Gold Seeking in South Africa: A Handbook of Hints for Intending Explorers, Prospectors, and ...
Gold Seeking in South Africa: A Handbook of Hints for Intending Explorers, Prospectors, and ... by Theo Kassner (1902). Full text and reference in the…
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Gold Seeking
In South Africa.
Charles Griffin & Co., Ltd., Publishers.
Id. Uandsome Cloth. With iiuiaerouB Mape special]; rirawa. Gi,
NEW LAN DSi
Theie Resources And Prospective Advantages.
Bv HUGH ROBERT MILL, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S.E. " To JDlendine settlera Hnd capilillati desliinit to know tUe proipscti of iniicus In couDUIes ot the teuiperste was the book will be iQvaliuble."— JValurc.
Clolli, 61; atrongly buund in reather, M. 6(i.
Prospecting For Minerals.
-By S. HERBEET COX, Assoo,R.S.M., M.IK8T.M.M., F.G.S., &c.
Seconu Edition. KeTtaed. With Illuitratlana. "A perfect vade-mestim to those engsged in prsotll wari."— Timet of AJriea
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By B.OBERT BRUCE,
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A Treatise On Mine-Surveying.
For ManoKen M MInaa, Oalllartu, and Studsnls at Mining ItwtltutlonK
Bv BENNETT H. BROUGH, A.R.S.M., F.G.S., F.LC. "We haieigiiln to cDDgrBtulata the nDthor of thli work on the laaue of still nnotber dltlon ol hat la unlvenslly admowledged to lie the Standard Work on the Bubject. "—
By ]
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Ore And Stone Hinino.
f. Le Kevb FostEn, D.Hc, F.
lllUStrnted. FOURTH ElllTHlN, 'I
oiigbly Kevised. M.-
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HCBHES, A.R.a.M .
TION, Keylsed and Enlargml. 2ia. net.
PRACTICAL COAL MINING. By
G. L. , M,E., M.lnil.M.E. Fnlfy nioitrateU. 8KCOSI1 EWTIOS, BevlaeiL 128. ed. BLASTING. A Handbook for Eoglneen and others. By OsciR
THE HETALLUlfGY OP GOLD.
yT. Kosb, D.Sc. Thorongblj tiTiaed aii4 Bulartted. IllnBtrated.
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The Cyanide Process Of
GOLD EXTRACTION. By Jamib "0.8., M.lnal.M.M. Suth (Third Bngltih Edition).
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Pumping Machinery, Steam
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Gold Seeking
In South Africa:
A HAHDBOOK OF HINTS FOR INTENDING EXPLORERS, PROSPECTORS, AND SETTLERS.
nxnitb a Cbaptet on tbe Agricultural proapecta ot Soutb 2lfcfca
By
Theo Kassner,
Minb Uanagbb, At7Th0B Of The &Olooical Skbtoh Map Of The Dx Kaap
Ooldfields.
With Maps Anc5 Illustrations.
London:
Charles Griffin And Company, Limited;
Exeter Street, Strand.
[All Righta Rutrwd,\
Pkef Ace.
This little volume treats of the author's personal observa- tions and experiences during his travels in South Africa. It makes no pretence at technicalities, its only object being to make clear and intelligible to the uninitiated all the necessary points in prospecting and mining, with other useful information, in the hope that it may be of service to those who intend to work in the country it deals with.
The endeavour has been to write in as simple, compre- hensive, and concise a form as possible of the Gold-Bearing Strata of the Transvaal, and to help the reader by numerous illustrations and plans, so that he may follow with ease the detailed descriptions.
The main object the au ' had in view was to give information required by the individual who has decided to search for minerals and to develop his " finds '' to such a stage that they may becon ' paying concerns on either a large or small scale.
The author made a special study of these Goldfields and their reef formations during the years 1892 to 1900. In the introductory chapters is given a general description of the Rocks, followed by the main requirements of pro- specting, descriptions of the various Goldfields, configura- tions of the several Beefs, as the author saw them, and his observations on them.
It is believed that if the reader comes across similar formations — in the districts described — he will recognise them, be enabled to judge of the valu oi \i!
be convinced that he need not abandon his search because of alight differences in details. It has also been deemed necessary to speak of the treatment of natives required for the work, to mention some precautions against fever, and to enumerate the chief requisites for exploration in wild parts.
Public interest in South Africa has greatly increased of late, owing to attention having been drawn to its great agricultural resources, its extraordinary mineral wealth, and its promising future, both politically and commercially.
The stranger is often in doubt what to undertake in this vast country, where the choice may be — for want of know- ledge — a disappointing one, leading to misfortunes from which only persona of independent spirit can recover.
Alas! the many disappointments which usually overtake a stranger in an unknown land where the gold reports blind him are a great check in his life's career; therefore, in concluding this work, a more safe and steady undertaking is treated of — viz., Agriculture, regarded as the basis of all solid progress in a new country,
Splendid opportunities in this branch of industry are pointed out in describing the various parts of South Africa visited -by the author.
LoiiDOH, Matf, 1303.
Contents.
Page
CHAPTER I. — History of South African Goldfields, . . 1-3
CHAPTER n.— Geology, 4-6
1. Classification of Strata and situation of Goldfields, . . 5
2. South African Primary Formation, 5
3. Cape Formation, 6
4. Karoo Formation, 6
5. Recent Deposits, 6
CHAPTER III.— Prospecting, 7-26
1. Alluvium, 8
2. Proving Alluvial Deposits, 10
3. Panning, 11
4. Sluicing, 12
5. Beef Prospecting, 13
6. The Groundwork of Prospecting, 16
7. Timbering, 20
8. Blasting and Drilling, 21
9. Facilities of working, 22
CHAPTER IV.— The De Kaap Goldfiblds, 27-61
1. Barberton, 31
2. The Main Belt, 31
3. Output of the De Kaap Main Belt, 45
4. Jamestown Belt, 53
5. The Jamestown Gold Output, 54
6. Kantoor or Table-lands, 56
7. Gold Output, 57
8. Granite Basin or the De Kaap Valley, 59
9. Asbestos, 60
CHAPTER V. — The Komati and Swaziland Goldfields, . 62-65
1. The Komati Goldfield, 62
2. The Swaziland Goldfield, 64
CHAPTER VI.— Gold Mining on a Small Scale, . . . 66-69
Approximate cost,
Native labour for the Mines,
VUl CONTENTS.
CHAPTER Vll. — Necessabies fob Exploration in thk Wild
AND Unhealthy Districts, . . . 70-71
CHAPTER Vm.— Hints for the Development of the Db Kaap,
KoMATi, AND Swaziland Goldfields, . 72-74
CHAPTER IX.— The Lydenburg Goldfield, 76-78
CHAPTER X. — The Zoutpansbbrg and Low Country GtOLD-
Fields, 79-82
1. The Selatie G.F. or Murchison Range,
2. Woodbushberg Goldfield, 80
3. The Klein Letaba G.F., 81
4. Marabasstadt Goldfield, 82
CHAPTER XI.— The Witwatersrand Goldfield, . . . 83-IOa
1. The Du Prees series, 85
2. The Main Reef series, 91
3. Eastern portion of the Witwatersrand and Heidelberg
districts, 94
4. The Western portion of the Witwatersrand, Klerksdorp,
and Potchetstroom districts, 96
5. Other series south of the Main Reef series, ... 98
6. Black Reef series, 99
7. Disturbed state of the reefs, 101
CHAPTER XII. — Gold Discovery in the Neighbourhood of
the Witwatersrand, 104-107
Blauwbank Goldfield, 104
Limestone Belt, 106
CHAPTER XIII.— The Malmani and Vryheid Goldfields, . 108-109
CHAPTER XIV.— Other Minerals and General Remarks
ON THE Goldfields, 110-112
CHAPTER XV.— Climate and Agriculture, 113-127
Climate, 113
Agriculture, 114
General features of Agriculture, 123
Difficulties which impede the progress of Agriculture —
1. Locusts, 124
2. Hailstorms, 126
3. Drought, 127
APPENDIX.— Weights and Measures, 128
Index, 131
List Of Illustrations.
Plates.
Pa6B
I. South African goldfields, To/ace 2
. II. De Kaap goldfield, , 20
III. Situation of chutes, ,, 48
IV. Low country goldfields, ,, 80
V. Cross-section of the Transvaal basin, ... ,, 84
VL „ Waterval farm, ,, 92
VIL Mines in the Main Reef series, ,, 92
Vin. Witwatersrand Main Reef, 95
IX. Malmani goldfield, To/ace 108
ILLUSTRATIONS, no.
1. Auriferous alluvial deposits, 9
2. Deposits in river banks, 9
3. Prospecting pan, 11
4. Trough-like sluice box, 12
5. Obstacles in the bottom of the sluice box, 12
6. Pestle and mortar, 14
7. Gash vein, 14
8. Fissure vein, 15
9. Claim with outcrop, '. . 15
10. A cutting across formation, 16
11. A trench along formation, 17
12. Disturbed formation, 17
13. Laying out underground developments, 19
14. Development on a mountain siae, 19
15. Wedged timber. . . . 20
16. Sets of timbet, 20
17. Framework of a drive, 21
18. Shaft timbered, 21
19. How to make a windlass, 21
20. Drill sharpened, 22
21. Drillholes, 23
22. Primitive retort, 26
23. Range of mountains called the Main Belt, 1%
24. Table-lands, 'J!
X List Of Illustrations.
Vio. Paob
25. Conglomerate beds in the Main Belt, 33
26. Section of auriferous reef, 34
27. Variation of reef along the strike, 35
28. Zig-zag form of a chute, . 36
29. Leaders near the reef, 36
30. Eastern reef sections, ; . . 37
31. Western reef sections, 38
32. Coarse- and fine-grained quartz, 38
33. Beef pockets, . .39
34. Leaders uniting in a large body (Moodies Hill), 39
35. Interblending and parting of lodes, 39
36. Lodes resembling layers of quartz and slate, 40
37. Leaders traversing a quartz as a body, 40
38. Section of reef near granite, 41
39. Reef in Elephant's lOoof, 42
40. A shifted reef, 42
41. Reef outcrop in the East De Kaap, 43
42. The Western De Kaap reefs 44
43. Chutes,. . . . . . . . . . . .44
44. Reef in Jamestown, . .53
45. Reef of alluvial nature, . . . . 53
46. Reef in granite, 54
47. The conglomerate and sandstone in table-lands, 56
48. Oxidised or weather rocks, 57
49 The De Kaap basin with its alluvial deposits, 59
50. Cracks or pipes in granite filled with alluvial matter, ... 59
51. Asbestos, 60
52. Quartz-lined reef, 61
53. Small veins of asbestos leading to the pocket, . . . 61
54. Dolomite separating sandstone and shale, 75
55. Quartz reef resting upon diorite, 76
56. Quartz veins in shale, 76
57. Section of sandstone and conglomerate formation, ... 77
58. Hospital Hill shale, 84
59. Outcrops, 86
60. Layers in a nearly horizontal position showing a wide outcrop, . 86
61. Narrow outcrop of nearly vertical strata, 87
62. Transition from conglomerate to sandstone, 88
63. Contiguity of the older and younger formations, 90
64. Showing the largest pebbles on the footwall of the reef, . . 92
65. Black Reef, 100
66. Fault, 101
67. Dyke, 102
68. Quartz reef on Blauwbank farm, 106
69. Limestone formation 107
70. Auriferous reef in limestone 109
Chapter I. Histoey Op The South Apsicaw Goldpields.
DuBiNO the leist few years we have heard and learned much of Dark and Savage Africa; but the impressions formed of this far-off land are often vague and erroneous.
Periodical booms, resulting in grossly exaggerated ideas of the immense wealth existing there, and which the feverishly- excited public were led to believe could be obtained without much effort, have been quickly followed by the inevitable depreciation, alarming investors, checking exploration and pro- gress, and bringing everything for a time to a standstill.
Owing to the overwhelming difficulties and the great hard- ships peculiar to the early days of travelling, the opening up of the interior progressed very slowly ; but these drawbacks have by degrees been gradually and surely overcome, so that now it ia quite possible to reach the richest goldfields in the world with comparative ease and even in luxury, by rail or steamship, fitted with every modern improvement and convenience.
The reports of the discovery of gold have very often led to the forming of hurried expeditions for the purpose of seeking the hidden treasure ; but owing to a want of preparation, and to the insufficiency of equipment and requirements necessary, many of these too often ended in dismal failure. They were successful in disclosing vast wealth waiting to be realised ; but the difficulties to be encountered were so great that the explorers were obliged to give up in despair and come away.
At first the native black tribes were the chief soorce of trouble, as, massing together in common cause to resent the intrusion of the white man upon their territory, no matter how peaceful his intentions, their opposition became (oTna&ti'
Gold Seeking In South Africa,
(always to be met with wherever the soil is turned over for the first time), and the enormous cost of transport which the profit in gold mines did not cover, contributed to make progress very slow and arduous.
In spite of all drawbacks, however, the born traveller and determined explorer have not been discouraged, and many freeh discoveries have since been added to natural history, and the mysteries of hitherto unexplored lands have been revealed.
The ever watchful and hopeful investor is keen in recognising the value of such knowledge, and of turning it to profitable account. One sees to-day the result of his confidence and daring. With regard to the original discovery of the Wit- watersrand Goldfields opinions difier.
Many contend that the honour is due to a Mr. Arnold, who found gold there in 1884, while others declare that it belongs to a Mr. Struben. So far as can be ascertained from South African history, gold was found in the years ; —
11868. At Olifants River by Earl Mauch, also abimt the same time in Marico district {Malniani Goldfields, I'iates I. and IX.). 1869. In the Sutherland Hilla (Klein Letaba Goldfield) by E. Button. 1870. In the Murchison Range (Selatie Goldfields) by E. Button, A rush to these fields was made in 1888-
11871. At Erateling (Marabasstadt Goldfield) by E. Button. A rush was made here in 1872. 1871. At Mac-Mac and Spitz Koi>. 1 t j t.
1876. At Waterfall and Rotunda Creek. ' uoianeiu.
1875. At the De Kaap VnUey, but not worked till the rush
of 1882. 1881. In Swaziland by Mr. M'Laohlan. 1682. At Devil's Kantoor, ensuing in a boom. 1875-1882. At the Koinati Goldfield, but only worked since
1884. At the Geldenhuis and Eromdrai Farms (Witwaters-
rand Goldfield), and about the same time gold
was found near Heidelberg, I'otcheCstroom, and
Elerkadorp.
There is ample evidence to show that the existence of gold
as known in this country in ancient times. The ruins of
Simbabi in Mashonaland are a proof of this. Much baa been
,
""1
v%
A
iirT
i
PLATE I — GoLDFiKLDS (aa indicated by the dotted areas).
L Witwiitflrsmnd II Da Kaap III. Ls'denburg. IV. Zoulpanebnrg. V MarabasstBdt VI, Malmani. VII. Vryheid,
History Of The South African Goldfiklds. 3
written, and many years of study bestowed by able archseologists and explorers on this subject.'
In a country containing such possibilities there must often be disastrous results owing to unwise speculation.
These, in the main, are attributable to the short sightedness of investors, who purchase or peg out valueless ground, go to unnecessary expense in putting up costly machinery without having anything worth milling, and employ large staffs of officials and workers, thus creating a heavy charge upon their return before quite realising whether the choice of ground is worth it ; on the other hand, valuable properties suffer much injustice.
There are many properties that would pay well, if economically worked on a small scale. This would help greatly towards the forming of a solid goldfield, and give many chances to enter- prising men with limited means.
The towns are indicated in Plate I. by the following numbers: — 1, Pietersburg; 2, Barberton; 3, Lydenburg; 4, Belfast; 5, Oarolina; 6, Ermelo; 7, Pretoria; 8, Boksburg; 9, Johannesburg; 10, Krugersdorp; 11, Rustenburg; 12, Zee- rust; 13, Warm Baths; 14, Ersteling; 15 Potgieters Bust; 16, Marabasstadt ; 17, Houtboschberg ; 18, Hsenertsburg ; 19, Selatie; 20, Pilgrim's Rest; 21, Steynsdorp; 22, Bremers- dorp; 23, Potchefstroom ; 24, Klerksdorp; 25, Heidelberg; 26, Middelburg ; 27, Vryheid.
Ruins of MoLahonaland, by Theodore Bent.
Chaptee Ii.
a E O L O G T.
To nuderstaiid all organic life one must closely and analyti study everytliing that nppeTtoins to it. So it is with the con- HtructioD and constitution of the earth ; its rocks and strata, with tlieir organic fossils and inorganic contenta ; the Buccesaive changes these have undergone, and their causes.
In studying the physical aspect of South Africa, a country which shows HO many varying altitudes, mountaias, valleys, and plateaus, one has every opportunity of learning the nature of its geological formation. South Africa, in general, is divided into what is locally termed the High and Low Countries. It rises from the coast towards the interior in a succession of terraces.
In the low land — which is usually very unhealthy — are found many well-watered plains, consisting mostly of various gravelly soils and rocks, often showing many alluvial deposits. In some of these deposits, which have been brought in the course of time by floods from great distances, valuable metals have been found. Any such discovery is an incentive to prospectors to follow the indication to its original source (Fig. 1).
Following the rivers up to their sources, through picturesque scenery, we find that the mountains have pointed, rounded, or flat-shaped summits, while long ranges slope terrace-like to the river banks ; and rocky plateaus with deeply-cleft ravines and mighty precipices meet the eye. Many dykes of diorite and greenstone, run across and along these mountains, tilting the strata from horizontal to inclined and vertical positions. For miles the granite, which is the foundation of the sedimentary rocks, is exposed on the surface, in places rising to a height of over 5000 feet above thp sea level. Coming to the High Country (locally called "High Veldt") we find a more recent formation overlying the rocks of an older period, broken by little spruits streams, which form on their way to the Low Country, ' kloofs, picturesque waterfalls, and rivers.
pruits or
ry, deep H
Geology. 5
The above-mentioned formations bear a great variety of precious and base metals ; but the enormous quantity of gold discovered has put all other valuable and useful minerals in the background, with the solitary exception of diamonds.
These numerous gold-bearing strata, which extend over large areas, and which are exposed on the surface, are called Gold- fields."
It will be my endeavour in the succeeding chapters to confine myself to facts obtained through personal experience and investigations during my travels.
Classification of Strata and Situation of Goldfields.
— The main divisions of the geological strata in South Africa, as given by Dr. Adolf Schenk, are as follows : —
1. South African Primary Formation.
2. Cape Formation.
3. Karoo Formation.
4. Kecent Deposits.
The stratifications lie one above the other, the lowest naturally being the oldest.
The following paragraphs refer to the beds in the different goldfields only : —
1. South African Primary Formation.— This is the
oldest and lowest formation. It is composed of granite, quartzitic slate, quartzitic sandstone, quartzite, hornblendic and chloritic schist, and is to be found in the following mining districts : —
Principal Towns
Name of Gtoldflelds.
Situation.
or Camps.
S.Lat.
£. Long.
degs.
degs.
DeKaapCn.), .
E. Transvaal
Barberton
24 to 26
30 to 32
Komati, . Lydenburg,
N. Transvaal
Steynsdorp Lydenburg
26„27 24 „ 26
30„32
Selatie,
))
Leydsdorp
22„24
30 „ 32
Klein Letaba, .
))
Birthday Camp
22 „ 24
30„32
Houtboschberg, .
It
Haenertsburs Marabasstadt
22 „ 24
28„30
Marabasstadt (V.), .
22„24
28„30
From Johannesburg to
Pretoria,
S. Transvaal
Pretoria
25„27
26„29
The Roman numerals refer to 'S\a.t
6 GOLD SEEKIKG Hi SOUTH AFEICA.
2. Cape Formation. — Tbia overlies the primary, and cou- siiits of ehales, saadstoae, conglomerates, limestone (dulomite), and (juartzibe ; it occurs in the following districts : —
HunoofGaldfleldi.
BiUuUoii.
FTlDCipiU Towna
B.Uhw.
Witwatersrand (L), . Hoidelberg, Kierkedorp, UalminUVl.), . Dovil'g Kantoor,
LydeDburglill.). .
S. TranBvaal
W. Transvaal K, Trana'aa!
N. Transvaal
Heidelberg Klerkudorp Ottoshope
Lydeabnrg
26 to 28 26„2S 28„2S 25„26 24., 26
25., 26
27W29 26„28 26„2S 2fi„27 30., 32
30„32
3. Karoo Formation, — This lies, mostly in flat layers, above the others, and forms the High Country plateaus. It is known to consist of coarse whitish sandstone, blackish slate, and reddish sandstone, all of a soft nature.
The localities where this fornitttion is found are very extensive. In many places thick coat-seams are found, and workings are in operation in the following places : —
Nunei of Dlitrlct ul Coilfleld.
SIKuClDIL
a. ui.
E. Long-
Wilgi River to Middelburg, . Malfldodorp to BeUmt,. Carolina to Ermelo, . Springs.
Cypherftnte'in.
S, Transvaal
26to2B
25 „ 26
26 „ 27 26 ., 27 28 „ 30 37,. 28
degB.
29 to 30
30 „ 31 30 „ 31 28 „ 30 26 „ 28 26„ 28
Greenatone traverses all tbe aU)ve<iuentioned formatioiis.
4. The Recent Deposit. — This comprises all the alluvium washed from the surfaces of the older lormatious which have been exposed to the decomposing influence of the rapid and frcijiieiit cliangaa which are so characteristic of the South African climnte.
Ohapter Iii.
Pbospecting.
In prospecting it is important to search for places, where the lower strata is naturally, or artificially, exposed to the eye, and to get practical knowledge about the appearance of the formation.
After a time the eye, through constant observation, becomes so accustomed to the work, that it can generally identify forma- tions even when seen from a distance. Prospecting is often a dangerous and difficult task, because some of the most important rocks are only exposed in deep kloofs or bushy country, while they are seldom found in those districts which are the most easily accessible.
Almost all dry river-beds, which in the rainy season have wild torrents, contain specimens indicative of the mineral deposits and geological formations occurring within the river basin.
By examining the large water-worn pebbles a general idea can be formed as to the places where the rocks they have been derived from are to be found in situ; the greater the wear, the farther have they travelled.
A prospector should search with as few tools as possible. Those which are necessary are : —
A map of the district.
A prospecting hammer, made for picking and hammering purposes.
A lens, for making minute examination of specimens.
A compass, for accurate bearings.
A clinometer, for measuring the dip of the strata.
An aneroid, for measuring height.
A note-book, for making notes of occurrences.
Sample bags to hold samples for analysing.
All these will go in a small bag or in one's coat pocket. On the other hand, in proving the finds " one may come across the following tools are necessary : —
f
Gold
SEEKING IN SOUTH APk[Cjl
Proapeoting
pan.
Anvil.
Dynamite.
Pestle and mortar
Blacksmith's hammer.
Fuse.
tateel).
Hammer for drilling
Detonators.
Shovels.
(4 lbs.).
Scrapers.
Picks.
Saw.
Candles or
Windlass.
Hatchet.
lamps.
Water bagB
Rope.
Tent.
Forgo.
. Alluvium (composed of materi&ls deposited by water}.— Borne of the richest finds have been originally traced by following up the course of an alluvial deposit. In these deposits, such minerals are to be found as occur in the rocks and mineral veins of the country through which the depositing rivers have passed, such as gold, plaCinum, copper, tin ore, and many others.
Spiakiag of alluvial gold deposits, it must be understood that the discovery of such alluvial goldfields in the Transvaal and elsewhere has almost always been very disappointing to prospec- tors, as only a few of them have made profitable finds. Auri- ferous (or gold-bearing) alluvium generally ocours in small patches, so that, unless a rich pocket of collected gold be struck, the labour cost exceeds the value of the gold obtained.
On account of many exceptionally rich finds, large rushes were made to these fields, which led to the discovery of valuable mineral veins, and to the diggers and prospectors devoting their attention to the discovery of such veins. They soon saw the advantage in pegging out reef claims, knowing that they could sell them to speculators and investors for large sums of money at once. Hence very few now con6ne their eflbrts to alluvial digging. We have, however, no reason to condemn these alluvial fields, for tiiey have not yet been exhaustively proved except in the case of thin layers which have been exposed by denudation.
This alluvium is of comparatively recent origin, washed from higher foundations to deep-lying plains.
New layers are formed after every flood, and the heaviest masses of gold find their way through the porous gravel to the bottom.
The gold-bearing deposit always settles in the quiet places below where flowing water runs over natural riffles, such as diorite dykes, which are harder than the associated rocks and therefore stand out higher in river-beds (Fig. I), large boulders, and grass roots, as also in cracks or openings in the rocks.
The rock immediately below the alluvial wash is called "bed rock,* and may consist of any of the rocks already mentioned.
Prosmcting. 9
The richest yield of gold b obtsined joat above the bed rook, generally in gravel, but sometimes in a gravelly clay or in clay, and in places there the current has been checked, especially on the outer side of sharp bends (see Fig. 2), where the heavy gold readily settles. The clay should be washed with great care (p. 10).
Fig. I. — Auriferous allavial depoBita, reating iwuiiBt obataoles. — a, Schist ; b, Doatse gravel and soil, sparsely gold bearing ; e, sand and olay containing the richest gold ; d, diorite djke.
Lai boulders of hard rock tarn the water aside ; but if ite river flows over a soft formation, it eventually cuts its way through, and consequently the alluvial deposit remains nndiaturbed. '
w
10 Gold Seeking In South Africa.
The fine alluvial gold dust travels farther down to the flatfl j country, where the force of the water ia not great; and it is
! found there amongst the sand on the banks of the river.
Ag'iin, alluvial deposits appear on terraces, on the sides of mountains, or on plateaus, where the more recent auriferous formaiion dttcomposes and is floated away, leaving the heavier
particles behind.
Having found an alluvial patch, the principal thing is to
, ascertain whether the wash is sufficiently rich in quality and
quantity to cover all expenses connecLed with transport, water
courses, ducts, &o. Local circumstances have much to do with
making it remunerative.
The porous nature of the gravel makes it easy to work with ! pick and shovel ; but the large boulders usually met with .
' increase expenses, as it ia necessary to use dynamite for blasting.J
As before mentioned, one meets on the bed-rock gravel mixed
with clay. Often, through ignorance of its soapy and sticky
nature, much gold may be lost ; for the lumps of clay, which do
not disintegrate as quickly in water as the gravel, will be carried
away with all their contents (see SluiciTig). Therefore, in
I washing this particular compound, it should be rubbed between
the hands, so that the clay runs away in the form of muddy I
Tater, and the heavy gold settles to the bottom. I
The most easily-worked alluvial deposit is where the wash is I
shallow, and where generally a non-auviferous black surface soil I
overlies it. This must be first removed. The process is called j
" stripping." I
When the payable deposit is laid bare, the work of sluicing 1
can go on uninterruptedly. Again, deep-lying alluvial deposits J
are found where, in many cases, the stripping process is impossible 1
I to perform on account of the presence of hard overlying beds, J
To reach it, shafts and drives must be used, and the payable
brought to the surface, where the sluice-boxeg are erected.
2. Proving Alluvial Deposits. — in testing the contents oi
the alluvial deposits, one generally employs the method of
r panning. Special prospecting pans are made for this purpose,
stamped from a piece of sheet iron of a smoke-biack colour, in
I order that the yellow gold may be more easily seen. By much
use the smoky colour of the pan disappears, but can be renewed fl again by placing it over a fire, preferably over one made with
L brown paper as the fuel. H
These grooyes catch the bea; golJ, which sinks to tlie bottom, while all the lighter matter ia washed away,
3. PannillEf. — In working, the following method ia adopted : — Fill the pan about a quarter to one-half full with earth, the remainder with water, tlieo stir the whole together with the hand. Pour half the muddy water very slowly away. Refill with water and repeat tliia process, using the while a. sifting motion, by which the heavy substances settle to the bottom and the water becomes nearly clear.
When this point is reached, tilt the pan slightly and allow some of the light substance to flow out slowly with the running water. Continue refilling with clear water and pouring off, till nothing remains in the pan but the heuvier metal. According to the results of the panning and the quantity of ore washed, experienced prospectors can judge very cloaely the value of the ground.
In panning alluvial deposits the large pebbles or stones should be removed after first carefully washing I hem in the pan, and the fine substance treated as described ubove.
It is advisable, for convenience sake, to have a tub or bucket oloee at hand in which to pan valuable deposits. Many mis- takes are mode by inexperienced men in filling the pan too full of earth. This makes the sifting process difficult to perform, and the gold, consequently, does not accumulate round the bottom of the pan, but is washed out with the other substances.
In panning, the gold is often noticed floating on the water; the reason of this is thiit the fine particles of gold are flat or covered with a aoapy substance which formed its matrix.
By sprinkling it with water it will aiuk to
Gold Sreking Is South Afeica.
4b SlniGingT- — treating large quantities of allnrifti ore, one nmat reort to the more practical arrangement of Bluicing in preference to the primitiTe form of panning.
For the purpose of ordinary field work, sluice* are made in two parts, each consisting aimplv of three plank* of wood, formed trough-like, through which runs a constant flow of water to wash away the sand, ctaj, or sediment (Fig. 4). '
CS£j
,j|
Elg. 4. — Trough-like aluice box.
The soil is shoTelted into the higher end of the trough, stirred if it is not carried away freely.
The nature of the gold is to sink, or to rest against obstaclea j" therefore, in the first part of the box, obstructions are made by long aad cross bars of wood, with a sieve or screen at the lower end (Fig. 5, a) to catch all the heavier metal.
The fine gold dust will be carried farther ; consequently the second box has appliances for catching it, arranged as follows: — Narrow cross bars (i;), and at the end a rough blanket (d) (Fig. 5, 6).
Fig. 5, — ObHtaales on the bottom of the sluice box.
Many ways are adopted for arresting the gold, such as false bottoms ; but this greatly depends on the individual and on the financial position of the prospector.
In any case it must be arranged that the box can be raised or lowered at one end, according to the nature of the earth washed, the usual slope being 8 inches in 12 feet (1 in IH). In washing soil containing fine gold, the sluices are made longer, and mercury is added, for the purpose of catching the gold, which blends with the mercury and forms " Amalgam."
PROSPKOriNG. 13
The nuggets and fine gold are collected and cleaned in the pan. The amalgam ii first cleaned in water, more mercury is then added, and the whole is squeezed through chamois leather.
By heating the amalgam the mercury evaporates and the gold appears as a spongy mass, called " Retorted gold " {see p. 26). The value of this can be ascertained by assaying and weighing.
5. Reef Prospecting. — As previously explained, veins are located by means of the signs in old river-beds, valleys, strata exposed in kloofs, creeks, or deept-cut waggon roads.
Un finding loose pieces of ore-bearing rock, the first etep is to search for the ore in situ. The clues for this abound, especially in a mountainous country, where ranges and long stretching outcrops attract the attention at once. The reefs exposed on the Burface are called "Outcrops."
It is not to be expected that the outcrops of any reef will be equally manifest along its whole course, as it may be disturbed by variations in the dip, slips, by being pinched to nothing, or by being divided into many small leads ("leads," a term used to describe small strings of ore leading to the main body.)
