Sixteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey: part IV-Mineral Resources of the United States, 1894, Nonmetallic products
Sixteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey: part IV-Mineral Resources of the United States, 1894, Nonmetallic products by Various (1895).…
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Sixteenth Annual Report
or THE
United States Geological Surv
To The
Secretary Of The Interior
Charles D. Walcott
Director
Part Iv -Mineral Resources Of The United States, 1894
Nonmetallic Products
DAVID T. DAY, Chief of Divispox
WAkSIHNGTOX
Government Printing Office 181)5
Contents.
The Production Of Coal In 1894, By Edward Wheeler Parker.
Page.
Introduction 1
The coal fields of the United States 2
The Pennsylvania anthracite fields 3
The bituminous coal fields 3
Production 9
Anthracite 9
Bituminous 10
Production in previous years 13
Labor statistics 18
Average prices 19
Imports and exports 19
World's product of coal 21
Coal trade review 22
NewYork, X. Y 24
Boston, Mass 26
Philadelphia, Pa 28
Buftalo, N. Y 31
Cleveland, Ohio 35
Toledo, Ohio 37
Chicago, 111 38
Milwaukee, Wis 42
Duluth, Minn 44
Cincinnati, Ohio 46
St. Louis, Mo 47
Kansas City, Mo 48
Mobile, Ala 49
Norfolk, Va 50
San Francisco, Cal 50
Official tests of coal mined in the United States 51
Production of coal, by States 65
Alabama 65
Coal fields of Alabama 65
Development of coal mines in Alabama 66
Production 67
Arkansas 70
Coals and coal fields of Arkansas 70
Production 71
California 73
Colorado 75
Coal fields of Colorado 75
Production 77
Georgia 82
Vi Contents.
Production of coal, by States — Continued. Pae.
Illinois 83
Coalfields of Illinois 83
Production 85
Number and rank of mines 88
Output for the year 94
Number of employees 102
Days of active operation 103
Average value of coal 104
Indiana 106
Coal fields of Indiana 106
Production 106
Indian Territory 110
Coal measures of the Indian Territory 110
Production 110
Iowa 112
Iowa coal fields 112
Coal mining in Iowa 113
Production 116
Kansas 122
Kansas coal fields 122
Production 123
Kentucky 126
Kentucky coal fields 126
Production 127
Maryland 132
Elk Garden and Upper Potomac coal fields 132
Production 133
Michigan 138
Michigan coal field 138
Production 138
Missouri 139
Missouri coal fields 139
Production 140
Montana 144
Montana coal fields 144
Production „ 146
Nebraska 149
Nevada , 149
New Mexico 149
New Mexico coal fields 149
Production 151
North Carolina 153
North Carolina coal deposits 153
North Dakota 154
Ohio 156
Coal fields of Ohio 156
Production 156
Oregon 161
Pennsylvania 162
Pennsylvania anthracite, by John H. Jones 163
Pennsylvania bituminous 181
Production 183
Contents. Vii
Production of coal, by States — Coutiniied. Page.
Tennessee 188
Tennessee coal fields 188
Convicts in coal mines 188
Production 190
Texas 193
Texas coal fields 193
Production 193
Utah 194
Virginia 195
Virginia coal fields 195
Production 197
Washington 199
Washington coal fields 199
Production 199
West Virginia 202
West Virginia coal fields 202
Production 203
Wyoming 208
Coals and coal measures of Wyoming 208
Kinds of coal 209
The fuel value 209
The coal fields 212
Sweetwater County 212
Uinta County 212
Carbon County 212
Albany County 213
Sheridan County 213
Crook County 213
Weston County 213
Johnson County 214
Converse County 214
Natrona County 214
Fremont County 215
Bighorn County 215
Laramie County 215
Production 215
Manufacture Of Coke, By Joseph D. Weeks.
Introduction 218
Appalachian field 219
Central field 220
Western field 220
Rocky Mountain field 221
Pacific Coast field 221
Geological horizon of coals coked 221
Conditions in which coal is used 222
Ovens used in the United States 223
Production of coke in the United States 225
Total numl>er of coke works in the United States 228
Number of coke ovens in the United States 229
Number of coke ovens building in the United States 231
Production of coke from 1880 to 1894 232
Value and average selling price of coke 234
Coal consumed in the manufacture of coke 236
Condition in which coal is charged into ovens 241
Viii Contents
Page.
Imports 243
The coking industry by States 243
ALabama 243
Colorado 247
Georgia 251
Illinois 252
Indiana 253
Indian Territory 254
Kansas 255
Kentucky 256
Missouri 260
Montana 261
New Mexico 262
New York 263
Ohio 264
Cincinnati district 265
Ohio district 266
Total production . 266
Pennsylvani a 267
Connellsville district 270
Upper Connellsville district 277
Alleghany Mountain district 278
Clearfield-Center district 280
Broad Top district 282
Pittsb urg district 283
Beaver district 283
Alleghany Valley district 284
Rernoldsville-Walston district 284
Blossburg district 287
Greensburg district 288
Irwin district 288
Tennessee 288
Utah 291
Virginia 291
Washington 292
West Virginia 293
Pocahontas-Flat Top district 294
New River district 295
Kanawha district 296
Upper Monongahela district 297
Upper Potomac district 298
Production by districts 301
Wisconsin 303
Wyoming 303
Origin, Distribution, And Commercial Valuk Of Peat Deposits, By
Nathaniel Soutiigate Shaleh.
Descri])tion 305
Commercial history 305
Process of formation 308
Distribution of peat bogs 310
Petroleum, By Joseph D. Weeks.
Important features of the year 315
Decrease in old fields and increase in new 315
Decrease in stocks 316
Increase in price 316
Contents. Ix
Page
Production and value 316
Localities 316
Total production and value 317
Character of the oils produced 317
Production by fields 318
Value of production in 1894 318
Production in United States from 1859 to 1894 318
Exports 320
Foreign markets 322
Production by States and foreign countries 324
Appalachian oil field 324
Pennsylvania — New York oil fields 341
West Virginia oil field 347
Ohio 348
Indiana 364
Colorado 367
California 368
Southern California, by S. F. Peckham 370
Tennessee 374
Alabama 375
Kansas 375
Kentucky 376
Texas 378
Illinois 379
Indian Territory 380
Missouri 381
Wyoming 381
New Mexico 383
Canada 383
Peru 390
Russia 391
Germany 395
Italy 397
Great Britain 397
Burmah 399
Japan 399
Java 402
Sumatra 403
Borneo 404
Galicia 404
Natural Gas In 1894, By Joseph D. Weeks.
Introduction 405
Geological distribution, and localities in which natural gas is found 406
Accumulation and natural storage of natural gas 407
Pressure of natural gas 409
Transportation of natural gas 412
Consumption of natural gas 413
A'alue of natural gas consumed in the United States 414
Consumption and distribution of natural gas 415
Substitutes for natural gas 419
The record by States 421
Pennsylvania 421
Ohio 422
X Contents.
The record by States — Continued. Page.
Indiana 423
Kentucky 424
West Virginia 425
Illinois 425
Kansas 425
California 426
Colorado 428
Asphaltum, By Edward W. Parker.
Varieties : 430
Occurrence 430
Production 431
California 432
Utah 433
Texas 433
Kentucky 433
Montana 433
Imports 435
Stone, By William C. Day.
Value of Aarious kinds of stone produced in 1893 and 1894 436
Value of stone produced in 1894, by States 437
The granite industry 438
The term ''granite " as used in this report 438
Components of granite 438
Classification of United States granites 439
Geographical distribution of the various classes of granite 441
Methods of quarrying, cutting, and polishing granite 446
Methods of quarrying granite 446
Structure of granite in place 446
Opening the quarry 447
Blasting 448
Methods of cutting, polishing, and ornamenting granite 450
Granite for building purposes 452
Granite for street work 452
Paving blocks 452
Curbing and basin heads 454
Other uses 454
Granite for cemetery, monumental, and decorative purposes 454
Polished granite 455
Carved granite 456
Value of the granite product, by States 457
Value of granite paving blocks made in 1894, by States 457
Granite industry in the various States 458
Arkansas 458
California 458
Colorado 458
Connecticut 459
Delaware 459
Georgia 459
Maine 459
Maryland 459
Massachusetts 459
Minnesota 460
Contents. Xi
The granite industry — Continued.
Granite industry in the various States — Continued. Page.
Missouri 460
Montana 460
New Hampshire 460
New Jersej 460
New York 460
North Carolina 461
Oregon 461
Pennsylvania 461
Rhode Island 461
South Carolina 461
Vermont 462
Virginia 462
Wisconsin 462
The marble industry 462
Value of the marble product, by States 463
Marble industry in the various States 464
California 464
Georgia 464
Maryland 467
New York 467
Oregon 468
Tennessee , 468
Vermont 469
Methods of quarrying and manufacturing marble 471
The slate industry 473
Uses to which slate is put 473
Methods of quarrying slate 474
Manufacture of milled stock 475
Slate product and its value, by States 476
Slate industry in the various States 477
California 477
Georgia 477
Maine 478
Maryland 478
New Jersey 478
New York 478
Pennsylvania 478
Vermont 480
Virginia 481
Historical data 481
The sandstone industry 482
Nature and varieties of sandstone 482
Composition of sandstone as shown by analyses of samples 483
Uses to which sandstone is put 484
Value of the sandstone product, by States 484
Sandstone industry in the various States 486
Alabama 486
Arkansas 486
California 486
Colorado 486
Connecticut 486
Georgia 486
Contents.
The sandstone industry — Continued.
Sandstone industry in the various States — Continued. Page.
Idaho 486
Illinois 486
Indiana 486
Iowa 487
Kansiis 487
Kentucky 487
Maryland 487
Massachusetts 487
Michigan 487
Minnesota 487
Missouri 488
Montana 488
New Jersey 488
New York 488
Ohio 491
Pennsylvania 491
South Dakota 491
Texas 492
Utah 492
Virginia 492
Washington 492
West Virginia 492
Wisconsin 492
Wyoming 492
The limestone industry 492
Nature, origin, and uses of limestone 492
Value of limestone products, by States 493
Limestone industry in the various States 495
Alabama 495
Arizona 495
Arkansas 495
California 496
Colorado 496
Connecticut 496
Florida 496
Georgia 496
Idaho 496
Illinois , 497
Indiana 498
Iowa 499
Notes on Iowa building stones, by H. Foster Bain 500
Kansas 503
Kentucky 506
Maine 507
Maryland 507
Massachusetts 507
Michigan 507
Minnesota 507
Missouri 508
Montana 508
Nebraska 508
New Jersey 508
New Mexico 508
Contents. Xiii
The limestoue industry — Continued.
Limestone industry in the various States — Continued. Page.
New York 508
Ohio 509
Pennsylvania 509
Rhode Island 509
South Carolina 509
South Dakota 509
Tennessee 509
Texas 509
Utah 510
Vermont 510
Virginia 510
Washington 510
West Virginia 510
Wisconsin 510
Soapstone, By Edward W. Parker.
Occurrence 511
Uses 511
Production 512
Fibrous talc 512
Magnesite, By Charles G. Yale.
Occurrence 514
Production 515
Clay, By Jefferson Middleton.
Statistics of the clay- working industries of the United States in 1894 517
Technology Of The Clay Industry, By Heinrich Ries.
Introduction 523
Testing of brick 523
Sizes of brick 523
Continuous kilns 524
Fusibility of clays 524
Clay ballast 525
Brick-dust mortar 526
Mining of clay and shale 526
Haulage 527
Uses of clay 527
Bibliography 527
Paving brick 527
Clay required 528
Preparation of clay 528
Screening 529
Tempering 529
Molding 529
Repressing 530
Drying 531
Burning 531
Testing 532
Absorption 532
Abrasion 532
Crushing 533
Xiv Contents.
Page.
Structural materials - 536
Common brick 536
Preparation of clay 536
Molding 536
Drying 537
Burning 537
Requirements 538
Tests 538
Front, pressed or ornamental brick 540
Washed brick 541
Terra cotta „ 541
Roofing tile 543
Decorative tile 543
Panel tile , 543
Encaustic tile 544
Terra cotta lumber 544
Enameled brick 545
Hollow ware 547
Draintile 547
Sewer pipe 547
Refractory materials 548
Fire brick 548
Clay required 548
Preparation of clay : 548
Molding 549
Drying 549
Glass pots 549
Preparation of clay 549
Drying 549
Burning 549
Gas retorts 550
Pottery and porcelain 550
Washing clays 551
Slip clays 552
Analyses 552
Cement.
American rock cement, by Uriah Cummings 576
Hydraulic cement 576
Increased product „ 576
Price 576
New developments 576
Product 577
Portland cement, by Spencer B. Newberry 580
Increased product 580
Materials 581
Processes 582
General notes on the Portland cement industry 584
Imports 584
Abrasive Materials, By Edward W. Parker.
Buhrstones 586
Production 587
Imports 587
Contents. Xv
Page.
Grindstones 587
Oilstones and whetstones 588
Production 588
Imports 590
Corundum and emery 590
Production 590
Imports 592
Infusorial earth 592
Occurrence 592
Production 593
Garnet 593
Occurrence 593
Use 594
Production 594
Tripoli 594
Precious Stones, By George F. Kunz.
Diamonds 595
Localities 595
Imports 598
Ruby 599
Sapphire 599
Emerald 600
Beryl 600
Quartz gems 601
Turquoise 602
Utahite 602
Garnets, etc 603
Opal and hyalite 603
Amber 603
Jet . 603
Production 603
Fertilizers.
Phosphate rock 606
Production 607
Imports 609
The Tennessee phosphates, by Charles Willard Hayes 610
Introduction 610
Classification of the phosphates 610
Black nodular phosphate 611
Black bedded phosphate 615
The white phosphates 623
White breccia phosphate 624
White bedded phosphate 626
Commercial Development Of The Tennessee Phosphates, By Charles
Gustavus Memminger.
Production 631
Methods of mining 632
Outlets 633
Chemical composition of black phosphates 633
Xvi Contents.
SULPHUR AND PYRITES, BY EDWARD W. PARKER. Page.
Sulphur 636
Occurrence 636
Production 637
Review of the industry 637
Imports 638
Sicilian sulphur 642
Pyrites 644
Production 644
Imports 645
Salt, By Edward W. Parker.
Production 646
California 650
Illinois 650
Kansas 650
Louisiana 651
Michigan 651
Nevada 652
New York 652
Pennsylvania, Texas, and West Virginia 655
Utah 655
Imports and exports , 656
Fluorspar.
Occurrence 658
Uses 658
Production 658
Cryolite 659
Mica.
Condition of industry 660
Production 660
Imports 661
Gypsum, By Edward W. Parker.
Occurrence 662
Production 662
Imports 665
Monazite, By H. B. C. Nitze.
Brief description of the mineral 667
Historical sketch and nomenclature 667
Crystallography 670
Mor|)hological 670
Physical 671
Optical 672
Chemical composition 673
Composition and analyses 673
Chemical and blowpipe reactions 678
Micro-chemical reactions 678
Spectroscopic tests 679
Chemical molecular constitution 679
Artificial production 680
Geological and geographical occurrence 680
Accessory minerals 684
Contents. Xvii
i'a.ga.
Economic use 684
Methods of extraction ami concentration 685
Output and value 688
Bibliography 690
Mineral Paints, By Edward W. Parker,
Minerals used as pigments 694
Production 694
Ocher, umber, and sienna 695
Production 695
Imports 697
Metallic paint 698
Venetian reds 698
Slate as a pigment 699
White lead 699
Barytes, By Edward W. Parker.
Occurrence 701
Production 701
Imports 702
Asbestos, By Edward W. Parker.
Occurrence 703
Production 704
Imports 705
Canadian production 705
Other foreign production 705
Mineral Waters, By A. C. Peale.
Production 707
List of commercial springs 711
Imports and exports 721
16 Geol, Ft 4 It
Illustrations.
Page.
Plate I. Diagram showing the value of the different kinds of stone produced
in the various States during the year 1894 438
II. Diagram showing the value of granite produced in the various States
during the year 1894 458
III. Diagram showing the value of sandstone produced in the various
States during the year 1894 486
IV. Diagram showing the value of limestone produced in the United
States during the year 1894 494
V. Preliminary map of the Tennessee phosphate region 610
VI. Section showing Tennessee phosphate bed and associated rocks 616
By Edward W. Parker.
mTRODUCTIOX.
This paper is devoted largely to a review of the coal-miuing industry during the period covered by the preceding ten volumes of Mineral Eesources, as well as the year under discussion, and the usual method of treatment will be maintained as far as possible.
The statistics of coal production in the United States during 1894 have, as for a number of years past, been compiled almost entirely from direct returns by operators to the Geological Survey or its duly appointed and sworn agents.
The one exception, as usual, is the State of Illinois, whose bureau of labor statistics has, through its secretaries (formerly Col. John S. Lord, and for the past three years Mr. George A. Schilling), kindly furnished the figures and other data, frequently in advance of its ordi- nary publication. In collecting the statistics for Alabama and Ken- tucky, the chief mine inspectors, Messrs. James D. Hill house and O. J. Norwood, have cooperated with the Survey, with highly satisfactory results, and their services are deserving of special acknowledgment. In addition to collecting the statistics of commercial mines in his State, Mr. Norwood undertook to collect the statistics of production at the country banks, the result of which investigation is given in connection with the report on Kentucky, page 132.
The statistics relating to Pennsylvania anthracite are the work of Messrs. John H. Jones and William W. Euley, of Philadelphia, who for several years have furnished this feature of the report. The usual acknowledgments are due to Mr. A. S. Bolles, chief of the bureau of industrial statistics of Pennsylvania, for assistance rendered in con- nection with bituminous production in some counties of that State.
Contributions from secretaries of boards of trade and others regard- ing the movement of coal at the important trade centers and shipping ports are gratefully acknowledged here, and also by name in connec- tion with the articles which will be found under the general head of 16 GEOL, PT 4 1 1
2 Mineral Resources.
Coal Trade Keview on pages 28 to 57. Where any reference lias been made to the files of technical periodicals, due credit is given in the proper place.
Some confusion is apt to occur by the fact that both the long ton of 2,240 pounds and the short ton of 2,000 pounds are used in this chapter. This is unfortunate, but can not be avoided. Pennsylvania anthracite is always measured by the long ton. In cases where Pennsylvania bituminous coal is sold in the Eastern markets the long ton is used. The same is true of West Virginia and of the Tazewell and Wise County coals of Virginia. The laws of Maryland permit the use of the long ton only. In all other cases bituminous coal is sold by the short ton. For the sake of convenience the bituminous product has, in this report, been reduced to short tons, and when the anthracite and bitu- minous products are tabulated together the short ton is used. In the section devoted entirely to Pennsylvania anthracite the long ton only is used, and in the table of shipments from the Cumberland region this is also the case.
THE COAIi FIELDS OF THE UNITED STATES.
For convenience the coal areas of the United States are divided into two great classes, the anthracite and bituminous. These are subdi- vided into distinct fields, and many of the bituminous fields are divided within State lines into minor regions separated from one another by local conditions and bearing local names, such as the Hocking Valley and Massillon fields in Ohio, the Oahaba, Coosa, and Warrior fields in Alabama, etc. These will be discussed under the section devoted to State statistics.
In a commercial sense, particularly in the East, when the anthracite fields are mentioned the fields of Pennsylvania are considered, though Colorado and New Mexico are now supplying anthracite coal of good quality to the Kocky Mountain region, and small amounts are mined annually in Virginia. This small quantity from Virginia and a semi- anthracitic product from Arkansas are considered with the bituminous output. In previous years some coal which was classed as anthracite has been mined and sold in New England. The productive area was confined to the eastern i)art of Rhode Island and the counties of Bristol and Plymouth in Massachusetts. The classing of this product as anthra- cite coal was erroneous. The original beds have been metamorphosed into graphite or graphitic coal, and the product requires such a high degree of heat for combustion that it can be used only with other combus- tible material or under a heavy draft. It is, therefore, not an economical practice to use this product for fuel in competition with the anthracite coal from Pennsylvania or the bituminous coals from the New River and Pocahontas fields, which are now sent in large quantities to New England i)oints, and its mining for fuel purposes has been abandoned.
Coal.
The Pennsylvania Anthracite Fields.
In Mineral Eesources for 1886 the anthracite fields of Pennsylvania are described as grouped into five principal divisions: (1) The southern or Pottsville field, extending from the Lehigh Eiver at Maucli Chunk southwest to within a few miles of the Susquehanna Eiver north of Harrisburg; (2) the western or Mahanoy and Shamokin field, lying between the eastern head waters of the Little Schuylkill Eiver and the Susquehanna; (3) the eastern middle or the upper Lehigh field, lying between the Lehigh Eiver and Oatawissa Creek, principally in Luzerne County; (4) the northern or Wyoming and Lackawanna field, which lies in the two valleys from which its geographical name is derived; (5) the Loyalsock and Mehoopany field, named from the two creeks whose head waters drain it. The latter is a small field about 20 or 25 miles northwest of the western end of the northern field.
In addition to this geological division, the fields are also subdivided under different names and in a difterent way for trade purposes, the divisions being known as trade regions. These are: (1) The Wyoming region, embracing the entire northern and Loyalsock fields; (2) the Lehigh region, embracing all of the eastern middle field and the Pan- ther Creek district of the southern field; and (3) the Schuylkill region, embracing the western middle field and all of the southern field except the Panther Creek district.
The entire area of workable coal in all the anthracite fields does not exceed 480 square miles. Out of this there has been shipped since 1820, 906,013,403 long tons, an average of 12,080,179 long tons per year, and of 1,887,528 tons for each square mile. The amount consumed at the collieries and sold to local trade would average not less than 10 per cent of the shipments. Adding that to the shipments, the enormous production of about 1,000,000,000 long tons is shown.
The Bituminous Fields.
The bituminous areas of the United States are grouped, for the sake of convenience, into the (1) Triassic, (2) A])i)alachian, (3) Northern, (4) Central, (5) Western, (6) Eocky Mountain, and (7) Pacific Coast. They may be briefly described as follows :
The Triassic area comprises what is known as the Eichmond basin in Chesterfield and Henrico counties, Ya., and the Deep Eiver and Dan Eiver fields in North Carolina. The late Dr. Charles A. Ash- burner, in Mineral Eesources for 1886, says that the first coal mined systematically in the United States was taken from the Eichmond basin, and that in 1822 about 48,214 tons of coal were produced there, more than twelve times the total amount produced in the Pennsylvania anthracite field in the same year. Its maximum output was reached in 1833, when 142,587 tons were mined. This was nearly one- third of
Mineral Resources.
the total output of anthracite in that year. In tlie last two or three years mining in this field has been resumed on a larger scale. New machinery and modern methods have been introduced, and experiments are being made with by-product coke ovens. In 1886 Dr. Ashburner stated the output to be 50,000 tons. In 1887 and 1888 the output was 30,000 and 33,000 tons, respectively. Mr. John H. Jones reported for the census year of 1889 a product of 49,411 tons. Since then the output has fluctuated considerably, as shown in the subsequent table. In 1894 the product was 52,079 short tons.
The Triassic areas in North Carolina, in which coal beds have been opened, occur in two isolated localities, one on the Deej) Eiver and the other on the Dan. The only record of production is from the Deep Eiver division, which began in 1889, with a total of 222 tons. As in the Richmond basin, the production since then has fluctuated, reach- ing as high as 20,355 short tons in 1891. The output in 1894 was 16,900 short tons, making the total product of the Triassic field for the past year 68,979 short tons.
The Appalachian field, while not the largest in area, is by far the most important, furnishing about two-thirds of all the bituminous out- put. The field extends from the northern part of Pennsylvania in a south westei'ly direction, following the Appalachian Mountain system, which it embraces, to the central part of Alabama. Its length is a little over 900 miles, and it ranges in width from 30 to 180 miles. Its area is about 62,690 square miles, covering nearly all of western Penn- sylvania, the southeastern part of Ohio, the western part of Maryland, the southwestern corner of Virginia, nearly all of West Virginia, the eastern part of Kentucky, a portion of eastern Tennessee, the north- western corner of Georgia, and nearly all of northern Alabama. All of the coals are bituminous, except for a little anthracite in south- western Virginia (Montgomery County), and are of great variety in chemical composition and physical structure. It contains the famous Connellsville coking coal, the Clearfield and Pittsburg steam coals, the smithing coals of Blossburg and Cumberland, the gas coals of the Upper Potomac and Monongahela rivers, the Massillou and Hock- ing coals, the steam, gas, and coking coals of the Flat Top, New River, and Kanawha River regions, the Jellico coal of Kentucky and Tennessee, and the excellent coking coals of southeastern Tennessee and Alabama,
The Appalachian field produced 46,186,522 short tons in 1886. It readied its maximum output in 1892, when 83,122,190 short tons were produced, an increase in six years of 36,935,668 short tons, or nearly 75 i)er cent. The business depression of 1893 and the general strike in the spring of 1894 caused a decrease in the output in those years, but with favorable trade conditions the large yield of 1892 will soon be eclii)sed. The output of the field in 1894 was 76,278,748 short tons.
Coal.
The Nortliern field is altogether in Michigan. While it covers an area of 6.700 square miles and is spread over nearly all the central portion of the State, its importance commercially is comparatively insignificant. The coal is much inferior to that of adjoining regions in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and the facilities for bringing the supe- rior coals, either by rail or water, being excellent and transportation cheap, there has been little inducement to develop the Michigan coals. What mining is done is principally to supj)ly a local trade. The annual output has not varied much during the past decade. The largest product was in 1882, when 135,339 short tons were mined. The smallest was in 1884, when the output declined to 30,712 short tons. Since then it has ranged from about 45,000 to 80,000 short tons annually. In 1894 the product was 70,022 short tons.
The Central field includes all the areas of Indiana and Illinois and the Western coal field of Kentucky. Its total area is about 47,750 square miles, of which Illinois contains more than three-quarters. The portion of the field lying in Illinois is more than five times that of Indiana and about eight times that of Kentucky. For this reason the region is sometimes known as the Illinois field. It is from this field, particularly the Indiana and Illinois portions, that the well-known ''block" coal (so called from its peculiar fracture into cubical blocks) is obtained. This field is third in area and second in producing impor- tance. The output has shown an almost uninterrupted annual increase since 1886, when the amount of coal mined was 13,151,473 short tons. The exceptions were in 1889, when a general reaction from the over- production of 1888 set in, and in 1894, when the operatives joined in the great strike. In 1894 the product was 22,430,617 short tons.
The Western field embraces all the coal areas west of the Mississippi Eiver, south of the forty-third parallel, and east of the Eocky Moun- tains. It includes the States of Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas, and Texas, and the Indian Territory. In extent this is the largest field in the United States of which any accurate estimate has been made, and ranks third in production. Extensive operations are carried on in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and the Indian Territory. Owing, doubtless, to their proximity to the larger cities and their markets, the production in the three States named is the most impor- tant, but the Territory coals are superior in quality, and with the increase of population, which is sure to come, its output will equal, if not exceed, that of the other States. The output of the Western field in 1886 was 8,272,501 short tons. Since that time its production has not fallen below 10,000,000 nor exceeded 12,000,000 short tons. In 1894 the yield was 11,503,623 short tons.
The Eocky Mountain field includes the areas contained in the States of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, lew Mexico, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. According to Mr. E. C. Hills, the Colorado fields cover an area of 18,100 square miles, but the available coals are contained
Mineral Resources.
within an area of 2,913 square miles. No reliable estimate of the areas in the other States has been made. The estimated quantity of workable coal in Colorado alone is put, by Mr. Hills, at 45,197,100,000 tons, of which 33,897,800.000 tons may be won. In 1887 the total output from the Eocky Mountain field was 3,646,280 short tons. This increased annually until 1893, when 8,468,360 tons were mined, an increase in six years of 4,822,080 short tons, or more than 130 per cent. In 1894 the output decreased to 7,175,628 short tons.
The Pacific Coast field embraces the three States bordering on the Pacific Ocean — California, Oregon, and Washington. The areas under- lain by coal beds have not been definitely determined. All the coals produced in California are of the lignite variety and of poor quality. Oregon's product is also lignite, but of better quality, and, having conditions favorable for mining and shipping, operations of magnitude are successfully carried on. Washington contains a number of valuable beds, some of the coals possessing excellent coking qualities. The total output of coal mines on the Pacific Coast in 1887 was 854,308 short tons. The largest output was in 1890, when 1,435,914 tons were pro- duced. In 1894 the product was 1,221,238 short tons.
Coal.
The following table coDtains the approximate areas of these coal fields, with the total product of each from 1887 to 1894 :
Classification of the coal fields of the United States.
Anthracite.
New England (Rhode Island
and Massachusetts)
Pennsylvania
Colorado and New Mexico
Bituminoua. (a)
Triassic :
Virginia
Iforth Carolina . . .
Appalachian :
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Mary Land
Virginia
West Virginia
Kentucky
Tennessee
Georgia
Alabama
Northern : Michigan .
Central :
Indiana. .. Kentucky Illinois . . .
Western :
Iowa
Missouri
Nebraska
Kansas
Arkansas ,
Indian Territory Texas
Rocky Mountain, etc.
Dakota
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Utah
Colorado
New Mexico
Pacific Coast : Washington
Oregon
California. . .
Area.
Sq. miles.
Total product sold. Colliery consumption
Total product, including colliery consumption . .
2, 700
9, 000 10, 000 2, 000 16, 000 11, 180 5, 100 8, 660
62, 690
6, 700
6, 450 4, 500 36, 800
47, 750
18, 000 26, 700
3,200 17, 000
9, 100 20, 000
4, 500
98, 500
2, 913
Short tons. 6, 000 39, 506, 255 36, 000
39, 548, 255
30, 000
30, 866, 602 10, 301, 708
3, 278, 023 795, 263
4, 836, 820 950, 903
1, 900, 000 313, 715 ],950, 000
55, 193, 034
Product in —
Short tons. 4, 000 43, 922, 897 44, 791
Short tons. 2, 000 45, 544, 970 53, 517
43, 971, 688
45, 600, 487
33, 000
49, 411
30, 796, 727 10, 910, 946 3, 479, 470 1, 040, 000 5, 498, 800 1, 193, 000
1, 967, 297 180, 000
2, 900, 000
60, 966, 240
71, 461
3, 217, 711 982, 282 10, 278, 890
14, 478, 883
81, 407
3, 140, 979 1, 377, 000 14, 655, 188
19, 173, 167
4, 473, 828 3, 209, 916 1, 500 1, 596, 879 150, 000 685, 911 75, 000
4, 952, 440 3, 909, 967 1, 500 1, 850, 000 276, 871 761, 986 90, 000
10, 193, 034
21, 470 10,202 1, 170, 318 180, 021 1, 755, 735 508, 034
3, 646, 280
772, 612 31, 696 50, 000
854, 308
124, 015, 255 5, 960, 302
129, 975, 557
11,842, 764
34, 000 41, 467 1, 481, 540 258, 961 2, 140, 686 626, 665
4, 583, 719
1, 215, 750 75, 000 95, 000
1, 385, 750
142, 037, 735 6, 621, 667
148, 659, 402
36, 174, 089 9, 976, 787
2, 939, 715 816. 375
6, 231, 880 1, 108, 770 1, 925, 689 225, 934
3, 572, 983
62, 972, 222
67, 431
2, 845, 057 1, 290, 985 12, 104, 272
16, 240, 314
4, 045, 358 2, 557, 823
2, 222, 443
279, 584 752, 832 128, 216
10, 036, 256
28, 907 363, 301
"i,'388, 947 236, 651
2, 544, 144 486, 463
5, 048, 413
1, 030, 578 64, 359 119, 820
1, 214, 757
141, 229, 513
a Including lignite, brown coal, and scattering lots of anthracite.
Mineral Resources.
Classification of the coalfields of the United States — Continued.
Anthracite.
New England (Rhode Island
and Massachusetts)
Pennsylvania
Colorado and New Mexico
Bituminous, (h)
Triassic:
VirgiBia
North Carolina
Appalachian :
Pennsylvania. .
Ohio
Maryland
Virginia
West Virginia -
Kentucky
Tennessee
Georgia
Alabama
Northern : Michigan .
Central :
Indiana . .. . Kentucky Illinois . . .
"Western .
Iowa
Missouri
Nebraska
Kansas
Arkansas
Indian Territory Texas
Eocky Mountain, etc.
Dakota
Montana
Idaho
Wyoming
Utah
Colorado
New Mexico
Nevada ,
Pacific Coast : Washington
Oregon
California
Total product, includ- ing colliery consump- tion
Product in-
Short tons.
46, 468, 641 (a)
46, 468, 641
19, 346 10, 262
42, 302, 173 11,494, 506
3, 357, 813 764, 665
7, 394, 494 1, 206, 120 2, 169, 585 228, 337
4, 090, 409
73, 008, 102
74, 977
3, 305, 737 1, 495, 376 15, 292, 420
20, 093, 533
4, 021, 739 2, 735, 221
2, 259, 922
399, 888 869, 229 184. 440
10, 470, 439
30, 000 517, 477
1, 870, 366 3L8, 159
3, 094, 003 375, 777
6', 205, 782
1, 263, 689 61, 514 110, 711
i, 435, 914
157, 788, 656
Short tons.
50, 665, 431 (a)
50, 665, 931
17, 290 20, 355
42, 788, 490 12, 868, 683
3, 820, 239 719, 109
9, 220, 665
1, 222, 918
2, 413, 678 171, 000
4, 759, 781
77, 984, 563
80, 307
2, 973, 474 1, 693, 151 15, 660, 698
20, 327, 323
3, 825, 495 2, 674, 606 1, 500 2, 716, 705
542, 379 1, 091, 032
172, 100
11, 023, 817
30, 000 541, 861
2, 327, 841 371, 045
3, 512, 632 462, 328
7, 245, 707
1, 056, 249 51, 820 93, 301
1, 201, 376
168, 566, 669
Short tons. Short tons.
Short tons.
52, 472, 504 64, 963
52, 537, 467
37, 219 6, 679
46, 694, 576 13, 562, 927
3, 419, 962 637, 986
9, 738, 755
1, 231, 110
2, 092, 064 215, 498
5, 529, 312
53, 967, 543 93, 578
51, 921, 121 71, 550
54, 061, 121
19, 878 17, 000
44, 070, 724 13, 253, 646 3, 716, 041 800, 461 10, 708, 578 1, 245, 785 1, 902, 258 372, 740 5, 136, 935
83, 122, 190
77, 990
3, 345, 174 1, 794, 203 17, 862, 276
23, 001, 653
81, 207, 168
45, 979
3, 791, 851 1, 761, 394 19, 949, 564
25, 502, 809
3, 918, 491
2, 733, 949
1, 500
3, 007, 276 535, 558
1, 192, 721 245, 690
3, 972, 229 2, 897, 442
2, 652, 546 574, 763
1, 252, 110 302, 206
11, 635, 185
40, 725 564, 648
2, 503, 839 361, 013
3, 447, 967 659, 230
7, 577, 422
1, 213, 427 34, 661 85, 178
1, 333, 266
179, 329, 071
11, 651, 296
49,630 892, 309
2, 439, 311 413, 205
4, 018, 793 655, 112
8, 468, 360
1, 264, 877 41, 683 72, 603
1, 379, 163
182, 352, 774
51, 992, 671
52, 079 16, 900
39, 912, 11, 909,
3, 501, 1, 177,
11, 627, 1, 218, 2, 180, 354,
4, 397,
76, 278, 748
70, 022
3, 423, 921 1, 893, 120 17, 113, 576
22, 430, 617
3, 967, 253 2, 245, 039
3, 388, 251 512, 626 969, 606 420, 848
11, 503, 623
42, 015 927, 395
2, 417, 463 431, 550
2, 776, 817 580, 238
7, 175, 628
1, 106, 470 47, 521 67, 247
1, 221, 238
170, 741, 526
a Included in bituminous product.
6 Including lignite, brown coal, and scattering lots of
anthracite.
Coal.
Productiox.
The total product of coal of all kinds iu 1894 was 152,447,791 long tons, equivalent to 170,741,526 short tons, having an aggregate value at the mines of $186,141,564. Included in this product is the coal shipped, the amount sold to local trade and used by employees, and the amount consumed at the mines by private locomotives or in furnishing power for ventilation, haulage, etc. It also Includes the amount made into coke.
The total marketable product was 146,816,277 long tons, or 164,434,230 short tons. This includes all the product except that used by the operators themselves and known technically as colliery consumption." At the anthracite mines this item consists usually of culm or slack which would otherwise go on the dump. As a rule, no account is kept of the amount so used, and it is returned in the statement of produc- tion as estimated." For this reason, though included in the total product, no value is placed upon it, the value given for anthracite being that of the merchantable product only.
Compared with 1893, the production of coal in 1894, in both the anthracite and the bituminous fields, shows a marked decrease. In 1893 the total product was 162,814,977 long tons, or 182,352,774 short tons, showing a decrease in 1894 of 10,367,186 long tons, or 11,611,248 short tons, or a little more than 6 per cent. The total value shows a decrease of $22,297,132, or more than 10 per cent. The average price per short ton received for all kinds of coal in 1893 was $1.14; in 1894, $1.09, a decrease of 5 cents. The decrease in bituminous production was due chiefly to the prolonged strike in the spring and summer of 1894. This created a scarcity for awhile and caused increased activity at the anthracite mines, but this temporary activity was not sufficient to offset the effects of the trade depression at manufacturing centers, which is responsible for the decrease in anthracite production.
The total number of men employed in the coal mines of the United States in 1894 was 376,206, who worked an average of 178 days, against 363,309 men for an average of 201 days in 1893.
Anthracite.
The output from the Pennsylvania anthracite mines in 1894 was 46,358,144 long tons, or 51,921,121 short tons, valued at $78,488,063. In 1893 the product was 48,185,306 long tons, or 53,967,543 short tons, valued at $85,687,078, showing a decrease in 1894 of 1,827,162 long tons, or 2,046,422 short tons. The average price declined from $1.94 per long ton in 1893 to $1.85 in 1894. In quoting the average price per ton it must be remembered that only the marketed product of anthracite is considered, no value being placed on the colliery consumption. The average price obtained by dividing the total value by the total product would be $1.78 in 1893 and $1.69 in 1894.
Mineral Resources.
The number of meu employed in the anthracite mines in 1894 was 131,603, who averaged 190 working days, against 132,944 men for 197 days in 1893.
In addition to the anthracite production of Pennsylvania in 1894 there were 71,550 short tons mined in Colorado and ITew Mexico, making the total output of anthracite coal in the United States 51,992,671 short tons.
Except in the tables on pages 13 and 14 the anthracite product of Colorado and New Mexico, for sake of convenience, is included in the bituminous product, and, unless expressly stated to the contrary, refer- ence in this chapter to anthracite production means that of Pennsyl- vania only.
Bituminous.
The production of bituminous coal in 1894 (including lignite, brown coal, and scattering lots of anthracite, as previously mentioned) was 118,820,405 short tons, valued at $107,653,501. This was a decrease of 9,564,826 short tons, as compared with 1893, when the output was 128,385,231 short tons, worth $122,751,618. The decrease in value was $15,098,117. The percentage decrease in product was 6 ; the percent- age decrease in value, 12. While there is little doubt that the general trade depression had something do with the decreased production, the chief cause was the long strike, organized in April and continued until July, and in some cases until August, and which will make the year 1894 memorable in the history of coal mining in the United States. The details of the strike, the causes leading up to it, and its effects are treated under a separate head. It may be noted here, however, that in addition to the loss in tonnage and in value of the product, which falls upon the mine owners, the loss to the mine workers is shown in the fact that 230,365 men worked an average of 204 days in 1893, and 244,603 men worked an average of 171 days in 1894. This is equivalent to a loss of one day by 5,167,357 men, or the compulsory idleness of 17,224 men for a year of 300 full working days.
In calculating these items, all employees in and about the mines are included except coke workers.
The following tables exhibit the production of all kinds of coal in the United States during 1893 and 1894:
Coal.
Coal product of the United States in 1893, hy States.
States and Territories.
Loaded at mines for shipment.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
ISTorth Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
"Washington
"West "Virginia
"Wyoming
Total
Pennsylvania anthracite.
Grand total
Short tons. 3, 536, 935 549, 504 64, 733 3, 345, 951 196, 227 16, 260, 463 3, 461, 830 1, 197, 468 3, 442, 584 2, 364, 810
2, 613, 645
3, 676, 137
27, 787 2, 525, 227 789, 516 636, 002 15, 000 47, 968 11, 713, 116 37, 835 33, 322, 328
1, 427, 219 300, 064 850, 423 714, 188
1, 186, 109 8, 591, 962
2, 280, 685
Sold to local trade and used by em- ployees.
Short tons. 59, 599 11, 778 5, 336 65, 386
2, 931, 846 252, 879 9, 234 449, 639 227, 321 281, 115
26, 833 16, 367
322, 754
27, 063 5, 618
i,'6i2' 1, 348, 743 3, 594 1, 934, 429 42, 560 7, 649 20, 578 18, 888 390, 689 64, 188
Used at mines for steam and heat.
Short tons. 96, 412 13, 481 2, 534 178, 993 4, 869 753, 955 69, 797 21, 663 80, 006 60, 412 30, 969 13, 071 1, 825 49, 461 17, 960 8, 776 2,000
167, 002 426, 122 20, 921 1, 680 4, 258 4, 609 48, 506 46, 898 87, 086
104, 675, 716 48, 266, 174
8, 526, 160 1, 202, 655
152, 941, 890
9, 728, 815
2, 213, 570 4, 498, 714
6, 712, 284
Made into coke.
Short tons. 1, 443, 989
512, 059 171, 644 3, 300 7, 345 23, 745
81,450
57, 770 14, 698
24, 785
8, 387, 845 411, 558
50, 875 80, 964 11, 374 1, 679, 029 7, 352
12, 969, 785
12, 969, 785
States and Territories.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory.
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
North Carolina. . .
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
"Washington
"West Virginia... "Wyoming
Total product.
Short tons. 5, 136, 935 574, 763 72, 603 4, 102, 389 372, 740 19, 949, 564 3, 791, 851
1, 252, 110 3, 972, 229
2, 652, 546
3, 007, 179 3, 716, 041
45, 979 2, 897, 442 892, 309 665, 094 17, 000 49, 630 13,253, 646 41, 683 44, 070, 724 1, 902, 258 302, 206 413, 205 820, 339
1, 264, 877 10, 708, 578
2, 439, 311
Total ! 128,385,231
Pennsylvania anthracite. . 53, 967, 543
Grand total 182, 352, 774
Total value.
$5, 096, 792 773, 347 167, 555 5, 104, 602 365, 972 17, 827, 595 4, 055, 372
2, 235, 209 5, 110, 460
3, 375, 740
2, 613, 569
3, 267, 317
82, 462 3, 562, 757
1, 772, 116 979, 044
25, 500 56, 250
12, 351, 139 164, 500
35, 260, 674
2, 048, 449 688, 407 611, 092 692, 748
2, 920, 876 8, 251, 170
3, 290, 904
Average price per ton.
$0. 99
Average number of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
11, 294
1, 559
7, 202 35, 390
7, 644 3, 446
8, 863 7,310
6, 581
3, 935
7, 375 1, 401
1, Oil
23, 931
71, 931
4, 976
2, 757 16, 524
3, 378
122, 751,618 85, 687, 078
208, 438, 696
230, 365 132, 944
363, 309
MINERAL RESOURCES. Coal product of the United States in 1894, by States.
States and Territories.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory .
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
Nortli Carolina. . .
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania. . . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
"West Virginia. . . "Wyoming
Total
Pennsylvania anthracite.
Grand total
Loaded at mines for shipment.
Short tons. 3, 269, 548 488, 077 52, 73G 2, 181, 048 178, 610 13, 948, 910 3, 085, 664 923, 581 3, 390, 751 3, 066, 398 2, 734, 847 3, 435, 600 60, 817 1, 955, 255 861, 171
Sold to local trade and used by em- ployees.
Short tons. 43,911 7, 870
561, 13, 37, 10,636, 45, 29, 722, 1, 571, 417, 364, 1,015,
1, 030, 9, 116,
2, 309,
96, 475, 175 46, 358, 144
142, 833, 319
7,
1, 101
1, 589
7, 605 1, 158
Used at mines for steam and heat.
Short tons. 130, 404 16, 679 6, 368 112, 414 8, 978 570, 452 67, 545 30, 878 64, 819 45, 523 47, 344 14, 078 2, 150 47, 283 17, 324
14, 365 2, 400 126, 397 342, 294 28, 993 1,155 6,892 4, 690 56, 853 64, 126 72, 362
1, 903, 272 4, 404, 024
8, 764, 538
6, 307, 296
Made into coke.
Short tons. 953, 315
481, 259 166. 523 3,800 22, 314 10, 515
47, 766
36, 000 is,' 042"
8, 257, 771 520, 495
48, 810 187, 518 8, 563 2,019, 115 13, 685
12, 836, 373
12, 836, 373
States and Territories.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wyoming
Total...:
Pennsylvania anthracite
Grand total
Total product.
Total value.
Aver- age price per ton.
Aver- age number of days active.
Total number of employees.
Short tons.
4, 397, 178
$4, 085, 535
$0. 93
10, 859
512, 626
631, 988
1,493
67, 247
155, 620
2,831,409
3, 516, 340
6, 507
354, 111
299, 290
17, 113, 576
15, 282, 111
38, 477
3, 423, 921
3, 295, 034
8, 603
969, 606
1, 541, 293
3, 101
3, 967, 253
4, 997, 939
9, 995
3, 388, 251
4, 178, 998
7,339
3, 111, 192
2, 749, 932
8,083
3, 501, 428
2, 687, 270
3,974
70, 022
103, 049
2, 245, 039
2, 6;4, 564
7, 523
927, 395
1, 887, 390
1,782
597, 196
935, 857
16, 900
29, 675
42, 015
47, 049
11,909, 856
9, 841,723
27, 105
47, 521
183, 914
39, 912, 463
29, 479, 820
75, 010
2, 180, 879
2,119, 481
5, 542
420, 848
976, 458
1, 062
431, 550
603. 479
1, 229, 083
933, 576
1,635
1, 106, 470
2, 578, 441
2,662
11,627, 757
8, 706, 808
17, 824
2, 417, 463
3, 170, 392
3, 032
118, 820,405
107,053, 501
244, 603
51,921, 121
78, 488, 063
131, 603
170, 741, 526
186, 141, 564
376, 206
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Mineral Resources.
The total amount and value of coal produced in tlie United States, by States, since 1886, is shown in the following table. The amounts in this table are expressed in short tons of 2,000 pounds :
Amount and value of coal produced in the United States, hy States and Territories, from
1886 to 1894.
States and Territories.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Alabama
1, 800, 000
$5, 574, 000
$2, 535, 000
$3, 335, 000
Arkansas
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410, oUO
California
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60,
1 e A AAA lOU, UUU
95
ooU, UUU
Colorado
1, Odo, Ooo
6, Zid, 094
1, 791,
O (\A 1 017
o, 941, oi/
2, 185,
4, oUo, 049
Georgia
Oo'J Aha
ZZo, UUU
QOA FArt
oo4, OUU
i i-O
Ann PiQ
Ova Aaa Z/U, Uuu
Idaho
1 Kaa
1, ouu
a AAA
D, Uuu
O Aaa
Z, Uuu
1, 800
niinois
lU, Zoo, 04o
10, 278
11, lOZ, 090
14, 655,
At O Q11
lb, 41o, oil
Indiana
3, 000, 000
3, 450, 000
3, 217,
4, 324, 604
3, 140,
4, 397, 370
Indian Territory
534, 580
855, 328
685,
1, 286, 692
761,
1, 432, 072
Iowa
A 01 O Ooi
4, oiz, y/i
0, rfyi, loi
4, 473,
K nOI '70K
o, yyi, / oo
4, 952,
a AOQ 1 70
D, 4£}o, 1/Z
Kansas
1, 400, 000
1, 680, 000
1, 596
2, 235, 631
1, 850,
2, 775, 000
Kentucky
1. 550, 000
1, 782, 500
1, 933,
2, 223, 163
2, 570,
3, 084, 000
Maryland
2, 517, 577
2, 391, 698
3, 278,
3.114, 122
3, 479,
3, 293, 070
Michigan
60, 434
90, 651
71,
107, 191
81,
135, 221
Missouri
1, 800\ 000
2, 340', 000
3, 209,
4, 298, 994
3, 909,
8, 650', 800
Montana
49, 846
174, 460
10,
35, 707
145, 135
1,
3, 000
1,
3, 375
New Mexico
271, 285
813,855
508,
1, 524, 102
626,
1, 879, 995
North Dakota .
25, 955
41, 277
21,
32, 205
34,
119, 000
Ohio
8, 435, 211
8, 013, 450
10, 301,
9, 096, 848
10, 910,
10, 147, 180
Oregon
45, 000
112, 500
31,
70, 000
75,
225, 000
Pennsylvania:
Anthracite
36, 696, 475
71,558,126
39, 506,
79, 365, 244
43, 922,
85, 649, 649
Bituininons
26, 160, 735
21, 016, 235
30, 866,
27, 806, 941
33, 796,
32, 106, 891
Ehode Island
6,
16, 250
4,
11, 000
Tennessee
1, 714, 290
1,971,434
1, 900,
2, 470, 000
1, 967,
2, 164, 026
Texas
100, 000
185, 000
75,
150, 000
90,
184, 500
Utah
200, 000
420, 000
180,
360, 042
258,
543, 818
Virginia
684, 951
684, 951
825,
773, 360
1, 073,
1, 073, 000
Washington
423, 525
952, 931
772,
1, 699, 740
1, 215,
3, 647, 250
West Virginia
4, 005, 796
3, 805, 506
4, 836,
4, 594, 979
5, 498,
6, 048, 680
Wyoming
829, 355
2, 488, 065
1,170
3, 510, 954
1, 481,
4, 444, 620
Total product sold.
107, 682, 209
147, 112, 755
124, 015
173, 595, 996
142, 037,
204, 222, 790
Colliery consumption. . .
5, 061, 194
5, 960
8, 960,41
6, 621,
7, 295, 834
Total
112, 743, 403
147, 112, 755
129, 975
182, 556, 837
148, 659,
211, 518, 624
Coal.
Amount and value of coal iiroduced in the United States, by States and Territories, from
1886 to 1554— Continued.
states cintl lemtonea.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value .
Product.
Value.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
3, 572, 983
$3, 961, 491
4, 090, 409
$4, 202, 469
4, 759, 781
$5, 087,
279, 584
395, 836
399, 888
514, 595
542, 379
647,
184, 179
434, 382
110, 711
283, 019
93, 301
204,
Colorjido
2, 544, 144
3, 843, 992
3, 094, 003
4, 344, 196
3, 512, 632
4, 800,
GrGorgiR
226, 156
339, 382
228, 337
238, 315
171, 000
256,
12, 104, 272
11, 755, 203
15, 292, 420
14, 171, 230
15, 660. 698
14, 237,
Indiaiici
2, 845, 057
2, 887, 852
3, 305, 737
3, 259, 233
2, 973, 474
3, 070,
iDtlitJii I'erritory
752, 832
1,323, 807
869, 229
1, 579, 188
1, 091, 032
1, 897,
4, 095, 358
5, 426, 509
4, 021, 739
4, 995, 739
3, 825, 495
4, 867,
2, 220, 943
3, 297, 288
2, 259, 922
2, 947, 517
2, 716, 705
3, 557,
IKeiitnclty
2, 399, 755
2, 374, 339
2, 701, 496
2, 472, 119
2, 916, 069
2, 715,
Ikla/rylaiid
2, 939,715
2, 517, 474
3, 357, 813
2, 899, 572
3, 820, 239
3, 082,
Micliigaii
67, 431
115, Oil
74, 977
149, 195
80, 307
133,
2, 557, 823
3, 479, 057
2, 735, 221
3, 382, 858
2, 674, 606
3, 283.
Montana
1 252, 492
1
1, zzo,
OoU
1, 500
4, 500
I, 500
4, 500
l] 500
4,
New Mexico
486, 463
870, 468
375, 777
504, 390
462, 328
779,
North Carolina
(a)
10, 262
17, 864
20, 355
39,
North Dakota
28, 907
41, 431
30, 000
42, 000
30, 000
42,
Ohio
9, 976, 787
9, 355, 400
11, 494, 506
10, 783, 171
12, 868, 683
12, 106,
Oregon
(b)
61, 514
177, 875
51, 826
155,
Pennsylvania :
Anthracite
c45, 598, 487
65, 873, 514
46, 468, 641
66, 383, 772
50, 665, 431
73, 944,
36, 174, 089
27, 953, 315
42, 302, 173
35, 376, 916
42, 788, 490
37, 271,
Rhode Island
2, 000
6, 000
10,
Tennessee
1, 925, 689
2, 338, 309
2, 169, 585
2, 395, 746
2, 413, 678
2, 668,
Texas
128, 216
340, 620
184, 440
465, 900
172, 100
412,
Utah
236, 651
377, 456
318, 159
552, 390
371, 045
666,
Virginia
865, 786
804, 475
784, Oil
589, 925
736, 399
611,
Wasnington
1,030, 578
2, 393, 238
1, 263, 689
3, 426, 590
1, 056, 249
2, 437,
West Virginia
6, 231, 880
5, 086, 584
7, 394, 654
6, 208, 128
220, 665
7, 359,
1, 388, 947
1, 748, 617
1, 870, 366
3, 183, 669
2, 327, 841
3, 555,
Total product sold.
141, 229, 513
160, 226, 323
157, 788, 656
176, 804, 573
168, 566, 669
191, 133,
a Product included in Georgia. b Product included in California.
c Includes the product of anthracite in Colorado and New Mexico.
Mineral Resources.
Amount and value of coal produced in the United States, hy States and Territories, from
1886 to 1894— ContinwQd.
states and Territories.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
5, 529, 312
$5, 788, 898
5, 136. 935
$5, 096, 792
4, 397, 178
$4, 085, 535
535, 558
666, 230
574, 763
773, 347
512, 626
631, 988
1 1 f om 151.
85, 178
209, 711
72, 603
167, 555
67, 247
155, 620
Colorado
3, 510, 830
5, 685, 112
4, 102, 389
5, 104, 602
2, 831, 409
3, 516, 340
215, 498
212, 761
372, 740
365, 972
354, 111
299, 290
Idaho
Xllinois
17, 862, 276
16, 243, 645
19, 949, 564
17, 827, 595
17, 113, 576
15, 282, 111
Indiana
3, 345, 174
3, 620, 582
3,791,851
4, 055, 372
3, 423, 921
3, 295, 034
1, 192, 721
2, 043, 479
1, 252, 110
2, 235, 209
969, 606
1, 541, 293
Iowa ...
3, 918, 491
5, 175, 060
3, 972i 229
5, no' 460
3, 967, 253
4, 997 939
3, 007, 276
3, 955, 595
2, 652, 546
3, 375, 740
3, 388, 251
4, 178, 998
3, 025, 313
2, 771, 238
3, 007, 179
2, 613, 569
3, 111, 192
2, 749, 932
"IVT n.TTzl n rl
3. 419, 962
3, 063, 580
3, 716, 041
3, 267, 317
3, 501,428
2, 687, 270
77, 990
121, 314
45, 979
82, 462
70, 022
103, 049
nVTiciciAnTi
2, 733, 949
3, 369, 659
2, 897, 442
3, 562, 757
2, 245, 039
2, 634, 564
lontana
564, 648
1, 330, 847
892, 309
1, 772, 116
927, 395
1, 887, 390
iN'ebraska
Nevada
New Mexico
661, 330
1, 074, 601
665, 094
979, 044
597, 196
935, 857
North Carolina
6, 679
9, 599
17, 000
25, 500
16, 900
29, 675
North Dakota
40, 725
39, 250
49, 630
56, 250
42, 015
47, 049
Ohio
13, 562, 927
12, 722, 745
13, 253, 646
12, 351, 139
11, 909, 856
9, 841, 723
34, 661
148, 546
41, 683
164, 500
47, 521
183, 914
Pennsylvania:
Anthracite
52, 472, 504
82, 442, 000
53, 967, 543
85, 687, 078
51, 921, 121
78, 488, 063
Bituminous
46, 694, 576
39, 017, 164
44, 070, 724
35, 260, 674
39, 912, 463
29, 479, 820
Tennessee
2, 092, 064
2, 355, 441
1, 902, 258
2, 048, 449
2, 180, 879
2, 119, 481
Texas
245, 690
569, 333
302, 206
688, 407
420, 848
976, 458
Utah
361, 013
562, 625
413, 205
611, 092
431, 550
603, 479
Virginia
675, 205
578, 429
820, 339
692, 748
1, 229, 083
933, 576
"Washington
1, 213, 427
2, 763, 547
1, 264, 877
2, 920, 876
1. 106, 470
2, 578, 441
West Virginia
9, 738, 755
7, 852,114
10, 708, 578
8, 251, 1 70
11, 627, 757
8, 706, 808
"Wyoming
2, 503, 839
3, 168, 776
2, 439, 311
3, 290, 904
2, 417, 463
3, 170, 392
Total product sold .
179, 329, 071
207, 566, 381
182, 352, 774
208, 438, 696
170, 741, 526
186, 141, 564
Coal.
Comparing the amount and value of the product in 1894 with that of 1893, the following statement of increases and decreases is obtained :
Increases and decreases in coal production during 1894 compared with 1893, hy States.
states.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan .
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Mexico
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania bituminous
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wyoming
Total
Pennsylvania anthracite.
Grand total
Increases.
Short tons.
735, 705 104, 013
24, 043
35, 086
5, 838
278, 621 118, 642 18, 345 408, 744
919, 179
Value.
$803, 258 136, 363
20, 587
115, 274
4, 175
19, 414
71, 032 288, 051
240, 828 455,638
Decreases.
Short tons.
739, 757 62, 137 5, 356
1, 270, 980 18, 629
2, 835, 988 367, 930 282, 504
4, 976
214, 613
652, 403
67, 898 7, 615 1, 343, 790
4, 158, 261
158, 407
21, 848
9, 564, 826 2, 046, 422
Value.
$1, Oil, 257 141, 359 11, 935
1, 588, 262
66, 682
2, 545, 484 760, 338 693, 916 112, 521
580, 047
928, 193
43, 187
9, 201 2, 509, 416
5, 780, 854
7, 613
342, 435
120, 512
15, 098, 117 7, 199, 015
11, 611, 248 22, 297, 132
16 Geol, Pt 4 2
Mineral Resources.
Labor Statistics.
The following table shows under one head the total number of employees in the coal mines of the United States for a period of five years, and the average time made by each :
Labor statistics of coal mining since 1890.
States and Territo-
Num-
Aver-
Num-
Aver-
Num-
Aver-
Num-
Aver-
Num-
Average
ries.
ber of days active.
age number
em- ployed.
ber of days active.
age number
em- ployed.
ber of days active.
age number
em- ployed.
ber of days active.
age number
em- ployed.
ber of days active.
number
em- ployed.
Alabama
10, 642
lU, U i 0
Arkansas
1, 317
1, 128
1, 559
1, 493
Calil'ornia
CJolorado
5, 827
6, 000
5, 747
7, 202
6, 507
Georgia
Illinois
28, 574
32, 951
34, 585
35, 390
38, 477
Indiana
5, 489
5, 879
6, 436
7, 644
8, 603
icijj, JL \jL L X y - -
2, 571
2, 891
3, 257
8, 446
3, 101
Iowa
8, 130
8, 124
8, 170
8, 863
9, 995
Kansas
6, 201
6, 559
7, 310
7, 889
Kentucky
5, 259
6, 355
6, 724
6, 581
8, 088
Maryland
3, 842
3,891
3,886
3, 935
3, 974
Michigan
Missouri
5, 971
6, 199
5, 898
7, 875
7, 523
Montana
1,251
1,119
1, 158
1,401
1, 782
New Mexico
1, 083
1,011
North Carolina - . .
North Dakota
Ohio
20, 576
22, i82
22, 576
28, 931
27, 105
Oregon
Pennsylvania bi-
61, 333
63, 661
66, 655
71, 931
75, 010
tuminous.
TcDnessee
5, 082
5, 097
4,926
4, 976
5, 542
Texas
1, 062
Utah
Virginia
1,295
1, 635
Washington
2, 206
2, 447
2, 564
2, 757
2,662
West Virginia
12, 236
14, 227
14, 867
16, 524
17, 824
Wyoming
3, 272
3, 411
3, 188
8, 378
3,032
Total
192, 204
a 223
205, 803
212, 898
230, 365
244, 603
Pennsylvania an-
thracite
126, 000
126, 350
129, 050
132, 944
131, 603
Grand total.
318, 204
832, 153
341, 943
363, 309
376, 206
a General average obtained from the average days made in the different States, exclusive of Colo- rado, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming.
Coal.
Average Prices.
The following table will be of interest as showing the fluctuations in the average prices ruling in each State since 1886. Prior to that year the statistics were not collected with sufficient accuracy to make a statement of the average prices of any practical value. These averages are obtained by dividing the total value by the total product, except for the years 1886, 1887, and 1888, when the item of colliery consump- tion was not considered:
Average prices for coal at the mines since 1886.
St3jt6s diiid Territories.
ioOD.
1 aQ7 xooi.
1 Qqq J.Ooo.
1 con
ioSl.
1 QftO
$3. 09
$1.30
$1.15
$1. 11
$1.03
$1.07
$1. 05
$0. 99
$0. 93
Arkansas
Colorado
Georgia
Indiana
Indian Territory
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Michigan
Montana
North Dakota
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania bitumi-
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
,75
Washington
West Virginia
Wyoming
t
Total bituminous. Pennsylvania anthra- cite
General average. .
a 92
a 99 a 2. 01
a 1.21 a 1.95
a 1.30
(11.45
a 1.42
a Exclusive of colliery consumption.
Imports Aistd Exports.
The following tables have been compiled from official returns to the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department, and show the imports and exports of coal from 1867 to 1894, inclusive. The values given in both cases are considerably higher than the average spot" rates by which the values of the domestic production have been computed.
The tariff from 1824 to 1843 was 6 cents per bushel, or $1.68 per long ton; from 1843 to 1846, $1.75 per ton; 1846 to 1857, 30 per cent ad valorem; 1857 to 1861, 24 per cent ad valorem; 1861, bituminous and shale, $1 per ton; all other, 50 cents per ton; 1862 to 1864, bituminous
Mineral Resources.
and sliale, $1.10 per touj all other, 60 cents per tonj 1864 to 1872, bituminous and shale, $1.25 -per ton; all other, 40 cents per ton. By the act of 1872 the tariff on bituminous coal and shale was made 75 cents per ton, aud so continued until the act of August, 1894, changed it to 40 cents per ton. On slack or culm the tariff" was made 40 cents per ton by the act of 1872 5 was changed to 30 cents per ton by the act of March, 1883, and so continued until the act of August, 1894, changed it to 15 cents per ton. Anthracite coal has been free of duty since 1870. During the period from June, 1854, to March, 1866, the reci- procity treaty was in force, and coal from the British Possessions in North America was admitted into the United States duty free.
The exports consist both of anthracite and bituminous coal, the amount of bituminous being the greater in the last few years. They are made principally by rail over the international bridges and by lake and sea to the Canadian provinces. Exports are also made by sea to the West Indies, to Central and Soutli America, and elsewhere.
The imports are principally from Australia and British Columbia to San Francisco, from Great Britain to the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and from lN"ova Scotia to Atlantic coast points.
Coal imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1867 to 1894.
Years ending-
June 30, 1867.
Dec. 31, 1886.
Anthracite.
Quantity.
Long tons.
2, 221
1, 428
1, 207
1,448 4, 976
2, 039 14,181 24, 093 20, 652 15, 145 37, 607 65, 058 53, 768 90, 068
Value.
$4, 177
1, 322 10, 764
3, 224
8, 560
2, 220
2, 628 1, 172
4, 404 15, 848
4, 920 42, 983 68, 710 117, 434 46, 695 112, 722 197, 583 148, 112 234, 024
Bituminous and shale
Quantity.
Long tons.
509,
$1
412,
394,
1,
250,
437,
1,
222,
415,
1,
103,
430,
1,
121,
485,
1,
279,
460,
1,
548,
492,
1,
937,
436,
1,
791,
400,
1,
592,
495,
1,
782,
572,
1,
929,
486,
1,
716,
471,
1,
588,
652,
1,
988,
795,
2,
141,
645,
013,
748,
2,
494,
768,
2,
548,
811,
2,
501,
819,
2,
609,
1, 085,
3,
728,
1, 001,
3,
425,
819,
2,
822,
1, 363,
4,
561,
1, 143,
3,
744,
a 1,082,
3,
623,
61,242,
3,
785,
Value.
a Including 14,632 tons of slack or culm, valued at $16,906; 6 including 30,453 tons of slack or culm, valued at $32,267.
Coal. 21
Coal of domestic production exported from the United States, 1867 to 1894.
Years ending —
June 30, 1867
Dec. 31, 1886
Anthracite.
Quantity. Value
Long tons. 192, 912 192, 291 283, 783 121, 098 134, 571 259, 567 342, 180 401, 912 316, 157 337, 934 418, 791 319, 477 386, 916 392, 626 462, 208 553, 742 557, 813 649, 040 588, 461 667, 076 825, 486 969, 542 857, 632 794, 335 861, 251 851,639 1, 333. 287 1, 440, 625
$1, 333 1, 082 1,553 1, 375
1, 827
2, 236. 1, 869 1, 891 1, 006, 1,427
1, 362
2, 091 2, 589
2, 648
3, 053 2, 586.
2, 718
3, 469
4, 325 3, 636 3, 272 3, 577 3, 722 6, 241 6, 359
Bituminous and shale.
Quantity. Value
Long tons. 92, 189 86, 367
106, 820 133, 380 141,311 242, 453 361, 490 203, 189 230, 144 321, 665 340, 661 276, 000 222, 634 191, 038 314, 320 463, 051 646, 265 683, 481 544, 768 706, 364 860, 462 935, 151 1, 280, 930 1, 615, 869
1, 645, 869
2, 324, 591 2, 195, 716
$512, 742 433, 475
503, 223 564, 067 586, 264 1, 086, 253 1, 587, 666 828, 943 850, 711 1,024,711 1, 352, 624 891,512 695, 179 739, 532 1, 102, 898 1, 593, 214 1, 977, 959 1, 989, 541
1, 440, 631
2, 001, 966 2, 529, 472 2, 783, 592 4, 004, 995 5, 104, 850 4, 999, 289 6, 009, 801 4, 970, 270
WORtiD'S PRODUCT OF COAIL..
In the following table is given the coal product of the principal coun- tries for the years nearest the one under review for which figures could be obtained. For the sake of convenience the amounts are expressed in the unit of measurement adopted in each country and reduced for comparison to short tons of 2,000 pounds. In each case the year is named for which the product is given.
The world's product of coal.
Countries.
Usual unit in producing country.
Equivalent in short tons.
Great Britain (1894)
long
tons. .
188, 277, 525
210, 870, 828
United States (1894)
do
152, 447, 791
170, 741, 526
Germany (1893)
tons. .
85, 211, 326
93, 934, 409
France (1893)
do
25, 651. 000
28, 276, 898
Austria (1893)
do
26,549,000
29, 266, 821
Belgium (1893)
do
19, 411, 000
21, 398, 104
Russia (1892)
do
6, 913, 351
7, 621, 969
Canada (1894)
tons. .
3, 853. 235
3, 853, 235
Japan (1893)
do
3, 400, 000
3, 400, 000
Spain (1893)
tons. .
1,520,109
1, 675, 723
New Zealand (1893)
short
tons . .
691, 548
691, 548
Sweden (1892)
tons. .
382, 000
421, 155
Italy (1893)
do
349, 451
Tnt.nl
572, 501, 667
Mineral Resources.
COAIi TRADE REVIEW.
Coal mining in the United States took a backward stride in 1894, the product falling below that of either 1892 or 1893 and exceeding that of 1891 by a very narrow margin, about three-fourths of 1 per cent. The influences which produced this decrease were (1) the j)rev ailing business distress which, contrary to general exi)ectations, extended from 1893 through 1894 and affected the coal trade in sympathy with manufactur- ing industries, and (2) the memorable strike inaugurated the latter part of April and continued with remarkable endurance until late in the summer.
The original cause of this strike was undoubtedly overproduction, though the direct cause assigned was the effort of the operatives to secure an advance in wages, or rather a return to the scale which had obtained in the earlier part of 1893. During 1893 there had been no effort made to restrict the production of coal, notwithstanding the industrial depression and a very restricted demand, but on the other hand the output was increased. In many cases mines were worked simply to give employment to the men, while in others the spirit of com- petition and an aggressive policy which sought to extend their market into territories naturally tributary to other fields brought about a con- dition of affairs which could not act otherwise than disastrously. In order to renew contracts for the succeeding year, operators were obliged to meet competitive prices, and necessarily a reduction in cost of pro- duction had to be made. A reduction in the rate of wages was agreed to by the miners in a number of districts, and matters drifted along under an amicable understanding between employers and employees until the officers of the United Mine Workers met in Columbus, Ohio, in March, 1894. It was at this meeting that a restoration of the old rate of wages was demanded, with the alternative of a general strike, to go into effect on April 21. The time was unpropitious for such a demand. Operators had continued to mine and ship coal, with docks and storage places at the larger cities and the lake and Atlantic ports stocked to repletion, so that to accede to such a demand would have been suicidal.
It must not be supposed from the above that in all cases, prior to the demand of the leaders, a satisfactory condition prevailed among the miners. The operatives in the Massillon district and in Jackson County (embracing the cities of Jackson, Coalton, and Wel]ston),'Ohio, were on strike in February and March, and there was, of course, some dis- affection in otlier regions. The strike in Ohio was the starting point of the general strike and the nucleus about which it grew. The state- ment that the time was not i)ropitious for a strike of such dimensions is made from the miners standpoint. If we except the damage done to property during the outbreaks of lawlessness which always attend such strikes, the result to the operators was rather favorable than otherwise.
Coal.
The suspension of so many mines soon created a scarcity of coal, and prices rapidly rose. Those who had any coal on hand realized hand- some profits, and the comparatively few mines that continued to work were paying investments for the time. In the Upper Monongahela district, West Virginia, for instance, where, by sufficient inducement being offered, the miners' remained at work, the price of coal went up from 70 cents to $1.50 per ton and the output was increased about five- fold. In the Pocahontas Flat Top region, which was exempted from the mine workers' decree, production was so heavy that the iorfolk and Western Eailroad had to lease a number of engines from other roads to transport the product to the seaboard. The same favorable condi- tions existed in other sections, particularly along the New and Kanawha rivers, where the union had not sufficient strength to cause an entire suspension of business. In justice to a large body of miners not person- ally in sympathy with the strike, it must be said that many of those who quit work did so under persuasion or compulsion.
At the time this report is writing, troubles have again arisen in Ohio, the wage scale being again the cause. The scale for the year has been, for some years past, fixed in the spring, usually in Ajiril and May, and this adjustment of the scale is, with somewhat monotonous regularity, attended by a strike of greater or less dimensions. In the Pocahon- tas Flat Top region a strike is also in progress. This was the one region officially exempted from the strike of 1894. In this case it is a protest against a reduction of wages, and while a difference seemingly exists between the mine owners and their men, it is said to be in reality a fight against the INTorfolk and Western Eailroad for exacting what are claimed to be exorbitant freight rates, and which in order to ship the coal profitably called for a reduction in wages. This region embraces the county of Tazewell, Ya., and McDowell and Mercer counties, W. Va., and employs in the neighborhood of 6,000 men.
A comprehensive understanding of the tendency of trade during 1894 and the effects of the strike upon it at the important centers, and the movement of coal between the producing districts and the principal markets, may be arrived at by consideration of the following contribu- tions from secretaries of boards of trade and other reliable sources. The influences of the strike overshadowed all other items of interest. The conditions of the money market and the timidity of capital have not been favorable to the opening of any new fields — which is doubtless fortunate, since the capacity of our developed mines far exceeds the needs — and there were no special discoveries of any importance. Some promise is made of the development of valuable cannel coal lands in Johnson and Pike counties, Ky., the parties interested believing that the superior qualities claimed for the coal will make the working of it profitable, notwithstanding the already glutted market.
A railroad is building from Chispa Station, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, to the recently discovered coal fields in Presidio County, Tex.
Mineral Resources.
(described in Mineral Eesources, 1893), and before the close of the pres- ent calendar year this coal will probably be brought in. It is in a region where cheap coal is badly needed, and will doubtless prove remunerative at once.
Following will be found the coal trade reviews at the various impor- tant cities :
New York City.
The best report on the movement and prices of coal at 'New York is contained in Mr. F. E. Saward's annual publication, The Coal Trade. The following review for 1894 is taken from Mr. Saward's report :
New York City is the point where more coal is handled in the course of the year than anywhere else, except the city of London, England. In its vicinity are the shipping ports of millions of tons of every grade and quality of anthracite and bituminous, so that 15,000,000 tons is an underestimate of the sales actually con- summated at this point. The several shipping points on the New Jersey shore of the Hudson, the Kill von KuU, and the Raritan Bay, known as South Amboy, Perth Amboy, Port Reading, Elizabethport, Port Johnston, Port Liberty, Jersey City, Hoboken, and Weehawken, are feeders to the trade of the metropolis for local use and for shipment to eastern ports. The docks of the Pennsylvania Coal Company at Newburg, N. Y., the Delaware and Hudson Canal at Rondout, N. Y., the ''Erie'' at Piermont, N. Y., and the Ontario and Western at Cornwall, N. Y., also furnish tribute to the trade of the parties doing business here.
The quantity used locally is set down at 6,000,000 tons, to which may be added 2,750,000 for Jersey City and Brooklyn, really but part of the metropolis.
Bituminous coal comes in schooners and steam colliers from Norfolk, Newport News, and Baltimore, and in barges from South Amboy, Port Reading, and Port Liberty, N. J., and is used locally for all the purposes to which it is adapted. An approximate statement of the bituminous coal loaded into ocean steamers at this port shows that there are over 1,500,000 long tons so taken ; of this perhaps 150,000 tons is the " Poca- hontas" coal, and the remainder is ''Clearfield.''
Prices ranged very low during the year, for the reason, perhaps only too well known, that the tonnage was more of an object in the view of some of the producers than price. There was no attempt to adhere to the agreements made, from time to time, in regard to what would constitute a sufficient amount to meet the require- ments of the month next ensuing after the agreement was entered into. As a con- sequence, the market value of anthracite dropped to figures below what it had sold for in three years, and the carrying companies were very near bedrock in earnings. The nominal opening prices were as below, free on board, at the loading ports, in the beginning of the years named :
Opening prices for free-burning anthracite coal at New York for Jive years.
Tears.
Broken.
Egg.
stove.
Chestnut.
$3. 40
$3. 50
$3. 50
$3.25
Coal. 25
Figures at the close of the years nominally were :
Closing prices for anthracite coal at New York for seven years.
Broken
Egg
Stove
Chestnut
$3.95
$3. 75
$3. 75
$4.00
$3. 75
$3. 10
The schedules show the decline in value of this magnificent fuel. It is only too evident that the lack of harmony during the year (so far as what may constitute the market requirements) represents a clear loss of many millions of dollars.
In the spring of the year the soft coal producers sending to the seaboard put their prices at $2.25 free on board vessels at all loading points, with say $3.25 at New York alongside; while for tonnage at the loading ports near New York $2.75, $2.80, and $3 per long ton free on board, according to destination, were the agreed-on rates. The market was an uneven one, and except for the time of the strike the above schedule was seldom realized. During the strike coal was brought from many places not usually shipping to the Atlantic seaboard. It came from West Virginia, England and Nova Scotia, selling at $6 per ton at New York to those having contracts with steamship companies. The cheaper grades of domestic coal sold lower free on board at New York and other loading ports than ever before. So much has this been the case that the year closed with the following quotations : $1.80 to $2.25 free on board Norfolk and Newjiort News; $1.90 to $2.25 free on board, Baltimore; $1.80 to $2.25 free on board, Philadelphia; $2.40 to $2.75 free on board, New York Harbor.
A fair exhibit of the course of prices of the best Georges Creek coal is shown below :
Prices for Georges Creek {Cumberland) coal at New York.
Years.
Per ton.
Years.
Per ton.
$3. 50
$3. 40
The growth of the use of the small sizes of anthracite is worthy of note, and it is stated on good authority that with many of the receivers 40 per cent of the tonnage handled is made up of the smaller coals, such as pea, buckwheat, rice, culm, etc. At the electric-light stations, the power houses for the cable roads, and many of the large office buildings in this city they now use the small anthracite sizes. There Avas 42.88 per cent of the tonnage shipped by the Cross Creek Coal Company represented by these small coals.
Thesoft coal for 'bunker" use — that is, put into the 'ocean greyhounds" and other vessels plying to all parts of the world from this port — is a feature that is looked after by the producers of coal in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the Virginias most earnestly. Competition for this trade brings the prices down to a ligure that is much
Mineral Resources.
less than it should he to pay a fair recompense to the miner, the carrier, and the producer. The principal lines and their yearly tonnage are given below :
Annual tonnage of coal used by steamship companies out of Neiv York.
Companies.
Anchor Line
Atlas Line
Cromwell Line
Clyde Steamship Co
Cunard Steamship Co
French Line
Punch, Eyde& Co
Hamburg Line
American Line
Guion Line
New York and Cuba Mail
Steamship Co
Pacific Mail Steamship Co
Tons.
50, 000 30, 000 20, 000 30, 000
100, 000 70, 000 40, 000
100, 000 75, 000 25, 000
40, 000 20, 000
Companies.
C. H. Mallory & Co
North German Lloyd Co
Phelps Bros. & Co
Red Star Line
National Line
Morgan Line
White Star Line
Spanish Line
Standard Oil Co
United States and Brazil Mail
Line
Tramp steamers
Lines taking 20,000 tons
Tons.
80, 000 120, 000 30, 000 40, 000 25, 000 60, 000 75, 000 20, 000 30, 000
20, 000 200, 000 170, 000
The retail exchange had a hard time of it last year ; prices were very uneven at retail, and much coal was sold at $4.50 per ton delivered.
It is stated that the amount of wood consumed annually in New York City is 40,000 cords, nearly all of which is sold by coal dealers .,ho purchase their supplies from half a dozen wholesale dealers in wood. The price to dealers is something over $10 per cord, taking the average the year round.
Boston, Mass.
Mr. Elwyn G. Preston, secretary of the chamber of commerce of Boston, has prepared the following review of the coal trade of that city :
The receipts of coal at Boston for the past twelve years have been as follows ;
Receipts of coal at Boston for twelve years.
Years.
Domestic.
Foreign.
Total.
By water.
All rail, a
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Long tons.
Long tons.
Long tons.
Long tons.
Long tons. 2, 273, 068 2, 225, 740 2,221,220
2, 500, 000 2, 400, 000
3, 071, 555 2, 567, 852
2, 719, 493 3, 115, 373
3, 085, 215 3, 394, 567 3, 309, 382
44, 464
13, 966 10, 081
5, 538
14, 072 5, 842 1,416
17, 097 41, 779
2, 057, 279 1, 647, 348
1, 740, 564 2, 039, 443 2, 163, 984
2, 227, 086 2, 237, 599
1, 004, 195 914, 966 964, 857
1, 070, 088 919, 815
1, 100, 384 958, 701
50, 000 71, 303
a Largely bituminous.
The figures given above include coal forwarded to interior Massachu- setts and New Hampsliire joints, and for which Boston is merely the discharging port. Coal so forwarded during the year 1894 amounted to 992,039 tons, which would make the local consumption last year
Coal.
2,316743 tons. This is a decrease of 131,683 tons compared with the year immediately preceding, caused by the extraordinary industrial depression that prevailed during a great part of the year. The coal trade of the city of Boston during 1894 has been subject to much the same conditions that have prevailed at other large centers. Kot with- standing the fact that the price of all grades has been uniformly low, there has at no time been any activity displayed.
The coal miners' strike during May and June caused a sharp tempo- rary advance in the price of bituminous coal in anticipation of shortage of supplies, but the stocks on hand were suificiently large to obviate any serious inconvenience to manufacturing plants until the mines were again open and coal began to move freely. In a few cases resort was had to buckwheat and pea sizes of anthracite, which for a time stimulated the market for those grades.
The opening months of the year were remarkably dull, with the demand at the lowest possible point. Stove coal was quoted $3.75 free on board, New York, at which price it remained during the first half of the year. During July and August advances were made to $4 and $4.15, dropping again to $3.75 in September and $3.55 and $3.65 in October, the year closing at $3.75. Georges Creek Cumber- land ranged from $3.40 to $3.60 on board cars at Boston until the effects of the strike began to be felt, when advances were made, sales being reported at as high as $5.50 and $6 per ton. In July prices again fell off to $3.50 and $3.60, dropping during September and October to $3.20, the year closing at $3.55.
Carriers have been plenty, and although at times high rates were realized, the year has been on the whole unsatisfactory to vessel owners. The range of rates has been as follows :
From Philadelphia Baltimore . . .
Norfolk
New York...
Coal freiglii to Boston, Mass.
Per ton. $ 0. 50 to $1. 05 .40 to 1.10 .70 to 1.00 . 40 to . 75
The highest prices were reached in November and December; the lowest during the summer months, the extremely low rate from Balti- more being quoted in April.
28 Mineral Resources.
The following table shows the receipts of coal by months for the past year:
Monthly receipts of coal at Boston during 1894.
