Effects of lead-zinc mining on ground-water levels in the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri
Effects of lead-zinc mining on ground-water levels in the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri by Kleeschulte, Michael J. (2001). Full…
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science for a changing world Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4293 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, and Missouri Department of Conservation U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey
Cover Photograph: Buick Mine, Iron County, Missouri.
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri By Michael J. Kleeschulte Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4293 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, and Missouri Department of Conservation Rolla, Missouri
"V U.S. Department of the Interior Bruce Babbitt, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey 1400 Independence Road Branch of Information Services Mail Stop 100 Box 25286 Rolla, MO 65401 Denver, CO 80225-0286
CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Purpose and Scope Description of Study Area Geohydrologic Units Well-Numbering System Previous Investigations Acknowledgments Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend Pre-Mining Ground-Water Levels Ground-Water Levels during 1999 Effects of Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer Summary and Conclusions References Contents
FIGURES Map showing location of study area, lead-zinc mines in the Viburnum Trend, faults, and Precambrian-rock outcrops in the St. Francois Mountains, southeastern Missouri Stratigraphic column for an exploration hole in Reynolds County, Missouri, and a general lithologic description of formations in the Viburnum Trend Well-numbering system used for this study Hydrograph for observation well near Bixby (T. 34 N., R. 02 W., 01CCC) southeastern Missouri, 5. -7. Maps showing: Pre-mining potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend area, southeastern Missouri Potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri, summer and fall 1999 Water-level changes in the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri between pre-1960(pre-mining)and 1999 TABLES Pre-mining (prior to 1960) water-level data for the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri Water-level data for the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri, summer and fall 1999 Sea level: In this report "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929) a geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of both the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. Contents
Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri by Michael J. Kleeschulte Abstract Lead-zinc mines in the Viburnum Trend of southeastern Missouri are dewatered during min- ing operations. Although the mines are located in the Bonneterre Formation of the St. Francois aqui- fer, and this aquifer is separated from the surficial Ozark aquifer by the St. Francois confining unit, there is concern that pumpage for mine dewatering may have or possibly could lower water levels in the Ozark aquifer regionally. Also, a reduction in the flow of water to area springs and streams and lower water levels in area wells could result. Pumpage for mine dewatering is estimated to have been 26 million gallons per day in 1971 and was reported to be 27 million gallons per day in 1999. The lowermost geohydrologic unit in the 600-square mile study area (parts of Crawford, Iron, Washington, Dent, Reynolds, and Shannon Counties of southeastern Missouri) is the Precam- brian Basement confining unit, which is nearly impermeable. The Precambrian surface is irregu- lar with buried knobs. Formations overlying these knobs may be thin or missing. The St. Francois aquifer overlies the Basement confining unit and consists of the Lamotte Sandstone and the Bon- neterre Formation (host formation for lead-zinc deposits). The thickness of the aquifer in the study area varies from less than 100 feet over Precam- brian knobs to about 800 feet, but typically the aquifer is from 300 to 600 feet thick. The St. Fran- cois confining unit overlies the St. Francois aqui- fer and consists of the Davis Formation and the Derby-Doerun Dolomite. The typical thickness of the confining unit in the study area is 200 to 300 feet. The confining unit effectively impedes the flow of ground water between the Ozark aquifer and the St. Francois aquifer except where pre- ferred path secondary permeability has developed along faults and fractures and appreciably increased the vertical hydraulic conductivity in the confining unit. The Ozark aquifer is the uppermost geohydrologic unit, is primarily unconfined, and is the primary source of water for water supplies in much of southern Missouri. This predominantly carbonate aquifer consists of rocks from the base of the Potosi Dolomite through the Roubidoux Formation and typically ranges from 200 to 900 feet thick in the study area. The pre-mining potentiometric surface for the Ozark aquifer (prepared using 115 static water- level measurements taken before 1960 and 3 post- 1960 historic water-level measurements) and the 1999 potentiometric surface (prepared from water levels measured in 7 observation wells and 59 domestic- and public-water-supply wells) were mapped for the Ozark aquifer and compared to assess the affect of mine dewatering. A digital analysis was accomplished by computer interpolation of the pre-mining (prior to 1960) and 1999 data sets on a regular grid with 0.5-mile centers. The results of this analysis indi- cate that the differences in the two data sets are small and are within the accuracy of the deter- mined potentiometric altitudes, which are limited by the accuracy of the water-level measurements Abstract
and topographic maps (plus or minus 15 feet). The isolated areas of calculated water-level declines appear to be related to the distribution of the pre- mining and 1999 data, the accuracy of the water- level data, and inherent error in interpolating the water-level data and not to actual water-level declines. The general conclusion is that no large cones of depression are apparent in the potentio- metric surface of the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend as a consequence of mining activity. Leakage of water from the Ozark aquifer into the St. Francois aquifer probably is occurring at shafts, ventholes, and inadequately plugged exploration drill holes. Therefore, there may be localized areas of small drawdowns. INTRODUCTION The initial discovery of lead-zinc deposits near Viburnum, Missouri (fig. 1) was made in 1955 and ini- tial ore production began in the mid-1960s (Wharton, 1975). Between 1960 and 1973, eight operating under- ground mines were opened (Warner and others, 1974) along a 45-mile north-south trending band that ranges from less than 500 feet wide to, in rare cases, about 1 mile wide (Wharton, 1975). This mining area is locally referred to as the Viburnum Trend. Currently (2000), there are nine active mines in the Viburnum Trend. One of the original eight mines (Viburnum Mine No. 27) was allowed to fill with water and is used by the City of Viburnum as a drinking water source. In the early 1980's, two other mines, West Fork and Casteel Mines, opened (fig. 1). Predominantly carbonate rock sequences of the Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian Series (Roubi- doux Formation to the base of the Lamotte Sandstone) overlie igneous granites and rhyolites of the Precam- brian basement rock. These rocks form the surficial Ozark aquifer, the St. Francois confining unit, and the underlying St. Francois aquifer (fig. 2). Locally, the Roubidoux Formation is present and exposed on some of the highest ridge tops, but predominantly the forma- tions from the Gasconade Dolomite to the Potosi Dolo- mite crop out (Anderson and others, 1979). The Bonneterre Formation, which forms part of the St. Francois aquifer, is the host formation for the largest and most important lead-zinc deposits in southeastern Missouri (Wharton, 1975). Before lead-zinc ore can be extracted, the mine area must be dewatered. Pumpage from the St. Francois aquifer for mine dewatering in the Viburnum Trend was estimated to be 26 million gallons per day in 1971 (Warner and others, 1974). In 1999, the total pumpage for mine dewatering was slightly larger, reported to be 27 million gallons per day (Denis N. Murphy, The Doe Run Company, written commun., 2000). This contin- ued pumpage possibly could lower water levels in the Ozark aquifer regionally and cause a reduction in the flow of water to area springs and streams and lower water levels in area wells. In 1999, a study was begun to determine if water- level declines were occurring in the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend as a