Some are decomposed and are hence easily overlooked, while others occur as very large conspicuous outcrops with weathered and porous rock, looking like a melted mass of milky quartzite and reef matter. Then, again, outcrops appear running along and across the strike.
Faults will often divert the strike (i.e., the direction of the outcrops of a stratum) to the right or left from its ordinary course. In their mineral contents also, many variations are found. It often happens that an outcrop contains gold in one place, and farther on none at all ; but, on closer examination, sometimes one finds the gold in the casing (" casing" means the formation next to the usual gold-bearing body).
Often outcrops cannot be noticed, because they are entirety oxidised and appear to be red clay, though it carries the gold.
There are many reefs which bear no gold. In prospecting, it is advisable to take aa little lumber as possible in the field, as the main object should be to examine as much ground as possible and to get a knowledge of the value of all the diflerent outcrops.
The richest outcrops will naturally be dealt with in detail prospecting, in regard to its value in depth, which will be described later.
Prospecting of neiv ground should be done by walking, for to search properly one must climb and pass places where no roads nor thoroughfares are made.
Gold Seeking In South Africa.
In testing outcrops, one must be provided with a number of small canvas bags in which to gather the samples ; these should be taken at every 5 feet along tbe strike of the exposed reef. Number the bags I, 2, 3, and so forth. At the same time a sketch should be made of the situation of the ground, marking the reefs and spots whence the samples are obtained, so that the number on the bag will correspond with the sketch in the note- book. Afterwards take the various samples to the water, where a pestle and mortar (Fig. 6) should be used.
Fig. B.—a, Pestle; b, morUr. Pig- 7.-Guh voin.
Crush the different samples, one after the other, to a powder, and pass them through a fine sieve into the pan. each sample in accordance wiih the number in the noteboc and write the result against it. When the results of an sample are favourable, it is important to return and examine those places more closely, and to collect further samples without picking or selecting any particular specimen.
It must especially be noticed if the lode (or reef) strikes across or along tbe strata. The former is of less value than the latter and is generally called a " Gash " vein (Fig. 7), because it usually ends in short depths tapering to nothing. They are very numerous in the auriferous 6elds and often contain good gold, as the gash veins are formed by reef matter filling fissures
I in the rocks. On the othei
lode running along the strata is
PaOSPECTINO.
Fig. S.— Fissore vein —a Schists & qmirti reef i c, foot-watl :
d qnutzite t hangmg wU.
Gold Sbkeing In South Africa,
embedded in the formatioD, b&TiDg a hanging- and a foot-wall ("hanging-wall" mean a the adjoining overlying strata, "foot- wall " the adjoining underlying strata, of the reef).
Ic runa with the strike and goes down with the dip of the strata and is called a " fissure " (Fig. 8).
Of course there are many drawbacks caused by irregularitiea in the strata which must be studied and taken into coH' aideration.
To locate the boundaries of the ground selected, it is necessary to ascertain in what direction the strata in which the outcrop ia bedded dips ; then peg from the outcrop across the inclined strata in the direction of the dip, calling this the width of the property, und along the strata calling this the length, keeping the outcrop on the upper side, as shown in Fig. 9.
The Ground Work of Prospecting:.— After having
wtiafactory opinion as to the worth of the outcrop* found, continue examination lower down. The work with the pick and shovel then begins.
Cuttings acrosa the outcrop are usually made all along the strike, about 30 feet apart, each about 1 feet wide, 10 feet long, and 10 feet deep, in order to eipose the reef (Fig. 10).
In many cases where the out- crop ia only to be seen in small patches, it is adviaahle to make trenches along the strike of forma- tion (Fig. 11).
If the result is not satisfactory, the best tbitig to do is to sink a shaft to about 30 feet, following
ting. 10.-A outtmg across the of the reef wherever it formation. <ips. drive below along the strike. In places where the outcrops disappear, or where the reef is fitBlocated and faulted, a number of small trial cuttings or pits lAioiild be made, and thoroughly searched, special care being taken not to waste too much time on these, if there are better aigns close by (Fig, 12). In all these various openings the aim iliould be to prove the actual nature of the reaf, thus : — (a) The hanging- and the foot-wall should be well defined. I
Prospecting.
It
(SometimeB il has a hard slaty appearance; at others, a soap, slippery, or clayey one.)
(A) If there is no wall, ascertain if the oonntry rock and reef unite or mix and gradually mei into the reef.
(o) Ascertain the width of the reef; if it is solid, decomposed, or honeycombed ; if in layers or in blocks ; if mixed with sandy or scbisty matter; if divided or in one lode; if rich or poor; if patehy or equal ; if it consist of quartz or conglomerate, and what colour; if it contains large or small pebbles, and how these are bound together.
(e The reef-matter should be sampled equally and fVequently, while working.
Fig. U. — A. treuoh along the fonnatitm.
Fig. 12.— Disturbed formation where much work should act be done.
Sample No. I. — Break off small pieces from every part of the exposed rock, and collect specimens of the decomposed matter, if any.
Sample No. II. is to be taken from the foot-wall.
Sample No. III. is to be taken from the hanging-wall.
Sample No. IV. is formed of specimens collected alon the whole length or strike exposed,
r
46 Gold Seeking In South Africa.
All these muet be planed; this will give a fair idea a how gold could be produced. From time to time samples may be takeu for aHsaying by heat, but it is wise to have this i done by a responsible person.
(e) Ascertain the nature of the " cosing " or " country. " Is it quartzite, sandstone, slate, schist, or a mixture 1 Dogb it carry gold 't or are there any aqueous rocks near by !
The dip must be measured in the direction of the strike, at a right angle to the horizon. This will give an estimate of the quantity of ore within the boundaries of the property.
A vertical lode will have a large deep dip, and a flat one soon run out of the ground.
An accurate dip can be measured with a clinometer. In the goldfields where a lot of old workings, shafts, drives, and ruins of buildings are noticed, it is always wise to make thorough Bxamination there, as no one knows the circumstances under which these were left. The prospector will meet with many occurrences in formations and reefs, which are very often puzzling; therefore he must bring bis whole mind to consider how these natural causes are effected. After all the necessary details of the tracing and proving of lodes on the surface have been obtained, further developments must proceed in the sinking of shafts or driving of tunnels wherever it may be necessary,
Shafts should be put down following the reef all the way, as otherwise the trace of it may be lost. These are made to ascer- tain the value of the reef in depth.
They should be made large enough for the safe passage of workmen, without interrupting the constant work. Supposing the reef is struck at a depth of about 50 to 80 feet, the process of driving along the strike should he adopted in order to expose the ore in length, so as to estimate the quantity and quality. When the drive is continued for some distance, the air becoutes foul, and it is necessary to sink a second shaft in communication with the first so aa to establish a free current of air ( Fig. 13).
Small shafts sunk for the purpose of ventilation from one drive (or adit) to another are called wtreaes. The adits and winzes should, if possible, expose the ore, so that it can be mined from all sides. The excavating of this space is called stopiiig ; if the work is carried on from below upwards, it is called over- }iead stopififf ; if from above downwards, widerluaid Hoping. Ths latter is usually preferred, as the foul air often collects in the overhead stopes, and work is more difficult, consequently more costly to perform.
ilvisable to leave pillars of rock in such stopes for the J
Peospecting.
safety of the mine ; or if the side walls are fairly solid, timber may be used instead.
After all the valuable ore has been secured, the stope can often be advantageously packed firmly with hard waste rock, in which case the timber can be used over again.
a o
Fig. 13. — Laying out underground developments. — Underhand stope ; 6, overhead stope ; c, winze ; d, drive or adit ; c, shafts.
Fig. 14. — Development on a mountain side. — a, Outcrop; 6, adits.
When mining on a large scale, extra working shafts and adits are usually established for the free passage of ore to the surface. The shafts are then more closely timbered than is usual for ordinary prospecting purposes ; this work is carried out by experienced carpenters.
In South Africa.
Of courSB, there are many methods of shaft Binking wbicb
depend greatly on the situation of the property. In places it is preferable to sink along the dip of the reef, and in otheri vertical slinfts are sunk through a great amount of dead rock to meet the reef.
Hauling and pumping machinery, compressed air, and machine drills are used when sinking at greater depths. Otherwise, the starting and working of smaller concerns, the primitive way of bringing the ore and water in buckets to the surface by means of a windlass, and, later on, small machinery, is adopted,
If the reef crops out on a steep mountain, and dips with the slope of the same, or is exposed on the face of the mountain, the cheapest way will be to drive to meet it, or along the strike (Kg. U).
For any further deep mining, hauling and pumping will bo necessary, in which, of course, difi'erent methods from those of general prospecting are adopted.
7, Timbering'. — In the event of any prOBpectings becoming ' dangerous, through cracks, decomposition, boulders, or water, timbering is necessary. This, of course, depends on ihe extent
]
Fig. 16.— Sets at timber.
of the danger. In solitary plac loose, by which tLe other rocks
, where a piece of rock hangs e not affected, a simple means ipport is a piece of timber wedged firmly against it (Fig. 16). In places where a drive or shaft is very shajcy, a complete set of timbering must be made, which can be fitted, screwed, or wedged together (Fig. 16).
Behind two sets of timber long poles should be horizontally fixed above, and placed on botli sides ol the tunnel or drive, so that the space between the timber and the tunnel wall can be "rmly packed with debris. This prevents little stones from .lling out from time lo time, makirg room for large heavy slips,
Prospecting. 21
which would in many cases break the frame work (Fig. 17). In the same way shafts may be timbered, and the sets only logged, OB in Fig, 18, but great care should be taken to wedge the aides very firmlv mi hhat. tintliinn i-jn. fall On men working below.
Fig. 17.— Framework of a drive.
Fig. 18.— Sliatt Uiubered.
In making ahafts during prospecting, windlasses and buckets are needed to bring the material to the surface. The framework should be 4 feet by 6 feet, and be made of timber well fitted together (Fig. 19).
a half, lengthways, an iron bar md the two parts well screwed together
The drum should 1 fitted in the middle, a as in Fig. 19,
The rope should be well fastened with nails at one end, or serious accidents may happen by the bucket dropping down when the work is proceeding.
8. Blasting and Drilling-.— Experience in blasting and drilling ts most important, as the amount of work done depends very much on this. The steel drills sliould lie made round, not too pointed, but sharp (Fig. 20), and hardened according to the nature of the rock. The hole which is to be made alionW.. \yi
(iOLD
t SOUTH APKICA.
jilaced at a spot where no fractures can be seen, as the ezpli are not eOective in broken rock owing to small pieces being blown out, without moving the bulk of the rock. The drill should be held ateadilj at the chosen place, and, at every blow of the hammer, rotated, so that the hole keejia perfectly circular, and the jamming of drills is avoided. If the hole is kept Btantly wet by pouring in water, the work proceeds much more quickly. The mud accumulated during boring is removed by a thin piece of iron, with a amall disc at one end, called a geraper ; on valuable ground it is advisable to test this mud for its contents.
After the hole is finished the dynamite necessary (usually one or two cartridges) is tightly rammed to the bottom by a wooden stick ; there is danger in using an iron rod.
The detonator, in which the fuse has already been fixed, is carefully pushed into a half cart- ridge of dyuamite. The whole is then placed gently ou the top of the other cartridges already in the hole, which is then filled up tightly with fine soil, pressed in with a wooden stick.
To more readily apply light at the end of the iuae, a small slit is made and a little dynamite placed in it. One should be thoroughly acquainted with the length of the fuse required, so as to gain sufiicieut time to retruat to a safe place before the explosion. In wet places the contiguous ends of the detonator and fuse should be greased in order to prevent water from getting in between tfaem, and the holes filled with water tamping.
In the case of an unexploded charge, which is mostly caused by a bad fuse not burning to the end, one should in no case visit the place again under thirty minutes ; it is therefore wise to blast during the meal hours. It is important to count the number of charges, when exploding.
The beat way with unexploded charges would be either to remove the tamping carefully and place a new charge on the top of it, or to drill another hole close by, but taking care not to bore into the former. Accidents arise chiefly through carelessness.
It is also important to know how to place the drill holes, so that the explosives may exercise their utmost power.
Fig. 20. — Drill Bharpcoed,
Prospect! N I
If the holes are made in the direction of the joints or of the 1 of the strata, the esplosivea do not blast so much rock hen made in a traasverse direction thereto (Pig. 21).
pm
J
Fig. 21.— DriDholes.-
',, Directed with the bI
.a ; b, dir.
To put much eiplosive in a drill hole in order to create a big effect ia unwise ; aa a smaller quantity, in accordance with the
e of the hole, will do as much work. It is only a waste of dynamite and money. Blasting should not be resorted to where pick and shovel can do the work,
9. Facilities of Working.— It is well to make sure that the facilities of working are favourable before incurring much expense ; the following considerations, therefore, should be borne in mind ; —
1. Is there any wood on the property, or close at hand and at reasonable price, or must it be imported 1
2. Is black labour plentiful, or only to be obtained from distant kraals, and under what conditions 1
3, Must a stamp battery be worked by water or steam power, and can it be easily set up on a suitable spot!
4, Is the transport of material and provisions costly, and what is the rate of such transport t At the same time little mining work should be done until the value of the reef has been satisfactorily proved. Also one should be cautious in starting operations, even after satisfactory trials have been made, as much harm is done to good properties by unsuitable or unneces- sary work, owing to waste of money and of time; and to the consequent lowered reputation and yield of the property.
Although I will not go into the details of the construction of batteries and special machinery, I think it necessary to explain the most important points.
before any battery work or erections are proceeded with foe
GOLD SEEKING IN SOUTH ATRtCA,
the purpase of extracting the minerals, it is most have a quaattty of ore clumped, or in sight, so that of the rock will not be delayed.
Ore should be regularly excavated while the forioer ia being used up, in order to keep the mill continuously suppll
The gold present in the rock in the form of dust or small grains is separated by grinding or stamping the rock (previously reduced, if neoessary, to pieces of convenient size by means of the hammer or stonebreakera) to a fine powder, the latter opera- tion being effected by rapid blowa of heavy stamps actuated by steam, water, or other motive power. The tine powder obtained is transferred to a stream of water, which carries sway the lighter material and allows the heavier gold to be passed over quicksilver, by which it is retained.
The amount of ore crushed depends on the drop and weight of the stamps, the size of the screen, and the nature of the ore. A heavy stamp has the advantage of crushing hard quartz rock. Self-feeders are useful, as they regulate the quantity of ore passing to the stampi from the back. Five stamps of equal weights are fixed in a substantial iron mortar, the usual weight being from 760 lbs. to 850 Iba.
The stamp consists of a rod which fits into a heavy head, the lower end of which receives the socket of a mass of metal called the s/M ; this shoe impinges upon the dit placed at the bottom of the mortar. The shoe and the die are the wearing parts, and are therefore made to be removable, so as to allow of either being renewed when worn out.
A sieve ia placed in front of the opening of the mortar, Bnd< through it all the fine powder is sifted on to a slightly slanting table with amalgamated copper-pUtes, on which the gold unites with the quicksilver. Any pyrites or fine gold that escapes is caught by different sluices with blankets and concentrators, from which the gold is extracted by special treatment.
Tlie water which carries the powdered ore over these varioua arrangements passes through an iron pipe at a regulated speed of about J to 1 cubic foot per minute, and flows Into the mortar box.
The action of the stamps splashes the muddy fluid mortar against the screen, which gives passage only to the particles which are smaller than the holes in the screen, which particles How with the water on to the large cop per- plates in front. Clayey or soapy ore requires more water than the sandy pulverised kind.
The great bulk of the gold shonld be caught in the mortar.
auH
Prospecting. 25
For that purpose copper plate-lininga are fixed in the mortar. The copper-plates are clresaed with quicksilver, which is absorbed by them after several hours' hard scrubbing with a brush till the surface shines brightly. Much gold is lost if the plates are not sufficiently covered with a coating of gold amalgam, as the gold clings more readily to amalgam than to quicksilver alone. Badly amalgamated plates will show dark coppery spaces where dressing has been unevenly applied. Heavy iron tools should not be thrown on to the plates, as boles are easily
In preparing the plates the following process is recommended, though it must be understood that detailed improvements can be gained by experience, and also that there are many other processes used by skilled amalgamators, all more or less serviceable.
First, the copper-plates should be cleaned by covering them with fine sand, then scrubbed with a brush or with small blocks of wood until the bright copper is exposed. Caustic soda may be used to remove any oily substance. A cyanide of potassium Bolutiou (1 ounce of the potassium salt tfl 2 pints of water) should afterwards be brushed over the surface.
In order to amalgamate the quicksilver with the copper sheet, sal ammoniac and tine sand, in conjunction with quicksilver, should be scrubbed all over the plate, and the surface of the latter sprinkled over from time to time. This must be con- tinued for several hours, until the plate has absorbed sufficient quicksilver to allow of milling being commenced. It is a great advantage to rub some amalgam over the dressing, as this pre- vents the loss of gold mentioned above when starting. The cyanide of potassium solution should again be applied, as it preserves the brightness of the plates. During the operation of milling as much quicksilver as the plates will take up should be applied about every two hours. The superfluous quicksilver will run off in drops.
Sal ammoniac and cyanide of potassium should also be wiped over the surface at intrvals to keep it clean; care must be taken that no oily substance falls on the plates, for this will prevent the gold from adhering to the amalgam. The cleaning of the battery is usually done every eight days.
The amalgam forms a layer over the copper-plate, which jrowa thicker according to the richness of ore passing over it, forming in course of time a very hard crust.
Most of the gold amalgam is collected in the mortar box, and 'froleaning process consiata of taking out tied\i,*i.T'0vTi'i''Os\
rse
Cold Seeking In South Africa.
the corner one and lifting it out with :i crowbar. The lumps of amalgam must be collected from around the dies asd linings, and the sand then cleansed in the sluice boxes. In it will often be found a proportion of iron chipped ofl' the stamps and dies, which must be removed by means of a magnet.
The plates on the table have niost amalgam near the screens. The larger portion of the amalgam should be removed every day when rich ore has been crushed. Ey means of a chisel the amalgam covering is freed from the plates, but care must be taken not to expose the copper.
A dressing of quicksilver is added in the same manner as during the milling process after cleaning. After collecting all the amalgam from the mortar, plates, and sluices, the lumps are , broken fine and cleaned in quicksilver, a small mortar being
used for this purpose. The dirt and base metals, as copper, iron, pyrites, and lead, will float on the top, and should be removed by a piece of cloth. The gold amalgam always settles at the , bottom.
I The cleansed amalgam is squeezed through a piece of canvas,
which allows the quicksilver to ooze through, so that what L remains is a compact bail of gold amalgam. The filtered quick-
can then be used over again. The nest thing will be to separate the gold from the quick- silver, which is called relortinff. The
Vl cylinder or pipe (according to oon-
Yl struction), closed at one end, and of i
1 41 W i firmly screwed on the other end to
middle pointing upwards allows the
Blg, 22. -Primitive rotoru quicfeailver fumes to pass over into a. for connection with a. ''esael of water (Fig. 22). vessel contaiping water. The amalgam is placed in tha-
retort, which, when made air-tight,
subjected to a heat not too fierce for about two hoars. completes the process. The retorted gold has a dull yellow appearance, and a very porous texture, indicating the spaces !: which the quicksilver previously occupied. In melting the
[ bullion, plumbago crucibles are used.
[ The furnace is heated with charcoal. The principal cbemicalK,
for melting (fluxes) are usually borax, saltpetre, carbonate
' soda, and sand, i
Chapter Iv. The De Kaaf Goldfields.
(Prtmaky Formation.)
The information in the preceding chapters will enable the reader to follow with more interest the occurrences and appearances in the goldfields now to be dealt with.
In this goldfield we find a low region called the '' De Kaap Yalley/' forming a basin surrounded by high mountains. This basin is about 2800 feet above sea level, lies immediately to the north of Barberton (the principal town of the field), and consists chiefly of granite.
South of the granite basin the sedimentary strata form a range of mountains, some of which rise to 5500 feet above the sea level. Deep kloofs, overgrown with luxuriant foliage, and watered by swift-running streams, which seek a way past big boulders, disappear, and then re-appear in rushing torrents, or tumble wildly over rocky precipices, divide and cut the range into rugged, conical mountains (Fig. 23).
On both sides of the creeks and streams the steep rocky walls of the mountains show clearly the stratification of the sedimen- tary formation with its enclosed reef. They generally have a dip of 60' to 75" to the south, but are vertical in places. These terrace-like ranges of hills form a distant line, which winds snake-like in long sweeping curves in an easterly, and some- times northerly or southerly, direction, with the granite always under it.
This reef contains important gold veins, for which reason it is called the " Main Gold Belt of the De Kaap Valley " (see sketch plan of De Kaap Goldfield, Plate II.).
On the east of the valley another line of formation runs from the north-west to the south-east, and is called the '' Jamestown Belt" (Plate II., plan), after the well-known alluvial diggers' camp in Jamestown about 2200 feet above sea level.
The prominent features of this range are broken, low, chain- like kopjes, between which the north Kaap river
Gold Seeking In South Africa.
md stone
allnvTnl
w
flowB. Numerous auriferous reefa exist bere. Towards north this formation disappears under the flat-lying sandstone or tftble-landa of the Devil's Kantoor (a well-kj district). In the east it joins the main belt and runs along with it.* [ These table-lands, with an elevation of from 5500 feet to
6700 feet, form the northern boundary of the valley, and lie about 20 miles north of Barberton (Fig. 24).
Rising sharply from the valley, the bold and rugged outlines of these mountains, with their wild and treacherous'looking precipices, are clearly defined against the sky. The upheaved granite, represented on the slopes by large boulders, supports a much disturbed schist formation, and this in turn is over- laid by flat, thick sandstone, forming the table-like tops.
Conglomerate reefs are found here. These table-L for many miles westwards, and these pass into Ir the High Veldt. On the slopes of these mom, seen the heaps of debris from old alluvial wot the i-ush in 1882. On the west of the vallf, worn into mountains of a peculiarly beautiful height of 4000 feet above sea level, and dividi Valley from the Komati Valley, wliich latter ; west towards the High Veldt Plateaus (se' Plate II.). J
The De Eaap Valley is itself broken here hillocks of granite boulders and by diorite dykes, iiich, from north to south, athwart the sedimentary formation, give- rise to the winding course of the Main Belt. Although th granite breaks and disturbs the strata nearest to it, it has had only a slight effect on those farther away. This shows that the pressure from below could not have been very strong.
The, Queen's river (or South Kaap river) and the North Kaap river (or Lampogravana) run through the whole of the: valley, both having their sources in the mountains to the
' In the east these two rivers meet at a place called " Junction'
and run further as the " Kaap river" into the Crocodile river
near Komati Poort, which empties itself near Louremjo Marques
In the rainy season all the creeks and streams become swollen rush wildly down the high monntains, bringing all the
K
Ths De Kaap Goldfiblss. 31
oxidised or decomposed snrface orast of rooks, Ac, down to the valley, forming fruitful agricultural aoiL
In many of these creeks on the banks of the rivera and spruits near Barberton, beloT the DerU's Eantoor and Jamestown, much alluTial gold has been found.
It is quite possible owing to the favourable situation of the valley, snrroonded as it is by these auriferous mountains all sloping towards it, that in the lower parts much gold alluvial rests on thp bedrock, and no doubt many surprises await the energetio digger in the ftiture.
1. BarbwCon. — Thia town (which is sbowu in the frontis- ineoe) u ntnated in the valley, below the main belt, about S800 fitrt above lea level, and is connected with the Barberton Hvdeii Railway, a branch of the Pretoria and Delagoa Bay mt, rt takes its name from a man named Barber who found a
— " Hrpelt, iust behind the town. It has to-day a i', we can see from the few solid hat muoh activity and life existed M the summer months, called the evenings succeed the intense
Bintorms occur, which, owing to the intains, are very fierce and sudden. |*p!eaBftut, and breezy (see Climate). JJpry healthy, even in the summer
As above described, the De Kaap Goldfields are divided into four separate auriferous groups, and these are : —
1. The Main Line or Belt.
2. The Jamestown Belt.
3. The Granite Basin or Valley.
i. The Table-lands or Conglomerate Beds.
I will now proceed to describe their reef and alluvial phenomena.
2. The Main Belt (described as "Silurian Beds" by H. Penning). — The many combined, wide stretching strata, in this belt, as mentioned before, run in a very changeable strike.
From Barberton they bend and run direct north, with an easterly dip, and swing round in a deep curve at Junction, in union with the Jamestown belt, to the east, with a southerly dip, and are traceable in parts almost to Komati Poort.
To the west, from Barberton, they run through Hoodies con- cession farm in a westerly direction, and atTiVfc o?i lis 'Oa.%
season.
f;
.33 Gold Seeking In Socth Africa. 1
in the Weltevreden farm, from which it tarns towards the Bellevue farm in a weateriy direction again ti)l they disappear
tho south-west of a place called Warm Bath)) in the Eomati Valley. All along this line the gold-bearing lodes can followed, and are exposed in many places on the surface; little work has been done owing to the many difficultiea to bl overcome in a mountainous country, and the discouragementl of prospectors by the few investors (compared with the viistfl extent of tlie field) who were attracted elsewhere.
The auriferous veins contained in the belt can be a in about four principal lines, which are, in many cases west different in nature from those in the east.
The general formation consists of quartzitic sandstone, talcose schist, and chlorite schist, in which quartz and quartzite are interbedded. Greenstone and diorite dykes often strike across or are interbedded and run parallel with the stratification, so that in places the formation is much disturbed. The veins occurring close to it are generally rich in gold, but very difficult and expensive to mine on account of this disturbance. The oxidised crust often has a depth of some hundred feet, owing bo the heavy rains and the many sudden atmospheric changes usual in hot climates. J
The gold occurs here in milky-white, lightgrey, blue-gre, J yellow, reddish, and even black -col cured quartz. I
On the southern boundary, forming the highest range on I the main belt, a very characteristic band occurs, and two wide conglomerate beds are exposed, running parallel with each other (Fig. 26).
They are bedded in sandstone formation, and are traceable from the Koraati Valley in the west, eastwards to the troae farm, where it disappears in places, but re-appears again! regularly on Moodies concession, running past Barberton to south-west of the Sheba mine.
Beyond this it can be seen in places on the ranges towardiS Koraati Foort (6 miles distant from Matalane Station). r
This forms the strongest formation on the south of the gold-J bearing ittrata of the main belt, which runs parallel with itfJ keeping always on the north side. Each conglomerate bed about :;0 feet wide and has an average dip of about 75°.
Between the beds the formation is sandstone, about 100 feet
in width. The conglomerate consists of ilinty and quartziti
pebbles of large size and angular forms, cemented together witiu
ae-grained sandstone and lalcose schist. It contains in BomM
iHces from 3 to 4 , of free gold, with a little pyrites ; bun
The Dk Kaap Goldfields.
it has not been much prospected and explored. Turning to the north and passing over sandstone and schist formation, which is 1000 yards or more in width, the first line of the ri'ef is met with, and is exposed and opened up here and there for mnny miles The lode varies from 2 feet to 15 feet in width, and dips generally with the strata at an angle of from 52° to 75°.
The outcrops are often very large one.', but rarely alike. They form large, milky, dull-looking quartzite bodies intermixed with blue-grey quartz, are very brittle, and contain tine-grained gold. Others are much honeycombed with visible gold and sulphide of iron and arsenical pyrites in the cells. It is so deoomposed that, on the surface, it gives a look like old melted
Fig. 2S. — Two parallel conglomerate beds situated on tlie main belt. — a, Sandstone ; b, conglomeratu ; c, sandstone partings.
iron, and well deserves its name of "Burnt Reef." Some, again,
have quite a sandy appearance, with fine pin-point specks of gold in it, more of an alluvial nature. These outcrops are well exposed on the farms: Bellevue, Montrose, Moodies conces- sion (Ai-mside farm), the upper part of Rimers Creek behind Barberton, and on the Sheba Hill, the above-mentioned con- glomerate always keeping to the south of them.*
The decomposed crust of this band is generally very pro- minent ; it contains antimony ore in places, but only near the suriace.
The reef matter itself varies in appearance according to the
54
Gold Seeking In South Afkica.
depth reached, saj from 50 to 100 feet; Bometimee as blae< looking quartz blocks (Fig. 26, d), in which the cryetaU quartz refioct many beautiful colours, owing to the clay and r pyrites pressed out in their cleavage planes, and sometimes
conglomerate-) ike and very iirittle, containing coarae sold, which on the foot-wall is very rich. Id this case, generally a 10 to a IS-feet wide body of very decayed quartzite, quartz and clay mixed (worth only from 2 to 4 . per ton), occurs next to it, having about 2 feet of schist. The same body, when Botid, m quartzite, alternating with chlorite schist.
The foot- and hanging-walls in the undisturbed formation are well defined iiere, A peculitirity met with next to the foot-wall is a distinct black and white striped formation composed of thin, black, slaty, hard-pressed laminie, alternating with a white thia seam of quartz, altogether about 3 feet wide, called "The Ribbon Bar" (Fig 2f
n orsa
m Or
ftg. 28.— Ssotion of aiiriferouB reef.— u, BaniUtone or scbiat ; 6, ijuBrts- I it knd chlorite sohiata ; r. cUy aeitm intermixed with fine quart* I pieoes; d. awu-tr. reef; e, diviaion of dark elatei f, quartz layer! the foot-wall : ff, " ribbon bar "; h, JJoriUi,
These black slaty laminre are very pyritical, and often regular,!
lyera of cubical pyrites are found. In other places only a slaty 1
formation composes the casing on the foot-wall. Next to this a 1
hard diorite dyke or blue-bar accompanies the lode, having b I
width of about 50 feet (Fig. 2G, A). Adjoining is chlorite schist I
- sandstone (Fig. 26. a).
On the hanging-wall a clay seam 1 foot thick, intermixed I
;ith Hue pieces of quartz, both gold-bearing, is generally noticed J
next to wliich is the qiiartzit and chlorite achistl
lation (Fig. 36, b). In driving along the strike of thil
The Dk Kaap Goldfields. 35
reef at a deep level, manj difficulties are met with. First of all, it varies much in width, and sometimes the change from wide to narrow is so sudden that, if not faulted, it seems to form curious pocketa (Fig. 27), as though there had been a cleavage of two walla without any reef matter (Fig. 27, a), which, when followed, may widen out into a good, solid, well-formed lode (Fig. 27).
In the wide body, or pocket, the foot- wall ia the only good gold-bearing part ; but if the lode is regular, the gold is dis- tributed throughout it, and the yield may amount to ounces. Generally a thin layer of dark slate runa through the middle of the pocket (Fig. 26, e, and Fig. 27, b), but if the body is smaller, these layers a])pear with the black slate only next to them, also bearing gold, and the "ribbou bar" is not to be seen.
Fig. 27. — Variation of the reef along the atrike.- — a. Reef pinched ; h, lliin layer of dark slate running through the pocket ; c, (iiorite ; it, chlorite achiitt and aandstone ; c, shale.
The quartz on the foot-wa)l often occurs in layers (Fig. 26,/). Where the reef has been pinched or Rhifted, flat slate-like quartz pieces, with signs of gold, occur in the cleavage planes.
