, and other northern counties; also limonite in Polk, Floyd Cos., etc.; pyrolusite at Cartersville, Bartow Co. There are also phosphatic deposits. The corundum belt extends across N. and S. Carolina to the northern part of this state as noted on p. 213.
Georgia— Florida— Alabama. 1081
BARTOW CO.— Cartersville, Stegall, Allatoona, barite Cartersville graphite, pyroiusite (mined). Stegall Station, graphite.
BURKE and SCRIVEN Cos.— Hyalite.
CHEROKEE Co. — At Canton Mine, chalcopyrite, galena, clausthalite, plumbogummite, hitchcockite, arsenopyrite, lauthanite, harrisite, cantonite, pyromorphite, automolite, zinc, staurolite, cyanite. Ball-Ground, spoduineue. Mines of hematite.
CLARK Co. — Clarksville. — Gold, xenotime, zircon, rutile, cyanite, hematite, garnet, quartz.
FANNIN CO. — Staurolite! chalcopyrite.
HABERSHAM Co. — Gold, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, amphibole, garnet, quartz, kaolinite, soapstone, chlorite, rutile, iron ores, tourmaline, staurolite, zircon.
HALL Co. — Gold, quartz, kaolin, diamond. Gainesville, corundum, margarite, etc.
HEARD CO. — Molybdenite, quartz.
LEE Co. — At the Chewacla Lime Quarry, dolomite, barite, quartz crystals.
LINCOLN CO, — Lazulitef rutile! hematite, cyanite, ilmenite, pyrophyllite, gold.
LUMPKIN Co. — At Field's gold-mine, near Dahlonega, gold, tetradymite, pyrrhotite, chlorite, ilmenite, allanite, apatite.
FAULDING Co.— Dallas, pyrite.
POLK Co. — Various limonite mines.
RABETN Co.— Gold, chalcopyrite, muscovite, beryl, corundum.
SFAULDING Co.— Tetradymite.
TOWNS Co. — Hiawassee. — Corundum, pink, millerite, genthite.
WASHINGTON Co.— Near Saundersville, wavellite, fire-opal.
WHITE Co. — Racoochee Valley, diamond.
Florida.
The phosphatic deposits, which have come into prominence since 1886, are noted on p. 769; :cf. also Wyatt's work mentioned on p. 1027.
Near Tampa Bay. — Limestone, sulphur springs, chalcedony, agate, silicifted shells and corals.
Alabama.
Hematite is extensively mined in the northern half of the state; this industry is of recent development and has gained great importance, the center is at Birmingham, Jefferson Co. (cf. p. 216). There are, further, limonite deposits, as in Cherokee, Etowah Cos., etc. Gold also occurs in quartz veins and gravels as in the adjoining states, thus in Talladego, Clay Cos., etc.
BIBB CO. — Centreville. — Iron ores, marble, barite, coal, cobalt.
CHAMBERS Co. — Near La Fayette, steatite, garnets, actinolite, chlorite. East of Oak Bowery, steatite.
CHILTON Co. — Muscovite, graphite, limonite, rutile.
CLEBURNE Co. — At Arbacoochee Mine, gold, pyrite, and three miles distant, cyanite. garnets. At Wood's Mine, black copper, azurite, chalcopyrite, pyrite.
CLAY Co.— Steatite, magnetite. Near Delta and Ashland, muscovite; southeast of Ashland; cassiterite.
COOSA Co. — Tantalite, gold, muscovite, cassiterite, rutile, mica. Near Bradford, zircon, corundum, asbestus. Near Rockford, tantalite.
JEFFERSON CO. — Birmingham. — Hematite mines.
RANDOLPH Co. — Gold, pyrite, tourmaline, muscovite. At Louina, porcelain clay, garnet,
TALLADEGA Co. — Limonite.
TALLAFOOSA Co.— Dudleyville.— Corundum, margarite, ripidolite, spinel, tourmaline, actinolite, steatite, asbestus, chrysolite, dauiourite, corundum altered to tourmaline (containing a nucleus of corundum), dudleyite.
TUSCALOOSA Co. — Galena, pyrite, vivianite, limonite, calcite, dolomite, cyanite, steatite, quartz crystals, manganese ores.
1082 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals
Louisiana.
Rock salt (halite) is mined at Petite Anse Is., Saint Mary's parish, 4 miles west of Vermillion Bay. The deposit, of Tertiary age, is of considerable extent and is still productive (cf. p. 155). Gypsum is mined in Calcasieu parish near Lake Charles; there is also here a bed of native sulphur.
Texas.
BURNET CO. — Calcite rhombohedrons in Bat Cave on D. G. Sherrard's land on Spring Creek ; lithographic limestone in ledges on Wood's land and elsewhere in the neighborhood; vesuvianite, hessonite, near Clear Creek. " Balls " of iron-ore in road, on the route to Llano C. H. near Colorado River; epidote, at Dupre's. Crystals of quartz, orthoclase, pyrite, and epidote, occasionally, at " Capitol Rock."
Beaver Creek Distr., galena.
Also sparingly cassiterite.
CASS Co., also MARION CO., and elsewhere in eastern Texas. — Iron ores, chiefly lirnonite.
EDWARDS Co.— Native sulphur.
EL PASO CO., etc. — In the Trans Pecos region, gold, native silver, cerargyrite, and other silver ores, native copper, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, galena, zinc ores, wulfeniteTetc.; also cupro- descloizite (Clarke).
GILLESPIE Co. — Magnetite, hematite; further, garnet, beryl.
LAMPASAS Co. — Lampasas. — Celestite crystals, sometimes of gigantic size.
LLANO Co. — Near Bluffton (5 m. south). — At Barringer's mine, gadolinite ! yttrialite, rowlandite, fergusonite (several varieties), and allanite, all in large masses, rarely as crystals; also thorogummite, nivenite, gummite, molybdenite, molybdite, cyrtolite, fluorite, tengerite(?), orthoclase in large crystals, magnetite, martite, and rarely quartz crystals in open pockets. At Hiram Castner's, 1 m. S., gadolinite, fergusouite, and cyrtolite, in a coarse granitic vein. Also huge orthoclase crystals.
Babyhead Distr. — At the Mexican Diggings, galena, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite,
Also azurite, malachite; further, gold, magnetite, hematite, limonite, cassiterite.
MASON Co. — Iron ores, manganese ores (Spiller mine, south of Fly Gap), galena, cassiterite.
MITCHELL CO.— Rock salt near Colorado City at a depth of 850 ft.
TOM GREEN Co.— Native sulphur.
TRAVIS Co. — Celestite at Mount Bonnel, near Austin.
Arkansas.*
HOT SPRING and GARLAND COS.— In the elseolite-syenite and related rocks of Magnet Cove, near Hot Springs, elceolite, biotite, orthoclase, garnet, schorlomite, pyroxene, agirite! eudialyte ! (eucolite), titanite, astrophyllite, ilmenite, magnetite (incl. lodestoue), microcline, apatite, ozarkite (thomspuite); cancrinite (secondary), fluorite, wollastouite, uatrolite, apophyllite, manganopectolite, brucite. Also in leucitic dike rocks, pseudo-leucite (leucite altered to sauidine, etc. p. 426), elseolite, pyroxene, segirite, melauite, titanite. Further as a result of contact meta- morphism, in sandstone and uovaculyte, quartz crystals! in the Crystal Mis., also brookite! (arkansite, in part alt. to rutile), rutile!; in calcite, peromkite ! (dysanalyte), hydrotitanite, monticellite ! apatite, vesumanite, phlogopite. Also wavellite, thuriugite.
At the Potash Sulphur Springs region, elseolite and sodalite-syenite, with characteristic species, also as contact minerals, natroxonotlite (near wollastonite), apatite, quartz.
Also rectorite, in the Blue Mt. mining distr., Marble township, 24 miles north of Hot Springs; further manganese ores.
INDEPENDENCE and IZARD Cos. — Manganese ores, incl. psilomelane, braunite, pyro- lusite, wad.
See Arkansas Geol. Surv. (J. C. Branner). Report for 1888, vol. 1, pp. 274-292, T. B. Comstock. Also on the manganese deposits of the state, Rep. for 1890, vol. 1, Penrose; these deposits include (1) the Batesville region, chiefly in Independence and Izard Cos., and (2) the region in the southwestern part of the state extending from Pulaski Co. to Polk Co. and Indian Territory. On the igneous rocks of Arkansas, chiefly of the elaeolite-syenite type, also i& part leucitic, and their associated minerals, e.g. Fourche Mt., Pulaski Co., of Saline Co., and of the Magnet Cove region, Garland Co., see Rep. for 1890, vol. 2, by J. Francis Williams. Considerable deposits of bauxite occur in Salina and Pulaski Cos. Antimony mines occur in. Sevier Co. in the southwestern corner of the state.
Arkansas-Missouri. 1083
LAWRENCE Co. — Smithsonite, dolomite, galena, niter. At Calamiue, smithsonite.
MARION CO. — Wood's Mine.— Smithsonite, hydrozincite (marionite), galena. Poke bayou, braunite ? Morning Star mine, yellow smithsonite (containing cadmium, " turkey-fat ore").
MONTGOMERY Co. — Variscite, wavellite and quartz; manganese ores; galena, tetrahedrite, bournouite, cerurgyrile.
NEWTON Co.— Sneeds Creek. — Newtonite.
POLK Co. — Manganese ores, incl. bog manganese, etc.
PULASKI Co. — Kellogg Mine. — 10 m. north of Little Rock, tetraliedrite, tennantite, nacrite, gulena, sphalerite, quartz, bauxite.
SALINE Co. — Elaeolite, astrophyllite, eudialyte. Ra-bbit Foot mine, millerite, bauxite.
SEVIER Co. — In the Antimony district (northern part of county) on the Cossatot river, at the Stewart Lode, etc. , stibnite, stibiconite, bindheimite, jamesonite, zinkenite, duf renite, eleo- norite.
Missouri.
For the distribution of the lead-mines, which are of great importance, see page 50. Mine la Motte, and some old openings in Madison Co., afford cobalt and nickel ores, associated with the galena; the amount of these ores, however, does not exceed 1 to 3 p. c. of the lead ore. At Granby, Newton Co., and Aurora, Madison Co., calamine is abundant in the surface ores, but below a depth of about 100 feet gives place to sphalerite. In other sections of central and southwestern Missouri, sphalerite is the prevailing ore. Smithsonite is very rare in the southwest region, so much so as to be a mineralogical curiosity. At Carthage in Jasper county, smith- souite occurs massive and crystalline, formed by a pseudomorphic replacement of irregular masses of limestone included in the ore body, at the Porter mines. Sphalerite is now the most abundant zinc ore, aggregating more than 90 p. c. of the total production. The ores of this region were originally deposited as galena and sphalerite, the other minerals being formed by their oxidation and decomposition (Jenney). Gold has been found in the drift sand of Northern Missouri (Broadhead).
ADAIR Co. — Gothite in calcite.
BURTON Co. — McCarrow's mine, pickeringite.
COLE Co. — Old Circle Diggings and elsewhere. Barite! galena, chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite, pyrite, calcite, calamine, sphalerite.
COOPER Co. — Collins Mine. — Malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, smitJisonite, galena, sphalerite, limouite.
CRAWFORD Co. — At Scotia iron bed, hematite, amethyst, g5thite, dufrenite at the Cherry Valley mines, cacoxenite, malachite.
DADE Co". — Smithsonite.
FRANKLIN Co. — Cove Mines, Virginia Mines, and Mine a Burton. — Galena, minium, cerussite, anglesite, barite. At Stanton copper-mine, native copper, chalcotrichite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite. Also, Mexican onyx.
IRON Co. — At Pilot Knob and Shepherd Mountain, hematite, magnetite, limonite, manganese oxide, bog manganese, serpentine, talc.
JASPER Co. — Joplin Mines. — Crystallized galena! often octahedral, sphalerite! pink and white crystallized dolomite, crystallized calcite! in scalenohedrons with curved faces, bitumen, marcasite ! greenockite coating sphalerite, chalcopyrite in small sphenoidal crystals.
Webb City and Carterville. — Galena, crystallized sphalerite, ruby blende (small brilliant crystals of transparent ruby-red or garnet-colored sphalerite, adhering to massive sphalerite and dolomite), crystallized marcasite, occasionally in brilliant iridescent crystals, ferro-goslarite.
At the Cave Springs mines, near Kansas boundary, crystallized pyrite associated with sphalerite.
At the Empire mines, 2£ miles southwest of Joplin, galena, sphalerite, greenockite, mar- casite, barite.
JEFFERSON Co. — Valle's. — Galena, cerussite, anglesite, calamine, smithsonite, sphalerite, hydroziucite, chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite, pyrite, barite, witherite, limonite. '
Frumet Mines. — Galena, barite! smithsonite f pyrite, limonite.
LAWRENCE Co. — Aurora Mines. — Galena, sphalerite, crystallized calamine, cerussite, dolo- mite, zinciferous tallow clay, crystallized calcite.
MADISON CO. — Mine la Motte. — Galena! cerussite! siegenite (nickel-linnaeite), smaltite, asbolite (earthy black cobalt ore), bog manganese, marcasite, chalcopyrite, malachite, caledonite, plumbogummite, wolframite, aragonite.
1084 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
At Einstein Silver-mine, galena (argentiferous), sphalerite, wolframite, pyrite, quartz, muscovite, actiuolite, fluorite, tungstite (common). Also arseuopyrite, almandite, lepidolite lit granite.
MORGAN Co.— Oordray Diggings.— Galena, sphalerite, crystallized barite. At Florence, flat crystals of barite banded with light blue. In the eastern part of the county crystallized sphalerite.
NEWTON Co. (adjoins S. E. Kansas).— Granby Mines.— Galena! mirnetite on galena (rare), cerussite, calamine ! sphalerite, smithsonite, hydrozincite, buratite, greenockite (on sphalerite), pyromorphite, dolomite, calcite ! bitumen. The cerussite and calamiue occur in stalactites in small caves in the upper parts of the ore bodies. Zinciferous tallow clay is also very abundant in the upper parts of the ore bodies.
FETTIS CO. — Near Smithton and Sedalia, barite in flat crystals banded with white.
ST. FRANCOIS Co.— Iron Mountain.— Specular-hematite, ilmenite, limonite, rhodochrosite in seams, mangano -calcite, calcite, hessonite, apatite, tungstite, wolframite.
ST. GENE VIE VE Co. — At the Cornwall Copper-mines, chalcopyrite, cuprite, malachite, azurite, covellite, chalcocite, bornite,inelaconite, chalcanthite, chrysocolla.
ST. Lorjis CO. — Near St. Louis. — Millerite (in the Subcarboniferous St. Louis limestone, largely a magnesian limestone) with calcite ! and cryst. dolomite, barite, fluorite, anhydrite, gypsum, strontianite.
Cheltenham. — Gypsum in clay. Quarantine, maguesite.
WASHINGTON Co. — At Fotosi, galena, cerussite, anglesite, barite. WAYNE Co. — Granite bend, copiapite (rare) on pyrite, hyalite.
Tennessee.
There are copper mines in Polk Co. ; extensive hematite and limonite deposits; zinc mines in Union and Jefferson Cos. , etc.
Brown's Creek. — Galena, sphalerite, barite, celestite.
CLAIBORNE CO. — Calamine, galena, smithsonite, chlorite, steatite, magnetite.
COOKE C°. — Near Bush Creek. — Cacoxenite? dufrenite, iron sinter, stilpnosiderite, brown hematite.
DAVIDSON Co. — Selenite, with granular and snowy gypsum, or alabaster, crystallized and compact anhydrite, fluorite in crystals, calcite in crystals.
Near Nashville. — Blue celestite (crystallized, fibrous, and radiated), with barite in limestone, anhydrite. Haysboro', galena, sphalerite, with barite as the gangue of the ore.
DIOKSON Co.— Manganite.
GREENE Co. — 12 miles from Greeneville, barite in veins in dolomite.
JEFFERSON Co. — Mossy Creek. — Calamine, smithsonite, sphalerite, galena, fetid barite.
KNOX Co. — Magnesian limestone, native iron, variegated marbles.
MAURT Co.— Wavellite in limestone.
MoMlNN Co. — Whetwell, near Mouse Creek. — Barite.
MONROE Co.— Carter Mine.— Galena. At Buck Miller mine, argentiferous tetrahedrite.
FOLK Co. — Ducktown Mines, S. E. corner of state. — Melaconite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, native copper, bornite, rutile. zoisite, galena, harrisite, alisonite, sphalerite, pyroxene, tremolite, sulphates of copper and iron in stalactites, allophane, rahtite, chalcocite (ducktownite), chalco- trichite, azurite, malachite, pyrrhotite, limonite, graphite.
ROANE CO.— E. declivity of Cumberland Mts., wavellite in limestone.
SEVIER CO.— Alum Cove.— Alum (in part apjohnite), epsomile nit-Ian it-rite in shale
In Taverns, epsomite, soda alum, niter, nitrocalcite, breccia marble.
SMITH CO. — Barite, gangue of lead vein, fluorite.
Smoky Mt. — On declivity, amphibole, garnet, staurolite.
UNION Co. — Stiner's Zinc-mine, Powell's River.— Sphalerite, calamine, smithsouite. Caldswell mine, galena.
Kentucky.
ANDERSON Co.— Galena, barite.
Kentucky— Ohio— Indiana— Illinois— Michigan. 1085
BOURBON Co.— Paris.— Barite.
BOYLE Co. — "Witherite, also in Garrard and Lincoln Cos. CLINTON Co. — Geodes of quartz.
CRITTENDEN Co. — Columbia Mines. — Galena, fluorite, calcite.
EDMONDSON Co. — At Mammoth Cave, gypsum rosettes! calcite stalactites, niter, epsomite.
FAYETTE Co. — 6 m. N. E. of Lexington, galena, barite, witherite, sphalerite.
LIVINGSTON Co. — Near the line of Union Co., galena, chalcopyrite, large vein of fluorite.
LYON CO. — Eddyville. — Vivianite.
MERCER Co.— At McAfee, fluorite, pyrite, calcite, barite, celestite.
MONROE Co. — Sulphur Lick. — Sphalerite, galena.
OWEN Co.— Galena, barite.
Ohio.
Bainbridge (Copperas Mt., a few miles east of B.).— Calcite, barite, pyrite, copperas, alum.
Canfield and Ellsworth.— Gypsum!
Lake Erie.— Green or Stroutiun Island, celestite! Put-in-Bay Island, sulphur! calcite.
Sinking Springs. — Hematite.
White House.— Celestite, calcite.
Toungstown. — Rock suit in borings for gas.
Indiana.
Limestone Caverns, Corydon Caves, etc. — Epsomite.
In most of the southwest counties, pyrite, iron sulphate, and feather alum. On Sugar Creek, pyrite and iron sulphate. In sandstone of Lloyd Co., near the Ohio, gypsum. At the top of the blue limestone formation, brown spar, calcite.
LAWRENCE Co.— Indianaite.
PUTNAM Co.— Eaglesfield.— Siderite.
Illinois.
Lead ores, chiefly galena, are extensively mined in the northwestern part of the State (cf. p. 50), thus in Jo Daviess and Stephenson Cos.
GALLATIN Co., on a branch of Grand Pierre Creek, 16 to 30 m. from Shawneetown, down the Ohio, and from a half to eight miles from this river. — Violet fluorite ! in Carboniferous lime- stone, barite, galena, sphalerite, limouite.
HANCOCK Co.— At Warsaw, quartz geodes containing calcite! chalcedony, dolomite, sphalerite ! brown spar, pyrite, aragouite. gypsum, bitumen.
HARDIN Co.— Near Rosiclare. — Calcite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, fluorite. 5 m. back from Elizabethtown, bog-iron. One mile north of the river, between Elizabethtown and Rosiclare, niter.
Jo DAVIESS Co. —At Galena, galena, calcite, pyrite, sphalerite. At Marsden's diggings, galena! sphalerite, marcasite (all together in stalactites), pyrite, cerussite. Quincy. — Calcite! pyrite. Scales Mound. — Barite, pyrite.
POPE Co.— Galena, fluorite.
Michigan. A. Lower Peninsula.
BRANCH Co.— Coldwater. — Kidney ore, siderite and limonite.
lOSCO CO. (Saginaw Bay).— Alabaster! gypsum. Aux Grees River (headwaters).— Gypsum.
JACKSON Co. — Jackson — Pyrite. kidney ore.
1086 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
KENT Co. — Grand Rapids. — Gypsum (selenite), calcite, dolomite, anhydrite. Grandville.— Gypsum, etc.
MONROE Co. — Brest. — Calcite, amethystine quartz, apatite, celestite. Monroe. — Aragonite, apatite.
Point aux Peaux. — Amethystine quartz, apatite, celestite, calcite. Stony Point. — Apatite, amethystine quartz, celestite, calcite.
TUSCOLA Co.— S. 16, T. 13, R. 11.— Sphalerite.
B. UPPER PENINSULA. — The principal regions are the Marquette, Menominee, and Gogebic iron ranges, and the Keweemiw copper range.
MARQUETTE Co. — Presque Isle. — Serpentine, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, dolomite, chal- cedony, agate, chrysotile, enstatite, diallage, olivine, native copper, sphalerite, calcite, chromite.
Partridge Island. — Agate (in narrow veins in gabbro).
Picnic Islands. — Epidote, hornblende.
Mount Mesnard. — Chalcocite, hematite.
Chocolate River. — Galena, chalcocite.
Marquette. — [The above localities are not far from the city], manganite, galena.
Holyoke Mine District. — Galena, gold, sphalerite, chalcopyrite.
Negaunee. — Hematite! martite, limonite, gothite, pyrolusite, mauganite, psilomelane, wad, barite ! kaolinite,rhodochrosile, jasper, calcite. quartz, orthoclase, tourmaline. The Jackson mine is prominent for minerals.
Goose Lake.— Dolomite, in flesh-colored rhombs, on lighter ground in bluffs N. E. of lake.
Palmer. — Hematite. At the Wheat mine, rhodochrosite, dolomite, orthoclase, calcite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, chlorttoid! especially i m. S. of the town, also in other places near by and in a line from here to Champion.
Ishpeming. — Hematite! micaceous, botryoidal and in cubes after pyrite, limonite, gothite, jasper, pyrite, quartz, feldspar.
Moss Mountain (uear Ishpeming). — Tale.
Ishpeming Gold Range. — Ropes, Michigan Gold, and other mines, gold, pyrite, pyrrhotite, tourmaline, epidote, molybdenite, magnetite, pyroxene, dolomite, picrolite, precious serpentine ! williamsite, chrysotile, talc !
Humboldt. — Chloritoid ! tourmaline, magnetite, hematite (martite), grilnerite, garnet.
Republic. — Magnetite, hematite, hornblende, garnet. N. W. of the town, between here and Michigamme, staurolite, etc.
Champion. — Near the old furnace, magnetite, hematite, grimerite, garnet. At the mine, chloritoid ! garnet, tourmaline, apatite, muscovite, chlorite, magnetite (lodestoue), hematite (mar- tite), griinerite, pyrite, jasper.
Michigamme. — Garnet, changed to chlorite, magnetite, etc.
Lake Michigamme. — On the islands, e.g. Goat Island and Silver Island, staurolite in schist, garnet, margarite, and in quartz veins andalusite ! green apatite! mica, chlorite.
Wetmore, Webster, and Beaufort Mines. — Limouite, botryoidal and m'ammillary.
BARAGO Co. — Graphite, wad, limonite, pyrite, especially near L'Anse. Huron Islands. — Native copper in granite.
ONTONAGON, HOTJGHTON, and KEWEENAW Cos. — The productive copper-mines lie in these counties. At the north end of Keweeuaw Point the copper is- mainly in fissure-veins across the formation, and from them some of the best crystallized specimens have come, but most of the mines are not now worked. About Portage Lake in Keweenaw County the copper occurs mainly impregnating amygdaloids and conglomerates, while near Rockland, inOntonagon Co., the copper is collected in fissures running with the formation. So many minerals occur throughout the district, and the exact mines which may be open or yield particular mineral vary so from time to time that only one list of minerals is given, and, further, after particular minerals the mine is mentioned with which they are or have been most closely associated.
Native copper / (Phoenix mine), native silver ! clinlcopyrite, clialcocite, domeykite (Albion mine, Keweenaw Co., also Sheldon and Columbia mine, ilnughton), whitneyite (Hougliton), algodonite (Houghtou), boruite (Mendota, Mt. Bohemia, Huron mine), horn-silver, melacouite (Copper Harbor), cuprite, manganese ores, saponile, azurite, malachite, chrysocolla, prehntte (Tamarack and Quincy mines), laumontite (leonhardite, white), datolite (crystals from Copper Falls, the porcelain-like var. widespread, e.g. Isle Royale, Quincy, Minnesota mines), heulandite, orthoclase (Superior mine), analcite! (Houghton, Phoenix, pink iu Copper Falls), chabazite, meso- type and natrolite (Copper Falls mine), apophyllite (Cliff mine), woll.-.sionite (ib.), calcite! (large water-clear crystals often inclosing copper at many places, e.g. Central, Phoenix and Cliff, Quincy and Franklin and National mines), dolomite (Phoenix and National mines), quartz crystals from Franklin and Minnesota mines, amethystine out on Keweenaw Point), barite (Centennial mine), selenite (National mine).
Wisconsin— Minnesota. 1087
Isle Royale. — Formation and minerals similar to those of Keweenaw Point ; also chloras-
trolite, barite.
IRON, DICKINSON, MENOMINEE, and DELTA Cos.— In these counties is the Meuorninee iron range, with ihe usual iron minerals; the ores are mainly soft hematite and limonite, with calcite (of peculiar habit at the Bessie, Metropolitan, and Chapiu mines), sidertie, chalcopyrite Chapiu Mine), orthoclase (Norway), dolomite.
In this district occur large crystals of tremolite and diopside in altered dolomites, e.g. at Metropolitan and S. 35, T. 42, R. 29, also S. 35, T. 42, R. 30.
Emmet Mine. — Pyrite, calcite, hematite, martite, chalcopyrite, a/urite, malachite.
GOGEBIO Co. — Like the Menomiuee Range, hematites, limonite, jasper.
Bessemer. — With the iron ores, calcite, feldspar, kaolinite ! aragonite, pyrite, dolomite, marcasite.
Copp's Mine, 6 m. N. of Marenisco. — The usual iron ores, and near by galena, chalco- pyrite. chert, sphalerite, pink dolomite, siderite.
ALGER, LUCE, SCHOOLCRAFT, CHIPPEWA. MACKINAC Cos.— Formation sedimentary with dolomite, calcite, fluorite, celestite, and bog-iron ore at times. St. Ignace, gypsum. Drummond Is., celestite.
Wisconsin.
Galena is extensively mined in La Fayette, Grant, Iowa, and Green Cos. ; also zinc ores, smithsonite ("dry-bone"), and in the same region sphalerite. Iron (hematite, also limonite) is mined in the Meuominee range, Florence Co.; in the Peuokee-Gogebic range (in part magnetite), Lincoln and Ashland Cos.; also in Dodge Co. the Clinton red hematite or "fossil ore."
Blue Mounds. — Cerussite.
Hazelgreen (Grant Co.). — Calcite, cerussite.
Lac de Flambeau R. — Garnet, cyauite.
Douglas Co., Left-Hand R. (near small tributary). — Malachite, chalcocite, native copper, cuprite, malachite, niccolite, tetrahedrite, epidote, quartz crystals.
Madison (Dane Co.). — Quartz with secondary enlargements (Potsdam sandstone of C. & N. E. R. R. cut).
Marshfield (Wood Co.). — Graphite.
Mineral Point and vicinity, in 8. W. counties of Wisconsin. — Copper and lead ores, chryso- colla, azurite ! chalcopyrite, malachite, galena, cerussite, anglesite (rare), leadhillite? sphalerite, pyrite, barite, calcite, marcasite, smithsonite! (including pseudomorphs after calcite and sphalerite, so-called "dry-bone"), calamine, bornite, hydrozincite, melanterite, sulphur. Shullsburg, galena. ! sphalerite, pyrite. At Emmet's digging, galena and pyrite.
Montreal River Portage. — Galena in gneissoid granite.
Penokee and Menominee Iron Ranges S. of L. Superior. Hematite, magnetite, siderite, actiuolite, garnet
Plum Creek (Pearce Co.). — Diamonds.
Sauk Co. — Hematite, malachite, chalcopyrite.
Scales Mound. — Barite crystals.
Tomah (Monroe Co.). — Glauconite.
Wauwatosa (Milwaukee Co.). — Celestite.
Wisconsin River.— Kaolin (near Grand Rapids), serpentine (below mouth of Copper River).
Minnesota.
Hematite and magnetite are extensively mined as ores of iron in Itasca, St. Louis, Lake, and Cook counties; labradorite (anorthite, R". D. Irving, Mon. 5, TJ. S. G. Survey, p. 4SSetseg.) occurs in huge blocks in diabase and even forms mountain masses around Little Saganaga lake; several species of zeolites are abundant at many points in the diabase rocks of the N. shore of Lake Superior, e.g. in Cook Co.
Brown and Nicollet Cos.— Geodes and lenticular masses of calcite.
Carlton Co. — Amphibole (actinolite).
Chisago Co. — Calcite, copper, dolomite, epidote, malachite.
Cook Co. — Agate, apophyllite, bornite, barite, chlorite, copper, gold, graphite, hematite, labradorite, laumontite, thomsonite, lintonite, magnetite, ilmenite, chrysolite, silver, sphalerite, stilbite.
Fillmore. Houston, and Winona Cos. — Calcite (travertine), limonite (pseudomorph after marcasite of the cockscomb form!
1088 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
Goodhue Co. — Amethyst aud chert in cavities in dolomite. Hennepin and Ramsey Cos. — Calcite, pyrite, seleuite. ' Itasca Co. — Hematite, magnetite.
Kanabec Co. — Muscovite, amphibole (actinolite). Lake Co. — Hematite, labradorite, magnetite, ilmenite, chrysolite. Morrison Co.— Actiuolite, garnet, hyperstheue, chrysolite, quartz, staurolite. Olmsted Co. — Gold in small placer deposits. Pine Co. — Copper, epidote, thomsonite? Pipestone and Rock Cos.— Catlinite. Redwood Co.— Amphibole, orthoclase, red ocher, lignite. Renville Co. — Quartz in partially rilled veins in gneiss.
St. Louis Co. — Hematite, calcite, copper, chlorite, diallage and labradorite in large cleaved fragments from the gabbro, epidote, fluorite, hematite, heulandite, titaniferous magnetite, quartz. Todd Co. — Apatite and epidote. Washington Co. — Sphalerite. Yellow Medicine Co. — Orthoclase.
Iowa.
Galena is extensively mined in the north-eastern part of the state near the Mississippi river, thus in Clayton, Allamakee Co. (p. 50).
Dubuque Lead Mines, aud elsewhere. — Galena ! calcite, sp7ialerite, black oxide of manganese' barite, pyrite. At Ewiug's aud Sherard's diggings, amitJisonite, cahuniue.
Des Moines. — Quartz crystals, selenite.
Makoqueta R. — Limonite. Near Durango, galena. 7 m. from Dubuque, aragouite.
Cedar River, a branch of the DCS Moines. — Selenite in crystals, in the bituminous shale of the Coal measures; also elsewhere on the Des Moines, gypsum abundant, argillaceous iron ore, siderite.
Fort Dodge. — Celestite, gypsum, pyrite.
New Galena. — Octahedral galena, auglesite.
Bentonsport, and elsewhere in southern Iowa, in geodes. — Chalcedony, quartz, calcite, dolomite, pyrite, kaolinite.
South Dakota.
The Black Hills region, in Lawrence, Pennington, and Custer counties, affords gold both in quartz veius and placers, tin (cassiterite) in some quantity and in similar relations; further, mica, feldspar, also coluinbite, tantalite, beryl, spodumeue, uraniuite, hiibnerite, triphyllite, etc.
CUSTER Co. — Arseuopyrite, cassiterite, mica. Buffalo Gap . — Calcite !
LAWRENCE Co. — Nigger Hill Distr. — Columbite, cassiterite. Also galena, cerussite, cerargyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite. Redwater Valley — Gypsum. Bear Lodge range, gold.
PENNINGTON Co.— Etta Tin Mine. — Cassiterite, spodumenef mica, ortlwclase, columbite I arsenopyrite. scorodite, olivenite, tourmaline, garnet, hiibnerite.
The Ingersoll Claim, 10 m. E. of Harney Peak. — Cassiterite, columbite, tantalite beryl.
Bald Mtn. — Uraninite, torbernite or iiutunite.
Nickel Plate Tin Mine. — Triphylite, spodumene, beryl.
Silver City.— Galena, arsenopyrite, jamesonite.
Rockford. — Graphite.
Sunday Gulch. — Barite, corundum.
Queen Bee Mine. — Galena, arsenopyrite.
Near Hill City.— Ottrelite.
The Bad Lands of North Dakota are stated to afford corundum; also fine jet is said to occur near Fort Bert hold, N. D. (J. 8. Murphy).
Kansas.
Zinc and lead are extensively mined in the south-eastern part of the state in the counties adjoining Missouri. Hock-salt is obtained by borings in Saline, Harper, Davis, Ellsworth, Rice, and other counties, in beds of considerable extent and great purity; also gypsum in Saline Co., and common elsewhere.
Brown Co. — Red celestite.
Ka Nba S— Colorado.
Cherokee Co. — Galena, cerussite, anglesite, sphalerite, calamine, amorphous white sphalerite (p. 62), chalcopyrite in tetrahedral crystals, greenockite coating sphalerite.
Linn Co. — Lead and zinc ores. On Short Creek, galena, cerussite, anglesite, sphalerite,, calamine.
Saline Co. — Salina. — Barite, halite, gypsum.
Wallace Co., etc. — Gypsum in crystals.
Colorado.
BOULDER Co. — The Central part, between Jamestown and Magnolia, is noted for ricL tellurides with tellurium.
Central Distr. (Smuggler mine, etc., in mica schist or gneiss). — Tellurides, pyrite.
Gold Hill Distr. (Red Cloud, etc., mines). — Gold, tellurides of gold, silver, mercury and lead, tetradymite, pyrite, splialerite, chalcopyrite.
Magnolia Distr. — Tellurides, etc., tellurium ores of the range including altaite, hessite, petzite, sylvanite, tellurite, native tellurium, calaverite, coloradoite, melonite, magnetite, mid the associated ores, argeutite, amalgam, native mercury, native bismuth, bismuthinite, bismutite, pyrargyrite, iodyrite, kobellite, schirmerite. hubnerite. Sunshine and Sugar Loaf districts afford tellurides.
Ward Distr.— Aurif. pyrite and chalcopyrite, gold.
Grand Island Distr., Caribou mine. — Silver, argentif. galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, gold, sphalerite. Sugar Loaf distr., chalcocite, pyrrhotite, mangauesian garnet.
CHAFFEE Co — Arrow Mine, jarosite with turgite. Gold gravels at Cash Creek, etc.
Calumet. — Calumet mine, epidote.
Cotopaxi Mine. — Galmite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite.
Monarch Distr. — Massive anglesite, cerussite, brochautite, etc.
Mt. Antero (about 10 miles N. W. of Salida). — Phenacite ! bertrandite ! aquamarine! topaz. r orthoclase, hematite in crystals, bismutite, fluorite, muscovite, smoky quarts.
Nathrop. — In cavities 5n rhyolite, topaz, garnet (spessartite).
Salida. — At Sedalia copper mine, garnet ! chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite and chrysocolla; corundum in rnica schist.
CLEAR CREEK Co — Georgetown. — Argentif. galena, native silver, pyrargyrite, argentite, tetrahedrite (t,enn;uitite), pyromorphite, sphalerite, azurite, polybasite (Amer. Sister's mine), aragouite. barite, fluorite, polybasite (Terrible Lode), mica. Trail Creek, garnet, epidote.
Freeland Lode. — Tennantite, chalcopyrite, anglesite, caledonite, cerussite, tenorite, siderite, azurite, minium. Champion Lode, teuorite, azurite, chrysocolla, malachite. Gold Belt Lode, vivianite. Coyote Lode, malachite, cyanotrichite.
Virginia District.— Galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, tetrahedrite.
Idaho Springs. — Pyrite, chalcopyrite, fine crystallized tennantite at Crocett Mine, opal.
CUSTER Co. — Near Rosita and Silver Cliff, 6 m. W. of R., argentif. galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, anuabergite, carrying silver and gold, ores at the latter place incrusting fragments or pebbles of country rock, calamine, smithsonite. jamesonite, tetrahedrite, tellurides. of silver and gold, niccolite. Rosita Hills, alunite, diaspore.
At the Racine Boy mine, cerussite, cerargyrite. At the Gem mine, 12 m. N. of Silver Cliff, niccolite, bornite, pyrite. East slope of Sangre de Cristo, Verde mine, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, pyrite, annabergite.
EAGLE Co. — Red Cliff. — Black Iron mine, fibroferrite. Holy Cross Mt., turquois.
DOUGLAS CO.— Devil's J3.ea.d.—2opaz! microcline. albite, phenacite, smoky quartz, gothite, fluorite, allanite, manganite, gadolinite, samarskite, cassiterite.
EL PASO Co.— In the granite of the Pike's Peak region, microcline! albite, smoky quartz, topaz, etc. Thus near Florissant, 12 m. N. W. from the Peak, microcline! topaz! On Elk Creek, pheuacite, microcline (amazon-stone), smoky quartz ! amethyst ! albite, fluorite, zircon ! columbite ! South of Mauitou. in Crystal Park, topaz, phenacite, zircon. Topaz Butte, 16m. from Peak, phenacite.
W. of Cheyenne, N. E. base of St. Peter's Dome, in quartz vein, zircon, astrophyllite, arfvedsonite, cryolite, thomsenolite, gearksutite, prosopite, ralstonite, elpasolite, tysonite, bast- nasite, xenotime, rutile, danalite (rare), fayalite. In another vein, prosopite, zircon, fluorite, kaolin ite, yellowish mica, cryolite.
Between Colorado Springs and Canon City, barite.
Garden of the Gods, celestite, rhodochrosite.
GILPIN Co. — Veins in gneiss or granite. Near Central City, orthoclase crystals in porphyry, :nnantite. Gregory distr. (near Central City), about Black Hawk (Bobtail mine, etc.), ehalf-o- pyrite, sphalerite, galena, enargite, massive uraninite. and fluorite. In Willis Gulch.
1090 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
uraninite (Wood mine). Nevada district (next west of Gilpin), galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, etc. Russell distr. (in Russell Gulch), galena, tetrahedrite, enargite, pyrite, fluorite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, epidote, tennantite.
GTJNNISON Co. (W. of Sawatch Mts. and S. of Elk Mis.).— Ruby district, arsenopyrite, in quartz vein, proustite, tetrahedrite, pyrargyrite. On Brush Creek, W. base of Teocalli Mtn., niccoliferous lollingite, smaltite, rnarcasite, native silver, proustite, pyrargyrite, argentite, galena, chalcopyrite, in a gangue of siderite, barite, and calcite.
Augusta Mt. — Freieslebenite.
Domingo Mine. — Uraninite, warrenite.
Redwell Basin. — Kaolinite.
HINSDALE Co.— Lake City, Hotchkiss Lode, petzite, calaverite. Lake district, argent. galena, freibergite, sphalerite, aurif. chalcopyrite, argentobismutite. Park district, stephanile, galena, chalcopyrite. Galena district, argent, galena, freibergite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, rhodocrosite, stephanite, ruby silver, gold, silver.
HUERFANO CO. — Southern border, N. slope, W. Spanish Peaks, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite.
JEFFERSON Co. — Near Golden, on Table Mtn., leucite, analcite, apophyllite. chabazite, levynite, laumontite, mesolite, natrolite, scolecite, ptilolite, stilbite, thomsonite, calcite, aragon- ite. Turkey Creek, columbite.
LARIMER Co.— Fort Collins.— Muscovite.
LAKE Co. (between Mosquito Mts. and Sawach Range, both Archaean at center), supplying three fourths of the silver and gold of Colorado, with Paleozoic rocks between, and great eruptive formations. About Leadville (or California mining district), on W. portion of Mosquito Range, and mostly confined to Lower Carbonif. limestone, and generally beneath eruptive rocks, silver, galena, cerussite, aragonite, anglesite, cerargyrite, bromyrite, iodyrite, embolite, aurif. chalcopyrite, native arsenic, descloizite and pyrite, sphalerite, pyromorphite, mimetite, calamine, minium, pyrolusite, rhodochrosite, sphalerite, bismuthinite, bismutite, gold.
Alicante (16 m. N. of Leadville).— Rhodochrosite f sphalerite, pyrite; minium (Stone mine).
Lillian Mines (on Printerboy Hill), kobellite, lilliauite, cerussite, caledonite. Also Florence mine, bismutite. Ute and Ule mines, stephanite, galena, sphalerite, chalcocite.
Homestake Peak, N. W. corner of county, argent, galena. Golden Queen mine, scheelite, gold. ,
LA PLATA Co. (S. of San Juan Co.).— S. side of La Plata Mts., 2£ m. N. of Parrott City, aurif. pyrite, galena, tetrahedrite, cosalite, sphalerite, tellurides, sylvanite, gold (Comstock mine).
LASSEN Co.— Susanville.— Muscovite.
OuRAYCo. (W. of N. end of HinsdaleCo.,with UncompaghgreMts between).- -Near Ouray, argent, galena, some freibergite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, hiibnerite, rhodochrosite, tetrahedrite.
At Silver Bell mine, kobellite, barite, chalcopyrite.
At Sneffels (near Mt. Sneffels). — Freibergite, pyrargyrite, stephanite, argent, galena, cerussite, etc. Upper San Miguel and Iron Springs districts, similar ores. Yankee Girl Mine, stromeyerite, proustite.
PARK CO. — Mines chiefly along its northwest side, on the E. slope of the Mosquito Range, in the Paleozoic region of its eastern side, near eruptive rocks. In N. part Hall's Valley, veins in gneiss, galena, cuprobismutite (Missouri mine), tetrahedrite, enargite, pyrite, sphalerite, fluorite. barite, ilesite.
Near Grant, Baltic Lode, beegerite. N. W. of Alma, on Mt. Bross and Mt. Lincoln, in Carbonif. limestone, argent, galena, cerussite, anglesite, cerargyrite, barite, manganese oxide. In Buckskin Gulch (between these nits.), in Cambrian qunrtzyte, aurif. pyrites, gold, silver, galena.
Sweet Home and Tanner Boy Mines, S. W. side of Mt. Bross, in Archaean, rJiodochrosite in the latter. In Mosquito Gulch, south of Alma, near Horseshoe, argent, galena, cerussite. Mines of Lincoln Mtn. at 13,000 to 14,000 ft. elevation.
PITKIN Co. (between Elk Mts. and Sawatch Range) — At Independence, on W. slope of Sawatch, on the Roaring Fork, in Archaean, and west of Aspen, on the N. E. slope of Elk Mts , Alpine Pass, Pitkin and Tin Cup mines, in limestone, cerussite, cerargyrite, cuprite.
Aspen. — Polybasite, tennantite, argentite, pyrite, silver, aragonite, chalcopyrite, bornite
PUEBLO Co. — Turkey Creek, near Pueblo, muscovite.
Rio GRANDE Co. — At head of Rio Alamosa, near Sunimitville, E. part of San Juan Mts., gold, in quartz vein, enargite.
SAN JtTAN Co. (S. and S. E. of E. end of San Miguel Co., crossed by the San Juan Mts.). —
Wyoming— Montana. 1091
Silverton. — North Star mine, Sultan Mountain, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, hubnerite, rhodochrosite, all in good crystals. Bonita Mt., hilbnerite. Zuni mine, zunyite embedded in guitermanite. Whale Mine, massive auglesite.
Red Mountain District. — Enargite, tetrahedrite (argent.), tennantite, chalcopyrite, bornite, stromeyerite, polybasite, argentite, cerussite, azurite, kaolinite.
Poughkeepsie Gulch, Alaska mine, alaskaite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, barite, tellurite. Yankee Girl miue, cosalite.
SAN MIGUEL CO. (S. of Ouray Co., eastern part including N. portion of San Juan Mts.). — At Telluride, galena, stephanite, chalcopyrite, gold, electrum.
SUMMIT CO.— In southeastern part, on W. slope of Archaean " Front Range," near Monte- zuma and Peru, argent, galena, etc. In southern part, near headwaters of Blue R., S. of Breckenridge, near Robinson, on Quandary Park, etc., in limestone, argent, galena, pyrite, native gold, sphalerite, cerargyrite.
Chalk Mtn., junction of Summit Park and Eagle Cos., in rhyolyte (nevadite), sanidine, topaz in small crystals.
Snake River District, alabandite (Queen of the West mine), with rhodochrosite, galena, argentite, pyrite. Black Prince mine, stromeyerite.
French Creek, native bismuth in placers.
Kokoino, orthoclase! in crystals.
Breckenridge, crystallized gold!
Near Montezuma, Rust Tunnel, pyrite! Josephine mine, pyrite.
WELD Co. — Near Sterling, blue barite!
Wyoming.
Albany Co., 14 m. S. W. of Laramie City.— Mirabilite.
Laramie Co. — Near Hartville, chalcocite, chrysocolla, cuprite, malachite. 18 m. E. of Laramie City, graphite.
Sweetwater Co. — Near Atlantic City, S. Pass City, and Miner's Delight, gold in quartz veins. Near Independence Rock, sodium carbonates (trona, etc.).
In fossils in Bad Lauds, barite crystals.
YELLOWSTONE PARK and Vicinity.— At the Geyser Basins, geyserite! native sulphur. Mammoth Hot Springs, calcareous sinter! At the Joseph Coats Springs, scorodite, realgar, orpiment, sulphur.
Obsidian Cliff. — Tridymite, anorthoclase, fayalite. Between Clark's Fork and East Fork in the Hoodoo Mts., mordenite.
Specimen Mt. — Amethyst! quartz crystals! silicified wood, calcite, calcite ronibohedrons. coated by quartz crystals.
Absaroka Range. — Leucite.
Glade Creek. — Quartz crystals in rhyolyte, tridymite, fayalite.
Montana.
Beaver Head Co. — Placer gold, gold in quartz, wire gold in calcite, auriferous chalcopyrite, nagyagite, argentiferous galena, pyromorphite, vanadinite, descloizite, pyrite, chalcocite, azurite, malachite, jasper, magnetite, limouite. At Dillon, cassiterite.
Deer Lodge Co. — Gold, migyagite, argentiferous galena, pynirgyrile, argentiferous spha- lerite, pyrite, pyrolusite, tetrahedrite.
Jefferson Co. — Gold, argentiferous galena with sphalerite and pyrite, auriferous pyrite, black and white wood-opal (silicified wood).
Lewis and Clarke Co.— Gold, auriferous arseuopyrite, pyrite, argentiferous galena, argen- tiferous sphalerite, bituminous and lignite coal.
Ruby, El Dorado, and other bars in the Missouri River, about 16 miles from Helena, corun- dum! both sapphire and ruby, mined for gem purposes, also topaz, garnet, cyanite, cassiterite, chalcedony, etc.
Madison Co. — Placer gold, gold in veins, argentiferous galena, silver, cerargyrite, minium, chalcopyrite, cuprite, azurite. malachite, calcite, garnet, compact serpentine.
Missoula Co. — Lead ores, oerussite, yellow pyromorphite in St. Kegis district.
Park Co. — Gold, auriferous chalcopyrite, argentiferous galena, cerussite, sphalerite, tetra- hedrite, coking coal.
In the Crazy Mts., sodalite, nephelite, hauynite.
Silver Bow Co. — Butte City and vicinity, gold, silver, nrgentite, cerargyrite, silver on chal- cocite, argentiferous pyrolusite, bornite, chalcocite, malachite, copper and cuprite in gninite, rhodonite, rhodochrosite, siderite, calcite, galena, sphalerite, tetrahedrite.
Wurtzite at the Original Butte mine; goslarite at the Gaguon mine.
1092 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
Idaho.
Every county in the state yields placer gold.
Alturas Co. — The mining region is known as the Wood River district which includes Ketchum, Hailey, Atlanta, and the Sawtooth Range of mountains. Placer gold, auriferous pyrite, arsenopyrite carrying gold and silver, silver, proustite, pyrargyrite, urgentite, cerargyrite, argentiferous galena, auriferous and argentiferous sphalerite, anglesite, cerussite, cervantite, stibuite, tetrahedrite, azurite, malachite, magnetite, hematite, bog iron.
At the Jay Gould mine, native lead, minium.
Ada Co. — Lignite, placer gold, auriferous sphalerite.
Bois£ Co.— Deposits of liguite, placer gold, gold finely crystallized, rubies in placers border- ing on Ada Co., mica (Payette), pyrolusite, dufrenoysite, argentite, cerargyrite, and other silver ores.
Bingham Co. — Copper ores, besides placer gold.
Ouster Co. — Gold, argeutite, stephanite, cerargyrite, argentiferous galena, cerussite, azurite and other copper ores, asbestus.
Idaho Co. — Mica, native copper and other copper minerals; placer gold, silver ores.
At Warren's Camp (veins in slate and limestone), gold, silver, cerargyrite, etc., scheelite with gold (Charity mine).
Kooteiiai Co. — Placer gold.
Latah Co. — Opals! at Moscow, mica.
Lemhi Co.— Gold, argentiferous galena, cerargyrite, argentite, copper ores, chalcocite, cerussite.
Nez Perces Co.— Placer gold.
Oneida Co. — Placer gold, silver ores, silver, cerargyrite.
Owyhee Co. — Gold, silver, argentite, cerargyrite in thin transparent plates, stephanite, stibnite, lignite.
Shoshone Co. — Cceur d'Aleue district includes the camps Mullan, Burke, Wallace, and Bunker Hill mines. Argentiferous galena, cerussite, anglesite, pyromorphite, plattnerite (As You Like mine), malachite and azurite carrying cerargyrite (and bromyrite?), bornite, chal- copyrite, argentiferous tetrahedrite, massive barite, placer gold.
Washington Co. — Mining districts are Helena (Seven Devils) and Mineral City. Placer gold, plates of gold in malachite, boruite carrying silver, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, malachite, azurite, covellite (impure), limonite, micaceous magnetite, quartz, dark tourmaline, brown garnet rock, cinnamon garnet, epidote, powellite, limestone, silver ores.
Utah.
The silver mines are mostly in limestone, with eruptive rocks in the vicinity, and argentif. ;galena, cerussite, anglesite, cerargyrite, etc., the common ores. The veins in slate or quartzyte in part carry copper ores. There are also sandstones in Southern Utah impregnated by ores v(cerargyrite, etc.) over large regions.
BEAVER Co.— Bradshaw.— Cerussite, cuprite, malachite, aragonite.
Prisco. — Cerussite, anglesite, galena, dufreuoysite, proustite, pyrargyrite, cerargyrite, argentite, barite.
Star. — Cerussite, cerargyrite, malachite, aurichalcite (Cave mine), bismuthiuite.
IRON Co. — Coyote District. — Orpiment, realgar, tbin layer in strata under lava, stibnite.
JUAB Co. — Tintic District. — Galena, anglesite, cerussite, malachite, bornite, cuprite, bis- muthite.
Copperopolis mine (formerly called the " American Eagle"), conichalcite ! clinoclasite, erinite, xcorodite, enargite. tyrolite, olivenitef chenemxite, melaconite, lettsomite, selenite! mixite, borickite (?).
Mammoth mine, tyrolite! chalcophyllite ! clinoclasite! olmenite! pharmacosiderite, jarosite! .conichalcite, erinite, enargite! azurite! malachite, mixite, brochantite! jarosite.
Carissa mine, mixite ! bismutite.
Eureka Hill mine (at Eureka, 6 m. from Silver City), utahite, olivenite, euargite, cerussite.
MILLARD Co.— Cove Creek.— Sulphur.
Shoebridge and Dragon mines, 40 m. N. of Sevier Lake and 40 m. W. N. W. of Deseret, topaz in rhyolyte, with garnet and sanidine.
PlUTE Co.— Ohio.— Galena, cerussite, malachite, chalcopyrite. chalcocite, tetrahedrite. Mt. Baldy — Galena, cerussite, anglesite, wulfenite, argentite (Pluto mine). Marysvale. — Onofrite, tiemannite
SALT LAKE Co.— Big Cottonwood — Galena, cerussite, anglesite; aurichalcite (Keeler mine),
.chrysocolla (at Emma mine), malachite, with sometimes pyrolusite. Little Cottonwood, same,
with sometimes argeutite, dufrenoysite, wulfenite, Hnarite (?), chalcopyrite, euargite (at Oxford
Utah— New Mexico— Arizona. 1093
and Geneva mine). West Mountain, same ores, with argentite, pyrargyrite, rhodochrosite, fcarite at Queen mine; binuite, etc., at Tiewaukee mine; dufrenoysite, etc., at Winnamuck mine.
Butterfield Canon. — Orpiment, realgar, mallardite, luckite.
Wasatch Mts., head-waters of Spanish Fork, ozocerite in beds. Great Salt Lake, mirabilite.
SUMMIT Co. — Uinta. — Cerussite, anglesiie, cerargyrile, tetrahedrite, argentite, malachite.
TOOELE Co.— Camp Floyd.— Stibnite, etc.
Ophir. — Galena, cerussite, malachite, chalcopyrite, cerargyrite. Rush Valley, same ores. American Fork and Silver Lake, same ores.
WASATCH Co.— Blue Ledge and Snake Creek, galena, cerussite, pyromorphite, sphalerite, etc.
WASHINGTON CO. — Harrisburg. — In sandstone and clay, native silver, cerargyrite, argen iMe; fossil plants sometimes replaced by silver and cerargyrite.
New Mexico.
DOVA ANA Co. — Victoria mine, 40m. below Nutt, anglesite. In the Organ Mts. , (flos ferri), wulfenite.
GRANT CO.— Burro Mts., S. W. of Silver City.— Turquois.
Santa Rita Mines. — Azurite, malachite, native copper.
Ballard's Peak. — Pyrargyrite.
Georgetown. — Mimbres mine, vanadinite !
In N. E. corner of county, S. part of Mimbres Mtn., E. of Silver City. — Ores in limestone or shale, argentif. galena, cerargyrite, argentite, native silver, barite, fluorite.
Pinos Altos Mtn., N. of Silver City — Argent, galena, cerargyrite, cerussite, argentite, silver, gold, chalcopyrite, barite. Burro Mts., S. W. of Silver City, similar ores. In S. W. part of Co.. near Barney's Station, and Warren, Virginia distr., veins of quartz, with argent, galena, cerargyrite, native silver. Atlanta distr., near Silver City, Gold Hill, and Kingston, pyrargyrite, silver, argentite.
LINCOLN Co.— Bonita Mt., near White Oaks.— Hubnerite.
SANTA FE" Co.— Los Cerillos Distr., 22 m. S. W. of Santa Fe, in Los Cerillos Mts.— Turquois in trachyte, argent, galena, cerussite, wulfenite, manganese ores. Silver Bute distr., in quartzyte, gold, pyrite, azurite, malachite, cuprite, chalcopyrite, bournonite, chrysocolla.
SIERRA CO. — At Lake Valley. — In the Sierra mines, in limestone, argent, galena, cerussite, cerargyrite, embolite, iodyrite, manganese ores, vanadinite, endlichite, descloizite, native silver, pyrolusite, mangauite, fluorite, apatite. At Kingston, in Black Range, aragonite. Near Hills- boro', gold in veins and placers.
Grafton. — Gold, cerussite, chalcocite, bornite, malachite, chalcopyrite, cerargyrite, ame- thyst. Headwaters of Gila River, alunogen, halotrichite.
SOCORRO Co. — 3 m. from Socorro, in Socorro Mts., cerargyrite, vanadinite, vanadiferoua mimetite, barite. In Magdalena Mts., 27 m. W. of Socorro, galena, cerussite, anglesite, cala- mine, sphalerite. Oscuro Mts. to E., chalcopyrite, azurite, malachite, associated with fossil wood and plants. Merritt mine, willemite.
Arizona.
APACHE Co. — Copper Mountain. — Chalcocite, azurite, melaconite, sphalerite, pyrite. And at Greenlee Gold Mountain, chalcocite, malachite, cuprite, auriferous gravel.
Near Holbrook, in Chalcedony Park. — Forest of petrified wood! (" Jasperized" wood), amethyst.
Navajoe Reservation (also in part in N. Mexico). — Pyrope garnets ! chrysolite (Job's tears) 1 chrome-diopside.
COCHISE CO.— Bisbee. — Copper Queen mine (and Holbrook mine), azurite! malachite! cuprite! chrysocolla, melaconite, pararnelaconite, footeite, wad, calcite inclosing malachite, stalactites of either aragonite or calcite (or perhaps both) aurichalcite.
Tombstone. — Emmousite. At West Side mine, hessite, yellow wulfenite. At Empire mine, yellow wulfenite. At Contention mine, yellow wulfenite and hyalite. Lucky Cuss mine, descloizite, cuprodescloizite.
GILA Co. — Globe. — Old Globe mine, malachite ! azurite, chrysocolla ! quartz on chrysocolla, melaconite, calcite. Vermont mine (near Globe), chalcocite. Stonewall Jackson mine (near Globe), native red silver in crystals, argentite.
1094 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
MARICOPA Co.— Vulture. — Vulture mine (60m. N. W. of Plicenix), jarosite, crystallized gold, yellow wulfenite. Farley's Collateral mine (about 20 m. N. E. of Vulture P. O.), vana- dinite, red and yellow; yellow vanadinite in clear calcite! red wulfenite, chrysocolla, (and accord- ing to Sillirnau) crocoite, vauquelinite, etc. Phoenix mine (about 20 m. N. E. of Vulture), vanadinite, yellow and red, the former very like mimetite; descloizite.
Hassayampa Distr.— Montgomery mine, tetradymite.
Santa Catarina Mts. (also in Pinal and Pima Cos., exact locality not known). — Aurichal- cite !
Turquois Mts. — Turquois.
GRAHAM Co. — Clifton. — At the Longfellow Mine (5 m. from Clifton), malacliite ! azurite! cuprite! native copper. Mrtcalf mine (6 in. from Clifton), brochautite. At the Bon Ton mines (exact locality doubtful), dioptase. Gurfield mine (about 9 in. from Clifton, on Chase Creek), argentiferous tetrahedrite, azurite.
Morenci.— Humming Bird mine (about 6 m. from Clifton), malchite and azurite in short stalactites with concentric structure, chrysocolla, wad. Yavapai mine (about m. from Clifton, via the Longfellow mine, and 1 m. from Morenci), clialcanthite fibrous, brochantite, drusy azurite. Copper Mt. mine, in Morenci, lettsomite! chalco'rirJiite / cuprite! arborescent and bright native copper, azurite.
Mineral Park. — Turquois.
FlMA CO.— Flux Mine. — Cerussite !
FINAL Co. —Oracle. — At the Mammoth Gold mine, descloizite! vanadinite! wulfenite. Near Riverside. — Brochantite ! dioptase ! in small but well-defined crystals. Pinal. — Hollow quartz crystals, chalcedony.
Silver King Mine (near Pinal). — Fine aurichalcite, crystallized silver ! sphalerite, argen- tite, pyrite, chalcopyrite. At Silver Queen mine (near Pinal), red cerussite ! Picket Post. — Red wulfenite. Black Prince mine, red vanadinite.
YAVAPAI Co.— Boggs Mine, in the Big Bug distr. — Bouruonite.
Grove Mine, in the Humbug distr. — Embolite! Also in same distr., brown vanadinite, barrel-shaped crystals. 2 miles from Bradshaw, tetnidymite crystals !
Jerome (30 m. N. E. of Prescott). — In the United Verde copper mines, gerhardtite, ataca- mile, brochantite, azurite, cJialcanthite.
Rio Verde, near Camp Verde. — Glauberite, thenardite, mirabilite, halite, etc.
YtJMA Co —Red Cloud Mine (about 30 m. N. of Yuma). — Red wulfenite ! mimetite, ceruss- ite, hyalite, calcite. Also tine vanadinite! at the following mines: Hamburg, Princess, Clara, Black Rock, Rover, Melissa, etc. All of these mines (as also the Red Cloud) are in the " Silver District," and are one to five miles distant from the Red Cloud.
Melissa and Rover Mines. — Wulfenite (red), occasionally in simple octahedral crystals of small size.
Clip (about 5 m. N. of Red C\o\\(\),—Dumortierite! cyanite.
Castle Dome District (about 30 m. N. E. of Yuma.).— Wulfenite in gray, waxy, almost cubical crystals, green and purple fluorite and crystallized anglesite ! galena and cerussite, also auglesite of woody appearance!
Nevada.
The chief mining regions of Nevada affording silver and partly gold are either veins con- nected obviously with igneous eruptions, as the Comstock Lode, veins in granitic or meta- morphic rocks, and in the Austin mines; and deposits of supposed veins in limestone, either of the Cambrian or later age, as the Eureka and White Pine mines.
CHURCHILL Co. — Ragtown. — Gay-lussite, trona, halite. Cottonwood Canon. — Niccolite, annabergite, smaltite.
ELKO CO. — Tuscarora, veins in igneous rocks, stepJianite, cerargyrite, ruby-silver ores (proustite and pyrargyrite), argentite, stephanite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, chrysocolla.
ESMERALDA Co.— In metamorphic slates and schists, or in granite, which are intersected by igneous rocks, at Columbus, gold, cerargyrite, tetrahedrile, galena, pyrite, sphalerite, pyrolusite, turquois, sulphur, stetefeldtite. Also gold in Esmeralda and Wilson in quartz. Silver, galena, and chalcopyrite in Oneotu, in mica schist. Alum, 12 m. N. of Silver Creek. At Aurora, fluorite.
Near Mono Lake, native copper and cuprite, obsidian.
Columbus district, at Teel's Salt Marsh, Rhodes Marsh, Fish Lake Valley, etc., ulexite, thenardite, borax, common salt, sulphur; elsewhere, anuabergite, variscite. Walker Lake, gypsum, hematite.
Nevada— California. 1095
EUREKA CO. — Eureka, Ruby Hill, etc.— In Lower Cambrian limestone, gold, silver, cerussite, galena, anglesite, mimetite, wulfenite, lirnonite, aragonite. Cortez. — Cerargyrite, tetrahedrite, silver, etc.
HUMBOLDT Co. — Veins in mesozoic slates, at Paradise, silver, cerargyrite, tetrahedrite, pyrargyrite, proustite, stephanite, arseuopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrite. Winnemucca, between slate and granite, sulphides and antimonial sulphides of lead, with silver, jamesonite, stibnite, boumouite.
Near Lovelock's Station. — Erythrite, millerite, asbolite.
Humbolt House, sulphur. Rabbit Hole Springs, sulphur.
LANDER Co. — Austin, near Reese River, in the Toyabe Range, which has a granitic axis flunked by Paleozoic strata, and the veins in the granite of Lander Hill (yielding $1,000,000 of silver annually), situated near the western edge of the Paleozoic area of the eastern half of the Great Basin. Tetrahedrite, pyrargyrite, proustite, cernrgyrite, stephanite, polybasite, rhodochrosite, embolite, chalcopyrite. pyrite, galena, azurite, whiiueyite.
Also mines at Lewis of ruby silver, etc., in quartzyte. And at Battle Mountain, of galena in Paleozoic slate.
LINCOLN Co.— Bristol. — Galena, cerussite, etc. Eldorado, cerargyrite, stromeyerite. Jack- Rabbit, argentif. galena, cerussite, cuprite, malachite. Ely, gold, cerargyrite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite. Rio Virgin, lalite in large deposits.
NYE Co. — Belmont (vein in Silurian slate). — Argent, galena, stephanite, pyrite, chalcopyrite,, anglesite, stetefeldtite.
Morey. — Ruby silver and other arsenical and antimonial ores, etc.
Tybo. — Galena, cerargyrite, etc.
"Union. — Cerargyrite, galena, sphalerite, etc.
Downieville.— Anglesite, cerussite, wulfenite, sphalerite, pyrite.
STOREY and LYON Cos. — Mines of the Comstock Lode, gold, native silver, argentite, stephanite, polybasite, ruby silver ores, tetrahedrite, cerussite, wulfenite, kustelite, etc.
UNION Co.— Echo Distr.— Boulangerite.
WASHOE CO.— Steamboat Springs. — Sulphur, metastibuite, orpiment cinnabar.
WHITE PINE Co. — White Pine. — In Devonian limestone, cerargyrite. At Ward, same limestone, sulphantiuionides, probably stromeyerite, pyrite, etc. Cherry Creek. — Copper car- bonate, sulphides, etc.
California.
The principal gold regions are in Amador, Butte, Calaveras, El Dorado, Fresno, Inyo, Mariposa, Mono, Nevada, Placer, Plumas, San Bernardino, San Diego, Shasta, Siskiyou, Sierra, Trinity, and Tuolumne counties.
Silver is mined chiefly in Inyo, Mono, San Bernardino, and Shasta counties. Copper mines are principally in Calaveras, Del Norte, Inyo, Nevada, and Plumas counties.
The principal mercury mines are the Altoona, in Trinity Co., the New Almadeu in Santa Clara Co., the New Idria, in San Beuito Co., the Bradford, Great Western, and Sulphur Bank, in Lake Co., the Manhattan, and Napa Consolidated, in Napa Co.. and the Great Eastern, in Sonoma Co. Of these the Napa and Lake Co. mines are now producing one half the total yield of the State.
ALAMEDA Co. — Hydromagnesite, chromite, and pyrolusite, all abundant, alsc lialotrichite.
ALPINE Co. — Morning Star mine, enargite, stephanite, polybasite, barite, quartz, pyrite, tetrahedrite, pyrargyrite.
AMADOR Co.— Volcano. — Chalcedony, hyalite, common garnet, diamond. lone Valley. — chalcopyrite, ionite, lignite. Fiddletown. — Diamond. Gold at several mines with chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena.
BUTTE CO.. — Cherokee Flat. — Diamond, platinum, iridosmine, diromite, zircon. Forbes- town. — Prochlorite.
CALAVERAS Co. — Copperopolis and Campo Seco. — Chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite, serpen- tine, picrolite, native copper. Near Murphy's, jasper, albite, with gold and pyrite. Melonea Mine.— Caltiverite, petzite. Stanislaus Mine. — Calaverite, petzite, melouite, altaite; also opal, chalcopyrite, galena, gold, etc. Bald Point. — Epidote and almandite.
1096 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
COLUSA Co. — Sulphur Creek. — Electrum, sulpJiur (ciyst.), cinnabar, aragonile (all mined).
DEL NORTH Co. — Crescent City. — Agate, carnelian. Low Divide. — Chalcopyrite bornite, malachite; on the coast, in auriferous sand, iridosmiue, platinum, gold, zircon, micro- scopic rubies, diamonds?
EL DORADO Co. — Pilot Hill. — Chalcopyrite. Near Georgetown. — Hessite, from placer diggings. Roger's Claim, Hope Valley.— Orossu lar garnet, in copper ore. Coloma. — Chromite. Placerville. — Gold, brookite, octahedrite implanted on quartz crystals. Granite Creek. — Roscoe- lite, gold. Forest Hill. — Diamonds. Cosumnes mine, molybdenite, pyrophyllite.
FRESNO Co.— Chpwchillas, andalusile. King's Creek Distr.— Bornite, columbite. North Fork Distr. — Sphalerite, bismuthinite. Raymond. — Molybdenite. Also tourmaline and satin
HUMBOLDT Co.— Gold Bluff. —Spinel ruby. Yager.— Vivianite. At Red Cap Mines.— Chalcocite Elk River. — Pyrrhotite. '
INYO CO. — Inyo Distr.— Galena, cerussite, anglesite, barite, calcite, grossular garnet! vesuvianite, datolite. Panamint. — Tetrahedrite, stromeyerite. Kearsarge Mine. — Cerussite, tetrahedrite, cerargyrite. argentite. Cerro Gordo Mines. — Wulfeuite, cerussite anglesite, polybasite, linarite! caledonite, calamine, bindheimite, mimetite, smithsonite, willemite, etc. Deep Spring Valley. — Bismuthite. Saline Valley. — Tincal, ulexite, halite, tourmaline. Death Valley. — Colemanite! abundant, borax, ulexite, all mined.
KERN Co.— Hot Springs Distr.— Antimony (native), stibnite, jarosite, almandite, lepidolite, chrysopi'ase. Green Monster Mine. — Cuproscheelite.
LAKE Co. — Borax, cinnabar, sulphur cryst., all mined; also semi-opal, hyalite, mercury (native), chromite, copiapite, posepnyte (Gt. Western mine), wollustonite, glaucophane, zoisite, etc.
Borax Lake. — Borax! Kassotite.glauberite. Pioneer mine, cinnabar, native mercury, sulphur, hyalite, cinnabar. Lower Lake, chromite.
LASSEN Co. — Selenite in large slabs, andradite, tourmaline, smaltite, bernardinite.
LOS ANGELES Co. — San Gabriel Canon. — Asphaltum nodules with vivianite. At the " O. K. mine," silver (native), with argentite, smaltite, erythrite. On Santa Catalina Island, sphalerite. Near Santa Ana River, anhydrite. Williams Pass, chalcedony. Soledad Mines. — Chalcopyrite, garnet, gypsum. Mountain Meadows. — Garnet, in copper ores. Compton. — Kelsey mine, erythrite. Mt. Hoffman, almandite, epidote.
MARIPOSA CO. — Chalcopyrite, itacolumyte. Centreville.— Cinnabar. Pine Tree mine, tetrahedrite. Burns Creek.— Limouite. Geyer Gulch.— Pyrophyllite. La Victoria Mine.— Azurite! Near Coulterville, cinnabar, gold.
MONO Co. — Blind Spring. — Pavtzite (stibiconite), chalcocite, Chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite. Bodie. — Gold, silver. Oasis. — Bismuthinite, bisumtite. Mono Lake, thinolite.
MONTEREY Co. — Alisal Mine. — Arsenic. Near Panche, chalcedony, chromite. Near Pacheco's Pass, stibnite.
NAPACo. — Chromite. At Cat Hill, Redington mine, cinnabar, metacinnabarite, marcaeite, chromite, knoxvillite, redingtonite, napalite, magnesite, epsomite. Botryoidal pyrite at Man- hattan mine. Phrenix mine, millerite.
NEVADA Co.— Grass Valley.— Gold! in quartz veins, with pyrite, Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, galena, quartz, biotite. Near Truckee Pass, gypsum. Excelsior Mine. — Molybdenite, with gold. Sweet Land. — Pyrolusite.
ORANGE Co.— Arch Beach.— Fuchsite. San Joaquin Ranch.— A mercury mineral not yet positively determined. At same locality and Santa Ana, gypsum.
PLACER Co.— Near Dutch Flat in Green Valley, American River, chromite, uvarovite, kotschubeite, serpentine. Miner's ravine, epidote ! with quartz, gold.
PLUMAS Co.— At Cherokee, Chalcopyrite. Taylorville. — Chrysocolla and erubescite, at Eugels' mine. Rich Bar. — Tremolite. ,
SAN BENITO Co.— New Idria. — Cinnabar (mined); at the Gypay, Alta, and Ambrose mines, stibnite (mined), often in fine crystals.
SAN BERNARDINO CO.— Colorodo River.— Agate, trona. Clarke and Silver Mountain.— Stromeyerite, malachite. Russ District — Galena, cerussite. Francis mine, cerargyrite. San Bernardino Mts. — Graphite. At Calico, colemanite ! with pandermite (or priceite), celestite,
Ualifornia— Oregon. 1097
beraardinite, laumontite, cummiugtonite, calamine, halite, Iceland spar, loadstone (Lake and Owen's mine). Stromeyente at the Silver King mine.
Colton. — Aragdnite.
Borax Lake. — Borax, thenardite, halite, hanksile, sulphohalite, glauberite, trona. Oro Grande. — Cookeite, leipidolite. Also realgar, 40 miles from the Needles:
The Temescal tin mines are situated in the northern end of the San Jacinto estate, see p.
SANTA CLARA Co. — New Almaden. — Cinnabar, mercury, calcite, aragonite, serpentine, chrysolite, quartz, apophyllite, gyrolite, metacinnabarite, aragotite. North Almaden. — Chromite. Ml. Diabolo Range. — Magnesite. Near Qilroy, stibnite.
SAN DIEGO Co. — Lepidolite, rubellite, graphite, chalcocite, pyrophyllite.
SAN Luis OBISPO CO. — Asphaltum, cinnabar, native mercury, chromite, pyrophyllitt onyx marble !
SAN MATEO CO. — Fescadeio — Carnelian, agate.
SANTA BARBARA CO. — On the islands of this county, sphserostilbite and gypsum crystals. pectolile; orthite. San Amedio Canon.— Stibuite. asphaltum, bitumen, maltha, petroleum, cinnabar. Santa Clara River.— Sulphur. Santa Barbara. — Allanite. Point Sal, gypsum.
Redwood City. — Sphalerite.
SHASTA Co. — Cow Creek. — Sphalerite. Tom Neal Mtn. — Molybdenite, green foliated talc. Shotgun Creek.— Uvarovite. Copper City. — Chalcanthite, native zinc (?).
SIERRA Co.— Goodyear' s Bar.— Asbestus. Brandy City. — Emery. Forest City.— Gold,
arsenopyrite, tellurides.
SISKIYOU Co.— Ottrelite, barite, aragonite. SOLANO Co.— Aragonite ! (fine).
SONOMA Co. — Guerneville. — Actinolite, garnets, chrom/ie, serpentine, cinnabar, bitumen, sUicified wood.
TEHAMA Co. — Pectolite, chromite, wollastonite.
TRINITY Co. — Altoona Mine. — Cinnabar ; platinum in nuggets found in hydraulic mines on the old channel of the Trinity River. Cinnabar. — Cinnabar, serpentine, realgar.
TULARE Co. — Minium, chrysoprase, sphalerite, graphite, epidote, almandite, grossularite, molybdenite, tourmaline, malacolite, topazolite, andradite, etc.
TUOLUMNE Co. — Tourmaline, treinolite. Sonora. — Graphite, gold, chalcopyrite, pyrite. York Tent. — Chromite. Golden Rule Mine. — Petzite, calaverite, altaite, hessite, magnesite, tetrahedrite, gold. Whiskey Hill.— Gold! Jamestown.— Mariposite.
Oregon.
Gold is obtained west of the Cascade Range, in the southernmost counties, Josephine, Jackson, and Curry, in Coos and Douglas, the next north, and east of the range, in south- eastern Oregon, in Gnuit and Baker counties, and to the north sparingly in Wasco, Umatilla, and Union counties The most productive mines are in Baker Co.
Baker Co. — In northern part, about Baker City, Rye Valley, Bridgeport on Burnt River, Willow Creek, Silver Creek, gold; Rye Valley and Silver Creek, affording also stromeyerite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, malachite, azurite.
Curry Co. -Near Port Orford and Cape Blanco, and on the Rogue River, gold, platinum, iridosmine. laurite. On the seashore, 5 in N. of Chetko, priceite, in veins and in masses from 20 Ibs. weight to the size of peas and smaller, with bluish steatite.
Douglas Co —New Idrian.— Cinnabar, limonite. Riddle.— Hydrous nickel silicate, near genthite (garnierite), p. 677.
Grant Co.— Granite, in north part of county, tetrahedrite, polybasite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite. At Elk Creek, auriferous gravel Near Canyon City (on John Day's R.), cinnabar.
Jackson Co. — At Applegate and elsewhere, auriferous gravel.
Josenhine Co.— At Yank, galena, chalcopyrite. Also in Jackson and Josephine counties, native nickel-iron in placers.
Ios-8 Catalogue Of Ameukjax Localities Of Minerals.
Washington.
King Co. — Seattle. — Scbeelite, realgar, tourmaline. Magnetite at Iron Mt., 3 m. N. W. of f >oqualmie Pass, and also copper ores at the Denny Co. mine. Pierce Co. — Mt. Rauier, tridymite. Spokane Co., Rockford, muscovite.
Stevens Co. — Colville district, mines of lead and silver reported. Whatcom Co.— Fidalgo, — Tourmaline.
Whitman Co., near Whelan, 20 miles S. W. of Colfax, fire-opal. ifakima Co. — Auriferous gravel and quartz veins.
Alaska.
Douglas Island. — Auriferous pyrite.
Fort Wrangell. — At the mouth of the Stickeen River, garnet! in mica schist.
Glacier Bay. — Native silver, argentite, berlliierite (?), tetrahedrite, graphite.
Golovin Bay. — Argentiferous galena, pyrite, graphite.
Juneau. — Sphalerite.
Yukon R. — Gold placers; nephrite at the Jade Mts.
Gold quartz at various points.
Dominion Of Canada.
Province Of Quebec.
ARGENTEUIL Co.— Argenteuil.— Pyroxene, titanite, tourmaline. Chatham.— Fetid calcite, garnet, orthoclase.
Grenville.— Wollastonite, titanite, muscovite, vesuvianite, calcite, pyroxene, serpentine, steatite (rennselaerite), chondrodite, grara (cinnamon-stone), zircon (hyacinth), graphite, scapolitet fetid calcite, tourmaline, graphite, orthoclase, phlogopite. Leeds.— Chalcocite.
ATHABASKA CO — St. Norbert. — Amethyst in greenstone. Tingwich. — Chalcocite. BAGOTCo. — Acton.;— Boruite, chalcocite, kaolin. Upton. — Chalcopyrite, malachite, calcite.
BEAUCE Co. — Aubert.— Gold, iridosmine, platinum.
Broughton — Serpentine, chrysotile, steatite, chlorite.
Marlow (also Risborough) — Scheelite! cryst., tungstite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalco- pyrite.
Riviere du Loup. — Platinum, iridosmine. gold, rutile.
St. Francis. — Gold, platinum, iridosmine, ilmenite, pyrite, magnetite, serpentine, chromite, soapstone, barite, actiuolite, arseuopyrite, agaluiatolite, garnet, pyrrhotite.
Lake St. Francis. — Andalusite (chiastolite) in mica schist.
St. Joseph. — Epidote in crystals in a concretionary epidotic rock.
Ste. Marie. — Wad. Tring. — Aragonite, wad.
BERTHIER Co. — Maisonneuve Township. — Samarskite, beryl, muscovite.
BROME Co.— Bolton.— Chromite, magnesite, serpentine, picrolite, steatite, bitter spar, wad, rutile actinolite. chalcopyrite, chlorite, chrysotile, kammererite, pyrrhotite
Brome.— Magnetite, chalcopyrite, titanite, ilmenite, chalcocite, galena, chloritoid, rutile. In elseolite-syenite, sodalite, cancrinite, orthoclase.
Sutton.— Magnetite, in fine crystals, hematite, rutile, dolomite, magnesite, chromiferous . bitter spar, steatite, bornite, pyrrhotite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, chloritoid.
CHAMBLEY Co — Boucherville.— Augite in trap. Chambly.— Analcite, chabazite, and calc'te in trachyte, ilmenite. Montarville. — Augite, chrysolite.
CHAMPLAIN Co.— Cap de la Madeleine.— Limonite (iron ocher) in large beds.
CHARLEVOIX Co.— Bay St. Paul.— Ilmenite, apatite, allanite, rutile.
CHICOIJTIMI CO. Jonquie're Township. — Beryl.
GASFE" CO.— Mt. Albert.— Shickshock Mts., chrysolite, chromite, amphibole, garnet, set pentine. Mt. Serpentine.— Gaspe Bay, serpentine.
HOCHELAGA CO —Montreal.— Calcite, angite, titanite in trap, chrysolite, natrolite, analcite, dawsoniie (near McGill College), sodalite, elseolite, acmite, cancrinite. At St. Helen's Is., strontianite.