result of lead-zinc mining. This study was performed by the U.S. Geological Sur- vey (USGS) in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (hereafter referred to as Forest Service); U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management; and the Missouri Department of Conservation. Purpose and Scope This report presents the results of a geohydro- logic study to determine if water levels in the surficial Ozark aquifer have declined in the Viburnum Trend as a result of mine dewatering in the deeper St. Francois aquifer. The study area consists of about 600 square miles in an area that includes parts of Crawford, Iron, Washington, Dent, Reynolds, and Shannon Counties of southeastern Missouri (fig. 1). However, pre-mining water-level data were collected for an expanded area (2,200 square miles) to ensure that the full extent of water-level declines, if present, could be identified. The data analysis was accomplished by compar- ing potentiometric surfaces of the Ozark aquifer for two different times. The pre-mining potentiometric surface was mapped from static water-level measure- ments on file at the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey (DGLS) in Rolla, Missouri, that were reported by well drillers upon completion of wells. The second potenti- ometric surface was mapped from water-level mea- surements made during the summer and fall of 1999. The two surfaces were compared, and water-level changes were quantified. Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri
91° 10' 90° 50'
37° 50' - 37° 40' - 37° 30' - 37° 10' - Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000,1983 and 1986 Universal Transverse Mercator projection Zone 15 EXPLANATION V PRECAMBRIAN-ROCK OUTCROP V MINE 012345 MILES , 012345 KILOMETERS :r-P%Mjp" Figure 1. Location of study area, lead-zinc mines in the Viburnum Trend, faults, and Precambrian-rock outcrops in the St. Francois Mountains, southeastern Missouri. Introduction
Description of Study Area The study area is on the western flank of the St. Francois Mountains and much of the area is within the boundaries of the Mark Twain National Forest and managed by the Forest Service. Much of the area within the National Forest boundaries is uninhabited, hickory-oak forest. The area includes scattered parcels of private property that contain either isolated home- steads or small communities. Most of the private prop- erty is concentrated along major roads or along stream valleys. The study area is characterized by deep, narrow valleys, and narrow, steep-sided ridges. It is common to have more than 300 feet of relief between the ridge top and the adjacent valley. A regional surface-water divide trends northeast across the northern part of the study area (Imes and Emmett, 1994). The Meramec and Big Rivers and their tributaries are north of this divide and the Current and Black Rivers and their tributaries are south of the divide. The study area lies within a large region of well- developed karst terrain that is characterized by the presence of caves, springs, sinkholes, and gaining and losing streams. Most of the springs in the study area are small, discharging 0.1 to 1.0 cubic feet per second (Vineyard and Feder, 1974). Some of these small springs and many flowing wells in the area are used as domestic water supplies. Losing streams also have been identified in or near the study area (Harvey, 1980), and include Logan Creek and Sinking Creek in the Black River Basin and Barren Fork in the Current River Basin (fig. 1). Geohydrologic Units Delineation of geohydrologic units is based on hydraulic properties and the hydrologic relation of each unit to adjacent geohydrologic units at a regional scale. The terms aquifer and confining unit, as defined regionally, may not adequately describe the hydraulic properties of a sequence of rocks locally because of the variation in water-yielding capability of the same sequence from one area to another. The geologic names used in this report follow the nomenclature used by the DGLS. The lowermost geohydrologic unit underlying the study area is the Basement confining unit, which is predominantly Precambrian granite and rhyolite por- phyry (fig. 2). The altitude of the top of the basement confining unit ranges from 600 feet below sea level to 600 feet above sea level in the study area (Fletcher, 1974). Imes (1989) states that this confining unit is nearly impermeable, but in areas where extensive fault- ing and fracturing has occurred, the Basement confin- ing unit can yield small quantities of water. In areas where the unit crops out, well yields are less than 10 gallons per minute. A map of the altitude of the top of the Precambrian basement rock in Fletcher (1974) shows that the Precambrian surface is irregular in the study area, and about 10 scattered, buried knobs exist that protrude 400 to 600 feet above the surrounding basement rock. Two knobs in the southeastern part of the study area extend 1,200 feet above the sur- rounding basement rock. Formations overlying these Precambrian knobs may be thin or missing. The St. Francois aquifer (Imes, 1990a) overlies the Basement confining unit and consists of the Lam- otte Sandstone and the Bonneterre Formation, which is the host formation for lead-zinc deposits (fig. 2). The altitude of the top of the aquifer ranges from 200 feet below sea level to 900 feet above sea level in the study area (Fletcher, 1974). Because the surficial Ozark aquifer meets the stock, domestic, and public- water-supply needs in the study area, the deeper, pri- marily confined, St. Francois aquifer rarely is used. Near the St. Francois Mountains just east of the study area, where this aquifer is close to land surface, it yields adequate supplies of water for domestic and small-capacity public-supply wells. The thickness of the St. Francois aquifer can vary considerably in the study area because of the rugged surface of the under- lying Precambrian basement rocks. Based on DGLS well logs and Warner and others (1974), the thickness of the aquifer varies from less than 100 feet over Pre- cambrian knobs to about 800 feet in the western part of the study area, but typically the aquifer ranges from 300 to 600 feet thick. The St. Francois confining unit (Imes, 1990b) overlies the St. Francois aquifer and consists of fine- grained carbonates and shales of the Davis Formation and the Derby-Doerun Dolomite (fig. 2). Common indicators of the effectiveness of a confining unit are the thickness and the shale content (usually a mini- mally permeable material) of the unit. Whereas these normally are good measures of the confining capability of a unit, other physical properties may alter the confin- ing ability, including the degree of cementation of the rock and secondary permeability features such as solu- tion channels, fractures, and faults that develop in the Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri
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butfi brow ±; Precambria g? EC w c m 8 General lithologic description (modified from Fletcher, 1974) Overburden-residuum; Soils, clay, chert fragments Gasconade Dolomite; Light gray, argillaceous dolomites that gradually grade into more massive, medium- to coarse-grained, gray dolomite containing abundant dense to porous cherts. The basal Gunter Sandstone Member is an arenaceous dolomite, containing thin, discontinuous lenses of sandstone. Eminence Dolomite; Light gray, massive, cherty dolomite with some quartz druse near the base. The chert is 'rusty in appearance, porous, and old looking'. In the upper part of the formation the bedding is thinner and more uniform. Potosi Dolomite; Light gray to dark brown, moderately crystalline, medium- to fine-grained, massive, very drusy dolomite. Three separate lithologies have been assigned to the formation. Algal reef rock normally is a medium-crystalline dolomite, with 'honeycomb' or 'pipe' druse. The oolite and carbonate beds are medium crystalline and characterized by druse that follows horizontal bedding planes. The carbonate slime beds are very dense, fine crystalline, and thin-bedded. Derby-Doerun Dolomite; Lower part is essentially thick-bedded to massive, non-cherty dolomites, usually light gray to buff with occasional dark gray color. The dolomite is fine- to medium-grained, dense, and argillaceous. Top part is thin-bedded, fine- to medium-grained, argillaceous, light-buff to light-gray dolomite. Davis Formation; Lower part contains light gray, coarse-grained, massively bedded, highly glauconitic dolomite with interbedded green or black shale. The middle part contains moderate shale and fine-grained, light-gray limestone. The upper part consists of thin-bedded, fine-grained, argillaceous, light gray to tan dolomite overlain by dolomite similar to that near the base. Bonneterre Formation; In general terms, the lower part is completely crystalline but fine-grained, buff-colored dolomite and sparingly mottled with gray. The upper part is more massive, coarsely crystalline, lighter gray and contains numerous vugs lined with dolomite or calcite crystals and is more cavernous or pitted on exposed surfaces. Four major carbonate facies occur: back reef facies, reef facies, off-shore facies, and open marine shelf. Lamotte Sandstone; Light gray to reddish brown, red, and shades of yellow brown, thin- to massive-bedded quartz sandstone with a siliceous cement. NOTE: The geologic names used in this figure follow the nomenclature used by the DGLS Missouri Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Land Survey (DGLS) Log number 19937 Reynolds County T. 32 N., R. 02 W., 33CDB Figure 2. Stratigraphic column for an exploration hole in Reynolds County, Missouri, and a general lithologic description of formations in the Viburnum Trend. Introduction