Diorite dykes near the lode are rich in gold, but a moderate quantity only ia found in those at a greater distance from it. The yellow clay resulting from the decomposition of the diorite contains much free gold.
Often at a lower level the ore has more pyrites and less free gold ; therefore, the assay is more reliable than the panning test. Where the reef is much disturbed by the dykes, this reef is a mixture of igneous rock, quartz, quartzite, and schist, in vrhich the gold, though often very visible, is patchy. When this happens it is ndvisabie to drive along the ore on the wAe's'KidQ.
Gold Seeking In South Africa.
showa a regular formation on the surface. Tlie same appea are met witli in sinking aa in driving.
In looking for a jiayable body called " chnte," care should be taken to continually pan and prove the good gold-beariug rock, and not to drive or sink where the gold in the ore is scanty.
A chute may be large or small, and may vary from 10 feet to 200 feet horizontally. Most chutes of gold follow a zig-zag course, as in Fig. 28. Hence shafts are often Biink through the rich surface portion of this lode into the poor ground below, and the continuation of the lode is missed.
The contiguous formation is interspersed with numerous quartz strings and leaders some of which lead tothemnin body, while others are independent and pinch out to nothing in each direction These sometimes contain good gold, and, consequently, often mislead a, prospector (Fig. 29).
The next band running nearest to this may be found either close by or even as far off as 4000 feet, according to the degree i of the disturbance of the bed. It is accompanied by much green- stone in thinniah layers intruded between the beds which occ either close to the reef or in the schints near it. In other p]a( it breaks across the strata so as to make it didicult to trace t outcrops.
In tlie easterly ranges the band occurs in a solid mass so that
broad outcrops can be followed fur some distance. Greenstone
layers and schists run along the foot-wall j while a quartzitio 1
sandstone forms the hanging- wall. In the west the same band J
apparently subdivided in two, three, or more smaller 1
'eenstone and slate run along the middle vein, and quartzitiefl
adatone on the hunging aide of the upper lode. The green-T
w
The de kaap goldfiKlds.
atone here also frequently strikes across the beds. The ohatea on this band are in parts difficult, and in others easy to locate.
Where the formation shows the stratification well, the reef on the surface will appear solid and he exceedingly rich. If the surface is decomposed or disturbed, the solid reef may be hidden, or present very brittle yellow schistose layers, which are often so powdery (decayed) that the water carries off the fine gold grains from the surface, and consequently leaves the remainder valueless. Again, difficulties in tracing the reef may arise when it is covered by the surface wash due to heavy rainfalls.
The reef matter itself is mainly a fine-grained quartzite of a blue-grey colour.
In the easterly part little leaders from J to 1 inch in thickness are found scattered in the reef body; some are milky-white, others very dark. Near the latter very rich gold occurs, and the leader itself also is important through its having an immense quantity of visible gold (Fig. 30,/).
It is a sign of poor ore where the white leaders are seen (Fig. 30, e). The width of the reef varies from 1 to 100 feet; the reef dips at an angle of 60° to the south (Fig. 30).
msmjim
In the west the loi of a dark blue-grey In (he adjoiuinji; formations
contain fine-grained quartz, which
places, light blue in others.
gold-bearing leads
a. the rock near tlie lode. The from 1 to 2i inches, dipping places some are nearly vertical
light grey colour are scattered . thickness of these lodes varies about 75° to the south; but in (Fig. 31).
The foot-wall is well defined ; but on the banging-wall of the Boutherly one tho quartzite unites with the reef or lode. The lodes in the west contain very rich gold ; but in some parts are too small to work profitably owing to tbe large amount
38 GOLD SKEKiNG IN SOUTH AFKICA.
of dead rock that baa first to be removed by blasting, In other 1 parts again, the slate, abuub 1 foot on each ttide, will hear goodfl gold. AIeo, in some casea two lodes unite. I
The horizontal chutes are, on the east, about 300 feet in 1 length, and far apart from each other ; while on the west they I are 50 to 75 feet long, and closer together.
The gold contained in the ore on this whole line is on i average about 18 . to 1 ounce ]jer ton of 3000 lbs. Sulpb of iron exists only in small quantities. Sometimes the pyrites I is much oxidised and coats the gold. The u: removing this ia to hold the pyrites obtained i clean shovel over the fii'e until red hot and n seen. On panning this again the clean gold 3e<
f panning i
L be J
indicate 1
II.— Weatcm reef acctions. Vi, a, Loca : qiiaitKito ; e, gresnBtoue; d, akle ; e, ohlo-
the value of the lock. The quartz is in smali .rystala, the crevices of which contain the auriferous pyriten, The gold is more evenly distributed in the finer than in the coarser quartz, and is easily seen witb a magnifying glass (Fig. 32.
It is necessary to be careful in sampling the loiles or n-ef on this line, as the yield may be less than 1 ounce per tou if the operation is properly carried out, to an apparent one of many ounces when it has been carelessly performed.
The reef or lode is very erratic in its occurrence ; in the west the lodes often widen out in the pockets, containing large quantities of rich gold ore, Theae pockets are long and round in general form, tapering off into thin veins or merging into a small seam of grey pot-clay between two well-defined slaty walla
Goldfields.
(Fig. 33), which, wheo followed other pockets.
Tlieae walls readily slip, so that tinibennj, is necessary in many places (see Timbe)iw/) The mountain aides often show small surface veins following the di]!, many of which will be found to run into a larger body
Fig. 35 shows the interbleudiug and parling of lodes
1 material between these veins may hate been laid doi by water. The whole bends on account of the oxidised surface, but where it becomes solid it goes down in a regular c (Kg. 31).
The lodes are separated by [larbiDgH of irregular thickni occasionally blending together for a. short distance and then separating into several smaller lodes (Fig. 35).
Whenever two lodes meet, the reef matter looks like alter- natiDg quartz and slate, and bears good gold (Fig. 36).
Many good gold-beariog gash vein.s of various forms and running in all directions occur in the immediate vicinity of the
e. which would be well worth working.
Gold Seeking In Soxtth Aj'Rica.
The east main belt is also accompanied by two lodea occupy- ing a eirailur relative position as those just noticed. The reef matter ia quartz, bounded by quartzitic sandstone.
In this body a number of leaders run across the strike. These are the actual gold-bearing parts. There are aho many
Fig.' 36. — Two lode a uniting and flpi)eacitig like alLoi-nating (luatti
Fig. 37. — Leaders traveraing a quartzoae body.
r less quartzose, wliich o
pockets of blackish matter, more be profitably worked (Pig. 37).
The outcrop can be traced for been opened up the whole length,
places. DioritG dykes frequently occur, cutting through the strata, but the solid lode ia not always disturbed in the east but in the west, where it is traceable with difficulty, man] Tenilexing variations are met with.
' miles, but iias not may differ i
The Dk Kaap Qoldfields.
I In the last band to be noticed, that nearest to the granite,
numerooB dykes have affected tbe lode, and the granite is I distinctly seen.
On the east of Junction and from thence westwarda to the
I Elephant's Kloof and Highland's Creek, it is fairly regular and
traceable; beyond this the carve is interrupted by numerous
dykea. These igneous rocks form hillocks running at right
angles to the .stratification of the auriferous belts (see Plate
Ii.).
Between Barberton and Moodies the lodes and beds are regalar, the pressure of the dykes having been less great, and their position more conformable with the beds. The reef con- sists of coarse quartz, which is sometimes divided by leaves of shale. The colour of these is greyish-white and bluish-white, with frequent veins of a greenish tint con- taining rich gold. The foot- wall is formed of chloritic schists, which, close to tbe reef, occur in red hard quartz- like leaves, containing much iron pyrites and sometimes visible gold. Immediately beyond the hanging-wall is a very wide quartzite bar, bearing gold, where the ore body is pinched (Fig. 38).
The general dip is 50° to 75° to the south or east, according as the strike varies, but always overlying and descending with the granite. The lode varies from 1 to 60 feet in width.
The chutes here are of smaller size, often dividing, the inter- vening matter being either the neighbouring formation or reef matter. This auriferous band presents many alternations of widening and pinching, of poorness and richness.
In the Elephant's Kloof on the east, the reef mass is turned over flat, the main portion dipping downwards at a right angle below (Fig. 39).
The nearest band in the westerly part is very much broken np ; but chutes are traceable for short distances which nre often very disappointing ; for the rich part is sometimes entirely lost or is not big enough for profitable working. This may be due to landslips. Fig, 40 represents one such instance as seen on
" Concession Creek,
Fig, 38. — Section of reef near the granite.— re, Beef; b, chloritic schist ; c, (juartzite ; d, rotten granite.
BO ianoB
Th£ Dt KAAP 60Lt)FI£LDS. 43
The strata, even when regular, are twisted, as seen in the local steep kloof. The connection of the main belt formation and the granite basin cannot be seen on the surface, as the junction is covered by decomposed slate and granite (called rotten granite).
From the above we observe that the reefs are more openly developed in the eastern main belt, especially where the forma- tion takes a large bend from south to north, and from west to east in a circular form. Many chutes of rich ore will probably be found in this belt when prospecting is proceeded with in earnest. They will occur with dips of from 50° to 75° in crescent-like strikes, as in Fig. 41.
The lodes will necessarily vary in dip, length, width, and quality according to the amount of disturbance of the strata by the intruding eruptive rocks.
Fig. 41. — The reef outcrop in the East De Kaap, strike crescent-like. — a, Strike of granite ; o, dip ; c, strike of reefs ; d, strike of conglo- merate beds.
In the west the belt is, generally, more closely pressed together and occurs in smaller bodies.
In the southern portion it dips at 75°, in the centre from vertical to 75°, and close to the granite from 50° to 75° (Fig. 42).
In the main belt ranges the outcrops of the beds, although broken, shifted or pinched, can be approximately followed by walking from the east to the west.
The harder rocks stand out and appear like a frame- work of the hills ; it may, therefore, be expected that energetic
GOLD &EEKIKG IN SOUtH AFRtOA.
ing will discover many new chutes which, however unpromising at the surface they may appear, will probably prove to be much richer lower down, if they are fissure veins. "When such pro-
Fig. 42. The western De Kaap reefs, showing the smaller size of the ore
bodies as compared with those of the eastern De Kaap.— a. Boundary Une of granite ; 6, dip ; c, strike of conglomerate beds ; d, strike of reefs.
Fie. 43.— Chutes.— il, Descends 75"; a, poor ore; 6, rich ore. I>e- scends ; a, poor ore ; c, rich ore ; d, decomposed reef matter ; e, shaft sunk through the chute into the poor ore.
mises are not realised, the chutes are probably small, have a zig-zag slanting downward course, and appear interruptedly rich and poor on the surface (Fig. 43).
The Db Eaap Goldfiblds. 45
For instance, in the Ivy Mine, in the west, they incline 30°, and in the Pioneer Mine to the east.
Again, a chute in one band is generally represented by a corresponding chute in the next band ; hence if one is seen in a reef running about east and west, similar chutes will be found on the other band, as shown in Plate III., which gives examples of mines already working in the west.
No. 12, Pioneer Mine, opposite No. 11, Alpine Mine.
No. 10, Snowden Mine, opposite No. 9, Ivy Mine.
No. 7, La Fortuna Mine, opposite No. 8, a rich strike lately discovered, probably an extension of the Ivy Mine.
No. 5, Grahamstown Reef, opposite No. 6, XJmvoti Reef.
In the east — No. 2, Zwaart Kopjes Mine, opposite No. 1, Sheba Mine, and No. 3, Woodstock Mine.
No. 4, Thomas Mine, opposite No. 1, Sheba Mine.
No. 13, Elephant's Kloof Mine, opposite No. 14, Kimberley Sheba Mine.
There are many other rich and large chutes which could be developed into good profitable concerns when the present tenta- tive procedures are replaced by systematic workings.
As soon as a prospector discovers a good reef, it is usually secured by capitalists who in many cases do not develop it, but utilise it as a basis for speculation. To retain possession they have merely to pay the hire and license; consequently, the general public is debarred from the benefits of such discoveries.
The situation of many properties is favourable enough to allow of driving (the cheapest method of working) and of con- structing inexpensive water-races, as power for the batteries.
8. Output of the De Kaap Main Belt.— The following
tables show the gold outputs of several properties in the De Kaap Main Belt, selected from the official reports of the Chambers of Mines at Barberton.
The reader will notice there are many small outputs quoted ; these no doubt are merely trial crushings. On the other hand, the larger outputs give evidence of the high value and per- manence of this field
The Db Kaap Goldfields.
United Pioneek Mine (Moodik8).
oxs. .
gn. on. . grs.
OMB. . grs.
ocB. . grs.
OCB. . grs.
Ocb .
tm.
176 11 10
Fetnuuy,
idarch, .
0' 360 4
Jane, . .
July, . .
237 11 17 , 34 S 11 12
169 17 O.i 168 12
AngOBt, .
258 10 206 8
268 3 203 10
September,
119 18 1 229 2
Ociober, .
IfoTember,
193 19 12
December, Total,.
2073 4 23 ' 3422
2270 16 10
Oentkat. Montbose Mine.
' oa.dwtB.
gn. oo. gn.
o. . grs.
ots. . grs.
OSS. . grs.
Oss.
Febmaiy,
286 01 268 12
122 ]0
March, .
{360 4 01 412 16
iC:::
1 .f
'262 1
Jmie, .
July. . .
t
Augoct, . September,
October, .
November,
December, Total,.
Union
Mount M0B6Bs
r.
K
OB. dwtB.
Oss. .
Os& .
o.
ozs.
OSS. . grs.
Oss.
grs. OSS. dwt.
January, .
February, .
March,. .
348 19 19
Jnne, . .
300 13 16
July, . .
Angnst. . September,
October, .
Norember,
December, Total, .
t8
160S Iq
VKia.
7. V S 55i5ii3l5ii'SSi
The De Kaap Goldfields.
H
M
Pq O
o
8 9? r? fc i5 s? 2J 29 2S s s
iH 04 iH O) iH iH 04 M iH
O
o o
H
M
Q O O
g
Ob
6'
o
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o
lO
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BO o CO oot rH o oi ta o
& iHiH l-H
M eo 04 e4o>) 00 i-h
o
ooooooooo usoooooeooo
r-l
iHoouapiooousoic
oi
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oi
S S
oa-xieoeoeocoMoioor-ir-ir-i
oooo
00 Co O) A
o
o
o 9 S d a
o o
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o
H
P
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k
g
o o o o o
§000000
i r-.:
o
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o
iH
§
o
s
a
Si
o o
ooooo
OO-'diOO
00 iHrHreoia
U3
eo
Jsoooooooooooo
®Oe4or-totN.oseoc<i
rH Ol 04 iH iH iH
O
O
s
co
Co
O O 00 o
©4 55 1-1
Co O O O O O O 04
I o
iH
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(4
S S S fl o
s!!ISI!
illllllllHi
(iiiiiiiiiii i
5 ' 'SBIIpys
igileSiiSISi
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ISSIilSlssI -
3Sssss8S8S8S
I::
S i
The De Kaap Goldfields.
United Pioneer Mine (Moodies).
January, . Felxroary, Adarch, April, . May, . . June, . . July, . . Auost, . Sejmber, Oetober, . November, December,
Total, .
ozs. dwte. gn.
ler 18
OZ8. . gn.
237 11 17
ois. . gn.
345 11 12 193 19 12 101 12 12
2884 6 I 2073 4 23 3422 9 12
on. . gn,
176 11 10
oo. . gn.
144 S
. gn.
2270 15 10
2111 6 1 ; 665 5 10
Central Montrose Mine.
January, . February, March, April, . . May, . . June, . July, . . August, . September, October, . Kovember, December,
Total,.
I ozs. . gn. ozs. gn.
oa. . gn.
'252 1
308 "15
717 10 3167
153**12
ots. . gn.
122 ]0
187* 16
87 *16
OSS. . gn. 313 1)
2852 17 1328 18
Oss.
3io
January, . February, . April, . . May, . . June, . . July, . . August, Beptamber, October, . November, December,
Total, .
Union.
Ob. .
806 S
Oss. .
110*17
0S& .
26 16
o.
190 11 623-075
Mount Morgbn.
ozs.
ozs. . grs.
348 19 19
300 13 16
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1603 10 15
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THE D£ K&AP GOLdFIBLDS.
The author s practical experieace vas largely gained ag the manager of several mines on the Colouia property.
4 Jamestown Belt. — North of Junction there is a band, generally called the "North Kaap," which caa be followed interruptedly towards the north (Plate II.).
Th a ranks lower in importance than the main belt. The reeb ore sparsely distributed in the valley and in the small ranges on both s des of the North Kaap river, interbedded with the talcose schist and shale strata. On the west side there is granite and on the east hornblende rock, while frequent granite veins occui in the belt which are in connection with the main
talcose s h ate.
F g 45 —Reef of allu al uatu e a Qaa tz blocks b lay and soil tal ose BChiats
mass. Even in the northern part tJie granite can be followed right through the belt. The reefs are so disturbed by diorite dyfcea as to rsnder them expensive to mine, owing to the exten- sive fouling and frequent changes in the dip. It is only in a few plaoes near the main belt that the disturbance is com- paratively small.
The liijht blue or milky quartz which occurs as blocks in a pot-clay is traversed by many broken quartz veinlets, while the reef itself is shifted out of position (Fig. 44).
The reef contains much visible gold and occasional patches of anriferous pyrites.
w
Gold Seeking In South Africa,
) tlirough talcose schists, Bometimes baa ciiartzite oa the hanging-wall and similur chutes to those in the main belt.
When prospecting in this belt care should he taken not to
attach too mucli importance to the rich lodea or large bodies
(pockets) found in it. The clay contains glaaay quartz. As the
gold is I'oiind in tlie loose material and not in the solid quartz,
the inference is that the deposit is an alluvial one (Fig. 45).
The numerous gash veins characteristic of this belt cut
I through all the rocks, whether stratified or not, and consist of
auperficiallj decomposed Lard blocks of slate, quartz, quartzite,
I and igneous rock, with the interstices filled up with clay and
Ismail pieces of quartz. It is considered to be an alluvial deposit (t'ig. 46).
Fig. i
Jamestown was formerly a camp, but all that is now left ot it consists ot the remains of old huts. The ciistrict abounds in alluvial deposits, and, as the North Kaap river braversee it, these can be easily and economically washed fur gold.
As the gash veins are in many cases rich in ore, this belt ileudid field for diggers with limited means.
si.k
5. The Jamestown Gold Output.— The following lists,
extracted from the reports of the Uhamher of Mines at Barber- ton, will give some idea of the amount of gold obtained Irom tbiH district : —
THE! D& KAAP 60Lt)FlKLDS.
Output
In Jamestown.
At.Rion G. Mine.
.
1892. 1893.
ois. dwiB. gn
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. grs. 1 wss.
January,
February, .
March,
289 '
April, .
May, . .
Jane, .
Jnly, .
Angnst, September, .
,148
!
, 134
October,
November, .
136 10 126
December, .
Totol, .
Consort M.
At.T.Uvial.
Ota . {(1
1895. 1897.
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January, .
February,
Match, .
April,
June,
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July, .
0;
269 5 '
August, .
167 3 0,
September,
October,.
,
November,
97 9 !
December,
2: 722
153 18 20
Total, .
2705 19 1
1794 19 16
January, February, March, .
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June,
Jnly, .
August,
September,
October, .
Kovember,
Ueoember,
Total,
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Gold
I South Africa.
6. KantOOP or Table-Lands.— The tablelands lise high above the valley and afford a magaifioent view over tlie country above described (Plate II.). There is a township, Kaapsche Hope or Devil'a Kantoor, which at present has few inliabitants. The formation consists of coarse sandstone and shale, with the interbedded conglomerate reef, which W. H. Panning assigns to the Devonian or Old Red Sandstone— that ia, to a later period than the beds already noticed.
The iiebblea, which are rounded and of moderate size, are mostly quartz, but occasionally dark blue slate, set in a finely-
I powdered and auriferous talcose schist and sandstone, ahounding in pyrites. The beds occur in gentle folds, and the gold is mostly found in the lower portion (Fig. 47). The rooks in the higher districts are much exposed to tha I weather, so that even the hard granite and diorite bouldei have a weathered crust, which in time scales oST and is taken I away by floods {Fig, iS). This Action ia especially well seen in these table-lands where cut up by ravines.
There are indicatinns of the former presence of still highei formations, comprising (1) a thin limestone series, and (2) a group formed of conglomerate, sandstone, and shale. The 1 uppermost one was apparently highly auriferous, Judging from the numerous tabular blocks and water-worn c>kVernous boulden which now represent It, and from the nuggets which have been found in these cavities.
Limeatoneis excavated near God waan river station. In several
THjg KAAP GOLDFIEILDS. 57
parts, as near the valley of the Crocodile river, on the Godwaan plateau, and in the Elands-spruit, all the table beds thin out or have been removed by denudation, and a shale formation with quartzite seams, resembling that in the main belt, now lies upon the granite. This abounds in auriferous quartz veins, the gold being both coarse and fine.
The rich gold-bearing reefs worked on the Godwaan plateau have a general north or south strike, a width in places of several feet, and more or less oxide of iron. There are in many parts large patches of auriferous surface soil. Gold-bearing quartz stringers, running in all directions, are widely distributed over the plateaus.
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Fig. 48. — Oxidised or weathered rocks. — (a) crust, (6) granite boulder ; (a) oxidised sandstone, (6) sandstone layers.
Thick alluvial deposits occur in many of the ravines, terraces, and even on the plateaus to the south-west, as also in the valleys of the rivers flowing towards the Komati, the De Kaap Valley, and Poverty Creek. The origin of this alluvial gold can be traced to the conglomerate and quartz veins on the table-lands. Unluckily transport is difficult. At Barretts Berlin the bare sandstone is covered with several inches of earth, which, even between the grass roots, was found auriferous throughout, and fair-sized nuggets were discovered there.
The table-land beds must have existed above the main belt, and perhaps even over the whole De Kaap Valley, as a hori- zontsdl decomposed sandstone formation, similar to that seen on the Kantoor, occurs on a hill at Moodies concession, where it has yielded much alluvial gold.
7. Gold Output. — The reports of the Chamber of Mines, Barberton, give the following outputs of gold derived from this table-land formation : —
Gold Seeking In South Africa.
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The De Kaap Goldfields.
8. Granite Basin or the De Kaap Valley.— Taking into
consideration all tbe gold derived from the beds previously mentioned and from the surrounding rich fissures, great quan- tities of auriferous alluvial must have accumulated in this valley.
Judging from the form of the basin, the strongest floods must have rushed from west to east, broken tlieir current near Jamestown, and turned into a narrow pass towards the Crocodile River. The finer gold would be dropped at this turn, while the coarser grains would be buried more to the north or west, at the commencement of the valley, and be found in the deeper parts near the bed rock.
Fig. 49. — The De Kaap Basin with its alluvial deposits. — a, Deposits highly mineralised ; 6, coarse gravel with auriferous patches ; c. boulders and fertile soil.
Fig. 50. — Cracks or pipes in granite filled with alluvial matter.
In the western part of the basin the granite forms conical and flat-topped hills, which are traversed by many diorite dykes, now appearing as small ranges. The valley floor is much covered with fertile soil, which probably overlies the mineral deposits (Fig. 49).
The flat-lying granite has numerous pipes, filled with gravel and hardened sedimentary material, which have the appearance of small veins. Some of them are auriferous, and the inexperi- enced unpractised prospector mistakes them for true veins (Kg. 50).
GOLD SEEKING IN aODTU AFRIA.
Ooticession Greek has many alluvial deposits rich in nuggets, esting in holes and on. the terraces, unconformaUe on the older I pocka. In the valleys of the Queen's or South De Kaap river land of the North De Kaap river, auriferous deposits occur I with only a thin soil cap above them. I have often met with I solitary gold-diggers, who, judging from the mnount of deposit I turned over, must have bad good finds. Alluvial diggers are I characterised by their preference for working alone and by I their habit of not disclosing their discoveries.
9. Asbestos. — South of the Devil's Kantoor a hornblende schist formation occurs, which in parts is overlaid by the sand- stone ; but it is exposed near Jamestown and below Tafelkop (the highest point in this Held, C700 feet above sea level).
Asbestiforui serpentine has been seen in places, and below the Tafelkop it has been opened to a depth of about 100 feet. It is not easily seen, as it has the appearance of rotten wood mixed with eanh. It ia enclosed between two walls of Borpei ' tine rock, dipping to 50 feet al an angle of T6° to the north but lower down it descends perpendicularly, striking from to west (Fig. Til).
below feet, wood il
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The De Eaap Goldfields.
The adjoining strata consisli of beds 6 inches thick, well stratified and of medium hardness ; thia rock on exposure to the open air very rapidly decomposes and crumbles down. Both aides of the walls, which alternately' close and widen into pockets, are lined with long quartz-like crystals (Fig. 53),
Fig. fiZ.— The two walls of the reef with a lining of liMig qnartx-like cryatala.
The more massive asbestos occurs in the pockets only. Small leaders extend in'o the adjoining formation; in parts they appear scarce, in others more numerous. The latter is a sign of the proximity of a pocket.
At the outer end of these leaders the fibres are very short, bnt lengthen towards the pocket, where many of them connect and form bodies of from to 2 tons in bulk (Fin;. 53). These pockets are generally from 5 to 10 feet apart, and widen as they descend. The fibre of the asbestos on the surface is of a coarse quality, but improves lower down.
The principftl mining e
dorp, about 30 miles, ai
Field, and immediately
'he district round Steynsdorp )wn open for public diggings, a lion farms of Swaziland and
Chapter V.
THE KOMATI AWD SWAZItjAND GOLDPIBLDS,
1. KOMATI GoLIlFIELD.
tre of the Komati Goldfield is Steyns- .he crow flies, south of the De Kaap I 1 the border of Swaziland.
Goveinment property, urrouudod by the con- vale Transvaal farms, and
e that are proclaimed for the benefit of the gold seeker. The northern part of this field is called the Komati Valley. It adioina the De Kaap Valley on the east, and, like it, consists J of granite (Plate H.). Many gold-bearing lodes, pockets, and I deposits have been worked on many (arms, similar to thof found in the Da Kaap Basin.
Above it, on the south, are quartzitt?, slate, and schist (Swasi I
' formation), which contain many auriferous reefs, extending to 1
Steyosdrop and as far as Swaziland. The iTanite cuts the strata
at several places.
This large area has been even leas explored than the De Eaap; I but the few places which are known give evidence that De Kaap Belt continups westwards, and that the auriferool nature of other formations which overlie tlie dip of the MaiH Belt are similar. The latter are prospected mostly along thf Komati Kiver, where the reefs are expoaed.
These properties should be easily mined, as they are wi easy reach of the river, bo that the largs-sized quartz i I although they u'-nally contain a low grade ore, will in time b L profitably worked after richer reefs (if any exist) hai exhausted.
The formation here, as in the other districts noticed, i jilled and disturbed by dykes; still many reefa c&o be traoed fi
Komati Goldfield.
a considerable distance. Alluvial deposits are met with along the banks and valleys of the Komati River. The country is well wooded, so that the timber required for the prospecting and starting of mines is obtained at small cost.
Many farms that were purchased, and many claims that were pegged off for mininc purposes in the early days, have been repeatedly abandoned owing to the difficulties of transport, especially during the rainy season, when such roads as exist are almost impassable. Of course, as civilisation advances and population increases these difficulties will be lessened. Nearly the whole of the Komati Goldfields is low-lying countrv, and malaria fever is prevalent. The properties on which* some prospecting has been done include — Gypsy Queen Comstock, Gypsy Queen G. M. Co., Sheba Queen Gold Exploration, Doornhock Prospecting and G. M. Co., Ltd., and others which cannot be identified owing to their names having been changed so frequently.
Gold Output* — The following table gives an idea of the outputs of some of the properties in this goldfield, selected from the official report of the Chamber of Mines at Barberton : —
Output In Komati Goldfield.
Gypsy Queen Comstock.
Gypsy Queen O. M. Co.
t
ozs. . grs.
OZ8. . grs.
ozs. . grs.
January, .
t
February,.
March,
April,. May, .
t
June, .
July, .
21 18 21 ;
August, .
143 :
Sember
50 8 12 ;
Gotober, .
50 19 4 1
November,
December,
64 Gold Sbeking In South Africa.
2. Swaziland Goldfield.
There is little to say about these fields as they repeat the features of those already mentioned. The Swazi schists repose on, and are uptilted by, the granite ; there are small leaders and large reefs as in the quartz reef of the De Kaap ; and the auri- ferous belts are likewise traceable through the rough moun- tainous country.
The area prospected comprises the large bodies of reefs south of Komati and about 12 miles from Steynsdorp. The properties acquired are mostly concessions extending over areas of many thousand acres.
Gold Output. — The following outputs are taken from the report of the Chamber of Mines at Barberton : —
Swaziland 60Ldfield.
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Chapter Vi.
GOLD MINING ON A SMAIiIi SCALE.
The yield of gold on Hoodies in the early days was : —
1884, December,
1885, January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, Kovember, December,
Say
1886, January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December,
1887, January, February, March, April,
7872 1 11,404 5 14
For the abo-ve table I am indebted to that valuable publica- tion Golden South Africa by G. B. Mathers, F.R.G.S.
Estimated value of alluvial gold found, £8000.
Tonnage.
0Z8.
.
On.
Gold Mining On A Small Scale.
1 this table show t e. This high figu
Sd-wta.
1 average yield of i e cannot be taken aa tbe r prospectora were able to s of long Bhallow trenches 3 these outcrops were highly general result would be a ith deeper trenches, more
The outputs . to the ton of c average yield to-day ; as th mine the richest outcrops by mean having a depth of about 20 feet, and a decomposed and easy to work, the high average output. Later on,
blasting, and a larger proportion of low-grade ore, the general average yield would gradually diminish from 10 to 18 . per ton of 2000 lbs. weight.
Of course, by working to-day on a small scale and selecting the richest ore, the average yield might be increased to over 20 dwta. Therefore, it is advisable in making good ground payable not to establish too big a concern, except where the ehntea are very large or very closely situated, so that the transport expenses from tbe mine to the battery may not be unduly great. A five-atamp battery should be ample for most amall concerns with limited meatia, and would suffice for develop- ing the ground and proving if it was worth the erection of more extensive machinery. The outlay would be about as follows : —
A five-stamp mill, erected complete in the Barberton district, would cost about £2500,* Suppose such a battery haa been erected, the property well opened up, and a good amount of ore ready, say about 100 or 200 tons, at an average value of IS . per too, the monthly outlay and profits should be as follows ;—
Working Expense
Wages for 15 Kaffira, inoluding board,
Ti Ihe Ballery — One amalgamator, Wages for 2 Kaffira, including board,
Toois and Jiequiremenis —
Coal, aboat 30 tons, at 16b., Hammer, drills, and repairs, EiplosiveB, I Quicksilver,
Total monthly expeneei
Each stamp crushes, say, 1 ton in twenty-four hours, at a speed of 75 blows per minute. Five stamps crush 5 tona a day. EstimatQ given by Fraser & Chalraera, Ltd.