Domestic.
Foreign.
Total.
By water.
All rail.
Anthracite.
Bitumi- nous.
Anthracite
and bituminous.
Januarv
February'
March
April
122, 371 93, 448 128, 095 164, 968 253, 217 257, 917 245, 362 187, 175 165, 452 175, 995 211,661 231, 938
54, 925 26, 618 67, 226 73, 225 58, 223 49, 309 101, 376 117, 864 116, 624 96, 552 108, 774 87, 985
3, 891
2, 308 1,824
6,619 6, 650 6, 360 8, 939
5, 554
6, 263
7, 554 11,474
181, 301 122, 922 197, 233 242, 060 319, 567 322, 331 364, 481 318, 495 290, 479 280, 550 335, 871 334, 092
3, 309, 382
May
June
July
September
October
IJ'ovember
December
Total
1,508 8, 455 11, 383 4,517 2, 849 1,740 7, 882 2, 695
2, 237, 599
958, 701
71, 303
41, 779
Philadelphia, Pa.
The following interesting contribution in regard to the coal trade of Philadelphia has been prepared by Mr. John S. Arndt, financial editor of the Inquirer:
The developments in the anthracite coal trade in Philadelphia in the year 1894 were j)erhaps more striking than in any recent year. The mercantile operations of buying and selling presented few changes of importance, but the methods of handling and the substitution of one size or character of fuel for another were altered in such a way as to involve economic considerations of the first order. The processes are revolutionary in their nature, and bid fair to continue for some years to come, but the progress made in 1894 was most marked. The most important of these, from the consumer's standpoint, was the great decrease in the number of small retail yards and the concentration of the distributing business in a smaller number of yards of greatly enlarged capacity. In some instances dealers have retired from busi- ness, being unable to meet the competition of others with greater cap- ital, and in other cases additional real estate has been purchased and the plant thereby enlarged, but in either event the result has been the same. The dealer who sold from 1,500 to 3,000 tons a year has realized more forcibly than ever that in addition to paying 10 or 15 cents a ton more for his coal than his strong competitor i:)aid, his charge for yard expenses and personal profit was so much greater that the contest was a most unequal one. The margin between cost and selling price was narrower thaTi ever before, while the aggregate volume of business has not increased sufficiently to compensate for this loss.
Coal.
There has been a great change, too, in the use of fuel. Five years ago 90 per cent of the pea coal brought into the city was delivered to manufacturers; in 1894 considerably over one-half was delivered to re- tailers. It comes free from slate and dirt, and uniform as to size, and has been successfully introduced as a domestic range fuel. It sells at retail at $3.50 per ton delivered, as against $5.25 and $5.50 for chestnut or stove, and yields as much profit to the dealer as the so-called prepared sizes. Its use was enormously extended in 1894, and so great was the demand for it that many manufacturers fell back upon buckwheat, which they found could be used to great advantage either separately or when mixed with bituminous. The consumi)tion of this size has grown so steadily that the producing companies were able to advance the price slightly, although the market for anthracite was unsettled and weak during the greater part of the year. The average cost per ton of buckwheat delivered on trucks here was a little over $2, and the demand at times was limited only by the capacity of the comi)anies to produce this size. In the same way, rice and culm, which can be had for $1.50 to $1.60 delivered, have come into favor, and the produc- ing companies are encouraging its use, as so much bituminous is dis- placed thereby. Of the total production of the Philadelphia and Read- ing Coal and Iron Company in 1894, 34 J per cent was pea, buckwheat, and smaller coals, and nowhere did these coals meet with greater favor than in Philadelphia.
The quantity of anthracite delivered in Philadelphia in 1894 for local consumption was 3,540,000 tons; in 1893 the quantity was 3,570,000 tons. The market was a dragging one all through the year, and was particularly heavy in the closing months. The maximum prices were reached in June, and in December concessions of 15 and 20 cents were freely granted. The circular prices of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company for 1894 and 1893, were as follows, it being understood that a commission of 10 cents was allowed to agents ;
Prices for anthracite coal at Philadelphia in 1893 and 1894.
Kinds of coal.
Janu- ary.
April.
June.
Janu- ary.
April.
July.
Lump and steamboat
Pea
$2. 50
$2. 50
$2. 50
$2. 35
$2.20
$2. 25
Ko change in the circular was made after July in either year. As prices declined the reduced price was accepted without comment. These prices were for coal at the mines. The consignee paid the freight rates in addition, which ruled unchanged throughout the year. They
30 Mineral Resources.
varied according to the region from which the coal came, and were as follows :
Freight rates from anthracite coal regions to Philadelphia, Pa.
Eegions.
Prepared sizes.
Pea.
Buck- wheat.
Schuylkill
$1.70
$1.40
$1.25
Lehigh
1. ao
The coal companies controlled by the Pennsylvania Eailroad Com- pany sold their coal at a delivered price according to their custom.
The shipments of anthracite coal to consuming centers outside the capes of the Delaware were rather less in 1894 than in 1893. To ports in foreign countries 20,635 tons were shipped as against 26,229 tons in 1893. But the coastwise commerce also fell olf to about 1,230,000 tons, as against 1,245,000 tons in 1893. The decrease would have been much greater had it not been for the long strike of bituminous coal miners, which enabled shippers to procure an abundant supply of vessels at the season when the trade was most active, and thus diverted business to this region which, under other circumstances, would probably have gone to 'New York. The selling price of anthracite in the tide- water market for Philadelphia shipment is always 25 cents below the Iew York price, the differential being supposed to compensate for the higher water freights that have to be paid here. But during most of June and July vessel freights to Boston ruled as low as 50 cents, because of the bituminous strike, and this induced large shipments. When the strike was over, the freight rates ran up to 80 cents, which was the ruling rate during nearly all of 1893, except for a brief period in the summer, when charters were made as low as 55 and 60.
In spite of the interruption to the bituminous trade through the strike, the business of the city and port in this fuel did not fall oft* materially for the year. The strike had been anticipated and large shipments had been made prior to April 21, and the movement after the conclusion of the strike in August was very heavy. The exports of bituminous to foreign countries was 362,468 tons, as against 296,625 tons in 1893. The coastwise trade also showed an increase, the ship- ments to points outside the capes of the Delaware being about 1,735,000 tons, as against about 1,715,000 tons in the year 1893. Prices were in the main satisfactory to the shipper at least, although the railroads realized less from transportation, as rates were reduced.
The local consumption of bituminous coal was less than in 1893, the corn)etition of tlie more cleanly small sizes of anthracite being severely felt. Early in the year the Baldwin Locomotive Works, whose plant is in the center of the city, clianged from bituminous to anthracite for steam fuel, and the use of bituminous was relegated almost exclusively to manufactories in the suburbs, where the smoke does not occasion
Coal.
complaint. The consumption of bituminous steam and gas coal in the city is given at about 845,000 tons, as against 910,000 tons in 1893 j but this includes the gas coal consumed in the city gas works, about 250,000 tons, and a very considerable amount of gas coal used in iron and steel mills and other establishments where for certain reasons this fuel is desirable. The use of bituminous coal for steam purposes only is not only small but is certainly not increasing at the present time. The local price of bituminous ranged from $2.60 to $2.70 in 1894, a reduc- tion of 10 or 15 cents from 1893, owing to lower freight rates.
About 200,000 tons of bituminous coal was delivered in 1894 for the use of steamships and steamboats. This bunker fuel is not included in the statistics given above. About the same quantity was delivered in 1893.
Through the courtesy of Mr. Joseph S. Harris, president of the Philadelphia and Heading Eailroad Company j Mr. W. H. Joyce, general freight agent of the Pennsylvania Eailroad Company, and Mr. C. E. Ways, general freight agent of the Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad Company, approximate figures of the coal business of these railroads in Philadelphia have been provided, covering the years 1894 and 1893. The approximation is very close and the figures may be accepted as practically exact. The statement of bunker coal furnished steam- ships and steamboats is a close estimate. The coal business of Phila- delphia for the years 1894 and 1893 may therefore be tabulated as below :
Coal receipts at Philadelphia.
Railroads.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Anthracite.
Bituminous.
Baltimore and Ohio
PhiladelpJiia and Eeading
Long tons. 20, 635 1, 230, 000 3, 540, 000
Long tons. 362, 468 1, 735, 000 845, 000 200, 000
Long tons. 26, 229 1, 245, 000 3, 570, 000
Long tons. 296, 625 1, 715, 000 910, 000 200, 000
Total
4, 790, 635
3, 142, 468
4, 841, 229
3, 121, 625
Buffalo, N. Y.
The following review of the coal trade at Buffalo is extracted from the annual report of Mr. William Thurstone, secretary of the Buffalo Merchants' Exchange :
Special features of the anthracite trade for the year 1894 were the low range of prices and comparatively large shipments from Buffalo via lake. Prices ranged from 50 cents to $1 per ton less than during same periods in 1893. This loss fall- ing wholly upon the producing companies and the railroad companies carrying the product, the result has been very disastrous, the dividend-paying corporations barely earning their dividends. Apparently earnest efforts were made by the mana- gers of the companies to bring about an advance in prices, but their efforts proved failures, either because ill-advised or because the financial conditions of the country made an advance in prices impossible. The falling off in tonnage shipped by lake
32 Mineral Resources.
was in the vicinity of 200,000 tons, and this decrease is remarkably small, in view of the large stocks carried over from last season at western receiving ports and the slowness of the trade and consumers to purchase their supplies. Consumers are still practicing economy in the matter of fuel, as well as in other lines, which kept the supjilies above the normal point during the spring of 1895. It may be interest- ing to note the percentages of lake coal brought from the mines to Buffalo by the various railroad lines in 1894. They were approximately as follows: Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, 35 per cent; Erie, 23 per cent; New York Central, 18 per cent ; Lehigh Valley, 15 per cent ; Wsetern New York and Pennsylvania, 9 per cent. The last-named line has recovered the tonnage it lost during the period of the Reading ascendancy and absorption of Coxe Bros, tonnage by the great com- bination. While there are no data at hand for comparison of all-rail tonnage in 1894 with that of 1893, it can be safely stated that the falling off for 1894, as com- pared with 1893, has been very serious. The local tonnage has also decreased very considerably in consequence of the hard times and the introduction of gas on the East Side from the West Seneca held. There has been no material extension of the natural gas lines on the West Side, and to some extent there has been less natural gas used in furnaces, because of the uncertainty of supply in freezing weather. It is believed that as the pressure at the wells decreases and the obtaining of the supply of natural gas becomes more difficult there will be a material increase in the consumption of anthracite coal for heating purposes all over the city.
The consumers have been favored in the way of low retail prices, but this does not seem to have stimulated buying to any noticeable extent. Neither the trestle men nor the retailers can boast of any large profits in the business, but are, like other tradesmen, living in hope of better times.
In the bituminous trade the year opened with prices ranging very low and the demand fair, but not up to the market of January, 1893. The trade received con- siderable stimulus later in March, and until the 18th of April prices rapidly advanced and the demand was very heavy, occasioned by the anticipation of the great coal strike in the bituminous regions of the United States, which commenced April 21. Great effort was made on the part of all producers to supply their customers with enough coal to carry them through a strike which, it was thought, would not last longer than thirty days. Much to the surprise of everybody, the strike lasted for two months, with the results that at the end of thirty days the markets all over the country were bare of bituminous coal, and the industries of this section, and also the steamers plying the Great Lakes, resorted to the use of anthracite coal. This entailed considerable expense to the consumers. The strike was finally settled, and the mines resumed work June 18, when for about one month the prices received for coal were good and the demand heavy. Since that time the price has been declining, until now, December 31, 1894, finds the market in about the same condition as it was January 1, 1894, and this with the additional cost paid for mining the coal.
Another feature of the year was the awarding of the Grand Trunk contract in February, 1894. The greater i)art of this contract was awarded to some of the Pittsburg operators at an extremely low price. This was the first time that the Pittsburg district had captured so large an amount of this contract, and the prices were so low that it was a surprise to the other regions that had been in the habit of furnishing the greater part of this contract. With the awarding of the Grand Trunk contract Pittsburg coal commenced to move very freely in this direc- tion, and it is understood from good authorities that Pittsburg coal for the year 1894 has claimed at least 30 per cent of the bituminous coal tonnage of western New York and Canada.
Buffalo, as a coke market, has taken a great stride forward during 1894, mainly owing to the large consumption of the J*)UlTalo Furnace Company, and an appreciable increase in the use of coke as a fuel, in the ell'ort to reduce the smoke from the con- sumption of bituminous coal. No accurate figures are obtainable as to the tonnage
Coal.
of coke arriving in Buffalo, but a conservative estimate would be not far from 1,000 tous per working day. The sources of this supply are as follows : The Connellsville region in Fayette and Westmoreland counties, the Walston in Jefferson County, the Eeynoldsville in Jefferson County, the Standard Works in Elk County, and the Tyler and Helvetia Works in Clearfield County, all in Pennsylvania. Many of these plants make coke for domestic use, but the consumption is very small as compared with the use of anthracite coal ; and, though this fuel has merit, it does not seem to meet the popular fancy.
The following were the circular wholesale prices of anthracite coal, per 2,240 pounds, during 1894:
Anthracite wholesale circular prices at Buffalo in 1894.
Dates.
Free on board vessels at Bufi'alo.
On cars at Buffalo or Suspension Bridge.
Grate.
Egg.
Stove.
Chest- nut.
Grate.
Egg-
Stove.
Chest- nut.
April 2
June ] to close of year . .
$5. 20
$5.45
$5. 45
$5. 45
$4.90
$5. 15
$5.15
$5. 15
The retail prices of anthracite per 2,000 pounds, screened, delivered in the city limits during 1894, were as follows :
Anthracite retail prices at Buffalo in 1894.
Dates.
Grate.
Egg.
Stove.
N'ut.
Pea.
Bloss- burg.
April 2
November 1 to close of year. .
$5. 50
$5. 75
$5. 75
$5. 75
$4.00
$4. 00
The range of prices during 1894 for bituminous, delivered to manufacturers, gaa works, propeller lines, tugs, etc., was from $1.40 to $2.50 per short ton, in car lots, on track, according to description; the price at retail, for choice for family use, was from $4.50 to $6 per short ton delivered.
The shipping docks and coal pockets at this port are:
Shipping docks and coal pockets at Buffalo.
Names.
Average shipping capacity daily.
Average capacity of pockets.
Tons.
Tons.
Western New York and Pennsylvania R. R
2, 500
3,000
3, 500
5,000
3, 000
4,000
6, 000
12, 000
Erie docks (New York, Lake Erie and Western R. R.) .
2, 500
3,000
3, 000
3,300
7,000
6, 500
Total
27, 500
36, 800
16 Geol, Pt 4 3
Mineral Resources.
The following tables exhibit the receipts and shipments of anthra- cite, bituminous, and Blossburg (smithing) coal at Buffalo for a series of years :
Coal receipts at Buffalo for several years.
Tears.
Anthracite.
Tons.
2, 673, 778 3, 497, 203 4, 549, 015 4, 338, 570 4, 500, 000 4, 800, 000 4, 804, 760 4, 770, 546 4, 272, 130
Bituminous,
Tons.
1, 420, 956
1, 776, 217 1, 892, 823 2, 198, 327
2, 200, 000 2, 450, 000 2, 627, 441 2, 896, 614 2, 280, 470
Blossburg.
Tons.
30, 000 25, 000 22, 500 22, 500 25, 500 25, 500 25, 000 25, 000 25, 000
Total.
Tons.
1, 800 57, 560 239, 873 790, 876 3, 021,791 4, 124, 734 5, 298, 420 6, 464, 338 6, 559, 397
6, 725, 500 7, 275, 000 7, 457,201
7, 692, 160 6, 577, 600
Lake shipments of anthracite coal from Buffalo.
Tears.
Tons.
Tears.
Tons.
1, 467, 778 1, 431, 081 1, 428, 086 1,531,210
1, 894, 060
2, 514, 906
2, 151, 670 2, 157, 810 2, 365, 895 2, 822, 230 2,681, 173 2, 475, 255
Lake shipments of bituminous and Blosshurg coal from Buffalo.
Tears.
Bituminous.
Blossburg.
1887 ,
Tons. 8, 706 7,452 11, 673 25, 872 34, 066 54, 216 15, 000 2, 500
Tons. 10, 000 5, 000 5, 000 5, OCO 5, 000 5, 000 7, 500 7, 500
Shipments of bituminous coal by canal.
Tears.
Short tons.
25, 872 34, 060 29, 216 19, 336 8, 840
Outside the city limits at Gheektowaga is the stocking coal trestle of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, with a capacity of over 100,000 tons storage. In the same place the Lehigh has its trestles and stocking plant of 175,000 tons storage capacity, with a shipping capacity of 3,000 tons daily; and has a transfer trestle for loading box
Coal.
cars with a capacity of 100 cars daily, and at the same point the Erie has a stocking plant with an average daily capacity of 1,000 tons, and storage capacity of 100,000 tons. The Reading has at the foot of Georgia street, in the city, a large trestle and pocket for the conven- ience of the retail trade and for use in connection with their docks, with a cai:)acity of 2,000 tons. The Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg has terminals on Ganson and Michigan streets fronting on Blackwell Canal, with a water frontage of 1,100 feet; also a town delivery yard, with a hoisting plant for loading and coaling vessels, used by Messrs. Coxe Bros. & Co.
The distribution of exports of coal by lake from this port since 1886, as reported by the custom-house, was as follows :
Clearances of coal at Buffalo since 1886.
Destinations.
1890,
Milwaukee
Duluth
Superior
Toledo
Tons. 642, 135 376, 615 157, 420 65, 090 55, 290
Tons. 784, 462 376, 876 165, 798 96, 746 84, 563
Tons. 1, 023, 649 549, 831 282, 106 120, 000 83, 850 39, 575 29, 695 35, 330 26, 345 179, 525
Tons. 988, 750 497, 895 160, 430 112, 450 52, 725 36, 520 33, 410 31, 890 25, 050 142, 216
Tons. 952, 280 451, 550 199, 230 127, 300 96, 230 30, 215 29, 130 40, 065 22, 380 131, 390
Racine
Detroit
Other places
Total
25, 263 31, 090 23, 870 156, 439
16, 565 40, 203 29, 446 140, 020
1, 531, 212
1, 734, 479
2, 369, 906
2, 081, 336
2, 079, 770
Destinations.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
957, 805
1, 179, 635
1, 180, 245
1,119,187
508, 140
715, 975
555, 995
551, 264
Duluth
257, 625
318, 580
278, 515
242, 664
Superior
162, 075
200, 680
197, 063
198, 284
Toledo
64, 620
102, .585
101,970
98, 530
35, 170
52, 500
55, 400
45, 900
30, 510
34, 020
41, 715
30, 775
24, 560
22, 500
15, 075
9, 491
29, 015
35, 300
57, 800
20, 335
295, 375
190, 555
239, 895
168, 825
Total
2, 365, 895
2, 852, 330
2, 703, 673
2, 485, 255
Cleveland, Ohio.
Mr. Charles E. Wheeler, superintendent of the department of trans- portation, Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, has contributed the fol- lowing in regard to the coal trade of that city :
So far as the general situation is concerned, there is little to be said. The coal interests of Cleveland have not escaped the general depression and stagnation which has been widespread throughout the country; and added to this they have had to contend with labor troubles which, during a great part of the year, and in the Massillon district practically a whole year, have paralyzed their trade. Prices have been low, and neither operators nor railroads have received satisfactory returns.
Mineral Resources.
Notwithstanding this the output has been large taking into considera- tion the embarrassed condition of business. At the opening of 1895 there is little promise of improved condition of things.
The figures of 1893 and 1894, as compiled by this organization, have not included coal in transit, as many other cities do in these reports. Within the Cuyahoga district all coal coming to Lorain, Cleveland, Ashtabula, etc., for reconsignment by rail to other places, does not show as coal received or forwarded except where actually rehandled, as in case of lake coal. The effect of this is a decrease in the showing of the district, while some of the other lake ports credit the coal to them- selves. Some steps should be taken to secure uniformity in reporting these items, so that comparisons may be made. For instance, a very large part of the coal which Toledo shows received by the Wheeling and Lake Erie goes to Detroit, Toledo's only interest in the transaction being a switching service from the Wheeling and Lake Erie to the Michigan Central or Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, while of course Detroit would show the coal received at that point, and thus both towns would receive a credit. Considerable of the coal from the Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling is also Detroit coal, and were this district to adopt the same policy it would be credited first to Cleve- land, second to Toledo, and third to Detroit.
It is this unsatisfactory condition of things that led the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce to introduce at the last meeting of the National Board of Trade the resolution calling for the appointment of a committee to take up with various commercial organizations the question of uni- form reports.
Coal and coke receipts and shipments at Cleveland since 1887.
Receipts : Bituminous.. Anthracite .. Coke
Tons. 1, 454, 744 176, 769 114, 924
Tons. 1, 737, 781 181, 551 124, 827
Tons. 1, 600, 000 160, 000 150, 000
Tons. 1, 506, 208 205, 856 194, 527
Tons. 2, 838, 586 201, 927 189, 640
Tons. 3, 651, 080 259, 150 351, 527
Tons. 3, 603, 984 262, 266 235, 248
Tons. 2, 715, 540 207, 604 298, 061
Total
1, 746, 437
2, 044, 159
1,910,000
1, 960, 591
3, 230, 153
4, 261, 757
4, 101, 498
3, 221, 205
Shipments : Anthracite
by rail
Bituminous ]
by rail !
Bituminous [
Dy lake.. J
20, 296
703, 506
29, 735 1, 000, 000
25, 000 1, 100, 000
29, 056 1, 200, 000
34, 910 1, 525, 000
50, 742 1, 728, 83l|
49, 497 24, 128 1, 257, 326
44, 177 30, 000 1, 106, 000
Total
723, 802
1, 029, 735
1, 125, 000
1, 229, 050
1, 559, 910
1, 779, 593
1, 330, 951
1, 180, 177
Coal.
The Cuyahoga customs district includes the ports of Cleveland, Ash- tabula, Fairport, and Lorain. The following table shows the clear- ances from this district for the past seven years :
Clearances of coal from the Cuyahoga, Ohio, district for six years.
Tears.
Tons.
Tears.
Tons.
1, 433, 035 1, 855, 260
2, 020, 996 2, 328, 663
2, 635, 461 2, 957, 988 3, 052, 342 2, 239, 829
As previously explained, the figures for 1893 and 1894 include only the coal actually rehandled.
The following table shows the wholesale prices ruling at Cleveland during 1894 :
Wholesale prices of coal at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1894.
Kinds.
Bituminous :
Massillon
Palmyra
Pittsburg
Salineville
Kentxicky caunel
Goshen
Sherodsville
Osnaburg
Toledo, Ohio.
The following statement in regard to the coal trade of Toledo is taken from the annual report of Mr. Denison B. Smith, secretary of the Toledo Produce Exchange:
The commerce in coal here and elsewhere has not regained the strength and activ- ity which characterized it before the general depression of business and manufac- turing of a year or more. The adversities of the times have aifectedboth price and consumption. Of course when the machinery of the country is once more actively employed the movement will increase. Our receipts this year are more than in 1892 and less than in 1893, but cheaper cost of mining, cheaper rail freight, cheaper methods of transfer at the lake ports, and, last of all, cheaper lake freight by the great ships that now transport this coal, have all been supplied by the spirit, enter- prise, and capital of our citizens, and will extend the demand to wider fields. Our harbor and the straight channel through our bay, admitting the largest vessels that float on the lakes, and the increase in dock and transfer facilities, justify the expecta- tion of renewed and increased traffic here.
Prices per ton.
$2. 20
Kinds.
Bituminous : Coshocton Hocking .
Anthracite: Grate
Egg
Stove
Chestnut.
Prices per ton.
$1.85
Mineral Resources.
Attention is directed to the table below, giving a summary of receipts for nine years.
Coal receipts at Toledo since 1886.
Wabash R. R
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Rwy
Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton R. R
Pennsylvania Co
Michigan Central R. R
Columbus, Hocking Valley and Toledo Rwy.. Toledo, Ann Arbor and North Michigan Rwy.
Toledo, St. Louis and Kansas City R. R
Toledo and Ohio Central Rwy
Lake
Wheeling and Lake Erie Rwy
Toledo, Columbus and Cincinnati Rwy
Cincinnati, Jackson and Mackinaw R. R
Total ,
Tons.
12, 598 165, 382
8, 198 201, 427
9, 594 1, 039, 200
1,910 3, 828 404, 684 87, 120 391, 086 15, 832
Tons.
9, 637 206, 099 3H0, 020 13, 864 955, 620
590, 000 117, 921 454, 813 5,446
2, 340, 859
2, 695, 810
Tons. 10, 375 201, 064 37, 831 339, 750 16, 504 1, 358, 025 24, 700
1, 359 637, 000 140, 963 755, 155
2, 014
3, 423, 780
Tons. 8, 586 35, 693 51, 746 234, 675 19, 935 923, 745 3, 287 706, 950 90, 282 763, 055 2, 210
2, 838, 314
Wabash R. R
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Rwy
Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton R. R
Pennsylvania Co
Michigan Central R. R
Columbus, Hocking Valley and Toledo Rwy..
Toledo, St. Louis and Kansas City R. R
Toledo and Ohio Central Rwy
Lake
Wheeling and Lake Erie Rwy
Toledo, Columbus and Cincinnati Rwy. . .
Cincinnati, Jackson and Mackinaw R. R
Total.
Tons.
3, 620 20, 592 25, 753 214, 765
3, 152 931, 716
8, 420 820, 049 133, 813 853, 940
3, 021, 886
Tons. 8, 872 35, 356 172, 325 604, 039 6, 891 300, 429 83, 800 1, 007, 042 35, 064
2, 754, 943
Tons.
43, 252 82, 053 92, 894 394, 895 5, 041 450, 000 112, 199
1, 080, 000
30, 000
2, 291, 355
Tons.
31,110 100, 000 241, 395
854, 740
984, 000 134, 750 1, 100, 000
3, 445, 995
Tons.
22, 126 72, 000 78, 792
540, 000
767, 670 116, 000 914, 220
2, 510, 808
Chicago, Ill.
The following interesting review of the coal trade at Chicago is taken from the Black Diamond, published in that city :
The tabulation beloW; giving the receipts of all kinds of coal and coke at Chicago as collected by the Chicago Bureau of Coal Statistics, is an interesting and signifi- cant compilation. The method of obtaining these data permits of no inaccuracy, so that the statistics in question are vouched for beyond dispute, being verified by the interests involved. It appears that the trade for 1894 shows an enormous though not an astonishing falling ofi:' as compared with that of 1893. This, with one excep- tion, is pretty general in connection Avitli all kinds of coal, both hard and soft. There have been, it is true, a variety of peculiar influences at work during 1894. There was financial depression, there was a money panic, there were great coal strikes, there were great railroad strikes, there was for a time excessive production, and there was a remarkable decline in prices.
Thus we find that the receipts of anthracite coal by lake in 1894 were 1,277,191 tons as compared with 1,424,853 tons in 1893, a decrease in receipts by Like of 147,662 tons from 1893 and a decrease of about 130,000 from the receipts of 1892, showing that the activity in dock coal is considerably less than it has been for some time previous. In the receipts of anthracite by rail we find a total for 1894 of 528,000 tons against 668,000 tons for 1893 and 649,000 tons for 1892, a decrease in this particu- lar of 140,000 tons u])on either of the two preceding years. Thus the total falling off in the receii)ts of hard coal was about 267,000 tons. Beside this is to be placed
Coal. 39
the fact that the stock on hand is slightly in excess of that held last year, when the total in round numbers was 580,000 tons, and may be figured now at about 600,000 tons. To all intents and purposes this is practically the same amount that was held at the opening of last year. In view of the causes of depression above referred to, it can only be regarded as a satisfactory sign of the conditions of the trade that, despite the curtailment in receipts and the natural decrease in the amount which has gone into distribution, greater stock is not held in first hands. Given the proper conditions, there should not be too much hard coal to meet the demand that might be made upon it during the remainder of the season. We might say in this connec- tion, too, that the general anthracite production was 46,358,144 long tons as against 48,185,306 long tons for last year, showing a decrease of 1,827,162 tons. It will thus be seen that the great loss in consumption has not been at the Western dis- tributing points in anything like the ratio as represented from Eastern sources, especially in vieAv of the fact that the receipts of hard coal at Milwaukee were 765,000 tons as against 754,000 tons last year, and that the amount of hard coal which went through the Sault footed up 533,000 tons. We also find that the shipments from Bufi'alo westward by lake were about 2,400,000 as compared with 2,600,000 tons in 1893, besides the shipments from Erie and Oswego. It will thus be seen that to all intents and purposes, so far as consumption is concerned, the Western anthracite trade has held its own.
The soft-coal trade yields a showing altogether different. It has been in this line that the disparity in figures has made itself manifest. And here it must be remarked that the displacement of coal in what might appear to be a shifting and fluctuating manner is the natural outcome of the difficulties which have beset the trade in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Pennsylvania. In the first place, the great operating factor which has caused such an alteration in the sum total for the producing regions of the States above mentioned was the great miners' strike, which in many States for the time being absolutely paralyzed the soft-coal industry in the West. The West suffered, too, by the tie up of the railroad systems, which added a second disorganizing factor. During the period of these strikes some sections of the country were comparatively free from their baneful effects, notably West Virginia and Kentucky. The result of this has been that the product of these regions has vastly increased, and it may be safely said that seldom before has there been such activity in West Virginia as during 1894. Taking the Chicago market as a case in point and as an indication of the tonnage of West Virginia coals, it is discovered that the receipts in this connection were 296,000 tons as against 148,000 tons for 1893 and 126,000 tons for 1892. This is prac- tically an increase of about 100 per cent, and illustrates the changing character of the influences affecting the trade. The series of troubles in the Pittsburg and Youghio- gheny territory and that embraced in its contiguous neighborhood yields a return of 300,000 tons in round numbers as against 420,000 tons in 1893. Ohio coal has been sub- jected to one factor and another, especially as regards rates and conditions of compe- tition, and it is therefore not surprising that the figures in this connection should show considerable variation, the total for 1894 being 460,000 tons as against 680,000 tons for 1893. It is, however, in the States of Indiana and Illinois where the greatest decrease becomes apparent ; yet, owing to the fact that the receipts of Indiana and Illinois coal for the month of December reach the same total as for the corresponding period of last year, it is evident that these fuels have recovered their standing and are now steadily maintaining their ordinary trade. The great difterence in the sum total of the receipts for the year is to be attributed to the causes mentioned above and to the long period of idleness which afflicted the miners. The showing for Illi- nois is 1,500,000 tons for 1894 as against 1,945,000 tons for 1893, a decrease of nearly 450,000. Indiana makes almost the same showing so far as loss of tonnage is con- cerned. The sum total for 1894 is 1,165,000 tons as against 1,574,000 tons for 1893, a falling off of about 410,000 tons. Finally, it may be said that neither did coke escape, the great strike in the coke region being greatly responsible for the loss of something
Mineral Resources.
like 350000 tons in the Western trade from this point. Thus the total showing evinces the fact that Western coal has suffered a loss in tonnage of some 850,000 tons and that; taken as a whole, all coal and coke has experienced a loss in trade amount- ing to 1,800,000 tons, 1,000,000 tons of which may he said to be in the confines of Chicago and the remaining 800,000 tons in shipments to contiguous territory. In the early part of 1895, however, shipments were in excess of those of 1894, which would indicate that the trade is rapidly recovering its former health and vigor. In conclu- sion, it is only rational to recognize the fact that the conditions which have been experienced in the West have been more operative in the East, in so far as that there has been a large decrease in consumption of all kinds and grades of coal, which has been more pronounced in this section than in others.
The following table shows the receipts of coal at and shipments from Chicago during 1893 and 1894 as collected by the bureau of coal statistics :
Coal receipts at Chicago,
Anthracite.
Montlis.
January . . , February . , March . . . . .
April
May ,
June
July
August
September . October — November . December ,
Total
Anthracite by lake.
Tons.
18, 449 117, 572 134, 797 180, 350 131, 408 134, 205 182, ]84 224, 395 153, 831
1, 277, 191
Tons.
46, 295 257, 122 182, 769
161, 004
162, 921 174, 624 226, 952 125, 850
1, 424, 853
Anthracite by rail.
51, 326 34, 893 26, 998 15, 206 53, 829 53, 512 15, 639 56, 152 39, 204 72, 215 58, 492 50, 885
528, 351
Tons. 48, 915 38, 921 29, 873 26, 418 34, 816 40, 716 40, 929 38, 429 77, 389 99, 386 113, 446 79, 529
668, 767
Total anthracite.
Tons. 51, 326 34, 893 26, 998 33, 655 171, 401 188, 309 195, 989 187, 560 173, 409 254, 399 282, 887 204, 716
1, 805, 542
Tons. 48, 915 38, 921 29, 873 72, 713 291, 938 223, 485 201, 933 125, 745 240, 310 274, 010 340, 398 205, 379
2, 093, 620
Increase. Decrease
Tons. 2, 411
61, 815
Tons.
4, 028 2, 875
39, 058 120, 537 35, 176
5, 944
66, 901 19, 611 57, 511
288, 078
Bituminous.
Months.
January . . . February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September .
October
November . December .
Total
Pennsylvania.
Tons. 38, 491 24, 833 26, 116 28, 436 14, 391 21, 219 13, 346 47, 795 5, 644 27, 321 20, 102 28, 195
295, 889
Tons. 47, 193 31, 816 31, 216 35, 312 24, 353
30, 389 38, 194
31, 214 31, 416 33, 451 38, 985 48, 284
421, 823
Increase. Decrease
Tons.
16, 581
Tons.
8, 702 6, 983 9, 100 6,876
9, 962 9, 170
24, 848
25, 772 6, 130 18, 883 20, 089
125, 934
Ohio.
Tons. 67, 998 56, 476 43, 448 53, 249 22, 503 25, 772 11, 840 60, 987 17, 905 40, 583 37, 321 30, 586
468, 668
Tons. 84, 856
63, 419
64, 296 55, 560 38, 777 67, 860 55, 617 42, 966
58, 226
59, 728 74, 935 89, 557
755, 797
Increase. Decrease
Tons.
18, 021
Tons. 16, 858
6, 943 20, 848
2, 311 16, 274 42, 088
4,377
40, 321 19, 145 37, 614 58, 971
287, 129
Coal.
Coal receipts at Chicago — Continued. BITUMINOUS — continued.
Moutlis.
January . . . February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
October
November . December .
Total
West Virginia and Kentucky.
Tons. 20, 587 17, 369 12, 767 19, 885 46, 433 39, 225 4,787 19, 197 24, 524 30, 358 34, 173
296, 654
Tons. 17, 091 14, 825 15, 541
17, 855 13, 483 20, 432 18, 541 12, 437 19, 794
18, 426 22, 407 25, 162
215, 994
Increase. Decrease
Tons. 3, 496 2, 544
2, 030 32, 950 18, 793
6,' 760' 4,730 11, 932 11,766
Tons.
2, 774
13, 754
80, 660
Illinois.
Tons. 164, 821 164, 334 117, 949 140, 761 25, 320 25, 385 21,784 125, 170 147, 164 163, 896 216, 497 188, 099
1, 501, 280
Tons. 182, 012 170, 925 160, 358 135, 142 115, 673 153, 171 119, 563 132, 767 183, 575 180, 466 208, 291 203, 363
1, 945, 306
Increase. Decrease
Tons.
5, 619
8, 206
Tons. 17, 191
6, 591 42, 409
90, 353 127, 786 7, 597 36, 411 16, 570
15, 264
444, 026
Months.
January . . . February . .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September.
October
November . December. .
Total
Indiana.
Tons. 123, 229 120, 683 110, 773 127, 898
70, 706 105, 757
78, 278 125, 308 149, 259 152, 371
1, 165, 252
Tons. 141,149 141, 500 156, 833 127, 744
99, 374 123, 699 122, 844 104, 329 140, 557 147, 374
134, 209
135, 363
1, 574, 975
Increase. Decrease
Tons.
1,428
15,050 17, 008
Tons. 17, 920 20, 817 46, 060
98, 444 123, 699 52, 138
62, 279
Coke.
Tons. 79, 013 64, 566 66, 389 60, 219
40, 693
41, 346 10, 102 15, 300 14, 061
29, 712 17, 161
30, 365
409, 723 459, 927
Tons.
73, 518 68, 221 59, 328 51,417 52, 673 56, 913 42,813
74, 186 72, 316 94, 307 82, 333
807, 643
Increase.
Tons.
Decrease,
Tons. 9,605 8, 952 1, 832
10, 724
11, 327 46, 811 27, 513 60, 125 42, 604 51, 968
347, 716
Shipments from Chicago.
Months.
January . . . February . . March
April
May
June
July
August
September .
October
November December.
Total
Anthracite.
Tons. 59, 718 42, 981 28, 494 15,511 69, 453 34, 853
37, 040 15, 780 54, 886 53, 355 40, 896
452, 967
Tons. 54, 191 30, 239 38, 024 21, 539 24, 718 29, 456 57, 314 61, 668 89, 537 90, 006
104, 249 81, 336
682, 277
Increase.
T071S.
5, 527 12, 742
44, 735 5, 397
Decrease
Tons.
9, 530 6, 028
57, 314 24, 628 35, 120 50, 894 40, 440
229, 310
Bituminous and coke.
Tons. 41, 129 34, .576 23, 817 34, 123 14, 209 11,911
6,013 101,247 81, 578 85, 262 81, 300
Tons. 70, 218 58, 644 71, 312 60, 614 39, 227 40, 309
51, 966
52, 324 76, 309 73, 924 68, 317 56, 218
515,165 719,382
Increase. Decrease,
Tons.
24, 938 7, 654 16, 945 25, 082
Tons. 29, 089
24, 068 47, 495 26, 491
25, 018 28, 398 51, 966 46, 311
204, 217
Mineral Resources.
The following table gives a correct statement of anthracite coal received at this market during the season of 1894, as obtained from custom-house reports and comared with the actual weights as shown on the books of the different consignees :
Eeceived by-
Robert Law
E. L. Hedstrom & Co
Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Co.
Lehigh Valley Coal Co
O. S. Richardson & Co
Delaware and Hudson Canal Co. . .
Peabody Coal Co
Coxe Brothers & Co
Tons.
201,417 186, 000 162, 526
159, 897 125, 265 110, 076 103, 701 70, 000
Received by-
W. L. Scott Co
Pennsylvania Coal Co
William Drieske
J. L. Snyd acker & Co Drieske & Hinners... Otto Scheunemann . . .
Total
Tona.
57, 055 48,518 27, 036 12, 000 8,700 5,000
1, 277, 191
Summary of Chicago coal and coke trade for 1893 and 1894.
Stock of anthracite coal on hand Jan. 1
Tons. 580, 430
1, 277, 191 528, 351
3, 732, 694 459, 927
452, 967
390, 077
Tons. 559, 583
1, 424, 853 668, 767.
4, 913, 895 807, 643
682, 277
526, 222
Shipments of—
Coke.--
T071S.
125, 088
1, 328, 350 3, 342, 617 334, 839
604, 655
Tons. 19a, 160
1, 394, 496 4, 387, 673 614, 483
580, 430
Receipts of—
Anthracite by lake. . . Anthracite by rail. . . Bituminous coal
Local consumption :
Anthracite
Bituminous
Coke
Coke
Shipments of—
Anthracite to country Bituminous coal to country
Stock of anthracite coal on hand Dec. 31
Milwaukee, Wis.
Mr. William J. Langson, secretary of the chamber of commerce has kindly furnished the following statement of the receipts and shipments of coal at Milwaukee for a series of years:
The volume of trade in 1894. as shown by the receipts, was nearly 90,000 tons greater than in 1893, and within 40,000 tons of that of 1892, which was the largest in the history of the city. The total receipts in 1894 were 1,337,046 tons, and the shipments westward by rail and lake 432,768 tons, making the domestic consumption, approximately, 900,000 tons. The growth of the coal trade of Milwaukee has been very rapid, though somewhat restricted during the last two or three years by a scarcity of railroad cars to supply the Western country reached by the roads extending from tliis point. This difficulty has been partially overcome, and in view of the constant improvement in railroad equip- ment shippers will doubtless be accorded more liberal facilities every year. Tlie increase in the coal trade of Milwaukee in the past ten years has been over 100 per cent, notwithstanding the enormous quan- tities distributed from the head of Lake Superior throughout the far Northwest.
The facilities for handling coal at Milwaukee are of the latest and most approved descri])tion. The dock room is ample and easily access-
Coal.
ible to vessels of the largest class, having in this respect a great ad- vantage over Chicago. Many vessels engaged in the grain trade of Chicago and ore trade of Escanaba bring return cargoes of coal to Milwaukee. The coal-carrying trade is looked upon as one of the most important factors in building up the commerce of Milwaukee.
Receipts of coal at Milwaukee for ten years.
By lake from —
Buffalo
Erie
Oswego
Tons.
392, 003 50, 915 10, 043
126, 741 35, 360 5, 549 19, 452 19, 307 31, 875 19, 491
Tons 395, 971 41, 847
Tons. 464, 972 61, 222 1, 153 78, 259 38, 881
Tons. 631, 263 74, 610 1,348 98, 631 23, 105
Tons. 542, 167 47, 862
Ashtabula
Black River
91, 997 11, 096
89, 071 48, 599
Lorain
Toledo
Charlotte
Fairport
12, 417 57, 412 69, 079 31, 744
11, 757 46, 606 14,115 2, 781 10, 517
13, 533 19, 733 38, 452 14, 292 30, 253 7, 700 8,244
15, 367 51,816 71, 516 22, 526 5, 552 4,953 7, 726
Huron, Ohio
2, 679
4, 331
Total by lake
By railroad
710, 736 65, 014
714, 242 45, 439
724, 594 118, 385
961, 164 161, 079
907, 743 72, 935
775, 750
842, 979
1, 122, 243
980, 678
By lake from —
Erie
Oswego
Black River
Tons. 510,598
46, 378 2, 408 135, 413
24, 671
Tons. 659, 388
55, 202
17, 022 143, 776
22, 726
Tons. 819, 570
65, 190
26, 177 132, 051
30, 549
Tons. 629, 243
78, 947
46, 065 189, 539
38, 317
Tons. 658, 978
97, 995
41, 891 105, 800
58, 179
Lorain
15, 351 26, 193 59, 305 6, 120 11, 100 7, 026 9, 720 a 49, 375
3,983 10, 692 53, 644 10, 013 5, 775 5,179 12, 307 a 6, 949
18, 406 5, 360
64, 548
16, 483 1, 635
26, 342 1,800
22, 552 7, 250 90, 357
Sandusky
Toledo
Charlotte
19, 039 12, 229 55, 909 5, 359 18, 134 12, 173 19, 485
Ogdensburg
Other ports
Total by lake
Total receipts
122, 573
2, 065
3, 275 18, 395
903, 658 92, 999
1, 006, 656 149, 377
1, 210, 865 163, 549
1, 117, 448 132, 284
1, 229, 310 107, 736
996, 657
1, 156, 033
1, 374, 414
1, 249, 732
1, 337, 046
a Including cargoes from all ports not reported at the custom-house.
Shipments of coal from Milwaukee for the past twelve years.
Shii)ped by —
Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul
Chicago and Northwestern Rwy . . .
Wisconsin Central R. R
Milwaukee, Lake Sliore and West- Milwaukee and Northern R. R
Total
Tons. 146, 295 41, 746 6, 725
30, 575 10, 075
Tons. 140, 630 37, 314 7,469
11,757 7,556
Tons. 179, 883 56, 591 8, 943
12, 804 10, 872
Tons.
177, 286 70, 420 11, 745
13, 072 12,011
Tons.
166, 120 79, 258 18, 953
13, 886 15, 627 1, 595
Tons. 283, 269 107, 193 12, 624
16, 146 34, 480
235, 771
205, 061
269, 277
284, 803
295, 439
453, 837
MINERAL RESOURCES. Shipments of coal from Milwaukee for the past twelve years — Continued.
Shipped by-
Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Kwy
Chicago and Northwestern Kwy. .
AVisconsin Central H. li
Milwaukee, Lake Shore and West- ern Itwy
Milwaukee and l"orthern K. E
Lake
Total
Tons.
258, 281 97, 207 11, 727
25, 413 20, 556
Tons. 378, 090 103, 279 15, 929
5,884 19, 386
413, 408
522, 618
Tons. 406, 455 114, 847 14, 449
7,998 26, 723
600, 888
Tons. 252, 168 163, 063 14, 930
11, 041 27, 185
Tons. 321,960 199, 457 10, 967
469, 144 532, 993
Tons,
246, 620 167, 753 12, 377
6, 018
432, 768
The Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western Kailway became a part of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway system radiating from Milwau- kee, and the Milwaukee and Iorthern Eailroad was in like manner absorbed by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, and the traffic of both of these roads for 1893 and 1894 was merged in that of the larger corporations.
Receipts of coal at Milwaukee hy lake and rail annually for thirty-three years, from
1862 to 1894, inclusive.
Years.
Tons.
21, 860
43, 215
44, 503 36, 369 66, 616 74, 568 92, 992 87, 690
122, 865 175, 526 210, 194 229, 784 177, 655 228, 674 188, 444 264, 784 239, 667
Tears .
Tons.
350, 840 363, 568 550, 027 593, 842 612, 584 704, 166 775, 750 759, 681 842, 979 122, 243 980, 678 996, 657 156, 033 374, 414 249, 732 337, 046
Duluth, Minn.
Mr. Frank E. Wyman, secretary of the Duluth board of trade, has furnished the following interesting review of the coal trade of that city.
Receipts of coal at this end of Lake Superior during 1894 show a small increase over the receipts for the year preceding, the difference being about 150,000 tons. The steady increase in the volume of the coal traffic in the Northwest is one of the best indications of the healthy growth and development of this portion of the United States. Records at liand showing the receipts at, and distribution of coal from, the head of Lake Superior date back sixteen years. In 1878 there were received at Duluth 31,000 tons of coal. During 1894 the receii)ts at Duluth and Superior, about the same quantity being received at either place, were 2,350,000 tons, an increase of seventy-six fold within a period of sixteen years. The ])uildiiig of factories, mills, and various industrial enter- prises, as well listing increase in ])()])iilMtion and the develo})ment of the lake marine and railroads of the Northwest, must have naturally brought
Coal.
about an increased consumption of coal, but it is only after carefully considering the facts in relation to the almost marvelous growth of the coal traffic at this point that one can conceive something of the true greatness of the growth and development of that portion of the North- west which makes Duluth the distributing point for its supplies from the mines of the East. Duriug 1893 the Pennsylvania and Ohio Coal Comiany became identified with the trade here by the purchase of dock facilities and the doing of some business on its own account. Last year its business amounted to 150,000 tons. Most of the companies will improve their dock properties here during the year 1895. The Youghiogheny and Lehigli will double the capacity of its dock, and next year the new docks of the Northwestern Rail and Coal Company, on Allouez Bay, Superior, will have become a factor in the receiving of coal at the head of Lake Superior, to swell the volume of the business. One of the new factors in this trade that made its appearance last year was the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad Company, which commenced receiving coal at Two Harbors. The outlook for the future of this great traffic indicates that it will continue to increase from year to year for an indefinite period. At the opening of navigation for 1895 there was probably about 400,000 tons of coal on the docks here. This is because the unusually mild winter, up to January, had not been con- ducive to a maximum consumption of this fuel product. At the opening of navigation for 1894 the docks were practically empty. The increase in receipts this year over the receipts during 1894, as estimated by the local manager of one of the most prominent coal companies, will be about 200,000 tons, barring any deficit that may be contingent with strikes or kindred labor troubles.
Receipts of coal at Duluth, Minn., in 1894, by companies.
Companies.
Tons.
Companies.
Tons.
Northwestern Fuel Co
Ohio Coal Co
700, 000 460, 000 200, 000 180, 000
135, 000
250, 000
St. Paul and Western Coal Co
255, 000 120, 000 50, 000 2, 350, 000
Lehigh Coal and Iron Co
Pioneer Fuel Co
Pennsylvania and Ohio Coal Co
Philadelphia and Eeading Coal and Iron Co
Youghiogheny and Lehigh Coal Co
Duluth and Iron Kange Rwy Co. (Two Harbors)
Total
The table below shows the development of the coal trade at the head of the lakes since 1878, and will be found of interest.
Coal receipts at Duluth, Minn., and Superior, Wis.
Tears.
Tons.
Tears.
Tons.
31, 000 163, 000 260, 000 420, 000 372, 000 595, 000 736, 000 912, 000
1, 535, 000 1, 205, 000 1, 780, 995 1, 776, 000 1, 965, 000 2, 200, 000 2, 350, 000
46 Mineral Resoitrces.
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Receipts of coal at Cincinnati during the past fourteen years have been as follows :
Coal receipts at Cincinnati, Ohio.
Years.
Tons.
Tears.
Tons.
1, 492, 817
2, 197, 407 2, 025, 859 2, 092, 551 2, 008, 850 2, 130, 354 2, 350, 026
2, 551, 415 2, 348, 055 2, 452, 253 2, 608, 923 2, 718, 809 2, 905, 071 2, 755, 137
The Survey is indebted to Mr. Charles B. Murray, superintendent of the chamber of commerce, for the statement of coal receipts at Cincinnati since 1891. Statistics for previous years were furnished by the former superintendent, Col. S. D. Maxwell. Prior to 1892 the statistics in the following table were collected for fiscal years ending August 31. The figures for 1892, 1893, and 1894 are for calendar years. The receipts in 1891 from September 1 to December 31 are stated sep- arately.
Receipts of coal at Cincinnati since Septemher i, 1871.
Years.
1871- 72
1872- 73 . . . .
1873- 74 . . . .
1874- 75 . . - .
1875- 76 . . . .
1876- 77 . . - .
1877- 78 . . . .
1878- 79 . . . .
1879- 80 . . . .
1880- 81 . . . .
1881- 82
1882- 83 . . . .
1883- 84 . . . .
1884- 85 . . . .
1885- 86 . . . .
1886- 87 . . . .
1887- 88 - . . .
1888- 89 . . - ,
1889- 90 . . . ,
1890- 91 ... 1891, 4 mos
1892a ,
1893a ,
1894a
Pittsburg (Youghio- gheny.)
Bushels.
19, 254, 716 24, 962, 373 24, 014, 681 24, 225, 002
27, 017, 592
28, 237, 572 26, 743, 055
20, 769, 027
31, 750, 968 23, 202, 084 37, 807, 961
33, 895, 064 32, 239, 473
32, 286, 133
34, 933, 542 37, 701, 094
41, 180, 713 36, 677, 974
42, 601, 615
43, 254, 460 13, 766, 390 42, 272, 348 28, 643, 562 40, 156, 667
Kanawha.
Bushels.
4, 476, 619 6, 004, 675 3, 631, 823 6, 386, 623 6, 134, 039 8, 912, 801 10, 715, 459 13, 950, 802
13, 260, 347
15, 926, 743
14, 588, 573 17, 329, 349 20, 167, 875 20, 926, 596 23, 761, 853 19, 221, 196 19, 115, 172
6, 288, 442 19, 214, 704 24, 971, 261
16, 398, 039
Ohio River.
Bushels.
610, 359, 906
611, 075, 072 610, 398, 153
4, 277, 327 4, 400, 792 5, 141, 150
3, 288, 008
4, 068, 452 4, 268, 214 3, 151, 934 3, 560, 881 3, 309, 534
2, 956, 688
3, 007, 078 939, 746 338, 435
1, 533, 358 544, 940 454, 385
1, 479, 670 234, 940 768, 588 405, 202 158, 334
Canal.
Bushels. 1, 104, 003 1, 162, 052 710, 000 565, 352 409, 358 322, 171 380, 768 333, 549 202, 489 67, 684 77, 336 180, 621 293, 010 314, 774 205, 717 129, 503 26, 098 12, 129
15, 111
Anthracite,
Bushels. 72, 171 75, 000 112, 000 248, 750 282, 578 376, 125 439, 350 768, 750 712, 075 770, 525 779, 925 977, 250 1, 085, 350 1, 257, 900 1, 287, 925 1, 314, 775 1, 328, 225 1, 020, 525 1, 001, 175 1,118,671 402. 528 1, 268, 170 759, 626 661, 548
other kinds.
Bushels.
1, 597, 260
2, 068, 322 1, 913, 793
1, 654, 425 2, 136, 850
2, 351, 699
2, 336, 752
3, 090, 715
2, 997, 216
3, 910, 795 2, 683, 864
2, 720, 250
3, 693, 850 5, 710, 649 3, 075, 000
4, 709, 775 7, 362, 698 4, 437, 139
13, 335, 006 25, 832, 374 19, 083, 527
Total.
Bushels. 30, 790, 796
37, 274, 497 35, 234, 834 35, 390, 310 40, 183, 317
39, 622, 634
38, 892, 229 34, 210, 667 48, 198, 246
40, 244, 438 59, 267, 620 54, 620, 032
56, 412, 059 54, 138, 322
57, 416, 529 63. 345, 532 70, 705, 639 65, 092, 421 67, 988, 146 72, 345, 782 25, 129, 439 76, 858. 816 80, 612. 025 76, 458, 115
a Calendar years.
6 Including Kanawha coal.
Coal.
St. Louis, Mo.
The following summary of the coal trade of St. Louis for the year 1894 has been furnished by Mr. James Oox, secretary of the Business Men's League of that city:
The consumption of coal in this city in 1893 was the highest on record, financial depression notwithstanding. The feature of 1894 is the heavy falling off in the receipts of soft coal. The manufacturing output for the year just ended exceeded that of 1893, and a greater number of heavy fuel-consuming plants were in operation. Hence the falling of£ can not be attributed to financial or commercial depression, or to ''hard times." The strike in the Illinois coal fields is the direct cause. In the first place this caused a reduction of stocks in every direction, the process of scraping being resorted to in more senses than one. When the coal famine was at its worst all sorts of substitutes had to be burned. Several car loads of coal siftings, which had been used for track ballast, were dug up and made to do duty under boilers. Wood of all kinds, shavings, and almost everything that would burn, were brought into requisition; and the city inspectors, who were attracted by a peculiar blue smoke, found that one enterprising con- cern was fighting against a shut-down by burning dried apples. The result of this peculiar exi)eriment was far more satisfactory than anyone would have imagined.
There is no doubt that the strike, lasting as it did for some months, taught some very valuable lessons in fuel economizing, and that a good deal more power has been obtained from a given quantity of coal than ever before. The influence of smoke-abating devices on coal consump- tion has also been tested. The law against smoking chimneys has been enforced with considerable severity and uniformity, and there are very few plants in the business or manufacturing sections of St. Louis which have no abaters. The steam jet is used very extensively. According to some i)eople it increases the consumption of coal to an alarming extent, while others who have made equally careful compari- sons do not find the result the same. Scientific tests of some of the higher-priced devices in use show that they reduce the consumption of coal materially, the same power being produced with much less coal. It is to be regretted that there are no statistics available to show exactly to what extent smoke abaters are responsible for the apparent anomaly of an increase in manufacturing activity with a simultaneous decrease in coal consumption.
The reduction in the smoke volume is very apparent. The manager of the Southern Hotel states that the saving in laundry bills in his house runs into the thousands, and one large lithographing house is equally enthusiastic. The latter concern had determined to move out into the country owing to the loss to finished work from soot and smuts while drying. The improvement in the atmospheric conditions is so
Mineral Resources.
marked tliat tlie idea of moviug has beeu abaudoued, and the city retains a valuable wage-paying concern. Another evidence of effective smoke abatement work is to be found in the increased fashionableness of white paint for exterior decoration. This luxury was out of the question until recently, owing to the great quantity of bituminous coal burned and the deuseness of the smoke.
As will be seen by the following quotations anthracite coal has ruled $1 a ton lower. This and the smoke-abatement pressure combined have led to an increase in the consumption. Except during the strike, coal generally has ruled very low, and since the year expired some con- tracts have been made at even lower figures than those of 1894. Yery fair steam-producing coal is sold at but a fraction over $1. During the strike a good deal of oil was burned and careful tests were made as to relative cost. There can be no doubt that oil can not be burned in competition with coal at anything like $1 a ton. An iron manufacturer, whose plant is on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, says his experi- ments proved that his oil cost him as much as $2 coal. Other manu- facturers say that coal at $3.50 to $4 comes cheaper.
The following are the receipts of coal and coke during the last five years:
Coal mid coke receipts at St. Louis since 1890.
Hard coal tons..
69, 477, 225 124, 335 9, 919, 850
72, 078, 225 139, 050 6, 924, 250
82, 302, 228 187, 327 8, 914, 400
87, 769, 375 173, 653 7, 807, 000
74, 644, 375 186, 494 6, 365, 900
The following are the prices per ton of the most used grades of coal In St. Louis in 1894. The prices are for coal in car lots free on board St. Louis.
Prices of coal at St. Louis during 1894.
Standard Illinois . . . High grade Illinois Anthracite :
Large egg
Small
Highest.
Closing.
Highest.
$1.42i
$1. 16i
Connellsville coke
New River coke
Indiana coke
Kentucky coke
$5. 75
Closing.
$4. 75
Kansas City, Mo.
Mr. A. J. Yanlandingham, commissioner of the Kansas City trans- portation bureau, has furnished the following statement regarding the movements of coal in that city:
Kansas City is the wholesale coal market for all the territory east of the Kocky Mountains and west of the Missouri l\iver, and is the largest coal market west of the Mississippi Kiver. The general ofdces of all
Coal.
the miDes in southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri, and many of those in the Indian Territory and Arkansas, are in Kansas City, and their coal is sold from this market, although shipped direct from mines to destination. About 75 per cent of the coal sold by Kansas City wholesale dealers is routed via Kansas City.
Kansas City is also the largest consumer of coal of any city west of St. Louis. The steam and commercial coal consumed here is mined in southwestern Missouri and southeastern Kansas. Domestic coal con- sists of Pennsylvania anthracite, Arkansas semianthracite, Colorado coal, and the better grades of soft coal from the surrounding district. Average prices for 1894 were as follows :
Prices of coal at Kansas City.
Kinds of coal.
Per short ton.
Lump
Mine rnn
Nut
$2.71
1. 25 to $1. 40
7. 50 to 9. 00
Slack
Anthracite
Smithing
Coke
Owing to some dealers ending their fiscal year with June 30, others with December 31, it has been somewhat difficult to arrive at the correct figure for local consumption the past five years. Figures below, how- ever, are very nearly correct.
Local consumption of coal at Kansas Citij, 1889 to 1894, inclusive.
Years.
Short tons.
667, 190
650, 862
613, 644
629, 997
703, 031
640, 053
Mobile, Ala.
Mr. A. C. Danner, president of the Mobile Coal Company, has fur- nished the following information regarding the coal trade at that port:
As near as can be estimated there were received here during the year 1894 from Alabama mines by the railroads and consigned to dealers and shippers 95,212 tons of bituminous coal, 2,000 pounds to the ton. This does not include the coal used by the railroad shops and on their locomotives, which is estimated to have been about 35,000 tons. There has been received by vessel here from Pennsylvania anthracite coal to the amount of about 3,600 tons.
There is no special change in the coal business at this port except a moderate increase in the business of furnishing bunker coal to steamers. 16 GEOL, PT 4 4
Mineral Resources.
As the chaunel is being deepened by the Government, more steamers come here, and more coal is being used by them.
During the latter part of 1894 and the early part of 1895 the U. S. S. Montgomery was stationed at this port for the purpose of testing various Southern coals. Sample lots of these coals were also sent to Wash- ington for analysis.
The following table shows the receipts of coal at Mobile since 1883:
Receipts of coal at Mobile, Ala., for twelve years.
Years.
a This does not include the amount of coal used by the railroads on their locomotives and at their shopa.
Norfolk, Va.
The following statement of coal handled at Lambert's Point coal piers has been furnished this office by the chamber of commerce of Norfolk:
Coal shipments from Lambert's Point piers in five years.
Tears.
Foreign.
Bunkers.
Coastwise,
Local.
Total.
Long tons. 37, 723 27, 997 25, 653 34, 969 44, 328
Long tons. 102, 755 135, 112 129, 627 125, 688 105, 382
Long tons. 941, 019 1, 215, 028 1, 400, 984 1, 512, 931 1, 810, 480
Long tons. 71, 010 90, 606 98, 034 100, 453 96, 841
Lo7ig tons. 1, 152, 507 1, 468, 743 1, 654, 298 1, 774, 041 2, 057, 031
Alabama coal, (a)
Tons. 25, 304 17, 808 40, 301 30, 310 39, 232
38, 785 43, 620
51, 267 70, 298 90, 000 95, 212
Anthracite and English.
Tons.
1, 229
2, 022
1, 454 1, 327 1, 775 1, 500 4, 130
3, 600
Total.
Tons. 26, 533 18, 699 41, 076 32, 332 40, 142
39, 433 45, 074
40, 647 53, 042 71, 798 94, 130 98, 812
San Francisco, Cal.
Mr. J. W. Harrison reports the trade for the year as follows: The uniformity of quotations for cargo lots during the year is unprec- edented in the former history of the coal trade, as there was no appar- ent change at all for the first seven months; and the maximum and miniimim values did not show a variance of 5 per cent until the tariff reduction of 40 cents per ton on bituminous grades caused a decline equal to the exact amount of the tariff change. Our large fuel con- sumers can not comi)lain of the prices they have had to pay this year, as they have been the lowest ever known. Our consumption should have been largely increased on that account, were it not for the stag-
' See p. 54.
Coal.
naucy of trade among our principal manufactories. With the sea- sonable rainfall we have had locally, the exceedingly low prices of pig iron and coal now ruling, and the gradual return of confidence new visible everywhere — these combined should lead to a revulsion of trade in the near future. There is every indication pointing to a possible 20 per cent increase of fuel to be consumed in 1895 over and above the quantity burned up this year, and there is no article which so forcibly betokens prosperity as an increased coal demand.
The following table of prices will show the monthly fluctuations of foreign coals for " spot" cargoes; the average price is given for each month :
Monthly prices for coal at San Francisco in 1894.
Kinds.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Australian (gas)
English steam
Scotch splint
West Hartley
$6. 25
$6. 25
$6. 25
$6. 25
$6. 25
$6. 25
$6. 25
$6. 00
$5. 62
$5. 62
$5.50
$5.62
The various sources from which we have derived our supplies are as follows :
Sources of coal consumed in California.
Sources.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
441, 759
652, 657
554, 600
588, 527
647, 110
Australia
194, 725
321, 197
314, 280
202, 017
211, 733
English and Welsh
35, 662
168, 586
210, 660
151, 269
157, 562
Scotch
1,610
31,840
24, 900
18, 809
18, 636
Eastern (Cumberland and anthracite) .
32, 550
42, 210
35, 720
18, 960
16, 640
Franklin, Green River, and Cedar
216, 760
178, 230
164,930
167, 550
153, 199
Carbon Hill and Sotith Prairie
191, 109
196, 750
218, 390
261, 435
241, 974
Mount Diablo and Coos Bay
74, 210
90, 684
66, 150
63, 480
65, 263
13, 170
20, 679
4, 220
7, 758
15, 637
Total
1, 204, 555
1 , 702, 833
1,593.850
1, 479, 785
1, 527, 754
To insure a correct statement of the entire amount consumed all the arrivals by water at San Pedro, Port Los Angeles, and San Diego, aggregating 208,036 tons, have been included.
The total imports of coke (all foreign) last year were 24,492 tons; in 1893, 29,645 tons.
Official Tests Of Coal Mined In The United States.
Acting under instructions from the honorable the Secretary of the !Navy, a number of analyses and tests of coal mined in the United States, and particularly of coal obtained from mines in the Southern States, have been made by officers of the United States Navy. The results of some of these tests are contained in Senate Executive Docu- ment No. 82, Fifty-third Congress, third session, and are reproduced below.
Mineral Resources.
Tliis document consists of the reply of the Secretary of the Navy to a Senate resolution, dated February 1895, which was as follows :
Resolved, That tlie Secretary of the Navy be directed to communicate to the Senate all examinations and tests that have been made within twelve months past of coals taken from any coal mines in the United States, showing the constituents of such coals and their value for steaming purposes in vessels of the Navy and in stationary engines in the gun factories, armories, and yards under the control of the Department of the Navy ; and any other information on this subject that will show the economic value of such coals for steaming purposes and the places at which they can be most advantageously shipped aboard the vessels employed in the naval and Coast Survey service, in the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean.
Since the transmittal of the Secretary's reply to this resolution, some other tests have been made, the results of which have been furnished the Geological Survey for publication with this report. The results contained in the Senate document, with the dates of the tests, and, in some cases, analyses of the coal, are as follows :
JReport of test of Black Diamond and Eureka coal made on steamer Walcott, Seattle,
Wash., March 31, 1894.
Black Diamond.
Eureka.
Knots per ton of coal
Knots per ton of coal at equalized speed and resistance
Coal, pounds per hour, main engine stopped
Percentage of refuse from coal consumed
The following tests were made of Blue Canyon and Fairhaven (State of Washington) coals under the boilers of the steam cutter attached to the U. S. S. Yorktown, at Seattle, Wash., April 18, 1894. The tests were made by a board of inquiry composed of C. J. Boush, lieutenant, United States ISTavy; J. M. Pickrell, past assistant engineer. United States iavy, and Albert Moritz, assistant engineer, United States Navy :
Report of test of Blue Canyon and Fairhaven coals, April 18, 1894.
Coals.
Where mined.
Cubic feet per ton.
Water per pound coal from 54° F.
Refuse.
Blue Canyon
Fairhaven
Whatcom County
do
Founds.
Per cent.
The Blue Canyon coal ignites readily, with heavy smoke, which thins out greatly when the coal is coked. It cakes slightly and cokes. There is no slack; the coal is- free from dust and contains but a very small proportion of earthy ingredients. No traces of sulphur were observed. The fracture is very black, with little luster, and becomes duller Avhen exposed to the atmosphere, assuming a slightly brownish color.
The Fairhaven coal comes in a mixture of very small lumps and slack, having an oily appearance. It looks as if it crumbled on exposure to the atmosphere. The lumps on being broken present a lustrous black surface. It ignites freely, with a dense black smoke at first, thinning out rapidly as the coal cokes. It has consider- able evaporative efficiency after coking. No traces of sulphur were observed.
Coal.
As far as could be determined, either of the above coals is as safe as the Comox, and show greater evaporative efficieucy.
The following test of 12 tons of coal furnished by the Fairhaven Land Company, of Fairhaven, Wash., was made at Mare Island I'avy-Yard and reported by George W. Melville, Engineer in Chief, United States Navy.
Report of test of 12 tons of coal delivered in navy-yard, Mure Island, by the Fairhaven
Land Company, of Fairhaven, Wash.
Duration of test hours . . 24. 5
Water evaporated, calculated from volume and temperature for each hour pounds. . 47, 367, 49
Coal consumed do 6, 036
Coal consumed per hour do 251. 5
Coal consumed per hour per square foot of grate do 11. 178
Water evaporated per pound of coal do 6. 853
Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° per pound of coal do 8. 05
Refuse per cent . . 19. 95
steam pressure in pounds per gauge (average) 50. 77
Temperature of —
Atmosphere (average) 66. 25
Fire room (average) 83. 92
Feed water (aA'erage) 69.25
Uptake, till and lead melted.
Pocahontas coal. — The following tests were made of Pocahontas (Vir- ginia and West Virginia) coal at the New York Navy- Yard May 2, 1894 :
The coal breaks readily, with an irregular fracture, some portions showing a lus- trous black surface, while others resemble slate in appearance. The coal when received was in bags and was practically all lumps. The coal burned freely, with a short yellow flame, when first ignited emitting a small quantity"" of light-brown smoke. It did not cake, and considerable small coal fell through the bars, most of which was returned to the fires. It required very little labor on the part of the firemen.
An insignificant amount of clinker was formed, and that of a friable nature. The deposit on tubes and front connections was small in amount and of a brown color. Pieces of tin, zinc, and antimony were inserted in the front ends of tubes in row next to top ; the tin was partly fused, the zinc and antimony were not. The steam appeared to be dry.
Report of test of Pocahontas coal made at the New York Navy- Yard May 2, 1894.
Duration of test hours.. 24|
Water evaporated pounds . . 89, 729. 75
Coal consumed do 11,280
Coal consumed per hour per square foot of grate do 12. 034
Water evaporated per pound of coal do 7. 9548
Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° do 9. 38
Refuse percent.. 8.390
steam pressure (average) 40. 04
Barometer (average) 30.21
Temperature of —
Atmosphere (average) 63. 40
Fire room (average) 66. 36
Feed water (average) 62
Uptake (average) 560
54 Mineral Resources.
Report of teat of sample A coal.
[Delivered at New York Navy- Yard by Schriver Steamer Line.]
Duration of test hours. . 24. 5
"Water evaporated pounds.. 80,909
Coal consumed do 11, 280
Coal consumed per hour per square foot of grate do 12. 116
Water evaporated per pound of coal do 7. 7047
Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° do 9. 02
Refuse p6r cent . . 10. 3258
Steam pressure (average) 39. 96
Barometer (average) 29. 90
Temperature of—
Atmosphere (average) 75. 20
I'ire room (average) 87. 40
Feed water (average) 70
Uptake (average) 583. 2
Report of test of the contract coal, Georges Creek, Cumberland, Md., made at Washington
Navy Yard, February 10 and 11, 1895.
Duration of test hours. . 24. 5
Coal burned pounds. . 11, 520
"Water evaporated do 71,574
Refuse from coal do 1, 697. 5
"Water evaporated per pound of coal (steam pressure, 39.16 pounds per gauge; temperature
of feed water, 42) pounds . . 6. 213
Equivalent evaporation from and at 2 12° do 7. 4501
Ashes per cent. . 14. 735
Coal per square foot of grate per hour pounds . . 12. 373
Temperature of uptake, tin melted.
Report of test of Standard Victor coal, made at the navy-yard, New YorTc, January 29 and
30, 1895.
Duration of test hours. . 24. 5
Coal burned pounds.. 11, 040
"Water evaporated do 72,831
Refuse from coal do 1, 294. 13
"Water evaporated per pound of coal (steam pressure, 39.81 pounds per gauge ; temperature
of feed wafer, 40) pounds.. 6.5971
Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° do 7. 9205
Ashes per cent. . 11. 722
Coal per square foot of grate per hour pounds. . 11. 86
Temperature of uptake, zinc melted.
The following are the results of tests made on the U. S. S. Montgom- ery cruising in the Gulf of Mexico, off Mobile, Ala.
Trial of Sloss Iron and Steel Company's {Birmingham, Ala.) coal by U. S. S. Montgomery. [Quantity tested, 75 tons; date of test, beginning December 8, 1894.]
Boilers :
Kind of boilers : 3 main ( A, B, and D), double-ended; 2 auxiliary (C and E) single-ended; cylin- drical return fire tubes. Total area of grate surface : 336.28 square feet Internal diameter of furnaces : 42 inches. Length of grates : A and B, 6.02 ; D, 6.31 ; C and E, 5.67.
Grate surface in each furnace: A and B, 21.07 square feet; D, 22.08 square feet; C and E, 19.85 square feet.
Number of tubes in each boiler: A, B, and D, 632; C and E, 316.
Lengtli of tubes : A and B, 6 feet inches ; 1), 6 feet 7 inches ; C and E, 5 feet llj inches (between
tube .sheets). Diameter of tubes: (external).
Aggregate water-heating surface in each boiler: A and B, 2,734.79 square feet; D, 2,871.20 square
feet; Cand E, 1,318.65 square feet. Size of cliimney (2 chimneys) : 5 feet 8 inches (internal diameter). Heiglitof chimney al)ov5 grate bars: 60 feet.
Water containcid in eacli boiler (to steaming level 9 inches above tops of tubes): A and B, 21.67 tons ; U, 22.95 tons ; C and E, 11.47 tons.
Coal.
Engines:
Number of main engines: 2.
Number of cylinders for each main engine: 3.
Diameter of cylinders of main engines: H. P., 26 inches ; I. P., 39 inches ; L. P., 63 inches. Stroke of main engines : 26 inches.
Duration of trial
Area of grate surface used.
Boilers used
Fuel consumed per hour
Per cent of refuse .
Indicated H. P. of main engines :
Taken from cords.. Mean number revo- lutions. Estimated I. H. P. of
auxiliaries in use. Fuel burned per H. P.
per hour. Miles made per ton of coal.
Speed
Number of revolutions.
Distance steamed
Character of smoke
How often necessary to sweep tubes.
Condition of ship's bot- tom.
How long out of dock. . Force and bearing of wind.
Sails in use
Condition of sea
Estimated effect of wind, sails, and condi- tion of sea on speed.
First speed (135 revolutions).
10.65 hours
296.58 square feet
A, B, D.andC... 5,258 pounds (or
2.35 tons). 11.16 per cent
2,361.66
2,109.14
2.42 pounds
15.15 miles
S., 130.1; P., 129.2; mean, 129.65.
161.3 miles
Grayish black . . . Every 36 hours
Good
40 days
Force, 3 to4 ; bear- ing, 0.66 ])oints.
None
Smooth
None
Second speed (120 revolutions).
11.35 hours
296.58 square feet.
A, B, D, andC
4,934 pounds (or
2.2 tons). 11.16 per cent
1,529.12
1,491.90
3.175 pounds
14.5 miles
S., 119.6; P., 118.3; mean, 118.95.
164.6 miles
Grayish black
Every 36 hours . . .
Good
41 days
Force, 3 to 4 ; bear- ing, 12 to 8.
None
Smooth to heavy. . None
Third speed (100 revo- lutions).
19 hours.
208.26 square feet.
A, B, and C.
2,947 pounds (or 1.3
tons). 11.16 per cent.
1,185.89.
I, 183.62
2.366 pound
II. 3 miles.
S., 99.92; P., 99.99;
mean, 99.955. 215.1 miles. Grayish black. Every 36 hours.
Good.
41 days.
Force, 3 to 5; bearing,
None.
Moderate, abeam. None.
Remarks.— Coal is easily stowed. It requires considerable working to make it burn eflSciently, as it cakes soon after slicing, and makes a considerable quantity of clinker. Half of the fires would require cleaning every watch, and the tubes would require sweeping every 36 hours. The fires were very dirty in 8 hours from the time they were started. It forms a great quantity of smoke of a grayislji- black color. A small quantity of the coal was tried in the forge, and was found to be good for black- smithing purposes. A careful examination of the boilers has been made since the test, and no injurious effects have been discovered. We were unable to keep speed up to 135 revolutions after the first 3 hours, the fires being dirty. Boiler E, having had steam on it for two weeks preceding the trial, was not in proper condition for use.
The above coal, analyzed under the direction of Commander Theo. F. Jewell, U. S. lavy, superintendent iaval Gun Factory, Washington, D. C, INavy-Yard, shows the following composition:
Analysis of Sloss Iron and Steel Company coal. Test No. 1 : Per cent.
Moisture 0.33
Nonvolatile combustible matter 2
Volatile combustible matter 24. 197
Fixed carbon 70. 311
Sulphur 425
Ash 2.737
Total Phosphoru.s
Mineral Resources.
Trial of Mingo Mountain Coal and Coke Company's (Middlesboro, Ky.) Mingo Mountain
coal by U. S. *S'. Montgomery.
[Quantity tested, 75 tons; date of test, beginning January 3, 1895; boilers and engines, same as in the
preceding test.]
Duration of trial
Area of grate surface used.
Boilers used
Fuel consumed per hour
Per cent of refuse
Indicated H. P. of main
engines : Taken from cords . . Average revolutions Estimated I. H. P. of
auxiliaries in use. Fuel burned per H. P.
per hour. Miles made per ton of
coal.
Speed
ITumber of revolutions.
Distance steamed
Character of smoke
How often necessary to sweep tubes.
Condition of ship's bot- tom.
How long out of dock. . Force and bearing of wind.
Sails in use
Condition of sea
Estimated effect of wind, sails, and con- dition of sea on speed.
First speed (135 rev- olutions} .
7.8 hours
296.58 square feet.
A, B, C, and D
7,179 pounds (or 3.2
tons). 6.01 per cent
2.95 ijounds
15.61 miles
S., 135.07; P., 135.53; mean, 135.30.
121 .8 miles
Grayish -black
Every 24 hours
Good
65 days
Light air
Smooth
None
Second speed (120 revolutions).
11.2 hours
296.58 square feet . .
A, B, CandD
5.000 pounds (or 2.23 tons).
6.01 per cent
2.90 pounds
13.83 miles
S.,120; P.,120;mean,
154.9 miles . .
Grayish-black
Every 24 hours
Good
66 days
Light breeze
None
Smooth
None
Third speed (100 ! revolutions).
18.5 hours.
208.26 square feet.
A, B, and C.
3, 027 pounds (or 1.35
tons). 6.01 per cent.
3.20 pounds.
11.7 miles.
S., 100; P., 100.05;
mean, 100.025. 215.5 miles. Grayish -black. Every 24 hours.
Good.
66 days. Light breeze.
None.
Smooth.
None.
Remarks. — Main engines were indicated, coal and ashes carefully weighed, and great care exercised in obtaining all data required by the engine-room log. The coal is easily stowed. It required but little working to make it burn freely, and the specified number of revolutions were easily maintained. It made very little clinker, and that was easily removed. It makes great quantities of smoke of grayish-black color, and during the full-speed test flames issued from both smoke pipes continuously, heating the pipes and uptakes to a dangerous extent. The sparks fell in great quantities on deck, making it necessary to wet decks and boat covers to prevent them from burning. In the 120 and 100 revolution tests it 'made all the steam required without overheating pipes and uptakes, and neither flame or sparks came from pipes. The tubes would require sweeping every twenty-four hou;rs. Upon examination of boilers they were found to be uninjured, but inner smoke pipes andtlie uptakes were warped so that two forward dampers could not be closed.
Analysis of Mingo coal from Mingo Mountain Coal and Coke Company, Middleshoro, Ky.
Per cent.
Moisture 0.949
Noncombustiblc volatile matter 2. 661
Combustible volatile matter 30. 226
Fixed carbon 64. 368
Sulphur 0. 140
Ash 1.656
Total 100. 000
Phosphorus 0.008
Coal.
Trial of Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, Birmingham, Ala., Pratt division,
coal hy U. S. S. Montgomery.
[Quantity tested, 73.46 tons; date of test, beginning December 18, 1894 ; boilers and engines same as in
preceding tests.]
Duration of trial
Area of grate surface used.
Boilers used
Fuel consumed per hour.
Per cent of refuse
Indicated H. P. of main engines : Taken from cords. Mean number revo- lutions. Estimated I. H. P. of
auxiliaries in use. Fuel burned per H. P.
l)er hour Miles niade per ton of coal.
Speed - -
Number of revolutions
Distance steamed
Character of smoke...
How often necessary to sweet) tubes.
Conditon of ship's bot- tom
How long out of dock. Force and bearing of wind.
Sails in use
Condition of sea
Estimated eft'ect of wind, sails, and con- dition of sea on speed,
First speed (135 revolutions).
10.75 hours
296. 58 square feet...
A, B, D, and C... 4,887 pounds (or2.18
tons). 9.46 per cent
2,464.40
Second speed (120 revolutions).
12 hours
296.58 square feet. . .
A, B, D, and C
4,667 pounds (or2.08 tons.
9.46 per cent
1,552.99 1,522.99
15.56 miles
S., 132.49; P., 132.43; mean, 132.46.
169.3 miles
Grayish black
Every 36 hours
2.89 . . . 6.908 . .
Good
50 days
Force, 3 to 2 ; bear- ing, 126° to 154°.
None
Light swell.
None
14.4 miles
S., 120.01; P., 120; r-ean, 120.005.
172.7 miles
Grayish black
EveVy 36 hours
Good
51 days
Force, 2 to 4 ; bear- ing, 37° to 127c.
None
Light swell
None
Third speed (100 revo- lutions) .
19.8 hours
208.26 square feet.
A, B, and C.
2,828 pounds (or 1.26
tons). 9.46 per cent.
12.02 miles,
S., 100.11; P., 100.62;
mean, 100.065. 235.9 miles. Grayish black. Everj 36 hours.
Good.
51 days.
Force, 5 to 2 ; bearing,
107io to 25io. None.
Light swell None.
Remarks. — During trials main engines were indicated, and coal and ashes carefully weighed, and great care was exercised in obtaining all the data required by the engine-room log. We were unable to keep the speed up to 135 revolutions after the first four or five hours, the tires being dirty. It requires a moderate amount of working to make it burn efficiently; the amount of clinker was not excessive, but appeared to stick firmly to the grate bars and was difficult to remove; the tubes would require sweeping in 36 hours from the time the fires were started : it formed great quantities of smoke of grayish-black color. A small quantity of coal was tested by the blacksmith and found to be good for blacksmitliing purposes. A careful examination of the boilers has been made since the tests and no injurious etfects have been discovered. The test of the first speed was closed when only 23.46 tons had been consumed, due to a mistake made in summing up the total number of buckets of coal burned, toward the end of the test. The error was not detected until after the next test had begun. The coal is easily stowed.
This coal, analyzed at the Washington Navy- Yard under the direction of Commander Jewell, shows :
Analysis of Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company's Pratt" coal.
Test No. 2 : Per cent.
Moisture 0.36
Nonvolatile combustible matter 1. 74
Volatile combustible matter 25. 773
Fixed carbon 68. 351
Sulphur 073
Ash 3.703
Total 100
Phosphorus 079
Mineral Resources.