Dominion Of Canada. 1099
iBERVILLE Co.— Mt. Johnson.— In dioryte, amphibole, titanite, oligoclase.
JOLTETTE Co. — Daillebout. — Blue spinel with seybertite.
KAMOURASKA Co.— Riv. Ouelle.— Chalcedony, jasper.
L'ASSOMPTION CO.— St. Roch.— On Achigan R., transp. apatite, augite.
LEVIS CO.— Chaudiere Falls, kaolin. Point LeVis, glauconite. St. Nicholas, agalmatolite.
MASKINONGE Co. — Hunterstown. — Scapolite, titanite, vesuvianite, garnet, brown tour- maline !
MEGANTIC Co. — Black Lake. — Scolecite, thomsonite. Coleraine. — Serpentine, chrysotile (asbestus) mined. Halifax. — Bornite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite. Inverness. — Bornite, chalcocite, pyrite, orthoclase.
Leeds — Dolomite, chalcopyrite, gold, chloritoid, chalcocite, bornite, pyrite, steatite, chromite, magnetite, molybdenite, orthoclase.
Thetford. — Serpentine, chrysotile! (asbestus) extensively mined.
MISSISQUOI Co. — St. Armand.— Micaceous iron ore with quartz, epidote.
MONTCALM Co. — Rawdon. — Garnet, ilmeuite, labradorite.
MONTMORENCY Co. — Chateau Richer. — Labradorite, hypersthene, andesine, ilmenite.
OTTAWA Co. —Buckingham. — Apatite, pJdogopite, titanite, asbestus, coccolite, graphite, crocidolite.
Clyde. — Albite, garnet.
Hull. — Apatite, amphibole; garnet, litanite, tourmaline, barite, fluorite, jasper (Chelsea), graphite, magnetite, oligoclase, wilsonite, pyroxene.
Lochaber. — Graphite.
Portland. — Apatite, wilsonite, pyroxene, coccolite, scapolite, mizzonite, cinnamon garnet.
Templeton. — Apatite ! rutile, titanite, scapolite, tourmaline (blk.), hematite (Haycock mine), wollastonite, pyroxene, zircon, vesuvianite! phlogopite ! garnet, chrysotile, amphibole, prehuite, wiltonite, chabazite, stilbite, uralite, ribrous calcite, crocidolite. Barite (michel-levyte) at Perkin's Mill.
Villeneuve. — Albite, muscovite, microcline, tourmaline, garnet, monazite, uraninite, spessartite.
Wakefield. — Apatite ! titanite, pyroxene, garnet, zircon, vesuvianite, scapolite, phlogopite, calcite. garnet ! spinel (blue), tourmaline (blk.), chrome garnet.
PONTIAO Co.— Aldfield.— Molybdenite! chondrodite, titanite, tremolite, vesuvianite.
ALLEYN Co. — Molybdenite, molybdite. Clarendon. — Tourmaline, pyrallolite. , Grand Calumet Island. — Apatite, phlogopite ! pyroxene ! sphalerite, titanite, vesuvianite! serpentine, tremolite, scapolite, brown and black tourmaline! pyrite, loganite. Calumet, sphaler- ite, retiualite, galena, pyrite.
Lichfield. — Calumet Falls, blue apatite, blue calcite, scapolite, loganite, serpentine, phlogopite, pyroxene, tourmaline!
RICHMOND Co.— Brompton.— Chalcocite. Cleveland.— Chalcocite, chlorite, bornite. Melbourne.— Chalcocite, chlorite, chrysotile, pyrite, massive epidote, bornite, kammererite.
ROUVILLE Co.— Beloeil. — In elseolite-syenite, acrnite (aegirite), caucriuite. Rougemont.— Augite in trap, chrysolite.
ST. MAURICE Co.— Point du Lac.— Limonite.
SHEFFORD Co.— Shefford.— Chalcocite, chlorite, titanite. Stukeley. — Serpentine, verd- antique! scliiller spar, chalcocite, chalcopyrite.
SHERBROOKE Co. — Ascot. — Chalcopyrite, chlorite. Capelton. — Chalcopyrite, pyrite, teuuantite. Lenox. — Arsenopyrite.
Orford.— White garnet, chrome garnet, millerite, serpentine, pyroxene, diallage, magnetite, caloite.
Sherbrooke.— At Suffield mine, albite! native silver, argentite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, jasper !
STANSTEAD Co.— Barford.— Pyrrhotite.
TERREBONNE CO. — Abercrombie.— Labradorite. M?lle I&lea.— Labradorite ! ilraenite, bypersthene, andesine, zircon. florin..— Titanite, apatite, labradorite, wollastonitf North River.— Zircon.
St. JdrSme. — Titanite, apatite, chondrodite, phlogopite, tourmaline, zircon, garnet, molyb- denite, pyrrhotite. wollastonite, labradorite.
1100 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
VAUDREDTL Co. — Vaudreuil. — Limonite, vivianite.
WOLFE Co. — Ham (or Southain). — Chromite in serpentine, diallage,> antimony. ' senarmontite! kermesite! valentinite, stibnite, chalcopyrite, chrysotile. Wolfstown. — Chromite.
YAMASKA Co. — Yamaska Mt. — Amphibole, titanite in trap.
Province Of Ontario.
ADDINGTON Co. — Clarendon. — Vesuvianite, tourmaline. Sheffield. — Stibnite in crystal lized dolomite.
BROCK VILLE Co.— Brockville.— Pyrite.
FRONTENAC Co. — Marble Lake, Barrie Township. — Meneghinite, galena.
Bedford and Loughborough. — Graphite.
Kingston. — Celestite in Trenton limestone. Palmeston. — Hematite.
GREY Co. — Sydenham. — Celestite, limonite.
HASTINGS Co. — Elzevir. — Pyrite. Madoc. — Magnetite, hematite, pyrite, rutile, uraconite. Marmora. — Arsenopyrite ! (argentiferous at Deloro), magnetite, serpentine, garnet, epsomite, hematite, lepidomelane, steatite. Tudor. — Arsenopyrite, native bismuth, bismuth inite, pyrite.
HURON Co.— Clinton.— Nat. sulphur.
IiAMBTON CO. — Enniskillen. — Petroleum, bitumen.
LANARK Co. — Bathurst. — Barite. black tourmaline, perthite (orthoclase), peristerite (albite), bytownite, pyroxene, wilsonite, scapolite, apatite, titanite, amphibole.
Dalhousie. — Dolomite, amphibole, trernolite.
Lanark. — Raphilite (amphibole), serpentine, asbestus, perthite (aventurine feldspar), peristerite.
Elmsley. — Pyroxene, titauite, feldspar, tourmaline, apatite, biotite, zircon, red spinel, chondrodite. orthoclase, garnet.
North and South Burgess. — Pyroxene, albite, mica, corundum, titanite, chalcopyrite, apatite, black spinel! spodumene (in a boulder), serpentine, biotite, barite, graphite, orthoclase, wilsonite, wollastouite, phlogopite, samarskite, zircon, tourmaline.
Perth. —Apatite in large beds, phlogopite.
LEEDS CO. — Bastard. — Wollastonite. Charleston Lake. — Tourmaline.
Elizabethtown. — Pyrrhotite, pyrite, calcite, magnetite, talc, phlogopite, siderite, apatite, cacoxenite. Leeds. — Hematite.
Lansdowne. — Celestite, vein 27 in. wide, and fine crystals, rensselaerite, sphalerite, wilson- ite, labradorite.
North and South Crosby. — Chondrodite, graphite. New borough. — Chondrodite, graphite.
NORFOLK Co.— Charlottes ville. — Nat. sulphur. Walsingaam. — Limouite. PEEL Co. — Caledon (forks of the Credit River). — Red celestite, dolomite.
PETERBOROUGH Co.— Balsam Lake.— Pyrite, pyrrhotite.
Burleigh. — Albite (peristerite). Dummer. — Barite. tourmaline.
Gal way.— Barite, calcite! scapolite. Snowdon.— Uraconite, magnetite.
PRESCOTT Co.— Little Rideau.— Celestite (fibrous).
RENFREWCo.— Algona.— Scapolite, tremolite ! Arnprior.— Calcite. Blythfield.— Pyroxene, tourmaline, pargasite, tremolite. Brudensville. — Zircon! Calabogie Lake. — Tremolite.
Eganville. — Titanite! apatite, zircon, etc., amphibole.
High Falls of the Madawaska. — Pyroxene ! amphibole. McNab.— Hematite, barite.
Ross Township. — Apatite, titanite, amphibole, pyroxene, orthoclase, scapolite. chrysotile, molybdenite, molybdite, spinel, tourmaline!
Sebastopol Township. —Apatite ! titanite! zircon! hornblende, orthoclase, microcline, scapolite, pyroxene, calcite (salmon-red).
SlMSCOE CO. — Nattawasga. — Limonite.
VICTORIA CO. — Balsam Lake.— Molybdenite, scapolite, quartz, pyroxene, pyrite.
DISTRICT OF ALGOMA — Bruce Mines on Lake Huron. — Calcite, dolomite, quartz, chalco- pyrite. chalcocite
Jackfish Lake, Huronian Mine. — Sylvauite.
Sudbury. — Niccoliferous pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. polydymite, sperrylite, cassiterite.
Dominion Of Canada.
DISTRICT OF NIFISSING.— Iron Islands (Nipissiug Lake).— Red barite, fluorite. McKim and adjoining towns. -Chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, smaltite.
LAKE HURON, Owen Sound, on the Grand Manitoulin Islands, etc. — Celestite.
LAKE SUPERIOR, North Shore (east of Thunder Bay distr.). — Battle Island, native copper. Jarvis Island. — Silver, argentite, barite, celestite, calcite. McKellar's Island. — Silver, sphalerite, galena, pyrite, argentite, barite, calcite.
Michipicoten Island. — Domeykite, niccolite. genthite, chalcopyrite, native copper, native silver, chalcocite, galena, amethyst, calcite, stilbite, analcite. At Maimanse Bay, coracite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite, native copper, agate, argeutite, calcite, genthite.
Neepigon Bay. — Fluor Island, fluorite. St. Ignace Island, calcite, native copper, prelmite.
Pie Island.— Elaeolite, zircon. On mainland opposite Pie Island, fluorite, barite.
Point-aux-Mines. — Native copper, coracite, mesolite, epidote, galena. Prince's Mine. — Erythrite, fluorite. calcite, galena.
Silver Islet.— Argeutite, native silver, galena, niccolite, chalcocite, malachite, silver arsenide, pyrite, calcite. Edwards Is. — Native arsenic.
Spar Island — Apophyllite, argeutite, silver, chalcocite, sphalerite, calcite. Terrace Cove. — Molybdenite.
THUNDER BAY DISTRICT AND WESTWARD.— Amethyst Harbour.— Amethyst f Dog Lake. — Native lead. Duncan Mine. — Dog-tooth spar, argentite. Mclntyre. — Siderite. McKellar's Point.— Pectolite. Mouth of McKenzie River. — Amethyst, fluorite. Neebing. — Chalcopyrite, galena, marcaske. Neebing Lake, barite. O'Connor. — Beaver mine, asbestus. Thunder Cape. — Galena.
RABBIT MTS. — Twin Cities mine, witherite. 22 m. S. ,W. Port Arthur, harmotome.
PROVINCE OF NOVA Sco
[lue, heliotrope. \trolite, stilbite.
ANNAPOLIS CO.— Chute's Cove.— Apophyllite, nati
Gate's Mountain. — Aualcite, magnetite, mesolite!
Granville — Carnelian .
Margaretville. — Apophyllite, gyrolite, stilbih, eplsjilbite, laumoutite.
Martial's Cove. — Analcite! chabazite, fieulanditel Moose River. — Beds of magnetite.
Nictau River. — At the Falls, bed of hemtitC/Paradise River, black tourmaline, smoky quartz !
Peter's Point, west side of Stonock's/Bool (abundant), native copper, stilbite.
Port George. — Faroelite, laumontitc apophyllite containing gyrolite.
St. Croix's Cove. — Chabazite, he
ANTAGONISH Co.— Colleg' gypsum, in thick strata. French gieseckite.
CAPE BRETON Co.— At G River, manganese ore.
Plaister Cove, Mabou, Port Little Glace Bay. — Caunel New Annan. — Covellite.
Apophyllite! calcite, heulandite, laumontitef nesolite, stilbite. East of Port George, on coast,
fJhalcopyrite. gieseckite.
On St. George's Bay, and elsewhere, South Lake, chrysolite. Arisaig Pier,
molybdenite, bismuthinite. At Loch Lomond, Salmon
[ood. etc. — Gypsum. Near Sidney, copper ores, il, melanterite.
COLCHESTER CO. — Five Islands, East River. — Barite, calcite, dolomite (ankerite), gmelin- ite, hematite, chalcopyrite.
Indian Point. — Malachite, magnetite, red copper, tetrahedrite.
Pinnacle Islands. — Analcite, calcile, chabazite! natrolite, siliceous sinter.
Londonderry, on branch of Great Village River.— Barite! ankerite, hematite, limonite magnetite, aragonite, sid( roplesite, wad.
Cook's Brook. — Ankerite, hematit* Martin's Brook. — Hematite, limonite
Folly River. — Below Falls, aukerite, pyrite. On high hind, east of river, ankerite, hematite, limonite.
Archibald's Land.— Ankerite, barite, hematite.
Salmon River, south branch of. — Chalcopyrite, hematite.
Shubenacadie River.— Anhydrite, calcite, barite, hematite, oxide of manganese. At the Canal, pyrite.
Stewiacke River. — Barite (in limestone; 300 tons mined in 1885). Near Clifton, g5thite.. pyrolusite, calcite, barite.
Orislow. — Manganese ore
1102 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
CUMBERLAND Co. — Cape Chiegnecto, barite.
Cape d'Or. — Analcite, apophyllite ! chabazite, faroeite, laumontite, mesolite, malachite, natrolite, native copper, obsidian, red copper (rare), viviauite (rare).
Horseshoe Cove, east side of Cape d'Or. — Analcite, calcite, stilbite.
Isle Haute, south side. — Analcite, apophyllite! calcite, heulandite! natrolite, mesolite, stilbite !
Joggins.— Coal, hematite, limonite. Malachite and tetrahedrite at Seaman's Brook.
Partridge Island. — Analcite, apophyllite! (rare), amethyst! agate, apatite (rare), calcite! chabazite (acadialite), chalcedony, cat's-eye (rare), gypsum, hematite, heulandite! magnetite, stilbite !
Swan's Creek. — West side, near the Point, calcite, gypsum, heulandite, pyrite. East side, at Wasson's Bluff and vicinity, analcite! apophyllite! (rare), calcite, chabazite! (acadialite), gypsum, heulandite! natrolite! siliceous sinter.
Two Islands. — Graelinite, heliotrope, moss agate, aualcite, calcile, chabazite, heulandite.
McKay's Head. — Analcite, calcite, heulaudite. siliceous sinter !
Amherst. — Manganese ore.
Spring Hill coal rield, Scotia mines. Alunogen.
DlGBY Co. — Briar Island. — Nnlive copper, in trap, jasper.
Digby Neck, Sandy Cove, and vicinity. — Agate, amethyst, calcite, chabazite, hematite! laumontite (abundant), magnetite, martite, stilbite, quartz crystals. Gulliver's Hole. — Magnetite, stilbite! Mink Cove. — Amethyst, chabazite! quartz crystals. Nichols Mountain, south side. — Amethyst, magn'etite !
Williams Brook, near source. — Chabazite (green), heulandite, stilbite, quartz crystal. Trout Cove. — Carnelian, chalcedony.
GUYSBORO Co.— Cape Canseau, andalusite. Sherbrooke. — Octahedrite.
HALIFAX CO.— Gay's River, galena in limestone. Southwest of Halifax, garnet, staurolite, tourmaline.
Tangier.— Go Id! in quartz veins in clay state, associated with auriferous pyrite, galena, hematite, arsenopyrite, and magnetite. Gold at Country Harbour, Fort Clarence, Isaac's Harbour, Indian Harbour. Laidlow's Farm, Lawrencetowu, Sherbrooke, Salmon River, Wine Cove, and other places. At Hammond's Plains and Musquodoboit, molybdenite, pyrolusite.
HANTS Co.— Cheverie.— Oxide of manganese (in limestone), gypsum. Petite River, gypsum, oxide of manganese.
Walton. — Pyrolusite, manganite.
Teny Cape. — Manganese ores, dog-tooth spar.
Windsor.— Calcite, gypsum (great bed), with cryptomorphite (baronatrocalcite), howlite, mirabilite selenite, aragonite, epsomite, ulexite. At Rawdon, manganite, stibnite, of which 758 tons were exported in 1885, turgite, hematite.
Brookville.— Howlite, ulexite, cacholong ! caruelian.
Newport Station. — Howlite, ulexite. Noel, howlite.
Douglas.— Psilomelane, pyrolusite. Seven Mile Plain, pyrite.
KINGS Co.— Black Rock.— Centrallassite, ceriuite, dog-tooth spar, cyanolite. A few miles east of Black Rock, prehnite? stilbite!
occur amethyst heulandite ! lane, stilbite ! thomsonite, faroelite, quartz.
North Mountains.— Amethyst, bloodstone (rare), ferruginous quartz, mesolite (in soil), thomsonite !
Long Point, five miles west of Black Rock. — Heulandite, laumontite, stilbite !
Morden. — Stilbite, apophyllite, mordenite.
Scott's Bay.— Agate, amethyst, chalcedony, rutile, mesolite, natrolite.
Woodworth's Cove, a few miles west of Scott's Bay . —Agate ! chalcedony ! jasper, rutile. Kentville, pyrolusite. Hall's Harbour, stilbite, spha?rostilbite.
LUNENBERG Co.— Chester.— Gold River, gold in quartz, pyrite, arsenopyrite. Cape la Have.— Pyrite. The "Ovens." gold, pyrite, arsenopyrite. Petite River, gold in slate.
PIOTOU CO.— Pictou.— Jet, oxide of manganese, limonite. At Roder's Hill, six miles west of Pictou, barite. On Caribou River, gray copper and malachite in lignite.
Albion Mines.— Coal, limouite. East River, limonite, hematite, magnetite, siderite, ankerite. On Sutherland's R., siderite.
Smithfield. — Argentiferous galena
Dominion Of Canada. 1103
QUEEN'S Co.— Westfield.— Gold in quartz, pyrite, arsenopyrite.
Five Rivers. — Near Big Fall, gold in quartz, pyrite, arsenopyrite, limonite.
RICHMOND CO.— West of Plaister Cove, barite and calcite in sandstone. Nearer the Cove, calcite, flaorite blue), siderite, gypsum in beds of great thickness (giving the name to Plaister Cove).
SHELBURNE CO. — Shelburne. — Near mouth of harbor, garnets (in gneiss). Near the town, rose quartz.
Jordan and Sable River. — Staurolite (abundant), schiller spar.
SYDNEY CO. — Hills east of Lochaber Lake.— Pyrite, chalcopyrite, siderite, hematite. Morristown. — Epidote in trap, gypsum (making a cliff of 200 feet, near Ogden's Lake).
YARMOUTH Co.— Cream Pot, above Cranberry Hill.— Gold in quartz, pyrite. Cat Rock, Fouchu Point, asbestus, calcite.
PROVINCE or NEW BRUNSWICK.
ALBERT Co.— Hopewell on Shepody Bay. — Gypsum, manganese ores. Albert Mines. — Near Hillsboro', albertite (largely exported).
Shepody Mountain. — Alunite in clay, calcite, pyrite, manganite, psilomelane, pyrolutite, gypsum (quarried), anhydrite (with the gypsum).
CARLETON CO. — Woodstock.— Chalcopyrite, hematite, limonite, wad.
CHARLOTTE Co. — Campobello, at Welchpool. — Sphalerite, chalcopyrite, bornite, galena, pyrite
At head of Harbour de Lute. — Galena.
Deer Island, on west side. — Calcite, magnetite, quartz crystals.
Digdighash River. — Ou west side of entrance, calcite ! (in conglomerate), chalcedony. At Rolling Dam, graphite.
Grand Manan. — Between Northern Head aud Dark Harbour, agate, amethyst, apophyllite, calcite, hematite, heulandite, jasper, magnetite, natrolite, stilbite.
Moore's Mills. — Andalusite (chiastolite), staurolite.
Whale Cove. — Calcite! heulaudite, laumontite, stilbite, semi-opal!
Wagaguadavic River, at entrance. — Azurite, chalcopyrite, in veins, malachite.
GLOUCESTER Co.— Tete-a-Gouche River, eight miles from Bathurst.— Chalcopyrite (mined), oxide of manganese ! formerly mined.
KINGS Co.— Sussex. — Near Gloat's mills, on road to Belle Isle, argentiferous galena. One mile north of Baxter's Inn, specular iron in crystals, limonite. On Capt. McCready's farm, selenite !
Upham.— Manganese ores, gypsum.
RESTIGOUCHE Co. — Belledune Point. — Calcite! serpentine, verd-antique. Dalhousie, agate, caruelian.
ST. JOHN Co. — Black River. — On coast, calcite, chlorite, chalcopyrite, hematite! Brandy Brook. — Epidote, hornblende, quartz crystals. Carleton. — Near Falls, calcite.
Chance Harbour. — Calcite in quartz veins, chlorite in argillaceous and talcose slate. Little Dipper Harbour. — On west side, in greenstone, amethyst, barite, quartz crystals. Moosepath. — Feldspar, amphibole, muscovite, black tourmaline. Musquash. — On east side harbor, copperas, graphite, pyrite. Shannon's — Chrysolite', serpentine. East side of Musquash, quartz crystals ! Portland. — At the Falls, graphite. Fort Howe Hill. — Calcite, graphite.
Crow's Nest. — Asbestus, chrysolite, magnetite, serpentine, steatite. Lily Lake. — White augite? chrysolite, graphite, serpentine, steatite talc. How's Road. — Two miles out, epidote (in syenite), steatite in limestone, tremolite. Drury's Cove.— Graphite, pyrite, pyrallolite? indurated talc.
Quaco, at Lighthouse Point. — Large bed of oxide of mangnnese. Sheldon's Point, actin- olite, asbestus, calcite, epidote, malachite, hematite.
Cape Spenser. — Asbestus, calcite, chlorite, hematite (in crystals)
1104 Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals.
Westbeach. — At east end on Evans's farm, chlorite, talc, quartz crystals. Half a milewest chlorite, chalcopyrite, magnesite (vein), magnetite.
Point Wolf and Salmon River. — Asbestus, chlorite, chrysocolla, chalcopyrite, bornite, pyrite.
VICTORIA Co. — Tabique River. — Agate, carnelian, jasper. At mouth, south side, galena.
At mouth of Wapskanegan. — Gypsum, salt spring.
Petticodiac. — Selenite, gypsum. Three miles above, stalactites (abundant).
Quisabis River.— Blue phosphate of iron, in clay.
WESTMORELAND Co. — Bellevue. — Pyrite. Dorchester, on Taylor's Farm, cannel coal, clay ironstone. On Ayer's Farm, aspbaltum, petroleum spring.
Grandlance.— Apatite, selenite (in large crystals). Memramcook, coal (albertite).
YORK Co.— Near Fredericton, Prince William parish, Brunswick mine, stibnite (mined), native antimony, jamesonite, berthierite, kermesite, valentinite.
Pokiock River.— Stibnite, tin pyrites? in granite (rare).
Province Of British Columbia.
Barclay Sound, Vancouver Is. — Ilvaite.
Cariboo District. — Native gold, galena.
Cherry Creek, 33 in. E. of Head of Okanagon Lake.— Argentif. tetrahedrite, galena, sphalerite.
Frazer River.— Near Lytton, boulders of nephrite. Foster Bar, 22 m. above Lyttpn, stibnite, massive garnet, tetrahedrite, ankerite. Seven m. up Wilson Creek, native arsenic. 10 m. below Lillicoot, platinum.
Ominica District. — Vital and Silver Creeks, native gold, argentiferous galena, native silver, arquerite.
Howe's Sound. — Bornite, molybdenite, mica.
Texada Id. — Magnetite. Malaspina copper mine, andradite, chalcopyrite, tremolite, dolomite.
Shuswap Lake. — Bismuthinite.
Hi-hum Lake, south of Loon L. — Hyalite.
Kootanie Lake. — At the International Claim and Hendrix Camp, galena (argent.), tetrahedrite.
Jarvis Inlet, Salmon Arm. — Bornite.
Ice R. (branch of the Beaver Foot, Rocky Mts.). — Sodalite.
Hector (or Kicking Horse) Pass, Rocky Mts. — At the Ebeuezer mine, cinnabar.
Illecillewaet R., Selkirk Range.— Tetrahedrite (argentif.), galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite.
Kamloops Lake, Tranquille R.— Gold, platinum, in gravel.
Nicholas Valley.— At the Stump mines, tetrahedrite.
North Thomson R. — Cynnite, tetrahedrite.
Otter Tail Creek. — Cookeite (?) with galena.
Peace R.— At Fort St. John, on cliffs of ;-hale, mirabilite, epsomite.
Similkameen R. — In gravel, gold, platinum.
Skeena R. — Garnet! in mica schist.
Tulameen R., Granite Creek. — In gravel, gold, platinum.
North-West Territory.
Keewatin.— Mouth of Churchill river, lazulitc. ' Smoky R. — Native sulphur, sal-ammoniac. N. Saskatchewan.— Chemawinite on the shores of Cedar Lake. Yukon R. — Gold in placers, nephrite.
Newfoundland.
Antony's Island. — Pyrite.
Catalina Harbour. — On the shore, pyrite !
Chalky Hill.— Feldspar.
Copper Island, one of the Wadham group.— Chalcopyrite.
Conception Bay. — On the shore south of Brigus, bornite and tetrahedrite.
Bay of Islands. — Southern shore, pyrite in slate.
Lawn. — Galena, cerargyrite, proustite, argentite.
Placentia Bay —At La Manche, two miles eastward of Little Southern Harbour, galena 1 On the opposite side of the isthmus from Placentia Bay, barite in a large vein, occasionally- accompanied by chalcopyrite.
Shoal Bay.— South of St. John's, chalcopyrite.
Tilt Cove. — jMccutite.
Trinity Bay. — Western extremity, barite.
Harbour Great St. Lawrence.— West side, galena.
Index To Species.
NOTE.— Names of numbered species and of a few important synonyms are printed in heavy* faced type.
Aannerodite, 741
Aarite, 71
Abichite, 795
Abraum salts, Abraumsalze,
Abrazite, 586 Abriachanite, 400 Acadialite, 589 Acanthite, 58 Acerdese, 248 Acerilla, 50 Achates, 189 Achirite. 463 Achmatite, 516 Achmit, 364 Achrematite, 992 Achroite, 551 Achtaragdite, 435 Achtarandit, Achtaryndit,435 Acicular bismuth, 129 Aciculite, 129 Acmite, 364 Acqua, 205
Actinolite, Actinote, 385, 389 Actynolite, 385 Adamantine spar, 210 Adamas, 8 Adamine, 786 Adamite, 786 Adamsite, 614 Adelite, 1052 Adelpholite, 731; 486 Adinole, 328 Adipite, 589 Adipocerite, 997 Adipocire, 997 Adular, Adularia, 315, 318 Edelforsite, 373, 587 Edeliie, 530 Effirine, 364 JK'nrite, 364, 1046 JEnigmatite, 403 yErinite, 1025 Erosite, 131 jErugite, 870 ./Es Cyprium, 20 JEschynite. 742 -iEthiops mineral, 68 Afrodite, 675 Aftalosa, Aftalosia, 897
Aftonite, v. Aphtonite, 137 Agalite, 678 Agalmatolite, 622, 691 Agaphite, 844 Agaric mineral, 268 Agata, Span., v. A.gate, 189 Agate, 189 Agate-jasper, 189 Aglaite, 368 Agnesite, 307 Agricolite, 448 Agstein, 1002 Agua, 205 Aguilarite, 1025 Agustite, 762 Aigue-marine, 405 Aikinite, 129 Aimafibrite, 836 Aimant, 22 Aimatolite, 802 Ainalite, 235 Aiuigmatit, 403 Aithalite, 258 Ajkite, 1008 Akanthit, 58 Akanticone, 516 Akermauite, 476 Akmit, 364 Akontit. 101 Alabaridin, 64 Alabandite, 64 Alabaster, 933; 268 Alabastron, 937 Alalite, 352 Alaskaite, 114 Alatin, 951 Alaunspath, 974 Alaunstein, 974, 976 Albatre, 933 Albertite, 1020 Albin, 566 Albite, 327, 1025 Alcaparossa amarilla, 973
verde, 941 Alexandrite, 229 Algerite, 473 Algodonite, 45 Alipite, 678 Alisonite, 51 Alite, 154
Alizite, v. Alipite, 678 Allactite, Allaktit, 800
Allagite, 380 Allanite, 522 Allemontite, 12 Allochroite, 437, 442 Alloclasite, 102 Allogonite, 760 Alloklas, 102 Allomorphite, 900 Allopalladium, 28 Allophane, 693 Allophite, 705 Alluaudite, 757 Allume, 951 Almagrerite, 912 Almandiue, Almandite, 437,
441; 221
Alofanita, Span., v. Allophane Alquifoux, 50 Alshedite, 712 Alstonite, 283 Altaite, 51 Alum, Native, 951
Ammonia, 952
Feather, 954
Iron, 954
Magnesia, 953
Manganese, 955
Potash, 951
Soda, 952 Alumbre, 951 Alumeu, 951 Alumian, 923
Alumina, 210; v. Aluminium Aluminates, 220 et seq. Aluminilite, 974 Aluminite, 970 Aluminium arsenates, 780,846
borate, 875
carbonates, 299, 300
chloride, 165
fluorides, 166, 168, 178, 179, 180, 181
hydrates, 246, 251, 254
mellate, 994
oxide, 210
phosphates, 781, 798, 799; 824, 825, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 847, 850, 855,
silicates, 436, 492, 496, 498, 500, 558. 560, 561, 685 (eta'
Index To Species.
Aluminium sulphates, 923 ; (w. HaO) 958, 970, 971; 951, 952, 953 Aluminium ore, 251 Alumocalcite, 196 Alumstoue, 974 Alun, 951 Alunite, 974 Alunogen, 958 Alurgite, 635 Alvite, 487 Amalgam, native, 23
Gold, 19 Silver, 23 Amarantite, 967 Ainatista. Sp., v. Amethyst Amazouite, 323 Amazonstoue, 323 Ambar, Sp., v. Amber Amber, 1002, 1004 Amberite, 1007 Amblygonite, 781 Amblystegite, 350 Ambrite, 1007 Ambrosiue, 1007 Amesite, 655 Amethyst, 187, 762
Oriental, 212 Amiaut, 386 Amiauthoide, 386 Amiauthoide magnesite, 252 Amianthus, 386, 669 Ammiolite, 865 Ammochrysos, 613 Ammonalauu, 952 Ammoualun, 952 Ammonia, v. Ammonium Ammonia alum, 952 Ammonium borate, 882
carbonate, 294
chloride, 157
oxalate, 994
phosphates, 806, 826, 832
sulphates, 894, 895; 930,
948, 952 Amoibite, 90 Amphibole, 385, 1026 AMPHIBOLE Group, 382-404 Amphibole anthophyllite,
386. 390
AmphiirOne, 342 Amphilogite, 614 Amphithalite, 824 Arnphodelite, 337 Anagenite, v. Chrome ocher,
Analcime, 595 Analcima caruea, 474 Analcite, 595 Analzim, 595 Anatase, 240 Anauxite, 689 Ancudite, 685 Andalusite, 496 Auderbergite, 487 Andesine, Andesite, 338 Andradite, 437, 442 Andrcnsberp-olite, 581 AndrroHto. 581 Andrev site. 854
Anfibola. 385 Anglarite. 115, 814 Anglesite, 907 Anglesite, Cupreous, 927 Anhydrite, 910 Auimikite, 43 Ankerite, 274 Annabergite, 818
Annerbdite, 741 Aunite, 634 Anuivite, 137 Anomalite, 1027 Anomite, 627, 629 Anorthite 337, 1027 Anorthoclase, Auorthose, 324 Auorthoit, 337 Authochroite, 357 Anthogrammite, 384 Antholite, 384, 391 Anthophyllite, 384 391
Hydrous, 385, 398 Authosiderite, 702 Anthracite, 1021 Anthraconite , 267 Anthracoxen, 1012 Anthracoxenite, 1012 Anthrax, 210, 220 Anthraxolite. 1024 Antiedrite, 599 Antigorite, 669 Antillite, 705 Antimoine natif, 12
oxide, 199
oxide sulfure, 107
sulfure, 36
sulfure nickelifere, 91
sulfure plombo-cuprif£re,
Antimon, Gediegen, 12 Antimouarseu, 12 Antimonarsenuickel, 71 Autimonate of lead, 862 ANTIMONATES, 861 el seq. Antimon bleiblende, 129 Antimon bleikupferblende,
Antimoubleispath, 862 Autimonblende, 107 Antimoublomma, 199 Antimonbluthe, 199 Antimoufablerz, 137 Antimonglanz, 36 Antimonial arsenic, 12
copper, 113
copper glance, 126
nickel, 72
ocher. 203
red silver, 131
silver, 42
ANTIMONIDES, 42 et seq. Antimonio rojo, rosso, 107 Antimonite. 36 Antimonite of mercury. 865 AXTIMONITES, 861 et seq. Antimonkupferglanz, 126, 128 Antimonnickel, 72 Antimonnickelglanz, 91 Aniimonocher. 203 Antimonophyllite, 200 Antimonoxyd, 199
Antimon sau res Bleioxyd, 862 Autimousilber, 42 Autimonsilberbleude, 131 Antimonsilberglauz, 143 Antimony, Arsenical, 12
Gray, 36; 122
Native, 12
Plumose ore of, 122
Red, 107
White. 199
Antimony oxides, 198, 199,
oxysulphide, 106
sulphide, 36
trisulphide, 36 Antimony blende, 107 Antimony bloom, 199 Antimony glance. 36 Antimon}' ocher, 203 Autlerite, 928 Antophyllit, 384 Antozonite, 163 Antrimolite, 605 Apatelite, 969 Apatite, 762, 1027 Aphauese, Aphauesite, 795 Apherese, 786 Aphrite, 267 Aphrizite, 551 Aphrodite. 675 Aphroselenou, 936 Aphrosiderite, 660 Aphthalose, 897 Aphthitalite, 897 Aphthonite, 137 Apjohnite, 955 Aplome. 437, 443 Apotilita, Sp., 1>. Apophyllite Apophyllite, 566 Apotome, 906 Apyiite, 551 Aquacreptile, 705 Aqunmariue, 405; 762 Arseoxene, 789 Aragonite, 281, 1027 Aragonspath, 281 Aragotite, 1013 Arcanite, 897. 898 Arcliifoglio, 50 Archise, 70 Arcilla, 685 Arcticite, 408 Arclolite, 705 Ardennite, 542 Arendalite, f)16 Arequipite, 865 Arfvedsonite, 401 Anient antimonial, 42
autimouie sulfure, 124, 13i'
bromure, 159
corne, 158
des chats, 613
fragile, 143
gris antimonial, 124
icdure, 160
molybdique, 40
muriate, 158
natif. 19
noir. 143
rouge antimoniale, 131
Index To Species.
Ardent rouge arsenicale, 134 seleniure, 53 sulfure, 46 sulfur6 autimonifere et cu-
prifere, 124 sulfure flexible, 58 sulfure fragile, 143 Argentine, 267 Argentite, 46 Argento native, 19
rosso, 131, 134 Argeutobismutite, 115 Argeutopyrite, 58 Argyrit, 46 Argyroceratite, 158 Argyrodite, 150 Argyropyrite, 58 Argyropyrrhotiu, 57 Argyrose, 46 Argyrythrose, 131 Aricite, 586
Arite, 71
Arkausite, 243 Arksutite, 168 Arktolit, 705 Armenian whetstone, 211 Aruimite, 963 Aroinite, 954 Arquerite, 23 Arragonite, 281 An-henite, 745 Arsen, 11 Arseuautimon, 12 Arsenantimonnickelglanz, 91 Arsenargeutite, 43 ARSENATES, 747 et seq. Arsenblende, 35 Arseneisen, 96 Arseneisensinter, 867 Arsenglanz, 12 Arsenic, 11 Antiuionial, 12 Native, 11 White, 198 Arsenic blanc, 198 jauue, 35
oxide, oxyde, 198, 199 rouge, 33 sulfure, 33, 35 sulphides, 33, 35 Arsenic bloom, 198 Arsenical antimony, 13 bismuth, 12 cobalt, 87, 100 copper, 44 nickel, 71 red silver, 134 silver, 43 Arsenicite, 827 Arseuico, 11 ARSENIDES, 42 et seq Arsenige Saure, 198 Arsenikalkies, 97 Arsenikantimou, 12 Arsenikbleispath, v. Mimet-
ite, 771
Arseuikblomma, 198 Arsenikblilthe, 198, 827 Arsenikeisen, 96 Arsenikfahlerz, 137
Arsenikglauz, 12 Arsenikkalk, 198 Arseuikkies, 96, 97 Arsenikkobalt, 100 Arseuikkobalteiseu, 100 Arsenikkobaltkies, 93 Arseuikkupfer, 44 Arseuikuiaugan, 108 Arsenikuickel, 71, 88, 101 Arseuiksilber, 43 Arseuiksilberbleude, 134 Arseniksiuter, 821 Arsenikspiessglanz, 12 Arsenikwismuth, 12 Arseniopleite, 803 Arseniosiderite, 800 Arsenious oxide, 198 Arseuite, 198 ARSENITES, 861 et seq. Arseniiickelglanz, 90 Arseuocrocite, 800 Arsenolamprite, 12 Arsenolite, 198 Arsenomelan, 112 Arsenopyrite, 97 Arsenosiderite, 96 Arsenotellurite, 107 Arsenous acid, 198 Arsenpbyllite, 199 Arsenwismutbkupfererz, 150 Asbeferrite. 386, 391 Asbestus, 386, 389, 669
Blue, 400 Asbolan, 257, 258 Asbolite, 257, 258 Aschentrecker, 551 Aschenzieher, 551 Asfalto. Span. , v. Asphaltum Asiderite, 32 Asmanite, 193 Asparagus-stone, 762 Aspasiolite, 421 Asperolite, 699 Asphaltene, 1017 Asphaltum, 1017 Aspidelite, 712 Aspidolite, 634 Asteria, 212 Asteriated quartz, 187
sapphire, 212 Asteroite, 357 Astochite, 1027 Astrakauite, 946 Astrophyllite, 719 Atacamite, 172 Ateliua, Atelite, 174 Atelestite, 804 Atheriastite, 473 Atlaserz, 294 Atlasite, 298 Atlasspath, 266 Atopite, 861 Atramenstei u,941 Atramentum, 941 Attacolite, 847 Auerbachite, 486 Auerlite, 489, 1027 Augelite, 847 Augite, 352, 358 Auina, 431
Auralit, 421 Aurichalcite, 298 Auriferous pyrites, 85 Auripiguientum, 35 Aurotellurile, 103 Aurum graphicurn, 103
paradoxum, 11 Automolite, 223 Autunite, 857 Avalite, 617 Avasite, 704 A vent urine feldspar, 330
quartz, 188 Ax-stone, 371 Axinite, 527 Awaruite, 29 Azarcon nativo, 231 Azor-pyrrhite, 728 Azorite, 482, 484 Azufrado, 871 Azufre, 8
Azure spar, or stone, 798 Azurite, 295; 798 Azzurrita, 295
B
Babel quartz, 190 Babingtonite, 381, 1027 Babylonian quartz, 190 Bagrationite, 518, 522 Baierine, 731 Baikalite, 356 Baikerinite, 999 Baikerite, 998 Balas ruby, 221 Balkeneisen, 29 Ballesterosite, 85 Baltimorite, 663, 669, 398 Balvraidite, 706 Bamlite, 498 Bandeisen, 29 Bandjaspis, 190 Baralite, v. Bavalite, 658 Barcenite, 865 Bardiglio, 267 Bardiglione, 910 Barettite, 706 Baricalcite, 269 Barilla de cobre, 22 Barite, 899, 1027 Barium carbonates, 284, 283,
nitrate, 872
silicates, 321, 562, 576, 581,
sulphate, 899 Bariumurauit, 859 Barkevicite, 403 Barkevikite, 403 Barklyite, 2f2 Barnhardtite, 82 Barolite, 284 Baroselenite, 899 Barrandite, 824 Bartholpmite, 975 Barsowite, 340 Barylite, 562 Barysil, 421
Index To Species.
Barysilite, 421 Barystrontiauite, 285 Baryt, Barytes, 899 Baryta, v. Barium Baryta-feWspar, 321, 322 Barytbiotite, 629 Barytite, Barytine, 899 Baryt-Harniotome, 579 Barytkreuzstein, 581 Barytocalcite, 289; 283 Barytocelestite, 906; 902 Barytocolestin, 900, 906 Barytophyllit, 640 Barytsalpeter, 872 Baryturauit, 859 Basaltic hornblende, 386 Basaltine, 352 Basanite, 189 Basanomelan, 217 Basiceriue, 291 Bastite, 351 Bastnasite, 291 Bastnaesite, 291 Bastouite, 632 Bathvillite, 1008 BatracLite, 449 Baudisserite, 274 Baulite, 321 Bauxite, 251 Bavalite, 658 Bayldonite, 837 Bean ore, 250 Beaumoutite, 574; 1027 Beauxite, 251 Beccarite, 486 Bechilite, 888 Beckite, 190 Beegerite, 145 Beekite, 190 Beilsteiu, 386 Beinbruch, 268 Beinwelle, 268 Bell-metal ore, 83 Belonesia, 992 Belonesite, 992 Belonit, 129 Belonites, 1050 Belonospharites, 1032 Bementite, 704; 492 Benzol, Benzene, Beraunite, 848 Berengelite, 1019 Bergaiuaskite, 386, 392 Bergbluu, 295 Bergimtter, 954 Bergkry stall, v. Quartz, 187 Berggelb, 250 Berggriiu, 699 Bergbolz, 389, 711 Bergkoi k, 389 Bergleder, 386 Bergmannite, 600 Bergmehl, 268; ®. infusorial
earth, 196 Bergmilch, 268 Bergol, 1015 Bergpech, 1017, 1005 Bergsal/, 154 Bergseife, 690 Bergtbeer, 1015, 1017
Bergzundererz, 123 Berillo, Berilo, 405 Berlauite, 663 Berlinite, 847 Bernardinite, 1028 Bernonite, 259 Bernstein, 1002, 1004 Berthieriue, 658 Berthierite, 114 Bertrandite, 545, 1028 Beryl, 405, 1028; 762 Beryllium aluminate, 229
borate, 878
phosphates, 758, 760
silicates, 313, 405, 462, 545; 417, 418, 434, 435, 460,
Beryllonite, 758 Berzelianite, 52 Berzeliite, 753; 311 Berzeline, 52; 431 Berzelite, 170; 753 Beta-jauliugite, 1006 Betume, Betun, Span., v.
Bitumen Beudantite, 868 Beurre de Montagne, 954 Beustite, 516 Beyrichite, 76 Bhreckite, 706 Bieberite, 943 Bieirosite, 868 Bielzite, 1019 Biharite, 692 Bildstein, 622 Bindheimite, 862, 1028 Binnite, 118; 112 Biotiua, Biotine, 337 Biotite, 627 Biphosphammite, 807 Bischofite, 176 Bismite, 200 Bismuth, Native, 13 Bismuth arsenates, 804, 860
carbonate, 290; hydrous,
oxychloride, 174
silicate, 436
sulphide, 38
tellurate, 979
telluride, 39, 40
trioxide, 200
trisulphide, 38
uranate, 893
vauadate, 755 Bismuth gold, 15 Bismuth nickel, 75 Bismuth ocher, 200 Bismuth silver, 45 Bismuthaurite, 15 Bismuthine, 38 Bismuthinite, 38, 1028 Bismutholamprite, 38 Bismutiua, 38 Bismutite, 307 Bismuto nativo, 13 Bismutoferrite, 562 Bismutosphserite, 290 Bitterkalk, 271 Bittersalz, 938
Bitter spar, 271 Bitterspath, 271 Bittersteiu, 515 Bitume de Judee, Asphal- turn
elastique, 1018
glutiueux, 1015
liquide, 1015
visqueux, 1015 Bitumen, 1017
Elastic, 1018
Viscid, 1015 Bituminous coal, 1021 Bjelkite, 121 Black copper, 209; 258
diamond, 4
gold, 15
hematite, 257
lead, 7
manganese, 230, 257
silver, 143 .tellurium, 105 Black jack, 59 Blackmorite, 195 Blakeite, 956 Blattererz, 105 Blatterine, Blatterin, 106 - Blatterkies, Marcasite, 94 Blattertellur, 105 Blatterzeolith, 574 Blaubleierz, 50 Blaueisenerde 814 Blaueisenstein, 400 Blauspath, 798 Blei-aluminat, 855 Blei, Gediegen, 24 Bleiantimouglanz, 112 Bleiautimonit, 122 Bleiarseuglauz, 112 Bleiarseuit, 120 Bleibismutit, 121 Bleichromat, 913 Bleierde, 288
Bleifahlerz, ®. Bournonite.126 Bleigelb, Wulfenite, 989 Bleiglanz, 48 Bleiglas, 908 Bleiglatte, 209 Bleiglimmer, 288 Bleigummi, 855 Bleihornerz, 292 Bleikerat, 292 Bleilasur, 927 Bleimolybdat, 989 Bleiuiere, 862 Bleinierite, 862 Bleioxyd, 209 Bleischeelat, 989 Bleischimmer, 122 Bleischwarze, 288 Bleischweif, 48 Bleiselenit, 981 Bleisilberautimonit, 123 Bleispath, 286 Blei vitriol, 908 Bleiwismuthglanz, 114 Blende, 59 Bleu Egyptien, de Pouzzoles,
Blodite, 946
Index To Species.
Blodsteii, 213 Blodite, Bloedite, 946 Blomstrandite. 746 Bloodstone, 188, 213 Blue asbestus, 400
copper, 68
Egyptian, 1051
feldspar, 798
iron earth, 814
John, 161
lead, v. Galena, 48
malachite, 295
spar, 798
talc, 653
vitriol, 944 Bluinenbachite, 65 Bluinite, 982 Blutstein, 213 Blyglans, 48 Blyspat, 286 Bobierrite, 817 Bodenite, 526 Bohnerz, 250 Bog-butter, 1029 Bog-iron ore, 250
manganese, 257 Bogoslovskite, 700 Bole, Bolus, 688 Boleite, 1028 Bolivianite, 107 Bolivite, 38 Bolognian spar, 899 Bolopherit, 352 Boltonite, 450 Bombiccite, 1012 Bombite, 1029 Bone-phosphate, 763
turquois, 845 Bonsdorfflte, 421 Boort, 4
Boracic acid, 255 Boracite, 879 BORATES, 874 et seg. Borax, 886 Borazit, 879 Bordite, 565 Bordosite, 23, 159 Borickite, 852 Boric acid, 255 Boruine, 39, 40 Bornite, 77
Bornsteiti, v. Bernstein, 1002 Borocalcite, 888 Boroinagnesite, 878 Boron hydrate, 255
silicates, 490, 502, 505, 527,
Boronatrocalcit, 887 . Bort. 4
Boryckite, 852 Boschjesmanite, 955 Bosjemanite, 955 Bostouite, 669, 671 Botallackite, 172 Botryogen, 972 Botryolite. 502 Botryt, 972 Boulangerite, 129 Bourbolite, 942 Bournonite, 126; 498
Bournonit-nickelglanz, 92 Boussingaultite, 948 Bowenite, 669 Bowlingite, 682 Boxites, Span., v. Bauxite Brackebuschite, 791 Bragite, 729 Braiichite, 1001 Branderz, Idrialite, 1013 Brandisite, 638 Brandtite, 811 Brass ore, 61, 298 Braunbleierz, 770 Braunbleioxyd, 239 Brauneisenstein, 250 Braunite, 232, 1029 Braunkohle, 1021, 1022 Braunspath, 271 Braunstein, 230 Grauer, 243
Piemoutischer, 521
Rot her, 378 Schwarzer, 230 Brauusteinkies, 64 Braunsteiukiesel, 437 Bravnisite, 706 Brazilian pebble, 187 Brea, 1015 Bredbergite, 443 Breislakite, 386, 391 Breithauptite, 72, 1029; 68 Breuuerite, 274 Breunuerite, 274 Brevicite, 600 Brewsterite, 576 Brewsterline, Brewsterlinite,
Brewstoline, 1029 Brittle silver ore, 143 Brocatello, 267 Brochantite, 925 Broddbograuat, 437 Broggerite, 889 Brokig Kopparmalm, 77 Bromargyrite, 159 Bromic silver, 159 BROMIDES, 152 et seq. Bromite, 159 Bromlite, 283 Bromsilber, 159 Bromyrite, 159 Bronce amarillo, 80
bianco, 97 Broucite, 346 Brongniardite, 123 Brongniartin, 898 Brongnartine, 925 Bronzite, 346, 638 Brookite, 243, 1029 Brosite, Brossite, 271 Brown coal, 1021, 1022
iron ore, 250
iron stone, 250
hematite, 250
ocher, 250
spar, 271. 274 Briickerellite, 1011 Brucite, 252; 535 Bruiachite, 161, 164 Brunnerite, 266
Brushite, 828 Bucaramaugite, 1007 Bucholzite, 498 Buckingite, 959 Bucklandite, 522; 518 Buhrstoue, 190 Bunseuin, 105 Bunsenite, 208 Buntbleierz, 770, 771 Buntkupfererz, 77 Buratite, 298 Burrstone, 190 Bushmanite, 955 Bustamentite, 161 Bustamite, 378 Buttermilcherz, 158 Butyrellite, 1029 Butyrite, 1029 Byerite, 1024 Byssolite, 386, 389 Bytownite, 335
Cabasita, Span., Cabasite, 589 Cabrerite, 819 Cacheutaite, 54 Cacholong, 195; 386 Cacoclasite, 477 Gacoxenite, Cacoxene, 848 Cadmia, 546, 548 Cadmium sulphide, 69 Cadmium-blende, 69 Caenite, Cenite, 918 Caesium silicate, 343 Cainosite, 698 Cairngorm stone, 187 Calaite, 580 Calamine, 546; 279, 299
Electric, 546
Green, 298 Calamita, 224 Calami U-, 385 Calaverite, 105 Calc sinter, 268 Calcareobarite, 902 Calcareous spar, 262
tufa, 268 Calce, 210 Calcedoine, 188 Calcimaugite, 269 Calciuitre, 872 Calciocelestite, 905 Oalcioferrite, 852 Calciostrontianite, 285 Calciothorite, 489 Oalciovolborthite, 790 Calcite, 262, 1029 Calcium arseuates, 758, 811, 827, 831, 836, 852
antimonates, 861, 862
borates, 882, 886, 888; 881, 887, 889
carbonates, 262, 281
chlorides, 161, 178
chromate, 916
chromo-iodate, 1040
fluoride, 161
iodate, 1040
Index To Species.
Calcium nlobates, 726,724
nitrate, 872
oxalate, 993
oxyfluoride, 174
phosphates, 762, 760, 777, 784, 808, 812, 813, 828, 829, 830, 835, 857, 866
silicates, 371, 373, 533, 565, 566, 569, 636, 467 et al.
sulphates. 910, 933; 898,945,
sulphide, 65
tantalate, 728
titanate, 724
tungstates, 985, 988
vanadate, 790 Calcoferrit, 852 Calcomalachite, 295 Calcopirita, Span. , v. Chalco-
pyrite
Calcosiua, Calcosita, Span. ,55 Calcouraiiite, 857 Calcovolborthite, 790 Calcozincite, 209 Calderite, 443 Caledonite, 924 Caliche, 870
jauue, 871 Caliza, 262 Calk, 899
Oallainite, Callais, 825 Callais, 844 Calomel, 153 Calomelano, 153 Calstronbarite, 900 Calvonigrite, 257 Calyptolite, 482 Campellite, 31 Campylite, 771 Canaanite, 356 Oancrinite, 427, 1029 Candite, 220 Cannel coal, 1022 Cantonite, 68, 69 Canutillos, 406 Canutillo, 126 Caolino, 685 Caoutchouc, Mineral, 1018,
1000, 1010 Cap-quartz, 187 Capillary pyrites, 70; 94 Capillary red oxide of cop- per, 206
Capillose. 70; 94 Capnite, 279 Caporcianite, 587 Cappelenite, 413 Caracolite, 917 Carbocerine. 302 Carboii, 4
Carbon diamantaire, 4 Carbonado, 4 CARBONATES, 261 etseg. Carbonite, 1021 Carbonyttrine, 306 Carbunculus, 210, 220, 437,
Carehedonius, 437 Carinthine, 385, 392 Carmen ite, 55
Carminite, 755
Carminspath, 755
Carnallite, 177
Carnat, 685
Caruatite, 334
Carue de vaca, 50
Carneliau, 188
Carneol, 188
Carolathiue, 693
Carpholite, 549
Carphosiderite, 969
Carphostilbite, 607
Carrara marble, 267
Carrollite, 79
Caryinite, 754
Caryocerite, 415
Caryopilite, 704
Cascalho, 5
Cassinite, 319, 322
Cassiterite, 234, 1030, 1037
Cassiterotautalite, 736
Castanite. 964
Casteluaudite, 748
Castellite, 716
Castillite. 38; 78
Castor, 311
Cat gold, 613 silver, 613
Catapleiite, 412
Cataspilite, 622; 421
Cathkinite, 682
Catliuite, 696
Cat's-eye, 230, 188
Cauk, 899
Cavolinite, 429
Cawk, 899
Cegamite, 299
Oeladonite, 683
Celestialite, 1030
Celestine, 905
Celestite, 905
Celestobarite, 902
Cenosite, 698
Centrallassite, 569
Oerargyrite, 158
Cerasiue, Cerasite, 170, 419
Cerbolite, 948
Cererite. 550
Cerhornilite, 507
Cerine, 522
Cerinite, 569
Ceriustein, 550
Cerite, 550
Cerium carbonates, 290, 291,
fluoride, 166, 182 oxyfluoride, 166 phosphates, 749, 820 silicates, 413, 414, 415, 416, 522, 550, 718, 720, 721,
Cerolite, 675
Ceruse, Cerusita, Span., 286
Cerussite, Cerusite, 286, 1030
Cervantite, 203
Ceylanite, Ceylonite, 220
Ceyssatite, 196
Chabasie, 589
Ohabazite, 589
Chalcanthite, 944
Chalcanthum, 941, 944 Chalcedonite, 188 Chalcedony, 188 Chalchihuiil, 371, 845 Chalchuite, 845 Chalcites, 941 Chalcocite, 55 Chalcodite, 658 Chalcolite, 856 Chalcomenite, 980 Chalcomiclite, 77 Chalcomorphite, 570 Chalcophacite. 853 Chalcophanite, 256 Chalcophyllite, 840 Ohalcopyrite, 80, 1030 Chalcopyrrhotite, 79 Chalcosiderite, 854 Chalcosine, 55 Chalcostibite, 113, 1030 Chalcotrichite, 206 Chalilite, 607 Chalk, 268
French, 678 Chalkosiderit, 854 Chalkosiu, 55 Chalybite, 276 Chalypite, 31
Chauiasite, v. Kamacite, 29 Chamoisite, Chamosite, 65& - Chanarcillite, 43 Chantonnite, 1031 Chatham ite. 88 Chaux arseniatee, 827
boratee siliceuse, 502
carbonatee. 2G2, 281
fluatee, 161
phosphatee, 762
sulfatee, 910, 933 Chazellite, 114 Cheleutite, 88 Chelmsfordite, 468 Chemawinite. 1005 Chenevixite, 853 Chenocoproliie, 1035 Cherargirio, 158 Cherokine. 770 Chert, 189 Chessy copper, 295 Chessylite, 295 Chesterlite, 323 Chiastolite. 496 Childrenite, 850 Chileite, 792; 247 Chilemte, 45 Chilisal peter, 870 Chiltonite, 532 Chimbora/ile, 281 Chiolite, 168 Chiviatite, 110 Chladnite, 346 Chloanthite. 88 Chloralluminite, 165 Chloraminonio, 157 Chlor-apatite, 764 Chlorargyrite, 158 ChlorastroUte. 610 Chlorblei. 165 Chlorbleispath 292 Chlorbromsilber, 159
Index To Species.
CHLORIDES, 152 et seq. Chlorite, 653
ferrugineuse, 660 CHLORITE Group, 643-664 Ohloritoid, 640, 1031, 1043 Chloritspath, (540 Chlorkalium, 156 Chloruaerkur, 153 Chlorocalcite, 161 Chloromagnesite, 164 Chloromelan, 656 Chloromelauite, 369 Ohloropal, 701 Chlorophaeite, 662 Chlorophane, 161 Chlorophanerit, 683 Chlorophyllite, 421 Chloropite, 664 Chlorosapphir, 212 Chlorospinel, 220 Chlorothionite, 917 Chlorothorite, 893 Chlorotile, 814 Chlorquecksilber, 158 Chlorsilber, 158 Chlorspath, 170 Chodneffite, 168 Chodnewit, 168 Ohondrarsenite, 796 Chondrite, 32 Ohondrodite, 535, 536 Chonicrite, 706 Chrismatiue, Chrismatite, 997 Christiauite, 337, 579 Christobalite, 193 Christophite, 59 CHROMATES, 913 et seq. Chrome ceylonite, 221 Chrome diopside, 356 Chrome ocher, 697 Chrombleispath, 913 Chromchlorit. 650, 652 Chromeisensteiu, 228 Chromglimmer, 614, 629 Chromic iron, 228 Chromite, 228, 1031 Chromium ferrate, 228
sulphates, 966
sulphide, 79 Chromjernmalm, 227 Chroinoferrite, 228 Chromowulfenite, 989 Chromphosphorkupferblei-
spath. 916 Chrompicotite, 228 Chryolith, 166 Chrysitin, 209 Ohrysoberyl, 229, 1031 Ohrysocolla, 699; 886 Chrysolite, 451, 1031; 482,
492, 530. 551, 762 Chrysolite, Iron, 456
Iron-maugauese, 457
Irou manganese-zinc, 459
Manganese, 457
Titaniferous, 455
White, 450
CHRYSOLITE Group, 449-459 Chrysophaoe, 638 Chrysoprase, 188
Chrysoprase earth, 677 Chrysotile, 669 Chrystobalite, 59, 193 Chrysto|)hite, Chumbf, 59
bianco, 51 Churchite, 820 Chusite, 454 Ciauocroma, 949 Cimolite, 689 Cinabrio, Cinabro, 66 Cinnabar, 66, 1031
Inflammable, 1011 Cinnabarite, 66 Cinnamon-stone, 437, 439 Ciplyte, 867 Cipoliuo, 267 Circone, 482 Cire fossile, 998 Cirrolite, 799 Citrine, 187 Clarite, 148 Claudetite, 199 Clausthalie, 52 Claust halite, 52 Clay, 684 et seq. Clay iron-stone, 215, 276
Brown, 250 Clay, Tallow, 548 Clayite, 141 Cleavelandite, 328 Cleiophane, 59 Cleveite, 889 Cliftonite, 6 Clingmanite, 636 Clinochlore. 644 Clinoclase, 795 Clinoclasite, 795 Clinocrocite, 976 Clinoedrit, 137 Clinohumite, 535, 538 Clinophaeite, 976 Clintonite, 638 CLINTONITE Group, 636-642 Clorallumiuio, 165 Clorocalcite, 161 Cloromagnesite, 164 Clorotionite, 917 Cloustbuite, 1020 Cluthalite, 598 Coal, Mineral, 1021
Boghead, 1022
Brown, 1022
Cannel, 1022 Cobalt, Arsenical, 87, 89
Black, 258
Earthy. 258
Gray, 89
gris, 89
Red, 817
White. 87, 89 Cobalt arsenate, 810, 817
carbonate, 280; hydrous,
diarseuide, 88, 100
oxide, 258
selenite, 981
Cobalt sulph-arsenide,89, 101,
sulphate, 943
Cobalt sulphide, 71, 78, 79,
tungstate, 991 Cobalt bloom, 817 Cobalt glance, 89 Cobalt mica, v. Erythrite, 817 Cobalt ocher, 817 Cobalt pyrites, 78 Cobalt vitriol, 943 Cobaltine, 89 Cobaltite, 89 Cobaltomenite, 981 Cobre abigarrado, 77
amarillo, 80
anilado, 68
azul. 295
bianco, 44
gris, 137
nativo, 20
negro, 209
panaceo, 77
rojo, v. Cuprite Coccinite, 161 Coccolite, 352, 357 Cosruleolactite, 846 Cohenite, 31, 1038 Coke, 1021 Colemanite, 882 COlestine, 905 Collophanite, 808 Collyrite, 694 Collyrium, 685 Colophonite, 437, 442, 479 Coloradoite, 64 COLUMBATES, 725 et seq. Columbeiseu, 731 Columbite, 731 Comarite, 681 Comptonite, 607 Conarite, 681 Condrodite, 535 Condurrite, 44 Confolensite, 690 Conichalcite, 836 Conite, 271 Connarite, 681 Connellite, 919 Cookeite, 625 Coorongite, 1019 Copal. Fossil, 1007 Copaline, Copalite, 1007 Coperite, 56 Copiapite, 964; 968 Copper, 20
Antimouial, 44, 113
Arsenical, 44, 45
Black, 209
Blue, 295
Emerald, 463
Gray, 137
Green, 294
Indigo, 68
Native, 20
Octahedral, 206
Purple, 77 Pyritous, 80 Red, 206 Variegated, 77 Velvet, 963 Vitreous, 55
Index To Species.
Copper, Yellow, 80 Copper antimouide, 44 arsenates, 785. 792, 795, 814,
836, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 853, 857, 860, 869
arsenides. 44, 45 arseiiite, 865
carbonates. 294, 295, 298 chloride, 154 molybdate, 989 nitrate, 872 oxides, 206, 209 1043 oxy chlorides, 172, 174, 1028,
phosphates, 786, 793, 794,
837, 854, 856 seleuides. 52, 53, 54, 1051 seleuite, 980
silicates, 463, 699
sulphantimonate. 149
sulphantimonites, 110, 113, 126, 137, 1034
sulparsenates, 147, 148, 150
sulpharsenite, 137
sulphates, 912; basic, 925, 928; hydrous, 944, 961, 962. 963; 919, 924, 927, 943, 949, 958
sulphides, 55, 68, 77, 80
sulpho - bismuthites, 110, 112, 118, 128, 129
tungstate, 988
vanadat.es, 787, 790, 791,
792, 838
Copper barilla, 22 Copper froth, v. Tyrolite, 839 Copper glance, 55 Copper green, 699 Copper mica, 840 Copper nickel, 71 Copper ore, Copper Copper pitch blende, 699 Copper pyrites, 80 Copper uranite, 856 Copper vitriol, 944 Copperas. 941
Soda, v. Jarosite, 974
Potash, v. Jarosite, 974
White, 939, 956
Yellow, 964 Copperasine, 972 Coppite, 137 Coprolites, 769 Coquimbite. 956 Coracite, 889 Corallinerz, 67 Cordierite, 419 Corindon, 210 Corkite, 868 Cornaline, 188 Corneous lead, 292
manganese, 380 Cornwallite, 839 Coronguite. 866 Coronite, 1032 Corundellite. 636 Corundophilite, 655 Corundum, 210, 1031 Corynite, 91, 1032 Cosalitft, 121
Cossaite, 623
Cossyrite, 403
Cottaite, 315
Cotterite, 192
Cotton -stone, 606
Cotunnia, 165
Cotunnite, 165
Couperose bleue, 944
Coupholite, 530
Couseranile, 471
Couzeranite, 471
Covelline, 68
Covellite. 68
Cruie de Bian9ou, 678
Craigtonite, 1032
Cramerite, 59
Crednerite, 231
Creta, 268
Crichionile, 217
Crifiolite, 777
Criptoalite, 169
Crisoberilo, Span., v. Chryso-
beryl Crisocolo, Span., v. Chryso-
colla
Crisolita, Span., n. Chrysolite Crispite, 237 Cristianite, 337 Cristo halite, 193 Cristograhamite, 1020 Crocalite, 600 Crocidolite, 400 Crocoite Crocoisite, 913 Cromfofdite, 292 Cromita, Span., Cromite, 227 Cronstedtite, 656 Crookesite, 54; 1049 Cross-stone, 496, 558 Crucilite, 100 Crucite. 100; 496 Cryoconite, 1032 Cryolite. 166, 1032 Cryophyllite, 626 Cryphiolite, 777 Cryptohalite, 169 Cryptolite, 749, 752 Cryptoliue, Cryptolinite, 1029 Cryptomorphite. 888; 884 Cryptoperthite, 321 Cryptosiderite, 32 Crystallites, 1032 Crystallus, 183 Crystianite, 337 Cuarzo, 183 Cuban, 79 Cubanite, 79 Cube ore, 847 Cube spar, 910 Cubic niter, 870 Cubizit, 595 Cuboite, 595 Cuivre arseniate, 784, 840
arsenical, 44
carbonate, 294, 295 .
gris, 137
hydrosiliceux, 699
jaune, 80
muriate, 172
natif, 20
oxide rouge, 206
Cuivre phosphate, 786, 794
pyriteux, 80
pyriteux hepatique, 77
selenie, 52, 58
spiciforme, 55
sulfate, 944
sulfure, 55
sulfure argeutifere, 56
vanadate, 838
veloute, 963
vitroux, 55 Culebrite, 64 Culsageeite, 664 Cumengite, 203 Cumminglonite, 386, 390.
1026; 378 Cumulites, 1082 Cupreiue, 55 Cupreous auglesite, 927
bismuth, 129
manganese, 258 Cuprite, 206 Cupro-apatite, 764 Cuprobismutite, 110 Cuprocalcite. 1032 Cuprodescloizite. 787 Cuproferrite, 943 Cupromagnesite, 944 Cuproplumbite, 51 Cuproscheclite, 988 Cuprotungstite, 988 Cuprouranite, 856 Cuprovanadite, 792 Cuspidine, 533 Cyanite, 500 Cyaneus, 432 Cyauochalcite, 699 Cyanochroite, 949 Cyanoferrite, 943 Cyanolite, 569 Cyanosite, Cyanose, 944 Cyanotrichite, 963 Cyclopeite, 386 Cyclopite, 337 Cymatolite, 868 Cymophane, 229 Cypriue, 477 Cyprite, 55 Cyprusite, 971 Cyrtolite, 487
D
Dahllite, 866 Dalarnite, 97 Daleminzite, 59 Damourite, 614 Danaite, 98 Danahte, 435, 1032 Danburite, 490 Dannemorite, 386, 391 Daourite, 551 Daphnite, 656 Darapskite, 873 Darwinite, 45 Datholite, 502, 1033 Datolite, Datolith, 502 Dauberite, 978 Daubreeite, 174
Index To Species.
Daubreelite, 79, 1033 Daubreite, 174 Dauphiuite, 240 Davidsonite, 405 Daviesite, 171 Davite, 958 Davreuxite, 706 Davyue, Davina, 428 Dawsonite, 299 Decheuite, 790 Degeroite, 702 Delafossite, 259 Dehinouite, Delanovite, 690 Delawarite, 319 Delessite, 660 Delpbinite, 516 Delvauxite, Delvauxene, 849;
Demant, 3 Demantoid, 437, 442 Demautspatb, 210 Demidoffite, Demidovite, 699 Dendrachates, 189 Derbyshire spar, 161 Dermatin, 706 Derubachite, 868 Desaulesite, 677 Descloizite, 787 Desmin, 583 Destinezite, 867 Devilline, 961 Devonite, 842 Dewalquite, 542 Deweylite, 676 Diabautachronnyn, 659 Diabantite, 659 Diaclasite. 351 Diadelpbite, 802 Diadochite, 867 Diagonite, 576 Diaklas, 351 Diallage, Green, 352, 357, 385
Hydrous, 364
Metalloidal, 348
Talkartiger, 351 Diallogite, 278 Dialogite, 278 Diamant, Diamante, 3 Diamond, 3, 1033 Diamond, Bristol, Lake
George, 187 Diauite, 731 Diaphorite, 124 Diaspore, 246, 1033 Diastatile. 386 Diatomite, 196 Dicliroite, 419 Dickinsonite, 809 Didriinite, 614 Didymite, 614
Didymium carbonate, 291, 1040 Dietrichite, 956 Digenite, 55 Dihydrite, 793 Dihydro-thenardite, 896 Dilleuburgite, 699 Dillnite, 694 Dimagnetite, 226 Dimorpbite, Dimorpbine, 35 Dinite, 1001
Diopside, 352, 355 Dioptase, 463, 1033 Dioxylite, 923 Dioxynite, 906 Dipbanite, 637 Diploite, 337 Dipyre, 471, 1033 Discrasite, 42 Disomose, 90 Disterrite, 638 Disthene, 500 Dittmarite, 807 Dobscbauite, 90 Dognacskaite, 111 Dog-tooth spar, 266 Dolerophanite, 924 Dolianite, 610 Dolomite, 271, 1033 Domeykite, 44 Domingit, 120 Donacargyrite, 124 Doppelspatb, 266 Dopplerite, 1014, 1015 Doranite, 592
Double-refracting spar, 266 Douglasite, 177 Dravite, 551 Dreeite, 904 Dreelite, 904 Dry-boue, 279 Ducktownite, 83 Dudgeonite, 818 Dudleyite, 668; 637 Dufrenite, 797 Dufrenoysite, 120; 112, 118 Dumasite, 663 Dumortierite, 558 Dumreicberite, 954 Duportbite, 706 Durangite, 780 Durdenite, 980 Diirfeldtite, 131 Duxite, 1006 Dyoxylith, 923 Dysanalyte, 724 Dysclasite, 565 Dyscrasite, 42 Dyskolite, v. Saussurite, 515 Dysluite, 223 Dysodile, 1010 Dyssnite, 380 Dyssyntribite, 621; 426
E
Eartby calamine, 299 cobalt, 258 manganese, 257 Eau, 205 Ecdemite, 863 Ecume de Mer, 680
de Terre, 267 Edelforsite, 373 Edelitb, 530 Edenite, 386, 391 Edingtonite, 599 Edison ite, 237 Edmonsonite, 31 Edwardsite, 749
Egeran, 477 Eggonite, 905 Egyptian blue, 1051 Ehlite, 794
Ehrenbergite, 689, 696 Eicbwaldite, 875 Eis, 205
Eisen, Gediegen, 28 Eisenalaun, 954 Eisenantimouglanz, 114 Eisenapatit, 777 Eisenblau, 814 Eisenbluthe, 281 Eiseubrucite, 253 Eisencblorid, 165 Eisencblorit, 660 Eisencbloriir, 165 Eiseuchrom, 153 Eisenerde, Blaue, 814
Griine, 562
Eisenerz, Hystatisches, 217 Eisenerz, Trappiscbes, 217 Eisenglanz, 213 Eisenglas, 456 Eisenglimmer, 213, 247, 814 Eisengymnlte, 674, 676 Eisenkies, 84, 94 Eisenkiesel, 188 Eisenknebelit, 457 Eisenkobalterz, 100 Eisenkobaltkies, 100 Eiseumohr, 225 Eisenrnulm, 225 Eisennatrolith, 600 Eisenniere, 215 Eisennickelkies, 65 Eiseuopal, 195 Eisenoxyd, 213 Eisenoxydhydrat, 245, 247
Eiseupecberz, 777, 867 Eisenperidot, 456 Eisenphyllit, 814 Eisenplatin, 25 Eisenrahm, 215, 250 Eisen resin, 994 Eisen rhodonit, 378 Eisenrosen, 216, 218 Eisenrutil, 238 Eiseuscbefferite, 357 Eisensiuter, 821, 867 Eiseuspatb, 276 Eiseustassfurtit, 880 Eisensteinmark, 696 Eisen vitriol, 941 Eisenzinkspath, 279 Eisspatb, 318 Eisstein, 166 Ekdemite, 863 Ekebergite, 468 Ekmanite, Ekmannite, 662,
Elaite. 965 Elaeolite, 423 Elasmose, 51, 105 Elasmosine, 105 Elaterite, 1018 Electric calamine, 546 Electrum, 15, 1002 Elements, 2 et seq.
Index To Species.
Eleolite, 423 Eleonorite, 848 Elhuyarit, 693 Eliasite, 892 Ellagite, 604 Ellonite. 1033 Elpasolite, 168 Elroquite, 1033 Ematita rossa, 213 Embolite, 159 Embrithite, 129 Emerald, 406
Oriental, 407 Emerald copper, 463 Emerald malachite, 463 Emerald nickel, 306 Emeraude, 405 Emeraudine, 463 Emery, Emeiil, 211 Emerylite, 636 Emmonite, 285 Emmonsite, 979 Einpholite, 246 Emplectite, Emplektit, 118 Enargite, 147, 1033 Enceladite, 881 Eudellione, Endellionite, 126 Endlicbite. 773 Engelhardite, 482 Eu hydros, 198 Enophite, 674 Enstatite, 346 Euysite, 977 Bolide. 10 Eosite, 992 Eosphorite, 850 Ephesite, 707 Epiboulangerite, 149 Epichlorite, 661 EPIDOTE Group, 513-526 Epidote, 516 Epigenite, 150; 458 Epiglaubite, 807 Epiphanite. 662 Epipliosphorite, 768 Epispharite, 610 Epistilbite, 577 Epsom salt, 938 Epsomite, 938 Erbium niobate, 731
phosphate, 748 Erbsenstein, 268, 281 Ercinite. 581 Erdbarz, 1008 Erdkobalt, Gelber, 78;
Schwarzer, 258 Erdmannite, 416, 507 ErdOl, 1015 Erdpech, 1017, 1018 Erdwachs, 998 Eremite, 749 Erilite, 1033 Erinite, 79'2; 690, 840 Eriocalco, 174 Eritrosiderite, 176 Ersbyite. 467; 324 Enibescite, 77 Erusibite, 972 Eryt brine. 817 Erythrite, 817; 315
Erythrocalcite, 174 Erythrocouite, 137 Erythrosiderite, 176 Erythrozincite, 70 Escherite, 516 Escolecita, Sp., v. Scolecite Escorodita, Sp., v. Scorodite Esfalerita, Sp., v. Sphalerite Esfena, Sp., v. Sphene (titan-
ite)
Esmaltita, Sp., v. Smaltite Esmarkite, 421, 502 Esraeralda, 405 Esmeril, Sp., v. Emery, 211 Espato fluor, 161 Espesartita, Sp., v. Spessar-
tite
Espinela, Sp., v. Spinel Essouite, 437, 440 Estano uativo. 24
oxido, v. Cassiterite Estefanita, Sp., v. Stephanite Estilbita, Sp., v. Stilbite Etain, natif, 24
oxyde, 284
sulfure, 83 Ethiopsite, 68 Ettringite, 976 Eucairite, 53, 1033 Euchlorite, 627 Euchroite, 838 Euchysiderite, v. Pyroxene Euclase. 508 Eucolite, 409 Eucolite-titanite, 715 Eucrasite, Eukrasit, 489 Eucryptite, 426 ; 368 Eudialyte, 409, 1034 Eudidymite, 313 Eudnophite, 595 Eudyalite, 409 Eugencsite, 28 Eugenglanz, 146 Eukairite, 53 Eukamptite, 632 Etiklas, 508 Eukolit-titanit, 712 Eukolite, 409 Eulytine, 436 Eulytite, 436 Eumanite, 243 Euosuiite. 1008 Euphyllite, 623 Eupyrchroite, 763 Euralite, 662 Eusynchite, 789 Eutalith. 595 Eutbalite, Eutballite, 595 Euxenite, 744 Euzeolith, 574 Evansite 846 Evigtokite, 181 Exanthalose, 932 Exitele, Exitelite, 199 Eytlandite, 739
F
Facellite, 427 Facherstein, 653
Fadererz, 122 Fahlerz, Fahlite, IS? Fab lore, 137 Fahluugi-anat, 437 Fahlunite, 421
Hard, 419 Fairfieldite, 812 Falkenhaynite, 1034 False amethyst, e m e r a 1 dv
ruby, etc., 163 Famatinite, 149, 1041 Fargite, 600 Farina fossil is, 268 Farmacosiderita. Sp., v. Phar>~
macosiderite FarOelite, 607 Fasciculite, 396 Faserdatolitb, 502 Fasergyps, 935 Faserkalk, 266, 281 Faserkiesel, 498; 187 Faserresiu, 994 Faserzeolith, 600 Fassaite, 358 Faujasite, 598 Fauserite, 940 Fayalite 456, 1034 Feather-alum, 954 Feather-ore, 122 Federalaun, 954 Federerz, 122 Feitsui, 371
Feldespato, Sp., v. Feldspar FELDSPAR Group, 314-1034 Feldspar. Baryta, 321
Blue, 798
Common, 315
Glassy, 318
Labrador, 334
Lime, 337
Potash, 315, 322
Soda, 327 Feldspath, 315
apyie, 496
nacre, 315
tenace, Saussurite, 515 Feldstein, 352 Felsite. 315 Felsobanyite, 971 Felsospharites, 1032 Felspar. 315 Fer azure, 814
arseniate, 847
arsenical, 96, 97
carbonate, 276
carbure, 7
chromate, 227
magnetique, 224
muriate, 165
natif, 28
oligiste, 213
oxide, 213, 247
oxidule, 224
pbospbate, 814
speculaire, 213
sulfate, 941 , 972, etc.
sulfure, 73. 84, 95 Ferberite, 985 Fergusonite 729 FERRATES, ~'20 ft &eq.
Index To Species.