rock (Imes, 1990b). Imes and Emmett (1994) state that substantial secondary porosity and permeability have not developed regionally in the St. Francois confining unit. The clastic to carbonate ratio (shale content) in the Davis Formation increases westward from the St. Fran- cois Mountains (Warner and others, 1974). Based on DGLS well, logs, the typical thickness of the confining unit in the study area is 200 to 300 feet. Laboratory vertical hydraulic conductivity val- ues for the St. Francois confining unit were determined for 24 rock core samples from 5 exploration holes drilled in the southern part of the Viburnum Trend (Kleeschulte and Seeger, 2000). The vertical hydraulic conductivity of the core samples ranged from 2x10 foot per second to less than 3x10 foot per second (the minimum reporting limit). These vertical hydrau- lic conductivities are small; therefore, the confining unit effectively impedes the flow of ground water between the Ozark aquifer and the St. Francois aquifer except where preferred path secondary permeability (not present in the rock core samples) has developed along faults and fractures and appreciably increased the vertical hydraulic conductivity in the confining unit. The Ozark aquifer (Imes, 1990c) is the upper- most geohydrologic unit, is primarily unconfmed, and is the primary source of water for water supplies in much of southern Missouri. Based on DGLS well logs, the thickness of the aquifer typically ranges from 200 to 900 feet in the study area. This predominantly car- bonate aquifer consists of rocks from the base of the Potosi Dolomite through the Roubidoux Formation and, in the study area, is composed of dolomite and limestone with some sandstone. Several of the wells used to define the potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer were also open to the overlying residuum. Well-Numbering System In this report, well locations are described using the local well number (table 1, at the back of the report) and follow the General Land Office coordinate system (fig. 3). According to this system, the first three sets of numbers of a well location designate township, range, and section. The letters that follow indicate quarter sec- tion, quarter-quarter section, and quarter-quarter-quar- ter section. The quarter sections are represented by the letters A, B, C, and D, in counterclockwise order, starting in the northeastern quadrant. Two or more wells in the same quarter-quarter-quarter section are numbered serially in the order they were inventoried. R. 01 W. T. 36 N. I 35 N. T, 36 N., R. 01 E., 24BCD1 Figure 3. Well-numbering system used for this study. Previous Investigations In 1974, the University of Missouri-Rolla com- pleted a geohydrologic study in the Viburnum Trend area (Warner and others, 1974). The report discusses the geohydrology of the area and the effects of mine dewatering on water levels in the Ozark and St. Fran- cois aquifers. Pre-mining (pre-1960) potentiometric- surface maps were drawn for the Ozark and St. Fran- cois aquifers in the Viburnum Trend area. The report also describes the geologic framework in the Viburnum Trend and includes maps of the altitude of the tops of the Precambrian rocks, the Lamotte Sandstone, Bon- neterre Formation, and the Davis Formation, and thick- ness maps for the St. Francois aquifer and the Davis Formation. The stratigraphy of the formations from the uppermost Roubidoux Formation to the Precambrian basement rock also is described. Wamer and others (1974) state that depending on the mine location, the potentiometric surface of the St. Francois aquifer was lowered 600 to 1,200 feet in de6 Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri
watering the mines. Even though the aquifer thickness typically ranges from 300 to 600 feet, the potentiomet- ric surface can extend much higher than the top of the aquifer. Because ground water in the St. Francois aqui- fer is under substantial pressure, water levels in tightly cased wells that are open only to the confined St. Fran- cois aquifer typically will rise hundreds of feet above the top of the aquifer until the pressure of the water col- umn in the well equals the pressure in the aquifer. This would be analogous to water escaping through a punc- ture in a pressurized garden hose. During the process of dewatering the mines, the pressure head is lowered first. After water levels have declined below the top of the aquifer, the aquifer will begin to be dewatered. Because of the effective confining capability of the St. Francois confining unit, water levels in the overlying Ozark aquifer will not necessarily decline. The St. Francois confining unit essentially may hold water in the Ozark aquifer even though the St. Francois aquifer is being dewatered. Water-level data collected from 20 observation wells in the St. Francois aquifer in the vicinity of 5 active mines, and ground-water discharge data from these mines, were used to calculate the transmissivity and storage coefficient of the St. Francois aquifer at the mine sites (Warner and others, 1974). Transmissivities ranged from 195 to 4,075 gallons per day per foot of drawdown (the median value was 1,174 gallons per day per foot). Storage coefficients ranged from 0.0026 to Water-level declines were estimated for the deep St. Francois aquifer using the transmissivities, storage coefficients, and ground-water discharge data that were determined for each of the five mine sites. The report concluded that the effect of pumping in the St. Francois aquifer probably is not great beyond a distance of about 5 miles from any of the mines, and the areas of major effect are more restricted than the stated 5 mile dis- tance. Further conclusions state that as mining contin- ues and the mines become interconnected, the affected area is not expected to widen much from east to west, but is expected to form a continuous narrow dewatered zone throughout the length of the Viburnum Trend in the St. Francois aquifer (Warner and others, 1974). Currently (2000), several of the individual mines are connected in the subsurface to essentially form one larger mine; these include Casteel, Magmont, Buick, and Brushy Creek. The West Fork and Fletcher Mines are also connected (John T. Scheumbauer, Bureau of Land Management, oral commun., 2000). An analysis of the surficial Ozark aquifer in Warner and others (1974) concluded that water-level changes that resulted in the aquifer were not large. This conclusion was based primarily on data from nine observation wells that were constructed around the Sweetwater Mine. One of the wells was at the mine and others were located at distances ranging from 0.5 to 9 miles south and southwest of the mine. The highest recorded water-level altitude in the observation well at the mine was 1,020 feet above sea level in April 1965 when it was first measured. This measurement was made about 6 years after pumping from the mine began at a rate of about 800 gallons per minute (1.15 million gallons per day). The lowest recorded water-level alti- tude in the well was 904 feet above sea level in March 1968, and the final recorded water-level altitude was 949 feet above sea level in October 1971 (pumping for mine dewatering was still occurring). A maximum water-level fluctuation of 116 feet was observed in this well with the final water-level measurement showing 71 feet of decline. The authors stated that data from the observation well 0.5 mile from the mine showed a max- imum decline of about 32 feet from 1962 to 1971, and that data from the other seven wells were difficult to interpret because water levels in some wells increased, some decreased, and others remained the same. They also noted that no obvious declines in spring flow or stream base flow have been reported in the Viburnum Trend, nor have any widespread problems with water- level declines in the Ozark aquifer been reported. One incident occurring in the study area involv- ing isolated mining-related water-level declines in the Ozark aquifer was described by Miller and Vandike (1997). About May 1987 most domestic- and public- water-supply wells in and near Bixby, Missouri (fig. 1) were affected by declining water levels and well yields. Many of the affected wells were less than 200 feet deep. The problems were related to the opening of vent shaft number 50 at the Casteel mine (fig. 1). This shaft was constructed about 1,000 feet northwest of Bixby. The shaft encountered well-developed, solution- enlarged openings in the Potosi Dolomite and the initial flow from that formation into the mine via the shaft was estimated at 400 to 500 gallons per minute. The addi- tional inflow of water into the mine did not hamper mining operations, but it did cause appreciable water- level declines in Bixby. The findings of a study of the ground-water problem reported at Bixby state that ground water in that area historically has been pumped from a highly Introduction