Trial o f Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Companies {Birmingham, Ala.) " Cahaha"
coal by U. S. S. Montgomery.
[Quantity tested, 75 tons; date of test, beginning January 11, 1895; boilers and engines same as in
preceding tests.]
Duration of trial
Area of grate surface used.
Boilers used
Fuel consumed per hour .
Per cent of refuse
Indicated H. P. of main
engines :
Prom cords
Average revolutions Estimated I. H. P. of
auxiliaries in use. Fuel burned per H. P.
per hour. Miles made per ton of
coal.
Speed
Number of revolutions.
Distance steamed
Character of smoke
How often necessary to sweep tubes.
Condition of ship's bot- tom.
How long out of dock. . . Force and bearing of wind.
Sails in use
Condition of sea
Estimated eifectof wind,
sails, and condition of
sea on speed.
First speed (135 revolutions).
9.5 hours
296.58 square feet
A,B, C, D
5,894.74 pounds . . 7 per cent
2.445 pounds
Average, 134.9 . . .
Dark gray
Once in 48 hours .
Good
73 days
Force, 4 to 5; bear- ing, 330.
None
Moderate
0.5 knot
Second speed (120 revolutions).
12.2 hours
256.88 square feet
A, B, D
4,590.16 pounds . . 7 per cent
1,736.70
1,737.75
2.550 pounds
Average, 120.02 . .
Dark gray . . .
Once in 48 hours.
Good
74 days
Force, 4 to 5 ; bear- ing, 330, 1350.
None
Moderate
None
Third speed (100 revolu- tions).
18.8 hours.
168.56 square feet for 11 hours; 208.26 square feet for 7.8 hours.
Aand B; A,B, C.
2,978.73 pounds.
7 per cent.
3.107 pounds.
Average, 100.005.
Dark gray. Once in 48 hours.
Good.
74 days.
Force, 2 to 6; bearing,
120°, 550. None.
Smooth and moderate. None.
Eemarks. — The engines were indicated during test. Coal and ashes carefully weighed in accord- ance with Department letter of November 10, 1894. Thirty tons of " Cahaba" coal were purchased for use before and after the trials. Three main and J auxiliary boiler were used in making first test, and there was no difficulty whatever in maintaining 135 revolutions. On its completion the fires in aux- iliary boiler were allowed to die out, as the coal was making plenty of steam; also on the completion of the second test fires in boilers were allowed to die out. When third test was about half finished it was found difficult to keep steam up to the required pressure, and the fires were again started in auxiliary boiler, and the remainder of the test was run off with 2 main and 1 auxiliary boiler in use. The coal burns freely with very little working, but if it is necessary to force the fires on accountof limited grate surface it burns poorly. It will not stand much working. The percentage of refuse is small ; amount of clinker moderate, but adheres to the bars and is removed with difficulty. It forms a moderate amount of smoke of gray color. It is easily handled and stored. The tubes did not require sweeping during test and on arrival in port they were found to be only moderately dirty. Dpon examination of the boilers no bad effects were discovered from its use.
This coal, analyzed as the preceding ones shows the following:
Analysis of Cahaba coal from the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company.
Per cent.
Moisture 1. 320
Nonvolatile combustible matter 1. 900
Volatile combustible matter 25. 705
Fixed carbon 64.329
Sulphur 051
Ash G. 695
Total 100
Pho8i)horus .003
Coal.
No. 5. — Trial of Mobile Coal Company's (Mobile, Ala.) MilldaW coal by U. S. S.
Montgomery.
[Quantity tested, 72y£g tons; date of test, beginning January 26, 1895; boilers and engines, same as in
preceding tests.]
Duration of trial
Area of grate surface used.
Boilers used
Fuel consumed per hour
Per cent of refuse
Indicated H. P. of main
engines. Estimated I. H. P. of
auxiliaries in use. Fuel burned per H. P.
per hour. Miles made per ton of coal.
Speed
Number of revolutions.
Distance steamed
Character of smoke
How often necessary to sweep tubes.
Condition of ship's bot- tom.
How long out of dock. . Force and bearing of wind.
Sails in use
Condition of sea
Estimated elfectof wind,
sails, and condition of
sea on speed.
First speed (135 revolutions).
7.5 hours
296.58 square feet. .
A,B,C,D
5,895 pounds
2,199.17
2.607 pounds
15.61 knots
Average, 135.05
148.35 knots
Grayish
60 hours
Slightly foul
88 days
Force 3 to 4; bear ing, 120° to 140°.
None
Moderate
None
Second speed (120 revolutions).
12 hours
296.58 square feet. .
A,B,C, D
4,667 pounds
1,744.34
2.584 pounds
13.6 knots
Average, 120.15
163.4 knots
Grayish
60 hours
Slightly tbul
89 days
Force 5 to 6; bear- ing, 110.
None
Moderate
Loss, 1 mile per hour.
Third speed (100 revolutions).
16.5 hours. 208.26 square feet.
A,B, CD. 3,062.8 pounds.
3.302 pounds.
11.8 knots. Average, 100.
Grayish. 60 hours.
Slightly foul.
89 days.
Force, 4 to 6; bear- in g, 0 to 1 1 o to 180° . None. Moderate. None.
Remarks. — This coal is easily handled and stowed ; it is mostly tine coal; the amount of lumps doea not exceed 15 per cent in run of mine coal. It cokes readily when thrown on fires. Three main and
1 auxiliary boilers were used during the first two tests, viz, 135 revolutions and 120 revolutions, and
2 main and 1 auxiliary were used in the low-speed test. The coal burned Ixeely with a moderate amount of working, and there was no difficulty in keeping up to the required number of revolutions; the amount of clinker is moderate and easily removed, and the percentage of refuse is not excessive. The fires did not require cleaning in the first twelve hours ; after that, cleaning one-third of the fires each watch kept them in good steaming condition. It makes a moderate quantity of smoke of gray color; the tubes did not require sweeping during the tests and were only moderately dirty when the ships arrived in port. Upon examination of the boilers and accessories, they were found to be unin- jured. The low-speed test was stopped on account of a heavy fog when 22.1256 tons of coal had been burned. The greatest diminution of speed in the tests indicate that the ship's bottom is becoming foul; the local conditions of the port warrant this assumption. The speed during the second test of this trial was greatly reduced by the wind and sea.
The above coal analyzed under the same auspices as the preceding ones gives the following composition:
Analysis of Milldale coal from Mobile Coal Company, Mobile, Ala,
Per cent.
Moisture 0.080
Nonvolatile combustible matter 1. 200
Volatile combustible matter 27. 430
Fixed carbon 69. 236
Sulphur 284
Ash 1-770
Total -- - 100.
Phosphorus 007
Mineral Resources.
Trial of "Pocahontas" (Norfolk, Va.) coal by U. S. S. Montgomery.
[Quantitj' tested, 50 tons; date of test, November 11 and 15, 1894; boilers and engines, same
as in preceding tests.]
Duration of trial
Area of grate surface used
Boilers used
Fuel consumed per hour
Per cent of refuse
Indicated H. P. of main engines :
From cord
Average revolutions
Estimated I. H. P. of auxiliaries in use
Fuel burned per H. P. per hour
Miles made per ton of coal
Speed
Number of revolutions
Distance steamed
Character of smoke
How often necessary to sweep tubes. .
Condition of ship's bottom
How long out of dock
Force and bearing of wind
Sails in use
Condition of sea
Estimated effect of wind, sails, and condition of sea on speed.
Second speed (120 revo- lutions.)
13 hours
25(5.88 square feet
A, B, andD
4,200 pounds
8.31 per cent
1,448.31 ,
1,805.15 ,
7,624
14,265
Average, 118.13
Grayish black
3 davs
Good
17 days
Forced, 1 to 4 ; bearing 22io to 1010.
None - . . .
Moderate
None
Third speed.
20.04 hours. 168.56 square feet. A and B. 2,730 pounds. 7.19 per cent.
Average, 100,535.
Grayish black. 3 days. Good. 13 daj's.
Force, 4 to 6 ; bearing,
391° to 84JO. None. Moderate. None.
Remarks. — No data for first test of 135 revolutions. No injurious effects to boilers and appurte- nances ; a moderate amount of clinker. This data is taken from the Pocahontas coal, received on board at Norfolk, Va., November 1, 1894. Data for second speed test at 120 revolutions was taken from 10 p. m. November 15 to 11 a. m. November 16, 1894. Data for third speed test at 100 revolutions is taken from 4 p. m. November 10 to meridian November 11, 1894. Twenty-five tons were burned at each speed.
Coal,
The following tests have been made subsequent to the transmittal of the letter ol the Secretary of the Navy to the Senate, and are furnished by the chief of the Bureau of Equipment for publication in this report;
Trial of Corona coal, hy U. S. S. Montgomery, Mobile Coal Company.
[Quantity tested, 75 tona ; date of test beginning February 17, 1895; boilers and engines same as pre- ceding tests.]
Duration of trial
Area of grate surface used..
Boilers used
Fuel consumed per hour
Per cent of refuse
Indicated H. P. of main en- gines.
Estimated I. H. P. of auxil- iaries.
Fuel burned per H. P. per hour.
Miles made per ton of coal. .
Speed
Number of revolutions
Distance steamed
Character of smoke
How often necessary to
sweep tubes. Condition of ship's bottom .
How long out of dock
Force and bearing of wind.
Sails in use
Condition of sea
Estimated effect of wind, sails, and condition of sea on speed.
First speed.
7.5 hours
296.58 square feet A, B, CandD ... 7,466.66 pounds. . .
2,113.90
3.432 pounds
14.9 knots
S., 133.465 ; P.,
133.955; mean,
111.7 knots
Grrayish black . . . Every 24 hours . . .
Slightly foul
108 days
Light, 50° to 150°.
None
Smooth
No elfect
Second speed.
9.75 hours
296.58 square feet A, B, CandD... - 5,743.57 pounds- ..
1,689.09
3.28 pounds
14 knots
S.,120.08;P.,120.04 mean, 120.06.
136.7 knots
Grayish black
Every 24 hours . .
Slightly foul
108 days
Light, 150° to 90°.
None
Smooth
No effect
Third speed.
14.75 hours. 212.30 square feet. A, Cand D. 3,862.07 pounds.
3.736 pounds.
11.79 knots. S., 100,312; P., 100; mean, 100.156.
171 knots. Grayish black. Every 24 hours.
Slightly foul. 109 days. Light, variable. None.
Smooth to moder- ate. No effect.
Eemarks. — The Corona coal can be readily handled and stowed in bunkers. As furnished for test it consisted of about 80 per cent lump and 20 per cent fine coal. Three main and 1 auxiliary boilers were in use duriug first and second test, and 2 main and 1 auxiliary boilers during third or low speed test. During first test it was impossible to make the required number of revolutions after first 5 hours, the fire being very dirty. This coal would not make sufficient steam without working, and when worked formed great quantities of clinker, which was readily removed. It was necessary to commence clean- ing fires 4 hours after test began, and one-half of the fires had to be cleaned each watch thereafter. The percentage of refuse is large. It makes a great quantity of smoke of dark gray color, and the tubes were nearly closed at end of test. On arrival in port, the boilers were opened' and examined and were found to be uninjured from the use of this coal. Three blades of port and one blade of star- board propellers were bent before this test by coming in contact with sunken trees in river and bay. The ship's bottom is slightly foul.
Draft at beginning of trial, forward, 13 feet 10 inches; aft, 16 feet 2 inches. Draft at end of trial, forward, 12 feet 6 inches; aft, 16 feet 2 inches.
Commander Jewell's report on the analysis of the above coal shows :
Analysis of Corona Alabama coal.
Per cent.
Moisture 0.72
Nonvolatile combustible matter 0. 32
Volatile combustible matter 30.93
Fixed carbon 59. 17
Sulphur 0. 77
Ash 6. 09
Total 100.00
Phosphorus 0.011
Mineral Resources.
Trial of Jellico coal by U. S. S. Montgomery.
[Quantity tested, 66 tons; date of test, beginning February 3, 1895; boilers and engines, same as
preceding tests.]
Duration of trial
Area of grate surface used.
Boilers used
Fuel consumed per hour...
Per cent of refuse
Indicated H. P. of main en- gines.
Estimated I. H. P. of auxil- iaries in use.
Fuel burned per H. P. per hour.
Miles made per ton of coal.
Speed
Number of revolutions
Distance steamed
Character of smoke
How often necessary to
sweep tubes. Condition of ship's bottom.
How long out of dock
Force and bearing of wind.
Sails in use
Condition of sea
Estimated effect of wind,
sails, and condition of sea
on speed.
First speed.
Second speed.
8.5 hours
296.58 square feet A, B, C, and D . . . 5,797.65 pounds ..
2,249.60
2.508 pounds
15.21 knots
S., 135.17; P., 135; average, 135.085
129.3 knots.-
Grayish black . . . Once in 60 hours .
Slightly foul
94 days
Light
Smooth
None
9.25 hours
256.88 square feet
A, B,and D
5,054.36 pounds ..
1,488.38
3.217 pounds
14.05 knots
S., 119.955; P.,
119.98; average,
119. 967.
130 knots
Grayish black... Once in 60 hours.
Slightly fpul
95 days
Light
None
Smooth
IN one
Third speed.
15.05 hours. 168.56 square feet. A and B. 3,277.34 pounds.
3.309 pounds.
11.8 knots.
S., 100.05; P.,
100.04; average,
177.7 knots. Grayish black. Once in 60 hours.
Slightly foul.
95 days.
Light.
None.
Smooth.
None.
Remarks. — The Jellico Coal Company furnished 75 short tons of coal, making but 67 long tons; therefore 22 tons were burned in making each test, instead of 25 tons, as directed by the Department's orders. The coal burned very freely, making very little clinker and a small amount of refuse. It required little or no working to keep the steam at a pressure that would produce the required number of revolutions. Three main and 1 auxiliary boilers were used in first test. Three main boilers in second test, and 2 main boilers in third test. It makes a considerable quantity of smoke of grayish- black color. The tubes did not require sweeping during the tests, and were in a fair condition when the ship arrived in port. It can be readily handled and stowed in the bunkers. On arrival in port the ship's diver examined the propellers and reports that all three blades of port and one blade of starboard propellers are bent, caused by coming in contact with sunken logs or trees in the river. Upon examining boilers we have not discovered any bad effects from the use of this coal.
Draft at beginning of trial, forward, 13 feet 9 inches; aft, 16 feet 2 inches. Draft at end of trial, forward, 12 feet 6 inches; aft, 15 feet 11 inches.
t
Coal.
Irial of Virginia and Alabama coal by U. S. S. Montgomery. [Quantity tested, 75 tons ; date of test, April 11 to 13, 1895 ; boilers and engines same as preceding tests.]
Trial.
Duration of trial
Area of grate surface used. .
Boilers used
Fuel consumed per hour
Per cent of refuse
Indicated H. P. of main en- gines.
Estimated I. H. P.of auxil- iaries in use.
Fuel burned per H. P. per hour.
Miles made per ton of coal. .
Speed
Number of revolutions
Distance steamed
Character of smoke
How often necessary to
sweep tubes. Condition of ship's bottom..
How lone: out of dock
Force ami bearing of wind. .
Sails in use
Condition of sea
Estimated effect of wind, sails, and condition of sea on speed.
First speed.
7i§ hours
296.58 square feet A, B, CandD 7,225.80 pounds..
1,948.30
3.594 pounds
15.9 knots
Average, 130.6 . . .
123.5 miles
Dark gray
Once in 60 hours.
Slightly foul
162 days
lto2, 15io to 11710
None
Smooth
None
Second speed.
Third speed.
9 hours
296.58 square feet A,B,C, andD 6,222.22 pounds . .
1,366.42
4.356 pounds
14.05 knots
S., 120; P., 120: average, 120.
126.5 mfles
Dark gray
Once in 60 hours .
Slightly foul
163 days
2 to 4, 29° to 1170.
None
Smooth and mod- erate. None
15 hours.
168.56 square feet. A and B. 3.733.33 pounds.
3.645 pounds.
7.124 knots. 11.87 knots. S., 100; P., 100;
average, 100. 178.1 miles. Dark gray. Once in 60 hours.
Slightly foul. 163 days.
1 to 4, 510 to 10710. None.
Smooth and moder- ate. None.
Remarks. — The Virginia and Alabama coal can be readily handled and stowed in bunKers. As furnished for test it contained about 60 per cent of lumps. Three main and 1 auxiliary boilers were used during the high speed test, and it was impossible to maintain the required number of revolu- tions. The fires were very dirty after running four hours. By keeping 3 main and 1 auxiliary boil- ers on during the second test, tiring lightly on the auxiliary boiler and cleaning most of the fires each watch, we were able to keep the engines up to the required speed. In order to use this coal efficiently, half the fires would require cleaning each watch. It formed considerable chinker and a large volume of smoke of dark-gray color. The tubes were not swept during the tests; they were moderately dirty when the ship arrived in poit. The amount of refuse exceeded 10 per cent. " Upon examining the boilers, no bad effects were discovered from the use of this coal.
Draft at beginning of trial, forward, 13 feet 8 inches; aft, 16 feet 8 inches. Draft at end of trial, forward, 12 feet 6 inches ; aft, 16 feet 9 inches.
The above coal as analyzed at the Washington Iavy-Yard has the following composition :
Analysis of coal from the Virginia and Alabama Coal Company.
Per cent.
Moisture 1.18
Nonvolatile combustible matter 2.80
Volatile combustible matter 31.22
Fixed carbon 55. 75
Sulphur 2. 40
Ash 6.65
Total . Phosphorus
64 Mineral Resources.
Trial of Pearson ''Warrior" coal by U. S. S. Montgomery.
[Quantity tested, 75 tons; date of test, beginning April 4, 1895; boilers and engines same as preced- ing tests.]
Third speed.
15 hours 20 min- utes. 172.60 square feet. A and D. 3,733.33 pounds.
3.735 pounds.
S. 100; P. 100; aver- age, 100. 181.7 knots. Dark gray. Once in 60 hours.
Slightly foul. 156 days. 46io to 1490, 4. None.
Moderate to
smooth. None.
Remarks. — The Pearson "Warrior" coal is mostly fine coal; it does not contain more than 15 per cent of lump. During the first test 3 main and 1 auxiliary boilers were used ; second test, 3 main boilers, and third test, 2 main boilers. The coal burned freely with a moderate amount of working and there was no difticnlty in keeping the engines up to the required number of revolutions. The amount of clinker was moderate and easily removed. The percentage of refuse was not excessive. There was only a moderate quantity of smoke, dark gray in color. This coal can be readily handled and stored in bunkers. The tubes did not require sweeping during the test and were not very dirty when the ship arrived in port. Upon examination the boilers and accessories were found to be vmin- jured by the use of the coal.
Draft at beginning of trial, forward, 13 feet 8 inches; aft, 16 feet 8 inches. Draft at end of trial, forward, 12 feet 6 inches ; aft, 16 feet 6 inches.
This coal analyzed at the Washington i!s"avy-Yard, under Com- mander Jewell, shows :
Anaylsis of Pearson Warrior' coal, Mobile Coal Company, Mobile, Ala.
Per cent.
Moisture 0.51
Nonvolatile combustible matter 1. 84
Volatile combustible matter 23. 95
Fixed carbon 72. 030
Sulphur 399
Ash 1.261
Total 100
Phosphorus 007
Duration of trial
Area of grate surface used . .
Boilers used
Fuel consumed per hour
Per cent of refuse
Indicated H. P. of main en gines.
Estimated I. H. P. of auxil- iaries in use.
Fuel burned per H. P. per hour.
Miles made per ton of coal..
Speed
Number of revolutions
Distance ste.amed
Character of smoke
How often necessary to sweep tubes.
Condition of ship's bottom..
How long out of dock
Force and bearing of wind. .
Sails in use
Condition of sea
Estimated efi'ect of wind, sails, and condition of sea on speed.
First speed.
9 hours 2 minutes
296.58'square feet A, B, C, and D... 6,222.22 pounds
2,267.10
2.676 pounds
S.135; P. 135; aver- age, 135
141 knots
Dark gray
Once in 60 hours.
Slightly foul ,
155 days
22io to 75°, 2
None
Smooth
None
Second speed.
11 hours 58 min- utes. 256.88 square feet.
A, B, and D
4,666.66 pounds ...
1,800.75
2.505 pounds
S. 120; P. 120; aver- age, 120.
163 knots
Dark gray
Once in 60 hours..
Slightly foul
155 davs.,
450 to 68°, 3
None
Smooth to moder- ate.
None
The Secretary of the Navy, in his letter, Avrites:
The points at which vessels can coal most advantageously in the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean are as follows: The Atlantic Ocean: Norfolk and adjacent waters. Port Royal. Gulf of Mexico: Key West, New Orleans, Pensacola, and Mobile (the two last named are limited to ves- sels of al)out 21 and 19 feet, respectively). The Caribbean Sea: St. Lucia, St. Thomas, and Cartagena. Pacific Ocean : San Francisco, the ports of Vancouver Island and Pu get Sound, Honolulu (for the mid-Pacific Ocean), the Australian and
Coal.
New Zealand coal ports (where the native supply is abundant and not dear), Nagasaki in Japan, Talcahuano, Chile. Of these, the coal at San Francisco and Honolulu is shipped from points considerably distant, and the prices are a good deal above those at the other points named; they are still, however, very much lower than at many other ports in the Pacific.
Productio? Of Coal, By States. Alabama.
Total product in 1894, 4,397,178 short tons; spot value, $4,085,535.
Coal Fields Of Alabama.
The great Appalachian coal field, which follows that mountain sys- tem and derives its name from it finds its southern terminus in Ala- bama. The Alabama fields have been fully described by Prof. Eugene A. Smith, of the University of Alabama, in Mineral Resources, 1892 and need only be briefly mentioned here. Locally they are divided into three regions, named many years ago by Professor Tuomey, from the rivers which drain them, the Oahaba, the Coosa, and the Warrior. The coal field occupies a large part of the northern half of the State. It enters at the northeast corner, extends southeasterly, the eastern or southeastern border reaching to the western central portion of the State near Tuscaloosa. From there its border line extends in a north- westerly direction until it nearly touches the Mississippi State line, thence runs nearly due east about half way across the State, and then northeasterly to the Tennessee State line. The Warrior region is by far the largest, containing 7,810 of the 8,660 square miles underlaid by coal measures. Included in this is the Lookout Mountain region, which runs in a narrow belt from the Georgia line, parallel to the Warrior field proper, and separated from it by a valley drained by branches of the Coosa Eiver at its southern end, and of the Tennessee Eiver at the north.
The Cahaba and Coosa fields, containing 435 and 415 square miles, respectively, extend in nearly x)arallel, narrow belts along the south- eastern border of the Warrior, and are separated from it by the valley in which the city of Birmingham is located, and from each other by the valley of the Cahaba Eiver. Because of the demand created by the war, coal was mined in Alabama during its existence, but the first product of which there is any record from the Alabama fields was obtained in 1870, when 13,200 tons were mined. In 1882, the year covered by the first volume of Mineral Eesources, the output was 896,000 short tons. The maximum product in any one year was in 1892, when it reached the remarkable total of 5,529,312 tons, an increase in eleven years of 4,633,312, or 5,171 per cent. The output in 1892 was more than 60 times that of 1882. In 1894 the product had fallen, as a result of hard times and the great strike, to 4,397,178 tons, but even this shows an output nearly 50 times that of 1882, the first year recorded in this series. 10 GEOL, PT 4 5
Mineral Resources.
Development Of Alabama Coal Mines.
The pioneers iu tlie developmeut of Alabama coal lands after the close of the war were not rewarded with success. The value of the coal had been demonstrated, and those who undertook to work the mines which had supplied the Confederate government with coal, and to open new prospects, looked naturally to a remunerative business. In this they were disappointed. The country was still paralyzed from the effects of the war, and there were no manufacturing industries to encourage the development of the natural resources. They had the goods but no market. Ten years after the close of the war the coal fields of Alabama, which are now yielding from 4,000,000 to 5,000,000 tons annually, did not reach a yearly product of 100,000 tons. From 1876 the industrial development of Birmingham and vicinity began, and coal mining was put on a remunerative basis. In 1883 the product exceeded 1,500,000 tons, the intervening years showing a steadily increasing output. The output in 1884 is given at 2,240,000 short tons, and in 1885 at 2,492,000 short tons. There is little doubt but that these figures are considerably in excess of the actual outjiut. Dr. Ashburner, in his report for 1886, says that they were estimates based on information from various sources, the information being chiefly estimates of other persons.
No satisfactory reason is given for the remarkable increase of nearly 50 per cent in 1884 over that of 1883, nor for the 600,000 tons decrease in 1886 from 1885. More than this. Dr. Ashburner states that the state- ment for 1886 was compiled from direct returns of producers to the Geological Survey, the Survey being assisted in the work by Professor Smith, State geologist. Since 1886 the annual increase in product up to 1892 is reasonable, and the natural result of industrial activity. In 1888, the year of the great boom at Birmingham, new mines were opened and the capacity of the old ones was increased, so that the product increased in that year nearly 1,000,000 tons, or about 50 per cent over 1887. Although the boom itself collapsed, as most booms will, there were established at Birmingham, Bessemer, and neighboring cities iron and steel and other manufacturing industries, which, encouraged as they are by favorable conditions for cheap x)roduction, are perma- nent. This is shown by the continued increase in the annual produc- tion of coal up to 1892 (see table, page 75), by the increase in the production of iron ore from 675,000 long tons in 1887 to 1,742,410 long tons in 1892, by an increase in the manufacture of pig iron in the same i)eriod from 292,762 short tons to 1,025,132 short tons, and by a similar progress in other industries. The decreased product in 1893 and 1894 was not due to local disturbance, but to general trade depres- sion throughout the United States, and to the prolonged strike of the latter year, wliich is treated elsewher(\
Tlie improvements on the Warrior Kiver, conducted by the United States Government, and consisting of a series of dams for slack-water
Coal.
navigation, are expected to do much toward extending the use of Ala- bama coal. One of the dams (of which there are to be live) is finished and two more are nearing completion, and it is expected that they will be ready for use by September 1. When this means of transportation has been accomplished, it is claimed that coal can be freighted from the Warrior field to Mobile for 50 cents per ton. It is stated that similar improvements will be made on the Coosa Eiver, which will afford water transportation to the Coosa fields.
Production.
In 1893 the amount of coal produced in Alabama was 5,136,935 short tons, having a spot value of $5,096,792. The output in 1894 therefore shows a decrease of 739,757 short tons, or 14.4 per cent. In value the decrease was nearly 20 per cent, or $1,011,257. The decrease in prod- uct was due to the general strike inaugurated by the United Mine Workers in April, and which continued in force until July in some cases, and in others was prolonged until August. The scarcity of coal occasioned by the strike had the effect for awhile of advancing the market price, but this was not sufficient to offset the prevalent decline in values, and an average reduction in price of 6 cents per ton, or from 99 cents in 1893 to 93 cents in 1894, is shown.
There were some mines not affected by the strike, and in others, where convict labor is employed, the convicts continued to work while the free labor was out. And it must be stated here that in Alabama, as in Kentucky, Tennessee, Maryland, and West Virginia, the strike was, in many instances, not due to any special grievance of the miners in those States, but was a 'sympathetic" one, the men being called out by their leaders in order to give strength and encouragement to those who went out ''for cause." In many cases some of the men were not only willing, but anxious, to continue their work, but were ])ersuaded, or, worse, intimidated, by others into compliance with the labor leaders' orders. Some of the operating companies have reported to this office the extent to which the strike was carried at their mines, and this information is given below as being of interest :
In Bibb County the Blocton mine of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Eailroad Company, employing nearly 1,100 men, was closed on April 14 and resumed August 17. At the Blue Creek mines, in Jefferson County, operated by the same company, and employing 1,350 men, the strike lasted the same time. At Pratt mines, Jefferson County, owned by same company, 1,500 free miners were on strike, while 1,150 con- victs continued to work. At Warrior, in Jefferson County, 50 miners emiloyed by the Watts Coal and Iron Company were on strike from April until July. Two hundred miners at the Gurnee mines of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Eailroad Company, in Shelby County, were out from April 14 to August 17. A three days' strike took jlace at the Walter Smith mine in Tuscaloosa County. In Walker County the
Mineral Resources.
miners emiloyed by the Corona Coal and Coke Company , 350 in num- ber, were on strike from April 20 to July 1. The American Coal Com- pany and the Carbon Hill and Lost Creek Coal Company, employing 114 and 28 men, respectively, were shut down by the strike during May, June, and July. These do not represent all the miners that were on strike, but they are all that have been reported to this office.
Decreased production is observed in all of the three principal coun- ties. Bibb, Jefferson, and Walker. In Bibb County the decrease was over 50 per cent; from 806,214 tons in 1893 to 401,061 tons in 1894. The decrease in Jefferson County exceeded 300,000 tons. In Walker County the decrease was comparatively small, being 35,396 tons from a total production in 1893 of 927,349 tons.
The details of production by counties in 1893 and 1894 may be seen in the following tables :
Coal product of Alabama in 1893, by counties.
Counties.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used
by em- ployees.
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Made into coke.
Total amount produced.
Total value.
Aver- age price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number of em- ployees.
Bibb
Jefferson
De Kalb
Short tons. 688, 846 1,818,313 60, 300 53, 339 106, 449 806, 448 3, 200
Short tons.
1, 783 28, 391
Short tons. 27, 744 44, 922
Short tons. 87, 841 1,201,651
Short tons. 806, 214 3, 093, 277 72, 000 55, 339 167, 516 927, 349 3, 200 12, 000
$802, 487 3, 012, 268 76, 600 101, 028 175, 997 907, 172 3, 200 18, 000
$1.00
1,280 7, 033
2, 158
St. Clair
Shelby
1,200
3, 500 2, 000 2, 260 15, 986
7, 000
Tuscaloosa. . .
Walker
Winston
7, 644
8, 581
51, 163 96, 334
Small mines . .
12, 000
Total...
!
3, 536, 935
96, 412
1, 443, 989
5, 136, 935
5, 096, 792
11,294
Coal product of Alabama in 1894, by counties.
Counties.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used
by em- ployees.
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Made into coke.
Total amount produced.
Total value.
Aver- age price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number of em- ployees.
P,ibb
Short tons. 379, 488
Short tons.
4, 250 6, 000 6, Oil
11, 744 1,400
5, 066
8, 000
Short tons. 15, 190
Short tons. 2, 133 2, 000
Short tons. 401, 061 8, 000 6,011 2, 766, 302 43, 517 76, 619 191, 081 891, 953 4, 634 8, 000
$401, 061 8, 000 15, 028 2, 477, 795 42, 135 201, 754 812, 528 4, 634 12, 000
$1.00
1,089
6, 567 2, 252
Blount
Jackson
Jefferson
St. Clair
1, 805, 269 34, 167 72, 904 129, 999 843, 227 4, 494
82, 959
5, 200 3, 365
6, 720 16, 970
866, 330 3, 200
Slielby
Tuscaloosa . . . Walker
52, 962 26, 690
Winston
Total...
3, 269, 548
43,911
130, 404
953, 315
4, 397, 178
4, 085, 535
238 1 10,859
Coal.
The following table shows the annual output of coal in the State since 1870, with the exception of 1871 and 1872, for which no statistics were obtained :
Annual coal product of Jlahama since 1870.
Tears.
It will be seen from the above table that the product in 1894 is the smallest since 1890, and the total value less than in any year since 1889. The average price obtained in 1894 was the lowest in the history of coal mining in the State.
In the following table is shown the coal product in Alabama, by counties, for a period of six years, with the increase or decrease in each county during 1894 as compared with 1893.
Coal product of Alabama, hy counties, since 18S9.
Counties.
Increase.
Decrease.
Bibb
Short tons. 500, 525
Short tons. 221, 811
Short tons. 619, 809
Short tons. 793, 469
Short tons. 806, 214
Short tons. 40], 061 8, 000
405, 153
8, 000
De Kalb
6,011 2, 766, 302 43, 517 76, 619 191, 081 891, 953 4, 634 8, 000
6, Oil
Jefferson
2, 437, 446 40, 557 84, 333 16, 141 488, 226
2, 665, 060 33, 653 25, 022 65, 517 767, 346
2, 905, 343 66, 096 34, 130 142, 184 980, 219
3, 399, 274 24, 950 27, 968 168, 039
1, 103, 612
3, 093, 277 72, 000 55, 339 167, 516 927, 349 3,200 12, 000
326, 975 28, 483
St. Clair
Shelby
21, 280 23, 565
Tuscaloosa
35, 396
Winston
1,434
Small mines... Total
5, 255
12, 000
12, 000
12, 666
4, 000
3,572,983 i4, 090, 409
4, 759, 781
5, 529, 312
5, 136, 935
4,397,178 1 a 739,757
a Net decrease.
Previous to 1889 the statistics of coal production in Alabama did not show the value by counties nor the average prices. It is, how- ever, interesting to note the almost uniform decline in values in every county since that year, as is shown in the following table. The seem-
Short tons.
13, 200 44, 800 50, 400 67, 200 112, 000 196, 000 224, 000 280, 000 380, 800 420, 000 896, 000
1, 568, 000
2, 240, 000 2, 492, 000 1, 800, 000
1, 950, 000
2, 900, 000
3, 572, 983
4, 090, 469
4, 759, 781
5, 529, 312 5, 136, 935 4, .397, 178
Value.
Average price per ton.
A.verage number of days worked.
Number of em- ployees.
$2, 574, 000
2, 535, 000
3, 335, 000
3, 961, 491
4, 202, 469
5, 087, 596 5. 788, 898 5, 096, 792 4, 085, 535
$1.43
6, 975 10, 642 9, 302
10, 075
11, 294 10, 859
Mineral Resources.
ingly iucreased price in Shelby County in 1890, 1891, and 1892 was due to tLe fact that one of the largest mines was shut down during those years. Its resumption in 1893 brought down the average irice to some extent, and the increased production in 1894 caused a further decline.
Average prices for Alabama coal at the mines since 1889, hij counties.
Counties.
Bibb
$1. 20
$1. 10
$1. 17
.$1. 08
$1.00
$1. 00
Jefferson
St. Clair
Shelby
Tuscaloosa
Walker
General average
. 99 . 93
In the above table only those counties are considered whose annual product exceeds 10,000 tons. Instead of discussing each county by itself, the foregoing tables have been given as showing in compact form the essential matters of interest in regard to the product and value for a series of years. Similarly the following table shows the statistics of the number of men emi)loyed and the average working time in counties producing more than 10,000 tons in each. year. The general averages, including all counties, are shown in the table on page 74.
Statistics of lahor employed and worMng time at Alabama coal mines.
Aver-
Aver-
Aver-
Aver-
Aver-
Aver-
Aver-
Aver-
Aver-
Aver-
Counties.
age
age number
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
work-
work-
number
work-
number
work-
number
work-
number
ing
em-
ing
em-
ing
era-
ing
em-
ing
em- 1
(lays.
ployed.
days.
ployed.
days.
ployed.
days.
ployed.
days.
ployed.
Bibb
1,340
1, 175
1, 500
1, 280
],089
Jefferson
6, 209
5, 405
5, 860
7, 033
6, 567
St. Clair
1,340
Shelby
Tuscaloosa . . .
Walker
1, 500
2, 044
2, 209
2, 158
2, 252
The State.
10, 642
9, 302
10, 075
11, 294
10, 859
Arkansas.
Total product in 1894, 512,020 short tons; spot value, $631,988.
Coals And Coal Fields Of Arkansas.
Tlie coal fields of Arkansas are an extension eastward of the Indian Territory areas, which are in turn the southern extension of the great western field. Although the Territory areas have not been definitely outlined, the known outcrops at various places north of developed fields at McAlester, Hartshorne, etc., indicate direct connection with the
Coal.
fields of Kansas and Missouri. The Arkansas Coal Measures contain- ing workable beds are all within the area drained by the Arkansas, and contain, so far as known, 1,620 square miles. The full extent of the Coal Measures, however, is 14,700 square miles, while the total Carboniferous formation covers 19,260 square miles. The Arkansas coals are of great variety, ranging from lignite to semianthracite. The commercial product is divided into bituminous and semianthra- cite, and these are so adapted for different purposes that careful dis- crimination in their use is necessary. The semianthracites burn more slowly than the bituminous, have a much shorter flame, and give off very little smoke. They ignite much more readily than true anthra- cite coals, are softer, and have the cuboidal fracture of bituminous coals. These coals are preferred for domestic purposes, and are not good steam raisers. The bituminous coals burn more rapidly, with a long flame, some with intense heat. They do not coke, and in their use care should be taken to use grates with small spaces between the bars, as otherwise a considerable quantity of unconsumed fuel is lost. The lignites are of little commercial imx:)ortance, owing to the cheapness of the superior coals.
It is within the period covered by this series that the coal fields of Arkansas have been develoi)ed on a commercial scale. There had been some mining done in the State as early as 1870, but not until 1883 did the operations assume any proportions. In that year the product was estimated at 50,000 short tons, and an annual increase of 25,000 tons is shown in the three following years, bringing the product in 1886 up to 125,000 short tons. There were no reliable statistics collected in those years. The business had not settled down to a regularly organ- ized industry, and the estimates were based on the best information available. The first authentic statistics were collected by the survey in 1888, covering the production in the preceding year, when 129,600 tons were obtained. About this time the St. Louis and San Francisco Kailroad extension from Fort Smith was completed into the field, and in the following year (1888) the output more than doubled, and had, with one exception (1892), increased annually up to the close of 1893, when it reached 574,763 short tons, more than eleven times tne product in 1883.
Production.
In 1894 the coal product of Arkansas was 512,626 short tons, a de- crease as compared with 1893 of 62,137 short tons, or a little more than 10 per cent. The value decreased from $773,347 in 1893 to $631,988, a loss of $141,359, or about 18 per cent. Most of the mines were shut down for from two to three months by the strike, which in Arkansas was a " sympathetic" one, and this accounts for the decreased produc- tion. The ettects of the "hard times'' are shown even more clearly in the decline in value, the average price for the State falling from $1.34 to $1.22. The year 1893, however, happened to be an unusually
Mineral Resources.
remunerative one for the Arkansas mines, due cliieiiy to an increased demand, wliich was caused by the closing down of many Kansas mines by a strike from May until September. This naturally opened up a new market for Arkansas coal, and while the output was not increased materially over that of 1892, the value shows a decided advance.
In the tables below the statistics of coal production in .Arkansas in 1893 and 1894 are shown, together with the distribution of the product for consumption :
Coal product of Arkansas in 1893, by counties.
Counties.
Loaded at mines for shipment..
Sold to local trade and used
by
employees.
Used at mines for steam and heat.
Total amount produced.
Total value.
Average
price per ton.
Average number of days active.
Total, number
of em- ployees.
Franklin
Short tons. 9, 629 90, 702 10, 000 439, 173
Short tons.
4, 531
6, 000
Short tons.
Short tons. 9, 879 97, 733 12, 250 448, 901 6, 000
$11, 269 191, 799
45, 000 513, 279
12, 000
$L 14 1. ]4
1,047
Johnson
Pope
Sebastian
Small mines
2, 500 2, 000 8, 981
Total
549, 504
11,778
13, 481
574, 763
773, 347
1, 559
Coal product of Arkansas in 1894, by counties.
Counties.
Num- ber of mines.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by employ- ees.
Used at mines for steam and heat.
Total amount produced.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active
Total number
of em- ployees.
Franklin
Johnson
Pope
Sebastian
Small mines. . ,
Short tons.
j 143, 618
16, 363 328, 096
Short tons.
6, 000
Short tons.
3, 500
1,125 12, 054
Short tons.
147. 728
17, 788
341, no
6, 000
$172, 357
52, 289 395, 342 12, 000
$1.17
1,059
Total ,
488, 077
7,870
16, 679
512, 626
631, 988
1,493
According to the Tenth Census of the United States (1880) the coal output of Arkansas was 14,778 short tons, worth at the mines $33,535. No statistics were obtained in 1881. Since 1882 the statistics of pro- duction, as far as have been ascertained, have been as follows:
Annual production of coal in Arkansas since 1882.
Tears.
Short tons.
Value.
Average price per ton.
Average number of days worked.
Total number of employees.
5, 000 50, 000 75, 000 100, 000 125, 000 129, 000 276. 871 279, 584 399, 888 542, 379 535, 558 574, 763 512, 626
$200, 000 194, 400 415, 306 395, 836 514,595 647, 560 666, 230 773, 347 631, 988
$1. 60
1,317 1,128 1,559 1, 493
Coal. 73
In the following table is shown the annual product since 1887, by counties :
Coal product of Arkansas since 1887 by counties.
Counties.
Short tons
Short tons
Short tons
Short tons
Short tons
Short tons
Short tons 9, 879 97, 733 12, 250 448, 901 6, 000
Short tons
1 147, 728
17, 788 341,110 6, 000
Johnson
Pope
Sebastian
Small mines. . .
Total
81,900 8, 200 39, 500
106, 037 10, 240 160, 594
105, 998 6, 014 165, 884 a 1.688
89, 000 4, 000 300, 888 6, 000
80, 000
5, 000 451, 379
6, 000
91, 960 17, 500 420, 098 6, 000
129, 600
276, 871
279, 584
399, 888
542, 379
574, 763
512, 626
a Product of Franklin County according to Eleventh Census.
From the above it will be seen that while the combined product of Franklin and Johnson counties shows an increase of approximately 40 per cent, and that of Pope County, though it is a comparatively unimportant coal producer, also shows an increase, there is a decrease in Sebastian County of 107,791 tons, nearly 25 per cent of its i)roduct in 1893. The loss in Sebastian County in 1894 was more than the combined product of Franklin and Johnson counties in 1893.
California.
Total product in 1894, 67,247 short tons spot value, $155,620. The decreasing tendency of coal production in California, noted in the pre- ceding volume of Mineral Eesources, continued in 1894. The largest product in any one year was obtained in 1889, when it reached 121,820 short tons. In only one other year did it exceed 100,000 tons. This was in 1890. In 1886 the i3roduct was estimated at 100,000 short tons, but the figure was in all probability too high. There is little to say in regard to California coal which has not been said before. It is not probable that coal mining in the State will ever develop into an indus- try of importance, though from changes of temperature and other local causes the product may be increased. California coals are of inferior quality, mostly lignites, and high in moisture or ash, or both. They can, however, and do to some extent, act as a balancing wheel in keeping prices for other coals at a reasonable figure. Consumers are willing to pay higher prices for better coal, but there is a limit beyond which it is found impolitic to go, and California lignites would be the cheaper fuel notwithstanding their inferiority.
This fact should be borne in mind by consumers in San Francisco and other large cities, and encouragement should be given to the development of such mines as the State has. As it is, prices for coal at San Francisco have materially declined in the past few years. In 1890 English coal was selling at from $10 to $13 per ton. At the close of 1894 it brought only from $6 to $6.75 per ton. Such a cheapen- ing in fuel is of great benefit to manufacturers. It is true that the decline in values was originally due to heavy importations, chiefly in
Mineral Resources.
1891, when the total receipts exceeded those of the preceding year by nearly half a million tons, and resulted in a glutted market, but unless there should be other resources for consumers to fall back upon the present low prices will not be apt to continue.
The following tables show the statistics of production in California in 1893 and 1894:
Coal product of California in 1893, hy counties.
Counties.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by em- ployees.
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Total amount produced.
Total value.
Average
price per ton.
Average number of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Contra Costa. . . Fresno
Short tons. 21, 546 35, 016 5, 240
Short tons.
3, 544
Short tons. 1,064
Short tons. 22, 629 36, 979 5, 960
6, 475
$33, 944 97, 161 20, 860 2,000
13, 590
$1. 50
San Bernardino
1 2,931
San Diego
Total
64, 733
5, 336
2, 534
72, 603
167, 555
Coal product of California in 1894.
Counties.
Num- ber of mines.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to lo- cal trade and Tised by em- ployees.
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Total produc- tion.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age
num- ber
days active.
Total number of em- ployees.
Contra Costa..
Amador
Fresno
San Diego ... 3
Short tons. 34, 720
18, 016
Short tons.
8, 031
Short tons. 4, 368
2, Ooo
Short tons. 39, 200
28, 047
$99, 310 56, 310
$2. 53
Total
52, 736
8, 143
6, 368
67, 247
155, 620
The following table shows the total output of California since 1883, with the value when it has been reported, and the statistics of the number of employees and the average working time during the past five years :
Coal product of California since 1883.
Years.
Short tons.
76, 162 77, 485 71,615 100, 000 50, 000 95, 000 121, 820 110, 711 93, 301 85, 178 72, 603 67, 247
Value.
Average price per t(m.
Average number of days active.
Total num- ber of em- ployees.
$300,000 150, 000 380, 000 288, 232 283, 019 204, 902 209, 711 167,555 155, 620
$3. 00
Coal.
Colorado.
Total product in 1894, 2,843,400 short tons; spot value, $3,516,340.
Coal Fields Of Colorado.
The coal fields of Colorado have been described at length by Mr. R. C. Hills in Mineral Resources of the United States, 1892, and the following has been brielly abstracted from Mr. Hills's report: The fields embrace a total area of about 18,100 square miles, exclusive of those portions of the measures which do not contain coal of workable thick- ness. The productive measures are divided into six independent fields, known as the Raton, South Platte, North Park, Grand River, Zampa, and La Plata. The first three lie east of the great Continental divide and the last three west of it. In addition to the six fields, there are several smaller districts, among which are the Canyon City and the South Park districts, lying on the east of the divide, and the Tongue Mesa on the west.
The Raton field lies in the southern part of the State, a little east of the center, and extends into New Mexico. The Colorado portion of the field is contained in the counties of Huerfano and Las Animas, and embraces the important Trinidad region. Some of the coals are cok- ing, over 300,000 tons of coal being made into coke in Las Animas County in 1894. Over a million and a half tons of coal have been mined in this field annually since 1890, and in 1893 the product exceeded 2,000,000 tons.
The South Platte field is a continuous strip extending from France- ville, in El Paso County, in a northerly direction, following the eastern base of the Colorado range nearly to the Wyoming line. Mr. Hills places the average width of the workable beds of the field at 40 miles, and estimates the area covered at about 6,800 miles. The actual width of the measures in this field is much greater than 40 miles, and, in fact, they extend over an immense tract in northeastern Colorado, but the change from workable to unworkable or inaccessible areas is so gradual that it is difficult to establish a definite limit. Mr. Hills is the recognized authority on Colorado coal lands and his estimates may be accepted without question. The coals of this field are lignitic, and owing to its slacking upon exposure, it is not adaited for storage or transportation to any great distance. There is, however, a large local market, Denver being directly in the field, and the cheapness of the fuel procures a steady demand. The counties through which this field extends are El Paso, Jefferson, Arapahoe, Boulder, Weld, and a little into Larimer.
The North Park field lies entirely in Larimer County, in the northern part of the State. The coal is lignite, and the region remote from rail- road transportation. A small amount is mined for local consumption.
Mineral Resources.
The South Park district is a small area lying in Park County. Its entire length does not exceed 21 miles, and its average width is less than 3. Its total area is not more than 45 square miles, less than half of which is workable. The coal is noncoking bituminous, and is used chiefly by the Denver, Leadville and Gunnison branch of the Union Pacific Railroad.
The Canyon City district is all included within 54 square miles, and is situated near Canyon City, in Fremont County. The coal is non- coking bituminous, makes an excellent fuel, and bears a high reputa- tion in the prairie States For three years prior to 1894 this field pro- duced over half a million tons annually. In 1894 the product was only a little more than half that of 1893.
The La Plata field is located in the southwestern part of the State, and like the Raton field, extends across the southern boundary of the State into New Mexico. In Colorado it lies chiefly in La Plata County, extendmg eastward into Archuleta County, and a short distance into Montezuma County on the west. Its area within Colorado is about 1,250 square miles. The principal mines are in the vicinity of Durango, La Plata County, and it is only within the past two years that they can be said to have assumed any imiortance. Up to 1892 the product had barely reached 5,000 tons. In 1893 it rose to 18,100 tons, and in 1894 yielded 53,571 tons.
The Grand River field is in the extreme western part of the State and extends across the line into Utah. The counties in Colorado in which this field lies are Rio Blanco, Garfield, Mesa, Delta, Pitkin, and Gunnison. In this field and in Gunnison County the only anthracite mined in the State is found. The greater part of the field is noncok- ing bituminous coal, but in the southeastern corner, where there has been the greatest amount of development, considerable coking coals exist and as much as 100,000 tons have been coked in one year in this region. The Grand River field, according to Mr. Hills, embraces about 6,950 square miles, of which 1,116 square miles contain accessible beds and an estimated available tonnage of 26,384,800,000, more than half the entire estimated tonnage for the State.
The Yampa field is without doubt a northeasterly extension of the Grand River field, being separated from it by only a few miles, and was at one time a part of it. The separation has been caused by erosion. The Yampa is itself divided into two parts, separated from each other by only a few miles, one being drained by the Yampa River, the other by the Little Snake, which joins the Yampa farther west. The field has not been thoroughly explored, and what mining is carried on is for local trade. Mr. Hills places the aggregate area of the field at 1,100 square miles. The coals are of superior quality, but there is no rail- road communication.
The Tongue Mesa district is a small field lying in the southeastern corner of Montrose County. It is a long, narrow strip running north-
Coal.
west and southeast. It is niiiied only for local use, the coal beiug almost a lignite in character, that will not comiete with the better fuels which railroad transportation have made available.
Production.
The first production of coal in Colorado, of which there is any record, was in 18G4. It came from Jefferson and Boulder counties in the South Platte field, and was used, as the product of those counties chiefly is to-day, by the citizens of Denver and vicinity. Wekl County, also a part of the South Platte field, began j)roducing in 1872. The total output reported for the State in 1864 was 500 short tons. In 1872 it was 68,540 tons. In the following year the Raton field was opened, as was also the Canyon City district in Fremont County, but the total product was not materially increased in that year. The time had come, however, for the development of Colorado's mineral wealth and the rapid increase in the production of coal tells the tale. In 1876 the output reached and j)assed 100,000 tons. In 1882, six years later, it had passed the million-ton mark. The Grand River field became a producer in 1880. The develoiment of Colorado coal mining since 1882, has also been remarkable. In the volume for 1882 it was stated that coal mining was in its first stages, though it had then reached 1,000,000 tons. In 1885 and 1886 there was considerable activity in railroad building, and the product exceeded 1,350,000 short tons in each year. The year 1887 and the four following years were periods of great activity in coal mining, and the product showed an annual increase of from 400,000 to 500,000 tons, until, in 1891, it reached 3,512,632 short tons. The product in 1892 was about the same as in 1891. In 1893 it increased 600,000 tons and reached the maximum production in the history of the State, gave her first place among the coal-producing States west of the Mississippi River, and sixth in the United States. The heretofore almost uninterrupted increase met with a decided check in 1894. The general strike of the spring and summer included Colo- rado, and its effects were disastrous. The total product shows a decrease of 1,270,980 short tons, or 30 per cent. The decrease in value was in exact proportion, there being no change in the average price Ijer ton.
Mineral Resources.
The following tables exhibit the statistics of coal production in Colo- rado during 1893 and 1894, with the distribution of the product for consumi)tion :
Coal product of Colorado in 1893, hij coiiniies.
Counties.
Arapahoe . . .
Boulder
Delta
Douglas
El Paso
Fremont
Garfield
Gunnison . . . Huerfano . . .
Jeiferson
La Plata
Las Animas.
Mesa
Montezuma .
Park
Pitkin
Routt
Weld
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to lo- cal trade and used by em- j ployees.
Short tons.
579, 222
Total.
16, 385 482, 649 208, 814 168, 097 491. 248
1, 834 95, 771 , 208, 507
17, 000
38, 692 8, 602
29, 000
Short tons.
15, 565 2, 380 9, 840 1,465 2, 316 6, 476 18, 131 5, 350
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Made into coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
68, 433
44, 298
3, 496 5, 534
27, 641
3,345,951 65,386
23, 965
83, 443
1,950 336, 735 1, 000
88, 931
512, 059
j-Otai amount produced.
Total value.
Aver- age price per ton.
Aver age num- ber of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Short
tons.
$766
$L 21
663, 220
851, 444
1, 143
2, 580
8,310
19, 415
25, 308
536, 787
860, 182
1, 268
212, 918
253, 659
258, 539
431, .553
521, 205
600, 651
1, 895
4, 738
104, 992
152, 748
1, 587, 338
1, 610, 366
l.Oli
2, 243
18, 100
41, 250
39, 095
97, 738
99,211
110, 932
1,597
35, 355
52, 510
4, 102, 389
5, 104, 602
7, 202
Coal product of Colorado in 1894, hy counties.
Counties.
Arapahoe. .
Boulder
Delta
El Paso . . . Fremont . . . Garfield . . . Gunnison. . Huerfano . . Jeflerson . . La Plata... Las Animas
Mesa
Montezuma Montrose . .
Pai k
Pitkin
Itio Blanco.
Routt
Weld
Total
Num- ber of mines.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Short tons.
377, 877 1,797
27, 668 226, 940
73, 335 125, 644 373, 199
30, 000
807, 772
25, 000
28, 094 2, 793
38, 697
2, 181, 048
Sold to local trade and used by
em- ployees.
Short tons.
9, 087 1,900
3,334
1,766 1, 108 8, 519 14, 658 6, 000
(i7 1, 680 2, 150 4, 121
56, 688
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Short tons.
32, 770
Made into coke.
2,000 15, .342
2, 296 5,410
33, 080
3, 000
14, 984
2, 111
112,414
Short tons.
68, 479
3, 078 316, 449
92, 753
481,259
Total produc- tion.
Short tons.
419, 734 3, 697 30, 268 245, 616 75, 663 200, 325 408, 045 34, 108 53, 571 1,153,863 31,750
loa
28, 943 97, 724
1, 680
2, 710 42, 818
2, 831, 409
Total value.
$839 536, 190 5, 545 35, 453 409. 966 85, 767 330, 517 441, 130 68, 216 87, 346 1, 167, 174 63, 500 1, 050 91, 170 110, 117 4, 310 3, 853
Aver- age
price per ton.
$1. 50
3,516,340 ! 1.24
Aver- age
num her of
days active,
Total num- ber of
em ploy-
ees.
1,091
1,580 1, 699
155 6,507
Coal.
lu tbe table below is shown the total product of the State, by coun- ties, since 1887, with the increases and decreases in 1894 as compared with 1893.
Coal product of Colorado since 1887, by counties. [Short tons.]
Counties.
Arapahoe . . .
Boulder
Dolores
El Paso
Fremont
Garfield
Gunnison . . . Huerfano ...
Jefferson
Las Animas .
La Plata
Mesa
Park
Pitkin
Weld
Routt
Larimer
Douglas
San Miguel .
Delta
Monteziuna . Montrose ... Rio Blanco. .
Total.
Counties.
Arapahoe . . .
Boulder
Dolores
El Paso
Eremont
Garfield
Gunnison . . . Huerfano . . .
Jetferson
Las Animas.
La Plata
Mesa
Park
Pitkin
Weld
Routt
Larimer
Douglas
San Miguel . .
Delta
Montezuma .
Montrose
Kio Blanco. .
Total.
16, 000 297, 338 1, 000
47,517 417, 320
30, 000 243, 122 131, 810
12, 000 506, 540
22, 880
23, 421 4, 000 39, 281
1, 700 315, 155 44, 114 438, 789 115, 000 258, 374 159, 610 9, 000 706, 455 33, 625 46, 588 28, 113 28, 054
3, 500
1, 795, 735
2, 185, 477
323, 096
274, 029 239, 292 252, 442 333, 717
10, 790 993, 534
34, 971 1, 100
41, 823
28, 628 1,491 1,800 1,357
2, 900
2, 597, 181
425, 704 397, 418 183, 884 229, 212 427, 832 10, 984 1, 154, 668 43, 193 1, 000 49, 594 74, 362 1, 500 1, 500
1,
498,
3,
34,
545,
191,
261,
494,
17,
1, 219,
72,
5,
52,
91,
22,
3, 077, 003
3,512, 632
545, 563
23, 014 538, 887 277, 794 225, 260 541, 733
21, 219 , 171, 06;
81, 500 5, 050
76, 022
2, 205
3, 510, 830
663, 220
19,415 536, 787 212, 918 258, 539 521, 205 1, 895 1, 587, 338 104, 992 18, 100 39, 095 99, 211 35, 355
Increase.
419, 734
Decrease.
243, 486
30, 268 245, 616
200, 325 408, 045
34, 108 1, 153, 863
53, 571
31, 750 28, 943 97, 724 42, 818
2,710
2, 580
4, 102, 389
3, 697
2, 831, 409
32, 213
13, 650
7, 463 1, 894
1, 117
1, 680
291, 171 137, 255 58, 214 113, 100
433, 475 51, 421
10, 152 1,487
a 1,270,980
a Net decrease.
In connection with the above table it will be of interest to note the variations in the average prices in each county. The statistics of value by counties were not obtained prior to 1889, when the Eleventh Census was taken. Since that year, with the exception of 1891, the statistics have been collected in that way by the Geological Survey, and the average prices for five years are shown in tbe following table. Only those counties are considered whose i)roduct averages 10,000 tons or over.
80 Mineral Kesources.
Avera(/e prices for Colorado coal since 18S9 in counties produciiKj 10,000 ions or over.
Counties.
$1. 53
$1. 32
$1.36
$1.28
$1.28
El Paso
Fremont .
Gartiekl
Gunnison
Huerfano
Jefferson
La Plata
Park
Pitkin
Weld
The State
In the following table it shown the number of men emj)loyecl during 1890, 1892, 1893, and 1894, iji counties producing 10,000 tons or over, together with the average working time, for the past three years:
statistics of labor employed and working time at Colorado coal mines.
Counties.
1893. 1894.
Average number
em- ployed.
Average working days.
Average number
era- ployed.
Average working days.
Average number
em- ployed.
Average working days.
Average number
em- ployed.
Boulder
El Paso
Fremont
Garfield
Gunnison
Huerfano
Jefferson
La Plata
Las Animas
Park
Pitkin
1,049 1,531
1, 128
1,040
1,450
2S6
1,268
2, 243
1,091
1, 580
1,699
Weld
The State
5, 827
5,747
7, 202
6, 507
The State is divided, for sake of convenience, into four geographical divisions, known, respectively, as the northern, central, southern, and western. The first mentioned contains the counties of Arapahoe, Boulder, Jefferson, Larimer, Eoutt, and Weld. The central division embraces Douglas, El Paso, Fremont, and Park counties. The southern division contains the counties of Dolores, Huerfano, La Plata, and Las Animas, while Delta, Garfield, Gunnison, Mesa, Montezuma, Pitkin, Rio Blanco, and San Miguel counties lie in the western district.
The following table shows the annual iroduct of coal in Colorado since 1864, that for the years previous to 1867 being given by counties and subsequent to 1878 by districts:
Coal.
Coal product of Colorado from 1864 to 1894.
Years.
18G6.
Localities
Jefferson and Boulder comities. do
do
do
... .do
do
do
do
do
Weld County.
Jefferson and Boulder counties
Weld County
Las Animas and Fremont counties.
Jefferson and Boulder counties
Weld County
Las Animas and Fremont counties.
Jefferson and Boulder counties
Weld County
Las Animas and Fremont counties.
Jefferson and Boulder counties
Weld County
Las Animas and Fremont counties .
Northern division Central division . . Southern division
Northern division Central division . . Southern division
Northern division Central division . . . Southern division . Western division. Unreported mines
Northern division Central division. . . Southern division. Western division . Unreported mines
Northern division . Central division . . . Southern division. AVestern division .
Northern division. Central division . . . Southern division . Western division .
Northern division . Central division. . . Southern division . Western division .
Northern division . Central division . . . Southern division . SVestern division .
Northern division . Central division . . Southern division. Western division .
Northern division Central division . . Southern division . Western division.
Product.
Shot
14, 200 54, 340
t tons.
1, 200 6, 400 17, 000 10, 500 8, 000 13, 500 15, 600
14, 000 43, 790 12, 187
15, 000 44, 280 18, 092
23, 700 59, 860 15, 278
28, 750 68, 600 20, 316
87, 825 73, 137 39, 668
182, 630 70, 647 69, 455
123, 518 136, 020 126, 403 1, 064
156, 126 174, 882 269, 045 100, 000
300, 000 243, 694 474, 285 43, 500
68, 540
69, 977
77, 372
98, 838
117, 666 160, 000
200, 630
322, 732
437, 005
706, 744
243, 903 396, 401 501, 307 87, 982
1, 061, 479
253, 282 296, 188 483, 865 96, 689
1,229, 593
242, 846 416. 373 571, 684 125, 159
1, 130, 024
260, 145 408, 857 537, 785 161, 551
1, 356, 062
364, 619 491, 764 662, 230 273, 122
1, 368, 338
1, 791, 735
16 Geol, Pt 4 6
Mineral Resources..
Coal product of Colorado from 18G4 io 1894 — Continued.
Years.
Localities.
1 Qqq
looo
T
Soutbem division
1 son
Southern division
ioyi
lorthern division
Southern division ,
Western division '
lorthern division
Central division
Western division
Central division
Product.
Short tons 353, 909 529. 891 401, 987
364. 928 370, 324 , 362, 222 499, 707
486, 010 473, 329 626, 493 491, 171
185, 477
2, 597, 181
540, 231 632, 779 1, 789, 636 549, 986
3, 077, 003
569, 971
1, 794, 302 508, 434
701, 919 694, 708
2, 213,535 492. 227
a, 512, 632
3, 510, 830
499, 929 304, 827 1,615,479 411, 174
4, 102, 389
2, 831, 409
Georgia.
Total product in 1894, 354,111 short tons spot value, $299,290. Coal is mined on a commercial scale in but two counties m Georgia, Dade and Walker. The beds from which it is taken are extcDsions of the Warrior field in Alabama. The Dade County mines are in the north- east end of the Sand Mountain ridge, and the Walker County openings are in the Lookout Mountain vein. This small portion of the Appala- chian field (the smallest contained in any one State) occupies an area of about 200 square miles. The Dade County mines have been operated for a number of years. The first reliable statistics of production were obtained in 1886, wlien a total output of 223,000 short tons was reported. Conservative estimates ilaced the amount produced in each of the two previous years at 150,000 short tons. There is no record at all ante- dating 1884. The Walker County mines were opened in 1892 with an output of 37,761 short tons. During 1893 and 1894 the total product of the State was nearly evenly divided between the two counties. In the following table are shown the statistics of production during the past six years :
Coal.
Coal product of Georgia since 1889.
Tears.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by em- ployees.
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Made into coke.
Total amount
pro- duced.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days worked.
-LOl/ai
number of em- ployees.
Short tons. 46, 131 57, 949 15, 000 52, 614 196, 227 178, 610
Short tons.
Short tons. 15, 000
Short tons. 164, 645
170, 388 150, 000 158, 878
171, 644 166, 523
Short tons. 225, 934 228, 337 171, 000 215, 498 372, 740 354, 111
$338, 901 238, 315 256, 500 212, 761 365, 972 299, 290
$1.50
1,000
5, 000
3, 756
4, 8G9 8, 978
The following table exhibits the total annual product since 1884 :
Coal product of Georgia sin ce 1884.
Years.
Short tons.
Tears.
Short tons.
150, 000 150, 000 223, 000 313, 715 180, 000 225, 934
228, 337 171, 000 215, 498 372, 740 354, 111
Illinois.!
Total product in 1894, 17,113,576 short tons; spot value, $15,282,111.
Coal Field Of Illinois.
The Illinois coal field occupies the greater i)art of the Central coal field of the United States, the smaller i)ortions constituting- the Indiana field and the western Kentucky field. The area in Illinois embraces about 36,800 square miles, about three and one-half times the area in Indiana and Kentucky combined. The product has been for several years in about the same proportion, that of Illinois being something more than three fourths of the total output of the Central field. The coal area of Illinois is larger than that of any other State. It is about four times as large as the bituminous area in Pennsylvania, more than twice as large as that of West Virginia, and more than half the area of the entire Appalachian coal field.
A line drawn from Hampton, in Rock Island County, to the junction of the Kankakee and Iroquois rivers would define approximately the northern line of the Illinois coal field; but from the junction of these streams the boundary line deflects south to the vicinity of Chatsworth, in Livingston County, and thence eastwardly to the Indiana line. All
'The statistical portion of this report is al)stracted from advance sheets of the report of Mr. Geo. A. Schilling, secretary of the bureau of labor statistics of Illinois, and compiled by Mr. J. D. lloper, Statistician.
84 Mineral Resources.
the area south of the line above designated, except a narrow belt along the Mississippi to the mouth of the Ohio and iip the latter stream to Battery Eock, is underlaid by the Coal Measures, and nearly all the counties within the above-described boundary have afforded some coal, although in several of them the coal lies too deep below the surface to be available without a heavier expenditure of capital than the present demand for fuel would seem to warrant.
The Coal Measures attain an aggregate thickness of about 1,400 feet, and may be properly divided into upper and lower measures, taking as a line of demarcation the limestone of Shoal Creek and Carlinville, a tough brownish-gray rock that is so persistent in its lithological characters and develoj)ment as to make it a cons]3icuous horizon in tracing the detailed stratification of the Coal Measures. This lime- stone overlays a thin coal, often only 3 or 4 inches in thickness, but locally increasing to 18 inches to 2 feet or more, as in the vicinity of Highland, in Madison County, where it has been worked in a limited way for many years. Above this limestone there is some 700 feet of strata belonging to the upper measures, inclosing six or seven seams of coal that range in thickness from 6 inches to 3 feet, but none of them attaining to the thickness of those in the lower measures.
The extensive area of the Illinois coal field and the liberal expendi- ture of capital and labor in it has resulted in placing Illinois in the second place on the list of coal producing States, lo other mineral resource within its border is at all comparable in intrinsic value with the coal deposits. The abundance of coal, the wide extent of its area, the facility with which it can be mined, and the low price at which it can be sold, have been imiDortant factors in the development of rail- road facilities and manufacturing enterprises.
For the purposes of inspection and the collection of statistics, the State is divided into five inspection districts. The first district em- braces the northeastern corner of the State as far south as and includ- ing Iroquois County, on the Indiana line. There are but five coal-pro- ducing counties in the district, Grundy, Kankakee, Lasalle, Livingston, and Will, but the fact that the city of Chicago is within the limits of the district, in close proximity to the coal fields, makes it one of the most important. Lasalle County in 1894 was foremost in rank for production. The second district occupies the northwest corner of the State, extending south as far as Adams County, which it includes. The coal-producing counties are Bureau, Hancock, Henry, Knox, McDonough, Marshall, Mercer, Rock Island, Schuyler, Stark, and Warren. The third district contains the counties of Cass, Fulton, Logan, McLean, Menard, Peoria, Tazewell, Vermilion, and Woodford, and extends nearly across the State from the eastern border a little north of the center. The fourth district stretches entirely across, and occupies the northern half of the southern portion of the State. It embraces the coal-j)roducing counties
Coal.
of Bond, Calhoun, Christian, Coles, Greene, Jersey, Macoupin, Madison, Mason, Montgomery, Morgan, Sangamon, Scott, Shelby, Eiiingham, Jasper, Pike, and Eichland. The fifth district embraces all of the southern portion of the State, from a line drawn east of a point oppo- site St. Louis, Mo. The coal-producing counties are Clinton, Franklin, Gallatin, Hardin, Hamilton, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Marion, Perry, Eandolph, Saline, St. Clair, Washington, and Williamson.
Production.
The thirteenth annual report of the statistics of coal in Illinois is here presented, being for the year ended July 1, 1894. These reiorts are made continuous and uniform in every particular, thus enabling the formation of iarallel statistics of the coal business for the whole State. In this distinct manner the bureau of labor statistics of Illi- nois has preserved in the i)ublished reports a iermanent, uninterrupted, and uniform record of the mine-insi)ection service and of the resources of the coal industry in this State. The foundation of all conclusions and summaries is derived from the reports of the several State inspect- ors; the exactness of these reports is based upon the returns made by the companies or operators owning or controlling the mines, on specially prepared blanks provided by the bureau; therefore these reports of the inspectors present the most definite data extant concern- ing each mine.
The statement that the total product of the mines for the past year is less than the year preceding will not be a matter of astonishment to anyone at all versed in the traffic of coal. However, the tonnage of the State has had a steady yearly increase since 1889. In that year the output was 14,017,298 tons; last year the total x>roduct was 19,949,564 tons, showing an increase of 5,932,266 tons, or over 42 j)er cent, during the four years. For the year 1894 the reports gave the output as 17,113,576 tons, being a falling off from last year of 2,835,988 tons, or about 14 per cent. Considering the general depression of business throughout the entire country, affecting very seriously two of the greatest fuel consumers in the land — manufacturing and transporting, the decrease in the output for the year proves to be much less than was predicted by those supposed to be best informed. Another cause of general inactivity is recognized in the great strike during the year. From data carefully procured by the State inspectors under direction of the bureau, it was found that 277 of the mines of the State became involved by the strike, and that over 25,000 men employed at these mines suspended work. The duration of the suspension from work by the mines was 61 days and of the miners 73. Of the mines involved, 249, or 90 per cent, were of the class known as shipping mines, and these comprise 78 i)er cent of the shipping mines of the State.
Mineral Resources.
The following general summaries of the activity in the coal business
and other facts closely allied to it are presented:
Counties in which coal has been mined 56
Mines and openings of all kinds 836
Shipping mines 319
Mines in local trade 517
Coal of all grades mined tons. . 17, 113, 576
coal (2,000 pounds) do. . . 13, 865, 284
Other grades of coal do . . . 3, 248, 292
Nut coal included in other grades do. . . 479, 595
Acres worked out (estimated) 2, 818
Emploj-ees of all kinds 38, 477
Miners 31,595
Other employees, including boys 6, 882
Boys over 14 years of age under ground 701
Employees under ground 32,046
Employees above ground 6, 431
Average days of active operations, shipping mines 183. 1
Aggregate home value of total product $15, 282, 111
Aggregate home value of lump coal $13, 998, 588
Aggregate home value of other grades of coal $1, 283, 523
Average value of lump coal per ton at the mines $1. 01
Average value of other grades of coal per ton at the mines $0. 40
Average price per ton for hand mining . $0. 67
Average price paid for hand mining (summer) $0. 64
Average price paid per ton for hand mining (winter) $0. 685
Lump coal mined by hand- -. tons.. 7,368,850
Mined by hand and paid for by the day do . . . 988, 153
Mined hj hand and paid gross weight do . . . 2, 727, 331
Mining machines in use 296
All grades mined by machines tons . . 3, 396, 139
Lump coal mined by machines do 2, 496, 793
Other grades mined by machines do. . . 758, 781
Kegs of powder used 318, 263
Men killed 72
Wives made widows 41
Children made fatherless 114
Men injured so as to lose time 521
Coal mined for each life lost tons. . 237, 689
Coal mined for each man injured do. .. 32, 847
Employees for each life lost 534
Employees for each man injured 74
New mines o])ened and old mines reopened 156
Mines closed or abandoned 108
These totals are a condensation of the experience in the coal fields of the State for the past year. Tlie number of counties yielding the ])r()d- uctis 50, the same number as reported last year. Mne of the counties rei)orted have been carried on the list of coal-producing counties, while their aggregate tonnage would scarcely be perceptible in the total for the State — 0,000 tons is their total for the year. Six of these counties are in the fourth district, and 3 in the fifth. This leaves 47 as the number of coal-producing counties. The number of mines or openings rei)orted is 836, or 48 more than last year, the additions being in the
Coal.
second, third, and fourth districts, the first adding but one. In the fifth district the number has decreased by 11, of which 4 are shipping mines. This class of mines has had a total increase of 13 during the year, 1 in the first district, 5 in the second, and 7 in the fourth, the total for the State being 319, a gain of 9 over last year.
This grouping, as formerly, continues to represent almost the entire volume of the production of the State. For the past five years their yield has been 95 per cent of the whole output; this year it was 94 per cent.
It has already been stated that the x)roduct of the State for this year, compared with the year 1893, shows a falling off of 2,835,988 tons, or 14.22 ier cent. Reviewed by districts, it is found the greater shrinkage is in the first and fourth, being 20.9 per cent in the former and 16.7 in the latter; the second shows a decline of 14.8 per cent, the third 9.4, and the fourth lO.G.
It is found that the trend of the shipments of the product from the commercial collieries of the northern field — namely, first, second, and third districts — are to the markets of the north, northwest, and east, while that of the southern field, or the fourth and fifth districts, inclines to the trade of the South and West. With such division the falling off of the northern field is found to be 15 per cent and of the southern field 14 per cent, thus showing a quite uniform decline all over the State. In this connection, also, attention is directed to the notable increase m coal production of the State during the past fourteen ;vears. In 1880 the national census showed that Illinois produced 0,089,514 tons of lump or marketable coal ; the past year the tonnage of the same grade is reported as 13,865,284 tons, showing an increase of 7,775,770 tons, or 127.7 per cent during the period named. In the last decade the increase in the same grade of coal was over 37 per cent, and in the i)ast five years about 20 per cent.
The standard grade, lump coal, for the year averages in value at the mines 1.6 cents per ton less than last year. Approximating a valuation of $1.01 per ton, this is the lowest point touched at any time in the record for the State, excepting the year 1891, when the value was found to be $1,008; for the year 1890 the value was a shade higher, being $1.02.
The average price paid for hand mining for the past year, computed exclusively on tons of screened coal, was 67.1 cents. This is 4.35 cents less than obtained the year before, and is the lowest average rate ever reached. It must be understood that this average is deduced by com- putations on the different quantities of coal mined at all the various rates, both in summer and winter, and at every mine.
The price paid for hand mining this year is founded on 7,368,850 tons of screened coal. This exceeds by over a million and a quarter tons the quantity wrought out last year by hand and paid for by the ton. Con sidering this subject further, it is noted here that in mining coal,
Mineral Resources.
employees and emi)loyers, in making all computations or reckonings as to wages, howsoever to be earned or paid, seem to depend largely, if not exclusively, on the rate paid per ton for hand mining.
The number of men reported as employed in and around the mines of the State during the year is 38,477. This is the aggregate of the highest number employed at each individual mine at any one time. The number is largely in excess of any irevious year, and is 3,087 more than reported last year. Perhaps no better explanation can be given of the employment of this large number of men during the year, so notable in its lack of opportunity for work, than the urgent appeals by men having dei3endents, and a corresponding sympathetic feeling on the part of mine operators.
The number of days of active operation of the mines during the past year is found to be 183.1. This is 46 days less than the preceding year, and is the lowest number of days ever reported. The falling oft* in demand, the labor troubles, and the exceedingly large number of men employed, have had .their inevitable influence in causing this decrease in the possible working days.
Machine mining is now virtually confined to the fourth and fifth dis- tricts. The whole number of machines in use in all the mines during the year was 296. Last year the number was 310. The total tons cut by machines was 3,396,139, a falling off of 1,198,991 tons from last year.
The number of kegs of x)owder used during the year in all mines was 318,263, which is 35,509 kegs less than reJorted last year, but is 18,796 kegs more than recorded for 1892. Of the total number of kegs 204,543 were used in hand mining and 33,060 in mines using machinery, leaving 80,660 kegs which were used in blasting at other mines in the various ways incident to the industry.
The number of accidents is deplorably larger than for any previous year, reaching a total of 593. By these 72 men were killed or died from the effects of the injury, and 521 men met with accidents causing a loss of time of a week or more. The fatal accidents are 3 in excess of last year, and 12, or nearly 26 per cent, more than the average for twelve years. The non-fatal accidents exceed the number of last year by 118, or about 30 per cent, and is 274, or 90 per cent more than the average for the past twelve years. This grewsome record is susceptible of no other explanation except that an excessively increased number of men were emx)loyed, and that a very large per cent of these were inex- perienced in the skill necessary for the undertaking.
Number And Rank Of Mines.
In the summary x>receding, the number of coal mines operated in the State during the i)ast year is given as 836, which is 48 more than reported last year. Without some further explanation a wrong impres-
Coal.
sion is likely to be formed regarding this large number of mines. As a matter of fact the greater i>roi)ortion are nnimxortant in significance as to their product or value, and as to employment of either capital or labor.
In order better to illustrate or characterize the mines of the State, and to discern the imiortant from the insignificant, a table is presented giving the number of shipping and local mines for the past eight years by districts and for the State :
Number of sluppimj coal mines in Illinois, 1S87 to 1894, hy districts.
First.
Second.
Third.
Fourtli.
riftli.
Total.
bio
fci)
bX)
bi)
bi)
bi)
Years.
a
a
a
a
g
'p-
"ft
ft
ft
'ft
O
O
&
o
ft
o
_ft
ft
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Co
Hi
Hi
a2
Kl
m
Hi
ifi
" 55
Averages . .
Increase
Decrease
This demonstrates that the increase in the larger and more impor- tant mines has been gradual and permanent. While, of course, some of these extensive plants have been closed from various causes, perma- nently abandoned, or consolidated, still it is found that their number has been increased and that 49 costly and durable workings have been opened and established, making an average of 316 during the eight years. On the other hand, it is found that during the same period the number of smaller or local mines has been inconstant, reaching a maximum number of 609 in 1890 and a minimum of 478 in 1893, pre- senting an average of 535, but an increase of only 1.
The amount of both capital and labor employed in the development of these enterprises can scarcely be estimated. It is shown, however, in the former statement, that 49 shipping mines were opened during these years, and these alone would perhaps involve an investment or outlay of over $2,000,000. The others are smaller mines, and though costing much less to develop the coal, yet the greater number, in their aggre- gate cost, would augment the outlay by many thousand dollars. It is further shown that 816 mines have been closed or permanently abandoned, so that the net gain is only 21.
Classifying the mines of the State on the basis of their output of lump coal for the year, the following table is presented, also including the two previous years :
MINERAL RESOURCES. Claasijication of Illinois coal mines according to output.
Districts.
First . . Second. Third. . rourth Fifth
The State..
Increase
Decrease
Per cent of in- crease
Per cent of de- crease
Number of mines producing
Less than 1,000 tons.
1892 1893 1894
From 1,000 to
10,000 tons.
1892 1893 1894
From 10,000 From 50,000
to I to 50,000 tons. 100,000 tons.
Over 100,000 tons.
Total number of mines.
1892 18931894 1892 1893 1894 1892 1893 1894 1892 1893? 1894
"5
11! 13
146 169 69
5.2'
15. 9 . .
a79
224I 241
7881 836
a48
a51!
a8.6|a6.8
afet increase.
It is shown here that the number of smaller mines, or those showing an output of less than 50,000 tons, has increased 70 over last year, while those j)roducing over 50,000 tons have decreased 22. This falling off in the number of these more important mines is the natural conse- quence of the depressed condition of trade during the year.
Three of the districts show a decrease in the two higher classes, the first and second 1 each, the fourth 9, the fifth 12, and the third adds 1. Another classified table presents the number of mines in the State, according to tonnage, for the xast twelve years :
Classification of Illinois coal mines hy annual output since 1883.
Yeat-s.
Increase . . Per cent of increase.
Number of mines producing-
Less than 1,000 tons.
From 1,000 to 10,000 tons.
From 10,000 to 50,000 tons.
From 50,000 to 100,000 tons.
Over 100,000 tons.
lb
Total number
of mines.
Increase.
De- crease.
Coal.
The number this year producing over 50,000 tons is 98. This is a less number than reported for either of the past two years, but is more than is recorded for any previous year. The decrease in the two more important classes notably increases those of the subordinate classes.
The proportion of the product of these mines is made clear in the following table :
Classification of the lump-coal product of Illinois in 1894.
Districts.
Mines producing —
Total number of mines and tons.
Over 100,000
tons lump coal.
From 50,000 to
100,000 tons.
From 10,000 to
50,000 tons.
Less than 10,000 tons.
Tons.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
The State..
Percentages :
1, 050, 679 692, 462 467, 132
1, 550, 520 487, 768
770, 094 256, 228 ],39U, 142 1, 3U8, 463
455. 200 220, 239 951, 154 850, 625 1,681), 075
91, 325 280, 427 338, 562
85, 823 125, 946
2,367,298
1, 449, 356
2, 509, 268 3, 877, 110
3, 602, 252
4, 248, 561
4, 537, 347
4, 157, 293
922, 083
13, 865, 284
Mines and aver-
ages :
132,768
24, 599
1, 621
16, 585
150, 287
69, 443
25, 200
1, 667
20, 448
142, 077
67, 787
23, 272
1,610
17, 558
137, 855
69, 745
23, 015
1,504
14, 118
Separatiug these mines into two classes, we have one group of 267, each producing 10,000 tons and over for the year, these comprising less than 32 per cent of the whole number, but contributing 93 per cent of the output; while the other group of 569 mines, producing less than 10,000 tons, represent 68 per cent of the whole number, yet yield only 7 per cent of the product. Of this last class 55 per cent produced less than 1,000 tons for the year.
Percentages and averages for the past four years are given for com- parison and information.
Mineral Resources.
Another divisiou of the mines into two classes, those producing over 50,000 tons and those producing less than 50,000 tons, is presented in the following table :
Annual lump-coal product of Illinois since 18S7.
Years-
Mines producing over 50,000 tons of lump coal.
Mines producing less than 50,000 tons of lump coal.
xso.
Short tons.
Aver- age number of tons per mine.
Per cent of whole num- ber of mines.
Per cent of total prod- uct.
JNo.
Short tons.
Aver- age num- ber of tons per mine.
Per cent of whole
num- ber of mines.