'Ferrite. 455, 1034 Ferro, 28
Ferro specolare, 213 . Ferrocalcite, 269 Ferrocobaltite, 90 Ferro-ilmenite, 738 Ferro-goslarite, 939 Ferronatrite, 959 Ferrosilicite, 1034 Ferrostibian, 804 Ferrotantalite, 731 Ferrotellurite, 980 Ferrotitunite, 447 Ferro-tungstiue, 1049 Ferrowolframit, 985 Ferrozincite, 219 Fettbol, 701 Fettsteiu, 423 Feuerblende, 135 Feuerstein, 189 Fibroferrite, 968 Fibrolite, 498 Fichtelite, 1000 Ficinite, 350 Fiedlerite, 172 Fieklite, 141 Figure-stoue, v. Agalmatolite,
Fillo write, 809 Fiorite, 195 Fire opal, 195 '
marble, 267 Fireblende, 135 Fischaugenstein, 566 Fischerite, 843 Fish-eye stone, 566 Flaveite, 965 Fleches d 'amour, 237 Flexible sandstone, 190 Flexible silver ore, 58 Fliegeustein, v. Arsenic, 11 Flinkite, 802 Flint, 189 Flint kalk. 682 Float stone, 196 Flockeuerz, 771 Florescobalto, Sp., v. Ery-
thrite
Floridite, 769 Flos ferri, 282 Flos succini, v. Succinellite,
Fluceriue, 175 Fluellite, 178 Fluocerine, 175 Fluocerite, 175, 1034; 166 Fluochlore, 726 Fluor, 161 Fluor-apatite, 764 Fluor spar, 161 FLUORIDES, 152 et seq. Fluorina, Fluorine, 161 Fluorite, 161. 1034 Fluosiderite, 175 Flussspath, 161 Flussytrocalcite, 182 Flutberite, 307 Foliated tellurium, 105 Folidolit, 684 Fontainebleau limestone, 266
Footeite, 1034 Forbesite, 834 Forcherite, 195 Forchhammerite, 707 Foresite, 585 Forsterite, 450 Fortification agate, 188 Fossil copal, 1007
ore, 215
wood. 189, 195 Fouqueite, 1035 Fouruetite, 50 Fowlerite, 378 Francolite, 762 Fraugilla, 50 Franklandite, 888 Franklinite, 227 Fraueneis, 933 Frauenglas. v. Mica Fredricite, 137 Freibergite, 137 Freieslebenite, 124 French chalk, 678 Frenzelite, 38 Freyalite, 489 Friedelite, 465, 1035 Frieseite, 57 Frigid ite, 137 FritZBcheite, 860 Frugardite, 477 Fuchsite, 614 Fulleisen, 29 Fuller's earth, 695; 685 Fullonite, 248 FunkHe, 356 Fuscite, 468
G
Gabbronite, 425, 473 Gabronite, 425, 473 Gadolin, 509 Gadolinite, 509, 1035 Gagat, Gagates, 1022, 1024 Gahnite, 223, 1035; 220, 477 Galactite, 600 Galapektit, 688 Galena, Galenite, 48 Galena, False, 59 Galenobismutite, 114 Galenoceratite, 292 Gallitzenstein, 939 Galiznite, 939 Galliziuite, 939 Galmei. 546; 279 Gamsigradite, 386, 392 Ganomalite, 422 Ganomatite, 1035 Ganophyllite, 564 Gansekothigerz. 1035 Garamanticus, 437 Garbyite, 147 Garnet, 437, 1035
Bohemian, 440
Cinnamon, 439
Chrome, 444
Grossular, 439
Oriental, 437
Precious, 440, 441
Tetrahedral, 434
Garnet, White, 342 Garnierite, 676 Garnsdorffite, 971 Gastaldite, 399 Gay-Lussite, 301 Gearksutite, 181 Gedauite, 1004 Gediegen Amalgam, 24
Antimon, 12
Arsen, 11
Blei, 24
Gold, 14
Kupfer, 20
Platin, 25
Quecksilber, 22
Silber, 19
Sylvan, 11
Tellur, 11
Wismuth, 13
Zinn, 24 Gedrite, 384 Gehlenite, 476 Geierite, 96 . Gekrosstein, 910 Gelbantimonerz, 203 Gelbbleierz, 989 Gelbeisenerz. 964, 974 Gelbeiseustein, 251 Gelberde, 250, 695 Gelberz, 104
Gelferz, v. Chalcopyrite, 80 Genthite, 676 Geocerellite, 1012 Geoceric acid, 1012 Geocerite, 1012 Geocronite, 143 Geokronit, 143 Geomyriciu. 1012 Geomyricite, 1012 Gerhardtite, 872 Germanium sulphide, 150 Germarite, 350 Gersdorffite, 90 Gesso, 933 Geyerite, 96 Geyserite, 196 GhiSccio, 205 Gibbsite, 254; 825 Gibraltar stone, 268 Gieseckite, 621; 426 Giftkies, 97 Gigantolite, 621, 421 Gilbertite, 614 Gillebackit, 373 Gillingite, 703 Gilsonite, 1020 Giltstein, 678 Ginilsite, 707 Giobertite, 274 Gips, 933 Girasol, 195 Gismondine, 586 Gismondite, 586 Giufite, 312 Glace, 205 Glagerite, 688 Glance coal, 1021
cobalt, 89
copper, 52 Glancespar, 499
Index To Species.
Glanzarsenikkies, 96, 97 Glanzbrauustein, 230 Glanzeiseu, 29 Glanzeisenerz, 215 Glauzerz, 46, 158 Glanzkobalt, 89 Glanzkohle, 1021 Glanzspath, 499 Glasbachite, 53 Glaserite, 897 Glaserz, 46, 158 Glaskopf, Brauner, 250
Rother, 215
Schwarzer, 257 Glasopal, 195 Glasspat, 101 Glasurerz, 50 Glasurite, 702 Glaubapatite, 769 Glauber salt, 931 Glauberite, 898 Glaucodot, Glaucodote. 101;
Glaucolite, 468, 429 Glauconite, 683 Glaucophane, 399 Glaucopyrite, 96 Glaukodot, 101 Glaukolith. 468 Glaukophan, 399 Glaukosiderit, 814 Glessite, 1004 Gletscbersalz, 938 Glimmer, 614 Glinkitc, 451 Globosite, 849 Globospharites, 1032 Globulites, 1032 Glockerite, 970 Glossecollite, 688 Glottalite, 599 Glucinite, 761 Glucinum, v. Beryllium Gmelinite, 593 Goethite. 247, 1036 Gokumiie. 477 Gold, 14
Gold amalgam, 19 Gold sulpho-telluride, 105
tellurides, 48, 103, 105 Goldtellur, 103 Gongylite, 622 Goose-dung ore, 1035 Gordaite, 959 Gosbenite, 405 Goslarite, 939 Gothite, 247, 1036 Qotthardite, 120 Goyazite, 855 Grafite, Grafita, 7 Grahamite, 1020 Gramenite, Graminite, 701 Grammatite, 385, 389 Grammite, Wollastonite,
Granat, 437 Granatite, 558 Grangesite, 655, 1036 Granulina, Granuline, 194 Grapbic gold, 103
Graphic tellurium, 103 Graphite, 7, 1036 Graphitoid, 8 Grastite, 663 Graubraunstein, 243 Grauerz, Galena, 48 Graugiltigerz, 137 Graukobalterz, 71 Graukupfererz, 137 Graulite, 940 Graumanganerz, 236, 248,
Grausilber, 309 Gauspiessglanzerz, 36; 122 Grauspiessglaserz, 36 Gray antimony, 36; 122
copper, 137 Green diallage, 386
earth. 683
iron ore, 797
lead ore, 770
malachite, 294
vitriol, 941 Greenlandite, 731 Greenockite, 69, 1036 Greenovite, 712 Gregorite, 307 Grenat, 437
blanc, 342 Grenatite, 558 Grengesite, 653 Griotte, 267 Gripbite, 778 Griqualandite, 401 Grocbauite, 655 Groddeckile, 594 Groppite, 398, 707 Groroilite, 257 Grossularite, 437, 439, 1035 Grothite, 712 Gruenerite, 391, 1026 Gruuauite, 75 Grunbleierz, 770, 771 Gruueisenerde, 797 Gruueiseusteiu, 797 Griiuerde, 683 Grilnerite, 386. 391, 1026 Grlinmauganerz, 380 Guadalcazarite, 63 Gualda, 81
Guanajuatite, 38, 1036 Guaiinpite, 994; 807 Guuuite, 806 Guano, 769 Guanovulite, 930 Guanoxahite, 807 Guarinite, 717 Guayacanite, 147 Guejarite, 110 Guitermanite, 131 Guld, Gediget, 14 Guldischsilber, 20 Gumbelite, 692 Gummibleispath, 855 Gummierz, 892 Gummispath, 855 Gummistein, 195 Gummite, 892; 688 Gunnisonite, 164 Gurhofian, Gurhofite, 271
Gurolite, 566 Guyaquillite, 1010 Gymuite, 676 Gyps, 933 Gypsum, 933 Gyrolite, 566
Haarkies, 70; 94 Haarsalz, 958, 938 Haddamite, 728 Haemachates, 189 Haemafibrite. 836 Haemal ite. 213 Hsemaloconite, 267 Hseinatolite, 802 Hafnef jordit, 334 Hagemauuite, 181 Haidingerite, 827; 114 Hair salt, 958 Halbazurblei, v. Caledonite,
Halbopal, 195 Halbvitriolblei, 923 Halite, 154, 1036 Hallite, 666, 970 Halloylite, 688 Halloysite, 688 Halochalzit, 172 Halotrichiue, 954 Halotrichite, 954 Hamartite, 291 Hambergite, 878 Hamlinite, 762 Hammochrysos, 61? Hampshirite, 675 Hanksite, 920 Hannayite, 832 Haplome, 443 Haplotypite, 217 Harkise. 70 Harlequin opal. 195 Harmotome, 581
Lime, 579 Harringtonite, 605 Harrisile, 56 Harstigite, 532 Harlbraunslein. 232 Hartiu, 1U09 Hartite. 1001 Hartkobalterz, 93 Hartrnaugauerz, 257 Har'manuite, 72 Hartspat, 496 Harttautalerz, 731 Hatchettine, Hatchettite, 997 Hatchettolite, 727 Hauerite, 87 Haughtoiiite, 627 Hausmannite, 230, 1086 Haliyne, 431 Haiiynite, 431 Haydenite, 589 Hayesine, 888 Haytorite, 505 Heavy spar, 899 Hebetine, 460 Hebronite, 781
Index To Species.
Hecatolite, 318 Hectorite, 364 Hedenbergite, 352, 356 Hetlyphaue, 775 Heintzite, 885 Heldburgite, 1036 Heleuite, 1000 Heliolite, 332 Heliophyllite, 863 Heliotrope, 188 Helminth, 653 Helvetau, 635 Helvine, 434 Helvite, 434 Hemafibrite, 836 Hematite, 213, 1037
Black, 257
Brown, 250 Hematolite, 802 Hematostibiite, 803 Hemichalcit, 113 Hemirnorphite, 546 Heuryite, 52 Henwoodite, 854 Hepatiuerz, 206, 699 Hepatite. 900 Hepatopyrite, 96 Heracliou, 224 Hercynite, 223 Herderite, 760 Hermaunite, 378 HermauDolite, 738 Hermesite, 137 Herrengrundite, 962 Herrerite, 279 Herschelite, 589 Hessenbergite, 1037 Hessite, 47, 1037 Hessonite, 437, 440 Hetaerolite, 259 Hetairite, 259 Heteroclin, 232, 380 Heterogenite, 259 Heteromerite, 477 Heteromorphite, 122 Heterosite, 757 Heterotyp, 385 Heterozite, 757 Heubachite, 259 Heulandite, 574 Hexagonite, 385, 389 Hn>hertite. 306 Hiddenite, 366 HieJmite, Hjelmite, 741 Hielo, Span., v. Ice Hieratite, 169 Hierto, 28 Hierro arcilloso, 250
chroinado, 227
espatico, v. Siderite
globoso, 250
magnetico, 224
oligisto, 213
palustre. 250
pardo, 247
Highgate resin, 1007 Hillangsite, 386, 391 Himbeerspath, 278, 1007 Ilintzeite, 885 Hiortdahlite, 377
Hirciue, Hircite, 1014 Hisingerite, 702 Hislopite, 266 Hitchcockite, 855 Hoernesite, 817 Hoevelit, Hovellit, 156 Hofmannite, 1013 Hogauite, 600 Hohlspath, 496 Hohniannite, 967 Holmesite, v. Seybertite, 638 Hoi mite, 638 Holosiderite, 31 Holzasbest, 389 Holzkupfererz, 785 Holzopal, 195 Holzzinnerz, 235 Homichlin, 83 Homilite, 505 Honey-stone, 994 Houigstein, 994 Hopeite, 808 Horbachite, 75 Horu quicksilver, 153 Horn silver, 158 Hornblei. 292 Hornblende, 385
Basaltische, 352
Labrador, 348 Hornerz, 158 Hornesit, 817 Horumangan, 380 Hornstein, 189 Hornstone, 189 Horse-flesh ore, 77 Horsfordite, 44 Hortonite, 363 Hortonolite, 455 Houghite, 256 Houille, 1015 Houille papyracee, 1010 HOvillite. 156 Hovite, 300 Howardite, 1037 Howlite, 881 Huautajayite, 156 Huascolite, 51 Hiibnerite, 982 Hudsonite, 357 Hulla, Span., v. Coal Hullite, 662 Humboltine, 994 Humboldtilite, 474 Humboldtite, 502; 994 Huminite, 1024 Humite, 535 Humus acid, 1014 Hunterite, 689 Huntilite, 43 Hureaulite, 832 Huronite, 340 Huttenbergite, 96 Huysseuite, 880 Hverlera, 696 Hversalt, 954
Hyacinth, 409; 467, 477, 482 Hyalite, 195 Hyalomelan, 1049 Hyalophane, 321 Hyalosiderite, 451
Hyalotekite, 422 Hydrargillite, 254; 842 Hydrargyrite, 159 Hydrargyros. 22 Hydraulic limestone, 267 Hydroapatite, 768 Hydrobiotite, 632, 664 Hydroboracite, 889 Hydroborocalcite, 888 Hydrobucholzite, 1037 Hydrocastorite. 312 Hydrocerussite, 299 Hydrochlore, 726 Hydrocliutonite, 664 Hydrocouite, 303 Hydrocuprite, 207 Hydrocyanite, 912 Hydrodotomite, 306 Hydrofluocerite, 291 Hydrofluorite, 169 Hydrofrankliuite, 259 Hydrogen fluoride, 169
oxide, 205
Hydrogiobertite, 305 Hydrohsematite, 245 Hydrohalite, 156 Hydroilmenite, 219 Hydrolauthanite, 302 Hydrolite, 593 Hydromagnesite, 304 Hydrom'agnocalcit, 306 Hydromica, 614 Hydromuscovite, 614 Hydronephelite, 609 Hydroniccite, 1037 Hydronickelmagnesite 306 Hydronosean, 1043 Hydropliaue, 195 Hydrophilite, 161 Hydrophite, 674 Hydropit, 378 Hydruplumbite, 259 Hydropyrite, 96 Hydrorliodonite, 381 Hydrosfimarskite, 1037 Hydrosilicite, 707 Hydrosteatite, 679 Hydrotalc, 650 Hydrotalcite, 256 Hydrotephroite. 458 Hydrotitiinite, 724 Hydrous anthophyllite, 384 Hydrozincite, 299 Hygrophilite, 622 Hyomelan, 1049 Hypargyrite, 116 Hypersthene, 348 Hypochlorite, 562 Hyposclerite, 328 Hypostilbite, 583 Hypotyphit, 12 Hypoxanthite, 1037 Hystatite, 217
laspachates, 189 laspis, 188 Iberite, 621; 421 Ice, 205
Index To Species.
Ice spar, 318 Iceland spar, 266 Icbtbyophthalmite, 566 Idocrase, 477 Idrialine, Idrialite, 1013 Idrocastorit, 312 Idrociano, 912 Idrotiuore, 169 Idrogiohertita, 305 [gelstromite, 256, 457 [glesiasite, 286 Iglite, Igloite, 281 [guatieffite, 976 [gnatievite, 976 Ihleite, 957 [iwaarite, 1038 [Idefonsite, 731 [lesite, 937 Llluderite, 513 Ilmenite. 217; 737 Umenorutile, 237 Ilsemannite, 202 Ilvaite, 541, 1037 Indianaite, 688 Indianite, 337 [ndicolite, 551 Indigo copper, 68 [nesite, 564
Inflammable cinnabar, 1013 Infusorial earth, 196 [nolite, 268 (nverarite, 74 [odate of calcium, 1040 [odic silver, 160
quicksilver. 160 IODIDES, 152 et seq. lodite, 160 [odobromite, 160 lodquecksilber, 161 lodsilber, 160 [odyrite, 160 lolite, 419
Hydrous, 421 lonite, 1008 [ridium, Native, 27 [ridosmine, 27 Irite, 228 Iron, 28, 1037
Arsenical, 96, 97
Chromic, 227
Magnetic, 224
Meteoric, 19
Native, 28, 1037
Oligist, 215
Titaniferous, 217 <ron aluminate, 223
arsenates. 755, 800, 816, 821, 847, 852, 867
arsenides, 96
borates, 877, 882
carbide, 31
carbonate, 276
chlorides, 165, 176
disulphides, 84, 94
ferrate, 224
hydrates, 245, 247, 250, 251
niobate 731
nitride, 29
oxide, 218, 224; hydrated, 24.'), 047, 2">0, 251
Iron phosphates, 756, 797, 812, 814, 822, 823, 824, ' 825, 841, 848, 849, 850, 852, 854, 867
silicates, 348, 381, 451, 456, 541, 656, 657, 658, 701, 702. 703 et al.
sulphantimonite, 114
sulpharsenide, 97
sulphates, 939, 941, 956 et
sulphides, 72, 73, 84, 94 magnetic, 73
tantalates, 731, 736, 738
tellurate, 979, 980
titanates, 217, 232
tungstates, 982, 985, 991 Iron alum, 654 Iron boracite, 880 Iron earth, Blue, 814 Iron uatrolite, 602 Iron ore, Argillaceous, 215
Arsenicated, 847
Axotomous, 217
Bog, 250
Brown, 250
Calcareous, 276
Clay, 215
Green, 797
Jaspery, 215
Lenticular, 215
Magnetic, 224
Micaceous, 213
Ocherous, 215
Octahedral, 224
Pitchy, 867
Red, 213
Sparry, 276
Specular, 213
Titaniferous, 217 Iron pyrites, 84, 94
Magnetic, 73
White, 94
Iron rutile, v. Nigrine, 238 Iron sand, 217, 224 Iron schefferite, 357 Iron sinter, 821 Ironstone, Clay, 215, 250, 276
Blue, 814
Brown, 247, 250 Is, 205
Iserine, Iserite, 219 Iserite, 239
Isoclasite, Isoklas, 835 Isophaue, v. Franklinite, 227 Isopyre, 1038 Itabiryte, 215 Itacolumyte, 190 Ittuerite, 432
Ivaarite, Iwaarit, 448, 1038 Ivigtite, 616 Ixiolite, Ixionolite, 736 Ixolyte, 1001
Jacksonite, 530 Jacobsite, 227 Jacut, 210
Jade, Common, 371; 369, 386,
389, 515
Jade tenace, 515 Jadeite, 369 Jaipurite, 71 Jakobsite, 227 Jalite, 195 Jalpaite, 47 Jamesonite, 122 Jargon, 482 Jarosite, 974 Jasper, 190 Jaspopal, 195 Jauliugite, 1006 Jayet, v. Jet, 1022 Jefferisite, 664 Jeffersouite, 352, 358 Jefreinomte, 477 Jelletite, 437, 443 Jenkinsite, 674 Jenzschite, 194 Jeremejevite, 875 Jeru, 28
Jeruglans, Jerumalm, 213 Jernmalin, brun, gul, 250 Jernnatrolith, 602 Jernrhodonit, 378 Jet, 1022 Jewreinowit, 477 Jeypoorite, 71 Jodbromchlorsilber, 160 Jodsilber, 160 Jogynaite, 822 Johannite, 978 Johnite, 844 Johnstonite, 48 Johnstrupite, 720 Jolith, 419 Jollyte. 703 Jordanite, 141, 1039 Joseite, 40 Jossaite, 916
Judenpech, v. Asphaltum Julianite, 137 Juuckerite, 276 Jurinite, 243
K
Kaersutite, 386, 392 Kainite, 918 Kaiuosite, 698 Kakochlor, 258 Kakoxeu, 848 Kalait, 844 Kalamit, 385 Kalchsteiu, 262 Kaliiilaun, 951 Kaliborite, 885 Kalicinf, 705 Kalifeldspath, 315 Kaliglimmer, 614 Kaliiiite. 951 Kaliophilite, 427 Kaliphite, 250 Kalisalpeter, 871 Kalisulphat, 897 Kalium-Magnesium chlorid.
Index To Species.
Kalkcaucrinit, 428 Kalkeisenaugit 352 Kalkglimmer, 636 Kalkgranat, 437 Kalkharmotom, 577 Kalkkalisulfat, 945 Kalkmagnesit, 306 Kalktnalacbit, 295 Kalkoligoklas, 334 Kalksal peter, 872 Kalkspatli, 262 Kalkta'ikspath, 271 Kalkuranglimmer, 857 Kalkuranit, 857 Kalkvolbortliit, 790 Kalkwavellit, 843 Kallait, 844 Kallar. 155 Kallilite, 1039 Kallochrom, 913 Kalomel, 153 Kaluszite, 945 Kalzedon, 188 Kamacite, 29, 1037 Kammererit, 650 Kammkies. 94 Kampferliarz, 1008 Kampylite, 771 Kaueelstein, 437 Kaueite, 108 Kanonenspath, 266 Knolin, 685 Kaolinite, 685. 1039 Kapnicite, 842 Ivapuikite, 378 Kapnite, 279 Kappenquarz, 187 Karamsinite, 1039 Kararfveite, 752 Karelinite, 201 Karfunkel, 437 Karinthiu, 392 Karminspath, 755 Karneol, 188 Karpholit. 549 Karpliosiderit, 969 Karphostilbit, 607 Karstenite, 910 Karsutite, 386, 392 Karyinite, 754 Karyocerit, 415 Karyopilit, 704 Kascholong, 195 Kawiterit, 284 Kassitero-tantalit, 738 Kastor, 311 Katapleiit, 412 Kataspilit, 622 Katzena'iire, 188 Katzengold, 613 Katzensilber, 613 Kausimkies, 96 Kautschuk, fossiles, 1000 Keatuigine, 378 Keffekilite, 696 Keffekill, 680 Keilhauite, 717 Kelyphite, 447 Kenngottite, 116 Kentrolite. 544, 1039
Keramohalite, 958; 955 Keraphyllite, Carinthine Kerargyrite, 158 Kerasine, 170, 292 Kerat, 158 Kermes, 106 Kermesite, 106 Kerolith, 675 Kerosene, 1015 Kerosene- shale, 1024 Kerrite, 665 Kerstenite, 981 Kibdelophan, 217 Kidueyore, 215
stone, 386 Kiesel, 183 Kieselaluminite, 693 Kiesel cerit, 550 Kiesel galrnei, 546 Kieselguhr, 196 Kieselgyps, 910 Kieselkupfer, 699 Kieselmalachit, 699 Kieselniangan, 378 Kieselmehl, 196 Kieselsinter, 195 Kieselspatb, v. Albite, 327 Kieselwismuth. 436 Kieselzinkerz, 546 Kieserite, 932 Kilbrickenite, 145 Killinite, 368; 623 Kilmacooite, 51 Kirrolith, 799 Kjerultine, 775 Kirwauite, 398 Kischtimite, 291 Klaprotbine, 798 Klaprothite, 798; 119 Klaprotholite. 119 Klebschiefer, 196 Klementitc 656 Klinocblor, 644 Klinohumit, 538 Klinoklas, 794 Klinokrokit, 976 Klinopbait. 976 Klipsteinite, 381 Knaufflte, 838 Knebelite, 457 Knistersalz, v. Halite, 154 Knoxvillite, 966 Kobaltarsenikkies, 98, 101 Kobaltbescblag, 817 Kobaltbleierz, 52 Kobaltbleiglanz, 52 Kobaltblende, 71 Kobaltbliltbe, 817 Kobaltfahlerz, 137 Kobaltglauz, 89; 78 Kobaltkies, 78 Kobaltmangauerz, 258 Kobaltnickelkies, 78 Kobaltnickeloxydhydrat, 259 Kobaltscorodit, 821 Kobaltspatb, 280 Kobaltsulfuret, 71 Kobaltvitriol, 943 Kobaltwismuthfahlerz, 187 Kobellite, 123
Koboldine, 78 Kochelite, 730 Kochsalz, 154 Koelbiugit, 403 Koettigite, 819 Konacuile, 1007 Kohle, 1021 Kobleuspatb, 993 Koblenvitriolbleispath, 928 Kohlerite, 981 Kokkolit, 352, 357 Koksharovite, 386, 392 Kolbingit, 403 Kollophau. 808 Kollyrit, 698
Kolophonit, v. Colophonite Komarit, 681 Kouarit, 681 Kondroarsenit, 796 Kongsbergite, 23 Konichalcit, 836 Konigine, 925 Koninckite, 825 Konit, 271 Konleinite, 1002 K5nlite, 1002 Konnarit, 681 Koppar, gediget, 20 Kopparglas, 55 Kopparraalm, 55 Koppite, 727 Korarfveite, 752 Koryinite, 754 Kornelite, 957 Kornerupifae, 560 Korund, 210 Korynit, 91 Kotschnbeite, 644 Kottigite, 819 Koulibinite, 1039 Koupbolite, 530 Krablite. Krattite, 821 Krantzite, 1005 Kraurite, 797 Kreittonite, 223 Kremersite, 176 Krennerite, 105, 1089 Keutzkristalle, 581 Kreuzstein, 581 Krisoberil, 229 Krisolith, 451 Krisuvigite, 925 Kroeberite, 75 Krohnkite, 958 Krokalitb, 600 Krokoit, 913 Krokydolith, 400 KrSnkite, KrOnnkite, 968 Krugite, 950 Kryolite, 166 Kryptolitb, 749 Kryptoperthit, 321 Kryptotil, 561 Kubizit, 595 Kuboit, 595 Kuboizit, 589 Kuhnite, 753 Kulibinite, 1039 Kupaphrite, 839 Kupfer, Gediegen, 20
Index To Species.
Kupferantimonglanz, 113 Kupferblau, 700 Kupferbleiglauz, 51 Kupferbleispath, 927 Kupferbleivitriol, 927 Kupferblende, 137 Kupferbltithe, 206 Kupferdiaspore, 794 Kupfereiseu vitriol, 943 Kupferfablerz , 137 Kupferglauz, 55 Kupferglas, 206 Kupferglimmer, 840 Kupfergruu, 699 Kupferhornerz, 172 Kupferindig, 68 Kupferkies, 80 Kupferlasur, 295 Kupferlebererz, 206 Kupfermangauerz, 258 Kupfernickel, 71 Kupferoxyd, 209 Kupferoxydul, 206 Kupferpecberz, 699 Kupferphyllit, 840 Kupfersammterz, 963 Kupfersand, 172 Kupferscbaum, 839 Kupferschwarze, 209, 258 Kupfersilberglanz, 56 Kupfersmaragd, 463 Kupfersulfobismutit, 110 Kupferuranit, 856, 857 Kupfervitriol, 944 Kupferwasser, 941 Kupferwismutherz, 119, 128 Kupferwismuthglanz, 113 Kupferzinkbluthe, 298 Kupfferite, 384 Kuprein, 55 K list elite, 20 Kyanite, 500 Kymatine, 386
Kypholite, v. Serpentine, 669 Kyrosite, 95
Laavenite, 375 Labrador feldspar, 334 Labrador hornblende, 348 Labradorite, 334 Lagonite, 882 Lagunite, 882 Lampadite, 258 Lamprite, 29 Lamprophanite, 977 Lanarkite, 923 Lancasterite, 304 Langbanite, 543, 1039 Langite. 961 Lansfordite, 305 Lanthanite. 302, 1040 Lanthanocerite, 550 Lanthanum carbonate, 290,
291, 302 phosphate, 820 Lapis-lazuli, 432 Lapis ollaris, 451
Lapis specularis, 936 Larderellite, 882 Lardite, Pagodite Lasionite, 842 Lasurfeldspath, 315, 318 Lasurite, 295, 432 Lasurstein, 432 Latialite, 431 Latrobite, 337 Laubanite, 588 Laumouite, 587 Laumontite, 587 Laurionite. 171 Laurite, 93 Lautarite, 1040 Lautite, 148 Laveudulan, 814 Lavenite, 375, 1040 Lavezstcin, 678 Lavroffite, Lavrovite, Law-
rowit, 356 Lawrencite, 165 Laxmaimite, 915 Lazialite, 431 Lazulite, 798 Lazulith, 798; 419 Lazur-Apatit, 762 Lazurfeklspar, 318 Lazurite. 432 Lead, 24
Argentiferous, 41
Black, 7
Corneous, 292
Native, 34
Supersulphuretted, 49
White, 286 Lead antimonates, 754, 862
antimonites, 863, 864
arsenates, 755, 771, 775, 837
arsenite, 863
carbonates, 286; 299
chloride, 165
chloro-carbonates, 292
chromates, 913, 914, 915
dioxide, 239
molybdate, 989
oxides, 209, 231, 239
oxychlorides, 169, 170, 171, 172, 1028
oxy- iodide, 170
phosphates, 770, 855
seleuides, 52, 53
selenite, 981
silicates, 421, 422,545; 1040 (artif.)
sulphantimouate, 149
sulphautimonites, 112, 118, 120, 122, 123, 124, 126, 129, 143, 145
sulpharsenites, 112, 120, 131, 141
sulphates, 907, 923; 925, 927
sulphate carbonate, 921
sulphide, 48
sulphobismuthites, 110,111, 114, 119, 121, 122, 123, 129, 130, 145
telluride, 51
vanadates, 773, 787, 789, 790, 791, 792
Lead glance, 48 Lead ocher, 209 Lead ore, Green, 770
Red, 913
White, 286
Yellow, 989 Lead vitriol, 907 Leadhillite, 921 Leberbleude, 61, 107 Lebererz Kupfeix 206 Leberkies, 73, 94 Leberopal, 195 Leberstein, 900 Lecontite, 930 Ledererite, 593 Lederite, 712 Leedsite, 904 Leelite, 315 Lehmanite, 515 Lehman nite, 913 Leh.rbach.ite, 53 Lehuutile, COO Leidyite, 707 Lemuiau earth, 689 Leuui]ite.319, 666 Lenziuite, 688 Leouhardite, 587 Leopardite, 1040 Leopoldite, 156 Lepidocrocite, 247 Lepidokrokit, 247 Lepidolite, 624 Lepidomelane, 634 Lepidomorphite, 614 Lepidophoeite, 258 Lepolite, 337 Leptochlorite, 643 Leptonematite, 232 Lerbachite, 53 Lernilite, 666 Lesleyite, 707 Lettsomite, 963 Leucanterite, 972 Leucaugite, 358 Leuchteubergite, 644 Leucite, 342, 1041 Leucochalcite, 837 Leucocyclite, 566 Leucolite, 70 Leucomangaulte, 812 Leucopetrite, 1011 Leucophanite, 417 Leucophyllite, 614 Leucopyrite, 96 Leucotile, 707 Leucoxeuc, 219, 712 Leukargyrit, 137 Leukophan, 417 Leuzit, 341 Leverrierite, 687 Leviglianile, 63 Levyne, 595 Levynite, 595 Lherzolyte, 221 Libethenite, 786 Liebenerile, 621; 426 Liebigite, 308 Lievrite, 541 Lignite, 1022 Ligurite. 712
Index To Species.
Lilalite. 624 LillhammerU, 65 Lillianite, 130 Lillite, 708 Limbachite, 675 Limbilite, 454 Lime, 210
v. Calcium Lime-epidote, 513
-malachite, 715
-mesotype, 604
-urauite, 857
-wavellite, 843 Limestone, 267
Hydraulic, 267
Magnesian, 271 Limuite, 251; 250 Limonite, 250 Linarite, 927 , Lincolnite, 574 Lindackerite, 869 Lindsayite, Lindseite, 337 Linnaeite, 78 Linseite, 337 Linsenerz, 853 Liusenkupfer, 853 Liutouite. 607 Lionite, 11 Liparite, 161 Liroconite, 853 Lirokomalachit, 853 Liskeardite. 846 Litarjirio nativo, 209 Litharge, 209 Litheosphorus, 899 Lithidionite, 1041 Lithioneiseuglimmer, 1041 Lithionglimmer, 624 Lithionite, 624 Lithionnephelin, 426 Lithiophilite, 756 Lithiophorite, 257 Lithium phosphates, 756, 781
silicates, 312, 366, 624, 626 Lithographic stone, 267 Lithomarge, 685, 688 Lithoxyle, 195 Litidionite, 1041 Livingstonite, 109 Llanca, 699 Loadstone, 225 Loboit, 477 Lodestone, 225 Loeweite, 946 Loewigite, 976 Logan ite, 398 Lollingite, 96 Lomonite, 587 Lonchidite, 96 Longbanite, 543 Longulites, 1032 Lophoite, 653 Lotalite, 356 Louisite, 570 Lovenite, 375 Loweite, 946 Lowigite, 976 Loxoclase, 315 Lucasite, 666 Luchssapphir, 419
Luckite, 941 Lucullan, Lucullite, 267 Ludlamite, b41 Ludwigite, 877 Luftsaures Silber, 309 Lumachelle, 267 Liineburgite, 869 Lunnite, 794 Lupus tnetallorum, 36 Lussatite, 197 Luzouite, 148, 1041 Lychnis, 210, 220 Lydian stone, 189 Lydite, 189 Lyellite, 961 Lyncurium, 482, 1002 Lythrodes, 621
M
Macfarlanite, 43 Made, 496 Maclureite, 352, 535 Maconite, 667 Magueferrite, 226 Magnesia, v. Magnesium Magnesia alum, 953
alba, 304
saltpeter, 872 Magnesian limestone, 271
pharmacolite, 753 Magnesie hydratee, 252
carbonatee, 274
nitratee, 872
phosphatee, 775 Magnesi nitre, 872 Magnesiochromite, 228 Magnesioferrite, 226 Magnesite, 274; 680 Magnesium aluminate, 220
arsenate, 817
borates, 879, 878, 884, 877, 881, 885
carbonates, 274, 271; hy- drous, 300, 304, 305
chlorides, 164, 176, 178
ferrate, 226
fluoride, 164
hydrate, 252
molybdate, 992
nitrate, 872
oxides, 207, 252
phosphates, 806, 817, 830, 832, 869
silicates, 346, 348, 384, 450, 678, 680, 535 et seq.; 669 et seq.
sulphates, 932, 938; 918,
946, 948, 950, 953 Magueteisensteiu, 224 Magnetic iron ore, 224 Magnetic pyrites, 73 Magnetis, 224 Magnetite, 224, 1041 Magnetjernmalm, 224 Magnetkies, 73 Magnet opyrite, 73 Magnochromite, 228 Magnoferrite, 226
Magnolite, 980 Makite, 895 Malachite, Blue, 295
Green, 294
Lime, 295 Malacolite, 352. 356 Malacou, Malakon, 486 Malaquita, 294 Maldonite, 15 Malinowskite, 137 Mallardite, 943 Maltha, 1015 Malthacite, 695 Mamanite, 950 Mancinite, 1041 Mandelato, 267 Mangan, Kohlensaures, 278 Maugaualuuu, 955 Manganauiphibole, 378 MANGANATES, 220 Mangunapatite, 764 Mangaublende, 64 Maugaubrucite, 252 Mangauchlorite, 648 Mangandistuen, 542 Manganepidote, 521 Manganerz, Giaues, 243, 248
Kupferhaltiges, 231
Prismatoidisches, 248
Schwarzes, 257 Manganese, Black, 257
Bog, 257
Cupreous, 258
Earthy, 257
Gray, 243
Red, 378; 278 Manganese antimonate, 803
arsenates, 780, 796, 800,801, 802, 803, 811, 836
arsenide, 108
borates, 876, 877
carbonate, 278
chloride, 165
dioxides, 236, 243
disulphide, 87
ferrate. 227
hydrates, 253, 248, 256, 257,
uiobate, 731
oxides, 207, 230, 231, 232, 236, 243, 248
phosphates, 756, 758, 775, 777, 778, 779, 809, 812, 813,832,850
silicates, 378, 380, 381, 434, 442, 448, 457, 460, 465, 521, 542. 543, 544, 549, 564, 704, et al.
sulphates, 933, 943; 955
sulphide, 64, 87
tantalate, 731
titanate, 1045
tungstate, 982
Manganese - ore, Brachytyp- ous, 231
Prismatic, 243
Pyramidal, 230 Manganese alum, 955 Manganese spar, 378 Manganglarv ""
Index To Species.
Mangangranat, 437, 442 Manganhedenbergite, 356 Mangauhisingerite, 702 Manganidokras, 477 Manganite, 248 Mangankiesel, 378 Mangankupfererz, 231 Mangankupferoxyd, 231 Mauganmaguetite, 225 Manganocalcite, 269, 278 Maugauocolumbite, 731 Mauganoferrite, 1041 Mauganomagnetite, 227 Mauganopal, v. Opal, 194 Muuganophyllite, 627 Mangaaoaiderite, 278 Mauganosite, 207 Manganostibiite, 803 Manganotantalite, 731 Manganowolframit, 982 Manganpectolite, 373 Mauganschamn, 257 Manganspath, 278 Mangantantalite, 731 Mauganvesuvian, 477 Marasmolite, 59 Marble, 267
Verd-antique, 267, 671 Marcasite, 94, 1041; 84, 86 Marceline, 232, 380 Marcylite, 172, 174, 210 MarcKaMie — Pearlstone Margarite, 636 Margarites. 1032 Margarodite, 614 Marialite, 472: 466, 431 Marieiiglas, 933 Marionite, 299 Mariposite, 1041 Marl, 268 Marrnairolite, 391 Marmatite, 59 Marmol, Sp., v. Marble Marraolite, 66 Marsb ore, 250 Martinite, 830 Martinsite, 156, 932 Martite, 216 Martourite, 114 Mascagnine, 894 Mascagnite, 894 Miiskelynite, 335 Masonite, 640 Massicot, 209 Massicottite, 809 Matildite, 115 Matlockite, 169 Matricite, 455
Mauilite, v. Labradorite, 334 Maxite, 21 Mazapilite, 851 Meadow ore, 250 Medjidite, 978 JHeerscbaluminite, 687 Meerschaum, 680 Megabasite, 982 Megabromite, 159 Mehlzeolith, 600, 605 Meionite, 467 Melaconisa, 209
Melacouite, 209 Melauasphalt, 1020 Melaucblor, 758 Melanchyra, 1014 Melanellite, 1014 Melanglauz, 143 Melanglimmer, 659 Melangrapbite, 7 Melaubydrit, 1043 Melanite, 437, 442, 1036 Melanocerite, 414 Melanocbroite, 914 Melanolite, 662 Melanophlogite, 194, 1041 Melauosiderite, 703 Melauotallo, 174 Melanotecite, 545 Melanotekite, 545 Melauothallite, 174 Melauteria, 941 Melanterite, 941 Melilite, Mellilite, 474 Melinite, 695 Melinophane, 418 Meliphanite, 418 Mellate of aluminium, 994 Mellite, 994 Melinose, 989 Meionite, 76 Melopsite, 708 Meuaccauite, 217 Menachanite, 217 Meuakanite, 217 Meuakerz, 712 Mendipite, 170 Mendozite, 952 Meneghinite, 142 Mengite, 737, 749, Menilite, 195 Meunige, 231 Mercure nrgental, 23
chlorure. 153
natif, 22
sulfure, 66
iodure, 161 Mercuric, 22
corneo, 153 Mercury, 22
Horn, 153
Native, 22 Mercury autimonite, 865
chloride, 153
iodide, 161
selenides, 63; 53
selenite, 981
sulpbantimonite, 109
sulphate, 916
sulphides, 62, 66
sulpbo-seleuide, 64, 66
telluride, 64 Mercury amalgam, 23 Merda di Diavolo, 1010 Mergelkalk, 268 Merkurblende, 66 Merkurglauz, 64 Meroxene, 627 Mesitine, 275 Mesitite. 275 Mesitinspath, 275 Mesole, 607
Mesolin, 595 Mesolite, 605
Mesotype, 600, 604, 605, 607 Mesotype epointee, 566 Messelite, 812 Messiugbliithe, 298 Messingerz, 61 Messingite, 298 Metabrushite, 829 Metacblorite, 656 Metacinnabarite, 62, 1041 Metagadoliuile, 512 Metal escrito, 103 Metal on chid He, 96 Metauatrolite, 601 Metasericite, 614 Metastibnite, 38 Metavoltine, 972 Metaxite, 669 Metaxoite, 674 Metaziuuober, 62 Meteoric iron, 29 Meteorin, 31 Mexican onyx, 268 Meymacite, 202 Miargyrite, 116 MICA Group, 611 Mica, Iron, 634; 627
Lime, 636
Lithia, 624, 626
Magnesia, 627, 632
Manganese, 629
Potash, 614
Soda, 623
Vanadium, 635 Mica dcs peiutres, 7 Mica piftoria, 7 Micaceous iron ore, 213 Micaphilit, 496 Micarelle, 473 Michaelite, 196 Michaelsonite, 507 Michel-levyte, 900 Microbromite, 159 Microcline, 822, 1042 Microcosmic salt, 826 Microlite, 728, 1042 Microlites, 1042 Microsommite, 428 Microperthite, 321 Microphyllite, Microplakite
Microschorlite, 686 Microvermiculite, 686 Middletonile, 1010 Miemite, 271 Miesite, 770 Mikroklas, 324 Mikroklin, 332; 315 Mikrotin, 341 Milanite, 688 Milarite, 312 Milky quartz, 188 Millerite, 70
Miloschin, Miloschite, 697 Mimetene, 771. Mimetese, Mimetesite, 771 Mimetite, 771
Mineral caoutchouc, 1000,
Index 10 Species.
Mineral coal, 1021
charcoal, 1022
graisse, 1015
oil, 1015
pitch, 1015
resin, 1002 et seq.
tallow, 997
tar, 1015, 1018
wax, 998 Minium, 231 Miouite, 467 Mirabilite, 931 Miriquidite 870 Misenite, 922 Mispickel, 97 Misy, 911, 964, 972, 974 Mixite, 860 Mizzonite, 471 Mocha stone. 189 Mock lead, 59 Modumite, 93 Mohsine, 96 Mohsite, 217 Molisite, 165 Mollit, 798 Molochites, 294 Molybdiiubleispath, 989 Molybdiinglauz, 41 Molybdauocker, 201 Molybdausilber, 40 Molybdate of iron, 202 Molybdate of lead, 989 MOLYBDATES, 982 et seq. Molybdenum disulphide, 41
trioxide, 201 Molybdeue sulfure, 41 Molybdenite, 41, 1042 Molybdic ocher, 201
silver, 40 Molybdine, 201 Molybdite, 201 Molybdomenite, 981 Molysite, 165 Monazite, 749 Monazitoid, 749 Mondsteiu, v. Moonstone, 318 Monetite, 784 Monheimite, 279 Monimolite, 754 Mouite, 808 Mooopliaa, 577 Monradite, 364 Monrolite, 498 Montanite, 979 Moutebrasite, 781 Monticellite, 449 Moutmartite, 933 Moutmilch, 268 Montmorillonite, 690 Monzonite, 562 Moonstone, 318 Moral Ion, 406
Morasterz, v. Limonite, 250 Mordenite, 573 Morenosite, 940 Moresnetite, 549 Moriuite, 1042 Morion, Alorrnorion, 187 Mornite, 334 Morocochite, 115
Moronolite, 974 Moroxite, 762 Morveuite, 08! Mosandrite, 721 Moss agate, 189 Mossottite, 281 MoUrainile, 792 Mountain blue, 295, 699
cork, 386, 389
green, 294, 699
leather, 386, 389 Muckite, 1006 Muldau, 318 Muller's glass, 195 Mulleriu, Mullerine, 104 Mullerite. 807 Mullicite, 814 Mundic, 84
Murchisonite, 315, 318 Muriacite, 910 Murouiontite, 526 Murrhina, 188 Mursinskite, 1042 Muscovite, 614 Muscovy glass, 614 Museuite, Siegenite, 78 Musite, 290 Mussite, 356; 290 Myelin, 685 Myrmalm, 250 Mysorin, 295
N
Nacrite, 614, 685 Nadeleiseuerz, 247 Nadelerz, 129 Nadelstein, 281 Nadelzeolilh, 600 Nadelziumrz, 235 Nadorite, 863 Nsesumite, 708 Nagyagererz, 105 Nagyagite, 105 Nailhead spar, 266 Namaqualite, 259 Nantpkite, 154 Nautoquita, 154 Napalite, 1001 Naphtha, 1015 Naphthadil, 999 Naphthalene, 1002 Nasturau, 889 Native coke, 1021 NATIVE ELEMENTS, 2 et seq. Natrikalite, 155 Nat rite, 301 Natrium, v. Sodium Natroborocalcite, 887 Natrocalcite, 907; 802 Natrolite, 600, 1042; 468 Natrolite. Iron, 600 Natron mikroklin, 324 Natron, 301, 1042
alaun, 952
salpeter, 870 Natron chabazit, 593 Natron glimmer, 623 Natronhaiiyne, 432
Natronitrite, 870
Natron katapleiit, 412
Natrouleucit, 343
Natrouorthoklas, 318, 324
Natron salpeter, 870
Natrouipoduiueu, 332
Natrophilite, 758
Natrophite, 784
Natroxonotlite, 1052,
Naumannite, 52
Necronite, 315
Needle ironstone, 247'
Needle ore, 129
Needle spar, Aragonite, 281
Needle tin ore, 235
Needle zeolite, 600
Needlestoue, 600
Nefeliua. 423
Nefedieffite, 708
Neftdegil, Neft-gil, 999;
Nemalite, 252
Neochrysolile, 455
Neociauo, 562
Neoctese, 821
Neocyanite, 562
Neolile, 708
Neoplase, 972
Neotesile, 458 1
Neotocite, Neotokit, 704" '.
Neotype, 269
Nepaulite, 137, 141
Nephatil, 999
Nepheline, 423
Nephelinitoid, 424, 371
Nephelite. 423, 1042
Nephrite, 386, 389, 371, 396,
515, 10-26; 669 Neichiuskite, 688 Nero auiico, 267
rame, 209
Nesquehonite, SOO, 1042 Neudorfite, 1006 Neurolite, 692 Nevjanskite, 27 Newberyite, 830 Newboldtite, 1043 Newjanskite, 27 Newkirkite, 248 Newportite, 642 Newtonite, 689 Niccochromite, 1043 Niccolite, 71 Nickel, Antimonial, 73"
Arsenical, 71; 90
Copper, 71
Emerald, 306
Native, 1043
White, 101 Nickel antimonide, 72
arsenates, 818, 819, 884, 869, 870
arsenides, 71, 88
carbonate, 306
diarsenides, 88. 101
oxides, 208, 226
silicates, 676, 677, 681
sulpliantimonide, 91
sulpharsenides, 90, 91, 102
sulphate, 940
sulphides, 70, 75, 76
Index To Species.
Nickel sulpho-bismuthide,
telluride, 76 Nickel bloom, 818 Nickel glance, 90 Nickel green, 818 Nickel iron, 1043 Nickel ocher, 818 Nickel srnaragd, 306 Nickel stibine, 91 Nickel vitriol, 940 Nickelautimouglanz, 91 Nickelarseuikglanz, 90 Nickelarsenikkies, 90 Nickel bliithe, 818 Nickelfahlerz, 137 Nickelglanz, 90 Nickel-Gyuiuite, 676 Nickeliferous gray antimony,
Nickeline, 71 Nickelkies, 70 Nickelocker, 818 Nickeloxydul, 208 Nickelspiessglanzerz, 91 Nickelwismutbglanz, 75 Nicopyrite, 65 Nierenstein, 386 Nigrescite, 708 Nigrine. 237 NIOBATES, 725 et seq. Niobite, 731 Nipbolite, 168 Niquel bianco, 101
rojo, 71
JTiter, Nil re, 871 NITRATES, 870 et seq, Nitratiue, 870 Nitrobarite, 872 Nitrocalcite, 872 Nitroglauberite, 873 Nitromagnesite, 872 Niveite, 965 Nivenite, 889 Nocerina, 174 Nocerite, 174 Nohlite, 740 Nontronite, 701 Noralite, 386, 392 Nordenskioldine, 875 Nordenskioldite, 385, 389 Normal in, 577 No rd mar kite, 558 Nosean, Nosin, Nosite, 432 Noselite, 432, 1043 Noumeaite, 676 Noumeite, Numeite, 676 Nussierite, 770 Nuttallite, 468
O
Ocher, Antimony, 203 Bismuth, 200 Brown, 250 Chrome, 697 Iron, 213, 250 Molybdic, 201 Plumbic, 209
Ocher Red, 213, 245
Tantalic, 201
Telluric, 201
Tuugstic, 202
Uranic, 978
Yellow, 250
Vitriol, 970 Ochrau, 695 Ochroite, 550 Ochrolite, 864 Ockergelb, 250 Octahedrite, 240, 1043 Octibbehite, 30 Odoutolite, 845 (Eil de cbat, 188 OZllacherite, 614 (Erstedite, 486 Offretite, 1043 Ogcoite, 653
Oil, Geuesee or Seneca, 1016 Oisanite, 240, 516 Ojo de gato, Sp., v. Cat's
eye, 188, 230 Okenite, 565; 373 Oktibbehite, 30 Olaflt, 328 Oldhamite, 65, 1043 Oligist iron, 213 Oligoclase, 332 Oligoclase-albite, 328, 332 Oligoklasjilbit. 328. 332 Oligon spar, 276 Oligonite, 276 Oligosiderite, 32 Olive copper ore, 784 Olivencbalcit, 786 Olivenerz, 784, 847 Olivenite, 784 Olivine, 451
Omphacite, Omphazit, 357 Oncophyllite, 614 Oncosin, 614 Ouegite. 247 Onice, Ouicolo, 189 Onofrite, 64; 981 OnhirioTite, 468 Onyx, 189
Mexican. 268 Onyx marble, 268 Oolite, 268 Oosite, 622 Opal, 194, 1038 Opal-allophane, 694 Opaljasper, 195 Operment, 35 Ophicalcite, 671 Opbiolite. 671 Ophite, 669 Opsimose, 381 Or des chats, 613
graphique, 103
natif, 14 Orangite. 48S Oravitzile, 696 Oriclialcite, 298 Oriental alabaster, 268
amethyst, 212
emerald, 212
ruby, 212
topaz, 212
Orileyite, 44 Orizite, 576 Omiblenda, 385 Ornithitt-,829 Oroche, 15 Oro grafico, 103
nativo, 14 Oropimento, 35 Oropion, 688 Orpiment, 35, 1043 Orthite, 522 Orthoclase, 315 Orthochlorite, 643 Orthose, 315 Oryzite, 576 Osbornite, 65 Oserskite, 281 Osmelite, 373 Osmiridium, 27 Osmium sulphide, 93 Osteocolla, 268 Osteolite, 763 Ostrauite, 482 Ottrelite, 642, 1043 Ouatite, 257 Oulopholite, 936 Outremer, 432 Ouvarovite, 438, 444 Owenite, 657 Oxacalcite, 993 Oxalate of ammonium, 994
calcium, 993
iron, 994
sodium and ammonium, 994 Oxalite, 994 Oxalsuures Eisen, 994 Oxammite. 994; 807 Oxhaverite, 566 OXIDES, 183 et seq. OXYCHLOKIDES, 169 et seq.
Oxyfluokides, 175 Oxysulphides, 106
Ozarkite, 607
Ozocerite, Ozokerit, 998, 999
Pachnolite, 179
Pacite, 97 Paederos, 194 Pagodite, 622; 691 Painterite, 666 Paisbersrite, 378 Paleeo-Natrolith, 600 Palagonite, 1043 Paligorskite, 398 Palladium, Native, 28, Palladium gold, 15j Palladiuite, 210 Pallasite, 82 Palygorskite, 398 Panabase, 137 Pandermite, 884' Papierspath, 266 Paposite, 967 Parachlorite, 663 Paracolumbite, 217 Paradoxite, 315 Paraffin, 996, 997, 998
Index To Species.
Paraffin coal, 1000 Paragonite, 623 Parailmenite, 217 Paralogite, 473 Paraluminite, 971 Paramelaconite, 1043 Parankerite, 274 Parauthiue, Paranthite, 468 Parasite, 879 Parastilbite, 577 Parathorite. 1044 Pargasite, 386, 392 Parisite, 290 Paroligoelase, 1044 Parophite, 621 Parrot coal, 1022 Partschin, 44fc> Partschinite, 448 Partzite, 204 Passauite. 468 Passyite, 194 Pastreite, 969 Patemite, 991 Patrinite, 129 Pattersonite, 663 Paulit, :48 Puvonado, 137
bianco, 51 Pazit, 97 Peach, 654 Peacock ore, 77, 80 Pealite, 196 Pearl-mica, 636 Pearl sinter, 195 Pearl-spar, 271, 274 Peastone, v. Pisolite, 268 Pebble, Brazilian, 187 Pechbleude, Pecherz, 889 Pechkohle, 1021 Pecho de Paloma, 77 Pechkupfer, 699 Pechopal, 195 Pechurau, 889 Peckhamite, 351 Pectolite, 373 Pecurano, 889 Peganite 843 Peu'inatolite, 315 Peu-inatyte, 190 Pt-kiolitli,373 Pehigite, 259 Pelugosite. 1044 Pvllmnrine, 708 Pclhamite, 665 Pt-liom, 419 Pelicauite, 689 Pella natural, 23 Pelokonite, 258 Pelosiderite. 276 Pencatite, 271 Pencil-stone, 691 Pennine, 650; 306 Penninite, 650 Pennite, 306 Pentaklasit, 352 Pentlandite, 65 Pen withite, 705 Pepita. 16 Peplolit. 421 Percylite, 172, 1028
Periclase, Periclasite, 207 Pericliue, 328 Peridot, 451 Peridoto bianco, 450 Periklas, 207 Perikliu, 328 Peristerite, 328 Perlgliuimer, 636 Perlspath, 271 Persbergite, 708 Perthite, 321 Perofskite, 722 Perovskite, 722; 724 Perowskine, 756 Perowskit, 722 Pesillite, 232, 381 Petalite, 311 Petlauque, 131
uero, 46
Petrified wood, 189, 195 Petrolene, 1017 Petroleum, 1015 Pettkoite, 972 Petuutze, 687 Petzite, 48 Pezbleuda. 889 Pfaffite, 122, 862 Pfeifenstein, Catlinite, 696 Phaactinite, 398 Pbacelite, Phacellite, 427 Phacolite, 589 Phaestiue, 351 Pharmacolite, 827; 753 Pharmacosiderite, 847 Pharmakochalcit, 784 Pharmakopyrit, 96 Phastine, 351 Phenacite, Phenakit, 462 Pbengite, 614, 617 Philadelphite, 667 Phillipite, 959 Phillipsite, 579; 77 Phlogopite, 632 Pboeuicite, 914 Phoenicochroite, 914 Phoestine, 351 Pbolerite, 685 Pholidolite, 684 Pbonite, 423 Phosgenite, 292 Phosphammite, 807 PHOSPHATES, 747 et seq. Phosphatic nodules, 769 Pbospbide of iron and nickel,
Phosphocerite, 749, 752 Phosphochalcite, 794 Pbospbocbromite, 915; 1033 Phospborblei, 770 Pbospboreisensiuter, 867 Phosphortrummite, 892 Phospborite, 762 Phospborkupfererz, 794 Phosphormani:au, 777 Pliospbornickeleisen, 31 Phosphorochiildte, 794 Pbospborsalz. 826 Phosphosiderite, 823 Phosphuranylite, 859 Pboticite, 380
Photizit, 380 Photolite, 373 Phtnauyte, 190 Pbyllite, 642 Pbylloretin, 1001, 1002 Physalite, 492 Phytocollite, 1015 Piauzite, 1019 Picite, 849 Pickeringite, 953 Picotite, 221 Picranalcime, 596 Picroallumogene, 958 Picroepidote, 521 Picrofluite, 708 Picrolite, Pikrolit, 669 Picromerite, 948 Picropharmacolite, 813 Picrophyll, Pikrophyll, 364 Picrosuiine, Pikrosmin, 709 Picrotephroite, 457 Picrotbomsonite, 609 Picrotitanite, 218 Pictite. 712 Piddiugtouite, 385 Piedmontite, 521 Piemontite, 521 Pierre grasse, 423
de tripes, 910
de Vulpino, 910 Pietra di hijada, 386 Pigotite, 995 Pihlite, 709 Pikromerit, 948 Pilarite, 699 Pilinite, 709 Pilite, 454 Pilolite, 709 Pilsenite, 40 Pimelite, 677, 678 Pinakiolite, 877 Pinguite, 701 Finite, 621; 421 Pinitoid, 621 Pinnoite, 884 Pinolite, 274 Piotiue, 682
Pipestone, v. Catlinite, 696 Pireuait, 442 Pirita amarilla, 84
blanca, 94
maguetica, 73 Piroclmalite, 465 Pirop, 440
Pirolusita, v. Pyrolusite Piroxene, v. Pyroxene Pirrotina, 73 Pisanite, 943 Pisolite, 268 Pissaspbaltus, 1015 Pissophane, Pissophanite, 971 Pistacile, Pistazit, 516 Pistomesite, 275 Pitcb, Mineral, 1017 Pitchblende, 889 Pitchy iron ore, 867 Pitkiirantite, 364 Pittasphalt, 1015 Pitticite, Pittizit, 867; 970 Pittinerz. 892
Index To Species.
Pittinite, 892 Pittolium, 1015 Place-dine, 108 Plagiocitrite, 975 Plagioclase, 325 Plagionite, 118 Plakodiii. 108 Planerite, 824 Plasma, 188 Plaster cement, 268 Plaster of Paris, 933 Plaster stone, 933 Plata azul, 309
bistnutal, 45 cornea, 158
iodurado mercurial, 160
mercurial, 23
nativa, 19
verde, 159 Plat in a, Platiue. 24 Platiniridiiim, 27 Platinum, Native, 25, 1044 Platinum arsenide, 92 Plattnerite, '339 Platyophthalmon, 37 Flenargyrite, 115 Pleonaste, 221 Pleonectite, 775 Plessite, 29, 1037; 90 Pleurasite, 8(>3 Pleurocliise, 775 Plinian, 97 Plinthite, 695 Plomb antimonie sulfure, 126
arseniate, 771
carbonate, '.286
cliloro-carbouate, 292
chlorure, 170
chromate, 913
come, 292
hydro alumineux, 855
jaune, 989
molybdate, 989
natif, 24
oxyeliloriodure, 170
oxide, 209, 239
rouge, 913
selenie, seleniure, 52
sulfate, 908
sulfure, 48
tellure, 51 Ploml)gomme, 855 Plombierite, 570 Plomo bianco, v. Cerussite
nativo, 24
pardo, 773
rojo, v. Crocoite
telural, 51 Plumbago. 7; 48 Plumballophane, 693 Plumbeine, 50 Plumbic ocher, 209 Plumbiodite, 170 Plumbo-aragonite, 283 PlumbocalcTte, 269 Plumbocuprite, 51 Plumboferrite, 228 Plumbogummite. 855 Pliinibonianganite, 108 Plunibonacrite, 299
Plumboresinite, 855 Plumbostanuite, Id8 Plumbostib, 129 Plumbum candidum, 24
uigrum, 24 PI u mites, 122 Plumose ore, 122 Plunmsit, 122 Plush copper ore, 206 Plynthite, 695 Poikilit. 77 Poikilopyrite, 77 Poix minerale, 1015 Polianite, 236 Polirschiefer. 196 Pollucite 343, 1044 Pollux, 343, 1044 Polyadelphite, 437, 443 Polyargiie, 621 Polyargyrite. 146 Polyarsenite. 779 Folybasite, 146, 1045, 1050 FoJycrase, 744 Polychroilite, 421 Polychrom, 770 Polydymite, 75 Polyhalite, 950 Polybydrite, 710 Polykias, 744 Polykrasilith. 485 Pohlitc, 1045 Polylitlnonite, 626 Polymignite, 743 Polysldeiite, 32 Polyspbuerite, 770 Polytelile, 141 Polyxen. 25 Poonahlite, 604 Porcelain clay, 685 Porcelain spar. 685 Porcellopliite, 670 Porpezite, 15
Porriciu, v. Pyroxene, 352 Portor, 107 Porzellauenle. (',85 PorzellanspHtb, 468 Posepnyte, 101 H Potash alum, 9ol Potassium borates, 880, 885
chlorides, 15(i, 177; 918
nitrates, 871
silicates, 315, 3','2, 341, 426, 566, 614, et ul.
sulphates, 897; 895, 922, 930, 945, 948, 949, 950, 951, 975 Potstone, 678 Potters' ore. 50 Pouuxa, v. Borax, 886 Pouschkinite. 516 Powellite, 989 Prase, 188 Praseolite, 421 Prasilite, 663, 680 Prasin, 794 Prasinchalzit, 794 Precious garnet, 440, 441
opal, 195
Precious serpentine, 670 Predazzite, 271 Pregrattit, 623 Prehnite, 530 Prehnitoid, 471; 532 Prenia, Sp/m.,v. Prehnite Pfibramite,59, 247 Priceite, 884 Prismatine, 560 Prochlorite, 653 Proidonina, 169 Proidonite, 169 Protolithionite, 627 Prosopite, 178 Protheite, 356 Protobastite, 346 Protochlorite 663 Protonoutronite, 702 Protovermiculite, 667 Proustite, 134 Prussian blue. Native, 815 Przibramite, 59, 247 Psathyrit, 1009 Psaturose, 143 Psendoalbite, 333 Pseudoapatite, 764 Pseudoberzeliite, 753 Psendobiotite, 632 Pseudobrookite, 232 Pseudocampylite, 770 Pseudoscapolite, 473 PseudocotttQoite, 165 Pseudogalena, 59 Pseudoleucite, 1041 Pseudolibethenit, 786 Pseudomalachite, 794 Pseudonatrolite, 573 Pseudonepheline, 423 Pseudonocerina, 175 Pseudopbite, 652 Pseudosmaragd, 409 Pseudosommite, 423 Pseud ost eat ite, 688 Pseudotridymite, 193 Pseudotriplite, 757 Psilomelane, 257 Psittacinite, 791 Psimyiliit, 921 Pterolile, 403, 635 Ptilolite, 572 Pucherite. 755 PuJk-rite, 583 Punalilit, 604 Purple copper ore, 77 Puscbkinite, 516 Pycnitc. 492 Pyfnopbyllite, 616 Pyknotro'p, 710 Pyralloliie, 364, 678 Pyrantinionite, 107 Pyrargillite. 421 Pyrargyrite, 131 Pyrauxite, 691 Pyreneite. 437, 442 Pyrgom, 358 Pyrichrolite, 135 Pyrite, 84, 1045 Pyrites, Arsenical, 96, 9T
Auriferous, 85
Capillary, 70; 94
Index To Species.
Pyrites, Cellular, 94
Cockscomb, 94
Copper, 80
Erubescent, 77
Hepatic, 94
Hydrous, 94
Iron, 84; 94
Magnetic, 73
Prismatic Iron, 94
Radiated, 94
Spear, 94
Tin, 83
Variegated, 77
White iron, 94 Pyritolamprite, 43 Pyroaurite, 256 Pyrochlore, 726; 728 Pyrochroite, 253 Pyrochrotite, 135 Pyroclasite, 769 Pyroeonite, 179 Pyroguanite, 769 Pyroidesine, 710 Pyrolusite, 243, 1045 Pyromelane, 716 Pyromeline. 940 Pyromorphite, 770 Pyrope, 487, 440 Pyrophane, 195 Pyrophanite, 1045 Pyrophosphorite, 808 Fyrophyllite, 691 Pyrophysalite. 492 Pyropissite, 1000 Pyroretin, 1011 Pyroretinite, 1011 Pyrorthite, 522 Pyroscheereiite, 1002 Pyrosclerite, 668 Pyrosmalite, 465 Pyrostibite, 107 Pyrostilpnite, 135 Pyrotechnite, 895 Pyroxene, 352, 1045 PYROXENE Group, 344-382 Pyrrliarsenite, Pyrrhoarsen-
ite, 753 Pyrrhite. 728 Pyrrholite, 621 Pyrrhosiderite, 247 Pyrrhotine, 73 Pyrrhotite, 73
Q
Quartz, 183, 1046 Quartzyte, 190 Quarz, Quarzo, 183 Quecksilber, Gediegen, 22 Quecksilberchlorur, 153 Quecksilberfahlerz, 137 Quecksilberbranderz, 1011; 67 Quecksilberhornerz, 153 Quecksilberlebererz, 67 Quecksilbermohr, 63 Quellerz, 251 Quenstedtite, 957 Querspiessglanz, 122 Quetenite, 977 Quicksilver, Native, 22
Quicksilver, v. Mercury Quincite, 710 Quirlkies. 100 Quarts, 183 Qvicksilfver, 22
R
Rabdionite, 260 Rabdophane, 820 Rabeugliinmer, 626 Radauite, 334 Radelerz, 126 Radiated pyrites, 94 Radiolite, 600 Raflsiderite, 217 Rabtite, 59 Raimondite, 969 Ralstonite, 181 Rame carbouato, 294, 295
nativo, 20
vetroso, 55 Ramirite, 787 Rammelsbergite, 101 Ramosite, 562
Randauite, Randannite, 196 Randite, 809 Ranile, 6U9 Raphauosmite, 53 Rapidolite, 468 Raphilite, 385, 389 Rapbisiderite, 217 Raseneisenerz, 251 Raseneisenstein, 251 Rastolyte, 632 Ratliolite. 373 Ratofkit, 161 Rauchquarz, 187 Raubkalk, 271 Rauite, 609 Raumit. 421 Rauschgelb, 33, 35 Rautenspatb, 271 Razoumovskyu, 691 Realgar, 33. 1046 Rectorite, 687 Red antimony, 107
chalk, 215
copper ore, 206
hematite, 213
iron ore, 213
iron vitriol, 972
lead ore, 913
manganese, 278, 378
ocher, 215
silver ore, 131, 134
vitrol, 972
zinc ore, 208 Reddingite, 813 Reddle. 215 Redinirtonite, 966 Redonite, 807 Redruthite, 55 Refdanskite, 678 Refikite, 1006 Reguolite, 150 Reh, 155 Reichardtite, 938 Reichite, 266 Reinite, 991
Reissacherite, 257 Reissblei, 7 Reissite, 577 Realgar, 33 Remiugtonite, 306 Remoliuite, 172 Reusselaerite, 678 Resanite, 1046
Resin, Mineral, etc., 1002 el seq.
High gate, 1007 Resinite, 195 Restormelite, 710 Retinaspbalt, 1009 Retinalite, 669 Retinellite, 1009 Retinic acid, 1009 Retinite, 1004 et seq, Retzbanyite, 111; 121 Retzite, v. Edelforsite Reussin, 931 Reussinite, 1011 Revdinskite, 678 Rezbanyite, 111; 121 Rbabdite, 31 Rhabdophaue, 820 Rhabdophanite, 820 Rhsetizite, 500 Rhagite, SCO Rhodalose, 943 Rhodalite, 695 Rhodite, 15 Rhodium gold, 15 Rhodizite, 880 Rhodochrome, 650 Rhodochrosite, 278 Rhodoise, 817 Rhodonite, 378, 1046 Rhodophyllite, 650 Rhodotilite, 5<54 Rbombenglimmer, 627 Rhomb-spar, 271 Rhombarsenite, 199 Rhyacolite, 315 Ricliellite, 85i5 Richmondite, 146, 255 Richteriie, 386, 391 Riebeckite, 400, 1047 Riemannite. 693 Rinkite, 722 Riolite, 64 Rionite, 64, 137 Ripidolite, 644, 653 Riponite, 471 Risigallo, 33 Risigallum, 33, 34 Rittingerite, 136 Rivotite, 203 Rock cork, 389
crystal, 187
meal, 268
milk, 268
salt, 154
soap, 090
Rocklaudite, v. Serpentine Rochlederite, 1014 R5dmalm, 213 Rodocrosite, 278 Roemerite, 959 Roepperite, 459; 278
Index To Species.
Roessleiite, 831 Rogensteiu, 268 Rogersite, 746 Robjaddt, 870 Rohwaud, 274 Roman zovit, 437, 440 Romeine, 862 Romeite, 862 Romerite, 959 Roschgewa'chs, 148 Roscoelite, 635 Rose quartz, 187 Roseite, 668 Roselite, 810 Rosellan, v. Rosite, 621 Rosenbuschite, 374 Rosenspath, 278 Rosicler claro, 134
negro, 143
oscuro. 131 Rosite, 113, 398 Rosso antico, 267 Rosterite, 405, 407 Rosthornite, 1007 Rothbleierz, 913 Rothbrauustein, 378 Rotheisenerz, Rotkeisenstein,
R5thel, 215 Rother vitriol, 972 Rothgiiltigerz, 131, 134 Rothkupfererz, 206 Rbtbnickolkies, 71 Rothoffit, 437, 443 Rothspiesglaserz, 107 Rothspiessglanzerz, 107 Rothstein,"3?8 Rothzinkerz, 208 Rottisite, 676 Rowlnndite, 1047 Rubellan, 632 Rubellite, 551 Ruberite, 206 Kubicelle, 221 Rubin, 220 Rubinblende, 116, 131 Rubinglimmer, 247 Rubislite, 710 Rubrite, 964 Ruby, Al man dine, 221
Balas, 221
Oriental, 210, 1031
Spinel, 221 Ruby blende, 61 Ruby copper, 206 Ruby silver, 131, 134 Ruby spinel, 220 Ruby sulphur, v. Realgar Ruby zinc, 61 Ruddle, 215 Ruin agate 188
marble, 267 Rumanite, 1004 Rumpfite, 661 Itusskobalt, 258 Rutenite. 71
Ruthenium sulphide, 93 Rutherfordite, 730 Rutile 237, 1047 Ryarolite, 315
S
Saccharite, 334 Safflorite, 100 Sagenite, 237; 188 Sahlite, 356 Sal ammoniac, 157
catartica, Sp., v. Epsomlte
gema, 154
gemme, 154
marina, 154
mirabile, 931 Salamsteiu, 212 Saldauite, 958 Salite, 352, 356 Salitre, 871 Salmare, 154 Salmiak. 157 Salmite, 640
Salt, Common, Rock, 154 Saltpeter, 871 Salzkupfererz, 172 Samarskite, 739, 1037 Samian earth, 685 Sammetblende, 247 Samnaeterz, 963 Sammteisenerz, 247 Samoite, 693 Sandaraca, 33 Saudbergerite, 137, 614 Saug-i-yashm, 670 Sanguine, 213 Sauguinite, 1047 Sanidine, 315 Saphir d'eau, 419 Saphiriue, 561 Saponite, 682, 690 Sappare, 210: 500 Sapphire. 210
d'eau, 419
Sapphire quartz, 188 Sapphirine, 561 Sapphirus, 432 Sarawakite, 1047 Sarcolite, 474; 593 Sarcopside, Sarkopsid, 778 Sard, 188 Sardachates, 189 Sardinian, 908 Sardoine, 188 Sardonyx, 189 Sarkinite, 779 Sarkolith, 474 Sartorite, 112 Sasbachite, 610 Saspachite, 610 Sassolite, Sassolin, 255 Satin spar, 266, 283, 933 Satersbergite, 96 Saualpit, 513 Saugkiesel, 196 Saussurite, 515 Saustein, 267 Savite, 600 Savoclinskite, 47 Saynite, 75 Scacchite, 165; 449 SCAPOLITE Group, 466 et seq. Srarbroit*-, 694
Schabasit, 589 Schaffuerite, 787 Schaleubleude, 61, 70 Schaleumarcasit, 95 Schapbachite, 122 Scharfmanganerz, 230 Schatzellit, 156 Schauuikalk, 282 Schaurnspath. 267 Scheelbleispath, 989 Scheelin calcaire, 985
ferrugiue, 982 Scheelite, 985 Scheelitine, 989 ScheeMure, 202 Scheelsaures Blei, 989 Scheelspath, 985 Scheererite, 996 Schefierite, 352, 357 Scherbcnkobalt, 11 Schereriie, 996 Schieferspath, 267 Schilfglaserz, 124 Schiller-spar, 351 Schillerspath, 351
Gelber, 351 Schillerstein, 351 Schirmerite, 119 Schlackenkobalt, 100 Schlangeualabaster, 911 Schlanite, 1011 Schmelzsteiu, 471 Schmirgel, 211 Schneebergite, 862 Schneiderite, 587 Schoarite, 903 Schoenite, 948 Schoharite, 903 Sch6uit, 948 Schorl blanc, 342
noir, 352
See Introduction, p. xliv Schorl, 551 Schorl rouge, 237 Schorlite, 492 Schorlomite, 447 Schorza, 516 Scbrauiite, 1006 Schreibersite, 31; 79 Sohrifterz, Schrifttellur, 103 Schrockerginite, 308 Schrotterite, t94 Scbuchardtile, 1047 Schulzit, 143 Schungite, 8 Schupponstein, 624 ScbiUzit, 908
Schwarzbraunstein, 257, 881 Schwartzembergite, 170 Schwarzerz, 143, 137 Schwarzgiltigerz, 143 Schwarzkohle, 1021 Schwarzmangauerz, 257 Schwarzsilberglanz, 143 Schwarzspiessglaserz, 124 Schwatzite, 137 Schwefel, 8
Schwefelantimoublei, 129 Schwefelkies, 84 Scbwefelkobalt. 78
Index To Species.
Schwefelmaugau, 64 Schvvefeliiickel, 70 Schwefelquecksilber, 66 Schwefelsiluie, 899 Schwefelselcu, 10 Schwefelsilber, 46 Sch \veizerite, 673 Scbwerbleierz, 289 Schwerspath, 899 Schwerstein, 985 Schweruranerz. 889 Schwiramkiesel, Schwimm-
stein, 196 Scleretinite, 1009 Scleroclase, 112 Scolecite, 604
Anhydrous, 467 Scolexerose, 467 Scolopsite, 432 Scorodite, 821 Scorza, 516 Scotiolite, 702 Scoulerite, 607 Scovillite, 820 Sebesite, 385 Seebachite, 589 Seeerz, 250 Sehta, 71, 89 Seifenstein, 678, 682 Sel de Glauber, 931 Seladonite, 683 Sel bite, 309 Selen, 10 Selenblei, 52 Selenbleikupfer, 53 Selenbleispath, 981 Selenb.eisilber, 52 Selenbleiwismuthglanz, 114 SELENIDES, 42 et seq. Selenite, 933 SELENITES, 980, 981 Selenium, 10 Selenkobaltblei, 52 Selenkupfer, 52 Seleukupferblei, 53 Selenkupfersilber, 53 Seleumercur, 63 Seleuolite, 201 Selenpalladium, 28 Seleuquecksilber, 63 Seleuquecksilberblei, 53 Selenschwefel, 10 Selensehwefelquecksilber, 64 Selensilber, 52 Selensilberglauz, 52 Selen-sulphur, 10 Selen-tellurium, 11 Selenwismuthglanz, 38 Sellaite. 164 Sclwynite, 697 Semeliue, 712 Semi-opal, 195 Semseyite, 123 Senarmontite, 198 Seneca oil, 1016 Sepiolite. 680 Serbian, 697 Sericite, 614 Sericolite, v. Satin spar Serpentine, 669, 1047
Serpierite, 963 Sesqui-magnesia-alaun, 953 Settling Stones resin, 1019 Settlingite, 1019 Severite. 688, 691 Seybertite, 638 Sexaugulites, 50 Sfeno. 712 Shalkite, 1047 Sbepardite, 346 Sbell marble, 267 Siberite. 553 Sicilianite, 905 Siderazot, 29 Sideretine, 867 Siderite, 276; 188, 31, 1047 Sideritis, 224 Sideroborine, 882 Siderochalcit, 795 Siderocbrome. 227 Sideroclepte, 454 Siderocouite, 267 Siderodot, 276 Sideroferrite, 29 Siderolite, 31 Sideronatrite, 973 Siderophyllite, 627 Sideroplesite, 276 Sideroscbisolite, 656 Siderosilicite, 484 Siderose, 276 Siderotantal, 731 Sideroxene, 1037 Siegburgite, 1005 Siegelerde, 696 Siegelstein, 224 Siegenite, 78 Sienna earth, 1037 Sigterite, Sigtesite, 341 Silaonite, 39 Silber, Gediegen, 19 Silberamalgam, 23 Silberfahlerz, 137 Silberglanz, 46
Biegsamer, 58 Silberglas, 46 Silberhornerz, 158 Silberkentt, 158 Silberkies, 57, 58 Silberkupferglanz, 56 Silberpbylliuglauz, 106 Silberspiessglanz, 42 Silberwismuthglauz, 115 Silex, 183
Silfbergite, 386, 391 Silfver,49
Silfverhornmalm, 158 SILICATES, 810 et seq. Silice gelatineuse, v. Hyalite Siliceous sinter, 195 Silicified wood, 189, 195 Siliciophito, 674 Silicile, 334 Silicoborocalcite, 881 Silicon fluoride, 169
oxide, 183, 192, 194, 197 Sillimanite, 498 Silvanite, v. Sylvanite Silver, Antimonial, 42
Antim, sulphuret, 124, 131
Silver, Arsenical, 43
Bismutbic, 45, 122
Black, 143; 47
Brittle, 143
Bromic, 159
Cupreous sulphuret, 56
Flexible sulphuret, 58
Gray (Freieslebenite), 124
Horn, 158
lodic, 160
Native, 19
Red, or Ruby, 131, 134
Selenic, 52
Telluric, 47
Vitreous, 46 Silver bismutbide. 45
bromide, 159, 160
carbonate (?), 309
chlorides, 158, 159, 160
iodide, 160
selenide, 53
sulphantimonites, 116, 123, 124, 131, 135, 143, 146
sulpharseuates, 149, 1047
sulpharseuite, 134
sulphide, 46, 58; 56, 57
sulphobisinuthite, 115, 119,
sulpbo-selenide, 1025
sulpho-telluride, 131
telluride, 47; 46, 48, 103 Silver glance. 46 Silver ore, Brittle, 143
Flexible, 58
Red. or Ruby, 131, 134 Silvestrite, 29 Simetite, 1005 Simlaite, 687 Simonyite, 946 Sinopel, 188 Sinopite, 695
Sinter, Siliceous, 189, 195 Sipylite, 731 Siserakite, 27
Sismondiue, Sismondite, 640 Sisserskite, 27 Sjomalm, 250 Skapolith, 466 Skleroklas, 112; 120 Skogbblite, 736 Skolezit, 604 Skolopsite, 432 Skorodit, 821 Skorza, 516 Skotiolit, 702 Skutterudite, 93 Slate-spar, 267 Sloanite, 610 Smaltine, 87 Smaltite, 87 Smaragd, 405 Sraaragdite, 386, 389 Smaragdoohalcit, 172, 468 Smectite, 688, 695 Smegmatite, 690 Sinelite, v. Kaolin Smeraldo, 105 Smirgel, 211 Smithsonite, 279; 546 Smyris, 211
Index To Species.