permeable zone ranging from 145 to 200 feet below land surface (Steffen Robertson and Kirsten, Inc., 1988). This permeable zone corresponds with the con- tact of the residuum and the Eminence Dolomite. Water levels had declined by as much as an additional 70 feet in the area, and this shallow permeable ground-water zone underlying Bixby had essentially been dewatered. Because water levels had dropped below this perme- able zone and the Eminence Dolomite has a low perme- ability, well yields also decreased. It was recommended that leakage from the shallow aquifer to the mine via shafts, ventholes, and exploration drill holes be mini- mized; this included grouting the vent shaft (Steffen Robertson and Kirsten, Inc., 1988). A water-level recorder was installed by the DGLS on a well near the vent shaft in late 1987 (Miller and Vandike, 1997). This well is 640 feet deep with 120 feet of casing and based on nearby well logs on file at the DGLS the well is open to the Ozark aquifer and probably part of the St. Francois confining unit. The vent shaft was plugged on September 5, 1991, and water levels in the observation well began recovering (fig. 4). The 71 to 116 feet of water-level decline reported by Wamer and others (1974) in the Ozark aquifer observation well at the Sweetwater Mine may have resulted from water flowing from the Ozark aqui- fer down into the mine via the mine shaft. The distance the well was from the mine shaft was not stated but pre- sumably was close, based on the fact that the well was described as 'at the mine'. Acknowledgments The author acknowledges James E. Vandike of the DGLS for supplying ground-water information from the Viburnum Trend area. The information included 1998-2000 hydrograph data from the obser- vation well near Bixby, so the hydrograph in figure 4 could be extended into 2000, results of five unpub- lished aquifer tests conducted near Bixby, and copies of reports. The author also acknowledges the assistance of Denis Murphy of the Doe Run Company and Kelly Ray of Environmental Analysis, Inc. for supplying the water-level data from observation wells in the vicinity of the mines. The cooperation of the many land owners in the study area by allowing access to their wells for water-level measurements also is appreciated. Vent shaft No. 50 plugged Septembers, 1991 Data from Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey Figure 4. Hydrograph for observation well near Bixby (T. 34 N., R. 02 W., 01CCC), southeastern Missouri, 1988-2000. Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri
GROUND-WATER LEVELS IN THE OZARK AQUIFER IN THE VIBURNUM TREND Lead-zinc mines in the Viburnum Trend align approximately north-south near the eastern side of R. 02 W. between T. 31 N. and T. 35 N. (fig. 1). Data from a much larger area were collected, evaluated, and used in constructing the pre-mining potentiometric-surface map for the Ozark aquifer (fig. 5). As the study pro- gressed and the 1999 water-level measurements were obtained and compared to pre-mining conditions, much of this larger area was determined to be not directly rel- evant to the scope of the study. Pre-Mining Ground-Water Levels The pre-mining potentiometric surface (fig. 5) for the Ozark aquifer was mapped using static water- level measurements that were recorded on well logs submitted to the DGLS office in Rolla, Missouri, before 1960. This criterion was used because mining had started in only two of the Viburnum Trend mines by 1960, and extensive pumping from the St. Francois aquifer had not been initiated at that time (Warner and others, 1974). Typically, the historic well logs provide general information such as well location, land-surface altitude at the well, depth to formation tops, total depth of the casing, total depth of the well, and the static water level in the well. Generally, well locations are given to the nearest quarter-quarter-quarter section and the altitude of land surface at the well is reported to the nearest 10 feet. The reported static water-level mea- surements were taken by the well drillers upon comple- tion of the wells. Streambed altitudes of perennial streams also were used in construction of this potentio- metric-surface map, as the Ozark aquifer is considered to be in direct hydraulic connection with streams. His- toric dye-trace information, knowledge of areas of gaining and losing streams, and altitudes of perennial springs were also used in the construction of this poten- tiometric-surface map. Historic water-level data were available for 273 wells in the expanded area; 115 of those water-level measurements were recorded before 1960 and used in the mapping of the pre-mining potentiometric surface (table 1). Only 21 of these static water-level measure- ments were located within the 600-square-mile study area boundary. The estimated altitude accuracy of the data points used to map the pre-mining potentiometric surface is plus or minus 15 feet. Because of the steep topography of the area, 7.5-minute USGS topographic maps for the area have a contour interval of 20 feet with an accuracy of plus or minus 0.5 the contour interval (plus or minus 10 feet). The static water-level measure- ments typically were reported to the nearest 10 feet, inferring an uncertainty of plus or minus 5 feet. Three historical water-level measurements (SI- S3; table 1) that did not meet the "pre-mining" criterion (water- level data measured before 1960) were used as supple- mental data in an area away from the mines where no pre-mining data were available. These supplemental data helped define a potentiometric high in the western part of the study area (fig. 5). The pre-mining potentiometric-surface map indicates that ground-water levels in the Ozark aquifer are appreciably controlled by the narrow ridges and the numerous perennial streams in the area. A potentiomet- ric high forms part of a regional ground-water divide (T. 33-34 N., R. 03-04 W.) that trends near Missouri State Highway 32 eastward along the regional surface- water divide in the central part of the mapped area (T. 33 N., R. 04 W. to T. 34 N., R. 02 W.). Potentiomet- ric highs also occur between most of the perennial streams in the area. In the southern part of the mapped area, several losing streams are present. The two largest stream basins that have losing stream reaches are Logan Creek and Sinking Creek. A potentiometric trough is evident in the south-central part of the mapped area that connects Logan Creek in the Black River Basin to Blue Spring (near Owls Bend) in the Current River Basin. This trough indicates the potential for interbasin transfer of ground water. The hydrologic connection from Logan Creek to Blue Spring has been verified using dye-tracing techniques (Vineyard and Feder, 1974). Because the 115 pre-mining data points were not uniformly distributed, it was necessary to use supple- mental data as an aid in defining the pre-mining poten- tiometric contours. Data are more sparse in the southern part of the area and along the ridge tops because much of this land is sparsely populated. Because homesteads commonly are located in the val- leys, and not along the ridges, the altitude of many of the ground-water divides in figure 5 could not be accu- rately determined. Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend
91° 101 91° 00' 37° sa 37° W -1050 .. '000- /Study i /"-area I
'' boundary'', T37N. T36N. T34N. 37° 30 T31 N. T30N. I29N. R. 05 W R. 04 W R. 03 W Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:100,000. 1983 and 1986 Universal Transverse Mercator projection Zone 15 EXPLANATION PRECAMBRIAN OITCROP POTENTIOMETRIC CONTOUR-Shows altitude at R. 02 W R. 01 W R. 01 E. H. 02 E 5 MILES 012345 KILOMETERS B1 LOCATION OF WATER-LEVEL MEASUREMENT IN THE OZARK ' AQUIFER AND SITE IDENTIFIER (table 1) which water would have stood in tightly cased wells S3 LOCATION OF SUPPLEMENTAL WATER-LEVEL MEASUREMENT before 1960. Dashed where approximately located.