Per cent of total prod- uct.
Average 8 years
Percentage 8 years . . .
5, 949, 894 7, 188, 507 7, 235, 577 8,011,777 8, 109, 485 10, 218. 279 11,563,728 8, 785. 908
95, 966
99, 840 92, 764 98, 911 94, 296 94, 614 96, 364 89, 652
4, 328, 996 4, 666, 681 4, 362, 386 4, 626, 587 4, 850, 739 4, 512, 684
4, 549, 171
5, 079, 370
5, 858 6,222 5, 622 5, 411
5, 883 6, 173 6,810
6, 883
8, 382, 894
95, 125
4, 622, 078
6, 073
Average 7 years
Percentage 7 years . .
8, 325, 321
96, 009
4, 556, 749
6, 148
89.81 1 3.5.37
Average 6 years
Percentage 6 years . .
7, 785, 587
95, 921
4, 558, 012
5, 840
This is a record for eight years of the output of lump coal. The number of the higher class of mines, their total output, and the aver- age and percentages bear out the evidence already presented of the depression exierienced in the traffic of this class of mines during the I)ast year when compared with the two previous years.
The decline for the year, however, was not sufficient to reduce the average number of mines and tons, and the iercentages for the eight years, below those shown for the seven and six years, although the average number of tons per mine for the former proves to be somewhat less.
The mines rendering less than 50,000 tons have increased in num- ber, tonnage, average, and percentages over the two previous years. For the past year they represent 88 per cent of the mines, but furnished only 37 per cent of the output.
Coal.
The number of shipping mines returned this year is 319. This Is 9 more than returned for hist year, and 10 more than the year before. The following table presents the record by districts :
Statistics of coal production in Illinois by shipping mines in 1894.
Districts.
No.
Total output, all grades.
Total lump coal.
Per cent of whole number of mines.
Per cent of total tonnage.
Per cent of total lump.
Average number of tons of lump coal per mine.
Aver- age number of days worked.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
First
2, 517, 733
2, 211, 166
64, 557
Second
1,458,715
1, 209, 947
37, 811
Third
2, 821, 084
2, 321, 756
27, 640
Fourth
5, 117, 187
3, 821, 194
57, 882
Fifth
4, 191, 894
3, 328, 518
33, 975
The State.
16, 106, 613
12, 892, 581
40, 416
The class comprises only 38 per cent of the mines of the State, but furnished 94 per cent of the total product, and 93 per cent of the lump coal. The average tons per mine is over 9,000 less than last year, and the average number of running days is 51, or 23 per cent less.
A parallel table of the local mines is presented :
Statistics of coal production in Illinois dy local mines in 1894.
Districts.
No.
Total output, all grades.
Total lump coal.
Per cent of whole number of mines.
Per cent of total tonnage.
Per cent of total lumx).
Average number of tons of lumj) coal per mine.
Aver- age number of days worked.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
First
167, 511
156, 132
4, 731
Second
244, 908
239, 409
1, 146
Third
256, 834
247, 512
1,482
Fourth
56, 116
55, 916
Fifth
281, 594
273, 734
The State.
1, 006, 963
972, 703
1,881
This class has 517, or 62 per cent of all the mines, yet these only sup- plied 6 per cent of the coal. It is to be observed, however, that the aggregate tons of these mines is 315,081, or 45 per cent more than last year, and the average per mine nearly 32 per cent more.
For comparison both classes are presented in condensed form, for five years, in the following table :
Percentage of coal product, dy shipping and local mines in Illinois, for five years.
Years.
Shipping mines.
Local mines.
No.
Per cent of whole number
of mines.
Per cent of total prod uct.
Per cent of lump tons.
Average number of lump tons per mine.
No.
Per cent of whole number
of mines.
Per cent of total prod- uct.
Per cent of lump tons.
Average number of lump tons per mine.
Tons.
34, 176 37, 850 45, 356 49, 776 40, 416
Tons.
1,328 1,295 1,427 1,881
1S92
94 Mineral Resources.
This affords a view of the number of mines in the State, with per- centages and averages as to the working capacity and activity of each class. The x)erceutages of lumx) tons of both. groups are given for four years, and it will be noticed that in the group of shipping mines these percentages are slightly below those for the total output, and a like degree of increase in the same percentages of the local mines.
A further classification of the mines in respect to number and output is shown for the past four years in the following table, by districts :
Coal miyies in Illinois having a total output, all {/rades, of 100,000 tons and over.
Districts.
Averages for 4 years.
No.
Tons.
K"o.
Tons.
Ko.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
No.
Tons.
First
Third
Fourth
Fifth
The State
Averages
1, 397, 480 954, 255 781, 531 3, 085, 399 1,289,969
]2'
1, 985, 937
1, 240, 175 849, 791
3, 661, 177
2, Oil, 663
2, 305, 796 1, 015, 949 690, 634 2, 993, 734 1, 322, 579
1, 809, 008 742, 365 673, 553 2, 329, 251 1, 096, 662
1, 874, 555 988, 186 760, 127 3, 017, 390 1,430,218
7, 508, 634 150, 173
9, 793, 743 165. 996
8, 328, 692 160, 167
6, 650, 839 154, 671
8, 070, 477
Percentage of whole Bumber of mines and of total prod- uct
Here is presented the continued vigor and significance of these large collieries. The largest number and greatest output appears for 1893; also the largest average tonnage x>er mine. The previous year follows next in this regard. The year 1891 has the smallest number of these mines and the lowest aggregate output. The past year is third in rank as to number of mines and tons, but discloses the lowest average tonnage x)er mine.
Regarding these extensive mines as to numbers and tonnage and comparing them with the whole number of mines in the State, it is found that for this year they represent only 6 per cent of the mines, yet they produced about 44 per cent of the coal ; last year they were 7.5 per cent of the mines; still they furnished 49 per cent of the prod- uct; the year before only 6.2 per cent of the mines and 46.6 per cent of the output; for 1891, 4.7 per cent of the mines, but 42.5 per cent of the tonnage. Combining the four years gives a result of 6 per cent of the mines xroducing 46.36 per cent of the output.
Output Fok The Year.
The aggregate production for the year as reported is 13,865,284 tons of lump coal out of a total tonnage of 17,113,576 of all grades; the other grades less tlian appear as 3,248,292 tons, the latter for the greater part is of merchantable quality.
Coal.
The comparative output of lump coal is continued from year to year and is shown in the following table by districts for the past five years:
Total tonnage of lump coal, with gains and losses, for five years by districts.
Districts.
First... Second . Third .. Fourth. Fifth...
Total 12,638.346
Netfain a 1.040,401
Net loss
Output of lump coal by districts.
Tons.
2, 303, 326 1, 002, 600 2, 375, 970 3,716,464
3, 240, 004
To7is. 3, 701, 652 1,215, 883
2, 336, 500
3, 5.32, 233 3, 173, 956
Tons. 2, 965, 067 1, 461, 224 2,711,574 4, 090, 921 3, 502, 177
To7is. 2,913, 144
1, 708, 909
2, 860, 299 4, 508, 382 4, 122, 165
Tons.
2, 367, 298 1, 449, 356 2, 569, 268
3, 877, 110 3, 602. 252
12,960,224 14,7.30,963 16,112,899 13,865,284 321,860 1,770,739 1,381,936
2, 247, 615
Gain. Loss
Tons.
247, 685 148, 725 417, 461 619, 988
Tons. Tons.
Gain. Loss.
1,433, 859! 1, 381, 936|
Tons. 545, 846 259, 553 291, 031 631, 272 519, 913
2, 247, 615 2,'247,'6i5
a Gain OA-er 1889.
Here is disclosed the loss and gain in the tonnage of lump coal for five years. This year shows a shrinkage of 2,247,615 tons compared with the year before. The fourth district shows the largest decrease; the first district is next, the fifth next, the second next, the smallest being in the third.
This year is the fourth showing a record of decrease in output; the other years were 1885, 1886, and 1889. However, the decrease this year exceeds the aggregate of the former years by 1,135,820 tons, and it also exceeds the gain of any former year by 476,876 tons.
The percentages of gains and losses of tonnage of lump coal for six years is given by districts and for the State in the following table:
Percentages of increase and decrease in tonnage of lump coal for six years, 1889-1894,
by districts.
Tears.
First.
Second.
Third. Fourth. Fifth.
The State.
U
o
a
M
m (S
o
fi
O fl t-H
©
u o
Q
(D !-i
H
f-' O
fi
m eS
O
H
Oq
a
o
p
Cj
r-l
P
CO CS Fh
Pi H
P
13." 95"
Six years
Five years
Four years
The decrease for the State from last year is nearly 14 per cent. Noting also the gradations in percentages of decrease by districts, the first shows the highest, 18.74; the second, 15.19; the fourth, 14.0; the fifth, 12.61; and the third, 10.18, the lowest. The percentages of gain and loss by districts and for the State, for four, five, and six years, are
Mineral Resources.
also set forth. The first district, after slight gains for two previous years, suffers a contraction of 17.74 per cent from its output six years ago. The other districts, for the same period, show quite large per- centages of increase. However, for the State, the gain since 1888 is only 16.96 per cent, while for last year it was 35.93 and the year before
The total product, all grades of coal with percentages of lump tons, is presented in the following table ;
Total 'product and percentage of lump coal for four years.
Districts.
Total product.
Per- cent- age of lump grade.
Total product.
Per- cent- age of lump grade.
Total product.
Per- cent- age of lump grade.
Total product.
Per cent- age of lump grade.
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
The State
Tons.
3, 082, 915 1, 440, 266 2, 794. 004
4, 428, 109 3, 915, 404
Tons.
3, 458, 066 1, 733, 608
3, 260, 951 5, 117, 600
4, 292, 051
Tons. 3, 394, 686
2, 000, 664
3, 397, 433 5, 784, 866 5. 371, 915
Tons.
2, 685, 244 1, 703, 623
3, 077, 918 5, 173, 303
4, 473, 488
15, 660, 698
17, 862, 276
19, 949, 564
17, 113, 576
The slight variations observed in the percentages of the lump grade of coal in each district, and for the State during the four years, give significance and marked importance to the correctness and reliability of the returns secured by the State inspectors. The first district shows a gain over irevious years; the second, third, and fourth fall slightly below last year; while the fifth gives an increase. For the State the per cent this year is a trifie above last year, and a little below the two former years, leaving 18.98 per cent for the past year of nut and other grades.
The total tonnage, all grades, with the whole number of mines and men for thirteen years, is shown in the following table :
Total fiumher of ynines, men, and product, lump, and other grades, since 1882.
Years.
Whole number
of mines.
Whole number of men em- ployed.
Total prod- uct iu tons (2,000 pounds) .
Total tons of lump coal.
Total tons of other grades.
20, 290
11, 017, 069
9, 115, 653
1, 901, 506
23, 939
12, 123, 456
10, 030, 991
2, 092, 465
25, 575
12, 208, 075
10, 101.005
2, 107, 070
25, 946
11, 834, 459
9, 791, 874
2, 402, 585
25, 846
11, 175, 241
9, 246, 435
1,928, 806
26, 804
12, 423, 066
10, 278, 890
2, 144, 176
29,410
14, 328, 181
11, 855, 188
2, 472, 993
30, 076
14, 017, 298
11, 597, 963
2,419, 335
28, 574
15,274, 727
12, 638, 364
2, 636, 363
32, 951
15, 660, 698
12, 960, 224
2, 700, 474
33, 632
17, 062, 276
14, 730, 963
3, 131, 313
35, 3Q0
19, 949, 564
16,112, 899
3, 836, 655
38, 477
17, 113, 576
13, 865, 284
3, 248, 292
Coal. 97
The prominent coal-producing counties, each of which nas con- tributed annually over 200,000 tons during the past four years, are presented in the following tables :
Counties which have produced more than 200,000 tons of coal, arranged in order of their rank, for the years 1S91, 1892, 1893, and 1894.
Counties,
St. Clair
Macoupin . .
Lasalle
Sangamon. .
Grundy
Verraiiion . . Madison ... Christian . .
Bureau
Jackson
Perry
Peoria
Fulton
Livingston.
Marion
Mercer'
Will
McLean
Macon
Williamson Menard
Total.
G
Total product.
Tons. 1, 595, 839 1, 461, 344 1, 378, 168 1, 051, 604 921, 907 880, 466 719, 308 718, 326 701, 064 681, 859 604, 152 564, 119 484, 117 458, 329 321, 652 314, 360 233, 603 230, 129 207, 286 206, 452 204, 583
13, 938, 667
Counties.
Macoupin . . St. Clair
Lasalle
Grundy
Sangamon. . Vermilion . .
Bureau
Madison ...
Jackson
Christian ..
Fulton
Peoria
Livingston .
Perry
Marion
Mercer
Williamson
Menard
Macon
McLean
Total.
Total, product.
Tons. 1, 823, 136 1,759, 822 1,544,311 1, 175, 084 1, 091, 014 972, 589 943, 496 873, 770 869. 514 767, 354 666, 473 632, 939 532, 667 461, 068 376, 519 328, 542 322, 486 285, 695 227, 020
15, 875, 871
Counties.
St. Clair
Macoupin..
Lasalle
Sangamon .
Grundy
Bureau
Vermilion . . Madison . . . Jackson . . .
Perry
Christian ..
Fulton
Peoria
Livingston .
Marion
Williamson
Mercer
Menard
Macon
Clinton
McLean
Total.
Total product.
Tons. 2, 133, 870 1, 988, 069 1, 494, 826 1, 410, 346 1, 18&, 919 1, 143, 270 996, 768 951,894 926, 242 860, 151 839, 650 772, 497 620, 149 542, 516 480, 529 418, 426 363, 206 281, 635 280, 233 255, 095 204, 827
18, 151, 117
Counties.
St. Clair
Macoupin. . . Sangamon .
Lasalle
Grundy
Christian .. Vermilion . .
Madison
Bureau
Jackson . . .
Peoria
Fulton
Perry
Marion
Williamson
Mercer ,
Livingston.
Menard
Macon
Clinton
Total.
Total product.
Tons . 1, 623, 684 1, 575, 045 1,142, 299 1, 134, 097 1, 130, 420 1, 005. 500 989, 813 889, 768 878, 937 766, 514 611, 792 557, 703 530, 490 478, 757 437, 157 374, 003 342, 127 295, 852 227, 820 200, 920
15. 192, 698
1(5 Geol, Pt 4 7
Mineral Resources.
For this year twenty counties appear in tlie list. Tliey produced 15,192,098 tons, which is 88.78 per cent of the total output of the State, leaving to the thirty- six other counties 1,920.878 tons, or 11.22 j>er cent of the output.
For this year St. Clair County again heads the list, but with over a half million tons less than last year; Macoupin retains the second place, while Sangamon ranks third for the first time; Lasalle takes fourth place after holding third for three years; Grundy County holds fifth x>lace; Christian ranks as sixth, while Bureau, holding sixth i)lace last year, goes to ninth. Will County has now been out of the list for three successive years, and McLean is dropped out for the first time.
The following table gives all the counties with their total product for the past eight years :
Coal.
Output of coal in Illinois, by counties, for eight years.
Districts.
Output of lump coal.
1891— Out- put, all grades.
First district
Counties :
Grundy
Kankakee
Lasalle
Livingston
Will
Second district
Counties :
Bureau
Hancock
Henry
Knox
Marshall
McDonougli
Rock Island
Schuyler
Stark
Warren
Third district
Counties :
Cass
Fulton-
Logan
McLean
Menard
Peoria
Tazewell
Vermilion
Woodford
Counties :
Bond
Calhoun
Christian
Coles
Short to7ift. 2, 686, 829
Short tons. 2, 877, 794
Short tons. ] Short tons. 2,530,453 2,303,326
SJtort tons. 2. 701, 652
Sliort tovs. 3. 082, 915
792, 954 97, 000 1, 125, 2.35 387, 600 284, 040
862. 866 82, 000 1, 090, 435 495, 388 347, 105
698, 033 67, 380 1, 039, 703 382, 965 342, 372
654,017 62, 460 926, 214 372, 504 288, 131
861,507 84, 808 1, 174, 961 355, 800 224, 576
921, 907 90, 908 1, 378. 168
233, (jU3
1,069,027 1.293, 187
1, 087, 848
1, 002, 600
1, 215, 883
1,440, 266
459, 580 6, 208
117, 533 64, 324 73, 928
no, 103
127, 708 85, 282 22, 686 17, 865 13,810
635, 097 6, 515
57, 013 87, 013
104, 274
167, 931 57, 872 34, 403 18, 690 15, 518
493, 730
101,716 57, 588 59, 784 98, 386
175, 690 47, 363 16, 243 19, 171 12, 149
372, 701
98, 734
56, 574 83,401 238, 290 39, 696 21, 836 18, 672 14, 095
612, 292 6, 740
44, 974 53, 319 73, 596
222, 237 38, 654 15, 369
12, 372
701, 004 6, 740
131, 986 44, 974 65,219 81, 732
314, 360 41, 540 20, 122 20, 157 12, 372
1, 781. 395
2, 192, 121
2, 050, 349
2, 375, 970
2, 336, 500
2, 794, 004
2, 325 337, 215 159, 000 141,700 155, 621 452, 123 51,847 359, 119 122, 445
7, 300 461, 589 174, 330 117, 110 181, 075 533, 817 59, 324 499, 076 158, 500
4, 414 366, 577 138, 700 129, 322 181, 621 454, 731 67, 973 537, 411 169, 600
4, 650 404, 417 164, 650 13, 492 230, 662 482, 725 81, 141 704, 509
1 9Q 791
5, 680 391, 721 155, 048 184, 629 171, 784 498, 601 85, 692 728, 156 115, 189
6, 466 484, 117 176, 052 230, 129 204, 583 564, 119 107, 252 880, 466 140, 820
2, 568, 291
2,854,540 3,164,835
o, / lO, 4D4
3, 532, 233
4, 428, 109
36, 076
149, 973 34,612
38, 200 1, 036 147, 030 27,210
59, 724 1,078 249, 774
66, 746 1,468
76, 067 513, 315
102, 535 2, 773 718, 326
Effingham
11, 7)4 7, 500 179, 050 1,369,919 646. 228 58, 617 16, 601 20, 022 18, 023
a 487 10, 442 (h)
4,252 126, 569 1, 149, 380 600, 294 94, 975 6, 584 (h) (h) 912, 643 14, 255 14, 197
a 487 16, 442 (b)
4, 252 207, 286 1, 461, 344 719, 308 107, 190 7, 610 (b) (b) 1, 051, 604 14, 197
Greene
Jasper
12,578 j 14,494 19,048
Jersey
Macon
Macoupin
Madison
Montgomery
Morgan
PikPi
2, 684 118, 183 926, 588 521,705 10, 220
6,669
3, 949 280, 805 1, 016, 624 512, 948 14, 295 12, 545
4, 040 1. 202, 187 490, 181 24, 425 13, 019
Sangamon
Scott
Shelby
Fifth district
Counties :
Clinton
Franklin
730, 391 9, 802 8, 810
764, 970 12, 491 7, 943
846, 012 15, 028 7, 010
2, 173,348
2, 637, 546
2, 764,478
3, 240, 004
3. 173, 956
3, 915, 404
55, 238
66, 463
121, 557
52, 383 12,110 580, 521 2, 100 218, 499 497, 768 134,699 45, 845 1, 332, 978 25, 160 166, 335
146, 903 31, 119 477, 330 1, 104 251,283 457, 431 162, 717 38, 729 1,389, 429 56, 500 160, 483
174, 166 '200 34, 462 681,859 1, 104 321, 652 604,152 172,321 54, 269 1, 595, 839
Gallatin
31, 437
45, 374
30, 044
Johnson
Jackstm
28, 000 375, 718
28,210 445, 575
3, 000 477, 474
Marion
Perry
Randolph
Saline
St. Clair
Washington
Williamson
State totals
98, 915 319, 552
74, 263
19,518 1, 018, 149
40, 220 112,338
156, 975 306, 235 167, 321
32, 5.50 1, 184. 579
43, 600 160, 6B4
180, 777 381,347 98, 202 35, 496 1, 198, 100 36, 220 202, 261
10, 278, 890
11, 855, 188
11, 597, 963
12, 638, 364
12, 960, 224
15, 660, 698
a Includes Jasper, Pike, and IMchland counties. b Included in Effingham County,
MINERAL RESOURCES. Output of coal in Illinois, by counties, for eight years — Continued.
Districts.
1892— Output.
1893.'
Lump coal.
Other grades.
All grades.
Lump coal.
Other grades.
All grades.
First district
(younties :
Grundy
Kankakee
Will
Second district
Counties :
Bureau
Hancock
Short tons. 2, 965, 067
Short tons. 492, 999
Short tons. 3, 458, 066
Short tons. 2, 913, 144
Short tons. 481, 542
Short tons. 3, 394, 686
1, 108, 419 81, 793
1, 261, 467 404, 491 108, 897
66, 665 10, 365 282, 844 128, 176 4, 949
1, 108, 419 92, 158
1, 544, 311 532, 667 113, 846
1, 106, 574 83, 700
1, 242, 566 402, 370 77, 934
80, 345 5, 000 252, 260 140, 146 3, 791
1, 186, 919 88, 700
1, 494, 826 542, 516 81, 725
1,461,224
272, 384
1, 733, 608
1, 708, 909
291, 755
2, 000, 664
809, 009 5, 380
142, 762 43, 137 64, 276 82, 001
233, 244 34, 017 13, 685 22, 349 11, 364
2, 711, 574*
134, 487
943, 496 5,380
156, 736 43, 137 78, 576 91, 127
328, 542 36, 109 16, 792 22, 349 11, 364
3, 260, 951
976, 572 5, 060
148, 324 49, 808 78, 700 92, 096
273, 390 34, 058 15, 955 23, 070 11,876
2, 860, 299
166, 698
1, 143, 270 5, 060 156, 261 49, 808 92, 144 102, 926 363, 206 34, 308 18, 735 23, 070 11, 876
3, 397, 433
Henry
Knox
13, 974
7, 937
Marshall
McDonough
Mercer
Rock Island
Schuyler
Stark
' 14, 300 9, 126 95, 298 2, 092 3, 107
13, 444 10, 830 89, 816 2, 780
Warren
Third district
Counties :
Peoria
Tazewell
Vennilion
Woodford
Counties :
Bond
549, 377
537, 134
]3,270 535, 288 163, 002 170, 912 237, 419 541,659
94, 190 827, 893 127, 941
2, 060 131, 185 24, 354 51, 460 48, 276 91, 280 25, 966 144, 696 30, 100
15, 330 666, 473 187, 356 222, 372 285, 695 632, 939 120, 156 972, 589 158, 041
21, 370 610, 854 157, 699 153, 027 230, 296 537, 928 113, 597 873, 597 161, 931
1, 780 161, 643 31, 620 51, 800 51,339 82, 221 15, 360 123, 171 18, 200
23, 150 772, 497 189, 319 204, 827 281, 635 620, 149 128, 957 996, 768 180, 131
4, 090, 921
1, 026, 679
5, 117, 600
4, 508, 382
1, 276, 484
5, 784, 866
no QAQ
4, 637
Zy, 0U4:
101 Q19 iZi, 01.5
4, 637
(D(, 004:
1 0A
4, 584
Cqq Rao
22, 480
78, 600 4, 584 839, 650
Christian
246, 048
Effingham
a. 302 19, 870
3, 378 198, 375
1, 434, 021 703, 980 119, 850
4, 266 (&)
(&)
951, 517 17, 006 15, 665
19, 870
10, 995 ib)
5,904 237, 442 1, 509, 594 758, 288 123, 920 2, 142 ib) (b) 1, 170, 854 22, 157 12, 260
10, 995
(b)
5, 904 280, 233 1, 988, 069 951, 894
2, 142
Greene
Jasper
(b)
Jersey
3, 378 227, 020
1, 823, 136 873, 770 147, 870
4, 266
Macon
Macoupin
Montgomery
Morgan
28, 645 389, 115 169, 790
28, 020
42, 791 478, 475 193, 606
51, 792
Pike
(h)
(b)
Richland
Sangamon
Scott
Shelby
rifth district
Counties :
Clinton
Franklin
139, 497
1, 091, 014 17, 506 15, 665
239, 492 1, 200
1,410, 346 22, 757 13, 460
3, 502, 177
789, 874
4, 292, 051
4, 122, 165
1, 249, 750
5, 371, 915
156, 376 13,782
35, 497
191, 873 14, 502
174, 994 14, 972
80, 101
255, 095 17, 457
irallatin
2, 485
Hamilton
2, 200 674, 161 306, 019 362, 926 160, 532 41, 992 1, 519, 472 54, 183 210, 014
2, 200 869, 514
376,519 461, 068 168, 979
61, 602 1,759, 822
62, 966 322, 486
Johnson
Jackson
JelTersou
195, 353
674, 943
352, 793 620, 502 161, 565
24, 929 1, 778, 787
63, 500 254, 726
251, 299
926, 242
480, 529 860, 151 171, 055
36, 436 2, 133, S70
72, 200 418, 426
Marion
Perry
Randolph
Saline
St. Clair
Washington
William sou
State totals
70, 500 98, 142 8, 447 19, 610 240, 350 8, 783 112, 472
127, 736 239, 649
9, 490 11, 507 355, 083
8, 700 163, 700
14, 730, 963
3, 131, 313
17, 862, 276
16, 112, 899
3, 836, 665
19, 949, 564
a Includes Jasper, Pike, and Richland counties. b Inchuled in Effingham County.
Coal. 101
Output of coal in Illinois, hij counties, for eight years — Continued.
Districts.
First district. .
Counties :
Grundy
Kankakee. .
Lasalle
Livingston Will
Second district. .
Counties :
Bureau
Hancock
Henry
Knox
Marshall
McDonough.
Mercer
Rock Island.
Schuyler
Stark
Warren
Third district
Counties :
Cass
Fulton . . .
Logan
McLean . . . Menard . .
. Peoria
Tazewell . . Vfti'inilion Woodford .
Fourth district. .
Counties :
Bond
Calhoun
Christian
Coles
Effingham...
Greene
Jasper
Jersey
Macon
Macoupin . . .
Madison
Montgomery
Morgan
Pike
Richland
Sangamon . . .
Scott
Shelby
Fifth district
Counties :
Clinton
I'ranklin
Gallatin
Hardin
Hamilton
Johnson
Jackson
Jefferson
Marion
Perry
Randolph
Saline
St. Clair
Washington. Williamson .
State totals .
Lump coal.
Short tons. 2, 367, 298
1, 052, 233 50, 883 968, 243 276, 654 19, 285
1,449. 356
743, 764 10, 290
105, 453 50, 581
117, 612 50, 223
286, 445 40, 041 11,774 22, 182 10, 991
2, 569, 268
13, 300 444, 896 154, 025 125, 053 235, 873 517, 957
85, 399 842, 615 150, 150
3, 877, 110
54, 091 3, 478 671, 278
5, 440 18, 400
2, 238 190, 388 1, 173, 392 682, 520 122, 742
912, 700 18, 525 21, 909
3, 602, 252
150, 159
153, 116
'566,540
354, 670 394, 702 180, 971
24, 864 427, 714
48, 435 300, 461
13, 865, 284
Other grades.
Short tons. 317, 946
78, 187 7, 000 165, 854
65, 473 1,432
254, 267
6, 187 17, 084 3, 144 87, 558 1,600 2,054
All grades.
Short tons. 2, 685, 244
1, 130, 420 57, 883
1, 134,097 342, 127 20,717
1, 703, 623
878, 937 10,315
111, 640 51, 530
134, 696 53, 367
374, 003 41, 641 13, 828 22, 625 11, 041
508, 650
5, 600 112, 807
32, 275 42, 241 59, 979 93, 835 8, 200 147, 198
6, 515
1, 296, 193
3, 077, 918
18, 900 557, 703 186, 300 167, 294 295, 852 611,792
93, 599 989, 813 156, 665
5, 173, 303
25, 500 "334,222
37, 432 401, 653 207, 248
55, 298
79, 591 3,478 1, 005, 500
a 5, 440 18, 600
2, 238 227, 820 1, 575, 045 889, 768 178, 040
229, 599 1, 142, 299 500 19, 025
4, 541 26, 450
871, 236
50, 761 "2,235
199, 974
124, 087
135, 788 12, 276 12, 049
195, 970 1,400
136, 696
3, 248, 292
4, 473, 488
200, 920 'i55,".35i'
b 620
766, 514
478, 757 530, 490 193, 247
36, 913 1, 623, 684
49, 835 437, 157
17, 113, 576
a Includes Cumberland, Jasper, Morgan, Pike, and Richland counties. b Includes iFranklin and Jefferson counties.
Mineral Eesources.
This table is supplemented by the following, giving the totals of the State, mines, men, and product for twelve years :
Number of mines, employees, and tons raised, in each district and the Stale, for each of the twelve years, on the basis of all grades of product.
Tears.
Years.
Mines.
First.
Em- ployees
7, 566
8, 013 7,463 7, 613
7, 915
8, 623 9,018 8, 258 9, 128
9, 572 8,83]
10,280
Coal.
Second.
Mines.
Tons. 3,015, 544 3, 030, 407 3, 044, 943 2, 812, 100 3, 247, 302 3, 478,106 3, 058, 3U5
2, 783, 700 3, 082, 915
3, 458, 066 3, 394, 686 2, 685, 244
2G7
Em- ployees
3, 211
3, 616 3,391 3,599
4, 068 4, 914 4, 498
4, 099
5, 089
4, 865
5, 794
6, 714
Coal.
Tons. 1,004, 977 890, 273 873, 911 851, 728 1, 292, 026 1, 562. 946 1, 314, 773 1,211, 742
1, 440, 266 1, 733, 608
2, 000, 664 1,703, 623
Third.
Mines.
Em- ployees
4,070 5, 018 5, 213 4, 870
4, 903
5, 250 5,117 5, 171
6, 458 6, 453 6, 964 7,112
Coal.
, Tons. 2, 030, 662 2, 336. 080 2, 189, 264 1.835, 193 2, 152, 994 2, 649, 397 2, 478, 052 2, 871, 597
2, 794, 004
3, 260, 951 3, 397, 433 3, 077, 918
Foiirtli.
Mines.
Em- ployees.
4, 417
3, 781
4, 950
5, 197
4, 934
5, 086 5, 679 5,685
5, 881
6, 542
7, 021 7, 750
Coal.
Tons. 3, 660, 086 3, 389, 136 3, 161, 808
3, 323, 424 3, 104, 520 3, 449, 997 2, 825, 020
4, 491,718 4, 428, 109 5, 117, 600
5, 784, 866 5, 173, 303
Fifth.
Mines.
Em- ployees.
4, 695 4, 147 4, 429 4, 567
4, 984
5, 537 5,764
5, 361
6, 395 6, 200 6, 780 6, 621
Coal.
Tons. 2, 406, 227 2, 572, 262 2, 564, 653 2 352,794
2, 626, 708 3, 187, 738
3, 341,148 3, 915, 869
3, 915, 404
4, 292, 051
5, 371, 915 4, 473, 488
The state.
Mines.
Em- ployees.
23, 939
25, 575 25, 946 25, 846
29, 410 30, 076 28, 574
32, 951
33, 632 35, 390 38, 477
Coal.
Tons. 12, 123, 456 12, 208, 075 11,834,459 11, 175, 241 12, 423, 066 14, 328, 181 14,017,298 15, 274, 727 15. 660, 698 17, 862, 276 19, 949, 564 17, 113, 576
Number Of Employees.
The record this year of the total number employed in and about the coal mines of the State is 38,477. Of these 32,046 are given as miners, or those employed under ground, and 6,431 above ground. The nuin- ber under ground includes 701 boys over 14 years of age, over 150 boys less than reported for any previous year, and nearly 300 less than the highest number recorded, which was 995 in 1891.
It is certainly gratifying to note the lessening of the number of boys employed in our coal mines, for it is significant of a betterment of their condition and that, instead of being continued in this underground employment, limited in the development of both mind and body, they are possibly to be found in schools or seelving a livelihood in some of the various industries of our great Commonwealth.
Coal. 103
The following table gives the distribution of employees by districts for twelve years :
Total number of employees in and about the mines by districts for twelve years.
Tears.
First.
Second.
Third.
Fourth.
Fifth.
The State.
7, 566
8, 013 7, 463
7, 613 7,915
8, 623
9, 014
8, 258 9, 128
9, 572 8, 831
10, 280
3,211 3, 616 3, 391
3, 599
4, 068 4, 914 4, 498
4, 099
5, 089
4, 865
5, 794
6, 714
4, 079 5,018
5, 213 4, 870
4, 903
5, 250
5, 117 5, 171
6, 458 6, 453
6, 904
7, 112
4,417 4, 781 4, 950 5, 197
4, 934
5, 086 5, 679 5, 685
5, 881
6, 542
7, 021 7, 750
4, 675 4, 147 4, 429 4,567
4, 984
5, 537 5, 764
5, 361
6, 395 6, 2U0 6, 780 6, 621
23, 939 25, 575 25, 446
25, 846
26, 804
29, 410
30, 076 28, 574
32, 951
33, 632 35, 390 38, 477
Net increase
2, 714
3, 503
3, 042
3, 333
1, 946
14, 538
Per cent increase
The second district shows very much the largest per cent of gain; the third and fourth are about equal, and there is only a slight differ- ence between the first and fiith, making for the State an increase in the twelve years of over 60 per cent.
Days Of Active Operation.
The general depression of business in manufacturing industries, as indicated by the decline in output and prices, the suspension of work during the labor troubles, and the increased number of employees have, as a natural consequence, reduced the average working time for all the mines for the year to a less number of days than ever before. The average active days of operation of the mines of the State has been for years founded on the given running time of the large and important plants. Last year 301 of these mines, which produced 96 per cent of the coal and employed 91 i3er cent of the men, had an average of 230 days. For this year the number of mines is 295, yielding 92 per cent of the tonnage and employing 81 per cent of the men, but showing an average of only 183 days. The mines considered in these computations are designated as ship)ing mines. The following table presents their record by districts for four years :
Shipping mines producing 1,000 tons or more, and working one hundred days or more, with average number of days and average number of total tons produced by districts for four years.
Districts.
"3
dj
bX)o d
u u
O 0)
a -2 ®
cS bJD
m o a
r] CO
fins
® V.
u u
a i .
Cs §
s
fl n
bJDO .
u
a i .
o
es . fcC
t>rO est
fi
bfio
Fh U
a i .
b£
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
The State.
69, 019 51, 794 33, 735 81, 195 45, 762
86, 860 65, 214 39,316 102, 027 52, 366
81, 026 43, 734 29, 241 72, 771 35, 204
82, 961 43,710 28, 524 80, 275 36, 096
53,318 301
63, 818
46, 630
311 215.6
47, 593
104 Mineral Resources.
To more clearly illustrate the accuracy of the calculations presented, a corresponding table follows, including all mines producing 1,000 tons or over and running one hundred days or more:
All ymnes producing 1,000 tons or more, and working one hundred days or more, with average number of days and average number of total tons produced, for four years, by districts.
Districts.
m
a
a go
9
tl t-l
as .
5 5 oo
bJOO g
0!
s
l-s
©
a § .
S o
Os Id
a
d OB
g
®
® O bC bc
Co
a S
tH
§0 0 g
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
The state.
14, 371 20, 264 64, 404 36, 751
80
56, 459 20, 794 24, 508 72, 132 41, 843
57, 777 17, 132 22, 152 62, 592 35, 477
57, 570 14, 901 18, 483 51, 236 30, 727
32, 703
39, 801
35, 523
30,506
A condensed table of all the mines included in the foregoing state- ments, for four years, with the average tonnage, is presented :
Years.
Shipping mines.
Mines in local trade.
Both classes of mines.
Mines.
Aver- age number of days.
Average number of tons,
all grades.
Mines.
Aver- age number of days.
Average number of tons,
all grades.
Mines.
Aver- age number of days.
Average number of tons,
all grades.
47, 593 46, 630 63, 818 53, 318
2, 829
3, 042 2, 881
4, 018
30, 506 35, 523 40, 287 32, 703
Average Value Of Coal.
The proper valuation of the coal production of the State in its aggre- gate and per ton is considered of the highest importance. The state- ment has been repeatedly made in these reports that the detailed valuations published are as given by each operator to the inspectors as the average value of the coal at the mine. These returns therefore form the basis upon which this value is computed j first on the number of tons at the given price for each mine; then successively for counties, for districts, and for the State. Very careful and methodical computa- tions are wrought out, so that the results present the most reliable figures possible to be obtained. These methods have been adhered to in these reports for each of the several years. The values given are not, however, to be taken as governing in any market nor for any con- tracts, but represent only the statement of each owner of the average he receives for the i)roduct during the year.
Results of these estimates are shown in lumj) tons, by districts, for a series of thirteen years:
Coal.
Average value of lump coal per ton, 2,000 pounds, at the mines.
X ears.
Total lump coal.
First dis- trict.
Second dis- trict.
Third dis- trict.
Fourth dis- trict.
Fifth dis- trict.
The State.
In- crease.
De crease.
Tons. 9, 115, 653
10, 030, 991 10,101,005
9, 791, 874 9, 246, 435 10, 278, 890 11,855,188
11, 597, 963
12, 638, 364 12, 960, 224 14, 730, 963 16, 112, 899 13, 865, 284
$1. 75
$1.87
$1.43
$1.33
$1.31
$1.51 T. 078
Cents.
Cents.
1884 :
ISet decrease . . .
a 4, 749, 631
Per cent of de-
crease
a 52. 1
a Increase.
In order to gain information as to tlie wide range in values resultant from diversified conditions and localities, reference must be liad to the individual tables of mines. In St. Clair, the banner county in point of production for a number of years, the value is found at some mines to be as low as 50 cents per ton, and in many others it ranges but a few cents higher; in all, making the average for the county only 66.5 cents per ton. This is the minimum price in that district and in the State. The maximum value is reached in Grundy County, at $2.25 per ton. This value, however, obtains only for an inconsiderable tonnage. The mines in Bureau and other counties of the second district realize a higher uniformity of values per ton than elsewhere in the State, making the yearly average of this district the highest.
The average value found for the State is $1,009 per ton. This is the mean between $1,416 in the second district and 82.1 cents in the fourth. The fourth district for the first time shows the lowest average value pe'r ton, and is only five-tenths of a cent below the fifth district. These two districts represent about 54 per cent of the tonnage of the State, on which this minimum value is based.
The total product for the past six years, with the average value per ton and the aggregate value of the total output, is presented in the following table, and concludes the consideration of the value of the product :
Total amount and value of lump coal produced in Illinois for six years.
Tear.
Total product of lump coal.
Average value of lump coal per ton at the mine.
Aggregate value of total
product of lump coal at the mine.
Aggregate value of the total product, all grades, at the mine.
Tons. 11, 597, 963 12, 638, 361
12, 960, 224 14, 730, 963 16, 112, 899
13, 865, 284
$1. 0775
$12, 496, 885 12, 882, 936 13, 068, 854 15, 158, 430 16,517. 960 13, 998, 588
$14,2.37,094
16, 243, 645
17, 827, 595 15, 282, 111
Mineral Resources.
Indiana.
Total product in 1894, 3,423,921 short tons ; spot value, $3,295,034.
Coal Fields Of Indiana.
The southwestern part of Indiana contains the southeastern end of the Central or Illinois coal basin. The northern limit of the field in Indiana is in Warren County, where it crosses the State line from Illinois. Its border line passes from Warren through the eastern part of Fountain County, the northeastern corner of Parke County, and on slightly east of south, near and a little west of Greencastle, in Putnam County, and Spencer, in Owen County. It takes in something more than half of Greene County, where an extension juts out into Monroe County, crosses along the western part of Martin County into the eastern part of Dubois, extends eastward into Crawford County, takes in the western third of Perry County, and crosses the Ohio River into Kentucky near Cannelton. The coal-bearing rocks occur altogether in nineteen counties, and have an area of about 6,500 square miles. The most important coal in the State, from a manufacturing point of view, is the well-known "block" coal, peculiar to this State and a psirt of Illinois. Block coal is described as having a laminated structure, and is composed of alternate thin layers of vitreous, dull, black coal and fibrous mineral charcoal. It splits readily into sheets, and is with difficulty broken in the opposite direction. In burning it swells so little that its expansion is scarcely perceptible, does not change form, and never cakes or runs together. It is as pure as splint coal, free from sulphur, and has the softness and combustibility of wood. Its effects in the iron furnace are said to exceed those of charcoal in the quantity and quality of iron produced. In addition to the block coal, there are four other varieties in the State, known as semiblock, coking, semicoking, and cannel.
Production.
Indiana has held sixth place in the rank of coal-producing States, but not since 1886. In 1887 she fell to seventh; in 1888, 1889, and 1890 she was eighth; in 1891 and 1892 ninth, and rose again to eighth in 1893 and 1894. The output in 1894 was 367.930 short tons, or nearly 10 per cent, less than in 1893, the decrease being due, as in other States, partly to the strike and partly to the business depression. The effects of the latter are more clearly shown in the greater proportionate decrease in value, which fell from $4,055,372 in 1893 to $3,295,034 in 1894, a decline of $760,338, or 18.7 i)er cent. The average price per ton declined from $1.07 in 1893 to 96 cents in 1894.
Coal.
In the following tables will be seen tlie statistics of production in Indiana in 1893 and 1894, with the distribution of the product for consumi:)tion :
Coal product of Indiana in 1893, hi/ counties.
Counties.
Clay
Daviess
Dubois
Fountain
Greene
Knox
Owen
Parke
Pike
Perry
Spencer
Sullivan
Vanderburg- Yermilion. . .
Vigo
Warrick
Small mines.
Loaded at niiues
for shipment.
iShort
t07)S.
. 163, 142 313,312
3,500 251,730 13,357 5, 785 478, 086 238, 372 28,512 252, 840 55, 372 262, 179 339, 643 49, 166
Total 13,461, 830
Sold to local trade and used by
em- ployees.
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Short tons. 17, 626 4,110 9, 172 2, 000
Short tons. 28, 935 2, 365
Made into coke.
Short tons.
6, 307 1,181
7, 400
22, 578 121, 412 10, 500 9, 280 40, 000
7,454 4, 000 7,719 9, 269 1,545
7, 345
252,879 69,797 7,345
Total amount produced.
Short tons. 1, 209, 703 319, 787 50, 142 4, 000 259, 930 13, 357 5,785 491,847 243, 353 36, 252 7,647 290, 482 186, 053 264, 224 350, 143 58, 946 40, 000
Total value.
$1,559,-339 310, 692
13, 691
4, 000 215, 666
14, 693
5, 258 563, 930 185, 482
42, 758
6, 398 254, 284 200, 705 253, 219 332, 859
52, 398 40, 000
Aver- age
l)rice per ton.
$1.29
3,791,851 4,055,372 1.07
Average' Total number number
of days active.
of em- ployees.
2, 976 1,091
7, 644
Coal product of Indiana in 1894, by counties.
Counties.
Clay
Daviess
Fountain and
Owen
Gibson
Greene
Knox
Parke
Pike
Perry
Spencer
Sullivan
Vanderburg
Vermilion
Vigo
Warrick
Small mines
Total
Num- ber of mines.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Short tons. 865,950 100, 233
25, 789
15, 521 292, 606
327, Oil 158, 749
22, 668 6, 711 496, 495
55, 286 289, 791 309, 593 101, 185
Sold to local trade and used by em- ployees.
Short tons. 7, 020
3, 000
21, 992
1, 183 7,492 3, 187
18, 589 108, 923
2, 060 10, 666 16, 745 36, 000
Used
at mines
for steam and heat.
Short tons. 8,919
7,010 1, 145 7, 262 4, 935 17, 193 11, 672 4, 371 1,280
3,085,664 248, 398 67,545
Made into coke.
Short tons. 8, 825
8, 689
4, 800
Total produc- tion.
Short tons. 890, 714 100, 833
19, 021 300, 474 28, 862 356, 265 173, 556 30, 696 10, 183 537, 077 175, 881 296, 222 321,539 120, 092 36, 000
Total value.
$1,008,293 104, 021
29, 535 14, 865 287, 498 24, 133 370,419 134, 007 34, 657 10, 513 440, 410 168, 987 243, 354 301, 555 86, 787 36, 000
Aver- age
price per
ton.
Aver- age
num- ber of
days active.
$1. 13
22,314 3,423,921 3,295,034
,96
Total num- ber of em- ployees.
3,114
1, 0(55
149 8,603
Previous to 1889 the statistics of production by counties were not obtained. The following table shows the annual product by counties since that year, with a statement of the increase or decrease in each county in 1894 as comiared with 1893 :
Mineral Resources.
Coal product of Indiana since 1889, hy counties. [Short tons.]
Counties.
Clay
Daviess
Dubois
rountain . . .
Gibson
Greene
Knox
Martin
Owen
Parke
Perrv
Pike
Spencer
Sullivan
Vanderburg Vermilion . .
Vigo
"Warren
"Warrick
Small mines
Total 2, 845, 057
695, 649 191, 585 15, 848 41, 141 1,267 185, 849 9, 040 3,958 357, 434 40, 050 154, 524 18, 456 317, 252 183, 942 187, 651 371, 903 2, 160 66, 638
1, 161, 730 189, 696 13, 994 24, 000
197, 338
345, 460 40, 201 115, 836 11, 656 286, 323 192, 284 173, 000 429, 160
89, 059 36, 000
3, 305, 737
980, 921 155, 358 7,700 23, 700
164, 965
12, 600 307, 382
35, 400 122, 066
15, 340 181, 434 205, 731 228, 488 400, 255
96,134 36, 000
2, 973, 474
1, 146, 897 174, 560
13, 888
228, 574 14, 314
8, 200 394, 335 37, 796 78, 760 8, 426 316, 893 190, 346 301, 063 307, 113
84, 009 40, 000
3, 345, 174
1, 209, 703 319, 787 10, 142 4, 000
259, 930 13, 357
5, 785 491, 847 36, 252 243, 553
7, 647 290, 482 186, 053 264, 224 350, 143
58, 946 40, 000
3, 791, 851
890, 714 100, 833
18, 931
19, 021 300, 474
28, 862
7, 575 356, 265
30, 696 173, 556
10, 183 537, 077 175, 881 296, 222 321, 539
120, 092 36, 000
3, 423, 921
Increase in 1894.
14, 931 19, 021 40, 544 15, 505
Decrease in 1894.
318, 989 218, 954 10, 142
1,790
2, 536 246, 595
31, 998 ' 61,' 146
135, 582 5, 556 69, 997
10, 172 "28," 604'
4, 000
a367,930
a U"et decrease.
The following table is of interest as showing the total amount and value of coal produced in the State from 1886 to 1894, and the total number of employees and average number of working days in each year since 1889 :
Statistics of coal production in Indiaria since 1886.
Tears.
Short tons.
Value.
A verage price per ton.
iN'uraber of days active.
Number of employees.
3, 000, 000 3,217, 711 3, 140, 979 2, 845, 057 3, 305, 737
2, 973, 474
3, 345, 174 3, 791. 851 3, 423, 921
$3, 450, 000 4, 324, 604 4, 397, 370
2, 887, 852 3, 259, 233 3, 070, 918
3, 620, 582 4, 055, 372 3, 295, 034
$1.15
6, 448 5, 489
5, 879
6, 436 7,644 8,603
In the following table is shown the total annual product of coal in the State since 1873 :
Product of coal in Indiana from 1873 to 1894.
Years.
Short tons.
1, 000, 000 812, 000 800, 000 950, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 196, 490 1, 500, 000 1,771,536 1, 976, 470 2, 560, 000
Tears.
Short tons.
260, 000 375, 000 000, 000 217, 711 140, 979 845. 057 305, 737 973, 474 345, 174 791,851 423, 921
Coal.
In accordance with the plan adopted in discussing the production in other States, the following tables are given to show the tendency in prices and the statistics of labor employed and average working time by counties for such years as they have been obtained. They include only those counties whose annual product averages 10,000 tons or over.
Average prices for Indiana coal since 1889, in counties averaging 10,000 tons or over.
Counties.
Clay
$1. 14
$1.01
$1.15
$1.25
$1.29
$1. 13
Fountain
Greene
Pike
Vermilion
The State
Statistics of labor employed in Indiana coal mines.
Counties.
Clay
Daviess
Fountain
Gibson
Greene
Knox
Parke
Perry
Pike
Spencer
Sullivan
Vanderburg
Vermilion
Vigo
Warrick
The State..
Average num- ber employed.
Average num- ber employed.
Average num- ber of days worked.
Average num- ber employed.
Average num- ber of days worked.
Average num- ber employed.
Average num- ber of days worked.
Average num- ber employed.
Average num- ber of days worked.
A V. rage num- ber employed.
Average num- ber of days worked.
2, 592
2, 179
2, 346
2, 797
2,976
3, 114
1,065
1,091
204'
6,448
5,489
5, 879
6, 436
7, 644
8, 603
Mineral Resources.
INDIAN TERRITORY. Total product in 1894, 909,C0r> short tons; spot value, $1,541,293.
Coal Measures Of The Indian Territory.
The Ouachita Mountain system extends east and west through the Indian Territory south of the Arkansas and Canadian rivers.
The Coal Measures of the Territory are excessively folded along the immediate axes of this system. To the northward the coal-bearing beds dip away toward the Kansas measures. West of the ninety-eighth meridian they are overlapped by the Eed beds of Oklahoma j south of the system, except in a limited region near Ardmore, the Carboniferous rocks are overlapped by the Eed beds and the Cretaceous of the Texas region.
By this geologic arrangement the area containing available Coal Measures is mostly exposed on the north side of the Ouachita Moun- tains and in the prairie region of the northeast portion of the Territory adjacent to Kansas. Local outcrops may be preserved in patches in the area of excessive folding, but little is known concerning them.
By these mountainous conditions it will be seen that the coal fields of the Indian Territory are not continuous with those of Texas, as is fre- quently and erroneously asserted. Their relations by direct continuity are with the Arkansas and Kansas coal fields. Little recomioissance, to say nothing of detailed exploration, has been made of the coal fields of the Indian Territory. The outcrop of the measures of the Carbon- iferous formation containing them is approximately delineated on the latest edition of the geological map of the United States, published by the United States Geological Survey. The only portion of the coal fields of the Territory which has been accurately defined is what is known as the Choctaw field. The survey of this field was made by Mr. H. M. Chance, and his report has been published in the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Volume XVIII, page 653, and in Mineral Resources, 1889-90, page 208.
Production.
record of the production of coal in tlie Indian Territory prior to 1885 is in existence. During 1885 an output of 500,000 short tons was obtained. From that time the output increased annually, except in one year, until 1893, when it reached 1,252,110 short tons, more than five times the product nine years before. In 1894, owing to the general strike, which extended its inlluences to the Territory, the i)roduct fell off about 22 x>er cent, to 9()9,(>0G short tons. There was only one com- pany whose mines were not closed. The others suspended operations from two to four months. The exception was the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Kailroad Company (formerly the Choctaw Coal and Ilailway
Coal.
Company), and the product at these mines showed a slight increase over 1893. The Choctaw Coal and Eailway Company was reorganized in 1894, and the name changed to the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Eailroad Company. By the reorganization the company is placed upon a better financial basis, and the railroad will be extended westward into Colorado, to furnish a new outlet for the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company's mines. Contracts for 15,000 tons of steel rails, necessary to complete the extension, were made in August, 1894.
The product of the Territory in 1894 was less than in any year since 1890. In 1891 it passed the million-ton mark, and increased further* both in 1892 and in 1893, the latter year recording the largest product m the history of coal mining in the Territory. The following table shows the statistics of production in the past four years :
Coal product of the Indian Territorii in 1S91, 1892, 1893, and 1894.
iVistribution.
Loaded at mines for shipment
Sold to local trade and used by employees. Used at mines for steam and heat
Total
Total value
Total number of employees
Average number of days worked
Short tons. 1, 026, 932 9, 405 32, 532
Short tons. 1, 156, 603 10, 840 18,089 7, 189
Short tonx. 1, 197, 468 9, 234 21, 663 23, 745
Short tons. 923, 581 4, 632 30, 878 10, 515
1, 091, 032 $1,897,037 2, 891
1, 192,721 $2, 043, 479 3, 257
1, 252. 110 $2, 235, 209 3,446
969, 606 $1, 541, 293 3, 101
The value of the product in 1894 decreased in greater proportion than the amount, from $2,235,209 to $1,541,293, the difterence being $693,916, or about 31 per cent, against a decrease of 22 per cent in the amount. The value in 1893 was somewhat enhanced by the long strike in the Kansas mines, which created an unusual demand for Territory coal, and was an important factor in the increased i)roduct for that year. The trade depression in 1894 brought the average price down to $1.59, the lowest on record, and 20 cents below that of 1893.
The developed coal fields of tlie Indian Territory, are mostly in the Choctaw Nation, and are reached by four lines of railroad, the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, the St. Louis and San Francisco, the Denison and Washita Valley, and the Choctaw Coal and Railroad Company's rail- roads. The last mentioned, however, acts really as a feeder to the Missouri, Kansas and Texas and the St. Louis and San Francisco lines, though its own line is now being completed to marketing points. The Denison and Washita has also acted principally as a feeder to the Missouri, Kansas and Texas, but is now completing its line through to Denison, Tex., and will soon be independent of the other roads for reaching points of consumption. The Territory coals are bituminous, of excellent quality. They are consumed largely in Texas, going as far south as Houston and San Antonio. The output has shown an
112 Mineral Resources.
almost steady increase since 1885, the only exceptions being in 1889 and 1894. The following table shows the annual production since 1885 :
Product of coal in the Indian Territory from 1885 to 1894, inclusive.
Years.
Short tons.
Value.
Average price per ton.
Number of employees.
Number of days active.
500, 000 534, 580 685,911 761, 986 752, 832 869, 229 1, 091, 032 1, 192, 721 1, 252, 110 969, 606
$855, 328 1, 286, 692 1, 432, 072 1, 323, 807 ],579, 188
1, 897, 037 2, 043, 479
2, 235, 209 1, 541, 293
$1. 60
1,862 2, 571 2, 891 3,257 3,446 3, 101
]57
[ Iowa.
Total product in 1895, 3,967,253 short tons; spot value, $4,997,939.
Iowa Coal Fields.
The coal-bearing area of Iowa covers a little more than one-third of the entire surface of the State. It is the northernmost extension of the great Western field, which, as previously described, includes all the coal area west of the Mississippi Eiver, east of the Eocky Mountains, and south of the forty-third parallel. The northern limit in Iowa occurs in Humboldt County, a little northwest of the central point of the State. From here its eastern border runs in an irregular line to the southeastern corner of the State. The western border has not been well defined on account of the deep deposits of glacial-drift material, but it is approximately along a sinuous line to Council Bluffs on the Missouri Eiver, which, with the entire southern boundary line of the State, completes the limits of the field in Iowa. Beyond these boundaries, particularly to the east, small outlying basins occur, some of which afford seams of coal sufficiently thick for profitable working.
The strata of the Iowa region have suffered but little deformation since their deposition. Folds are almost entirely absent, and the few that occur are so slight as to offer no difficulties in practical mining, their influence being felt rather in prospecting, and there only to a limited extent.
In no case is any seam of coal more than 13 feet thick known to be worked in Iowa, and seams of this thickness are quite rare. A consid- erable number are profitably worked which have a thickness of 1 J to 4 feet, but the very great majority of the seams worked have thicknesses of from 4 to 6 feet. This factor alone greatly simplifies the ]>roblems of mining, as the complex nietliodsof timbering in use in working thicker beds have no use here at all.
' See i)aper on tlio Iowa coal deposits, by CbarK's R Keyos, Mineral Resources, 1892.
Coal.
At present no mine operates at a depth much exceeding 250 feet, though some have been worked at a lower level. A majority are from 100 to 200 feet deep, and a considerable amount of coal is reached by drifts and shallow slopes. It is probable that the greater portion of the coal of this territory may be won by shafts not exceeding 500 feet in depth. The difficulties and dangers of deep mining are ai present nowhere encountered ; and while in the future it is not improbable that considerable deep mining will be carried on in the southwestern coun- ties, even here the amount of coal finally won will not be apt to exceed that taken from the shallow shafts.
One of the greatest difficulties encountered in coal mining has always been the presence of inflammable gas. The mines of Iowa are prac- tically free from that danger.
The physical properties of Iowa coals show great variation. The consideration of hardness, crushing strength, presence of joints, and other physical characteristics must all enter into the estimates of the cost of their mining. If the coal be hard, it must be blasted; if soft, it may be cut and wedged; if it have a low crushing strength, allowance must be made for the fact in estimating the size of pillars. The joints and cleavages may help or hinder in the cutting of the coal.
Probably the most far-reaching in effect of anyone condition present is that the coal here is not found in a few continuous seams of constant thickness and definite stratigraphic position, as is more usual in other fields, but that it is instead found in numerous distinct interlocking basins of limited extent.
The Coal Measures of Iowa have been exposed to very heavy erosion, and the effects of this action are to be seen in weak roofs, cut-outs," washes, and other similar troubles" so often encountered in the mines. There was also an erosion period jireceding the deposition of the coal measures which has profoundly influenced the distribution of the productive beds.
COAL MININO IN lOWA.
The developed coal field of Iowa lies in 24 counties, and some of these have produced only small amounts. A district lying southeast and northwest from Lee County to Hamilton, along the Des Moines River, embraces 19 of the 24 counties. Four others lie in the southwestern corner of the State along the Kodaway River, and Scott County shows a small outskirt of the Illinois field. Of the entire field, Mahaska is the banner county, producing 1,172,530 tons in the year ending June 30, 1893. Most of this coal is a good quality of steaming and fuel coal, easy of access and workable. Many of the mines are developed by drift or slope entries. Of the shaft mines none are over 250 feet dee\), while the principal ones are 125 feet or less. The thickness of the
'Mr. H. Foster Bain, Iowa Geological Survey.
2 Abstract from a paper by Mr. Gr. A. Davis, read before the Iowa Society of Civil Engineers and Surveyors.
16 Geol, Pt 4 8
Mineral Resources.
veins run from 3 to 8 feet, and even more. The coal is worked by both the room-and-pillar and the hmg-wall systems, the former plan being the most used, because it requires a peculiar roof for the long- wall sys- tem, and where it can be used it is considered the best, being safer, requiring less timbering, and removing a larger per cent of coal. A good roof of slate or stone is a great advantage in working a mine; indeed, may be said to be a necessity, as there are some veins unwork- able from the fact there is not enough hard material overlying them to make safe work.
In Keokuk the first large mines opened had excellent roof and no faults to make waste piles, but the later ones have poorer roofing and large waste piles from the faults and bottom that must come uj) on account of thin veins. This makes these mines much more expensive to work. In general the dip of the coal vein somewhat conforms to the surface of the ground above, and, for convenience in working, the hoisting shaft is sunk in low ground, so the coal will haul downhill and the water run to the sump to be pumped out. The dip of the vein and the whole lease should be prospected thoroughly by numerous holes bored through the coal, and especially where it is proposed to sink the shaft, in order to avoid quicksand and to ascertain the lowest point for location. The size of the shaft is usually 7 by 15 feet, to pro- vide for two cages and the necessary room for pipes for comj)ressed air, water, or electricity when required. It is mostly lined with 4-inch timbers in Keokuk County, but cases occur where even 12 inch tim- bers are not heavy enough. One shaft encountered a soft, bluish mud called ''sea mud." This shaft is about 15 feet deep, is said to have cost $10,000, and was soon abandoned not only because it gave trouble but because it was not in the best location. The average cost of sink- ing a shaft is about $12 per foot in dej)th; the cost to timber with 4-inch stuff is $3 to $3.50 per foot in depth; air shaft, 5 by 10, costs about $10 per foot in depth. Main entries are about 7 feet wide at the bottom and 6 feet at the top, not less than 5 feet high or as high as the coal vein is thick. When the vein is less than 5 feet in thick- ness, top or bottom is removed to give this height. Side entries may be less. In long-wall working enough of the entry roof is removed to make gobbing or packing on the sides, and the settling of the roof causes it to lock or key itself before it has settled more than half the height it was excavated. The timber used for mine props is an item of expense that varies with the conditions met with in each mine. They cost 1 cent i)er linear foot, delivered at the mine, for 4-inch diameter at small end. They should be straight, seasoned thoroughly, and have both ends sawed square. They are not used as plentifully and care- fully as they should be, the mine inspectors' records for the last bien- nial rejmrt sliowing that of 7,000 miners working in Iowa, 31 were killed and 48 were injured by falling coal and slate during the years 1892 and 1803.
Coal.
The miners usually work in pairs, two men per room. They load the coal into pit cars, which the comi)any hauls out and emi>ties on screens of diamond-shaped bars set inches apart and 12 feet long, set at an angle of 26°, or J to 1. Accompanying each car is a numbered brass check, which is credited with the weight of lump coal sent with it. As an incentive to good work, the nut and slack are not paid for. Some men shoot the coal to pieces more than others, and good judgment in digging coal counts in dollars and cents here, as well as in other trades. The method of digging coal is aboat the same in all mines where the vein lies horizontal or nearly so. A room is simply enlarging branch entries. The miner with pick cuts under the face of the coal as far as he can reach, usually about 4 feet, then drills a hole about the same depth up near the roof, then puts in powder and shoots the coal down. Formerly the i)owder holes were drilled with the ordinary hand drill, but now they are all bored with a miner's patent auger, with which a hole 6 feet deep can be bored in twenty minutes. In What Cheer iron men (picks worked hy comi)ressed air) have been introduced. With this machine (the Harrison) a man can cut under about 40 feet face, 4 feet deep, in a day. He will have one or two assistants, whom he pays a stipulated price per day, and he gets credit for all the coal he sends out. The company furnishes the machines and the compressed air and pays all exi)enses connected with them. Entry work, on an average, costs by hand pick $1.80 per linear yard, and 75 cents per ton of coal removed. With machine it costs $1.50 per linear yard and 40 cents 2:)er ton. The j)roportion of nut and slack to lump in Keokuk County is about as follows: Slack, 10 per cent; nut, 15 per cent, and lum]), 75 per cent. Ventilation is by fan in the large mines and by steam jet or furnace in the smaller ones. The fan forces air into the mine, Avhich is carried around through the various side entries and rooms by a system of stoppings in the entries until it reaches the upcast shaft. The furnace or steam jet is placed at bottom of the upcast shaft to create a draft from the workings. The coal is usually hauled to the bottom of the hoisting shaft by small chunky mules, but in some cases the endless rope and tail-rope methods are used. Pit cars usually hold about 1,500 to 2,000 pounds each, and run on track of 2 foot 8 inch to 3 foot gauge, laid with 12 to 18 pounds per yard T-rail, laid on 2J by 4 inch oak cross-ties placed 2 feet apart.
The cost of a first-class plant for oiDcrating a mine of say 500 to 800 tons per day capacity is approximately as follows: Main shaft, 7 by 15, per foot depth, $15; air shaft, 5 by 10, per foot depth, $10; top works, tower, screens, cages, tiiples, etc., $4,500; two boilers in place, $2,000; boiler house, $300; engine, $2,000; engine house, $300; track scales, $800; pump, pipes, etc., $500; sixty pit cars, $20 each, $1,200; black- smith shop, $200; oil house, $100; powder house, $100; fan, $200; fan engine, $250; house, $150; rails, spikes, etc., $500; hardware, tools, and sundries, $2,500; total, $15,G25. If machine picks are used, add for air compressor, $4,000, and for eight machine picks, $3,200.
Mineral Resources.
This ])laiit will require about 13 tojmen at a cost of $25 i)er day, and 1(> to 18 men, including mule drivers, underground, at a cost of $30 to $40 i)er day, and from 150 to 250 miners. Patent loaders cost about $1,500, and if the coal is clean and requires but little picking over, they are a good investment, as they save the work of from 4 to G men, chunking in box cars, where the mine loads 400 tons or more per day. Besides, they place the load over the car trucks instead of leaving the bulk of it piled in the center of the car. The railroad tracks at the mine should have a grade of 1.5 i)er 100 feet from a point 100 feet below scales, to the end of empty storage tracks. From this point, 100 feet below scales, it should have 300 feet of 1 per 100 feet, and lesser grade from there on, or even level it the ground will admit of it. Steeper grades than 1.5 per 100 feet are liable to cause trouble in bad weather, while less grades on the empty track and over the scales cause cars to move hard in cold weather; and the availability of these grades should be kept in view when locating the hoisting shaft.
Production.
The coal deposits of Iowa were first brought to public notice by Dr. David Dale Owen of the United States General Land Office, who was sent out to survey the mineral lands of the Northwest. In his report, which was published in 1852, he pointed out a number of localities where good coal could be obtained. Mr. A. H. Worthen subsequently pointed out some additional jDlaces where coal was being mined for local use. The Eighth United States Census (1860) contains the results of the first attempt made to gather authentic information of coal min- ing in Iowa. Statistics were collected for the preceding year (1859), and showed a total output of 48,263 short tons, valued at $92,180. The State census taken in 1865 showed a total tonnage of 69,574 tons. The Ninth United States Census, taken in 1870, reported a product of 283,467 short tons, valued at something over $500,000. At the State census of 1875 the tonnage was 1,231,547, having a valuation of $2,500,140, showing a five-fold increase in both amount and value in five years. During the next five years little increase was noted, the product at the Tenth Census, 1880, being 1,461,166 short tons, worth $2,507,453.1
In 1882, Mr. Albert Williams, jr., in Mineral Kesources for that year, placed the total product at 3,920,000 short tons. This was merely an estimate, but may be assumed as ajproximately correct, as in the fol- lowing year, 1883, the i)roduct reported by the mine inspectors was 4,457,540 short tons, more than three times the product in 1880. From 1883 to 1890 the product was between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000 tons annually, reaching a maximum in 1888, when a total of 4,952,440 tons was obtained. For tlie past four yeai's the total has not reached 4,000,000 tons, and from the practically stationary output for the past
Iowa Geological Survey, Vol. II, pp. 521 to 523.
Coal.
decade it appeai vS that the miues of the State are producing all the coal the market for it demands. That is to say, the coal mining industry has reached a point where its further development will depend upon the growth of other industrial enterprises in the State and the creation of an increased local demand.
The output in 1894 was 3,967,253 short tons, valued at $4,997,939, against 3,972,229 short tons in 1893, worth $5,110,460. The decrease in tonnage, less than 5,000 tons, is so little as to be scarcely worth men- tioning. The noticeable feature of the year was the decline in value of over $100,000, and this Avould have been more noticeable still but for the mild winter of 1892-93, which, added to the business depression, caused a decline in the value of the product of 1893 as compared with that of the preceding year. The strike of 1894 affected Iowa's product to some extent, but even if the strike had not occurred it is doubtful whether the output would have been substantially increased, as the market, restricted by the stringency of the times, would not have absorbed much more than the amount taken out during the year. The difference would have been in distributed periods of idleness for the miners throughout the year, instead of in one protracted spell. Nat- urally, if the strike had occurred as it did in other States, and not extended to Iowa, the mines of the State would have been benefited temiorarily, but the new markets would not have been held upon the resumption of work in other sections.
The statistics of production by counties in 1893 and 1894 are shown in the following tables, together with the distribution of the product for consumption:
Coal product of Iowa in 1893, hij countiis.
Counties.
Appanoose .
Boone
Dallas
Greene
Jasper
Jetierson . . . Keokuk Mahaska . . .
Marion
Monroe
Polk
Taylor
Van Buren .
Wapello
AVarren
Wayne
Webster
Small mines
Total .
j Sold to Loaded at local trade
mines for shipment.
Short tons. 470, 842 140, 101 11, 186 15, 000 151, 836 126, 848 1, 306, 536 101, 933 170, 261 7, 530 19, 295 215,911 1,000 43, 195 106, 640
and used by em- ployees.
3, 442, 584
Short tons. 12, 611 29, 936 2, 275
2, 800 10, 736
14, 186 71,071 8, 932
10, 948 95, 454
3,445
3, 337
11, 139 2,000
21,416 9,093 140, 000
449, 639
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Short tons. 6, 467
11, 063 42, 323 5, 607 6,016 3, 410
1, 363
80, 006
Total amount produced.
Total
Aver- age
Average number
Total number
value.
price per ton.
of days active.
of em- ployees.
Short tons.
489, 920
$737, 949
$1. 51
1,793
321, 137
13, 461 18, 000
24, 509
36, 000
162, 639
208, 909
152, 097
104, 375
1, 419, 930
1, 570, 537
2, 209
111, 145
134, 304
570, 905
638, 085
1, 103
271, 731
468, 933
10, 990
22, 279
22, 867
31, 021
230, 460
293, 683
3, 000
5, 250
65, 436
95, 940
117, 096
196, 826
140, 000
140, 000
3, 972, 229
5, 110, 460
8, 863
118 Mineral Resources.
Coal product of loica in 1894, hi/ counties.
Counties.
Num- ber of mines.
Loaded at mines for ship, ment.
Sold to local trade
and used by
em- ployees.
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Total pro- duction.
Total value.
Aver- age price per ton.
Aver- age number of days
active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Short
Short
Shortions.
tons.
tons.
Shorttons.
Appanoose
638, 804
18, 912
9, 555
667, 271
$852, 124
$1
2, 254
Boone
215, 641
24, 771
], 110
241, 522
386, 393
Dallas 1
10, 147
4, 132
1, 142
15, 421
26, 104
Greene )
iiO, iU4
4, /O /
O A Ao
ti, 44o
Zio, lOD
Jefl'erson
1, 127
1, 542
Keokuk
129, 694
10, 837
2, 219
142, 750
162, 786
Mahaska
1, 053, 142
84, 301
15, 545
1, 152, 988
1, 357, 448
2, 396
Marion
99, 088
8, 942
108, 695
114, 623
Monroe
482, 156
9, 656
13, 352
5*05, 164
559, 017
1, 212
Polk
247, 902
132, 706
15, 039
395, 647
577, 058
Taylor
13, 880
14, 780
27, 343
Van Buren
21, 658
1, 859
23, 619
32, 257
Wapello
228, 228
48, '403
1, 952
278, 583
304, 661
Warren
5, 409
7, 232
12, 649
20, 015
Wayne
39, 981
1, 787
42, 224
63, 432
Webster
89, 617
12, 173
1, 219
103, 009
168, 980
140, 000
140, 000
IdO, 000
Total
3, 390, 751
511, 683
64, 819
3, 967, 253
4, 997, 939
9, 995
The State is divided into three insijection districts, known, respec- tively, as the first or southern, the second or northeastern, and the third or northwestern. The following table shows the annual produc- tion according to districts since 1883 :
Total production of coal in Iowa, Iry districts, from 1883 to 1894, inclusive.
Districts.
First
Second
Third
Total
Short tons. 1, 231, 444 1,654, 267 1,571, 829
Short tons, h 165, 803 1, 583, 468 1,621,295
Short tons. 1, 294, 971 1, 379, 799 1, 337, 805
Short tons. 1, 416, 165 1, 890, 784 1, 008, 830
Short tons. 1,598,062 i, 989, 095 886, 671
Short tons.
1, 712, 443
2, 211, 274
1, 028, 723
Short tons. 1,497, 685 1, 720, 727 876, 946
4, 457, 540
4, 370, 566
4, 012, 575
4, 315, 779
4, 473. 828
4, 952, 440
4, 095, 358
Districts.
Increase in 1894.
Decrease in 1894.
First
Stiorttons. 1, 536, 978 1, 626. 193 718, 568 140, 000
Short tons. 1, 229, 512 1,814, 910 041, 073 140, 000
Short tons. 1, 398, 793 1, 666, 224 713, 474 140, 000
Short tons. 1, 505, 205 1, 734, 666 592, 358 140, 000
Short tons. 1, 654, 112 1, 417, 542 755, 599 140, 000
Short tons. 148, 907
Short tons.
Second
317, 124
TJiird
163, 241
Small nnnes
Total
4, 021, 73t)
3. 825, 495
3, 918, 491
3, 972, 229
3, 967, 253
a 4. 976
a Net increase.
Tlie counties composed in each district and the product of each county since 1883 are shown in the following table:
Coal. 119
Product of coal in the first inspection district of Iowa from. 1883 to 1894, inclusive.
Counties.
Appanoose. .
Adams
Cass
Davis
Jefferson
Lucas
Marion
Monroe
Montgomery
Page
Taylor
Van Biiren . .
AVapello
Warren
Wayne
Total.
Short tons. 144, 364 4, 358
43, 553 546, 360 101, 903 104, 647
1,880 266, 360 14, 367 2,119
Short tons. 178, 064 4,459
1,358 9, 153 460, 017 108, 735 110, 238
1,130 1, 991 269, 607 15, 374 5,541
Short tons. 275, 404 4, 364
37, 694 1, 250 492, 750 112, 012 113, 699
2, 037 1, 336 210, 461 14, 364 28, 909
1,231,444 1,165,803 1,294,971
Short tons. 168, 000 10, 731
1,120 1,213 594, 450 158, 697 131, 824
Short tons. 179, 593 22, 233
2,016 11,645 529, 758 238, 218 205, 525
1,736 9, 615 9, 003 265, 564 26, 132 38, 080
1,993 13, 642 29, 491 304, 722 27, 772 31, 454
Short tons. 235, 495 21,075
2, 016 408, 765 258, 330 261, 964
3, 842 8, 962 29, 075 426, 042 19, 155 27, 208
1,416,165 : 1,598,062 1,712,443
Short 285, 13,
3, 8, 339, 145, 258, 1, 2, 9, 39, 359, 14, .17,
tons.
1,497,685
Counties.
Appanoose . .
Adams
Cass
Davis
Jelferson
Lucas
Marion
Monroe
Montgomery
Page
Taylor
Van Buren . .
Wapello
Warren
Wayne
Total..
Short tons. 284, 560 (a) (a) (a)
I 351,600
153, 506 324, 031
(a)
(a)
(a)
47, 464 341, 932 8, 470 25, 415
Short tons. Short tons.' Short tons. Short tons. Short tons. Short tons
Increase.
409, 725 (a) (a) (a)
165, 867 393, 227
(a)
(a)
10, 500
36, 166 165. 827 2, 000 45, 000
411,984 la) (a) (a) 1,000
134, 400 507, 106
(a)
(a)
15, 204 28, 946 231,472 3, 600 62, 078
489, 920 (a) (a) (a)
111, 145 570, 905
(a)
(a)
10, 990 22, 867 230, 400 3, 000 65, 436
667, 271 (a) (a)
1, 127
108, 695 505, 164
(a)
(a)
14, 780 23, 619 278, 583 12, 649 42, 224
ft 1,536,978 61,229,512 ;6 1,398,793 61,505,205 61,854,112 c 148. 907
177, 351
Decrease.
3,790 48, 123 9,649
2, 450 65, 741
23, 212
a Included in product of small mines. 6 Exclusive of product of small mines. cNet increase.
Product of coal in the second inspection district o f Iowa from 1883 to 1894.
Counties.
Mahaska
Keokuk
Jasper
Scott
Marshall
Short tons. 1, 038, 673 560, 045 51, 389 4, 160
Short tons. 1 , 044, 640 482, 652
4, 280
Short tons. 854, 319 417, 554 101, 276 6, 650
Short tons. 953, 525 610, 741 320, 358 3,360 2, 240
Short tons. 1, 148, 614 670, 888 159, 083 9, 670
Short tons. 936, 299 607, 002 308, 200 10, 170
Short tons.
1, 056, 477 455, 162 199, 152 9,446
Hardin
1, 120
Total
1, 654, 267
1, 583, 468
1, 379, 799
1, 890, 784
1, 989, 096
a2, 211,274
1, 720, 727
Counties.
Increase.
Decrease.
Mahaska
Short tons. 1,103,831 349, 318 173, 044
(h)
Short tons. 1,231,405 316, 303 267, 202 (6)
Short tons. 1, 141, 131 361,233 163, 860
Short tons. 1,419, 930 152, 097 162, 639 (6)
Short tons. 1, 152, 988 142, 750 121, 804 (b)
Short ions.
Short tons. 266, 942 9, 347 40, 835
Keokuk
Jasper
Scott
Marshall
Hardin
ib)
(6)
(h)
(6)
(b)
Total
cl, 626, 193 cl, 814, 910
cl, 666, 224
cl, 734, 666
cl, 417, 542
a Includes 348,483 tons nut coal not included in county distribution. 6 Included in product of small mines. c Exclusive of product of small mines.
120 Mineral Resources.
Product of coal in the third i7ispection district of Iowa from 18S3 to 1894.
Counties.
Short tons. 523, 019 42, 793 99, 513
Short tons. 529, 842 41, 647 107, 886 5, 809 2, 103 694, 312 239, 696
Short tons. 513, 174 36, 944 100, 337 5, 148 1, 028 518,442 162, 732
Short tons. 330, 366 24, 624 131, 643 19, 257 3, 710 378, 520 120, 710
Short tons. 187, 116 45, 270 118, 601 20, 502 7, 469 341, 705 163, 768 2, 240
Short tons. 156, 959 54, 457 122, 127 20, 922 7, 257 336, 749 178, 881 2, 240
Short tons. 174, 392 67, 055 51, 438 12, 275
Dallas
Greeue
Griithrie
2, 238 625, 879 278, 387
Polk
434, 047 137, 739
Webster
Story
Total
1,571,829
1, 621, 295
1, 337, 805
1, 008, 830
886, 671
al, 028,723
876, 946
Counties.
Increase.
Decrease.
Short tons. 153, 229 33, 466 45, 192 (6)
Short tons. 151, 659 48, 710 53, 215 (&)
Short tons. 139, 820 26, 550 43, 360 (b)
Short tons. 172, 070 13,461 18, 000 (&)
Short tons. 241, 522 10, 201 5, 220 (&)
Short tons. 69, 452
Short tons.
Dallas
3, 260 12, 780
Greene
Guthrie
Polk
367, 852 118,829
309, 467 78,022
388,590 i 271,731 115,154 117,096
395, 647 103, 009
123,916
Webster
14, 087
Total
c 718, 568
c 641, 073
c 713, 474 [ c 592, 358
c755, 599
dl63, 241
a Includes 149,131 tons nut coal not included in county distribution. b Included in product of small mines, c Exclusive of product of small mines. dNet increase.
The product in some of the earlier years in the history of coal mining has already been referred to. Below is given in tabular form the output in all the years for which figures are obtainable, with the value and aver- age price per ton when known, and the statistics of labor employed during the past six years.
Product of coal in Iowa from 1860 to 1894, inclusive.
Years.
Short tons.
48, 263 69, 574 99, 320 241, 453 283, 467 1, 231, 547 1, 461, 166
3, 920, 000
4, 457, 540 4, 370, 566 4, 012, 575 4, 315, 779 4, 473, 828 4, 952, 440 4, 095, 358 4, 021, 739 3, 812, 495 3, 918, 491 3, 972, 229 3, 967, 253
Value.
Average price per ton.
Number of days active.
Number of employees.
iftOS. 180 <t!l. 91
2, 500, 140 2, 507, 453
5, 391, 151
5, 991, 735
6, 438, 172 5, 426, 509 4, 995, 739
4, 807, 999
5, 175, 060 5, 110, 460 4, 997, 939
9, 247 8, 130 8, 124 8, 170
8, 863
9, 995
It will be seen from the above table that the greatest range in the average price i)er ton during the past nine years has been 10 cents; the highest $1.34, in 1887, and the lowest $1.24, in 1890.
Coal.
In tlie preceding tables the product for a series of years, by counties, has been given. In the following tables will be found the average price per ton for a period of six years, and the statistics of labor and work- ing time in counties producing 10,000 tons or over:
Average prices for Jowa coal since 1889, in counties producing 10,000 tons or over.
Counties.
Appanoose
$1.
$1.38
$1.39
$1.51
$1.51
$1.30
Boone
Dallas
Greene
Jasper
Keokuk
Lucas
Maliaska
Marion
]. 17
Monroe
Polk
Taylor
Van Buren
Wapell'>
Wayne
Webster
The State
Statistics of labor emploged and working time at Iowa coal mines.
Counties.
Appanoose
Boone
Dallas
Greene
Jasper
Keokuk . . .
Lucas
Mahaska ..
Marion
Monroe
Polk
Taylor
Van Buren Wapello . . .
Wayne
Webster. . .
The State.
1,080
1,018
1, 673
8, 130
te m
53
a
o
2 a
1,419
1,815
8,124
2 a
1,213
1,818 1,112
8, 170
5 ®
O
1, 793
2, 209 1,103
8, 863
M o .
tire
a.
0) -H
h r.
2, 254
2,396 1, 212
9, 995
bins
cs
u
]53
Mineral Resources.
Kansas.
Total product in 1894, 3,388,251 short tons; spot value, $4,178,998.
Kansas Coal Fields.