Gold Seeking In South Africa,
Five tons per day in & month of 36 working days atnount taM 130 tons. Taking the average value of 15 Uwta. per ton, thel result would be 130 x 16 1950 dwta, 97 oza. 10 dwta. One! ounce of gold ia usually reckoned to be wortli £3 10a.
Tho monthly profit,
£212 15
Id addition to the above, expenses such as the cost of license for i
f course, a few extra iDg rights on thi- claims, which depends on the size of the ground held ; and [lercentage of profit, whatever it may be, payable to the Govern- ment. For economical working it is wise not to have too large a property. Holding extensive mining rights becomes purely a speculation.
Native Labodr for n
: MiNEE
The mining work requiring little skill is performed entirely by the black man (Kaffir). He is accustomed to un easy and indolent life in his own location or Kraal, and is therefore not readily induced to seek for work at a distance. When engaged Mb behaviour is not at all conscientious, and he cares little how he occupies his working time. He will leave his employer an aoon as he is tired of work, when ali persuasion is of no avail ; in this mood he will even forego his wHges. He scema to be more contented when in service on land estates or farms, where the conditions of payment are more congenial to his taste. They are usually as follows: — Instead ol money he is either allotted a piece of land upon which he can live with his family and cultivate what he likes during his stay, or live stock ia the reward. There are many instances where a native has becomi the owner of a large number of cattle during his loDg service. This is the height of his ambition.
It is very necessary for a new comer to understand the handling of natives, who do most of the heavy work in country. If properly treated they make good and naefnl servants, essy to teach and witling to learn; but in an many oases they are spoilt by the stranger, who, unused to their i maonora and customs, atisumes a too familiar attitude towarda |them and plays or jokes with them. They, childlike, always iipect this afterwards, lose respect for their employer and fail; lto realise tlie importance of the work entrusted to them.
Gold Mining On A Small Scale. 69
Consequently one must be strict ; but harsh treatment is by no means necessary. The arrangements of hire should be care- fully made beforehand and fulfilled to the very letter. The average wages are from 30s. to 60s. per month. It is usual to supply the food, which consists generally of mealie meal (Indian corn) during the week and one pound of meat on Saturday, all of which he prefers to cook for himself. For shelter he needs little, being content to roll up in a blanket under any covering. If there be no accommodation ready he will make a primitive hut out of long pliable reeds or branches and grass, provided they are obtainable in the neighbourhood.
Chapter Vii.
Necessities Fob Exploration In Wild And Unhealthy Disthiots.
The explorer in districts where no iLccommodation ia avail&ble ehould be careful to provide biraself with all necessary equip- meatB, such as tents, waterproof sleeping-bags, blankets, and foDil. Some knowledge of cures against poisonous bites and stings should be gained before undertaking expuditions to lonely spots, also against malaria fever and other sicknesses peculiar to. iountry. The beat mode of travelling is with ox-waggon at donkeys, or, failing these, Xaffirs can even be employed to carryl the outfit. Stations or camps can be pitched wherever favour- able, whence all opt-rations can proceed and to which return can always be made after a day's exploration. Great caution is essential in the choosing of sleeping places, it being best always to select these well above river beds, where the heavy miatB usually hang, for the influence of malaria is more active ' low parts near the ground, especially where the soil lias bean dug up and after the sun has gone down.
Heights above 4000 feet are generally considered to be free from malaria persons affected with this disease in such alti- tudes have us ually contracted it in the lower country, it may be years prior to the disease becoming manifest. People su£ferinj[ from fever in the low country must not move to the high lam on account of the sudden change of temperature, This ; especially the case in the De Kaap Valley towards Jamestown and the Crocodile river, the Elein Letaba, Murchison Range, and Pilgrim's Rest. It is also advisable never to ait under shady trees or upon cold stones, as the heated system gets chilled and dangerous sickness is likely to ensue. Wet clothes should be changed at once, and, if possible, only boiled water drunk. Generally speaking, the person who is constantly ve, and who has led, and continues to lead, a reguli
life, will maintain his health even in those parts wheMJ
'1
le
ler M
Necessities For Exploration. 71
the fever is known to be prevalent. The time from November to April (called the fever time) is particularly unhealthy for horses and mules, and few can stand much work during this period. The horse-sickness," simply so-called locally, is, one may say, a pest through which thousands of animals are lost yearly, especially in low-lying fields. From 4000 to 6000 feet above sea level is generally reckoned to be healthy for these animals. Where, however, the country gets more civilised, this disease has a tendency to disappear. Ko real cure has been found, though there are some who recover from the sickness, which may be due either to some so-called remedy or to the work of nature.
The animals which have recovered from this disease are called " salted," and are, in consequence, generally higher in value ; but a slight relapse every year, in the corresponding month to that when the disease formerly occurred, must be expected, and the animal should be rested at that time. Many horses die through carelessness during this period. They should always be well stabled at night and not brought out in the morning till the heavy dews are all evaporated. The signs of the disease are only apparent and dangerous after the fifth day.
It is generally recognised that donkeys, although very slow, are more useful in this country. These animals are not par- ticular as to the quality of their food, they are much more hardy, and less liable to sicknesses than horses. In the wilder parts, such as Lows Creek in Crocodile River Valley and other low-lying districts, the poisonous tsetze fly (Glossina moraitans) abounds ; but it occupies only strip-like areas rarely higher than 3000 feet above sea level.
Prospecting in such infested districts is best accomplished on foot, accompanied by Kaffir carriers, for all animals, except wild game (especially bu£falo), are very liable to be fatally attacked.
CHAPTER Vm.
HINTS FOB THE DBVBLOFHSNT OF THS DE EA KOMATI, AND SWAZIIAND GOLDFIELDS.
One naturally asks whj' goldfielda bo wcaltliy as these should be in such a backward state! Th for it, viz.: — (1) The difficulties and hardships of the earlier days ; (2) the first boom and subsequent slump ; (3) the dis- covery of the Wit waters rand Goldfield ; (4) insufficient prospecting.
The first gold-seekers, owing to the great hardships they had to endure and the difficulties to he surmounted in travelling over such mountainous country, were forced to neglect much of their prospecting work, as all their energies were expended in the struggle for mere existence. After a few encouraging dis- coveries had been made a great boom ensued, and prospectors began to find their work "inconvenient," for money was given with so free a hand to anyone who would peg out ground, no matter what it contained, that they preferred to earn their living thus easily. Eealising later that this was done in excite- ment, and that heavy sums were lost, there was a falling off in the investments, a sudden slump ensued, and most of the prospectors went to the healthier and rising Witwatersrand Goldlield, so that the bulk of the remaining inhabitants were either store- keepers, officials, or farmers.
In 1895 there was a revival of interest in these fields, but ths baneful effects of the Jameson Raid made the people wary of investing, and since then little progress has been made. The following particulars, showing the great prospective value of those goldiietds are worth consideration : —
(1) The discoveries of gold that have been made are thus notified in the Journals mentioned :—
In Dr. A. Petermann's MiltkeUungen for 1879 it is reported that the South African Goldfields
yielded gold to the value
i In
1873 „ 1874
103,416 250,766
Hints. 73
Tke Volkslem aays: — In 1874 Mr. Forster has taken out of liia claim one nugget weighing 87 ouncea, and Mr. Dickson one nugget weighing 60 ounces; and that, in 1875, nuggets have *been found, having the weights mentioned in ounces, by 0.
Cameron,
Holland,
ng finds of nuggets :— s,48 ouncea; December ; January 8, 1875, in
Eusael Li I ley & Co.,
M'Kemie, 57 ; and (names unknown) 47.
The Goldfidd Mercury gives the follow Se|)tember 1 1, 1874, Messrs. Stibba and Ho! 18, Chartterton and Hodgson, 69 ouncea , Pilgrim's Rest, ounces ; January 27, same pl(
The Sasteni Province Herald reports that, in 1875, nuggets were sent to Port-Elizabeth, principally from Pilgrim's Rest, including some weiahing Iba. pure gold, which had an a-iiqregate weight of 1680 ounces.
In the Devil's Kanloor nuggets have been found from time to time; the gold in one twelvemonth weighed 55 ounces, in another two-month period 9(i ounces, while one nugget had a weight of 84 ounces.
This shows that gold nuggets of fine quality and of large size have been obtained from places which have, perhaps, been long since lost sight of,
(2) The alluvial and othei outputs attracted the attentii property owners,
(3) Although the propertiea chai another, they were never abandoned.
(4) The auriferous lines traceable for many miles, on which there are propertiea of undoubted value, including, as they do, the undermentioned mines ; — Abbott, Agnea Block, Alpine, Albion, Barrett's Berlin, Bhie Rock, Belfast, Bellevue. Corn- stock, Consort, Constance Atlas, City of Grabamstown, Clutba, Daisy Reef, Doombock (Steynadorp district), Durham Allan, Eagle's Neat, East Sheba Reef, Figaro, Florence Reef, Forbes Reef, Great Scot, Ivy Leaf, Joe's Reef, Jeppes Concession, Kimberley Sheba, Elololondo Concession, Liverpool Block, Macongwa Block (Low's Creek), Moodies Fortuna, Moodies Homes take, Moodies Golden Hill, Mount Morgan, Hew Brighton, New Scotsman, North Star, North Sheba, Oratava, Oriental, Pioneer, Pigg's Peak, Royal Sheba, Shebi Mine, Sheba Hill, Sheba Queen, Sheba West, Southern Gross, Tiger Trap, Thistle, Thomas, Ulu.idi, Unuvoti, United Ivy, Union, Walhalla, Weltevreden Farm, Weltevreden Estate, Woodstock, Woodbine, Victoria Hill, Zwaart Kopjes, Zwaart Kopjes Low '*vel, Zwaart Kopjea West, and othera.
finds mentioned in the yearly
m of investors, who soon became
iea changed from one owner to
?4
fiOLD SKEKING IN SOUTH AFRIOA.
(5) The few regularly gold-producing mines given in tables on pp. 46-52, such as Slieba, Ivy, and Barrett's Berlin, are all due to good management by the energetic investor, proving that gold is obtainable at deep levels.
These considerations lead to the conclusion that these dia coveriea, rich and poor, from year to year, and spread over only a certain area or line, are the indicators and forerunners of the much larger treasure that has yet to be found.
That little exploration has been done, the recent discovery in 1893 of Zwaart £opjea, in the immediate neighbourhood of the Sbeba, gives evidence. No doubt many prospectors and ployeea of the Sheba mine had frequently walked over this very I ground without noticing its remarkable golden outcrop.
Again, in 1897, another ricb strike was made above the Moodies Fortiina mine, cloe to a footpath ascending the this conspicuous outcrop also must often have been passed by. The author has had many ap|iortunities of visiting most of the properties where good chutes, both in quality and siie, were exposed at a low level, and he sees no reason wby, if economical means are used, profitable concerns may not be organised in the future. This will no doubt come to pass when mining material can be obtained at more reasonable prices than heretofore, and honest energetic work has taken the place of speculation. I
An examination of the debris from many crusliings and of the ] ore crushed on properties that are now at a. standatiU shows that the mining and testing was only artificially done, as the auriferous quartz is often found to be mixed with " dead " country rock, which, if carefully sorted, would make the output more satisfactory, and save lime in the unnecessary crushing of rock. The tailings are noticed, by panning, to be still rich in. gold, showing that testing haa not been fully carried out.
Chapter Ix.
THE IiYDENBUBG GOIiDFIEIiD.
(Oafe Formation.)
NoBTH of the Devil's Kantoor the table-lands are met with, forming single mountains and extensive plateaus as far as Lydenburg, a town established in the year 1847 and surrounded by mountains about 4706 feet above sea level.
Eastwards from this town the Mauchberg (7177 feet) is well in sight.
The formation corresponds to that of the De Kaap table-lands and may be looked upon as a continuation of this. The upper and lower sandstone and shale formation, with their con- glomerate beds, are often separated by dolomite ; these beds rest horizont- ally on tilted schist, be- neath which the granite is clearly seen in places (Kg. 54).
The lower sandstone and conglomerate are often rich in gold, and often have a strong resemblance to the younger strata of the Wit- watersrand Goldfield.
Diorite dykes are met with everywhere, and the
Fig. 54. — Dolomite separating the upper and lower sandstone and shale for- mation. — a, Upper and lower sand- stone and shale formation, with conglomerates ; 6, dolomite ; c, granite.
strata are tilted to all angles ; the reefs or lodes near them are often of unusual size and of exceptional richness. In some localities reefs rest upon the diorite, in which case a few black shale layers form the foot-wall, while in others the lodes occur in the dykes themselves and are also gold-bearing (Fig. 55).
Several of the thin auriferous quartz leaders or stringers which traverse the shale and sandstone formation, or which are
w
I Seeking In South Africa.
idtruded between the beds, aotnetlmes unite and form a, larger body. The beds are vertical, inclined, horizontal, undulating, or contorted; in the shale in sparsely interveined with sandstone, in others the Baodstone is more prominent.
There is great variatioa in the forma.tions and auriferous lodes occurring in different localities.
Around the Lydenburg township a shale formation with, oocaaionally, sandstone dips slightly to the west, and diorite
Fig. 58.— Quartz vr
dykes break through the beds in an almost vertical posi which an auriferous quartz reef crops out with a strike about I north -north -east. On the rocky tabular mountaiu summitB, I npar the Pilgrim's Rest Creek, the upper and lower sandstone aad shale formation can be well seen.
Irrespective of the many auriferous veins, the sandstone is I lelf gold-bearing in places ; when this is the case, i.he overlying
The Ltdenburg Qoldfibld.
beds often consiat of qnartzita or of alternate thin layer limestone and quartzite. The auriferous aandatone and L are often associated with greenstone, and, as all are much weathered, the ore is easily mined.
In the same neighbourhood the beds are occasionally c turbed, as though they had been shifted or had slipped, aod the undulation in places ia more pronounced. North-east of Lydenbarg, on the rocky edges of hills along the Spekboo river, the undulation in ahale and sandstone is again noticeable, and there are several auriferous quarts: veins from 1 inch to 2 feet in thick- hm. (Fig. 66).
Near Blyde river are two small goid-bearing quartz veins, one of which occurs below the conglomerate and saodstone, near to the dolomite, while the other is above them and close to the shale beds ; both contain sandy quartz with much sulphide of iron, carrviuE, roughly, 20 . of of 2000 lbs. weight
Mac -Waterfall are similar lodes
Fig. 57. — Section of sand- HtonB and congldmarate formation. —o. Conglo- merate ; h, sandstoue ;
gold per (Fig. 57).
A-t the Spitzkop Farm digging there and beds.
The table-lands continue to the north, but on the west they disappear under the coal-bearing formation ; towards the east the country slopes rapidly downwards thousands of feet into the low country.
Many of the localities in the Lyden- burg Goldfield have become popularly known through the dis- covery of auriferous deposits.
Extensive auriferous deposits of considerable thickness have been, and may still be, found in terraces, valleys, and slopes of river banks in the following well-known localities : — Spitzkop and Waterfall Farms, Pilgrim's Rest Creek, Kose Hill, Greek, Columba Hill, Rotunda Creek, Blyde River, Oreghstad Valley, and around various parts of the township of Lydi These alluvial gold patches are often situated above the level at which water can be brought up for practical purposes; hence
) expenses in most cases are greater than the value of the
J
In South Africa. I
gold contained in the depoaita. There can be no doubt that the gold in the alluvial valle3r deposits has been derived from the lodes, reefs, and stringers which existed in those portions of the table-lands that have been removed by denudation.
The vast extent of these liepoEita and the profitablenesa of many of the gold finds of the past make it very probable that these are but samples of what will be fonnd by future prospec- tors. Many concession projierties of large extent, known to be of great value, still await development.
The biggest nugget found in this district weighed, it is said, 21& ounces. It is impossible to accurately estimate the yield of alluvial diggings, as the official returns are incomplete; but, bo far as reported, the yield is stated to have been about .£1,000,000 (one million pounds) sterling.
The approximate output of reef and alluvial gold we
1889, 13,050 ounces.
Chapter X.
Zoutpansbebg And Low Country Goldfields.
FoLLowiKG the Bracbensberg Bange northwards the succesBion of the goldfieldfl is— Murchison Range or Selatie Goldfield, Houtboachberg and Malatojio Goldfield, and Klein Letaba Gold- field or the Spelunken. (The Zoutpanaberg district covers about 25,000 square miles, in which the " proclaimed goldfields " con- Biat of about 35fJ4 square miles.)
It is recoguised that these fields continue into Mashonaland.'*' The formation of these fields is granite uuderlyiog crystalline schists, which extend for a considerable distance in an easterly and westerly direction. The auriferous rocks consist of mica, chlorite, hornblende, and talc schists, and sometimes of sand- stone. Long stretches of exposed granite intervene between each field {Plate IV.}. The schists form undulating belts, and appear on the east side of the Drachensberg Mountains, sloping downwards towards the low country.
In the west of the Murchison Range, especially in the neigh- bourhood of Hienershiirg, the table - lands (with their con- glomerate reefs) are again noticed at a height of about 4500 feet; it is from them that the alluvial deposits found in the creeks and valleys helow have been derived. The conglomerate reefs are interbedded between sandstone layers (Piate IX.),
I. The Selatie Goldfield. -The Murchison Range, generally speaking, is divided into two mountain chains, one called the Mnrchison and the other the Spitzkop, ruoniny; almost parallel with each other in an east-north-east direction. Dykes and faults are common ; but the disturbance seems to have been greater in the western part of the range, close to the Drachens- berg Mountain, than in the southern, although they are to be seen in all parts of the formation; they are the cause of the great variations in the reef. The strata dij> 60° to SO', and 'The Qoieffielda of Mmhonaiand, by A. B. Sawyer, 1B94.
80 Gold Seeking In South Africa.
are in places contorted. There are some three or five auri- ferouB reefs (fissure veins) in the formation which follow tbs direction of the range.
Most of the reefs have been prospected along the strike ; Bouthern reef-lines occur partly as large quartz bodies, and I partly as split up reefs or leaders. On the whole thej are I similar to those in the De Kaap Goldfield. The reefs vary I from 2 inches to 20 feet in width, and give an average yield 1 of 12 . of gold per ton of rock. The quartz i grained and of a pale-yellow hue.
In some instances they occur in talc schists, when coarse gold 1 grains and visible gold are observed on the flat surfaces of quarts! or schists, giving them the appearance of having been paintedZl Some lodes contain much refractory mineral, such as copporl pyrites and iron pyrites. Southwards from the Murchiaonf Range, nortli of the Olifaots river, aiiutlier parallel belt tra-fl verses the country; it occurs in the same formation, hut isl more faulted and more dislocated by dykes. It cootaina severalfl gold-bearing quartz reefs. A noticeable feature is the appear*! ance of antimony ore in the quartz. This gives to tfae reef ft| yellow decomposed look, hut the antimony ore generally dis' appears, as in the De Kaap valley, when the reef is followed| downwards.
In this discoloured reef matter coarse gold particles ofteD;) occur. In places the lodes combine into large bodies, while iili others they are represented by many small stringers, TheiH itrike is parallel io the range. The hanging- and foot-walls.| are usually well defined, and in most cases vertical, average gold content is about 15 . per ton. The Melatll and Selatie rivers run partly in the same direction as Murchison Range, and give a water supply which is ample foifl mining purposes during the wet season, but somewhat precarionl at otlier times. There is plenty of timber in this part of tbM country, so that the facilities for working are generallv exoellenu When the Selatie railway has been completed, supplies will bfl readily obtainable, and there will be a better chance of deTelo[J ing this field into a good gold-producing district. North i these fields there is a long stretch of granite country, with hera anil there inclined beds formed of materials brought down troiA the higher mountains around. The portion between the Oroofl Letaba river and the Malatopo river is auriferous, and is calle the Malatopo Goldfields.
The reefs here occur in granite ; they are very promising o ) surface, bat pinch out lower down, like the reefs of tfaq
Sketch Plan Iv
Of THE LOW COUNTRY
Gold Fields
r De K
to eon I able.
Zoutpansberg District Ooldfiklds.
De Eaap Basin, The ailnvial deposits will probably be found much gold. Facilities for working here are favour-
2. Woodbushbergr Goldfleld,— South-west of this granite come the Woodbiiahberg Goldtields, with Hienertaburg in the centre. The gianite rises to 2000 feet, and supports a quartzite. Gold-bearing veins, of a sandy natnre and varying appearance, are often met with in it, as also retieulated veins, carrying rich and poor gold, where the reef is harder. Very little prospecting lias been done here. It is probalile that these deposits are the relies of the table-lands which once existed here aa a continua- tion of those seen further south. Copper, as also mica of good quality and in large quantities, are obtainable in. this neighbour- hood.
3. The Klein Letaba Goldfield.— Between the Klein
Letaba river and Lebvubi or Levubo river lies the Klein Letaha Goldfield The Sutherland Hills here are partly formed by schisis, traceable as a belt extending eastwards tor many miles, and containing several gold-hearing quartz reefs. In summer the rocks are covered by the long grass, which makes searching difficult for prospectors. The undulating course causes the reef to converge and diverge, forming narrow and widely- spread series of roughly -para 11 el lodes, the lie of which varies from the vertical to a hade of 40° N. The lodea are from 1 inch to 6 feet in width, and have well defined walla. Pockets 15 feet in width arc of frequent occurrence, while the chutes are gener- ally from 100 feet tn 600 feet long in the horizontal direction. Near the greenstone, which often appears, much visible gold is noticeable. The surface mining up to now shows that the reef either widens or thins (often to nothing), and in places appears to be in an eruptive state, where little strings or seams only can be seen. The quartz is fine grained, of bluish-grey colour, and contains much copper pyrites and sulphide of iron, together with the gold. On the outcrops the gold is found to be rich and patchy, but lower down it is more uniformly distributed, and averages less, as is mostly the case in quartz-bearing strata. The general average yield of these fields would not exceed 18 , of gold per ton of rock.
Oa the Lebvubi river many auriferous alluvial deposits exist. As far north even as the high country of the Zoutpansberg, about 6000 feet above the sea level, gold-hearing lodes are found ; bat, on the whole, these northern goldflelds have been little lored, owing to the disturbed condition of the native ti;i.tfis..
82 Gold Seeking In South Africa.
eapecially those in the high Magato Mountaina. From Pietera-. burg, the chief town of this northern district, the goldfielda north-eaat of the town can be reaehed by coacli. This portion baa a great future before it, as it is not only rich in minerals of all kinds, but is the moat fertile part of the wliole Transvaal (see AgnHculture). The mountains, which afford a healthy abode for Bettlers, whose work may be in the valleys below, are so situated that they protect great tracts of fertile lands from any unfavourable winds, and allow coffee, tea, augar-iane, oranges, citron, bananas, and other tropical products to be cultivated in large quantities, which wil! probably prove a very lucrative pursuit in the future. This important country is sufficiently well watered, even in the driest season, by the Lebvubi river and many smaller streams, for all agricultural and mining pur- poses. The ravines and slopes on the mountains and all the low country are generally much wooded, so that there is plenty of timber for mining.
Between the Magato Mountain and Blauwberg a large salt pan is situated, after which Zoutpansberg (Zout salt) is named, where quantities of salt caa be obtained.
Very few excavations have been made in these low counlryj goldfields; however, as time goes on, and experienced pros tors and mining men come in grenler numbers, their intrinsit value will be thoroughly investigated and laid bare.
4. Marabasstad Goldfleld.— This goldfield comprises the
areas around Krsteling, north of Makaapaanspooi't ; Smithdorp, situated on a hill on the west about 4750 feet above aea level ; and Marabasstad on the north, about 10 miles south of Pleters- burg, where the railway line (Pretoria-Pieteraburg) passes. The first reef mioii>g in the Transvaal was started In this field, at Ersteling, which resulted in a rush in lfi72.
The schistic formation existing there takes a north-east and Bouth-west direction, and can be followed along the mountain ranges. Beefs are exposed from Ersteling towards Smithsdorp through several properties. They also run parallel to each other, and have a general dip of from 60° to 75° to the aouth, Of course, here, as in other fields, the inclined strata turbed, and have a north and south strike.
The thickness of the reef varies from 1 inch to 4 feet, and th< yield is from 3 dwta. to 2 ozs. of free gold per ton of roct.
East of Sraithdorp and west of Marabasstad the granite Appears, and has many rich gold-bearing veins which pinch i 'a generally the case in this rook.
daV
atrf.1
Chapter Xi. The Witwatersband Goldpield.
This great gold-producing district ia an elevated country about 5000 feet to 6000 feet above sea level- The principal mining centre is Johannesburg (5700 feet), which has rapidly grown to be the largest town in South Africa.
This goldfield consiata of private farms, which were thrown open for |)ublio diggings in 1886, soon after the gold was dis- covered. The highest portion north of the Witwaterarand Goldfield is formed of low hill ranges, running in an easterly and westerly direction, and ia the watershed of a greater portion of the Transvaal, the largest rivera — the Limpopo and Vaal — - having their sources in it. The ranges, cliiefly formed of the tilted ahale and sandstone beds, overlie the upheaved granite, which, in parts, is exposed for Btretches of 20 miles. The con- glomerate reefs on the south side of the exposed granitic area dip to the south at angles ranging from 30° to 60°, but, as practical experience has shown, the beds have a. flatter position when met with in the greater depths.
Tliey are traceable over a very large area, but the outcrop has been chiefly studied in the Witwatersrand between Boks- biirg and Krugersdorp, in an easterly and westerly direction; and in a northerly and aoiitheriy direction from Bokaburg on the east, interruptedly, to Heidelberg, and across the Vaal river ; and from Krugersdorp on the west to Bandfontein, Potchefstroom, and Klerkadorp, including the series of beda at Venterskrooni, which bear a resemblance to the above, and strike again east and west. This forms, approximately, a circle, wherein the atrata dip to the centre, apparently in the shape of a basin. Many inatances show that possibly the beds have an undulating dip, and may appear aa outcrops in various places (see Plate V.).
The surface of the ground foUowa the contour of the granite. The Witwatersrand granite rises as a strip (running east a yeat) to the enormous height of 6000 feet. T he strata
84 GOLD SEEKING IN aOUTH AFRICA.
upon it conaeqaently dip nt various angles to the noutb on c side and to the north on the other.
On the extreme east and west of the granite atrip the base- i raent rock is covereii by the newer depoaita, and the strike of the outcrops is from north to south.
The newer strata, compriaing the sandstone and shale with their conglomernte lieds, cover all the more deeply-seated portions of the granite. This group is succeeded hy the Black Reef series, the materiala of which have probably been derived from the ' former continuations of the older underlying beds ; an inference which is supported by the fact that there are outliers of these older beds still existing in the higher districts, while in other j places (as may be frequently seen in the outcropping Witwaters- land beds around) they are covered extensively by dolomite and quartzite.
Hoapital Hill shale.
In several localities the Karoo formation, with its co&l Beams, appears iibove the Black Reef series. The varying positions of 1 the stratified beds may be attributed to the action of the granite I ill forcing the beds upwards towards the surface, so that all, i only a part of them, may be seen. (This latter is the oase i many localities at Heidelberg, V enters k room, and Klerkadorp, J where the different series appearing in the Witwatersrand ara only partly observable.)
The formations with the gold-bearing conglomerate reefl belong, accordins; to Dr. A. Schenck's classification, to the Capa I Formation, but Prof. MoUengraff in his late publication* regardaB ihem as belonging to tlie upper Primary Formation. I
Starling from the gninite, the first overlying strata consist otm
' Jahrbueh /iir Mineralogit, 1900, by M. Baoer, B. Hokin, )
Jl
Mi Nl
sii
THE WITWATKRSItAND GOLDFIELD.
hard rod or blue shale alternating with a white quartzite or samiatone. This stratum is so conspiauoiia that, by its meanu, the associuted beds can often be mure readily traced. It con- tains oxides of iron, and appears on the surface as thin shales, with magnetite bands, is known a,s the Hospital Hill shale (so-called after the hill where the Johannesburg Hospital is situated and in which this shale occurs )Fig. 58).
Both the shale and the quartzite bear gold veins — some of quartz, others of conglomerate nature. The outcrops of this formation can be easily seen in places, but in others obe may he misled by a mixed reddish surface without stiatificatiooj or by loose boulders of quartzitic rock.
The next series having the same dip is a very wide hand of red aandstone carrying several series of conglomerate reefs.
The general formation of the Witwatersraud can be divided
into younger and older beds. The older dips at an angle of 15°
k to 90°, and immediately overiiea the granite.
r The
1. The Du Frees Reef series.
3. The Main Reef aeries.
3. The Livingstone Keef aeries.
i. The Bird Reef series.
5. The Kimberley Beef aeries.
6. The Elaberg Reef aeriea.
The younger beds, which overlie in a sheet-like form the older, i softer, and the two are separated by a strong greenstone layer. In this flat formation the Black Reef series is known to comprise from one to four reefs, some of which are qtiartzose and others conglomeratic. These formations, with their out- cropping reef series and parallel strata, have been traced and tested for about 40 miles, from Krugeradorp on the west, passing Johannesburg, to Boksburg on the oast.
The Main Reef- aeries, on which there ia a contimioua line of developed mines, is easily traced by means of the buildings and machinery which occupy its whole oourae.
1. The Du Frees Series. — This underlies all the others, rests on the granite, and torms the frame-line of the so-called
It can be traced through the following farms on the Wit- watersraud :— Hartebeeatlontoiu, Bult, Elandsfontein, Waterval, Alexandra Estate, Honeyklip, Paardeplaats (Krugeradorp), ' ' raans, Welgespruit, Weltcvreden, Waterval, Braam I
H Alexa
Gold Seeking In I
fontein (Johanneahurg), D lornfontein, Elaiidsfontein, Riot*' foQtein, Witkopje Klipfontein, Klein fonts in, VJakfontein.
On the west similar formations can be traced, as already remarked, towards Potchefatroom and Klerkadorp, and on tlie east the Heidelberg diatriot. Of oourae, it is often difficult to distinguish the lines, although they generally take a parallel covirse. The outcrops are hidden under the surface soil, and where they are exposed, frequent intiuaions of the granite and dykes, and the occurrence of faults, have greatly altered the width of the strata and reefs met with in sinking.
ietifl
le
Fig. 60.— Layers in a nearly horizontal position, showing a wide outcrop,
The varying dips account for much of thia, as the same beds which have a high dip where they outcrop on the hill sides may gradually become almost liorizontal at other places (Fig. 53, b), or the granite may pinch out some of the beds, and a higher bed may overlap on to a lied below thia; or underground water may in its flow wash away the lower oxidised matter, and replace it with earth brought from the surface through the cracks oriainated by dykes and faulta (Fig. 59, c and d).
Whett the formation is but slightly disturbed the atrftti- Ohically lower edges of the outcrops appear far distant from other, and are weathered to a fine edge, while the nearly lurface of the stratum occupies a wide space (Fig. 60). h
THI! WITWATEKSRAND GOLDFIi
Again, if the granite rises more steeply, ao that tlie strata are more tilteJ, the same outcrops will occur nearer to each other on the surface ; therefore, to obtain the distance accurately the layers should be measured at right angles to the dip (Fig. 61).