Snarumite, 384, 1047 Soapstone, 678; 682 Soda, v. Sodium Soda alum. 952 Soda copperas, v. Jarosite Soda feldspar, 827 Soda hornblende, 401 Soda mesotype, 609 Soda niter, 870 Soda spodumene, 332 Sodaile, 468 Sodalite, 428 Sodium arsenate, 780 borates, 886, 887, 888 carbonates, 300; hydrous,
301, 303 chloride, 154
fluorides, 166, 168, 179, 180 nitrates, 870, 873 phosphates, 758, 777, 784,
silicates. 325, 365, 369, 423,
429, 432, 600
sulphates, 895 ; hydrous, 931 ; (w. Cl) 917; (to. CO2) 920; 897, 898, 946, 952, 958, 9*59, 973 Soin.onite, 213 Solfataiite, 952, 958 Sombrerite, 769 Sommarugaite, 91 Somervillite, 474, 699 Sommite, 423
Sonnenetein, v. Sunstone, 332 Sonomaite, 953 Sordavalite, Sordawalit, 1048 Soroche, 50 Sory, 941
Sosa, Span., v. Soda Soude, v. Soda Soude sulfatee, 931 Sou f re, 8 Spadaite, 682 Spangite, 581 Spangolite, 919 Spaniolite, 137 Spargelstein, 762 Sparkles, v. Speerkies, 94 Sparry or Spathic iron, 276 Spartaite, 269 Spartalite, 208 Spatheisenstein, 276 Spalhperle, 271 Spathiopyrite, 100 Spato fluore, 161
pesato, 900 Spear pyrites, 94 Speckstein, 678; 621 Specstein, 678 Specular iron, 213 Specularite, 213 Speerkies. 95 Speiskobalt. Grauer, 100 Spessartine, Spessartite, 437,
442. 1035 Speiskobalt, 87 Sperrylite, 92 Sphserite, 845 Sphaerocobaltite, 280 Sphaerolites, 1032
Sphaerosiderite, 276 Sphserostilbite, 583 Sphalerite, 59, 1048 Sphene, 712 Sphenoclase, 562 Sphragidite, Sphragid, 689,
Spiauterite, 70 Spiegelglanz, 40 Spiesglanzsilber, 42 Spiesglanzweiss, 199 Spiesglas, 12 Spiesglaserz, 36 Spiesglassilber, 42 Spiessglanz, Gediegen, 12 Spiessglanzbld, 124 Spiessglanzblende, 107 Spiessglanzocker, 202 Spinei;220, 1048 Spinel ruby, 220 Spinellan, 4:>2 Spinelle ziucifere, 223 Spinthere, 712 Spodiosite, 777 Spodumene, i>66
Soda, 332
Sporadosiderite, 82 Spreustein 600, 609 Sprodglanzerz, 143 Sprodglaseiz, 143, 146 Sprodglinimer, 636 Sprudelstein, 281 Staffelite. 764 Stagmatite. 105 Stagno nativo, 24
ossidato. 234 Stahlkobalt. 89 Stahlstein, 276 Stalactite, 268 Stalagmite, 268 Stanekite. 1011 Stitngelkobalt, 88 Stangenschorl, Weisser, 492;
Stangenspath, 899 Stangenstein, 492 Stannine, 83 Stannite, 83; 236 Stanzait, 496 Stassfurtit, 879 Star-quartz, 187
sapphire, 212 Staurolite, 558; 581 Staurotide, 558 Steargillite, 690 Steatargillite, 663 Steatite, 678 Steel ore, 276 Steeleite, 573 Steenstrupine, 415 Steinheilite, 419 Steinkohle, 1021 Steinmanuite, 48 Steinmark, 685, 688 Steiuol, 1015 Steinsalz, 154 Stellarite, 1048 Stellite, 373
Stephanite, 143, 1025, 1048 Stercorite, 826
Sterlingite, 208, 614 Sternbergite, 57
Sternquarz, 187 Stern sapphir, 212 Stetefeldtite, 204 Stibi, 36 Stibianite, 203 Stibiatil, 804 Stibiconise, 203 Stibiconite, 203 Stibine, 36 Stibioferrite, 204 Stibiogalenite, 862 Stibiohexurgentite, 43 Stibiotriargentite, 43 Stibium, 30 Stibiite, Stiblith, 203 Stibnite, 36, 1048 Stilbil unamorpliique, 574
Blattriger, 574 Stilbite, 583, 585; 574 Stillolite, v. Opal Stilpnomelane. 658 Stilpnosiderite, 250 Stinkfluss. 161 Stink kalk, 267 Stinkkohle, 1010 Stimmi, 36 Stinkstone, 267 Stirlingite, 459 Stolpenite, 690 Stolzite, 989 Strahllmryt, 902 Strablenkupfer, 795 Strahlerz. 795 Stralilkies, 94 Strahlsteiu, 385, 389; 516 Strablzeolith, 583 Strakonitzite, 364 Stratopeite, 704 Strawstone, 549 Stream tin, 235 Strengite, 822 Striegisan , 842 Strigovite, 659 Stroganovite, 473 Slrohstein, 549 Stromeyerite, 56, 1048 Stromil v. "Rhodrrlirosite Strom nitc, 285 Strontia, v. Strontium Strontianite, 285, 1048 Strontianocalcite, 269 Strontium carbonate, 285
silicate, 576
sulphate, 90.' Struverite, 640 Struvite, 806 Stubelite, 710 Studerite, 137 Stiitzite, 46 Stiivenite, 953 Stylobat, 476 Stylotyp, 130 Styloptypite, 130 Stypterite, 958 Stypticite, 968 Subdelessite, 660 Succiuellite, 1003 Succinic acid, 1002
Index To Species.
U31
Succinite, 1002; 440 Sulfatallophan. 693 Sulfuricin, 194 Sulpbatite, 899
SULPHANTIMONATES, 147 SULPHANTIMONITES, 109 et
seq.
Sulpharsenates, 147
SULPHARSENITES, 109 et seq. SULPHATES, 894 et seq. SULPHIDES, 42 et seq.
SULPHOBISMUTHITES, 109 6t
seq.
Sulphohalite, 917 Sulphvir, 8, 1048
Selenic, 10 Sulphuric acid, 899 Sumpferz, 250, 251 Sundvikite, 340 Sunstone, 332 Susannite, Suzannit, 922 Sussexite, 876 Svabite, 1052 Svafvel, 8 Svafvelkis, 84 Svanbergite, 868 Svartinalm, 224 Svool, Dan., v. Sulphur Svovlkis, 84 Swinestone, 267 Sychnodymite, 1049 Syepoorite, 71 Syhadrite, Syhedrite, 588 Sylvan, Gediegen, 11 Sylvane graphique, 103 Sylvanite, 103; 11 Sylvine, 156 Sylvite, 156, 1036, 1049 Symplesite, 816 Synadelphite, 801 Syngenite, 945 Syssiderite, 31 Syutagmatite, 386, 388 Szaboite, 348 Szaibelyite, 878 Szmikite, 933
Tabaschir, 197 Tabasheer, 197 Tabergite, 653 Tubular spar, 371 Tachhydrite, 178, 1049 Tacliyhydrite, Tachydrite.
Tachylyte, 1049 Tachyaphaltite, 486 Taenite, 29, 1037 Tafelspath, 371 Tagilite, 837 Talc, 678 Talc-apatite, 768 Talc-chlorite, 661 Talcite, 614 Talcoid, 680 Talcosite, 710 Talkeiseuerz, 225 TalkfM'de-Alaiiii, 953
Talkhydrat, 252 Talkspath, 274 Talksteinraark, 685 Talktriplit, 777 Tallingite, 174 Tallow, Mineral, 997 Taltalite, 551 Tamarite, 840 Tamarugite, 952 Tammite, 1049 Tangiwai, 670 Tankite, 337 Tannenite, 113 TANTALATES, 725 et seq. Tantale oxyde yttrifere, 738 Tantalic ocher, 201 Tantalite, 731, 734, 736, 738 Tapalpite, 131 Tapiolite, 738 Tarauakite, 846 Tarapacaite, 916 Targionite, 48 Tarnowitzite, 281 Tasmanite, 1010 Tauriscite, 939 Tautoklin, 274 Tautolite. 522 Tavistockite, 799 Taylorite, 895 Taznite, 866 Tecoretin, 1001 Tecticite, 940 Tefroit, 457 Tekoretin, 1000 Telaspyrine, 1049 Telesie, 210 Tellemarkit, 437 Tellur, Gediegen, 11 TELLURATES, 979 et seq. Tellurbismuth, 39 Tellurblei, 51 Tellure auro-argentifere, 103
aurp-plombifere, 105
natif auro-ferrifere, 11 Tellurgoldsilber, 48, 103 Telluric bismuth, 39 Tell uric ocher, 201 Telluric silver. 47 TELLURIDES, 46, 47, 48, 51,
64, 103, 105 Tellurige Saure, 201 Telluric, 11 Tellurite, 201; 1049 TELLURITES, 979 et seq. Tellurium, 11, 1049
Bismuthic, 39
Black, 105
Foliated, 105
Graphic, 103
Native, 11, 1049
White, Yellow, 103 Tellurium dioxide, 201 Tellurium glance, v. Nagyag-
ite, 105
Tellurnickel, 76 Tellurocker, 201 Tellurous acid, 201 Tel lu rail her, 47, 48 Tellursilberblei, v. Sylvanite,
Tellursilberblende, 46, 103 Tellursilberglanz, 47 Tellursulphur, 9 Tellurwismuth, 39 Tellurwismuihsilber, 131 Tengeiite. 306 Tenn, Gediget. 24 Tennantiteri37, 1049 Tennmalm, 234 Tenuspat, 985 Tenorite. 209 Tephroite. 457 Tephrowillemite, 460 Tequezquite, 1050 Teratolite, 696 Terenite, 473 Ternarbleierz, 921 Terra Lemnia, 689 Terre verte, 683 Teschemacherite, 294 Tesselite, 566 Tesseralkies, 93 Tetartine, 327 Tetradymite, 39, 1050 Tetrahedrite, 137 Tetraphyline, 756 Texalith, 252 Texasite, 306 Thalackerite, 384 Thalheimit, 98 Thalite, 682 Thallite, 516 Thallium selenide, 54 Tharaudile, 271 Thaumasite, 698 Thenardite, 895 Thermonatrite, 300, 1050 Thermophyllite, 669 Thierschite, 994 Thiuolite, 271 Thiorsauite, 337 Thomaite, 276 Thomsenolite, 180 Thomsonite, 607, 1050 Thoneisenstein, 276 Thouerde. 210
v. Aluminium Thorite, 488, 1050 Thorium silicate, 488, 489 Thorogummite, 893 Thoruranin, 889 Thraulite, 703 Thrombolite, 1050 Thuenite (fr. Thuensky Mts.,
Ural), v. Ilmenite, 217 Thulite, 513
Thumite. Thummerstein, 527 Thuringite, 657 Tiemannite, 63, 1050 Tigererz, 143 Tiger-eye, 401; 188 Tile ore, 206 Tilkerodite, 52 Tin, Native, 24 Tin borate, 875
oxide, 234, 1030
sulphide, 83
Tin ore, Tin stone, 234, 1080 Tin pyrites, 83 Tincal, 886
Index To Species.
Tincalcouite, 887 Tinder ore, 123 Tinkal, 886 Tiukalzit, 887 Tirolite, 839 TITANATES. 711 et seq. Titane oxyde, 237, 240, 242
silico-calcaire, 712 Titaneiseu, 217 Titanic acid, 237, 240, 242
iron, 217
Titanic oxide, hydrated, 259 Titanioferrite, 217 Titanite, 712; 237 Titanium oxides, 237, 240, 242; 217, 232
silicates, 447, 712, 717, 719 Titan jern, Titanjernmalm,
Titanoliviiie, 455 Titauomorphite, 712 Tiza, 887
Toad's-eye tin, 235 Tobermorite, 570 Toeomalite, 1(50 Tombazite, 90, 91 Tonsouite, 607 Topaz, 492
False, 187
Oriental, 212 Topazolite, 437, 442 Topazoseme, 495 Topfstein, 678 Torbauite, 1008, 1009, 1022 Torbernite, 856 Torberite, 856 Torite, 488 Ton-elite, 731 Totaigite, 674 Touchstone, 189 Tourbepapyracee, 1010 Tourmaline, 551, 1050 Towauite, 80 Transvaalite, 260 Traubenblei, 770, 771 Trautwinite, 447 Traversellite, 356, 390 Travertine, 268 Tremenheerite, 8 Tremolite, 385, 388 Trichalcite, 814 Tricbite, 1050 Trichopyiit, 70 Triclasite, v. Fahlunite Tridymite, 192 Trimerite, 460 Trinkerite, 1010 Tripestone, 911 Tripbane, 366 Triphyline, 756 Triphylite. 756 Triplite, 777 Triploidite, 779 Triplokks. 607 Tri polite, 196 Trippkeite, 865 Tritocborite, 787 Tritomite, 416 Trbgerite 859 Tioilite, 72, 1051
Trolleite, 847
Trombolite, 1050
Trona, 303
Troostite, 460
Tropf stein, 268
Tscheffkinite, Tschewkinit,
Tscbermakite, 328 Tschermigite, 952 Tuesite, 685 Tufa, Calcareous, 268 Tungspat, 900 Tungstate of copper, 989
of iron. 982, 991
of lead, 989
of lime, 985
of manganese, 982 Tuugstein, 985 Tungsten trioxide, 202 Tungstic acid or ocher, 202 Tungstite, 202 Turcbesia, 844 Turgite, 245 Turjit, 245 Turkey-fat ore, 280 Tftrkis, 844 Turmali, 482 Turmalin, 551 Turnerite. 749 Turquesa, 844 Turquois, 844 Turquoise, 844 Ty recite, 1051 Tyrite, 728 Tyrolite, 839 Tysonite, 166
Tt
Uddevallite, 218 Uigite, 532
Uintabite, Uintaite, 1020 Ulexite, 887 Ullmannite, 91, 1051 Ultramarine, 432, 433 Umaugite, 1051 Umite, 535 Ungbwarite, 701 Unionite, 513 Uraconise, Uraconite, 978 Uralite, 390; 364 Uralortbite, 522 Uranatemnite, 889 URANATES, 889 et seq. Uranbliltbe, 978 Urane oxydule, 889 Uranglimmer, 856, 857 Uran green, 978 Urangrlin, 978 Uranffummi, 892 Uranm, 889 Uraninite, 889 Uraniscbes Gummierz, 889 Uraniscbes Pittinerz, 889 Uranite, 856, 857 Uranium nrsenates, 857, 858, 859, 860
carbonates. 307, 308
niobates, 727. 741
Uranium phosphates, 850,
857, 859
silicates, 444, 699
sulphate. 978
Uraukalk-Carbonat, 308, 307 Uranmica, 856 Uranocbsilcite, 978 Urauocher, 978 Uranocircite, 859 Uranoniobit, 739; 889 Uranophane, 699 Urauopilite, 978 Uranosphaerite, 893 Uranospinite, 858 Uranotantal, 739 Uranothallite, 307 Uranotborite, 488 Uranotil, 699 Urauoxyd, 889 Uranpecberz, 889 Uranphyllit, 856 Uranvitriol, 978 Urao, 303 Urdite, 749 Urpethite, 999 Urusite. 973 Urvolgyile, 962 Utahite, 966 Uvarovite, 438, 444 Uwarowit, 438, 444
Vaalite, 667 Valaite, 1051 Valencianite 315 Valentinite, 199 Valleriite, 108 Valuevite, 63t) VANADATEB, 773, 787 et se$> Vanadic ocher, 201 Vauadinbleierz, 773 Vanadinite, 773 Vanadiolite, 792 Vanadite, 787 Vanadium silicates, 356, 548,
Vanuxemite, 549 Vargasite, 364 Variegated copper, 77 Variscite, 824 Varvacite, Varvicite, 258 Vasite, 526 Vatten. 205 Vattenkies, 73 Vauqueline. 915 Vauquelinite, 915 Velvet copper ore, 963 Venasquite, 642 Venerite. 710 Venus-hairstone. 237 Verd-antique, 671; 267 VERMICULITES, 664, 665 Vermilion, Cinnabar, 66 Vermoutite. 98 Vesbine, 1051 Vestau, 194 Vestorieu, 1051 Vesuvian salt, 897
Index To Species,
Vesuviamte, 477 Veszelyite, 841 Viaudite, 196 Vicklovite, 792 Viciorite. 346 Vierzonite, 695 Vietinghotite. 740 Villarsite, 455 Villemite. 460 Viluite, 371 Viluite, 437, 444 Violan, 356 Violite, 965 Viridite, 664 Vitreous copper, 55
silver, 46 Vitriol, 941 Blue, 944 Cobalt, 943 Copper, 944 Greeii, 941 Iron, 941 Lead, 908 Nickel, 940 Red, 943 Red Iron, 972 White. 939 Zinc, 939 Vitriol ocher, 970 Vitriolbleierz, 908 Vitriolgelb, 974 Vitriolo azul, 944 calcareo, Gypsum marcial, vf Melanterite, 941 rojo, v. Botryogen verde, v. Melanterite Vivianite, 814 Vod, 257 Vogi>site, 437 Voglianite, 978 Voglite, 308 Voigtite, 632 Volborthite, 838 Voelknerite, 256 Volcanite, 10, 352 Volchonskoite, 696 Volfram, 982 Volgerite, 203 Volknerite, 256 Volnyne, Wolnyn, 902 Voltaite, 972 Voltzite, Voltzine, 107 Voraulite, 798 Vorhauserite, 669 Vreckite, 706 Vulpinlte, 910
W
Wachskohl, 1000 Wachsopal, 195 Wackenrodite, 257 Wad, 257 Wagit, 546 Wagnerite, 775 Walchowite, 1005 Waldheimite, 398 Walkerite, 373 095 Walkthon, Walkerde, 695
Walleriau, 386, 392
Walmstedtite, 274
Walpurgite, Walpurgin, 860
Waltherite, 307
Waluewite, 639
Wandslein, 274
Wapplerite, 831
Wurin gtouite, 925
Warrenite, 120
Waniugtouite, 925
Warwickite, 881
Washingtonite, 217
Wasite, 526
Wasser, 20o
Wasserblei, 41
Wasserbleisilber, 40
Wasserglimmer, 650
Wasserkies, 94
Wassersapphir, 419
Water, 2u5
Water-sapphire, 419
Wattevillite, 950
Wavellite, 842; 254
Webskyite, (574
Websterite, 970
Wehrlite, 40, 1052; 541
Weibyeite, 291
Weichbraun stein, 243
Weicheiseukies, v. Wasser- kies, 94
Weichmangan, 243
Weissbleierz, 286
Weisserkies, 9
Weisserz, 96, 104 ;
Weissgolderz, 103
Weissgiiltigerz, 124, 137
Weissmn, v. Scolecite, 604 Weissigite, 315 Weissite, 421 Weisskupfer, 44 Weisskupfererz, 79; 95, 96 Weissnickelkies, 88, 101 Weisspiessglanzerz, 199 Weiss-Sylvanerz, 108 Weisstellur. 104 Wernerite, 468 Werthemanite, 970 Westanite. 499 Wheel ore, 126 Wheelerite, 1008 Whewellite, 993 White antimony, 199 arsenic, 198 copper, 44 copperas, 939, 956 garnet, 342 iron pyrites, 94 lead ore, 286 nickel, 88, 101 olivine, 450 tellurium, 103 vitriol, 939 Whitneyite, 45 Wicklowite. 792 Wichtine, Wichtisite, 1052 Wiesenerz, 251, 250 Wilhelmite, 460 Willcoxite, 668 Willemite, 460 Williamsite, 460, 669
Wilsonite, 473, 622
Wiluite, 437, 477
Wiuebergite, 970
Wiuklente, 260
Wiukwortuite, 882
Wiseriue, 241
Wiserite, 253
Wismuth, Gediegen, 13
Wismuthbleierz, 122
Wismuthblende, 436
Wismuthglauz, 38
Wismuthkobalterz, 89
Wismutlikupfererz, 113, 119,
Wismulhnickelkies, 75
Wismuthuickelkobaltkies, 75
Wismuthocker, 200
Wismuthoxyd, Kolens., 290,
Wismuthsilber, 45, 122
Wismuthspath, 307
Withamite, 516
Witherite, 284
Wittichenite, Wittichite, 128
Wittingite, 704
Wocheinite, 251
Wodankies, Gersdorfflte
Wohlerite, 376
Wolchite, 126
Wolchonskoite, 696
Wolfachite, 102
Wolfram, 982
Wolframbleierz, 989
Wolframine, 982
Wolframite, 982
Wolframocher, 202 .
Wolfsbergite, 113; 122
Wollongougite, 1024
Wollastonite, 371; 1052
Wolnyn. 902
Wood, Fossil, Petrified, 189,
Wood copper, 785 Wood opal, 195
Wood tin, 235 Woodwardite, 962 Worthite, 498 Wulfenite, 989 Wundererde, 696 Wundersalz, 931 Wurfelanhydrit, 911 Wurfelerz. 847 Wilrfelgyps, 910 Wilrfelspath, 910 Wttrfelzeolith, 589 Wurtzilite, 1019 Wurtzite, 70, 1051
Xantharsenite, 769 Xanthiosite, 870 Xanthitane, 716 Xanthite, 477 Xauthoarsenite, 769 Xanthoconite, 149 Xanthokon, 149 Xantholite. 558 Xanthophyllite, 639
Index To Species.
Xanthopyrites, 84 Xanthorthit, 522 Xanthosiderite, 251, 964 Xenolite, 498 Xenotime, 748 Xonaltke, 569 Xonotlite, 569, 1052 Xylite. Xylotile, 711 Xylochlore, 566 Xyloretinite, 1009
Y
Yanolite, 527 Yellow copperas, 964
copper ore, 80
lead ore, 989
tePurium, 103 Yenite, 541 Yeremeyevite, 875 Yeso, 933 Youugite, 108 Ypoleime, 794 Ytterbite. 509 Yttererde, v. Yttrium Ytterflussspath, 182 Yttergranat, 437, 443 Ytterspath, 748 Yttrialite, 512 Yttrium carbonate, 306
fluoride, 182
niobates, 729, 739, 744, etc.
phosphate, 748
silicates, 413, 509, 512, 522, 698, 1047
tantalate, 739 Yttrocalcit, 182 Yttrocererite, 182 Yttrocerite, 182 Yttrocolumbite, v. Yttrotan-
talite, 738 Yttroguminite, 893 Yttroilmenite, 738, 739 Yttrotantalite, 738; 729 Yttrotitanite, 717 Yu, Yu-shih, 371
Zafiro, Sp., v. Sapphire, 310
Zala, v. Borax Zaintite, 306 Zaratite, 306 Zeagouite, 586 Zeasite, Opal, 194 Zeilanite, 220 Zellkies, 94 Zeolite, Cubic, 595; 589
Efflorescing, 587
Feather, 6UO
Fibrous, 600, 604, 605
Foliated, 574, 583
Mealy, 600, 605
Needle, 600
Pyramidal , 566
Radiated, 583 ZEOLITES, 570-610 Zeolith.Schwarzer, 509 Zepharovichite, 825 Zerrmatlite, 669 Zeugite, 829 Zeunerite, 857 Zeuxite. 557 Zeylanite. 220 Ziauite, v. Cyaiiite, 500 Ziegelerz, 206 Zietrisikite, 999 Zigueline. 206 Zillerthite, 385 Zimapanite, 161 Zinc, Native, 14, 1052
Red Oxide of, 208 Zinc alumiuate, 223
arsenates, 786, 819, 841
bromide, 161
carbonates, 279; 280, 298,
ferrate, 227
iodide, 161
oxide, 208
oxysulphide, 107
phosphate, 808
silicates, 460, 546; 435
sulphates, 912, 939, 977
sulphides, 59, 70
vanadates, 787, 791 Zinc blende, 59 Zinc bloom, 299 Zinc vitriol, 939 Zinc ore, Red, 208
Zincaluminite, 977 Zincite, 208, 1052 Ziuckeuit, 112 Ziuco, 14 Ziucocalcite, 269 Zincouise, 299 Ziuk, 14
Ziukarseniat, 819 Zinkazurit. 298 Zinkbleude, 59 Zinkbliithe, 299 Zinkeisenspath, 279 Zinkenite 112 Ziukfahlerz, 137 Zinkglus, 546 Zinkit, 208 Zinkkieselerz, 546 Zinkosite, 912 Zinkoxyd, 208 Zinkphyllit. 808 Ziukspath, 279 Zinkvitriol. 939 Zinn, Gediegen, 24 Geschwefeltes, 83 Zinnerz, 234 Zinngraupen, 235 Zinnkies, 83 Zinuober, 66 Zinnstein, 234 Zinnwaldite, 626 Zippeite, 978 Zircarbile, 1052 Zircon, 482 Zirconite, 482 Zirconium silicates, 482;
374, 375, 376, 377 409,
Zirkon-pektolith, 374 Zirlite, 255 Zoblitzite, 674 Zoisite, 513, 1035 Zolestin, 905 Zonochlorite, 610 Zorgite, 53 Zundererz. 123 Zunyite, 436 Zurlite, 474 Zwieselite, 777 Zwitter, 235 Zygadite, 328
First Appendix
To The
Sixth Edition
Of
Dana'S System Of Mineralogy
act
Edward S. Dana
Professor Of Physics And Curator Of Mineralogy Yale University
Completing The Wokk To
New Yoek John Wiley & Sons
: Chapman & Hall, Limited
Copyright, 1899,
Bt Edward S. Dana.
Robert Drummond Printer New York.
Prefatoey Note.
f
THIS First Appendix to the Sixth Edition of the System of Mineralogy issued In 1892 It designed to make the work complete up to aud Including the early part of 1899.
This Appendix contains, first of all, full descriptions of the species announced as new since the publication of the System. There are no fewer than one hundred and sixty names here in- cluded, and their place in the general scheme of classification adopted in the System is shown in the classified list given in the Introduction. Unfortunately many of the new names, introduced into the science, during this period, have little claim to recognition, either because of the incom- pleteness of the original examination or the unsatisfactory nature of the material investigated. On the other hand a considerable part of the descriptions leave nothing to be desired both aa regards fullness and accuracy. The relative importance of the new names is approximately indicated by the type used in the classified list.
In addition to the description of new minerals, this Appendix is intended to contain also refer- ences to all important papers on mineral species published during the period named; with each reference is given a concise statement of its character, and so far as possible a summary of its contents. Since, however, the additions to mineralogical literature have been very numerous, it has been necessary in order to keep this work within reasonable compass to adhere rigidly to a system of extreme brevity of expression and conciseness of arrangement. All minerals named are, for convenience, placed in alphabetical order.
For an explanation of the Abbreviations made use of in the case of periodicals, also of the crystallographical, optical and chemical symbols employed, reference is made to the Introduction to the System (1892), pp. xlv-li, and pp. xiii-xl. General abbreviations are explained on pp. Ixi-lxiii.
The Bibliography includes the full titles of prominent volumes published since 1891. In addition attention is called to the large number of important memoirs on physical subjects, recently issued, particularly those on the molecular structure of crystals as related to the symmetry of form by Fedorow, Sch5nflies, Goldschmidt, Barlow, Viola, and others. These and other related papers will be found either in full or as abstracts in Groth's Invaluable Zeitschrift fur Krystallographie und Mineralogie, vols. 20-30 inclusive.
The thanks of the author are due to his colleagues, Prof. 8. L. Penfield and L. V. Pirsson. The former has had the kindness to furnish brief accounts of some new species now for the first, time publicly described.
NEW UAVMN, June 1, 1899.
Introduction.
Bibliography.
BARRINGER, D. M. A Description of Minerals of Commercial Value. 186 pp. New York, 1897.
BAUER, M. Edelsteinkunde. Leipzig, 1895-96.
BAUMHAUER, H. Die Resultate der Aetzmethode in der krystallographischen Forschung an
einer Reihe von krystallisirten Korpern dargestellt. 131 pp., 12 plates. Leipzig, 1894. BEHRENS, "W. Tabellen zum Gebrauch bei mikroskopiscben Arbeiten. 3d ed. Braunschweig,
BERWERTH, F. Mikroskopische Structurbilder der Massigengesteine in farbigen Lithographien.
32 plates. Stuttgart. BRAUNS, R. Die optischen Anomalien der Krystalle. 370 pp., 6 plates. Leipzig, 1891. [Preis-
schriften gekro'nt und herausgegeben von der Ftlrstlich Jablonowskischen Gesellschaft.] — — Chemische Mineralogie. 460 pp. Leipzig, 1896. BROGGER, W. C. Die Eruptivgesteiue des Kristianiagebietes. I. Die Gesteine der Grorudit-
Tinguait Serie. 205 pp. 1894. II. Die Eruptionsfolge der triadischen Eruptivgesteine bei
Predazzo in Stldtyrol. 183 pp. 1895. III. Das Gangfolge des Laurdalits. 377 pp.
Christiania, 1898. BRUSH-PENFIELD. Manual of Determinative Mineralogy, with an Introduction on Blowpipe
Analysis by G. J. BRUSH. Revised and enlarged by SAMUEL L. PENFIELD. 108 pp. New
York, 1896. — The same revised, with New Tables for the Identification of Minerals by S. L. PENPIELD.
312 pp. New York, 1898. CHESTER, A. H. A Dictionary of the Names of Minerals, including their History and Etymology.
320 pp. New York, 1896. COHEN, E. Meteoritenkunde. Heft 1, Untersuchungsmethoden und Charakteristik der Gemeng-
theile. 337 pp. Stuttgart, 1894.
CUMENGE, E., and ROBELLAZ, F. L'Or dans la Nature. 106 pp. Paris, 1898. DANA, E. 8. Minerals and How to Study Them. 380 pp. New York, 1895. ' A Text-book of Mineralogy, with an extended Treatise on Crystallography and Physical
Mineralogy. 3d ed. 593 pp. New York, 1898. DE LAUNAY, L. Les Diamants du Cap. 223 pp. Paris, 1897. DBS CLOIZEAUX, A. Manuel de Mineralogie. Vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. Iv-lx, 209-544. PI. Ixix-
Ixxxiv. Paris, 1893.
DOELTER, C. Edelsteinkunde. Leipzig, 1893. ENDLICH, F. M. Manual of Qualitative Blowpipe Analysis and Determinative Mineralogy.
456 pp. New York, 1892. FLETCHER, L. The Optical Indicatrix and the Transmission of Light in Crystals. 112 pp.
London, 1892. FRAZER, PERSIFOR. Tables for the Determination of Minerals by Physical Properties ascertain-
able with the aid of a few field instruments. Based on the System of Prof. Dr. A. Weis-
bach. 4th ed. 163 pp. Philadelphia, 1897. FRIEDEL. C. Cours de Mineralogie professe a la Faculte des Sciences de Paris. Mineralogie
generale. 416 pp. Pans, 1895.
FUCHS, C. W. C. Anleitung zum Bestimmen der Mineralien. 4th ed. Giessen, 1898. GADOLIN, A. Abhandlung liber die Herleitung aller krystallographischen Systeme mlt ihren
Unterabtheilungen aus einem Prinzip. (Republished in Ostwald's Klassiker, No. 75, Leip- zig, 1896. QOLDBCHMIDT, V. Krystallographische Winkeltabellen. 432 pp. Berlin, 1897.
Vi Bibliography.
GROTH, P. Physikalische Krystallographie und Einleituug in die krystallographische Kenntnisa
der wichtigsten Substanzen. 3d ed. 783 pp. 1895. . Tabellarische Uebersicht der Mineralien nack ihren krystallographisch-chemisclien Bezieh-
uugen. 4th ed. 184 pp. Braunschweig, 1898. HINTZE, C. Handbuch der Mineralogie. Vol. 2, pp. 801-1842 (incl. Index), 1892-97. Vol. 1,
pp. 1-320, 1898, Leipzig.
KLOCKMANN, F. Lehrbuch der Mineralogie. 467 pp. Stuttgart, 1892. KoBELLrOEBBEKE. Franz von Kobell's Tufeln zur Bestimmung der Mineralien, etc. 13th ed.
Munich, 1893. KOKSHAROV, N. v. Materialien zur Mineralogie Russlands. Vol 11, pp. 137, with Obituary
notice and Index to Vols. 1 to 11. St. Petersburg, 1891-92. KUNZ. G. F. Gems and Precious Stones of North America (1890). Appendix, pp. 337-867.
New York, 1892. LACROIX, A. Mineralogie de la France et de ses Colonies. Paris. Vol. 1, 723 pp., 1893; vol. 2,
804 pp., 1896. LANDAUER-TAYLOR. Blowpipe Analysis by J. LANDATJER. English Edition by JAMES TAYLOR.
2d ed. London, 1892. LEISS, C. Die optischen Instrumente der Firma R. Fuess, deren Beschreibung, Justierung und
Anwenduug. 397 pp., 3 plates. Leipzig, 1899. LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL. Papers andNotes on the Genesis and Matrix of the Diamond by the
late Henry Carvill Lewis, edited by T. G. BONNEY. London and New York, 1897. LIEBISCH, T. Grundriss der physikalischen Krystallographie. 506 pp. Leipzig, 1896. LINCK, G. Gruudriss der Krystallographie. 252 pp. Jena, 1896.
LUEDECKE, O. Die Minerale des Harzes. 643 pp., with atlas and 27 plates. Berlin, 1896. LUQTJER, L. Mel. Minerals in Rock Sections. The practical methods of identifying minerals in
rock sections with the microscope. 117 pp. New York, 1898. MOSES, A. J. The Characters of Crystals. An Introduction to Physical Crystallography. 211
pp. New York, 1899. MOSES. A. J., and PARSONS, C. L. Elements of Mineralogy, Crystallography, and Blowpipe
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NIES, AUG. Allgemeine Krystallbeschreibung, etc. Stuttgart, 1895. PENFIELD. Revised edition of Brush's Determinative Mineralogy and Blowpipe Analysis, 1896
and 1898. See BRUSH-PENFIELD. RAMMELSBERG, C. F. Handbuch der Mineralchemie. Zweites Erganzungsheft zur zweiten
Auflage. 474 pp. Leipzig, 1895. ROSENBUSCH, H. Mikroskopische Physiographic der Mineralien und Gesteine. Stuttgart. Vol.
1, Die petrographisch wichtigen Mineralien, 712 pp., 1892. Vol. 2, Massige Gesteine, 1896. — — Elemente der Gesteinslehre. 546 pp. Stuttgart, 1898. ficHULZE, E. Lithia Hercynica. Verzeichnis der Minerale des Harzes und seines Vorlandes.
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Oxford, 1895.
TSCHEKMAK, G. Lehrbuch der Mineralogie. 4th ed., Vienna, 1893. 5th ed., 1897. VOIGT, WALDEMAR. Die fuudamentalen Eigenschaften der Krystalle. 243 pp. Leipzig,
WEISBACH, A. Synopsis Mineralogica. 3d ed. Freiberg: 1.897.
Tubelleii zur Bestimmung der Mineralien nach aussereu Kennzeichen. 4th ed. 1892.
WIIK, F J. Utkast till ett Kristallokemiskt Mineralsystem. I Silikaterna. 221 pp. Helsing-
fors, 1892. WULFING, E. A. Tabellarische Uebersicht der einfachen Formen der 32 krystallographischen
Symmetriegruppen. 1895.
Die Meteoriten in Sammlungen und ihre Literatur. Tubingen, 1897.
ZEPHAROVICH, V. von. Mineralogisches Lexikon fur das Kaiserthum Osterreich. Vol. 3 (by
F. BECKE). Vienna, 1893.
Classified List Of New Names.
I. NATIVE ELEMENTS, Min. pp. 2-82,
JosEPHrNTTE (p. 38), Fe,NiB. Near Awaruite, Mln. p. 29. Graphitite (p. 31). Var. Graphite, Min. p. 7.
II. SULPHIDES, TELLURIDES, ARSENIDES, ETC., Min. pp. 33-106.
GRUNLINGITE (p. 31), Bi4TeS3. Near Tetradymite, Min. p. 39.
Quirogite (p. 58). An impure Galena, Mln. p. 48 ?
Heazlewoodite (p. 33), Folgerite (p. 52). Essentially Pentlandite, Min. p. 66.
Gunnarite (p. 31), Fe3Ni.jS8? Near Pentlandite.
Hauchecornite (p. 33), (Ni,Co),(S,Bi,8b)e. Near Polydymite, Min. p. 75.
BARRACANITE, Cupropyrite (p. 21). Near Cuban ite, Min. p. 79.
Blueite (p. 56), "Whartonite (p. 56). Same as Pyrite, Min. p. 84.
Willy amite (p. 73), CoSbS.NiSbS. Near Ullmannite, Min. p. 91.
BISMUTOSMAI/TITE, NiCKEL-SKUTTERTJDiTE (p. 63). Varieties of Skutterudite, Min. p. 98.
Goldschmidtite (p. 30), Au3AgTe6. Near Sylvanite, Min. p. 103.
KALGOORLITE (p. 38), HgAu3Ag8Te.
HI. SULPHO-SALTS, Min. pp. 109-151.
1. SULPHARSENITES, StJLPHANTIMONITES, ETC.
Andorite, Webnerite, Sundtite (p. 4), 2PbS.Ag.,S.3Sb9S. Related to Zinkenite O>up. Min. p. 111.
Lorandite (p. 43), Tl2S.As2S3. Near Miargyrite. Min. p. 116.
Pearceite (p. 50), 9AgaS.As.,S3. Near Polybasite, Min. p. 146.
Rathite (p. 58), contains S,As(Sb),Pb. Related to Dufrenoysite, Mln. p. 130, and Jameson* Ite, p. 122.
2. Stji/Phostannates.
Canfieldite (p. 13), 4Ag,S.(Sn,Ge)S2. Near Argyrodite, 4Ag,S.GeS,, p. 6, and Mln. p. 150. Oylindrite, Kylindrit (p. 21), 6Pl)S.Sb.,S3.6SnS!,. Franckeite (p. 26), 5PbS.SbaS3.2SnSa.
IV. CHLORIDES, BROMIDES, IODIDES, Min. pp. 162-188.
1. Anhydrous Chlorides, Etc.
Marshite (p. 45), Cuja- Iu Group with Nautokite, p. 154. Miersite (p. 47), Ag J,. " " " " "
Cupro-iodargyrite (p. 21), CuI.AgI or CuJj.Ag,!,.
2. Oxychlorides.
Paralaurionite (p. 50), PbCl,.Pb(OH,),. Near Laurlonlte, p. Penfieldite (p. 51), PbO.SPbCl,.
Classified List Of New Names.
CUMENGITE, PSEUDOBOLEITE (p. 52). Near Percylite and Boleite, Min. pp. 172 and 1028. METANOCERINE (p. 46). Near Nocerite, Min. p. 174?
V. OXIDES. Min. pp. 183-260.
QUARTZINE, LTTTECINE, LUTKCITE (p. 58). Near Quartz, Min. p. 188.
Cubaite, Guanabaquite, Guanabacoite (p. 58). Same as Quartz.
MITCHELLITE (p. 17). Var. Cliromite (Magnochromite), Min. p. 228.
Baddeleyite, Brazilite (p. 8), ZrO2.
Dicksbergite (p. 23). Same as Rutile, Min. p. 237.
Mesabite (p. 30). Var. G5thite, Min. p. 247.
Schulzenite (p. 61). Near Asbolite, Min. p. 258.
Geikielite (p. 28), MgO.TiO,.
Bixbyite (p. 10), FeO.MnO,.
Senaite (p. 61), (Fe,Pb)O.2(Ti,Mn)O,.
Zirkelite (p. 75), (Ca,Fe)O.2(Zr,Ti,Th)O,.
The above may properly be placed with the Titanates (Manganates, Zirconates).
VI. i. CARBONATES, Min. pp. 261-309.
Northupite (p. 49), MgCO,.Na,CO,.NaCl.
Pirssonite (p. 53), CaCO,.NaaCO,.2H.,O.
KTYPEITE (p. 39), CaCO,.
Hydrocalcite (p. 36).
Taraspite (p. 67). Var. Dolomite, Min. p. 271.
Calcistrontite (p. 13). A mixture of Calcite and Strontianite.
VI. 2. SILICATES. A. ANHYDROUS SILICATEB, Min. pp. 310-562.
Epididymite (p. 24), HNaBeSi3O8. Near Eudidymite, Min. p. 313. Celsian (p. 15), BaAlaSiaO8. Barium Feldspar, near Anorthite, Min. p. 337.
Urbanite, Lindesite (p. 70), (Ca.Mg)SiO, + 2NaFe(SiO,)!1. Pyroxene Group, Min. p. 314
FEDOROVITE (p. 57). Bet. JSgirite-augite and uEgirite, Pyroxene Group, Min. p. 344.
Hainite (p. 31), contains Ti, Zr, Na, Ca. Related to Lavenite, p. 375, WOhlerite, Min. p. 376, etc.
HASTINGSITE (p. 3), PHILIPSTADITE (p. 3), Xiphonite (p. 3). Referred to Amphibole, Min.
RHODUSITE (p. 29). Near Glaucophane, Min. p. 399.
CATAPHORITE (p. 14). Bet. Arfvedsonite and Barkevikite, Min. pp. 401, 403.
CROSSITE 'p. 20). Bet. Glaucophane and Riebeckite, Min. pp. 399, 400.
VALLEITE (p. 71). Near Anthophyllite, Min. p. 384.
Elpidite (p. 24). HflNaaZrSieOis. Related to Catapleiite, Min. p. 412.
Hardystonite (p. 32), CaaZuSijO7. Near Ganomalite, Min. p. 422 ?
Nasonite(p. 48). (Ca,Pb)10Cl3Si902i.
RHODOLITE (p. 28), LAGOKIOLITE (p. 28). Varieties of Garnet, Min. p. 437.
Ransatite p. 28). Sa.ue as Garnet (spessaitite), Min. p. 442.
Glaucochroite (p. 29), CaMnSiO4. Chrysolite Group, Min. p. 449.
Iddingsite (p. 36:. Probably an altered Chrysolite, p. 451.
Fuggerite (p. 27). Near Gehlenite, Min. p. 476.
MANGANANDALUSITE (p. 4), MALTESITE (p. 4). Varieties of Andalusite, Min. p. 496.
Thalenite (p. 68), H2Y4Si4O,. Near Yttrialite, Min. p. 512.
CLINOZOISITE, Klinozoisit (p. 17). Calcium-epidote (monoclinic), Min. p. 516.
m Hancockite (p. 32), contains Si, Pb, Ca, Sr, Al, Fe. Epidote Group?
Prolectit. (p. 55), probably Mg[Mg(F,OH)]SiO4. Humite Group, Min. p. 535.
Classified List Of New Names. Ix
Olinohedrite (p. 17), HaZuCaSiO. Near Calamine, Miu. p. 546. Lawsoiiite (p. 41), H4CaAljSi5Oi0. Near Carpholite, Min. p. 549. Roeblingite (p. 60), 5HaCaSiO.20aPbSO4. COSMOCHLORE, Kosmochlor, Kosmochromit (p. 20). A chromium silicate.
B. OTHER SILICATES, CHIEFLY HYDROUS SPECIES, Min. pp. 503-711.
Wellsite (p. 72), RAlaSisOlo.3HaO. Phillipsite Group, Min. p. 579.
Erionite (p. 25), HaCaKaNaaAlaSi9O17 + 5H,O.
Gonnardite (p. 30), (Ca,Naa)aAlaSi6O19 + 5|HaO.
METADESMINE (p. 65). Near Stilbite, Miu. p. 583.
METASCOLEZITE (p. 61). Near Scolezite, Miu. p. 604.
LEMBERGITE (p. 42), 5NaaAlaSiaO8 -f- 4HaO.
BADDECKITE (p. 7). Near Muscovite, Miu. p. 614.
Caswellite (p. 14). Altered mica.
BEACONITE (p. 66). Var. Talc, Min. p. 678.
PSETJDOPYROPHY'LLITE (p. 56). Near Pyrophyllite, Min. p. 691.
HOEPERITE (p. 35), 2FeaO>.4SiOa.7HaO. Near Chloropftl, Min. p. 70t
ALEXANDROLITE (p. 7), contains HaO,AlaOs,CraO8,SiOi.
BATAVITE (p. 9), contains H3O,MgO,AlaOs,SiOa.
Taylorite (p. 67). A clay.
Weldite (p. 72), contains SiOa, AlaO,, NaaO.
TiTANO-SiLicATES, TiTANATES, Min. pp. 711-724.
LAMPBOPHYLMTE (p. 40). Near Astrophyllite, Min. p. 719 ? Neptunite (p. 49). Near Titanite, p. 712.
Enopite (p. 39). Near Perovskite and Dysanalyte, Min. pp. 722, 724. Other Titanates are mentioned on the preceding page.
VI. 3. NIOBATE8, TANTALATES, Min. pp. 725-746.
Mossite (p. 48), Fe(Nb,Ta)aO,. Near Tapiolite, p. 738. STIBIOTANTALITE, SbaOj.(Ta,Nb)aO ?
VI. 4. PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ETC., Min. pp. 747-861.
Adelite (p. 1, also Min. p. 1052), (MgOH)CaAsO4. Wagnerite Group, Min. p. 775.
Tilasite (p. 68), Fluor-adelite, (MgF)CaAsO. " " " "
MANGANBERZELIITE (p. 10). Near Berzeliite (Pyrrharsenite), Min. 753.
Rhodophosphite (p. 59). Same as Apatite, Min. p. 762 ?
Retzian (p. 59). Basic arsenate of manganese, etc.
Gersbyite (p. 28). Neur Lazulite, Min. p. 798.
HAUTEPEUILLITE (p. 33), (Mg,Ca)3PaOb + 8HaO. Near Bobierrite, Min. p. 817.
Wardite (p. 71), 2AlaO,.P5O6.4H2O.
MINERVITE (p. 47), AlaO3.PaOs.7H2O.
Utahlite (p. 71). Same as Variscite, Min. p. 824.
KEIIOEITE (p. 38), ZuO.4AlaO,.5P2Oli.9HaO.
Oarnotite (p. 13), KjOUjOa.VsO.SrijO.
The following are imperfectly described arsenates, or antimonates, of manganese or iron, or both :
Basiliite (p. 9), Chloroarsenian (p. 16), Chondrostibian (p. 17), Elfstorpite (p. 24), Lampro- Btibian (p. 40), Magnetostibian (p. 44), Melanostibian (p. 44), Rhodoarsenian (p. 59), SjOgrufvite (p. 62).
ANTIMONATEB, Min. pp. 861-866.
Tripuhyite (p. 70), 2FeO.SbaOs.
Derbylite (p. 22), 6FeO.5TiOa.SbaO8.
X Classified List Of New Names.
Lewisite (p. 42), 5CaO.2TiOa.3Sb206. Mauzeliite (p. 45), 4(Ca,Pb)O.TiOa.2SbaO.
PHOSPHATES (ARSENATEB) WITH SULPHATES, Min. pp. 866-869.
Lossenite (p. 44), 2PbSO4.3(FeOH)3AaO + 12HaO. Munkforssite (p. 48). Near Svanbergite, Min. p. 868. Munkrudite (p. 48). " " " "
VI. 5. BORATES, Min. pp. 874-889.
Ascharite (p. 6), 3MgaBaO6.2H2O. Sulphoborite (p. 65), 4MgHBO3.2MgSO4.7HaO.
URANATES, Min. pp. 889-893. Mackintoshite (p. 44), UOa.3ThQa.3SiOa.3HaO. Near Thorogummite, Min. p. 893.
VI. 6. SULPHATES, CHROMATES, Min. pp. 894-981.
Langbeinite (p. 40), KaSO4.2MgSO4. Dietzeite (p. 23), 7Ca(lOs)a.bCaCrO4. BERESOVITE (p. 9), 6Pb0.3CrO3.COa.
SALVADORITE (p. 60), (Cu,Fe)SO4 + 7HaO. Near Pisanite, Min. p. 943. SIDEROTIL (p. 62), FeSO4 + 5HaO.
Leonite, K;iiib!5dite, Kaliastrakanite (p. 42), KaSO4.MgSO4 + 4H3O. Near B15dite, Min. p. 946.
Seelandiie (p. Jl). Near Pickeringite, Miu. p. 953.
Masrite (p. 45j. An ulum near Halotrichite, Miu. p. 954.
KAMAREZITE (p. 38), (CuOH)2SO4.Cu:OH)3.6HaO. Near Langite, Min. p. 961.
PLANOFERRITE (p. 54), FeaO3.SO9.15HaO.
IDRIZITE (p. 36). Near Botryogen, Miu. p. 972.
CUBEITE, Kubeit (p. 21), contains SO3)FeaO3,MgO,HaO.
Kauuiite (p. 38), contains SO3)AlaOs,KaO,NaaO,HaO.
Bouglisite (p. 4). A mixture of anglesite and gypsum,
VI. 7. TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES, Min. pp. 982-995. Raspite (p. 58), PbWO4. Wolframite Group, Miu. p. 982 ?
VIII. HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS, Min. pp. 996-1024.
Alexjejevite (p. 2), Allingite (p. 2), Burmite (p. 12), Cedarite (p. 14). All iiear Succinite and Amber, Miu. p. 1002.
Courtzilite (p. 20) Same as Uintahite, Min. p. 1020. Peliouite (p. 51), Var. Cannel Coal. Libollite (p. 43). Near Albertite, Miu. p. 1020. Tiffanyite (p. 68). Undetermined hydrocarbon.
Appendix I.
ACANTHITE, p. 58. — Crystals of silver sulphide, prismatic and apparently orthorhombic, occur at the Enterprise mine, Rico, Colorado. Chester, School Mines Q., 15, 303, 1894.
Wire-like forms from Guanajuato, Mexico, referred to acanthite, have been analyzed by Genth, Am. J. Sc., 44, 383, 1892.
ADELITE, p. 1053.— The following is a full description, Hj. Sjogren, G. F5r. F5rh., 13 1891; Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 56, 1892:
Monoclinic. Crystals rare, tabular c or pris- matic (TO). (Figs. 1, 2.) Observed forms: a (100), c(001), 7(110), /(Oil), d(221). Measured angles: ac 73° 15'. mm'" (110 A 110) 87° 5'*?, m d (110 A 221) 24° 45'; a relation to wagner- ite is suggested (see foot-note). Usually massive, in embedded grains.
Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal to un- even. H. =5. G . 3-71-3-76. Luster res- inous to greasy. Color gray, yellowish gray. Translucent. Optically +. Bxa A c + 38° 45'. Axial angle large, 2E 106° 40', also 2K 58° 47' 1-6708): p v.
Composition, HCaMgAsO6 or (MgOH)CaAsO4) analogous to the wagnerite group (p. Analyses, R. Mauzelius, quoted by SjOgren:
1. Nordmark
G.
2. Langban 3'76
3. Jakobsberg 3 -72
AsaO5 CaO MgO BaO PbO CuO FeO MnO H,O Cl 50-04 25-43 17'05 Ir. 0-39 — — 1'64 4-25 0'24
[FeaO3,Al11O, 0'30 Cu 0-26 99-60
50-28 24-04 17'90 0'23 2'79 0'32 0'08 0'48 3 90 tr. 100-02 48-52 23-13 19'25 — 2'41 — 0'09 1'27 3'99 SiO3 1'88=100'54
Fuses easily B. B. to a gray enamel. With soda on charcoal yields arsenical fumes. Soluble in dilute acids. The water goes off completely only at a high temperature.
Occurs with grains of magnetite and scales of native copper at the Kittel mine, Nordmark, Sweden; also at the Jakobsberg mine with hausmannite, etc., in limestone; with other arsenates and manganese minerals at Langbau. Named from a5yA.o?, indistinct.
A related mineral from the Moss mine gave Lundstr5m (quoted by SjSgren, G. For. Forh., 7, 412. 1884. Upsala. p. 60): As2O6 49'73, CaO 25'52, MgO 18'98, BaO 0'81, MnO 1-69, ZnO?0'08, AUOs.FejOs o'-83, loss (H2O) 2 36 100. Its character is somewhat uncertain.
See also Tilasite, which is a fluor -adelite, (MgF)CaPO4.
pp. 364, 1046.— Reported as occurring in the nephelite-syenite of Paisano Pass, Davis Mts., Texas, A. Osann, 4 Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 128, 1892. Noted also in rocks at various points, as Salem, Mass.; Cripple Creek, Colo.; Black Hills; Bearpaw Mts., Judith Mts. and Crazy Mts., Montana.
The author's angles and axes are hopelessly at variance. He calculates d : $ : c 1-0989 : 1 : 1-5642, /3 73° 15'. This ratio for a : b requires, however, TOTO'" (110 A 110) 92" 55', not 87° 5' as stated; also the value 92° 55' gives the author's angle cm 78° 33'. Furthermore he gives 110 A 221 24° 45' and 001 A 221 75° 27' (76° 26' meas.), but 001 A 110 101° 27', hence 001 A 2-21 should be 76° 42'. The value of c deduced from the author's fundamental angles (using 110 A 110 92" 55') is 0-8799, not 1-5642; but the measured angles, ca 73° 15' and cf= 56° 27 , give c 1-5748.
Appendix I.
, p. 403. — An amphibole occurring in the "heumite" of Heum, Norway, may belong here, cf. BrOgger, Eruptivgesteine d. Krist., 3, 93, 1898. Reported as occurring in Texas, see segirite.
Investigation of etching-figures, R. A. Daly, Proc. Am. Acad. Sc., 34, 425, 1899.
AGRICOLITE, p. 448. — From near Schwarzenberg, Saxony, Frenzel, Min. petr. Mitth., 16, 528,
AGTJILARITE, p. 1025. — Several analyses have been made by Genth on material from the original locality; the purest yielded : Se 13'96, S 5'93, Ag 79-41. Cu 0'50 99-80 Dodecahedral crystals gave the composition of argentite, with Se 3'75 (S : Se 7 : 1). Other crystals were partially altered to stephanite, etc. Am. J. Sc., 44, 381, 1892.
ALABANDITE, p. 64. — Occurs at Tombstone, Arizona, in large but rough twinued cubic crystals with tetrahedral faces; G. 4'031. 4*040; analysis gave (Volckeniug): S 36'91, Mn 63'03 99-94. Moses and Luquer, Sch. Mines Q., 13, 236, 1892; Moses, Zs. Kr., 22, 18, 1893.
ALBITE, pp. 327, 1025. — On crystals from Revin, Belgium, see Franck, Bull. Acad. Belg., 21, 603, 1891.
Crystallographic and optical investigation of a variety free from calcium from Lakous, Crete, Viola, Min. petr. Mitth., 15, 135, 1895. Zs. Kr., 30, 423, 436, 1898. Same of varieties from Russian localities, Gliuka, Zs. Kr., 22, 63, 1893; 26, 509, 1886; Vh. Min. Ges., 31, 1, 1894.
Cleavage and parting investigated, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 48, 115, 1894.
Etching- figures, T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc., 5, 182, 1898.
See also Feldspar.
Alexandrolite. 8. M. Losanitsch, Ber. Chem. Ges., 28, 2631, 1895, and Chem. News, 69, 243, 1894.— See Avalite.
Alexjejevite. A resin from the Kaluga Govrn., Russia. Composition : C 75'5, H 12 '5, O 12-0. Investigated by Alexjejev (Vh. Min. Ges. St. Pet., 29, 201, 1892) and named by Karnojitsky, Zs. Kr., 24, 504, 1S95.
ALLANITE, p. 522. — Crystals described from Franklin Furnace, N. J., Eakle, Am. J. Sc., 47, 436, 1892; also from the Harz (orthite), Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 444, 1896; from Mineville, Essex Co., N. Y., H. Ries, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sc., 16, 327, 1897.
Forms about 56 p. c. of a granite on the east shore of Lac & Baude, Champlain Co. , Quebec. Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 7, 12 R, 1894.
Allingite. E. Aweng [Arch. Pharm., 232, 1894]. Jb. Min., 2, 254 ref., 1896. A fossil resia from Switzerland, related to succinite.
ALLOPHANE, p. 693.— Analyses of Italian varieties, G. D'Achiardi, An. Soc. Tosc., Proc. Verb., March 13, 1898.
ALSTONITE. — See Bromlite.
ALTAITE, p. 51. — Occurs near Liddle Creek, West Kootanie, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 29R, 1893 ; also on Long lake, Yale district, B. C. (anal, by Johnston), ibid., 8, 11 R, 1895; at Choukpazat, Upper Burma, Louis, Min. Mag., 11, 215, 1897.
ALUNITE, p. 974. — Occurs at Tres Cerritos, Mariposa Co., California, in an alunite-quartzite, Turner, Am. J. Sc.. 5, 424, 1898. At Red Mountain, Ouray Co., Colorado, in aggregations of minute crystals with enargite, etc. Analysis ; SO3 38'93, A1,O3 39'03, K3O 4'26, Na2O 4'41, H3O 13-35. insol. 0-50 100-48. E. B. Hurlburt, Am. J. Sc., 48, 130, 1894. From Knicker- bocker Hill, Ouster Co., Colo., anal., Eakins, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 90, 62, 1892.
ALURGITE, p. 635. — The deep-red manganese mica from St. Marcel, Piedmont, has been ana- lyzed by Penfield, as follows
SiOa AlaO3 Fe,O3 MnaO3 MnO MgO K,O Na2O HaO
53-22 21-19 1-22 0"87 0'18- 6'02 11-20 0'34 5'75 99'99
For this the formula preferred is HR,(AlOH)Al(SiO3)4 with R MgOH.K chiefly; it is thus- distinct from other species of the mica group. It is monoclinic; cleavage basal; laminae flexible. H. =3. G. 2-835-2-849. Not highly pleochroic. 2Ey 56° 5'-57°. Am. J. Sc., 46, 288, 1893.
AMBER. — See SUCCINITE; also the new names, Allingite, BurmUe, Cedarite, etc.
Appendix I. 3
AMPHIBOLE, pp. 385, 1026. — K. von Kraatz divides the varieties here included into three -groups according to prismatic cleavage angle: Tremolite series, cleavage angle 55° 10' to 55° 25'; common green hornblende, 55" 25' to 55° 35'; brown basaltic hornblende, 55° 40' lo 55° 50'. Zs. Kr., 30, 664, 1899.
A discussion of the. variation of extinction-angle in the prismatic zone is given by R. A. Daly, Proc. Am. Acad. Sc., 34, 311, 1899. See also by the same author an exhaustive investigation of etching-figures of different members of the amphibole group, ibid., p. 374 (see philipstadite below).
On the composition of certain rock-making amphiboles, from the Sierra Nevada, California, see Turner, Am. J. Sc., 7, 297, 1899. Analysis (2'72 H.,0) of amphibole from the Durbach mica- syenite, Saner, Beitr. G. Heidelberg, Mitth. Bad. G. Laudesaust., 2, 252. Analyses are given also in many petrographical memoirs, Jahrb. Min., et al.
Synthetic experiments leading to the formation of this and other species, Doelter, Jb. Min 1,1, 1897.
An unusual variety (monoclinic-hemihedral or tricliuic?) occurs in the trachyte of Moutesanto, Italy, Franco, Zs. Kr., 25, 3-8, 1895; Rend. Accad. Napoli, May-June, 1895.
i ii in
An amphibole having the composition of an orthosilicate analogous to garnet, (R*,Il)iRt8isOi (cf. syntagmatite, Miu., p. 388), has been called fiastingsite by Adams and Harrington (Am. J. Sc., 1, 210, 1896). Occurs in grains in the nephelite-syeuite of Dungannon, Hastings Co., Ontario. Optically — . Birefringence low. c nearly coincident with c. Ax. pi. b (010). Ax. angle small, 30° to 45°. Dispersion p v. Absorption c 6 a. Pleochroisrn, a yw.-greeu; fi and c deep bluish green. Analysis, Harrington;
Si02 TiO, AlaO3 FeaO3 FeO MuO CaO MgO K3O Na3O H3O G. 3433 34-18 1'53 11'52 12'62 21-98 0'63 9'87 1'35 2'28 3'29 0 "35 99 -60
Another aluminous amphibole, from the gabbro of Pavone, near Ivrea, Piedmont, Italy, inves- tigated by Van Horn is also nearly an orthosilicate. Cleavage-angle 55° 42'. G. 3'217-3'222. Extinction-angle 14° 80' to 15° 30' on b (010). Pleochroisrn strong: a light yellow; 6 brown, tinge of red; c brown, tinge of yellow. Analysis by Dittrich:
S5O, TiO, AUO3 Fe,O, FeO MnO CaO MgO K,O NaaO H-.O
39-58 tr. 14-91 4'01 10'67 tr. 11-76 13-06 0-62 2'87 2-79 100-27
IT in ii in n
This corresponds nearly to RJijSiu or R3RjSi3Ou (syntagmatite) + RaSiO4. Amer. Geol.,- 21, 370, 1898.
An amphibole from Philipstad, Sweden, has been called pJiilipstadite by R. A. Daly (Proc. Am. Acad. Sc., 34, 433, 1899). It shows anomalous etching-figures on m (110) and b (010) (ibid., p. 399); pronounced zonal structure; small opticaxial angle (about 50°); also unusual pleochroism and absorption: viz., a light brownish green, 6 dark yellow-green, c dark blue-green; ft t a. It is optically — , with an extinction-angle on b (010) with c -f- 15° 9' (Na). An analysis by Pisani gave:
SiO5 TiO3 AljO, FeaO3 FeO MuO CaO MgO NaaO K3O ign. 45-20 0-84 7-34 7'55 15'80 1'52 12-30 8'40 0'80 0-37 0'70 100-82
Xiphonite is a name given by G. Platania (Accad. Sc. Acireale, 5, 1893) to a variety occurring in minute crystals with hematite in cavities of a slag-like rock at Acicatena (Etna), Sicily. Form, angles and cleavage like amphibole, but characterized by light honey-yellow color and by feeble pleochroism. Composition undetermined. Named from Xiphonia, an old town near the locality'.
See Eichterite (astochite); also other species of the group ; new names are Cataphorite (Kataforite), Crossite, Rhodusite.
ANALCITE, p. 595.— Crystals described from the Harz, Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 576, 1896. Also from Boylestone Quarry, near Barrhead, Renfrewshire, Scotland; doubtful forms z (543), t (421), also (332). Heddle, Trans. Edinb. G. Soc., 7, 241, 1897.
Optical structure investigated, Monte Somma, P. Franco, Giorn. Min., 3, 232, 1892. Same, from Monte Catini, G. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., Pisa, 1897. Discussion of optical structure, with relation to a new artificial silicate, G. Friedel, Bull Soc. Min., 19, 14, 5, 1896; also with reference to effect produced by loss of water, ibid., pp. 94, 363. Further discussion of optical structure, especially in relation to leucite, Klein, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 290, 1897, and Jb. Min., Beil.- Bd., 11, 474, 189.
Analvsis, from Friedersdorf on the Lahu, Brauns, Jb. Min., 2, 4, 1892. From the Plauenschen Grund, Dresden, Zschau, Abh. Ges. Isis, p. 94, 1893.
Occurs in a dike-rock at Hamburg, N. J., derived from leucite, Kemp, Am. J. Sc., 45, 298, 189:5. Also in analcite-diabase of San Luis, California, Fairbanks, Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. California, 1, 273, 1895.
Present as a primary constituent in certain igneous rocks (monchiquite), Pirsson, J. Geol., 4, 679, 1896 ; also in an analcite-basalt near Cripple Creek, Colorado, Cross, J. Geol., 5, 684, 1897.
4 Appendix I.
ANATASE. — See Octahedrite.
ANDALUSITE, p. 496. — Crystals from the Pitzthal, Tyrol, show the new forms, t (320), t (013),. v (054), u (032), x (112). Haefele, Zs. Kr., 23, 551, 1894.
A variety of chiastolite from the crystalline schists of the region north of Ladoga Lake in eastern Finland is called maltesite by J. J . Sederholm. The large nodules show a Maltese cross of wedge-shaped parts of pure material, separated by areas of impure material. G. For. Forh., 18, 390, 1896.
A variety containing 6-91 p. c. MnaO3 is called Manganandalusite by H. Bftckstrom. Occurs in muscovite-quartzite of Vestana, Sweden,_ differs from ordinary andalusite in its grass-green color and strong pleochroism: t (a) and 6 (b) blue-green, a (k) pure yellow and most absorbed.
Investigation of a mineral related to andalusite and dumortierite, from the granite of the Argentine'Republic. It is marked by deep-red pleochroism. Romberg, Jb. Miu., Beil -Bd., 8; 340, 1893.
See also Westanite.
ANDESINE, p. 333. — Stenzelberg, Siebengebirge, crystals described (new form, 120), BUPZ, Jb. Min., 1, 36, 1898. See also Feldspar.
Andorite. J. A. Krenner [Math. term, firtesito, 11, 119, 1892], Zr. Kr., 23, 497, 1894 ; G. T. Prior and L. J. Spencer, Min. Mag., 11, 286, 1897; and Zs. Kr., 29, 346. Suudtite, W. G. Brogger, Zs. Kr., 21, 193, 1893; Pohlmann, ibid., 24, 124, 1894. Webnerite, Sielzner, ibid., 24, 125, 1894.
Orthorhombic. Axes & : b : c 0-6772 : 1 : 0'4458. 100 A HO 34° 6£', 001 A 101 33° 21', 001 A Oil 24° If. Forms : a (100), b (010), c (001); 0 (610), if> (510), n (210), o (320), m (110), I (30), k (120); h (102). 6(305), (203), K (405), / (101), (802), A (301), ju (902); x (Oil), v (043), Tt (032), y (021), ff (031); v (112), x (223), p (111), z (332), q (221), p (331); s (211), d (364), r (121), € (362); oo (132); /3 (131); a (162); C (2'21'7). Angles: mm'" 68° 12', ff' 66° 43', xtf 48° 3', yy' - 106° 26', m/ *35° 87$'. mf"= *23e 54J'.
In aggregates of highly modified prismatic crystals, tabular a (100); faces in prismatic zone vertically striated. Also massive.
Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 3-3'5. G.=5'50. Luster metallic, bril- liant. Color steel-gray. Streak black.
Composition, PbAgSb3S<, or 2PbS.AgaS.3SbiS3. Analyses. — 1, Loczka; quoted by Krenner. 2, 3, G. T. Prior. 4, P. J. Mann, quoted by Stelzner (also other anals. on less pure material).
G. 8 Sb Pb Ag Cu Fe
1. Felsobanya 5'341 23'32 41-91 2207 H'31 0'69 0'70 insol. 0'04 100'04
2. " 5-33 22-19 41-76 21-81 11'73 0'73 1'45 99'67
3. Oruro 5-377 22-06 41-31 24-10 10'94 0'68 0-30 99-39
4. " 23-10 40-86 24'30 10'25 0'65 0'53 99'69
First described by Krenner from Felsobanya, Hungary, where it occurs with stibnite, quartz, and sphalerite, also baiite and manganosiderite. Also found at the silver-tin mines of Oruro, Depart, of Oruro, Bolivia, especially the Itos mine (webnerite) with stibnite, pyrite, etc. The name Andorite is given for Andor von Semsey ; Sundtite, for the mining director L. Sundt ; Webnerite, for the mining engineer, A. Webner.
The identity of andorite, sundtite and webnerite was established by Prior and Spencer. The observed list of forms is that given by them ; the position and fundamental angles are those of Brogger (sundtite). It is to be noted that the analysis of "sundtite" by Thesen, quoted by BrOgger and which shows only a trace of lead (G 5*50), it is now stated was not made upon measured crystals, hence it appears to represent another species.
ANGLESITE, p. 907. — Crystals described from the Altai, new form (016), Jeremejev, Vh. Min. Ges., 29, 174, 1892. Crystals from unknown source show the new form F (255), L. J. Spencer, Min. Mag., 11, 197, 1899.
Occurs at the "Wellington mine, Bear Lake, West Kootanie, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Ref. G. Canada, 6, 27 R, 1892-93.
A mineral having the form of anglesite, associated with the boleite of Boleo, Lower Cali- fornia, is shown by Genth to have the composition 2PbSO4.CaSO4.2H3O, and to be a mechanical mixture of anglesite and gypsum. An origin from a possible mineral 2PbSO4.CaSO4 is sug- gested. Am. J. Sc.. 45, 32, 1893. See also Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 195, 1893. This sub- stiince has been called bouglisite by Cumenge, after M. de La Bouglise (cf. Lacroix, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 42, 1892).
ANHYDRITE, p. 910. — Molecular properties investigated, also of other species, Mugge, Jb. Min., 1, 71, 1898.
Refractive indices, Zimanyi, Zs. Kr. 22, 341, 1893.
Deposits of anhydrite and gypsum of Oulx described by Colomba, Att. Accad. Torino, 33, 779, 1897-98.
Appendix L 5
Formation discussed, R. Brauns, Jb. Min. 2, 257, 1894. Occurs in bluish tabular masses in cavities in trap rock at Larrabee's quarry, Northampton, Mass. Emerson, Bull. U. 8. G. Surv., 126, 26, 1895.
ANORTHITE, p. 337.— Occurs at Buck Creek, Clay Co., N. C., analysis by C. H. Baskerville, quoted by Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 5, 128, 1898. Occurs with epidote at Phippsburg, Me., Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 48, 429, 1894. Prom Raymond, Me., anal., Melville, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 110, 1893.
See also Feldspar.
ANORTHOCLASE, p. 324. — Analysis from acmite- trachyte of the Crazy Mts., Montana, Hille- brand, quoted by Wolff and Tarr, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 16, 227, 1893.
BrOgger proposes the name soda-microcline (Natronmikroklin) and discusses relation to other allied feldspars, Eruptivgest. d. Kristiauiagebietes, 3, 11, 1898.
ANTHOPHYLLJTE, p. 384. — Occurs at Bakersville, N. C., in dunite; crystals analyzed by Baskerville yielded results identical with those of Penfield (anal. 1, p. 385) ; it is concluded that the latter's specimens came from this locality, Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 5, 429, 1898.
Gedrite (14 p. c. A12O3) occurs as a course, granular rock near Harris's Soapstoue quarry, Warwick, Mass. Emerson, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 126, 86, 1895 (anal., Schneider, Eakins). On gedrite-schist f rom Vester Silfberg, Sweden, see Weibull, G. For. F5rh., 18, 377, 1896.
Investigation of etching-figures, R. A. Daly, Proc. Am. Acad. Sc., 34, 424, 1899-
See also Asbestus and Valleite.
APATITE, pp. 762, 1027.— Cryst.— From the granite of Alzo, Lake Orta, Italy, G. Strtiver, Riv. Miu. Ital.. 12, 52, 1893. From ZSptau, Graber, Miu. petr. Mitth., 14, 269, 1894. From the emerald mines in the Ural, with (808?) Jeremejev, Vli. Min. Ges., Prot., 33, 65, 1895. Elba, Artiui, Riv. Min. Ital., 16, 15. 1896, and Rend. Accad. Line., 4 (2), 259, 1895. Crystals of manganapatite (5'95 p. c. MuO) from the Vestana mines, Sweden, gave Weibull ex (0001 A 1011) 40° 17' 20". G. For. Forh., 20, 63, 1898.
Twin crystals with tw. pi. (1 121), inclusions in the andesite of Mt. Stavro, Algeria, are noted by Washington, J. Geol., 3, 25, 1895.
Discussion of vicinal faces, Karnojitsky, Vh. Min. Ges., 33, 65, 1895.
Comp. — Composition discussed, Rarnmelsberg, Jb. Min. 2, 38, 1897. Analyses of many specimens and discussion of variation in composition, Carnot, Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 135, 1896; Ann. Mines, 10, 137, 1896, (also other phosphates, ib., 8, 321, 1895,) and C. R., 122, 1375, 1896. Moutebras, analysis of blue variety, Carnot, Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 214, 1896. Ceylon, occurring with graphite, Jauuasch and Locke, Zs. anorg. Ch., 7, 154, 1894.
APHTHITALJTE, p. 897. — Vesuvius, natural crystals seem to be in part rhombohedral, in part orthorhombic and biaxial, P. Franco, Giorn. Min., 4, 151, 1893.
APOPHYLLITE, p. 566 — Cryst.— Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 572, 1896. Kimberley, S. Africa, new forms, £ (119), x (223), k (332), Currie, Trans. Edinb. G. Soc.. 7, 252, 1897.
Collo, Constantine, Algeria, crystals described and analysis, Gentil, Bull. Soc. Min., 17, 11, 1894. No fluorine was found ; Friedel also remarks on its absence while he obtains an ammonia- cal reaction, ibid., p. 142. A. E. Nordenskiold found fluorine in the Collo' mineral examined by him ; he also shows that the presence of ammonia was early established (1805, Rose), G. Fo"r. Forh., 16, 579, 1894.
Discussion of optical properties as influenced by heat and pressure, Klein, Jb. Min., 2, 165, 1892 (also less complete in Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1892, p. 217).
Anal.— Grangesberg, Hallberg, G. For. Forh., 15, 327, 1893. From the "blue ground " of Koppiesfoutein, near Jagersfontein, So. Africa, J. A. Leo Henderson, Min. Mag., 11, 318, 1897. From the Grand Marais, Minn., Berkey, 23 Ann. Rep. G. Surv. Minnesota, 1894, p. 195. See also above.
ARAGONITE, pp. 281, 1027. — Cryst. — Neussargues (Cantal), Gonnard, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 183, 1891; 16, 10, 1893. Framont, new forms (572), (231), (341), (S'll'S), and others doubtful, St6ber [Mitth. G. Landes. Els.-Lothr., 4,113, 1894], Zs. Kr , 27, 531. Monte Ramazzo, Liguria, Italy, new forms (430), (570), (073), (052), (331), (512), (9'2'16), (413), (8-2-12). (431), (24 -25-1), (342), (7'10-3), (352), (133), (271), Negri, Riv. Min. Ital., 15, 65, 1896. Harz Mts., (0-1'12), Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 338, 1896. Chaudfontaine, Belgium; G. Cesro, Mem. Acad. Belg., 53, 1897. From the amianthus deposits of Val Lanterna, Italy, with doubtful new forms (17-16-0), (ll'13'O), (16-22-1), Brugnatelli, Riv. Min. Ital., 18, 51, 1898, and Rend. 1st. Lombardo, 3O, 1116, 1897 (also Zs. Kr., 31, 56, 1899).
Crystals from Sicily are referred to the monoclinic system by Viola, Zs. Kr., 28, 225, 1897.
Determination of the heat of formation, Le Chatelier, C. R., 11, 390, 1893,
Tarnowitzite in crystals from Tarnowitz described with 2'2to4'8 p. c. PbO, Traube, Zs. G Ges., 46, 64, 1894.
Appendix I.
ARFVEDSONITE, p. 401. — Investigation of etching-figures, also of other members of the amphi- bole group, R. A. Daly, Proc. Am. Acad. Sc., 34, 404, 1899. See also Cataphorite.
ARGYRODITE, p. 150.— Shown by Penfield to be isometric and tetrahedral, not monoclinic in crystallization. The faces m and o (fig. 1, p. 150) belong to the dodecahedron, d (110) ; /and k to the tetrahedron o (111), and v to (311). Am. J. Sc., 46, 107, 1893, and 47, 451, 1894. Cf. Weis- bach, Jb. Min., 1, 98, 1H94. The mineral described by Peufield was from Bolivia, and was tirst named canfieldite, on the supposition that it was a new species, like argyrodite in composition, but isometric; later this name (see this Appendix, p. 13) was transferred to another sulphostan'uute of analogous composition also from Bolivia. Peufield shows that the formula of ai-gyrodite is AgaGeSj or 4Ag3S.GeSa Sulphur 17'1, germanium 6'4, silver 76'5 100. Analyses :
S Ge Ag Fe, Zn Insol.
I.Bolivia G. 6'26 (f) 17-04 (f) 6-55 76'05 <H3 0'29 100'06
2. Freiberg G. 6-16 16-97 (f) 6'64 75-55 0'24 HgO'34 99'74
A stanniferous argyrodite from Aullagas, Bolivia, described by Prior and Spencer (Min. Mag., 12, 6, 1898) occurs in regular octahedrons, in part spinel-twins; also in twinned dodecahedrons. G. 6'19. Composition as given above, but Ge : Sn 5 : 2. Analysis, Prior : S 16'45, Ge 4'99, Sn 3-36, Ag 74-20, Fe 0-68, Sb tr. 99'68.
ARSENIC, p. 11. — Occurs at Akadauimura, Ohnogori, Japan, in rhombohedral crystals, Frenzel, Min. petr. Mitth., 16, 529, 1896.
ARBENOPYRITE, p. 97. — Weibull, after an investigation of the mineral from various Swedish localities (also Freiberg), concludes that the composition and form vary somewhat for different occurrences, but the species (when pure) has tlie formula Fe(As,S) ; well-formed crystals often enclose impurities. Zs. Kr. , 20, 1, 1891. Scherer has made a still more extended investigation of the form and composition of the mineral from many localities ; he finds crystals often impure, having a zonal structure, but aside from this he concludes that the composition is expressed by TwFeS-i -f-wFeAsa with m : n 1 : 1 nearly. No simple relation between axial ratio and compo- sition was found. The list of forms (p. 383) contains the following not given in Miu., p. 98: 5(310), £ (0-17-2). e(054). Zs. Kr., 21, 354, 1893. See also idem, ib., 22, 61, 1893, analysis of crystals from Weiler in Elsass.
The composition of this. and related species has been also discussed by Rammelsberg, Jb. Min., 2, 45, 1897 ; by Starke, Shock and Smith, J. Am. Ch. Soc., 19, 948, 1897.
Dannite occurs in Graham township, Algoma, Ontario (analysis by Johnston with 4 p. c. Co, 0'9 Ni), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 19 R., 1889-90. Also occurs at the Evening Star mine, Trail creek, West Kootenay, Br. Columbia, ib., 8, 13 R, 1895.
ASBESTOS, p. 386. — Investigation of various asbestiform minerals, many of which are shown to belong to fibrous anthophyllite, Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, 281, 1895.
Ascharite. W. Feit [Ch. Ztg., 15, 327, 1891], Zs. Kr., 24, 625, 1894. Found in white lumps with boracite, in kaiuite and halite at Schmidtmannshall near Aschersleben. The lumps are made up of microscopic grains showing no crystallization. G. 1-85-1 '95. Nearly insoluble in water and more difficultly soluble than stassfurtite in acids. Composition of material freed from other salts by water SMgaB-.OaHO. Analysis : f BaO3 49'2, MgO 42 -8, H3O 8'0 100.
ASTOCHTTE, p. 1027. — The brown variety of this supposed new kind of amphibole is identical with Breithaupt's richterite (p. 391), cf. Hamberg, G. F6r. Forh., 13, 801, 1891 ; Sjogren, ib., 14, 253, 1892. The latter author, however, suggests the name natronrichterite for the blue variety, which contains more soda and less potash than the brown. See Richterite.
ASTRAKANITE, 866 Blddite. KALIUM-ASTKAKANITE, SC6 Leonite. ,
ATACAMITE, p. 172. — Crystals from Sierra Gorda, Chili, examined by G. F. Herbert Smith, are prismatic in habit with the pyramids r (111) and n (121) prominent ; 0(011) small; a new pyramid 7t striated edge h/e in part corresponds to (132). The axial ratio calculated from excellent measurements is a : b : k — 0'66130 : 1 : 0'75293. Other more complex crystals, also from Atacama, show 0(131), p (443), cr (332) and forms with doubtful indices. Min. Mag., 12, 15,
ATTGELITE, p. 847. — Crystallized specimens of this hitherto doubtful species examined by Prior and Spencer establish its character, Min. Mng., 11, 16, 1895.
Monoclinic with the forms a (100), b (010), c (001), m (110), x (101), r (Oil), n (112), 0(112), and others doubtful. Axia? ratio : d : b : £ 1 6419 : 1 : 1'2708, ft 67° 33f. Habit tabular 1 c ;
Appendix L 7
also triangular and tubular or prismatic -with c and a: equally developed. Cleavage: m perfect; x (101) less perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 4'5 — 5. G. 2*696. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white. Optically +. Ax. pi. b. Bxa A c — 34°. 2E 84° 42'. Indices : a 1-5736, ft 1 -5759, y - 1 5877.
Composition : A1PO4.A](OH)3 or 2A13O3.PSO6.3H.,O. Analyses, Prior :
PaO6 A13O3 CaO H3O
1. 34-60 51-40 0-11" 13-77= 99'88
2. 35-33 50-28 0'90* 13'93 100-44
1 Probably foreign to the mineral.
The specimens examined were from Machacamarca, near Potosi, Bolivia, where it occurs with bournonite, octahedral pyrite, zinkeuite, etc. The original mineral, described by Blomstrand, was from Westana, Sweden ; his results are here confirmed. Augelite also occurs in Bolivia at the silver mines of Tatasi and Portugalete, province of Sudchichas, dept. of Potosi (Spencer, Min- Mag., 12, 1, 1898).
AtraiCHALCiTE, p. 298. — Analysis, Torreon, Chihuahua, Mexico, Collins, Min. Mag., 10, 15, 1892. Campiglia Maritima, also optical examination, G. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., Mem., 16, 3, 1898.
AVALITE, p. 617. — An analysis gave Losanitsch (Ber. Ch. Ges., 28, 2631, 1895, and Ch. News, 69, 243, 1894) the results below (1). According to the author the so-called milosin of Breit- haupt (1838) is derived from the alteration of avalite and is a mixture of two minerals, to one of which (2) he limits this name, the other he calls Alexandrolite, anal. (3).