The Kansas Coal Measures have never been accurately defined. They form a part of the great Western field which passes through the eastern half of the State from Iowa and Missouri into the Indian Territory, with an outlying area of Cretaceous lignite to the west and in the northern central part of the State. The main portion of the field occu- pies, approximately, one-fourth the area of the State. What little is known geologically of the Kansas Coal Measures is contained in the Eighth Biennial Eeport of the State Board of Agriculture, which says :
The Coal Measures consist of three kinds of rock formations — sandstones, lime- stones, and shales. In these are inclosed the beds of coal, which do not occupy any- where more than one-twentieth of the thickness assigned to the Coal Measures, and over large parts of the area there is no coal at all. Still, a few square miles, with one bed of coal 30 inches thick, would be a rich district, and there are several such districts in eastern Kansas. The bottom of the Lower Coal Measures is the richest horizon of the formations. It is in this horizon, not far from the Spring Eiver boundary, that we have the Weir City and Scammon coal field, of Cherokee County, and the neighboring coal fields of Frontenac and Pittsburg, in Crawford County. The Fort Scott or Mound coal, of Bourbon County, is higher in the same division. A thin seam in northwestern Bourbon County should be placed near the top of the Lower Coal Measures. A thick bed of limestone in western Bourbon, Avhich slopes down to the Neosho River, in Allen and Neosho counties, and iasses into Montgom- ery, may possibly be regarded as the top of the Lower Coal Measures, The Thayer coal seam and one at Howard and Stockton, which latter is possibly near the horizon of the coal of Osage and Shawnee counties, may all be called in the Upper Coal Meas- ures, whose upper limit may be found in the strata Avhich cross the Kaw Valley west of Wamego. Still, some seams of coal are found at higher horizons, though they are thin and of little use. Examples are found in the north of Pottawatomie County and in the strata of the Fort Riley section, on Humboldt Creek, in Geary County. The Leavenworth coal, found over 700 feet deep, is in the Lower Coal Measures. The recent borings at Alma, McFarland, and Cherryvale, though revealing no seams of thickness workable at the depths reached, also illustrate the fact that the best place for coal is at the bottom of the Coal Measures.
The Coal Measures contain more persistent beds of sandstone than are found in any other group in Kansas except the Dakota. Sandstones are more variable, where of any great extent, than limestones, and often change into arenaceons shales, and these again to clay shales or back to sandstone. This is also true of their thickness. If beds have considerable vertical extent, they are frequently separated by partings of arenaceous shale, which in places are several feet thick. The Coal Measures of south- east Kansas are, however, characterized by three very persistent sandstone horizons, and they probably also extend north of the Kaw River, though there more hidden by Quaternary formations. One fact as to the coal beds should be borne in mind. None of them has a very great extension at right angles (nearly east and west) to the Spring River trend. 'I'ho Cherokee seam, on which the Pittsburg and Weir City fields are situate, extends north by east into Missouri, and in the oi)iK)>site direction into the Indian 'J'eri itory, but it is only 3 or 4 miles wide. The Stockton coal is probably carried through Osage County and north of the Kaw River, in Jefferson County, l)ut the greatest width of the coal field in Osage County is only 8 or 10 miles.
Coal.
In the First Biennial Report of the Board of Edncation, covering the years 1877 and 1878, Prof. B. F. Mudge says : ''The thickest and best seam of coal in Kansas is the Cherokee bed, found in Cherokee, Crawford, and Labette counties. It extends from the Indian Territory, entering the State near Chetopa, and runs across the south- east part of Labette County, the west and northwest parts of Cherokee, and south- east part of Crawford, and enters Missouri." This description of position is practically correct to-day, though on part of this area it was another seam that was probably known at that time. On the eastern edge of this line there is, however only the one seam that is worked. Its workable area has largely been increased within the limits formerly known. At a few miles north of Columbus the coal-mining region begins, and we have a series of mining towns — Scammon, Weir City, Cherokee, Fleming, Frontenac, Pittsburg, Arcadia, Minden — around which the coal seam, whose average thickness is over 40 inches, is worked. In the northeastern part it is worked in ''strip" banks and drifts; in the southern part by shafts, the deepest of which is 140 feet. In part of the district there is a workable seam above this. The widest part of this area is said to be 8 miles, but it is not more than about 4 on the aver- age. Recently Mr. John Marchant reports having made a "prospect" drill hole If miles east of the railway station at Scammon, and found coal 33 inches thick. This would extend the width of the field at that place more than a mile, as Scammon has been considered on the east edge of the lield.
The foregoing takes no account of the lignite coal of north central Kansas. It is not coal of the Ooal-Measures epoch. It is found in that series of Cretaceous formations which we call the Dakota group. As a fuel it is mostly an inferior material, but as it is more than 200 miles from the Carboniferous coal fields, and a still greater distance from the lignites of superior quality found in still higher horizons in Colorado and Wyoming, it is used locally to a limited extent.
Production.
There has been some coal mined in Kansas from the early days of settlement. Seams outcrop in Cherokee, Crawford, Bourbon, Linn, Neosho, and Labette counties, and these outcrops have been worked by drifts into the hillside and in places by "stripping" off superincum- bent earths, and even limestone, when the thickness has not exceeded a few feet. The earliest record of coal mining in Kansas is for the year 1869, reported by the United States Census. In that year the product was 32,938 short tons. There is then a lapse of eleven years, during which no statistics were obtained. Mineral Resources for 1883-84 gives the output in 1880 at 550,000 short tons, 17 times as much as it was eleven years before. Through the series of Mineral Resources the product shows an annual increase up to 1892, when an output of a little over 3,000,000 tons was obtained. At this time the coal production had reached a point collateral with the industrial con- ditions of the territory tributary to the coal field, and the increases and decreases in coal production from now on in Kansas may be taken as fairly indicative of trade conditions. Unusual climatic conditions — that is, extraordinarily severe or exceedingly mild winter seasons — will affect the output somewhat, but such changes are of minor importance.
The product in 1891 was the largest in the history of the State, exceeding that of 1893 by 735,705 short tons, or nearly 28 per cent.
Mineral Resources.
The value increased $803,252, or nearly 20 per cent. The increase in Kansas was due to two causes. In the first place, the coal mining industry in 1893 was seriously upset by a strike local to the State, but bitterly contested from the middle of May until September 1. This caused a decrease in the production of 354,730 tons, as compared with 1892. In the second j)lace, while some of the miners went out in sympathy with the general strike in 1891, the disaffection did not extend over the entire State, and the mines which kept going found, temx)0- rarily, new markets for their product, and the results are shown in the increased outiut. It is remarkable that under these circumstances there should have been a comparative decrease in valuation. It may in reality be taken as showing in a more radical manner the widespread business depression, the decline in values throughout the year being more than enough to offset the temporary advantage gained by the shutting out of other sources of supply.
In the following tables the production of coal in Kansas during 1893 and 1891 is shown by counties, together with the distribution of the product for consumption :
Coal product of Kansas in 189,, by counties.
Counties.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Short
Cherokee 673, 810
Cott'ev
Crawford 1, 160, 601
Frauklin 7, 084
Labette
Leavenworth .
Linn
Osage
Small mines. . .
216, 678 43, 512 257, 725
Total 2, 364, 810
Sold to lo- cal trade and used hy em- ployees.
SItort tons. 10, 257
1, 720 14, 151
4, 684 62, 160
2, 602 20, 947
227, 321
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Short tons. 13,454
15, 716
30, 396
60, 412
Made into coke.
Short tons.
Total amount produced.
Short 697, 521 , 195, 868 11,768 309, 237 46, 464 279, 168 110, 000
Total value.
$805, 525 3, 765 1, 321, 489 21, 650 2, 000 477, 914 56, 853 526, 544 160, 000
2,652,546 [3,375,740
Aver-
Aver-
age
To number
age
num- ber of days ac- tive.
price per ton.
of em- ployees.
$1. 15
1, 978
2, 883
1,145
1,100
7, 310
Coal product of Kansas in 1894, hy coun ties.
Counties.
Cherokee
Crawford
Franklin
Leavenworth
Linn
Osage
Atchison, Cof fcv, and La bctte
Total . .
ber of mines.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Short tons. 914, 056 1, 520, 953 4, 024 301,421 22, 408 300, 036
3,500
Sold to local trade
and used by employ
ees.
Short tons. 24, 878 14, .547 13, 378 77, 272 3, 185 21, 390
113 3,066,398 ;275,565
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Short tons. 8, 551 18, 753
17, 166
45, 523
Made Total
into coke.
produc- tion.
Short tons.
Short tons.
948, 142 1, 554, 253 17, 418
395, 967 25, 867
322, 189
4, 415
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
$1, 075, 480 1, 669, 789 32, 799 591,601 31, 088 609, 324
$1.13
8,857 : 2.01
765 13,388,251 4,178,998 ; 1.23
Aver- age
num- ber of
days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
1, 834
2, 723
1, 406 1,129
164 7, 3;i9
Coal.
Tbe following' table sbows in condensed form tlie statistics of coal production in Kansas since 1880. It will be noted that the first decrease in the amount of coal produced as compared with former years occurred in 1893.
Coal product of Kansas since 1880.
Tears.
Short tons.
Yahie.
Avera<;e price per tou.
Number of days active.
Number of meu employed.
550, 000 750, 000 750, 000 900, 000 1, 100, 000 1, 212, 057
1, 400, 000 1,596, 879 1,850, 000
2, 221, 043 2, 259, 922
2, 716, 705
3, 007, 276
2, 652, 546
3, 388, 251
$1, 485, 002
1, 680, 000
2, 235, 631
2, 775, 000
3, 296, 888
2, 947, 517
3, 557, 305 3, 955, 595
3, 375, 740
4, 178, 998
5, 956 4, 523
6, 201
6, 559
7, 310 7, 339
In the following table is shown the total product of the State since 1885, by counties, with the increases and decreases during 1894 as compared with 1893 :
Coal ])roduct of Kansas since 1885, by counties.
[Short tons.]
Counties.
Cherokee
371, 930
375, 000
385, 262
450, 000
549, 873
18, 272 827, 159
37, 771 2, 541 245, 616
25, 345 446, 018
68, 448
724, 861 12, 200 900, 464 9, 045 4, 000 319, 866 10, 474 179, 012 100, 000
Crawford
Franklin
221, 741 14, 518
250, 000 15, 000
298, 049 18, 080
425, 000 25, 000
Leavenworth
Linn
Osaore
Small mines
Total
120, 561 5, 556 370, 552 1U7, 199
160, 000 8, 900 380, 000 211, 100
195, 480 12, 400 393, 608 294, 000
210, 000 17, 500 415, 000 307, 500
1, 212, 057
1,400, 000
1, 596, 879
1, 850, 000
2, 221, 043
2, 259, 922
Counties.
1891. 1 1892. 1893.
Increases in 1894.
Decreases in 1894.
3, 500 1, 554, 253 17, 418
3, 500 250, 621
Cherokee
832, 289 1,218 997, 759 10, 277 380, 142 38, 934 355, 286 100, 000
825, 531 3, 664 1, 309, 246 11, 150 330, 166 43, 913 372, 806 110, 000
697, 521 1, 720 1, 195, 868 11, 708 309. 237 46, 464 279, 168 110, 000
Coffey
1, 245
Crawford
358, 385 5, 650
Franklin
Labette
Leavenworth
395, 967 25, 867 322, 189 120, 000
86, 730
Linn
20, 597
Osage
43, 021 10, 000
Small mines
Total
2, 716, 705
3, 007, 276
2,652,546 3,388,251 a 735, 705
a Net increase.
126 minp:ral resources.
In the preceding table the output by counties has been shown. The following tables indicate the tendency of prices for such years as they have been obtained, and the statistics of labor employed, together with the average working time :
Average prices for Kansas coal since 1889 iu counties producing 10,000 tons or over.
Counties.
Cherokee
$1.20
$1.22
$1.19
$1.22
$1.15
$1. 13
Crawford
Franklin
Leavenworth
Linn
Osage
The state
Statistics of labor employed and ivorking time at Kansas coal mines.
Counties.
Average number employed.
Average working days.
AA'erage number employed.
A verage working days.
Average number employed.
Average working days.
Average number employed.
Average working days.
Average number- employed.
Average working days.
Cherokee
1,413
J.86
1, 609
1,777
1,978
1, 834
Crawford
1, 447
1,785
2, 234
2, 883
2, 723
Franklin
Leavenworth
1, 073
1, 020
1, 145
1,406
Linn
Osage
1,581
1, 312
1, 100
1, 129
The State
4, 523
6, 201
6, 559
7, 310
7, 339
Kentucky.
Total product in 1894, 3,111,192 short tons; spot value $2,749,932.
Kentucky Coal Fields.
Kentucky is the only State having within its borders parts of two great coal fields, the Appalachian and the Central. In the State they are known as the eastern and the western fields. The eastern field has an area of 11,180 square miles, and contains coals of superior excellence. Within its borders are found some excellent cannel coals, some supe- rior coking coals, and a part of the famous Jellico steam and domestic coal, wliich extends from Anderson and Campbell counties, Tenn., into Whitley County, Ky. The discovery of the coals in eastern Kentucky capable of producing a high grade coke is one of great importance in its bearing upon the future development of the Appalachian region. Some of these coking coals are nearer Chicago and the Bessemer ores of Lake Sux)erior than Connellsville coke, and they are the nearest coking
Coal.
coals to Cincinnati and Louisville. But their greatest value is in their proximity to the great ore deposits of the South. The conditions in the neighborhood are favorable to the manufacture of cheap iron and steel, and a local market may be built up capable of absorbing a large out- put of high grade coke.
The western held forms the southeastern extremity of the Central or Illinois field. It has an area of 4,500 square miles. It is penetrated throughout its entire length by the Green Kiver, which is navigable at all seasons, and which exposes in its course outcrops of all of the twelve seams in the field. The western part of the field is convenient to the Ohio Eiver, so that all of the coal is accessible to cheap water transportation. Some coke of excellent physical structure is made from one of the coals in the Upper Measures. There is an abundant supply of cheap iron ores convenient to the field. Should the contem- plated ship canal connecting Lake Michigan with the Mississippi River be completed the high grade ores of Lake Superior could be brought to Kentucky to mix with these cheaj) ores, and a profitable iron industry built up, in addition to affording an outlet by water for these coals to the lakes.
Production.
The first record at hand of the production of coal in Kentucky is for the year 1873, when a total of 300,000 tons was reported. The sta- tistics were not collected accurately, and the statement for that year and from 1873 to 1886 were estimated upon the best information obtain- able. They are fairly indicative, however, of the growth of the coal mining industry in the State. In 1883 the product was estimated at 1,650,000 tons, five and a half times the output a decade previous. In 1887, according to the report of Mr. C. J. orwood, chief inspector of mines, the product was 1,933,185 short tons. The Eleventh United States Census showed a product in 1889 of 2,399,755 short tons. From 1889 to 1893 the statistics were collected by the Survey. In 1892 and 1893 the totals have differed somewhat from the mine inspector's reports, the difference being due, doubtless, to the exclusion by some of the operators of the item of slack coal in their reports to the Survey. 'For 1894 arrangements were made with Mr. C. J. Norwood, State mine inspector, to collect the information for the Survey and thus to obtain unifornnty and at the same time relieve the operators of making two sets of reports. Mr. Norwood also undertook to collect the statistics of the production at small mines, of which there are a great number in the State. The total product from this source in 1894 was found after a careful investigation to have been 153,999 short tons. The estimated product in 1893 was placed at 150,000 short tons. The following tables show the statistics ot production by counties, in 1893, as collected by the
1 Abstract from a paper hy Prof. John R. Proctor, State geologist. (Mineral Resources, 1892, p. 415.)
Mineral Resources.
Survey, aud iu 1894, as collected by Mr. Norwood, witli tlie distribu- tion of the product for consumption :
Coal product of Kentucky in 1893, hy counties.
Counties.
Bell
Boyd
Butler
Carter
Cliristian
Daviess
Greenup
Hancock
Henderson . .
Hopkins
Johnson
Knox
Laurel
Lawrence . . .
McLean
Muhlenberg.
Ohio
Pike
Pulaski
Rockcastle . .
Union
Webster
Whitley
Small mines.
Total..
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Short
tons.
16, 829 161, 706
14, 134 102, 605
31, 560
5,000 77, 624 619, 618 6, 073 160, 286 183, 133 93, 807
283, 181 304, 422
Sold to local trade and used by em- ployees.
Short tons. 2, 001 1,000 8, 585 2, 623 1, 800 7, 546
23, 683 23, 491 1,200 9, 717
4, 173 5, Oil
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Short tons.
1,200
2, 332 13, 849
2, 916
3, 225
Made
into
coke.
Short tons. 24, 599
56, 851
Total product.
Short tons. 43, 671 162, 706 22, 719 105, 844 34, 560 7, 546 1,964 5,000 103, 639 713,809 6, 205 161, 986 193, 622 95, 232
290, 270 312, 658
Total value.
$38, 006 134, 144 28, 399 131, 315 33, 550 10, 994 6, 004 12, 500 87, 594 468, 519 16, 357 137, 097 173, 114 131, 096
Aver- age
price per ton.
218, 303 243, 120
$0. 87
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number of em ployees.
1,264
31, 000 9, 010 141, 782
34, 953 334, 958
21, 897
13, 170 2, 646 1,890 150, 000
3,242
52, 897 9, 010 158, 194
37, 999 337, 648 150, 000
56, 292 9, 032 150, 835
28, 095 349, 203 150, 000
2, 613, 645
281, 115
30, 969
81,450 |3, 007, 179
2, 613, 569
202 ; 6,581
Coal.
Coal product of Kentucky in 1894, by counties.
Counties.
Bell
Carter
Daviess
Hancock
Henderson
Hopkins
Johnson
Laurel
Lee
Muhlenberg
Ohio
Pulaski
Rockcastle
Union
Webster
Butler, Chris- tian, and Mc- Lean
Boyd, Greenup, and Lawrence.
Knox andWhit- ley
Small mines
Total
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Short
t07lS.
61, 384
77, 581 3, 541
34, 641
53, 505 725, 278
16, 402 249, 446
48, 367 253, 861 339, 105
49, 421 103, 072
39, 220
72, 157 195, 049 412, 017
2, 734, 847
Sold to local trade and used by em- ployees.
Short tons. 1,100 6, 705
6, 808
25, 660 24, 618
10, 357
7, 688 5, 726
24, 196 2,029
1,040
2,364
6, 338 153, 999
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Short tons. 17, 597
' 1,374 8, 031 4, 106 1, 497
3,817
2, 316
3, 785
281, 235
47, 344
Made into coke.
Short tons.
44, 266
3, 500
47, 766
Total product.
Short tons. 63, 022 85, 266 35, 571 80, 074
811, 759 16, 902
261, 177 49, 527
269, 580
348, 937 51, 665
134, 585 41, 934
74, 172
199, 729
422, 140 153, 999
Total value.
$79, 715 116, 199 8,986
35, 297
70, 601 607, 250
40, 596 209, 981
57, 827 205, 513 248, 480
51, 813 117, 497
27, 505
84, 478
178, 386
414, 391 194, 617
Aver- age
price per ton.
$1.27
3,111,192 2,749,932
Aver, age
num- ber of
days active.
16 Geol, Pt 4 9
Mineral Resources.
The following table exhibits the annual product of the State since 1873:
Annual coal product of Kentucky since 1873.
Years.
Short tons.
Years.
Short tons.
300, 000 360, 000 500, 000 650, 000 850, 000 900, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 1, 100, 000 1, 300, 000 1, 650, 000
1, 550, 000
1 , 600, 000 1, 550, 000 1,933, 185
2, 570, 000 2, 399, 755 2, 701, 496
2, 916, 069 3, 025, 313 3, 007, 179
3, 111, 192
Since 1889 the product, by counties, has been as follows :
Coal product of Kentucky since 1S89, by counties.
Counties.
Bell
Boyd
Butler
Carter ,
Christian
Daviess
Greenup
Hancock
Henderson. .
Hopkins
Johnson
Knox
Laurel
Lawrence
Lee
McLean
Muhlenberg
Ohio
Pulaski
Rockcastle .
Union
Webster
Whitley
Small mines .
Short tons. 20, 095
163, 124 6, 489
172, 776 27, 281 30, 870 21,588 65, 682
555, 119 32, 347 48, 703
280, 451 79, 787
35, 177 206, 855 246, 253
84, 363 1, 432
56, 556
32, 729 184, 874
46, 572
Short tons.
a 191, 600 6 44,931 179, 379
(b)
(0) cl26, 640 604, 307 21, 222 90, 000 291, 178 (d)
(c) 240, 983 267. 736
(a)
67, 763 dl33, 216 262, 541 180, 000
Short
tons.
15, 693 179, 350
12, 871 145, 937
34, 060 6,711
16, 815 124, 021 680, 386
21, 522 100, 000 308, 242
80, 848
25, 000 260, 315 322, 411
15, 810
86, 678 33, 883 265, 516 180, 000
Short tons.
7, 971 194, 470
18, 951 139, 351 47, 895
8, 064
13, 393
80, 661 730, 879
24, 543 106, 031 241, 129
97, 000
277, 865 310, 289
10, 990 9, 774 127,225
38, 207 340, 015 200, 000
Short tons. 43, 671 162, 706 22, 719 105, 844 34, 560 7, 546 1,964
5, 000 103, 639 713, 809
6, 205 161, 986 193, 622
95, 232
290, 270
52, 897 9,010 158, 194
37, 999 337, 648 150, 000
Total i2, 399, 755 2, 701, 496 ,2, 916, 069
3,02.5,313 3,007,179 3,111,192
Short tons. 63, 022
111, 659 19, 982 85, 266 38, 836 10, 353 1,573 35, 571 80, 074
811, 759 16, 902 72, 858
261,177 86, 497 49, 527 15, 354
269, 580
S48, 937 51, 665
134, 585 41, 934
349, 282
153, 999
Increase i Decrease 1894. 1894.
Short tons. 19, 351
4, 276
2, 807
30, 571
97, 950 10, 697
67, 555
49, 527 15, 354
36, 279
3, 935 11, 634 3, 999
el04, 013
Short tons.
51, 047 2, 737 20, 578
23,565'
89, 128 8, 735
20, 690
1, 232 8,210 23, 609
a Includes Pulaski.
Includes Christian, Crittenden, and Daviess, c Includes Hancock and McLean.
d Includes Lawrence. e Net increase.
Coal.
The following tables exhibit the average price per ton received for coal at the mines in counties producing 10,000 tons or over, the number of employees, and the average number of days worked:
Average prices for Kentucky coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over.
Counties.
Bell
Boyd
Butler
Carter
Christian . . .
Hancock
Henderson . .
Hopkins
Johnson
Knox
Laurel
Lawrence. . .
Lee
Muhlenberg
Ohio
Pulaski
Union
Webster
Whitley
The state.
$L40 78
$0. 84
$1.25
$1.50
$0. 87
,86
$1.27
Statistics of labor employed and working time at Kentucky coal mines.
Counties.
Bell
Boyd
Butler
Carter
Christian . . Hancock. . . Henderson . Hopkins . . . Johnson ...
Knox
Laurel
Lawrence. . Lee
Muhlenberg
Ohio
Pulaski
Union
Webster
Whitley
The state.
o
1, 104
o .
(-1
"625 5, 259
1,203
a
got
1,292
6, 724
be p
to
o
g a
1,264
bc P
O .
m
6,581 202
I'd
o
a
1,535
1,287
o .
bins
Mineral Resources,
Maryland.
Total product in 1894, 3,501,428 short tons; spot value, $2,687,270.
Elk Garden And Upper Potomac Coal Fields.
On tlie extreme fringe of the great Appalachian coal-basin is a long, narrow, detached coal field, which is, in some respects, one of the most important in the United States. This field, about 90 miles long by to 16 miles wide, extends from the southwest corner of Somerset County, Pa., through Allegany and Garrett counties, Md., Mineral, Grant, and Tucker counties, W. Ya., into Eandolph County, W. Ya. In this distance four distinct subdistricts are recognized, the Wellersburg in Pennsylvania, the Cumberland-Georges Creek in Maryland, and the Elk Garden and the Ui)per Potomac in West Yirginia. The output of coal from the whole field, including steam, domestic, smithing, and coking coal of the best quality, is about 4,500,000 tons annually. It is the nearest to tide water of all the bituminous coal fields which supply the great coal markets of the Northern Atlantic seaboard, and its coal beds are so situated as to iermit a well nigh unlimited increase of production should the trade of these markets demand it.
This great coal field has sometimes been termed the Cumberland coal field, from the fact that the Cumberland field proper, which, about half a century ago, began sending its high-grade steam coal into market, was for a long time the only one of the sub-basins which produced coal; but as the name "Cumberland" is now more appropriately applied to a coal (that of the Big Yein) which is not mined throughout the entire district, and as the amount of coal in the beds below the Big Yein is vastly greater than that remaining in it, some other name would be more appropriate and less misleading. As the district is watered chiefly by the Potomac Eiver and its tributaries, and as most of the mining is along the banks of that stream, the name "Potomac Basin" has been suggested for this entire coal field; the distinctive and well known names of the several subbasins, however, being still retained.
The general course of this basin is northeast and southwest. It is hemmed in by the Allegheny Front Mountains on the east and the Backbone Mountains on the west. Its general shape from Pennsyl- vania to near the southern border of Tucker County, W. Ya., where it abuts on several parallel mountain ranges, is that of a wedge, very narrow in Pennsylvania, only 2J miles wide at the State line, and widening as the mountains draw away from each other, until, at the point named in Tucker County, it is some 16 miles wide.
The northern end of this field x)asses through the western part of Allegany County and a portion of the eastern i)art of Garrett County, Maryland, and from it the entire coal product of Maryland is obtained.
'Abstract from a pajjcr by Mr. Joseph I). Wooks, read before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Virginia Beach, i'ebruary, 1894 (Trans. A. I. M. E.).
Coal.
The main field of the Appalachian range touches the western part of Garrett County, but no coal is mined from it on a commercial scale in this State. Coal from the Cumberland region in Maryland is shii)ped over the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, the Cumberland Coal and Iron Company's railroad, and the Georges Creek and Cumberland Railroad as initial lines, to the Pennsylvania Railroad at Cumberland, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal at Piedmont, whence it is transported to Atlantic coast points. A comparatively small amount goes west for smithing purposes.
Production.
With the possible exception of the shipments of Pennsylvania anthracite, the records of the Cumberland coal trade, which includes the shii)ments also from the West Virginia portion of the field, are the most i)erfect we have. The record of anthracite shipments dates back to 1820 5 that of the Cumberland field to 1842. The advantage pos- sessed by the anthracite is twenty-two years of anteriority in mining. The Cumberland region began with 1,708 long tons in 1842. In 1852, ten years later, it produced 334,178 long tons. In the follow- ing decade it reached as high as 788,909 long tons in one year, I860; but at the outbreak of the war, in 1861 and 1862, it declined to 269,674 and 317,634 long tons, respectively, but recovered in 1863 to 748,345 long tons. At the end of the next decade, in 1872, the output exceeded two million tons, the actual product being 2,355,471 long tons. At this time the product seems to have reached the limit of demand tempora- rily, for the tonnage during the following ten years averaged about 2,000,000. The industrial activity from 1882 to 1892 is shown in the increased coal product from this field, the maximum being reached in 1891, with a total shipment of 4,382,096 long tons, of which more than three-fourths, or 3,420,670 long tons, were from the Maryland mines. In 1892 the product was decreased by the decision of the operators to curtail production rather than cut prices. The total shipments in that year were 4,029,564 long tons, of which Maryland shipped 3,016,393, or almost exactly 75 per cent. In 1893 the output increased somewhat to 4,347,807 long tons, Maryland's quota being 3,316,010. During 1894 the shipments were decreased by the strike and by trade depression to less than 4,000,000 long tons, of which Maryland furnished 3,065,707. The operators were unable to maintain prices in tlie face of the unfavorable conditions and the value declined from $3,267,317 in 1893 (an average of 98 cents per long ton, or 88 cents per short ton) to $2,687,270 in 1894, the average price being 86 cents per long ton, or 77 cents per short ton.
Mineral Resources.
The following table shows the statistics of production in Maryland since 1889. The figures are reduced to short tons for the sake of uniformity throughout the report.
Coal product of Maryland since 1889.
Tears.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by em- ployees.
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Total amount produced.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age number of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Short tons.
2, 885, 336
3, 296, 393 3, 771, 584 3, 385, 384 3, 676, 137 3, 435, 600
Short tons. 44, 217 52, 621 36, 959 30, 955 26, 833 51, 750
Short tons. 10, 162
8, 799 11, 696
3,623
13, 071
14, 078
Short tons.
2, 939, 715 3, 357, 813 3, 820, 239 3, 419, 962
3, 716, 041 3, 501, 428
$2, 517, 474 2, 899, 572 3, 082, 515 3, 063, 580 3, 267, 317 2, 687, 270
$0. 86
3, 702 3, 842 3, 891 3, 886 3, 935 3,974
The following table shows the annual output of coal in Maryland since 1883:
Product of coal in Maryland from 1883 to 1894.
Years.
Short tons.
Value.
Average
price per ton.
Average number of days active.
Average number of
men employed.
2, 476, 075 2, 765, 617 2, 833, 337
2, 517, 577
3, 278, 023 3, 479, 470
2, 939, 715
3, 357, 813 3, 820, 239 3, 419, 962 3, 716, 041 3, 501, 428
$2, 391, 698 3, 114, 122 3, 293, 070 2, 517, 474
2, 899, 572
3, 082, 515 3, 063, 580 3, 267, 317 2,''687, 270
$0. 95
3, 702 3, 842 3, 891 3, 886 3, 935 3,974
Coal.
The following tables, showing the shipments from the various mines in Maryland since 1883 and the total shipments from the Cumber- land field (including the West Virginia mines in the field) since 1842, are obtained from the official reports of the Cumberland coal trade. The Maryland mining laws compel the use of the long ton as a basis of measurement, and the quantities in these tables are so expressed:
Shipments of coal from Maryland mines from 1883 to 1894.
[Long tons.]
Companies.
Consolidation Coal Co
New Central Coal Co
Georges Creek Coal and
Iron Co
Maryland Union Coal Co.
Borden Mining Co
Maryland Coal Co
American Coal Co
Potomac Coal Co
Hampshire and Baltimore
Coal Co
Atlantic and Georges
Creek Coal Co. (Pekin
mine)
Swan ton Mining Co
Blaen Avon Coal Co
Piedmont Coal and Iron
Co
Union Mining Co
National Coal Co
Davis and Elkins mine. . .
James Ryan
George M. Hansel
Barton and Georges
Creek Valley Co
Enterprise mine
Franklin Consolidated
Coal Co a
Big Vein Coal Co
Piedmont-Cumb e rl a n d
Coal Co
Total .
456, 238 210, 850
257, 490 137, 105 151, 665 235, 854 190, 055 139, 723
194, 534
69, 000 34, 905 84, 721
4, 619
5,024 38, 998
2, 210,781
689, 212 210, 140
266, 042 117, 180 162, 057 295, 736 194, 330 169, 463
36, 416
75, 467 28, 620 100, 961
1,250 5,310 42, 680 74, 437
710,064
257, 343 98, 095 179, 537 365, 319 220, 339 196, 280
64, 938 52, 862 69, 192
5,641 48, 307 58, 002
675, 652 149, 561
265, 942 116, 771 137, 747 288, 742 211,305 156, 757
7,321 42, 688 65, 830
1,678 6, 824 62, 637 58, 382
2,469,301 |2, 529, 765 |2, 247, 837
936, 799 181, 906
394, 012 148, 523 192, 636 316, 518 259, 632 209, 793
61, 610 11, 934
7, 500 117, 775 82, 667 3, 608 1,989
2, 926, 902
1, 023, 349 169, 484
437, 992 106, 620 212, 520 340, 866 287, 058 208, 777
6, 375 58, 383
6, 396 76, 592 98, 443
3,559
69, 857
871, 463 118, 885
311, 258
206, 549 268, 438 297, 537 205, 212
3,884 40, 748
3, 734 72, 571 18, 089
123, 429
21, 310
2, 493
3, 106, 670 |2, 637, 838
Companies.
Consolidation Coal Co —
New Central Coal Co
Georges Creek Coal and
Iron Co
Borden Mining Co
Maryland CoalCo
American Coal Co
Potomac Coal Co
Atlantic and Georges
Creek Coal Co. (Pekin
mine)
Swauton Mining Co
Union Mining Co
National Coal Co
Barton and Georges
Creek Valley Co
Enterprise mine
Franklin Consolidated
Coal Co a
Big Vein Coal Co
Piedmont - Cumberland
Coal Co
Anthony Mining Co
Total
956, 031 218, 169
351, 310 290, 055 366, 839 386, 731 217, 232
41,401 17, 933 60, 206
175, 838
66, 644 52, 917
20, 003
910, 977 206, 813
356, 927 300, 268 406, 464 449, 631 184, 706
33, 029 179, 232
201, 124
76, 593 62, 832
42, 439 9, 725
912, 787 201, 428
297, 632 253, 629 280, 946 384, 681 137, 738
5,162 176, 990
201, 365
72, 117 66, 683
14, 564 10, 665
3,231,187 3,420,760 3,016,393
907, 559 223, 504
345, 791 367, 725 356, 820 443, 963 121, 258
205, 210
193, 545
57, 598 63, 940
17, 869 11, 228
892, 502 151, 002
364, 668 265, 548 351, 542 453, 680 108, 977
2, 465 173, 548
165, 886
3, 316, 010
64, 766 47, 023
6,483 17, 617
3, 065, 707
Increase in 1894.
18, 877
9, 717
2, 465
7, 168
6, 389
Decrease in 1894.
15, 057 72, 502
102, 177 5, 278
12, 281
31,662
27, 659
16, 917 11, 386
h 250, 303
a Succeeded by Davis Coal and Coke Co, in 1894. b Net decrease.
Mineral Resources.
Total sMpments from the Cumberland coal field in
Years.
Total
Frostburg region.
Cumberland and Pennsylvania R. R.
o .
o
cs O
Long tons.
3, 661 5, 156 13, 738 11, 240 20, 615 36, 571 63, 676 73, 783 70, 893 128, 554 150, 381 148, 953 93, 691 86, 994 80, 743 48, 018 48, 415
70, 699 23, 878
71, 745 117, 796 287, 126 384, 297 592, 938 623, 031 659, 115
1, 016, 777
909, 511 1, 247, 279 1, 283, 956 1, 509, 570 1, 295, 804 1, 095, 880 939, 262 755, 278 823, 801 933, 240 1, 055, 491 1, 113, 263 576, 701 851,985 1, 193, 780 1, 091,904 1, 131, 949 1, 584, 114 1, 660, 406 1, 430, 381 1,511,418 1, 628, 574 1, 426, 994 1, 332, 634 1, 068, 739
34, 383, 375
tc o qO pq a
Long tons.
3, 167 51, 438 46, 357 84, 060 63, 731 77, 095 80, 387 55, 174 166, 712 211, 639 232, 278 68, 303 75, 206 173, 269 194, 120 285, 295 291, 019 385, 249 424, 406 573, 243
520, 196 656, 085 612, 537 641, 220 631, 882 715, 673 443, 435 473, 646 486, 038 397, 009 471, 800 270, 156 115, 344 302, 678 150, 471 171,460 115, 531 132, 177 155, 216 26, 886
9, 070 93, 705 135, 409 95, 523
11, 365, 295
pq
Long tons.
22, 021 114, 589
67, 671 160, 213 131, 866 170, 884 145, 864 154, 264 213, 446 153, 501
91, 574 217, 065 199, 138 206, 227 141, 520 176, 241 193, 046 177, 152 291, 704 289, 235 214, 012 360, 801 372, 207
4, 264, 231
o
Cumberland Coal and Iron Company's railroad.
Long tons. 3, 661 5, 156 13, 738 11, 240 20, 615 36, 571 63, 676 76, 950 122, 331 174, 891 234, 441 212, 684 170, 786 167, 381 135, 917 214, 730 260, 054 302, 947 92, 181 146, 951 291, 065 481, 246 669, 592 883, 957 008, 280 083, 521 590, 020
, 429, 707 , 903, 364 , 918,514 , 265, 379 , 995, 357 , 971, 766 , 514, 563 , 399, 808 , 455, 703 , 484, 513 , 740, 737 , 536, 920 783, 619 , 371, 728 , 543, 389 , 469, 591 , 389, 000 , 892, 532 , 208, 668 ,634,419 , 803, 122 , 926, 876 , 734, 710 , 828, 850 , 536, 467
50, 012, 901
Long tons. 6,421 9, 734 10, 915 18, 555 32, 325 43, 000 78, 773 119, 023
103, 808 139, 925 155, 278 173, 580
97, 710 121, 945 88, 573
66, 009 72, 423 80, 500 25, 983 41, 096
111, 087
67, 676
104, 651 52, 251 40, 106
100, 345 130, 017
© — ;
cs
ce 1=1 ® ci p. o
Co
pq
Long tons.
31,540 19, 362 70, 535 92, 114 100, 691 105, 149 54, 000 87, 539 86, 203 63, 600 29, 296 23, 478 43, 523 ' 64, 520 57, 907 52, 159 72, 904 57, 919 78, 908
2,092,660 1,192,224
Long tons. 6, 421 9, 734 10, 915 18, 555 32, 325 43, 000 78, 773 119, 898 135, 348 159, 287 225, 813 265, 694 198, 401 227, 094 142, 573
153, 548 158, 626 144, 100
55, 279 64, 574
154, 610 132, 198 162, 558 104, 410 113, 010 158, 264 208, 925
3, 284, 884
Echhart Branch B. R.
114, 404 69, 864 26, 586 89, 765 113. 670 52, 505 15, 285 63, 181 99, 455 141, 907 197, 525 271, 570 199, 183 197, 235 299, 884 289, 407 243, 321 332, 798 374, 888 368, 497 522, 334 463, 142 349, 207 341, 321 436, 216
5, 663, 150
83, 941 194, 254 203, 666 137, 582 135, 182 164, 165 189, 005 111, 350 123, 166 104, 238 131, 325 151, 526
76, 140 141, 390
124, 718 117, 829 113, 791
125, 305 95, 191 26, 407
39, 294 170, 116 201,947 208, 914
3, 170, 342
198, 345 264, 118 230, 252 227, 347 248, 852 216, 670 204, 290 174, 531 222, 621 146, 145 328, 850 423, 096 275, 323 338, 625 414, 602 407, 236 357, 112 458, 103 470, 079 394, 904 522, 334 502, 436 519, 323 543, 268 645, 130
8, 833, 492
a Includes 103,834 tons used on lino cf Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad and its branches pany in locomotives, rolling mills, etc.
Coal.
Maryland and West Virginia from 184:3 to 1S94.
Frostburg region.
Georges Creek and Cumberland R. R.
03 O
Long tons.
83, 136 78, 298 215, 767 69, 765 79, 455 53, 480 4,863
584, 876
Is 3 MO
ijong tons.
Long tons.
125, 097
93, 861 202, 223 156, 959 214, 518
98, 371 153, 230 286, 787 365, 029 677, 593 763, 845 568, 003 741, 954
4, 947
SI, 436 77, 829 283, 336 291, 685 348, 196 418, 057 341, 024 228, 138 229, 766 236, 314 201, 938 111, 036
5, 220, 544 3, 046, 689
Long tons.
Piedmont region.
Long tons.
o
.o
a
O
s
Long tons.
73, 725 181, 303 227, 245 269, 210 252, 368 218, 318 257, 740 289, 298 85, 554 69, 482 266, 430
2, 190, 673
213, 180 203, 595 495,819 585, 658 500, 047 576, 150 627, 923 608, 516 905, 731 993, 111 804, 317 943, 892 884, 110
8, 852, 109
Empire and West Vir- ginia mines. 28, 035 81, 218 85, 441 77, 582 57, 492 63, 537 108, 723
66, 573 88, 722 277, 929 338, 001 466, 928 403, 489 346, 308 449, Oil 564, 397 576, 047 774, 904 959, 673 971, 214 1, 031, 797 900, 399
85, 570 42, 765
51, 628 63, 060 47, 934
52, 564 36, 660 36, 627 36, 240 44, 552
71, 345 90, 964
72, 532 88, 658 83, 724
60, 988 96, 453 121, 364 103, 793 109, 194 90, 800 7, 505
Total.
Long tons. 1, 708 10, 082 29, 795 52, 940 79, 571 192, 806 174, 701 268, 459 376, 219 503, 836 478, 486 502, 330 465, 912 395, 405 426, 512 493, 031 172, 075 218, 950 531, 553 399, 354 560, 293 736, 153 735, 669 848, 118 I, 230, 518
1, 112, 938 1, 494, 814 1, 517, 347 1, 780, 710 1, 576, 160 1, 302, 2.37 1, 070, 775 818, 450 924, 254 1, 075. 198 1, 319, 589 1, 478, 502 1, 085, 249
1, 444, 766
2, 233, 928 2, 076, 485 2. 069, 774 2, 724, 347 2, 669, 216 2, 357, 585 2, 723, 341 2, 855, 225 2, 557, 177 2, 423, 159
a 2, 084, 265
8, 043, 595 1, 475. 969
54, 843, 633
o .
c3
cS a;
Long tons.
4, 042 82, 978 65, 719 157, 760 155, 845 183, 786 204, 120 116, 574 254, 251 297, 842 295, 878
97, 599
98, 684 216, 792 258, 642 343, 202 343, 178 458, 153 482, 325 652, 151
604, 137 850, 339 816, 103 778, 802 767, 064 879, 838 632, 440 584, 996 609. 204 ,501, 247 603, 125 504, 818 269, 782 680, 119 344, 954 368, 744 282, 802 262, 345 286, 700 57, 459
51, 121
266, 901 338, 107 304, 437
16 415.105
Long tons.
22, 021 114, 589 67, 671 160, 698 131, 866 170, 884 145, 864 154, 264 213, 446 278, 598 419, 288 356, 097 420, 745 239, 891 389, 104 715, 151 798, 842 1, 282, 748 1, 474. 087 1, 205, 486 1, .586, 541 1, 577, 404
12, 110, 720
Long tons. 1,708 14, 890 24, 653 29, 795 52, 940 79, 571 142, 449 257, 679 334, 178 533, 979 659, 681 662, 272 706, 450 582, 486 649, 656 724, 354 788, 909 269, 674 317, 634 748, 345 657, 996 903. 495 1, 079, 331 1, 193, 822 1, 330, 443 1, 882, 669
1, 717, 075
2, 345, 1.53 2, 355, 471 2, 674, 101 2, 410, 895 2, 342, 773 1, 835, 081 1, 574, 339
1, 679, 322 1,730, 709 2, 136, 160
2, 261, 918
1, 540, 466
2, 544, 173 2, 934, 979 2, 865, 974
2, 592, 467 3. 375, 796 3, 671, 067
3, 213, 886
4, 006, 091 4, 380, 433 4, 029, 564 4, 347, 807 3, 966, 106
83, 369, 458
and at Cumberland and Piedmont; also 266,830 tons used by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Com-
Mineral Resources.
Michigan.
Total product in 1894, 70,022 short tons; spot value, $103,049.
Michi&An Coal Field.
The coal deposits of Michigan are detached from those of any other State, and form what is known as the orthern field. The area is about 6,700 square miles, the central point being near the town of St. Louis, in Gratiot County, and the southern boundary passing a few miles south of Jackson, in Jackson County. Beyond this to the south there are several detached patches of productive Coal Measures. The great- est thickness of the measures is found along a line extending from Ionia County to Saginaw, the thickest coal beds lying along Six Mile Creek. The principal operations are carried on near the city of Jack- son, in Jackson County, but these are small when compared with other States.
The Michigan coals are of inferior quality when compared to those shipped by lake and rail into the State, and the imported coals are sold so cheap that there is little encouragement for the development of the Michigan field. The basins in which the coal deiosits were laid down were unprotected by later deposits prior to the period of Glacial movement, and were exposed to the action of that time. The exposure to the forces of nature before the time of the glaciers seriously affected the qualities of the coal formation, and much of it was worn away and destroyed by moving glaciers, what was left being buried under the debris of the Glacial drift. These conditions have left the rock forma- tion of Michigan with but few exposures, and actual boring is neces- sary to determine whatever of mineral value lies below the surface. This requires considerable trouble and expense, and is not resorted to unless for some specific purpose. Considering all these disadvantages there is little wonder that the coal fields have not been more fully exploited.
Production.
Coal production in Michigan has never reached as much as 150,000 tons in any one year, the highest i)oint attained being iu 1882, when the product was 135,339 short tons. The first record of production was obtained in 1877, when an output of 09,197 short tons was reported. It increased each year but one from then until 1882, the product in 1880, 1881, and 1882 having exceeded 100,000 tons. But the attempts made in those years to stimulate coal mining in the State were not attended with much success. Two mines closed down in the following year and the product decreased nearly one-half in 1883, and in about the same prox)ortion in 1884. Since then the output has fluctuated between 40,000 and 80,000 tons, varying to some extent with the rise and fall of the thermometer, the hirgest i)roduct being 81,407 tons in 1888, the year of exceptional activity in coal mining throughout the United States.
Coal.
The following tables show the statistics of production during the past three years, and the total output since 1887. The amount produced previous to 1877 is estimated to have been 350,000 short tons, so that the total tonnage from the Michigan coal fields to the close of 1894 has been approximately 1,764,250 tons.
Coal product of Michigan in 1892, 1893, and 1894.
Years.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by em- ployees.
Used at mines for steam and heat.
Total product.
Total value.
Aver- age price per ton.
Aver age number of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Short tons
Short tons
Short tons
Short tons
27, 200
45, 180
5, 610
77, 990
$121, 314
$1. 56
27, 787
16, 367
1, 825
45, 979
82, 462
60, 817
7, 055
2, 150
70, 022
103, 049
Product of coal in Michigan from 1877 to 1893.
Tears.
Short tons.
Tears. Short tons.
Previous to 1877
350, 000 69, 197 85, 322 82, 015 129, 053 130, 130 135, 339 71, 296 36, 712 45, 178
60, 434 71, 461 81, 407 67, 431 74, 977 80, 307 77, 990 45, 979 70, 022
: 1891
Missouri
Total product in 1894, 2,245,039 short tons; spot value, 12,634,564.
Missouri Coal, Fields.
A line drawn from the junction of the Des Moines River with the Mississippi, in the northeast corner of the State, diagonally across to the southwest corner, will have northwest of it nearly all the coal terri- tory of Missouri. An arm of this territory, however, follows the course of the Missouri River eastward for a short distance in the central part of the State, and some coal is also found in the vicinity of St. Louis. The total area included is estimated at about 25,000 square miles, dis- tributed over fifty-seven counties in whole or in part. All of the coals are of the bituminous variety, with the exception of some limited deposits which approach cannel coal in character. The bituminous coals have, as a rule, a high percentage of ash compared with the best coals of this character. They are comparatively soft, and deteriorate by exposure or much handling. They also usually carry considerable sulphur in the form of pyrite, which, though some of the coals are rich in hydrocarbons of high caudle power, unfits them for the manufacture
Mineral Resources.
of illuminating gas. The mines are not troubled much by excess of water. In fact, many of them are so dry as to be dusty.
The separation of the Western coal field, of which Missouri forms an Important part, from the Illinois or Central field is made by the Missis- sippi Kiver and its immediate valley. At one place near the northern border of the Illinois field the present course of the Mississipi:>i cuts through it, a small portion of the Central field being found across the river in Iowa. The two fields are really the same, the barren valley being a narrow one, and in it isolated bodies of coal are found both in Iowa and Missouri. It has been customary, however, to consider them separately, and they are so considered in this report. The principal users of Missouri coal are the railways of the State. The manufactur- ing industries come next, after which comes the domestic consumption in grates, stoves, and furnaces. As before stated, they are not adapted for gas making, the expense of purifying from sulphur being too great to be practicable.
Production.
The total product of coal in Missouri in 1894 was 2,245,039 short tons, valued at $2,634,564. In 1893 the output was 2,897,442 short tons, worth $3,562,757. The decrease, therefore, in 1894 was 652,403 short tons, or a little more than 22 per cent in amount, and $928,193, or more than 25 per cent in value. The strike of the spring of 1894 was pretty general throughout the State, varying at different places from three to six months. In some cases operators stated that the product had been curtailed about 40 per cent by the strike. The effects of the business depression is shown in the greater comparative decrease in value, the average price per ton declining from $1.23 in 1893 to $1.17 in 1894. The production by counties during the past two years, with the distribution and value, is shown in the following tables :
Coae.
Coal product of Missouri in 1893, hij counties.
Counties.
Adair
Audrain
Barton
Bates
Boone
Caldwell . . . .
Callaway
Clay
Cooper
Grundy
Henry
Jasper
Johnson
Lafayette ...
Linn
Macon
Moniteau . . . Montgomery
Morgan
Putnam
Randolph . ..
Ray
St. Clair
Vernon
Small mines.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Short tons.
41, 600 396, 476
9,000 14, 325
1,461 91,700
10, 100 321, 948
80, 084 664, 461
134, 267 209, 808 212, 559 294, 501
Sold to local trade and used
by em- ployees.
Short tons.
19z 27, 739 8,893 2, 550 3,078 23, 240
35, 230
7, 709
13, 550 12, 039
8, 621
12, 000
1,581 2, 942 6, 390
4,443 150, 000
Total 2, 525, 227 I 322, 754
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Total product.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Short
Short
tons.
tons.
20, 893
$31, 180
$1.49
37, 986
53, 028
42, 360
47, 530
4, 450
409, 819
414, 806
11, 650
18, 925
18, 102
35, 849
24, 266
37, 333
12, 724
20, 995
1, 632
3, 264
2, 000
37, 633
77, 148
1,006
100,415
145, 754
1,098
1 1
1 A.1
9(5
4,170
339, 668
516, 573
1,148
93, 207
151, 442
15, 397
688, 479
728, 900
1,833
1, 000
12, 000
16, 200
3,734
139, 582
189, 273
1,740
214, 490
236, 571
1,469
220, 418
333, 563
10, 705
309, 649
310, 928
150, 000
175, 000
49, 461
2, 897, 442
3, 562, 757
7,375
Coal product of Missouri in 1894, by counties.
Loaded
Sold to local
Used at
Aver-
Aver
age
Total
Counties.
Num- ber of mines.
at mines for ship- ment.
trade and used by em- ployees.
mines
for steam and heat
Total product.
Total value.
age price per ton.
num- ber of days active.
number of em- ployees.
Short
Short
Short
Short
Adair and Au-
tons.
tons.
tons.
tons.
drain
15, 922
9,049
25, 071
$41,
$1.66
260, 044
14, 476
5, 186
279, 706
289,
131, 977
6, 675
1,325
139, 977
147,
Boone
10, 000
7, 860
18, 160
28,
Caldwell
23, 343
2, 155
26, 304
46,
Callaway
2, 000
15, 734
18, 687
29,
Cooper
2, 155
2, 243
5,
Henry
152, 945
4, 841
158, 409
179,
Johnson
6, 235
6, 498
9,
Lafayette
179, 691
18,410
5, 322
203. 423
348,
1,305
Linn
66, 495
10, 167
77, 272
122,
469, 529
3, 832
16, 218
489, 579
467,
1, 387
Morgan
1,
Putnam
111, 415
2, 180
3, 060
116, 655
141,
Randolph
192, 832
4, 893
3, 672
201, 397
220,
Ray
95, 316
3, 277
2, 093
100, 686
Yemon
234, 636
2, 662
6, 915
244, 213
241,
Chariton 1
Moniteau
Jackson
15, 234
16, 014
27,
Montgomery .
St. Clair
120, 000
120, 000
140,
Total
1, 955, 255
242, 501
47, 283
2, 245, 039
2, 634,
7, 523
Mineral Resources.
Prior to 1887 the records of the production of coal in Missouri are simply estimates. They are, however, the best information we have, and are given below as such. In the later years the statistics have been collected with a certain degree of accuracy. The figures in the following table for 1887 and 1888 were reported by the mine inspectors; those for 1889 were collected by the Eleventh United States Census, and since then by the Geological Survey. The maximum product was attained in 1888, a year of unusual activity in the coal mining indus- try, the output reaching a total of 3,909,907 short tons. The following year it dropped to 2,557,823 short tons, and has not since reached 3,000,000 tons in any one year. As in the cases of Iowa and Kansas, the production of coal in Missouri has for several years been on a par with the industrial development of the State. The markets are neces- sarily restricted to a comparatively local region. On the east it meets competition with Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and West Virginia coals, brought by cheap vater transportation to the Mississippi Eiver towns (St. Louis drawing nearly all of its supply from Illinois); on the west where its chief market is, outside of the State, it soon strikes the Colo- rado and other Rocky Mountain coals ; Iowa stands as a bar to the north, and the Indian Territory and Arkansas, with coals of superior quality, lie to the south. Any radical changes in the production of coal may then be taken as indicative of the general condition of indus- trial enterprises in the State. The following table exhibits the annual production of coal in Missouri since 1873:
Coal product of Missouri since 1873.
Tears.
Short tons.
784, 000 789, 680 1, 008, 000 1, 008, 000 1, 008, 000 1, 008, 000
1, 680, 000 1, 960, 000 2, 240, 000
2, 520, 000
Tears.
Short tons.
800, 000 080, 000 800, 000 209, 916 909, 967 557, 823 735, 221 674, 606 773, 949 897, 442 245, 039
Coal. 143
The following table contains the statistics of production by counties since 1889, with the increases and decreases in 1894 as compared with 1893:
Coal product of Missouri since 1889, hy counties.
Counties.
Adair
Audrain
Barton
Bates
Boone
Caldwell
Callaway
Chariton
Clay
Cooper
Grundy
Henry'
Jackson
Jasper
Johnson
Lafayette
Linn
Macon
Moniteau
Montgomery . . .
Morgan
Putnam
Randolph
Ray
St. Clair
Vernon
Other counties and small
Short tons. 18, 592
755, 989 31,405 13, 594 16, 053
23, 401 180,118
348, 670 446, 396
12, 300 2,000 83, 774 221,463 220. 530 6,880 39, 420
28, 328
Total.
2, 557, 823
Short
t07lS.
16, 000 20, 261 751, 702 17, 000 21, 599 5, 331
24, 000 109, 768
5,950 347, 688
1,300 540, 061
13, 584 108, 514 269, 372 278,118 5, 050 13, 385
157, 888
2, 735, 221
Short tons. 10, 940 8, 772 85, 002
628, 580 16, 340 51, 065 22, 458
30, 000 102, 866
4, 500 277, 393 26, 994 592, 105
16, 129 122, 666 274, 520 213, 539 2, 500 48, 017
Short
tons. 11, 138 23, 012 50, 561
572, 730 15, 636 30, 806 21, 710
1,720 27, 300 89, 769
5, 680 324, 848 40, 622 668, 146
16, 689
137, 058 149, 608 235, 298 6, 500 155, 070
140,000 ! 150,000
2,674,606 2,773,949
Short tons. 20, 893 37, 986 42, 360 409, 819 11, 650 18, 102 24, 266
12, 724 1, 632 37, 633 100, 415
11, 009 339, 668
93, 207 688, 479
12, 000
139, 582 214, 490 220, 418 309, 649
150, 000
2, 897, 442
Short tons. 10, 150 14, 921 139, 977 279, 706 18, 160 26, 304 18, 687
2, 243
158, 409 6, 000
6, 498 203, 423 77, 272 489, 579 8, 871 116, 655 201, 397 100, 686 244, 213
120, 000
2, 245, 039
Increase in 1894.
Short tons.
97, 617
6,510 8, 202
57, 994 6, 000
Decrease in 1894.
Short tons. 10, 743 23, 065
'i30,'ii3"'
5, 579 i2, 724 37,' 633"
4,511 136, 245 15, 935 198, 900 3, 129
22,927' 13, 093 119, 732
"'65,' 436'
30, 000 a652, 403
a Net decrease.
The following tables are worthy of attention, as showing the tend- ency of prices during a series of years and the statistics of labor em- ployed at Missouri coal mines during the same period ;
Average prices for Missouri coal since 1889, in counties producing 10,000 tons or over.
Counties.
$1.66
$1. 70
$1. 75
$1.75
$1.49
$1.48
Audrain
Barton
Bates
Boone
Caldwell
Grundy
Henry
Montgomery
Putnam
Randolph
1.5]
The State
MINERAL RESOURCES. Statistics of labor employed and working time at Missouri coal mines.
Counties.
Adair
Audrain
Barton
Bates
Boone
Caldwell
Callaway
Grundy
Henry
Lafayette
Linn
Macon
Montgomery .
Putnam
Randolph
Ray
Vernon
The State.
o
g a
1,315
1,056
1,027
5, 971
Cs
u
P ©
1, 077
1, 198
6, 199
1,489
218 1 5,893
g
bfr3
0)
a
1, 148 1,833
230 1 7,375
bt
a,
o
a a
1,305 1,387
7,523
Montana.
Total product in 1894, 927,395 short tons; spot value, $1,887,390.
Montana Coal Fields.
The coals of Montana, like those of the Rocky Mountain region gen- erally, are all of Cretaceous age, and, though often the equal as fuels of the Carboniferous coals of the Eastern part of the country, differ wholly from them in their mode of occurrence. The coals of the State embrace a wide variety of true bituminous coals, found only in or near the mountains, and the inferior lignites whose seams form prominent parts of the series of rocks that underlie the Great Plains country. Although formerly supposed to belong to but one geological formation, the coals of the Rocky Mountain region are now known to belong to four very different horizons. The oldest, known as the Kootanie group of rocks, is a series of sandstones and shales of fresh- water origin. The coals so extensively mined in the Rocky Mountains of Canada belong to this series of strata, and the seam of coal that underlies the Great Falls coal field is also of this age. Separated from the Kootanie rocks by a thickness of several thousand feet of black shales, the Belly River beds, as they have been termed, form the next coal-bearing horizon. The coal seam at the top of this series of light-colored sandstone beds is extensively mined at Lethbridge, Canada, and shipped into Montana. The coal seams opened during the past year in the Sweet Grass Hills belong to this group) of rocks. The Laramie rocks, which everywhere
By W. H. Weed, United States Geological Survey.
Coal.
throughout the Eocky Mountain region, from Mexico to Canada, have proved to be coal bearing, overlie several thousand feet of gray shales and clays, capiing the Belly River series, and the rocks of this group, with those of the overlying lignite-beariDg Fort Union beds, are the only coal-bearing horizons in the southern and eastern parts of the State.
The true bituminous coals are found only in the vicinity of the moun- tains. Throughout the broken plains country of the eastern part of the State the coals are all lignitic. These lignites have been mined at a few localities in past years, but their low heating power and rax)id crumbhng uniit them for general use, and the bituminous coals have occupied the market. The lignites are very generally exposed in the bluffs and steexer hillsides of eastern Montana, and form a supply of fuel for local consumjjtion that will be used more and more as this tree less country is settled. The lignites differ from the true coals in two important particulars: they contain a large amount of moisture and they crumble upon exposure soon after mining. The moisture makes them of low heating power, and their rapid crumbling unfits them for transportation and is a serious detriment in burning. These qualities render them commercially valueless at present, except for local con- sumption, notwithstanding the thickness of the seams and the purity of the fuel. An average analysis of the lignites of eastern Montana shows:
Arera<ie aualysin of Montana lignites. .
Per cent.
Water
Volatile carbon
Fixed carbon
Ash
Small quantities of lignite are mined at Chinook and Havre and near Miles City. The best fuels of this class occur in the chain of hills known as the Bull Mountains, north of Billings.
Bituminous Coal.
The bituminous coals of Montana occur in small isolated fields within the mountain region and in a great belt of coal land that extends along the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains.
With the exception of the intermontane field just north of the Yel- lowstone Park, the producing coal mines of the State are all situated in this foothill coal belt.
The character of the coals varies widely in different seams and at different fields. Long and short flamed, coking and noncoking coals occur sometimes in adjoining seams of the same mine. As a whole the coals contain a high percentage of ash, and would not rank high in more favored localities. Some of the coals, however, are as i)ure as the best of Wyoming or Colorado fuels. It is a characteristic of the seams 10 GEOL, PT 4 10
Mineral Resources.
that tliey thin out rapidly withia a few miles, and they lose their indi- viduality at any distance. This is particularly true of the Laramie beds. But one workable seam is known in the Belly Eiver, and one in the Kootanie formations of the Great Falls field, but the Laramie rocks often hold a great number of seams of workable thickness, good qual- ity, and considerable extent. The seams are usually covered by a hard sand-rock roof, sei)arated from the coal by but a few inches of shale, and the mines are free from gases and but little troubled by water. The mines depend very largely upon the railroads as consumers, and the cities take comparatively small amounts of coal.
The coal fields of the great belt of coal land east of the mountains are but portions of this continuous strip in which the seams have proven workable, and the fields take their name from the nearest large town or stream.
The most easterly field is that known as the Eocky Fork, and embraces the coal lands lying at the base of the mountains south of the Yellowstone Eiver, near Billings.
DuriDg 1894 the coal fields of Montana show an increase of jroduc- tion over all preceding years. The only mines of importance oiened during the year are those of Belt Creek, part of the Great Falls field, but the seams of the Flathead country and those found in the Sweet Grass Hills have attracted much attention and will probably soon be opened. The opening of the Pacific Coast line of the Great iorthern Eailway has brought these fields closer to railroad transportation, and has also stimulated the opening up of the lignite seams near Chinook and Havre.
The total average of coal land claimed and recorded by the Land Office does not represent the actual amount of land held, as very few of the claimants possess the means to pay the Government price of $10 or $20 an acre at the end of the year allowed after filing.
Production.
Montana was one of the few States whose product in 1894 exceeded that of 1893. Owing to the remoteness of the region, it was not included in the general strike that upset the industry in the Appalachian, Cen- tral, and Western fields; but, on the other hand, derived some benefit ft'om the scarcity of coal in the other regions. Owing to the business dejuessioii, and i)articularly to the injury to her silver industries occa- sioned by adverse legislation, a decrease in coal production would have been looked for. The increase was not much, about 4 per cent, bat it was an increase. The value moreover shows comparatively a little larger increase, something over C per cent, the average price per ton advancing from $1.99 to $2.04.
Coal. 147
The production by counties for the two years is shown in the follow- ing tables :
Coal product of Montana in 1893, hy counties.
Counties.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to localtrade and used
by em- ployees.
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Made into coke.
Total amount produced.
Total value.
Aver- age price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Cascade
Short tons. 493, 355 1, 596
Short tons. 15, 105 3, 529
7, 000
Short tons. 8, 000
Short tons.
Short tons. 516, 460 5, 295 63, 163
306, 526
$907, 640 20, 953 1,320 1,200 148, 021
691, 816
$1. 76
Choteau
Gallatin
61, 209
Lewis and Clarke
Park
Total
233, 356
8, 400
57, 770
789, 516
27, 063
17, 960
57, 770
892, 309
1, 772, 116
1,401
Coal product of Montana in 1894, hy counties.
Counties.
Cascade
Choteau
Dawson
F ergu s. Gran ite, Lewis, Clarke, and Meagher .
Gallatin
Park
Total
The following table shows the total output of coal in Montana since 1883, and the value of the product in the past five years :
Product of coal in Montana since 1883.
Tears.
Short tons.
Value.
Years.
Short tons.
Value.
19, 795 80, 376 86, 440 49, 846 10, 202 41,467
363, 301 517, 477 541, 861 564, 648 892, 309 927, 395
$1, 252, 492 1. 228, 630 1, 330, 847 1, 772, 110 1, 887, 390
The development of the Montana coal fields on a commercial scale dates from 1889. Previous to that year the largest output was in 1885, when the product was 86,440 short tons. During 1893 extensive improve- ments were made at the Sandcoulee mines, in Cascade County ) mining machines were introduced and the outx)ut of the county was increased over 100 per cent — from 242,120 short tons in 1892 to 516,460 short tons in 1893. The increase in this county in 1894 was more than three times the total increase in the State, the gain in Cascade County being in part offset by a decrease of over 90,000 tons, or about 45 per cent, in Park County.
Num- ber of mines.
Loaded
at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by em- ployees.
Used at mines
for steam
and heat.
Made into coke.
Total jiroduc- tion.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number of em- ployees.
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
tons.
to?is.
tons.
tons.
tons.
623, 295
4,210
11, 455
638, 960
$1, 238, 001
$1.94
1, 165
2, 177
2, 892
11, 089
1,635
1,488
4, 840
66, 648
1,634
69, 257
168, 431
169, 623
4, 200
36, 000
214, 253
463, 394
861, 171
12, 900
17, 324
36, 000
927, 395
1, 887, 390
1,782
Mineral Resources.
The following tables show the product and value, by counties, since 1889, and the average price per ton and the statistics of labor and working time in the important producing counties :
Product and value of Montana coal since 1889, hy counties.
Counties.
1889,
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Product
Value.
Choteau
Custer
Short tons. 166, 480 3,470 43, 838
$339, 226 2, 160 9, 129 1, 900 1, 380 104, 377
Short tons. 200, 435 10, 228 1, 260 51, 452
$406, 748 2, 000 26, 417 1,350 5, 740 119, 084
Short tons. 198, 107
$396, 219 1, 723
Short tons. 242, 120 1, 574
$484, 320 6, 338
Dawson
Fergus
Gallatin
Lewis and Clarke. Meaglier
56, 981
1, 400 135, 893
61, 198
1, 000 2, 100 152, 496
IVTl Q C3 n 11 1 Q
147, 300
421, 950
Park
Total
252, 737
690, 870
285, 745
692, 570
258, 991
684, 473
363, 301
880, 773
; 517,477
!
1, 252, 492
541, 861
1, 228, 630
564, 648
1, 330, 847
Counties.
Increase, 1894.
Decrease, 1894.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Short tons. 516, 460 5, 295 63, 163
$907, 640 20, 953 1, 320 1, 200 148, 021
Short tons. 638, 960 2, 892 69, 257
$1,238,001 11, 089 1, 635 1,625 168, 431 2,315 463, 394
Short tons. 122, 500
$320, 361
Short tons.
Choteau
2, 403
$9, S64
Dawson
6, 094
20, 410
Fergus
Gallatin
Granite
Lewis and Clarke. Meagher
306, 526
Park
691. 816 214. 2.53
92, 273
228, 422
Total
892, 309
1, 772, 116
927, 395
1,887, 390
a 35, 086 116, 274
a Net increase.
A verage prices for Montana coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over.
Counties.
Cascade
Gallatin
Park '
The State
$2. 04
$2. 03
$2. 00
$2. 00
$1. 76
$1.94
Statistics of labor employed and working time at Montana coal mines.
Counties.
Average nnmber employed.
Average workinu j . days. j
Average number employed.
bD
M o . ?
birJ
a
u
Average number employed.
bD
? o .
te CO
CS (h
r'
Average number ; employed.
Average working days.
Average number j employed.
i Average working days.
Cas<'ado
1,165
(Jallatin
Park
The State
1, 251
1,119
1,158
1,401
' 1, 782
Coal.
Nebraska.
The southwestern corner of Nebraska contains a portion of the West- ern coal field, but the veins of coal being on the edge of the field are pinched to thin seams, varying from G to 22 inches. Some coal has been taken out in past years for local consumption, but with the development of the fields of Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri, more favored both as to quality and conditions for economical mining, and with the operators of these mines seeking a market for their surplus x)roduct, such little work as had been done on Nebraska coal dejjosits has been practically abandoned.
Nevada.
The production of even a small amount of coal in Nevada is of importance. In 1891, 150 short tons were mined in this State by Mr. William Groezinger, of Columbus, Esmeralda County, and was sold to and used by the Columbus Borax Works. It brought $475. Mr. Groe- zinger writes that a coal field of considerable extent has been discov- ered about 20 miles from Candelaria. He states there are twelve difierent veins, varying in thickness from 4 to 12 feet, of semibituminous coal, some of which will make coke. The outcrois are badly weathered and decomposed, but the quality improves at greater depth. At present all the silver mines in the vicinity are shut down and there is no demand for the fuel. With a return to prosperity for the silver-mining indus- try, attention will be given to any properties promising an adequate and cheap supply of fuel.
Coal is also reported in the vicinity of Carlin, in Elko County, and a company of Nevada citizens has been organized, under the name of the Humboldt Coal Company, to exploit the deposits. No output was obtained in 1894.
New Mexico.
Total product in 1894, 597,196 short tons; spot value, $935,857.
New Mexico Coal Fields.
The coal fields of this Territory have not been even approximately defined, and only a sketch of the developed regions can be given. It is taken from the official report of the bureau of immigration of the Ter- ritory. Coal is found in Bernalillo, Colfax, Grant, Lincoln, Eio Arriba, San Juan, Santa Fe, and Socorro counties, in beds from 1.5 to 10 feet in thickness and ranging from brown coal, or lignite, to anthracite.
Colfax County contains the southern extension of the Raton field in Colorado. This field in New Mexico covers an area of about 600,000 acres of the best bituminous coal, possessing excellent coking qualities. The mines are from 4 to miles distant from the town of Raton. The veins are from 3.5 feet thick at Blossburg to 9 feet thick at Leconte.
Mineral Resources.
The capacity of the mines is about 500 tons per day. The coal has a red ash and carries very little sulphur. The Raton is one of the most important fields in the State. In 1891 it produced nearly two-thirds the total output of the Territory, but this seemingly large proportion was due to a decreased xroduct in that year in Bernalillo County. The product in 1892 was the largest in any one year, reaching 297,911 short tons. The depression in trade, and particularly the unhealthy condi- tion of the silver-mining industry, was seriously felt in this region during 1894, the product falling off to 114,925 short tons.
The Bernalillo fields cover almost the entire western portion of the county of that name. It is also one of the important fields, rivaling the Raton field in amount of production, and owing to the decrease in that field in 1894 produced nearly two and a half times as much coal as the Raton field during the year. In only two years since 1887 (1890 and 1891) has the product fallen below 200,000 tons. The principal mines are worked at Gallup, on the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. The coal mined is bituminous. Some lignite occurs in the northern part of the county, along the Rio Puerco.
Grant County contains some semianthracite coal, which is found near Silver City, but no product has been reported for several years.
In Lincoln County coal is found near White Oaks and Fort Stanton. Some coal is mined at both places, the product at the former being consumed in operating the Homestake gold mine.
The Rio Arriba coal fields are the southern extension of the La Plata fields of southwestern Colorado. They underlie nearly all the northern part of Rio Arriba County. The coal is bituminous in character and extends over about 5,000 acres in Mexico.
The San Juan fields are very extensive, covering at least 30,000 acres, but they have been worked only to a limited extent and for a purely local market. The product in each of the past three years has been about 200 short tons.
The Santa Fe County fields cover about 15,000 acres and contain four distinct veins 4 to 5 feet thick. In this field are found both anthracite and bituminous coal. The former is hard, dense, and of a brilliant luster, containing 87.71 ier cent fixed carbon and 5 per cent ash. The bituminous coals are free burning and are also good coking coals, the coke made from them being used by the copper smelters in the vicinity. In some places both anthracite and bituminous coal occur in the same mines, tlie heat of the porphyritic dikes which traverse the country undoubtedly having caused the transformation from one species into another. Natural coal has also been frequently found. The outi)ut from this field has increased largely in the past two years, from 36,780 short tons in 1892 to 118,892 tons in 1893 and 187,923 tons in 1894.
Th'e Socori'o County fields contain about 23,000 acres of coal, bitu- minous in character and having excellent coking (pialities. No prodiu't has been reported during the past two years, though in 1889, 1891, and 1892 the mines yichled over 50,000 tons.
Coal.
Production.
No product was reported from New Mexico at the Tenth United States Census in 1880, the first record of iroduction in the Territory being contained in Mineral Resources for 1882. In this volume it was given at 1(33,992 short tons, but corrected by more complete returns in the volume for 1883-84 to 157,092 short tons. From 1882 to 1888 the product increased annually, except in 1886, amounting in 1888 to 626,005 short tons. In 1889 and 1890 the output decreased, falling off in the latter year to 375,777 short tons. During the three succeeding years it recovered its former proportions, reaching the maximum out- put in 1893. The output in 1894 was about 10 per cent less than in
1893, while the value decreased less than 5 per cent. A rather contra- dictory statement is shown when the average prices for 1893 and 1894 are considered comparatively. In only one county of any importance was there an increase in price. This was Bernalillo County, and the advance was but 2 cents j)er ton, from $1.42 to $1.44. In all the other counties (leaving out the insignificant product of 200 tons in San Juan County) the price shows a decrease of from 5 cents to 27 cents per ton, and yet the average for the Territory shows an advance of 10 cents per ton, from $1.47 in 1893 to $1.57 in 1894. This paradoxical effect was caused by the increased output in Santa Fe County, where, although the average price declined from $2.13 to $1.96, the increased product was sufficient to raise the general average for the Territory.
The following tables exhibit the statistics of production in 1893 and
1894, by counties, with the distribution of the product for consumption :
Coal product of New Mexico in 1893, by counties.
Counties.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local TJsed at trade and mines for used by steam
em- J and heat, ployees.
Made into coke.
Total amount produced.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Bernalillo
Colfax
Short tons. 275, 993 246, 936
Short tons. 1, 339 1, 962 1, 143
Short tons. 1,890 1, 508
Short tons.
Short tons. 278, 691 249, 783 1, 962 15, 500 118, 892
.$396, 106 301, 503 7, 698 20, 150 253, 242
$1.42
Lincoln
Rio Arriba. . . San Juan
15, Ouo
Santa Fe
98, 073
4, 978
14, 698
"Union
Total...
636, 002
5, 618
8, 776
14, 698
665, 094
979, 044
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
"56
Total number of em- ployees-
1,011
MINERAL RESOURCES. Coal product of Xeiv Mexico in 1894, by counties.
Counties.
Bernalillo
Colfax
Lincoln
Rio Arriba and
Union
San Juan
Santa Fe
Total
ber of mines.
Sold to local trade
ployees.
Loaded at mines
Short tons. 267, 314 109, 989
18, 000
.iee, 666
Short tons.
3, 501 2,405
1,271
561, 523 8, 266
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Short tons. 2, 230 1, 495
3,000
"7,'6i6"
Made into coke.
Short tons.
13, 042
Total product.
Short tons. 270, 413 2, 655
21, 020 187, 923
14,365 i 13,042 ; 597,196
Total Value.
$388, 103 143, 925 9, 680
26, 290 367, 609
Aver- age
price per ton.
$1.44
Aver- age ! Total num- I number
ber of of em- days i ployees.
active.!
935,857 1.57 ; 182
The following table shows the annual output of the Territory since 1882, with the value of the product since 1885. It is probable, how- ever, that the values given for years prior to 1889 are too high. They were estimated on a basis of $3 per ton, which was evidently excessive.
Coal product of New Mexico since 1882.
Tears.
Short tons.
Value.
157, 092 211, .347
220, 557 306, 202 271, 285 508, 034 626, 665
$918, 606 813, 855 1, 524, 102 1, 879, 995
Years.
Short tons. Value.
486, 943 375, 777 462, 328 661, 330 665, 094 597, 196
$872, 628 504, 390 779, 018 1, 074, 251 979, 044 935, 857
In the following table the product since 1882 is shown by counties, together with the increases and decreases in 1894 as compared with 1893:
Coal products of New Mexico since 1882, by counties.
Counties.
]885.
1887,
Bernalillo
Colfax
Liocoln
33, 373 91,798
42, 000 112, 089
62, 802 102, 513
97, 755 135, 833
106, 530 87, 708
275, 952 154, 875
300, 000 227, 427
Rio Arriba
Socorro
12, 000 3, 600 16, 321
17, 240 3,000 37, 018
11, 203 3, 000 41,039
14, 958 1,000 56, 656
7, 000 69, 047
11,000 7, 500
12, 000 25, 200 (!2, 038
Total
157, 092
211, 347
220, 557
300, 202
271, 285
508, 034
Counties.
Bernalillo ' 233,
Colfax 151,
Lincoln 1,
Rio A rriba ! 13,
Santa Fe 34,
Socorro 52,
0tb(!r counties ;
Toliil 486,
2."j5
181, 647 151, 400 12, 175 22, 770
6, 610
76, 515 295, 089 1, 000 7, 350 16, .)00 65, 574
943 375,777 462,328
248, 911 297, 911 3, 145 20, 600 36, 780 53, 783
661, 330
278, 691 249, 783 1, 962 15, .')00 118, 892
270, 413 114, 985 2, 655 rt21,020 187, 923
In- crease,
De- crease,
5, 520 69, 031
134, 798
665, 094 597, 196
bUl, 898
a I Deluding Union County. b Net decrease
Coal.
The average price per ton and the statistics of labor and average working time in the more important counties for a series of years are shown in the following table:
Average prices f 07' Neiv Mexico coal since 18S9 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over.
Counties.
Bernalillo
$1. 70
$1. 14
$1.47
$1.45
$1. 42
$1.44
Rio Arriba
Santa Fo
Socorro
Tbe Territory
Statistics of labor employed and working time at New Mexico coal mines.
Counties.
Average number employed.
Average working days.
Average number employed.
Average working days.
©
P ©
0
© ©
Average working days.
©
Ib
©5
Average working days.
Average number employed.
Average working days.
Bernalillo
Colfax
Kio Arriba
Santa E'e
Socorro
The Territory.
1,083
1,011
North Carolina.
Total product in 1894, 16,900 short tons; spot value, $29,675.
North Carolina Coal Deposits.
Coal deposits exist in this State in Stokes and Eockingham counties, along the Dan Eiver, and in Chatham and Moore counties in the valley of the Deep River. They are in two isolated areas occurring in the Triassic formation, and are therefore of the same geologic age as the coals of the Richmond basin. The census investigation of 1889 (Elev- enth United States Census), carried on by Mr. John H. Jones, failed to find any operations in the Dan River region, except a few unimportant country banks, and the output from these was so small and uncertain that no definite information could be obtained. In December of that year the Egypt Coal Company began mining in the Deep River field, near Egyit Depot, Chatham County, and has been prosecuting work there continually since that time, but was reorganized in 1894 under the title of Langdon-Henzey Coal Mining Company. In 1894 the Kohinoor Coal and Iron Company opened a mine near Carbonton, in the same county, and the Gulf and Glendon Mining and Manufacturing
Mineral Resources.
Company opened up a mine in Moore County. The history of coal mining in the State therefore dates from 1889, since when the product has been as follows :
Coal product of North Carolina since 1889.
Years.
Sliort tons.
Yalue.
10, 262 20, 355 6, 679 17, 000 16, 900
$451 17, 864 39, 635 9, 599 25, 500 29, 675
]891
The statistics of production for the past four years and the total product since 1889 are shown in the following tables:
Coal product of North Carolina in 1891, 1892, 1893, and 1894.
Distribution.
Loaded at mines for shipment
Sold to local trade and used by employees . Used at mines for steam and heat
Total product
Total value
Short tons. 18, 780
Short tons. 6, 679
Short tons. 15, 000
2, 000
Short tons. 13, 500 1, 000 2, 400
20,355 $39, 635
6, 679 $9, 599
17, 000 $25, 500
16, 900 $29, 675
Total number of men employed
North Dakota.
Total product in 1894, 42,015 short tons: spot value, $47,049.
Very little development has been made of the coal fields in this State, and very little information is available as to the extent or value of the coal deposits.
The Mouse Eiver coal field, which lies from 80 to 150 miles or more to the north and northwest from Bismarck, has been reported on by Mr. George H. Eldridge. Mr. Eldridge's report was given in Mineral Resources for 1886, and is repeated here as the latest information of value.
The strata carrying the coals of this region may all be referred to the lower part of the Laramie group, upon both lithological and paleontological evidence. They consist, in ascending order, of heavily bedded, coarse-grained sandstones, of gray color, and often ferruginous, containing thin, paper-like seams of lignite, the whole weathering easily. These are overlaid by other gray and yellow sandstones inter- calated with clays, the former somewhat argillaceous, the latter arenaceous. Above these last come other purer drab clays, with some beds of sandstone, the latter being very variable in texture and in their ability to withstand the weather. iMany of the strata have a strong tendency to a concretionary structure. In the np})crnu)st H('i i(}H of strata Just mentioned, the coal seams arc larger and the underlying clays thicker, and invarial)]y of a leaden gray color, except Avhere, here and there, they are tinged chocolate from the lignitic matter contained in them. All the clays lorm bold and steel) bluffs, and are a noticeable feature of the landscai>e where tbey occur.
Coal.
The Lower Laramie of this region contains only comparatively unimportant lig- nite beds, the more important ones occurring higher up in the series and to the soutJiwest of our area of exploration, on the Missouri River, near Fort Stevenson and elsewhere, there being a dip of very slight amount toward a common center at Fort Union, forming there a great but very shallow synclinal basin.
The localities of the exposures of lignite are: 8 miles below the Big Bend of Mouse River; 25 miles above the Big Bend, where the lignite is of comparatively fair quality, taken with the other lignite beds of this locality; another exposure of this seam a mile farther up the river; 1 mile below the mouth of Lake River, a 6-inch seam not figured; on Lake River, 40 miles above its entrance into Mouse River, a 30-inch and a 36-inch seam, the former very dirty, the latter much cleaner, with numerous thin seams of an inch or two scattered all along through the series. While, therefore, we may have seams of lignite from one-half inch to 8 inches thick outcropping along the bluffs between the Big Bend of Mouse River and the source of Lake River, and also two of a thickness of over 2 feet, but one workable bed of 3 feet was met with. The coal of this bed exhibits the usual characteristics of the poorer classes of lignites, layers of the fibrous structure being intercalated with those of homogeneous appearance, and conchoidal fracture and a jetty luster. The entire seam contains much gypsum in the crystalline and powdered forms. The coal is by far the poorest observed during our exploration, and has no resistance whatever to the influences of weathering. It will therefore, in all probability, never be used for other than domestic purposes by the future settlers of this river. Owing to the lay of the country, boring is the only means of determining the extent of any of the beds of lignite.
The inferiority of tbe iortli Dakota lignites as compared witli the true coals which are brought into the State, principally from Montana, limits their consumption to a local market. The production by counties in 1893 and 1894, and the total product since 1884, is shown in the follow- ing tables:
Coal lyroduct of North Dakota in 1S93, hy counties.
Counties.