Thus at Johaunesburn;, where the dip is 75°, the distance between the Hospital Hill shale and Main Reef is GOOD feet, while at Erugersdorp, 18 miles farther west, with the beds dipping 30°, the distance is 11,500 feet, almost double the width of the former. On the Rietfontein Farm, about miles north of the Driefontein Main Reef (East Rand), the Du Frees Reef series (with its four reefs) is tested and mined.
Fig. 61.— Kai
IV outcrop of nearly
Taking a section across from the granite to the Main Reef aeriea on the fioiith, the firat reef met with is No. 1, called the North Reef, which consists of conglomerate, and varies in width from 2 inches upwards. It is enclosed by quartzite, and on the foot-wall talc schist sometimes occurs.
About a 40-feet wide quartzite formation follows, and No. 2 Keef, called Middle Reef, crops out — the moat profitable body. It conaiats of two small leaders of conglomerate, parted by one foot of quartzite. Sometimes a quartz reef accompaoies it. The conglomerate contains much pyrites, and visible gold can be frequently noticed.
No. 3 Reef, called the Stable Reef, crops out about 100 yards further south, measuring occasionally about 50 to 100 feet in width ; it is a body of grits, with small seams of conglomerate on both walls, and contains in places payable quantities of ore. The taat and fourth reef, called the South Reef, shows as a very wide body of conglomerate, with well-defined walls and large pebbles, but, so far, it has been found to be poor in value. belt of shale and quartzite formation, varying from 2000 to I feet in width, separates this reef from those previously
mtioneii. Although the outcrops of the Du Preea Reef series
88 GOLD SEEKING IN fiOUTH AFRICA.
are traceable over a large portion of the Rietfontein Farm, they are in nmny timber places covered by the aurface soil, or by the more recent flut layers, which form an obstacle to prospectors all over the WitwatersranJ. This covering is thicker in some phwes than in otljers, especially in the EUst Hand, where the coal- bearing Karroo formation dips under ihe Witwatersrand for- mation. Unfortunately, when the reef is exposed, the veins appear small, and are often so decomposed that one cannot
a the foot-vall ; b, pebbles bettome ai absent.
ilistingiiish them from the country ruck. The slate and quartatta .' nre in places much honeycombed with rich gold, which ia indicative of the presence of a reef close by. In the Du Frees j series, the uoiiglomerate reefs are often more numerous than, i and different ia character from, those situated on the Rietfontein farm.
The ])eliUles are {generally smaller in the northern that ntbern I'Onlntnernte, the veins vary much in size and ia I
iutco fruin eaab other, and the diis differ considerabljr
Thk Witwatersranc Goldfield. 89
especially in the neiehbourliood of the granite and dykes. The pebbles which do not contain gold consist of wliite smoky quartz ia place of igneous rock and schist. The cement wbich binds the water-worn pebbles together consists of quartzite (more or less decomposed with sand) and talc schists, which latter give a silvery shine to the outcrops and bear the gold. The cement contains much iron pyrites. The pebbles are fouad placed in all positions; sometimes they are close together, soiiietimes widely scattered in a sandstone, and sometimes absent ; in the last case the reef is represented by a coarse sandstone only.
In the small veios the pebbles are mostly of small size or absent altogether ; then the settlement of the cementing matter ia relatively richer in gold {Fig. 62).
The outcrops are much oxidised and are generally of a brownish colour, giving them the appearance of having been burnt. Agglomerates of small pebbles enveloped in a honey- combed crust allowing visible gold are often found. Reefs in regular beds continue for long distances, but vary in width. Sometimes the two walls are pressed close together, and a seam can only be recognised ; but they soon become further apart again.
On the Du Frees Reef series it is noticed that two reefs com- bine in one large body of QO feet in width.
West of Johannesburg there are well-defined outcrops of reefs bearing in places rich gold veins. The alternate quartzite and slate are distinctly seen in the ravines or kloofs, which are cut iuto the steep northern slope of the Witwatersrand watershed.
The slate, which may be well followed along the slopes, has numerous small gold-bearing quartz veins.
South of this are sometimes small and sometimes wide quartz- ite outcrops, very much honeycombed and rich in gold. The slate forms the foot-wall and quartzite the hanging-wall. The dip is south at an angle of about 75°, and on the surface the rf ef appears to consist of nothing but slate, in others of n<tlijng but quartzite, while pebbles are absent, although below the sur- face the continuation of the reef m.y contain a, conglomerate which can be profitably worked.
Btill further south there are several conglomerate reef out- crops formed of large pebbles, but poor in gold.
West of Krugeradorp the country is mostly covered by com- paratively young beds, which are so thick that the Du Frees has been reached in but few places.
The older and younger beds are well il\.B,-\a.pAm.-Oni-eps.r&-
L The
Gold Seeking In E
I Africa.
reefa, and these are in close proximity on a steep hillside, where the coQDtry generally has a gradaal slope (Fig. 63, a, b, c, d, t).
The apper formation occurs in horizontal beds, forming patches spread far over the country to the south, in which ree& have been found. The hanging-wall consists of thick lafers of quartzite, and the foot-wall of blackish slate, about 1 to 2 inches thick, carrying rich gold. Under this a seam of reddish clay- like matter accotapaniea the reef, intermixed with much igneous
The conglomerate is from I inch to 3 feet wide, and is most BOriferoDS in strips or chutes striking from east to west. At the Hats between the hills on the west, limestone is the general formation, under which the younger beds disappear. The pebbles are well rolled, much oxidised, and have a soft chalky
quartute ; g, conglomoraW roef ; h, scliist)
iippearance, so that they yield a fine powder when rubbed
between the tingera. When deeply buried beneath the younger beds the conglomerate is very hard, and tlie pebbles are red and white, (lull looking, less defined, and farther apart. The whole appears more like an igneous rock with much iron pyrites, but the yield of gold U satisfactory. The regular formation runs from north to south, and dips at an angle of 60° to the east-' under the above-described younger beds (Fig. 63, e, /, g. A)., One reef is exposed having a width of from 4 to 12 inches and
L very rich in gold.
The conglomerate contains small pebbles, very compact ftud
Srinly cemented, with reddish matrix. Often it is found maob boaeycomhed, and contains iron pytlles wilt vislWe yjld.
I fig. — Contiguity of the older and younger formationK. — a, Quartxlte ; 1 ' onglomerate reef; c, slate; d, clay; .
w
The Witwatbbsrand Goi.Dfield. 91
hanging- and foot-walls are welt defined ; talc schists and blue slate (with gold) accompany the former, and quartzite the latter.
There are amnll gold-bearing quartz and conglomerate veins occurring westwards in slate, but owing to the numerous faults their working has not been successful. For about 3000 feet east from the reef outcrops the area is covered by the nearly flat- lying younger beds, which thin out to a feather edge, beyond which ia a thick conglomerate bed, 6 to 15 feet wide, dipping east (Plate VI.).
This conglomerate consists of large oval pebbles, but is poor in gold. The reef can be traced for a good distance to the north, where it makes a bend to the east, and southwards it continues interruptedly. The outcrops are frequently seen, especially in ravines and in the beds of streams.
The formation containing the Du Frees Reef series sometimes consists of two parallel slate belts, well stratified and separated by a wide belt of quartzite about 500 feet to 3000 feet in width; sometimes of thinner bedded slates with thin seams of quartzite. Little is known about these beds, except that they are much faulted by dykes of diorite or greenstone,
2. The Main Reef Series.— No other series on the Wit- watersrand Goldfield has been more closely studied, or more fully developed than this one. Most of the gold produced in the Transvaal ia derived from it. The outcrops for thirteen miles to the east and eighteen miles to the west of Johannes- burg have been in many places most valuable, and have attracted the attention of a reat many prospectors and investors. They form a continuous line of mines from east to west, with here and there faults which, in many cases, have shifted the strata a little to the south or north.
The accompanying sketch (Plate VII.) gives the fairly straight outcrop lines of the Main Reef series, with their varying angles of dips, and the farms where the principal mines are situated.
There are four separate reefs, which are called respectively — North Beef, Main Reef, Middle Reef, and South Reef.
The outcrops project well above the surface, but for short distances only. Their position is approjcimately fixed by careful attention to the succession of the associated strata, notwithstand- ing the great variation in the appearance of the reefs ; in this respect they resemble the reef of tlie Du Prees series. The gold ia more plentiful in some parts than in others, but long stretches are quite barren.
"The pebbles o£ the Main Reef aerVfca consiat -m.ca'Oi.-j o'
I are qui
92 GOLD SEEKmt: IN SOUTH -
dull-lcioking quartz, snil areof aroundorflal oval Ehupe,the sizal vaTjiag from that of a small grain tu that of a Len'a egg. The I difference in the pebbles of the several reefs is hardly percept- I ible, but those of the Mam Reef are the largest. Occasionally I tine grains of gold are found in the fissures of brokei cracked pebbles, but must of the gold is obtained from the I matrix in which they are embedded. The cement is similar to I that seen in the conglomerates of the Du Frees series. The gold generally occurs as very small particles in pyrites.
The pebbles are smooth and soapy, and are so loosely enclosed I in the cement that in breaking up the conglomerate they often I fall cleanly out as from a shell. In most cases the largest I pebbles are found on the foot-wall, and the smaller ones towards the hanging-wall of the reef (Pig. 64).
The gold is very unevenly distributed in the Mai
a whole,
3 that were i
Fig. 04. —Showing the largest pebbles on the foot-wall o£ the reef.
for the more valuable contents o! I the smaller reefs the average yield f would not be sufficient to pay tha i working expenses. These small ei reefs or leaders often carry a) ounces of gold per ton of ore as the larger bodies yield pennyweights; but taking one with the other the result is a fairly payable average.
The gold contents vary from 1 grain to 10 ounces per ton (2000 lbs.) of J ore. The sandstone associated witlii the conglomerate, especially tfaos4 formed of coarse grained, carry gold in places. The quart leaders frequently observed in the conglomerate bodies aroV often richer than tbe reef matter itself In some p much shale separates tbe sandstone, and occasionally the rests immediately upon it, farming the foot-wall ; or it ti the place of sandstone between two veins traversed by m quartz strings. Igneous rock also often accompanies the glomerate reefs, and sometimes intrudes between them, the area of the Main Reef series, bands of quartzite frequently occur, and the sanilstoue near sucb bands is then darker i colour. When the conglomerate is found as a very large bodj| the central portion is usually sandstone or shale, and where il thins out clear divisions of smooth wails are )>erceptible, times the conglomerate rests directly on sandstone, or it liaa M 'fiJJ-de£ned, hard, thin, aiate-like crust as foot-wall. // the reefa or leaders comprising v\ie Mam Reef
('
$09
Watebval Farm. er beds. c, Limestone.
/
Propi
. Robin Istate. jC Block pilee. denhuis Main ]
s,
The Witwatersrand Goldfield. 93
will be seen, are separated by bands of interTening saodatone, sliate, or igneous rock ; where these thio out the reefs combine to form large bodies ; and where they thicken the reefa are resolved into nunierous smaller oues. Hence it often happens that the reefa change bo much in character that it is often a difficult matter to distinguish each particular reef from the others.
The Main Reef itself ii5 usually a large body from 3 feet to 15 feet in width ; but so far as explored it has been found to be poor in gold, averaging only from 3 to 5 dwta. of gold per ton ; hence it has been but little mined. It is only exceptionally that it has been found to be worth working.
The moat payable and best -developed reefs are the Main Reef leader and the South Reef, both varying from I inch to 4 feet in thickness and lying to the south of the above. In some places the Main Reef leader rests directly upon the Main Reef, in which case the adjoining part of the Main Reef louHtin many instances be rained with it. In other instances they run parallel with each other, and are separated by a narrow sandstone parting or by a thin clay vein.
The Middle Reef is from 2 to 6 feet wide but is rarely wortli working. It is situated between the Main Reef leader and the South Reef : hence the name. On the Eoodepoort, Vogelstruis- fontein and Paardekraal farms, the Main Reef leader and Main Reef are extremely irregular in mineral wealth.
The more important South Reef (which is from 100 to 200 feet distant from the Main Reef) carries the richest gold on its foot- wall, and is the best-paying body throughout the Witwatersrand. When divided into two or three veins by aandatone partitions, the lowest vein has the most gold.
On the Langlaagte, Klipriveraberg, and a portion of Doom- fontein farms, the two valuable gold producers- — viz., the Main Reef leader and South Reef — closely approximate to the Main Reef, in which case the latter is only partly mined.
On. Eiandsfontein, and a portion of Doornfontein farms farther east, the North Reef and Main Reef leader keep close together ; but there the Main Reef and South Reef are only sometimes valuable. In some instances, the Main Reef, Main Reef leader, and North Reef yield equal quantities of gold; in such case the sandstone parting is narrow, and the reefs are of medium size.
In some places a payable conglomerate intervenes between the Main Reef and North Reef, and the associated Main Reef is usually low graded. The Noi th Reef and this new Middle. 9BBf may sometimes have a wide shale -aTtva, ot 'CQia Xs.'sNrk JmvB shaJe hands on its foot-waW, 'tVe VTiXfe-a**-!
I Jf/mt may
94 Gold Seeking In South Africa.
:eef 1
near the Main Reef, and be aseociated with the South Reef carrying little gold, or no gold at all.
Near Boksburg the North Reef bears the gold, and rests directly on, or ia in parts embedded in, the shale. The South Reef gradually diverges from the North Reef to the extent of 600 feet or more, when it again becomes a payable body.
The distance between the various reefa varies considerably. The instances given below are some results of the author's measurements on the strike of the Slain Reef series in the area between the Roodepoort and Elandsfontein. farms. Main Reef — width, 3 feet, 3J feet, 4 feet, 6 feet, 12 feet. Sandstone parting between the Main Keef and Main Reef leader—! inch, 2 feet 5 inches, 1 foot, 3 feet 6 inches, 3 feet 1 1 inches. Main Reef leader — ] inch, 2 inches, 1 foot, 1 foot 2 inches, 6 inches, 3 feet,
2 feet 9 inches. Sandstone parting between the Main Reef leader and South Reef— 100 feet, 150 feet, 40 feet, 70 feet, 20 feet, 54 feet, 400 feet, 600 feet. South Reef — 2 inches, 8 inches, 5 inches,
3 feet, 4 feet 10 inches, 7 feet. The following section will enable the reader to form a
idea of this variation, the position of the payable ore, and direction o! the Main Reef series.
The distance between the outcrops the author has approximately, where obtainable, in sections, and i tiiem with the line of their course. (See Plate VIII.)
3. Eastern Portion of the Witwatersrand and Heidel- berg Distriets, — From the Driefontein farm the series has a south-eastern strike to the Vogelfontein farm, after which the entire formation seems to disappear under the Karroo beds.
On the Rononi and Kleiufontein farms farther north, r are exposed again, and several proGtable mines have bee already established. The reefs have a southerly and norther
In Ylakfontein and Modderfontein farms, they take an easterly and westerly course, and may be traced as far Elipfontein farm.
The overlying surface soil or younger beds, which carry coal
I Beams, make the tracing of refsin the neighbourhood uncertain.
' They are again discernible 14 miles south, on the Vlakfontein farm, where the conglomerate reefs take first a north and sonth strike and west dip, then an east and west liirection and a north dip ; and are afterwards prolonged to, and [>aBt, Heidel* bueg township, usually with a west dip. Again, south-east of
t/iis town, for over 20 miles on botb siAes o? tbc i cAt&aneebura h
idel-
hasa 1 the
The Witwaterskand Goldfieli
Sketch Diagram
Of The
Witwatersrand Main Reef:
LEf/CTfi MILES
Reefkii0wnto be poor
Farm SoundaHes.
Gold Seeking In Soitth Africa.
Natal railway line, conspicuouR conglomerate outcrops are to be' found, some of them dipping sontli, and otliers north.
The outcrops in this district cannot be continuously followed, owing to the numerous faults.
At the Varkenfontein farm, a quartzite and sliale formation, similar to that at the Wit waters rand, is well ejtposed, dipping about 30° N. Some conglomerate reefs form outirops, and one of these, called the M igel Reef, is considered to be hij;hly valuable, and has yielded much gold.
The gold finds which have been reported from time on several reefs indicate that many of them will develop inio gold -producing
4. The Western Portioo of the Witwatersrand, Klerksdopp, and Potehefstroom District. — About iT.i
miles west of Johanneshurg the whole series is disturbed by aa- extensive fault, called the Witportje fault. This fault passes from the Welgespruit farm on the north-west through Witportje and Rietfontein farms on the south-west [! soutii-east],
The beds on the western side of this fault are shifted about 4 miles towards the north, and at this distance from the regular .Main Reef series on the eastern there occurs a aeries of reef,, locally named the Bothas series, although there is do doubt thej are a continuation of the Main .
This series runs in an easterly and westerly direction through the Witportje and Luipaardsvlei farms, and consists of a wall- defiued massive conglomerate (with large pebbles) and numeronB small reefs, all running almost parallel with each other and dipping about 30° S. It closely resembles the Main Reef series OS regards its nature, the mode of occurrence of the gold, the continuous succession of active mines, and in the ehifiing of the most productive sites from the main body to the smaller reefs in the south, and vice vend.
About 5000 feet to the south there ia another well-defined auriferous reef-body, locally called the Battery Eei'f, which runs I'araliel with the above-mentioned one through Luipaardavlei farm. The foot-wall of this reef carries the most gold, and its hipartition into two reefs is manifest in places. It has several flourishing mines. There are other conglomerate outcrops in this neighbourhood, which, as they may represent other series, are further alluded to under the heading " Other Series South of Main Reef Series."
On the western portion of Luipaardsvlei, and on Waterval fHim west of ifruersdorp, this formation, wiVV vta many coni.
The Witwaterseand Goldfield. 97
glomerate beds, makes a sharp turn to the south, and the outoropB are rapidly and success fully covered by younger deposits. About 1 mile further south two series of outcrops occur, running parallel in a northerly and southerly direction and dipping easterly. Oue of these is situated on Witvalfonteio farm, and has already been much explored, and the reefs, which also combine and divide, are profitably worked.
A number of active mines have been established, and a town- ship has been laid out, called Randfontein. The second series is situated about 6000 feet west of the first on the Randfontein farm, and crops out on the surface owing to the absence of the younger beds. The large and small bodies of conglomerates exposed here are generally of a low grade nature on the surface, but the author found one, a. thin outcropping leader, which gave, in some places, excellent results. Very little work has been carried out on this series.
Although the Botbas and Battery Reef aeries do not connect with the Randfontein and Uitvalfontein groups, the probability is that they are a disconnected portion of the same system of lodes, although the whole western portion of the Witwatersrand formation, west of the Witportje fault, has the form of a half- circle, in which the reefs show a considerable development in their number and size, and from the disturbed state of the ground it is difficult to establish the connection suggested.
The outer portion of the curved band, which is formed of alternate layers of shale and quartzite (Du Frees aeries), turns at the western portion of the Waterval farm, and can he fol- lowed through the Elandsvlei farm southwards, where traces of the Hospital Hill shale are distinctly visible about ."iOOO yards west of Uitvalfontein. South of Randfontein the reefs take a slight turn to the west, and, owing to disturbances, overlying beds, and soil deposits, the continuation to the adjoining Middelvlei farm cannot be actually traced. The slate formation outcrops again in the township of Kocksoard, near Middelvlei.
Some miles to the west, on Hartebeestfontein and Witfontein farms, there are numerous reefs of conglomerate beds with large and small pebbles ; some of the reefs are sufficiently gold-bearing for profitable working. West of these farms a shale formation is seen resting on granite, which can be traced interruptedly in a south-westerly direction towards Potchefstroom and Klerks-
dorp.
Within about 30 miles west of Potchefstroom, two broad and
Gold Seeking 1
[ Africa.
[
wide. Very few gold-bearing outcrops are visible, ex towards Elerksdorp, where several have been discovered. gold-bearing reef belonging to the younger beds (Black Reef series) ia traceable for a considerable distance in a north-easterly and south-westerly strike, probably overlying other valuable series. A number of other reefs can be traced here and there in outcropping masses with various strikes and dips, but tlie dis- turbances have made mining progress somewhat difficult, but much prospecting and mining have been done along a quartsite which ia associated with a thin vein of a pyritic blaokifth nutter having a payable yield of gold ; this vein fveqaentl; llifts il position from the hanging- to the foot-wail. The ciiti{;loinerul which ia sometimes seen next to the quarlte, is of no it
About 10 miles west of Klerksdorp sevetal reefii emp out Eietkuil, Elandslaarte, and Welverand farms, and form a eai having a chord of about 7 miles, the beds of which <lip towi the middle.
The reefs mentioned in the foregoing ehpter have Irendj produced many million ounces of gold, and, awordiug to axpni the amount of wealth in sight is far greater than the prudnoe the past.
5. Other Series South of the Rftin Reef Serlee.-
the whole, the Witwatcrsrand fields have hoen the i form in their yield, and therefore the knowledgi aoi]uln!d I these forms o, useful guide for prosjieotors in distrlela wbf4 the formations are to a certain extent tioillar.
The series which lie above the Mam Reef have not yet been described, are also of great i or locating the different ones elsewhere. It i that this aeries, known to he rather poor iii more gold elsewhere, or it may be (aa series cropping out in one farm does nii eapecially difficult to identify a series Ijcn only are to be seen in a vast expanse of surface heda
The experience on the Main Reef series is that tll ppotitaUe working of properties depends on special search bd made for the richer reefs and small leaders ; and in the mora economical working of the low-grade ores. In some of the miliea at Wit- waterarand the profit is obtained by selecting the rich ore and rejecting the poor. The following is a Bummaty in nacending order of the reefs occurring in the Witwaterarand belt, south of the Main Reef series and parallel with it:
iiiii hehi llkUI a 1 n anollier. It ia f
The Witwaterskand Qoldfield. 99
Moat of the pebbles consiat of white quartzite and quartz, but aome are of a slat nature. They are larger than those in the Main Reef series. The dip hssens as we advance aoitth, and the gold contents of the reef vary.
Within a distaaee of about 3000 to 4000 feet south of the MniriJUnflf series there occur the "Livingstone Eeef serioE," witkiwDm two to six outcropping conglomerate reefs, and the " Kvd Itef series," with three or lour, the reefs heing separated by aandstene. About 6000 1'eet furtlier south there is the Kimljerley series" (with about seven reefs), formed of Band- 9tone dad sbftles.
About 10,000 feet still farther south is the " Elsberg series,"
with about thirty reefs interbedded with sandstone, traversed
by dykes and in places by the igneous rock, which again is over-
I lain by the horiEontal beds of the " Black Reef series," which
I has leveral oonglome rates.
Black Reef Series. — The outcrops of this irregular a broktn easterly and westerly direction, near the river,'* about 7 miles south of the Main Beef series at reef is profitably worked on the Roodekop farm on the flut, uid in tlie west on Middelvlei farm, west of Krugeradorp. X'lP deposits of Waterviil larm, already noticed, are similar, frliich suggests iheinterem i.' th;ii the older bedsot the Witwaters- |fi|Uid were once covered -y younger beds, outlying patches ot Ittliich are still to be found jii itll parts of the country, occupying fpoLectiiig holluwg in the older beds, nr preserved from denuda- ttsti owing to tisEures havint; been filled with dykes of igneous rook. In some of these outliers, especially when the strike of beds chiiiigeB abruptly, valuable chutes have been disoovt-red wliich enhance the importance of the reef locally. These occur i'.. i out of the way pliices at great distances apart. The lied in these chutes varies from 1 dwt to i ozs. per IbB. weight. In the Heidelberg and Klerkadorp . n. I i!ir-sL- beds have the same features.
ThefilDkiteef series consists of quartzi tic sandstone, quartzite, and, octHjbnally, shale; this embraces several reefs, of which the largeKknown body is named the " Black Reef" The beds dip froR 1 14°.
The w. series takes its name from the black appearance of this reef . rop, originating from the oxidisation of the con- ' on pyrites.
inglomei-ate is much decomposed, so that the ndo.vo.'fe
11 liained ii
100 Gold Seeking Jn South Aprica.
and milling of the ore is easy. It consists of round white quartz pebbles of medium size; red or blue chert pebbles are found amongst them in the parts containing most gold.
The reef averages from 1 to 3 feet in width ; but it is a times as much as 12 feet thick.
In some localities there appear to be two bodies separated by a narrow but distinct partition. The gold is then found some- times in the upper and sometimes in the lower body. When the lower reef is replaced by a seam the gold is distributed through- out this seam (Fig. 65).
On its foot-wall it carries a very pyritical, tliin seam of shale,
containing much gold ; or a soft clay seam takes the place of
I this. Tn some parts the seam is absent, and the reef then lies
L immediately on the diabase rock, which, as before referred to,
rig C5 BliiJt RiM.t (I y a net with partition ;
separates the older series (Main Reef aeries) from the Black Reef series. The surface of the igneous rock is uneven, and hence the foot-wall undulates somewhat. The gold is chiefly found on the underlie portion of the reef, and very rarely near the hanging- wall.
The hanging-wall or roof consiati of a well-defined layer of quartzite from I to feet thick. In some localities the quarta- ite layer is absent, and ia replaced by a shale. The roof-wall quartzite layer is gfnerslly found to be more closely connected with the reef than with the overlying formatiou (quartzitic sandstone), therefore both must be mined ; so that it is necessary to sort the rich rock from the barren stone. In doing this constant panning is necessary in order to determine where the nioet gold occura. The author liaa ottetv noticed the clay and
THE WITWATERSRAND goldfiblu.
ehale to be extremely rich ia gold, aad that this very thia portion ia worth much more than all the rest of the reef. A good deal of the gold ia shaken out during transport, so that prucautiona should be taken to diminish this loss by sweeping the £oor of the works, studying economy in mining, working on a Bmall scale, and exercising due care.
In places there are smaller reefs or stringers embedded in quartzite and interveined by a softer sandstone, which belong to a series younger than the Black Reef. Some are quartz reefs. Little attention has been given to them, but they are supposed to be of no value.
7. Disturbed State of the Reefs.— In taking a general view of the difScultieB attending prospecting and mining, great importance must be assigned to the thorough study of the faaltfl
and dykes met with in these goldfields. These are mainly attributable to the intrusion of the granite and the consequent faulting met with in almost every mine. (The term "fault" means a rent in the strata accom|>anied by a displacement.) Such fractures may leave a space which has afterwards been filled with clay or small piecea of rock (Fig, C6).
A careful study of the faults will generally remove any difliculty there may be in determining the original position and connection of the strata,
109 Gold Sbkking In South Africa,
and look like a, reddish alaty-like rock, which may be 100 yards wide and which ia apt to be mistaken for a ahala (The term " dyke " means a mass of igneous rock which has pushed its way through the fisRures of the formations.) Some dykea cut out tlie reefs, wjiile others have no appreciable etfect, but appear as red clayey matter (Fig, 67). The large Witportje fault referred to on p. 96 ia very conspicuous in places ; it seems to displace the whole western portion of the Witwatersrand to a distance of many miles.
At the East Band there is a large mass of igneous rook, but no trace of the Main Reef aeries itself is to be seen.
In other place'! along the Witwaterarand line the formation haa been shifted for sliort distance only, sometimes to the south and at other times to the north. This causes the unusual dips and strikes or overlappings of the reefs. Difficulties are met with during mining operations due to other causes, but these are easily overcome after a little practical experience, I
Witwatersrand Gold Yield.— The monthly lists of gold
outputs at tlie Witwaterarand are published by the Chamber of Mines at Johannesburg, and details are specified in the African Semew in the Srat month of every year. The following returns are taken fi-om that journal : —
The Witwatersrand Goldfibld.
Monthly Outpdts Of The Witwateeseand Goldfield.
In tlie Year
Isoi.
April,
July.' '. '. '.
December,.
Total, .
"887 1,109 1,S36 4,029 5,463 8,457
78 12,180 11,976
14,146 12,773 16,687 18,616 20,242 27,165 26,827 26,784
25,506 22,457 27,919 27,029 35,028 30,878 31,091 30,520 34,143 32,214 33,722 39,050
36,887 38,697 38,836 37,419 39,457 42,864 45,486 45,249 46,783 50,352
53,205 50,079 52. W9 56,372 54,673 55,863 54,924 59,070 65,602 72,793 73,394
84,560 99,436 103,252 101,279 102,322 107,852 112,167 106,795 117,748
23,155
208,121
369,557
494,817
729,247
1,210,867
In the Year
I8S3.
1896,
April, . . May, .
July,' '. '. '.
October, '. . November, . December, ,
Total, .
108,374 93,252 111,476 112,053 116,911 122,907 126,169 136,069 129,585 136,682 138,640 146,357
149,814 161,870 165,372 168,745 169,773 168,162 167,953 174,977 176,707 173,378 175,304 182,104
17'7'463 169,295 184,945 186,323 194,580 200,941 199,453 203,573 194,764 192,652 195,218
14?i,i78 167,018 173,952 176,706 195,007 193,640 203,873 212,429 202,561 199,889 201,113 206,517
209,832 211,000 232,067 235,698 248,305 251,529 242,479 259,603 262,150 274,175 297,124 310,712
33T557 321,238 347,643 353,243 365,016 365,091 382,006 398,285 413,517
1,478,475
2,024,159
2,277,635
2,280,893
3.034.674
4,554,989
Chapter Xii.
&Oi1D Discovbhy In The Neiqhboukhood Of The Witwateeshand.
BLAUWBANK QOLDPIEUa.
NoKTU of the Witwatersrand Ooldfield the country Elopes gently northwiirdB, and is traversed by numerous water - furrows, streamB, and rivers, wliich frequently expose auriferous reefs. Alluvial deposits are often met with, and jjjold nuggets of sub- stantial size have been found in yellow clayey gravel or black soil-wash ; whereas, on the higher ranges of ihe Rand, the alluvial gold occurs in white quartz lenders. It was by follow- ing such traces that the Witwatersrand Ooldfields were dis- covered.
On one aide of the upheaved graoite, the Witwatersrand beds dip south, and on the opposite side, the Cape Formation, (similar to the Black Reef aeries) dips north,
The Karroo Formation overlies this in various parts. lu the
west of Krugersdorp a large belt of roetamorpliic limestone or
dolomite, 2 to 5 miles wide, extends towards Marico and
Pretoria districts, in which argentiferous (silver- bearing) galena,
copper, bismuth, iron, magnesia, and gold are known to exist.
It may be mentioned that the dolomite occurs in many other
localities. On the Biauwbank farm, about 17 milea west of
Krugersdorp, a gold-bearing formation is associated with the
dolomite. It consists of schists aud soft, nearly flat-bedded,
quartzitic sandstone, dipping in all directions. Many diorita4
dykes traverse the country. '
On the north of this farm a well-defined range of hills stretch
1 from east to west, called the " Witwateraberg," The upper
I part of these mountains is formed of quartzite beds, which
I sometimes incline to the north and soujetiines to the south, with
s rock and, in parts, the primary formation beneath bent.
ide northern valley chietly exhibits granite and large]
Idiorite dykes. The Witwatersberg can be well followed
Blauwbank Goldfield. 105
course paat the Wit waters rand on the north, towards Pretoria, accompanied by the auriferous belt; and beyond it the bold outline of the Magaliesberg, formed mainly of quartzite and shale, is visible in the distance.