SiO3 AlaO3 Cr2O3 Fe3O3 MgO K,O HaO
1. Avalite 54'66 20-46 10'88 1-18 2'06 4'61 5-66= 99'51
2'. Milosin 46'37 30'18 9-75 0-91 tr. tr. 13-76 100-97
3. Alexandrolite 52'07 20-76 13-74 2'22 tr. tr. 10-88= 99'67
Milosin is described as having a bluish-gray color ; under the microscope, transparent, crystal- line. Insoluble in acids. Analysis (2) made of material dried at 130°. Alexaudrolite has a green color, opaque, amorphous. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. Also dried at 130°.
AXINITE, p. 527— Cryst.— Nordmark, Sweden, new forms 3 (130), y (120), £7(061), #(081), £(441), Q (327), A (285), Hj. Sjogren, Bull. G. lust. Upsala, 1, 1, 1893 and G. For. Forh., 14, 249, 1892. Bourg d'Oisans, Dauphine, Gonnard and Offret, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 75, 1893. Quenast, Belgium, Frunck, Bull. Acad. Belg., 25, 17, 1893. Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 464,
Etching-figures investigated, T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc., 5, 180, 1898.
Composition discussed, Rheineck, Zs. Kr., 22, 275, 1893. Analyses by Mauzelius of varieties from Nordmark and Dannemora and discussion of composition, Hj. Sj5gren, G. For. F5rh., 17, 279, 1895. Bourg d'Oisans, analysis, Jannasch and Locke, Zs. auorg. Ch., 6, 57, 1894.
Occurrence in the Pyrenees described, Lacroix, C. B., 115, 739, 1892.
AZURITE, p. 295.— Oryst. — From Laurion, new forms J(205), (405), TT(605), Zimanyi, Zs. Kr., 21, 86, 1892. Willow's mine, Pretoria, Transvaal, new forms A (Ol'lO), F (263), W(l-3'15). Molengraaf, Zs. Kr.. 22, 156, 1893. Mineral Point, Wis., new forms c (307), 6 (203), & (9'12'8), Hobbs, Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, 1, 145, 1895, and Zs. Kr., 25, 270, 1895.
BABINGTONITE, pp. 381, 1027. — Occurs in minute crystals on gneiss at Buckland, Mass., Emerson, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 126, 32, 1895 (anal', by Schneider).
A pyroxeuic mineral from the " mijakite " (augite-andesite) of the island of Mijakeshima is interpreted by Petersen as being a manganiferous babingtonite, Jb. Hamb. Wiss., 8, 49, 53,
Baddeckite. Q. Ghr. Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 9, 11 R, 1896; Am. J. Sc., 6, 274, 1898. Occurs in small isolated scales embedded in a plastic clay near Baddeck. Victoria Co., Nova Scotia. G. =3-252. Luster pearly. Color copper-red. Streak tile-red. Analysis, R. A. A.
Johnston:
SiOa A12O3 FeaO, CaO MgO K,O Na3O H,O
48-96 13-85 25'82 1-17 2'65 3'47 0'22 3 '78 99-92
n in
Ratio for RO : R,O3 : SiO, : HaO 1:3:8:2, or formula H4R(Rj)3Si8Oa4, the quantivalent ratio for which (3 : 4) approximates to some muscovites, to which it is referred as a ferruginous variety. B. B. fuses at 4'5 to a shiny black slag, becoming magnetic. Decomposed by strong hydrochloric acid with separation of slimy silica.
8 Appendix I.
Baddeleyite. L. Fletcher, Nature, 46, 620, 1892; Min. Mag., 10, 148, 1893. Brazilite, E. Hussak, Jb. Min., 2, 141, 1892; 1, 89, 1893; Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 395, 1895.
Monocliuic. Axes d : b : c 0-9871 : 1 : 0-5114; ft *81° 14V 001 A 100 Hussak. 100 A 110 *44° 17V, 001 A 101 *29° 4', 001 A Oil 26° 48f. Observed forms: a (100). b (010), c (001); TO (110), I (280), k (120), s (203), t (101), x (201) as tw. pi. , r (101), a (201); d (021); p (221); n (111). Angles: mm'" 88° 35', a'r 69° 41', dd' 90° 37', cm 83° 44V-
Crystals usually l.wins : (1) n (100) most common, also as polysynthetic twinning lamellae; (2) TO (HO) both contact- and penetration-twins, also as thin lamellae; (3) a; (201) rather rare. Habit tabular a. Cleavage: c rather perfect; b much less so; also parting m. H. 6'5. G. 5'5 Hussak; 6'025 Fletcher. Luster greasy to vitreous, on opaque crystal nearly submetallic resembling columbite. Color variable, from colorle>s to yellow, brown and finally black and opaque. Streak white to browish white. Pleochroic. Optically—. Ax. pi. b. Bxa inclined to c about 4- 13° Fletcher. Dispersion inclined. Ax. angle large, 2E — 70°-75°.
Composition, zircon dioxide, ZrO. Analysis, C. W. Blomstrand, quoted by Hussak, Jb. Min., 1, 89, 1893:
ZrO, SiO, AUO3 Fe-,0, CaO MgO Alk. ign.
96-52 0-70 0-43 0'41 0'55 O'lO 0'42 0'39 99-52
Of the accessory constituents above given, only the iron belongs to the mineral itself; the varia- tion in color is probably due to variation in amount of iron.
B. B. nearly infusible, glows brightly; reacts faintly for iron with borax. When cooled sud- denly and pressed flat in the borax bead microlites and microscopic crystals are formed. Insoluble in acids; only slightly attacked by concentrated sulphuric acid if in fine powder. Decomposed by fusion with acid potassium sulphate.
First identified by Fletcher, and described both as regards form and composition, on a single fragment of a crystal (3 grams) from the gem sands of Rakwana. Ceylon; geikielite was obtained from the same source. About the same time discovered by Hussak from Brazil and named braziliie, but the composition was only later correctly determined by the analysis of Blomstrand. The Brazilian mineral occurs as an accessory constituent of a decomposed magnetite-pyroxenite (jacupirangite of Derby) of the magnetite deposits of Jacupiranga, on the branch of the same name of the Rio Ribeira, State of Sao Paulo. It is associated with magnetite, apatite, perovskite, ilmenite, titanite, microlite, zircon, etc. Also identified us an accessory constituent of a rock resembling jacupirangite from the nephelite-syenite region of Aln5, Sweden, cf. Hussak, Jb. Min., 2, 228, 1898.
Named after Mr. Joseph. Baddeley, who brought the specimen from Rakwana.
BAGOTITE. — Green pebbles, identified as lintonite from Bagot, Ontario. See Egleston, Cat. Min., 192, 1889 (1887); Chester, Diet. Names Min., 25, 1896; Spencer, Min. Mag., 11, 323,
BARITE, pp. 899, 1027.— Cryst.— Lunkany, Hungary, Zimanyi, Foldt. K5zl., 22, 267, 1892. Montevecchio, Sardinia, new forms (1-0-25), (403)?, (123), (157), (2-5-11V. (163)?, Negri, Riv. Min. Ital., 12, 3, 1893. Bergheim, Ober-Elsass, Feurer, Mitth. G. Land. Els. -Loth., 4, 89, 1893; Zs. Kr., 25, 623. Caucasus, new form / (355), Zimanyi, FSldt. Kozl., 24, 404, 1894. From Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 357. 1896. Dobsina, new form j) (77-), Melczer, Foldt. K5zl6ny, 26, 357, 1896, Zs. Kr., 30, 183. Vassera, Lombardy, Italy, Artini, Riv. Min. Ital., 16, 10, 1890. Odenwald, occurrence described, also complex crystals, new form t (196), Kraatz- Koschlau, Abh. Hess. G. Land., 3, No. 2, 55, 1897. From various localities in Belgium, Cesaro, Mem. Acad. Belg., 53, 1897. KOrOsmezo, Hungary, G. Moesz, Foldt. Kozl., 27, 495, 1897.
Apparent hemimorphisin. discussed, Beckenkamp, Zs. Kr., 27, 583, 1896. See also idem, ibid., 30, 55, 1898.
As cementing material in sandstone, F. Clowes, Proc. Roy. Soc., 64, 374, 1899 (Min., p. 903).
BARIUM ANORTHITE. — See Celsian. BARIUM HEULANDITE. — See Heulandite.
BARKEVIKITE, p. 405. — Daly's investigation of etching-figures shows it to be more closely related to common hornblende than to arfvedsonite. Proc. Amer. Acad. Sc., 34, 374, 1899.
A related amphibole occurs in the sodalite-syenite of Montana (c A 13°), Lindgren and Melville, Am. J. Sc., 45, 292, 1893.
See also CatapJwrile.
Barracanite. R. Schneider, J. pr. Ch. , 52, 555, 1895. — See Cubanite.
BARYTOCALCITE, p. 289. — In parallel cryst. growth with barite, Miigge, Jb. Min., 1, 252, 1895. Optical examination (/? 1'684) and relation tobromlite, also to calcite, aragoniteand witherite, Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 10, 1895.
Appendix I.
BARYTOCELESTITE.— See Celestite.
Basiliite. Igelstrom, G. F5r. Forh., 14, 307, 1892 ; Zs. Kr., 22, 470,1893.
In foliated forms. Luster metallic or submetallic. Color steel-blue, but in very thin splinters blood-red. Not magnetic. Several partial analyses yielded :
Sb.Os 13'09 Mn2O3 70-01 Fe,O3 1-91 H,O 15-00
Calculated formula, lMnjOs.FejOsXSbaOslHa.O. Dissolves readily in warm hydro- chloric acid with evolution of chlorine. Yields water in the closed tube and turns black and finally reil-browu. Occurs with hausuiauuite and calcite at the Sjo mine, Orebro, Sweden. Named after the alchemist, Basilius Valentinus.
BASTNASITE, p. 291.— Colorado, analysis, Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 7, 51, 1899.
Batavite. E. Wfinschenk, Zs. Kr., 28, 160, 1897. A decomposition-product from the graphite district of Passau, Bavaria. Occurs in aggregates of pearly micaceous scales, hexagonal in out- line. G. 2-183. Approximate composition, 4HO.4MgO. AlaO3.4SiOj. Analysis:
fSiO2 42-33 AUO, 16-35 MgO 28-17 HaO 13-19 100-04
Named from Castra Batava, Roman name for Passau.
BAUXITE, p. 251. — Description of deposits in Arkansas, Branner, Amer. Geol., 7, 181,1891, J. Geol., 5, 263, 1897; in Georgia, Alabama, etc., C. Willard Hayes, 16 Ann. Rept., U. 8. G. Surv., Ft. Ill, pp. 547-597, 1896; also McCalley, Proc. Ala. Ind. Sc. Soc., 2, 21, 1892; Laur, Trans. Am. lust. Mng. Eng., 24, 234, 1894. Analyses, from Calhoun Co., Alabama, Hillebrand, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 109, 1893.
A general investigation (with analyses) of material from the Vogelsberg has led Liebrich to the conclusion that bauxite is an alteration -product of a basaltic rock. It is in part amor- phous, in part crystalline and having the composition of the aluminium hydrate gibbsite, crystals of which occur in cavities in the mass Ber. Oberhess. Ges., 28, 57, 1892 (abstr. in Zs. Kr., 23,296, 1894); also Zs. prakt. Geol.s 5, 212, 1897. On the relation of bauxite to laterite, see Bauer, Jb. Min.. 2, 208, 1898.
Contains a supposed new element, R. 8. Bayer, Ch. News, 71, 128, 1895.
Beaconite. — See Tale.
BENTONITE.— Eng. Mng. J., Oct. 22 and Nov. 26, 1898. A Wyoming clay used in making candy, in adulterating candy, etc.
Beresowite. Beresovit. Berezovite. J. Samoilow, Bull. Soc. Moscou, 290, 1897.
A chromate and carbonate of lead from Berezov in the Ural, associated with galena and cerus- site; occurs also altered to crocoite. Crystalline in small lamellae with one perfect cleavage. G. 6'69. Color deep red. Birefringent. Composition 6PbO.3CrO3.CO2. Analysis: CrO3|17'93, PbO f 79-30, CO, 2-46.
BERTHIEKITE, p. 114. — This or a related mineral occurs on Mt. Gibbs, Tuolumne Co., Cali- fornia, Turner, Am. J. Sc., 5, 428, 1898. '
From Pfibram, anal., Hofmann, Ber. Ak. BOhm., Oct. 15, 1897.
BERTRANDITE, pp. 545, 1028. — Occurs with hamlinite in Oxford Co., Me., in twin crystals, prismatic 1 a (Fig. 1, k O'12'l); G. 2'571. Peufield, Am. J. Sc., 4, 316, 1897. Crystals, in part twins, are described from Pisek and i.ther localities, by Vrba. Zs. Kr., 24, 112, 1894.
BERYL, pp. 405, 1028. — Oryst. — Mjursinka, crystals of rhombo- hedral habit as regards the s-faces (1121); etching-prominences show the forms (4374), (5495) (6-5-11-5), (5494), (4373), Arzruui, Vh. Min. Ges., 31, 155, 1894. Mursiuka, with (13-1-14-0) and (19-1-20-1), Jere- mejev, ibid., 29, 230, 1892; also Ilmen Mts. (1126), Mursiuka (2243), Nerchinsk (4045), idem., ibid., ., 33,26,1895. Pisek, with A (15'1 -16 1), also supposed twins, with (S'S'lO'S) as twinning plane ; further, corrosion forms e(6065), r (3032), u (SOSl), £ (1124), o (1122) and others, Vrba, Zs. Kr., 24, 104, 1894. On a crystal from New York Island. Ries, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sc., 16, 329, 1897. Etching-figures investigated, Bpi-tramlitp
Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd.. 10, 464, 1896.
On optical characters as influenced by heat and pressure, Pockels, Jb. Miu., Beil.-Bd., 8, 217,
10 Appendix I.
A variety from German So. West Africa showed distinct asterism, also cat's-eye effect, Stapff, Zs. prakt. G., 1, 244, 1893.
Analysis of emerald from Chanteloube, Haute-Vieuue, Lebeau, C. R., 121, 601, 1895.
Occurrence of emerald on Big Crab-Tree Mt., near Bakersville, Mitchell Co., N. C., Kunz, Am. J. Sc., 48, 429, 1894.
On synthesis, Traube, Jb. Min., 1, 275, 1894.
BERZELIITE, p 753. — A aoda-berzeliite from Langban, Sweden, has been described by Hj. Sjogren (Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 2, 92, 1895). Usually massive, also in isometric crystals (110, 211). No cleavage. H. 4 — 4*5. G. 4'21. Luster greasy. Color fire-red or orange-yellew. Isotropic. Composition near caryinite (wh. see), but contains soda and differs in crystallization. Analysis, R. Mauzelius :
AssO6 Sb.,0. MnO CaO FeO MgO Na2O K2O H2O
52-90 tr. 0-24 21-41 18-34 0'38 0'72 5'05 009 0 '40 99 '53
Sjogren notes the similarity of the above berzeliite to pyrrharsenite (Min., p. 753), and Igelstrbm, giving another analysis of the latter, calls it mangan-berzeliite, Zs. Kr., 23, 592, 1894. An incomplete analysis of berzeliite is given by Church, Min. Mag., 11, 10, 1895.
BEYRICHITE, p. 76. — Crystals from Alteukirchen have been investigated by Laspeyres, who finds it in form and composition ((Ni,Co,Fe)S) like millerite, but the sp. gravity 4'699 (G. 5'3 -5'9 for millerite); he regards all millerite as formed by paramorphism from beyrichjte. Crystals, in part twins, are described with the forms : m (1010), a (1120), i (4150), r (1011), e (1012). Axis lc - 0-3277. Zs. Kr., 20, 535, 1892 ; also Vh. Ver. Bonn, 50, 157, 1893.
BINNITE, p. 118. — Tetrahedral crystals are described by Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 21, 202, 1892. Same conclusion reached by Trechmann, who adds many new forms, in part doubtful, Min. Mag., 10, 220, 1893. Later Baumhauer adds further new forms, Zs. Kr., 28, 545, 1897.
Announced by Prior and Spencer to be identical with tennantite, Min. Soc. Gt. Britain, Jan. 31, in Nature, 54, 454, 1899.
BIOTITE, p. 627. — Twin crystals (Servian twins) from Dschepa, Servia, formed of two inter- penetrating crystals which have the base parallel while one is turned 30° with reference to the other, Uroschewitsch, Zs. Kr., 29, 278; 1897.
Composition (anal.) of some rock-forming varieties from California, Turner, Am. J. Sc., 7, 294, 1899.
Discussion of conditions of alteration in a magma (also of amphibole), Washington, J. Geol., 4, 257, 1896.
On the alteration-products of magnesia mica and the relation between composition and optic axial angle, Z. Schiinrner, Inaug. Diss., Jena, 1898, pp. 1-70, and Jenaisch. Zeitschr., 32, 351, 1898.
See also Mica.
Birmite. — See Burmite.
BISMTJTHINITE, pp.'38, 1028. — Occurs in Jonqui&re township, Chicoutimi Co., Quebec (analysis "by Johnston), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 19 R, 1892-93. Also Lyndoch, Renfrew Co., Ontario, ib., 8, 14 R, 1895. From Sinaloa, Mexico, analysis, Melville, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 90, 40, 1892.
BISMUTITE, p. 307. — From Mt. Antero, Chaff ee Co., Colorado, analysis of an impure variety, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 43, 188, 1892.
Bismutosmaltite. A. Frenzel, Min. petr. Mitth., 16, 524, 1896. — See Skutterudite.
Bixbyite. S. L. Penjkld and H. W. Foote, Am. J. Sc., 4, 105, 1897.
Isometric ; in cubes with n (211). Cleavage : octahedral in traces. Brittle. H. 6 — 6-5.
G. 4-945. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color and streak black. Opaque. Composition, essentially FeO.MuOa, or analogous to perovskite.
The analysis may also be interpreted as RaOs, where R Fe and Mn in
nearly the ratio of 1:1. The SiO2 and AlaOs of the analysis are due
to impurities. Analysis :
TiOa Fe3O3 MnO MgO O SiO, AlOa
f 1-70 47-98 4205 O'lO 4'38 1'21 2'53
Fuses B.B. at 4 and becomes magnetic. In very fine powder is dis- solved with some difficulty in hydrochloric acid, evolving chlorine.
Occurs with topaz and decomposed garnet in rhyolite on the edge of the desert, thirty-five miles southwest of Simpson, Utah. Named after Mr. Maynard Bixby of Salt Lake City.
Appendix 1. Ii
BLIABERGSITE.— L. J.tlgelslrdm, G. For. Forh., 18, 41, 1896; Zs. Kr., 27, 603. M. Wcibull, ibid., 18, 515, 1896.— See Ottrelite.
BLODITE, p. 946. — Crystals with T (450) described and measured, from the salt seas of the Astrakan Govt., Jeremejev, Zs. Kr., 23, 268, 1894, and Vh. Min. Ges., 28, 430, 1891. Punjab Salt Range, crystals described with analysis, F. R. Mallet, Mm. Mag., 11, 311, 1897.
A related potash compound (KaMg(SO4)a + 4HaO), called Kaliastrakanite or Kalium-astra- chanite, has been named Leonite (wh. see).
Blueite. 8. H. Emmens, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 14, No. 7, 1892.— See Pyrite.
BOLEITE, p. 1028. — The complex relations of percylite, boleite, pseudoboleite, cumengefte* are discussed under Percylite.
BORACITE, p. 879. — Etching-figures described, Baumhauer, Die Resultate d. Aetzmethode,. etc., 1894.
Specific heat as influenced by the temperature, Kroeker, Jb. Min., 2, 125, 1892.
Occurrence at Westeregeln, Bucking, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 539, 1895.
Formation of isomorphous chloroborates, Rousseau and Allaire, C. R., 116, 1195, 1893.
BORNITE, p. 77.— Crystals from Virgen, near PrSgratten, Tyrol, described with (533) and (322)?, Heimerl, Bull. Soc. Miu., 17, 289, 1897. See also Klein, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 385, 1898, who describes a crystal from the Frossnitz glacier, Tyrol, with (322) and (211), symmetry tetrahedral.
Occurs as a copper ore in western Idaho, Packard, Am. J. Sc., 50, 298, 1895.
Bouglisite. E. Cumenge (Lacroix, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, 42, 1895). — See Anglesite.
BOULANGERITE, p. 129.— Described by Hj. Sjogren (G. For. F5rh., 19, 153, 1897), frojn the mines of Sala, Sweden. In orthorhombic crystals, prismatic or tabular a (100). Axes d : b : b 0-5527:1:0-7478. Forms: a (100), 6(010); r (210), ?(320), m (110), n (120), n (140), I (160), *(180), i(l-lO'O), 7i (1-14-0); tt(012). Angles: mm'" 57° 52', b/i *24° 20', bu *69° 30'. The form approximates to that of diaphorite. Composition : Pb6Sb4Sn or 5PbS.2Sb-,S3. Analysis, R. Mauzelius :
8 Sb Pb Zn Ag
G. =6185 18-91 25-54 55-22 0'06 tr. insol. 0'23 99'96
The author concludes that boulangerite has the composition 5PbS.2SbaS3 like diaphorite, to which it also approximates in form. Further he shows that the earlier analyses do not corre- spond to 3PbS.Sb2S3, the formula usually accepted. The minerals plumbostib and embrithrite (10PbS.3SbaS3 Frenzel) do not belong to boulaugerite.but he regards them as independent species.
BOTJIJNONITE, p. 126. — Oryst. — Nagybanya, complex crystals described with the new forms, (7(503), f (021), Schmidt, Zs. Kr.,20, 151, 1892. HarzMts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 150, 1896. Peychagnard, Isere, France, new forms (950), (780)?, (380), (034), (032),(ll'3-4),(568), Termier. Bull. Soc. Miu., 20, 101, 1897. Pontgibaud, Puy-de-D6me, supposed new forms (18-5'0), (5'7'19), (50-66-59), (918), Gonnard, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 312, 1897.
Measurements of crystals from different localities show irregularities in angle, but fail to> establish -rnonoclinic symmetry, F. B. Peck, Zs. Kr., 27, 299, 1896. Measurements of heat con- ductivity, idem, ibid., p. 319.
Occurs massive in Bagot township, Renfrew Co., Ontario, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 7, 13 R, 1894. Also at the mine Pulacayo, Huanchaca, Bolivia, Penfield and Frenzel, Zs. Kr.. 28, 608, 1897.
BRAUNITE, pp. 232, 1029.— Saint Marcel, analyses, Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Chim., 9, 656, 1893. Brazilite. E. Hussak, Jb. Min., 2, 141, 1892 ; 1, 89, 1893.— See Baddeleyite. BREISLAKITE, p. 391. — Referred by Wichmann to fayalite, Zs. Kr., 28, 529, 1897.
BREITHAUPTITE, pp. 72, 1029.— Crystals from Andreasberg show the forms c, m, w (303"l) and (7071); axis c — 0'8627. Busz, Jb. Min., 1, 119, 1895; also idem, quoted by Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 24, 496, 1895.
Analysis (by Fasolo) of arite from Nioddoris, Sardinia, quoted by Brugnatelli, Rend. Accad. Lino.. 3 (1), 86, 1894: As 29'82, Sb 26'57, Bi 0"99, Ni 36 81, Co 3-91, Fe 0-98, S 0-85, Zn undet. — 99-93. Analyses are also given of an impure breithauptite; of a mineral near gersdorffite (Sb< 3-11 p. c.) corresponding to (Ni,Fe,Co)a(S,As,Sb)3; also of smaltite.
BREWSTERITE, p. 576. — Occurs In the Harz, Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 587, 1896.
Appendix L
BROGGERITE, p. 889. — See Uraninite. t
BROMLTTE, p. 283. — Optical examination and relation to barytocalcite, etc., Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 7, 1895.
BRONGNIARDITE, p. 123. — The supposed isometric crystals are shown to belong to the species argyrodite or canfieldite, Prior and Spencer, Miu. Mag., 12, 11, 1898. It is further suggested by Spencer that brougniardite and diaphorite may be identical, Am. J. Sc., 6, 316, 1898.
BROOKITE, pp. 243, 1029.— Crystals from Brazil show the new forms g (305), v (124), £ (146), Hussak, Min. petr. Mitth., 12, 460, 1892. On secondary twin formation, Hussak, Jb. Min., 2, 99, 1898.
Occurs with octahedrite on quartz at Placerville, Eldorado Co., California, Kunz, Am. J. Sc., 43, 329, 1892.
BRUCITE, p. 252. — Analysis of nemalite from Afghanistan, Mallet, Min. Mag., 11, 211, 1897, Rec. G. Surv. India, 30, 233, 1898.
Nemalite absorbs electric waves vibrating in a certain plane and transmits those vibrating normal to it; so also tourmaline (with planes reversed), but not to so great a degree. J. C. Bose, Nature, 57, 353, 1898.
BRUSHITE, p. 808. — A calcium phosphate found in human skeletons (1630) unearthed at Paris in 1896 (Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 112, 1897), has the optical characters of pharmacolite, viz,: optically — ; ux. plane and Bx0 1 b; Bxa inclined 25° forward to trace of c; 2V 81°. It might hence be inferred to belong to brushite; however, G. 2'31 and the amount of water was too small (loss on ignition 25'5 p. c. ; this is probably too high). For metabrushite from Sombrero, G. 2'30 was obtained, from the lie des Oiseaux 2'33,
Burmite. Birmite. Otto Helm, Rec. G. Surv. India, 25, 180, 1892; 26, 61, 1893. Schrift. Ges. Danzig, 8, NOB. 3-4, p. 63. 1893. Fritz Noetling, Rec. G. Surv. India, 26, 31, 1893. A fossil resin, resembling amber, but harder and tougher. Occurs abundantly in Upper Burma. An analysis gave Helm: C 80'05, H 11 '50, O 8'43, S 0'02 100.
CACOXENITE, p. 848.— Partial optical examination, Luquer, Am. J. Sc., 44, 154, 1893.
Analysis by Church from Hrbek, near St. Benigna, Bohemia (Min. Mag., 11, 8, 1895), gave: P3O5 19-76, FeaO3 48'57, H2O (ign.) 13'11 (F tr.), H3O (vacuo) 18-69 100-13. This corresponds to the complex relation 9FeaOs.4P.)Os.51HaO.
CALAMINE, p. 546. — Oryst. — Radzionkau, Silesia, Traube, also anal. (Breitfeld) showing pres- ence of 2-17 p. c. PbO, Zs. G. Ges., 46, 65, 1894. Sterling Hill, N. J., and Clear Creek Co., Colo- rado (Figs. 1, 2), Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 48, 213. 1894. Gorno, Val Seriana, Italy, new form (503), Artini, Riv. Min. Ital., 16, 19, 1896. Moresnet, new form (311), Buttgenbach, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 24, xl, 1897. Nebida, Sardinia, C. Riva, Rend. Accad. Line., 6 (1), 421, 1897.
Analysis of pure variety from Wythe Co., Va., Jones, Am. Ch. J., 14, 621, 1892.
Occurs in "West Kootanie district, Br. Colum- bia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 28 R, 1893. Also finely crystallized at the Elkhorn mines, Jefferson Co., Montana.
New Jersey.
Colorado.
CALAVERITE, p. 105. — Hillebrand refers here gold telluridesfrom Cripple Creek, Colorado (Am. J. Sc., !30, 128, 426, 1895). A crystallized specimen from the Prince Albert mine, which (accord- ing to Penfield) seemed to be triclinic, but approximating toward sylvanite in angle, though with- out its cleavage, gave the results of anal, la (16 deducting impurities). Color pale bronze-yellow. H. 3. G. (corrected) 9'00. Two other less pure samples from different mines gave anals. 2, 3 deducting impurities; all correspond to AuTea. Kreuuerite also occurs at Cripple Creek, and according to Pearce sylvanite. See Geol. Cripple Creek Dist. , Colorado, by Whitman Cross and R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., 16 Ann. Kept. U. S. G. Surv., Part II.
Te Au Ag
la. 57-27 38-95 3'21 insol. 0'33, Fe,O, 0'12 99'88
1J. 57-60 39-17 3-23 100
2. 57-40 40-83 1'77 100
3. 57-30 41-80 0'90 100
See also Goldtchmidtite, Kalgoorlite and Krennerite.
Appendix I. 13
Calcistrontite. Von der \Marck, Vh. Ver. Rheinl. Corrbl., 39, 84, 1882. A mineral substance from near Hamm, Westphalia, supposed to have the composition 3CaCOi.SrCO3. It is shown bv Laspeyres and Kaiser to be a mechanical mixture of calcite and strontianite, Zs. Kr., 27, 41,
CALCITE, pp. 262, 1026.— Cryst. — Landelies, Belgium, Renault, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 20, 75, 1892. Nieder-Rabensteiu, crystals perhaps to be referred to the dolomite (pheuacite) type, Beck- enkarnp, Zs. KY., 20, 163, 1892; cf. also Gaubert, Bui . Mus. d'Hist. Nat., p. 39, 1897. Feld- kirch, Gissinger, Zs. Kr., 22, 359, 1893. Visby, Gotland, crystals of pyramidal haliit, Hamberg, G. For. Forh., 16, 709, 1894. Freiberg, Sausoni, Giorn. Min., 5, 72, 1894, and Zs. Kr., 23, 451,
1894. Crystals from the Galena limestone, Wisconsin, Hobbs, Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, 1, 115,
1895, and'Zs. Kr., 25, 257, 1895. Lake Superior, Palache, Zs. Kr., 24, 588, 1895. Framont et al. in Elsass-L'Othringeu, Stober, Zs. Kr., 24, 629, 1895. Korosmezo, G. Moesz, FOldt. Kozi., 27, 495, 1898. Coupon, Rhone, Gonuard, C. R., 122, 348, 1896, and Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 18, 330, 1897. Nordmark, Sweden. K. Winge, G. F5r. FOrh., 18, 527, 1896. Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 285. 1896. Budapest, Melczer, FSldt. KOzlony, 26, 79, 1896; 28, 257, 1898. From various localities in Belgium, Cesaro, Mem. Acad. Belar., 53, 1897. From the diabase of Neu- mark, Schnorr (1896), ref. in Zs. Kr., 30, 660. Auerbach, Hesse, A. Leuze (1896), ref. in Zs. Kr., 30. 662. Montecatini, G. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., Proc. Verb., May 9, 1897. Jarow near Wnm, Bohemia, Polak, Lotos, 17, 169, 1897.
Selective absorption investigated, Nichols and Snow, Phil. Mag., 33, 379, 1892.
Refractive indices of Iceland Spar, Dufet, Bull. Soc. Min , 17, 149, 1894.
Dichroisin for infra-red waves, E. Merritt, Wied. Ann., 55, 49, 1895.
Investigation on the influence of substances in solution upon the crystallization, etc., Vater, Zs. Kr., 21. 433; 22, 209, 1893; 24, 366, 378, 1895; 27, 477, 1896; 30. 295, 373, 485, 1898.
Formation of stalactites in caves, G. P. Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, 77, 1894.
Discussion of origin, composition and uses of onyx marble from many localities; with one exception these belong to calcite, idem, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, 539, 1893.
Investigation of hislopite (Min., p. 266) showing great variation in the amount of glauconite, while other inclusions also occur, Holland, Rec. G. Surv. India, 26, 166, 1893.
CALEDONITE, p. 924. — Crystals described with r (113), K (023) as new forms, Busz, Jb. Min., 1, 111, 1895.
CALOMEL, p. 153. — Optical characters determined, confirming results of Senarmont (Min., p. 154), who showed its very high birefringence; Dufet obtained (Bull. Soc. Min., 21, 90, 1898):
GO e e — oo
U 1-95560 2-6006 0'6450
Na 1-97325 2'6559 0'6827
Tl 1-99085 2-7129 0'7220
Oanfieldite. S. L. Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 47, 451, 1894 (not canfieldite, same author, ib., 46, 107, 1893, argyrodite).
Isometric, perhaps tetrahedral. In octahedrons o (111) with d (110). Fracture uneven to small conchoidal. Brittle. H. 2'5-3. G. 6-276. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color black with bluish tint.
Composition, Ag8(Sn.Ge)S ; essentially Ag8SnSe or 4AgiS.SnSa , but with the tin in part replaced by germanium, ratio Sn, Ge 12 : 5, Analysis:
S Su Ge Ag Fe.Zn
16-22 6-94 1-82 74'10 0-21 99-29
As noted on p. 6, Penfield has shown that argyrodite has the corresponding composition AggGeSe. Franckeite (wh. see) is another new sulpho-stannate.
B. B. fuses at 2 on charcoal, yielding a coating of the mixed oxides of tin and germanium, white or grayish near the assay, tinged with yellow on the edges. By long blowing a globule of silver covered by tin oxide is obtained. In the closed tube sulphur is given off, and at a high temperature a slight deposit of germanium sulphide.
Occurs intimately associated with native silver at La Paz, Bolivia. Named after F. A. Can- field, of Dover, N. J.
CARNALLITE, p. 177. — Discussion of conditions of formation and of alteration, Van't Hoff and Meyerhoffer, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 488, 1897; also later papers by Van't Hoff and others, 1897 and 1898.
Carnotite. G. Friedel and E. Cumenge, C. R., 128, 532, 1899, and Bull. Soc. Min., 22, 26,
Occurs as a yellow crystalline powder, or in loosely cohering masses, easily separated by the fingers; intimately mixed with a quartzose sand.
14 Appendix I.
Composition, perhaps KaO.2UO..VjO5.3H.,O. Analyses, after the separation of silica, of air- dried material :
V2OS U,O3 KaO H,O
20-12 63-54 10-37 5 "95 99*98
20-31 64-70 10-97 5-19 FeaO, 0*96 102'13
19-95 62-46 11 '15 — FeaO, 06'5
The radiant power has been investigated by M. and Mde. P. Curie.
Occurs in Montrose Co., Colorado, in cavities or associated with malachite and azurite. Some samples show 60 p. c. of SiO2, the purest 2'6 to 7'2 p. c. Separation is accomplished by nitric acid. Named after M. Adulphe Carnot.
CARYINITE, p. 754 —Further described by Hj. Sjogren. Occurs at Langban, massive, filling fissures in a coarse mixture of schefferite, rhodonite and hedyphane. Anisotropic, without pleochroism. Two cleavages noted parallel to m (110) and b (010), bm 4$° 15'. Extinction- observations on plates and to b make the system orthorhombic. Optically -)-. Bxa b. Ax. pi. I a (100). An analysis by R. Mauzelius gave:
As.,0, P,O6 VaO6 PbO MnO FeO CaO MgO BaO Na,O K2O H,O Cl G.= 4-29 49-78 0-19 tr. 9'21 18-66 0'54 12-12 3'09 1'03 5'16 0'37 0'53 tr. 100'68
This leads to the formula 10RO.3A2O5 or, if the presence of the radical (OH) is assumed, to RsAsjOe. Nearly the same composition is obtained for the soda-berzeliite (see p. 10). The origin of berzeliite by the alteration of caryinite is confirmed. Bull. G. lust. Upsala, 2, 87, 1895.
CASBITERITE, pp. 234, 1030, 1037.— Crystals described with new forms A. (IO'9'O), / (835), Kohlmaun, Zs. Kr , 24, 350, 1895. On artificial crystals, A. Arzruni, Zs. Kr., 25, 467, 1895.
Description of occurrence of tin ores in Bolivia, A. W. Stelzner, Zs. G. Ges., 49, 51, 1897. On the tin deposits of Temescal, So. California, Fairbanks, Am. J. Sc., 4, 39, 1897.
Oaswellite. A. H. Chester, G. Rep. N. J., 1895. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 13, 181, 1894. An altered mica of a light copper-red color and bronze-like luster resembling clintonite. Structure micaceous. Inelastic. H. 2*5-3. G. 3'54. Double refraction feeble. Not pleochroic. Analysis :
SiO, AUOs FeaO, Mn,O3 CaO MgO Ign. 38-74 6-58 6'85 15-95 22-30 5'52 4'64 — 100-58
Occurs with rhodonite, polyadelphite and a dark-colored biotite, from which it is believed to have been derived at the Trotter mine, Franklin Furnace, N. J. Named after Mr. John H. Caswell.
Oataphorite. Kataforit, W. C. Brogger, Die Eruptivgest. d. Kristianiagebietes, 1, 37, 73, 1894- 3, 169, 1898, et al.
An alkali-iron amphibole, intermediate between barkevikite and arfvedsouite, but not yet analyzed. Occurs in the grorudite-tinguaite series of rocks of southern Norway. Cleavage-angle about 56°. , Extinction-angle on b (010), c A c 30° to 60°. Predominating absorption-colors reddish; 6 c a. Lacroix gives for a similar amphibole (but nearer barkevikite) from the Haute-Loire. 2E 60°; a yellowish brown; 6 violet; c yellow, slightly greenish. Min. France, 1, 689, 1893. Br5gger suggests that the amphibole of pulaskite (J. Fr. Williams, Ign. Rocks Arkansas, p. 64) may also belong between barkevikite and cataphorite. See also Barkevikite.
CATAPLEIITE, p. 412. — Occurs at Kangerdluarsuk, Greenland, with neptunite, epididymite, segirite. etc., in crystals with (1013); G. 2 743; analysis by Fliuk: SiO3 44'08, ZrOa 31 '83, CuO 0-17, Na2O 14'80, HaO9'12= 100. This corresponds to a pure natron-catapleiite, G. F6r. Forh., 15, 206, 1893.
Cedarite. R. Klebs [Jb. preuss. geol. Landesanst. 1896], Jb. Min., 2, 212 ref., 1898. A fossil resin resembling amber somewhat widely distributed in the alluvium of the Saskatchewan river in Canada. Cold clear yellow, or clouded. Composition: C 78'15, H 9'89, O 11'20, S 0*31, ash 0*45 100. Partially soluble in the usual solvents.
CELESTITE, p. 905. — Oryst. — List of cryst. forms with references, also optical characters, etc. Grunenberg [Inaug. Diss., Breslau, 18921, Zs. Kr., 24, 199, 1894. Brousseval, Ville-sur-Saulx, France, new form (I'lO'lO), StOber, Zs. Kr., 21, 339, 1893. From the Romagna with new forms (450), (230), (105), (087)?, (326), (562), Artini, Rend. 1st. Lomb. Sc., 26, 323, 1893. Westeregln, Bucking, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 536, 1895. Giershagen Stadtberge, new forms Jf (705), Q (332), R (1 '19-19), also discussion of variation in axial ratio, physical characters, etc., Arzruni and Thaddeeff, Zs. Kr., 25, 38, 1895. Bessarabia, Prendel, Vh. Min. Ges., 34, 185, 1896.
Appendix I. 15
Occurs in Lansdowne township, Leeds Co., Ontario (anal, by Johnston, BaO tr.), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 7, 9 R, 1894; cf. also ib., 6, 25 R, 1889-90.
A fibrous radiated variety from the Silurian crystallized limestone of Eastern Ontario gave C. W. Volney: SrSO4 70'01, BaSO4 30-85, AUOs.Fe-.Os 0'005 100'865. G. 4-123. J. Am. Ch. Soc., 21, 386, 1899. Another specimen from Lansdowne, Ontario, gave, SrSO4 58'20, BaSO4 39'85 98 05. G. 4-188. Still another celestite showed over 3 p. c. BaSO4; G. 4'41. Ibid., 13, 290, 1891. Cf. Hoffmann, above.
Celsian. Hj. Sjogren. G. For. F5rh., 17, 578, 1895.
Triclinic. Massive. Cleavage: c (001) perfect; b (010) distinct; m (110) and M(\lO) less distinct. Angles : be 89° 34'-89° 37', cm 68° 30'-68° 45', bm 59° 18'. H. 6 to 6'5. G. 3 37. Luster vitreous. Colorless. Extinction on c inclined 3° 10', and on 6, 26° 45' to edge b/c. Optic axis seen obliquely in sections c.
Composition analogous to that of anorthite, BaAl3SiaO8 or BaO.Al3Os.2SiOj. Analysis R. Mauzelius:
SiO2 A12O, FeaO3 BaO CaO MgO K,O Na3O HaO F
32-43 26-55 0-12 39'72 0'23 O'll 0'22 0'16 0'64 0'64 100'82
B. B. scarcely fusible even on thin splinters.
From the manganese mines of Jakobsberg, Sweden, with schefferite and manganophyllite. Named after Anders Celsius, the Swedish naturalist.
CELYPHITE. — Same as Kelyphite, p. 447.
CENOSITE, p. 698. — Described by Hj. Sjogren, from the Ko mines, Nordmark, Sweden; occurs with diopside, clinochlore, magnetite and apatite. Crystallization orthorhombic. Axes a : b : c 0'9517 : 1 : 0'8832, or near those of cerite. Forms : b (010), c (001) ; m (110), h (230) ; 0(201); /(023), d (Oil), e (021). Habit short prismatic. Angles: mm"' 87° 10', mm' *92° 50', bd *48° 33' (see below). Cleavage not observed. G. 3 '38. Luster greasy. Color yellow- brown to dark chestnut-brown. Analysis (on 0'067 gr.), R. Mauzelius:
SiOa YaO3, etc. Fe2O3 CaO MgO Alk. H2O CO2
31-7 35-9 2-9 165 174 8-6 2'9 [5'1] 100
The author gives bd — 41° 33', which is obviously an error ; 48° 33' agrees with his axial ratio. G. For. For., 19, 54, 1897.
CEKUSSITE, pp. 286, 1030. — Oryst. — Pacaudiere, Loire, and Roure, (Poutgiband), France, Gonuard, Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 35, 41, 1892. Norberg, twins, Johansson, G. For. FOrh., 14, 49, 1892 Black Hawk, Montana, Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 48, 212, 1894. Cabo de Gata, Osanu, Zs. Kr.,
23, 264, 1894. Tarnowitz, Silesia, new forms a (441), f (170), e (025), Q (171) ; also on iglesiasite, from Itadzionkau (3'4 ZnO), t (210), Traube, Zs. G. Ges., 46, 60, 1894. From the Galena limestone, Wisconsin, with the new form A (0'25'4). Hobbs, Zs. Kr., 25, 265, 1895, and Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, 1, 128, 1895: also from Missoula, with tr (380), id., Am. J. Sc., 50, 121, 1895. Gorno, Val Seriana. Italy, crystals described, with new form (O'13'l), Artiui, Riv. Min. Ital., 16, 21,
1896. and Rend. 1st. Lombardo, 30, 1529, 1897. Nebida, Sardinia, Riva, Riv. Min. Ital., 18, 54, 1898, and Rend. Accad. Line., 6 (1), 421, 1897.
CHABAZITE, p. 589.— Tulferthal, Tyrol; crystals described (twins), Habert, Zs. Kr., 28, 243,
1897. Investigation of the absorption of gases after having been partially deprived of water, G. Friedel (also other zeolites), Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 102, 1896; 22, 5, 1899. Also Rinne, Jb. Min.,
2, 28, 1897.
CHALCANTHITE, p. 944. — Etching-figures investigated, T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc., 5, 176,
1898. Occurs at the Avoca claim, Bonaparte river, Lillooet district, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 9, 12 R, 1896.
CHALCOCITE, p. 55. — Crystals from Bristol, Conn., with (130) as tw. -plane, Kaiser, Zs. Kr.,
24, 498, 1895. From Moutecatini, with new form (052), Boeris, Zs. Kr., 23, 235, 1894, and Riv. Min. Ital., 14, 26, 1895.
CHALCOPHANITE, p. 256. — Hydrofranklinite of Roepper (Min., p. 259) is shown by Penfield and Kreider (Am. J. Sc., 48, 141, 1894) to be identical with chalcophanite. The form is not octahedal, but rhombohedral, a combination of c and r. Analysis: FeO lO'OO, MnO 48'27, ZuO 18'25, O 11-21, H3O 11-85, insol. 0'25 99'83; G. 4-012.
CHALCOPYRITE, pp. 80, 1030. — Oryst. — Westphalia, new form, (525), Cesaro, Bull. Ac. Belg , 28, 182, 1894. Victoria mine, near Burgholdingshausen, Siegeu, new forms (312), (534),
Appendix I.
Sonheur, Zs. Kr., 23, 545, 1894. Kis- Almas, Hungary, new forms r (605), C(907), x (704), Zinianyi, Zs. Kr., 27, 95, 1896. Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 123, 1896. Occurs at Musen, in capillary forms, Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 20, 529, 1892.
CHALCOSTIBITE, pp. 113, 1030.— Penfield and Frenzel have shown (Am. J. Sc., 4, 27, 1897, and Zs. Kr , 28, 598) that the guejarite of Cumenge (Min., pp. 110, 1030) is identical with chalcostibite (wolfsbergite*). Referred to the axial ratio d : b : k 0'5283 : 1 : 0'6364, which is that of Laspeyres (p. 1030, Wolfsberg cryst.) modified to correspond with the symbol 6-12-7 of p
Guejar.
Huanchaca, Bolivia.
(not 7-14-8 Lasp.), the forms are : 6 (010), c (001), Ti (203), d (101), t (302), g (201), t (021), u (061). Analyses (Frenzel) 1, 2, below. G. 4-959 Pfd.
Crystals of chalcostibite from the Pulacayo mine, Huanchacn, Bolivia, showed (1. c.) the new forms I (130), A (209), (207), At (205), t (065), (136), v (133). n (265), p (263), cr (4-12-5), T (261). The axial ratio deduced is a : b : c 0'5312 : 1 : 0-63955. Other crystals from the same locality examined by L. J. Spencer (quoted above) showed the additional forms : a (233), ft (354), (474), 5(475), e (476). The crystals are prismatic b and striated in this' direction. Cleavage : basal, perfect ; a and b also observed.
Analyses, Frenzel : 1 of chalcostibite from Guejar, G. 4'96 ; 2 of the original guejarite ; 3 of chalcostibite from Bolivia :
S Sb Cu Pb Fe
1. Guejar 26'28 48'86 24'44 0'58 0.42 100-58
2. " 26-12 48-44 25-23 0'32 0'49 Zn 0-18 100'78
3. Huanchaca 26'20 48'45 24"72 — 99'37
CHLORASTROLITE, p. 610. — Examined by N. H. Winchell, who concludes that, while the material may be somewhat impure (delessite, etc.), it has constant and distinguishing optical characters. Occurs in small round pebbles with fine fibrous, stellate structure. H. 5'5. G. 3-155. Color light and dark green. Fibers elongated fc. Extinction oblique, to 20°. Re- fractive index higher than for thomsonite. Pleochroism: distinct, colorless and light green. From Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Remarks are also made on the possible relation of " zono- clilorite " to chlorastrolite and mesolite. Amer. Geol., 23, 116, 1899.
CHLORITES, pp. 643-664. — Discussion of composition and analyses, F. W. Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 43, 378, 1892. Also Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 11, 27, 1893. See also Clinochlore, Penninite, etc.
CHL.ORITOID, pp. 640, 1031. — Occurs in blocks on the south shore of Michigamme lake, Mich., W. H Hobbs (anal. Kahlenberg), Am. J. Sc., 50, 121. 1895; 2, 87, 1896 ; .cf. Lane and Kellar, Min.. p. 1031, also Rominger, Geol. Surv. Michigan, vol. 5, p. 31.
From Lainicium, Carpathian Mts., anal., Duparc and Mrazek, C. R., 116, 601, 1893. Also in Kincardineshire described (anal.) by G. Barrow, Q. J. G. Soc., 54, 149, 1898.
See also Ottrelite.
Ohloroarsenian. L. J Igelstrom, G. For. Forh , 15, 471, 1893 ; Zs. Kr., 22, 468. An im- perfectly described mineral occurring with basiliite (p. 9) at the Sjo mine, Orebro, Sweden. In crystals, showing one cleavage and having a vitreous luster and yellowish green color. Con- tains MnO and AsjOs (or As-jOs). but no Sb3O6 nor HaO. It is to be regretted in the case of this and other supposed new minerals from the same locality that the name was not withheld until they could be adequately described according to scientific methods.
CHONDRODITK, p. 535. — See Humite.
The probable Identity of chalcostibite and guejarite was urged by L. J. Spencer in 1896. See Min. Mag., 11, pp. x and 188. 1897.
Appendix 1. 17
Ohondrostibian. L. J. Igebtrom, G. F8r. F5rh., 15, 343, 1893; Zs. Kr., 22, 48, 1893. In
f rains and perhaps also in octahedral crystals (?) embedded in barite at the Sj5 mine, Orebro, weden Color dark brownish red to yellowish red in small grains. Feebly magnetic. An analysis on very impure material guve after the deduction of 51 p. c. of foreign substances (cal- cite, tephroite, barite, etc.) : SbaO8 30-66, AsaO6 210, MnsO3 33'13, FeaO, 15'10, HaO 19'01 ss 100. The result thus obtained has obviously little claim to accuracy.
CHROMITE. pp. 228, 1031. — Crystals from the Bendego meteoric iron show the forms (111), (110), (311), (221); (001) rare: also faces of (510), (310), (210;, (211), (553), (774)?, (552)?, (331), (441). Hussak, quoted by Derby, Arch. Mus. Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, p. 165, 1896.
A variety (mag nochromite) from Tampadel, Zobtengebirge, Lower Silesia, gave Laszczynski
S' uoted by Traube, Zs. G. Ges., 46, 52, 1894) : CraO3 41 "23, AUOa 24'58, FeO 19-04, MnO 0'58, gO 14-77 100-20 ; the iron may be partly FeaO3. G. 4'21.
J. H. Pratt, discussing the occurrence and origin of chromite (Am. J. Sc., 7, 281, 1899), has proposed the name mitchellite, after Prof. Elisha Mitchell of North Carolina (1793-1857), for a magnesian variety represented by the mineral from Webster, N. C. An analysis by H. W. Foote gave :
CraO, AlaO, FeO MgO
39-95 29-28 13'90 17'31 Ioq'44.
The calculated formula is 2MgAlaO4.MgCraO4.FeCraO4. This corresponds closely to the magnochromite of Bock (Min., p. 228) and to the similar mineral from Tampadel, Silesia, noted above
CHRYSOLITE, pp. 441. 1031. —Crystals from Monte delle Croce, near Montefiascone, described and measured. Fantappie, Riv. Min. Ital., 17, 3, 1897.
A minute discussion of the form, composition, etc., of minerals of the Chrysolite Group is given by Thaddetff. Zs. Kr., 26, 28, 1896.
Crystals altered to serpentine from Middlefield, Mass., Emerson, Bull. Amer. G. Soc., 6, 473 ; Bull U. S. G. Surv., 126, 152, 1895.
An alteration-product from the north shore of L. Superior is referred to bowlingite (Min., p. 682) by Winchell, Amer. Gepl., 23, 43, 1899. See also Iddingsite.
A lead-ziuk chrysolite (Bleizinkchrysolith) from a slag is noted by Heberdey, Zs. Kr., 21-, 61,
CINNABAR, pp. 66, 1031. — Occurs in fine crystals at Ouen-Shan-Tchiang, central China, Ter- mier, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 204, 1897.
On occurrences in Canada, see Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 66 R, 1889-90; 6, 31 R, 1892- 93. The occurrence in Southern Texas near the Rio Grande (Long. 27° W., Lat. 29° 30' N.) is described by "W. P. Blake (Trans. Am. Inst. Mug. Eng., March, 1895); in grains and small rhom- bohedral crystals.
On synthesis, Ippen, Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 114, 1894.
CLEVEITE, p. 889.— See Uraninile.
CLINOCHLORE, p. 644. — Crystals from the Ural described, Jeremeiev, Vh. Min. Ges., 31, 417, 1894.
A discussion of optical characters specially with reference to the relations of clinochlore and penninite is given by Klein, Jb. Min., 2, 119-132, 1895. Clinochlore is found to be always opti- cally positive, even when it becomes uniaxial on heating; penninite, however, is negative.
Analyses of specimens from Zlatoust (also leuchtenbergite), Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 43, 378, 1892.
From Buckingham, Ottawa Co., Quebec, and Bagot township, Renfrew Co., Ontario (analyses by Johnston), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 17 R, 1892-93.
CLINOCLASITE, p. 795. — Analysis by Church, Min. Mag., 11, 4, 1895.
Olinohedrite, S. L. Penfield and H. W. Foote, Am. J. Sc., 5, 289, 1898.
Monoclinic-clinohedral. Axes d : £ : h 0*68245 : 1 : 0'3226; ft — 76° 2' 100 A 001. Angles 100 A 100 33° 31', 001 A Oil 17° 23', 001 A 101 22° 22'9'. bm 56" 29', pp' *29° 8', rap *51° 54'. Observed forms: 6(010), h (:i20), m (110), ml (110), n (120), Z(130); (101), (101), p (111), pt (111), q (111), ql (111), r(331), s (551), t (771), u (531), o (131), 0, (131), x (131), y (121). Habit of crystals varied as shown in figures, but conforming to the group under the monoclinic system (clinohedral or domatic group) which has a plane of symmetry, but no axis of symmetry.
Cleavage: 6(010) perfect. Brittle. H. 55. G. 3'33. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white and amethystine. Transparent. Optically — . Birefringence not high. Ax. pi. and Bz0 JL o. 6 A — 28°. Strongly pyroelectric.
Composition analogous to calamine, HaZnCaSiO4 or (ZnOH)(CaOH)SiO3 ; this requires: Silica 27-92, zinc protoxide 37'67, lime 26'04, water 8'37 100. Analysis (Foote) :
Appendix 1.
SiO,
ZnO
MnO
CaO
MgO
HaO
(Pe.Al),©,
0-28 100 32
B.B. exfoliates and then fuses at 4 to a yellowish enamel; the water is expelled at a faint red heat. Yields a coating of zinc oxide on charcoal. Dissolves readily when powdered in hydro- chloric acid, yielding gelatinous silica on evaporation.
From the Trotter mine, Franklin Furnace, N. J., associated with willemite, brown garnet, axinite, datolite, phlogopite. This name had previously been used for a variety of tetrahedrite supposed (Breithaupt) to differ from others in form.
Olinozoisite. Klinozoisit. E. Weinachenk, Zs. Kr., 26, 161, 433, 1896. A name proposed for those members of the zoisite-epidote group, which are near zoisite in composition but mono- clinic in crystallization; they are further optically -f- and of feebler refringence and birefringence than typical epidote ; zoisite is regarded as dimorphous with epidote. To clinozoisite belong crystals, like epidote in habit, from rolled pebbles at the foot of the Goslerwand, Pragratten, Tyrol. Color -pale rose-red, transparent. Optically +. Bxa A c 2°. /? 1'7195. y — a 0 0056. 2Vy 81° 40'. Analysis gave :
SiOj AlaO3 Fe,O3 FeO MnO CaO H2O
G. 3-372 39-06 32'57 " 1'68 0'29 tr. 24'53 O'Ol 100-14
An epidote from the Rothenkopf, Zillerthal, with only 3'52 Fe,O3, was optically negative, with Y — a 0-0105. See also Fouqueite (Min., p. 1035) and Zoisite.
COBALTITE, p. 89. — From Siegen, twins with o (111) as tw.-plane, Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 20, 550, 1892.
COHENITE, pp. 31, 1038. — Noted in the Bendego, Brazil, meteoric iron, in dendritic aggregates, also in isolated isometric crystals with the forms a (100), o (111), d (110), p (221), ft (322), (944)? Hussuk, quoted by Derby, Arch. Mus. Rio de Janeiro, p. 160, 1896. Also described from other meteoric irons (Cohen) and in the terrestrial iron of Niakornak, Greenland. Analyses by Cohen, Medd. om Gronland, 15, 293, 1897.
COLEMANITE, p. 882. — Anomalous etching-figures examined, Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 30, 97, 1898.
COLUMBITE, p. 731.— Crystals of a mangano-columbite from Rumford, Me., are described by H. W. Foote (Figs. 1, 2). G. 6'44, color dark reddish brown, Am. J. Sc., 1, 460, 1896.
vv
a
.f
Appendix L
Analysis from North Carolina, Khrushchov, Vh. Min. Ges., 31, 412, 1894. Occurs (G. 5'36) in the township of Sebastopol, Renfrew Co., Ontario, W. G. Miller, Rep't Bureau of Mines, 7, Part III, p. 234, Toronto, 1898. See also Tantalite and Tapiolite.
COOKEITE, p. 625. — From Hebron, Me., analyzed by Penfield, Antr JSc., 45, 393, 1893, and shown to have the formula Li[Al(OH)]3[SiO3]a. Crystallization monoclinic, the crystals
often formed of wedge-shaped cleavage-plates grouped as in figures 1-3 ; the center a of 3 uni- axial. Analysis :
SiOa Al,03 Fe2O3 CaO K-.O Na2O Li2O H,0 F G. 2-675 34-00 45-06 0'45 0'04 0'14 0'19 4'02 14-96 0'46 99'32
A mineral referred here by Hoffmann occurs in the sericite-schist of Wait-a-bit creek, Colum- bia river, British Columbia (analysis by Johnston), Rep. G. Canada, 6, 22 R, 1892-93.
COPPEK, p. 20.— Crystals in aventurine glass described. Washington, Am. J. Sc., 48, 411, 1894. Crystals from Burra-Burra, S. Australia, are covered with an incrustation of minute crystals 'of cuprite in parallel position with it, Mtlgge, Jb. Min., 2, 151, 1898.
Occurs at Franklin Furnace, N. J., J. E. Wolff, Proc. Am. Acad., 33, 429, 1898.
CORDIERITE. — See lolite.
CORUNDUM, pp. 210, 1031. — Description of twin crystal (showing the new form (5'5-10'4)) with r (1011) as tw. -plane ; also a similar contact-trilling, etc., H. Barvif, Ann. Mus. Wien, 2, 135. 1892.
Discussion of planes of parting, viz., parallel to c (0001), a (1120), both normal "solution- planes " ; also r (1011), a gliding plane and sometimes a secondary solution-plane, Judd, Min. Mag., 11, 49, 1895.
Pratt has described crystals of sapphire (Figs. 1-3) from Togo Gulch, Montana, with (3032) ; also showing natural etching-figures, Am. J. Sc., 4, 424, 1897. See also below. Bauer notes the new form r (0112) on Burma rubies, Jb. Min., 2, 197, 1896.
Investigations of hardness of minerals in the scale of Mohs compared with corundum, Rosi- wal, Vh. G. Reichs., 475, 1896. See also Auerbach, Wied. Ann., 58, 357, 1896; Jaggar (microsclerometer), Am. J. Sc., 4, 399, 1897.
In regard to the occurrence of corundum, recent investigations show that it is often associ- ated with igneous rocks and is itself of igneous origin, though also of secondary origin in crystal- line limestone and, further, the result of contact-metamorphism. These subjects have been dis- cussed by the following authors :
On the occurrence and origin of the rubies of Burma (and associated minerals), C. Barrington Brown and J. W. Judd, Phil. Trans , 187 (A), 151-228, 1896. See also Bauer, 1. c.; on the rubies of Siam. Louis. Min. Mag., 10, 267, 1894.
On the corundum of India, T. H. Holland, Geol. India, 2d Ed., Part I, pp. 1-79, Calcutta, 1898. See also Judd, Min. Mag., 11, 56, 1895.
20 Appendix 1.
Corundum deposits of Georgia, F. P. King, Geol. Surv. Georgia, Bull. 2, 1894. Associated with periclotite of N. Carolina, igneous origin discussed, Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 6, 49, 1898.
Sapphire of Yogo Gulch, Fergus Co., and elsewhere, Montana, Kunz, Am. J. Sc., 4, 417, 1897 ; Pirssou, ibid., p. 421.
Corundum of Eastern Ontario, W. G. Miller, Rep. Bureau of Mines, Vol. 7. Pt. III. Toronto,
Produced by coutact-metamorphism on the border of the Dartmoor granite, Devonshire. Busz, Geol. Mag., 3, 492, 1896.
Experimental investigation of conditions of formation in a magma, Morozewicz, Min. petr. Mitth., 18, 22, 202, 1898 ; see also Zs. Kr., 24, 281, 1894.
Description of emery from Naxos, Tschermak, Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 311, 1894.
Cosmochlore. Kosmochlor, Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 27, 592, 1896. Kosmochromit, Groth, Tab. Ueb., 182, 198.
Monoclinic, probably. In embedded splinters, showing, in thin sections, cleavages parallel to a (100), b (010), also less distinct prismatic (30° and 150°). H. 5-6. Color emerald-green, strongly pleochroic. Extinction oblique, a A c 12°. Birefringence high. Ax. pi. b (010).
In composition a chromium silicate. An approximate analysis (on 0'003 gr.) gave :
SiOs Cr2O3 A15O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO
3T82 39-39 9'09 9'09 6'06 4/55 100.
Identified in minute amount in the stony portion of the Toluca meteoric iron. The author found also orthoclase, plagioclnse, pyroxene, quartz, zircon, chromite, and others not fully deter- mined, perhaps new.
COTTJNNITE, p. 165.— Study of artificial crystals, Stober, Bull. Ac. Belg., 30, 345, 1895.
Oourtzilite. 17th Ann. Rep. U. S .G. Surv., Part III., p. 752, 1895-96. A form of asphaltum allied to uintahite (gilsonite), etc.
COVELLITE, p. 68. Occurs in fine indigo-blue masses at the East Gray Rock mine, Butte, Montana; analysis by Hillebraud, Am. J. Sc., 7, 56, 1899. Also massive from La Sal mine, La Sal distr., Utah ; in plates from Rio Grande Co., Colo. (Pfd.).
CROCOITE, p. 913. — Crystals from Penchalonga, Mashonaland, described (new form 403), Red- lich. Zs. Kr., 27, 607, 1896. See also Alford, Q. J. G. Soc., 50, 8, 1894.
Occurs finely crystallized at the Adelaide mine, Mt. Dundas, Tasmania, new forms <S(10'3'0), !F(530), Palache, Am. J. Sc., 1, 389, 1896. On the occurrence in Tasmania, see also Petterd, Min. Tasmania, p. 24, 1893, p. 30, 1896; further, Liversidge (anal.), Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W., 29, 318,
Obtained in minute crystals by exposing for several months to the air a solution of lead chro- mate in caustic potash, Ludeking, Am. J. Sc., 44, 57, 1892.
Crossite. Charles Palache, Bull. G. Univ. California, 1, 181, 1894.
A mineral of the amphibole group, characterized by its blue color, occurring somewhat widely distributed in the crystalline schists of the Coast Ranges of California. The following descrip- tion belongs to specimens from near Berkeley:
Occurs in lath-shaped crystals ; also in irregular prisms and rounded grains. Form and cleav- age like ordinary amphibole. G. 3'16. Color tine blue, yellowish blue. Pleochroism strong : C brown to greenish yellow ; fc reddish or bluish violet ; a deep blue. Absorption a 6 c. Ax. pi. I b (010). a A 13° (assumed as + 13°).
In composition between glaucophane and riebeckite, being optically more nearly related to the latter. Analysis, W. S. T. Smith :
SiO A1,O, Fe,O3 FeO MgO CaO Na2O K,O 5502 4-75 10-91 9'46 9'30 2'38 7'62 0'27 MnO tr., H3O undet. 99'76
Named after Mr. Whitman Cross of the U. S. Geol. Survey.
A blue amphibole of like optical characters occurs as a secondary growth on brown hornblende and on pyroxene in Custer Co., Colorado, (cf. Min., p. 402, where it is provisionally placed under arfvedsonite).
CRYOLITE, pp. 166, 1032. — Description of twin crystals, Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 24, 87, 1894.
CRYSTALLITES. — Discussion of various forms with introduction of new names: clavalite, spiculite, bacillite, scopulite, arculite, rotulite, furculite, crenulite, Rutley, Miu. Mag., 9, 261, 1891.
AFPEXUlX I. 21
Cubaite.— See Quartz.
CTJBANITE, p. 79. — Analyses of a mineral having the external characters of Breithaupt's species gave Schneider :
1. 834-37 Cu 24-32 Fe 4M5=: 98-84_
2. 34-01 23-00 42-51 99-52
This leads to the formula CuFe2S3, agreeing with the analysis of Scheidauer (anal. 4, Min., p. 79). For the mineral analyzed by Eastwick and others (auals. 1-3, ibid.) which corresponds to CuFeiS4, the author proposes the name barracanite or cupropyrite. J. pr. Ch., 52, 555, 1895.
Cubeite. Kubeit, L. Darapsky, Jb. Miu., 1, 163, 1898. This name was earlier suggested for an imperfectly known iron sulphate from the neighborhood of the Loa river, desert of Ata- cama. Now obtained in druses of elongated rhombic or monclinic double pyramids. Brittle, of vitreous luster. Analysis gave : SO3 36' 4, FeaO3 19'3, MgO 7'8, H,O 33'7, CaO [0-1], insol. 2'7 100.
Oumengeite. E. Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 184, 1893. Cumengite.— See Pwcylite.
CUPRITE, p. 206. — Etching-figures do not show the trapezohedral symmetry sometimes ex- hibited in the distribution of the faces Traube, Jb Min., Beil.-Bd., (,
10. 455, 1896. Fig. shows a crystal from Cornwall, drawn by J. H. Pratt (priv. contr.), in which the trapezohedral symmetry is marked.
See also Copper.
Ouprocassiterite. Titus Ulke, Trans. Am. Inst. Mng. Eng., 21, 240, Feb. 1892.— See Stannite.
Ouproiodargyrite. H. Schulze [Ch. Ztg., 16, 1952, 1892], Zs. Kr., 24, 626, 1895.
Occurs as an incrustation or filling crevices in limestone. Somewhat harder and less sectile than iodyrite. Color sulphur-yellow. Trans- lucent. Composition Cul.Agl. Analysis: I 57'75, Ag 25'58, Cu 15-91 Cuprite. 99 24. Occurs at the mine San Agustin, Huantajaya, near Iquique, Chili, as a decomposition-product of stromeyerite.
CTJPROPLUMBITE, p. 51. — From Butte City, Montana, analysis by J. T. De Bell : S 17'77, Cu 61-32, Pb 18 97. quartz 1 -58 90 64. This gives 5Cu,S.PbS. The corrected specific gravity (5'39) is shown to correspond with that called for (5'45) on the supposition that it is to be classed with isometric galena. Am. Ch. J., 14, 620, 18!2.
From Semipalatiusk, anal, by Antipov, Vh. Min. Ges., 28, 527, 1891, and Zs. Kr., 23, 275, 1894.
CYANITE, p. 500.— Etching-figures investigated, Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 10, 459, 1896; same by T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc., 5, 181, 1898.
Occurs in rich grass-green crystals with t (520), often perfectly transparent, on North Toe river, Yancey Co.. N. C. ; also pale green cyanite elsewhere in the state, Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 5, 126, 1898.
Oylindrite. Kylindrit, A. Frenzel, Jb. Min., 2, 125, 1893.
Massive; in cylindrical forms separating under pressure into distinct shells or folia, difficult to pulverize, like graphite. Soft; H. 2'5-3. G.= 5'42. Luster metallic. Color blackish lead- gray. Streak black.
Composition, Pb9Sb,Sn6S21 or 3PbS.Sb,S, + 3(PbS.2SnSa). Analysis:
S Sn Sb Pb Ag Fe
24-50 26-37 8'73 35 '41 0'63 3'00 98'63
Obtained from the Mine Santa Cruz, at Poopo, Bolivia. The same country has also afforded the allied minerals plumbostannite, Min., p. 108; frauckeite, this App., p. 96; also canfieldite, ib., p. 13.
CTRTOLITE, p. 487. — See Zircon.
DAHLLITE, p. 866.— Shown by Hamberg to be an alteration-product of apatite somewhat an- alogous to staffelite (Min., p. 764). G. F5r. F5rh., 13, 802, 1891. '
Appendix I.
DANALITE, pp. 435, 1082. — Occurs at Redruth, Cornwall, in large rough tetrahedral crystals, of a columbine-red; H. 5-5; G. 3'350. Analysis: SiO, 29'48, FeO 37-53, MnOll'53, ZnO4'87, BeO 14-17, CaO tr.t S 5'04 102-62. Calculated ratio, SiO3 : RO : ES 3 : 7 : 1 nearly. Miers and Prior, Mm. Mag., 10, 10, 1892.
DANBTJRITE, p. 490 — Occurs in crystals in the Cimina region, Rome, Italy; in erratic blocks with davyne, tourmaline, etc., Fantappie, Riv. Miu. Ital., 16, 82, 1896; 18, 7, 1898; also Rend. Accad. Line., 5 (2), 108, 1896.
DARAPSKITE, p. 873. — Shown by Osann to be monoclinjc. Axial ratio d : b : k 1-5258 : 1 : 0'7514. ft 77° 5' 001 A 100. 100 A HO 56° 5'. 001 A 101 23° 23', 001 A Oil 36° 13'. Observed forms: a (100), 6(010), c(001); TO (110); r(101), e (302); i(101), tf(201); 9(011);
o (111), (111), v (121). Angles: ac *77° 5', am *56° 5', ar *53° 42', cr — 23° 23'. Crystals tabular a; often twins, tw. pi. a. Cleavage : a perfect. Ax. pi. b, b a. Axial angle large. H. 2-3. G. - 2-203. Zs. Kr., 23, 584, 1894.
Artificial formation, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 161,
DATOLITE, p. 502. — Cryst. — Loughboro, Ontario, description of large crystals, prismatic d, Pirssou, Am. J. Sc. , 45, 100, 1893. Lake Superior, Osann, Zs. Kr., 24, 543, 1895. Harz Mts., Luedecke, Datolite. Mi,,, Harzes, 418, 1896. Guanajuato, Mexico, crystals, tabular
x (103) (Fig,), Farrington, Am. J. Sc., 5, 285, 1898.
Etching figures investigated and figured, Bauinhauer, Die Resultate d. Aetzmethode, 1894. Analysis, Grand Marais, Minn., Berkey, 23 Ann. Rept. Minn. G. Surv., p. 197.
DAVYNE, p. 428. — Occurrence in the Cimina region near Rome, see Danburite.
Derbylite. E. Hussak and O. T. Prior, Min. Mag., 11, 85, 176,
Orthorhombic. Axes a : I : c 0'9661 : 1 : 0'5502. Forms: a (100), c (001), m (110); also (Oil) as tw. pi. Angles : am *44° Of, c A Oil 28° 49i', mm — 39° 8£' Hussak. In slender pris- matic crystals, 2 to 3 mm. long; often in cruciform twins crossing at an angle of 57° 39' ; rarely in trillings.
Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle. H. 5. G. 4-512-4-58(1 Luster resinous. Color pitch-black, dark brown and translucent in thin splinters.
Composition perhaps FeO.SbuO6 + 5FeO.TiO3. Analysis on (hence SiOa, etc.), Prior :
Derbylite. material not entirely pure
Sb,O5
TiOa
FeO
CaO
AlaO,
Na2O
Ks0
ign
0-50 99-38
B.B. in salt of phosphorus gives a bead(R.F.) yellow when hot, violet when cold. Insoluble in acid, but decomposed by acid potassium sulphate.
Occurs in the cinnabar-bearing gravel of Tres Cruzes, Tripuhy near Ouro Preto, Mina Geraes, Brazil; lewisite, xenotime, monazite, zircon, rutile, etc., are associated. Named after Dr. O. A. Derby, Director of the Geological Survey of Brazil.
DESCLOIZITE, p. 787. — Analyses, from Obir, Carinthia, Brunlechner, Zs. Kr., 24, 626, 1895.
DIAMOND, pp. 3, 1033.— Crystals from the Ural described with (971), (432), Jeremejev, Yh. Min. Ges., 34, 59, 1896.
Artificial corrosion-figures, Luzi, Ber. Ch. Ges., 25, 2470, 1892.
Refractive indices measured, Wulfiug, Min. petr. Mitth.. 15. 61, 1895. Investigation of varia- tion of refractive indices with the temperature, A. Sella, Riv. Miu. Ital., 10, 65, 1892. Thermal expansion, J. Joly, Nature, 49, 480. 1894.
Shown to be transparent to X-rays (while paste is opnq'ue), also investigation of behavior of many species toward X-rys, Doelter. Jb. Min., 2, 87, 1896; 1, 256, 1897. (See further on the general subject, Zs. Kr., 30, 610, 1899.) ' '
Found in the glacial drift of Wisconsin. :it Plum Creek, Pierce Co.; Oregon, Dane Co.; Kohlsville, Washington Co. (21 carats); Eagle, WaukeshaCo. (16 carats), cf. Kunz, Bull. G. Soc. Am , 2, 638, 1891, and Min. Res. U. S.; Hobbs. Amer. Geol., 14, 31, 1894; Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, 1, 152, 1895.
Occurrence and origin in California, Turner, Amer. Geol., 23, 182, 1899. Also in South Africa,
Appendix L
Stone, Bonney and Raisin, Geol. Mag., 2, 492, 1895; Moissan, C. R., 116, 292, 458, 460; 117, 423, 1893. Description of the Kimberley mines, Stelzner, Isis, p. 71, 1893. Discussion of origin as illustrated in Brazil, Derby, J. Geol., 6, 121, 1898.
See also the works of L de Lauuay and H. Carvill Lewis noted in the bibliography.
In the meteoric iron of Canon Diablo, Arizona, A. E Foote, Am. J. Sc., 42, 413, 1891; Kuuz and Huntington, Am. J. Sc., 46, 470, 1893. Also C. Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 258, 1892 (C. R., 115, 1037, 1892): 116, 290, 1893. Also Moissan, C. R., 116, 288, 1893 (Bull. Soc. Chim., 9, 967, 1893). Occurrence in meteorites in general, Huntington, Proc. Amer. Acad., 29, 204, 1894.
Formed artificially, Moissan, C. R., 116, 218, 1893; Friedel. ibid, p. 224 ; Rousseau, ib., 117, 164; further, Moissau, ib., 118. 320, 1894; 123, 206, 210, 1896. Also J. Friedlander, Berlin, 1898, Jb. Min., 1, 202, 1899. Reproduction, Q. Majorana, Riv. Min. Ital., 19, 22, 1898.
DIAPHOUITE, p. 124. — Identified by L, J. Spencer (Am. J. Sc., 6, 316, 1898) with pyrargyrite, galena, dolomite on a specimen of stephanite from the Lake Chelan, distr., Okanogan Co., Washington ; also with miargyrite, etc., Santa Maria de Catorce, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
Dieksbergite. L. J. Igelstrom, G. For. Forh., 18, 231, 1896. A supposed new species occur- ring with cyauite at Dicksberg, Ransat parish, Wermland, Sweden. Shown by Weibull and Up- mark (ibid. . p. 523) to be rutile.
Dietzeite. A. Osann, Zs. Kr., 23, 588, 1894.
Monoclinic. Axes d : b : c 1-3826 : 1 : 0'9515 ; ft *73° 28' 001 A 100. 58', 001 A 101 39° 2a', 001 A Oil 42° 22'. Observed forms : a (100), b (010), c (001); I (210), m (110); r (101), s (223), o (221). Angles : mm'" 105° 56', a'r *67° 10', cm 80° 8'. Crystals prismatic, tabular fl a and elongated L Commonly fibrous to columnar.
Cleavage: a, imperfect. Fracture couchoidal. H. =3-4. G. 3-698. Luster vitreous. Color dark gold-yellow. Optically +. Ax. pi. j. b. Bx0 1 ft in obtuse angle h a; extinction on b (010) 5° to 7° with b. 2G.y 87° to 88". Dispersion horizontal and v p, both strongly marked.
Composition, 7Ca(IO3)2.8CaCrO4. Soluble in hot water; from the solution the colorless calcium iodate (Ca(IOs);i -j- 6H3O) separates on cooling, leaving the calcium chromate in solution.
Obtained from the same region which furnished the calcium iodate lautarite (Min., p. 1040). The occurrence of this salt was earlier described whom it is named), see Min., 1. c.
DIOPSIDE. — See Pyroxene.
100 A Ho *52°
Dietze (after
DIOPTASE, pp. 463, 1033. — Occurs in crystals in the neighborhood of Mindouli, east of Comba, on the road to Brazzaville, French Congo; also at other points in the Congo region. Lacroix, C. R., 114, 1384, 1892. See also A. Le Chatelier, C. R., 116, 894, 1893.
Etching-figures investigated, Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 10, 462, 1896.
DIPTKE. — See Wernerite.
DOLOMITE, pp. 271, 1033. — From Raibl, containing traces of thallium and lithium, Heberdey, Zs. Kr , 21,71, 1892.
Origin discussed, Element, Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 526, 1895; Pfaff, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 9, 485,
The black crystals from Teruel, Spain, occurring embedded in gypsum have been long called teruelite.
DTJFKENOYSITE, p. 120. — Description by Baumhauer of crystals (anal., K5nig) with the new forms (223), (441), (207), (103), (205), (407), (027), (013), (025), (049), (047), Zs. Kr., 24, 85, 1894;
28, 551, 1897.
Dundasite. W. F. Petterd. Catalogue of Minerals of Tasmania, p. 26, 1893. Inferred from qualitative tests to be a hydrated carbono-phosphate of lead and aluminium. Occurs as an in- crustation on a ferro- manganese gossan with crocoite ; consists of small spherical aggregates with radiated structure ; color within white and silky, externally yellow-brown. H. 2. From the Adelaide Proprietory mine, Dun das, Tasmania.
DUUDENITE, p. 980. — F. C. Knight has noted an oxidation-product of the tellurides of Cripple Creek. Colo. The soluble (HC1) portion of the mixture analyzed was perhaps 2FesOj.2TeOj.H,O, the insoluble calaverite. Proc. Colo. Soc., Oct. 1, 1894.
Appendix I.
DYSCRASITE, p. 42. — Crystals from the Harz described, Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 48, 1896.
EDINGTONITE, p. 599. — Occurs in large crystals (to 3 cin. in length) at the mines of B6hl, Sweden Habit prismatic, tabular one pair of TO- f aces ; twins, pseudo-tetragonal. These are referred to the orthorhombic system (hemihedral) with the forms: c (001), m (110), p p (111), J',021), r,(121). Axes <t: 0-9873:1:0-6733. Angles : TOTO"' 89° 16', cp 43° 47'.' G. 2-776. 2Ey 87° 17'. O. Nordenskiold. Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 396, 1895, and G. For. Forh., 17, 597, Ib9o. An analysis is given by G.Lindstrom, Ofv. Ak. Stockh., 63, 469, 1896.
Elfstorpite. L. J. Igehtrom, G. For. Forh., 15, 472, 1893; Zs. Kr., 22, 468. An imper- fectly described mineral ln>m the Sjo mine. Orebro, Sweden. Occurs in crystals and crystalline particles with one cleavage. H. 4. Brittle. Color and streak whitish gray. Inferred, on the basis of a partial qualitative analysis, to be a hydrated arseuate of manganese (MuO).
Elpidite. G. Lindstrom, G. F6r. F5rh., 16, 330, 1894. G. Nordenskiold, ibid., p. 343.
Orthorhombic. Axes : d : b : 6 0'5117 : 1 : 0'9781. 100 A 110 27° 6', 001 A 101 62" 23', 001 A Oil — 44° 22'. Forms a (100), b (010), c (001), m (110), n (120), e (013), d (Oil) ; also doubt- ful u (540), tf(580), (5-12-0). Angles: mm'" — *54° 12', cd *44° 22'. Crystals prismatic, rarely distinct (described by G. Nordenskiold). Usually massive, fine fibrous or columnar ; also as a felt-like mass.
Cleavage: TO (110). H. nearly 7. G. 2'524 white, 2'594 red. Luster silky. Color white to brick-red. Extinction parallel to prismatic direction, which corresponds to a.
Composition, essentially, HNaaZrSi8Oi8 or NaaO.ZrOj.GSiO-i.JjH.jO. Analysis, Lindstro'm :
SiO, ZrO, FeO CaO NaaO KaO HaO (ign.) HaO (100°) Cl
59-44 20-48 0'14 0'17 10-41' 0'13 5'72 3'89 0-15 TiO3,CuO tr. 100-53.
Another determination gave : Na2O 10-29, K3O 0 21.
From the locality in southern Greenland (probably Nagssarsuk near Igaliko) which has afforded neptunite (see this App., p. 49) and epididymite, p. 25. Named from eATrzS, hope.