IN THE OZARK AQUIFER AND SITE IDENTIFIER (table 1) Contour interval 50 feet. Datum is sea level V MINE Figure 5. Pre-mining potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend area, southeastern Missouri. Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri
Ground-Water Levels During 1999 During the summer and fall 1999, USGS person- nel conducted a well inventory in the known mining areas in the Viburnum Trend and collected water-level data from 59 domestic- and public-water-supply wells in the Ozark aquifer. One water-level measurement (site 12, table 2, at the back of this report) probably rep- resents the potentiometric surface altitude in the St. Francois aquifer. Water levels were measured from the top of the well casing using an electric tape and read to the nearest 0.1 foot. The distance the well casing extended above land surface was measured and sub- tracted from the water-level measurement to determine the depth of the water level below land surface. Land- surface altitudes were obtained from 7.5-minute USGS topographic maps. Water-level measurements also were collected from 21 observation wells during this same period by a mining company contractor during routine sampling (Kelly Ray, Environmental Analysis, Inc., written commun., 1999). These observation wells typically were constructed around the perimeter of tail- ings ponds. Of the 21 water-level measurements from observation wells, 7 were taken from wells that are considered to have adequate total depth and casing to intercept the water table (top of the Ozark aquifer). These 7 wells ranged from 62 to 164 feet deep and are listed in table 2. The other 14 observation wells were considered to monitor perched water or did not have adequate location descriptions for plotting purposes. Water-level measurements from these 7 observation wells and the 59 domestic- and public-water-supply wells in the Ozark aquifer were used to prepare the 1999 potentiometric-surface map (fig. 6). The mea- surements are listed in table 2 along with one water- level measurement that probably represents the water- level altitude in the St. Francois aquifer. Because the water-level measurements were measured to the nearest 0.1 foot, the largest source of error for the altitudes shown on the 1999 potentiomet- ric map is from the topographic maps used to determine the land-surface altitude of the well. The estimated alti- tude accuracy of the data points used to prepare the potentiometric surface shown on figure 6 is plus or minus 10 feet. Effects of Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer Almost three times as much water-level data were used to prepare the 1999 potentiometric surface near the Viburnum Trend than was used to prepare the pre-mining potentiometric surface in this same area. This resulted in a more detailed potentiometric surface being mapped for the 1999 data. When comparing the original pre-mining and the 1999 potentiometric sur- faces, areas were identified that showed large water- level changes. However, all of these areas were at loca- tions where water-level measurements were available for one data set but not the other. These areas were most obvious where a potentiometric high could be defined on one map but not on the other. Thus, these calculated water-level "changes" were at least partly a function of the data distribution and not necessarily real changes. To resolve this problem, the 21 pre-mining water-level measurements in the study area were added to the 1999 data set, and the combined data sets were contoured (not shown). The added pre-mining data did not con- flict with the 1999 data, suggesting that water levels in the area changed little, if any, from pre-mining to 1999. The most important conclusion derived from this com- parison is that, because the same potentiometric-sur- face map is consistent with both the pre-mining and 1999 water-level data, no large cones of depression were present in 1999 in the Ozark aquifer in the Vibur- num Trend. Presumably, small water-level changes occurred between pre-mining and 1999. The potentio- metric surfaces and water-level data were further ana- lyzed digitally to identify these small changes. The digital analysis was accomplished by com- puter interpolation of the pre-mining and 1999 data sets on a regular grid with 0.5-mile centers. The interpo- lated potentiometric values for the pre-mining data set included the pre-mining water-level measurements, the potentiometric-contour altitudes, streambed altitudes of perennial streams, and perennial spring altitudes. For the 1999 data set, the pre-mining water-level mea- surements were replaced by the 1999 water-level mea- surements, but the other data were not changed. By including the potentiometric-contour altitudes, peren- nial streambed altitudes, and spring altitudes in both data sets, reasonable potentiometric limits were placed in areas where water-level measurements were not available. The potentiometric altitude calculated for each node of the pre-mining grid was subtracted from the calculated potentiometric altitude at each corre- sponding node of the 1999 grid to quantify the waterGround-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend
91° 00' 37° 30' R. 03 W. R. 02 W. R. 01 W. EXPLANATION T. 35 N. T. 34 N. T. 33 N. T. 32 N. T. 31 N. T. 30 N. R. 01 E. SMILES
01234 5 KILOMETERS POTENTIOMETRIC CONTOUR--Shows altitude at which water would have stood in tightly cased wells in summer and fall 1999. Dashed where approximately located. Contour interval is 50 feet. Datum is sea level LOCATION OF WATER-LEVEL MEASUREMENT IN THE OZARK AQUIFER AND SITE IDENTIFIER (table 2) I '2 LOCATION OF WATER-LEVEL MEASUREMENT IN THE ST. FRANCOIS AQUIFER AND SITE IDENTIFIER (table 2) O LOCATION OF PRE-MINING WATER LEVEL IN THE OZARK AQUIFER (table 1) MINE Figure 6. Potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri, summer and fall 1999. Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri
level changes. A negative difference indicated a lower- ing of the water level in that area from pre-mining (before 1960) to 1999. The results of this analysis, shown in figure 7, indicate that generally the differences in the two data sets are small and are within the accuracy of the deter- mined potentiometric altitudes, which are limited by the accuracy of the water-level measurements and topographic maps (plus or minus 15 feet). Water-level changes in most of the study area ranged from an increase of 15 feet to a decrease of 15 feet (fig. 7). Areas where water-level increases or declines were greater than 15 feet occurred where water-level mea- surements were made in a well during pre-mining or 1999 conditions, but not both. The areas of calculated water-level declines of greater than 15 feet in the Ozark aquifer are scattered throughout the study area, and generally are not associated with the mines or with municipal public-water supplies where water-level declines might be anticipated. The isolated areas of cal- culated water-level declines appear to be related to the distribution of the pre-mining and 1999 data, the accu- racy of the water-level data, and inherent error in inter- polating the water-level data, and not to actual water- level declines. The general conclusion of the grid anal- ysis is that no large cones of depression are apparent in the potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend as a consequence of mining activity. The fact that no large cones of depression were observed in the Viburnum Trend in the potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer during this study does not necessarily infer that small water-level declines have not occurred in the aquifer because of mining. Because of the sparse data distribution in areas directly over the mines, this analysis was not as thorough as desired. Evidence exists for the lowering of water levels near active mine sites. Examples include the previously mentioned opening of vent shaft number 50 at the Casteel Mine near Bixby (Miller and Vandike, 1997) and documented water-level declines in the observa- tion well at the Sweetwater Mine (Warner and others, 1974). Leakage of water from the Ozark aquifer into the St. Francois aquifer probably is occurring at shafts, ventholes, and inadequately plugged exploration drill holes (Steffen Robertson and Kirsten, Inc.,1988). Therefore, there may be localized areas of small draw- downs. The water level measured in one well (site 12, table 2, fig. 6) was about 100 feet lower than water lev- els in surrounding wells. The well is in a valley where the surface formation is the Potosi Dolomite, the lowest formation of the Ozark aquifer. Construction data show the well is 290 feet deep with 105 feet of casing that was set in the Derby-Doe Run Dolomite (part of the St. Francois confining unit). Based on log data from nearby wells, the bottom of the well is in the Davis For- mation (part of the St. Francois confining unit) about 20 feet from the top of the underlying Bonneterre For- mation (part of the St. Francois aquifer). The water level in the well is in the Davis Formation at 210 feet below land surface. Because the bottom of the well is only 20 feet above the Bonneterre Formation and cas- ing has been set through the Potosi Dolomite, it is pos- sible that the water level in the well is appreciably affected by conditions in the St. Francois aquifer. The low water-level altitude may reflect mine dewatering in the St. Francois aquifer. This low water level could occur in wells drilled in low lying areas, such as stream valleys, where the depth to the top of the St. Francois aquifer is shallow compared to other areas, and the well penetrates a substantial part of the St. Francois confin- ing unit. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Pumpage from the St. Francois aquifer for mine dewatering in the Viburnum Trend was estimated to be 26 million gallons per day in 1971. In 1999, the total pumpage for mine dewatering was slightly larger, reported to be 27 million gallons per day. This contin- ued pumpage could possibly lower water levels in the surficial Ozark aquifer regionally, and cause a reduc- tion in the flow of water to area springs and streams and lower water levels in area wells. This report presents the results of a geohydrologic study designed to deter- mine if water levels have declined in the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend as a result of long-term mine dewatering in the deeper St. Francois aquifer. The study was done in cooperation with the U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Forest Service; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management; and the Missouri Department of Conservation. The study area consists of about 600 square miles in an area that includes parts of Crawford, Iron, Washington, Dent, Reynolds, and Shannon Counties of southeastern Missouri. Much of the study area is within the boundaries of the Mark Twain National Forest. Within the National Forest boundaries, there are scat- tered parcels of private property with isolated home- steads or small communities. Most of the private Summary and Conclusions
91° 00' 37° 40' 37° 30' R. 03 W. R. 02 W. T. 35 N.