Morton
Stark
Ward
Total
Coal product of North Dakota in 1894, by counties.
Counties.
Num- ber of mines,
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to localtrade and used
by em- ployees.
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Total l>roduc- tion.
Total value.
Aver- age price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Short tons.
8,851 25, 100
3, 360
Short
tons. 2, 924 1,456
Short tons.
Short tons. 8, 951 28, 024 5, 040
$10, 294 30, 055 6, 700
$1. 15
Stark
Ward and McLean . . Total
4, 480
42,015
47, 049
Loaded at mines for shij)- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by em- ployees.
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Total amount produced.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Short tons. 19, 000 23, 968 5, 000
Short tons.
1,112
Short tons.
Short tons. 19, 000
25, 080 5,550
$20, 9U0 24, 250 11, 100
$1. 10
47, 968
1,612
49, 630
56, 250
r
156 Mineral Resources.
Coal product of North Dakota since 1SS4.
Years.
Sliort tons.
Years.
Short tons.
35, 000 25, Ouo 25, 955 21,470 34, 000 28, 907
30, 000 30, 000 40, 725 49, 630 42, 015
Ohio.
Total product in 1894, 11,909,856 short tons; spot value, $9,841,723.
Coal Fields Of Ohio.
The Coal Measures of Ohio are a part of the great Appalachian sys- tem whose northwestern prolongation extends over the eastern and southeastern portion of the State. They occupy between one fourth and one-third the entire area of the entire State, and between 10,000 and 12,000 square miles. The coals are all of the bituminous variety, are known in general terms as block coal, gas coal, cannel coal, etc., and by many special names, as Mahoning Valley, Hocking Valley, Salineville, etc., according to the producing localities. The best furnace coal is the block coal of the Mahoning Valley; the best coke is made from the coals of Columbiana County in the region about Coal ton, Jackson, and Wellston. Jackson County yields the best domestic coal, and Belmont County iroduces a high grade of gas coal.
In the Mahoning Valley raw coal is used with a little Connellsville coke in the blast furnaces of the district. Eaw coal is also used in the Hocking Valley. In Jackson County raw coal from two seams — the Jackson and Wellston — is used. At Leetonia coke is used, some of which is made on the siDot and mixed with Connellsville. Gas is made from the coals of the Mahoning and Hocking valleys, Steuben ville, and the Ohio River coals at Bellaire, Pomeroy, and Iionton.
Production.
The coal product of Ohio has been reported since 1872, in which year the outi)ut was 5,315,294 short tons. This Avas followed by several years of less activity, the product not reaching as high a figure again until 1878, when 5,500,000 tons were mined. From 1878 to 1882, the output increased at an average of about a million tons annually, reach- ing 9,450,000 tons in the latter year. It declined again in 1883 and 1884, and then for four years increased annually until 1888, when the total output was 10,910,951 short tons. A million-ton decrease was noted in 1889, after which it advanced again, reaching 13,502,927 short
' For a more detailed description of the coals aud coal fields of Ohio ace Miueral Kesources 1882, p. 65, and 1883-84, p. 59.
t
Coal. 157
tons in 1892. In 1893 it was 300,000 tons less, and it dropped still further in 1894, to 11,909,850 short tons. The decrease from 1893 was 1,343,790 short tons, a little over 10 per cent. The value fell off more than 20 per cent; the average i)rice declining from 92 cents to 83 cents per ton, and evincing in a marked degree the trade depression.
Ohio has the distinction of inaugurating the great strike of 1894. The meeting at which the strike was decided uj)on was held in Colum- bus, and the Ohio miners were the first ones to quit work. From here it spread to Pennsylvania, Maryland, part of West Virginia, and the Western States. The conditions in Ohio were adverse to the coal interests of the State. The completion of the Norfolk and Western Railroad to Kenova, on the Ohio Eiver, opened an outlet for the Poca- hontas coal into the State. The Kanawha River coals were already in the markets of Cincinnati, and other Ohio River points by water trans- portation, and had also an outlet to other points in the State by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. Active competition on the part of these two regions necessarily cut into the business of Ohio operators, who had either to meet the comi:)etition or close down their mines. New markets lor Ohio coal were not to be had.
During the latter part of 1893 and early part of 1894 wages had been reduced in order to meet the competitive business, and the strike was inaugurated for the purpose of restoring the old rates, or of adopting the scale for 1894, which amounted to the same thing. The effects of the strike have been discussed in another i)ortion of this report.
During 1894 one large combination of operators was effected, all of the mines in the Massillon district, 21 in number, having formed a i)ool and placed themselves under the control of the Massillon Consolidated Coal Company.
A similar organization exists among the Hocking Valley producers, known as the Hocking Fuel Company. The object is to restrict pro- duction to the market demands, to distribute the business among the operators in equitable ratio, and to prevent competition. The ultimate result of these associations will be looked for with interest, as there is evidently an inclination among operators in other sections to organize in a similar manner.
Mineral Resources.
In tbe following tables will be found the statistics of production in 1893 and 1894, with the distribution of the product for consumption:
Coal product of Ohio in 1893, by counties.
Counties.
Athens
Belmont
Carroll
Columbiana . Coshocton. . .
Gallia
Griiernsey ...
Harrison
Hocking
Jackson
Jetferson. ... Lawrence ... Mahoning . . .
Medina
Meigs
Morgan
Muskingum.
Perry
stark
Summit
Trumbull ...
Portage
Tuscarawas .
Vinton
Washington .
Wayne
Small mines.
Loaded
at mines for ship- ment.
Short tons. , 528, 894 825, 834 261, 169 460, 075 236, 069 11, 109 365, 641
601, 109 704, 601 955, 914 23, 238 157, 503 146, 700 127, 999
174, 772 , 389, 250
861, 708 21, 403 15, 116 84, 269
639, 209 61, 374
60, 160
Sold to local trade and
used by em-
ploj'ees.
Short tons. 18, 563 145, 331
4, 459 6, 136
39, 986
2, 640 18, 940 96, 546
116, 810
13, 274
14, 603
5, 200 93, 478 10, 000 31, 194 27, 591 24, 107
7, 580
3, 202 56, 604 10, 902
600, 000
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Total 11, 713, 116 1, 348, 743
Short tons. 26, 811 2, 878 2, 780 2, 400
6, 768
17, 003 25, 425 3, 891
1, 598 1,200 7, 057
21, 282 40, 385
1, 960
2, 510
2, 190
Made into coke.
Short tons. 23, 417
1,164
1G7, 002
Total product.
Short tons. 1, 597, 685 974, 043 261, 327 467, 314 244, 605 11, 393 412, 395 2, 640 1. 637, 052 1, 826, 572 1, 077, 779 36, 512 173, 704 153, 100 228, 534 10, 000 205, 966 1, 438, 123 926. 200 28, 989 15, 681 89, 431 698, 527 72, 976 62, 452 600, 000
Total value.
Aver age
Toral num-
Aver-
I age
$1, 321 227,
1, 343 1, 933 250, 1, 218 1, 149 588,
,841 ,419 , 337 ,599 ,920 , 399 , 738 , 840 , 231 ,116 ,449 , 290 , 903 ,725 , 919 , 500 ,082 ,789 , 243 ,244 , 153 , 561 , 458 , 562 , 251 ,000
24,785 13,253,646 12,351,139
.$0. 83
3, 203
1, 684
2, 072
3, 188 2, 033
2, 585 2, 105 1, 329
. 92 188 23, 931
Coal product of Ohio in 1894, hy counties.
Counties.
Athens
Belmont
Carroll
Columbiana.
Coshocton ..
Guernsey. . .
Hocking'
Jackson
Jefiferson . . .
Lawrence. . .
Mahoning ..
Medina
Meigs
Muskingum
Perry
3'ortage
Stark
Summit
Trumbull. . .
Tuscarawas.
Vinton
Wavne
Gallia, Har- rison, and Morgan. . .
Smallmines.
If um- ber of mines.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Short tons. 1, 439, 949 797, 687 258, 648 537, 967 156, 295 874, 342 1, 476, 356 1, 441, 243 745, 706 25, 319 32, 156 105, 587 59, 509 95, 636 1, 523, 996 85, 413 424, 193 8, 258 1, 303 458, 202 41, 307 25, 178
22, 152
Sold to local trade and used by
em- ployees.
Total
37410, 036, 402
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Short tons. 28, 377 105, 312 2, 800 16, 507 9, 948 9, 653 23, 607 40, 546 84, 897 31, 860 10, 077
1, 000 109, 834
13, 683 62, 184
2, 593 13, 575
6, 144 23, 922
1, 093
2, 674
500, Ooo'
Short
tons.
25, 517 3,285 1,845 3,806
7, 864
8, 548 30, 161
2, 920
4,200 1,250
12, 845 2, 088 15, 182
2, 874 1, 000 2,190
1,101,940, 126,397
Made into coke.
Total pro- duct.
Total value.
17, 677
Short Short tons. tons 15,057 1,508, 900 $1, 906, 284 263, 293 558, 280 166, 427 891, 859 12,357! 1,520,868 1, 511, 950 851, 290 57, 179 42, 748 110, 787 170, 593 109, 334 1, 599, 025 90, 094 452, 950 14,510 2, 278 485, 024 43, 400 30, 042
45, 117
22, 831 500, 000
11, 909, 836
123, 887 640, 110 204, 099 431, 251 151, 136 559, 879 172, 684 469, 802 607, 880
58, 567
59, 722 125, 569 179, 771
97, 171 240, 084 137, 343 539, 121
24, 187 4, 261 319, 653
40, 600
36, 520
18, 426 600, 000
9, 841, 723
Aver- age
price per ton.
1,03
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total num ber of em- ployees.
185'
3, 445 1, 947
1, 417
1, 880
2, 549
3, 803
2, 093
3, 597
2, 250
136,27, 105
Coal.
The followiug table shows the annual output of the State since 1884, by counties :
Coal product of Ohio since. 1884, by counties.
Counties.
Athens
Belmont
Carroll
Columbiana.
Coshocton
Gallia
Guernsey . . .
Harrison
Hocking
Holmes
Jackson
Jefferson
Lawrence . . . Mahoning. . .
Medina
Meigs
Monroe
Morgan
Muskingum.
Noble
Perry
Portage
Sciota
Stark
Summit
Trumbull . . . Tuscarawas.
Vinton
Washington
Wayne
Small mines.
Total .
Counties.
Athens
Belmont
(Carroll
Columbiana . .
Coshocton
Gallia
Guernsey
Harrison
Hocking
Holmes
Jackson
Jetlerson
Lawrence
Mahoning
Medina
Meigs
Monroe
Morgan
Muskingum . .
Noble
Perry
Portage
Stark
Summit
Trumbull
Tuscarawas
Vinton
Washington.
Wayne
Small mines .
Total . .
Short tons. 627, 944 643, 129 102, 531 469, 708 56, 562 20, 372 375, 427
372, 694 12, 052 831,720 316, 777 176, 412 241, 599 77, 160 248, 436
7, 636 84, 398
1, 379, 100 65, 647 3, 650 513, 225 253, 148 257, 683 317, 141 69, 740 5, 600 120, 571
Short tons. 823, 139 150, 462,
99,
16, 297,
1, 259
Short tons. 899, 046 573, 779 216, 6.30 336, 063 52, 934 17, 424 433, 800 5, 509 741, 571 12, 670 856, 740 275, 666 166, 933 313, 040 252, 411 192, 263
4, 370 96, 601
3, 342 1, 607, 666 70, 339
Short 1, 083
1, 134 185,
tons.
1, 870,
593, 422 82, 225
188, 531
267, 666 5, 500
109, 057
95,
Short tons. i, 336, 698 1,108,106 355, 097 466, 191 167, 903 16, 722 383, 728 2, 865 1, 086, 538 8, 121 1, 088. 761 243, 178 137, 806 231, 035 198, 452 242, 483
7, 640, 062 I 7, 816, 179 8, 435, 211 10, 300, 807
211,861 6, 200 1, 736, 805 70, 923
793, 227 112, 024 157, 826 546, 117 108, 695 2, 432 91, 157
Short 1, 224 166,
240,
1, 565
t07lS.
10, 910, 951
Short tons. 1, 205, 455 774, 110 328, 967 567, 595 177, 700 16, 512 413, 739 8, 600 1, 319, 427
970, 878 491, 172 77, 004 256, 319 139, 742 1, 000
229, 719 6, 850 1, 921,417 70, 666
836, 449 112, 997
47, 714 589, 875
80, 716 5, 990
38, 528 550, 000
9, 976, 787 11, 494, 506
Short tons. 1, 482, 294 819, 236 313, 543 621,726 189, 469 390, 418 3, 960 1, 515, 719
1, 475, 939 697, 193 200, 734 160, 184 282, 094
160, 154 3, 800 1, 785, 626 69, 058 917, 995 140, 079 83, 950 736, 297 98, 166 5, 950 21,371 600, 000
Short tons. 1, 400, 865 1, 037, 700 367, 055 520, 755 228, 727 19, 000 455, 997 3,220 1, 786, 803.
1, 833, 910 932, 477 71,376 205, 105 101, 440 266, 044
12, 000 177, 488 1, 452, 979 76, 398 856. 607 147, 847 30, 187 777, 215 83, 113 44, 720 73, 599 600, 000
Short tons. 1,597, 685 974, 043 261,337 467, 314 244, 605 11, 393 412, 395 2, 640 1, 637, 052
Short tons. 1, 508, 900 906, 284 263, 293 558. 280 166, 427 12, 894 891, 859 1,701 1, 520, 868
1, 826, 572 1, 077, 779 36, 512 173, 704 153, 100 228, 534
205, 966
1, 438, 123 89, 431
926, 200 28, 989 15, 681
698, 527 72, 976 62, 452
600, 000
12,868,683 I 13,562,927 i 13,253,646
1, 511, 950 851, 200 57, 179 42, 748 110, 787 170, 593
8,236 109, 334
Increase in 1894.
Short tons.
1,966 90, 966
1,501 479. 464
20, 667
1, 599, 025 90, 094 452, 950 14,510 2,278 485, 024 43, 400
160, 902
30, 042 500, 000
Decrease in 1894.
Short tons. 88, 785 67, 759
78, 178
314, 622 226, 579
130, 956 42, 313 57, 941
1,764 96, 632
473, 250 14, 479 13, 403
213, 503 29, 576 32,410
100, 000
11, 909. 856
al, 343, 790
a Net decrease.
Mineral Resources.
Records of the total production of coal in Ohio extend only as far back as 1872, since which time the annual output has been as follows :
Annual coal jproduct of Ohio since 1872.
Tears.
Short tons.
5, 315, 294 4, 550, 028 3, 267, 585
4, 864, 259 3, 500, 000
5, 250, 000 5, 500, 000
6, 000, 000 7, 000, 000
8, 225, 000
9, 450, 000 8, 229, 429
Tears.
Short tons.
7, 7, 8, 10, 10, 9, 11, 12, 13, 11,
640, 062 816, 179 435, 211 300, 708 910, 951 976, 787 494, 506 868, 683 562, 927 253, 646 909, 856
Mr. R. M. Hazeltine, State inspector of mines, reports the total out- put for the State as obtained by him at 11,910,219 short tons. The difference between Mr. Hazeltine's figures and those reported to the Survey is 363 tons out of a total of nearly 12,000,000. The statistics were collected entirely independently, Mr. Hazeltine obtaining the out- put by grades of coal, separating the lump and nut from pea and slack. In the Survey schedules no inquiry is made as to the amount of the different sizes taken out. Uniform with the plan adopted for all the States the reports to the Survey show the shipments, local and mine consumption, and the amount made into coke. That two separate offices and methods should show totals so nearly identical is, to say the least, remarkable.
Taken in connection with the preceding tables of production, the fol- lowing tables, exhibiting the average irices and the statistics of labor for a series of years, will be found of interest :
Average prices for Ohio coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or orer.
Counties.
Athens
Belmont
Carroll
Columbiana
Coshocton
Gallia
Guernsey
Hocking
Jackson
Jefferson
Lawrence
Mahoning
Medina
Meig.s
Muskingum ...
Perry
Portage
Stark
Suiiiinit
Triinibull
Tuscarawas . . .
Vinton
Wayne
The State
$0. 85
$0. 85
$0. 83
$0. 74
,94
,94
Coal.
Statistics of labor employed and working time at Ohio coal mines.
CouBties.
Athens
Belmont
Carroll
Columbiana
Cosliocton
Gallia
Guernsey
Hocking
Jackson
Jefferson
Lawrence
Malioninjr
Medina
Meigs
Muskinguin . . .
Perry
Portage
Stark
Summit
Trumbuil
Tuscarawas . . .
Vinton
Wayne
The Stale
2, 122
1,401
1,625
2, 654
2,977
1,930
1,082
© cs
20, 576
I'd
2,702 1, 276 1,031 1,674 3, 097 1, 237 3, 284 1,952 1, 161
22, 182
233*
o1
2,536 1,713 2,099 3, 347 1,544 2,380 1, 776 1,300
22, 576
u
o .
2.
3, 203 1,684 3, 188 2, 033 2, 585 2, 105 1, 329
212 23,931
3,445 1,947
1,417
1,880 2,549 3, 803
3, 597
2, 250
188 27,105
Oregon.
Total product in 1894, 47,521 short tons; spot value, $183,914.
Very little is known of the economic geology of the State, or of the exact distribution of the coal-bearing formation within its borders. The developments are confined to the coal basin in Coos County, though other lignite discoveries have been reported. The Coos County basin covers several hundred square miles, and extends from the Umpqua River north into Douglas County, south to the Coquille River, and back from the Pacific coast from 15 to 20 miles. The mines at Marsh- field continue to furnish the entire output. The coal is loaded direct from the mines to Pacific Ocean steamers and sold principally in San Francisco. While the coal is classed as liguite, it is black and of very excellent appearance when first mined. It will not coke, and the prin- cipal use is for domestic purposes.
16 Geol, Pt 4 11
Mineral Resources.
The following tables show the statistics of production for the past three years and the total output since 1885 :
Coal product in Oregon in 1S92, 1893, and 1894.
Distribution.
Loaded at the mines for shipment short tons..
Sold to local trade and used by employees do
Used at mines for steam and heat do
Total product do
Total value
31, 760
2, 353
37, 835 3, 594
45, 068 2, 171
34, 661 $148, 546
41, 683 $164, 500
47, 521 $183, 914
Total number of employ ees
Average number of days worked
Coal product of Oregon from 1885 to 1894.
Years.
Short tons.
Years.
Short tons.
50, 000 45, 000 31, 696 75, 000 64, 359
61, 514 51, 826 34, 661 41, 683 47, 521
Pennsylvania.
Total product in 1894, 81,994,271 long tons, or 91,833,584 short tons; spot value, $107,967,883.
Pennsylvania, as is well known, is by far the most important of the coal-producing States. It is so prominently ahead of every other pro- ducing State, having in the combined product of anthracite and bitumi- nous coal more than five times the output of Illinois, which ranks second, that comparisons are only of interest when drawn with reference to the ratio of Pennsylvania's output to that of the total in the United States or of the combined product of the other States. It is not possible to carry such comparisons back to an earlier date than 1880, owing to incomplete statistics in a number of the States. During 1880 the total output of coal in the United States was 63,822,830 long tons, or 71,481,569 short tons, of which Pennsylvania i)roduced 42,437,242 long tons, or 47,529,711 short tons, or practically two-thirds of the total.
The product of Pennsylvania coal has always exceeded 50 per cent of the total product of the United States, the lowest percentage being 52, in 1884 and 1888. The average percentage for the fifteen years from 1880 to 1894, inclusive, was 56. In the following table is shown the total product of Pennsylvania and the United States since 1880, Avith the percentage of the total produced by Pennsylvania in each year:
Coal.
Product of Pennsylvania coal compared with total United States since 1880.
Tears.
Total United States.
1880 ,
Total for 15 years
Short tons. 71.481,569 85,881,030 103, 285, 789 115,212. 125 119, 735, 051 110, 057, 522 112, 743,403 129, 975, 557 148, 659, 402 141,229,514 157, 788, 657 168, 566, 668 179, 329, 071 182,352, 774 170, 741,526
1, 997, 939, 658
Pennsylvania.
Per cent of Penn- sylvania to total.
Short tons. 46. 529, 711 54, 320, 018 57, 254, 507 62, 488, 190 G2, 404, 488 62, 137, 271 62, 857, 210 70, 372, 857 77,719, 624 81,719, 059 88, 770, 814 93, 453, 921 99, 167, 080 98, 038, 267 91,8.33, 584
1, 109, 066, 601
In 1893 tbe total output of coal in Pennsylvania was 87,534,167 long tons, equivalent to 08,038,267 short tons, worth $120,947,752. The product in 1894 shows, by comparison, a decrease of 5,539,896 long tons, or 6,204,683 short tons, and a loss in value of $12,979,869. The percentage of loss in product was something over 6, and in value a little more than 10. The decrease was divided between the anthracite and bituminous fields as follows: Anthracite, decrease in output, 1,827,162 long tons (equivalent to 2,046,422 short tons), or a little less than 4 per cent; decrease in value, $7,199,015, or about 9 per cent. Bituminous, decrease in output, 3,712,734 long tons (equivalent to 4,158,261 short tons), or not quite 10 per cent; decrease in value, $5,780,854, or about 16 per cent.
The statistics of production of anthracite and bituminous coal in Pennsylvania are discussed separately in the following pages. The article on anthracite production has been prejDared by Mr. John H. Jones from statistics compiled by Mr. William W. Euley, chief of the Bureau of Anthracite Coal Statistics of Philadelphia. The statistics of bituminous production have as usual been compiled in the office of the Geological Survey.
PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE. [By John H. Jones.]
The production of anthracite coal in 1894 showed a considerable falliug off* as compared with the previous year, a result naturally to be expected from the generally bad trade conditions continuing from 1893. In the latter year, notwithstanding the general depression, there was a large increase over the production of 1892, this increase, how- ever, being in the first half of the year, the last six months' production showing a decrease.
In 1894, however, the case was reversed, there being a large reduc- tion in the first four months of 1894 compared with 1893, while the
Mineral Resources.
production of the reniainiiig' months, taken in the aggregate, increased over that of the corresponding period of 1893, although the comparisons by months indicate great variations from this general result.
A good comparison can be made of the varying conditions spoken of above by an examination of the table given in the body of this report, showing the shipments by months for the last three years.
As practically all the anthracite coal mined in the United States comes from Pennsylvania, and furthermore from an extremely small area in that State, it has been the custom in these reports to go into some detail as to the division and classifications of these fields, the territory they comprise, and how they are reached.
The entire anthracite fields cover an area of something over 480 square miles, and are situated in the eastern middle part of the State, extending about equal distances north and south of a line drawn through the middle of the State from east to west in the counties of Carbon, Columbia, Dauphin, Lackawanna, Luzerne, Northumberland, Schuylkill, and Susquehanna, and are known under three general divi- sions, viz: Wyoming Lehigh, and Schuylkill regions. Geologically they are divided into well-defined fields or basins, which are again subdivided for convenience of identification into districts.
The Bernice basin, in Sullivan County, formerly classed as the west- ern northern field, is now not considered strictly anthracite. In the tabular arrangement indicating the divisions of the fields, given below, the western northern is therefore omitted.
Geological fields or hasins.
Northern
Local districts.
Trade regions.
Eastern Middle.
Southern.
Western Middle
Lehigh.
Carbondale
Scranton
Pittston
Wilkesbarre Wyoming.
Plymouth
Kingston
Green Mountain
Black Creek
Hazleton
Beaver Meadow
Panther Creek
East Schuylkill
West Schuylkill
Lorberry
Lykens Valley
East Mall an oy
West Mahanoy
Shamokin
) Schuylkill.
The above territory is reached by twelve so-called initial railroads, as follows :
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company. Lehigh V'alley Railroad Company. Central Railroad Company of New Jersey.
Coal. 165
Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company
Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's Railroad.
Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
Erie and Wyoming Valley Railroad Company.
New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad Company.
New York, Ontario and Western Railroad Company.
Delaware, Susquehanna and Schuylkill Railroad Company.
New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad Company.
Wilkesbarre and Iastern Railroad Company.
The above roads carry all coal shipped from the regions, and their tonnage as compiled by the Bureau of Anthracite Coal Statistics consti- tutes the official source from which the figures showing the shipments from the several trade regions from the commencement of the industry to the present time are taken. The table presented further on in the reiort gives in concise form an idea of the growth and importance of anthracite coal mining.
The total product in 1894 was 46,358,144 tons, of which 41,391,200 tons were carried to market, 1,034,780 tons sold to local trade at or a short distance from the mines, and 3,932,164 tons used at the mines for steam and heating purposes.
This last item is to a considerable extent estimated, as a large amount of it is culm and dirt, of which no accurate account is kept by the operators, and they can only give a fair approximation of its amount in their report.
It is also to be noted that on account of the comparatively unmarket- able nature of this part of the product, the value given pertains only to coal shipped and that sold to local trade, and the average ])rice per ton is compujcd accordingly.
The following table shows the total product in 1894 as compared with 1893, with other details as to the value, persons employed, etc. :
Total product of anthracite coal in 1893 and 1894.
Years.
Total product.
Value at mines.
A verage per tou.
Numher of
persons employed.
Number of days worked.
48, 185, 306 4t), 358, 144
$85, 687, 078 78, 488, 063
$1. 94 J. 85
132, 944 131, 603
In the table following, the detailed production by counties is given for the years 1893 and 1894, showing not only the total product, but also the shipments, local and colliery consumption, for each county separately for the two years.
166 ' Mineral Resources.
Distribution of the anthracite product of Pennsylvania in 1893.
Counties.
Total prod- uct of coal of all grades.
Distribution of total product.
Loaded at mines for shipment on railroad cars.
Used by employees and
sold lo local trade at
mines.
Used for steam and
heat at mines.
Lackawanna
Luzerne
Carbon
Schuylkill ,..
Columbia
Northumberland
Dauphin
Total
Long tons. 435, 000 11,550, 005 19, 108, 135 1, 365, 663 10, 533, 245 687, 334 8, 827, 651 678, 273
Long tons. 375, 000 10, 548, 6J9 17, 049, 072 1, 207, 204 9, 256, 310 3, 462, 889 604, 273
Long tons. 25, 000 318, 545 466, 503 18, 421 132, 777 13, 842 72, 711 26, 000
Long tons. 35, 000 682, 831 1, 592, 560 140, 038 1, 144, 158 82, 071 292, 051. 48, 000
48, 185, 306
43, 094, 798
1, 073, 799 4, 016, 709
Distribution of the anthracite product of Pemsylvania in 1894.
Counties.
Distribution of total product.
Total product of all grades.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment on rail- road cars.
Used by employees and
sold to local trade at mines.
Used for steam and heat at mines.
Susquehanna
Lackawanna
Luzerne
Carbon
Schuylkill
Columbia
Northumberland
Dauphin
Total
418. 375 11, 466, 301 17, 508, 032 I, 584, 268 10, 234, 624 593, 569 3, 944, 713 608, 262
368, 375 10, 500, 947 15, 558, 959 1, 394, 883 8, 994, 308 504, 973 3, 520, 530
20, 000 302, 523 440, 973 23, 872 125, 857 12, 624 88, 163 20, 768
30, 000 662, 831 1, 508, 100 165, 513 1, 114, 459 75, 972 330, 020 45, 269
46, 358, 144
41,391,200
1, 034, 780 , 3, 932, 164
From the above tables a complete comparison may be made of tlie anthracite business for these years, the decrease in 1894, and the pro- portion of this decrease for each county.
The following- statement shows the shipments by months for the last three years, and from it can be seen the variations in shipment for the different parts of the year, as noted in the commencement of this article :
Monthly shipments of anthracite in 1892, 1893, and 1894.
Months.
Januarv
2, 851, 487
3, 069, 579
2, 688, 021
Febriuiry
3, 172, 022
3, 084, 156
2, 344,511
March.
3, 070, 527
3,761,744
2, 565. 061
Ai)ril
2, 939, 157
3, 284, 659
2, 799, 307
May
3, 524, 728
3, 707, 083
3, 884, 277
June
3, 821, 807
4, 115, 633
5, 116, 844
July
3, 648, 583
3, 275, 863
3, 8(;8, 216
August
3, 691,839
3, 308, 768
3, 089. 844
Septcinbcr
3, 754, 482
3,614,490
3, 270, 612
October
4, 052, 897
4, 525, 663
4, 137, 085
3, 769, 711
3, 905, 487
4, 522, 232
December
3, 596, 081
3, 436, 406
3, 105, 190
Total
41, 893, 321
43, 089, 537
41, 391, 200
As was also noted in the preface of this report, below is g-iven table sliowiiig the shipments by regions from 18LH) to the close of 1894.
It must be remembered in regard to this table that it shows only sl)ipments, the amount sold to local trade and used at mines not being inchided.
Coal.
Annual shipments from the Schuylkill, Lehigh, and IVyomlmj regions Jrom 18W to 1894.
Years.
Schuylkill region.
Long tons.
Total 75 years
1, j , 6, 16, 31, 47, 79, 89, 81, 209, 252, 226, 339, 432, 530, 446, 475, 490, 624, 583, 710, 887, , 131, , 308, , 665, , 733, ,728, ,840, ,328, , 636, ,665, , 191, , 552, , 603, ,373, ,273, ,448, ,749, , 160, ,372, ,911, ,161, ,356, ,787, , 161, , 330, ,775, ,968, , 552. ,694, , 212, , 866, , 281, , 221, , 195. ,282, , 960, , 554, . 253, ,459, ,074, ,478, ,488, ,381, ,609, ,654. 486, ,867, ,741, ,626, , 357, , 035,
60] G28
Per ct.
314,124. 187
Lehigh region.
Wyoming region.
Total.
1'
]
1'
1'
2]
;j
33! 97
3!
I:
3,
4,
3,
4,
4,
5,
5,
6,
5,
5,
4,
5,
6,
6,
6,
0,
Long tons.
1, 073
2, 240 5, 823 9, 541
28, 393 31,280 32, 074 30, 232 25, 1 10 41, 750 40, 966 70, 000 123, 001 106, 244 131, 250 148, 211 223, 902 213, 615 221, 025 225, 313 143, 037 272, 540 267, 793 377, 002 429, 453 517, 116 633, 507 670, 321 781, 556 690, 456 964, 224 , 072, 136 , 054, 309 , 207, 186 , 284, 113 ,351,970 , 318, 541 , 380, 030 ,628,311 ,821. 674 , 738, 377 , 351, 054 ,894. 713 , 054, 669 , 040, 913 , 179. 364 , 502, 054 , 502, 582 , 949, 673 , 239, 374 , 235, 707 , 873. 339 , 705, 596 773, 836 , 834. 605 , 854, 919 , 332, 760 , 237, 449 , 595, 567 , 463, 221 ,294,676 , 689, 437 113, 800 , 562, 226 , 898, 634 , 723, 129 , 347, 06] , 639, 236 , 294, 073 , 329, 658 , 381, 838 ,451, 076 , 892. 352 , 705, 434
34. 67 161, 2.59, 094
Fer ct.
Long tons.
Fer cf.
Long tons.
1,
3,
6,
11,
34,
48,
63,
77,
22. 4(1
7, 000
112,
43, OdO
174,
54, 000
176,
84, 000
363,
111, 777
487,
376,
90, 000
560,
103, 861
684,
115, 387
869,
78, 207
738,
122, 300
818,
148, 470
864,
192, 270
959,
252, 599
108,
285, 605
263,
365, 911
1,
451, 836
013,
518, 389
2,
344,
583, 067
2,
685, 196
3,
089,
732, 910
3,
242,
827, 823
3,
1, 156, 167
448,
1, 284, 500
1, 475, 732
195,
1,603,478
002,
1, 771, 511
608,
1, 972, 581
6,
.927,
1, 952, 603
644,
2, 186, 094
6,
839,
2, 731, 236
808,
2,941,817
8,
513,
3, 055, 140
7,
954,
3, 145, 770
7,
869,
3, 759, 610
9,
566,
3, 960, 836
177,
3, 254. 519
9,
652,
4. 736, 616
12,
703,
5, 325, 000
12,
988,
5, 968, 146
13,
801,
6, 141, 369
13,
866,
7, 974, 660
16,
182,
6,911, 242
15,
699,
9, 101, 549
19,
669,
10, 309, 755
21,
227,
9. 504, 408
20,
145,
10, 596, 155
19,
712,
8,424, 1.58
18,
501,
Oil
8, 300, 377
20,
828,
8. 085, 587
17,
605,
I / . 00
IZ, 000, Zvo
4o.
26,
11, 419, 279
23,
437,
13, 951, 383
28,
500,
13, 971.371
29,
120,
15, 604, 492
31,
793,
a 15, 677, 753
30,
718,
a 16, 236, 470
31,
623,
a 17, 031, 826
32,
136,
a 19, 684, 929
34,
641,
fl21,852, 366
38,
145,
a 19, 036, 835
35,
al9, 417, 979
36,
615,
21, 325, 240
40,
448,
a22, 815, 480
41,
893,
23, 839, 741
43,
089,
22, 650, 761
41,
391,
430, 630, 122
906, 013, 403
a Includes Loyalsock field.
In the following x)ages is given a direcitory of tlie anthracite mines in Pennsylvania, with names of operators, post-oftice addresses, etc.
Mineral Resources.
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Coal.
As noted in the beginning of this article, the general dex)ression in business conditions was severely felt by the anthracite coal trade dur- ing the year 1894, resulting in prices which have been unprofitable to the pro(;ucers and very burdensome for the employees about the mines, to say nothing of the shrinkage in the revenues of the transportation companies. Efforts were inaugurated early in the year to bring about a better understanding between the several interests as to the pro- portion of the output each should be entitled to, as it has been fully demonstrated that the capacity to produce is far in excess of the demand. Committees comprising representatives of the corporation and individ- ual operators, together with the railroad interests, were engaged for months during the latter half of the year in discussing the questions which naturally presented themselves in the discussion of so impor- tant a subject, but up to the close of the year nothing of a definite character had been accomplished, and the further consideration of the matter iassed over into the year 1895. It is confidently expected that some satisfactory adjustment may be reached early in the year which will place the anthracite trade in better condition.
The year 1894 has not been marked with any unusual circumstances in the way of develoi)ment in any of the regions. The usual amount of extensions of underground workings and repairs to breakers have been accomplished, as well as the completing of new breakers in some localities necessary to the proper development of the mines to their highest productive efficiency, but nothing has occurred to affect the general conditions of the trade other than the depression in business referred to above and the continued tendency to overproduction of coal.
During the latter part of May, 1894, a storm of unusual severity visited central Pennsylvania, the rainfall in some localities exceeding 9 inches in three days, dooding the mines and seriously intertering with mine operations for several weeks afterwards. The damage to several of the transportation lines was also very considerable.
Below is a statement showing the largest shipments of anthracite coal ever made in each month of the year during any year to Decem- ber, 1894.
Largest monthli/ shipments of anthracite in any year to 1894.
Months and yeai's.
Jannary, 1891 . Fcbrua'rv, 1892 March, 1893 . . . April, 1893
May, 1894
June, 1894
July, 1894
Long tons.
3, 138, 961 3,216,973 3, 761,744 3, 284, G59 3, 793, 303 5, 112, 359 3, 868, 215
Months and years.
Long tons.
August, 1888 . .. September, 1888 October, 1893. .. November, 1894 December, 1892.
Total
4, 097, 563
3, 916, 326
4, 525, 663 4,493,281 3, 596, 082
46, 805, 129
By this table a maximum jroduction of 46,805,129 tons a year is indi- cated. The actual demand for consumption will not exceed 43,()()(),0()0 tons, and it is believed, from the data accessible, that at no time has
Mineral Resources.
tlie actual consumption of anthracite coal reached 42,000,000 tons in any one year, and that the present capacity of the anthracite mines is at least 10 per cent greater than the consumption.
The shipments for the month of June, 1894, were the largest ever made in any month, being over 5,000,000 tons. This exceijtional ton- nage, and the unusually large shipments in May and July of the same year, were made possible on account of a formidable strike in the bituminous coal regions of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia during the months named above, in which period much anthracite coal was used to take the place of bituminous.
It has been several years since we have been called upon to record the death of any of the more prominent persons occupying a control- ling iniiuence in the anthracite coal trade. During the year 1894 two gentlemen jjassed away whose long and active connection with the anthracite industries have made their names familiar to the coal trade everywhere.
Edward B. Leisenring died at Hamburg, Germany, September 18, 1894, aged 49 years. Mr. Leisenring was (as was his father, the Hon. John Leisenring of Mauch Chunk, Pa.) largely interested in the mining of coal, and was identified with numerous business enteri)rises in his native State and Virginia and Alabama. At the time of his death he was president of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company.
Ezra Brockway Ely died at his residence, Bayonne, J., iovem- ber 23, 1894, after an illness of only one week. Mr. Ely was 56 years old at his death, and had been connected with the coal trade for about thirty-five years in various capacities. At the time of his death he was president of Coxe Bros. & Co., Incorporated, and vice-president of the Delaware, Susquehanna and Schuylkill Railroad Company. He was a member of the executive committee of the Anthracite (individual) Coal Operators' Association.
The death of Hon. Eckley B. Coxe on May 13, 1895, while this volume was in press, though after the close of the calendar year which it cov- ers, is an event of such importance as to call for appreciative, though necessarily brief and hasty, comment. Mr. Coxe was unquestionably the most eminent, as well as the most universally beloved, of the lead- ing representatives of anthracite mining. As a mining engineer he stood at the head of his profession ; as the possessor of great wealth and the employer of thousands of workmen he was distinguished for energy, sagacity, and wise philanthropy; in iolitical life he bore an unchallenged reputation for stainless integrity and high devotion to the public interests; for the promotion of education and scientific investi- gation he was not only a liberal giver, but also an intelligent and earnest laborer; and to all who knew him, his strong and winsome j)ersonality made him dear. A bare outline of his career is all that space permits in this (connection.
He was born in Pliiladelphia, June 4, 18.'U); graduated in 1858 from the University of Pennsylvania, and subsecpiently studied at the lcole
Coal.
des Mines, Paris, and the Mining Academy, Freiberg. After his return to this country he published a translation of Weisbach's Mechanics, which is a monument of patient and intelligent work. The chief labor of his life was connected with the management of the large anthracite lands and collieries of Ooxe Brothers & Co., but he found time to ren- der efficient iublic and private service in many other directions. He was one of the three founders, in 1871, of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, of which he served two terms as president and (at different times) ten years as vice-president, and to the Transactions of which he contributed some of its most elaborate and valuable pro- fessional papers. He was also a member of the American societies of civil and mechanical engineers, of the latter of which he was elected president in 1893. He was twice elected to the senate of Pennsylvania; was a director of the Reading Kailroad Company, and a trustee of Lehigh University.
The anthracite business is peculiarly indebted to him in four par- ticulars :
1. For his earnest support of the Pennsylvania geological survey, which has thoroughly mapxied the anthracite regions, both above and below the surface.
2. For his generous and unwearied labor to promote the education not only of mining engineers but also of mining foremen and common miners.
3. For his vigorous defense of individual operators in the anthracite region against the large corporations which combined the business of transportation with that of mining.
4. For his lifelong effort to improve the methods and machinery of anthracite mining and to diminish the waste of extraction and prep- aration. One branch of this work was the introduction of the x)ractice of burning the smaller sizes of anthracite, previously thrown away with the refuse from the breaker. To this problem he devoted immense labor of study and experiment, with results which are already impor- tant and are destined to become still more so.
At the close of the year 1894 indications are not wanting which mark the ajjproach of returning confidence and the resume)tion of manufacturing industries in almost every department, but more espe- cially in the iron trade, which itself involves so many auxiliary interests. It is hoped that these improved conditions will reach the anthracite trade during the coming year.
Pennsylvania Bituminous Coal.
Total product in 1894, 39,912,463 short tons; spot value, $29,479,820.
Pennsylvania bituminous coal fields. — The bituminous coal deposits of Pennsylvania form the northern extremity of the great Ax)palachian coal fields, and to a greater or less extent underlie all the territory of the State lying west of the crest of the Alleghany Mountains. The counties of Bradford, Tioga, Potter, Warren, Crawford, Venango, Forest, Elk, Cameron, Clinton, and Lycoming, in the northern portion of the State, exhibit only detached basins of the Lower Measures, which.
Mineral Resources.
however, are extensively mined, and tlie product finds ready markets for manufacturing purposes and for steam. The remaining counties, bounded by the yestern and southern State lines and a line drawn north- ward along the eastern boundaries of Fulton, Huntingdon, and Center counties, and thence westwardly along the northern boundaries of Clear- field, Jefferson, Clarion, and Mercer, embrace an almost unbroken area of one or more of the important beds belonging to the Carboniferous Measures. The counties of Allegheny, Westmoreland, Washington, .Greene, and Fayette, situated in the southwestern corner of the State, contain the Ux)per Productive Measures, at the bottom of which lies the notable Pittsburg bed, yielding in the vicinity of Pittsburg a gas coal of the highest quality. To the eastward are the coking coals from which the celebrated Connellsville coke is made, and to the southward the Cum- berland steam coals of Maryland. Small areas of this bed also occur in Indiana, Somerset, and Beaver counties. The remaining counties referred to contain only the Lower Productive Measures, ranging from the isolated areas of the Pittsburg bed to the Brookville bed, the low- est in the Lower Productive series, and the Mercer, Quakertown, and Sharon beds in the Conglomerate series. The product from this terri- tory, as well as that from the southwestern counties, wherever the Lower Measures are being mined, is classed in the trade as semibitumi- nous, containing, as it does, less than 18 per cent of volatile combusti- ble matter. While an excellent quality of coke is produced from coals mined in some localities from these Lower Measures, the distinctive advantages consist in their superiority as steam and rolling-mill fuels, being much sought after for locomotive and steamship purposes. In the Freeport and Kittanning beds of the Lower Productive series cannel coal of good quality has been found to overlie the seam for con- siderable areas in certain localities, but on account of the veins being thin and troublesome to separate in mining it is not deemed of much commercial value.
Varieties of Pennsylvania bituminous coal. — The coal field of Pennsyl- vania contains almost every possible variety of bituminous coal. The greater part of the coal mined in this field is true bituminous coal, con- taining 20 per cent and upward of volatile combustible matter, but in the detached deposits of Tioga, Bradford, and Huntingdon counties and along the summit of the Alleghany Mountains the coal has a semi- bituminous character, containing only from 15 to 18 per cent of volatile matter. The bituminous coals of Pennsylvania are known the country over for their admirable qualities. Coal for domestic use, steam coal, gas coal, coking coal, blacksmithing coal, are all found in wonderful variety and profusion in the Pennsylvania Measures, and of unsurpassed quality for each purpose. To the cities of the Atlantic Coast, to those of the extreme South, and to those of the far West, Pennsylvania coal goes constantly, and is in steady demand.
Reserves, — Some twenty-one or twenty-two coal seams of commercial importance have been found and named in the bituminous field of
Coal.
Pennsylvania. These have been in most cases traced with much cer- tainty throughout the district, nearly every bituminous deposit known to exist in the State being with more or less certainty identified with some one of them. The quantity of available coal contained in these seams has been estimated by Dr. H. M. Chance, assistant geologist of the State geological survey, and a statement prepared by him is subjoined. It should be stated that no attempt is made in this table to show the total amount of bituminous coal contained in the deposits of Pennsyl- vania; the information it gives is of much more value, being in respect of the total amount of that coal alone which is accessible and workable, and of commercial value.
Reserves of dituminous coal in Pennsylvania.
Beds.
Long tons.
Beds.
Long tons.
Upper Barren Measures : Washington bed, 3 to feet
Upper Productive Meas- ures :
Waynesburg bed, 3 to 5 feet
Uniontown bed, 2 to 3 feet
Sewickley bed, 3 feet. . .
Eedstone bed, 2 to 3 feet.
Pittsburg bed, 6 to 12 feet
787, 200, 000
2, 126, 400, 000
312, 000, 000 432, 000, 000 326, 400, 000
10, 438, 800, 000
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to 4 feet
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2 to 3 feet
Kittanning lower bed, 2
to 6 feet
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3, 764, 800, 000
2, 385, 600, 000
1, 596, 000, 000
829, 800, 000
4, 225, 200, 000 696, 000, 000
1, 627. 200, 000
Lower Barren Measures: Bush Creek, Coleman, etc., beds
Lower Productive Meas- ures :
In Westmoreland, Fay- ette, and Allegheny
Millers ton bed, 3 feet. . .
Conglomerate series :
Mercer coals, 2 to 3 feet. . Quakertown bed, 2 feet. . Sharon coal horizon, 2 to 3 feet
Grand total
13, 635, 600, 000
17, 217, 400, 000
878, 400, 000
2, 064, 000, 000 28, 800, 000
932, 600. 000 57, 600, 000
38, 400, 000
1, 028, 600, 000
33, 547, 200. 000
The total available tonnage may be divided thus:
Classification of beds.
Long tons.
Beds over 6 feet thick
10, 957, 200, 000 19, 586, 800, 000 3, 003, 200, 000
Beds from 3 to 6 feet thick
Beds from 2 to 3 feet thick
33, 547, 200, 000
PRODUCriON.
The records of bituminous production in Pennsylvania for the earlier years of the industry are very incomplete. In fact, from 1840 to 1872 the only record extant is that of the shipments over some of the railroads, from a few of the districts, and these bear very little relation to tlie total product (see Mineral Kesources, 1883-84, p. 84). For instance, this statement for 1873 showed the total shipments to have been about 4,600,000 long tons, whereas the total production for that year, the first for which any statistics were obtained, was 11,095,383 long tons. From
Mineral Resources.
1873 to 1882 the product has been estimated in round numbers, the out- put in the latter year being about double that of 1873, aiproximately 22,000,000 long tons or 24,040,000 short tons. During the next decade the output increased each year, nearly doubling in 1892 the yield in 1882. In 1893 the output fell off 2,623,852 short tons, or between 5 and 6 per cent, as comi)ared with 1892. The first half of 1893 was favorable in the bituminous regions of Pennsylvania, and operations were active j but later, when the unfavorable conditions of trade manifested themselves, production fell off* and prices declined so severely that all of the benefits of the earlier months were overcome, and the average price for the year was 4 cents lower than in 1892. The unfavorable conditions were still more pronounced in 1894, and this, added to the disastrous effects of the long strike in the spring and summer of the year, caused a diminu- tion of over 4,000,000 tons, or about 10 per cent in the tonnage, while the value declined about 16 per cent. The average price per ton fell off from 80 cents in 1893 to 74 cents in 1894. The decrease was general throughout the State, but five counties of the more important producers showing an increased output. Clearfield County suffered the heaviest loss, the product in this county being more than 2,000,000 short tons, or about 33 per cent, less than that of 1893. A decline in value is noted in nearly every county. The returns show an increase in the total number of employees, but the decrease in the average working time more than compensates for this seeming discrepancy.
The following tables exhibit the statistics of the production of bitum- inous coal in Pennsylvania during 1893 and 1894 :
Coal product of Pennsylvania in 1893, dy counties.
Counties.
Alleoheny
Armstrono-
Beaver
Bedford
Blair
Bradford
Butler
Cambria
Center
Clarion
Clt;arfield
Clinton
Elk
Fayette
Huntingdon. . .
Indiana
Jefferson
La\vr(;nce
Lycoming
McKean
M(!r(;(;r
Tioga
Somerset
Westinoreland Wasliington . . Small itiincs. . .
Total.
Loaded at mines
for shipment,
Short tons. 6, 445, 548 534, 029 135, 140 392, 443 109, 272 42, 158 158, 811
2, 776, 201 382, 052 533, 507
5, 982, 263 94, 582 572, 647
1, 058, 492 288, 974 327, 762
3, 329, 782 162, 638
52, 261 19, 169 46!), 921 913, 707 511,816
4, 760, 933 3, 273, 220
33, 322, 328
Sold to local trade and used by
em- ployees.
Short tons.
156, 987 14, 352
14, 230 46, 068
2, 585 3.58, 900
2, 316
15, 421 21, 294
4, 349 285, 835 9, 119 20, 876 33, 775
17, 027 16, 950 5, 387 91, 1.55 15, 047 800, 000
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Short tons. 45, 560 1, 730 1, 630 3, 794
1, 240 22, 799
2, 230 21, 366
4, 849 142, 693 5,454 19, 752
12, 703 9,454 100, 973 26, 879
1,934,429 1426,122
Made into coke.
Short tons. 15, 000 10, 928
Total produc- tion.
61, 366 62, 251
124, 567 73, 289
123, 835
52, 320 4,774,120
51,620 514, 786
22, 137 14, 921 2,486,699
8,387,845
Short tons.
6, 663, 095 561, 039 150, 095 501, 507 177, 902 42, 739 156, 016
3, 282, 467 458, 056 551, 158
6, 148, 758 94, 582 634, 165
6, 261, 146 303, .547 380, 660
3, 885, 196 196, 736 53, 192 19, 169 499, 651 962, 248 532, 688
7, 439, 760 3, 31.5, 146
800, 000
Total value.
$5, 481, 787 426, 886 146, 390 371, 499 137, 310 55, 561 125, 637 2, 584, 416 344, 194 398, 384 4, 905, 089 70, 792 497, 975 4, 563, 989 228, 432 291,488 2, 863, 049 201, 727 64,910 21, 086 444, 855
1, 166, 769 335, 385
6, 133, 014
2, 600, 050 800, 000
44, 070, 724 135, 260, 674
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
$0. 82
,80
Total num- ber of
em- ployees.
14, 328 1, 080 6, 073 1, 224 10, 455
1, 244 6, 780
5, 537
2, 425
10, 270
6, 058
190 71,931
Coal.
Bituminous coal product of Pennsylvania in 1894, hy counties.
Counties.
Allegheny . .
Armstrong .
Beaver
Bedford
Blair
Butler
Cambria
Center
Clarion
Clearfield . . .
Elk
Fayette
Huntingdon
Indiana
Jefferson —
Lawrence. . .
Mercer
Somerset ...
Tioga
Washington
Westmo re- land
Bradford, Clinton, Forest, L y c o m- ing, and McKean . .
Small mines
Total ...1
Num- ber of mines,
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Short tons
6, 039, 958 576, 918 98, 879 251, 622 238, 482
2, 449, 703 271, 110 392, 586
4, 033, 749 307, 518
1, 568, 452 184, 422 392, 053
2, 896, 204 309, 499 397, 834 681, 333
3,655,187
Sold to local trade and used by em- ployees.
Used
at
mines
Made
for
into
steam
coke.
and
heat.
Short
tons.
230, 956 4,272
H, 195
I, 450 433, 466
15, 283 6, 627 33, 347 4,290 97, 002 10, 390 17, 929 1,033 11,435 11, 084 12, 997 26, 487
69 4,775,416 60,272
226. 262
600, 000
613 29, 722, 803 1, 589, 595
Short tons. 40, 645 2, 125 3, 632 5, 080 1,791 13, 154 2, 165 84, 624 5, 220 16, 000 10, 660 2,624 9, 560 26, 913
92, 029
Short tons. 43, 000
53, 210 9, 400 1,476 71, 756 20, 912
68, 214 85, 050 690, 911
342, 294
5, 250 318, 021
6, 653 42, 841
2, 840, 247
8, 257, 771
Total produc- tion.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Short tons.
6, 354, 559 $4, 580, 030 103, 765 313, 095 256, 157 137, 593
2, 978, 927 307, 806 401, 004
4, 148, 464 399, 023
6,440,989 4. 200, 032 398, 548
3,248,154 2, 132, 422 331, 594 418, 195 704, 560
3,461,428 2,
684, 407 416, 339 94, 197 216, 932 191, 567 105, 211 160, 735 208, 220 279, 675 983, 214 341, 873 472, 578 147, 909 291, 885 299, 565 122, 475 271, 104 264, 430 956, 483 146, 532
7, 76 7, 964 5, 982, 484
228, 154 600, 000
242, 005 600, 000
39, 912, 463 29, 479, 820
$0. 74
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number of em- ployees.
14, 107
1, 153 6,230 9, 654 1, 107 8, 847 5, 184 1,014 2, 213 6,889
20211,517
165 75, 010
The following table shows the total product since 1873:
Product of Mtuminous coal in Pennsylvania since 1873.
Years.
Short tons.
Tears.
Short tons.
13, 098, 829 12, 320, 000 11, 760, 000 12, 880, 000 14, 000, 000 15, 120, 000 16, 240, 000
21, 280, 000
22, 400, 000 24, 640, 000 26, 880, 000
28, 000, 000 26, 000, 000 27, 094, 501 31, 516. 856 33, 796, 727 36, 174, 089 42, 302, 173 42, 788, 490 46, 694, 576 44, 070, 724 39, 912, 463
! 1893
The production by counties was not reliably ascertained prior to 1886. The results obtained by the Bureau of Industrial Statistics of the State for 1882, 1884, and 1885 were published in the earlier volumes of Min- eral Resources, but owing to the failure of a number of mines to report their production, the statistics were very incomplete, the total for 1885,
Mineral Resources.
for instaDce, being more than 5,000,000 tons short of the actual product. Since 1886 the product by counties has been as follows :
Bituminous coal product of Pennsylvania since 1886, by counties.
Countiea.
Allegheny
Armstrong
Beaver
Bedford
Blair
Bradford
BiUler
Cambria
Cameron
Center
Clarion
Clearfield
Clinton
Elk
Fayette
Greene
Huntingdon. . .
Indiana
Jefferson
Lawrence
McKean
Mercer
Somerset
Tioga
Venango
Washington . . Westmoreland Small mines. . .
Total. . let increase
Short tons.
4, 202, 086 210, 856 208, 820 173, 372 305, 695 206, 998 162, 306
1,222, 028 3,200 313, 383 429, 544
3, 753, 986
526, 036 4, 494, 613 5, 600 313,581 103, 615 1, 023. 186 101, 154 537, 712 349, 926 1, 384, 800 2, 500 1, 612, 407 5, 446, 480
27, 094, 501
Short tons.
4, 680, 924 235, 221 197, 863 311,452 287, 367 167, 416 161, 764
1, 421, 980 3, 000 508, 255 593, 758
5, 180, 311
609, 757 4, 540, 322 3, 002
265, 479
207, 597 1,693.492
125, 361 9, 214
539, 721
416, 240 1, 328, 963 2, 296 1, 751, 615 6, 074, 486
200, 000
31,516,856 4, 422, 355
Short tons. 5, 575, 505 226, 093 63, 900 248, 159 314, 013 163, 851 194, 715 1, 540. 460 382, 770 535, 192 5, 398, 981 32, 000 555, 960
5, 208, 993
5, 323 281, 823 157, 285 2, 275, 349 106, 921 487, 122 370, 228 1, 106, 146 2, 000 1, 793, 022
6, 519, 773 240, 000
33,796,727 2, 279, 871
Short tons.
4, 717, 431 289, 218
93, 461 257, 455 215,410 129, 141 288, 59]
1, 751,664
2, 300 395, 127 596, 589
5, 224, 506 106, 000 614, 113
5, 897, 254 53, 714 280, 133 153, 698
2, 896, 487 143, 410
11, 500 575, 751 442, 027 1, 036, 175 6,911 2, 364, 901 7, 631, 124 (&)
36, 174, 089 2, 377, 362
Short tons.
4, 894, 372 139, 117 445, 192 126, 687 167, 578
2, 790, 954
452, 114 512, 387 6, 651, 587 159, 000 1, 121, 534 6, 413, 081 (a)
322, 630 357, 580 2, 850, 799 140, 528 (a)
524, 319 522, 796 903, 997 (a) 2, 836. 667 8, 290, 504 1, 000, 000
42, 302, 173 6, 128, 084
Counties.
Allegheny
Armstrong
Beaver
Bedford
Blair
Bradford
Butler
Cambria
Cameron
Center
Clarion
Clearfield
Clinton
Elk
Fayette
Forest
Greene
Huntingdon
iTidiaiui
Jefi'nrsoii
Lawrence
Lycoming
McKfiun
Mercer ,
Somerset
Tioga
Venango
Washington
Westin()i(!land
Small mines
Total . . Net increase
Short tons, 5, 640, 669 484, 000 129, 961 389, 257 237, 626 68, 697 211, 647 2, 932, 973
526, 753 479, 887
7, 143, 382 130, 802 973, 600
5, 782, 573
269, 021 456, 077 3, 160, 614 164, 669
15, 345 526, 220 480, 194 1, 010, 872
2, 606, 158 7, 967, 493 1,000, 000
42, 788, 490 486, 317
Short tons. 6, 399, 199 583, 519 140, 835 552, 461 259, 224 57, 708 145, 729 3, 086, 554
Short tons.
6, 663, 095 561, 039 150, 095 501, 507 177, 902 42, 739 156, 016
3, 282, 467
496, 521 569, 333
6, 876, 785
98, 242 731, 575
7, 260, 044
333, 855 514, 463 3, 706, 329 216, 561
20, 515
21, 282 420, 145 509, 010 999, 784
2, 903, 235 8, 791.068 1, 000, 000
46, 694, .)76 3, 906, 086
458, 056 551, 158
6, 148, 758 94, 582 634, 165
6, 261, 146
303, 547 380, 666 3,885, 196 196, 736 53, 192 19, 109 499, 651 532, 688 962, 248
3,315,146 7, 439, 760 800, 000
Short tons.
6, 354, 559 580, Oho 103, 765 313, 095 256, 157 28, 027 137, 593
2, 978, 927
Increase in 1894.
Short tons. '""'i8,"99i'
78, 255
307, 806 401, 004
4, 148, 464 100, 000 399, 023
6, 440, 989
5,418
179, 843
200, 032 398, 548 3,248,154 132, 422 80, 160 19, 844 331, 594 418, 195 704, 560
3,461, 428 7, 767, 964 600, 000
17, 882
Decrease in 1894.
Short tons. 308, 536
46, 330 188, 412
14, 712 18, 423 303, 540
150, 250 150, 154 2, 000, 294
235, 142
103, 515
637, 042
26, 968
146, 282 328, 204
168, 057 114,493 257, 688
200, 000
44, 070. 724 39, 912, 463 c2, 623, 852 I
;c4, 158, 261
a Included in product of small mines. b Included in county distribution.
c Net decrease.
Coal. 187
In the following tables will be found a statement of the average prices which obtained in tlie different counties since 1889, and the statistics of labor and working time during the same period :
Average prices for Pennsylvania coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over.
CouBties.
$0. 85
$0. 93
$1. 03
$0. 91
$0. 82
$0. 88
Arm strong
Beaver
Bedford
Jilair
Bradford . .
Butler
Cambria
Center
Clarion
Clearfield
Clinton
Elk
Fayette
Huntingdon
Indiana
Jefiterson
Lawrence
Mercer
Somerset
Tioga
1. Jo
Washington
Westmoreland
The State
Statistics of labor employed and tvorking time at Pennsylvania coal mines.
Counties.
Allegheny
Armstrong
Beaver
Bedford
Blair
Bradford
Butler
Cambria
Center
Clarion
Clearfield
Clinton
Elk
Fayette
Huntingdon . . .
Indiana
Jefferson
Lawrence
Lycoming
McKean
Mercer
Somerset
Tioga
Washington . . . Westmoreland.
The State.
5' o
1,023 2,019 4, 644 12, O&O
61, 333
P
9, 036
4, 140
9, 324
1,181
6,503
3, 971
11, 194
4, 284 10, 067
1,622
7, 545
4, 172
1,980 4, 135 11, 083
fe 03
232 63,661 223
11,
4,
4,
66, 655
14, 328
1, 080
6, 073
1,224 10, 455
1,244
6, 780
5,537
2, 425 6, 058
10, 270
71, 931
PI t*-.
®
14, 107 1, 153 6, 230 9,654 1, 107 8, 847 5, 184 1,014 2, 213 6, 889 11, 517
190 75.010
o .
Mineral Resources.
Tennessee.
Total product in 1894, 2,180,879 short tons; spot value, $2,119,481.
Tennessee Coal Fields.
The great Appalachian field crosses the eastern part of Tennessee in a comparatively narrow belt, 71 miles wide at the northern boundary and narrowing to 50 miles at the southern or Alabama and Georgia State line. The general direction of the belt is northeast and southwest. The workable coal area is confined to what is known as the Cumber- land table-land. About 5,100 square miles are contained in the area which is embraced in 19 counties. The coals are all bituminous in char- acter and some are of very excellent quality. In Campbell County is a part of the famous Jellico steam coal field. The Sewanee vein is one of the most important ones in the State and is worked extensively in Grundy County. Coke of high grade is made from the coal of this seam, particularly in Grundy County. Extensive coking establish- ments are also found in Claiborne, Hamilton, Marion, Rhea, and Roane counties. About 500,000 tons of coal are coked in the State annually. A comprehensive paper on the Tennessee coal fields, by Prof. J. M. Safford, was published in Mineral Resources, 1892.
Convicts In Coal Mines.
Mention was made in the previous report of the purchase by the State of 9,000 acres of coal land in Morgan County for the purpose of using the convicts therein, instead of leasing them to corporations. Work was begun on these mines in 1894, but up to the close of the year only 500 short tons of coal had been taken out. The idea, there- fore, is still practically one of experiment only, but nevertheless the following report, by Mr. L. E. Bryant, engineer in charge, will be found interesting.
Owing to troubles which had been brewing a long time between the free and convict miners, and which culminated in the Coal Creek war of two years ago, the present administration in Tennessee has sought to eliminate the primary causes of such a condition of things by employing its own convicts on its own land in the production of coal, instead of leasing them to contractors to be employed by the side of the free laborers, who have always regarded them as a menace to their best interests and organization.
The first step toward this end was accomplished by the penitentiary act of 1893, appropriating the necessary funds and appointing a committee to investigate any and all coal lands offered to the State as suitable ground on which to commence oper- ations. After a careful inspection the committee very justly decided on 9,000 acres of land about 20 miles north of Ilarriman, in Morgan County, to which a railroad is building. The Coal Measures on this property reach an exaggerated development compared with the more southwestern and better known coal territory of the State, no less than nine workable seams occurring above drainage on some portions of the prop(irty, leaving fully 2,000 feet of lower measure rocks still to be explored.
Two of the veins are more favorably situated for working than the rest, and as they are of a quality to recommend them for mining, operations will first be com-
' Written for the Engineering and Mining Journal, September 15, 1894.
Coal.
meucecl in them. The lower one, which ranges from 3 to 4 feet in thicltness, makes an admirable coke, while the higher one is more especially suited for steam and domestic purposes. This latter vein often reaches 6 feet in thickness and mines in large, bright lumps.
The commission contemplates going into business on a large and thoroughly modern scale; the three-heading system with 40 to 45 foot rooms will probably be adopted, the conditions being favorable. The screening plant will be of the latest design for large capacity, and all coals below 2 inches will be washed and the sizes hand picked. As much of the product will be put into coke and high-class domestic coals as possible, these grades permitting farther shipment than the cheaper steam coals, and consequently command a wider market. The beehive oven will be used in the coking plant, and besides the usual furnace and foundry article, especial atten- tion will probably be given to the production of crushed coke for base-burning anthracite stoves, as this branch of the coke industry is quite promising in the South.
In working the convicts quite a change from the ordinary method in use in this district will in all probability be introduced. It has been the custom to task the convict to a certain number of cars or tons of coal per day, relyiug on him to lay his track, set his props, mine, shoot, and load his coal, and deliver it on the entry. This is quite too much responsibility for the ordinary free miuer, where one wants a mine kept in good condition and the mining laws are strict. The evils resulting from this are found to be badly laid track, badly set props, and, as a rule, twice as many as needed, coal not mined at all, but simply shot to pieces, and finally loaded up with all the slate, sulphur, and other refuse at hand that would help till up the requisite number of cars for the task. The only way heretofore in use to prevent these things has been by whipping, the efficacy of which has never been proved, and its effects on the mental conditions of convicts, even if they are mostly black, can hardly be imagined by a layman.
It is now proposed to systematize the work as much as possible and relieve the convicts of all the responsibility possible and at the same time make it as nearly im- possible as one can for them to do any of the things spoken of above as objectionable.
No attempt will be made to use coal- cutting machinery, but the best of the men able to handle a pick will be selected and used just as if they were machines. They will undercut coal and do nothing else, and be formed in gangs on each entry under free bosses if necessary and convict ones if found practicable. Tasks of so many feet per day will probably be introduced, but the penalty for not completing them in the eight or nine hours allowed will be overwork until it is done. After these men have cut the coal a free boss, with probably half a dozen assistants, will bore and shoot it, and an inspection of the working places will follow this, when, if everything is safe, the great mass of convicts will be turned into the rooms and the coal loaded in the presence of convict inspector bosses if possible and free if necessary, whose duty it will be to see that the men do a reasonable day's work and load the coal clean. After this crew has finished, the timbermen and track layers will follow and put the rooms in shape for the next operation.
It has been found dangerous in many camps to give powder to the convicts in the proportions of one or two shots per day, as in many cases they use only about half of it, and secrete the balance for some jyrotechnic display, which while often innocently meant, is sometimes directed toward the roof of the mine, in order to cause a cave in and give a holiday until the fall is cleaned. Anarchistic plots are not unheard of either, but the main benefit to be derived from this provision for curbing the issuance of explosives will undoubtedly be a more merchantable article of coal. Such a sys- tem as this makes it possible to establish a series of grades, as rewards of fidelity and good work, and this fact may be taken advantage of if it is found practicable. The outside laborers, inside bosses, timbermen, track layers, coal cutters and loading inspectors could be formed into a privileged class, as it were, whose rewards would be shorter hours of labor and some distinctive badge. Whether or not these incen-
Mineral Resources.
tives alone would do to keep up the requisite amount of enthusiasm is immaterial, for if the system depended on that alone a small extra monetary consideration would do the work. The trouble will come in getting rid of the coal without having clashes with local mines. The question of cost of production is the thing least to fear.
Sanitary arrangements of the latest known design will be used in the dormitories for the men, and what has heretofore been almost impossible will be attempted — that is, to keep the convicts clean. Those who have had any acquaintance with the sub- ject will know that this will probably cause more trouble than all the other regula- tions together.
In the latter part of May, 1895, Mr. Bryant, in reply to an inquir y from this office, reported that, owing to legislative complications, work at the State convict mines had not been pushed as fast as at first con- temi)lated. Shipments had begun, however, and it was expected that at the extra session of the present legislature the necessary appropri- ation for the construction of crushing, washing, and coking plants would be made. Ko material change has been made or ordered in the plans outlined in the preceding article, and Mr. Bryant expects to have the main body of the State convicts at the mines by January 1, 1896. Whether or not the experiment will prove financially remuner- ative to the State can only be told after that time, as the work now in progress is preliminary and consists of entry driving and room turn- ing. Enough has been gathered from the experience so far to demon- strate that the coal is of good quality, and Mr. Bryant thinks the coke will be rather better than the average in the South. The chances of success have rather increased than decreased as the work has pro- gressed. The mines are expected to produce from 2,000 to 4,000 tons daily. Only screened and washed coal will be shipped. The fine coal will be made into coke.
Production.
The records of coal production in Tennessee date from 1873, but for ten years from that date the amounts reported were principally esti- mates, except for 1880, when the Tenth United States Census showed a total product of 641,042 short tons. The estimated output in 1873 was 350,000 short tons. From then until 1891 there was a practically steady increase in the annual production, reaching in the latter year 2,413,678 short tons, the largest output in any one year in the history of coal mining in the State. Except for the census years 1880 and 1889, the only reliable statistics of production in Tennessee have been com- piled by the Geological Survey and x)ublished in Mineral Eesources of the United States. The years for which they were thus obtained are from 1885 to 1894 (except tlie census year of 1889), and appear in a subsequent table.
In 1892 the coal-mining interests of the State suffered severely from the riots brought on by the opposition of free labor to the employment of convicts in competition with it (see Mr. Bryant's report, preceding). In that year the product was 321, (H 4 short tons, or more than 15 ])er
Coal.
cent, less thau in 1891. Owing to the action of the State authorities, these demonstrations were less marked in 1893, but the industry felt the effects of the industrial and financial depression, and a further decrease of 189,806 short tons, or nearly 10 per cent, was noted. The strike of 1894 affected some of the mines in this State, but not so gen- erally as in others, and the product increased 278,621 tons, or about l5 per ceut over that of 1893. The value increased only $71,032, about per cent, the average price in sympathy with the general decline in values falling from $1.08 per ton to 97 cents.
In the following tables the statistics of production during 1893 and 1894 are given by counties :
Coal product of Tennessee in 1893, by counties.
Counties.
Loaded at mines lor sliip- ncient.
Anderson . . .
Bledsoe
Campbell
Claiborne . . .
Franklin
Grundy
Hamilton
Marion
Morgan
Rhea
Eoane
Scott
White
Small mines.
Short tons. 306, 177
251, 796 154, 754 132,912 112, 750 140, 572 77, 565 1,790 5, 405 138, 395 104, 503
Sold to local trade and used b'
em- ployees.
Short tons. 1,750
7,231 1,019 1, 552 1,254 9, 353 3, 842 9, 395 1,680 4,000
Total 1,427,219 42,560
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Short tons. 3, 850
Made into coke.
Total product.
1,476
2,302 1,848 1,344 4, 557 2, 190 1,680
20, 921
Short Short tons, i tons.
311, 777
2, 000 25, 476
157, 780 39, 373 69, 135
84, 044 25, 750 8,000
262, 503 181, 530 1,200 294, 013 155, 523 211,594 78, 190 96, 531 39, 554 157, 980 107, 863 4, 000
411,558 1,902,258
Total value.
$319, 115
328, 897 163, 447 2, 400 305, 774 158, 681 206, 452 83, 542 86, 151 57, 891 220, 800 111, 299 4, 000
Aver- age price per ton.
$1. 02
2, 048, 449
Aver- age
num- ber of
days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
4, 976
Coal product of Tennessee in 1894, by counties.
Counties.
Num- ber of mines.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by em- ployees.
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Made into coke.
Total product.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Anderson
Campbell
( laiborne
Franklin, Grundy, Putnam, and White.
Hamilton
Marion
Morgan
Short tuns. 535, 108 169, 448 142,145
327, 716 100, 398 110, 945 63, 451 4, 386 3, 456 114, 353
Short tons. 3,014 4, 105
2,931
1, 193 11, 143
7, 751 11,238 12, 760
4, 500
Short
t07lS.
4, 600 1, 340
8, 800 1, 0U9 3,360 2,800 6, 300
Short tons. 1,500 8, 395 24, 458
144, 355 53, 701 62, 075
Short tons. 544, 222 167, 153
483, 802 156, 301 184, 597 64, 601 124, 115 118, 887 149,413 4, 500
$527, 671 192, 757 157, 377
415, 629 141,008 209, 627 63, 233 125, 823 118, 887 162, 969 4,500
$0. 97
1, 217
1,229
Khea
Roane
Scott
Small mines .
Total . .
108,618
101,393 16, 000
1, 571, 406
59, 985
28, 993
520, 495
2, 180, 879
2, 119, 481
5,542
Mineral Resources.
The tiiiuual output of the State since 1873 has been as follows:
Coal product of Tennessee from 1873 to- 1894.
Tears.
Short tons.
350, 350, 360, 550, 450, 375, 450, 641, 750, 850, 1, 000,
Tears.
Short tons.
200, 000 440, 957 714, 290 900, 000 967, 297 925, 689 169, 585 413, 678 092, 064 902, 258 180, 879
In the following table is shown the total production, by counties, since 1889, with the increase and decrease, in each county during 1894, as compared with the preceding year :
Coal 2)roduct of Tennessee since 1889, hy counties.
Counties.
Short
tona.
Anderson
457, 069
Campbell
123, 103
Claiborne
(a)
Franklin
(&)
Grundy
400, 107
Hamilton
241, 067
Marion
203, 923
Morgan
68, 229
Rhea
149, 194
Roane
cl74, 551
Scott
108, 027
White
(&)
Other counties
an d small
Total . . Net increase.
1, 925, 689
Short tons. 582, 403 126, 367 (a) 1, 500 349, 467 277, 896 213, 202 143, 518
211, 465 70, 452
136, 365 52, 650
4, 300
2, 169, 585 243, 896
Short tons. 587, 558 159, 937 73, 738 1, 400 398, 936 243, 298 271, 809 125, 287
213, 649 112, 308 142, 943 78, 315
4, 500
2, 413, 678 244, 093
Short
tons. 409, 970 289, 605 137, 219 1,400 358, 023 105, 283 241, 974
34, 970
133, 424 102, 588 183, 230 90, 378
4, 000
2, 092, 064 d 321, 614
Short
tons. 311, 777 262, 503 181, 530 1, 200 294, 013 155, 523 211, 594
78, 190
96, 531 39, 554 157, 980 107, 863
4, 000
1, 902, 258 (il89, 806
Short
tons. 544, 222 183, 288 167, 153 3, 000 365, 989 156, 301 184, 597
64, 601 124, 115 118, 887 149,413 114, 154
4, 500
2, 180, 879
Increase in 1894.
Short tons. 232, 445
1, 800 71, 976
27, 584 79, 333
6, 291
e278, 621
Decrease in 1894.
Short tons.
79, 215 14, 377
26, 997 13, 589
8, 567
a Developing. d Net decrease.
b Included in Roane County. e Net increase.
c Includes Franklin and White counties.
In connection with the foregoing table the following statements of the average prices ruling in the important producing counties and the statistics of labor and working time for the same period should be considered.
Average prices for Tennessee coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over.
Counties.
Anderson . . . Campbell . . . Claiborne . . .
(jrundy
Hamilton . .
Marion
Morgan
Rhea
Roane
Scott
White
The State.
$1. 16 ]. 15
$1. 17
$1. 15
M.ll
1. lOi
$1.02
j.04
$0. 97
Coal.
Statistica of labor employed and working time at Tennessee coal mines.
Counties.
Anderson . Campbell . Claiborne . Grundy. . . Hamilton . Marion . . . Morgan. . .
Rhea
Hoaue
Scott
White
The State.
5, 082 263
1,350
5, 097
a IS
u
o .
fat's cS
,2
Si
1, 072
230 4,926
o .
'Ojo
2 a
4, 976
a
u
o .
.
Is 01
w o
1,217
n
u
o .
Is OS
4) cS
U
©
232 ; 5,542 i 210
Texas.
Total product in 1894, 420,848 short tons; spot value, $976,458.
Texas Coal Fields.
The coal fields of Texas have been discussed in previous volumes of Mineral Resources, notably in the volumes for 1886 and 1888, in abstracts from the reports of E. T. Dumble, State geologist, and in the volumes for 1891 and 1892 by Mr. Robert T. Hill, of the United States Geolog- ical Survey, formerly professor of geology of the University of Texas. During the past two or three years active development work has been prosecuted in the San Carlos coal fields, described fully in Mineral Resources, 1893. In the volume for 1885, Mr. Charles A. Ashburner stated that discoveries of coal had been reported in El Paso and Pre- sidio counties, but no reliable information in regard to it was obtained until 1892, wheu some Pittsburg (Pa.) parties investigated the rumors and found a valuable and extensive dei)osit. A branch railroad from Chispa Station, on the Southern Pacific Railroad, is now building, and before the close of 1895 will be comDleted. As soon as this means of transportation is obtained the mines will begin to ship, and as the field is in a region remote from other sources of supply a profitable enter- prise is practically assured from the start.
Production.
Reliable statistics of coal production in Texas have only been obtained since 1889, when the Eleventh United States Census, after a careful canvass of the State, reported an output of 128,216 short tons, valued at $340,620. The output from 1883 to 1888, inclusive, has been esti- mated at from 75,000 to 135,000 short tons annually, and while these 16 ffEOL, PT 4 13
Mineral Kesources.
figures were estimates merely, the fact that the product in those years was from the same mines as the output in 1889, and that the estimated product was quite close to that reported by the Census Office, indicates that the estimates were not very far from the actual output.
With the exception of a slight decrease in 1891 from the output in 1890, the product of coal in Texas has shown a steady increase since 1889. While the output in 1891 was less than that of 1890, it exceeded that of 1889 by more than 40,000 tons. The product in 1892 was 73,590 short tons, or nearly 43 per cent larger than that of 1891. In 1893 the product increased 56,516 short tons, or 23 per cent over 1892, and in 1894 the increase was 118,642 short tons, or more than 39 per cent. The product in 1894 was more than three times that of 1889, while the value was within $25,000 of reaching $1,000,000. With the bringing in of the Presidio County or San Carlos fields in 1895, and the develop- ment of industrial enterprises in the State, the production of coal is likely to continue to increase.
Owing to the fact that there is but one mine in each producing county, the production by counties can not be given in detail, without violating the confidential nature of the statistics. The following table shows the output since 1889, with the value and distribution for consumption :
Coal product of Texas since 1889.
Distribution.
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
tons.
tons.
tons.
tons.
tons.
tons.
Loaded at mines for shipment
120, 602
180, 800
169, 300
241, 005
300, 064
417, 281
Sold to local trade and used
by employees
6, 552
1, 840
4, 460
2,412
Used at mines tor steam and
heat
1,062
1,800
1, 900
1,680
1, 155
Total
128, 216
184, 440
172, 100
245, 690
302, 206
420, 848
Total value
$340,617
$465, 900
$412, 300
$569, 333
$688, 407
$976, 458
Utah.
Total product in 1894, 431,550 short tons; spot value, $603,479.
No systematic geological survey has been made of the Territory, and it is not possible to define the limits of even such coal deposits as are worked. What knowledge there is of the coal resources of the Territory is contained in a contribution by Mr. Robert Forrester to Mineral Resources for 1892. The coal mined commercially is practi- cally all bituminous, and some in Carbon County makes an excellent coke, 48,810 tons of coal being made into coke in 1894.
The industry in the Territory is on the increase, notwithstanding tlie fact that the coal fields of Wyoming are about as near the principal coal markets of Utah as the coal-producing districts of the Territory itself. The product in 1894 was the largest ever obtained, though an increase over 1893 of only about 4 per cent, while the value declined slightly (a
Coal. 195
little over 1 per cent) the average price declining from $1.48 per ton to $1.40.
The following tables show the statistics of production during 1893 and 1894, by counties :
Coal product of Utah in 1893, by counties.
Counties.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by
em- ployees.
Used at mines for steam and heat.
Made into coke.
Total product.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Carbon
Morgan
Short tons. 304, 511
Short tons. 2, 671 3,958
Short tons. 1, 874
Short tons. 50, 875
Short tons. 358, 180 2, 683 52, 242
$523, 422 4, 752 82, 743
$1. 46
Sanpete
2, 372
Summit
45, 912
Total
350, 423
7, 649
4, 258
50, 875
413, 205
611, 092
Coal product of Utah in 1894, by counties.
Counties,
Num- ber of mines.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by
em- ployees.
Used
at mines
for steam and heat.
Made into coke.
Total product.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total numbei
of em- ployees.
Carbon
Emery and Morgan
Short tons. 312, 706
Short tons. 1,758
1,364 1,107 6, 944
Short tons. 1,900
4, 941
Short tons. 48, 810
Short tons. 365, 174
1, 375
2, 947 62, 054
$512, 389
1, 936 6, 843 82, 311
$L 40
Sanpete
1,800 50, 169
Summit
Total
13 364,675
11, 173
6, 892
48, 810
431, 550
603, 479
There are no records of the amount of coal produced in the Territory prior to 1885. Since that time the annual output has been as follows :
Coal product of Utah since 1885.
Tears.
Short tons.
1 Years .
Short tons.
213, 120 200, 000 180, 021 258, 961 236, 651
318, 159 371, 045 361,013 413, 205 431, 550
' 1893
Virginia.
Total product in 1894, 1,229,083 short tons; spot value, $933,576.
VIRaiNIA COAL FIELDS.
The bituminous coal fields of Virginia may be divided into two prominent areas, the Richmond basin and the Pocahontas field.
1. The Richmond basin embraces the counties of Henrico, Chester- field, Goochland, Powhatan, and Amelia, with traces of coal in Han-
Mineral Resources.
over and Dinwiddie. Tliis coal occurs in tlie Triassic formation, and is of the same geologic age as the ]>eep River liehl of North Carolina. The first systematic coal mining in the United States was carried on in this field. In 1822 nearly 50,000 tons were produced here, twelve times the amount of coal shipped out of the Pennsylvania anthracite region in that year. The maximum production of the field was in 1833, when 142,587 tons of coal were shipped. At the time the earlier volumes of Mineral Resources were published, mining in this field had gradually declined and no extensive operations were being carried on. In the past two or three years, however, considerable attention has been given to these properties, and operations on quite an extensive scale are being prosecuted. Mines at Gay ton, in Henrico County, and Midlothian, in Chesterfield County, are working almost continuously. The coal from the field ranges from a bright black bituminous to a semianthracite, and seems quite popular for domestic fuel in the city of Richmond, the principal market. Some experimental coke has been made, and the operators are now investigating the different makes of coke ovens with the idea of making coke on a commercial scale and saving the by-products.
2. The Pocahontas field, underlain by the lower productive Coal Measures, extends over parts of Tazewell, Russell, Buchanan, Dickin- son, Wise, Scott, and Lee counties. The largest operations are in Tazewell County, and until 1892 practically all of the j)roduct was from this county. In 1892, however, the Wise County dej)osits were opened up by the extension through them of the Clinch River division of the Norfolk and Western Railroad. About 2,000 tons were mined there during 1892 in the progress of development. The following year (1893) Wise County produced 126,216 tons of coal, and in 1894 over 300,000 tons. The Pocahontas field reaped a rich harvest in 1894 from the strike in other regions, this one being exempted from the general order calling out the miners. As a result the output from the field increased from 779,590 short tons to 1,158,437 short tons, a gain of nearly 50 per cent.