ENARGITE, pp. 147, 1033. — Occurs at the Ida mine, also at Red Mountain, Summit distr., Colorado; crystals from the latter locality show the new forms (210), e (012), z (134) ; habit prismatic or tabular (figs. 1-5, Red Mountain). Pirsson, Am. J. Sc., 47, 212, 1894.
m
a
m
m
"m
Monograph on the crystallization, L. J. Spencer; new forms noted are: y (610), / (520), £(5540), .2V (230), 108), A (207), w (709), u (301). The author concludes that clarite (Min., p. 148) is identical with enargite. Miu. Mag., 11, 69, 1895. Crystals from Peru show the new forms it (031), (132), 0, (394), 0a (131), 03 (392), idem, Miu. Mag., 11, 196, 1897.
Occurs in large crystals at the Bell Stow mine. Missoula Co., Montana, Moses, School Mines Q., 16, 230, 1895. Analysis, from Butte, Montana, Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 7, 56, 1899.
ENSTATITE, p. 346.— From Corundum Hill, N. C., also "Webster, Jackson Co., N. C., analyses quoted by Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 5, 430, 431, 1898.
Investigation of alteration-products, Johansson, Ak. H. Stockh., Bihang, 17 (2), No. 4, 1891. (Ref. in Zs. Kr., 23, 152.)
Epididymite. G. Flink, G. FOr. F5rh., 15, 201, 1893 ; Zs. Kr., 23, 353, 1894. G. Norden- skiold, G. F5r. F5rh., 16, 345, 1894.
Orthorhombic. Axes d : b : b 0'5758 : 1 : 0'5340 or 1 : 1'7367 : 0'9274. 100 A HO 29° 56', 001 A 101 42° 50y, 001 A Oil 28° 6J'. Observed forms : a (100), b (010), c (001) ; m (110), (120), n (130); (023), h (034), g (Oil), e (043), d (021), / (041), A (061), x (081); p (221). Angles : mm'" 59° 52', nri 119" 52', bn *30° 4', cd *46° 53'.
Crystals usually tabular e and elongated by extension of the faces in the brachydome zone; these faces horizontally striated. In part in hexagonal tables, 6 and TO being equally developed; these also twinned, having c in common but revolved 60° about the vertical axis, aud as tw. lamellae.
Cleavage : b and c perfect. H. 5'5. G. 3-548. Luster vitreous, on b and c pearly.
Appendix I. 25
Colorless. Optically—. Ax. pi c. Bxa b. Indices: For Na, a 1'5645, /? 1'5685, 1-5688. .-. 2Va.y 31°4'.
Composition HNaBeSi3O8 like eudidymite (Min., p. 313). Analysis, G. Flink:
SiO, BeO Na2O HO
73-74 10-56 12-88 3 "73 100'91
B.B. fuses easily to a colorless glass, but yields water only at a high temperature. Not attacked by acids.
From Greenland, exact locality uncertain, probably Narsasik (or Nagssarsuk, Lindstrom) near Igaiiko, cf. neptunite and elpidite.
EPIDOTE, p. 516. — Crystals from Quenast described, Stober, Bull. Ac. Belg., 29, 403, 1895. Also from the Comba di Compare Robert, Avigliana, G. Boeris, Atti Accad. Sc. Torino, 32, April 25, 1897, and Riv. Min. Ital., 20, 65, 1898.
Optical examination of isomorphous layers of crystals, Ramsay, Jb. Min., 1, 111, 1893.
Occurrence as a primary constituent of igneous rocks, Keyes, Bull. G. Soc. Amer., 4, 305,
The relation of epidote to zoisite is discussed by Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 26, 166, 1896. See also Clinozoisite,
EPSOMITE, p. 938.— Description of natural crystals from Stassfurt (new form #(210)), also optical determination, Milch, Zs. Kr., 20, 221, 1892.
Erionite. A. 8. Eakle, Am. J. Sc., 6, 66, 1898. and Zs. Kr., 30, 176, 1898.
Orthorhombic. In aggregates of very slender fibers, resembling woolly hairs. G. 1-997.. Luster pearly. Color white. Optically biaxial, positive. Extinction and Bxa (c) parallel to fibers Birefringence high.
Compositiou, H2CaK!INa!1AlaSi()O17 + 5H2O or CaO.KaO.NaaO.AlaO3.6SiOa.6HaO. Analy- eis :
SiO, AlaO3 CaO MgO KaO NaaO HaO
57-16 16-08 3-50 0'60 3'51 2'47 17-30 100-68
Fuses B.B. easily and quietly to a clear, colorless glass. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid. Occurs with milky opal in cavities in a rhyolite tuff at Durkee, Oregon. Named from epiov, wool.
ERYTHUITE, p. 817. — Occurs on the west shore of Rabbit Lake, Nipissing, Ontario, Ferrier, Ottawa Naturalist, 9, 193.
ETTRINGITE, p. 976. — From Tombstone, Arizona, analyzed by Moses (after deducting. 1-91, SiO3) : SO3 18-54, A12O, 9'72, CaO 26-31, HaO (red heat) 10'88, HaO (115°) 34'53 99-98. Formula deduced 10CaO.2AlaO3.5SO3.54H:,O; 14 parts of HaO go off at a red heat, the formula then reduces to 2RaO3.SO3 + 8HaO. Occurs in bunches of white, silky fibers. H. =2. G. 1'55. Shows double refraction with parallel extinction. Am. J. Sc., 45, 489, 1893; Zs. Kr., 22, 16,.
Euchlorine. A. Scacchi, 1869; E. Scacchi, Rend. Accad. Napoli, 23, 158, 1884. A thin: emerald-green incrustation on the lava at Vesuvius. The analysis by Pisani (quoted by Scacchi) made it a compound of copper sulphate and cuprous chloride. According to a later investigation, however (E. Scacchi), it is made up of an insoluble and a soluble portion. The proper euchlorine yielded : SO3 '43'98, CuO 41 '50, K.,O 8'04, NaaO 6'48 100. The crystallization is orthorhombic. Observed forms: 6(010), c (001), e (Oil), d (103), o (101) ; measured angles: ce 61° 56', co 67° 54'. An analysis by Rammelsberg (Min. Ch. , Erg. -Heft, 87, 1886) gave : SO3 42'96, CuO 37-87, Na3O 5'48, KaO 10-34, HaG [3"35] 100.
EUCHROITE, p. 838.— Libethen, crystals with the new forms, / (102), d (101), Gissinger, Zs. Kr., 22, 367, 1892. An analysis by A. H. Church shows 1'48 p. c. PaO6, Min. Mag., 11, 1, 1895.
EUCLASE, p. 508.— Bahia, Brazil, crystals described, Hussak, Min. petr. Mitth., 12, 473, 1892.
EUDIALITE, pp. 409, 1034. — Kola peninsula, optical investigation of crystals, confirming and extending earlier results (Min., p. 410), Ramsay, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 8, 722, 1893.
EVANBITE, p. 846.— Occurs at a mine in the Zeehan district, Tasmania. G. 1'939. Analysis: P,O5 18-11, AlaO3 40-19, H-.O 41-27 99'57. H. G. Smith, Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W., 27, 382,
26 Appendix I.
FAYALITE, pp. 456, 1034.— From Rockport, Mass., analysis (nearly pure FeaSiO4, G. 4'318) and optical properties with discussion of the relation of the latter to composition in the species of the Chrysolite Group ; also analysis of hortouolite. Penfield and Forbes, Am. J. Sc., 1, 129, 1896. Analysis of crystals from slag, G. O. Smith, Johns Hopkins Univ. Giro., 112, May 1894.
See also Neochrysolite and Breislakite.
Fedorovite. Fedorowit, G. Viola, Jb. Min., 1, 121, 1899. — See Pyroxene.
FELDSPARS, pp. 314, 1034. — Much work has been done recently upon the optical characters of the feldspars, and chiefly those of the plagioclase series; this has to a large extent had as its object the determination of the different species under the microscope, as, for example, in the form they appear in thin-sections of rocks. Prominent contributions are the following :
Michel-Levy, an important work entitled " Etude sur la determination des feldspaths dans les plaques minces." Paris (two parts), 1894 and 1896 (see Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 79, 1895). A summary of this (and other papers) is given by N. H. Winchell in Amer. Geol., 21, 12, 1898; see also G. F. Becker, Am. J. Sc., 5, 349, 1898.
Fedorow, feldspar studies, Zs. Kr., 22, 248, 1893; 26, 225, 1896; 27, 337, 1896; 29, 604, 1898. Viola, Zs. Kr., 30, 23, 232, 1898.
Fr. Becke, determination of refractive indices, Ber. Ak. Wieu, 102 (1), 358, 1893; also deter- mination by interference-figures, etc., Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 415, 1895.
Bertrand, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 219, 1897. Wallerant, rapid determination in rocks, ibid., 21, 268, 1898.
Many optical determinations with analyses are given by Fouque, Bull. Soc. Min., 17, 283-611, 1894. See also Brogger. Eruptivgesteine d. Kristiauiagebietes, 1894-98; also many memoirs on petrography (Jb. Miu., Min. petr. Mitth., et al.).
Discussion of composition of plagioclase feldspars, Rammelsberg, Jb. Min., 2, 165, 1896.
See also the species Albite, Anorthite, Anort7ioclase , Cehian, Microcline, Orthoclase.
FERGUSONITE, p. 729.— From Ceylon, analysis. Prior, Min. Mag., 10, 234, 1893. Examination of gases yielded (helium, etc.), Ramsay, Proc. Roy. Soc., 59, 325, 1896; Ramsay and Travers, ib., 60, 443, 1897. Investigation of eudothermic properties, Ramsay, ib., 62, 325, 1898.
FIEDLEBITE, p. 172. — Description of crystals from Laurion, Greece, Lacroix, C. R., 123, 955, 1896. Also G. F. Herbert Smith, Min. Mag., 12, 107, 1899.
FLUOCERITE, pp. 175, 1034. — Weibull has described a fragment of an hexagonal crystal from Osterby (cf. anal., Min., p. 175) with m (1010) and p (1122) ; mp 51°, whence a -.1 — 1 : 1'06. Optically uniaxial, positive ; e — 0'002 approx. G. For. Forh., 20, 54, 1898.
Fluor-adelite. — See Tilasite.
FLUORITE, pp. 161, 1034. — Sarnthal, Tyrol, crystals described with the form (27*12'5) devel- oped by corrosion, Hofer, Min. petr. Mitth., 12, 500, 1892. On crystals from the Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 252, 1896.
Tenacity investigated, Sella and Voigt, Wied. Ann., 48, 663, 1893.
Anomalous optical characters, Wallerant, Bull. Soc. Min., 21, 44, 1898.
Phosphorescent under the action of X-rays, this is also true of calcite and other species, Bur- bank, Am. J. Sc., 5, 53, 1898.
Refractive indices for long waves, Carvallo, C. R., 116, 1189, 1893; Rubens and Snow, Wied. Ann., 46, 529, 1892.
Dispersion in the infra-red, Paschen, Wied. Ann., 53, 301, 1894.
Photoelectrical properties, Schmidt, Wied. Ann., 62, 407, 1897.
From Quincie, containing free fluorine (anal., G. 3'117), to which the odor on fracture Is due, Becquerel and Moissan, Bull. Soc. Chim., 5, 154, 1891.
On the fluorite deposits of southern Illinois, see S. F. Emnions, Trans. Am. Inst. Mng. Eng., 21, 81, 1892.
Occurs on a large scale at San Roque, Cordoba, Argentina, Valentin, Zs. prakt. Geol., 4, 104,
Folgerite. 8. H. Emmens, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 14, No. 1, 1892.— See Pentlcmdite.
FOSTERITE. p. 450. — Colorless transparent crystals from Monte Somma have been measured by Jolles and analyzed by Thaddeeff, see Arzruni (Zs. Kr., 25, 471, 1895) ; the latter also gives the optic-axial angles and notes twins with (031) as tw. pi.
Analysis, from the crystalline limestone of the Passau graphite region, Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., .28, 145, 1897.
Franckeite. A. W. Stelzner, Jb. Min., 2, 114, 1893.
Massive, with imperfect radiated and foliated structure ; in part in spherules aggregated in
Appendix I. 27
reniform shape. Cleavage perfect in one direction. Somewhat malleable, making a mark on paper. H 2-75. G. 5-55. Luster metallic Color blackish gray to black. Opaque. Composition, Pb5SnaSb2Sia Or 2PbSnS3.PbsSbaS. Analysis by C. Wiukler :
S Sb Sn Pb Fe Zn Gangue
21-04 1051 12-34 50'57 2'48 122 0-71 98-87
Germanium is present in small amount (01 p. c.) ; also about 1 p. c. silver.
B.B. on cliarcoal gives a yellow coating of lead oxide, and farther from the assay one of oxide of antimony. In the open tube yields sulphurous and antimonial fumes. In the closed tube, a slight coating of germanium sulphide if no air is present. Dissolved by nitric acid with the separation of a white powder (oxides of antimony, tin and germanium) ; also readily in ;iqua regia with separation of sulphur.
From the silver-mining region of Las Animas. southeast of Chocaya, Bolivia ; it is locally known as llicteria ; wurtzite is closely associated. Named after the mining engineers, Carl and; Ernst Fraucke.
FRIEDELITE, pp. 46-"), 1035.— From the Sj5 mine, Wermland, Sweden, analysis, IgelstrOm : SiO2 34-36, MnO 45'88. FeO 1'35, CaO T50, MgO 1-50, Mn 2'79, Cl 3'00, H3O 9'00, PaO6 tr. 99 38. G. For. Forh., 14, 505, 1892 ; Zs. Kr., 21, 92, 1892.
Fuggerite. E. WeinscJiexk, Zs. Kr., 27, 577, 1896.
In thick four-sided tabular crystals, probably tetragonal. Cleavage: basal, perfect. H. 6*5. G. 3'18. Color light apple-green; also white and dull. Birefringence very low, for yellow (Na) sensibly isotropic; oona ena 1-691.
Corresponds in composition to a member of the gehlenite-akermanite series (3 Ak : 10 Gehl), but deviates in physical characters. Analysis, E. Mayr:
SiO, AlsOs Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O MnO,K2O insol.
3404 17-97 349 3765 4'89 2'04 tr. 0'12 100'20
Occurs on the contact-zone adjoining the monzonite of the Monzonithal; in part as a micro- scopic constituent, in part in nests of crystals, also as a coarse-granular aggregate with calcite.
GADOLINITE, pp. 509, 1035. — Crystals from the Harz described by Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 438, 1896.
GAHNITE, pp. 223, 1035. — Occurs in Raglan township, Renfrew Co., Ontario, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 9, 15R, 1896.
GALENA, p. 48. — Cryst. — From Neudorf with the new form (551), Cesaro, Zs. Kr., 20, 468, 1892. From the Harz, Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 16, 1896. On the octahedral cleavage of a variety from Nil-St. -Vincent containing tellurium, Cesaro, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 19, Bull, 76, 1892. Freiberg, new form (447). Cesaro. Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 24, Ixxix, 1898.
From Broken Hill, N. S. W., containing 15'5 p. c. Zn, Liversidge, Proc. Roy. Soc., K S. "W., 29, 320, 1895. Cubic crystals stated to be from Bingham, Utah, gave Hartley 4'97 p. c. Zn, Miers> Min. Mag., 12, 112, 1899.
GAKNET, pp. 437, 1035. — Pyrope of cubic form occurs in the diamond sands of Agua Sugar Minns Geraes, Brazil, Hussak, Ann. Mus. Wien, 6, 113 (not.), 1891.
Optical investigation of crystals from many localities with references to the recent literature (since 1882, cf. Min., p. 439), etc., Klein, Jb. Min., 2. 68, 1895, also Ber. Ak. Berlin, 723, 1895; 676, 1898. See also Brauns, Opt. Anom., 1891, p. 133; Karnojitsky, Vh. Min. Ges., 34, 1, 1896; Fedorow, Zs. Kr., 28, 276, 1897.
Optical character of pyreneite corresponding to that of an orthorhombic crystal, Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 293, 1891. Same of melanite from Algeria, Gi-ntil. Bull. Soc. Min., 17, 269, 1894? of crystals from Affaccata, Elba, G. D'Achiardi, Annal. Univ. Tosc. 20, 1896.
Orossularite, analysis of an apple-green variety resembling jnde, found as a water-worn peb' ble near Eltoro, California, F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 50, 76, 1895. Analyses, Rothenkopf, Zillerthal, Schnerr, Zs. Kr., 27, 431, 1896.
Almandite, analysis, Sydney, N. S. W., H. G. Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc., N. S. W., 28, 47, 1894.
Andradiie from nephelite-syenite of Dungannou, Hastings Co., Ont., with 1*08 p. c. Ti02 , Adams and Harrington, Am. J. Sc., 1, 217, 1896. Italian Peak, Gunuison Co., Colo., Eakins, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 112, 1893.
Topazolite, Melanite, analyses, Piners, Zs. Kr., 22, 479, 1894.
Pyrope, etc., chemical composition discussed with analysis, C. v. John, Jb. G. Reichs.. 42, 53,
Spessartite, analyses from Llano Co., Texas, W. H. Melville, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 90, 40. 1892. Silberberg near Bodenmais, analysis, Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 25, 357, 1895. Aschaffenburg (analy- sis by Welir and Schroder), Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 28, 162, 1897. Caprera, Sardinia, Lovlsato, Rend. Accad. Line., 5 (1). 56, 1896.
Appendix I.
Analyses by Wait of varieties fiom Canada, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 16R, 1892-93. Discussion of composition witli analyses, K. H. Schnerr, Inaug. Diss. Munich, 1894 abstract in Jb. Mm., 1, 432 ref., 1897.
Occurrence in tbe dune sands of Holland (analysis), Retgers, Jb. Min., 1, 16, 1895.
Discussion of relation of subspecies, Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 25, 365, 1895.
Hrubsciiitz, altered to diopside, hornblende, and plagioclase, Barvif, Ber. Bourn. Ges., May 19,
o.
Artificial formation of melanite, Michel, C. R., 115, 830, 1892.
Rhodolite is a variety from Mason's Branch, Macou Co., N. C., described by Hidden and Pratt (Am. J. Sc., 5, 294, 1898). Characterized by its rose like color and brilliant luster by reflected light. Occurs in rolled pieces and etched fragments. G. 3-838. Composition corresponds to 2 molecules of pyrope, MgaAUfSiOa , and 1 of almandite, Fe3Ala[SiO4]3. Analysis, Pratt:
Bi03
AlaO3
Fe2O3
FeO
MgO
CaO
0 92 100-32
Lagoriolite (Lagoriolith) is an artificial compound obtained by Morozewicz, corresponding in composition to a soda-variety of grossular garnet; formula (Naa ,Ca)3A]2[SiO4]3 , with Na5 : Cq 3:2. An analysis (deducting 14'8 p. c insol.) gave: SiOa 39'6, A12O3 21'4, CaO 14*2, Na2O 23'6, SO3 1'2 100. The crystals obtained seemed to be isometric in form (100 and 110), but showed optical anomalies, twinning, etc., analogous to some garnet, also particularly to uoselite and hatiyuite. Named after Professor A. Lagorio. Min. petr. Mitth., 18, 147, 1898.
Schneebergite of Brezina is shown by Eakle and Muthmann to be a garnet of the topazolite type in octahedral form. Am. J. Sc , 50, 244, 1895; Zs. Kr., 24, 583, 1895.
Ramatite is a supposed new mineral from the damourite of Bliaberg, Rnnsat, Wermlaud, Sweden, described by Igelstrom (G. For. F6rh., 18, 41, 1896). It is shown by Weibu'.i (ibid., 20, 53, 1898) to be an impure manganesiau garnet.
GAUNIERITE, p. 676. — N. Caledonia, analysis of a related silicate, Pisani, Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 48, 1892. Various nickel silicates have been examined by H. v.' Foullon, Jb. G. Reichs., 42, 223*
GAY-LTJSSITE, p. 301.— Crystals described from Borax Lake, San Bernardino Co., Cal. (Fiet 1-3). G. 1-992. J. H. Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 2, 130, 1896.
Occurs in a confused crystalline mass at the borax locality in San Bernardino Co., Cal., Am. J. Sc., 43, 540, 1892, Mng. Sc. Press, March 26, 1892.
On the artificial formation, A. de Schulten, C. R., 123, 1023, 1896.
GEHLENITB, p. 476.— Occurs in limestone of the Kaiserstuhl, Brauns, Jb. Min., 1, 81, 1899.
See also Fuggerite.
Geikielite. L. Fletcher, Nature, 46, 620, Oct. 27, 1892. A. Dick, Min. Mag., 10, 145, 1893.
Massive; in rolled pebbles. Cleavage: in one direction perfect; also imperfect in another, nearly normal to it. Brittle. H. =6. G. 3'98-4. Luster metallic-adamantine on the cleavage- face Color bluish or brownish black; microscopic fragments transmit a purplish-red light. Optically uniaxial, negative. Birefringence high.
Composition, essentially magnesium titanite, MgTiO3. Analysis, Dick :
TiO, 67-74 MgO 28'73 FeO 3'71 100-38
B.B. infusible; reacts for titanium with salt of phosphorus. Slowly decomposed by hot hydrochloric acid if in fine powder.
Obtained from the gem mines of Rakwana, Ceylon, a locality which has also furnished baddeleyite. Named after Sir Archibald Geikie, Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.
Gersbyite. L. J. Igelstrom, Zs. Kr., 28, 310, 1897. Occurs in pale-blue to deep-blue grains embedded in quartzose damourite-schist at Dicksberg, Wermland, Sweden. Closely resembles
Appendix I. 29
lazulite and is near it iu composition. One of several analyses gave: PaOs 32*26, A1SO3 46'68, CaO.FeO.MnO 6 -66, MgO 5-33, H2O 9'07 100.
GERSDOHFFITE, p. 90. — Occurs in octahedral crystals in Denison township, Algoma district, Ontario (analysis by Johnston), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 22R. Also on Kootenay Moun- tain, near Rossland, British Columbia, ibid., 9, 15R, 1896. Analysis from Goslar in the Harz, Klockmanu, Zs. prukt. Geol., 1, 387, 1893.
GIBBSITE, p. 254 —Artificial formation of crystals, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 157,
GxLsoNiTE. — See Uintaite.
GISMONDITE, p. 586. — Occurrence in basalt, St.-Agreve, Ardeche, France, Gonnard, C. R., 117, 590, 1893.
GLAUBERITE, p. 898. — Description and measurements of crystals from Westeregeln, W. von Schulz, Vh. Min. Ges., 30, 75, 1893.
Glaucochroite. S. L. Penfield and C, H. Warren, priv. contr.
Orthorhombic. In embedded prismatic crystals without distinct terminations. Prismatic angle m m 47° 30'. Twins with the brachydome (Oil) as tw. plane, the vertical axes crossing at an angle of 58°30' (microscope). Axes a : b : c 0'44 : 1 : 0'56. H. about 6. G. 3'407. Color a delicate bluish-green like some beryl.
Composition, CnMnSiO4, analogous to the Chrysolite Group ; corresponds to a manganese monticellite. Analysis, Warren :
SiO2 MnO CaO PbO
31-48 38-00 28-95 1-74 100-17
B B fuses quietly at 3-5. Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid and yields gelatinous silica upon evaporation. Reacts for manganese with borax.
Occurs at Franklin Furnace, N. J., with nasonite, brown garnet, axinite and a little frank- linite. Named from yXavKoS, blue-green, and XPoa> color, in allusion to its color.
GLAUCONITE, p. 683.— Extensive beds occur in Spottsylvania and Stafford Cos., Va., analysis, Corse and Baskerville, Am. Ch. J., 14, 627, 1892.
In Woodburn, Antrim, Ireland, analysis, Hoskins, Geol. Mag., 2, 317, 1895.
General discussion of composition, origin, etc., Giimbel, Ber. Ak. Mtinchen, 26, 545, 1896; also Glinka, Zs. Kr., 30, 390, 1898.
GLAUCOPHANE, p. 399. — Investigation of etching-figures, R. A. Daly, Proc. Am. Acad. Sc., 34, 404, 1899.
Analysis, Beaume, Dora Riparia, Colomba, Att. Accad. Torino, 29, 404, 1893.
Rhodusite is a variety of glaucophane described by Foullon as occurring in the Eocene Flysch rocks of the island Rhodus. It is characterized by a fibrous asbestus-like structure. Colo? lavender-blue. Analysis of purified material gave :
SiOa A1203 Fe,O3 FeO . MgO CaO Na,O K,O H2O 55-03 0-49 15-47 7'39 11'48 0'98 6'38 0'80 1'98 100
This corresponds to a glaucophane, in which FeaOs has taken the place of AlaO. Ber. Ak. Wien, 100 (1), 176, 1891 See also Crossite.
GLOCKERITE, p. 970. — An orange-yellow ocherous basic ferric sulphate from Parys Mount, Anglesea, analyzed by Church, corresponds nearly to 2Fe2O3.SO3.8H.,O. Loss of HSO at 100° 13-51 p. c., on moderate ignition 12'85r Glockerite is 2FeaOs.SO3.6H5O. Min. Mag., 11, 13, 1895.
GMELINITE, p. 593. — Crystals from Montecchio Maggiore, described with new forms (2130), (2133), (1233), Artini, Giorn. Min., 2, 262, 1891.
GOLD, p. 14. — Crystals from the Ural, described, new form (811), Jeremejev, Vh. Min. Ges., Prot., 33, 60, 1895.
Crystalline structure of nnggets investigated by Liversidge, Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W., 31, 70, 1897 (read Oct. 3, 1894). Discussion as to the origin of moss gold and of gold nuggets, Liver- sidge, Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W., 27, 287, 303, Sept. 6, 1893.
Gold containing palladium occurs in the Caucasus, Th. Wilm, Zs. anorg. Chem., 4, 300, 1893.
Occurs in California with albite, barite, calcite, etc., Turner, Am. J. Sc., 47, 467, 1894.
Appendix I.
On the gold fields of the Southern Appalachians, G. F.Becker, 16th Ann. Kept. U. S. G. Surv., Part II, 18i>4. Of Transvaal, the same, 18th Ann. Kept. U. S G. Surv., Part V, 1896. Of Alaska, the same, 18th Ann. Kept. U. S. G. Surv., Part III (also Map of Alaska, etc., S. F. Emmons, U. S. G. Surv., 1898). Of Georgia, Geol. Surv. Georgia, Bulletin 4A, Yeates, McCallie and King, 1896. On the mining region of Cripple Creek, Colorado, Cross and Penrose, 16th Ann. Kept. U. S. G. Surv., Part II.
The world's production of gold has increased at a very remarkable rate during the past decade. In 1890 the value of the total amount produced (see Min., p. 19) was less than 120 million dollars; in 1896 it was about 200 millions, in 1897 237 millions, and the amount estimated for 1898 is upwards of 280 millions. Of this increase, South Africa has contributed relatively the largest amount. For the United States the amount for 1898 is nearly 66 millions, or double that of 1890; for Colorado the amount has increased from 4 millions in 1890 to more than 24 millions for 1898, chiefly through the productivity of the Cripple Creek mines. Canada's amount for 1898 is 14 millions, of which it is estimated that the Klondike region on the tributaries of the Yukon river has yielded 12 millions.
Goldschmidtite. W. H. Hobbs, Am. J. Sc., 7, 357, 1899.
Monocliuic. Axes d :S: i 1-8561 :1: 1-2980; /? 89C 11' 100A001. Forms a (100), b (010),
e (001); g (310), / (210), m (110), t (370), I (130); y (508), (101), 7t(201), r(703), to (401), 9(801), x (io-0'1), 35-0-1), 5(101), N(20l), W(l01),X(W 0-1), Z(14-(M); A; (032). Angles: am - *61° 41', mm'" 123° 22', at 54° 29', a' 8 *55° 35', an 35° 17', a'N 35° 50', ae 89° 11' (mean derived (following Hobbs) from the measured angles : as 54° 57', a'/S 55° 35' and an 34° 13', a'N= 34° 58). In form related to calaverite).
Crystals prismatic b. Twins common, tw. plane a (100) (Fig. 2).
Cleavage, b (010) perfect. Brittle. H. 2. G. 8'6 (estimated). Luster metallic. Color silver- white. Streak dull grayish black. Opaque.
Composition, AuaAgTe8. Analysis (on O'l gram):
Te [59-64] Au 31'41 Ag 8'95 100
B.B. fuses easily on charcoal, giving a bluish-green flame (Te) and yielding a white sublimate of tellurium oxide with a yellowish-white button of gold and silver.
Occurs sparingly at the Gold Dollar mine in Arequa Gulch, Cripple Creek district, Colorado. Named after Professor Victor Goldschmidt of Heidelberg.
See also Calaverite and Krennerite.
Gonnardite. A. Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 4'26, 1896. Min. France, 2, 279, 1896.
Ortliorhombic ? In spherules with fibrous structure. H. 4'5-5. G. 2'246-2'26 ; 2'357 Gonnard. Color white. Luster silky. Translucent. Optically biaxial, positive. Bxa and ax. pi. parallel to the fibers. Ax. angle very small.
Composition, (Ca,]Naa)aAl2Si6O,6 + 5".}HaO with Ca:Naa 5>3. Analysis, Pisani, quoted by F. Gonnard, C. R, 73, 1448, 1871 :
SiO, A12O, CaO NaaO K3O HaO
42-3 28-1 10-0 6-7 tr. 14-1 101-2
From cavities in the doloritlc basalt of Gignat, Puy-de-D6me and elsewhere in the same region ; early analyzed by Pisani, 1. c. ; in Dana's Min. (p. 606) provisionally referred to mesolite. Named after M. Gonnard of Lyons, France.
GOSLAKITE, p. 939. — Occurs in white silky fibrous masses at Altenberg (anal.). x, 7
Graff, Jb.
G5THITE, pp. 247, 1036.— Optical investigation of crystals from Ouro Preto, Brazil, giving results differing from those of Palla. Ax. pi. a (100) for red, (001) for green (and yellow); optically negative for both colors. 2Er 58° 31', 2Egr 67° 42'. ft 2'5. Pelikan, Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 1, 1894.
The ocherous variety abundant at Mesabi, Minnesota, has been called mesabite by H V Winchell, Trans. Am. Inst. Mng. Eng., 21, 661, 1893.
GRAHAMITE, p. 1020. — A related mineral substance occurs at various points in Texas, cf. Dumi.Ie, Trans. Amer. Inst. Mug. Eng., 21, 602, 1892.
Oriidu discussed (derived like albertite, uintahite, etc., from the oxidation of petroleum), I. C. White, Bull. G. Soc. Amer., 10, 277, 1897.
Appendix I. 31
GRAPHITE, pp. 7, 1036. — The relations of the different forms of carbon are discussed by Moissan, Anu. Ch. Phys., 8, 289, 306, 466, 1896, and C. R., 121, 538, 540, 1895. Also by Luzi, Ber. Ch. Ges., 24, 4085, 1891, 25, 214, 1378, 1892, 26, 890, 1893; Zs. Nat. Halle, 64, 224 ; B.-H. Ztg,, 52, 12, 1893 (cf. Jb. Min., 2, 241 ref., 1893). Finally by Weinscheuk, Zs. Kr., 28, 291, 1897. Oraphitite of Luzi (1. c.), a supposed new form of amorphous carbon (cf. Zs. Kr., 24, 639), is shown by Weinschenk to have no real distinctive characters.
On the graphite and associated minerals of the Passau region in Bavaria, see Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 28, 135, 1897.
Graphitite. — See Graphite.
GREENOCKITE, pp. 69, 1036. — Occurs with wurtzite and smithsonite at the Lliderich mine, near Bensberg, Souheur, Zs. Kr., 23, 549, 1894. Also at Laurioh, Greece, (analysis,) as a yellow pulverulent incrustation on an amber-colored smithsouite (with 2'70 CdO), A. C. Christomanos, Min. petr. Mitth., 16, 360, 1896; C. R., 123, 62, 1896.
Grunlingite. W. Muthmann and E. Schroder, Zs. Kr., 29, 144, 1897.
Rhoinbohedral? Massive, with one distinct cleavage; resembling tetrady mite. G. 7'321. Color gray, tarnishing black.
Composition, Bi4TeS3 or BiTe.S) with Te : S 1 : 3 ; this requires, tellurium 12-0, sulphur 9'1, bismuth 78'9 100. Analyses :
Te 12-82 89-31 Bi 79 -31 101 -44
12-66 9-40 78-82 100'88
From Cumberland, England ; an approximate analysis was earlier made bv Rammelsberg (Min. Ch., p. 5, 1875).
Guanabacoite, Guanabaquite. — See Quartz.
GUARINITE, p. 717. — The absence of titanium, early shown by Mauro, is confirmed by O. Rebuffat. Analysis gave :
SiOa Y,O,(?) Fe,O3 A12O, CeaO3 , CaO Na3O KaO
34-84 1-23 1-69 25'37 3'45 25'20 6'57 1'56 99'91
Calculated formula: 2(Na,K)aO.8CaO.5(Al,Fe,Ce).,O3.10SiO1,. Lab. Chim. Napoli, 1894; abstract in Zs. Kr., 26, 219, 1896.
GTJMMITE (Eliasite), p. 892. — Investigations of gases yielded, Lockyer, Proc. Roy. Soc., 59, 1,
Gunnarite. O. Landstrom, G. FOr. F5rh., 9, 368, 1887. A briefly described nickel-iron sulphide containing S45p. c., Ni 22, Fe 33; formula suggested 3FeSa.2NiS. Color tin-white with tinge of yellow, tarnishing yellowish brown. G. 4 -4. Not magnetic. Dissolves with difficulty in hydrochloric acid; more easily in aqua regia with separation of sulphur. Occurs embedded in pyrrhotite at Rud, parish of Skedevi, OstergStland.
GYPSUM, p. 933. — Cryst. — Discussion of symbols of doubtful forms, Cesaro, Bull. Ac. Belg., 29, 385, 1895. Crystals from Girgeuti with (350), Kraatz, Zs. Kr., 27, 604, 1896. Harz, forms (510), (350), etc., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 377, 1896. From the environs of Paris, forms (203), (Oil), (031), (211), (549), (15-21-26), Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 21, 39, 1898, and N. Arch. Mus. Paris, 9, 201.
On cleavage-planes, Cesaro, Ann. Soc. G. Bole;., Mem., 22, 23, 1895.
On gliding-planes, Nies, Zs. Kr., 30, 662, 1899
On etching-figures, Viola, Zs. Kr., 28, 573, 1897 ; also K. von Kraatz, Zs. Kr., 30, 662, 1899. Corrosion-figures due to loss of water, Sohncke, Zs. Kr. , 30, 1, 1898.
Analysis of saline water contained in cavities in crystals from Sicily, Hj. Sjogren. Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 277, 1893.
On the formation of incrustations in caves, G. P. Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, 77, 1894.
Gigantic crystals have been obtained from a cave at South Wash, Wayne Co., Utah, see Talmage, Science, 21, p. 85, Feb. 17, 1893. On the occurring forms including (450) or (340) and (013), see Moses, School Mines Q., 14. 325, 1893; also G. O. Smith, Johns Hopkins Univ., 112, May, 1894.
Crystals containing fine sand, about 50 p. c.. occur at Carcote, Bolivia, Pohhnann, Vh. Ver. Santiago, 2, 238, 1892. Also others similar from the Astrakan steppes described by Doss, Zs. G. Ges., 49, 143, 1897.
Hainite. Jot. Blumrich, Min. petr. Mitth., 13, 472, 1893.
Triclinic. In slender needles and plates. Twins tw. pi. a (100). Angles ah 78° 14', b A hko, =3H°. Cleavage : 6 (010) rather perfect: " (100) faintly indicated. Brittle. H. 5. G..
Appendix I.
3-184. Luster vitreous to adamantine. Color wiae-yellow, honey-yellow, colorless. Optically -f-. Ax. pi. 5 and oblique to a. Ax. angle large. Dispersion strong ; p Birefringence low ; y— a 0'012. Pleochroism not marked ; t 6 a.
Qualitative trials make it a silicate of sodium, calcium, titanium and zirconium ; probably allied to wohlerite, mosandrite, lavenite, etc.
Occurs in crystals in cavitities, and in embedded needles or plates of the groundmass of the phonolite of the Hone Hain, near Mildenau in northern Bohemia.
HALITE, pp. 154, 1036.— Description of crystals (artif.) with 7t (410), n (211). p (221), r (332). Traube, Jb. Min., 2, 163, 1892. Staruuia, crystals with the rare form (210), Pelikau, Min. petr. Mitth., 12, 48'!, 1892.
Capillary relations of costal faces with reference to the mother liquor (also of sylvite), - Bereut, Zs. Kr., 26, 529, 1896.
Investigation of tenacity, Sella and Voigt, Wied. Ann., 48, 636, 1893. Refractive indices for long waves, Rubens and Snow, Wied. Anu., 46, 529, 1892. Dispersion in the infra-red, Paschen, Wied. Ann., 53, 337, 1894. Dispersion and absorption, Rubens and Trowbridge, Wied. Ann., 60, 724, 1897; Am. J. Sc., 5, S3, 1898.
The skeleton crystals of calcite (resembling chiastolitet embedded in black slate at West Springfield, Mass, (and at other points), and variously interpreted (see Min., p. 222), are shown to be pseudomorphs after salt by Emerson, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 126, 145, 1895.
HAMLINITE, p. 762.— Occurs in crystals (Fig. 1) with the forms r (1011), f (0221) associated with bertrandite iu Oxford Co., Maine ; these (G. =3-159-3-283) have been analyzed by Pen field (Am. J. Sc., 4, 313, 1897) and the unknown composition of the mineral thus determined, viz.: AlsSr(OH)7PaO7 or [Al(OH)J,[SrOH]P,OT. In 2, the SiOa, FeaO,, KaO, NaaO
Hamlinite.
have been deducted as impurities.
PaO6 AlaO, SrO BaO HaO F
1. |28-92 32-30 18'43 4'00 12'00 1 -93 SiO, 0'96, KaO 0'34, NaaO 0'40, FeaO3 0-90=100-18
[(lessO 0-81) 99 -37
2. 30-20 32-67 19'25 4'18 12'53 2 -01 100-84 (less O 0 -84) 100
Hancockite. 8. L. Penfleld and C. H. Warren, priv. contr.
Monoclinic. In very small, lath-shaped crystals and crystal aggregates. Habit like that of epidote. Forms a (100), c (001), (101), r (101) and n (ill). Approximate measurements of the angles gave values near those of epidote. Color of the mass brownish red ; of an isolated crystal under the microscope, golden-brown for rays vibrating parallel to the axis of symmetry and somewhat variable for the direction at right angles to this. A crystal shows a delicate greenish-brown color near the termination and a pale rose at the attached end. Ax. pi. b (010). 2V= 50° approximately. Cleavage basal. H. 6-7. G 4'03.
Analysis (Warren) as yet incomplete, but shown to be a silicate of aluminum, ferric iron, lead, calcium and strontium. Yields a small amount of water and may be expected to conform to the general formula of the epidote group. Fusible B.B. with intumescence at 3 to a black globule. Alone on charcoal becomes magnetic. With soda on charcoal gives a coating of lead oxide. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid, but after fusion dissolves and yields gelatinous silica upon evaporation.
Occurs at Franklin, N. J., with clinohedrite, axinite, garnet, phlogopite, willemite, roeblingite, native lead and copper. Named after Mr. E. P. Hancock of Burlington, N. J.
HANKSITE, p. 920. — Borax Lake, San Bernardino Co., Cal., analyses (deducting insol., 0'19, 0-121 p. c.), J. H. Pratt : 1.
Tabular crysl. Prismatic crytt. , Fig. 1
So,
Co,
NaaO
K
2-485 100 2-40 100
m
The chlorine is shown to be essential, and the following formula is obtained : 9NaaSO4.2NaaCO3.KCl. Indices (Na): GO =1-4807. e 1-4614. Am. J. Sc., 2, 133, 1896. On the formation of artificial crystals, A de Schulteu, C. R., 123, 1325, 1896.
Hardystonite. /. E. Wolff, Proc. Amer. Acad. Sc., 34, 479, 1899.
Tetragonal. In eranular masses showing good cleavages c (001), also secondary Hanksite. cleavages a (100) and m (110). H. 3-4 G. 3 396. Luster vitreous. Color white. Opti- tically uniaxial, negative. Birefringence high.
Appendix I. 33
Composition essentially CaaZnSiaO7 or 2CaO.ZnO.2SiO2 ; perhaps related to ganomalite <Min., p. 422). Manganese replaces part of the zinc and magnesium of the calcium. Analysis (also others less complete) :
SiOa ZnO MnO CaO MgO FeaO3 Ign.
38-10 24-30 1-50 33'85 1'62 0'57 0-52 100-46.
B B. fuses with difficulty to a cloudy glass, giving a red calcium flame ; on charcoal glows ana yields a sublimate of zinc oxide. Gelatinizes easily with hydrochloric acid.
Obtained from the North Hill miue at Franklin Furnace, N. J. Occurs in a fine granular bunded ore associated with willemite, rhodonite and franklinite. Named from the township in which the locality is situated.
HARMOTOME, p. 581. — Analysis from the Beaver mine, Thunder Bay district, Ontario, Hoff- mann, liep. G. Canada, 5, 16R, 1889-90.
Hastingsite. F. D. Adams and J. B. Harrington, Am. J. Sc., 1, 210, 1896. — See Amphibole.
Hauchecornite. Scheibe, Zs. G. Ges., 40, 611, 1888; Jb. preuss. G. Land., 1891, p. 91.
Tetragonal. Axis c 1-05215 ; 001 A 101 (ce) 46° 27J'. Forms: a (100), c (001), m (110), e (101), s (112), p (111). Angles : cp 56° 6', me *59° 10'. In tabular crystals, pyramidal or short prismatic. H. =5. G. 6'4. Luster metallic. Color light bronze-yellow.
Composition, (Ni,CoVS,Sb,Bi)e. Analyses, 1, R. F.ischer ; 2, 3, Hesse ; 4, Fraatz :
S Bi Sb As Ni Co Fe Zn Pb
22-71 24-06 5-69 1-96 41 -08 2'83 0'89 0'12 0'64 99'98
22-88 24-51 6'74 0'90 45'05 0'70 0'27 0-03 101-08
22-62 23-72 6 '23 0'45 45 -88 0'82 0-17 — — 99 -88
22-71 24-74 3-14 3-04 45'26 tr. — Cu 0'09 98'98
Occurs with millerite, bismuthinite, etc., in cavities in siderite at the Friedrich mine, near Hamm a. d. Sieg, Prussia.
HAUSMANNITE, pp. 230, 1036. — Ilmenau, analyses, Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. China., 9, 653, 1893.
Hautefeuillite. Michel, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 38, 1893, and C. R., 116, 600, 1893.
Monoclinic. In lamellar masses with radiated structure : these are made up of minute pris- matic- crystals with the forms a (100), b (010), m (110).
Cleavage : b perfect. H. 2'5. G. 2'435. Colorless. Transparent. Optically-}-. Ax. pi. 6. Bxa inclined 45° to a. 2Ey 88°. ?iy 1'52. Dispersion p v ; inclined strong.
Composition, (Mg,Ca)3PaO8 + 8H,O. This is like bobierrite except in the calcium present. The two minerals also differ optically. Analysis :
P2OS MgO CaO H,O
34-52 25-12 5'71 34-27 99'62
B.B. exfoliates and fuses to a greenish-white globule. Dissolves with difficulty in acids. Occurs with apatite, monazite and pyrite at the mines of Odegaarden, Bamle, Norway. Named after M. Hautefeuille.
HATJYNITE, p. 431. — A variety from the Kaiserstuhl exhibits phosphorescence, Brauns, Jb. Min., 1, 84, 1899.
Heazlewoodite. W. F. Pctterd, Catalogue of Minerals of Tasmania, p. 47, 1896. A sulphide of nickel and iron related to pentlandite, occurring in narrow bands in the serpentine of Heazlewood, Tasmania. Color light yellow-bronze ; streak light bronze. Highly magnetic. H. 5. G. 4'61. Rich in nickel, up to 38 p. c., but not analyzed.
HEDENBERGITE. — See Pyroxene.
HEDYPHANE, p. 775. — Occurs in distinct crystals at the Hars- tig mine, Norway, with tephroite in calcite. Hexagonal ; forms : m, c, r, x, a (3032), y, v, s; axis c 0-7063, or near that of apa- tite. Cleavage x (lOll). Hj. Sjogren, G. For. Forh., 14, 250, 1892 ; Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 11, 1893.
HEINTZITE, p. 885.— Crystals from Westeregeln examined by TT / ,
Bucking, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 58, 1895. Hedyphane.
Luedecke remarks on the identity of heintzite, hintzeite and kaliborite (Min., p. 885), Zs. Ges. Nut. Halle, 64, 423, 1892.
Appendix I.
HELVITE, p. 434. — Schwarzenberg, associated with fluorite, scheelite, etc. Analysis after deducting fluorite (corresponding to 3'16 p. c. CaO) : SiO-, 39-33, FeO 4'45, MuO 44 -43, BeO 14 92, A13O, 0-77, S 5'03 102 93. G. 3'202. Miers and Prior, Miu. Mag., 10, 13, 1892.
Discussion of composiiion with the conclusion that the ratio Be : Mn -f Fe + Zu is constant, 1:1; hence the formula 3Be(Mn,Fe,Zu)SiO<+(Mn,Fe,Zn)S, Retgers, Zs. phys. Ch., 20, 488, 1896
HEMATITE, pp. 213, 1037. — Cryst. study, Fraraont, Schweitzer [Inaug. Diss. , Strassburg, r., 24, 627, 1895. Crystals from Puy de la Tache, Mont Dore, with new forms.
Artificial crystals with n (0115), etc., Doss, Zs. Kr., 20,
1892], Zs. Kr
F. Gonnard, C. li., 126, 1048, 1898.
567, 1892.
Refractive indices measured, mean value for A 2'834, for <72'964, Willfing, Min. petr. Mitth., 15, 68, 1895.
Occurrence of hematite and martite ores in Mexico, Hill, Am. J. Sc., 45, 111, 1893.
On the action of a powerful magnet upon minerals containing iron, as hematite, limonite, siderite, franklinite, etc., see Wilkens and Nitze, Trans. Am. Inst. Mng. Eug. , 26, 351, Feb., 1896.
HERCYNITE, p. 223. — From the Veltlin forming a granular aggregate with corundum, sillimanite, etc., analysis by Linck, after deducting 2'8 p. c. pyrrkotite : AlaOj 61-21, FeaOs 3-18, FeO 25-98, MgO 9-63 100. Ber. Ak. Berlin, 47, 1893.
HEKDERITE, p. 760. — Shown by Penfield (Am. J. Sc., 47, 329, 1894) to be monoclinic in crystal- lization. Axes d : b : k 0-63075 : 1 : 0'42742 ; ft *89° 54' for crystals from Paris, Me. Forms : a (100), b (010), e (001) ; m (110), I (120), ft (130) ; d (101), e (302), e (302), & (301) : u (Oil), t (032), (031), (061) ; r (112), p (111), q (332), n (331). o (441), q (332), n (331) ; k (122), w (3-12-4), r (121), x (362), z (394), p (391). Also y (131 or 131). Angles mm'" 64° 29', et *45° 25', bv *37" 57'.
Paris.
Hebron.
Figs. 4-6, Stoneham.
Greenwood.
Greenwood.
Appendix I.
Crystals sometimes monoclinic in habit (Paris), but commonly penetration-twins with c as tw. pi. and then pseudo orthorhombic, analogous to stilbite (Figs. 4, 5). Sections J b (010) show inclined extinction ; c A c — Bx0 A c — 2A° for Na. Dispersion inclined, distinct. 1O-
ft 1 -632, 2H 70" 44' and . '. 2Va 71° 59' for Nn, Paris. Also ft - 1-612, 2Ha 66° 0', . -. 2Va 68° 7'. again 2Ea 128° 25' for Na, Stoneham. Sections of twins show mono- clinic character (Figs. 10, 11 (cf. Fig. 5)).
The composition is shown to vary accord- ing to the relative amounts of fluorine and hydroxyl present, the general formula being Ca[Be(F,OH)]PO4. The pure fluor-Tierderite has not been noted as yet, but the Stoneham
Stoneham.
mineral is a hydro-fluor-herderite, while that from Paris (new local.) and Hebron is hydro-herderite as shown below. Greenwood is another new locality affording both kinds. Analyses, 1, 2, H. L. Wells, quoted by Penfield, also Am. J. Sc., 44, 114, 1892. Anal. 2 after deducting 5'27 insol.
G. P,O5 BeO CaO HaO F
Paris 2-952 44 05 16-13 34'04 5'85 - insol. 0*44 100-51
Hebron 2'975 43 08 16'18 [84-35] 6'15 0'42 100-18
HESSITE, pp. 47, 1037. — San Sebastian distr., Jalisco, Mexico, analysis by J. S. de Benneville, quoted by Genth and Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 43, 187, 1892.
Occurs in Yale district, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 8, 11R, 1895.
HETEROMORPHITE, p. 122. — See Plagionite.
HEULANDITE, p. 574. — Crystals described from Tulferthal, Tyrol, Habert, Zs. Kr., 28, 250, 1897.
Relation in physical characters and composition to brewsterite, stilbite, etc., discussed by Rhine, Jb. Min., 1, 12, 1892.
Analysis from the granite on the Struth, Thuringia, Fomme, Ber. phys.-med. Soc. Erlangen, 25, 1893. Also from Anthracite Creek, Guunison Co., Colo., Eakins, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 90, 62, 1892. From Pula, Sardinia (anal., 2'55 p. c. BaO), Lovisato, Rend. Accad. Line., 6 (1), 260, 1897; Riv. Min. Ital., 18, 33, 1898.
Results of treatment with sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid, Rinne,' Jb. Min., 1, 139, 1896.
HISLOPITE, p. 266. — See Calcite.
Luster glim- Streak slightly lighter. Adheres
Hoeferite. H5ferite, F. Katacr, Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 519, 1895.
Amorphous ; earthy, granular or scaly. H. 1-3. G. 2 "34 (air-dried), mery to greasy. Color siskin-green, also apple- to gi to the tongue.
Composition, 2Fe-,O3.4SiOa.7HaO ; or Fe,O3.SiO2.HaO if the water lost at 120° is neglected Silica 35'2, iron sesquioxide 46'5, water 18'3 100. Hence closely related to chloropal (non- tronite). Analyses :
Fea(V ' AUO-3
45-26 1-11
SiO,
Tgn.
18-15 100-66
18-20 100-72
'Includes a little FeO.
B.B. becomes reddish brown, then dark grayish black, and fuses with difficulty to a black magnetic slag. Insoluble in dilute acids, and only in part decomposed by hot sulphuric acid with separation of pulverulent silica.
Occurs at Kfitz, near Rakonitz, Bohemia, at the formerly worked antimony mines. Named after Professor H. Hoefer of Leoben.
HOPEITE, p. 808. — Crystals described from Moresnet, Belgium, G. Cesaro, Mem. Acad. Belg., 53, 1897.
HUMITE GROUP, p. 535. — Analyses on carefully selected material, identified by crystallographic study, have enabled Penfield and Howe (Am. J. Sc., 47, 188, 1894) to establish the following formulas for the three species of the group :
Chondrodite, Mg,[Mg(F,OH)],[8iO4]i Humite, Mg5rMg(F,OH)]s[SiO4]
Clinohumite, Mg,[Mg(F,OH)]6[SiO4j4
36 Appendix I.
These formulas vary progressively by an increase of one molecule of (MgaSiO4), and this variation is closely connected with the crystallization (see Min., p. 534). The vertical axes are in the ratio of 5:7:9, that is, of the total number of magnesium atoms present. The same result was reached at nearly tlie same time by Hj. Sjogren, Bull. G lust. Upsala, 2, 39-54, 1894.
Penlield and Howe also remarked that another member of the series, having the composition Mg[Mg(F,OH)]8iO4, was to be expected, whose axial ratio should be about 1 -086: 1 : 1 887, ft 90°. This would then give for the vertical axes of the four compounds the ratio of 3 : 5 : 7 : 9 A member of the group having this form was later discovered by Hj. Sjogren and called Prolectite. Though not. yet analyzed, its composition is probably expressed by the formula given above. See Prolectite. Cf. also Lewis, Min. Mag., 11, 137, 1896.
A full study of the form and optical characters of crystals of the three members of the group, humite, chondrodite, clinohumite, has been also given by Sjogren, G. For. Forh., 14, 423, 1892; Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 16-40, 1892.
A humite, occurring in serpentine in the Allalin region, Valais, Switzerland, contains no fluorine, having the composition Mg6(MgOH)a(SiO4)3, see analyses by Jannasch and Locke, Zs. anorg. Ch., 7, 92, 1894; occurrence described by Schafer, Miu. Mitth., 15, 126, 1895.
HURONITE, p. 340. — Investigation, chemical and microscopic, showing it to be a basic plagio- clase, more or less altered to saussurite. Barlow, Ottawa Naturalist, 9, 25 ; Jb. Min., 1, 430 ref.,
Hydrocalcite. K. Kosmann, B.-H. Ztg., No. 38, 1892 ; Zs. G. Ges., 44, 155, 1892; Jb. Min., 1, 260 ref., 1894. A soft white pulpy substance occurring in a limestone cave at Wolmsdorf, Glatz, Silesia. Dried over sulphuric acid, it yields the composition CaCO(OH)4 or CaCO3.2H2O. When free from water it forms a "Bergmilch," containing needle-like crystals with strong double refraction. The author would regard the " Bergmilch " as a third form of calcium carbonate.
HYDROFRANKLINITE, p. 259. — See Chalcophanite.
HYDROGIOBERTITE, p. 305.— A mineral provisionally referred here, but perhaps new, has been noted by Brugnatelli at the amianthus deposits of Val Brutta. In loose aggregates of pris- matic (orthorhombic) crystals, biaxial with parallel extinction. G. 2'013. Analysis: COa 21 '85, MgO 43-32, HaO 34'32 99'49. Rend. 1st. Lombardo, 30, 1109, 1897, and Riv. Miu. Ital., 18, 44, 1898 ; also Zs. Kr., 31, 54, 1899.
HYBROHERDERITE. — See Herderite.
HTDROZINCITE, p. 299. — Analysis from Bleyberg, Belgium, G. CesaTo, Mem. Acad. Belg.,. 53, 1897.
ICE, p. 205. — Photographs of snow-crystals, G. Nordenskiold, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 59, 1893, and G For. Forh., 20, 163, 1898. Also by W. A. Beutley, noted by J. E. Wolff, Proc. Am. Acad., 33, 431, 1898 and Beutley and Perkins, Pop. Sci. Monthly, May, 1898.
Resemblance of spherical crystals to chondrules in meteorites, Rinne, Jb. Min., 1, 259, 1897.
Plasticity of crystals measured, Milgge, Jb. Min., 2, 211, 1895.
Observed in hollow, hopper-like, hexagonal crystals, Grossmann, Proc. Roy. Soc., 54, 113,
Density determined, E. L. Nichols, Phys. Rev., 8, 21, 1899. The final results for 0° reached are : 0'9181 for natural ice, 0'9161 for artificial ice (obtained with COa and ether).
Iddingsite. A. 0. Lawson, Bull. G. Univ. Cal., 1, 31, 1893. A mineral substance occurring in the c;irmeloite (augite-andesite) of Carmelo Bay, California, probably an alteration-product of chrysolite. Structure lamellar. Cleavage easy a (100) ; also parallel to a brachydome of 80°. H. 2'5. G. variable, 2'839 a maximum. Luster on a (cleavage) bronze-like. Color browu. Optically biaxial. Ax. plane 010 and o (cleavage). Pleochroism on a chestnut- and lemon-yellow. Absorption c a. A silicate of iron, calcium and magnesium. B. B. in- fusible. Finally decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Named after Prof. J. P Iddings of Chicago.
Idrizite. A. Schrauf, Jb. G. Reichs., 41, 379, 1892. A sulphate related to botryogen from the Idria mercury mines in Carniola. Compact to cystalline. Color yellow-gray. H. 3. G. 1829. Analysis gave: SO3 33'94, A12O3 8'59, Fe,O, 8 '70, Fe(Mn)O 3'10, MgO 4'51, H,O 40-80 99-64. The formula (Mg,Fe)(Fe,Al).,SijO13 + 16H2O is deduced. Insoluble in hot or cold water, but soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.
ILATENITE, p. 217. — Discussion of composition leading to formula FeTiO3, Th. Koenig and O. von der Pfordten, Ber. Chem. Ges., 22, 1488, 2070, 1889. This subject has been also treated
Appendix I. 37
by Penfield and Foote. A new analysis (Foote) of the crystallized mineral (G. 4-345) from Layton's Farm, Warwick, N. Y.( gave : TiOa 57'29, SiO2 0'37, FeO 24-15, MgO 15'97, MnO 1-10, Fe2O3 1'87 100-75. This (which confirms the analysis of Rammelsberg) yields the formula RO.TiO2, where R Mg and Fe. Hence it is inferred that the composition should be regarded as an isomorphous mixture of MgO.TiO2 and FeO.TiO2. Am. J. Sc., 4, 108, 1897.
Variety containing 11 -9 (4) p. c. MgO, from the Magnolia district, Colorado, analyzed by Whitaker (G. 4-44), Colorado Sc. Soc., Feb. 5, 1898.
Analysis from Bedford Co., Va., Peck, Am. Ch. J., 19, 232, 1897.
ILVAITE, pp. 541, 1037. — Occurs in crystals with rhodonite (bustamite) at Cap Bon-Garonne, Algeria, Gentil, Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 410, 1895. Also occurs near the head of Barclay Sound, Vancouver Is., Br. Columbia (analysis), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 12R, 1889-90.
INESITE, p. 564. — Crystals from Jakobsberg, Nordmark, Sweden, described by Hamberg, show the forms : a (100), b (010), c (001), d (Oil), g (201), and /(301) new ; analysis, G. Lundell : SiO 42-92, MnO 36-31, PbO 0'73, CiiO 8'68, MgO 0'37, H,O 10'48 (0'62 over H2SO4) 99'49. G. For. Forh., 16, 323, 1894.
IOLITE, p. 419. — Crystals from Selrain, Montavon and the Pitzthal in the Alps, described by GembOck (new forms 350, 120, 160, 501, 351, 261, 281), Zs. Kr.. 29, 305, 1898.
Occurrence in an eruptive rock from S. Africa, Molengraaf, Jb. Min., 1, 79, 1894.
Experimental investigation of conditions of formation in a magma, Morozewicz, Min. petr. Mitth., 18, 22, 1898.
IRON, pp. 28, 1037.— Discussion of twinning structure, Linck, Zs. Kr., 20, 209, 1892 ; Ann. Mus. Wien, 8, 113, 1893. See also papers by Cohen on the investigation of meteoric iron, Ann. Mus. Wien, 7, 143, 1892 ; 9, 97, 1894 ; 12, 42, 119, 1897.
Many papers on meteoric irons have been published (Am. J. Sc., Ann. Mus. Wien, Ber. Ak. Berlin, etc.) See also the classification of meteorites and catalogue of Vienna collection, Brezina, Ann. Mus. Wien, 10, 231, 1895.
Terrestrial native iron occurs in minute spherules in feldspar in Cameron township, Nipissing district. Ontario, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 23R, 1895. Noted also in connection with the coal measures of Missouri, E. T. Allen, Am. J. Sc., 4, 99, 1897.
The Coahuila and Toluca irons yield minute quantities of platinum, also iridium, Davison, Am. J Sc., 7, 4, 1899.
JACKSONITE, p. 531. — Examined by N. H. Winchell, who concludes that it is optically dis- tinct from prehnite and thomsonite, but may perhaps be the same as lintonite (wh. see). Amer. Geol., 23, 250, 1899.
JADETTE. p. 369. — Analyses of chloromelanite, Damour, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 57, 1893. From Mogoung, Burma, analysis, Farrington, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 17, 29, 1894.
Occurrence in Upper Burma described, Noetling, Jb. Miu., 1, 1, 1896 (Rec. G. Surv. India, 26, 26, 1893) ; Bauer, id., p. 18 ; from ".Thibet," Bauer, ib., p. 85.
A soda- pyroxene, allied to jadeite, occurring with allurgite, at St. Marcel, Piedmont, has been investigated by Penfield. Tough, forming an interwoven aggregate of coarse prismatic crystals. Color ash-gray. G. 3 26-3 -88. Analysis (f) : SiO, 54 59, A12O3 9'74, FeaO3 H'99, MnaO, 1-06, MnO 0-58, MgO 5'03, CaO 7'24, Na2O 9'32, K2O 0 24, H2O 0-37 100-16. Am. J. Sc., 46, 291,
JAMESONITE, p. 122. — Occurs in East Kootanie, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 65R. Also from Barrie township, Frontenac Co., Ontario, ib, 6, 30R, 1892-93.
On the historical relations of jamesoniteand heteromorphite, see L. J. Spencer, Min. Mag., 12, 58, 1899. The crystallized jamesonite from Bolivia is stated not to conform to 2PbS.Sb2Ss (Rose's original formula was 3PbS.Sb2S3).
JAROSITE, p. 974.— Occurs in auriferous quartzite at the Buxton mine, Lawrence Co., So. Dakota, W. P. Headden (analysis), Am. J. Sc., 46, 24, 1892. Also at the Jarilla Mts., Dona Ana Co., N. M., Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 44; 255, 1893. At Pisek, Bohemia, in crystals with c, r, s(0221), Krejci, Ber. Ak. Bohm., Feb. 21, 1896.
JARROWITE. — A local name for pseudomorphs of calcite, perhaps after celestite, from the Jar- row Docks, Durham, England ( pseudo-gaylussite, this Appendix, also Min., p. 907). See Miers, Min. Mag., 11, 264, 897.
JEPFERSONITE. — See Pyroxene.
38 Appendix I.
JORDANITE, pp. 141, 1039. — Further description of Binnenthal crystals, monoclinic in sym- metry, with new forms, Baumhauer, Zs. Kr. , 24, 78, 1894.
Josephinite. W. H. Melville, Am. J. Sc., 43, 509, 1892.
Massive, granular, forming the metallic portion of ellipsoidal pebbles whose sp. gravity is 6 -204. Their complex composition is noted below ; the metallic part has the following characters : Mal- leable and sectile. H. 5. Luster metallic. Color gray. Opaque. Magnetic. Composition FeaNi6, Analysis gave (f ) : Fe 23'23, Ni 30-45. A little cobalt, copper and arsenic were also present ; phosphorus was absent.
The pebbles consist of 13'38 p. c. of silicates, of which 12'88 p. c., soluble in HC1. is serpentine; the remainder, insoluble, is perhaps bronzite. A very small amount of chromite, magnetite, pyr- rhotite are also present, further a trace of chlorine (0 04 p c.) of uncertain relations. Occur in the placer gravel of a stream in Josephine and Jackoon counties, Oregon, which it is inferred probably .came from an eruptive dike in the vicinity. Deposits of nickel silicate occur in Douglas Co. to the south of the locality here noted (see Miu., p. 677 ; also awaruite, Min., p. ~9).
KAINITE, p. 918. — Analyses of kainite and other salts from Kalusz and Aussee, C. v. John, Jb. G. Reichs., 42, 341, 1892.
KAINOSITE. — See Cenosite.
Kalgoorlite. E. F. Pittman, Rec. G. S. New South Wales, vol. 5 (separate). Massive. Fracture subconchoidal. Color iron-black. G. 8'791. Composition, HgAuaAgTee. Analysis by J. C. H. Mingaye :
Te S Au Ag Hg Cu
[37-26] 0-13 20-72 30'98 10-86 0*05 100
Occurs at the telluride deposits at Kalgoorlie, West Australia. A yellow gold telluride (G. 9'377) referred to calaverite is associated; this gave Te 56-G5, Au 41-76, Ag 0'80 99'21.
Kaliastrakanite. Kalium-astrakanite, J. K. van Heide, Ber. Ch. Ges., 26, 414, 1893 ; Naupert and Wense, ibid., p. 873. — See Leonite.
Kaliblodite. C. A. Tenne, Zs. G. Ges., 48, 632, 1896.— See Leonite.
Kamarezite. K. Busz, Ber. Ges. Bonn, 50, 83, 1893; Jb. Min., 1, 115, 1895. Orthorhombic? In minute crystals, tabular! & a"d vertically striated ; terminations formed by two domes (assumed as 101 and 201 (d)) ; crystals in cavities of a crystalline mass. Cleavage : . perfect 6. H. 3. G. 3'98. Color grass-green. Ax. pi. 6. Bxa cleavage. Ax. angle large.
Composition, (CuOH)aSO4.Cu(OH)s + bH2O, thus related to langite and arnimite. Analysis :
SO, CuO FeO H2O
(£) 17-52 51-50 0-69 [30'29] 100
B.B. in the closed glass tube decrepitates strongly and gives off first water and then sulphuric acid. Insoluble in water, but readily soluble in ammonia and acids. From Laurion, Greece; named from Kamareza in Greece.
Katoforite. W. C. Brogger, Die Eruptivgesteine d. Kristianiagebietes, 1, 37, 73 (et al.), 1894 ; 3 169, 1898.— See Cataphorite.
Katiaiite. Goldsmith, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., Philad., 1894, 105. Occurs on the island Kauai, Hawaiian Is., as a soft, amorphous chalk-like mass. G. 2'566. Analysis : Ala(SO4)s 7'18, A13O3 33-40, KaSO4 17'00, NaaSO4 4'91, HaO 31 '57, X [5'94] 100.
Kehoeite. W. P. Headden, Am. J. Sc., 46, 22, 1893.
Massive, amorphous, forming seams and bunches in the ore (argentiferous galena with sphaler- ite and pyrite) of the Merritt mine, Galena, So. Dakota. G. 2-34. Insoluble in water, soluble in dilute acids ; becomes insoluble after ignition. Infusible. Analysis gave, after deducting 1-76 insoluble :
PaO. AlaO3 Fe303 ZnO CaO MgO HaO SO3
27-13 25-29 0'79 1174 2'75 0"08 31 '60 0-51 99-89
This corresponds to 4R2O3.RO.5PaO5.9H2O. Of the water 14-2 per cent are lost between 105* and 110°, 3'34 between 115° and 120°; the remainder is expelled only at a red heat.
Appendix I.
KENTROLITE, pp. 544, 1039 — Described by Flink as occurring in crystals at Langban, Sweden, with barite and calcite. us noted iu Min., p. 1039.
Crystals from Jakobsberg have been examined by G. Nordenskiold, G. For. F5rh.. 16, 153, 1894. Forms : e (102), v (115), u (114), o (111), s (221), z (3 "15 10)? Habit usually pyramidal, o, n, with m and e small ; rarely prismatic, TO, o. Angles ppiv (111 A 111) 62° 31 '7', pp' (111 A 111) 92° 34'. Ax. pi. (on Langban sections) 6; also a a, b b, c c. Birefringence high. Occurs with inesite. — See also Melanotekite.
KERMESITE, p. 106. — Revision of crystallographic data with new forms, in part doubtful, Pjanitsky, Zs. Kr., 20, 417, 1892 ; cf. also Goldschrnidt, Kryst. Winkeltabellen, 389, 1897. Discussion of composition, Baubighy, C. R., 119, 737, 1894.
KIESERITE, p. 932. — Occurs in crystals at Westeregeln with carnallite, etc.; new forms e (001), y (335), Bucking, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 533, 1895.
Klinozoisite. E. Weimchenk, Zs. Kr., 26, 161, 433, 1896.— See Clinozoiiite.
KNEBELITE, p. 457. — A variety containing magnesia (4'7 p. c. MgO) has been called talk* knebelite by Igelstrom (Jb. Min., 1, 248, 1890). It occurs with eisenknebelite (Min., p. 457) at the HillSug mine, Dalecarlia, Sweden.
Knopite. P. J. Eolmquist, G. For. Forh., 16, 73, 1894; also 15, 588, 1893.
A mineral closely related to perovskite (Min., p. 722), but containing cerium without niobium or tantalum and thus intermediate between it and dysanalyte (p. 724).
Type A is in cubo-octahedrons also with (911) and (920); color lead-gray ; luster metallic; these show on a polished surface lamellae, thus on a, parallel to the cubic edges, also diagonal. In thin sections optically biaxial with high birefringence and a lamellar structure. H. 5-6. G. 4-11.
Type B is in cubes, every small or absent; penetration-twins with o as tw. pi. ; without distinct lamellae and opaque except in fine powder. H. 5-6. G. 4'21-4'29.
Composition corresponds to RO.TiO3. Analyses :
TiO2 ZrO, SiO,
1. Type A. 58 74 0'91 1'29
3! Type B. 54-12 — —
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO K,O
26-84 0-75
HaO
1'00=99'41
— 27-29
— 33-32
035 3222
0-32 32 84
0-79 0-21=99-83
030=99-17 0-92=99-64
From Alno, Sweden, and the neighboring mainland. Type A occurs in a limestone, crystal- line, as a result of coutact-rnetamorphism, with garnet, titanomagnetite, etc. Type B is from a brecciated limestone also in a syenitic rock. Named after Prof. A. Knop of Carlsruhe, who described dysanalyte.
Kosmochlor. Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 27 592, 1896.— Kosmochromit, Groth, Tab. Ueb., 132, 1898. — See Cosmochlore.
Kosmochromite. — See Kosmochlor and Cosmochlore.
KRENNERITE, pp. 105, 1039. — Chester quotes the results of an examination by Penfield of crystals from Cripple Creek, Colorado, which have the habit of Fig. 1.
1. Myers obtained for them (deducting 1'21 insol.): Te 55'68, Au 43'86. Ag 0-46 100, or AuTea. The original Nagyag mineral con- tained silver. It is urged that calaverite is probably a sylvanite essentially free from silver. Am. J. Sc., 5, 375, 1898. See also Calaverite and OoldscJimidtite.
Ktypeite. A. Lacroix, C. R., 126, 602, 1898. Calcium carbonate in the form of pisolites from Carlsbad, Bohemia, and Hammam- Meskoutine in Algeria ; formerly referred to aragonite. The specific gravity varies from 2'58 to 2'70, or less than that of calcite. Birefrin- gence 0'020. In parallel polarized light a distoried black cross is noted, while portions give a positive black cross in converging light. Heated to low redness, the pisolites decrepitate and are finally trans- formed into calcite ; the name given refers to this fact.
Kubeite. L. Darapsky, Jb. Min., 1, 163, 1898.— See Cubeite.
m.
n
Krennerite.
40 Appendix I.
Kylindrite. A. Frenzel, Jb. Min., 2, 125, 1893.— See Cylindrite.
Lagoriolite. Kalk-Natron-Granat, Lagoriolith, J. Morozewicz, Min. petr. Mitth., 18, 147, 1898.— See Oar net.
Lamprophyllite. W. Ramsay, V Hackman, Fennia, 11, No. 2, p. 119, Helsingfors, 1894. Also W. ftamsay, ibid., 3, No. 7, p. 45, 1890.
A mineral related to astrophyllite in form and cleavage, occurring in the nephelite-syenite of Lujavor-Urt, peninsula of Kola, Russian Lapland. Occurs macroscopic-ally in minute flattened prisms with mica-like cleavage: Color yellow-brown ,-fnd luster submetallic. Obtuse negative bisectrix with large axial angle symmetrically normal to cleavage. Pleochroism distinci, c brown- yellow, ft bright golden-yellow. Absorption c 6 (tor astrophyllite 6 c). In thin sections, a form (110) was noted inclined 41° to 42° with the cleavage (100), also terminations. Twins common, parallel the direction of elongation ; also polysynthetic twinning. Pleochroism distinct, a, straw-yellow, c orange-yellow.
Thi'se observations agree with earlier ones by Ramsey (1. c.) ; he remarks on the resemblance to lavenite, noting also a form (210) inclined 27° to 100. G. 3'45. Absorption a 6 C. Birefringence lower than with aegirite. Contains silica, titanium, iron, manganese, and sodium.
Lamprostibian. L. J. Igelstrom, G. For. Forh. 15, 471, 1893; Zs. Kr., 22, 467, 1893. A partially described mineral from the SjO mine. Orebro, Sweden. Occurs in foliated or scaly forms. H. — 4. Brittle. Luster brilliant. Opaque and color lead-gray, except in very thin layers, then blood-red in color. Streak red. Not magnetic. Difficultly soluble in hot concen- trated hydrochloric acid without evolution of chlorine. Inferred to be an anhydrous antimonate of iron and manganese (FeO,MnO).
LANARKITE, p. 923. — Artificial production of crystals, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Min., 21, 142, 1898.
LANGBANITE, Longbanite, pp. 543, 1039. — Crystals from Langban examined by Hj. Sjogren (Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 41, 1892) are shown to be rhombohedral, not hexagonal. Crystals com- plex; habit varied, prismatic or tabular, sometimes with prominent rhombohedral development.
Also occurs with rhodonite, mangauophyllite, braunite, calcite, at the Sj5 mine, ibid., 2, 96, 1894. Analyses by R. Mauzelius quoted by Sjogren :
G.
1. Langbau 4'65
2. " 4-73
3. " 4-83
4. Sj6 mine 4-60
The formula calculated is wSbaOs.wFeaOs.RROa ; a relation to hematite is suggested.
Langbeinite. S. Zuckschwerdt, Zs. ang. Ch., 356, 1891. 0. Luedecke, Zs. Kr., 29, 255, 1897.
Isometric- tetartohedral. Observed forms : a (100), o (111), or (111), d (110), y (920), / (310), e (210), p, (221), n (211). Crystals highly modified.
Fracture couch oidal. H. 3-4. G. 2-81-286. Luster greasy to vitreous. Colorless when fresh, but speedily taking up water when exposed to the air. Tasteless. Index 1-5329. Shows no circular polarization.
Composition, K2Mg2(SO4)s or K2SO4.2MgSO4 Potassium sulphate 42'1, magnesium sulphate 57 9 100. Analyses 1, 2, Zuckschwerdt, Zs. ang. Ch., 356, 1891. 3, Edw. Wagner, quoted by Luedecke :
K2SO4 Mg2S04 CaSO4 MgCl, MgO NaCl H2O
1. Colorless 41 '30 58'20 0'22 0'08 0'20 100
2. Grayish-white 38'99 58'55 0'57 0-55 0'13 0'43 0'78 100
3. Colorless. G. 2-81 41 -0 58 "1 I'O
Occurs in beds of rock salt (taking the place of polyhalite) at Wilhelmshall near Anderbeck, and at Thiederhall; also at Westeregeln and Neu-Strassfurt as a secondary mineral; at Solvayhall near Bernburg with carnallite. Named after A. Langbein of Dessau.
LAUMONTTTE, p. 587. — Anal., from the Plauenschen Grund, Dresden. Zschau, Abb. Ges. Isis, p. 90, 1893 Caucasus (also of stilbite), Zjemjatschensky, Zs. Kr., 25, 574. 1895. Grand Manns, Minn., Berkey, 23 Ann. Rept. Minn. G. Surv., p. 196.
SbaO,
FeaO3
SiO,
MnO,
MnO
CaO
Mg
H,0
23
2G 15
—
99-68
(0
3-50)
32
99-89
(0
3-70)
—
100-16
5-03)
82
99-92
309)
Appendix I.
LAURIONITE, p. 171. — Twin crystals with rectangular axes from Laurioii, noted by Lacroix, C. R., 123, 955, 1896. See also (new forms) G. F. Herbert Smith, Min. Mag., 12, 102, 1899.
On the formation of artiflciul crystals, also of (PbBrOH), A. de Schulten Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 186, 194, 1897.
See also Paralaurionite.
LATJTARITE, p. 1040. — Crystals examined by Osann showed the forms : b (010), c (001), m (110), I (120), r (101). n HOI), a (Oil); habit prismatic. Angles : mm'" *62° 33', qq' *63° 36', mr *46° 31', whence d : b : c 0-6331 : 1 : 0'6462, ft 73° 38'. Zs. Kr., 23, 586, 1894.
Crystals artificially produced, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Min., 21, 144, 1898.
LAUTITE, p. 148. — Analysis of the pure mineral gave Frenzel : S 17-88, As 45- 99-64. This leads to the formula CnAsS. Miu. petr. Mitth., 14, 125, 1894.
Cu 86-0
LAVENITE, pp. 375, 1040.— Reported as occurring in nephelite-syenite of Paisano Pass, Davis Mts., Texas, Osanu, 4th Ann. Rep. G. Surv. Texas, 128, 1892.
Ransome and Palache,
Lawsonite. F. Leslie Ransome, Bull. Univ. California, 1, 301, 1895. Zs. Kr., 25, 531, 1895.
Orthorhoinbic. Axes a : b : c — O'fi6524 : 1 : 0'7385. Forms : b (010), c (001), m (110) d (Oil), S (041). Angles : mm '" 36', dd' *72° 53A'. Crystals rather large, prismatic or tab- ular I c, also distorted by extension of an w-face. Twins : tw. pi. m. Faces m, d striated intersections with c.
Cleavage : b very perfect ; c perfect ; m indistinct. Fracture uneven. Brittle. H. 8-25. G. 3-084, 3-091. Luster vitreous to greasy Color pale blue to grayish blue. Absorption distinct; a 6 c. Pleochroism distinct in thick sections : a blue, 6 yellow- ish or colorless, c colorless ; colors often in bands. Optic-al -)-. Ay x. pi. b. Bxa c. Ax. angles : 2Hav 88° 27', 2H0.y 103° 16', 1-6690, y — 1 6840, y - 0'0l9.
Composition, H4CaAlaSiaOi0 or Ca[Al(OH)2],[SiO3] Groth. (Min., p. 549).- Analyses, 1, Ransome ; 2, Palache :
2Va.y 84° 6'. Indices for Na : 1-6650, ft- Hence, analogous to carpholite
H1O.
1. 38-10
2. 37-32
A1,O3
Fe,O3
CaO
MgO
Na,0
H,O
11-42= 98-39
11-21 101-50
B.B. becomes clouded and fuses easily to a colorless, blebby glass. Yields water in the closed tube. Resists acids, but easily decomposed with gelatinization after ignition. The specific grav- ity of the ignited powder was 2*558.
Occurs in a crystalline schist (lawsonite-schist), which is associated with serpentine in the Ti- buron peninsula, Mann Co., California. The schist also contains glaucophane abundantly, actino- lite, margarite, epidote, garnet ; also rutile, titanite. Further in glaucophane-schist at other points near Berkeley, and probably at Sulphur Creek, Sonoma Co., Cal. Also observed in the meta- morphic rocks of the Piedmontese Alps near Elva, Val Maira and at other points (Franchi, Bull. Soc.Min., 20, 5, 1897, and Att. Accad. Torino, 32, 260, 1896). In the massive rocks (gabbro-dia- base-peridotite types) of the Southern Apennines, on the boundary between the provinces of Ba- silicata and Calabria (Viola, Zs. Kr., 28, 553, 1897). In the glaucophane rocks of Corsica ; also in New Caledonia (Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 309, 1897).
Named after Prof. A. C. Lawson of the University of California.
LAZTJLITE, p. 798. — Occurs with quartz near Lake Mistassini, Quebec, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 66R, 1889-90.
LEAD, p. 24.— Occurs with rceblingite, native copper, etc., at Franklin Furnace, N. J., W. M. Foote, Am. J. Sc., 6, 187, 1898.
On artificial crystals with hexagonal pseudo-symmetry, Miers, Min. Mag., 12, 113, 1899: A. Dick, ibid., p. 118.
Appendix 1.
LEADHILLITE, p. 921. Occurs at Granby, Mo., in well-formed prismatic crystals (Figs. 1, 2). Pirssbn and Wells, Am. J. Sc., 48, 219, 1894. Wells obtained on pure material: SO3 7'33, CO, S'14, PbO 82-44, HaO 1'68 99'59, confirming the formula given by Groth (Dana Min., p. 921),
which is equivalent to PbSO4.2PbCO3.Pb(OH)a. Pseudomorphs after calcite and galena also observed, W. M. Foote, i',id., 50, 99, 1895.