T. 34 N. T. 33 N. T. 32 N. T. 31 N. T. 30 N. R. 01 W. R. 01 E. 012345 MILES 012345 KILOMETERS EXPLANATION WATER-LEVEL CHANGE ED Increase greater than 15 feet ED Increase or decline less than 15 feet H Decline 15 to less than 30 feet I Decline 30 to 40 feet O LOCATION OF PRE-MINING WATER-LEVEL MEASUREMENT LOCATION OF 1999 WATER-LEVEL MEASUREMENT X1 MINE Figure 7. Water-level changes in the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri between pre-1960 (pre-mining) and 1999. Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri
property is concentrated along the major roads or along the stream valleys. The area is characterized by deep, narrow valleys, and narrow, steep-sided ridges with relief of more than 300 feet. The area lies within a large region of well-developed karst terrain that is character- ized by the presence of caves, springs, sinkholes, and gaining and losing streams. The lowermost geohydrologic unit underlying the study area is the Basement confining unit, which is dominantly Precambrian granite and rhyolite porphyry and is nearly impermeable. The Precambrian surface is irregular in the study area, and about 10 scattered, bur- ied knobs exist. Formations overlying these Precam- brian knobs may be thin or missing. The St. Francois aquifer overlies the Basement confining unit and consists of the Lamotte Sandstone and the Bonneterre Formation (host formation for lead- zinc deposits). The thickness of the St. Francois aquifer can vary considerably because of the rugged surface of the underlying Precambrian basement rocks. The thick- ness of the aquifer in the study area varies from less than 100 feet over Precambrian knobs to about 800 feet, but typically the aquifer is 300 to 600 feet thick. The St. Francois confining unit overlies the St. Francois aquifer and consists of fine-grained carbon- ates and shales of the Davis Formation and the Derby- Doerun Dolomite. The typical thickness of the confin- ing unit in the study area is 200 to 300 feet. Laboratory vertical hydraulic conductivity values for rock core samples from the St. Francois confining unit ranged from 2 xlO' 12 to less than 3 x 10' 14 foot per second. These vertical hydraulic conductivities are small; therefore, the confining unit effectively impedes the flow of ground water between the Ozark aquifer and the St. Francois aquifer except where preferred path secondary permeability has developed along faults and fractures and appreciably increased the vertical hydrau- lic conductivity in the confining unit. The Ozark aquifer is the uppermost geohydro- logic unit, is primarily unconfined, and is the primary source of water for water supplies in much of southern Missouri. This predominantly carbonate aquifer con- sists of rocks from the base of the Potosi Dolomite through the Roubidoux Formation and typically ranges from 200 to 900 feet thick in the study area. The pre-mining potentiometric surface for the Ozark aquifer was mapped using 115 static water-level measurements taken before 1960 and 3 post-1960 his- torical water-level measurements. Streambed altitudes of perennial streams, historic dye-trace information, knowledge of areas of gaining and losing streams, and altitudes of perennial springs were also used in the con- struction of this potentiometric-surface map. Only 21 pre-mining static water-level measurements were located within the 600-square mile study area bound- ary. The estimated altitude accuracy of the data points used to map the pre-mining potentiometric surface is plus or minus 15 feet. The potentiometric-surface map indicates that ground-water levels in the Ozark aquifer are appreciably controlled by the narrow ridges and perennial streams. A potentiometric-surface map was prepared from water-level data collected by USGS personnel during the summer and fall 1999 in the known mining areas in the Viburnum Trend. The data included water levels from 7 observation wells and 59 domestic- and public-water-supply wells in the Ozark aquifer. The estimated altitude accuracy of the data points used to prepare the potentiometric surface is plus or minus 10 feet. Almost three times as much water-level data were used to prepare the 1999 potentiometric surface near the Viburnum Trend than what was used to pre- pare the pre-mining potentiometric surface in this same area. This resulted in a more detailed potentiometric surface being mapped for the 1999 data. Areas showing large water-level changes were identified. However, all these areas were at locations where water-level mea- surements were available for one data set but not the other. Thus, these water-level "changes" were at least partly a function of the data distribution and not neces- sarily real changes. To resolve this problem, the 21 pre- mining water-level measurements in the study area were added to the 1999 data set, and the combined data sets were contoured. The added pre-mining data did not conflict with the 1999 data, suggesting that water levels in the area changed little, if any, from pre-mining to 1999. The most important conclusion derived from this comparison is that, no large cones of depression were present in 1999 in the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend. A digital analysis was accomplished by com- puter interpolation of the pre-mining (prior to 1960) and 1999 data sets on a regular grid with 0.5-mile cen- ters. The interpolated potentiometric values for the pre- mining data set included the pre-mining water-level measurements, the potentiometric-contour altitudes, streambed altitudes of perennial streams, and perennial spring altitudes. For the 1999 data set, the pre-mining water-level measurements were replaced by the 1999 Summary and Conclusions