In addition to these fields there are several outlying areas from the Appalachian system, but occurring in the lowest of the Carboniferous formations. In Rockingham and Augusta counties coal beds have been known to exist for many years. They are, however, not sufficiently persistent to be mined i)rofitably. A triangular area running north- east and southwest occurs along the Brush and Price mountains, in Montgomery County, and some coal is taken out here for local consump- tion. The coal is bituminous; but on account of the pressure to which some of it has been subjected, it has in places been hardened to an appearance of anthracite, but the metamori)hism has not been complete enough to authorize the use of the name of anthracite for it. In Pulaski (Jounty occurs anotlur isolated area which is Avorked by the Bertlia Zinc and Mineral Company for its zinc reduction works.
Coal.
Another long, narrow field extends northeast and southwest along the Holston Valley, in Washington, Smyth, and Wythe counties. These are not operated at present.
Production.
As previously stated, the first coal mined systematically in the United States was from the Richmond basin, in Virginia. As early as 1822 the amount of coal mined here was 48,214 long tons. In 1833 142,587 long tons were produced. From 1833 to 1860 there is a blank in the records. In the latter year the product was 61,803 long tons, or 60,210 short tons. The Tenth United States Census reported an out- put of 43,070 short tons for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1880. All of the above figures represent the output of the State obtained from the Richmond basin. The output during 1880, 1S81, and 1882 was esti- mated at 100,000 long tons, or 112,000 short tons, in each year, but this is an 'estimate" merely. The development in the Pocahontas Flat Top coal field began in the fall of 1881, but owing to the wet season of 1882 and the lack of transportation facilities until the ISew River division of the Norfolk and Western Railroad was completed, in 1883, the first car load of coal was not shipped until the latter year. From 1883 the production of this field has grown to enormous pro- portions, the output in 1894 (including McDowell and Mercer coun- ties, W. Va., and Tazewell and Wise counties, Va.) reaching 5,389,- 756 short tons. Four-fifths of this product, however, was from the districts north of the Bluestone River, in West Virginia, but the output of Virginia alone in this region in 1894 was 1,158,437 short tons. This was an increase of nearly 400,000 tons over 1893, and was due to this region being unattected by the strike which paralyzed the industry in competing fields. Notwithstanding this increased ac- tivity, due to causes which should have resulted iu an enhanced value, and probably did for awhile, the business for the year shows a decided falling oft' in the average price realized, Tazewell County's average declining from 80 cents and Wise County's from 90 cents in 1893 to 70 cents in both counties for 1894. The other counties of the State are grouped in order to maintain the confidential nature of individ- ual returns. There was an increase here of over 100 per cent — from 33,978 short tons in 1893 to 70,646 short tons in 1894— with a propor- tionately greater increase in value, from $50,622 to $122,611, the aver- age price advancing frora $1.49 to $1.73. The Wise County field was opened in 1892 by the extension of the Clinch River division of the Norfolk and Western Railroad to Big Stone Gap; but, except for a small amount (about 2,000 tons) taken out in the work of development, no coal was mined in that year. The first commercial product was in
iFor further details of the coal fields of Virginia and West Virginia, see Mineral Resources for 1883 -84 and Bulletin No. 65 of the U. S. Geological Survey.
Mineral Resources.
1893, when 126,216 short tons were mined. The output in 1894 was more than two and one-half times this, amounting to 330,731 short tons. The total product of the State in 1894 was 1,229,083 short tons, valued at $933,576, against 820,339 short tons, worth $692,748, in 1893, an increase in amount of 408,744 short tons and in value of $240,828. The following tables show the details of production for the two years :
Coal product of Virginia in 1893, hy counties.
Counties.
'Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by
em- ployees.
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Made into coke.
Total product.
Total value.
Aver- age price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Tazewell
Wise
Short
tons. 565, 245 124, 088
18, 084
Short tons. 3, 805 15, 877
Short
tons. 3,360 1, 232
Short tons. 80, 964
Short
tons. 653, 374 126, 216
33, 978
$520, 565 113,436 50, 622
$0. 80
Other counties a . . Total
714, 188
20, 578
4, 609
80, 964
820, 339
692,748 .84
aincludes Chesterfield, Henrico, Montgomery, and Pulaski counties.
Coal product of Virginia in 1894, hy counties.
Counties.
ber of mines.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by
em- ployees.
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Made into coke.
Total product.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
tons.
tons.
tons.
tons.
tons.
Tazewell
635, 708
1, 120
3, 360
187,518
827, 706
$580, 328
$0. 70
Wise
326, 086
4, 029
330, 731
230, 637
Chesterfiel d,
Henrico,
Montgom-
ery, and Pu-
laski
53, 919
16,013
70, 646
122, 611
Total . . .
1,015,713
21, 162
4, 690
187, 518
1, 229, 083
933, 576
1,635
The total i)roduction of coal in Virginia since 1880 has been as fol- lows:
Coal product of Virginia since 1880.
Tears.
Sliort tons.
Tears.
Short tons.
112, 000 112, 000 112, 000 252, 000 330, 000 567, 000 684, 951 825, 263
1,073, 000' 805, 786 784, Oil 736, 390 675, 205 820, 339
1, 229, 083
Coal.
Washington.
Total product in 1894, 1,106,470 short tons; spot value, $2,578,441.
Washington Coal Fields.
The developed coal fields of Washington lie chiefly in a compara- tively u arrow belt, running nearly due north and south, through the western portions of Whatcom, Skagit, Snohomish, and King counties into Pierce and Thurston counties. Some distance to the east of the southern end of this belt, in Kittitas County, extensive operations have been carried on for a number of years. The main belt extends along the Cascade Kange, and important mines have been opened on' both the eastern and western slopes of the range. Outcroppings have been found in other localities, notably in Lincoln, Spokane, and Cas- cade counties, and in 1804 a small amount of coal was mined in Okanogan County. The coals of the State embrace lignite, semibitu- minous, and bituminous, adapted for gas and coke making and for steam and domestic purposes. Some coal resembling anthracite is reported to have been found in Yakima County. The total area of the coal deposits of Washington has not been determined, but there is no doubt that almost inexhaustible supplies are at hand, not only for the future demand of its population, but sufficient to furnish a basis for profitable traflQc for transportation to the entire Pacific Coast.
Production.
The discovery of coal in what is now the most important producing region of the Pacific States was made in 1852. The first mine was opened on Bellingham Bay in 1854. The coal from this mine was sent to San Francisco, and was the only coal shipped out of the Territory (now State) of Washington until 1870, when exportation commenced at Seattle from the Seattle, Rentou, and Talbot mines in the vicinity. In 1874 the product from the Seattle mines was 50,000 tons; from July 1, 1878, to July 1, 1879, the product was 155,900 tons. In the year ended December 31, 1879, the xroduct was 137,207 short tons. The Renton mine, opened in 1874, produced, in 1875 and 1876, 50,000 short tons. Tue Talbot mine, opened in 1875, produced, in 1879, 18,000 short tons of coal. Records of the operations of Washington coal mines are incom- plete, and entirely wanting from 1879 to 1884. The mining during this time was confined to King and Pierce counties. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1885, the total product of the Territory is given at 380,250 short tons, of which Kirig County is credited with 204,480 short tons and Pierce County with 175,770 short tons.
Coal mining in Washington received a sudden impetus in 1887 and 1888, practically reaching the limit of profitable production in the latter year, for in only two years since has the product of 1888 been exceeded. The product in 1887 was more than 75 per cent larger than in 1886, and that of 1888 more than 55 per cent larger than in 1887. The product
Mineral Resources.
in both 1890 and 1803 exceeded that of 1888 by about 50,000 tons, but these were the only years when it did so, though in no year has the product fallen below 1,000,000 tons, since it passed that figure in 1888. In 1894 the iroduct was 158,407 tons less than in 1893, while the value declined $342,435. There was an advance in the average price i)er ton from $2.31 in 1893 to $2.33 in 1894.
The following tables show the statistics of production during 1893 and 1894:
Coal product of Washington in 1893, by counties.
Counties.
Loaded at mines
for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by
em- ployees.
Used at mines for
steam and heat.
Made into coke-
Total product.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per
ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number of em- ployees.
Kins;
Short ions. 544, 848 239, 888 389, 196 1, 985
Short tons. 4, 860 3, 048
Short tons. 28, 523 10, 531
Short tons.
Short
tons. 577, 731 253, 467 408, 074 2, 905
$1, 284, 684 653, 922 917, 122 10, 698
$2. 22
1, 256
Kittitas
Pierce
Skagit
10, 974
Whatcom
10, 192
10, 616
1,892
22, 700
54, 450
Total
1, 186, 109
18, 888
48, 506
11, 374
1, 'J64, 877
2. 920, 876
2, 757
Coal product of Washington in 1894, hy counties.
Counties.
Num- ber of mines.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and used by
em- ployees.
Used at mines
for steam
and heat.
Made into coke.
Total product.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age
num- ber of
days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
King
Short tons. 379, 433 221, 292
389, 109 40, 398
Shor* tons. 2, 559
Short tons.
36, 535 8, 729
9,831 1,758
Short tons.
Short tons. 422, 676 232, 580
406, 881 44, 333
$1,107, 887 490, 860
876, 581 103, 113
$2. 62
Kittitas
Okanogan
Pierce
Skagit Thurston . . . Whatcom. . .)
Total - . .
7,158 1,405
1, 030, 232
10, 822
56, 853
8,563
1, 106, 470
2, 578, 441
The annual i)roduct since 1885 has been as follows:
Product of coal in Washington since 1885.
Years.
Total product.
Total value.
Average price per ton.
Total em- ployees.
Average number of days worked.
Short totis. 380, 250 423, 525 772, 601 1,21.5, 7.50 1,030, 578
1.263, 689 1, 056, 249 1,213,427
1.264, 877 1, 106,470
$952, 93 1
1, 699, 7-16 3, 647, 2.50
2, 393, 238
3, 426, 590 2, 437, 270 2, 763, 547 2, 920, 876 2, 578, 441
$2. 25
1, 571
2, 657 2, 206 2, 564 2, 757 2, 662
Coal.
The total output of the State since 1887, by counties, with the in- creases and decreases in 1894 as compared with 1893, is shown in the following table :
Product of coal i)i U asldnglon since 1887, by conniies.
[Short tons.]
Counties
"IT- rr
in4 "700
.546 535
on 1 'TAI
517, 492 445, 311
429, 778 348, 018
Kittitas
Pierce
229. 785
276, 956
273, 618
285, 886
271, 053 1,400
Slcagit
Thurston
15, 295
42, 000
46, 480
15, 000
6, 000
Not specified
82, 778
130, 259
Total
772, 601
1, 215, 750
1, 030, 578
1,263,689 1,056,249
Counties.
Increase in
Decrease in
King
508, 467 285, 088
577, 731 253, 467
422, 676 232, 580
406, 831 7, 537 26, 880 9, 916
155, 055 20, 887
Kittitas
Pierce
364, 294 4, 703 22, 119 28, 756
408, 074 2, 905
1,243
Skagit
4, 632 26, 880
Thurston
Whatcom
22, 700
12, 784
Not specified
Total
1, 213, 427
1, 264, 877
1, 106, 470
a 158, 407
a Net decrease.
In the following tables are shown the average prices ruling in each county since 1889, and the statistics of labor employed and average working time since 1890 :
Average prices for Washington coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over.
Counties.
King
Kittitas
Pierce
Thurston
$2. 55
$2. 61
$2. 35
$2. 42
$2. 22
$2. 62
Whatcom
The State
Statistics of labor employed and working time at WasJiington coal mines.
Counties.
Average:number employed.
Average working days.
Average number employed.
Average working days.
Average number employed.
Average working days.
Average number employed.
Average working days.
Average number employed.
Average working days.
King
Kittitas
Pierce
Thurston
1,098
1, 285
1,296
1,256
Whatcom
The State
30 1 150
2,206
2,447 i 211
2, 564
247 2,757
2, 662
Minekal Resources.
West Virginia.
Total product iu 1894, 11,627,757 short tons; spot value $8,706,808.
West Virginia Coal Fields.
West Virginia contains more of the great Appalachian coal field than any other State. The total area embraces about 16,000 square miles — more than 80 per cent of the total bituminous areas of Ohio and Penn- sylvania combined, 60 ier cent more than Pennsylvania alone, and 2,000 square miles more than Kentucky and Tennessee combined. The area underlaid by coal is about two-thirds of the total area of the State. The general boundaries of the coal fields have been briefly outlined in Mineral Eesources for 1886, as follows :
The eastern boundary begins at the south, on the mountain just east of the Bluestone River, and proceeds thence to Little Sewell Moun- tain, on the top of which the lowest seam of the lowest coal measures may be seen ; thence, but not by a very clearly defined line, with the common boundary of Nicholas and Greenbrier and Webster and Poca- hontas counties to Rich Mountain, in Randolph County; following this last-named ridge to Laurel Mountain, the dividing line between Uishur County on the west and Randolph and Barbour counties on the east; and thence with the Briery Mountain into Preston County, and so on to the Pennsylvania State line. To the east of this boundary there are small outlying i3atches of coal, as in Greenbrier County, in Meadow Mountain, and possibly in Pocahontas County and in some of the syn- clinal valleys of Tucker County; but these patches are unimportant as compared to the vast area to the west, and in but few instances will they yield coal of any value except for local use. This statement will not, however, apply to the small area in Mineral and Grant counties, which is entirely separated by sub- Carboniferous outcrops from the main West Virginia coal field.
In every county west of this general eastern boundary to the Ohio River will valuable coal be found, if not outcropping in the hills, then below the surface and accessible by shafting, so that out of fifty-four counties in the State only Monroe, Pendleton, Hardy, Hampshire, Mor- gan, and Jefl'erson counties may be considered as lacking in workable coal beds.
For convenience of description the coal formation may be divided into five groups, as follows:
1. Tlie Pottsville Conglomerate group is composed of alternating beds of conglomerate and sandstone, the former characterizing the group with beds of shale and slates, which contain in many places valuable workable coal beds. The thickness of the group varies from 100 to 1,000 feet.
Coal.
2. The Lower Goal Measures, resting upon the great Millstone Grit or Pottsville Conglomerate series, containing very many important and valuable coal seams and having a thick series of sandstones, known as the Mahoning, capping the group.
3. The Lower Barren Measures, composed of reddish and blueish shales and slates, sandstones, and limestones — the latter in some parts of the State being very important — usually destitute of workable coal beds, and terminating above at the Pittsburg coal bed.
4. The Upper Coal Measures, containing several important coal seams, of which the Pittsburg or the Cumberland big seam lies at the base.
5. The Upper Barren Measures, comjiosed of sandstones and shales.
Production.
The development of the West Virginia coal fields has been of extra- ordinary growth. In 1873 the product was 672,000 short tons. In 1883 it was 2,235,833, and in 1893 it was 10,708,578 short tons, and added nearly another million tons increase in the product for 1894. In 1882, the first year covered by Mineral Eesources, West Virginia ranked fifth in importance among the coal-producing States, and held that position until 1886, when she took fourth i)lace. At this time she produced only about one-half as much as Ohio, the third in rank. The ratio of increase in the two States did not vary much until 1889, when West Virginia's product amounted to more than 60 per cent that of Ohio; in 1891 it was more than 70 per cent; in 1893 it was more than 80 per cent, and in 1894 the product of Ohio was less than 3 per cent larger than West Virginia. It must be taken into consideration, how- ever, that in 1894 Ohio was one of the heaviest sufierers from the effects of the great strike, while West Virginia was in the main bene- fited. In some districts where the miners' union was strong the West Virginia operators suffered with the others, while in other districts where the union was weak the strike did good rather than damage, and in the Pocahontas field, which was exempt from the strike order, the operators and the railroad were alike unable to meet the demands upon them. Then, too. West Virginia suffered less from the effects of the industrial depression than most of the coal-producing States, for the average price declined but 2 cents per ton compared with 1893, and the decline in nearly all Ihe other bituminous regions was consid- erably more than that. It is not to be supposed that the same condi- tions which affected the comparison of Ohio and West Virginia in 1894 will obtain in 1895 nor for some years to come, if ever, but still with the advantage possessed by the latter for extending her markets, and particularly the facilities for reaching the seaboard, the product is likely to increase in greater proportion than Ohio's, and the order of their standing will be reversed before the close of the century.
During 1894, an organization was formed by the operators along the New and Kanawha rivers in Fayette and Kanawha counties, under
Mineral Resources.
the name of the Kanawha and New River Coal and Coke Company, for the purpose of extending the markets for the coals of those regions, particularly in the West. The company is incorporated with a cap ital of $1,000,000, and the various mining companies will participate in the results on a mutual basis. Another change of importance has been made in the method of marketing West Virginia coals, and prob- ably to this change is due in large measure the formation of the new company. Heretofore the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad has been the purchaser of all the coal mined along its line, and has paid the oper- ators a certain price agreed upon. The railroad company would then transport the coal to the markets and receive for freight the difference between the price at mines and delivered. At the last session of the legislature a law was passed prohibiting railroad comiDanies from engaging in the coal business in this way, as being outside their legiti- mate business of common carriers, so that for the future operators will be obliged to go into the market for themselves.
In the following tables are exhibited the statistics of production in 1893 and 1894, showing the distribution of the product for consumption by counties, the value, the number of employees, and the average number of working days :
Coal product of West Virginia in 1893, by counties.
Counties.
Barbour
Brooke
Fayette
Grant
Harrison
Kanawha
Logan
Marion
Marshall
Mason
McDowell
Mercer
Mineral
Monongalia
Ohio
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Ranrtolph ,
Taylor
Tucker
Small mines
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Total.
Short tons.
25, 700
,116, 656
5, 600 168, 686
, 415, 745
783, 024 152, 697 112,408 , 620, 400 776, 217 643, 329 27, 500
52, 211 208, 281
91, 730 1,494
63, 661 322, 576
8, 591, 962
Sold to local
trade and used
by em- ployees.
Short
tons. 1,196 6, 650
34, 323 1,120 3, 151
22, 485
10, 708 5, 200
39, 815
29, 173 5, 134 9, 346
80, 565 1, 579 1,450
1,820 15, 749
120, 000
390, 689
Used at mines
for steam
and heat.
Short tons.
12, 657 5, 106
13, 490 1,100 1,410 6, 549 2, 366
,406
46, 898
Made into coke.
Short tons.
489, 224
21, 567 2, 916
255, 112
510, 347 211,711
10, 550 27," 893
13, 068 136, 641
1, 679, 029
Total product.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per
ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number of em- ployees.
Short
tons.
5,284
$4, 718
$0. 89
32, 900
29, 015
2, 652, 860
2, 120, 758
4, 487
6, 731
5,109
193, 632
128, 828
1,416, 252
1, 236, 861
2, 306
1, 062, 334
742, 616
1, 536
158, 997
124, 407
1.53, 633
14;i, 130
2, 166, 478
1, 526, 598
3,375
995, 428
690, 490
1,281
653, 025
537, 366
38, 600
27, 975
80,610
66, 269
82, 672
209, 881
211, 556
92, 330
92, 330
1,494
1,494
78, 640
45, 968
476, 372
338, 126
120, 000
120, 000
10, 708, 578
8, 251, 170
Coal.
Coal product of West Virginia in 1894, by counties.
Counties.
Num- ber of mines.
Barbour
Brooke
Fayette
Grant
Harrison
Kanawha
Marion
Marshall
Mason
McDowell
Mercer
Mineral
Monongalia. . .
Ohio
Preston
Putnam
Randolph
Taylor
Tucker
Logaji, Ra- leigh, and Wayne
Small mines . . Total . . .
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Short tuns. 7,616 39, 623 2, 157, 737 6, 104 235, 173 1,059, 719 1, 154,744 145, 513 65, 577 2, 088, 249 786, 363 559, 829 59, 883 18, 000 35, 88-1 201, 625 15, 643 84, 755 277, 307
116, 970
9, 116,314
Sold to local trade
and used by
em- ployees.
Short tons.
5, 222 33, 726
2, 782 17, 356
6, 743 10, 407 72, 470 26,313
3, 163 84, 610 16, 363 9, 296 4, 194
Used at mines
for steam and heat.
Short tons.
Made into coke.
Short tons.
18, 522
356, 627
17, 679 1,924 224, 929
5, 380 13, 482
2, 755 8, 842 1, 034, 965 8, 4.50 272, 517
2,150
18, 045 1
2, 438
8, 523 80, Oil
428, 202;
64, 126 2,019, 115
Total product.
Total value.
price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number of em- ployees.
Short
tons.
y, /ju
$o, o79
$0. 89
44, yyt)
34, 461
Z, ODD, DlZ
1, 852, 47
4, 594
6,563
4,510
ZOt>, Do4
182, 653
1, 084, 359
942, 782
2, 706
1, oyy, ©yo
1, 198, 514
Of!
1, 479
156, 320
140 802
122, 036
o. Loo, oO.f
Z, 1U4, 400
. D(
Oat
1, 072, 950
761, 199
563, 270
432, 234
79, 558
69, 039
102, 910
86, 555
40, 854
27, 969
220, 138
247, 082
16, 203
14, 002
102, 682
63, 498
363, 950
225, 961
116, 970
89, 759
125, 000
125, 000
11,627,757
8, 706, 808
17, 824
The annual output since 187.') has been as follows:
Coal product of West Virginia since 1S73.
Years.
Short tons.
672, 000 1, 120, 000 1, 120, 000
896, 000 1, 120, 000 1, 120, 000
1, 400, 000 1,568, 000 1,680, 000
2, 240. 000 2, 335, 833
Tears.
Short tons.
1884 1 3, 360, 000
1885 j 3,369,062
1886 4, 005, 796
1887 I 4, 881, 620
1888 ! 5, 498, 800
1880 t 6,231,880
1890 7,394,654
1891 1 9, 220, 665
1892 9, 738, 755
i 1893 I 10, 708, 578
1894 11,627,757
The following table will be found of interest as showing the annual increase in the coal output of West Virginia since 1880, and the aver- age annual increase in the fourteen years :
Annual increase in the coal product of West Virginia since 1880.
Years .
1881 over 1880
1882 over 1881
1883 over 1882
1884 over 1883
1885 over 1884
1886 over 1885
1887 over 1886
1888 over 1887
1889 over 1888
1890 over 1889
1891 over 1890
1892 over 1891
1893 over 1892
1894 over 1893
Total increase m fourteen yeais
Average annual increase
Short tons.
112,000 560, 000 95, 833 1, 024, 167 9, 062 636, 734 875, 824 617, 180 733, 080 1, 162, 774 1,826,011 518, 090 969, 823 10, 059, 757 718, 554
Mineral Resources.
Ill the following table will be found the total product of the State, by counties, since 1880, with the increases and decreases in 1894 as compared witli 1893. The important increases were in McDowell, Marion, Mercer, and Monongalia counties, while the greater part of the decrease was borne by Kanawha County.
Coal product of West Virginia from 1886 to 1894, by coun ties.
[Short tons.]
Counties.
Brooke
Fayette
Harrison
Kanawha
McDowell
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mineral
Monongalia
Ohio
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Taylor
Tucker
other counties and small
Total
22, 880 1, 413, 778 234, 597 876, 785
172, 379 251, 333 150, 878 328, 733 361, 312
(a)
170, 721 (&)
40, 366 1, 252, 457 154, 220 1, 126, 839
365, 844 92, 368 140, 968 575, 885 478, 636
131, 936 276, 224 53, 200
ic)
22, 400
168, 000 24, 707
4, 005, 796
4, 881, 620
11, 568 1 , 977, 030 109, 515 863, 600
363, 974 47, 702 72, 410 969, 395 456, 361
140,019 231, 540 145, 440
55, 729 62,517
5, 498, 800
31, 119 1, 450, 780 174, 115 1, 218, 236 586, 529 282, 467
47, 706 185, 030 921, 741 493, 464
74, 031 143, 170 129, 932 218, 752
1, 591, 298 144, 403 1,421, 116 95ri, 222 455, 728 123, 669 145, 314 1, 005, 870 573, 684 31, 360 103, 586 178,439 205, 178
83, 012 173, 492
18, 304
76, 618 245, 378
100, 000
6, 231. 880
7, 394, 654
Counties.
Barbour
Brooke
Fayette
Grant
Harrison
Kanawha
Logan
McDowell
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mineral
Monongalia
Ohio
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Taylor
Tucker
Wayne
other counties small mines
and
Total
1S91.
33, 950 307, 421
150, 522 324, 788
26, 521 2, 455, 400
221, 726 1, 317, 621
267, 136 000, 047 193, 703 159, 990 172, 910 693, 574 31, 000 90, 600 140, 399 94, 230
101, 661 358, 734
100, 000
9, 220, 665
1, 696, 975 919, 704 118, 974 159, 644 1, 191, 952 582, 402 48, 900 120, 323 98, 006 89, 886 95, 824
115, 145 359, 752
120, 000
9, 738, 755
32, 900 2, 652, 860
193, 632 1, 446. 252
2, 166, 478 1, 062,334 158, 997 153, 633 995, 428 653, 025 38,600 80, 010 82, 672 209, 881 92, 330
78, 640 476, 372
133, 934
10, 708, 578
9, 720 44, 995
2, 566, 612
6, 563 255, 634 1, 084, 359 11, 611
3, 158, 369 1, 399, 898
156, 320 140, 802 1, 072, 950 563, 270
79, 558 102, 910
40, 854 220, 138
84, 359
16, 203 102, 682 363, 950
21, 000
125, Ooo
Increase in 1894.
9, 720 12, 095
Decrease in 1894.
6,563 62, 002
11, 611 991, 891 337, 564
86, 248
361, 893
77, 522
2,677 12, 831
40, 958 22, 300
89, 755
10, 257
16, 203 24, 042
21, 000
41, 818 7, 97i
112, 422 8, 934
11, 627, 757 :d 919, 179
a Inclndcid in product of Marshall County. b Included in product of Mason County.
c Included in i)roduct of Harrison County. d Net increase.
Coal.
Uniform with the discussion of the product of other States the fol- lowing tables are given, showing the average price per ton and the statistics of labor employed and working time for a series of years:
Average prices for West Virginia coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over.
Counties.
Brooke
Fayette
Harrison . . . Kanawha. . .
Logan
Marion
Marshall . . .
Mason
McDowell . .
Mercer
Mineral
Monongalia.
Ohio
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph . . .
Taylor
Tucker
Wayne
The state.
$0. 73
$0. 771
.90"
). 82i .85"
,76 ,76
,70
,80
,90
,74
,84
,65
,78
,601 ,641
,94 ,84 ,77
,96
,70
$0. 88
$0.
Statistics of labor employed and working time at West Virginia coal mines.
Counties.
Brooke
Fayette
Harrison . . . Kanawha. . .
Logan
Marion
Marshall ...
Mason
McDowell . .
Mercer
Mineral
Monongalia.
Ohio
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph.,.
Taylor
Tucker
Wayne
TheSiate.
Si
2, 824 2, 756
1,315 1, 465
12, 236
o .
Si
2 a
3, 823 2, 802
1,408 1,536 1, 510
14, 227
o .
O
4, 102 2,677
259J 260'
1, 114 2, 061 1,621
14, 867
Si
£ a
4,487 2, 306
1, 536 3, 375 1,281
be
a
16, 524 1 219
s
a
4, 594
2, 706
1, 479
3, 891 1, 274
17, 824
be
Mineral Resources.
Wyoming
Total product iu 1894, 2,417,463 short tons; spot value, $3,170,392.
Coals And Coal Measures Of Wyoming. '
'Not less than 40 per cent of the entire area of Wyoming is under- lain with Coal Measures, and over one-half of this is known to contain coal veins of commercial value. The term " Goal Measures," as used in this connection, needs to be defined, so that it will not confuse the Eastern geologists, who might consider the Measures Carboniferous, and also that it may not be synonymous with the Laramie group, which horizon has been called the Western Coal Measures. It is now definitely known that all of the Rocky Mountain Cretaceous groups are coal bearing, and at present coal mines are being worked in the Dakota, Bear River, Montana, and Laramie groups, in Wyoming. Since all of the Cretaceous groups are coal bearing, it is only. proper to refer to the Cretaceous system as the Western Coal Measures, instead of referring to a single group.
The coal fields are so numerous in the State that every county, with one exception, has coal mines opened. There are 21,464 square miles of coal lands known, which estimate will be found low when the bounda- ries have been defined by actual survey. The fields have numerous veins, generally ranging from six to eight workable ones, and the veins vary in thickness from 4 to 75 feet.
The following table will give the number of square miles of produc- tive Coal Measures known in each county, together with the number of local and shipping coal mines, and the maximum and minimum thick- ness of the coal veins. This estimate is based upon careful field obser- vations that liave been made during the last ten years.
Square miles of productive Coal Measures in Wyoming, hij counties.
Names of counties.
Sweetwater
(Jarbon
Crook
Frejiiont
Uinta
Bigliorn
Converse
Sheridan
Jolinson
Natrona
Weston
Albany
Laraiuie (no estimate)
Total
Areas.
Sq . miles. 3, 313 2, 421 2, 360 2, 000 1, 820 1, 612 1, 524 1,320 1, 247 1, 208
Number of local mines.
21, 449
Number of
shipping mines.
Thickness of coal veins.
Feet.
4 to 12
1 By Wilbur C. Knight, University of Wyoming.
Coal.
Kinds Of Coal.
There are three varieties of coal mined in Wyoming, which are as follows: Bituminous (coking and noncoking), semibituminous, and lignite. The bituminous coal is an excellent fuel for all purposes, and is sold as far east as the Missouri River and westward to the Pacific Ocean. This variety is quite hard, breaks with a bright fracture, and stands storage and long transportation with but little loss. The semi- bituminous coal contains a higher percentage of water and in general is utilized wherever bituminous coal can be used, except for coke making. On account of its slaking qualities it can not be successfully stored. The lignites contain a high percentage of water, often 20 per cent. They have a decided woody texture and are generally of a brown color. This fuel is largely used for steam and domestic purposes, but can not be safely burned under a locomotive boiler on account of light burning particles of coal being forced through the screens and causing great destruction by fire. This variety is chiefly mined during cold weather, when it can be transported long distances without slaking. When taken out in the heat of summer and exposed to the sun's rays it cracks and snaps and gradually falls to pieces,.
The Fuel Value.
Fifty-four samples of coal, representing the most noted localities in the State, have recently been analyzed and their heating power deter- mined in the University of Wyoming. The calorimetric work was done by Professors Slosson and Colburn, and the analyses were made by the writer. The following table will give the results of these determinations :
16 Geol, Pt 4 14
210 Mineral Resources.
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Mineral Resources.
THE COAL J lELDS.
Siveetwater County. — The coal lield of this county is one great basin, extending from Fremont County on the north southward to the Colo- rado line, and from the eastern boundary westward to the Green Eiver and probably beyond. The western portion of this basin is covered with Eocene Tertiary rocks with the exception of the Leacite Hills and the vicinity of Essex Mountain and the uplift just east of Eock Springs, which exposes Cretaceous rocks earlier than the Laramie. The coal mined in this county is found in the Laramie group and varies in quality from a high grade bituminous fuel to a lignite. There are 10 producing mines, the majority of which are located at or near Eock Springs, which is the largest coal camp in the West and i)roduces over one-half of the coal mined in Wyoming.
Uinta County. — The Coal Measures of this county have been greatly disturbed by mountain making. Faults and folds are so numerous that it is very difiticult to trace out the coal lands. In the southern part of the county coal-bearing rocks are found at Henrys Fork, Almy, Twin Creek, Hams Fork, and Coalville. The last four localities named are probably in the same coal field, which belongs to the Lower Cre- taceous, and has been known as the Bear Eiver group. The field at Henrys Fork is Laramie. In the central part of the county there are two long narrow fields of Laramie Coal Measures, of which very little is known. In the northern end of the county there is a large coal field between the Gros Ventre Eiver and the Buffalo Fork of the Snake Eiver, extending from Jacksons Hole eastward to the Fremont County line. This field is also Laramie, and, like the central portion of the county, has not been xrospected, and but little is known of the value of the coal. Coal mines are operated at Almy, Eed Canyon, and Diamond- ville, and have been in operation at Cokeville, Hams Fork, and Twin Creek.
Carbon County. — The Carbon coal fields are very extensive. They occupy the entire western and the greater part of the central portion of the county. Along the eastern border the coal basin extends from the Medicine Bow Mountains north and west to the Freezeout Hills, and thence west and northwest to the North Platte Eiver. Before reacliing the Platte Eiver the field is divided, the northern arm extend- ing north and west along the foot of the Seminole Mountains to the county line; the southern, i)assing westward between Eankin and the Union Pacific Eailroad, emerges into the gve:\t field lying west of the Eawlins uplift, which extends from the northern to the southern boundary of the county. The country lying between these arms is mostly Cretaceous, but is not known to be coal bearing. There is also a small isolated field at the head of the Little Medicine Eiver, the extent of which is not absolutely known. The mines of Carbon County are found in Laramie and Montana group rocks, and the coals vary in quality from an excellent bituminous to a very inferior lignite. Local
Coal.
coal mines are worked at Eankiii and Rawlins. Shiipiug mines are located at Carbon, the oldest coal camp in Wyoming, and at Hauna. Some years ago mines were opened at Dana, but they were soon aban- doned on account of the inferior quality of the coal.
Albany County. — There are but two small coal fields known in Albany County, which may be designated as the northern and southern, in accordance with their position. The southern field, a triangular tract, extends from the Centennial Valley north and northeast along the east- ern slope of the Medicine Bow Mountains to Kock Creek on the western border and lone Lake on the eastern. The northern field lies just north of the old 34-mile crossing of the i kittle Medicine River and is the east- ern extension of the Little Medicine field mentioned in connection with Carbon County. Coal has also been found 3 miles north of Willcox Station, but nothing is known of its importance or extent. The coal is found in the Laramie and the Montana groups and is semibituminous and lignite. In tlie southern field there are three local coal mines, which until recently have partially supplied Laramie. The reduction of $2 per ton in the price of Hanna coal has greatly reduced the demand for this coal and will materially affect the production of these mines.
Sheridan County, — The Coal Measures of Sheridan County underlie all of that portion of the county lying north and east of the foothills of the Bighorn Mountains. The coal occurs in the Upper Laramie group, and although the entire series of Cretaceous rocks are found flanking the Bighorn Mountains, coal has not been found below the Laramie. There are three local and two shipping mines located near Sheridan City and numerous small banks where farmers mine coal for their own use. The coal in this section is a lignite of superior quality.
Crook County. — There are two coal fields in Crook County. The western area, which is Laramie, includes the greater portion of the county lying west and north of the Belle Fourche River, joining the coal lands of Sheridan and Johnson counties on the west and Weston County on the south. Only local banks for the supply of ranchmen are opened, and the coal is a lignite. The southeastern field extends from the southern boundary of the county as far north as Oak Creek, and from the eastern boundary as far west as Linden. Within these limits there are several isolated hills of eruptive rock, as Sundance Mountain, Inyan Kara Mountain, and Black Buttes, also the Bear Lodge Mountains, and the country for some distance east and west of Sundance, where lower rocks are exposed. Besides these two fields there is a small one in the northeast corner of the county that is probably an arm of the western area, for it resembles it in the nature of the formations and the coal. The only shipping mine in the county is located at Felix in this field. This mine was opened in 1894. The southeastern field has three local mines that produce a very good quality of bituminous coking coal.
Westo7i County. — Like Crook County, the upper and lower groups of the Cretaceous are coal bearing. The southeastern coal field of Crook
Mineral Resources.
County extends southward into Weston County to a point some dis- tance south of Cambria and as far west as Jerome Station. There are two shipping mines located at Cambria, where the only coke made in Wyoming is manufactured. The western field of this county is separated from the eastern by a well-developed series of Montana and Colorado group rocks. It joins Crook County on the north, Converse County on the south, and Johnson County on the west. This vast extent of coal lands is undeveloped, and but little is known concerning the value of the coal.
Johnson County. — The Johnson County coal field is the southern exten- sion of the Sheridan and the western extensions of the Crook and Weston counties' Laramie Measures. The greater portion of Johnson County lying east of the foothills of the Bighorn Mountains is coal bearing. There are three local mines opened in the vicinity of Buffalo, which supply Buffalo, and until recently did supply Fort McKinney with fuel. The abandonment of Fort McKinney will greatly reduce the coal output of Johnson County. The coal mined is a lignite, resembling that mined in adjoining counties. The surface coal veins in Johnson County, and to a large extent in Sheridan, Crook, and Wes- ton counties, were consumed by fire in prehistoric time. Fires are now smoldering on the Belle Fourche River that have been in constant action since 1834. Wherever the coal veins have been consumed, the country about assumes a reddish hue, the sandstones are fractured and often are a mere mass of small fragments, while in other places, where the fire has been more intense, the rocks have melted and form irregu- lar masses that have been mistaken for eruptive debris.
Converse County.~0\\ account of the extensive development of Ter- tiary rocks in the eastern part of Converse County, the exact extent of the coal lands will not be determined for years to come. The present known field has its eastern limit on the Platte River at Douglas, from which place it extends east and north in a very irregular line to Weston County, and south and west to the Laramie Mountains. From this line westward the entire country within the limits of this county is coal bearing, but is in some parts overlaid by Tertiary rocks. There is a local mine at Douglas and shipping mines at Inez and Glenrock. The coal is a lignite and found in the Laramie group.
Natrona County. — The entire eastern part of Natrona County lying north of the Laramie Mountains is coal bearing. The southern bound- ary extends along the Laramie Mountains until within a few miles of Casper, where it bends north and then west and northwest, following the trend of the Rattlesnake Hills westward to the Fremont County line. The northern boundary is Johnson County, in the valley country, westward of which it conforms to the southern foothills of the Big- horn Mountains, emerging into Fremont County. Tertiary rocks cover the central western portion of this field, and in some ])laces the coal- bearing rocks have been removed by erosion. There is a second field lying between the Rattlesnake Hills and the Sweetwater Mountains,
Coal.
extending eastward to the Platte River and westward an unknown distance. There are two local mines in the county, one located 2 miles south of Bessemer and the other G or 7 miles southeast of Casper. There are numerous prospects opened along the Rattlesnake Hills and north of Casper, but none of them are productive. The coal fields are Laramie, and the coal, so far as known, is lignite.
Fremont County. — The coal lands of Fremont County are widely separated and probably belong to different horizons. The southeastern field, which is a northern branch of the great Sweetwater County coal basin, occupies a few townships south of the Green Mountains. The north eastern field occupies the most of the territory lying east of the Bighorn Eiver and north of a line extending eastward from the junc- tion of the Big and Little Popo Agie rivers to Natrona County. There is a third field at the head of tlie Big Wind River that extends from the canyon above the mouth of Warm Spring Creek, north and west toward Two G wo -Tee e Pass to an unknown distance. In the south- eastern field the coal is lignite and belongs to the Upjier Laramie group. The northeastern field is probably Lower Laramie Measures, and the coal is a semibitumiuous. In this field there are three local mines which supply Lander and vicinity. The northwestern field can not be assigned to any geological horizon. The identified rocks nearest to the coal veins are Carboniferous, and it is possible that the coal found is of this age, but no evidence can nowbeoftered to substantiate this reference. The coal found in this field is bituminous and will make a light coke. In this and the southeastern field only prospect holes have been opened.
Bighorn County. — There is a large tract of coal land lying between the Bighorn River and the foothills of the Wind River Mountains, which extends from the Owl Creek Mountains north to the Stinking Water River. The eastern part of this field is overlain with Tertiary rocks, and in many localities large tracts of the coal-bearing rocks have been removed by erosion. The geological position is probably Laramie, but it is not definitely known ; neither can the coals be classified. This county is extremely new and there is scarcely any demand for coal, and no mines have been opened.
Laramie County. — Coal has been discovered in Goshen Hole and a few miles southwest of Cheyenne, but the quality was so inferior that all work has been abandoned. No estimate has ever been made of the possible productive coal lands of this county.
Production.
The records of coal production in Wyoming from the time it became an industry of commercial importance are very perfect, particularly when compared with other Rocky Mountain States and Territories. The first production of which there is any knowledge was in 1868, in which year the output was 6,925 short tons. In the following year it had increased to 49,382 short tons. At the end of ten years, in 1877, it
Mineral Resources.
was over 340,000 tons, and at the end of twenty years it had exceeded a million tons. In the next five years the output was more than dou- 'bled again, from 1,170,318 short tons in 1887 to 2,503,839 tons in 1892. This was the largest output ever attained in any one year, but had the effect of demoralizing jjrices, the average for the State falling to $1.27 per ton. Owing to a restricted product in 1893, for the purpose of main- taining prices, and also, to some extent, strikes in 1894, the product declined in the former year to 2,439,311 short tons, and in the latter to 2,417,463 short tons.
The statistics of iroduction during the past two years are shown in the following tables :
Coal product of Wyoming in 1893, by counties.
Counties.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to localtrade and used
by em- ployees.
Used at mines for steam and heat.
Made into coke.
Total product.
Total value.
Aver- age price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number of em- ployees.
Carbon
Short tons.
379, 763 52, 320
Short tons. 2,316 1,300 10, 100 35, 720 8, 391 3,570 1,391
Short tons. 12, 980 2, 700
Short tons.
Short tons. 395, 059 56, 320 10, 126 35, 920 1, 337, 206 292, 374 310, 906
$606, 325 88, 916 1,900 2, 250 27, 900 60, 070 1, 528, 699 508, 485 466, 359
$1.53
1,729
Converse
Crook
Fremont
Johnson
48, 140
6,960 16, 080
Sheridan
Sweetwater
1, 280, 675 281, 844 286, 083
Uinta
Weston
Total
7, 352
2, 280, 685
64, 188
87, 086
7, 352
2, 439, 311
3, 290, 904
3, 378
Coal product of Wyoming in 1894, hy counties.
Counties.
ITum- ber of mines.
Loaded at mines for ship- ment.
Sold to local trade and
used by em-
ploj'ees.
Used
at mines
for steam and heat.
Made into coke.
Total product.
Total value.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Aver- age num- ber of days active.
Total number
of em- ployees.
Carbon
o
Short tons.
419, 896 69, 000
Short tons. 4, 554 1, 700 1, 925 5, 180 4, 335 1,432
1,535
Short tons. 11,900 3,300
Short tons.
Short tons. 436, 350 74, 000 1, 935 6, 730 44, 816 1, 389, 895 116, 515
347, 222
$549, 937 110, 500 4, 270 68, 413 1, 708, 611 187, 781
523, 833
$1. 26
1,622
Converse
Fremont
Johnson
1,500 43, 995 1, 347, 448 115, 083
313, 012
Sheridan
Sweetwater. . .
38, 112
Crook and Weston
Total . . .
18, 990
13, 685
2,309,934 21,482
72,362 j 13, 685
2,417,463 3,170,392 1.31
3, 032
Coal.
lu the following table is shown the total output in the State, by coun- ties, since 1868, and the value of the total product since 1885:
Total product of coal in Wyoniiiifj, hy counties.
Years.
1884,
Carbon County.
Short tons.
6, 560 30, 482 54, 915 31,748 59, 2:!7 61, 164 55, 880 61, 750 69, 060 74, 343 62,418 75, 424 100, 433 156, 820 200, 123 248, 380 319, 883 226, 863 214,233 288, 358 338, 947 199, 276 305, 969 432, 180 499, 787 395, 059 436, 350
Sweet- water County
Short tons.
16, 933 20, 945 40, 506 34, 677 44, 700 58, 476 134, 952 146, 494 154, 282 193, 252 244, 460 270, 425 287, 510 304, 495 318, 197 328, 601 35!), 234 465, 444 732, 327 857, 213 978, 827 1, 202, 017 1, 265, 441 1, 337, 206 1, 389, 895
Uinta Couuty
Short tons.
1,
29, 75, 127, 153, 104, 134, 130, 122, 116, 132, 182, 200, 211, 190, 234, 255, 361, 369, 309, 332, 330, 292, 116,
"Weston Count V.
Short tons.
Converse ! Other County. Icouniies.
Short tuns.
Short tons.
200, 024 326, 155 344, 300 310, 906 341,822
29, 933 17, 393 25, 748 27, 897 45, 907 56, 320 74, 000
8, 855 36, 651 45, 189 17, 207
55, 093 11, 000 5, 847 9, 520 7, 265 18, 300 47, 446 58, 884
Total.
Short tons.
6, 925 49, 382 105, 295 147, 328 221, 745 259, 700 219, 061 300, 808 334, 550 342,853 333, 200 400, 991 527,811 628, 181 707, 764 779. 689 902. 620 807, 328 829, 355 1, 170, 318 1, 481, 540 1, 388, 276
1, 870, 366
2, 327, 841 2, 503, 839 2,439,311 2, 417, 463
Value.
$2, 421, 984
2, 488, 065 3, 510. 954 4, 444, 620 1,748, 617 3. 183, 669
3, 555, 275 3, 168, 776 3, 290, 904 3, 170, 392
The following tables show the average prices i)er ton which have obtained in the more important counties since 1890, and the statistics of labor engaged in the production during the same period:
Average i)rice for Wyoming coal since 1889 in counties producing 10,000 tons or over.
Counties.
Carbon
Converse . . .
Sheridan
Sweetwater.
Uinta
Weston
The State.
$0. 98
$1.75
$1. 50
$1.11
$1.53
$1.26
Statistics of labor employed and working time at Wyoming coal mines.
Counties.
Average number employed.
Average working- days.
Average number employed.
Average working days.
' Average number employed.
Averaee working days.
Average number employed.
Average working days.
Average number employed.
Average working days.
Carbon
1, 729
1, 622
Converse
Sheridan
Sweetwater
1,672
1,754
1,643
Uinta
Weston
The State
3, 272
3, 411
3, 133
3, 378
3,032
The Manufacture
Of Coke.
By Joseph D. Weeks.
[The ton used iu this report, is uniformly the short ton of 2,000 pounds.]
mTRODUCTION.
In this report, as in jrevious ones of the series, the word coke" is used to define that coke uiade from bituminous coal in ovens, pits, etc., which, for convenience, may be termed oven coke." The statistics and statements in no way refer to that other commercial coke which is a residual or by-product of tlie manufacture of illuminating gas, and which may be termed gas coke." In view of the fact, however, that the processes of coke making in the so-called ''by-product" ovens are analogous, and in many cases precisely the same as those employed in gas houses, and further that these by-i)roduct ovens will in the near future assume an important relation to the coke making of the United States, it is more than probable that in future reports the production of what we have heretofore termed " gas coke" may have to be included.
The coal used in coking in the United States is mined from all five of its great coal fields: (1) The Appalachian; (2) the Central; (3) the Western; (4) the Eocky Mountain, and (5) the Pacific Coast. With the exception of that made in the Appalachian field, however, the ton- nage of coke produced in the United States is quite small, but 411,372 tons of the total of 9,196,244 tons produced in 1894, or about per cent, being produced outside of this field. While the production iu these fields outside of the Aipalachian region is quite small in per- centage it is really a growing one, the proportion of coke produced in these fields in 1894 being somewhat larger than the amount produced in 1892 or 1893. These fields promise also to be of more importance in the future. This is es])ecially true of the coke made from the Cretaceous coals of the Colorado, New Mexico, Montana, and Utah districts in the Rocky Mountain field and the cokes from the Washington district on the Pacific Coast. The cokes from the Rocky Mountain field are of great value even at the present time in smelting the ores of the far West and the Pacific Cojist, and they must be of still greater impor- tan(jc as those sections develop more generally their mineral and manu-
The Manufacture Of Coke.
facturing possibilities. One reason why the cokes from these fiehls have not already assumed greater importance is the fact of the long distances they must be carried to reach the points of consumption, and, in many cases at least, to the fact that the best methods for coking have not yet been adopted, and consequently the cokes, especially those made on the Pacific Coast, are not as well adapted to smelting as are the cokes that are brought by water at cheap rates from Europe.
A brief general description of each of these districts will be of importance, and will render clearer the conditions under which the coke is produced as well as indicate the character of the coal from which it is made.
The Appalachian Field.
Beginning with a few isolated patches of coal near the northern boundary of Pennsylvania, the great Appalachian coal field stretches for a distance of over 750 miles in a southwesterly direction to Tusca- loosa, Ala., where it is lost. This is at present, and promises to be in the future, the most important coal field in America. It has an aver- age breadth of from 80 to 90 miles and an area of fully 65,000 square miles. The eastern escarpment of the Alleghany Mountains forms the eastern border of tliis basin, while the Cincinnati anticlinal hems it on the west and separates it from the measures of the Illinois basin. The eastern line of this field is comparatively regular, following the trend of the mountains, but the western line is very irregular, being quite broad in its northern area, contracting through Tennessee and north- ern Alabama, and expanding at its termination in Alabama, though it is here by no means so broad is in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia.
Along nearly the entire length of this great coal field from Blossburg, Pa., to Birmingham, Ala., the coking industry has been established. The ovens, following the zone of best coking coal, are generally found near the eastern limits of the field, the coal in the middle or western part of the basin being, as a rule, not so well adapted to coking by methods at present used as that of the eastern. While the coal all through this basin is usually a coking coal, as pointed out by Rogers many years ago, these coals increase in bituminous matter as they go westward, so that the coal of the Pittsburg seam, which in Cumberland has only some 18 per cent volatile matter, contains 30 per cent in the Councils ville region, 32 to 33 per cent in Pittsburg, and 35 to 38 and even 40 per cent in Ohio. The veins also thin out as they go westwardly, which makes the mining more expensive. Referring to the example already given, the Pittsburg vein, which is the big vein at Cumberland, is sometimes 14 feet; in Connellsville, 9 feet; in Pittsburij, 5 to 6 feet, and in Ohio from 2i to 4 feet. Where the veins are thin the percent age of ash, and especially the percentage of sulphur, is apt to be much higher than in tlie thicker vein. For all of these reasons, as stated above, the coals in the middle and western part of the Appalachian basin, as a rule, are not so good as those closer to the mountains.
Mineral Resources.
The importance of tbe Appalacliian field as a colie producer is indi- cated not only by the hxrge iercentage of coke i)roduced in the United States, which comes from the Coal Measures of this field, but from the fact that in it are found the Gonnellsville, Pa. ; the Kew Eiver, Ya. ; the Pocahontas Flat Top, Virginia and West Virginia; the Suwanee, Tenn., and the Birmingham, Ala., coal fields, together with other important fields.
Central Field.
The Central field includes the coals in Indiana, Illinois, and the western part of Kentucky, the field reaching from the Cincinnati anticlinal on the east to the Mississippi River on the west. While it is estimated to cover an area of 47,250 square miles of coal fields, it is at present of but little imi)ortance as a producer of coke, the total output in 1894 being not over 38,259 tons. Most persistent efforts have been made to produce a coke from the coals of this field that would answer as a metallurgical fuel. The iron and steel works of Chicago are in this district and St. Louis is just at its western border. It is readily seen what an advantage it would be to these works could they draw their sui)ply of coke from the coal fields which are just at their doors, instead of sending to Connellsville and the Virginias, from 500 to G50 miles distant, for their fuel. The chief reason why so little coke has been made from the Coal Measures of this district is the impurity of the coal, and in some instances its low coking power. Practically all attempts to make a metallurgical fuel from the coals of this district have been abandoned, notwithstanding repeated efforts, except in western Kentucky. At the present time, however, consider- able attention is being paid to the possibility of using the by-product ovens for coking coals from this field. In the attempts to use the bee- hive oven in coking the coals in this district, high in ash and sulphur, it was found that washing the coal took out some of the constituents necessary to make a good coke. It is claimed by some of the advocates of the by-product oven, however, that a coal much lower in bituminous matter can be more successfully coked in the by-product oven than in the beehive oven, and it is also asserted that if the coal contains a very large percentage of water, even as high as from 15 to 20 per cent, it is rather an advantage than an injury to the coking process. If these facts are true there is no reason why the coals of this district could not be washed, even though considerable bituminous matter was waslied out, and the coal thus cleaned made into a good coke in these by i>roduct ovens.
The Western Field.
The Western field, which includes the States of Missouri and Kansas and Indian Territory, is of but little more importance than the Central field as a producer of coke. The coke made in this field is chiefly
The Manufacture Of Coke.
in tlie New Pittsburg district of Kansas and in the lead district of Missouri for use by the lead and zinc smelters in the neighborhood. A small amount is also made at McAlester, Ind. T.
Rocky Mountain Field.
Located, as the Eocky Mountain field is, in close proximity to the mines of the precious metals, as well as near good iron ore, it is the most important coking field in the United States next to the Appa- lachian and has more promise than any of the others. It includes the coal fields of Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico.
Pacific Coast Field.
So far the only coals coked on the Pacific Coast are those of Wash- ington, chiefly those in the neighborhood of Wilkeson, in Pierce County, and at Cokedale, in Skagit County. The coals of Washington are Cre- taceous, and still preserve at many places the lignite characteristics. In some parts they have been altered locally in character and are true coking coals.
Geological Horizon Of Coals Coked.
By far the largest part of the coal used for coking in the United States comes from three seams, the Pittsburg seam of the Upper Coal Measures (No. XV of Rogers), the great Conglomerate (the lower for- mation of the Carboniferous), and the Pratt seam of Alabama. The coal used in Connellsville is from the Pittsburg seam, known locally as the Connellsville seam ; that used in the New Piver and Flat Top dis- tricts of Virginia and West Virginia is from the Conglomerate, known as the Potts ville Conglomerate in Pennsylvania and as No. XII of the Rogers Virginia survey. The identification of the Pratt seam with the northern coals is not definite. It is from this seam that most of the coke produced in Alabama is made.
In addition to the above-named coal seams, coke is also made to a considerable extent in the Appalachian field from the lower measures, especially from the upper Freeport and the lower Kittanning. The Blossburg and Clearfield, the C-foot and 11-foot veins of the Cumberland and Potomac coal fields, and the Kanawha splint and gas coals are from the lower measures. In Colorado, as elsewhere in the Rocky Mountains, the Carboniferous strata are not, in an economic sense, coal- bearing; the productive measures being, without a single important exception, of the Upper Cretaceous age. Indeed, of the 18,100 square miles of coal fields credited to Colorado, all but 150 square miles, which is believed belong to the Dakota, may be assigned to the Laramie group, or upx)ermost of the Cretaceous terranes of North America. What the Carboniferous is to the Appalachian system and to Europe, the Laramie is to the Rocky Mountain region, it being preeminently
Mineral Resources.
the coal-bearing" formation tbrongiiout the conntry west of the one hundred and fifth meridian.
Conditions In Which Coal Is Used.
As a rule, good coking coals are exceedingly friable, but a small proportion of lumps is iroduced in mining, though even the lumps rapidly crumble on exposure to the air. Notable examples of these are the Gonnellsville and Flat Top coals. The Oonnellsville coal is so valuable for coke, and there is so much other coal in its immediate vicinity that will stand transportation, that it is hardly mined at all for any purpose than coke making. A few thousand tons a year, outside of that used locally at the mines and in the houses of the operators, will cover the total production of the Oonnellsville region for domestic and steam or heating purposes. The result is that ail of the coal as it comes from the mine, or ''run of mine," as it is termed, is coked in the Oonnellsville region. On the other hand, there is a very good demand for Pocahontas, or Flat Top, coal for steam or heating purposes, it being one of the best steam coals in the world. As consumers prefer this coal m lumi3s, a great deal of the coal mined in the Pocahontas Flat Top region is screened, and the slack from these screenings, mixed to a greater or less extent with run of mine, is coked.
In many parts of the United States in which coking is carried on, and especially in those districts in which coking is not an extensive industry, coke is made chiefly for the i)urpose of utilizing this slack or fine coal which results from the mining and preparation of coal for steam, household, and other purposes of the general market. Practi- cally all of the coal used in coking in Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Indian Territory, Kansas, Missouri, and Washington is of this character, while a large proportion of that from Oolorado, Kentucky, Montana, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia is also slack coal. Even in Pennsylvania a considerable portion of the coal used is screenings or slack produced in mining. Of the 14,337,937 tons of coal used in coking in the United States in 1894, 4,294,734 tons, or about 30 per cent, were slack or screenings. It is this use of slack which makes it so difficult at times to ascertain just how mucli coal has been used to produce a given quantity of coke. The coal is regarded as having no value; it is not weighed when it is charged into the oven, and there is no way to ascertain the actual amount of coal charged ; it can only be estimated.
It is also true that coke makers using coal somewhat high in ash, and even pure coals low in volatile matter, are gradually learning of the great importance of thoroughly comminuting the coal before using, (.uite a number of machines, mostly on the principle of the old Oarr disintegrator, are erected for the x)urpose of disintegrating or finely dividing the coal and making it somewhat homogeneous, both lu size of pieces and distribution of ash, before putting it into the ovens. The
The Manufacture
Of Coke.
eftect of this disinteiriitiou is chiefly to disseminate the ash (which exists in the coal hirgely as slate) thoroughly through the coal mass, instead of permitting it to go into the oven in the form of slate, in which condition it not only interferes with the coking irocess, espe- cially the rising of the gas through the mass of the coal, but it remains in the resultant coke in such a condition as to re([uire a much larger amount of heat and lime to Ilux it out if the coke is to be used as a blast-furnace fuel.
Ovens Used In The United States.
It still holds true that the solid wall oven, or, as it may be termed, the 'open retort," usually of the beehive form, is practically the only one yet used in this country. Some closed retort ovens of the Belgian type exist in Pennsylvania, and a few retorts, whicli may be regarded as by-product coke ovens, were used in Colorado and West Virginia. There is also a block of by-product retort ovens on the Semet Solvay principle in operation at Syracuse, N. Y., near the Solvay Soda Ash Works, the design of these ovens being chiefly to collect ammonia from the gases that pass off' for use in the Solvay or ammonia process of soda making. Somewhat similar ovens or retorts on the Huessener principle have been erected at Winifrede, W. Va. These ovens have been erected chiefly for the recovery of the by-products from the slack coal, which is produced in large quantities, the coke being used for domestic iurposes. Accompanying these ovens, in addition to the ordinary tar and ammonia plants, is a Slocum benzole plant. There is also a bench of retorts, built on the Huessener coke-oven principle, in operation in Colorado.
Considerable attention has been given during 1894 to the erection in the United States of coke ovens for the saving of by-products. The autlior of this rexort has made a special examination into the forms chiefly in use in Europe, and will publish in the near future a complete statement regarding the principle on which these ovens are constructed, their method of operation, and the results obtained both technically and commercially. Here it need only be said that these ovens are closed retorts into the coking chamber of which no air is admitted, the gases being removed through hydraulic mains, and after being deprived of their tar, ammonia, and in some cases benzole, are returned to the ovens and burned in the flues under the bottom and in the side walls of the ovens in connection with air. The usual dimensions of these ovens vary somewhat with the style, being from 25 to 33 feet long, 14 to 2G inches wide, and 6 to 7 feet high, taking a charge of from 4 to 8 short tons of coal, and coking the coal in from eighteen to forty-eight hours. The length of the coking time depends somewhat on the char- acter of the coal, but more especially on the width of the oven and the thickness or thinness of the wall between the flues and coking chamber. The yield of by-iroducts depends chiefly upon the coal, the tightness of
minp:ral resources.
the oven, tlie beat at which the oven is operated, and the character of the by-prodnct phint. It can be said in a general way, however, tliat from Conuellsville coal, for example, from 1 to 1.2 iev cent of sulphate of ammonia can be irocured per ton of coal, from 3 to per cent of tar, and from three-fourths of I per cent to If per cent of benzole. There is also a portion, varying somewhat with the coal, of excess gas — the gas more than is needed for the coking of the coal. This will vary from 25 to 50 per cent, say, with Oonnellsville coal, 4,000 to 5,000 cubic feet excess gas. At most of the coke works in Europe the waste heat, or heat as it comes from the flues after having done its work, is passed under boilers for raising steam. The amount of water evaporated by this waste heat per ton of coal charged will vary from one-half ton to 1 ton.
These by-product ovens can be broadly divided into two classes:
1. Those in which the flues in the side walls are horizontal. There are usually three flues in the side walls of these ovens j the gas passes first into the upper flue, passes along the entire length, passes down into the middle flue, passes its entire length and into the third or bottom flue, and then passes out of the flue. These flues are usually the same length as the coking chamber. The ovens of this type are known as Carves, Huessener, or Huessener-Oarves, and the Semet-Solvay. In some of these horizontal-flue ovens the air is heated by recuperators before mixing with the gas and burning; in others, not.
2. The vertical-flue oven, in which the flues in the side walls are divided into two pairs, consisting of 16 vertical flues each, or 32 flues to a side. The burning gases passing into the coking chamber under- neath the first pair of 16 flues distribute themselves through the 16 flues, pass up the side of the oven, meeting in the toj), and pass over and down through the second pair of 16 flues and out of the oven. There is but one type of vertical flue oven in use, which is known as the Otto- Iloffmann, but should be more properly styled the Otto-Hoffinann- Coppee, the vertical-flue being a characteristic of the retort oven, on which some improvements were made by Dr. C. Otto and to which Mr. Hoffmann added a Siemens regenerator for preheating the air. The essential feature of the Otto-Hoflmann oven is that it as a vertical-flue oven with i)reheating of the air by a Siemens regenerator.
A complete report on the various forms of the by-product ovens, as stated above, will be given in the supplementary report. There are some 3,000 of these ovens in operation in Europe, especially in Westphalia, Germany; Mons district, Belgium, and Durham district, England. They are making a coke that is a perfectly satisfactory metallurgical fuel either for blast furnaces or foundries; indeed, the foundry coke made in these by-product ovens commands a higher price than the coke made from the same coal in beehive ovens. A bank of 60 Otto-Hoffmann ovens is being erected in this country at Johnstown by the Cambria Iron Company; a set of 50 Semet-Solvay ovens is being
The Manufacture Of Coke.
built at Dunbar to use Connellsville coal, and as this report is being written plans are being considered for 3 sets of by-product ovens near Pittsburg, two of which will probably be Slocum -full-depth" ovens, which are modified Carves-Huessener ovens with thin walls and narrow coking chamber, and the third probably on the Huessener principle, the chief feature of Avhich, in contradistinction from the others, is aux- iliary firing or the introduction into the flues at given points of addi- tional gas to maintain the heat of the flues and the use of the air without preliminary heating.
Productioi Of Coke In The Uotted States.
In the following table will be found a statement of the production of coke in the United States, by States, followed, for xmrposes of com- parison, by similar tables for 1892 and 1893:
Manufacture of coke in the United States, hi/ States and Territories, in 1894.
States and Terri tories.
Alabama
Colorado (a)
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
Ohio
Pennsylvania . . .
Tennessee
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
New York
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens.
Built.
5, 551 & 1,154 25, 824
Build- ing.
Coal used.
Short tons. 1, 574, 245 542, 429 166, 523 3,800 13, 489 7, 274 66, 418 3, 442 22, 500 13, 042 55, 324 9, 059, 118 516, 802
Yield of coal
in coke.
Per ct.
280, 524 8,563 1, 976, 128 6, 343 8, 685
44, 760
14, 337, 937 64
44, 772
Coke pro- duced.
Short tons. 923, 817 317, 196 93, 029 2, 200 6, 551 3,051 8, 439 29, 748 2, 250 10, 000 6,529 32, 640 6, 063. 777 292, 646 c 16, 056 180, 091 5, 245 1, 193, 933 4, 250 4, 352
Total value of coke
9, 179, 744 16, 500
9, 196, 244
.$1, 871, 348
$2. 025
903, 970
116, 286
4,400
13, 102
10, 693
15, 660
51, 566
3, 563
110, 000
28, 213
90, 875
6, 585, 489
480, 124
295, 747
18, 249
1, 639, 687
19, 465
15, 232
12, 273, 669
Value of coke per ton.
a Includes Utah's production of coal and coke and value of same.
t Includes 36 gas retorts.
c Included with Colorado's coke production.
From this table it aipears that the total production of coke in the United States in 1894 was 9,196,244 tons, as compared with 9,477,580 tons in 1893 and 12,010,829 tons in 1892. The production of 1894 is the smallest in the history of coking in the United States since 1888. This great falling off' is due to the depressiou in the iron business and chiefly to the falling off in the production of pig iron, in the manufacture of which is consumed by far the largest proportion of the coke made in the United States. In 1894 the total production of i)ig iron smelted with coke exclusively, or with a mixture of coke and anthracite, was 6,314,891 tons, as compared with 6,687,830 tons in 1893 and 8,390,359 16 aEOL, PT 4 15
226 Mineral Resources.
tons in 1892. This is a reduction in round numbers of 363,000 tons as compared with 1893, and 2,000,000 tons as compared with 1892. The falling off in coke production was 281,330 tons in 1893 as compared with 1894, and 2,814,585 tons as compared with 1892. It will be seen from this, therefore, that the fallino- oft* in production of coke is very nearly accounted for in the falling* oft' in the x)roduction of pig iron :
Manufacture of coke in the United States, by States and Territories, in 1893.
tories.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ov Built.
2ns.
BnUd- ing.
Coal used.
Yield
in coke.
diiced.
of coke.
Value of coke per ton.
Short tons.
Per ct.
Short tons.
Alabama
5,548
2,015, 398
1,168, 085
$2, 648, 632
$2. 27
Coloraflo (a)
& 1,154
628, 935
362, 986
1, 137, 488
Georojia
171,645
90, 726
136, 089
Illinois
24
3, 300
2, 200
4, 400
Indiana
11, 549
5,724
9, 048
Indian Territory
15, 118
7,135
25, 072
Kansas
13, 645
8,565
18, 640
Kentucky
97, 212
48, 619
97, 350
Missouri
8, 875
5, 905
9, 735
Montana
61, 770
29, 945
239, 560
ISlew Mexico
14, 698
5, 803
18,476
New York
15, 150
12,850
35, 925
Ohio
42, 963
22, 436
43, 671
Pennsylvania
25, 744
9, 386, 702
6, 229, 051
9, 468, 036
Tennessee
1,942
449, 511
265, 777
491, 523
Utah
cl6, 005
Virginia
i94, 059
125, 092
282, 898
Washington
11,374
6, 731
34, 207
West Virginia
7, 354
1, 745, 757
1,062, 076
1, 716, 907
Wisconsin
24, 085
14, 958
95, 851
"Wyoming
5, 400
2,916
10, 206
Total
44, 201
14, 917, 146
9, 477, 580
16, 523, 714
a Includes Utah's production of coal and coke and value of same. b Includes 36 gas retorts.
c Included with Colorado's coke production.
Manufacture of coke in the United States, hy States and Territories, i7i 1892.
States and Terri- tories.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ov Built.
ens.
Build- ing.
Coal used.
Yield of coal
in coke.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke.
Value of coke per ton.
Short tons.
Per ct.
Short tons.
Alabama
5, 320
2, 585, 966
1,501,571
$3, 464, 6?3
$2. 31
Colorado (a)
61,128
599, 200
373, 229
1. 234, 320
Georiiia
158, 978
81,807
163, 614
Illinois
4, 800
3, 170
7, 133
Indiana
6, 456
3, 207
6, 472
Indian Territory
7, 138
3, 569
12, 402
Kansas
15, 437
9, 132
19, 906
Kentucky
70, 783
36, 123
Missouri
11, 088
7, 299
10, 949
Montana
64,412
34, 557
311, 013
New Mexico
Ohio
95, 236
51,818
112,907
I'enns ylvania
25, 366
12, 591,345
8, 327,612
15, 015, 336
1,941
600, 126
354, 096
724, 106
Utali
c7, 309
Virginia
226, 517
147,912
322, 486
Wasliington
12, 372
50, 440
West Virginia
5,843
1, 709, 183
1, 034, 750
1,821, 965
1. 7G
Wisconsin
54, 300
33, 800
185, 900
Wyoming
Total
42, 002
1,893
18, 813, 337
12,010, 829
23,536, 141
a Includes Utali's production of coal and coki* and valu( of same.
b IncliulcH 36 gas n; torts.
c Included with Colorado's coke ])roduction.
The Manufacture Of Coke.
It will be noted that Pennsylvania still maintains its supremacy as the chief coke-producing State, its production in 1894 being 6,063,777 tons out of a total of 9,196,244 tons, or 65.9 i)er cent. In 1893 its pro- duction was 65.7 per cent and in 1892 69 per cent. It will be seen, therefore, that notwithstanding its falling off in production, chiefly in the Oonnellsville region, as a result of the great strike of some weeks duration in that district in the early summer of 1894, Pennsylvania maintained its relative j)osition as a coke-producing State. West Vir- ginia, which in 1893 stood third as a coke-producing State, in 1894, became the second, producing 1,193,933 tons, or about 13 per cent, while Alabama, which was the second State in 1893, became third in 1894, producing but 923,817 tons, or 10.4 per cent. other State pro- duced as much as 500,000 tons. Colorado still maintains its position as the fourth State, producing 301,140 tons in 1894, or 3.3 per cent. Tennessee still follows Colorado closely, producing 292,646 tons in 1894, or 3.2 per cent. Virginia produced 180,091 tons, or nearly 2 per cent. These six are the only States that produced over 100,000 tons of coke in 1894.
Comparing the tonnage of the States in 1893 and 1894, it will be seen that of the six chief coke-producing States the production declined in Alabama, Colorado, and Pennsylvania, but increased slightly in Ten- nessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. The reduction in production in Alabama in 1894 as compared with 1893 was 244,268 tons, or about 21 per cent 5 in Colorado 45,841 tons, or 13 per cent, and in Pennsyl- vania 165,274 tons, or nearly 3 per cent while the increased produc- tion in Tennessee was 26,869 tons, or 10 per cent; in West Virginia J 31,857 tons, or 12.4 per cent, and in Virginia 54,999 tons, or 44 per cent. There was also a slight increase in the production of Georgia and Ohio. The production of the other States is so small that no com- parison need be made with previous years.
In the following table are consolidated the statistics of the manu- facture of coke in the United States from 1880 to 1894, inclusive. In the column of 'coke produced" in 1894 is included the coke produced in New York, but as there is but one works in New York we have not included the amount of coal used, the total value of the coal, nor the value of the coke. The exclusion of New York, however, will not greatly alter either the average value of coke at ovens, the yield of coal in coke, or the average value per ton of coal.
Mineral Resources.
In the following table are shown the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the United States from 1880 to 1894, inclusive :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the United States, 1880 to 1894, inclusive.
Years.
lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build-
insf.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at
ovens, per ton.
X leid of coal in coke-
Short tons.
Short tons.
Percent.
12, 372
1,159
5, 237, 741
3, 338, 300
$6, 631,267
$1.99
14, 119
1, 005
6, 546, 662
4, 113, 760
7, 725, 175
16, 356
7, 577, 648
4, 793, 321
8. 462, 167
18, 304
8, 516, 670
5, 464, 721
8, 121, 607
19, 557
7, 951, 974
4, 873, 805
7, 242, 878
20, 116
8, 071, 126
5, 106, 696
7, 629, 118
22, 597
4, 154
10, 688. 972
6, 845, 369
11, 153, 366
26, 001
3,584
11, 859, 752
7, 611, 705
15, 321, 116
30, 059
2,587
12, 945, 350
8, 540, 030
12, 445, 963
34,165
2,115
15, 960, 973
10, 258, 022
16, 630, 301
1,547
18, 005, 209
11, 508, 021
23, 215, 302
40, 245
16, 344, 540
10, 352, 688
20, 393, 216
42, 002
1,893
18, 813,337
12, 010, 829
23, 536, 141
44, 201
14, 917, 146
9, 477, 580
16, 523, 714
44, 772
al4,337, 937
9, 196, 244
al2,273, 669
a Excluding 'New York.
Total Number Of Coke Works In The United States.
The following table gives the number of establishments manufactur- ing coke in the United States at the close of each year from 1880 to 1894, by States:
Number of establishments in the United States manufacturing coke on December 31 of each
year froin 1880 to 1894.
States and Ter- ritories.
Alabama
Colorado
Greorgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Kansas .
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
Ohio
Pennsylvania . . .
Tennessee
11
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
The Manufacture Of Coke.
The word " establishmeut " is rather an indefinite one. In some cases proprietors of coke works owning several different banks or blocks of ovens will report them all as one establishment, they being nnder one general management. In other cases they will be reported separately. The number differs so much from year to year as to make this table of but little value for comparison.
The number of establishments in the country for each year since 1850 for which there are any returns is as follows :
Number of coke establishments in the United States since 1850.
Years.
Number.
Years.
Number.
1850 (census year)
1860 (census year)
1870 (census year)
1880 (census year)
1880, December 31
1881, December 31
1882, December 31
1883, December 31
1884, December 31
1885, December 31
1886, December 31
1887, December 31
1888, December 31
1889, December 31
1890, December 31
1891, December 31
1892, December 31
1893, December 31
1894, December 31
Number Of Coke Ovens In The United States.
The following table shows the number of coke ovens in each State and Territory on December 31 of each year from 1880 to 1894, together with the total number of ovens In the United States at the close of each of these years. In the earlier years covered by this table some coke was made in pits and on the ground, and in testing the adapta- bility of certain coals to the manufacture of coke this is still customary, though in the latter years but little of the coke reported as produced in the United States was made in anything but ovens.
230 Mineral Resources.
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The Manufacture Of Coke
We have iu the introduction to this report commented on the kinds of coke ovens in use in the United States. As compared with 1893 the above table shows an increase of but 571 ovens in the United States in 1894. In Alabama there was an increase of 3 ovens j in Kentucky, 10 5 in Pennsylvania, 80; in Virginia, 142; in West Virginia, 504; while there was a decrease in Kansas of 14; in Ohio, 72, and in Tennessee, 82.
As we have noted in previous volumes of this series, a calculation based ujon this table and the one showing i)roduction indicates that the ovens in certain States were in much more active operation during the year than those in other States. For instance, Alabama had 5,551 ovens at the close of 1894, as compared with 7,858 ovens in West Vir- ginia, and made only some 270,000 tons less than were made in West Virginia. The product per oven in West Virginia in 1894 was 152 tons; in Alabama, 166 tons; and iu Pennsylvania, 235 tons. The product per oven in 1893 in these States was, in West Virginia, 144 tons; in Ala- bama, 211 tons; and in Pennsylvania, 242 tons.
As is elsewhere stated, most of the ovens in operation in the United States are of the solid- wall type, in which the coal is coked by heat generated in the oven itself, a certain amount of the heat generated at a burning being stored in the walls of the oven. Most of the ovens are of the regular beehive shape; a few are somewhat moditied in form, the oven being long and shaped like a muffle. The principle of coking, however, is the same in these long ovens (which are sometimes called Welsh ovens or drag ovens, certain shapes used in this country being also known as the Thomas oven, from its inventor) as in the beehive; that is, the coking of the coal is by the heat generated by the combus- tion of the coal in the oven itself with such slight heat as may be stored in the walls of the oven from a previous burning.
We have also stated elsewhere that a bank of 12 by-product ovens on the Semet-Solvay principle has been in operation at Syracuse, !N. Y., for the last two years, and a bank of retorts on the principle of the Huessener by-product coke oven is in operation in West Virginia, and a somewhat similar bank in operation in Colorado, and that the construc- tion of a bank of Otto- Hoffmann ovens was begun in 1895 at Johnstown, Pa., and a bank of Semet-Solvay ovens at Dunbar, Pa., while other sets of ovens on the Carves- Huessener and Slocum principles will prob- ably be built in 1895 near Pittsburg. In addition to these flue ovens for the saving of by-products, there are some flue or retort ovens with- out the saving of by-products in operation in Pennsylvania, but they are of little account.
Number Of Ovens Building In The United States.
The following table gives the number of ovens actually in course of construction at the close of each year from 1880 to 1894. It should be understood that this table does not include the increase in the number of ovens during the year. It only gives the number of ovens actually
Mineral Resources.
iu course of construction at the close of each year. It will be noted that the number in course of erection at the close of 1894 was 591, which is the smallest of any year since 1885:
Nurtiber of coke ovens building in the United States at the close of each of the years from
1880 to 1894.
states and Ter- ritories.
1886. 1887.
Alabama
1,012
1, 362
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Terr'y . .
Kansas
Kentucky'
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico . . .
a 13
Ohio
0
Pennsylvania . .
2, 558
1, 565
Tennessee
Virginia
Washington . . .
West Virginia.
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
1, 159
1, 005
4,154
3, 594
2, 587 2, 1151,735
1,893
a Semet-Solvay.
PRODUCTION OF COKE FROM i88o TO 1894.
The production of coke in the several States and Territories from 1880 to 1894 is shown in the following table:
Amount of coke produced, in short tons, in the United States, 1880 to 1894, inclusive, by
States and Territories.
States and Territories.
Alabama
60, 781
109, 033
152, 940
217, 531
244, 009
301, 180
375, 054
325, 020
Colorado
25, 568
102, 105
133, 997
115, 719
131, 960
142, 797
170, 698
Georgia
38, 041
41,376
46, 602
67, 012
79, 268
70, 669
82, 680
79, 241
Illinois
12, 700
14, 800
11, 400
13, 400
13, 095
10, 350
8, 103
9, 198
Indiana
U
6,124
17, 658
Indian Territory
1, 546
1, 768
2, 025
2, 573
1,912
3, 584
6, 351
10, 060
Kansas
3, 070
5, 670
6, 080
8, 430
7, 190
8, 050
12, 493
14, 950
Kentucky
4, 250
4, 370
4, 070
5, 025
2, 223
2, 704
4, 528
14, 565
Missouri '.
2, 970
Montana
7, 200
New Mexico
1,000
3,905
18, 282
17, 940
10, 236
13, 710
Ohio
100, 596
119, 469
103, 722
87, 834
39, 416
34, 932
93, 004
Pennsylvania
2, 821, 384
3, 437, 708
3, 945, 034
4,438, 464 3, 822,128
3, 991, 805
5, 406, 597
5, 832, 849
Tennessee
130, 609
143, 853
187, 695
203, 691
219, 723
218, 842
368, 139
396, 979
Utah
1, 000
Virginia
25, 340
63, 600
49, 139
122, 352
166, 947
Washington
14, 625
West Virginia
138, 755
187, 126
230, 398
223, 472
260, 571
264, 158
442, 031
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
:t,338, 300
4, 113, 760
4, 793, 32]
5, 464, 721
4, 873, 805
5, 106, 696|6, 845, 309
7, 611, 705
Tuk Manufacture Of Coke. 233
Amount of coke produced, in short tons, in the United States, 1881) to 1894, etc. — Cont'd.
States and Terri- I iqqq
tories. i
t
Alabama
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
IndianTerritory .
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania . . .
Tennessee
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
508, 51 1 179, 682 83, 721
7, 410 11,956
/, Ouj 14, 831 23, 150
2, 600 12, 000
8, 540
67, 194 6, 545, 779 385, 693
149, 199
531,762
1, 030, 510 187, 638 94, 727 11, 583
8, 301
6, 639 13, 910 13, 021
5, 275 14, 043
3, 460
75, 124 7, 659, 055 359, 710 146, 528 3, 841 607, 880 16, 016
1,072, 942 245, 756 102, 233
5, 000
6, 013 6, 639
12, 311 12, 343
6, 136 14,427
2, 050
74, 633 8, 560, 245 348, 728 8, 528 165, 847 5, 837 833, 377 24, 976
1, 282, 496 277, 074 103, 057
5, 200 3,798 9, 464
14, 174
6, 872 29, 009
2, 300
38, 718 6, 954, 846 364, 318 7,949 167, 516 6, 000 1, 009, 051
34, 387 2, 682
1, 501, .571 365, 920 81, 807 3, 170 3,207 3, 569 9, 132 36, 123 7, 299 34, 557
51, 818 8, 327, 612 354, 096 7, 309 147,912 7, 177 1,034, 750 33, 800
1, 168. 085 346, 981 90, 726 2, 200 5, 724
7, 135
8, 565
5, 905 29, 945
5, 803 12, 850 22, 436
6, 229, 051 265, 777 16, 005 125, 092
6, 731 1,062, 076
14, 958 2, 916
923, 817 301, 140 93, 029
2, 200 6, 551
3, 051 8, 439
29, 748 2, 250 10, 000 6,529 16, 500 32, 640 6, 063, 777 292, 646 16, 056 180, 091 5, 245 1, 193, 933
4, 250 4, 352
8, 540, 030
10, 2.58, 022
11, 508, 021
10, 352, 688
12, 010, 829
9, 477, 580
9, 196, 244
The following table gives the relative rank of the States and Terri- tories in the production of coke in the years 1880 to 1894, both inclusive :
Rank of the States and Territories in production of coke from 1880 to 1804.
states and Terri- tories.
Pennsylvania .
Alabama
West Virginia.
Colorado
Tennessee
Virginia
Georgia
Kentucky
Montana
Ohio
Utah
Wisconsin
New York
Kansas
Indian Territory , Washington . . .
Missouri
New Mexico. . .
Indiana
Wyoming
Illinois
1881. 1882.
1883. 1884.
13'
ie'
"13"
'is"
"17
"is"
An inspection of the above table indicates that the relative rank of quite a number of the States as coke producers changed in 1894. Pennsylvania still holds the rank which it has occupied in the fifteen years covered by the table. Alabama, which, in the dift'erent years covered by the table, has changed its position several times, being as low as fifth, and as high as second in 1893, became third in 1894. West Virginia, which, through most of the recent years, has been third, became second. Colorado maintains the position it had in 1893 as fourth ; Tennessee, its position as fifth ; Virginia as sixth, and Georgia as seventh, while Kentucky drops from eighth to ninth, and Montana
Mineral Resources.
from ninth to twelfth. Ohio has risen from the tenth to the eighth, while Utah maintains its old i)osition as eleventh, and Wisconsin drops from the twelfth to the eighteenth.