Occurs in ancient lead slags from the Mendip Hills, L. J. Spencer, Rep. Brit. Assoc. , 1898.
Lembergite. Lagorio [Trav. Soc. Nat. Varsovie, 6, xi, 7-9, 1895], Zs. Kr., 28, 526, 1897. This is the artificial mineral, SNajAlaSiaOg + 4H2O, called by Lemberg nephelin-hydrat (see Zs. G. Ges., 39, 562, 1887).
Leonite. Kalium-Astrachauite, J. K. van der Heide, Ber. Ch. Ges., 26, 414, 1893; Naupert and Wense, ibid., p 873. Leonite, C. A. Tenne, Zs. G. Ges., 48, 632, 1896. Kaliastrakanite. Kaliblodite.
Monoclinic. Axes a :b: 6 103855 : 1 : 1-23365, /? *84° 50'. Forms: 6(010), c (001), ju (120); d (102), S (102); o (013), n (Oil); q (113), p (111), it (111). Angles : /z//' 51° 36', nri 101° 43', cp *57° 1', pp' *74° 21' Tenne.
In tabular crystals, also commonly massive. Cleavage not distinct. Fracture conchoidal. Luster vilreous. Colorless, white or yellowish. Ax. pi. ± b. Bx0 nearly c (001).
Composition, probably KaSO4.MgSO4 -+- 4HaO, the potash salt corresponding to bl5dite (astra- kaniie), which is known as an artificial compound (van der Heide). Groth calls attention to the fact that the correspondence in form is apparently not what would be expected, Zs. Kr., 30, 655, 1899. Analysis, Tenne :
Mg
K
HaO
insol. 0-42 100
Occurs usually massive, also in crystals with kainite, in the salt deposits of Westeregeln, and Leopoldshall, Germany. '
LEPIDOLITE, p. 624. — Tanagama Yamo, Japan, analysis of grayish-white or slightly pinkish plates, Gentli, Am. J. Sc., 44, 387, 1892.
Composition of the lithia micas discussed by F. W. Clarke, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 15, No. 5, 1893 ; Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 1893.
LEPIDOMELANE, p. 634. — Occurs with arsenopyrite at the Bob Neil mine, Marmora, Hastings Co., Ontario (analysis by Wait), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 14R, 1892-93.
LEUCITE, pp. 341, 1041. — Discussion of optical characters, relation to analcite, etc., Klein, Jb. Min . Beil.-Bd., 11, 475, 1898 (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 290, 1897).
Occurs (chiefly altered to analcite) in a leucite-tephrite associated with elseolite-syenite at Hamburg, Sussex Co., N. J., Kemp, Am. J. Sc., 45, 298, 1893 ; 47, 339, 1894. In bowlders in the niiriferous gravels of the Horsefly river, Cariboo district, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada. 7, 14R, 1894. In the Highwood and Bearpaw Mts , Montana, Weed and Pirsson, Am. J Sc.. 2, 143, 1896. In igneous rocks, Province of Rome, Viola, Jb. Min., 1, 121, 1899. In the lavas of the lower Celebes (Wichmanu).
Lewisite. E. Hussak and G. T. Prior, Min. Mag., 11, 80, 1895.
Isometric. In minute octahedrons. Cleavage octahedral, nearly perfect. H. 5'5. G. 4'950. Luster vitreous to resinous. Color honey-yellow to colophony-brown. Streak light yellowish .brown. Translucent.
Composition, 5CaO.2TiOj.3SbaO5 ; closely related to mauzeliite. Analyses, Prior :
Sb,O5
TiO,
CaO 15'47
FeO
MnO
Na3O
0 99 - 100-72 1-Og 100-54
Appendix I.
Fuses rather readily on the edges in the Bunsen flame, coloring it greenish blue. In salt of phosphorus yields a bead, yellow when hot and violet when cold. Insoluble in acids.
From the cinnabar mine of Tripuhy, near Ouro Preto, Minas Geraes, Brazil ; occurs in the gravel consisting largely, after washing, of cinnabar and hematite; also xenotime, monazite, zircon, cyanite, rutile, etc. Named after Prof. W. J. Lewis of Cambridge, England.
A new titano-antiinouate of iron in slender six-sided (m, a) crystals of a resinous black color, G. 4-529, was also noted, but owing to lack of material it has not yet been fully investigated.
Libollite. /. P. Gomes, Comm. Dir. Trabalhos Geol. Portugal, 3, 244, 290, 1896-98. A, kind of asphaltum occurring near Libollo, in western Africa, has been called libollite by Gomes. It resembles nlbertite, having a pitch-black color, brilliant luster, and more or less conchoidall fracture. H. 2'5 ; G. 1*1. An analysis by A. Machado and A. Noronha gave: C 80'30,. H 8-41. O 9-45, N 1'84 100. The ash (6'92 p. c.) has been deducted. Compare albertite and grahamite, Min., p. 1020.
LINARITE, p. 927. — From San Giovanni mine, Sardinia, crystals described by Brugnatelli (new form (718)), also optical characters. Optically - . Ax. pi. and Bx0 JL b. Bxa A c — 24° (hence Bx nearly coincident with the normal to s (101)). 2Ha 106° 21' red, 106° 42' Na, 110° 12' blue. 2V 79" 59' Na. Indices a 1'8092, ft T8380, y — 1'8593. Riv. Min. Ital., 17, 56, 1897, and Zs. Kr., 28, 307, 1897.
Occurs in New Caledonia, Lacroix, C. R., 118, 553, 1894.
Lindesite. L. J. Igelstrom, Zs. Kr., 23, 590, 1894.— See Urbanite.
LINTONITE, p. 607. — Shown by N. H. Winc'iell to differ in optical diameters from thomsonite,. with which it agrees chemically and to which it has been referred. Amer. Geol., 22, 348, 1898.
LIROCONITE, p. 853.— Cornwall, analysis by Church, Min. Mag., 11, 3, 1895.
L5LLINGITE, p. 96. — Occurs at Drum's Farm, Alexander Co., N. C., massive, G. 7 "031, analysis, Genth : As 27-93, S 0-77, Fe 70'83, Cu tr. 99-53. Am. J. Sc., 44, 384, 1892.
Also occurs in Galway township, Peterborough Co., Ontario, analysis (2'88 p. c. Co) by Johnston, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 19R, 1892-93.
LONGBANITE.— See Langbanite.
Lorandite. J. A. Krenner [Mat. es firtesitO, 12, 473, 1894; 13, 258, 1895], Zs. Kr., 27, 98, 1897. Goldschmidt, Zs. Kr., 30, 272, 1898.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : c 1-3291 : 1 : 1-0780. ft 52° 27' Goldschmidt. Forms : a (100, t)t b (010). c(001, n); q (210), e (320), m (110, x), e (120), n (130), u (140)?; /3 (205), d (101), K (201, c); a (034), h (045), w (021) ; v (112), s (112), z (111); g (425), /(212), y (748), £(586); *(3_24)?, I (12:2). S (M3'8)?; y (312), n (525), p (212), r (211), C (324), k (322), 77 (2-5-10)? Angles ac — 52° 57', mm"' 93° 0', qq'" 55° 24', CK 89° 29'.
Crystals highly modified, often tabular, or prismatic (m) ; faces in prismatic zone vertically striated, especially TO (x). A similarity to miargyrite is noted (cf. Gdt.). Cleavage: a perfect; c and d (101) good. Flexible, separating easily into cleavage lamellae. H. 2-2'5. G. — 5-529 Loczka. Luster metallic-adamantine. Color cochineal- to carmine-red, often dark lead-gray on the surface and frequently covered with an ocher-yellow powder. Streak dark cherry-red. Translucent to transparent. Refractive index high.
Lorandite, Gdt.
Composition, a sulpharsenide of thallium, TlAsSa or TljS.AsaSa Sulphur 18'7, arsenic 21*9; thallium 59'4 100. Analysis by J. Loczka :
S 19-02 As [21-47] Tl 59-51 100.
B.B. on charcoal fuses easily, colors the flame bright green, yields arsenical fumes and vola- tilizes completely. In the closed tube fuses and yields a black sublimate of thallium sul- phide, also an orange one of arsenic sulphide, further some arsenic oxide. Soluble in nitric acid with separation of sulphur.
From Allchar in Macedonia, where it occurs in crystals implanted upon realgar.
The position of Goldschmidt is here provisionally accepted : 100, 001, 110, 201 of Gdt. corre- spond to 101, 100, 121, 001 of Kreuner.
44 Appendix I.
Lossenite. L Milch, Zs. Kr., 24, 100, 1894.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : k 0'843 : 1 : 0'945 approx. In acute pyramids, resembling scorodite in angle, with pp' 79° and pp'" 64°. Color brownish red, often altered on the sur- face. Optically +. Ax. pi. U a. Bx. c.
Composition probably 2PbSO4.3(FeOH)3AsaO8 + 12HaO. Analysis :
AsaO6 SO, PbO FeaO, H,O H2O
43-44 3-74 10-63 34'53 3'74 11 -81-, SiO, 118, CaCO3 1'46 100'48
Water of crystallization. From Laurion, Greece, where It was found in a drusy ferruginous quartzose rock.
LOVENITE. — See Lavenite.
Imtecine, Lutecite. Michel-Levy and Munier-Chalmas, Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 159, 1892. — See Quartzine.
Mackintoshite. W. E. Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 46, 98, 1893.
Tetragonal, iu square prisms with pyramid ; commonly massive, nodular. Fracture small subconchoidal. H. 5'5. G. 5'438. Luster dull. Color black. Opaque. In composition allied to thorogummite (Min., p. 893); perhaps UOa.3ThOa.3SiO2.3HaO. Analyses, W. H. Hille- brand :
SiOa UO, ZrOa? ThOa,CeaO, LaaO3,YaO, PbO FeO CaO MgO KaO (Na,Li)aO P2O6 HaO 13-90 22-40 0-88 45'30 1'86 3'74 1'15 0'59 O'lO 0'42 0'68 0-67 4-81
undet. 3'92 — 0'44 0'13 0'70 0'46 0'85b
Above 100° 4-31, below 0'50. b Below 100°.
Prom the gadolinite locality of Llano Co., Texas. The alteration of mackintoshite seems to liave yielded thorogummite. Named after James B. Mackintosh (died 1891), chemist of New York City.
MAGNESIOFEKRITE, p. 226. — Roc de Cuzeau, Mont Dore, France, crystals (largely made up of plates of hematite) similar to those of Mte. Somma, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 11, 1892.
JMEAGNESITE, p. 274. — Crystals from Val Lanterna, Brugnatelli, Zs. Kr., 31, 55, 1899.
MAGNETITE, pp. 224, 1041. — Occurs in cubic crystals, in part penetration-twins, at the Moss mine, Nordmark, Sweden. Hj. Sjftgren, Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 2, 63, 1894.
Crystals described from Acquacetosa, near Rome, new forms (520), (331), Zambonini, Riv. Min. Ital., 21, 21, 1898.
Magnetic properties of crystals investigated, Weiss, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 137, 1897.
Present in various minerals (hematite, etc.), and thus giving them magnetic properties, Liversidge, Trans. Austr. Assoc. Adv, Sci., 1892.
Occurs at the Kodiir mines, Vizagapatam, Madras, India, containing manganese (2-08 Mn3O4) and alumina (2'54 p. c AlaO3), G. 5'045. Holland, Rec. G. Surv. India, 26, 164, 1893.
Ch. Friedel shows that slow heating in the air at a rather high temperature changes crystals to hematite (i.e. martite). Bull. Soc. Miu., 17, 150, 1894.
A titaniferous variety containing nickel occurs in Eastern Ontario, W. G. Miller, Rep't Bureau of Mines, Toronto, 7, Part III, p. 230, 1898.
Magnetostibian. L. J. Igelstrom, Zs. Kr., 23, 212, 1894. A partially investigated mineral from the Sj5 mine, Orebro, Sweden. Occurs in grains and granular aggregates. Luster metallic. Color and streak black. Magnetic. An analysis (after deducting 68'6 p. c. impurities, CaCO3, MgCOs and tephroite) gave :
SbaO8 9-83 AsaO6 1-54 FeaO3 12-36 FeO 17'16 MnO 59'11 100 MAGNOCHROMITE, p. 228. — See Chromiie.
MAGNOFRANKLINITE. — A local name (credited to Koenig) for s highly magnetic franklinite containing little zinc. From Sterling Hill, N. J.; see Rep. G. Surv. N. J., 2, (1) 14, 1892; also Chester, Diet. Names Minerals, 164, 1896.
MALACHITE, p. 294. — Artificial formation by a new process, A. de Schulten, C. R., June 8,
Maltesite. J. J. Sederholm, G. F6r. F&rh., 18, 390, 1896.— See Andnlusite.
Appendix 1. 45
Manganandalusite. H. Bdckstrom, Q. For. F6rh., 18, 386, 1806.— See Andalusite. Manganberzeliite. L, J. Igelstrom, Zs. Kr., 23, 592, 1894.— See Berzeliite.
MANGANITE, p. 248. — Crystals from the Harz described, Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 237, 1896. Analyses, Ilfeld, Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Cbim., 9, 650, 1893.
MANGANOSITE, p. 207. — Discussion of origin at Langban and Nordmark, Hj. SOjgren, G. F5r. F6rh., 20, 25, 1898.
MAUCASITE, pp. 94, 1041.— Crystals from Capo Schino, Sicily, described, G. La Valle, Riv. Min. Ital., 13, 3, 1893.
Occurs at Pontpeau, Ille-et-Vilaine, forming with galena pseudomorphs after pyrrhotite with regular orientation of its minute crystals, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 223, 1897, and C. R., 125, 265, 1897.
Occurs in spear-head forms in the Raritan clay at Sayreville, near New Brunswick, N. J., Hamilton, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 485, 1898.
See also Pi/rite.
MARIPOSITE, p. 1041. — Analyses by Hillebrand of green and white varieties are quoted by Turner. The former (G 2'817) contains chromium, the latter has none (G. 2'787); a simi- larity to pinite is noted Am. J. Sc., 49, 377, 1895,
Marshite. Liversidge, C. W. Marsh, Proc. Roy. Soc. N. S. W., 26, 326, 1892. Miert, Zs. Kr., 24, 207, 1894.
Isometric-tetrahedral. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. Luster adamantine. Color oil-brown. Streak orange-yellow. Translucent. Consists essentially of cuprous iodide, Cuala. Occurs in cerussite or anglesite at the Broken Hill mines, New South Wales.
MARTITE, p 216. — See Magnetite.
Masrite. H. Droop Richmond and Hussein Off, J. Ch. Soc., 61, 491, 1892. A fibrous alum from Egypt, containing a small amount of cobalt and the supposed new element masrium (called after the Arab name of Egypt). Composition, RO.AlaO3.4SO3.20H9O. Analysis :
SOS AlaO8 Fe2O3 MsO MnO CoO FeO HaO 36-78 10-62 1-63 0'20 2-56 1'02 4'23 [40'35] insol. 2'61 100
MASSICOT, p. 209. — Occurs in the lead slags of Laurion, Greece.
Mauzeliite. Hj. Sjogren, G. F5r. Forh., 17, 313, 1895.
Isometric. In octahedrons, o (111), with a (100) and m (311). H. 6— 6'5. G. 5'11. Color dark brown, lighter in fragments, and of the powder light yellow or yellowish white. Trans- lucent.
In composition, a titano-antimonate of lead and calcium chiefly. Assuming that the water is
present iCaOH), the ratio calculated is RO:TiOa :SbaOs:F 4:1:2:1. It is related to lewisite, p. 42 Analysis, R. Mauzelius :
Sb2O5 TiO PbO FeO MnO CaO MgO KaO NaaO F HaO |59-25 7-93 679 0'79 1'27 17-97 O'll 0'22 2'70 [3'63] 0-87=101'53 less (O=F) 1-53=100
Occurs with svabite and calcite at Jakobsberg, Wermland, Sweden ; these minerals form narrow veins in a mixture of hausmannite, limestone, a yellow garnet, schefferite and man- gauophyllite.
MELANOPHLOGITE, pp. 194, 1041.— Discussion of conditions of formation, G. Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 49, 1892; Bombicci, ibid., p. 144. Investigated by Bombicci, Accad. Sc. 1st. Bologna, March 22, 1891.— Giona, G. Spezia, Riv. Min. Ital., 11, 37, 1892.
Melanostibian. L. J. Igelstrom, G F5r. F6rh., 14, 583, 1892 ; Zs. Kr., 21, 246, 1893. Mas- sive, foliated ; also in microscopic crystals H. 4. Luster metallic. Color black. Streak cherry-red. Composition, perhaps 6(Mn,Fe)O. SbaO3. Analysis (assuming the state of oxidation as given):
Sb.,0, FeO MnO CaO MgO H2O 37-50 27-30 29'62 1-97 1-03 106 98-48 From the SjO mine, Orebro, Sweden, where it occurs in veins in dolomite.
Appendix I.
MELANOTEKITE, p. 545. — Occurs in prismatic crystals with a (100), m (110), d (110), 0>'lll),
s (221) at Pajsberg, Sweden, G. Nordenski51d, G. For. Forh., 16, 158. 1894 ; in habit and angles resembling kentroliie.
Also found at Hillsboro, New Mexico, associated with cerussite and a brown jusper-like material, C. H. Warren. Crystals (Fits. 1, 2) with forms a (100), b (010), m (110), n (1HO), k (150), o (111). Habit like kentrolite, angles oo" *119° 13', oo'"= *55° 0', mm'"= 64° 44' (calc.). Axes : b : c 0-6338 : 1 : 0'9127 (NordenskiOld obtained 0'6216 : 1 : 0'9041). Analysis gave :
G f 5-854
SiO2
PbO
FeaO3
0-68 100-06
Melauotekite, New Mexico.
whence the formula Fe4PI>3 Si3Oi. or (FeO3) Pb3 (SiO4V It is sliown that the analogous formula (Mu4O3)Pb3(SiO4)3 probably belongs to kentrolite (p. 89, Min. p. 544). Am. J. Sc., 6, 116, 1898.
MELANTERITE, p. 941. — Laurion, Greece, analysis of zinc-bearing variety, L. Michel : SO3 28'85, FeO 17-74, ZuO 8'92, H2O 44-21 99'72. Bull. Soc. Min.. 17, 204, 1894.
Discussion of the chemical constitution and genesis of various iron sulphates, Scharizer, Zs. Kr., 30, 209, 1898.
MELILITE, p 474 — Crystals from Vesuvius described with new form (201), Kaiser, Zs. Kr., 31, 24, 1899. Discussion of microscopic structure. Gentil, Bull. Soc. Min., 17, 108, 1894.
Composition discussed, Bodlander, Jb. Min., 1, 15, 1393; cf. Vogt, ibid., 2, 73, 1892.
Occurs at Ste. Anne de Belleville, near Montreal, Canada, in alnoite, F. D. Adams, Am. J. Sc., 43, 269, 1892 ; also (optically posiiiv ) in alnoite of Mauheim, N. Y., C. H. Smith, ibid., 46, 104, 1893. Cf. Berwerth, Ann. Mus. Wien, 10, 75, 1895.
Formed by the burning of Portland cement, Bodlander, Jb. Min , 1, 53, 1892.
A soda-alumina silicate, tetragonal, and resembling melilite' in habit, which occurs in the new rock-type farrisite, from Norway, has been called natronmelilith by Brogger (Die Erupt ivgesteiue d. Kristianiagebiet.es, 3, 69, 1898). It is largely altered to natrolite. A later examination (ibid., p. 366) has led to the conclusion that it should perhaps be referred to the Scapolite Group.
A new type of rock containing melilite. a chrysolite-melilite-leucite rock, occurs as a volcanic cooe at San Venanzo, Umbria, Italy, and is called venanzite, by Sabatini Boll. Com. Geol., Sept., 1898. The same rock was later described by Rosenbusch and by him named euctolite (Ber. Ak. Berlin, 110, 1899).
Mesabite. — See Gothite.
METABRUSHITE, p. 828. — Brushite, ormetabrushite, occurs with minervite (wh. see) in the lime- stone caves of the Nummulite limestone of Southern France ; thus in the Grotto of Minerva on the Cesse, Valley of the Aude, Gautier, C. R , 116, 1171, 1893. — See also Brushite.
METACINNABARITE, pp. 62, 1041. — Idria, discussion of occurrence, paragenesis, etc. ; crystals are dodecahedral in habit with also a (100) and o(lll), Schrauf, Jahrb. G. Reichs., 41, 349,
Occurs at San Joaquin, Orange Co., California, in iron-black particles in barite ; G. 7'706 ; analysis: S 13'69, Hg 85'89. 01 0'32 99'90, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 44, 383, 1892.
Also occurs amorphous filling cavities in quartz on the west side of Read Is., near Vancouver Is., Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 66R, 1889-90.
Metadesmine. F. Kinne, Jb. Min., 1, 57, 1897.— See Stilbite.
Metanocerine. Sandberger, Jb. Min., 1, 221, 1892. A partially investigated mineral oc- curring with the babingtonite of Arendal in white crystals resembling bromlite ; H. 4'5. From the qualitative analysis a possible relation to nocerite (Min., p. 174) is inferred, and the name pro- visionally given refers to this.
Metascolecite. F. Rinn, Jb. Min., 2, 51, 60, 1894.— See Scolecite.
MICA GROUP, p. 611. — Discussion of the crystalline form hased upon the percussion-figure, the etching-figures, etc. It is concluded that probably phlogopite, biotite and perhaps the lithia micas should be regarded as triclinic ; muscovite appears to be monoclinic. T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc,, 7, 199, 1899.— See also G. Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 18, 1896.
Appendix L 47
General discussion of chemical composition, F. W. Clarke, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113 and 125, 1893 ; Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 43, 378, 1892. Analyses are quoted by Stelzuer, Zs. prakt. Geol., 4, 377, 1896.
MICROLINE, pp. 322, 1042. — From the Spessart, analysis, E. Philippi, Ber. Senck. Nat. Ges., 1896, p. 125. Analyses, Jones Falls, Maryland, Hillebrand, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 110, 1893.—
See also AnortJioclase.
MICUOLITE. pp. 728, 1042. — Igaliko, Greenland, approximate analysis of impure material, G. Nordenskiold, G. For. Forh., 16, 336, 1894.
Occurs at Rumford, Me., in honey-yellow crystals, G. 5'17 (Penfleld), Foote, Am. J. Sc., 1, 461, 1896.
Miersite. L. J. Spencer, Nature, 57, 574, 1898.
Isometric-tetrahedral. In small cubes, with o (111) and Oi (111), the latter differing in size but not in luster. Twins: tw. pi. o. Cleavage: dodecahedral. Brittle. Luster adamantine. Color pale to bright yellow. Streak the same or deeper. Optically isotropic.
Composition essentially silver iodide, probably Agsla, analogous to marshite, Cuala (this Ap- pendix, p. 45), and nantokite, CuaCla (Min., p. 154).
From the Broken Hill mines, New South Wales, associated with chalcocite, garnet, quartz ; also with malachite, auglesite. Named after Prof. H. A. Miers of Oxford, England.
MILARTTE, p. 312.— Analysis, Treadwell, SiO, 72'79, A12O3 10'12, CaO ll'32;MgO tr., K,O 4-32, Na,OO-21. HaO 1-19 100. Jb. Min., 1, 167, 1892.
MILLEIUTE, p. 70. — Occurrence (also of other nickel minerals) In the Rhine region, Laspeyres, Vh. Nat. Ver. Bonn, pp. 143, 375, 1893.
MII-OSIN. — See Avalite.
Minervite. A. Gautier, Ann. Mines, 6, 23, 1894; C. R., 116, 928, 1022, 1171, 1271, 1893. An aluminium phosphate, AJ2O3.PaO6.7HaO, occurring with phosphate of lime as a white plastic mass mixed with clay, etc., in the " Grotte de Minerve " on the shores of the Cesse, Valley of the Aude, France. Analyses of impure material are given. The above formula applies to air- dried material.
Mitchellite. /. H. Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 7, 286, 1899.— See Chron
MIZZONITE, p. 471.— Franco obtained ar 67° 56' and 67° 58'; also o>y 1'563, ey 1'545, Giorn. Min., 5, 193, 1894.— See also Wernertie.
MOLYBDENITE, pp. 41, 1042. — Crystals from Frankford, Penn., examined by A. P. Brown, are hexagonal in habit, prismatic or barrel-shaped, resembling some mica. Forms as interpreted: e(0001), m (1010) o (1011), p (2021), q (3031). Angles: co *65° 35', cp 77° 13', cq 81° 24'; axis c - 1-9077. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad., 210, 1896
Occurs in large crystals (3'5 X 5*5 in. and 2 or 3 in. thick) with native bismuth, etc., at Kings- gate, Glen Innes, N. S. W., Liversidge, Rec. Austr. Mus., 2, 1892.
MONAZITE, p. 749. — Cryst. — Nil-Saint-Vincent, Belgium, Franck, Bull. Acad. Belg., 21,40, 1891. Brazil, Hussak, Min. petr. Mitth., 12, 470, 1892. South Lyme, Conn., occurs in distinct crystals, Matthew, School Mines Q 16, 232, 1895.
Occurrence on New York island. Niven, Am J. Sc., 50, 75, 1895. Distribution in European rocks, Derby, Min. Mag., 11, 304, 1897. Distribution in U. S., and elsewhere, U. S. G. Surv., 16 Ann. Rept . Pt. IV, p. 667. Occurs rather abundantly in the gold sands of southern Idaho, Lindgren, Am. J. Sc., 4 63, 1897.
Yields helium and other gases, Ramsay, Collie and Travers, J. Ch. Soc., 65, 684, 1895 ; also Ramsay and Travers, Proc. Roy. Soc., 60, 442, 1897. Also Erdmann, Ber. Ch. Ges., 29, 1710,
MORDENITE, p. 573. — Relation in composition to ptilolite, Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 44, 101, 1892.
MORENOSITE, p. 940. — Zermatt, analysis of magnesium variety, Pisani: SO3 28'7, NiO 18'5, MgO 6-5, H2O 46-5 100-2. Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 48, 1892.
MORONITE. — A mixture of calcium carbonate with the remains of forammifera, cf. S. Cal- deron [Anal. Soc. Espagn. Hist. Nat., 23, 21, 1894], Zs. Kr., 26, 331, 1896.
48 Appendix 1.
Mossite. W. C. Brogger, Vidensk. Skrift. I. Math.-nat, Klasse, No. 7, Christiania, 1897.
Tetragonal. Axis is 0-6438 ; 001 A 101 32° 46f. Forms : a (100), c (001), m (110), 0 (6 9 !0), y (305) e (101), v (301), (111), ep 42° 19', mp *47° 41'. Crystals small; commonly twius with tw. pi. e, these often prismatic, elongated parallel a pyramidal edge analogous to twins of rutile (cf. Fig., Min., p. 1047, and Fig. 1 of tapiolite, this Append.), hence simulating ortho- rhombic forms; also drillings, fourlings. Cleavage none. G. 6-45. Luster metallic, brilliant. Color black.
Composition, Fe(Nb,Ta)3O, like tapiolite, with probably Nb : Ta 1 : 1. Analysis, G. Thesen :
NbjOB.TasOs SnO2 FeO
82-92 0-18 16-62 99'72
Occurs very sparingly, with yttrotantalite and columbite on feldspar, in a pegmatite vein at Berg near Moss, Norway.
Munkforssite. L. J. Igelstrom, Zs. Kr., 27, 601, 1896.
Massive, foliated or small granular; the grains apparently monoclinic in crystallization. Cleavage in one direction. H. 5. Color white or pale reddish.
Near svanbergite in composition. Analysis after deducting 10'74 p. c. insol. :
SO-3 15-12 P2O6 16-01 AlaO, 29-23 CaO 36'64 ign.(8O, ?) 3 00 100
B. B. infusible and does not yield a blue color with cobalt solution; only partially decomposed by acids.
Occurs in the cyanite of a damouritic quartzite at Horrsjoberg, Westana, and Dicksberg in the Ransat parish, Wermland, Sweden. Named from the Munkforss iron-works.
Munkrudite. L. J. Igelstrom, Zs. Kr., 28, 311, 1897. Near svanbergite in composition, con- taining P,O6,SO3,Fc'O,CaO, but not analyzed. Occurs foliated and crystalline; colorless to yellow. From Muukerud, near Dicksberg, Wermland, Sweden.
MUSCOVITE, p. 614. — Percussion-figure shown to deviate from the assumed normal position; thus the angle between the rays opening opposite b (010) was found to be 53° to 56° instead of 60° ; similarly in other micas, e.g. in phlogopite (Ceylon) this angle was 63£°. T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc . 2, 5, 1896.
From Matawatchan, Renfrew Co., Ontario, analysis by Wait (1'26 Cr2O3), quoted by Hoff- mann, Rep G. Canada, 5, 21R, 1889-90.
Fuchrite (2-73 p. c. Cr) occurs in Habersham Co., Ga., in emerald-green scales, analysis, Genth, Am. J. Sc., 44, 388, 1892. On the occurrence of fuchsite in the Swiss Alps, see J. Erb, Nat. Ges. Zurich, 43, 276, 1898.
Analysis of compact variety, G. Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 21, 135, 1898.
On certain new silicates yielded in synthetic experiments, C. and G. Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 22, 17, 20, 1899.
See Baddeckite.
NAGYAOITE, p. 105. — Occurs at the Sylvia mine, Tararu creek, New Zealand, J. Park, Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 3, 150, 1891.
NANTOKITE, p. 154.— From the Broken Hill mines, New South Wales, Liversidge. Occurs in indistinct crystals in a matrix of cuprite with native copper and cerussite. G. 4'7. Analysis by Carmichael : Cl 35'92, Cu 64-28 100'20. Also Min. Mag., 10, 326, 1894 (but here Cl 35-82). [Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W., 28, 96, June 6, 1894.]
See also Marshite and Miersite.
Nasonite. 8. L. Penfield and C. H. Warren, priv. contr.
Massive, granular, cleavable and probably monoclinic. Luster greasy. Color white.
Composition, (Ca,Pb)ioClaSieOji. Analysis:
SiO, PbO CaO MnO ZnO FeO Cl (OH)
18-47 65-84 11 '20 0'90 0'84 0-10 2'80 0'26 100'41
B.B. on charcoal, decrepitates, but fuses easily when powdered, giving a lead flame and coat- ing of PbO. In closed tube decrepitates, giving off a little HaO and an abundant sublimate of lead chloride.
Occurs at Franklin Furnace, N. J., associated with brown garnet, yellow axinite, glaucochroite (wh. see) and a little frnnklinite. Named after Mr. F. L. Nason, formerly of the Geological Survey of the State of New Jersey,
Appendix I. 49
NATROLITE, pp. 600, 1042. — Crystals described, from Puy-de-D6ine, Gonnard. Bull. Soc. Min.,
15, 221, 1892. Also, with analysis, Magnet Cove, Arkansas, W. H.Melville, Bull. U. 8. G. Surv., 90, 38, 1892.
Analysis, from the Plaueuscheu Grand. Dresden, Zschau, Abb. Ges. Isis, p. 100, 1893.
Weed and Pirssou conclude from the analysis of a portion (G. about 2'30) of the leucite rock called by them missourite, from the Highwood Mts., Montana, that it probably consists of analcite and a new potash zeolite, (Kj,Ca)AlaSi3Oio.2HaO. Tliis would correspond to a uatrolite con- taining potassium and calcium in place of sodium. Am. J. Sc., 2, 319, 1896.
Natronberzeliite. — See Berzeliite. Natrongranat. — See Garnet. Natronmelilith. — See Melilite. Natronmikroklin. — See Anorthoclase. Natronrichterite. — See Astochile and Riehierite.
NEOCHRYSOLITE, p. 455.— Identical with fayalite according to Wichmann, Zs. Kr., 28, 538,
NEPHELITE, pp. 423, 1042. — Crystals from Vesuvius, with new form (5160), Kaiser, Zs. Kr., 31, 24, 1899. Relation to davyne also discussed.
Discussion of symmetry of crystallization and twinning, etc., as revealed bv etching, etc., Trau be, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 9, 466, 1895.
Occurrence in New Zealand, Ulrich, Trans. Austr. Assoc. Sc., 3, 127, 1891.
From the nephelite-syenite of Dungannou, Ontario, analysis by Harrington, Am. J. Sc., 48,
16, 1894.
Artificial formation of a purely potash compound, Duboin, C. R , 115, 56, 1892.
Neptunite. G. Flink, G. For. Forh., 15, 196, 467, 1893 ; Zs. Kr., 23, 346, 1894. G. Norden- sMild, G. For. Forh., 16, 346, 1894.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : b 1 '3164 : 1 : 0'8076 ; ft *64° 22' 001 A 100. 100 A HO 49° 53', 001 A 101 23° 86£', 001 A Oil 36° 3*'. Forms : a (100), b (010), c (001) ; m (110) ; e (201), ss' 55" 36'. In prismatic crystals, with c (001) and u (512) prominent. Twins : tw. pi. c.
Cleavage : m distinct. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5-6. G. 3'234. Luster vitreous. Color black ; in very thin splinters deep blood-red. Streak cinnamon-brown. Nearly opaque. Optically + . Ax. pi. J. b. Bxa A b + 18°. Pleochroic ; absorption c 6 a.
In composition, a titano-silicate of iron (manganese) and the alkali metals ; formula i ii i ii
RiRTiSi4O,..,, with R Na : K 3 : 1 and R Fe : Mn 2 : 1. Neptunite is therefore related in composition to titanite, and as Flink shows there is also a rather close correspondence in angle.
Analyses, 1, Flink. 2, O. A. Sjostrom, G. For. F5rh., 15, 393, 1893.
SiOa TiO, FeO MnO CaO MgO KSO Na,O
1. 51-53 18-13 10-91 ' 4-97' - 0'49 4'88 9'26 100-17
2. f 51-93 17-45 10-23 5-32 0'71 - 5'71 9'63 100-98
Obtained from Greenland, the locality probably not the well-known Kangerdluarsuk, but ratlier Narsasik, near Igaliko. It occurs closely associated with segirite (whence the name), also eudialyte, arfvedsouite, etc.
Nickel-skutterudite. — See Skutterudite.
NITER, p. 871. — Occurs in cavities of the leucite rocks of North Table Butte, Leucite Hills, Wyoming. In the rock of the Boar's Tusk of the same region, soda niter also occurs. Cross, Am. J. Sc., 4, 118, 1897.
Northupite. Warren M. Foote, Am. J. Sc., 50, 480, 1895. J. H. Pratt, ibid., 2, 123, 1896. Isometric, in octahedrons. Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. H. 3'5-4. G. 2'380. Colorless when perfectly pure; also pale yellow to gray and brown. Index ny 1'5144 Na. Composition, MgCO3 NaaCO3.NaCl. Analysis, Pratt.
CO, 35-43, MgO 16-22, Na,O 24'90, Cl 14'23, Na 9'22 100.
B.B. fuses at 1 with frothing to a white alkaline mass; colors the flame intense yellow. Easily soluble in acids.
Occurs in a clay at a depth of 450 feet at Borax lake, San Bernardino Co., California. Named after Mr. Northup, who first obtained the mineral.
This compound has been formed synthetically by A. deSchulten, Bull. Soe. Min , 19, 164, 1896.
Appendix I.
OCTAHEDRITE, pp. 240, 1043. — Oryst. — Bourg d'Oisaus, new form cr (11 -3 -44) ?, K. Busz, Zs. Kr., 20, 557, 1892. Jamtland, Hamberg, G. For. Forh., 16, 307, 1894. Glacier de la Meije, Hautes Alpes, Lacroix, C. R., 122, 1429, 1896.
Investigation of crystalline structure, Baumhauer, Zs. Kr., 24, 555, 1895.
Occurs with brookite at Placerville, Eldorado Co., Cal., Kunz, Am. J. Sc., 43, 329, 1892. Also at Magnet Cove, Ark., Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 48, 114, 1894.
See Halite.
OLIGOCLASE, p. 322. — Cleavage and parting planes, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 48, 115, 1894. See also Feldspar.
ONOFKITE, p. 64. — Occurs with cinnabar at Ouen-Shan-Tchiang, Central China,. Termier (anal, by Pisani), Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 204, 1897.
OPAL, pp. 194, 1038.— Occurrence in New South Wales, Anderson [Rec. G. Surv. N. S. Waies, 3, 29, 1892J, Jb. Min., 2, 221 ref., 1894.
ORPIMENT, pp. 35, 1043. — Obtained in fine crystals in cavities in clny at Mercur, Utah; these are inonoclinic (Penfield, priv. coutr.) as earlier (186H) deduced for Hungarian crystals by Breit- haupt; Groth has also reached this conclusion (Tab. Ueb. Min., 17, 189H; cf. also notes by Hintze, Zs. Kr., 24, 204, 1894). Miers found nothing in the optical characters at variance with ortho- rhombic crystallization, Miu. Mag., 10, 204, 1894.
ORTHOCLASE, p. 315. — Vesuvius, measurement of crystals, Franco, Giorn. Min., 5, 184, 1894.
Crystals from Lapland with (370) as tw. plane, Jeremejev, Vh. Miu. Ges., 30, 463, 1893. Also twin with tw. pi. plane cm, Goldschmidt and Wright, Zs. Kr., 30. 300, 1898 (earlier noted by Tschermak, Min petr. Mitth , 8, 414, 1887). Sanidine from Monte Cimiuo, near Viterbo, Italy, Zambonini. Riv. Min. Ital , 20, 20, 1898.
Noted as a gangue mineral in a fissure vein in the Silver City district, Idaho, Lindgren, Am. J. Sc., 5, 418, 1898.
See also Feldspar.
OTTRELITE, pp. 642, 1043. — Analysis, Liberty, Maryland, Eakins, Bull. TJ. S. G. Surv., 113, 111, 1893.
In metamorphic conglomerate in the Green Mts., Vermont, Whittle, Am. J. Sc., 44, 270, 1892. See Ghloritoid, Bliabergsite.
Paralaurionite. G. F. Herbert Smith, Min. Mag., 12, 108, 1899.
Mouoclinic. Forms: n (100), c(001), TO (110), d(101), 7i(201), k (401), Z(601); p(lll). Angles*
In prismatic b) or tabular crystals; twins with a as tw. pi. and thus pseudo- orthorhombic. Cleavage, basal. G. 6'05. Sections a show in monochromatic light a double interference-figure. Refractive index /3 — 2'1463.
Composition as for lauriouite, PbClOH. Analysis, Cl 14-9, O [3'6], Pb 78-1, H2O 3'4 100. The water is given off at 180°; laurionite loses its water at 142°.
Occurs in lead slags from Laurion, Greece.
PATUSITE, p. 290. — Crystals (rhombohedral, with new forms) from Igaliko, Greenland, described, also analysis, G. Nordenskiold, G. For. F5rh., 16, 338, 1894.
Obtained from TCnvalli County, Montana, in striated hexagonal crystals (Fig. 1), with pyramidal terminations, embedded in a white siliceous matrix. Analy- ses, 1, by C. H. Warren; also 2, from Muso, id. :
gt G. CO2 CeaO3 (La,Di)aO3 CaO F gangue O F
Montana, 4-128 22'93 26-14 28'46 10-98 5'90 [8'07]=10248 2'48 Muso Valley. 4-302 24 '22 30'67 29'74 "10-70 6'82 0'50 =102'65 2'87
These analyses lead to the formula [(Ce,La,Di)F],Ca(CO3)Q. Penfield and Warren, priv. contr.
Pearceite. S. L. Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 2, 17, 1896.
Monoclinic. Axes a : b : c 1 '7309 : 1 : 1 "6199, ft - *89° 51'. Observed forms: a (100), ft (010), c(001); I (310), m (110), 7i(130); d (102), n (101), t (201), e (401), / (601), (203), (101), <0(201), e0(401),/o(601); A; (021); 0(114), r (112), p (111), (332), s(221), w(331), o0 (114), ?0(113), n (112), po(Ill), (332), s0 (221), u0 (331), 0(311), y(313), 2(3-1-12). Angles: mm'(110AllO)=*60° 2', cd=*25° 3', en=43" 2',
Parisite. er 43° 3', cp 61° 49'.
In pseudo-rhombohedral crystals, tabular c; basal faces with triangular
The author gives the axes, a : b : c 0'8811 : 1 : 0-6752 (ft 62° 47'), which, however, do not correspond with the angles quoted.
Appendix I.
markings (Fig. 1). Twinning probable as with the micas and chlorites, but not definitely deter- mined; this would explain the occurrence of some of the forms in the list above. Also massive.
Figs. 1, 2, Marysvale, Montana.
Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 3. G. 6'125-6-166. Luster metallic. Color and streak black. Opaque.
Composition, Ag9AsS or 9Ag2S.AsjS3 , hence an arsenical polybasite. Analyses: 1, F. C. Knight, quoted by Penfield, 1. c. 2, S. H. Pearce, Am. J. Sc., 44, 16, 1892, after deducting 28-18 p. c. impurities (siderite, galena). 3, Penfield, 1. c., deducting 12-81 p. c. (chiefly galena). Here belongs also an analysis by H, Rose of a Schemnitz mineral (No. 2, Dana Min., p. 146).
S As Sb Ag
1. Marysvale, Mont. 17'71 7 '39 — 55.17
2. Aspen, Colo. mast. 17-73 6'29 0'18 59-73
3. " " cryst. 18-13 7-01 0-30 56'90
Cu Zn
18-11 — Fe 1-05, insol. 0'42 99-85
12-91 3-16 100
14-85 2-81 100
B.B. decrepitates slightly and fuses readily. On charcoal in O.F. a slight arsenical coating; with soda a silver globule. In the open tube fumes of sulphur dioxide and sublimate of arsenic trioxide. In the closed tube fuses, gives a yellow sublimate of arsenic trisulphide and above a faint deposit of sulphur. Readily oxidized and dissolved in powder by nitric acid.
Occurs with quartz and calcite, also chalcopyrite, in a cavity at the Drumlumrnon mine, Marysvale, Montana. Also at the Mollie Gibson mine, Aspen, Colorado, both massive in large quantity disseminated through a pink barite; also in tabular crystals embedded in siderite, in both oases associated with galena. Also in good crystals from the Tintic district, Utah.
Named after Dr. Richard Pearce of Denver.
PECTOLITE, p. 373.- 241, 1892.
-Torosay in Mull, Scotland, analyses, Heddle, Trans. G. Soc. Glasgow,
Pelionite. A name suggested by W. F. Petterd for a bituminous coal (Pelion Coal) resem- oling the English cannel coal, from near Monte Pelion, Tasmania. Catalogue of Minerals of Tasmania, 1893.
PENCATITE, p. 271.— Investigated (also predazzite), Lenecek, Min. petr. Mitth., 12, 429,447,
Penfieldite. F. A. OenlJi, Am. J. Sc., 44, 260, 1892. 8. L. Penfield, ibid., 48, 114, 1894.
Hexagonal. Axis b 0-8967 ; 0001 A 0111 39° 26±'. In hexagonal 1.
prisms (Fig. 1) with c (0001), m (1010) and p (1122) ; also undetermined acute pyramids of the unit series forming tapering crystals. Angle cp — *41° 53'.
Cleavage : basal, distinct. Luster vitreous, inclining to greasy. Color white. Transparent to translucent. Double refraction, strong, positive.
Composition, a lead oxy chloride, PbO.2PbCl.j Chlorine 18 '2, lead 79 '7, oxygen 21 100. Analysis, Genth :
Cl Pb
1. Tapering cryst. 18-55 78'25
2. Opaque cryst. 17'94' undet.
B.B. in the closed tube decrepitates and yields a sublimate of lead chloride but no water. Easily soluble in nitric acid.
Found in the ancient lead slags from Laurion, Greece, in which it has resulted from the action of sea-water. Other lead oxychlorides occuring at Laurion are : laurionite, fiedlerite and paralaurionite (this Append., p. 50). Penfieldite.
PENNINITE, p. 650. — Analysis of kammererite, from Tampadel, Zobtengebirge, Lower Silesia, Traube, Zs. G. Ges., 48, 53, 1894. See Clinochlore.
52 Appendix I.
PENTLANDITE. p 65. — Shown by Penfield (Am. ,T. Sc. 45, 493, 1893) lo ocGtJr Intimately mixed with pyrrhotite at Sndbury, Ontario. It is non-Tnngnetic, has a lighter color and is isometric as shown by the octahedral parting G. 4-946-5-006. Analysis gave S : 33'42 Fe 30-35, Ni 34 '23, Co 0 85. gan-rue 0-67 99 42. It is also shown that the folgerite of Emmens (ref.. p. 26) from the Worthington mine, 30 miles southwest of Sndbury, is only pentlandite.
Occurs at Beiern, Norway, (analysis), J. H. L. Vogt, G. For. Forh., 14, 325, 1892.
See also Heaslewoodite.
PERCYLITE, pp. 172, 1028. — Synthetic experiments by C. Friedel lead to the composition before suggested for the species, viz. PbCuCl2(OH)2 or Pb(OH)Ci.Cu(OH)Cl. This is the com- position of boleite (Miu., p. 1028) except that, it contains a small amount of silver chloride (AgCl). Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 96. 1892. Friedel has also obtained crystals with the latter com- position (boleite), ibid,, 17, 6, 18*4.
The locality at Boleo. Lower California has yielded not only the cubes of boleite to which belong the formula PbCuCla(OH) + iAgCl (see Min., p. 1028. and Mallard and Cumenge. Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 283, 1891), but also octahedral or pyramidal crystals, sometimes in pseud o isometric groupings of six crystals. They are referred to the tetragonal system by Cumenge, C, R., 116, 898. 1893. Analyses, 1, Fourment, quoted by Cumenge; 2, Friedel, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 187,
G. Cl Pb Cu Ag H3O O
1. 4-675 18-53 52'99 15-20 0-15 9'00 4-13 100
2. 4-71 19-04 52-85 17'95 5'44m 4-55 SiO,0'39 - 100-26
m Ignition.
Analysis 2 (1 being incorrect in the HaO) corresponds to PbCnCla(OH)s, the composition above given for percylite. These crystals are called cumengeite by Mallard, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 184, 1893. He obtained 001 A 101 58° 44'; c 1-6469 ; optically negative, uuiaxial ; indices — 2-026, e 1-965, GO - e 0'061.
The relation of percylite to boleite and cumengite has also been discussed by Lacroix (Bull. Mus. d'Hist, Nat., Paris, p. o9, 1895), but his conclusions rest on insufficient data. He would recognize a series passing from cumengite containing no silver (PbCuCU(OH)2, through pseudo- boleite less than JAgCl and boleite with jAgCl, to percylite in which still more AgCl is present (but see Friedel above). He would also find a progressive increase in specific gravity, viz. for the four substances named : 4-71, 508, 5'08, 5*254; also a decreasing birefringence, viz. 0'061 (cumengite). 0'03, (pseudoboleite), O'Ol (boleite), to 0 or nearly 0 in percylite. The sub- stance called pseudoboleite forms part at least of the cubic crystals with re-entrant angles (001 A 102 63° 44') referred to cumengite and percylite by Mallard.
A mineral from the Broken Hill mines, New South Wales, is referred to boleite by Liversidge, Prof. R. Soc. N. S. W., 28, 94, 1894. In cubic crystals with o and d. H. 3'5. G. 5-02, Analysis by Carmichael and Armstrong : Cl 13'50, Pb 47'20, Cu 19'20, Ag 8'25, O calc. [6-10]. H3O calc. [5-44] 99'69. H-,0 determined by Liversidge 6'39 p. c.
Obviously these supposed distinct minerals need further examination, especially on the chemi- caLsdde.
PERICLASE, p. 207.— Occurs in small grains at Langban, Hi. Siogren, G. For. Forh, 17. 288,
Discussion of method of origin at Laugban and Nordmark, Hi. Siotn-en, G. For. Forh., 20, 25, 1898.
Artificial production, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Miu., 21, 87, 1898.
PEROVSKITE, p. 722.— Further investigation of crystal lographic and optical characters, Des Cloizeaux Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 218, 1893.
Occurs with magnetite as a rock at Catalao, Goyaz, Brazil, Hussak, Jb. Min., 2, 297, 1894.
PETALITE, p. 311. — Occurs near the source of the Amanaur river, Caucasus, C. Jeremeiev (anal., Antipov), Bull. Ac. St. Pet., 5, 1896, Proc. Verb., p. viii.
PETZITE, p. 48.— Occurs in the Yale district, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 8, 12R, 1895. Also at the Nordenfeldt mine, Thames gold-field, New Zealand, J. Park Austr Assoc. Adv. Sci., 3, 152, 1891.
PHAKMACOLITE, p. 827. — Analysis by Church gives 12'37 p. c. as loss of water in vacua (3 HaO), and 3'11 between 100° and 200° (HaO). Min. Mag., 11,7, 1895.
PHENACITE, p. 462. — Crystals described (anal, by Preis) from Ober-Neusattel, Vrba, Zs. Kr., 24, 119, 1894.
Appendix I. 53
Crystals occur at KragerO of prismatic habit, the usually tri-rhombo_bedral symmetry not dis- tinctly shown, twins of both contact and penetration types, with m (1010) as tw. plane, Biickstrom, G. For. Forh., 20, 295, 1898, and Zs. Kr., 30, 352, 1
Pscudoinorphous crystals (Fig. 1)of very larere size (one weighed 28 ll>s.) occur at Greenwood, Me., C. H. Warren, Am. Sc., 6, 119, 1898.
Occurrence at St. Christophe-eu-Oisans, Dauphine, Des Cloizeaux and L;icroix, C. R., 116, 1231, 1892. Also at Striegau, Silesia, Hiutze, Zs. Kr., 28, 174, 1897.
Philipstadite. K. A. Daly, Proc. Amer. Acad. Sc., 34, 433, 1899.— See
Amphibole.
PHILLIPSITE, p. 579. — Analysis by G. H. Edwards of crystals from Bass Strait, Australia, gave : Phenacite.
G. SiO2 A1,O3 Fe,O, (Ba,Sr)O CaO NaaO KaO
2-20 47-94 21-72 4'44 0'77 2'25 2'73 9'87 100'65
This leads to the formula RAlaSi4Oia.4HaO, where R — K,, Naa and Ca. That phillipsite should contain 4H2O, instead of 4£H2O as generally accepted (Min., p. 580), was indicated by Pratt and Foote in their discussion (Am. J. Sc., 3, 448, 1897) of the wellsite-phillipsite-harmo- tome-stilbite series. S. L. Penfield, priv. contr. — See Wellsite.
PHLOGOPITE. — See Mica.
PHCENICOCHROITE, p. 914.— Synthesis, Ludeking, Am. J. Sc., 44, 57, 1892. Also Lachaud and Lepierre, Bull. Soc. China., 6, 232, 1891.
PHOSGENITE. p. 292.— Crystals from Monteponi, Sardinia, studied by Goldschmidt, are refer- red to the trapezohedral group of the tetragonal system, Zs. Kr., 21, 321, 1893; 23, 139, 1894; 26, 9, 1896. Traube concludes, however, that etching-figures are not at variance with crystal- lization in the normal (holohedral) group, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 10, 456, 1896. On crystals from Laurion, Greece, G. F. Herbert Smith, Min. Mag., 12, 107, 1899.
Formation of artificial crystals also of PbCO3.PbBra, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 191. 194, 1897.
PICROMERITE, p. 948. — (Schoenite.) Relation to other sulphates, etc., J. K. van der Heide, Zs. phys. Ch., 12, 416, 1893.
PIEDMONT'ITE. p. 521. — Shown by G. H. Williams to occur at South Mountain, Pa., in an ancient rhyolite with scheelite, etc.; analysis by W. F. Hillebrand, after deducting quartz assumed to- be present to the amount of 10 p. c. : SiO2 37-37, AlaO3 22'07, Ce3O3 0'89. R2O3' 1'52, Fe,O3 4'78, Mn2O3 8-15, MnO 2'285, CaO 18'825, MgO 0'30, K2O 0'81, NaaO 0'27, HaO 2'48, CuO 0'18, PbO 0-17 100 05. ("Other rare earths:) Am. J. Sc., 46, 50, 1893.
Occurs in rhyolite in Province of Shiuano, Japan, Yamasaki, J. Coll. Sc. Japan, 9, 117, 1897.
PINAKIOLITE, p. 877. — A related mineral from Langban has been analyzed by BackstrOm, G. For. Forh, 17, 257, 1895.
FINITE, p. 621.— Breage, Cornwall, analysis, Collins, Min. Mag., 10, 8, 1892.
Pirssonite. J. H. Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 2, 126, 1896.
Orthorhombic-hemimorphic. Axes a : b : h 0'5662 : 1 : 0'3019. Forms : b (010), m (110), p (111), pi (111), e (131), x (311). Angles : mm'" *59° 2', pp" *63° 0', pp' 54° 6', pp'" - 29° 507. Habit prismatic (Figs. 1 to 4).
Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal Brittle. H. r>-3'5. G. 2'352. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white, sometimes dark from impurities. Pyroelectric. Optically -f-. Ax. pi. fl c. Bxa 6. 2Ey 48° 14'. Indices (Na) : 1'5043, ft 1 "5095, 1-5751 (.'. 2V 32° 48').
Composition, CaCO3.NajCO3.2HsO. Analysis :
CO, CaO Na2O K3O H,O
36-07 23-38 25-70 0'15 14-73 AlaO3,SiOa 0'32 100-45
B.B. decrepitates, fuses at 2-2'5, coloring the flame deep yellow; alkaline reaction after heat- ing. Soluble in cold acids with effervescence.
Appendix I.
Occurs sparingly with gay-lussite and nortbupite at a boring near Borax lake, San Bernardino Oo., California. Named after Prof. L. V. Pirssou of New Haven.
This mineral has been obtained artificially by A. de Schulten, C. R., 123, 1023, 1896.
m
m
m
PLAGIOCLASE. — See Feldpar.
Figs. 1-4, Pirssonite.
PLAGIONITE. p. 118. — Description of crystals from Wolfsberg, Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 125, 1896; also with new forms, L. J. Spencer, Min. Mag., 11, 192, 1897, and 12, 56, 1899 (see further Semseyite).
Planoferrite. L. Darapsky, Zs. Kr. , 29, 213, 1897.
In rhombic or hexagonal tabular crystals (probably orthorhombic) with basal cleavage and faces on the edges. Brittle. H. — 3. Color yellowish green to brown (Grilnling) streak chrome- yellow. Composition Fe3O3.SO3.15HaO. Analysis :
SO3 15-57, Fe2O3 31 '20, HaO 51 -82, insol. 1-41 100. Occurs in druses in copiapite at the Lautaro mine near Morro Moreno, Antofagasta, Atacama.
PLATINUM, pp. 25, 1044. — Veuable concludes that the reported occurrence of platinum in North Carolina is very doubtful, Am. J. Sc., 43, 540, 1882 ; J. Elisha Mitchell Sc. Sue., 8, 1892.
Occurs with gold in the sand of the N. Saskatchewan river, near Edmonton, Alberta, Hoff- mann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 65R, 1889-90. Also on Rock creek, Kettle river, Yale district Br Columbia, ib., 6, 14R.
PLATTNERITE, p. 239. — Mullan, Idaho, analysis (Yeates) andcryst. description (Ayres) as given in Syst. Min., p. 240. Am. J. Sc., 43, 407, 1892.
PLTJMBOCUPRITE. — See Cuproplumbite.
PLUMBOFERRITE, p. 228. — Sj5 mine, Orebro, Sweden, analysis of impure material, Igel- strom, G. For. Forh., 16, 594, 1894, and Zs. Kr., 24, 129, 1894.
POLIANITE, p. 236.— Analyses, Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 96, 1893.
POLLUCITE, pp. 343, 1044. — Rumford, Me., analysis by H. W. Foote confirming formula of Wells, Am. J. Sc., 1, 457, 1896.
Si03 AUO3 Cs2O K3O Na,O Li2O HaO G. 2-984 f 43-64 1684 36-14 037 2-09 0-08 1-58 100'74.
POLYBASITE, pp. 146, 1045. — Crystals from the Yankee Boy mine, Ouray, Colorado, are shown
by Penfield to be mouoclinic and pseudo-rhiimbohedral (Fig. 1). Axes : d : b : c 1-7309 : 1 : 1-5796, ft 90° ()'. Forms : c (001), I (310), m (110), n (101), A (203), (101), TI (408), 4 (201); o (114), r (112), p (111), s (221), u Freiberg. (331)?) Oa (j14); n (J13) po (J12).
Angles cm *90e 0', mm1 *60" 2', en *42° 23', cr 42° 22', co 24° 81'. Crystals tabular
Appendix I. 55
I c, Figs. 1, 2. The form is very near that of pearceite, p. 50, Fig. 2 shows a crystal from the Himmelfahrt mine, Freiberg, perhaps a twin. Am. J. Sc., 2, 23, 1896. See also Pearceite. Also occurs in fine crystals at the Big Seven Mine, Neihart, Montana (Pfd.).
Analysis from Quespisiza, Chili, by Bodlander : S 16'37, Sb 5'15, As 8'88, Ag 67-95, Cu 6-07. Pb 0-76 100-18. This gives the ratio of Aga(Cu3)S : Sba(Asa)S, 7'74 : 1 instead of 9 : 1 as commonly accepted, Jb. Min., 1, 98, 1895.
POLYCKASE, p. 744. — Occurs in the township of Calvin, Nipissing, 1.
Ontario, Canada, Hoffmann, Am. J. Sc., 7, 243, 1899.
POLYLITE, p. 1045. — Thomson's supposed mineral is shown to be a mixture containing fayalite derived from an iron furnace, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 308, 1897.
POWELLITE, p. 989. — Occurs at the South Hecla copper mine, Houghton Co., Michigan, (WO3 1*65 and 4'50 p. c.,) Koenig and Hubbard, Am. J. Sc., 46, 356, 1893. The same locality has afforded some fine crystals described by C. Palache, ibid., 7, 367, 1899. G. 4'356, color bluish green. Habit as in Fig. 1. Observed forms : e (101), p(lll), h (133). .?' (3-11 11); also narrow and doubtful, k (155), f(l-). Angles near those of scheelite. Cleavage e interrupted. One specimen showed a dark, nearly black exterior and bluish-green interior presum- ably due to variation in composition.
Crystals, with c (001), e (101), p (111), have been obtained artificially by L. Michel ; analysis gave MoO3 62'37, WO3 10-23, CaO 26'41 99-01. Bull. Soc. Min., 17, 612, 1894. Powellite.
PREHNITE, p. 530. — Occurs in crystals at Friedensdorf near Marburg, Brauns (anal, by A. Nau), Jb. Min., 2, 6, 1892.
Crystals described and investigated pyroelectrically; new forms (301), (601), (lO'O'l); crystals hemimorphic and twinned (tw. pi. a (100)). Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 9, 134, 1894.
Crystals described from Tulferthal, Tyrol, Habert, Zs. Kr., 28, 258, 1897. Anal., Fassa, Tyrol, Schneider. Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 112, 1893.
Identification in rocks, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 21, 277, 1893.
Prolectite. IIj. Sjogren, Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 40, 1892; 2, 99, 1894.
A new member of the HTJMITE GROUP, thus far only known from two fragments of crystals obtained with humite, chondrodite, and clinohumite at the Ko mine at Nordmark, Sweden. In appearance and physical characters like other members of the group. Crystallization, monoclinic. Axes a : b : h 1'0803 : 1 : 1 "8862, ft 90°. Forms : (001), (010); (110); (103), (503), (409); (012), (Oil); (121), (367), (362); (227), (223), (111); (121), (249). Ax. plane (a Bx0) inclined 44° to 47° 15' to (001), that is, 46° to 42° 45' to c. 2Ka7 79° 45' (TI? 1-6703).
Not yet analyzed, but the composition is probably Mg[Mg(F,OH)]Si04 , the member of the group predicted by Penfield and Howe as noted under the Humite Group, p. 35. Hence named from npoXeyeir, to foretell.
PROSOPITE, p. 178. — Analysis of a pale green variety from Utah, Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 7, 53, 1899.
Fseudoboleite. A. Lacroix, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 39, 1895.— See Percylite.
PSETJDOBROOKITE, p. 232. — Crystals from Aranyer Berg have been examined by Traube, Zs. Kr., 20 327, 1892. Doss has described crystals obtained as a furnace product, ibid., p. 566. He deduced the composition Fe,O3.TiO, and urges isomorphism with andalusite; Frenzel, however, bus confirmed the accepted formula, 2Fe3O3.3TiOa , Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 126, 1894.
PSETJDOGAYLTJSSITE. — Discussion as to the origin of the barley-corn pseudomorphs of calcium carbonate (see Min., pp 907. 271) with description of forms occurring in Holland, F. J. P. van Calker, Zs. Kr., 28, 556, 1897.— See also Jarrowite.
PSEUDOMALACHITE, p. 794. — Analysis of elilite, from Semipalatinsk, Antipov, Vh. Min. Ges., 28, 527, 1891.
Fseudopyrophyllite. F. Loewinson- Leasing , Vh. Min. Ges., 33, 283, 1895. Zs. Kr., 28, 516.
— See Pyrophyllite.
PTILOLITE, p. 572. — A new locality near Silver Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado, is described by Cross and Eakins, Am. J. Sc., 44, 96, 1892. Occurrence similar to that of Green Mountain. Analysis, Eakins: SiO2 67'83, A15O3 11 '44, CaO 330, K3O 0'64, NaaO 2-63, H3O 13-44 =99-28. The relation in composition between ptilolite and mordenite is discussed by Clarke, ibid., p. 101.
PYRARGYRITE, p. 131. — Crystals from Mexico with new form (1126), Busz, Zs. Kr., 20, 557, 1892. From the Harz described by Lnedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 134, 1896.
Occurs in galena near Bear Lake, West Kootanie, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 27R, 1892-93.
PYRITE pp. 84, 1045. — Crystals described from Belabanya, Hungary; new forms (11 '5-0), (13-8 0), <13-9-0), (KV7-0). (15-11-0), (8'13'Oi, (7'H'O), (ll'15'O), (16'9'1). A. Franzenau, Ber. aus Ungarn 16, 198, 1898. , Also from Kotterbach, with new forms (211 -0), (17'1'0), etc., Zimanyi, Foldt, Kozl.. 28, 19-'. 1*98.
Monte della Riva, Viille del Dardagna, description of peculiar crystals, Bombicci, Mem. Accad. Sci. Bolosrna, Jan. 8. 1893.
A twinning of tetartohedral crystals (similar to ullmannite) is suggested by Miers for a specimen from Gilpin Co., Colorado, Miu. Mug., 12. 112, 1899.
Twin crystal with (320) as tw. plane, G. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., Proc. verb., March 14,
From Miisen, containing 4'13 Ni and 1'97 Co, Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 20, 553, 1892. Also from Sudbury, Ont., (Murray mine,) containing 4'34 p. c. Ni, Walker, Am. J. Sc., 47, 312, 1894.
Action of alkaline reagents on pyrite compared with that on marcasite, Doelter, Jb. Min., 2, 273, 1894. The same subject has been fully studied by A. P. Browu, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 33, June 19, 1894.
Penfield has shown that the uncertain blueite and whartonite of Emmens (J. Am. Ch. Soc., 14, No. 7, 1892), both from the Sudbury region, are (even if the analyses are trustworthy) only nickeliferous varieties of pyrite. Am. J. Sc., 45, 496, 1893.
PYROATJRITE, p. 256. — Described by Hj. Sjogrpn from the Moss mine, Norway. Occurs in hexagonal or rounded _tabular crystals (Fig. 1). Forms: c (0001), m (1010). A(2l80),/(1011); cf* 76° 30', hence c 3 6073. Crystals apparently show pyramidal hemihedrism in the development of h. H. 2-3. G. 2'07. Luster pearly to greasy. Color yellow to yellowish brown. Translucent. Optically — ; birefringence low. Analysis (on 0'03 gr.) by R Mauzelius : Fe3O3 28*0, HnO 4'5, MgO 34-8, H2O 36-1, insol. 0'5 97 '9. Associated with pyrochroite (often altered to manganite) in manganiferous dolomite. Bull. G. lust. Upsala, 2, 59, 1895.
PYROCHLORE, p. 726. — From Aln6, analyses and discussion of composition (also of related minerals), Holmquist, G. For. Forh., 15, 588, 1893. From the Ural, analysis, Khrushchov, Vh. Miu. Ges., 31, 415, 1894.
PYROLTJSITE, pp. 243, 1045.— Analyses, Gorgeu, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 96, 1893.
PYROMOUPHITE, p. 770. — Crystals from New Caledonia with new forms (15'0'l5'4), (9091). Lacroix, C. R., 118, 553, 1894, and Bull. Soo. Miu., 17, 120, 1894.
Crystals described from Nil-Saint-Vincent, Belgium, G. Cesaro, Mem. Acad. Belg., 53, 1897.
PYROPHYLLITE, p. 691. — F. Loewinson-Lessing concludes from his investigations of the miner.-il of Pyshminsk that it represents ;i mixture of pyropbyllite, SHjO.SAUOs.llSiOj, and pseudo-pyrophyllite, 3MgO.4AlaO3.9SiO3.8H.iO. These were separated by the Thoulet solution. Both nre assumed to be orthorhombic with Bxa 1 base (cleavage); the former is optically negative, the latter positive. Vh. Min. Ges., 33, 283, 1895, and Zs. Kr., 28, 516, 1897.
PYROSTILPNITE, p. 135. — Discussion of crystalline form, Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 133,
PYROXENE, pp. 352, 1045. — Crystals from New York State described, with optical investiga- tion and analyses, H. Ries, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc., 9, 124, 1896.
Diopside, Achmatovsk, new form H(55l), Busz, Zs. Kr., 20, 558, 1892. Crystals from several localities described, also augite, new forms $ (IO'1'O), ©(710), $ (750), (140), 2ft (160), % (0-11-5), <(414), SB (421), 958(531), A. Schmidt, Zs. Kr. 21, 1, 1892. From Graubttnden, Baumhauer, ibid., p. 200. From Zoptau, optical and chemical description, Graber, Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 265, 1894.
Forms a saccharoidal rock of an azure-blue color, on the Gil a river, 40 miles from Silver City, New Mexico. Analysis by Merrill and Packard gave : SiO, 54 '30, MgO 18 '33, CaO 25 "00, FeO 1-11 98-74. Am. J. Sc., 43, 279, 1892.
The author gives 1010 A 1011 76° 30.
Appendix I. 57
Violan, p. 357. — Analysis of original material by Penfleld shows it to be essentially a diopside, Am. J. Sc., 46, 293, 1893. Color light blue. G. 3'237-3'272.
8iOa A12O3 Fe,O3 MnaO3 MnO MgO CaO NaaO ' KaO ign. 53-94 1-00 0-86 0'88 0'36 16-63 23-80 1'22 0'05 066 99-40
Salite, from Sala, optical exam, and analysis, Hovey, Min. petr. Mitth., 13, 218, 1892.
Hedenbergite, Su Poru, Sardinia, analysis by Fasolo, quoted by Lovisato (10'92 p. c. MnO and no A12OS); also epidote, etc., Rend. Accad. Line., 4 (1), 111, 1895. From Renfrew Co., Ontario, optical characters, analysis, etc., Wulfing, Min. petr. Mitth., 15, 29, 1895.
Iron-scliefferite, Laugban, analysis by Mauzelius, Hj. SjSgren, G. F6r. F5rh., 14, 251, 1892. See Urbanite.
Jeffersonile, from Franklin Furnace, N. J., analyzed by Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 7, 55, 1899.
Augite, on crystals, see diopside above.
Analysis, Italian Peak, Gunnison Co., Colo., Eakins, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 112, 1893. From High wood Mts.. Montana, L. V. Pirsson, Bull. G. Soc. Am., 6, 410, 1895. In analcite- basalt, Colorado, Hillebrand, quoted by Cross, J. Geol., 5, 687, 1897.
On the pyroxene (segirite-augite, augite) from the volcanic rocks (leucitite, etc.) of the Ernici, Province of Rome, Italy, see Viola, Jb. Min., 1, 101 et seq., 1899. Crystals often show zonal structure with varying extinction ; twins noted with m (110) as tw. plane. The name federovite is suggested by Viola for a pyroxene from this region, which falls between segirite-augite and aegirite, containing 9 to 13 p. c. alkalies and about 24 p. c. FeO ; pleochroism strong, c yellow, 6 a olive-green ; c A c 65° to 75°, 2V 50°.
On the extinction-angles in the vertical zone, see R. A.Daly, Proc. Amer. Acad. , 34, 311, 1899 ; also the same on etching-figures, ibid., p. 374.
Many petrographical papers (in Jb. Min. et al.) contain analyses, optical determinations, etc.; a summary of some of these is given by Viola, Jb. Min., 1, 115-120, 1899.
Conditions of formation in a magma, Morozewicz, Min. petr. Mitth., 18. 113, 1898.
The meteorite of Vaca Muerta, Sierra de Chico, contains an unidentified silicate, in some respects resembling augite. Weinschenk, Min. petr. Mitth., 17, 567, 1897.
PYRRHARBENITE, p. 753. — See Berzeliite.
PYRRHOTITE, p. 73. — Crystals from Andreasberg, described with t (1012), r (7071), Busz, Jb. Min., 1, 124, 1895. From Frontenac Co., Canada, with (2021), (4041), etc., W. Nicol, Zs. Kr.r 31, 53, 1899.
Investigation of magnetic properties, Abt, Wied. Ann., 57, 135, 1896.
From Sudbury, Ont, containing nickel, Vogt, G. F5r. Forh., 14, 315, 1892.
Linck shows reason for not regarding pyrrhotite and troilite as heteromorphic modifications of the same compound (FeS), Ber. Ch. Ges., 32, 895, 1899.
QUARTZ, pp. 183, 1046. — Cryst. — Monograph for crystals from Val Malenco, Rossignoli, Riv. Min. Ital., 10, 3, 1892. No. Carolina, A. Capen Gill, Inaug. Diss., Leipzig, 1893, reproduced in Zs. Kr.. 22. 97 ; 1893; also H. A. Miers, Am. J. Sc., 46, 420, 1893. Jamtland, Ham berg. G. For. Forh.. 16. 307 1894. Wurmtlml, Harz, cryst. described, Luedecke, Abh. Nat. Ges. Halle, 20, 1894; Min. d. Harzes, 196, 1896. Devil's Lake, Wisconsin, Hobbs, Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, 1, 109, 1895. Switzerland, Termier, Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 443, 1895, and C. R., 121, 842, 1895. Nil-St.- Vinceut, Butgenbach, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 24, 11, 1897. Pisek, Bohemia, Heberdey, Zs. Kr., 26, 267, 1896. Tuscany, G. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., Mem., 17, 1898.
Crystalline structure of pyrogene quartz, Riuue, Jb. Min. 1, 1, 1892. Lamellar structure shown to be of secondary origin, also effect on optical character, Judd, Min. Mag., 10, 123, 1893.
Mechanical deformation of crystals from Pitourles-en-Lordat, Ariege, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 14, 306, 1891. Discussion of curved and twisted complex crystals and groups from Swit- zerland. G. Tschermak, Ber. Ak. Wieu, Denkschr., July 12, 1894. Also from Cararra, Bombicci, Mem. Accad. Bologna, 2, 1892.
Inclusions in quartz of Stromboli lavu, H. Johnston-Lavis, Soc. G. Ital., April 1, 1894.
Dichroism for infra-red waves, E. Merritt, Wied. Ann., 55, 49, 1895.
Rotatory power at low temperatures (to — 71 '5°), Soret and Guye, Bibl. Univ., 29, 242, 1892. Rotatory polarization for infra-red waves, Carvallo, Ann. Ch. Phys., 26, 113, 1892, and C. R., 114, 288, 1892. Rotatory power and double refraction, Beaulard, J. Phys., 2, 393, 1893; effect of pressure on optical phenomena, id., ibid., pp. 459, 472; see also Wiechmann, Sch. Mines Q., 20, 267, 1899. Measurement of rotntory power. Gumlich, Zs. Instrunientenkunde, 16, 97, 1896. Tenacity investigated, Sella and Voigt, Wied. Ann., 48, 663, 1893.
Piezo-electric property discussed, Lord Kelvin, Phil. Mag., 36. 331, 1894.
Refractive indices measured, Wulfing, Miu. petr. Mitth., 15, 59, 1895.
Investigation of coloring matter of smoky quartz (titanium), Weinschenk, Zs. G. Ges., 48, 704, 1896; Zs. anorg. Ch., 12, 375, 1896.
68 Appendix I.
Observations on the solvent power of water at elevated temperatures (153° to 323°) and after long duration, G. Spezia, Att. Accad. Sc. Torino. 33, June 16, 1898; also ibid., 31, Dec. 29, 1895.
Stated to occur in the Toluca meteoric iron, Laspeyres, Zs. Kr., 24, 485, 1895.
A supposed cubic form of silica from Gunnabacoa, Cuba, has been called cubaite by F. Vidal y Careta [Cron. Cient. Barcelona, 13, 497, 1890] ; shown by L. F. Navarro to be rhombohedrons of ordinary quartz, Anal. Soc Espan. Hist. Nat., 21, Actas p. 120, 1893. Later (ibid., 14, 268, 1891) the first author proposed to substitute the name guandbaquite (guanabacoite) ; this includes also pseudomorphous chalcedony (analogous to that from Hungary) as further shown by Navarro, 1. c.
Quartzine. Lute cine, Lutecite. Michel- Levy and Munier-Chalmas, C. R., 110, 649, 1892, and Bull. Soc. Min., 15, l.r)9, 1892. Wallerant, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 52, 1897.
The forms of anhydrous silica having a fibrous structure differ from quartz in slightly lower density (G. 2'5-2 6) and more distinct\/ in optical characters. They are optically -f, but 'biaxial with a small axial angle, 20° to 35' ; birefringence 0'009 to 0-010. Three varieties have been distinguished, according to the direction of elongation of the fibers. (1) In chalcedony the elongation coincides with the axis a Bx0), in other words the direction of the fibers is some- times said to be negative. (2) In quarlzine it coincides with c, and in lutecine with a plane of symmetry Bxa) to the axes c and o, the fibers making an angle of 29° with c and of 61° with ft.
As interpreted by Michel-Levy and Muuier-Chalmas the regular arrangement of the fibers of chalcedony give rise to spherulites with concentric zones of like extinction; regular ternary (120°). aggregates of quartzine are regarded as producing ordinary quartz ; the regular hexagonal (60°) arrangement of the elementary lutecine gives the double hexagonal pyramids of lutecite, aggregates about an axis inclined 45° to c and 74° to the elongation of the fibers in the plane b and c. According to Wallerant (1. c.) all quartz is to be regarded as formed by regular iutergrowths of minute elements of quartzine.
It is obvious that these three forms of fibrous silica are essentially identical, and a1.! their various aggregates seem to have been derived from original colloidal concretions. Groth (Tab. Ueb.. 43, 1898) uses quartzine as a general term to embrace them all.
On quaitziue from Herman Mestec, Barvif, Ber. Ak. Bohm., March 10, 1893.
Christobalite (p. 193) has been shown to result from the action of water and hydrofluoric acid (at 200° and 26 atmospheres) upon amorphous silica, Khrushchov, Bull. Acad. St. Pet., 2,
27, 1895.
On the peculiar form of silica obtained from heulandite, with G.= 2'14 and optically nega- tive, see Rinne, Jb. Min., 147, 1896.
QTJENSTEDTITE, p. 957. — A ferric sulphate having the composition of quenstedite lias been observed by O. Kuntze as a yellow incrustation in sandstone near Montpelier, Muscatine county, Iowa. H.= 25. G.= 2-212. Analysis gave: SO3 39'01, FeaO3 26-86, A13O, 0'27, H2O 32'32, insol. (SiO2) 1'79 100'25. Amer. Geol., 23, 119, 1899.
Quirogite. L. F. Navarro [Anal. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., 24, Actas p. 96, 1895] Zs. Kr.,
28, 202, 1897. A supposed tetragonal mineral of metallic luster and lead-gray color, often tarnished dull. H.= 3. G.= 7'22. Analysis on material containing pyrite gave: S 17-51, Pb 63-89, Sb 9'69, Fe 6'30, Ag 97'39. From the mines San Andres, Georgina, etc., Sierra Almagrera, Spain. Named after the Spanish mineralogist, F. Quiroga. Probably only an impure galena (cf. remarks credited to Schrauf, Zs. Kr. , 1. c.).
Ransatite. L. J. Iglestrdm, G. F5r. F8rh., 18, 41, 1896.— See Garnet.
Raspite. 0. Hlawatsch, Ann. Mus. Wien, 12, 38, 1897 ; Zs. Kr., 29, 137, 1897 ; 31, 8, 1899.
Monoclinic. Axes d : b : c (1-3358 : 1 : 1-1112 ; ft 72° 19' 100 A 001 ac. Angles ce 46° 41', cd 46° 38'. Observed forms : a (100), b (010), c (001), e (101), d (Oil). Crystals small, eloniiaied b and tabular a with this face as twinning plane ; a striated horizontally.
Cleavage : a perfect. H. 2'5. G. undetermined. Luster adamantine, brilliant. Color brownish yellow. Transparent. Ax. pi. b. An axis and negative bisectrix oblique to a. Index 2'6 approx.
Composition, lead tungstate, PbWO4, like stolzite. Analysis, Tread well :
WO, 49-06 PbO 48-32 Fe,O3,MnO 1-43 98'81
Occurs with reddish stolzite on limonite at the Broken Hill mines, New South Wales. Named after Mr. Rasp, the discoverer of the Broken Hill mines.
Rathite. Baumhauer, Zs. Kryst., 26, 593, 1896.
Orthorhombic. Axes d : b : c : 0'6681 : 0 : 1-0579. 100 A HO 33e 44f . 001 A 101 57° 43', 001 A Oil 46° 361'. Also 001 A 203 *46° 33', 001 A 045 *40° 14f, 001 A 021 64° 42'. Observed forms: (001), (107). (106), (209), (207), (103), (205), (102), (203), (405), (101), (403), (302). <201), (401), (601); (045), (Oil '10), (021), (0'16'3) ; also other forms in part vicinal.
Appendix I. 59
In crystals, prismatic b, with numerous macrodomes finely striated an undetermined brachy- dome. Twins: tw.-plane au obtuse bracbydome. In luster and color not to be distinguished from dufreuoysite.
In composition allied to dufreuoysite and jamesonite, but formula uncertain. Analysis, Bonier :
S 23-72 As 17-24 Sb 4'u3 Pb 52'98 Fe 0-56 99'03
From the dolomite of the Binnenthal, Switzerland, with other related species. Named after Prof. G. vom Rath (1830-1888).
REALGAR, pp. 33, 1046. — Crystals from Allchar, Macedonia, described (new form £ (450)), Hackmau, Zs. Kr., 27, 608, 1896; also Vrba, Ber. Ak. Bohm., Dec. 7, 1894.
Retzian. Hj. Sjogren, Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 2, 54, 1894 ; G. F5r. F6rh., 19, 106, 1897.
Orthorhombic. Axes a:b:b — 0"4414 : 1 : 0'7269. Forms : b (010), m (110), n (130), d (101), k (071). Angles: mm'" 47° 38', bm *66° 11', cd *58° 44'. Crystals prismatic, sometimes tabular b. The axial ratio is near that of flinkite (Min., p. 802).
Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. H. =4. G. 4-15. Luster vitreous to greasy. Color dark chocolate-brown to chestnut-brown. Streak light brown. Subtnmslucent. Strongly pleochroic. Ax. pi. b. Ax. angle large. a, 6, c c, b, d.