There are many valuable minerals, such as ores of copper, silver, 4c. The auriferous belt is well displayed on the Blauwbank farm.
The chance discoveries of rich finds in former times on this fann caused much excitement and led to many failures, which soon compelled a more careful study, but further discoveries of alluvial deposits and reefs may yet be made on this farm and on the extension of the same beds beyond its limits. The Vogel- struisfoatein farm, situated further west, has also become of importance, owing to the rich gold-biaring alluvial deposits found on it. A gravel, several feet thick, resting upon shale beds and formed of small and large pieces of white glassy quartz has yielded much nugget gld. The surface of the country consists mainly of table-like hills formed of horizontal quartzite and shale, resting upon an inclined shale and quartzitic - stone formation. Between these hills the valleys are composed of alluvium, sloping gradually to the river banks.
In one of these, called the "Golden Valley," situated on Blau- bank, and running from a high point on the south-east to a branch of the Crocodile river on the north-west, most of the principal alluvial diggings are to be found. In the centre of this valley, where it takes a turn around a hill or kopje, there is a large deposit of alluvium, which, although low in grade, is uniform in its yield of gold. Also on the top, and on slopes about 50 feet higher, coarse gold can be found tilted in the joints of the strata, where many trenches made by the gold- seekers are still to be seen. At the lower end of the valley, where a little stream drops steeply down a rocky kloof to the river, the alluvial is washed away, and a tilted shale formation is exposeJ. In tbis a narrow, nearly vertical quartz reef has been opened, carrying good gold, where probably the alluvial settlement has improved its value. On the river below the valley large nuggets of gold were washed out of the deposits between the big boulders of diorite by the parlier diggers. The overlying beds, which are conspicuous in all the small hills, carry numerous small quartz veins, some containing gold, which is chieUy found in the decomposed parts between quartz. The value in a great many of these quartz veins may be due to the settlement of fine gold brought by floods from otlie: " isite the Golden Valley, and on the other side of the r
Gold Skkking In South Afuica.
id has been much continuance of it. The a yellow or rRddiah-clay aiiich iioneyconibedi and hill on the banks of the s embedded in a. thick layer of quartzitic sandstone
intal reef worked; but apparently there is m quartz is of a white colour, and beai aediioent between the crystals, or is contains rich old. It crops out
(Fig. I ,
Similar flat reefs are laid bare in other places, but tliey are very low graded. A abort distance north of this formation a very large diorite dyke, iu places nearly 1000 yards wide, intrudes from south-east to north-west, and the Wit waters berg range extends beyond it North-east of tliia a conglomerate is met with, but it contains no gold in the outcrops.
k£
Umestonk Belt.
The limestone belt has many interesting features. The sources of the head tributaries of the Crocodile river rise on the high, flat, limestone belt, which runs south of tlie Blauwbank gold- bearing formation, in large block-like layers. These layers alternate with tliin blue quartzite beds ; the water trickles from the edes of the alternate beds where they appear on the slopes, and runs downwards iu little streams (Fig. 69).
Underground rivers are common in this formation. On the Sterkfonteiu and Waterval farms, near Krugersdorp, a guod- r oan be loUowed for some distance, when it disappears]
Limestone Belt.
under the limestone, and, miles further on, it again comes to the surface. Such underground rivers often form large subterranean lakes.
The well-known stalactite caves of Sterkfontein give evidence of the wonderful action of water under the surface. These caves comprise a large chamber from which narrow passages lead into many smaller chambers; these ramifications extend to an unknown distance. The walls, floors, and roofs of the arch- ways and dome-like chambers are decorated with wonderful shapes of white, glittering, icicle-like stalactites.
Fig. 69. — Limestone formation. — a, Quartzite; h, limestone.
These interesting and crystal-like growths are formed in a curious manner, principally by the slow dropping and gradual evaporation of water after it has become charged, first with carbonic acid, and then with carbonate of lime, during its slow filtration through the limestone rock. These stalactitic hollows and caves abound in this belt. There are many limeworks between Pretoria and Marico where this limestone is treated.
Chapter Xiii. The Malmatti And Vbtheid
Qoldfields.
MalmflDi Goldfteld. — About 4 miles from the Becbuaaaland border gold-bearing quartz reeta occur in the aame limestone formation ; this auriferous area is known aa the Malraani gold- fields, of which "Otto9-Hope" is the central mining camp (Plate IX.).
The reefs strike uorth-north-east to south-south-west, and their outcrops are seen ia several places. They are difficult to trace, as the bands of dolomite blocks are very similar in the different reefa. It is called by the Boers " Olifant Klip," because the oxidised crust resembles the skin of an elephant.
Several reefs have been discovered on both aides of the Malmani river. A few of them carry gold well in places, and the testing results have kept the field constantly under notice. The principal lines of reefs are called the Crystal Reef, the Pioneer Reef, and the Mitchell Reef.
Where the quartzite forms the casing the outcrops are massive, and the reefs are then lost siht of for a gi'eat distance.
When follon ed downwards the quartzite sometimes disappears, and the quartz combines with the dolomite in the form uf white leaders, frequently thinning to nothing; or, a thin clay passes around the obstruction to where the reef is again struck.
The richest gold is found in chutes of white quartz, and is associated with carbonate of copper, which gives the whole reef, a. greenish tint. Visible gold is frequently met with. On the Wolvekopje farm, at its extreme north-north-west side, a number of small and large reefs are met with, running close to, and parallel with, each other; they crop out where the quartzite breaks through the dolomite. Others, again, are of alluvial nature ; they dip down in the same vertical manner as the others; but the reef now consists of quartz and dolomite crystals of all shapes, forming here and there reef-like bodies, very marshy, sandy, and light, containing copper pyrites, and, occasionally, crystallised gold-grains.
The space between the reef and dolomite is filled with Uaclc, light soil ; here, also, much coarse gold is obtained (Fig. 70j.
Although the ontorops are aometimea large, the majority
Si
as
THE MALMANI Atjn VRYHEID GOLDFIELDS.
bad
Bmall. The whole, however, could be treated in the same way as allnvial deposits are. The gold it contains could no doubt lie profitably extracted by carrying out the economical suggestions before recommended — viz., by working small concesaiona.
On the south o( the dolomite belt, quartzitic sandstone, with a wide conglomerate outcrop, can be followed for a long distance, but gold is absent. About a few hundred yards further south the grnnite spreads over a large extent of country. In the north the limestone disappears as the mountainous countryis approached, which consists of shale and sandstone, and where also the quartzite formation occupies a great space. Oopper ore, aesi>ciated with gold, can at times be noticed. The author, when passing through these mountain ranges, has aeen many old workings ex- tending for a considerable distance below the surface, giving evidence thiit large works of a profitable industry had formerly been in operation ; for, after passing through naiTOw passages, the explorer is astonished ut the great gaps and hollows which have evidently been the receptacles for the washed surface aotl. Moat probably these old excavations were made by the natives in order to obtain the metals (oopper, silver, and iron, which are known to exist in these ranges) used by them in making their jewellery, ornaments, and weapons; the old melting pots are still to be found in the vicinity of the workings.
A Gabbro formation lies beyond the monntain ranges mentioned above.
VFvheid Goldfteld.--This goldfield is situated on the border of Zuiidand and Transvaal, and extends into both these coun- tries. Near the Umvolosi river, conglomerate reefs have been discovered, and, acuonJing to reports, these are similar to those in the Witwatersrand, and contain an average value of 15 . oF gold per ton of rock.
Abundant quartz reefs can also be traced for several miles. The yield of gold has been small and prospecting has been some- what neglected, so that there is another great opening here Co the explorer in the future. The B.ut\iox \iaa ao ledge of this fieJd.
. — AuriforouB reeE in limeatoDe. — a. Quartz reef; h, blaofc soil ; c, line-
lUuablc but less intereBting minerals hart
r Bebides gold, otiiei 'jeen discovered.
Diamonds are found in the biuka and beds of the Vaal river," near Pretoria, in the Waterberg district and North Transvaal, and in the Klerkailorp district.
Silver is found in the Pretoria district near the Magaliesberg Kange and Marico district, principally atsociated witli ores of copper, lead, antimony, and iron. Near Pretoria, reefs from 3 to II fett in width have been opened up (Transvaal Silver
Tin is found in Swaziland in alluvial deposits on granite, A large conceasiou has been secured on wliich it is worked, and J many toQS of this metal have been extraiited.
Copper occurs in the lower part of the Murchiaon Rangt Zoutpansberg, Marico and Magaliesberg Range. ] ciated witli silver in the Pretoria district (Albert's Silver mine
Antimony occurs along with gold ore in tlie main belt of th<y De Kaap Goldfield and in the Murchiaou Range; also aa depc aits near Steynsdorp and Zoutpansberg.
Iron abounds in the northern districts; the natives havt made much use of it in the coDstruction of aasegais and otiu weapons.
Cinnabar occurs in Zoutgmnsberg in the eastern De Kaap a Marico district as small scattered veins in but few |daces.
Sidpliwr occurs iu the Marico and Waterlterg district.
Lead. — Large and small pocketa of galena are scattereii i) limestone and quartzite formation in the Marico disirioL JM often contains silver.
Coal. — This useful and oecessary mineral is found i and thin seams interbedded between white sandstone layeri And ia to be found in most parts of the high country (Tftbleland*M (See p, 6.)
W.IL PenDing. Oh the liigh-le.v*l CocUJuiia o/ S.A., 18H4,
OTHER MINERALS. Ill
S(dt occurs between Blauwberg and. Zoutspanaberg Mountain.
Plutnboffo ia found in tlie Marion district.
Saltpetre occurs in the Martco district.
Mica is met with in the Carolina anJ Zoutpansberg district.
Asbestog (iccurs in the Carolina district, Be Xaap and Maga-
iny other useful minerals have been reported, but, owing to the eager search for gold, very little notice has been taken of them.
General Remarks on the Goldflelds.— The careful ob- server must undoubtedly acknowledge that everything points towards the existence of great mineral richness, a Btil! greater wealth to be discovered, and opportunities for lucky dis-
It has been the desire of the author to touch merely upon the principal points in prospecting for gold in the foregoing chap- ters, in the hope that the informatiou may be useful to an explorer. Few references, therefore, are made to individual concerns already established and continually reported upon, but the general characteristics of occurrences in nature are alone
In summing up the facts one will come to the cooclusion that the wealth already discovered is small as compared with what will be obtained. In the first place, thornugh study and research have been mainly confined to the most profitable mines, and very small portions of the various reefs have been efficiently pioa|iected. Thus the Du Preea series (1) has only been ex- plored at and near the richer outcrops, and the main reasons why no other mine in this series than the Rietfontein is paying are insufficient prospecting and want of knowledge. It ia in consequence of this lack of knowledge that no decision can be come to as to the position of the Kleinfontein grou]> of mines or of the shale formation on the Nigel property in the Heidelberg district. These, and other instances, will suffice to ahow what a great scope there ia for future development.
(2) The various other aeries lying south of the Main Reef series are of low grade. The long hands of conglomerate out- cropping in Heidelberg, Venterakroom, Kierksdorp, and Pot- chefatroom diatricts, similar to those of the Witwaterarand, leave much to be desired as regards prospecting efibrts.
(3) The alluvial gold and auriferous quartz reef formations noticed in thia work give every promise of a proBiwci* Wsjat at some time or other.
112 Gold Seeking In South Africa.
(4) The undeveloped mineral resources are a sufficient induce- ment for efforts to be made to establish new industries.
Many of the Witwatersrand reefs have been hastily con- demned because it was supposed that the gold was mainly near the surface, but the result of the sinkings to deeper levels is that, as a rule, the reefs are as rich below as they are above. Experts have estimated the value of the wealth in sight at a very high figure ; but, in comparison with what the explorer may reveal, this is trifling.
It may safely be said that the natural resources of this marvellous land, where nature seems to have been boundless in her generosity, are practically inexhaustible. Imagination fails to picture the great future before it, but the practical man does not attempt to realise it; he places his confidence on the assur- ance that his reward will be ample if he persists and struggles through such difficulties as may arise.
,soa, with its heavy rdins and oppreasive heat in the low-lying districts, is the unhealthy season ; it comprisea the months of November, December, January, February, March, and April.
Malaria is extremely .'evere in the swampy lower parts, where the damp or wet soil is without any drainage, especially during the first months of summer (November, December, and January) when the floods collect all undisturbed material of the dry season, on its way to the low country, in a half-rotten state.
The last month (April) is also severe, as the softened soil and awampa dry again to their u.sual state. These \inhealtliy |)arts are easily recognised by the thick fog over the low-lying lands, valleys, and river banks, resulting from the evaporation iii the heated morass. The highest spots should always be selected for settlia'.' and camping purposes, as is done by the natives whose kraals are always found in a high position, where the air is fresher and more wholesome. Trees should always be phinted in settled swampy localities, as they help to drain the -oil and to render the district less unhealthy.
For instance, the De Kaap valley (2800 feet above ea level) was named the " death valley " in earlier days, on account of Its high rate of mortality ; whereas now, owing to the cultivation of the soil and the exercise of sanitary precuutions, ronlaria fever has much decreased, so that any person leading a temperate life will find the climate agreeable. These remarks also apply to Pretoria, Lydenburg, Rustenburg, and Zeerust.
The northern country, sloping from the plateaus towards the sea, is sparsely inhabited and most unliealthy. For this reason it is necessary to be cautious in travelling. The country south and west of De Kaap Goldfield Pilgrim's Rest, Lydenburg, Murchiaon Bantie, Klein Letaba, and the whole eaatetw gf (he Magato-berg Range — are \i\c\vk&etV mi
Iiu
Gold Seeking In Sotpth Africa.
L the high country from 5000 up to a height of 6000 feefarl r above sea level the heat in summer is occasionally great ; bafc fl the cool breeze at night makes it pleasant. Owing to the natural I drainage a dry air and soil prevails, adding greatly to the general bealtliinesR. At the Witwaterarand watershed range much dust f is a drawback to an otherwise healthy district. The wi this high elevation are heavily laden with dust, and dreadfn dost storms appear like dense clouds, causing much discomfort owing to their lengthy duration, especially at Johannesbui where the constant traffic ictensifies the annoyance.
In many places on the high country, such as Ermelo, Carolina district, and on Devil's Kantoor, a sudden rising of mist i frequently experienced ; indeed, the last- mentioned plate i constantly hidden in the rainy season. Persons often go astray or run into danger owing to the frequent mists. The winter climate of the months of May, June, July, Angust, September, and October is perfectly bright and fresh, and is the best time of the year. The winter half of the year represents the dry season ; but the heavy morning dews nourish the vegetation in the low country. Occasional showers of rain fall in the months of May and October, and the latter month is generally regarded as the best for planting. The burning of the long grass in the winter does much towards diminishing the prevalence of malaria Night frosts are frequent on the plateaus.
Agriculture.
The cultivation of the soil is generally admitted to be one of J the most important factors in the development of a new oountrj) T leading to prosperity, steady improvement, and the general welfare of the community.
doubt, too, it exercises a very wholesome influence i checking the rapid growth of all speculative systems with their exciting, enervating, and ruinous characteristics. This exten- sive young country, new almost to every one, offers posaibilitiea for agricultural enterprise of an exceptional kind. Shrewd, J practical, and energetic men might even find farming aa profit- able as goldmining : but free from the risks and disappointmentaiS peculiar to the latter.
The vicissitudes of fortune incidental to a new country renda it very necessary that the new comer should be prepared UtM roDgh it at first, and ready to put bis hand to anything audi — everything ; for where agricultutaV MTBtt\\iS a.Te tUe ta.ls
Aorici'Lture. 115
industry', do one need fear destitution, if capable and willing to work, and not too particular as to what that work is. It is men such as these that the new country wants. There is plenty of scope for any number of iuduatrioua men in this promising land. Tempting speculations and other ruinous undertakings often become fatal pitfalls to the unwary new arrival. II' he happen to be one of those who is well provided with funds, he is often induced to depart from a. wise and stea'iy course, and lead a reckless life, It is, therefore, the author's intention to treat rather fully of the agricultural phases of the country, more especially those parts through which he has passed in the course of bis travels.
For the sake of convenience and simplicity he has arranged the results of his observations and conclusions to suit the requirements of the two following classes, namely : —
1. Those who have insufficient capital, and are, therefore, compelled to seek an immediate return for their labour or outlay.
2. Those who have sufficient capital.
In the first case it is necessary to cultivate such products as will yield the quickest returns. Of these the following are the most important : — All kinds oT grain food used for horses and cattle, and which can be ground into meal or fiour. As nearly every sort of vegetable can be raised in this country, it is best to grow only tlioae kinds moat suitable for the nearest market, which, for preference, may he in the neighbourhood of large mines, or works where many persons are employed. They would require melons, water melons, grapes, tomatoes, potatoes, beans, peas, cabbages, turnips, lettuces, carrots, ic. As all these grow freely, they offer a certain source of income. The cultivation of tobacco, too, ia not to be despised, as it thrives well here.
In the second case, of course, it ia possible to organise every- thing on a more extensive scale, and to undertake operdtions of a much needed character, but from which no return can be expected for years, auch as planting trees of all kinds,
The following ia a list of the trees generally grown in the country : —
Aheria 'affra or Kei apple, Acaaia deaibata or silver wattle. Acacia deeurCeits or black wattle, Hakea suaveolena or Hakea, Salix capensis or Cape willow. These are u'leful for fencing or for protection, and for shelter against wind. The black wattle cootains a large proportion of tannin,
Catarina equigiti/olia or beefwood, CitpveasHs TfuuOTDca-rvv ™ iterey cypress, Cwfisia /ogtuea ot .iat'ip.K otA, Yofo.'f
t
f 116 GOLD SEEKING IN SOUTH AFRICA.
leevigata or Australian myrtle, Harpephyllnm caffrum or Cafe plum, Laurua camphara or camphor tree, Popuhte fastigiala Lombardy poplar, Quercua silber or cork tree, Tatnarix orienteilia ' or tamarix, Wdlingtonia gigantea or mammoth tree of Oalifornia. These trees are recommended for plantations close to the home- stead. Querctts eerris or oak, EtLcalyptug globulua or blue gum, Eucalyptus ealophylta or red gum. Eucalyptus rostrata or red gum, Eucalyptug comuta or Yate, Eucalyptus longijhlia or woolly butt. Eucalyptus marginata or Yarrah, Eucalyptus resinifera or Kino eucalyptus, Eucalyptus ohliqua or stringer bark, Euealyptut robusta, Pinus canariensis or Canary pine, Pinus insignit or pine, Pinua pinaster or cluster pine, Pinus pinea or stone pine, Finiii rigida or pitch pine. These are useful for timber in the mines and building, and for firewood. Yellow wood (native land, Cape Colony) is a very straight wood ; atiuk wood (native land. Natal) is much used for waggons and furniture ; sneeze- wood (native land. Natal) is free from insects ; assegai wood (native land. Natal) is used for waggon wlieels.
The fruits most cultivated in warm climates are peaches, apricots, quinces, baoanas, pineapples, custard apples, mangoes, guavas, loquats, pajiaws, oranges, lemons, citrons, figs, olivea, pomegranates, and granadillas.
The fruit trees adapted for the colder climate (high country] ftre plums, |>e;irs, walnuts, mulberries, and apples.
The sugar cane, cotton, tea, coffee, and rice at plants that may be cultivated.
It is necessary for the settler who has chosen this form of enterprise to seriously consider the following quest'
1. How is land for agricultural pur[J06es to be acquired! The land owned by syndicates and companies is chiefly held by tbem fbr sale, lease, or rental, from a speculative point of view, from whom the newcomer has more opportunity in getting wh&l lie wants than by dealing with the farmers or agriculturisis already settled upon the land and who know the value ol it.
Large tracts of land are reserved for grazing purposes. Of course, it would be obtainable in many cases when vacanciea occur by bankruptcy or death. The price of good land is regu- lated by it proximity to a good mnrket and the facilities for transport.
It may be put at 5s. per morgen (see Table of Measures), Or even less in sparsely- populated districts, and rise to £2 or more per morgen according to tbe locality.
"be quarter- or lialf-share system is very generally adopted
Agriculturk. 117
rental in kind, not, in money. The ten&nt agrees to give a quarter- or half-ahare of the crops as arranged, whether good or bad. On the half-ahare system, the proprietor usually Hupplies the i in pie merits, buildings, and sometimes tlie seeds. All these details, of course, depend on. the arrangements agreed upon beforehand. In any case, it is always advisable to have a contract or agreement drawn up iu tiie strictly legal form of the country and with the advice of diaiuCerested persona acquainted with the matter, and not to rely on any verbal arrangement whatever ; for, by neglecting to take this simple precaution, one may be left at the mercy of the owner whenever disputpa occur. It is better, therefore, to have an understanding in black and
2. Is the ground high or low 1
Only what is suitable can be cultivated.
3. Is river or spring water plentiful and close at hand, or will irrigation be necessary i
4. Is the market near or distant? what bind of transport ia required and available 1 and will conveyance by rail or by road be best or neceaaary 1
5. What are tlie difficulties to be met with and what ]ire- cautions are to be taken 1
6. Is the district healthy 1 as the choice of position to locate the homestead is an important consideration.
7. What is the composition of the soil? as it is necessary only to grow what is most suitable to it.
8. How can one obtain the cheapest Kaffir labour?
The above questions will be answered in the course of describ- ing the following districts.
The Wit waters rand is the most important district in this section of Soutli Africa, It is, therefore, by far the largest consumer of ail kinds of produce procurable. So great ia the demand for grain, vegetables, and fruit, that far outlying districts find a ready market for all products that will repay the cost of conveyance and not suffer in value during transport — auch as mealies and grain of any kind, many sorts of fruits, and Bome vegetables.
The large and growing population in the reef country, includ- ing the adjacent market-towns of Johannesburg, Boksburg, and Krugersdorp, demonstrates that a continuous supply of every kind of agricultural product is an absolute necessity.
The rich fertile soil of the district is chiefly found iu the valleyB and low-lying parts, and is consta.o.U.'j
Mined matter being washed do-wn, toro y&fe isA
lis GOLD SEEKING IN SUUTH AFRICA.
ridges around. Rainwater, richly charged with valuable organic matter, in combination with the ataiospliece oxidise the auriacea bathed by them; the fine particles waslied from the various kinds of rocks, and mixed together before reaching the valleys below, help in forming the soft surface soil. If these accuuiulations are well supplied with the organisms necessary for vegetation, they form what is called a fertile soil.
The upper parts of the higli lidges along the Witwaterarand are entirely dependent upon the rainy season or upon irrigation for the necessary moisture ; cultivation in such parts, therefore, is not to be encouraged, as the results are of little value.
But successful cultivation is possible on both sides of the watershed, as the numerous streams and springs can be made available for a system of irrigation by means of which the fertile soil will receive the required moisture.
The soil is a mixture of clay, igneous rock, sand, and fine particles of red shale ; when dry it crumbles to a fine powder, which is blown by the strong winds from tlie high to the lower levels, thus causing annoying dust-storms, laying bnre the ground in some places, and covering it thickly with dast la others.
Trees planted for protection and mining purposes grow very rapidly. The best soils for profitable cultivation are formed on granite and dolomite rock, for these bed-rocks have a greater capacity for absorbing and holding moisture than any others. Therefore the broad dolomite and granite bi;lt surrounding the Witwatersrand, and traversing the whole country towards Pretoria on the east and Marico on the west, may be regarded as a most promising area for agricultural development.
The natural springs and underground streams passing over such various kinds sjf deposits and rocks abound in the chemical or organic substances mobt favourable for the growth of [)lant8. These can be identified by their colour and taste, as lime, salt, &c.
The fertile areas are readily distinguished by the luxurious] and healthy growth of the wild indigenous vegetation.
The neighbourhoodof the Witwaterarand is extremely rocky and hilly, so that the cultivable areas are ituiited to small patches of about 1 or 2 acres in extent, which are generally situated close to the streams. The altitude varies from about 4500 feet to 6000 feet above sea level. The growth of tropical plants is possible only by giving them much care and attention. This applies to all the higher land arouud Klerksdorp, Potdbef-
-oom, Ermelo, Carolina, and other localities. The me&lies are
de se
he
Agricultubk. 119
the priacipal market produce, 3lb well as such vegetables aa tomatoes, potatoes, beans, peas, cabbages, turnips, lettuces, and carrots.
Tbe mealies sbould be aown early in October, as tbey want time for ripening before the frosts set in. Apples, plums, pears, and walnuts alao grow well. Many kinds of trees bave been planted along the gold-bearing belt, including Kucalyptus trees, which have grown very rapidly.
In three years time the trees are large enough to le cut up as timber for use in the mines, and there is no doubt that in the future there will be a great demand for timber.
Capitalists with foresight have recognised this most important necessity of mine timber and firewood, and bave therefore invested large sums of money in laying out large plantations of useful forest trees from wliich they now have tbe satisfaction of receiving annually increasing profits.
The frosts in winter are sometimes very severe, and tbe Eucalyptus, black-wattle, and other trees suffer from them occasionally.
Turning to the valley lying between the Magalieaberg and Witwateisberg, through which the Crocodile river flows, we come upon wide fertile plains specially well adapted for cultiva- tion on a large scale, where, even now, heavy crops of grain, particularly oats, are gathered every year. Yet, in spite of this very significant fact, there is still ample opportunity for further development. A prosperous career awaits the skilful and in- dustrious husbandman. It would be difficult to exaggerate the possibilities for the future here, as many parts have not been touched by tbe hand of the agriculturist. This beautiful and extensive valley has a moderate altitude, being only some 3600 feet to 4500 feet above sea level. In such localities as Pretoria and Euatenburg, where the valleys are well watered and pro- tected by the surrounding mountains, tropical plants grow pretty freely. In addition to the other kind of vegetation already referred to, the following plants are also grown ;. — Bananas, oranges, peaches, apricots, and citrons ; even cofi'ee trees cnn in some places be ventured upon, though they are liable to be occasionally nipped by frosts. All the most useful forest trees grow profusely here, but those which are natives of a cold climate do not thrive.
Tobacco, too, is raised most successfully on both sides of the Magaliesberg. The popular weed obtained from near Euaten- burg has quite a reputation for its fine quality. Many growers 'iTe, tempted by tbe profitable results obtained, have devoted
122 GOLD SEEKING IN SOUTH At'RICA,
and deposit it wherever they can on their way to the low country. It is in this manner that the fertile condition of the soil of the plains i, in many instances, maintained from season to a"asoD. This soil is usually stratified. The lowest bed is generally a tliick, clayey gravel ; the middle one is sand, clay, or, in places, black soil ; while the uppermost or superficial layer is in many Iocilities a looe, black soil, chiedy composed of vegetable and animal matter.
Nearly all this region is overgrown with long grass, the roots of which have, in the course of time, been converted into a superficial black turf. In some places the water accumulates and forms swampy or marahy ground, which only needs thorough surface drainage to become most valuable and fruitful land.
There are many rich plains and slopes, well protected by steep mountains from the strong winds, most suitable for coffee planting. "Sivaao," on the east of Magatoberg, and Modjndji, east of the great Woodbusb, are excellent examples of what can be done. Even two-year-old trees yield berries. The cofiee is generally recognised to be of very fine quality. Great pre- parations are being made by interested parties for extending plantations for coffee culture on a large scale, which will add another important industry to those already established. This includes those portions of the country generally spoken of as the " North Transvaal " (from the Limpopo river southwards to Pieteraburg, Hsenertaburg, and Selatie). It is regarded as the prosperous district of the future. The mining centres, such as Klein Letaba, Malotopo, iloutboschberg, and Selatie, offer a great market for all produce, while the ores of the metals other than gold, which are known to exist in various places, will no doubt conduce to the rapid development of this resourceful land.
The De Kaap district, with its fertile plains, bears much resemblance to the districts previously described. As in those districts, the altitude varies from 2000 feet to 6000 feet. Although little is extensively cultivated, with the exception of mealies, the successful growth of trees, planted by people for their own pleasure, prove the suitability of the soil for most of the vegetation before-mentioned. For tobacco, the ground is ' particularly favourable, and there is almost unlimited space for ' the production of this remunerative plant. All tropical fruits ' mature perfectly, specimens of which can often be private gardens. Experiments in coffee planting have been made, and it is found that in the De Kaap Yalley, at the foot ) table-land north of Barberton, the plant tlouriahes ex-
ael well. The fertile plains o£ thia vaWe-j wa
Agriculture. 133
Bmall and aoattered, so that largfi cultivators are obliged to use several plota, which may be diaadvantageoualy situated or inconveniently far apart. Much produce will no doubt be consumed in the future by the population gathered around the local mining industries. The ruilway coicmnnication with the large inland towns and sea-board makes it possible to carry out profitable undertakings.
General Features. — it is frequently remarked that the ground is poor and that nothing will grow ; but this is a mis- take often due to the ignorance of the planter and to hia method of procedure, which is generally very primitive. Little notice is taken of the facts that—
1. In transplanting or removing plants the roots must not be injured ; should they be damaged, the injured parts shonld be cut off with a sharp knife, so as to make ihe smallest wounds possible. These will eventually hpal, and from them masses of small roots will develop, which will supply the food. On the other hand, if the injured parts are allowed to remain, the jirobability is that they will decay, and hence lead to such a weakening of the plant that it will eventually die.
3. Holes should always be dug fully large enough for the roots to be spread out to tlieir fullest eitent. The spaces between the roots should be carefully filled with earth. Plants take as their food the ultimate products of decomposed animal and vegetable matter; therefore the ground must be turned deeply over, so that the air and water can permeate the soil and oxidise its contents. The nourishment contained in the soil close to the surface soon gets used up.
3. In localities where the ground is not vei-y fertile, the plant will soon absorb all the nutriment Manuring is then necessary. To make successful use of manure, it should be thoroughly rotted and matured before it is applied. Fresh manure is very liable to do harm to a sensitive plunt or seed. The manuring of large trees near the trunks is of no use ; for the younger and finer roots alone consume the food, and these naturally spread farther each year from the centre. In watering the lands in the dry season, the usual method is to make irriga- tion channels gradually sloping from a spring or dam to the field under cultivation. This is traversed by smaller furrows, which should be made as level as possible, so that the water may slowly percolate downwards and not wash away any earth or seeds. The rainfalls in summer are heavier ia tha Vtv&i, lyer quantity of water tlian in tteAfti.XMii'i. "te.'ai.-a.'il-.'a*
I mast therefore be taken to protect the cultivated land from
flood. Trenches are usually dug. To answer a double purpose, it is advisable to construct a kind of reservoir by damming a
sloping valley, where the water can collect in the rainy a
for use in winter. By having sufficient water, certain kinds of
protiucB could be grown all the year roiind in low parts.
The methods of cultivation must differ with the nature of the soil. The fertility varies with the climate and is especially influenceil by the amount of rain. Soils immediately situated upon bed-rock are sooner dried by evaporation than where the subsoil is clay. :
If the soil contains much carbonate of iime or animal and vegetable matter, it then has much power to absorb water. Sand has little absorbent power.