water-level measurements, but the other data were not changed. The potentiometric altitude calculated for each node of the pre-mining grid was subtracted from the calculated potentiometric altitude at each corre- sponding node on the 1999 grid to quantify the water- level changes. The results of this analysis indicate that the dif- ferences in the two data sets are small and are within the accuracy of the determined potentiometric alti- tudes, which are limited by the accuracy of the water- level measurements and topographic maps (plus or minus 15 feet). Areas where water-level increases or declines were greater than 15 feet occurred where water-level measurements were made in wells during pre-mining or 1999 conditions, but not both. The areas of calculated water-level declines of greater than 15 feet in the Ozark aquifer are scattered throughout the study area, and generally are not associated with the mines or with municipal public-water supplies where water-level declines might be anticipated. The isolated areas of calculated water-level declines appear to be related to the distribution of the pre-mining and 1999 data, the accuracy of the water-level data, and inherent error in interpolating the water-level data and not to actual water-level declines. The general conclusion is that no large cones of depression are apparent in the potentiometric surface of the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend as a consequence of mining activity. This does not necessarily infer that small water-level declines have not occurred in the aquifer because of mining. Leakage of water from the Ozark aquifer into the St. Francois aquifer probably is occurring at shafts, ventholes, and inadequately plugged exploration drill holes. Therefore, there may be localized areas of small drawdowns. REFERENCES Anderson, K.H., and others, 1979, Geologic Map of Missouri: Rolla, Missouri, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Missouri Geological Sur- vey, 1 sheet. Fletcher, C.S., 1974, The geology and hydrogeology of the New Lead Belt, Missouri: University of Mis- souri-Rolla, unpublished M.S. thesis, 91 p. Harvey, E.J., 1980, Ground water in the Springfield- Salem Plateaus of southern Missouri and northern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigations Report 80-101, 66 p. Imes, J.L., 1989, Major geohydrologic units in and adjacent to the Ozark Plateaus province, Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma Basement confining unit: U.S. Geological Survey Hydro- logic Investigations Atlas HA-711-B, 1 sheet. 1990, Major geohydrologic units in and adja- cent to the Ozark Plateaus Province, Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma: U.S. Geologi- cal Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA- 711-A, 1 sheet. 1990a, Major geohydrologic units in and adja- cent to the Ozark Plateaus province, Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma St. Francois aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-711-C, 2 sheets. 1990b, Major geohydrologic units in and adja- cent to the Ozark Plateaus province, Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma St. Francois confining unit: U.S. Geological Survey Hydro- logic Investigations Atlas HA-711-D, 3 sheets. 1990c, Major geohydrologic units in and adjacent to the Ozark Plateaus province, Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, and Oklahoma Ozark aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-711-E, 3 sheets. Imes, J.L., and Emmett, L.F., 1994, Geohydrology of the Ozark Plateaus aquifer system in parts of Mis- souri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1414-D, 127 p. Kleeschulte, M.J., and Seeger, C.M., 2000, Deposi- tional environment, stratigraphy, and vertical hydraulic conductivity of the St. Francois confin- ing unit in the Fristoe Unit of the Mark Twain National Forest, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4037, 65 p. Miller, D.E., and Vandike, I.E., 1997, Groundwater resources of Missouri: Water Resources Report Number 46, Missouri State Water Plan Series, Vol. II, Rolla, Missouri, Missouri Department of Natu- ral Resources, Division of Geology and Land Sur- vey, 21 Op. Steffen Robertson and Kirsten, Inc., 1988, Results of phase I groundwater investigation, Bixby, Mis- souri: Lakewood, Colorado, 35 p. Vineyard, J.D. and Feder, G.L., 1974, Springs of Mis- souri: Rolla, Missouri, Missouri Division of Geol- ogy and Land Survey, Water Resources Report Number 26, 266 p. Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri
Wharton, H.M., 1975, Introduction to the southeast Warner, D.L., Fletcher, C.S., and Cesare, J.A., 1974, Missouri lead district, in Vineyard, J.D., ed., The Effect of mining operations on ground water levels geology and ore deposits of selected mines, Vibur- in the New Lead Belt, Missouri: Rolla, Missouri, num Trend, Missouri: Division of Geology and University of Missouri-Rolla, Project Number ALand Survey, Report of Investigations 58, p. 3-14. 060-MO, 86 p. References
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Table 1. Pre-mining (prior to 1960) water-level data for the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri [Altitudes are in feet above sea level; MM-YY, month, year; xx, month not available; --, data not available] Site identification (fig. 5) Local well number Altitude of land surface Well depth (feet) Casing depth (feet) Water- level date (MM-YY) Water- level depth (feet) Altitude of water level Crawford County T35NR02W01CAD1 T35N R03W 14ADD1 T35NR03W24ABD1 T35NR03W30DDD1 T36NR02W08CBB1 T36N R02W 10DDD1 T36NR03W05DDC1 T36N R03W 14BAC1 T36NR03W 17BAA1 T36NR03W24ADC1 T36N R04W 05AB 1 T36NR04W 17BBA1 T36NR04W 17DCC1 T36NR04W23CCC1 T36NR05W 15BBB1 T37NR02W 14AAB1 T37NR02W20BBA1 T37NR02W28BBA1 T37NR02W32ACA1 T37NR03W 19CAC1 T37NR03W21CDC1 T37NR03W26BAC1 T37NR03W31BAA1 T37NR03W35AAB1 T37NR04W 11DDC1 T37N R04W 14AAA1 T37N R04W 14DDA1 T37NR04W 18BAC1 1,306 1,150 1,224 1,018 1,055 1,097 1,008 1,068 1,015 1,103 1,029 1,017 1,000 1,027 1,119 1,060 1,184 1,003
Table 1. Pre-mining (prior to 1960) water-level data for the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri Continued [Altitudes are in feet above sea level; MM-YY, month, year; xx, month not available; --, data not available] Site identification (fig. 5) Local well number Altitude of land surface Well depth (feet) Casing depth (feet) Water- level date (MM-YY) Water- level depth (feet) Altitude of water level Crawford County Continued T37NR04W24ABB1 T37NR05W24ACA1 T37NR05W27CCD1 T37NR05W36DAC1 1,005 1,113 Dent County T32NR05W01CBA1 T33N R04W 04BCA1 T34NR02W21AAC1 T34NR03W07DAC1 T34NR04W03DDB1 T34NR04W 18BAD1 T34NR05W 10BAC1 T34NR05W24CBC1 T35NR04W25ADA1 T35NR04W26ABC1 T35N R04W 34BAC1 T35N R04W 34BAC2 T35NR04W36DAA1 1,342 1,117 1,264 1,208 1,360 1,120 1,238 1,130 1,270 1,152 1,318 1,320 1,275 1,172 1,082 1,174 1,176 1,225 1,035 1,164 1,060 1,180 1,134 1,218 1,130 1,201 Iron County T34NR01E 12BAD1 T34NR01W03CCA1 T34NR01W03DCB1 T35NR02E25CCD1 T35NR02E33ADB1 T35NR01E31DDB1 T35NR01E34AAB1 1,095 1,310 1,363 1,060 1,010 1,370 1,102 1,075 1,220 1,203 1,040 1,003 1,215 1,082 Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri
Table 1. Pre-mining (prior to 1960) water-level data for the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri Continued [Altitudes are in feet above sea level; MM-YY, month, year; xx, month not available; --, data not available] Site identification (fig. 5) Local well number Altitude of land surface Well depth (feet) Casing depth (feet) Water- level date (MM-YY) Water- level depth (feet) Altitude of water level Iron County Continued T35NR01E36DCB1 T35NR02W26CDA1 T35NR02W27ABC1 1,180 1,207 1,250 1,150 1,140 1,087 1,150 Reynolds County T29NR02E 17BBD1 T29NR01E05CDC1 T29NR01W 10BAD1 T29NR01W 14BAA1 T30NR01E32CAA1 T30NR01E32CAA2 T30NR01W01CDC1 T30NR01W 15DBC1 T30NR01W21BBD1 T30NR01W31BAC1 T31NR01E29DBA1 T31NR01W22BAA1 T31NR01W36DDD1 T32NR02E 17ACD1 T32NR02E22AAC1 T32NR02E22CAA1 T32NR01E 11BDB1 T32NR01E20ADD1 T32NR01E20ADD2 T32NR01E29DDC1 T33NR01E22AAC1 T33NR01W08DDD1 T33NR02W02BDB1 T33NR03W34DBD1 1,050 1,176 1,010 1,264 1,320 1,400 1,224 1,150
Table 1 . Pre-mining (prior to 1960) water-level data for the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri Continued [Altitudes are in feet above sea level; MM-YY, month, year; xx, month not available; --, data not available] Site identification (fig. 5) Local well number Altitude of land surface Well depth (feet) Casing depth (feet) Water- level date (MM-YY) Water- level depth (feet) Altitude of water level Shannon County T29NR02W08CCA1 T29NR03W 13CAD1 T29NR03W 14CAA1 T29NR03W 14DDB1 T29NR04W26CCB1 T29NR04W34AAA1 T29NR04W34BBA1 T29NR04W34BBC1 T29NR05W25CAD1 T30N R02W 35DDD1 T30N R03W 03 T30NR03W27AAD1 T30NR04W08C 1 T30NR04W20DCC1 T31NR03W 10CDA1 T31NR05W 13BAA1 1,206 1,139 1,064 1,156 1,046 1,048 Washington County T35NR02E04BAB1 T35NR02E 12BC 1 T35NR01E 15AAA1 T35NR01W07C 1 T35NR01W08BCB1 T36NR02E 13CAA1 T36NR02E 14DBA1 T36NR02E 15AAA1 T36NR02E23ADA1 T36NR02E26CAB1 1,018 1,022 1,003 874 ' ' 25 1,003 Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri
Table 1. Pre-mining (prior to 1960) water-level data for the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri Continued [Altitudes are in feet above sea level; MM-YY, month, year; xx, month not available; --, data not available] Site identification (fig- 5) Local well number Altitude of land surface Well depth (feet) Casing depth (feet) Water- level date (MM-YY) Water- level depth (feet) Altitude of water level Washington County Continued , T36NR01E05CDC1 T36NR01E08BCC1 T36NR01E21DDD1 T36NR01E22CCC1 T37NR02E34BBA1 T37NR01E 18CDD1 T37NR01W 17BAC1 T37NR01W 19AAA1 T37NR01W30AAC1 T37NR02W25DDD1 1,133 1,119 1,088 1,118 1,050 1,335 1,030 1,155 1,340 1,225 1,058 1,044 1,038 1,048 Supplemental data SI S2 S3 T34N R03W 29BC 1 T33NR03W 18ABA1 T33N R04W 25BCB 1,372 1,425 1,352 1,232 1,245 1,214
Table 2. Water-level data for the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri, summer and fall 1999 [Altitudes are in feet above sea level; MM-DD-YY, month, day, year; --, data not available] Site identification (fig. 6) Local well number Altitude of land surface Well Casing depth depth (feet) (feet) Water- level date (MM-DD- YY) Water-level depth (feet) Altitude of water level Crawford County a !2 T35NR02W28BCA1 T35NR02W30AAB1 T34NR02W04ABA1 T34N R02W 17BBC1 T34NR02W30DBB1 T34NR02W32DDC1 T34NR03W 13DBC1 T34NR01W02AAB1 T34NR01W03ACB1 T34NR01W03CCA1 T34NR01W 10CBB1 T34NR01W 14CDA1 T34NR01W 18BAA1 T34NR01W22BDB1 T34NR01W33DCB1 T34NR01W35DBD1 T34NR02W01CCC1 T34NR02W02ACA1 T34N R02W 03DAA1 T34N R02W 10CDC1 T34NR02W 11CAA1 T34NR02W 12BAB1 T34NR02W 12CDC1 T34NR02W27BDD1 1,225 1,170 1,100 1,140 1,120 1,165 1,138 1,360 1,125 1,310 1,310 1,020 1,115 1,000 1,380 1,325 1,290 1,322 1,320 1,390 1,390 1,345 Dent County 1,000 Iron County 12/2/99 12/2/99 12/2/99 6/22/99 6/22/99 6/22/99 6/22/99 12/1/99 7/1/99 7/1/99 7/1/99 7/1/99 6/30/99 7/2/99 1 1/29/99 11/29/99 12/1/99 12/2/99 6/30/99 6/21/99 6/30/99 6/30/99 7/1/99 11/18/99 1,110 1,038 1,040 1,100 1,153 1,125 1,265 1,120 1,199 1,161 1,108 1,227 1,053 1,062 1,183 1,205 1,233 1,249 1,198 Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri
Table 2. Water-level data for the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri, summer and fall 1999 Continued [Altitudes are in feet above sea level; MM-DD-YY, month, day, year; --, data not available] Site identification (fig. 6) Local well number Altitude of land surface Well depth (feet) Casing depth (feet) Water- level date (MM-DD- YY) Water-level depth (feet) Altitude of water level Iron County Continued b27 b28 b29 b30 T35NR01E31DCB1 T35NR01W28CCD1 T35NR01W 19BCD2 T35NR02W25DCD1 T35NR02W36ACD1 T35NR02W36CBB1 1,335 1,050 1,080 1,020 1,020 1,023 12/1/99 7/1/99 12/8/99 12/8/99 6/30/99 12/8/99 1,219 1,030 1,032 1,020 1,022 1,023 Reynolds County b42 T30NR02W 11DDC1 T31NR01W08ABC1 T31NR01W27BBB1 T31NR01W27BCD1 T31NR01W33BCA1 T31NR02W28DDC1 T31NR02W28DDC2 T31NR02W35CDC1 T32NR01W06ABC1 T32NR01W 10ABB1 T32NR01W 13BBD1 T32NR01W 18ADB1 T32NR01W30BAB1 T32NR01W34DAD1 T32NR02W 11BBA1 T32NR02W 18ABB1 T32NR02W31DAB1 T32NR02W35BBCI T32NR02W36ACA1 T33NR01E08BDD1 1,250 1,060 1,160 1,000 1,000 1,270 1,170 1,190 1,260 1,245 1,220 12/1/99 7/1/99 12/1/99 12/1/99 12/1/99 1 1/30/99 12/2/99 12/1/99 12/2/99 12/2/99 6/30/99 12/6/99 12/2/99 7/1/99 6/29/99 6/29/99 6/29/99 7/1/99 6/30/99 12/1/99 Flowing Flowing Flowing 1,047 1,000 1,000 1,118 1,035 1,186 1,166 1,106 1,064
Table 2. Water-level data for the Ozark aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, southeastern Missouri, summer and fall 1999 Continued [Altitudes are in feet above sea level; MM-DD-YY, month, day, year; --, data not available] Site identification (fig- 6) Local well number Altitude of land surface Well depth (feet) Casing depth (feet) Water- level date (MM-DD- YY) Water-level depth (feet) Altitude of water level Reynolds County Continued b52 b53 T33NR01E30CAA1 T33NR01W05AAD1 T33NR01W06ADC1 T33NR01W09CCD1 T33NR01W 14ACC1 T33NR01W21BAB1 T33NR01W25BCC1 T33NR02W 12CAA1 T33NR02W 12CAA2 T33NR02W 12DBB1 T33NR02W 16ADA1 T33NR02W 19DCB1 T33NR02W22DCB1 T33NR02W31ABB1 T33NR02W33DBA1 T33NR03W 12DDA1 1,004 1,059 1,000 1,035 1,110 1,110 1,110 1,070 1,050 1,030 1,040 1,170 11/30/99 12/7/99 12/7/99 11/23/99 1 1/27/99 11/23/99 11/29/99 11/23/99 11/23/99 11/23/99 11/23/99 11/18/99 11/18/99 11/18/99 11/18/99 7/2/99 Flowing 1,055 1,022 1,100 1,101 1,062 1,062 1,035 1,013 1,020 1,170 Shannon County T31NR03W 13CCC1 11/30/99 aWell completed in the St. Francis confining unit, rather than the Ozark aquifer. "Observation well. Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri fr U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2001-655-185/20004
KLEESCHULTE Effects of Lead-Zinc Mining on Ground-Water Levels in the Ozark Aquifer USGS WRIR 00-4293 in the Viburnum Trend, Southeastern Missouri ®