In composition, a basic arsenate of manganese, calcium and undetermined rare metals ; formula uncertain. Analysis, on 0-08 gr., R. Mauzelius :
AssO6 X' MnO FeO PbO CaO MgO HaO
24-4 10-3 30-2 1-7 0-2 19-2 27 8'4 SiO, 0-5, insol. 4'3 101-9
X rare earths.
B.B. almost infusible ; yields water. With soda on charcoal gives arsenical fumes ; reacts for manganese and iron. Soluble in acids.
Found sparingly in small drusy cavities in the manganiferous limestone of the Moss mine, Nordmark, Sweden ; it is associated with jacobsite. Named after the Swedish naturalist, Anders Jahan Retzian (1742-1821).
RHABDITE, p. 31. — See Schreibertite.
Rhodoarsenian. L. J. Igelstrom, Zs. Kr., 22, 469, 1893. A partially described mineral from the Sjo mine, Orebro, Sweden. Occurs in small rose-red spherules embedded in arseniopleite. H. 4. Luster vitreous. An analysis (after deducting CaCOs) yielded : AsaO6 12-17, MnO 49 '28, CaO 21-53, MgO 5 -37, H2O 11'65, Pb.Cl tr. 100. Regarded as the arsenic compound corre- sponding to ferrostibian (Min., p. 804).
RHODOCHROSITE, p. 278. — Artificial formation, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Min., 20, 195, 1897. Rhodolite. Hidden and Pratt, Am. J; 8c., 5, 294; 6, 463, 1898.— See Garnet.
RHODONITE, pp. 378, 1046.— Etching-figures investigated, T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc., 5, 183,
Rhodophosphite. L. J. Igelstrom, Zs. Kryst., 25, 433, 1895. A mineral occurring in a quartzite carrying cyanite with svanbergite, lazulite, etc., at the Horrsjoberg Mts., Wermland, Sweden. Occurs crystalline (hexagonal), cleavable ; color white or pale red ; translucent. Analysis: P2OS 36-42, CaO 45-17, MnO.FeO 8 -80, Cl 2'92, SO3 1'34, F undet. 94'65 (author gives 97'93). It is probably simply apatite.
Rhodusite. H. B. Foullon, Ber. Ak. Wien, 100 (1), 176, 1891.— See Olaucophane.
RICHTERITE, pp. 386, 391.— Hj. Sj5gren has shown that the original mineral of Breithaupt is identical with that examined by Michaelson, IgelstrOm and Flink. His astochite (Min., p. 1027) is simply a soda-richterite, see astochite, this Append., p. 6). SjOgren also refers here the marmairolite of Hulst, Min., p. 391. G. For. Forh., 13, 604, 1891 ; ib., 14, 253, 1892 ; Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 2, 71, 1894 ; also Hamberg, G. For. Forh., 13, 801, 1891.
RIEBECKITE, pp. 400, 1047.— Occurs in pebbles in the glacial drift of the east coast of Ireland ; crystals found at Portrane have been measured by Sollas. Observed forms : b (010), m (110), x (150). t (101), p (101), r (Oil), z (121). Angles : mm'" 56°, pm' 77° 50', pt 54° 20', hence d : b : b 0-5558 : 1 : 0'2927, ft 73° 4'. A partial analysis gave : SiO, 42'69, Al,O,,Fe,O3 41 '71. Na,O 10-00, K,O 0-87. Proc. R. Irish Acad., 3, 516, 1895.
60 Appendix I.
Heddle has noted on crystals from the micro-granite of Ailsa Craig, Scotland, the additional forms : a (100), c (001), e (130), (031), o (021). Trans. Edinb. G. Soc., 7, 265, 1897.
Occurs in an intrusive rock in slates between Song and Tikobu, Southern Sikkim, India, Holland, Rec. G. Surv. India, 25. 159, 1892. Extinction-angle 7° 30' to 10° with c. Also reported by A. Osanu as occurring in the nephelite-syenite of Paisano Pass, Davis Mountains, Texas, Geol. Surv. Texas, 4th Ann. Report, 1892, p. 28. Occurs in trachytic rocks from Abyssinia, Prior, Min. Mag., 12, 92, 1899.
See Crossite.
RITTINGERITE, p. 136. — Shown by Miers to be identical with xanthoconite, wh. see. Min. Mag., 10, 185, 1893.
Roeblingite. 8. L. Penfield and H. W. Foote, Am. J. Sc., 3, 413, 1897.
Massive ; closely compact ; consisting of aggregates of prismatic crystals. H. 3'25. G. 3-433. Color white. Extinction parallel ; birefringence low.
Composition, probably H,oCa7Pt)aSuSaO28, which is regarded as a combination of five mole- cules of the silicate, HaCaSiO4, and two of the basic sulphite, CaPbSO4. This requires: Silica 22-1, sulphur trioxide 9'4, lead protoxide 32'9, lime 29'0, water 6'6= 100. Analysis :
SiO SO3 PbO MnO CaO SrO K3O Na,O H3O 23-58 9-00 31-03 2'48 25-95 1-40 0'13 0'40 6'35 100-32
Fuses B. B. at 3 to a gray globule giving the pale blue flame of lead. With soda on charcoal yields metallic lead and a lead coating. In the closed tube yields water. Dissolves readily even in dilute acid, yielding gelatinous silica on evaporation.
Found at a depth of 1000 feet in the Parker shaft at Franklin Furnace, N. J. ; occurs at or near the contact of the granite and limestone with garnet rock; associated with titanite, axinite, zircon, willemite, rhodonite, etc. Named after W. A. Roebliug of Trenton, N. J.
ROUMANITE. — See Rumanile, Min., p. 1005.
ROWLANDITE, p. 1047. — Further described by Hidden with analysis by Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 46, 208, 1893.
RUTILE, pp 237, 1047.— Crystals from the Valais, twins, etc., described, Baumhauer, Cong. Sc. €atholiques, Fribourg, 1897.
Parting (902) (cf. Min., p. 238) observed on crystals from Pragratten and Georgia, Milgge, Jb. Miu., 2, 82, 1897.
Occurs at West Cheyenne Canon, El Paso Co., Colorado, in iron-black distorted crystals containing 6 68 p. c. Fe2O3 ; G. 4'249, Genth and Peiifleld, Am. J. Sc., 44, 384, 1892.
Shown by spectroscopic examination to often contain vanadium in small amount, Hasselberg, Astrophysical Journal, 6, 22, 1897 ; 9, 143, 1899. Ak. H. Stockh., Bin., 23, (1), No. 3, 1898. Cf. Also Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 6, 209, 1898.
Artificial formation, Michel, Bull. Soc. Min., 15, 37, 1892.
See Dicksbergite.
SAFFLOIUTE, p. 100. — A related mineral occurs at the Ko mine, Nordmark, Sweden, with choud'-odite, tremolite, etc. Usually massive, rarely in prismatic crystals elongated, ] b; e (101) prominent. Forms: a (100), m (110), e (001), d (Oil), o (111). Angles 59° 14', oo' 105° 20' Axial ratio a : b : c 0'5086 : 1 : 0'8945 or 0'6782 : 1 1-1927, the latter showing the relation to arsenopyrite, etc. G. 7 '41. Analysis by R. Mauzelius : As 71 '13, S 0-68, Fe 15-28, Co 12-99, Ni 0-20, Pb(Cu) 0-33 100-61. This gives the formula (nearly) FeAsa.CoAs,. Hj. Sjogren, Bull. G. lust. Upsala, 2, 68, 1894.
SAL-AMMONIAC, p. 1">; — O!>.M -v.-iiions on crystals, Wolff, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1085, 1895. SALITE, p. 356. — See Pyroxene,
Salvadorite. W. Herz, Zs. Kryst. , 26, 16, 1896.
Monoclinic. In aggregates of rough prismatic crystals, with m (110), also 6 (010); mm 48W 16'. Crystals often twins united by a plane inclined 30° to h.
Cleavage : 6 perfect. Luster vitreous. Color green to blue, bluish green. Ax. pi. b. Bx, inclined 52° to c for Na (on same side as tw. plane), 46£° for Tl ; ax. angle 76° for Na.
Composition like pisauite (Min., p. 943), (Cu,Fe)SO4 + 7H,0 with Cu : Fe 2 : 1. Analyses:
SO3 . CuO FeO HaO
1. Green 27-87 18-77 8-49 44-65 99-78
2. Blue 28-16 17-57 9'59 44;31 99'63
Appendix I. 61
From the Salvador mine, Quetena near Calama, Chili. Differs from pisanite in optical orienta- tion and apparently in form.
SAMARSKITE, pp. 739. 1037. — Contains germanium in small amount (1 "5 p. c ); this is also true of tantalite, fergusonite. gadolinite, columbite, etc., Khrushchov, Zs. Kr., 24, 516, 1895. Analy- sis from the Ural by the same, Vh. Min. Ges., 31, 415, 1894.
Examination o gases (helium, etc.), Ramsay, Proc. Roy. Soc., 59, 325, 1896. Ramsay and Travcrs, ib\, 60, 443, 1897.
SARTORITE, p. 113. — Description of complex crystals (new forms) from the Binnenthal with analysis, Baumhauer, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 243, 1895.
SCAPOLITE, p. 466.— Crystals from Eel lake, Frontenac Co., Ontario, described, G. O. Smith, Johns Hopkins Circ., No. 112, May, 1894. Analysis of a "paranthite" from Clay Co., N. C., Berkley, Am Ch. J., 14, 628, 1892.
See also Wernerite.
SCHEELITE, p. 985. — From Marlow township, Beauce Co., Quebec, analysis by Johnston quoted by Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 21R, 1889-90; also from the Ballou mine, Queens Co., Nova Scotia, ibid., 7, 14R.
Occurs at South Mountain, Pa., with piedmontite in an ancient rhyolite, Williams, Am. J. Sc., 44, 50, 1893.
SCHEFPERITE, p. 357. — See Pyroxene. SCHNEEBERGITE, p. 862. — See Garnet. SCHOENITE, p. 948. — See Picromerite.
SCHIJEIBERSITE, p. 31. — Cohen, as the result of an investigation of many meteoric irons, has shown that the tetragonal iron-nickel phosphide, called rhabdite (Min., p. 31), is identical with schreibersite; the relative amounts of the metals vary widely. Ann. Mus. Wien, 9, 97, 1894.
" Rhahdite " occurs in tetragonal crystalline forms (with (001), (110), (111)) in the meteoric iron of Bendego, Brazil; 110 A 111 39°-40° Hussak. Of. Derby, Arch. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro, 9, 171, 1896.
Schulzenite. P. Martens [Act. Soc. Sci. Chili, 5, 87, 1895], Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 211, 1896. A doubtful substance of uncertain origin, related to asbolite. Found in the collection of J. Schulze and supposed to have come from northern Chili. Amorphous with conchoidal fracture. H 3-5 G. 3-39. Color and streak black. Gives off chlorine when treated with hydro- chloric acid. Analysis gave: Co 46'76, Cu 12'65. SiO2 1'76, Fe2O3 0'29, H2O (comb.) 14'08, H3O (hygr.) 4'92, O [19'54] 100. From this the formula is deduced : CuO.2CoO.CoaO, + 4H20.
SCOLECITE, p. 604. — Referred to the clinohedral group of the monoclinic system by Rinne, who gives the results of investigation by etching, pyroelectricity, etc. Jb. Min., 2, 51, 1894. Moderate heating causes a partial loss of water, and this is accompanied by molecular changes, the new form being called metascolecite, ibid., p. 60; also Ber. Ak. Berlin, 46, 1163, 1890.
Crystals from the Tulferthal, Tyrol, described by Habert, Zs. Kr., 28, 252, 1897.
Analysis, from granite on the Struth, Thuringia, Fomme [Ber. phys.-med. Soc. Erlangen, 25, 1898]. Zs. Kr., 25, 616. Also from Italian Peak, Gunnison Co., Colo., Eakins, Bull. U. S. G. Surv , 113, 112, 1898.
SCORODITE, p. 821.— Crystals from the Lolling show the forms h (101), /(Oil), Busz, Zs. Kr., 20, 555, 1892.
Seelandite. Brunlechner [Jb. Nat. Land.-Mus. Klagenfurt. 22, 192, 1893], Bull. Soo. Min., 19, T2l, 1896. A variety of pickenngite forming an efflorescence on the siderite of Lolling, Carinthiu. Composition, MgAli(SO4)4 + 27HtO, deduced from ihe analvsis: $O3 34-03, A12O3 10-54, MgO 4-07, HuO 51-22 99 86.
SEMSEYITE, p. 123. — L. J. Spencer has described (Min. Mag., 12, 60, 1899) crystals from "Wolfsberg similar to Kreuner's mineral and yielding: S 19'42, Sb28'62, Pb 51 '84 99'88, G 5'92; calculated formula 21PbS.10Sb;,S3. The form is near that of plagiouite. The author also discusses the relations of plagionite, heteromorphite and semseyite, and the suggestion is made that they may form a morphotropic series from 5PbS.4Sb2S3 (through 7PbS.4SbaS3, etc., heteromorphite) to 9PbS.4Sb,S3. The complex formulas often obtained (cf. plagionite) may be explained by assuming that the crystals analyzed in a given case are compounded of smaller crys- tals in nearly parallel position but differing among themselves slightly in angle and composition.
62 Appendix I.
Senaite. E. ffussak and G. T. Prior, Mii>. Mag., 12, 30, 1898.
Tri-rhombokedral like ilmenite (phenacite type). Axis 0 997. cr 49° 4'. In crystals with the forms c (0001); r (1011), 5(2031), z (4041). Twins common, tw. pi. a (1120).
Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. H. 6 or slightly above. G. 5-301 unchanged cryst. ; 4'78 fresh grains; 4'22 altered cryst. Luster submetallic. Color black. Streak brownish black. In very thin splinters oil-green to greenish brown. Optically uniaxial; birefringence low Not magnetic.
Composition uncertain; if the iron is all FeO and the manganese MnO2, the approximate for- mula is (Fe,Pb)O.2(Ti,Mn)O,. Analysis, Prior :
TiO, FeaO, PbO FeO MnO MgO SnO,
57-21 20-22 10-51 4'14 7'00 0'49 0-11 99'68
Occurs in rounded fragments and rough crystals in the diamond-bearing sands of Diamantina, Minus Geraes, Brazil. Named after Prof. Joachim da Costa Sena of Ouro Freto, Brazil.
SENARMONTITE, p. 198. — Occurs at Nieddoris, Sardinia, Brugnatelli, Rend. Accad. Line., 3(1). 78, 1894.
SEPIOLITE, p. 680. — Optical structure investigated, also of other compact "amorphous" min- erals (glauconite, celadonite, halloysite, nontronite), which are shown to be crystalline with minute mica-like scales, Lacroix, C. R, 121, 737, 1895; Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 426, and Min. France, Vol. 1.
Analysis from Eskishehir, Asia Minor, Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 27, 574, 1896.
SERPENTINE, pp. 669, 1047, — Anal. — Kynance Cove, Lizard, England, aluminous var. (pseudo- phyte). Fox, Min. Mag.. 9, 275, 1891. Binnenthal, Duparc and Mrazec, Bull Soc. Min., 17, 210, 1894. Elzivir, Ontario, untholite, Coleman, Am. J. Sc., 48, 281, 1894. Serpentine and serpentine rocks of northern Syria, formation from gabbros and associated peridotites, Finckh, Zs. G. Ges., 50, 113 et seq., 1898.
Comp. — Discussion of composition with experiments and analyses, R. Brauns, Jb. Min., 1, 205, 1894; Zs. anorg. Ch., 8, 348, 1895, Schneider, ibid., 8, 98, 1895; A. Lindner [Inaug. Diss., Breslau, 1893], Zs. Kr., 25, 589, 1896.
Occurrence and associated minerals in the Austrian Alps, Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 26, 337, 27, 559, 1896.
SERPIERITE, p. 963.— Laurion, Greece, analysis by Frenzel: (G. 2-52), SO3 24*29, CuO 36-12, ZnO 13-95, CaO 8'00, H,O 16'75 99-11. The formula deduced is 3(Cu,Zn,Ca)SO4 -f- 3HaO. Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 121, 1894.
SIDERITE, pp. 276, 1047. — Description of crystals from France with the new forms (0332), (1012), (3034), Gonnard, Bull. Soc. Min., 18, 382, 1895.
From Neunkirchen, Siegen, containing 3'85 p. c. CoO, Bodlander, Jb. Min., 2, 236, 1892. Occurrence and origin in the Province of Dreuthe, Holland, G. M. van Bemmelen, Arch. Neer- land., 30, 25, 1897. Occurrence in the Mecklenburg Moors, A. Gartner, Arch. Ver. Meckl. , 51,
The "clay-ironstone" of Yorkshire, England, contains gallium, Hartley and Ramage, Proc. Roy. Soc., 60, 35, 393, 1896.
Siderotil. A. Schrauf, Jb. G. Reichs., 41, 380, 1892. A rare iron sulphate occurring in
froups of divergent needles with melanterite at Idria, Carniola. Composition, FeSO.5HaO, educed from the approximate analysis: SO3 34'3, Fe,O3 31'7, FeO 30'0, H,O [34-0], MgO tr. 100.
SILICATES. — Discussion of constitution, F. W. Clarke, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 125, also 113.
SILLIMANITE, p. 498. — Experimental investigation of conditions of formation in a magma, Morozewicz, Miu. petr. Mitth., 18, 22, 1898.
SILVER, p. 19. — Occurs at Silver Hill, near Livingston, Davidson Co., N. C., Kunz, Am. J. Sc., 7, 242, 1899. Also in groups of minute crystals at the Elkhorn mine, Jefferson Co., Montana (Pfd.).
SjSgrufvite Igelstrom, G. For. F5rh., 14, 309, 1892. A partially investigated mineral from the Sjo mine, Orebro, Sweden. Occurs in cavities and minute veins with jacobsite. Crystalline. Color yellow; blood-red in thiu layers. Streak yellow. Dissolves completely in cold hydro-
Appendix L 63
chloric ncid without evolution of gas. Analysis gave: AsaOi 49-46, FesO 11 '29, MnO 27'26, CaO 3-61, PbO 1-74, H,O 6'81 100'17. It is related to arseniopleite (Min., p. 803).
SKTJTTERUDITE, p. 93. — Crystals from the Turtmaunthal, Switzerland show the forms: a (100), o (111), d (110), e (210), n (211). Analysis: As 74-45, S 0"72, Bi 4-40, Co,Xi 1C-47, Fe 3-90, gangue 0-28 100-22. Staudeumaier, Zs. Kr., 20, 468, 1892.
Bismutosmaltite is a skutterudite containing bismuth. Occurs in small crystals, a and o or a and d. Brittle. H. =6. G. — 6 -92. Luster metallic. Color tin -white. Streak black. Com- position, Co(As,Bi)3. Analysis: As 61 '59, Bi 20'17, Sb O'lG, Co 10-70, Ou 0'69, 7e 3'71, 8 0'05 100'07. Occurs with other bismuth minerals at Zschorlau, near Schnec'jerg, Saxony. Frenzel, Min. petr. Mitth., 16, 524, 1896.
Nickel- skutterudite is a variety occurring in granular form in the Bullard's Peak distr., Grant Co. , New Mexico. H. 5 ; color gray ; streak black. Analysis, after deducting 4'56 SiO and 8-38 Ag (native silver), yielded : As 78'10, ITi 12-80, Co 5'95, Fe C'CG 100. This corresponds to- RAss with R Ni : Co : Fe 4 : 2 : 1. Waller and Moses, Sch. Mines Q., 14, 49, 1892.
SMITHSONITE, p. 279. — A variety from Boko, Lower California, has a delicate pink color, G.= 3-874, and contains 39'02 p, c. ZnO, lO'Co OoO, C'36 MnC, 7'22 MgO. C. H. Warren, Am. J. Sc., 6. 123, 1898.
Analysis of the "turkey-fat ore" of Marion Co., Arkansas, gave H. N. Stokes, CdS 0'25, CdO 0-63, etc., Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 90, 62, 1892.
On the occurrence of lead and zinc ores in Iowa, A. G. Leonard, Iowa Geol. Surv., 6, 1896.
SODA-BERZELIITE. — See Berzeliite.
SODA-NITER, p. 870.— On the morphology, see Wolff, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 715, 1895 ; 135, 1896.
SQDA-RICHTERITE. — See AstocJiite and Richterite.
SODALITE, p. 428. — Anal. — Hastings Co., Ontario, etc., Luquer and Volckening, Am. J. Sc., 49, 465, 1895. Dungannon, Hastings Co., Ontario, Harrington, ibid., 48, 17, 1894. From the trachyte of Montesanto, Italy, Franco, Zs. Kr., 25, 332, 1895.
Reported by Osann as occurring in the nephelite-syenite of Paisano Pass, Davis Mts., Texas, Geol. Surv. Texas, 4th Ann. Rep. . 128, 1892.
On the formation of some twenty-five analogous compounds, Thugutt [Inaug. Diss., Dorpat, 1891], Zs. auorg. Ch., 2, 65, 113, 1892, also Jb. Min., 2, 10 ref., 1893.
Experimental investigation of conditions of formation in a magma (also for related species), Morozewicz, Min. petr. Mitth., 18, 128, 1898.
SPANGOLITE, p. 919. — Associated with connelllte, cllnoclasite, liroconite from Cornwall (prob- ably the St. Day distr., Redruth ?) ; in hemimorphic. hexagonal crystals pyroelectric Miers Nature, 48, 426, 1893, and Min. Mag., 10. 273; 1894.
SPERRYLITE, p. 92. — Crystals from the Vermillion mine show the diploid (10-5-2), T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc., 1, 110, 1896.
Occurrence and crystals (Fig. 1 by G. H. Edwards) described, from Macon Co,, N. Carolina, Hidden, Am. J. Sc , 6, 381, 467, 1898.
SPHEROSTILBITE, p. 583. — Prior shows that the supposed mineral of Beudant probably 1ms no existence. Specimens from various localities called by this name proved to be thomsonite. not stilbite. Min. Mag., 12, 26, 1898.
SPHALERITE, pp. 59, 1048. — Oryst — Binnenthal, new form 316, Cesaro, Bull. Acad. BHg., 25, 88, 1893; also earlier 618 (or 618), idem, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 17, 237, 1890. Kis- Almas, Hungary, new form (10-10-1), Franzenau, Zs. Kr.. 27, 95, 1896 Galena, 111., new form (775), Sperrylite
Hobbs, Bull. Univ. Wisconsin, 1, 134, 189'), ant' Zs. Kr ; 25, 268
Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min d. Harzes, 53 1896. Val Trompia. Bovegno, Artiui, Rend 1st. Lombardo, 30, 1526, 1897.
Analysis of " schalenblende from Mies, Bohemia, with 1 02 p, c. cadmium. Becke, Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 278, 1894.
Peelwoocl, N. S. W., contains gallium and indium, Kirkland, Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 4, 266,
A variety (Cornwall?) containing 9'29 p. c. Fe has perfect metallic luster, Miers, Min. Mag., 12, 111. 1899.
SPINEL, pp. 220, 1048. - Experimental investigation of the cond'tions of formation in a magma Morozewicz, Min. petr. Mitth., 18, 22, 1898
Appendix I.
SPODIOSITE, p. 777. — Crystals from Nordmark, Sweden, examined by G. Nordenskiold were onhorhombic with the forms : a (100), b (010), c (001), m (110), d (102), e (021), p (111), q ('254)?, r (854)?. Axes deduced a :b:b 0'8944 : 1 : 1'5836; bm *48° 11' '4, cp *67° 10''2. Analysis on uititerial much decomposed gave (cf. anal., p. 777): P3OB 29-63, CaO 45'84, MgO 8'56, AliO, + Fe2O, 2-38, SiO2 8-74, H20 3-70, F 2'94 101-84. The formula deduced is aOg + CaFa. G. For. Forh., 15, 460, 1893.
STANNITE, p. 83. — Tetrahedral crystals are mentioned by vom Rath, Vh. Ver. Rheinl., 41, 2JG, 1884; also Stelzner (from Bolivia), Zs. G. Ges., 49, 97, 1897.
Shown by Headden to occur at the Peerless and Etta mines, Black Hills, S. Dakota, Am. J. Be., 45, 105, 1893. Analysis (Peerless mine) gave : S 28'26, Sn 24'08, Cu 29'81, Fe 7'45, Zn 8'71, Cd 0'33, Sb tr., insol. 1 51 100'15. G. 4'534; color grayish black. Largely altered by oxidation to a greenish earthy mass ; this substance has been made by Ulke (Trans. Am. Inst. Mng. Eug., 21, 240. Feb., 1892) the basis of a new species, cuprocassiterite, supposed (as the result of a partial analysis) to have the formula, 4SuO2 + Cu9Sn(OH)a. Headden shows, however, that the composition varies widely.
STAUROLJTE, p. 558. — Penfield and Pratt, on the basis of new analyses (below) on pure material, have established the formula HAUFeSijOis, or (AlO)4(AlOH)Fe(SiO4)3. Sections of crystals from Lisbon, N. H., show a regular arrangement of carbonaceous inclusions, thus Figs. 1 to 4, cut from the same crystal.
1. 2. 3.
1. St. Gothard
2. Windham, Me.
3. Lisbon, N. H.
G.
SiO,
A1,O,
FeaO3
FeO
MnO
MgO
H,O
99-59
100 41
—
100-76
100-43
4. Bm-nsville, N. C. 3'773 £
The composition has also been discussed by Rammelsberg, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 9, 480, and Ber. Ak. Berlin, 435. 1893.
STEENSTRTJPINE, p. 415. — Further examined by Moberg (Zs. Kr. , 29, 386, 1898) with the following results: Crystallization rhombohedral, axis c T0842. cr *51° 23', rr1 85° 10'. Forms : c (0001), a (1120), p (5059). r (1011), s (4041), e (0113), e (Oll2), /(0445), d (0221), g (0881). Habit rhombohedral, r predominating. Cleavage none. Fracture con choidal. H. 4. G. 3'40 -3'47 cryst. ; 3-19 massive. Luster resinous. Color dark brown to nearly black. Streak brown. Optically — . Birefringence low. By alteration isotropic. Analyses by Blomstrand, 1 on crystals and 2, 3 on massive material ; all somewhat altered, the crystals least so. About one- third of the water goes off at 100° to 110°.
SiOa (Ta,Nb),OB PaO6 ThOa CeaO, (La,Di)aO, Y4O, FeaO, MnaO3 MnO A1,O, BeO CaO PbO NaaO
,-81 3-03 14-40
4-55 1-82 2-32
4-03 0-46 8-34 K,O 0-50, HaO 7-58 99'07
SiO9 (Ta,Nb)aO6 PaOB ThOa CeO9 (La,Di)aO3 YaO9 FezO, Mn,O, AlaO, BeO CaO PbO NaaO HaO
2. 20-01 158 4-53 8'84 17'85 15'52 2'19 5'18 5'79 0'40 1'22 4'22 1'02 2-53 12'73 99-21
3. 21-30 1-02 4-39 4"13 19'40 16'68 1'68 4'91 6'80 0'60 1'93 4'55 0'78 2'54 10'30 lOl'Ol
STEPHANITE, pp. 143, 1025, 1048. — Cryst. — Sarrabus, Sardinia, crystal monograph, new lonus noted : (510)?, (230), (O'5-ll)?, (818), (18'5'5), (13-4-4), (7-11-9), (372), (141), (2-10-1), (161). Ariini, Giorn. Min., 2, 241, 1891. Pfibrarn, cryst. memoir, new forms: N (522), r3 (441). ht (9-13-18)?, t3 (8-33-16)?, Nejdl, Ber. BOhm. Ges., Feb. 8, 1895. Harz Mts., Luedecke, Min. d. Harzes, 168, 1896. Chili, new forms (551), (10-10'3), L. J. Spencer, Mill. Mag., 11, 196, 1897.
Stevensite. — See Talc.
Stibiotantalite. 6. A. Snyder, J. Ch. Soc., 63. 1076, 1893. A.mineral substance, occurring in water-worn fragments in the tin- bearing sands of Greenbiislies, West Australia. Analysis on nearly pure material gave: TaaOs 51-13, Nh,O, 7-56, S1)2O3 40'23, BiaOs 0-82, NiO 0 08, H2OO'08= 99-90. G. 7*37. H.= 5-5-5. Luster adamantine to resinous. Color pale reddish yellow to greenish yellow and yellow. Fracture subcouchoidal to granular. Structure- crystalline.
STIBNITE, pp. 36, 1048.— Cryst.— Celine. itM.y. Artiui, Rend. Accad. Line., 3 (2), 416, 1894. Allchar, Macedonia, Vrba, Ber. Ak. Bohm. Dec. 7, 1894. Schlainiug, Hungary, new forms
Appendix I. 65
b (084), & (10-9-15), to (12-19-3), s (40-19-10), r (563), A. Schmidt, Zs. Kr., 29, 196, 1897. Brixlegg, Tyrol, Worobieff, Zs. Kr., 31, 52, 1899.
Heat conductivity measured, F. B. Peck, Zs. Kr., 27, 316, 1896.
STILBITE, p. 583.— Crystals from the Tulferthal, Tyrol, described, Habert, Zs. Kr., 28, 243,
Change in physical and chemical characters brought about by the action of sulphuric acid, Rinne, Jb. Min., 1, 41, 1897. The name metadesmine (p. 58) is given to the forms resulting from more or less complete dehydration; the chemical and physical changes are found logo on together
See Sphcerostilbite.
STILPNOMELANE, p. 658. — Occurs at the Wallbridge mine, Madoc, Hastings Co., Ontario; Also on Partridge Is., Nova Scotia. Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 7, 15R.
STOLZITE, p. 989. — Crystals from Loudville, Mass., described by Emerson are hemihedral with the forms: (120), (130), (101), (111), (131), (342). Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 126, 163, 1895.
Crystals from the Broken Hill mines, New South Wales, described by C. Hlawatsch, show the new forms ; a (100), a (I'O'IO) ?, a- (109). r (103), o (102), rj (203), 7i (304), e (201), ic (133), A (155). Axis c 1-5606. Optically -. Indices oo 2'2685, <?y 2-182. Analysis by Treadwell. Zs. Kr., 29, i;-:0, 1897.
On rounded faces, etching-figures, etc., Hlawatsch, Zs. Kr., 31, 1, 1899.
STRIGOVITE, p. 659. — Analysis, Grand Marais, Minn., Berkey 23d Ann. Rep't Minn. G. Surv., p. 197.
STROMETERITE, pp. 56, 1048. — Occurs at the Silver King mine, Toad Mt. , Yale district, Br. 'Columbia (anal, by Johnston), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada. 8, 13R, 1895.
STRONTIANITE, pp. 285, 1048. — Occurs in Nepan township, Carleton Co., Ontario, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 22R, 30R, 1892-93 At Lubna, near Rakonitz, Bohemia, Eichleiter, Vh. G. Reichs., 297, 1H98.
SUCCINITE, p. 1004. — See investigations on succinite and related resins by Dahms, Schrift. Ges. Danzig. 8, Nos. 3-4, p. 97. 1892 ; 9, No. 2, 1, 1895. Also Aweng [Arch. f. Pharm., 232, 660, 1894], Jb. Min., 2, 254 ref., 1896; Helm [ibid., 233, 191, 1895], Jb. Min., 2,255, 1896. Also Mono- graph, d. baltisch. Bernsteinbaume, H. Conwentz, Danzig, 1890.
See also allingite, burmite, cedarite, etc.
Sulfoborite. See Sulphoborite.
Sulphoborite. Sulfoborit, H. Naupert and W. Wense, Ber. Ch. Ges. 26, 874, 1893. H. Bucking, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 967, 1893.
Orthorhombic. Axes a : b : k 0'6196 : 1 : G'8100. Observed forms : b (010), c (001), m (110), 00'" 52" 24'. In small prismatic crystals of varying habit.
Cleavage : m rather perfect ; c less so. Brittle. H. =4. G. 2'38-2'45 Naupert and "Wense ; 2-416 Thaddeeff, also clear cryst. 2-440. Luster dull on c. Colorless or reddish on the exterior (Fe2O3). Transparent. Optically - . Ax. pi. 6. Bxa ± c. 2Ha. 79° 36', 2Hoy 85° 4' Na. .-. ft, 1-5396, also a, 1'5272. y 1 "5443.
Composition, 2MgSO4.4MgHBO3.7H2O Thaddeeff; Naupert and Wense obtained 3MgSO. 2Mg3B4O9 -f- 12H3O. Analyses, 1, Naupert and Wense ; 2 Thaddeeff, Zs. Kr , 28, 264, 1897.
riO3 BaO9 MgO H,O
1. 21-95(f) T2364] 32'91 21 -50 100
2. 22-46 19 79 33'48 23'43 (ign.), H3O O'lO (110e-170°), FeaO, (Ml, insol. 0'32 99'69
B.B. fuses with intumescence, coloring the flame green; reacts for sulphur with soda on char- coal. Dissolves rather readily in mineral acids.
From the salt mines of Westeregeln. where it occurs with anhydrite, caruallite, kieserite, celestite, eisenboracite, etc.
SULPHOHALITE, p. 917. — Van't Hoff and Saunders suggest doubts as to the existence of this species on the insufficient grounds: (1) since they failed to obtain it synthetically; and (2) since specimens furnished as sulphohalite by a dealer proved to be simply halite. Ber. Ak. Berlin, p.
Appendix I.
392, 1898. Penfield, however, has examined (priv. contr.) the original specimen and finds it to be- homogeneous and to contain both sulphate and chloride of sodium. A new analysis will be made.
SULPHUR, pp. 8, 1048.— Oryst.— Milo : Roisdorf. new form / (151) ; Bassick, rj (553); Comil, near Cadiz, twins, tw. pi. (101 1, Busz, Zs. Kr., 20, 558 et seq., 1892. Allchar, Macedonia, new form k (122), Pelikan, Min. petr. Milth., 12, 344, 1892; also Vrba, Ber Ak. B6hm., Dec. 7, 1894. Schlainiug, Hungary, occurring with stibnite, Schmidt, Zs. Kr., 29, 207, 1897. Buggeru, Sardinia, new forms, 0~[305), u (319), A (155), Millusevich. Riv. Min. Ital., 21, 43, 1898.
Occurs in the Upper Helderberg limestone of Monroe Co., Mich., Sherzer, Am. J. Sc., 50, 246, 1895. Occurrence in Texas, E. A. Smith, Science, 3, May.l, 1896.
Method of formation of the third allotropic form (monocliuic), Salomon, Zs. Kr., 30, 605, 1899.
Sundtite. W. G. Brogger, Zs. Kr, 21, 193, 1893.— See Andorite,
SVABITE, p. 1052.— Further described by Hj. Sjogren, G. For. F5rh., 13, 789, 1891: 17, 313, 1895; Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 50, 1892. Occurs well crystallized at the Harstig mine, Pajsberg ; also in minute crystals, but usually massive, at the Jakobsberg mine, near Nordmark, Sweden. Composi- tion essentially Ca4(CaF)As3On, or analogous to that of apatite, with which it agrees in form ; F partly replaced by Cl and (OH), Ca partly by Pb, Mg and alkalies. Analyses, R. Mauzelius, quoted by Sjogren, Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1, 54 : 1, G. 3-77 ; 2, G. 3'82.
As2O6 PjOs CaO PbO FeO MnO MgO Na,O KaO SO, Cl F H2O
1. Jakobsberg 51-05 0'38 42-07 3'02 0'08 0'26 0-520'56 0'30 0'69 0'12 1'9P 0'25 101'29
2. 50 92 tr. 37-22 4'52 0'14 0'19 3'90 0'39 0'28 0'57 0'08 2'80 0'33 101'34
Svabite.
Svabite appears to belong distinctly to the Apatite Group; its relationship is shown not only in the similarity of angle, but also in the symmetry of the form as indicated by traces of a hexagonal prism of the third order (cf. Fig.).
SYLVANITE, p. 103.— From Nagyag, Vrba, Ber. Ak. B6hm., Dec. 7, 1894. Occurs at Kalgoorlie, West Australia. G. 8'14, Ag 3'82 p. c. Frenzel, Min. petr- Mitth., 17, 288, 1897.
Occurs at Cripple Creek, Colorado. See Calaverite, Erennerite, and Goldschmidtite.
SYLVITE, pp. 156, 1036, 1049. — Refractive indices for long waves, Rubens and Snow, Wied. Ann., 46, 529, 1892.
Dispersion and absorption in infra-red, Rubens and Trowbridge, Wied. Ann., 60, 724, 1897, and Am. J. Sc., 5, 33, 1898.
Slassfurt, analysis by W. Schimpff , Zs. Kr., 25, 92, 1895.
SYNGENITE, p. 945.— Optical constants determined, Mtigge, Jb. Min., 1, 266, 1895.
TACHHYDRITE, p. 178. — Discussion of conditions of formation and of alteration, van't Hoff and Meyerhoffer, Ber. Ak. Berlin, 508, 1897.
On the synthesis of isomorphous compounds, A. de Schulten, Bull. Soc. Ch., 17, 165, 1897.
TALC, p. 678. — From the dolomite of Canaan, Conn., rose-colored, analysis by L. Kahlenberg; SiO, 61 48, A12O, 3-04, MgO 25'54, CaO 4'19, FeO 0'77, MnO tr., HaO 5'54 100'56. See Hobbs, Am. J. Sc., 45, 404, 1893.
On the origin (from enstatite and tremolite) of the fibrous talc of northern New York, C. H. Smyth, Sch. Mines Q., 17, 333, 1896 ; see Am. Geol., 10, 44, 1892.
Talc, pseudomorphous after pectolite, has been called stevensite by Leeds, cf. Chester, Diction- ary Names Minerals, 257, 1896.
A fibrous variety perhaps pseudomorphous has been called beaconite by L. W. Hubbard, Rep't State Bd. Geol. Surv. Michigan, 1891-92, p. 171 (Lansing, 1893). Resembles asbestus; ft 1-5- 1-6; 2V 60° (Lane). G. 2'74-2'88. Analysis gave Packard: SiO, 59"72, Fe,O3,FeO 8'67, MuO 0-64, MgO 26-42, ign. 4'13 - 99'58; formula deduc'ed Ha(Mg,Fe)3(SiO4)3. From the Champion mine, Beacon P. O., Michigan.
A magnesium silicate near talc in composition occurs in irregular veins and streaks of a bright blue color in silver-bearing limestone near Silver City, New Mexico. As separated it is dull, earthy, resembling vivianite. An analysis gave: SiO2 62-43, MgO 28'53, ign. 6'47, A12O3 0'25, FeO 0-99, Na,O 0'14, K,O 0-16 - 98 -97. R. L. Packard, Proc. Nat. Mus., 17, 19, 1894. This mineral has been called native ultramarine.
Talkknebelite, Talc-knebelite. L. J. Igelstrom, Jb. Min., 1, 248, 1890.— See Knebelite.
Appendix I.
TANTALITE, pp. 731 et seq. — Crystals from Paris, Me., with Q. =7-26, agree closely columbite in angles (Fig. 1); forms a, b, c, m, d (730), g (130), o (111), n (163), C. H. Warren, Am J. Sc., 6, 123, 1898. These results show the correctness of the position taken in Dana's Min. (1. c.) in regard to the relation of true tautalite and columbite, as also of the former to " skogbftlite " and " ixiolite." Brdgger has now proved, further, that the supposed orthorhombic iron tauta- lite "(skogbolite of Nordenskiold), which most authors have vainly tried to bring into correspondence in form with columbite, is in fact tetragonal and identical with tapiolile. The crystals (Figs. 1, 2, Min., p. 736) are twins elon- gated parallel to e (101) as tw. plane (r 111, etc.). In axial ratio and habit they correspond to mossite (this Append., p. 48). Vid. Skrift. I, Math.-nat. Klasse, No. 7, 1897, Christiania. See also Tapiolite.
Analysis from Finland, Khrushchov, Vh. Min. Ges., 31, 415, 1894.
See also Mossite.
TAPIOLITE, p. 738. — Crystals, in part twins (Figs. 1, 2), with G. 7-67-7-68, occur at
Topsham. Me., C. H. Warren, Am. J. Sc., 6, 121,
1. 2- 1898. The twins are elongated e (tw. pi.), simi-
larly to some rutile, cf. Min., p. 1047. Similar twins exist with the tapiolite of Norway formerly called tantalite (skogbOlite), see Tantalite.
Taraspite. — A variety of dolomite from Tarnsp, Switzerland, apparently the same as miemite (Miu., p. 271), cf. C. v. John, Vh. G. Reichs., 67, 1891.
Taylorite. — This name (already in use, Min., p. 895) has been given by W. C. Knight (Eng. Mng. J., 63, 600, 1897) to an unctuous, greenish-yellow to cream-colored clay with G. 2-132; composition variable. Forms beds in the Cretaceous shales of Rock Creek, Albany Co., Wyoming.
Tapiolite, Topsham, Me.
TENNANTITE, pp. 137, 1049. — A massive variety occurs at the Mollie Gibson mine, Aspen, Colorado associated with polybasite (see p. 54, this Appendix). Analysis. Penfield : (G. 4'56), S 2.V04, As 17-18, Sb 0'13, Cu 35'72, Ag 13-65, Zn 6'90, Fe 0'42, Pb 0'86 99-90. Also stated to occur near Central City and at the Freeland lode and Crocett mine, Idaho Springs, Colorado. Pentield and Pearce, Am J. Sc. , 44, 18, 1892.
Occurs in Barrie township, Froutenac Co., Quebec, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 6, 28R, 1892-3. Also at the Avoca claim, Bonaparte river, Lillooet distr., *3r. Columbia, ibid,, 9, 13R, 1896.
See also Binnite ; which is stated to be identical with tennantite.
TETRADYMITE, p. 39. — Analyses by W. Muthmann and E. SchrOder, of specimens from Orawitza and Schubkau give the same composition, Bi2(Te,S)3 or 2Bi2Te9.BiaS3. Zs. Kr., 29, 140, 1897. Analyses below after deducting gangue, in 1, 11 p. c.; in 2, 0'5 p. c.
Occurs with altaite and hessite near Liddell creek, Kaslo river, West Kootanie, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 8, 10R, 1895.' Analysis by Johnston (3 below after deducting 3'5 p. c. 'quartz).
G Te Se S
1. Orawitza f 35'43 — 4'49
2. Schubkau 7 '095 $ 35-43 tr. 4'31
3. Br. Columbia 37'29 tr. 4'45
Bi
59-14 99-06 60-23 99-97 53-69 Pb 3-63, Ag 0'94, Tl tr. 100.
Tetragophosphite. L. J. Igcfotrdm, Zs. Kryst., 25, 433, 1895. A supposed new phosphate resembling lazulite, occurring at Horrsjoberg in a quartzose ock carrying cyanite. In four-sided tabular crystals ; color bright blue; transparent. Two analyses gave somewhat discordant results:
P206 A1,O3 FeO.MuO Me.CaO H3O
7 '50 6'54
5-90 99- 8 30 - 100
TETKAHEDRITE, p. 137. — Crystals from Framont described with new forms, (771), (H'11'2), (21-20-20), Brunlechner [Inaug. Diss., Stnissburg, 1892], Zs. Kr., 24, 628, 1895.
A variety containing lead (9'38 p. c. Pb) occurs at the Antelope claim, West Kootanie, Br. Columbia (anal, by Johnston), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 7, 12R, 1894. Occurs also (3'09 p. c. Ag) near Sicamons, Shuswap Lake, Br. Columbia, Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 5, 65R, 1889-90. With gold ores of California, Turner and Linclgren, Am. J. Sc., 49, 379, 1895.
Specific heat determined, also of other sulphur compounds, A. Sella. Nachr. Ges. GOttingen, 311, 1891.
68 Appendix L
Thalenite. Benedicks, G. For. Forh., 20, 308, 1898.
Monoclinic. Axes a b : b 1'154 : 1 : 0'602 ; ft 80'2°. Forms : a (100), 6 (010), e (001), m (110), f (021), e (111), d (III), k (311). Angles : am — 48-7°, a'd 73° 0', bd 55'7°. Crystals tabular B a, in part prismatic c.
Cleavage none. Fracture uneven to splintery. Brittle. H. 6*5. G. 4*227. Color flesh- red. Optically-. Ax. pi. nearly l £. Bx a (100). Indices for Na, a 1-7312, ft — 1-7375, r 1-7436. 2H.y 81° 36', .'. 2Va.y 67° 35'.
Composition, HaYSitOis or H3O.2Y3O3.4SiOii. Analyses: 1, of fresh material; 2, of weathered material.
SiO2 Y3(V FeaO3 AlaO,(BeO) CaO MgO Na,O SnO H,O CO., Xb
1. 29-88 63-35 0'30 0'45 0'49 0-21 0'26 0'23 2'08 1-04 1-40= 99-69
2. 27-69 58-58 1-51 0'35 2'19 0'40 1'07 0'22 2'70 3'32 2"50 100-53
R,03 245-3 bHelium, etc.
The numbers given are the mean of two to five determinations.
Occurs with fluocerite at Osterby in Dalecarlia, Sweden. Named after Prof. R. Thalen. Related to yttrialite (Min., p. 512), rowlaudite (p. 1047), etc.
THALITE, p. 682.— Examined by N. H. Winchell (anal., Pease), Amer. Geol., 23, 41, 1899.
THAUMABITE, p. 698. — From West Paterson, N. J., described by Penfleld and Pratt. Occurs in trap associated with pectolite, apophyllite, and various zeolites. Forms a loose aggregate of prismatic crystals (hexagonal). G. 1 -875-1 '887. Color white. Index ny l-5125Na. Anal- ysis:
SiO3 CO, SO, CaO H,O Na,O K,O
(f) 9-26 6-82 13-44 27'13 42'77 0'39 0'18 99'99
This agrees closely with earlier results. As regards the water, 13 molecules go off at 150° and are resrarded as being water of crystallization, hence the formula [(CaOH)COa].[(CaOH)SO3]. [(CaOH)HSiO4] + 13H,O. Am. J. Sc., 1, 229, 1896.
Also described by Backstrom from Skottvang, NykOping, Sweden ; associated with apophyl- lite, G. For. FOrh., 19, 307, 1897.
See also note by Pisaui, Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 85, 1896.
THENARDITE, p. 895. — Pseudomorphs after mirabilite from Aussee in the Salzkammergut are described by Pelikan; also pyramidal crystals r (111) with the new forms (113) and u (130); these yield the mean axial ratio, a: I : c 0-5970 : 1 : 1-2541. Min. petr. Mitth., 12, 476, 1891.
THOMSONITE, pp. 607, 1050. — Crystals from the Tulferthal, Tyrol, described, Habert, Zs. Kr., 28, 254, 1897.
See also Bagotite and Lintonite.
THORITE, pp. 488, 1050.— Crystals from Arendal, described with c (001), Hamberg, G. F5r. Forh., 16, 327, 1894.
Ocf-urs in granite of the Trotter mine, Franklin Furnace, N. J., Kemp, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sc., 13, 76, 1893.
Tiffanyite. G. F. Kunz, . N. Y. Acad. Sci., 14, 260, 1895. A name proposed for a hydrocarbon assumed to be present in certain diamonds, namely, those which, on this account, exhibit fluorescence and phosphorescence. The substance apparently has a bluish-white color.
Tilasite, Fluor-Adelite. H. tyogren, G. For. FOrh., 17, 291, 1895. Massive, granular. Cleavage in one direction (A) distinct, in three others (B, C, D) less so. G. 3-28. Luster resinous, on cleavage-surfaces vitreous. Color gray with a tinge of violet. A section A and Bx0 shows the six. plane inclined 19° to B and 28° to 0.
Composition (MgF)CaAsO4 , or analogous to adelite (p. 1) with fluorine instead of hydroxyl. Analysis, Mauzelius:
As,O5 P2O5 FeO MnO CaO MgO Na.,0 H-O F Cl
50-91 tr. 014 0-16 25'32 18'22 0'29 0'28 8'24 0'02 103-58 less (O F) 3'47 lOO'll
Occurs at Langban, Sweden, with berzeliite and calcite in veins in the manganiferous (hausman- nite) dolomitic limestone. Named after the Swedish mining engineer, Daniel Tilas.
TITANITE, p. 712. — Crystals from Lauvitel, Isere, France, show the new forms (S-3'20) and (883), Termier, Bull. Soc. Min., 19, 81, 1896. Crystals from Tyrol, Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 26, 502, 1896.
Pyroelectricity investigated, Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 11, 209, 1897.
Appendix I. 69
Occurs as a prominent constituent of the " titan ite-gneiss " from near the Brenner Pass in Tyrol, Rodewyk, Min. petr. Mitth., 17, 544, 1897. Artificial formation, Michel, C. R., 116, 830, 1892. See also Neptunite.
TOPAZ, p. 492. — Cryst.— Alabashka, new form (338), Jeremejev, Vh. Min. Ges. St. Pet., 27, 439, 1891, and Zs. Kr., 22, 74, 1893. Ilruen Mts., new forms (290), (580), (415), (10-3-13), (8-7-15), (116)?, and others doubtful, Souheur, Zs. Kr., 20, 232, 1892. Japan, Matthew, Sch. Mines Q., 14, 53, 1892. Japan and New South Wales, Hahn, Zs. Kr., 21, 334, 1893. Mino, Japan, T. Hiki, J. Coll. Sc. Japan, 9. 69, 1895. Kohlerloh quarry near Reenersreuth, Fichtelge- birge, forms (9-9'20), (rll'12)?, Bucking, Ber. Senckenberg. Ges., 147, 1896. Crystals in collec- tion of U. S. National Museum, Eakle, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, 21, 361, 1898.
Investigation of inclusions. Tolstopiatov, Vh. Min. Ges., 33, 289, 1895.
Ilmen Mts. and Adun Chalon, optical characters determined, Thaddeeff, Zs. Kr., 23, 536. 1894.
Occurs abundantly in colorless crystals in alluvial sands of district of Bat.-mg Padang, Perak, Lacroix and Sol, C R., 123, 135, 1896. Occurs near Palestine, Texas, in rolled crystals, Kunz, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sc., 13, 144, 1894, and Am. J. Sc., 47, 403, 1894.
Synthetic experiments, A. Reich, Ber. Ak. Wien, 105 (2), 105, 1896; Monatsh. f. Chernie, 17, 149, 1896.
By a series of accurate analyses, Penfield- and Minor (Am. J. Sc. , 47, 387, 1894) have shown that the ratio for SiO2 : AlaOa : F OH is constant, viz. 1:1:2, but the amounts of fluorine and hydroxyl vary widely. This ratio gives the formula [Al(F,OH)]3SiO4 or AI(F,OH).,AlSiO4. With the change in the relative amounts of fluorine and water vary also the specific gravity, crys- tallographic axes, and optical characters. Crystals from the Thomas Range, Utah, contained almost no water (0'19 p. c. with 20 37 F); they have G. 3'565, 2Ey l'->5° 53' and y — a 0-0104. Crystals from Minas Geraes, Brazil, gave 2-45 H2O and 15'48 F; for them G. 3'532, 2E 84° 28' and y — a 0-0081. Between these extremes fall crystals from Colorado, Japan, Siberia, Saxony, Maine. The presence of water has also been determined by Jannasch and Locke, Zs. auorg. Ch., 6, 168, 321, 1894, and Am. J. Sc., 47, 386, 1894.
TORBERNITE, p. 856. — Etching-figures indicate monoclinic symmetry' T. L. Walker, Am. J. Sc., 6, 41, 1898.
TOURMALINE, pp. 551, 1050. — From Elba, monographs on the crystallization (new forms (2-0'2-H) and (5*1 -6-1)) and physical characters, especially the refractive indices, also pleochroism, specific gravity, hardness, etc. G. D'Achiardi, Att. Soc. Tosc., Mem., Pisa, 13, 229, 1894, also Proc. Verb., March 4, 1894, and 15, 1896. Isola del Giglio, investigation of sections c, showing zouril structure, idem, Aunal. Univ. Tosc., 22, 1897.
Etching-figures investigated, Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 10, 460, 1896 ; also Walker, Am. J. Sc.. 5, 178, 1898. Secondary enlargement in itacolumite, Derby, Am. J. Sc., 5, 190, 1898.
Dichroism for infra-red waves, E. Merritt, Wied. Ann., 55, 49, 1895.
Anal.— Urulga, Siberia, Prendel, Zs. Kr., 20, 93, 1892. Kuhrau, Bohemia, Katzer; also from Beuitz, Formanek, Min. petr. Mitth., 12, 420, 1892. Nevada Co., California, W. H. Melville, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 90, 39, 1892. Caprera, Fasolo quoted by Lovisato, Rend. Accad. Line., 4(1). 84, 1895.
Occurrence of tourmaline schists, Belcher Hill, Colorado, H. B. Patton, Bull. G. Soc. Amer., 10, 21. 1899.
Comp. — Penfield and Foote (Am. J. Sc., 7, 97, 1899), on the basis of two new analyses of widely different varieties (quoted below) which were carried through with great care on material of absolute purity, and also after a discussion of many other trustworthy analyses, arrive at the conclusion that all varieties of tourmaline can be referred to the aluminium-borosilicic acid HBA13(B OH)2SiOi. More simply put, the acid derived is H2oBi2Si4O2i, the ratio of H :B3O3: SiOa being 20 : 1 : 4. The constant relation between the boron and silicon deduced by other ana- lysts is fully confirmed. Of the analyses of others (for the most part quoted in Min., pp. 554, 555) the series by Riggs agree closely with the above ratio; this is also true of those by Jannasch and Kalb; the analyses by Rainmelsberg are (as stated by him) low in water and require correction for the oxidation of the iron. Corrected in these points they also conform to the above ratio. The new analyses by Penfield and Foote are :
G SiO, TiOa B,O, A1,O, FeO MnO MgO CaO Na,O KaO Li4O H,O F
1. DeKalb, colorless 8'049 36'72 0'05 10'81 29'68 0'22 — 14'92 3'49 1'26 0-05 — 2-980-93=101-11
deduct (F= O) 0-39=100-72
2. Haddam Neck, green 3'089 J 36'96 0-03 11-00 39'56 2'14 2'00 0'15 1-28 2-10 — 1'64 3-10 1-13=101-09
deduct (F= O) 0-48=100-61
The composition has been also discussed by Kenngott, Jb. Min., 2, 44, 1892, and by Rheineck, Zs. Kr., 22, 52, 1893.
TRIPHYLITE, p. 756. — The influence of varying amounts of iron and manganese in triphylite and lithiophilite has been minutely investigated by Penfield and Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 50, 387, 1895.
70 Appendix I.
Tripuhyite. K Hussak and O. T. Prior, Min. Mag., 11, 302, 1897
In fragments in gravel, these are micro-crystalline aggregates. G. =5'82. Color dull greenish yellow. Streak Ciimir -yellow, Translucent. Refringence and birefringence high. Biaxial. Composition, prl/ably 2FeO.SbaO6. Analysis, Prior
Sb2O6 FeO CaO SiO, A13O3 TiO,
66-68 27-70 0'82 1'35 1'40 0'86 undet. 1-19= 100
From the cinnabar-bearing gravels of Tripuhy near Ouro Preto, Minas Geraes, Brazil. Asso- ciated with the new species lewisite and derbylite ; also xenotime, monazite cyauite, rutile, hema- tite, magnetite, etc.
TROILJTE, pp. 72, 1051. — See Pyrrhotite,
TSCHEFFKINITE, p. 718. — On th-e occurrence in India, see Mallet, Rec. G. Surv. India, 25, 123, 1892. The original locality is shown to be Kuujamalai Hill in the Salem district, Southern India.
TURQUOIS, p. 844. — Analyses from New Mexico and Persia, Carnot, Bull. Soc. Miu., 18, 119, 1895.
Occurs in the Jarilla Mts., Dona Ana Co., N. M., Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 44, 400, 1893.
TYROLITE, p. 839. — Church, working again upon material examined in 1873 (J. Ch. Soc., 27, 108) seems to prove that the mineral (from Falkenstein or Libetheu?) in fact contains CaCO3 (11 p. c.) as an essential ingredient ; of the total watei (15'68 p.'c.) 5'23 p. c. was lost in vacuo and 2-40 at 100° C. Miu. Mag., 11, 5, 1895.
TYSONITE, p. 166. — Analysis, Colorado, Hillebrand, Am. J. Sc., 7, 51, 1899.
A partially described yttrium-calcium fluoride occurs with the astrophyllite of W. Cheyenne Canon, El Paso, Colorado, Genth and Peufield, Am. J. Sc., 44, 386, 1892. Granular, crystalline, cleavable. H. 4. G. 4'316. Color white, grayish or reddish white. Analysis (Genth) gave; (Y,Er)aO3 47-58 (at. . 126), Ce'Oa 0'83, (La,Di),O3 1-56, CaO 19 41, ign. 1'57, Fe3O3, F, etc., undet. The formula suggested is CaFa.(Y,Er,Ce,La,Di)F3.
UINTAITE, p. 1020. — For description of the occurrence and properties of this hydrocarbon (also called gttsonite), see Locke, Trans. Am. Mng. Eug., 17, 162, 1888, and Eldridge, U. 8. G. Surv., 17th Ann. Rep., Part. I, pp. 915-945, 1896.
URANINITE, p. 889. — The varieties cleveite and broggerite yield helium (and other gases), Ramsay, Proc. Roy. Soc., 58, 65, 81, 1895 ; 59, 325, 1896. Also Ramsay and Travers, ibid., 60, 443, 1897. Lockyer, ibid., 58, 67, 113, 116, 192, 193; 59, 4, 1895, 59, 342, 1896; (and other minerals) 60, 133, 1896. Tilden, ibid., 59, 218, 1896 Langlet, Oefv. Ak. Stockh., 52, 211, 1895.
Regarded as containing the new substances polonium and radium, M, and Mde. P. Curie and G. Belmont, C. R., 127, 175. 1215, 1898
Analyses, Llano Co., Texas ; Marietta, S. C., Villeneuve, Quebec, Johanngeorgenstadt, W, H. Hillebraud, Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 90, 22, 1892.
URANOTIL, p. 699.— On the crystalline form (triclinic), Pjanitzky, Zs. Kr., 21. 74, 1892 , also Jb. Min., 2, 249 ref., 1896.
Urbanite. Hj. Sjogren, G. F5r. F5rh.. 14, 251, 1892 ; Bull. G. Inst. TJpsala, 2, 77, 106, 1894.
Lindesite, L. J Iglestrom, Zs. Kr., 23, 590, 1894.
Monoclinlc, belonging to the Pyroxene Group. Axes (SjOgren), d : b : b - 1-1009 : 1 . 0'6058, /3 72° T. Forms : a (100), b (010), TO (110), p (101), r (053), u (111), n (221), s (111), o (221); also doubtful, x (322 or 433), y (614). Angles : mm-m= 92° 40', uu' 48° 28', mu- 44° 5', m's 59° 6' (calc., Sj.).
Habit pyramidal, u, s prominent (Fig. 1). Cleavage, pris- matic (m) distinct ; c less so. H=. 5-6. G.= 3'52 (L.), 3'53 (G.). Luster vitreous. Color brownish black (L.), chestnut-brown (G. ). Streak light brown. Faintly translucent. Strongly pleochroic. a brown, 6 yellow-brown, c yellow. Ax. pi. b (010). a A c + 10° (L.) to 22° (G.).
In composition a metasilicate corresponding to (Ca,Mg)SiO3 in
(diopside) + 2 NaFe(SiO3)a (acmite). Analyses, R. Mauzelius, quoted by Sjogreu (Bull. G. Inst. Upsala, 1. c.) :
SiO, TiO, A1,O, FeaO3 FeO MnO CaO MgO K3O Na,O H,0
1. Langban 51-61 — 0"74 27'24 054 1-73 4'90 275 0'36 10'59 0'90=101-36
2. Glakarn 49'21 0'06 1'27 25'35 0'50 6'71 5-68 1'39 0'40 8'95 1'05 F 0'20=100'77
B.B. fuses with difficulty to a magnetic slag. Only slightly attacked by acids.
APPENDIX I. it
Occurs at Langban, Sweden, in cavities in granular hematite. This mineral was apparently earlier (1865) mentioned by Breithaupt and analyzed by Winkler (cf. SjOgren). It had been confounded with schefferite (iron-schefferite). Also found at Glakaru, province of Orebro, as idiomorphic grains in a mixture of yellowish-white feldspar and rhodonite. This mineral was partly investigated by Igelstrom (1. c.) and called lindeaite. Named after the Swedish investigator Urban Hjarne.
Utahlite. — See Variscite.
VALERIITE, p. 108.— Shown by PetrSn to be a mixture of covellite, pyrrhotite, hydrotalcite, siderite, spinel and probably limonite, G. F5r. FOrh., 20, 183, 1898.
Valleite. G. Cesaro, Bull. Acad. Belg., 29, 508, 1895 ; 32, 536, 1896. A colorless or pale red orthorhombic amphibole accompanying the violet tremolite of Edwards, N. Y. In prismatic crystals with a (100), m (110), x (920)?, (021)? ; mm'" 54° 30'. Cleavage m, also (according to the author) parallel to the pinacoids, and several brachydomes. H.= 4'5. G.= 2*88. Optically negative. Ax. pi. b (010). Ex. a (100). 2E 90° 28', 2V 51° approx. y-ft — 0-0036. Composition RSiOi or that of anthophyllite, deduced from the analysis by Renard : SiO 58'02, MgO 27-99. CaO 5'04, Fe,O3 1'28, MnO 2'88, KSO 0'89, H,O 3'13 99'23. Easily fusible to a white opaque bead. Named after De la Vallee-Poussin.
VARISCITE, p. 824. — From near Lewiston, Cedar Valley, Tooele Co., Utah, compact, nodular or crypto-crystalline, color bright green ; analysis, R. L. Packard G. 2*62 : PaOB 44'40, A1,O, [32-65], H,O 22'95 100. Am. J. Sc., 47, 297, 1894. This variscite has been called utahlite, see G. F. Kunz, 16th Ann. Rep't. U. S. G. Surv., 1894-5, Part IV, p. 602.— See also Wardite.
VERMICULITES, p. 664. — A hydro-mica, largely but not wholly altered to vermiculite, from Rocky Hill, N. J., has been analyzed by F. W. Clarke and N. H. Darton. It is unusual in containing a large percentage of iron (FejOs), and a ferric muscovite is suggested as part of the unaltered compound. Am. J. Sc., 7, 365, 1899.
VEBTTVIANITE, p. 477. — Oryst. — Mte. Somma and Zermatt, new forms (observed, except IB, once only): r(106), 8 (229), F(552), TP(14-14-5), D (18'5-5), K (722), (H'4'4), also (13-134)? Boecker, Zs. Kr., 20, 225, 1892. Vesuvius. P. Franco, Giorn. Min., 4, 185, 1893; also in full in Boll. Soc. geol. Ital., 11, No. 2, 1893. Monograph with optical determinations, analyses, discussion of composition, etc., Weibull, Zs. Kr., 25, 1, 1895. Friedeberg, Silesia, Graber, Mia. petr. Mitth., 17, 384, 1897.
Optical characters fully discussed, Klein, Jb. Min., 2, 106, 1895.
Comp. — Ural, analysis of a chromium-bearing variety (2 '31 p. c. CraO3), Sofia Rudbeck, G. F6r. Forh., 15, 607, 1893. Harstig (4'81 p. c. MnO) and Vaticha (anal, by Mauzelius), discussion; of the composition of the species in general, Hj. Sjflgren, G. For. Forh., 17, 267, 1895. Analyses and discussion of composition, Jannasch and Weingarteu, Zs. anorg. Ch., 11, 40, 1895. Com- position discussed, Rammelsberg, Jb. Min., 2, 157, 1896. See also Weibull, above.
VIOLAN, p. 356. —See Pyroxene, p. 57.
VIVIANITE, p. 814. — Occurrence, origin, etc., in province of Drenthe, Netherlands, G. M. vair Bemnielen, Arch. Neerland, Harlem, 30, 25, 1897.
Occurrence in the Mecklenburg moors, A. Gartner, Arch. Ver. Meckl., 51, 1897 (and Inaug. Diss., Rostock).
Wardite. ' J. M. Damson, Am. J. Sc., 2, 154, 1896.
Massive, encrusting; with concretionary structure, in part oolitic. H. 5. G. 2'77. Luster vitreous. Color light green, bluish green. Streak white.
Composition, 2A1!163.P:,O..4H,O or A1.,(OH)3PO4 + $HaO. Analysis, Davison, 1. c.:
PaO5 A13O3 CuO FeO MgO Na.,0 KaO H2O
34-46 [38-25] 0'04 0'76 . 2'40 5'98 0'24 17'87 100
Occurs encrusting cavities in nodular masses of the variscite from Cedar Valley, Utah (see above). Named after Prof. Henry A. Ward of Rochester, N. Y.
WAVELLITE, p. 842. — Crvstals described from Arbrefontaine, Belgium, G. Cesaro, Mem. Acad. Belg., 53, 1897.
Analyses by Carnot, C. R., 118, 995, 1894.
Occurs at the Dunellen phosphate mines, Marion Co., Florida, Moses and Luquer, Sch. Mines Q., 13, 238, 1892.
Appendix I.
Webnerite. Stelzner, Zs. Kr., 24, 125, 189 1.— See Andorite.
Weldite. F, M. Krause [Proc. R. Soc. Tasmania, 1884] quoted by Petterd, Catalogue of Minerals of Tasmania, p. 94, 1896. A while, amorphous substance, containing chiefly silica, alumina and soda, but of undetermined composition. H. 5'5. G. 2'98. Occurs with bands df -'.artzite and is probably derived from the alteration of a felsitic rock. From the Weld river Up .) r Huon, Tasmania.
V/ellsite.
J. H. Pratt and H. W. Foote, Am. J. Sc., 3, 44:5, 1897.
Monoclinic Axes a : b : c 0'76& : 1 : 1'245; /? 53" 27* 001 A 100. Measured angles: ac 58° 27', bm 58° 19', aa 73° 6', bb 90°. In complex twinned crystals (Figs. 1, 2) analogous to familiar forms of harmotome and phil- lipsite, but without striatious on the 5-faces.
Cleavage none. Brittle. H. 4-4'5. G. 2'278-2'366. Luster vitreous. Colorless to white. Optically -)-. Bi- refringence low. Bxa 1 b (010). Bx0 A c — 52°. Ax. angle large.
Composition, RAlpSisO.o.SHjO where R Ba : Ca : K3 1:3:3. This requires: Silica 42'8, alumina 24'3, baryta 6-6, lime 7-3, potash (H, water 12'9 100. Wellsite falls into the Phillipsite Group, containing less water than the other members (cf. Min., p. 571). It is shown further that it is to be expected that phillipsite should contain 4HaO, not 4£H2O as usually accepted (see Phillipsite).
Analysis:
SiO, 43-86
BaO
SrO
CaO
MgO
K,0
Na2O
H,O
13-35 100-01
About one molecule of water is given off between 100° and 200°, a second between 200° and 300°. and the remainder at a red heat.
B.B. exfoliates slightly and fuses at 2'5-3 to a white bead. Yields water readily in the closed tube. Easily decomposed by hot hydrochloric acid with separation of silica.
Found in Buck Creek corundum mine in Clay Co., N. C.; occurs in small crystals with chaba- zite on feldspar, also on corundum. Named after Prof. H. L. Wells of New Haven, Conn.
WERNERITE, p. 468. — As a contact mineral in the Adamello Group and discussion of compo- sition (anal.), Salomon, Min. petr. Mitth., 15, 159, 1895. It is argued that dipyre is to be regarded not as a definite scapolite type but as belonging in part to wernerite, in part to mizzouite.
WESTANTTE (Vestanite), p. 499. — Weibull has confirmed Groth's suggestion that the mineral is an altered andalusite. A specimen examined by him showed a nucleus of aiidalusite surrounded by pyrophyllite. G. For. FoTh., 20, 57, 1898.
Whartonite. 8. H. Emmem, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 14, No. 7. See Pyrite.
WHEWEI,LITE, p. 993. — Obtained at the Venus mine, near Brtix, Schubert (optical determina- tions), Min. petr. Mitth., 18, 251, 1898.
WICKELKAMAZITE. E. Cohtn, Ann. Mus. Wien, 6, 157, 1891.
VVlLLEMiTE, p. 460. — Penfield has described colorless prismatic crystals from the Merritt 1. 2 3. 4.
a
m
a
Appendix I.
mine, New Mexico, with the new forms 2(0111). u (2113), v (1325) (Fig. 1): colorless rbouibo. hedral crystals (Fig. 2) from the Sednlia mine, Salidn, Colo.; also pale-green prismatic crystals from Franklin Furnace, N. J. (Figs. 3, 4) wilh h (3120), (1123), x 3121). Am. J. So., 47, 305,
Etching-figures investigated, Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 10. 463, l896.
Willyamite. E. F. Pittman, Proc. R. Soc. N. S. W., 27, 366, 1893.
Isometric: massive. Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Fracture uneven. Brittle-. H. 5-5. G. 6'87. Luster metallic. Color between tin-white and steel-gray. Streak grayish black.
Composition a sulph-autimonide of cobalt and nickel, CoSn.NiSa.CoSbNiSbs. Analysis, J. C. II. Miugaye:
S
Sb
Co
Ni
Fe.Cu Pb tr. - 99 -7!) Fe,Cu,Pb tr. - 99'91
In the closed tube yields a dark red sublimate, orange on cooling; in the open tube sulphurous and antimonial fumes; also the latter on charcoal fusing to a globule. Decomposed by nitric acid with separation of antimony trioxide.
Found at the Broken Hill mines (in Willyama township), New South Wales, associated -with dyscrasite in a gangue of calcite i'.ud siderite.
WINEBEKGITE, p. 970 — Bod 3nmais, Bavaria, analyses, Thiel, Zs. Kr. 23, 295, 1894. WITHERITE, p. 284. — In parallel growth with barite, Milgge, Jb. Min, 1, <552, 1895.
WOLFRAMITE, p. 982. — Occurrence in Bolivia, described by Frenzel, analysis by Sipocz, Min. petr. Mitth., 16, 256. 1896.
Occurs (C. H. Warren, priv. contr. ) in Lawrence Co., South Dakota, in small brilliant black crystals (Fig. 1) in a hi' hly sili- ceous matrix. Observed forms: a (100), c (001), 6(010i, I (210), TO (110), (7-11-0) new, t (102), y (101), /(Oil), J (112). The angles show a close agreement with those given for ordinary wolframite. B.B. the crystals show no reaction for manganese; they are hence inferred to be the pure iron tungstate.
WOLFSBERGITE. — See Chalcostibite.
WOLLASTONITE, pp. 371, 1052. — Crystals from near Harrisville, N. Y., described, Ries, Trans N. Y. Acad. Sc., 13, 146, 207, 1894. '
New Hartford, Oneida Co., N. Y., shows strong greenish-yellow phosphorescence, Hillebrand,. Am. J. So., 1, 323, 1896.
Occurs, with gehlenite and hexagonal CaSiOs, in slags from Pfibram, Heberdey, Zs. Kr., 26, 19, 1896.
An essential constituent in aplite from Querigut, AriSge, Lacroix, Bull. Soc. Min., 21, 272,
Crystals altered to pyroxene, Diana, Lewis Co., N. Y., C. H. Smyth, Jr., Am. J. Sc., 4, 309,
WULFENITE, p. 989.— Cryst.— Jarilla Mts., Dona Ana Co., New Mexico, crystals hemi- morphic (Figs. 1-3) with p (201) below only, while c (001), u (102), e (101), n (111), n (813) occur
both above and below; p and n are new forms, C. A. Ingersoll, Am. J. Sc., 48, 193, 1894. Loud- ville, Mass., habit varied, in part hemimorphic; new forms 0 (1'1'12), y (448), /I (131), Emerson,
74 Appendix 1.
Bull. U 8. G Surv., 126 176, 1895. Gorno, Val Seriana, Italy (with (5-1-75)?), Artini, Riv. Min. Ital., 16, 25, 1896.
Etching-figures do not show hemimorpbic symmetry, Traube, Jb. Min., Beil -Bd., 10, 457, 1896.
Observations on optical anomalies, A. de Gramont, Bull. Soc. Min., 16, 127, 1893.
WUKZITE. pp. 70, 1051. — Artif. cryst. described, Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 8, 151, 1894.
XANTHOCONITE, p. 149.— Shown by Mers (Min. Mag., 10, 185, 1893, and Zs. Kr., 22, 433) to be monoclinic with the axia". ratio, d ; b : Is 1-9187 : 1 : 1'0152, ft 88° 4?'. Here belongs also rittingerite from Joachimsthal. Common forms : c (001), m (110), d (501), D (501), p (111) q (551), P(Ill), Q (551); also a (100), n (053), r (112), t (223), h (334), and on rittingeriie / (115), y (443), p (332), R (112), F{443). Angles mm"'= 124° 56', cd 68° 14', cp 48° 32', cP= 49° 10', cm - 80° 26'.
Crystals tabular J c, usually stout, again very thin ; also massive, earthy. Twins : tw. pi. c, common.
Cleavage c, distinct. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. H. 2-3. G. 5 54. Luster adamantine to pearly. Color brown, orange-red ; by transmitted light, lemou-yellow. Stmik orange-yellow. Transparent. Optically — . Birefringence strong. Ax. pi. b (010). Bxa nearly c (001). 2E 125" approx. ; p v
Composition same as for proustite, AgsAsS3 or 3Ag3S.AsaSs. Analysis, Prior (corrected);
Freiberg, G. 5'54 As 14-93 8 19-07 Ag 65-15 99-15
Xanthoconite occurs in calcite at Freiberg, Saxony, the original locality ; also at Johann- georgeustadt, Markirch in Elsass, Rudelstadt and Chafiarcillo.
XANTHOPIIYLLITE, p. 639. — Waluewite, Zlatoust, anal, and discussion of composition, Clarke and Schneider, Am. J. Sc., 43, 379, 1892.
XENOTIME, p. 748.— Cryst.— Brazil, Hussak, Min. petr. Mitth., 12, 465, 1892.
Anal.— El Puso Co., Colorado, Penfield obtained : P,O 32-11, (Y,Er)O3 67'78 ign 0-18 100-07 (at. weight of Y.Er, 118); G.= 5 IOC, Am. J. Sc., 45. 398, 1893. Analyses (Eakins) from the Britidletowu gold district, Burke Co., N. C., f reeu and brown var., Hidden, Am. J Sc 46 255. 18.-3.
Occurrence on New York island, Niven, Am. J. Sc., 50, 75, 1895. In Calvin township, Nipissing distric* Ontario (mass of 312 grams), Hoffmann, Rep. G. Canada, 9, 13R, 1896. Dis- tribution in European rocks, Derby, 11, 304, 1897.
Xiphonite. O. Platania, Accad. Sc. Acireale, 5, 1893.— See Amphibole, p. 3.
ZEOLITES, pp. 570-610.— Discussion of the composition of the species, F. W. Clarke, Am. J. Sc., 48, 137, 1894. Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 125. Also as to the part played by the water, G. Friedel Bull. Soc. Min., 21 5, 1898.
See also Analcite, etc.
ZINCITE, p. 208.— Franklin Furnace, N. J., hemimorphic crystals with m (1010), c (0001) and
226 1895.
On artificial crystals, in part twins, Cesaro, Ann. Soc. G. Belg., 19, 271, 189? (abstr Zs. Kr., 24, 618). Also Rics, A;K J. So., 48, 25<J, 1894 ; Traube, Jb. Min., Beil.-Bd., 9, 147, 1894
ZINKENITE, p. 112 — Crystals from Wolfsberg in the Harz show the form: (100), c (001), € (102), Spencer, Min. Mag., 11, 188 1897. He- notes also relation in form to chalcostibite and other similar species. Cf. also Luedecke, Miu. d. Harzes, 121. 1896.
Occurs at Cinque Valle, Val Sugana, Tyrol, Saudberger, Jb. Min., 1, 196, 1894. Also at Oruro, Bolivia (anal, by Maun), Stelzner, Zs. G. Ges., 49, 86, 1897.
Zinkmanganerz. — A. Brunlechner, ["Jb. Nat. Land.-Mus., Klagenfurt, 22, 194, 1893,] Zs. Kr. , 25, 433. A hydrated compound of ZuO and MnOa. Massive, compact ; color dark brown or gray. Occurs with calamine at Bleiberg, Carinthia.
ZIRCON, p. 482. — Crystals described from the nephelite-syenite of Dungannon, Ont., Pratt, Am J. S( . 48, 214, 1894. From Ilmen Mts , new forms (501), (643), (766), (545), Jeremejev, Vh. Miu. G.cs., 33, 429, 1895.
Appendix I.
Crystals from the Meredeth Freeman mine in Henderson Co., N. C., are cruciform-twins with the following twinning planes : e (101) Fig. 1, p (111) Fig. 2, d (553) Fig. 3, 0 (774), (221), (331), Hidden aud Pratt, Am. J. Sc., 6, 323, 1898.
Occurs in the Toluca meteoric iron, Laspeyres, Zs Kr , $4, 485, 1895.
Synthesis, Khrushchev, Jb. Min., 2, 232, 1892.
Analyses of cyrtolite from Mt. Antero, Colorado, Tenth, Am. J. Sc., 44, 387, 1892.
Zirkelite E. Ilussak and O. T. Prior, Min. Mag., 11, 86, 1895 ; O. T. Prior, ibid., 11, 180, 1897. E. Ilussak, Min. petr. Mitth., 14, 408, 1894.
Isometric. In octahedrons, sometimes with cubic faces ; crystals flattened and striated o, due to polysynthetic twinning. Spinel twins common, also fourlings.
Cleavage none. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. H. 5'5. G. 4-706-4-741. Luster resiuous. Color black. Nearly opaque ; dark brown and isotropic in thin splinters. Non-magnetic.
Composition, RO.2(Zr,Ti,Th)Oi,. Analysis, G. T. Prior, 1. c., p. 180 (also an approximate analysis iu p. 88):
G. =4-741
ZrO,
TiOa
ThOa
Ce,O3 Y2O3? 2-52 0-21
U0a
FeO
CaO
MgO
ign.
1-02 99-03
Found with baddeleylte, perovsldte, etc., in the decomposed magnetite - pyroxenite of Jacupiranga, S. Paulo, Brazil.
Named after Prof. F. Zirkel of Leipzig. The same name was earlier given (1887) to a rock by M. E. Wadsworth, cf. Am. J. Sc., 5, 153, 1898.
ZOISITE, pp. 513, 1035. — Relation to epidote discussed with description of crystals from Zermatt aud Pragratten, Weinschenk, Zs. Kr., 26, 156, 433, 1896 ; see also Clinozoisite.
On the optical characters of ordinary, zoisite (ax. pi. J b (010), dispersion p v large), also those of " /3-zoisite" (ax. pi. c (001), dispersion p v small, variable), and the relation of these varieties to each other, see Termier, Bull Soc. Min., 21, 148, 1898.
Occurs at Flat Rock mine, Mitchell Co., N C., with monazite and allanite, analysis by Eakins, W. E. Hidden, Am. J. Sc., 46, 154, 1893 (in Bull. U. S. G. Surv., 113, 111, 1893, same anal, credited to James's mica mine, Yancey Co., N. C.)
ZONOCHLORITE, p. 610.— See Chlorastrolite.
ZUNYITE, p. 436. — Occurs in minute tetrahedrons in an altered porphyrite near Red Mountain, Ouray Co., Colorado, Penfield, Am. J. Sc., 45, 397, 1893. The mean of two analyses gave: SiO, 24-11, AlaO3 57-20, Fe3O, 0'61, Cl 2"62, F 5'81, HaO 11-12, P,O6 0'64, CaOO'll, NaaOO-48 102-70 (deduct O 3'03) 99'67. This confirms Hillebrand'a results and the formula given in JMin., p. 436.
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