Where the ground is clayey and holds much moisture, draiD- ing should be resorted to, for the roots cannot auck it all up, and the earth, in consequence, becomes foul or sour, thereby often destroying the fibres of the plant.
Of course, young and small plants need more attention than those that are older and larger.
When they reach a fair size they are less sensitive, for the leaves shade the ground, naturally protecting them from the occasionally too great heat in summer, so that the moisture in the soil is IeB'4 evaporated. The genial heat of the soil, particu- larly in spring, is of the highest importance to the growing plant. Some soils absorb more heat than others. For instance, black soils containing an abundance of animal and vegetable substance are most heated by the sun and air ; stiff clay, which holds much water, takes long to become warm, and then only remains so for a short time. On the other hand, clays which possess little moisture are less influenced by change of weather, and their temperature is more uniform. Hence, clay ts an important ingredient of fertile soil. Soils are usually formed of silicate of alumina, silica, oxide of iron, carbonate of lime, together with animal and vegetable matter more or less converted
DitHculties which Impede the Progress of Agricul- ture. i. iocimts. Oue of the greatest diiliciilties with which the agriculturist in South Africa has to contend is the damage done by locusts. Various means have been employed to prevent the devastation caused by this insect, but the great uninhabited icts of country, especially the low unhealthy fever parts which the favourite breeding haunts, make the task of Gghting
Not
Agriculture. 125
against tliis enemy difficult, and almost impossible. Many suggestions have been made for the needed action of individuals, but the few exterminated in populated dietricts will make little difference in tlie immensity of their number, fur mu)ti|)lication can coutinue undisturbed in vast regions where the white i has never trod.
Of course, every little helps, but unless the governments take strong measures individual endeavour will be almost useless; for the agriculturist cannot afford to une moat of his valuable time in eradicating the locust outside bis own sphere of iniereat; and, on the other hand, persons not interested in ground cultivations will trouble themselves little about their destruction.
Competent men should be officially appointed to carry out the work of extermination, and their efforts should be confined solely to allotted districts not too large for the thorough exercise of their duties. No doubt any private person would be willing to lend assistance in their neighbourhood if needed, and if called upon.
The author has met in his travels through the country, especially in the lowlands, inniimenible patches of young locusts in the first stage of development. These patches of many thousands of lively hopping little inaects occupy spaces from 3 feet to 6 feet only in diameter. At this period destruction is comparatively easy, for, later, they swarm together, and the marauders, now much more numerous, wander or fly far over the land, carrying devastation wherever they go.
It is, no doubt, of value to an individual person new to this country, and unaware of the Jiabits of the locust, to know the best steps to take to prevent misfortune in the event of an approaching swarm, which, in all probability, will settle on hia flourishing crops.
The two last periods of a locust's existence is the time when most damage is done. Growing dissatisfied with the limited extent of their breeding patches, they begin to march in immense numbers through the land, devouriog all vegetation that comes in their path, so that cattle sometimes even starve for want of food, it is at this lime they are more to be feared and more difficult to prevent from plundering than at a later stage when they are able to fly, for the measures which might be eflective against the flying locusts are, in this case, of no avail.
One of the best methods to kill these wingless locusts, called locally " voetgangers " or " footwalkers," is to erect screens of slimy 8lip])ery cloth, and to dig holes in the earth at each end. 'Tot being able to mount these obstacles they change the direc-
Goij) Seeking In South Africa.
tion of their march, and fall into the pits at the sides where earth or water is tlirown upon them. If the screens are placed well away from the cultivated land, mticji that is valuable will in this way be saved.
Trains have even been unable to proceed on account of the dense niasses of insects collected against the rails, the slippery surfaces of which have arrested their progress. The change into the flying stage soon Cakes place. Great flights of them sweep across the sky, almost obscuring the light of the sun. They appear at first in the distance like small black clouds, then one or two of tin- foremost straggle in, generally the sign that great multitudes are advancing. On the first intimation of their approach measures should at once be taken to prevent their settling. This is usually done by raising as much smoke as possible by burning dried grass, Ac, piled in heaps all round the crops and fields, arranged so that the wind, if any, blows it over the phices to be protected. Noises by shouting or beating on pieces of tin are often effective in frightening a swarm away. If tiiey once settle, the crops, trees, and grass are absolutely ruined in a very short time.
They are prevented from settling more easily in the day time than towards sunset, for they then seek a resting place for the night. Another help towards the extermination has been noticed in tlie last few years. It is the presence of a |iarasite resembling a hair worm which kills large numbers of locusts. In some localities a toxin is being used to poison or spread the disease among them, and according to reports, results have been good. The locust lays eggs in the month of November in cracked dry laud or in recently ploughed low-lying agricultural soil. The eggs are deposited in bag-like capsules, about sixty in each, and are hatched in six to eight weeks. On hearing the st rid illations of the male insects, the sign that the pairing season has advanced, the eggs could he collected by turning oi-er the land on which the Swarms have settled.
Two kinds of locusts have been noticed as powerful destroyers — a brown kind, Pachytylus miifralitroidei (Reiche), and a red kind, Aeridium f/ur/niriffrum (Walk,).
2. flail-stoiim. — They occur in every part of the country, and fall often with extreme violence, doing greai, damage to vegeta- tion and animals wherever the storm happens to break. The hailstones are sometimes as large as a hen's egg. When snoh huge ones fall unprotected animals in the open field are frequently killed, and even galvanised iron roofs are known to "ave been perforated. In open fields used for gracing purposes
Agriculture. 127
one should plant patches of trees under which the animals can seek shelter. The storms are very sudden, and sometimes last a long time.
3. Drought. — The winter or dry season is, in many highly situated plains, unfavourable for growth, as the rains run oS quickly, leaving the soil dry ; whereas the lands near springs, rivers, or streams are well watered, and in dry seasons are kept moist by the capillary attraction of the water from the moisture below. Of course, there are many suitable plains capable of being placed under irrigation at very trifling cost. (See General Features.)
Appendix.
Weights And Measures. Troy Weight.
24 grains 1 pennyweight. 480 ,, =20 pennyweights 1 ounce. 5,760 ,, 240 „ 12 ounces 1 pound.
175 pounds troy 144 pounds avoirdupois.
Avoirdupois Weight.
16 . 1 oz
256 „ 16 ozs. 1 lb. 7,168 „ 448 „ 28 lbs. 1 quart. 28,672 „ 1,792 „ 112 ,, 4 qts. 1 cwt. 573,440 ,, 35,840 „ 2,240 „ 80 „ 20 . 1 ton.
1 pound avoirdupois '453593 kilogramme.
1 ounce 28*398 grammes.
1 drachm 1*771846
1 ounce 437*5 grains.
1 pound 7000 ,,
1 quarter 2 stones.
1 American ton 2000 pounds.
French —
iTwwS 1 milligramme '0153 grain.
,, centigramme 0*1543 ,,
Jl_
r— ,, 1 decigramme 1*543 grains.
1 „ 15-43 „
10 grammes 1 decagramme 154*3 ,,
1,000 „ kilogramme 32J ounces.
10,000 „ 1 myriagramiqe 22*046 lbs.
Appendix. 129
Measures Of Capacity.
1 scruple 20 grains or minims.
1 fluid drachm 60 minims.
1 fluid ounce 8 fluid drachms.
1 pint 20 fluid ounces.
1 gallon 8 pints.
Liquid Measure.
1 gallon 0*16046 cubic foot.
1 cubic foot 6*2355 gallons.
Measures Of Length.
12 ins. 1 ft. 36 „ 3 „ 1 yd. 188 ., 16i „ yds. 1 pole.
792 „ 66 „ 22 „ 4 poles 1 ch. 100 links. 7,920 „ 660 „ 220 ,, 40 ,, 10 chs. 1 furlong. 63,360 „ 5,280 1.760 „ 320 „ =80 „ 8 fur 1 mile.
1 inch 2*539954 centimetres 1 metre 3*2809 feet.
1 yard 0*9143835 metre 1 „ 39*3708 inches.
1 mile 1*6093149 kilometres.
1 knot or geogr. mile 6082*66 feet 1,854 metres 1*152 statute miles.
French —
1 millimetre ( of a metre j *03937 inch.
1 centimetre ( ,, ) *3937 „
1 decimetre ( ttt h ) 3*937 inches*
10 metres 1 decametre 32*809 feet or 10*9363 yards. 100 „ hectometre 109*3633 yards. 1,000 „ kilometoe 1093*63 „ or 62138 milo. 10,000 „ myriametre 6*2138 miles.
Gold Seeking In South Apreca.
SQUARE MEASURE. 144 square inches 1 square foot.
1,296 39,204
1,568,160 6,272,640
ft
„ 9 square feet 1 square yard.
„ 272J „ „ 30jt sq. yds. 1 i>erch.
10,890 square feet 1,210 square yards 40 perches 1 rood.
43,560 square feet 4,840 square yards 160 perches 4 roods 1 acre.
If
a
1 morgen 2*117 English acres. 1 acre 10 square chains. 1 acre 4,046 square metres. 1 square mile 3,097,600 square yards 640 acres.
1 hectare 2*471143 acres or 11960*33 sq. yds. or 27,878,400 sq. feet. 1 are *0274 acre or 119*6033 square yards. 10 ares 1 decare *2474 acre or 1196*033 square yards.
Abbreviations.
1 minim.
Mtn,
1 gallon.
. gcUl,
1 grain,
. gr.
1 quarter, .
. qr.
1 pennyweight, .
. dwL
1 hundredweight.
. ClDt.
1 ounce.
. oz.
1 inch.
. in.
1 pound, -.
. lb.
1 foot.
. ft.
1 drachm, .
. .
1 cubic foot.
. cub. ft.
1 fluid drachm, .
, jl, drm.
yards.
. yds.
1 fluid ounce,
. fl. oz.
square.
, sq.
1 pint.
. pt.
Index.
Abbots mine, Grold yield of, 50. Adamanta mine, Gold yield of, 49. Adits, 19, 20. African Gold Recov. mine. Gold yield
of, 50. Agnes Block mine. Gold yield of, 51. Agriculture, 114-127. Albion G. mine. Gold yield of, 55. Alluvial deposits, Moae of working, for gold, 8-13. mine. Gold yield of, 55. Synd. mine. Gold yield of,
Alpine mine. Gold yield of, 50. Amalgamation, 25, 26. Andrews Synd. mine, Grold yield of, „ Thos. mines, Gold yield of, Antimony, 110. Apples, 116, 119. Apricots, 116, 119. Arnold, 2. Asbestos, 60, 61, HI.
B
Bananas, 116, 119, 120. Barberton, 31.
,, G.M.C. mine, €rold yield
of, 52. Barretts Berlin S. mine, Gold yield
of, 58. Beans, 115, 119. Bed rock, 8. Bird Reef series, 99. Black Reef series, 99-102. Blasting, 21-23. Boksburg, 117.
Bowfort Prosp. Synd. mine, Gold
yield of, 52. Brighton mine, Gold yield of, 52. Button, E., 2.
Cabbages, 115, 119.
Capacity, Measures of, 129.
Cape Formation, 5, 6, 75-78.
Carrots, 115, 119.
Casing, 13.
Castlemaine mine, Gold yield of, 52.
Central mine. Gold yield of, 51.
„ Montrose mine. Gold yield of, 47. Cinnabar, 110. Citrons, 116, 119, 120. City of Grahamstown mine. Gold
yield of, 51. Climate, 113, 114. Clutha mine, Gold yield of, 49. Coal, 6, 110. Coffee, 116, 119, 122. Consort mine. Gold yield of, 55. Copper, 110. Cotton, 116. Custard apples, 116.
Diamonds, 110.
Die, 24.
Dips, 18.
Donkeys, 71.
Drilling, 21-23.
Drought, 127.
Du IVees series, 85-91.
Dust and dust storms, 114, 118.
Goldfield, Blauwbank, 104-107.
I „ Cypherfontein, 6.
Db Kaap, 5, 6, 27-GI.
KleinLetaba, 2, 6, 81-82.
Komuti, 2, 6, 63, 64.
LydeaburK, 2, 5, 6, 7G-T8.
Matmanj, 2, G, 108-109.
ManbasBtodt, 2, 5, 82.
Selatie, 2, 5. 79-81.
Swaziland, 64, SS. Veroeniging, 6. VryheiC 109. Witwateraraod, 2, G, 83-
Woodbuahberg, 85. GoldGeldB of S. Africa— Uisbory, )'3; Geology, 4-6 ; Devulopment of, 72- 74; Gold yield of, 72. 73, 103; General remarka on, I1I-II2. Gold mining on a small scale, 60-69. Gold outputs in tbe De Kaap Main Belt, 46-53 ; Jamestown Belt, 55 ;
Hailstokms, 126, 127. Hanging- wall, 16. Haverloek mine. Gold yield of, SI. Heidelberg district, 94, et stq. Herald mine. Gold yield of, 52. Hercules mine, gold yield of, 51. Highland mine, Gold yield of, 51. Boro Concesaion mine, G(dd
of, 65. Horse- BickneBB, 71.
INDBFKNDEHT mine. Gold yield i
Iron, 110.
Ivy mine, Gold yield of, SO. „ Leaf mine. Cold yield of, 50.
Jamestows, 54.
Belt, 5.3-55.
Joe's Luok mine, Gold yield of, 48. I
,, Reef mine, Gold yield of , 49. '
Johannesburg, 83, 117.
Kaktoor, The, 56-58. Karoo formation, 5, 6. Kidson mine. Gold yield of, 52,
Index.
Kimberley Imperial mine, Gold yield of, 61. ,, series, 99. Klerksdorp district, 96, et aeq, Krugersdorp, 117.
Land, Acquisition of, 116, 117.
Lead, 110.
Leads, 13.
Lemons, 116.
Lengths, Measures of, 129.
Lettuces, 115, 119.
Lewson mine, Gold yield of, 52.
Lilie mine. Gold yield of, 51.
Livingstone Reef series, 99.
Locusts, 124-126.
Loquats, 116.
Lydenburg, 75.
M
M'Lachlak, 2.
Madeline mine. Gold yield of, 55.
Main Belt, 31-53.
,, Reef series, 91-94. Malaria, 70, 113, 114. Mangoes, 116. Mauch, Karl, 2. MeaUes, 118, 119. Measures, 129, 130. Melons, 115. Mica, 111. Mists, 114.
Moodies Co. mine. Gold yield of, 49. ,, Synd. mine. Gold yield of, Mount Morgen mine, Gold yield of,
Mulberries, 116.
N
Nativb labour, 68, 69. New Bonanza mine. Gold yield of, 52. North Sheba mine. Gold 3rield of, 56. Nothingham Quarry mine. Gold
yield of, 51. Nuggets, 73.
Oats, 119, 120.
Olives, 116.
Oranges, 116, 119, 120.
Oratava mine. Gold yield of, 49.
Oriental and Sheba Valley mine.
Gold yield of, 48. Outcrops, 13.
Panning, 11.
Papaws, 116.
Peaches, 116, 119.
Pears, 116, 119.
Peas 115 119.
Pigg's Peak G.M.C., Gold yield of,
Pineapples, 116.
Plants, Method of removing, 123. Plein d'Or mine. Gold yield of, 52. Plumbago, 111. Plums, 116, 119. Pockets, 38, 39. Pomegranates, 116. Potatoes, 116, 119. Potchefstroom district, 96, et, seq. Primary formation, 5, 27, et seq. Prospecting, 7-26 ; tools required, 7,
8 ; in alluvium, 8-13 ; in reefs,
13-23; facilities of working, 23-26. Pyrites, Mode of removing, from
gold, 38.
Q
Quinces, 116.
Recent deposits, 5, 6.
Reef prospecting, 13-26.
Republic Synd. mine. Gold yield of,
Retorting, 26.
Revolver mine. Gold yield of, 61. Rice, 116. Riverside mine, Gold yield of 52
Index.
Salt, 111. Saltpetre, 111. Samples, Collecting, 14, 38. Scotsman mine, €rold 3rield of, 51. Shafts, 18-21.
Sheba mine, €rold 3rield of, 46. Shoe, 24. Silver, 110. Sluicing, 12, 13.
Snowden mine, Gold yield of, 52. Soils, Characters of, 124. S. African gold, Development of, „ primary formation, 5.
Stalactite caves, 107. Stamps for crushing, 24. Steynsdorp, 62. Stoning, 18, 19. Strike, 13. Stripping, 10. Struben, 2. Sugar cane, 116. Sulphur, 110.
Sundry Synd. mine. Gold 3rield of,
Table-lands, 56-58.
Tea, 116.
Thomas mine, Gold yield of, 48.
Three Sisters mine. Gold yield of, 51.
Timbering, 20, 21.
Tin, 110.
Tomatoes, 115, 119.
Trees for cultivating, 1 15, et seq. , 119.
Tsetzefly, 71.
Turnips, 115, 119.
Union mine. Gold vield of, 47. United Ivy mine. Gold yield of, 46. United Pioneer mine, Gold yield of,
Veldevbeden mine, €rold yield of,
Victoria Hill mine, Gold yield of, 52. Victoria mine. Gold 3riela of, 50. Virginia Estate mine, Gold 3rield of,
W
Walnuts, 116, 119. Watermelons, 115. Weenen County Synd. mine, Gold
3rield of, 48. Weights, 128.
Wimbledon mine, Gold yield of, 52. Windlass, 21. Winzes, 18.
Witportje fault, 96, 102. Witwatersberg, 104, 105. Witwatersrand district, 94, et teq,
Woodbine mine. Gold yield of, 49. Wyldsdale Gold Explor. Co. mine.
Gold yield of, 49.
Zoutpansberg district, 79-82, 121,
BKLl AMD BAIS, LUtlTSD, PMHTUA, Q\.KBA01I
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WITH A SUPI'Lli:.\lENrARV CilArXER ON TERNS AND MOS.SES, As Illustrating the First Principles of Botany.
By J. R. AINSWORTH DAVIS. M.A.. F.Z.S.,
FroF. el BiotQir, Udveisity College. Abetyiiwytli : Ei9inl;icr ii> ZodIdei Univrrally of Abcrdfeo.
luke il valuable fi ., nrailj r4nmU.ii
Lubbock, d( what ii kaon of iLi FcrDliuIi
Popular Works On Botany By Miss. Bughes-Gibb.
How Plants Live And Work:
iductlon to Real Life la the Flanl-world, Based on LelBcna orlglQally given lo Couniry Children.
By ELEANOR HUOHES-GIBB.
iM to Uli
I V/ilh llluairotlons. Crown Svo. GiU, Be. 6d.
I .The Making Of A Daisy;
'"Wheat Out Of Lilies;"
other Studies from the Plant World, A Popular Introduction to Botany.
By ELEANOR HUGHES-GIB B,
" Till book Tiiu'sirDrd rl'u>lii>s totaoM * In Ul* open. . , . Ths lilsrujilylaliui
piuinre from lb* iWy tf
lONDOM: CHARLES fiRIFFIN A CO.. UUntft, UWWWS.'.WWSa,
aUatSBSRINQ AND UBORAmOS.
" §§ 4-6. Griffin'8 Standard Publications 1
Noimeers, Electriciahs, Architects, Bdildees,
NAVAL CONSTRaCTORS, AND SURVEYORS.
Applied Mechanics, - RAifKiHit, Browne, Jamikson, 35. ir'aSfl
civil Engineering-, . . Psor. Enkine,
Design of Stpuctures, . 8. Anqlin, .
2(
Bridge-Construction, . Prof. Fiulkb, . Engineering Drawing, S. H. Wells, .
1&
Road Malting, T. Aitken, .
Sewage Disposal Woriis, Santo Crimp, .
Sanitary Engineeping, . F. Wood, .
Traverse Tables, . R. L. Gurdbh, .
3;
Central Electrical Stations, C. H. Wordinqham,
Light Railways, . W. H. Cora, ,
Electrical Tramways, . Vww. h. Jamimon,
Harine Engineering, A. K Sbaton, .
<6!
Engine-Room Practice, J. G. Livbebidoe,
Poeket-BOOk, . SBATOHANDRor5TnWAITE,4
Design of Sllips, . . Prop. Hakvard Bjles
3Sb
steel Vessels. . . T. Walton,
3sa
stability of Ships, . Sir E. J. Hbed,
Nautical Series, Ed. by Capt. Blackmork,
The Steam-Engine, . Rankink, Jamieson,
Locomotive Engineering, W. F. Pbttighew,
se
Valves and Valve-Gearing, Ohas. HuRar,
Hints on Design, . Coaf. Huksi-,
Pumping Machinery, H. Davey, .
M
Gas. Oil, and Air-Engines. Bryan Donkin,
2f
Gas and Oil Engines, . Prof. Watkinson,
Boilers : Land and Marine, T. W. Traill, .
„ Steam, . . R. D. Mdnho, .
Kitchen, , . E. B. Mukro, .
,, Heat Efficiency of, Bryan Donkin, .
Chemistry for Engineers, Blodnt a Bloxak.
Fuel and Water, - Browne,
Haehinery and Millwork, Prof. Rankinb,
Si
Hydraulic Machinery, . Pnor. Robinbon,
Grinding Machinery, , R. B. Hodgson,.
3S
Lubrication and Lubricants, Archbuit Jt Debley
3S
Rules and Tables, Rankinr and Jamiebon. SB
Electrical Pocket-Book, MunRo and Jamiebon
Electrical Price-Book, . H. J. Dowsinq, .
The Calculus for Engineers, PB-f*. o-e.-."v.%w&,
iTeasurement ConveraVoBs, ow."Q-'4,
Ohablbs Oeiffin A Co.'S Publi0At10N3.
Thi&d Editiow, Rtvisid, zvilh an AiUitionsl Chapter oM Foundalimt. Nununms Diagram!, Examples, and Tables. Largi Bi'd. . l6/.
The Design Of Structures:
By S. ANGLIN, C.E..
' Uultr of EngEeiine. Royal Umvcrdty of Irclaiid. lUc WhilWDIth Sl
Third Editjox. In Two Purta, Published Separately. A TEXT-BOOK OF
Engineering Drawing and Design
Vol. I. — pRiCTicAL Geometky, Pl.uie, ahd Solid. 3s.
ToL. II. — MAcniKE AND Ehgike Dkawisu and Disiok. is. 64.
SIDNEY H. WELLS. Wu.Sc.
mtA many /Iliufrnliaif, tpfciolfjr rtpartii for (Ae TTofib, and
Examples, for th Uir Stttdmti in TetJiniiMl SekcoU and Colkgu,
" i tHi)intiasi,t Diirrt du, lueKllnelr nil wlUau. trr Uit nuor giiinitlii mt -HHIsiui w lian BoUiUii Mt |<nlM.'~-jr<(iiri,
"A cuitii. nu-D(i.>i. unua oh u ciciluit itmn. nleaUtut (a i In iii liililHiMil
hOVM mikscoiii'i.m in.MiaD-uuwi>a9, diiiiiuiljit lUlli uli Uw la Uia .Ik.Id.'— XkiMnl
" Ths BrM hnuk ImAi laiCT Uil tintM.it taimnli Iha HHnil, wbanllwt*
/ eniFm co., unnm. irora m?K\,TO!iR.
Third Edition, TAarugHy Revised. Kiyai 8to. IVilh mimttvtu nhatraiiMU and 13 LilhosrMc Plata, Handsemt CiMh. Prict 301.
A Practical Treatise On
Bridge-Construction:
triag K Test-Book od the Conatrnctioa of Bridfei U
Iiou utd Stesl.
FOR THE USE OF 8TUDENT3, DIIAUQHT8H£(1, AND EMSiNEERS.
By T. CLAXTON FIDLER, M-Inst-CE.,
General Contents.
Part I. — Elkmbntary St*ticb ;— DcfinitioM— Th Opposition uA Biluice of Forcoi— Bending Strain— Tbe Graphic RepreienUtion o! Bendtnf Moments.
Vart II.— Gbnsral Phinciflks ot Bridge-Construction: — Tlii OampandTe Aiuttom? of Bridge*— Combined or Composite Bridges — tbeoiBticHj Welglit of BriJes— Do Deflectioii, or the Curve of a Bended Qbdor-Coatinuous Girdett.
Part III.— The Strength of Materials :— Theoretical Strength of Oolnmni — Deiign and Comtruclion of Struts — Strength and ConsCniction of T(*~Workine Strength of Iron and Steel, aod the Working Strasi ia (MgM— WohTei-'i EiperimmU.
Part IV.— The Dcsion op Bridoss ik Detail: — Th LoAd on BlldgB5— Oileulation of Strassetdue to the MOTable Load— Parallel Girder*— Direct CalcuUtion of the Weight of Metal— Parabolic Girders, Polygonal Truiiei, and Curved Girders — Suspeniion Bridges and Arches : Floible Construction — Rigid Construction — Bowstring Girders used as Arches or SMMDsion Bridges — Rigid Arched Riba or Suspension Ribs — Continaoui CHrdait and Cantilever Bridges— The Niagara Uriiige— The Forth Bridge— Wind-Pressure and Wind-Bracing : Modem Experiments.
IB ariMS from the combinAtioil ot lIPIIumOB a displaye.l ua every pags. . . - Thwry ia kepi In mnjjDsuuu HI jrncuuei and, biB boijk is, tbersforB, as useful to giidn-inaiutB to students of Bndge ConBtnictiou."- The ArchiUct, "Am ODUFiHSASLiBAjrDBOOKforthapntatiMlEnglnMi.''- JTolMn.
i8 CHARLES OHIFFIN CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
Works by BRYAK DONKIN. U.Inst.CE., H.Inst.Hech.E., &&
Gas, Oil, And Air Engines:
A tactical Text - Book on Internal Combustion Hotors
without BoUeF.
By BRYAN DONKIN, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.Meck.E.
Obwmal CoKTNTt.-Gas E n Bines -.-Gtner.l Discription-HaiaTr .nd Drrelop.
mB— ). French, md G=rnao Gas Enpntj— Gu Production for Molive Powei—
IbBorY of >ke Gm KruJDe— Chtmicul CompMilion of Gu [d Gal Enpnes— Uliltallon
HbiI— Eiploiian ud Combusnan. Oil AcitOrS :— Hiitory ud Dcvelopmuit— Vailou*
Typi-PnciKiMn't wd clhet Oil Enpnes. HDt-AlP EBBlnssi— HiiloiT >nd I>()op-
HIM— Vsrioui Types : Stirlmg'i, Ericuon's, &c, &c
'Thu >c$T loaic NOV PUBLisHBD oqGu, Oil.ind Air EncJnei. . . . 'Wmbeol *u( aiiiiT IHTIMST 10 Ihf numErDul pncucal tngiaeeri who hare K niks thcmialTa hniUiar vLih the mstor of the da);. . . Mr. Qanldn hai tha idvanUEe of loho
nd niccunle perception of lbs tenuiraneati at Eapactn.'T*t Entmttr.
"Wa HiAiiTiLV HKHUuann Mr. Dolan'i work. ... A momunenl of nnM khow, . . . LniiMnou..ndi:oni|ir!heiuiire.-— y#i.m/#/'Ciiirti<. " A t)iarau|4dy riliabli ii axuAtisTiviTnatiH."— £ii{iiM>r<Hf.
In Quarto, Handsome Cloth. With Nnmeroui Plates, as*.
The Heat Efficiency Of Steam Boilers
(Land, Marine, And Locomotive).
With many Tests and Experiments on different Types of
Boilers, as to the Heating Value of Fuels, &c., with
Analyses of Gases and Amount of Evaporation,
and Suggestions for the Testing of Boilers.
Bv BRYAN DONKIN, M.Inst.C.E.
Gknekal Contents.— Classificilion of different Types oi
435 Expeiiments on English and Foreign Bailers witli theti Heal
ihovm in FiRy Tables — Fire GraWs of Various Types— Mechanical Sloker>—
Combustion of Fuel in Boilers— Tranumission of Heat IhrouEl" Boiler Plaits,
Mid their Temperatuce — Feed Water Heaters, Superheaters, Feed Punpi,
4c.— Smoke and its PrevcotioQ- Instramenls used in Testing Boilers —
Mtrine and Locomotive Boilers — Fuel Testing Slalions — Discussion of the
Trials and Conclusions — On the Choice of a Boiler, and Testing of
Maiine, and Locomotive Boilers — Appendices- Bibliography- Index.
With Plates illuilraling Progress modi during reiriil }iars,
and the best Modem Praii '
SNOINEERINO AlfD MSQEANIOB. 29
Tmiu EaiTtot, Rniiid tmi Enlareid. Foetil-Siu, lallitr, Ut Sd.: a'lo Larytr Mm /tr
Offlu Uii, CloOi, 121. Id,
Boilers, Marine and Land:
THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND STRENGTH. A Baitdhooe or Rolks, Foruhi, Tables, ko., reititb to Uatuai,
SolNTLINOa, AND PSEfWURKS, SAFETY ViLTES, SFEINOS,
FiTTiiioa AND MousTLsae, ko,
FOR THE USE OF ENGINEliKS, SURVEYORS, BOILER-MAKERS.
Asd Steam Users.
Bt T. W. TRAILL, M.Ihst.O.E., F.E.RN.,
To THE Seoosd and Third Editions UAcr Mbw Tables for' VstsaVRK, np to 200 Lbs, per Sqdabb Inch hnva been added.
"Thi hor TilirililJI woI on Bnilon pnLlliifcod ]n EnBlnd,"-Sk(pr*iir World.
Coutilni Ejoiuoca QoiKiiTT pj TsrimviTrnTi trrBnj!el in & irj coo'eolant fTTii. . .
Tliird /mjji-etaion. Large Crown 8vo. With nuraeroua IlluBtrations. 6(1.-
Engine-Room Practice:
A Handbook for Engineers and Officers in the Royal Navy and Mercarilile Marine, Including the Manag:emenc
of the Main and AuxillaFy Engines on Board Ship. By JOHN G. LIVERSIDGE, togiDesr, R.N., A.M.I.C.B.. Inntnirlop In Applied MeohanlP.flt Uip Rojul NlTBl
Cnlmli.-CmBTnl DeacHpUon of Mirioa MublBerr.— Tfas Condltioon at Senleaiiid Dattn of Enginsen o( the itnfil Nii; — Enlr; Aiid Oandltloni ut Saiike of Bagineers of
Bnpain a[ kDgbi.~-?frsHmtlo' and hepain of "Tink" Boilers.— Thg Dull uid [(fc IHBos*.— OlsinlBgind PiLnUog Msoblnlrj — HociptonttiEg PnBpj. Feed Hobib™, Md iirtnniBtlo Feed-Vtr ItapJalora. — EportfiPi — Slcam Boiu — Elootrlo tighl UufalBeD-,— tlTdntolio UanhlnBr.—Alr-CaiDprBBaing Pntnpi — RarrtgcniUng HuhLon.
&itI7 of AuiBUmt EDHlneeni, N.-QifestloBa elwn in EiIimidnllodiTDr PrDtooUan rf BnttBten, K..-Kngnlallom rBtpiollOB Boird of Tturls Eiam] nation, for Enginoan, Jto,
nen given la tht*
In frotm Sao, ixira, wilk Smntrtnii lUuilralioni. [Shortljf.
Gas And Oil Engines:
An Introductory Text-Book on the Theory, Design, ConBtrnction,
and Testing of Internal Combustion Engines witiiont Boiler.
For The Use Op Students.
By Prof. W. H. WATKINSON, Whit. Sen., M.lNST.MsmX,
Olugon ind Weil of Scotlaud TeclinLul Col]ii((.
I ; CHARLES eRlFFlH 4 to., umi..'aw,'B-
0HABLB8 ORIFFIN i OO.'S PUBLIOATIOyS.
A Manual Of
Locomotive Engineering:
A Ppaetieal Text-Book for the Use of Engine Builders,
Deslers and Draughtsmen, KailwEir
Engineers, and Students.
WILLIAM FRANK PETTIGREW, M.Inst.O-E.
'ith a Section on American and Continental Enginei.
et albert F. EAVENSHEAR, E.So.,
01 MB.]'i Patent OtOae. OMfeJifJ, -Hlilodcl Inliffll.iciiun, liOa-IBCB. - Moflarn LocomoMTM : Btaiple.— DderD LoeDmolliM! Uoiupuund. - Primin CoDildsnUan Id hosoiaiMv Dtmga.—
IllBlltn, SlaaiD OhHU. and SluDlDg Bdui.— Piiuai, PiBlon Bode, OnmliH dlBan.— QoDDecllnEiiid CoupUns Bods.— WDiwli iiiil fiilm. fi iTii liiiim, IlnBtJiit. tatrlDg SpclDgB.— BalaoBlne,— VUve Osu.— Blidi- TiIih ud ViiT* Our DiBlbl— line, SoiCf cud Alls tndti, Bu11l AiJs Boici.—BoUan,— EDioksboi. Uaat Stf% — "lllTnga.— Bollar Mouulinja—Toodfri,- Hallway BrakM,— LiiIirlDadfmL— 0- )f Vat\ XinDonxlon anil ILtuIuq LODlaaoT.Amerf&D ljQno<lTB Ooft' Duiai uKDBotiTea.— Bapain. Bomiliis, liupecUoD, noil BtsioiJi.— TktM AnmAdM. lAiIr to nmsin far roMy yoan the SinjAUi 'Wqu far tho niiblDf to laant Ibllograpb J qT tlia Loaoswtd**."**-
rinlx:
/n tnrpe Hm. Handeami Cluth. With. Plate* and Htuslralioni. lOt.
AT HOME AND ABROAD. Er WILLIAM HENRY OOLE, M.Inbt.O.E.,
Lata DapulT-HanaKsr, Konb-Wulani Ralloar, India. Cenienfs.— liiHcuBfliun nf tliB Term "Lialit Rail ways. "—KngliBh lUilwavB, Rated, and Farmers. — Ligbt Rwlwayi m Betgimo, Fronas, Itolv, otb EuiopeHD CuuiitrieB, America and the Coluuiea, India, Ireland.— Rood Tfmu- mrt as nn alternative,- Tbe LigLt Railwaya Act, ISOfi.— The Quration of GwVa.— Comtruction and Working.— Locomotives and RoUiiw-Stock.— Light BUffara in England, Scotland, aiid Walea.— Appendicei and Index.
TaBaio, lat toiaa iimt 3i a H cahduid IVou In aiarTitilag nialiac 10 UfM bOifWa"— Atfiiuv.
"nMaaUmrbaaaitoadsl Dnstlotl aitlBBe* Ibal nukH Uiabook lucid aoJ omM. [I lanGaiDDQLr wall done."— Bntfiiwri*.
"TliawDdl* aDblaal la (iniinnriLT anil rKlcnuLti oomldenit. Ths irsrta soidlallj ratDtD*n4d t.i npuruauLi Iq ttaoaa irbni* dotjli lawb*
tMDOII : CHARLES GBIfflN i CO, UVmiO. lUU* . WW5>-
SNOINESRWa AND MKOHANIOS. 31
IRD Editios, BevUed and Enlarged. Wiih Numertmi Hlwlraiioni. Price 8a. 6d.
Valves And Valve-Gearing:
t
mCLVDISO THE CORLISS TALYS AND TRIP QBAES.
OHAKLES HUEST, Practical Draughlsman.
1 with llu
aeaigo ot VlTB-gMjin|."-*tonirH-i.riit
a6( lor
liuills
out, , . . HhoniiproTBbo
etanrly Ht torUi, in .ulijeot. lU modente
IllaPtnlcd la iJloBhrian"
It ll (HMi !r
k Li iDHtumLT isLtsd lo tne n .banlB thuratliK] dliaaiod
eili or van ptmIIcjU me
Boards, 8vo., Olotli Back. Price Is. 6d.
net.
Hints
On
iteani Engine Design and Construction.
Contents.
T. Sttam Pipes.
EL Valves. IIL Cylinder J. IV. Air Pamps aiiil Condeiiseta.
V. Motion Wock.
VL Crank Sliafta and Pedeslala. VII. Valve Gear. VIII. Lubrication. IX. MisoiuiuouB Dehula,
32 Charles Griffin A Co.'S Fubl1Cati0N3,
Large 8vo. Hanilsorae Cloth. With lUuBtratioiu, Tables, to. 2Ib.
Lubrication & Lubricants:
A Treatise On The Theory And Practice Of Lubrication
Natube, Properties, And Testing Of Lubricants.
By LEONARD AllCHBUTT, P.I.O., F.C.S.,
R. Mountfoe.D Deeley, M.I.M.E., F.G.S,,
lEKTS.— I. VrEutlon of BoUili.— II. FrlcUon oi VluiDilty, and Plmitto
—III. anporflcial Teniion.— IV. The Theorj of LnbrioEtion.— V. mbricmU.
their Houroai, PfBpiratioo, md Proprttlea.— VI. I'hjilcal Properti
jptiea.— VI. Phyilcaa Propertii
— Vlt. cEemlDiil PropeiClH and Uftlioc
f. The LabrlcattoD of Uichlner;.—
of Lu1irlcaiiU.~Vni, The Sjilfmatlo Teitliig ofLubiiCBiitj hy Phjiical and Chemical
Mathoai.— IS. Tin Mechnfol TesllTiB of LubricanU.— X. The DealBn and tnb
jn the BubjeoU
"Conttiini nractlcmiy J.U. THiT IS known on the mbJeiM DeiervM tb* oarelnl BttaatloD of all Kuglnevis."— J?ai2u>av OJIclat Gviii.
FuL-r.Tn EomoK. Viry fully IttuUrated, CiolH, it. 9d.
Steam - Boilers!
dbfeota, manaasment, and oonstruotiow. Bt e. d. munro,
ChiEnainuT of tU SatlUX Boilrr IntHranct and Engini InipHlian ,
Gbkkbal CONTSNT5.-I. EiPLOilONS oud (l) by Ovtrhtaiine pf Pliiie,-<l) B,
DeAKtivc and OvKloKled Satay Vulns-Cj) By Cortoiion, Inttn. or F.trr.iil-(4) Ur
Dekcdwt Dnign and Caas[ructi°n (Unsuppartcd Flue Thei -. Untirengihcned Miohala .-
DBfecli™5nyiiig; Slieoglh nf RivtUtd Joinu; Faclorof Siifely)~ll. Conjtsuctiom or
VKHTtcAL BuiLiRi: ShElli-CrDwn FlalH and Upulx TubE>— ftUn-HDlei, Mud-Hels,
and Fire-HolB — FireboxM — Mouwinei— MinaarinMil — aeanine—TaWe or Suntioa
Preunna of Siee! Bgilem-TaWo of Ri.etlJoinii-SptcLScaiSn. imd DramiDn
LiuicuhiTc Baiia for Wntlikg f teiiuKi (a] Ea Ibt. ; W "=o tbi. per iqume inch reipKlTvilr.
" A vahuble companies Tot wi:i'kmco and cnEinFen engaged about Steam noilin, ((U
la be carefullv siudied, and a1,i\ts UAjjii." '"" ''- - J —
"The book VSKV L'saPi't., specially lo st
KITCHEN BOILER EXPLOSIONS: Why
I Ihey Occur, and How lo Prevent their Occurrence. A Practical Hud- book based on Actual Epeiimi " . .- . . ™ .
moH: cmsLis ssirm i co, LMnio,t\HwmKtT,siBHli).
SXaiifBERlNO AtTD MBOHANIOS. jj
Just Out. In Croivii Sot, Hoiidsmc . With Numfn'Us ni!istrati.m .
Emery Grinding Machinery.
Text-Book of Workshop Practice in General Tool Grinding,
and the Design, Construction, and Application
of the Machines Employed.
E, HODGSON, A.M.Inst.Mech.F„,
nchincs .md I'oola EmploycJ in tht Wgrkiog of Sliecl Mctuli."
—Toil! Grinding.— Empry Wiicds,— Mourning Emciy Wheels. — Emery Rings and Cylinders. — Conditions lo Ensure Efficient Working. — Leading Types of Machines.— Concave and Conix Grinding. — Cup and Cone Machines. — Muliipie Grinding. " Guesl" Universal and Cutter Grinding Machines. —Ward Universal Cutter Grinder.— Press.-Tool Grinding. —Lathe Centre Grinder, — Polishing,- Index.
Fifth Edition. Folio, itrongly >onnd, *i/.
Tea Verse Tables:
Computed to Four Places of Decimals for every HlnnU
or Anffle up to 100 or Distance.
For the use of Surveyors and Engineers.
Richard Lloyd Gurden.
Aathoiued Suiveyor for tlie Go*cnunDt> of New South Walo u
lll01l : CHARLES eMIH* k (10., VWXWS, VkaHk'SWWJ.x'SSSSBi
34 OHARLm QBiFFIN GO.'S PU3LI0AT101T3,
WOBES BT ANDREW JAMIESON. M.Inst.C.E., M.I.E.E., F.R.S
Fsrmirly Pn,/tur of F.lalrical EniiniirMn, Th, Glait.m and p/ J aHana
Professor Jamieson'8 Advanced Text-Books.
In Large Crimin Bm. Fully Rluslraied.
STEAM AND STEAM-ENGINES (A Text-Book on).
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'Tlw BKTBooiypuhlislmir(thcuo(Siud™u."— ajwi<T.
HAQNETISM AND ELECTIUCITT (An Advanced Tezt-
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APPUEO MECHANICS (An Advanced Text-Book <m).
Vol I.— Corapri5i[;g Part I. ; The Principls of Work and ils applUs- tiani; Partll.: Gearing. Price 71. 6d. Third Edition.
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PROFESSOR JAMIESON'S INTB0DUCT0R7 MANUALS. Ctvum Eve. Wilk /I/uitnUiem and EiaminaHoH Faptri,
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Manaal of). For First-Year StuL-nls, NjNTH Edition, Uevised. 3/J. " Shwia be la the hindi o! ivaiiv engiDRiins 3.pfitaics." —Frxtlial SnriiHir.
HAGNETISH AND ELECTBICITT (Elementary Manoal
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APPLIED MECHANICS (Elementary Manual of).
Specially arranged for First- Year Students. Fifth EolTioift Revised, 3/4 "The wDik hu hioh qujilitiu, which may ba audoucd lalo lb* oo* mti
Ik PRF.rARATiDN. joo J. Ciou-H Si'ii. Profusfty lilmirBttd,
Modern Electric Traihway Traction:
A Taxt-Book of Present-Day Pmotlce.
Far the Vti ef KUetriMil BnjiivtHjiir StTutmU aiid IhoK mlimua in Kiria
I(v Pnoi-. ANDREW JAMIESON.
A J>OCKET-BO0K of ELECTRICAL RULES and TAL
I For the Use of Elfclrici.ins and Ergiiieeis. YocVrt S\tb. \M!&,ei, Ss. 6,i. Sixteenth Edition. aa.
SSaiSSSRIHO AND MSCHASICB. 35
Works By
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Smntani te Iht InatituU of Einlntiri and Shipbulliltrl In SoBtlaiH.
A Manual Of Applied Mechanics :
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BEOOMD SDITIOJV, Revised and, Enlarged. In Large 8vo, SaTidsoTne cloth, S49.
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HENRY ROBINSON, M. Inst. C.E., F.G.&, unit numerou 'dOiooCicute, and Slcic-nine putef,
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38 OBARLES ORIFFIN OO.'S PUBLlOATIOSa.
T he'" Tta B iT lY y'"" o"p ""s 'hi p S.
Sir Edward J. Reed, K.C.B., F.R.S., M.P.,
"iH.
Ii <xiti ta stMdm tlia wsik complgic for tbc piiimi tbt 31 If . IUkil M. DiiMARD. ud U[. BojAKTN, aU tina iiinUlT, OluniMA to Tmblu nd >inkad-m uuiplu, Thi bunk assuini iDora tliu) oos Dia(mu s ifciHriWii br kin BUBku ur odual EuH, Suited boa iLiu mt tit ilmiiiiilwft
" Si Kditaiid AsBj-i - STAHLiTir or 3>iipi ' is iNVr.iiBu. The Natal XuKTn 1II (nd bniu(>>t MfMOR aad riMHJy to hu hud. a mui of info vita hAva ID Md in an atmoU iihUau Tuiaty of pubkjcddooi, pmiblT Dot *Ue to oblauj at all elaawhafe. "" i i titm i lufi.
THE DESIGN AMD OON8TH.U0TION OF BHIPH. By Joi
Harvard Bilks, M.Inst.N.A., Professor of Naval Architeclure in University of Glasgow. [Jh Prefaraiiatt.
SRCONii Edition. Illuslraled with Plates, Niimeious Diagnuns. and Fifuiei in the Tent. l8s, net.
Steel Sh I Ps!
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A Manual for Shipbuildera, Ship Superintendents, SCudentat
and Marina Engineer*.
By THOMAS WALTON, Naval Architect,
OoHTCiTS.— I. Manufttoture of Oast Iron, Wruught Iron, anrl StseL— Com- position of Iron and , OtialiCy, Strength, Teats, &c. II. Claasificatjon of Btaeiaiiips. III. Cfaii9idartioiuininaldngch<iiooQfTvpof TeewL— Framint of 3hip. IV. Stnuns aipriancod by ShijiB,— Mcthoda of Computjiw bA OompunitgStreDEftbB of Ships. V. Conatruction of Shin, — Alternatiia Modes of Otuutniction— Tea M Veaaala- — Tarret, Sulf Trimroint;, and VL Pumping Arnon-
a. — Oomaat, Paint, io.— Indm.
of OiuBtniction.— Typea ol Veasela— Tiirret, Sulf SteamenAc.-IUveta and Bivetting, Workmsnahip. ments. vll. Maintenonoe. — Pravanlaoa of Datorio
Id wal! wil'ltan tn aTirr obBplDC i
Skconi} Edition, Cloth, 83. 6d. Leather, for the Fockel, St. ed. aE.imiir'8 BLEOTBIOAL PBICE-BOOK : For Electrical, Civil, Marine, and BorouEh Engineers, Local Authorities, Architects, Railway Contractors, &c., &c. Edited by H. J. DOWSINO. "TlitEuiimicAi. Prici-Book movai atl KvsnitT about Iba coat at Baditaal fewer. B7 iu aid tha iriui thai wUl bt cuUiilfJ by uliliiiug dectridlr as uJl tail cu tcovmir—AnMUct.
iemiM: CHARUS GHIfFIH 4 CO.. LIHntO, WHW WRKt. STMHO.
Nautical Works.
§5. Griffin'S Nautical Series.
Ted By Edw. Blackmore,
rint Clus XrluLtT Hoius CerliflcaM, ksaoa. luil. TS.k.
WlUTT£It. UUNLI, bf Sailobs Ioi Sailoks.
"Ths vulumes of Mg.esii3. Qiuffix's NIdticAi Sebieb mo; wetl bdiI proflti il by AIL IntcrcetsJ Id our NATIONAL UARITIHE rGOOBiss."— JfoTiTM EnginMT. "£VEBT HuiF Bhonld have Ills iruaui Skuiesu FinuiEKO* Usuxt. VtMO.
The British Msrcantile Marine : An Hirtoricai Slutch and OavBLopmiDt. £7 cho Bditor. . Blackkise. 31. fid.
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ElfiOleiltary Seam a.11 ship. By D. Wiison-Barksr, MaeUr Mukur, r.a.S.K, t.KG.S. DuiBeniiu PliUa, tna In Culoun, and VronUwlMk Tamu Edition, Thor.mjhly Bevtied, EiilarEtU, nnd Ec-act. Witb iddltlODil
11, hj CAW. WJiaoM BABKEB, ol tba ' WotuBiter,' Mem
to m EmBiwiL: i
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"Mb. WAiTon's book will bt
Navigation : Theoretical and Practical. Bv D. Wiuon-Biiikki
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Marine Meteorologrr : For Officora of the Merchant Navy, By WILUAU Au.]NOHAH. /ttat CInu Honuun, NuriEatkin, Soleim and Art DopartaMiif. With llluatraUuiui, Jlapa, ami Diasnuni, and factimiie reproUuclioa ol log pig*.
Practtcal Mecha-Olcs : Applied to the reqairementa of ths Sailor,
Br Tboel llACBEMZiE.Mostet Mariner, F.B.A, 8. Seconb Bution, ReTlaad. Bi. M. " WKU, wottTU tiba mooeT - . . EXOESiiwaLT HELfFDL. "— Sftmrine World.
Trigonometry : For the Ycaoa Smlor, &c, ttaaiei Naulfrol Tmloiun Collpge, &.SL8. " Worci
EliBSlLSd.
IL and reliable TOlnma.
By Bicil. C. BrcK. Compantou Volume to it.hers. FricoBi. 6d. or the young laUur mindful at progHm, — JW-ruial XacaiiM.
%
Mm —dipping Oairttt.
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Hoipital, ereenwlch. SEOOSD KUCUQS, &Biut<\. ia.
[JBIVOOII: GHASLES SRIFHS i CO., UUAHl.asSSwiV
40 CHARLES ORIFFm i CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
Qriffin'S Nautical Series .
Price Si. 6d. Post-free.
British Mercantile Marine.
Br EDWAED BLACKMOKE,
Oekebal Contehib.— H18TOMCAL ; Trom Early Times to I486— PruruB BUdet Henry VIII.-Tn Death of Mary— DnriDB Elizsbetb' Beign— TJp to the Hcign of Willinm III.— Tlis IStb md 19th CenluneB— Institatioli ol EzumnatiiiDS — Kine and FrogrCBS of Stanm Frapnlaicin — Devtlopmeiit of Free Trade- Shi ppiiig Legislation, 1862 to 1875— " Luckslcy HsU" Cue— HbijOTiaater*' Societiea— Loadine of Ships — Shipping Lee's''i"", 1S84 to 1894—
BUtiatica of Shipinng. Thi Fehsosnel ; Sbipowof re- Officers -MariiieiB— Dntisa and PrsEent rosition. Edvoatioh: A SeamBo'a Gducntioa: ithat !t ihonld be— Present Meana lA liducation— Hints. DlaclPLIHa AMD DOTT — Portacript— The SerionB Decreaaa in the KoiEber of British Seamen, Mftttei demauditig tliB Attention of the Kation.
iTery Builijr."— tfuifin i/i/iiiinf J/i
Third Edition, Thorowjhly Seviatd, Efdarged, and Jie-aet.
With Additional Illustrations. 6a.
A. mANuJLi:. OP
Elementary Seamanship.
D, WIL30N-BAEKER, Master Marikkr; F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S.,*a,.*aj
With Frontispiece, Numerous Plates (Two in Colours), and IllDHtrktioiia in the Teit. GmiBAL CoNTEKTH.— The Building of a Ship; FarCa of Hull. Muta, ia— Kopca, Knota, Splicing, Ac. — Gear, Leati and Ixig, 4c. — Riagiog-, Aaohora — Bailniakuig — The Saila, ic —Handling of Boata under Sail — Bisnala and SifnallinB— Rule of the Koad— KeepiUH and Eelieving Watch— Fomta of Etiquette— GloBBary of Sea Tonns and PLrasea— Index.
"Thli
AlttWIIcb Inlfi
lOmON : i;iiA!IU& fifllFFIN CO., UttUW. t\f\W.A'a.,'i\?,MWl.
Nautical Workb. Griffin'S Nautical Series.
¥
Price St. 6d. Pasl-fieo.
IsTAVIGATION:
Bt DAVID WILSON-BARKER, R,N,R., F.E.S.E., kc, WILLIAM ALLINGHAM,
naitb flumeroue SUufittatfone and £iamliiatlon mueetions,
GlNBBlL CosTBSTB, — DeBnitionB — Ltttitado and Longitude— Inatrnmoiiti of NftTit'aiJon -Correction of CoanwB— Plana aoiUng— TrftveraB SaliDg— Dr'i Work — Parallal Sailing — Middla Latitiida SailicE — Mercator's Chart— Uorcator Sailing — Ourrent Sailing — FuBition b; BearineB— Great Cirale Sailiog —The Tidas— QuBBtions— AppenJii : (Jompaaa Error— Nnmecoua Usafol Htnta, Ac — Index.
Uisklntl 0( work teqalred tor llle Now Coniflffitei ot competency In graiM
u-mx BOQE , . . epeeUlly adijiud to the Nit Eiuii<Datl<n.
Jlandsome Cloth. Pully Illustrated, "is. &d. Poat-Jref.
Marine Meteorology,
FOR OFFICERS OF THE MERCHANT NAVY. By WILLIAM ALLINGHAM,
Joint Autbor ol "NailEitlon, Theoretical and Fricticiil,"
With Qumeroua Flatea, Maps, Diagrama, and Ulnstrations, and a facaimllC'l Beproduction of a. Fnge from an actual Meteorologioal Log-Booh.
STTMMAltT OP CONTENTS.
iHtKODVnoEI.— iDitrumeDti Vmi at Sea [or Meteorological PurpneCB.- llBtaRI- H tgrtcal Lob-Boo kfl.—AtmosplnriD PtrBjure.— Air TcmperBlnreB.— Sea -" - -
VIdiU.- Wind Foiob Scilei.— HiiMrj ol the Law or Storm B.—Btirrlcu
Traclu.— aolntion o( the Cjcloao Problem.— Ocean CurrenU.- leebergi.— Bni-
1111 Chart*.— Dew, Mlil<k ogB, and Hue.— Clonde.— Rain, Snow, and Bail.—
m Traclu.- aolntion o( the Cjcloao Problem.— Ocean CurrenU.- let
onnnoui Chart*.- Dew, Mlil, ogB, and Hue.— Clonde.— Rain, Snow, .
Mirage, KaUibowi, Cnronai, Haloa, and Ueteora.— Lightning, CorpouDt*, and Auiora*.-
(JOWnoSB. — AffSBIltX.- IHDKI.
" "W" ""T rmhlictlloD. iKO eetUlnlr the host i.vtibsiibo. on tbli lubjogt arr I pntenUd to HauUcal mcB."-ll\<iiptnt OuMi. J
For Complete List of GniFnii's NACttCAi. Series, see p. 39. fl
4a OSARLSa aSIFFIH S CO.'S PUBLIOATIOITB.
eaiFFIN'S NAUTICAL SERIES.
8ei;osd EDmo>-, Revised. Witb Nuinerona lUnat ration b. Sb. Bd.
Practical Mechanics:
Applied to tiie Requirements of the Sailor. Br THOS. MACKENZIE,
Gkhxral CoKTKNTa.— Resolution and Conipodtion o( Forcea— Work doB
Sr Mchinea and Living AgentB— Tha Mechanical Powera: The Leor; rriolu as Bent Lafera— The Wheel aiul Axle : Windlass ; Ship's Uaprtut ; Cnb Wuuih— Tncklei : the "Old Man"— Tha IncUueJ Plaai Uis Bersw— TLb Oontra ot Gravity r Ship and Cargo — Relative Streiitli ol Hope : Btoal Wire, Manilla, Hemp, Coir— DerricltB and Sheaca— Calcniatjan of OrOM-breakiniF iCrola of Fir Spar— Centre of Effort of Saila— HydroiUtiOi : 4Ile Diving-beU ; Stability of Floating Bodies ; the Ship's Pump, ka.
" Tbi3 eicellutt bode , . . ouQiaiiis larch AMonat of iuIonoAtioa."
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Works By Bichard C. Buck,
A Manual of Trigonometry:
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SicoMD Edition, Bemed and Corrected. Mr. Buck's Teit-Book has been sfmiallv fuefarzd nitb a new to the New EiaminfLtiona of the Board of Trade, in which Trigonotnetij la H) obligatory Bubject,
" uiiinBrLr FiucnciX and auiLa Yotinn."— A-Aoormojirt-,
A Manual of Algebra.
OMigned to meet tho RequiramenU of Sailor* and ottiBit. Price Se . 6d.
Tin Baf UBIb oppvmnlt)' of oaaialllu a THShar. Tlifwi- ' — bnt EM rtBtil4 iiiihiiallnin Itan, ninlcin. km aioUi
m.
NAUTICAL WORia.
Griffin'S Wautical Series.
In Crown 6vo. Handsome Cloth. Is. 6d. Poat-fre*.
The Legal Duties Of Shipmasters.
BESEDICrr WM. GIN8BURQ, M.A., LL.D. (OajttuiJ,
01 thB InDST Templa Mid MortlieRi Circalt; Bsrrliter-it-Ltw.
.— QnillDDatton [or tho roaltlon nt Bhlpmutar— Tba I
irlUi tlie Shipowner— The Moeter'i Dut; In roipact ot tha Craw : BogiinmaBt : ifnantlcu: Dlulpllne; ProTliloni, ADoominDdBiloD, and Comforti ; Pnsnal Waya Bad DlHhuvs— Thii UuUr'i DatJ iu nipict UiB FiHeDKcn— Tba Hutoi'a BlDiiKiUl EoapODilbllltlH—Tha Matter's ftiity la TBapeat at tha Cuv'>— Tlia Uuts'* DittF In Cum of CuojltT— The Mutei'i Diitr to otrtiin PaHlio InthorttlB-nw Ibctn'i Ilpiy Id lalitton lo Pllati, algiiili. Flan, and UstA Du— Ttta Maitar'i TtaiJ poD AiTiAl M tlia ForC ol DUchnrge— AppandJaet nUtlva W CEttaiii Legal UaMan:
ol DUchnrge— Appoodlaet MUtTva W cnrtatn Lesal
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"BimiJ, Maloif milUD, In ai.itu and HOw-nCBBiuL usaciai. and wQI ba HnmliT'
h
Second Edition, Reviaeii, With Diftgrama. 2!. Post-free.
Latitude and Longitude:
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By W. J. MILLAR, C.E.,
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r V Tha aUanUDQ of all laiaraiUd Is oar Marchut Na<; ia rriiiieitd to All nataiiaHj
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44 CBABLES GRIFFIN di CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
GRIFFIN'S IfATTTICAL SEBIE8.
SixiB Edition. Rsinsed, with Chaplert on Trim. Suoyoii'.
onci Calixlaliojie. Numerovi lUuatrationa. Handiomt
Cloth, Crown Seo. 7s. Gd.
KHOW YO¥E own SHIP.
Bt THOMAS WALTON, Naval Aechitect.
Thii work explains, in a simple manner, Buch importftot subjects as: —
Diaplacement, Stability,
Deadweiglit, Rolling,
Tonnage, BaUasting,
Freeboard, i Loading,
Moments, Shifting Cargoes,
Buoyancy, Admission of Water,
, j Sail Area,
Stmcture, ; Ac, fta
" Th littla book will be found bxciedikqlt babdt bf most officsn and tfflniiJii oonnscted with ihippiiig. . . . Mr. WaltnD'a work viU obtajn ijUTlHO BuccEss, bcckusfl 01 Its uiuqiia Etneaa for thoaa for whom it hai been written."— aAippiiifl Worlit,
" An BxnELi.ENT WOBK, full of Bolid inBtmotiaii uid IMvaluabLB to BTetj oSwi of tlis Mercantite Marine wbo hu liie profeaaion at heart." — fiAipptnpt
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" Amamof VKBT cskfol isfonilATiKN, accompanied by diasraiiiB md iUn- tnna, is given in a compact forni."~/'airp/oi/-
" Wa bace found no ona statement tbat we could bava wialied differently ipTMHd. Ttie matter haa, so far aa deameas allows, been admiral)); ooa- daaaed, and in nmpla enaugh to be undantDod by every seanuui. "— JfuntM
By Thh Samb Author.
Steel Sbips: Tbeir Construction and Haintenaice.
(See page 38,) lOfffOff: CHARLES fiflffFIN & CO., UHntO, WtlW ?,T?,W , 'S.HM.
Bnoisserino Asd Meohasios. 4
FouFteeotb Edltton, Revised. Pploa Zls. iTmty Svo, Glolh, With JVumermu /UiMlrofioni, redvead jVaM
(forting Dratcitig$.
A Manual Op
Marine Engineering:
COMPRISING TEE DESIGNING, CONSTRUCTION, AND WORKING OF MARINE MACHINERY.
By A. E. SEATON, M.Inst. C.E., M. Inst. Mech. E., M.Iii8t.N.A.
General Contents
Part II. -Principles of Steam
EnglneeriDg. Part III.— Details of Marine
Engines : Design and Cal-
This EDitii
dilations for Cyllndn Pistons, Vaives, ExpansIOD Valves, &e.
Part IV,— Propellers.
Part v.— Boilers.
Part VI.— Hiscellaneoas,
Df the I
ling Typa
potaat inbieRt of M vins linirincarinit her* Duted with tlie TnoKOUOS-
U require!. No dapu-tmint hu eacaped mltantion, . . . (liiaa lb*
lupli oloM itudji And praoliDul vork."— Aofwirii;!
ili BKi Mi.ND.L mexiitsnoB. . . . GiT compltM ueount of tbi mebad< ol lolTing, with the u[ml powib (waaomT, ths probleoii bsfuia ihe JIuIim Bajdonr.' '— JOKurmiK
"
9tu.it
ilsnt, I>r>ughUinaD, ind Engineer will Bnd thii work Ibe Ti
Harime Engineering Rdles And Tables,
Marine Engineers, Naval Arbhiteets, Designers, Drauglitsmvn.
-a, navai ni-i;iiiioi;u>, LiUMlfllill'S,
Superintendents and Others. A. E. SEATON, M.I.O.K, M.I.Mech.E., M.I.N.A.,
H. M. ROUNTHWAITE, M.I.Meoh.E., U.I.N.A
iLi ill ptirpoH."— JfapvM Emftiutf.
CHARLES ORIFFIN A CO.'S PUBLWATiONS.
The Calculus For Engineers And Physicists,
Applied to Technical Problems.
0IiA8SZ¥IED BEFBBEINCJ! UST OF INTEaBALB. By PHOF. ROBERT H. SMITH.
4b
R F. MTJIRHEAD, M.A., B.Sa,'
tormtTts OlL-k FiUow st Oliwoir UnlTInitv, ud Locturn Muon Oslkc*.
In Crovm Svo, extra, loitA Diagramt and Folding-FlaU. Sa. 6<L
" FlDI. R, II, Sirm't book In nnisuhl* Oi nndirlnf % Urd roid U lUT II IBMMII
Measurement Conversions
(Snglish and French) :
28 Graphic Tables Or Diagrams.
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