Value And Average Selling Price Of Coke.
In the following table is given the total value of coke produced in the United States in each year from 1880 to 1894, inclusive :
Total value at the ovens of the coke made in the United States in the year's from 1880 to
1894, inclusive, by States and Territories,
States and Terri- tories.
Alabama
Colorado
GrBorgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory.
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
'New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia . . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
$183, 145, 81, 41,
4, 6, 12,
255, 5, 255, 316, 10,
318,
6, 631, 265
$326, 267, 88, 45,
5, 10, 12,
297, ,898, 342,
$425, 940 476, 665 100, 194 29, 050
6, 075 11, 460 11, 530
6, 000
266, 113 6, 133, 698 472, 505 2, 500
520, 437
7, 725, 175 8, 462, 167
$598, 473 584, 578 147, 166 28, 200
7, 719 16, 560 14, 425
21, 478
225, 660 5, 410, 387 459, 126
44, 345
563, 490
8, 121, 607
$609, 185 409, 930 169, 192 25, 639
5,736 14, 580 8, 760 91, 410
156, 294 4, 783, 230 428, 870
111, 300
1, 900 425, 952
7, 242, 878
$755, 645 512, 162 144, 198 27, 798
12, 902 13, 255 8, 499
2, 063 89, 700
109, 723 4, 981, 656 398, 459
85, 993 1,477 485, 588
7, 629, 118
$993, 302 569, 120 179, 031 21,487 17, 953 22, 229 19, 204 10, 082
51, 180
94, 042 7, 664, 023 687, 865'
305, 880 4, 125
513, 843
$775, 090 682, 778 174, 410 19, 594 51, 141 33, 435 28, 575 31, 730 10, 395 72, 000 82, 260
245, 981 10, 746, 352 870, 900
417, 368 102,375 976, 732
11,153, 366,15,321,116
States and Terri- tories.
Alabama
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Utali
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming ,
$1,
Total.
189, 679 716, 305 177, 907 21, 038 31, 993 21, 755 29, 073 47, 244 9,100 96, 000 51, 240
166, 330 , 230, 759 490, 491
260, 000
905, 549 1, 500
$2, 372, 643, 149, 29, 25, 17, 26, 29, 5, 122, 18,
$2,
589, 447 959, 246 150, 995 11, 250 19, 706 21, 577 29, 116 22, 191 9, 240 125, 655 10, 025
, 986, 242 896, 984 231, 878 U, 700 7, 596 30, 483 33, 296 68, 281 10, 000 258, 523 10, 925
188, 222 10, 743, 492 731, 496 3, 042 325, 861 30, 728 1, 074, 177 92, 092
12, 445, 96316, 630, 301
218, 0901 16,333, 674; 12 684, 116| 37, 196 278, 724 46, 696 1, 524, 746
143, 612
76, 901 679, 826 701, 803
35, 778 265, 107
42, 000 845, 043 192, 804 8, 046
$3, 464, 623 a 1,234, 320i 163, 614 7, 133 6, 472 12, 402 19, 906 72, 563 10, 949 311, 013
112, 907, 15,015, 336, 724, 106'
$2, 648, 632 a 1, 137, 488 136, 089 4, 400 9, 048 25, 072 18, 640 97, 350 9, 735 239, 560 18, 476 35, 925 43, 671 9, 468, 030 491, 523
$1, 871, 348 a 903, 970 116, 286 4, 400 13, 102 10, 693 15, 660 51, 566 3, 563 110, 000 28, 213
23,215, 302 20, 393,216
322, 486 50, 446 1, 821, 965 185, 900
282, 898 34, 207 1,716, 907 95, 85] 10, 200
90, 875 6, 585, 489 480, 124
295, 747 18, 249 1 , 639, 687 19, 465 b 15, 232
23, 536, 14l! 16, 523, 714 12, 273, 669
a Includes Utah's valae.
&' Value estimated.
While this table gives the totals of the values as returned in the schedules, the figures do not always represent the same thing. A state- ment as to the actual selling i:)rice of the coke was asked for, and in most cases, including possibly 80 per cent of all the coke produced, the figures are the actual selling price. In some cases, however, the value
The Manufacture Of Coke.
is an estimate. Oousiderable of tlie coke made iu the United States is produced by proprietors of blast furnaces for consumption in tlieir own furnaces, none being sold. The value, therefore, given for this coke would be an estimate based, in some instances where there are coke works in the neighborhood selling coke for the general market, npon the price obtained for this coke; in other cases the cost is estimated at the cost of the coke at the furnace, plus a small percentage for profit on the coking operation, while in still other cases the value given is only the actual cost of the coke at the ovens.
In the following table is given the average value per short ton of the coke made in the United States for each year from 1880 to 1894, inclu- sive, by States and Territories :
Average value jjer short ton at the ovens of the coke made in the United States in the years from 1880 to 1894, inclusive, by States and Territories.
States and Ter- ritories.
$2. 33
Alabama
Colorado
Georgia
Indiana
$3.01
$3. 00
$2. 70
$2.75
$2.50
$2.50
$2. 65
$2. 39
$2. 34
$2. 30
$2.41
$2.31
$2. 27 a3.13
$2. 025 a2. 85
Indian Terrify .
Kentucky
Missouri . .
New Mexico . . . New Tork
Oliio
Pennsylvania . .
Tennessee
Utah
i.ei"
Virginia
1.75 2. .50
Washington
West Virginia . Wisconsin
"Wyoming
Average . .
2.02 1.97
a Utah included. Value estimated.
From this table it appears that the average value per ton of coke made in the United States in 1894 was the lowest since the beginning of the publication of this report in 1880, it being $1,337, the nearest approach to this being in 1888, when the average price was $1.46. The price varied from $1,086 in Pennsylvania to $11 in Montana, the aver- age price at ovens in West Virginia being $1,373; in Alabama, $2,025, and in Tennessee, $1.64. In comparing and considering prices the state- ment previously made as to the value of these values must always be borne in mind.
Mineral Resources.
Coal Consumed In The Manufacture Of Coke.
In the following' table is given the total number of tons of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States for the years 1880 to 1894:
Amount of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States from 1880 to 1894,
inclusive, by States and Territories.
[Short tons.]
states and Terri- tories.
A-labama
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
106, 283 51, 891 63, 402 31, 240
184, 881 97, 508 68, 960 35, 240
261, 839 180, 549 77, 670 25, 270
359, 699 224, 089 111, 687 31,370
413, 184 181,968 132, 113 30, 168
507, 934 208, 069 117, 781 21, 487
635, 120 228, 060 136, 133 17, 806 13, 030 10, 242 23, 062 9, 055
550, 047 267, 487 158, 482 16, 596 35, 600 20, 121 27, 604 29, 129 5,400 10, 800 22, 549
Indian Territory
Kansas
Kentucky
2, 494 4, 800 7, 206
2, 852 7, 406
3, 266 9, 200 6, 006
4, 150 13, 400 8, 437
3,084 11, 500 3,451
15, 000 5, 075
Montana
29, 990
31, 889
Iffew Mexico
New York
1,500
6, 941
18, 194
Ohio
Tennessee
Utah
172, 453 4, 347, 558 217, 656 2, 000
201,145
5, 393, 503 241, 644
181, 577 6, 149, 179 313, 537
152, 502 6, 823, 275 330, 961
108, 164 6, 204, 604 348, 295
68, 796 6, 178. 500 412, 538
59, 332 8, 290, 849 621, 669
164, 974
8, 938, 438 655, 857
39, 000
99, 000 385, 588
81, 899 415, 533
200, 018 1,400 425, 002
235, 841 22, 500 698, 327
West Virginia
230, 758
304, 823
366, 653
4il, i59
Total
5, 237, 741
6, 546, 762
7, 577, 646
8, 516, 670
7, 951, 974
8, 071, 126
10, 688, 972
11, 859, 752
States and Terri- tories.
Alabama
Colorado
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Indian Territory.
Kansas
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tenne8.see
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia . . .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
848, 608 274, 212 140, 000 13, 020 26, 547
13, 126 24, 934 42, 642
5, 000 20, 000
14, 628
124, 201 673, 097 630, 099
Total .
230, 529
863, 707 1,000
12, 945, 350
1, 746, 277 299, 731 157, 878 19, 250 16, 428 13, 277 21, 600 25, 192 8, 485 30, 576 7, 162
132, 828 11, 581, 292 626, 016 2, 217 238, 793 6, 983 1, 001, 372 25, 616
15, 960, 973
1,809, 964 407, 023 170, 388 9, 000 11, 753 13, 278 21, 809 24, 372 9, 491 32, 148 3,980
126, 921 13, 046, 143 600, 387 24, 058 251, 683 9, 120 1, 395, 266 38, 425
18, 005, 209
2, 144, 277 452, 749 164, 875 10, 000 8, 688 20, 551 27, 181 64, 390 10, 377 61, 667 4, 000
69, 320 10, 588, 544 25, 281 285, 113 10, 000 1, 716, 976 52, 904 4, 470
16, 344, 540
2, 585, 966 a 599, 200 158, 978 4,800 6, 456 7,138 15, 437 70, 783 11, 088 64, 412
12, 591, 345 600, 126
2, 015, 398 a 628, 935 171, 645 3, 300 11, 549 15, 118 13, 645 97, 212 8,875 61, 770
14, 698
15, 150 42, 963
9, 386, 702 449, 511
1, 574, 245 a 542, 429 166, 523 3, 800 13, 489 7,274 13,288 66,418 3, 442 22, 500 13, 042
226. 517 12, 372 1, 709, 183 54, 300
18, 813, 337
194, 059 11,374 1, 745, 757 24, 085 5,400
55, 324 9, 059, 118 516, 802
280, 524 8, 563 1, 976, 128 6, 343 8, 685
14,917, 14614, 337, 937
a Includes Utah's consumption.
In regard to this table, it is to be noted that in many cases the state- ment as to the amount of coal used in the production of coke is an estimate. At but few works is the coal weighed before being charged into the ovens. A great deal of the coke made in the United States is from run of mine; tliat is, all of the product of mining, lump, nut, and
The Manufacture Of Coke.
slack, as it comes to the mouth of the pit in the mine car is charged into tlie ovens, and if no coal is sold as coal it is comparatively easy to ascertain from the amounts i)aid for mining Avhat is the amount of coal charged into the ovens. But even in such cases considerable difficulty arises from the fact that mining is paid for by the measured bushel or ton of so many cubic feet, while our statistics are by weight, and the measured bushel or ton is often not the equivalent of the weighed bushel or ton. It is also true that in certain districts where the men are i)aid by the car the car contains even of measured tons more than the men are paid for. Under such circumstances it is not to the inter- est of the operator to weigh the coal as it is charged into the oven.
Further, in many districts coke making is simply for the purpose of utilizing the slack coal produced in mining or that which falls through the screen at the tipjjle when lumj) coal is sold. In such cases the slack is rarely, if ever, weighed as it is charged into the ovens, so that any statement as to the amount of coal used at such works will be an estimate. At some works the coal is often weighed for a brief period, and the coke being weighed as it is sold a percentage of yield is ascer- tained which is used in statements as to the amount of coal used and the yield of this coal in coke.
Great care has been exercised, in view of these facts, to reach a sat- isfactory estimate as to the amount of coal used in the production of coke, as given in the table immediately preceding, and the percentage yield of coal in coke as shown in the table next subsequent. Analyses of coals from most of the districts in the United States have been secured. These analyses, checked by personal knowledge as to the wastefulness of the methods of coking in each district, have enabled the writer to reach a conclusion as to whether the returns made were approximately correct or not. Where it has been judged that they were incorrect, correspondence has usually led to a revision of the same. It is sometimes the custom of coke manufacturers who do not weigh the coal charged into the ovens to estimate that the yield of coke is equal to the percentage of the fixed carbon and ash in the coal. A report from a certain coke works showed a yield of 77 per cent. This was equal to the average amount of fixed carbon and ash in the coal. Further inquiry developed the fact that at other mines in this district, using the same character of coal, the yield as reported varied from 50 to 66 per cent. Upon the attention of the party making the return showing 77 per cent being called to these facts, the yield was reduced to 63 jier cent. As coke is sold by weight, it has always been assumed that the production of coke was accurate, and where the coal was not weighed, yield of coal in coke being ascertained, a calculation could be made which would show approximately the amount of coal used.
But even under these conditions it is believed that more coal was actually used in the production of coke in each of the years covered by the above table than is shown.
Mineral Resources.
The amount of coal necessary to produce a ton of coke, assuming that the above tables are approximately correct, was as follows :
Coal required to produce a ton of coke in tons or pounds.
Years.
Tons.
Pounds.
3, 140 3, 180 3,160 3, 120 3, 260 3,160 3, 120 3, 120
Years.
Tons.
Pounds.
3,020 3,100 3, 120 3, 160 3, 140 3,140 3, 120
It is believed that the amount of coal used is greater than that reported. This would increase the amount of coal given above as necessary to produce a ton of coke.
In tlie following table is shown the percentage of yield of coal in the manufacture of coke for the years 1880 to 1894. The statements made above must be kept in mind in examining this table. By the ''yield" is of course meant the percentage of the constituents of the coal that remain as coke, and in the coke after the process of coking.
While these tables show an average of something like 64 per cent for most of the years, it is believed that even this is a little too high. Probably the actual yield of coal in coke throughout the United States, if the actual weight of coal charged into the ovens and the actual weight of the coke drawn had been taken, would not have exceeded 60 or 61 per cent.
Percentage yield of coal in the manufacture of coke in the United States in the years 1880 to 1S94. inclusive, hy States and Territories.
states and Ter- ritories.
1881).
Alabama
Colorado
a57.7
Georgia
Go
55f
Indiana
50'
Indian Terrify.
62J
53|
Kentucky
Missouri
Montana
58,i
66a
New Mexico
66=
57
Ohio
Pennsylvania . .
G5.2
Tenness(!0
Go
G3
Texas
Utah
Virjiiiiia
64J
WasliiiiKton
West Virii;ina . .
Go
Wisconsin
Wyon)ii)g
Total aver- iige
a Averaj
tgo, including XTti
ah.
The Manufacture Of Coke.
In connection with these tables of yields it should be said that there is no doubt that the yield of coal in coke is increasing throughout the United States. Better forms of oven are being used; slight modifica- tions in construction are being made, which increases the yield; the coal is being crushed and disintegrated, which not only improves the quality but increases the yield as well, and better methods of burning are being employed, all of which tend not only to make a better coke but to get more coke out of a given weight of coal.
In the following table will be found a statement of the amount and value of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States in the years 1894, 1893, and 1892. The chief point in these tables is to show the average value of coal used per ton and the amount and value of coal necessary to make a ton of coke. The average value of coal per ton in 1892 was 75 cents; in 1893, 70 cents, and in 1894, 65.8 cents. The amount of coal necessary to make a ton of coke in 1892 was 1.57 tons; in 1893, the same, and in 1894, 1.56 tons. The value of the coal necessary to make a ton of coke in 1892 was $1.18; in 1893, $1.10, and in 1894, $1.03.
Some interesting comparisons can be deduced from this table and the one published elsewhere as to the average value at the ovens of the coke made in the United States. For example: The average price per ton for all coke produced in the United States in 1894 was $1,337; it will be noted, therefore, that the amount received for the coke per ton above the value of the coal was $0,307. Making a comparison by States it will be seen that the average i)rice received for a ton of coke in Pennsylvania in 1894 was $1,086, while tlie average value of the coal was $0.88 a ton, leaving only 20 cents as the price received for the coke in excess of the value of the coal that went into a ton. In Alabama the selling price of coke was $2,025, while the value of the coal was $1.56. In Colorado the relative figures were $2.85 per ton for coke and value of coal $1.70; in Tennessee, $1.64 for coke and $1.29 for coal; inVirginia, $1.64 for coke and $1.72 for coal; in West Virginia, $1,373 for coke and $0.93 for coal. From the above it is evident that there must be either an error in the amount' of coal that entered into a ton of coke in Virginia or in the value of the coke produced. The proba- bility is that the error is in the value of the coal, and probably consists in charging the coke oven with the coal at the market price received for lump coal sold as coal instead of charging it at what the corre- sponding price for slack should be:
Mineral Resources.
Amount and value of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States in 1894, and
amount and value of same per ton of coTce.
V alue oi
jSLmouut oi
V alue 01
States and Territories.
Coal used.
Total value of coal.
coal per
coal per ton
coal to a ton
ton.
of coke.
of coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
1, 574, 245
$1, 443, 043
$0. 917
$1.56
Colorado (a)
542, 429
539, 065
Georgia
166, 523
121, 882
Illinois
3, 800
Tndiana
13, 489
Indian Territory
' 7, 274
!25
2! 38
!60
Kansas
13, 288
6, 275
Kentucky
66, 418
14, 304
Missouri
3, 442
1, 556
Montana
22, 500
78, 750
New Mexico
13, 042
18, 259
New York
Ohio
55, 324
52, 689
Pennsylvania
9, 059, 118
5, 317, 695
Tennessee
516, 802
377, 229
Utah (6)
Virginia
. 280, 524
309, 730
Washington
8, 563
16, 391
"West Virginia
1, 976, 128
1, 102, 105
Wisconsin
6, 343
17, 443
Wyoming
8, 685
5, 211
Total and averages.
14, 337, 937
9, 430, 661
a Figures given for Colorado include the statistics of Utah. b Included with Colorado figures. c Value estimated.
Amount and value of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States in 1893, and
amount and value of same per ton of coke.
States and Territories.
Coal used.
Total value of coal.
Value of coal per ton.
Amount of coal per ton of coke.
Value of coal to a ton of coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
2, 015, 398
$1, 894, 666
$0. 94
$1.62
Colorado (a)
628, 935
599, 773
Georgia
171, 645
171, 645
3, 300
Indiana
11, 549
4, 043
Indian Territory
15, 118
3, 779
13, 645
7,117
Kentucky
97, 212
34, 804
Missouri
8, 875
3, 168
61, 770
185, 310
New Mexico
14, 698
21, 069
New York
15, 150
39, 550
Ohio
42, 963
24, 700
Pennsylvania
9, 386, 702
5, 738, 798
Tennessee
449, 511
363, 260
Utah (b)
Virginia
194, 059
212, 467
Washington
11, 374
25, 163
West Virginia
1, 745, 757
1, 044, 219
Wisconsin
24, 085
c 72, 255
Wyoming
5, 400
3, 240
Total and averages.
14, 917, 146
10, 449, 686
a Figures given for Colorado include the statistics of Utah. b Included witli Colorado figures, c Value estimated.
The Manufacture Of Coke.
Amount and value of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States in 1892, and
amount and value of same per ton of cole.
Value of
Amount of
Value of
States and Territories.
Coal used.
Total value of coal.
coal per
coal per ton
coal to a ton
ton.
of coke.
of coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
2, 585, 966
$2, 551, 946
$0.99
$1.70
599, 200
617, 744
Georgia
158, 978
b 143, 080
Illinois
4, 800
1, 200
Indiana
6, 456
2, 333
Indian Terj itory
7, i:58
1, 785
Kansas
15, 437
8, 297
Kentucky
70, 783
19, 681
Missouri
11,088
4, 165
Montana
64,412
193, 236
New Mexico
Ohio
95, 236
82, 890
Pennsylvania
12, 591, 345
8, 372, 171
Tennessee
600, 126
624, 275
Utah (c)
Virginia
226, 517
243, 112
Washington
12, 372
29, 344
West Virginia
1, 709, 183
1, 106, 806
Wisconsin
54, 300
149, 325
Wyoming
Total and averages.
18, 813, 337
14, 151, 390
a Figures given for Colorado include the statistics of Utah.
b Value estimated.
c Included with Colorado figures.
Condition In Which Coal Is Charged Into Ovens.
Ill the following table will be found a statement of the condition of coal when charged into ovens; that is, whether it is run of mine, slack, washed or unwashed. The tables for 1894, 1893, and 1892 are given. The headings explain themselves. It is only necessary to state that run of mine, washed, includes that run-of-mine coal which is crushed before being washed:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in 1894.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
States and Territories.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
411, 097
7, 429
477, 820
677, 899
1.574, 245
Colorado (a)
126, 642
415, 787
542, 429
Georgia
166, 523
166, 523
Illinois
3,800
3, 800
Indiana
8, 689
4, 800
13, 489
Indian Territory
7, 274
7, 274
13, 288
13, 288
KenTiicky
2, 980
7,900
55, 538
66, 418
Missouri
3, 442
3, 442
Montana
22, 500
22, 500
New Mexico
13, 042
18, 042
Ohio
14, 845
40, 479
55, 324
8, 671, 534
204, 811
64, 494
9, 059, 118
Tennessee
166, 990
61,841
149, 9.58
138, 013
516, 802
Virginia
103, 874
176, 650
280, 524
Washington
8, 563
8, 563
West Virginia
162, 270
14, 901
1, 607, 735
191,222
1, 976, 128
Wisconsin
6, 343
6, 343
Wyoming
8,685
8, 685
Total
9, 648. 750
'394, 453
3, 102. 652
1, 192, 082
14, 337, 937
a Including Utah's consumption.
10 aEOL, PT 4 IG
Mineral Resources.
From the above table it appears that of the 14,337,937 tons of coal coked in the United States 10,043,203 tons were run of mine and 4,294,734 tons slack. Of the 10,043,203 tons run of mine only 9,648,750 tons were used unwashed, and of the 4,294,734 tons of slack 3,102,652 were used unwashed ; so that of the total of 14,337,937 tons of coal made into coke in the United States in 1894 but 1,586,535 tons, or 11 per cent, was washed.
For comparison the following tables are inserted, showing the char- acter of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States in 1892 and 1893:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in 1893.
States and Territories.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
1, 246, 307
51, 163
292, 198
425, 730
2, 015, 398
Colorado {a)
109, 915
519, 020
628, 935
Georgia
171, 645
171, 645
Illinois
3, 300
3, 300
Indiana
10, 619
11, 549
Indian Territory
15, 118
15,118
Kansas
12, 445
1,200
13, 645
Kentucky
11, 973
26, 759
57, 655
97, 212
Missouri
8, 875
8, 875
Montana
44, 000
17, 770
61,770
New Mexico
14, 698
14, 698
15, 150
15, 150
Ohio
24, 859
18, 104
42, 963
Pennsylvania
8, 302, 307
216, 762
739, 128
128, 505
9, 386, 702
Tennessee
179, 126
137, 483
132, 902
449, 511
Vii'ginia
107, 498
86, 561
194, 059
Washington
10, 974
11, 374
West Virginia
324, 932
15, 240
1, 176, 656
228, 929
1, 745, 757
Wisconsin
20, 474
3, 611
24, 085
5, 400
5, 400
Total
10, 306, 082
350, 112
3, 049, 075
1, 211, 877
14, 917, 146
a Utah included.
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in 1892.
States and Territories.
Kun of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short ions.
2, 463, 366
11, 100
Ill, 500
2, 585, 966
Colorado (a)
82, 098
517, 102
599, 200
Georgia
158, 978
158, 978
Illinois
4,800
4, 800
Indiana
6, 456
6, 456
Indian Territory
7, 138
7, 138
Kansas
15, 437
15, 437
Kentucky
5,955
7, 883
56, 945
70, 783
Missouri
11, 088
11, 088
Montana
28, 000
36, 412
64, 412
New Mexico
Oliio
35, 334
32, 402
27, 500
95, 236
Pennsylvania
11, 237, 253
159, 698
1, 059, 994
134, 400
12, 591, 345
Tennessee
176, 453
15, 000
367, 827
40, 846
600, 126
Virginia
106, 010
120, 507
226, 515
Washington
12, 372
12, 372
West Virginia
298, 824
115, 397
1, 108, 353
186, 609
1, 709, 183
Wisconsin
54, 300
54, 300
Wyoming
Total
14, 453, 638
324, 050
3, 256, 493
779, 150
18, 813, 337
a Including Utah's production.
The Manufacture Of Coke.
From a comi)arison of the three tables given above it appears that in 1892, 78.5 per cent of the coal used was run of mine; in 1803, 71.4 per cent, and in 1894, 70 per cent. In 1892, 21.5 per cent of the coal used Avas slack ; in 1893, 28.6 per cent, and in 1894, 30 per cent. In 1892, 6 per cent of the total was washed ; in 1893, 10.5 per cent, and in 1894, 11 per cent.
In the following table the statistics regarding the character of the coal for the years 1890 to 1894, inclusive, are consolidated :
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in the United States since 1890.
Years.
Run of mine.
Unwashed. Washed
Short tons. 14, 060, 907 12, 255, 415 14, 453, 638 10, 306, 082 9, 648, 750
Short tons. 338, 563 290, 807 324, 050 350, 112 394, 453
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons. 2, 674, 492
2, 945, 359
3, 256, 493 3, 049, 075 3, 102, 652
Short tons. 931, 247 852, 959 779, 156 1,211,877 1, 192, 082
Short tons. 18, 005, 209 16, 344, 540 18, 813,337 14, 917, 146 14, 337, 937
Imports.
The following table gives the quantities and value of coke imported and entered for consumption into the United States from 1869 to 1894, inclusive. In the reports of the Treasury Department the quantities given are long tons. These have been reduced to short tons to make the table consistent with the other tables in this report :
Coke imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1869 to 1894, inclusive.
Tears ending —
June 30, 1869.
Quantity.
Short tons.
9, 575
1, 091
1,046
2, 065
4, 068 6, 616 6, 035
5, 047 15, 210
Value.
$2, 053 6, 388 19, 528 9, 217 1, 366 4, 588 8, 657 16, 686 24, 186 24, 748 18, 406 64, 987
Tears ending —
June 30, 1882 188?
Dec. 31, 1886
Quantity.
Short tons. 14, 924 20, 634 14, 483 20, 876 28, 124 35, 320 35, 201 28, 608 20, 808 50, 753 27, 420 37,183 32, 566
Value.
$53, 244 113, 114 36, 278 64, 814 84, 801 100, 312 107, 914 88, 008 101, 767 223, 184 86, 350 99, 683 70, 359
The Coking Industry, By States. Alabama.
The coal fields of Alabama form the southern extremity of the great Appalachian coal basin. The State geological survey estimates that the coal deposits embrace an area of some 8,660 square miles, though the actual mining operations are confined to ten counties. These coal fields, and consequently the coking districts, are divided into three dis- tinct districts, which take their names from the chief rivers draining
Mineral Resources.
them; that portion of the coal field drained by the Warrior Eiver and its tributaries and the Tennessee River and its tributaries in Alabama constitutes the Warrior coal field. This is the most important of the three districts, and includes the coking operations in the neighborhood of Birmingham. The Coosa field is drained by the Coosa River. The coal mines in this field are in St. Clair and Shelby counties. The Ca- haba field lies along the Cahaba River, and the coal in this field is mined in the counties of Shelby, Jefferson, and Tuscaloosa.
The chief coking operations in Alabama are carried on in the War- rior field, and chiefly in the neighborhood of Birmingham, where an extensive blast-furnace industry is located. In this district the well- known Pratt coal seam is mined. From the coal of this seam is pro- duced one of the best metallurgical cokes made in the South and the fuel upon which has been founded the notable blast-furnace industry of Alabama.
Of the 5,551 coke ovens in Alabama at the close of 1894, 4,914 are in the Warrior field, 567 in the Cahaba field, and 70 in the Coosa field. Of the 923,817 tons of coke produced in the State in 1894, 920,097 tons, or 99 J per cent, were from the Warrior field ; 1,185 tons, less than one- fourth of 1 per cent, from the Cahaba field; and 2,535 tons, less than one-half of 1 per cent, from the Coosa field.
Regarding the character of the coke made in Alabama it may be said that it is on the whole an excellent fuel, though not equal either in purity, calorific power, or as a metallurgical fuel to that made from the coal seams of the northern portion of the Appalachian region.
Analyses of the coal and coke of the Pratt seam are as follows :
Anahjses of coals and cokes from the Pratt seam, Alabama.
Coke.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Coal.
! Per cent.
Fixed carbon 61. 600
Volatile matter 31.480
Ash 5.416
Sulphur 1 .918
Moisture 1. 508
Total 100.922
Per cent.
Two recent analyses of the coke produced at the ovens of the ]\Iary Lee Coal and Railway Comi>any, of Jefferson. Ala., are as follows:
Analyses of coke produced hi/ the Mart) Lee Coal and Railwai/ Companii, Jeffertou, Ala.
Volatile Jiiatlcr Fixed carbon . .
Siilplinr
Asli
IMiospliorus
Por cent. ! Per cent.
The Manupacture Of Coke.
The above analyses certainly indicate a good fuel, especially the coke from the Pratt seam, though varying greatly in the percentage of ash. This is no doubt due to the fact that a great deal of coke is made from the slack coal and screenings, and the lot of coal from which the coke containing the highest percentage of ash was made contained an unusually large amount of slate.
Considerable attention has been given in Alabama to coal washing or coal separation, as well as to the preparation of the coal before coking. The result has been a very marked improvement in the char- acter of the coke produced. The Standard Coal Company, of Brook- wood, in Tuscaloosa County, washed all of the coal used in 1893 and 1894. One hundred and sixty analyses were made of the coke, which showed but 8.51 per cent of ash and 5.83 per cent of sulphur. A com- plete analysis of what is regarded as an average sample of the coke from this company is as follows :
Analysis of Standard Coal Company's coke, Alabama.
Constituents. Percent.
Moisture 0.85
Volatile matter i 1. 05
Sulphur ' .56
Ash 8.50
Fixed carbon i 89. 04
Total 100. 00
The results at the above works in 1894 showed the average ash in the coke after washing to be 8.50 to 9, and the sulphur three-fourths of 1 per cent. This coke had a large demand in Mexico.
As a rule the coke produced in the Coosa field is not as good as that produced in the other districts, though even here the coke is not a bad fuel, as will be seen from the following analysis of coke produced in the ovens of the Coal City Mining Company, in St. Clair County:
Analysis of Coal Ciiy coke, Alabama.
Fixed carbon . .
Sulphvir
Ash
Volatile matter
Total . . - .
Per cent.
246 Mineral Resources.
The following are tlie statistics of the manufacture of coke in Ala- bama from 1880 to 1894, inclusive.
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Alabama, 1880 to 1894, inclusive.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Yalue of coke at ovens.
YUM of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per ton.
Per cent.
106, 283
60, 781
$183, 063
$3.01
184, 881
109, 033
326, 819
261, 839
152, 940
425, 940
""i22"
359, 699
217, .531
598, 473
a 976
413, 184
244, 009
609, 185
1,075
301, 180
755, 645
al, 301
1,012
375, 054
993, 302
1,555
1,362
550, 047
775, 090
2, 475
848, 608
508, 511
1, 189, 579
3, 944
1, 746, 277
1, 030, 510
2, 372, 417
4, 805
1,809, 964
1, 072, 942
2, 589, 447
5, 068
50
2, 144, 277
1, 282, 496
2, 986, 242
5, 320
2, 585, 966
1,501,571
3, 464, 623
]893
5, 548
2, 015, 398
1,168, 085
2, 648, 632
5, 551
1, 574, 245
923, 817
1, 871, 348
a One establishment made coke on the ground.
From the above table it will be noticed that the x)roduction of coke in Alabama in 1894 was the lowest since 1888, and 38 J per cent less than in 1892. This falling off is of course due to the depression in the pig-iron industry and does not indicate any permanent decline in production.
In the production of these 923,817 tons of coke, 1,574,245 tons of coal were used, the yield of coal in coke being 58.7 per cent, a slight increase over the yield of the i)revious year. Of this total amount of coal 418,526 tons, or 26.6 per cent, was run of mine; 1,155,719 tons, or 73.4 per cent, was slack, showing that very much the larger propor- tion of coal made into coke in Alabama is slack. Of the run of mine only a very small amount was washed, but of the slack 677,899 tons, or 58.6 per cent of the total amount of slack used, was washed before being coked. To make a ton of coke it required 1.70 tons of coal. The value of this coal is reported at 91.7 cents, making the value of coal necessary to make a ton of coke $1.56.
As is stated elsewhere, it must be noted that this value per ton is the value reported by the different works on the blanks returned, some estimating its value at cost, others at what the coal would sell for as coal in the market. A similar statement can be made regarding the value of the coke, this value in some cases being the selling price, and in others, where coke was made by the furnace owners, an assumed value, usually what coke would have cost the furnace had it purchased it in the general market.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Ala- bama since 1890 is shown in the following table:
The Manufacture Of Coke. 247
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Alabama since 1890.
Years.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
1, 480, 669
123, 189
1, 809, 964
I, 943, 469
192, 238
8, 570
2, 144, 277
2, 463, 366
11, 100
111,500
2, 585, 966
1, 246, 307
51, 163
292, 198
425, 730
2, 015, 398
411,097
7,429
477, 820
677. 899
1, 574, 245
From the first table given it will be noted that the number of coke ovens in Alabama at the close of 1894 was 5,551, as compared with 5,548 in 1893, only a slight increase. The number of establishments has been reduced from 23 to 22. It should be noted that in this con- nection is meant the number of firms producing coke and not the total number of banks of ovens in the State. The Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railway Company have ovens in several different places, and the same is true of the Sloss Iron and Steel Company. The total number of blocks or banks of ovens in Alabama is considerably in excess of 22.
Colorado.
The most important coke-producing districts, outside of those which draw their supplies from the coal beds of the Appalachian field, are those of Colorado. It is the only one of the States of the far West that is a large producer of coke, and its coke production is especially imiior- tant in view not only of its value in the smelting of the precious metals, but of iron as well, the only blast furnaces of any importance west of the Mississippi River being those of Colorado.
While the coal of the Huerfano County districts in the Raton field is altogether of the seniicoking kind known as "domestic," and though the same product is much used as a steam fuel, the Coal Measures in Las Animas -County contain chiefly true coking coal. The transition from the so-called 'domestic" to the coking coal is very gradual, and there is a considerable extent of measures along the eastern border in the northern part of Las Animas County which affords a variety of coal that cokes too strongly for domestic purposes, and yet not enough to iroduce a desirable metallurgical coke in the ordinary beehive oven. The coals of the Upper Measures are, if anything, more superior for coke making than those of the Lower.
The Trinidad district of the Raton coal field is situated near the southern extremity of the eastern border of the field, and embraces the region immediately tributary to Trinidad. This district includes the mines of Sopris, Engleville, Starkville, and Gray Creek. The produc- ing mines have from 4 to 8 feet of coal in the seams worked, though so
The coal fields, and consequently the coking districts, of tliis State, as well as the geological horizons from which the coal is produced, were thoroughly described by Mr. R. C. Hills in Mineral Resources of the United States, 1892.
Mineral Resources.
far as is known no two of tbem are located on the same seam. The inclination of the beds is very slight, and most of the coal is mined above water level. The measures are traversed by dikes, and for sev- eral miles along the outcrop the workable coal is transformed into a worthless natural coke by intrusions of doleritic material. All the producing mines are located along the outcrop of the Lower Measures, and it is only along the southern boundary that the Upi)c r Measures appear.
The Raton Canyon district of the Raton coal field lies immediately north of the Trinidad district, and in this are the Victor and Berwind seams, the slack from the Berwind mine being coked at El Moro and from the Victor near the mine. The measures of the southern portion of this district are but slightly inclined; in the northern portion the inclination is as high as 15 degrees. Coke is not i3roduced from the coal of any of the other subdistricts in this field, and consequently they are not described. In this report we shall include the coke made in the two districts described, viz, the Trinidad and the Eaton Canyon, under the title Trinidad or El Moro. The coal of the South Platte field, the second named by Mr. Hills, is a lignite and does not coke. The only important mines of the South Park district, those near Como, are oper- ated in the interest of the Union Pacific railroad. The coal cokes strongly. The North Park coal is decidedly lignitic and therefore not a coking coal.
Coming to the fields of the western group, the first division named by Mr. Hills is the La Plata field, in which is included what in the coke reports of Mineral Resources we have termed the 'Hurango district.'' In the La Plata field in Colorado there are approximately 1,250 square miles in which the coal-bearing formation is either exposed and access- ible or is more or less deeily buried beneath later accumulations. There are two coal-bearing horizons in this field; an upper, which con- tains large seams of coal and is undoubtedly Laramie, and a lower, con- taining a few smaller seams, concerning the age of which seme uncer- tainty exists. The inclination of the beds varies considerably. The Upper Measures everywhere contain a large thickness of workable coal, which varies greatly not only in the thickness and purity of the indi- vidual seams, but in the thickness and character of the material sepa- rating them. The coal of the Lower Measures is not as good. The coal at the two extremities of the field is of the semicoking or domestic kind, while that of the central part, near the northern border, possesses pronounced coking properties.
The Durango district is the most important in La Plata County; indeed, the most important in this field. The coal from the Porter seam behmgs to the Lower Measures and is usually 3 feet 6 inches thick. Slack from this mine is made into coke at Durango. The slack from this mine is low in ash, but the structure is said by Mr. Hills to be " reedy."
The Manufacture Op Coke.
In the Grand Kiver field is included tbe Crested Butte district, in which as good a coke is made as is produced outside of the Appala- chian field, and in some cases the coke equals any produced in the United States. The character of the coal in this district invariably depends on the presence or absence of intrusive erui)tive rocks in the neighborhood and their relation to the measures. Thus, on the north- eastern border, from Jerome Park to the State line, and from the same line to the north fork of the Gunnison, the coal is of the semicoking kind; whereas in the West Elk Mountains the bulk of the coal is coking.
The workings of the Crested Butte mine are on the lower of two seams, each from 4 to 7 feet thick and separated from one another about 75 feet. The mine workings are confined to a zone of coking coal less than one mile wide, which graduates into semicoking coal on one side and into anthracite on the other. The coke produced is low in ash and of somewhat "reedy*' structure when coarse slack is used. Nevertheless it commands a high X3rice in the Denver market.
The Coal Basin district of the Grand River field includes the most important area of coking coal in this field, and what is prospectively the most valuable in the State. It is situated mainly on the drainage of Coal Creek, a tributary of Crystal River, in Pitkin County. The workable beds are five in number, aggregating over 30 feet in thick- ness of workable coal. The coal of this district is rather low in ash and volatile matter and high in coke residue, more especially in the vicinity of the eruptive body. The coke as made in beehive ovens is of a coarse nonreedy structure, has an easy cross fracture, and, while fine grained, is found to contain 53 ier cent of cell space. Such coke is better adapted for the use of lead smelters than any other produced in the State, though it is probably not as well glazed as an iron smelter would desire. He also states that should it be required for iron smelt- ing, coals very rich in volatile matter, but which x>i'oduce reedy coke, are available for a mixture that would furnish a highly-glazed, porous, nonreedy product of requisite purity.
The coal used for coking at Cardiff is from Spring Gulch, where the workings are on the three lower seams, though the lower one is gen- erally too bony to be mined. The coke is low in ash, but of ''reedy" structure; nevertheless it is preferred by lead smelters to the coke from the Raton field.
As the coal from the other districts in this field are of little Impor- tance at present as i)roducers of coke — indeed, most of them give a non- coking coal — it is not necessary to describe them. A similar remark may be made regarding the Yampa field.
The coal coked on the Dolores, above Rico, where a 20-inch seam was mined, and the iroduct made into coke for the smelting works at that place, is in southwestern Colorado, the coal seam being in the Dakota Cretaceous. This coal has also been mined in a small way near Grand Junction.
Mineral Resources.
As will be gathered from the a.bove, the chief coke-producing dis- tricts in Colorado are, naming them in the order of coke production, the Trinidad or El Moro, the Crested Butte, and the Durango. Some coal is coked in Denver in retorts, but this coal is brought from the other coal fields.
The cokes of Colorado differ greatly in value. The coke is chiefly made from unwashed slack, 415,787 tons of the 542,429 tons used in coke making in this State in 1894 being of this character. In the ear- lier years of the production of coke in this State attempts were made to reduce the ash and increase the value of the coke made in the El Moro district by washing, but it was found that this process removed a large quantity of the bituminous matter which gave the coke its good structure when unwashed, and it was found to be more economical to allow the ash to remain in the coke and flux it out by the expenditure of the carbon of the coke rather than to wash the coal before coking.
Analyses of coke from the El Moro and Crested Butte fields are as follows:
Analyses of El Moro and Crested Butte, Colorado, cokes.
El Moro.
Crested Butte.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Ash
Sulphur
Water
a 1.85
Total
100.37 100.39
a Iiicluflmg volatile matter.
A great deal of attention has been paid recently in this State to improvements in the processes of manufacture, which were referred to in the last report.
In addition to these ovens some coke is made in Denver for domestic use only. The gas produced from the coal is used for its carboniza- tion, the tar, ammonia, and other by-products being sold. This concern has 30 gas retorts.
The Manufacture Of Coke. 251
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in Colo- rado for the years 1880 to 1894, inclusive :
statistics of the manufacture of coke in Colorado, 1880 to 1894.
Years.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke liro- duced.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Yalue of coke ai. ovens.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per ton.
Per cent.
51, 891
25, 568
$145, 226
$5. 68
97, 508
48, 587
267, 156
180, 549
102, 105
476, 665
224, 089
133. 997
584, 578
181, 968
115, 719
409, 930
208, 069
131, 960
512, 162
228, 060
569, 120
267, 487
170, 698
682, 778
274, 212
179, 682
716, 305
299, 731
187, 638
643, 479
407, 023
245. 756
9.59, 246
462, 749
277, 074
896, 984
1892 (a)
h 1, 128
599, 200
c 373, 229
1, 234, 320
1893 (a)
b 1, 154
628, 935
d 362, 986
1, 137, 488
1894 (a)
h 1, 154
542, 429
e 317, 196
903, 970
a Includes Utah's production and value of coal and coke.
6 Includes 36 gas retorts.
c Colorado's coke production, 365,920 tons.
cZ Colorado's coke production, 346,981 tons.
e Colorado's coke production, 301,140 tons.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Colo- rado and Utah since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Colorado and Utah since 1890.
Years.
Run of
mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
36, 058
395, 023
431,081
93, 752
384, 278
478, 030
82, 098
517, 102
599, 200
109,915
519, 020
628, 935
126, 642
415, 787
542, 429
Georgia.
Coking in Georgia is an industry of comparatively little importance. The only coal produced in the State is from the extreme northwestern portion, which is cut by the eastern border of the Aipalachiau coal field. In this small field coke has been produced for many years, the production in 1894 amounting to 93,029 tons, an increase of about 2,300 tons over that of 1893. All of the coal used was run of mine washed, early all the coal mined at this works was made into coke, and all the coal run through the washer has been considered as charged into the ovens, without any reference to the loss of coal in washing.
252 Mineral Resources.
The statistics of the production of coke in Georgia, 1880 to 1894, are as follows :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Georgia, 1880 to 1894.
Years.
lish- nients.
Ovens built.
yj V tJiio
build- ing.
Coal used.
Coko pro- duced.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
X leiu OI coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
63, 402
38, 041
$81, 789
$2.15
68, 960
41,376
88, 753
77, 670
46, 602
100, 194
111, 687
67, 012
147, 166
132, 113
79, 268
169, 192
117, 781
70, 669
144, 198
136, 133
82, 680
179, 031
158, 482
79, 241
174, 410
140, 000
83, 721
177, 907
157, 878
94, 727
149, 059
170, 388
102, 233
150, 995
164, 875
103, 057
231, 878
30,0
158, 978
81, 807
163, 614
171, 645
60, 726
136, 089
166, 523
93, 029
116, 286
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Georgia since 1890 is shown in the following" table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Georgia since 1890.
Years.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
106, 131
Short tons.
166, 523
Short tons.
Short tons.
170, 388 58, 744
158, 978
171, 645
Short tons. 170, 388 164, 875 158, 978 171,645 166, 523
Illinois.
Though Illinois possesses large bodies of coking coal, all attempts to make coke on a large scale in this State have been practically aban- doned, at least for the present, and until a more satisfactory way of dealing with coals like those in this State has been developed. Extraor- dinary efforts have been made to establish a coke industry in Illinois, chiefly with a view to utilizing the large amount of slack coal, that not only goes to waste, but which is expensive to dispose of. The chief difficulty in the way of making a satisfactory coke from this coal is that the coking qualities of much of it are inferior, though it has been found in some cases that by wetting the coal it colvcs readily. A further difficulty is offered by the impurities in the coal, chiefly sulphur. Ko methods have yet been employed on a large scale for j)roducing a coke free enough from these impurities and good enough in other respects to make it a blast-furnace fuel. Very carefully engineered and constructed washing plants have been erected for the purpose of treating the slack coal of this State on an extensive scale, but these jdants have not been successful in removing the sulphur, which, as stated above, is the chief
The Manufacture Of Coke.
impurity that reduced the vahie of the coke made from the coals of this State.
In view of the character of the coal, therefore, all the coke produced in Illinois , which in 1894 was only 2,200 tons, is for domestic purposes and to be used in the manufacture of water gas.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in Illinois for the years from 1880 to 1894 :
statistics of the manufacture of coke in Illinois, 1880 to 1894.
Years.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Value of coke at ovens,
per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
31, 240
12, 700
$41, 950
$3. 30
35, 240
14, 800
45, 850
25, 270
11, 400
29, 050
31, 170
13, 400
28, 200
30, 168
13, 095
25, 639
21, 487
10, 350
27, 798
17, 806
8, 103
21, 487
16, 596
9, 108
19, 594
13, 020
7,410
21, 038
19, 250
11,583
29, 764
9, 000
5, 000
11, 250
10, 000
5,200
11,700
4, 800
3, 170
7, 133
3,300
2, 200
4,400
3, 800
4, 400
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Illinois since 1890 is shown in the following table :
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Illinois since 1890.
Tears.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
10, 000 4, 800
Short tons. 9,000
3, 300 3, 800
Short tons. 9, 000 10, 000 4,800 3,300 3, 800
Indiana.
Indiana is another State, like Illinois, in which persistent attempts to i)roduce coke on a large scale have been practically failures. There is an abundance of coal in Indiana that is good coking coal. This, mixed with the noncoking block coals, ought to produce, in some one of the many flue ovens that are used in Europe, coke that would be valuable for many purposes if not for blast-furnace use, while the by- products would make the manufacture of coke a financial success.
Experiments looking to such a use of the coals of this State have been in progress during the year 1894 with some very satisfactory results, excellent cokes having been made from a mixture of high and low volatile coals of Indiana in by-product ovens. It is probable that these experiments may lead to the use of Indiana coal for the manu- facture of coke for metallurgical use.
254 Mineral Resources.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in Indiana from 1886 to 1894, both inclusive, are given in the following table:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Indiana, 1886 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- uients.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
13, 030
6, 124
$17, 953
$2. 93
35, 600
17, 658
51, 141
26, 547
11, 956
31, 993
16, 428
8, 301
25, 922
11, 753
6,013
19, 706
8, 688
3, 798
7, 59€
6, 456
3, 207
6, 472
11, M9
5, 724
9,048
13, 489
6, 551
13, 102
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Indiana since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Indiana since 1890.
Tears.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
8, 689
Short tons.
11, 753 8, 688 6, 456
4, 800
Short tons. 11,753 8, 688 6, 456 11,549 13, 489
Indian Territory.
The coking ovens of the Osage Goal and Mining Company, located at McAlester, still continue the only ones in the Indian Territory. These works are for the utilization of the slack coal produced in mining. The coke finds its chief market in Kansas and Missouri. The follow- ing analysis of the McAlester coke was furnished by the Osage Coal and Mining Company:
Analysis of coke produced at McAlester, Ind. T.
Water
Volatile inattor Fixed carbon . . Ash
Total. Sulphur
Per cent.
The Manufacture Of Coke. 255
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Indian Territory from 1880 to 1894 are as follows :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Indian Territory, 1880 to 1894.
Years.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens
Uu.11L.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total
value of coke at ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
2, 494
1,546
$4, 638
$3. 00
2, 852
1,768
5, 304
3, 266
2, 025
6, 075
4, 150
2, 573
7,719
, 3,084
1,912
5, 736
5, 781
3, 584
12, 902
10, 242
6, 351
22, 229
20, 121
10, 060
33, 435
13, 126
7, 502
13, 277
6, 639
17, 957
13, 278
6, 639
21, 577
20, 551
9,464
30, 483
7, 138
3, 569
12, 402
15,118
7,135
25, 072
7, 274
3,051
10, 693
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Indian Territory since 1890 is shown in the following" table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Indian Territory since 1890.
Years.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
9, 500
Short tons. 13, 278 11,051
7,138 15, 118
7, 274
Short tons. 20, 551
7, 138 15,118
7, 274
Kansas.
The coke industry of Kansas is only of local importance, the pro- duction of coke in this State being chiefly for domestic purposes and the smelting of lead, most of the coke produced in the State being made by the lead and zinc smelters for their own use.
Mineral Resources.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke iu Kansas from 1880 to 1894 are as follows :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Kansas, 1880 to 1894.
Years.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Short tons. 4, 800 8,800 9, 200 13, 400 11, 500 15, 000 23, 002 27, 604 24, 934 21, 600 21, 809 27, 181 15, 437 13, 645 13, 288
Coke pro- duced.
Short tons, 3, 070
5, 670
6, 080 8, 430 7, 190 8, 050
12, 493 14, 950 14, 831 13,910 12, 311 14, 174 9, 132 8, 565 8, 439
Total value of coke at ovens.
$6, 000 10, 200 16, 560 14,580 13, 255 19, 204 28, 575 29, 073 26, 593 29, 116 33, 296 19, 906 18, 640 15, 600
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
$1.95
,54
Per cent.
53|
The character of the coal used iu the manufacture of coke in Kansas since 1890 is shown in the following" table:
Character of coal used in the inanufacture of coke in Kansas since J890.
Years.
Run of mine.
TJnwaslied.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Slack.
Unwashed. Washed
Short tons. 19, 619 27, 181 15, 437 12, 445 13, 288
Short tons. 2, 190
1,200
Total.
Short tons. 21, 809 27, 181 15, 437 13, 645 13, 288
Kentucky.
While the cokes made in Kentucky are excellent fuels, the depression in the iron business of the last few years has interfered with the develoj ment of coke making. Had the blast furnaces and steel works at Mid- dlesboro, in the southeastern portion of the State, been in operation there would have been a large development of the coke industry in the eastern field ; and it might also be said that had it not been for the same depression the cokes of the western coal fields would have found a much larger market at St. Louis and possibly at Chicago.
As a coke-producing field the earlier of these two districts was the western field. More thaii twenty-five years ago coke was made from these coals for use in the old Airdrie furnace, near Paradise, in Mulilen- berg County, which adjoins Christian, and two small works, one with 7 and the other with 3 ovens, the former at Mercer Station, in Muhlen- berg County, and the other at Earlington, in Hopkins County, have been reported as in existence, but no coke has been made in either for a number of years. The vein from which the coke is made is supposed
The Manufacture Of Coke.
to be 10. 7 of the western coal field. It is from 4 to 6 feet 2 inches- thick, with slate partings. Where the coal has much cover it is quite pure. It is fairly bituminous and goes off" readily when charged into the ovens.
This western coal field has an area of 4,500 square miles, is a broad synclinal, having its center axis nearly parallel with the Green River. The coals of the Lower Measures are brought to the surface around the eastern, southern, and western parts of the field. There are twelve workable coals in this field, but all are not present in any one vertical section. The Green Eiver cuts entirely through the center of this field,, exposing in its course outcrops of all of the coals of the field. The coke produced, according to a statement made by Prof. John R. Procter, formerly State geologist, to whom we are indebted for many of the facts contained in this description of the eoal field, is of excellent physical structure, but high in sulphur. The coals used in coking in this district are the coals of the Upper Measures.
Two coke works were in operation in this district in 1894 j one, the St. Bernard Coal Company, at Earlington, in Hopkins County; the other, the Ohio Valley Coal and Mining Company, at De Koven, in Union County, one of the Ohio River counties.
Analyses of the St. Bernard coke are given, as follows :
Analyses of St. Bernard, Kentucky, coJce.
Volatile matter rixed carbon . .
Sulphur
Ash
Per cent. Per cent
Exhaustive experiments with the coals of this district have been, made at the instance of the St. Bernard Coal Company, of Earlington, Hopkins County, the most extensive miner of coal in the State. The tests and analyses were made at the Cambria Iron Works, Johnstown,, Pa., by Mr. John Fulton and Mr. T. T. Morrell.
16 Geol, Pt 4 17
258 Mineral Resources.
The following table exliibits the physical and chemical properties of the St. Bernard coke as compared with Connellsville:
Comparison of Connellsville and St. Bernard cokes.
Grams in 1 cubic inch :
Dry
Wet
Pounds in 1 cubic foot :
Dry
Wet ,
Percentage :
Dry.
Wet
Compressing strength per cubic inch, one-fourth ultimate
strength
Height of furnace charge supported without crushing
Order in cellular space
Hardness
Specific gravity ,
Chemical analysis :
Fixed carbon
Moisture ,
Ash
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Volatile matter ,
a Authority, Prof. A. S. McCreath. b Authority, T. T. Morrell.
Begarding these tests, Mr. Fulton writes :
Prom this table the very close resemblance of the physical structure of the St. Bernard coke to that of Connellsville will be observed. It is so nearly equal to it in cellular space and hardness that no distinction should be drawn. Its burden-bearing property slightly exceeds the Connellsville.
This coke was made from washed slack. The sulphur is undoubtedly lower than would be found in ordinary practice. It is doubtful if coke can be made regularly from these coals with less than 2 to 2.5 per cent of sulphur.
A letter from the manager of the St. Bernard works states that the ash ranged in 1894 from 12 to 13 per cent and the sulphur 2J jier cent.
There is also a small bank of ovens built in this district at De Koven. Only a small amount of coke was made here from washed slack, the coke having the following analysis :
Analysis of coke from De Koven, Ey.
Locality.
Standard coke, Con- nellsville. (a)
St. Bernard, Kentucky. (i>)
Moisture
Volatile matter. Fixed carbon. . . AhIi
Total
Sulphur
The Manufactuee Of Coke.
The eastern and southern district, which may be termed the Pine- ville or Mingo Mountain district, overlaps into Tennessee, a considera ble portion of the production of this district being credited to Ten- nessee rather than to Kentucky.
The eastern coal field has an area of 11,180 square miles, and is remarkable for the purity of some of its coals and the superior quality of the coke produced from it. It has been admitted that excellent coke can be made from at least three of the coals of eastern Kentucky. The main coking coal of this region has been named by the Geological Sur- vey the ''Elkhorn" seam, from the stream in Pike County, where it was first discovered and proven to be a coking coal of great excellence. Since its discovery it has been traced as a thick bed above drainage through several counties in southeastern Kentucky, and has been identi- fied as a workable coal in several additional counties. The coal attains its greatest thickness in Pike, Letcher, and Harlan counties, Ky., and Wise County, Ya. It produces a coke of from 92 to 91 per cent of fixed carbon and low in sulphur and ash. This coal field extends into Tennessee, where the coal is largely used for the production of coke. Analyses of the coal from this bed in Bell County, in which is situated the Pineville region, are as follows :
Analyses of coals frorn Bell County, Kentucky.
Volatile combustible matter
Fixed carbon
Ash
Sulphur
Per cent. Per cent
The coke produced from Bell County coal in the neighborhood of Middlesboro and Pineville is among the best cokes of the South and gives most excellent results in the blast furnace. The mines are well located and will permit of an almost indefinite expansion in the future. Analyses of cokes made from these coals in Bell County, taken from Professor Procter's report, as are the analyses ,of the coals above, are as follows :
A nalyses of coke from Bell County, Kentucky.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Ash
These cokes were made from the same coals of which the analyses are given above. Eecently disintegrators for preparing the coal before coking have been introduced at the Middlesboro ovens with the most gratifying result, the value of the coke as a blast-furnace fuel being- improved.
Mineral Resources.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in Kentucky from 1880 to 1894 are as follows :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Kentucky, 1880 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Short tons. 7, 206 7, 406 6, 906 8, 437 3, 451 5, 075 9, 055 29, 129 42, 642 25, 192 24, 372 64, 390 70, 783 97, 212 66, 418
Coke pro- duced.
Short tons. 4, 250 4,370
4, 070
5, 025 2, 223 2, 704 4, 528
14, 565 23, 150 13, 021 12, 343 33, 777 36, 123 48, 619 29, 748
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
$2. 88
Total value of coke at ovens.
$12, 250 ] 2, 630 11, 530 14, 425 8, 760 8,489 10, 082 31, 730 47, 244 29, 769 22, 191 68, 281 72, 563 97, 350 51, 566
Yield of coal in coke.
Per cent.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Ken- tucky since 1890 is shown in the following table :
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Kentucky since 1890.
Years.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
3,000
2, 100
19, 272
24, 372
' 11, 000
3, 500
49, 890
64, 390
5, 955
7, 883
56, 945
11, 973
26, 759
57, 655
97, 212
2, 980
7, 900
55, 538
66, 418
Missouri.
The same statement can be made regarding the production of coke in Missouri as is made regarding the Kansas coke industry. The three works in this State at which coke is made are all run in connection with the smelting of zinc, the coke being made especially for this pur- pose. At some, if not all, of the works the coke is 24-hour coke. The value given for the coke must be regarded simply as an estimate rep- resenting about the cost of manufacturing it. The probability is that the yield of coal in coke is too high. However, as the coke is burned for twenty-four hours, it may be that the yield is greater than Avould be the result of longer burning.
The Manufacture Of Coke.
The statistics of the production of coke in Missouri from 1887, when coking began in this State, to 1894 are as follows :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Missouri, 1887 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Short tons. 5,400 5, 000 8, 485 9, 491 10, 377 11, 088 8, 875 3,442
Coke pro- duced.
Short tons. 2, 970 2, 600 5,275 6, 136
6, 872
7, 299 5, 905 2, 250
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Total value of coke at ovens.
$10, 395 9, 100 5, 800 9,240 10, 000 10, 949 9, 735 3,563
Yield of coal in coke.
Per cent.
The character of the coal used for coke in Missouri since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Missouri since 1890.
Tears.
Hun of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
0"
Short tons. 9,491 10, 377 11,088 8, 875 3,442
Short tons.
Short tons. 9, 491 10, 377 11,088 8, 875 3, 442
Montana.
The production of coke in Montana in 1894 shows a decided falling off as compared with previous years, being only some 10,000 tons, as compared with 29,945 tons in 1893 and 34,557 tons in 1892. The pro- duction of 1894 was the smallest of any year since 1887. This great decline in production is the result of the depression in silver, the silver smelters in Montana, who are the chief customers for the coke, requir- ing a very much less amount of coke than in previous years.
Coke has been made from two of the coal fields of Montana, viz, the Bozeman and the Gardner.
The Bozeman field lies in the midst of the Belt range, 12 miles east of Bozeman. There are two varieties of coal in this field: A solid block or dicey coal, which can be mined in pieces as large as the width of the seam, and which withstands weather and transportation excel- lently; and a friable, chippy variety, coming out in lenticular masses, which crumble, upon exposure to the weather or upon being trans- ported, into minute fragments about an inch long by half an inch wide and of about one-eighth of an inch thick. Both are varieties of bituminous coal, and make a fair coke, though, as is usually the case, the friable coal makes the better.
Mineral Resources.
The Gardner field lies on the Upper Yellowstone, near the entrance to Yellowstone ISTational Park. The only valuable portions of this field, as for as present developments show, are from 2 to miles long.
It can be said of the coke produced in this field, in a general way, that it averages from 9 to 17 per cent in ash, with a slight trace of sul- phur. The coke finds a ready market at Butte, Anaconda, Helena, and other places in the immediate neighborhood of the ovens.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in Montana from 1883, when ovens were first reported, to 1894, are as follows:
statistics of the manufacture of coke in Montana, 1883 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
$12. 00
$900
2, 063
10, 800
7, 200
72, 000
66f
20, 000
12,000
96, 000
30,576
14, 043
122, 023
32, 148
14, 427
125, 655
61, 667
29, 009
258, 523
64, 412
34, 557
311, 013
189:5
61, 770
29, 945
239, 560
22, 500
10, 000
110,000
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Mon- tana since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Montana since 1890.
Years.
Eun of mine.
Slack.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
22, 852
9, 296
34, 000
27, 667
28, 000
36, 412
44, 000
17, 770
22, 500
Total.
Short tons. 32, 148 61, 667 64,412 61, 770 22, 500
New Mexico.
A small amount of coke is made in New Mexico for the use of the silver smelters of the Territory. The industry is of but little impor- tance, but 6,529 tons being produced in 1894.
The Manufacture Of Coke.
The statistics of the production of coke in ISTew Mexico from 1882, when coke ovens were first reported, until 1894, were as follows:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in New Mexico, 1882 to 1894.
Years.
JliS tciU"
lish- ments.
V VllH
built, (a)
Ovoiis build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Value of coke at ovens,
per ton.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
1, 500
1,000
$6. 00
$6, 000
66|
6, 941
3,905
21,478
29, 990
18, 282
91,410
31, 889
17, 940
89, 700
18, 194
10, 236
51, 180
22, 549
13, 710
82, 260
14, 628
8, 540
51, 240
7,162
3, 460
18, 408
3,980
2,050
10, 025
4,000
2, 300
10, 925
14, 698
5,803
18, 476
13, 042
6, 529
a At one works there are ten stone pits, with an average capacity of 10 tons each.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in ISTew Mexico since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in New Mexico since 1890.
Tears.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons. 3,980 4, 000
14, 698
Short tons.
Short tons.
13, 042
Sho) t tons.
Total.
Short tons. 3,980 4, 000
14, 698
New York.
In 1892 12 by-product ovens on the Semet-Solvay principle were built at Syracuse, N. Y., and while they have been operated chiefly on Penn- sylvania coal they have been frequently used for testing coals from other districts. These ovens are horizontal-flue ovens, having movable flues, and are adapted for the saving of by-products. The operation of these ovens has been very successful. Coals that have not been regarded as very high-grade coking coals have been used with the most gratifying results. The yield of coal in coke is as high as 85 per cent. This includes not only what might be termed 'commercial" coke, that is, large coke, but the breeze" as well. In the supplementary report on by-product coke ovens, which will be presented in the near future, we shall treat comprehensively of these ovens.
Owing to the fact that there is but one bank of ovens in this State, the proprietors decline to permit the ])ublication of detailed statistics regarding the same. All that can be said is that there is one estab- lishment in the State, 12 ovens built and 13 building, and the production of coke in 1894 was 1G,500 tons.
Mineral Resoukces.
Ohio.
Though Ohio was among the first States to manufacture coke, this industry has never been an important one in the State, either with ref- erence to the actual amount of coke produced or as to its character. In 1894 but 32,640 tons of coke were made in this State, of which but 6,223 tons were made from coal produced in the State, the rest being made at Cincinnati ana its neighborhood from coal brought down the Ohio Eiver. And yet it would seem that under proper conditions a fairly good quality of coke could be produced in Ohio, at least for some purposes, though possibly not the best coke for blast-furnace use. It is evident, however, that little or no coke produced from Ohio coal can compete with Connellsville coke when the latter sells at the mines at 90 cents and $1 a ton.
According to Professor Orton, the seams of coal that have been coked with any success in this State are o. 4, corresponding to the Lower Kittanning of Pennsylvania j 'No. 6, corresponding to the Mid- dle Kittanning, and No, 7, the equivalent of the Upper Freeport. The coal coked at Leetonia, at which point the best coke made in the State is produced, is from No, 4, the Lower Kittanning. This coal is used to but a small extent in Pennsylvania for coking, and the same is true of the Middle Kittanning, used at Hammondsville and at Zanesville, while the Upper Freeport, the Hocking Valley coal at Happy Hol- low, is the bed used largely in the Alleghany Mountain, Snow Shoe, and Broad Top districts. The Steubenville coke is made from the Lower Freeport, the same vein that is used at the important Walston mines of the Kochester and Pittsburg Coal and Iron Company, near Punxsutawney, Pa.
It should be said, however, that Ohio coke, as a rule, is soft and brittle, high in sulphur, and in some cases in ash also, though this is not always true, some of the Ohio cokes, that from Leetonia, being among the commercial cokes lowest in ash and sulphur found in the country. These weak, soft cokes do not stand transportation, nor do they carry the furnace burden as well as harder cokes and those that carry more ash.
When the inferiority of the coke is due to excess of sulphur or ash, either the coal itself or careless mining is responsible. When the cause is the coal, the impurities may be removed by washing, unless the specific gravity of the coal and the impurities are nearly equal, and even then, with the proper washing apparatus, the coal can be cleaned to a large extent. When the cause of the impurities is careless min- ing, greater care may give a purer coke. When the coke is reason- ably i>ure, but soft and brittle, tlie inferiority of the coke may possibly be due to the lack of that constituent in the coke which gives strength and hardness, or it may be due to imperfect methods of coking. There is no doubt that too little study has been given to adapting the oven
The Manufacture Of Coke.
and method of coking to Ohio coals. The ovens most commonly used have been the beehive though some very thorough trials have been made with the Belgian or retort ovens, but without the saving of by-products. In the use of the beehive ovens there seems to have been but little attempt to study adaptability of form or methods of burning to the coal used. The beaten track that has been successful in other localities, where the coal charged into the ovens has been in many cases an essentially different fuel, has been followed, and the result has been that not even that success has been attained which might have been secured had there been a more careful study of the coal and a more earnest effort to discover that form of oven and the details of burning best adapted to tbe materials used.
In this report we have divided the coke production of Ohio into two districts: The Cincinnati district, which includes the ovens in the neighborhood of Cincinnati, and all of which made coke from coa- brought down the Ohio Eiver from points usually outside of the State, and, second, the Ohio district, which includes the ovens at Leetonia, those in the Hocking Yalley, and those near Steubenville and Bridge- port, making coal from entirely different seams.
As the coking industry of this State is of so slight importance at the present time, and does not promise to be of any importance in the near future, we shall omit any detailed description of the various coal fields in which coke has been and can be produced. These are described in previous volumes of the Mineral Eesources, to which reference can be had. We simply include statistics.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Cincinnati district from 1880 to 1894 are as follows :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Cincinnati district, Ohio, 1880 to 1894.
Years.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Value of coke at ovens,
per ton.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
16, 141
10, 326
$4. 09
$42, 255
20, 607
13,237
54, 439
19, 687
12, 045
47, 437
33, 978
20, 106
65, 990
32, 134
18, 840
61, 072
17, 480
10, 962
35, 873
17, 015
10, 566
56, 723
32, 894
95, 754
63, 217
35, 868
95, 618
75, 892
45, 108
120. 899
68, 266
43, 278
171,848
13, 403
31, 529
31, 330
19, 320
64, 319
13, 700
9, 000
27, 000
42, 995
26, 417
81, 751
Cincinnati District.
All the coke made in this district is from the dust and screenings of the coal yards at Cincinnati and from the coal boats and barges that bring coal from the Upper Ohio, chiefly from the Pittsburg and the
Mineral Resources.
Kanawha regions of West Virginia. Some rnn-of-raiue coal is also coked at North Bend. The ISTorth Bend block of ovens, the largest in the Cincinnati district, is on the Ohio River, a short distance below Cincinnati, and generally uses when in operation slack from Pittsburg mines. The proprietors of this works have in contemplation the erec- tion of some form of oven other than the beehive, possibly a modified beehive with the saving of by-products, possibly some one of the well- known flue, by-product ovens.
Ohio District.
This district, as noted above, includes all of the ovens coking Ohio coal, and the ovens at Leetonia, in the Hocking Yalley, and in the vicinity of Steubenville and Bridgeport, which is opposite Wheeling.
The following table gives the statistics of the production of coke in the Ohio district for the years 1880 to 1894:
Staiisiics of the manufacture of coke in the Ohio district, Ohio, 1880 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke afc
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
L56, 312
90, 270
$213, 650
.$2. 37
180, 438
106, 232
243, 289
161, 890
91, 677
218, 676
118, 524
67, 728
159, 670
76, 030
43, 869
95, 222
51, 316
28, 454
73, 850
42, 317
24, 366
62, 409
57|
108, 251
60, 110
150, 227
60, 984
1,326
70, 712
56, 936
30,016
67, 323
58, 655
31, 335
46, 242
55, 917
39, 638
45, 372
63, 905
22, 498
48, 588
29, 263
33, 436
16, 671
12, 329
16, 223
9, 124
Total Production Of Coke In Ohio.
In the following table the statistics of the production of coke in the several districts of Ohio for the years 1880 to 1894 are consolidated:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Ohio, 1880 to 1804.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal u.sed.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Value of coke at ovens,
per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per <:ent.
172, 453
100, 596
$255, 905
$2. 54
201, 045
119, 469
297, 728
181, 577
103, 722
266, 113
152, 502
225, 660
108, 104
62, 709
156, 294
68, 796
39,416
109, 723
59, 332
34, 932
1Kk7
164, 974
93, 004
245, 981
124, 201
166, 330
75, 124
188, 222
126, <)21
74, 633
218, 09(1
69, 320
38,718
76, 901
95, 236
51,818
112, 907
42, 963
22, 436
43, 671
55, 324
32, 640
90, 875
The Manufacture Of Coke.
The character of the coal used in the niaiiufacture of coke in Ohio since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used i7i the manufacture of coke in Ohio since 1890.
Years.
linn of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
34, 729
.54, 473
37,719
126, 921
5, 200
64, 120
69, 320
35, 334
32, 402
27, 500
95, 236
24, 859
18, 104
42,963
14, 845
40, 479
55,324
Pennsylvania.
The coking districts of Pennsylvania are divided in this and previous volumes of Mineral Resources into the twelve districts named in the table given below. The division of these districts is chiefly geograph- ical, and for the most part explains itself.
The Alleghany Mountain district includes the ovens along the line of the Pennsylvania Railroad from Gallitziu eastward over the crest of the Alleghanies to beyond Altoona. The Alleghany Valley district includes the coke works of Armstrong and Butler counties and one of those in Clarion County, the other ovens in the latter county being included in the Reynoldsville-Walston district. The Beaver district includes the ovens in Beaver County; the Blossburg and Broad Top those in the Blossburg and Broad Top coal fields. The ovens of the Clearfield- Center district are chiefly in the two counties from which it derives its name. The Connellsville district is the well-known region in western Pennsylvania, in Westmoreland and Fayette counties, extending from just south of Latrobe to Fairchance. The Greensburg, Irwin, Pitts- burg, and Eeynoldsville-Walston districts include the ovens near the towns which have given the names to these districts. The Upi>er Connellsville, sometimes called the Latrobe, district is near the town of this name.
The coals coked in Pennsylvania are chiefly the Pittsburg seam of the Upper Monongahela River series of Rogers's Geological Survey of Pennsylvania and the Upper Freeport and Lower Kittanning of the Lower Measures of the Alleghany River series of Rogers. Practically all the coal coked in Pennsylvania along the line of the Pennsylvania Railroad and south of the same until the Alleghany Mountains are reached is mined from the Upper Coal Measures, while that coked north of this district is from the Lower Measures. No general descrip tion of these well-known coal beds need be given here. It maybe said, however, in a general way that the Pittsburg bed is one of the most important coal seams in the world. It extends as a bituminous coal bed from the extreme eastern portion of the Appalachian coal field at Cumberland, where it is the Big Vein, to far out into Ohio.
Mineral Resources.
Witlliu the Coal Measures i)roper there are probably one hundred different individual coal beds which in special localities have a thick- ness of over 1 foot. Not more than one-fifth of these beds, however, can be considered workable in a commercial sense 5 that is have a thick- ness of over 2 feet, which is a minimum thickness under the most favorable circumstances at which any of the Pennsylvania beds may be worked. At the present time under ordinary circumstances a bed of 3 feet in thickness is about as thin a bed as can be profitably worked.
Dr. H. M. Chance estimates that the bituminous coal areas of Penn- sylvania cover about 9,000 square miles. Practically this entire amount of coal is coking coal. Some of it xroduces better coke than others, but practically the entire bed in Pennsylvania produces coking coal. In the eastern part it is low in volatile matter and in the western part high, the typical coking coal being that at Connellsville, which con- tains some 29 or 30 per cent volatile matter and cokes readily in the beehive oven, making a typical furnace fuel.
Regarding the Upper Freeport and Middle Kittanning seams it may be said that these cover a much larger territory and will give a much larger amount of coal than even the Pittsburg seam. As will be seen by reference to the detailed description of the several coking districts, the coal from these Lower Measures are coking, not only in Alleghany River Valley of Pennsylvania, but in the Upper Potomac regions of Maryland and West Virginia and in the Kanawha district of the latter State. It is probable also that some of the beds of coal in the States to the south of West Virginia will be identified with the Lower Pro- ductive Measures, or Alleghany River series of Pennsylvania.
The statistics of the production of coke in Pennsylvania by districts in 1892, 1893, and 1894 are given in the following tables:
Coke production in Pennsylvania in 1894, hy districts.
Districts.
Estab- lish- ments.
Num- ber of ovens.
Num- ber of ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Value of coke at -ovens.
Aver- age
price per
ton.
Yield of coal
in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per ct.
Alleghany Mountain . .
1,253
92, 965
58, 823
$71, 161
$1.21
Alleghany Valley. . . .
Beaver
2, 968
1,624
4, 251
Broad Top
53, 216
34, 089
51,815
Clearfield-Center
61, 428
38, 825
51, 482
Connellsville
17, 829
7, 656, 169
5, 192, 080
5, 405, 691
Greensburg
27, 290
15, 872
18,413
Irwin
176,318
110, 995
119, 764
Pittsburg
371, 569
227, 100
351, 825
Reynolds ville-Walston
],755
336, 554
207, 238
297, 596
Upper Connellsville
1,843
279, 971
176, 799
212, 595
Total
25, 824
9, 059, 118
6, 063, 777
6, 585, 489
The Manufacture Of Coke. 269
Coke production in Pennsylvania in 1893, by districts.
Districts.
Estab- lish- ments.
Num- ber of ovens.
Num- ber of ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Value of coke at ovens.
Aver- age
price per ton.
Yield of coal
in coke.
Alleghany Mountain . .
Alleghany Valley
Beaver
Blossburg
Broad Top
Clearfield-Center
Connellsville
Irwin
Pittsburg
Reynoldsville-Walston Upper Connellsville. . .
Total
o
1,260 17, 504 1, 755 1,843
Short tons. 275, 865 10, 927 2, 998 22, 176 136, 069 155,119 7, C95, 491 29, 983 238, 832 357, 400 562, 033 499, 809
Short tons. 173, 131 6, 557 1,644 11,463 86, 752 98, 650 4, 805, 623 18, 393 150, 463 216, 268 339, 314 320, 793
$264, 292 11, 147 4, 446 150, 196 171, 482 7, 141, 031 26, 303 195, 609 438, 801 586, 212 447, 090
$1.53
Per ct.
25, 744
9, 386, 702
6, 229, 051
9, 468, 036
Coke production in Pennsylvania in 1892, by districts.
Districts.
Estab- lish- ments.
Num- ber of ovens.
Num- ber of ovens, build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Value of coke at ovens.
Aver- age price per ton.
Yield of coal
in coke.
Alleghany Mountain . .
Alleghany Vallej'
Beaver
Broad Top
Clearli eld -Cen ter
Connellsville
Greens burg
Irwin
Pittsburg
Reynoldsville-Walston .
Total
1,260 17, 309 1, 734 1,843
Short tons. 724, 903
3, 925 30, 746 185, 600 231, 357 9, 389, 549 15, 005 328, 193 292, 357 683, 539 706, 171
Short tons. 448, 522
2, 154 16, 675 117,554 147, 819 6, 329, 452
9, 037 202, 809 176, 365 425, 250 451, 975
$775, 927
6, 270 216, 090 264, 422 11, 598, 407 13, 173 284, 029 376, 613 743, 227 691. 323
$1. 73
Per ct.
25, 366
12, 591, 345
8, 327, 612
15, 015, 336 1. 80
From the above table it will be seen that of the 9,196,244 tons of coke produced in the United States in 1894, 6,063,777 tons, or 65.9 per cent, were produced in Pennsylvania. In 1893 Pennsylvania produced 6,229,051 tons, or 65.7 per cent of the total of 9,477,580 tons produced in the United States. The Connellsville, Pittsburg, and Eeynoldsville- Walston districts each produced more coke than any State in the Union, except Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Alabama, Colorado, and Tennes- see. Virginia and the Upper Connellsville region produced about equal amounts of coke. In the production of these 6.063.777 tons of coke, 9,059,118 tons of coal, valued at $5,317,695, or 58.9 cents a ton, was used. The yield of the coal and coke was given at 66.9 per cent, but this is evidently an error, growing out of the fact, as we have already explained, that much of the coal is not weighed before charging and much of that charged is paid for by the measured bushel, while coke is sold by the weighed ton.
Of the 9,059,118 tons of coal used, 8,789,813 tons, or 97 per cent, was run of mine; 269,305 tons, or 3 i)er cent, slack. Of the total amount of run of mine but 118,279 tons was washed, and of the slack but 64,494
Mineral Resources.
tons was washed, lii other words, but 182,773 tons, or 2 per cent, of the total of 9,059,118 tons of coal coked in Pennsylvania in 1894 was washed.
The average value of the coke produced in Pennsylvania in 1894 was $1,086, as compared with $1.52 in 1893 and $1.80 in 1892.
The great falling off in coke jroduction in Pennsylvania in the last two years, as well as the great reduction in x)rice, is due to the condi- tion of the iron industry, already referred to in this report.
In the following table the statistics are given of the production of coke in Pennsylvania for the years 1880 to 1894 :
StatistAcs of the manufacture of coke in Pennsylvania, 1880 to 1894.
Years.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built. ,
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Value of coke at ovens,
per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
9, 501
4, 347, 558
2, 821, 384
$5, 255, 040
$1. 86
10, 881
5. 393, 503
3, 437, 708
5, 898, 579
12, 424
6, 149. 179
3, 945, 034
6, 133, 698
13, 610
6, 823, 275
4, 438, 464
5, 410, 387
14, 285
6, 204, 604
3, 822, 128
4, 783, 230
14, 553
6, 178,500
3, 991, 805
4, 981, 656
16, 314
2,558
8, 290, 849
5, 406, 597
7, 664, 023
18, 294
8, 938, 438
5, 832, 849
10, 746, 352
20, 381
1,565
9, 673, 097
6, 545, 779
8, 230, 759
22, 143
11,581,292
7, 659, 055
10, 743, 492
23, 430
13, 046, 143
8, 560, 245
16, 333, 674
25, 324
10, 588, 544
6, 954, 846
12, 679, 826
25, 366
12, 591, 345
8, 327, 612
15, 015, 336
25, 744
9, 386, 702
6, 229, 051
9, 468, 036
25, 824
9, 059, 118
6, 063, 777
6, 585. 489
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Penn sylvania since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Pennsylvania since 1890.
Years.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
TJnwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
11,788, 625 9, 470, 646
11, 237, 253 8, 302, 307 8, 671, 534
Short tons. 303, 591 256, 807 159, 698 216, 762 118, 279
Short tons. 630, 195 558, 106 1, 059, 994 739, 128 204, 811
Short tons. 323, 732 302, 985 134, 400 128, 505 64, 494
Short tons. 13, 046, 143 10, 588, 544 12, 591, 345 9, 386, 702 9, 059, 118
Connellsville District.
The Oonnellsville district still remains the most important coke- producing center in the United Stat(s, and one of the most important in the world. The Oonnellsville coal basin is in the southwestern part of Pennsylvania, some 50 or 00 miles from Pittsburg. According to a recent topographic survey, made by Mr. Kenneth Allen, civil engineer, for the H. 0. Frick Coke Company, the basin has a length of 43.0 miles, and an average width of 3.1 miles, or an area of 137 stpiare miles. This entire territory is supposed to be underlaid with the Connellsville
The Manufacture Of Coke.
seam of coal, which is without a fault, the beds yielding from 8 to 10 feet of workable coal. On the basis of 137 square miles there would be 87,680 acres of coal. There is not this amount now, however, as considerable of it has been worked out. It is estimated that the amount of coal land still remaining is somewhere about 60,000 acres, which at the usual average of this coal per acre would leave about 450,000,000 tons of coal still available in the Connellsville vein. There are in this district several other veins of coal lying under the Connells- ville seam that will be available to make a coke much above the aver- age of cokes when the Connellsville vein is exhausted, and the trough in which the Connellsville region is found extends both to the north and south in which the same coal bed occurs, though the coal is not of the same high grade.
This Connellsville seam of coal yields from 8 to 10 feet of workable coal. The coal is clean, almost entirely free from slate and sulphur, remarkably soft, easily mined, uniform in (piality and thickness, purity of this coal and its chemical and physical characteristics make it peculiarly adapted for coking, and is what gives it such great value. It is cheaply mined, and cokes easily with but little care. It is this cheapness of mining and of coking that makes it x)ossible to put coke from this district in comi)etition with cokes and fuels in the most dis- tant parts of the United States. The following may be regarded as a typical analysis of the Connellsville coal :
There are in this region 17,829 coke ovens, the smallest ilant having 16, the largest 905. At a recent date these plants were sux)plied with coal from 89 mines, divided as follows: Thirty-six drifts, 32 slopes, and 21 shafts. The shafts vary in depth from 50 to 542 feet ; sloi)es vary from 180 to 6,000 feet horizontal depth, while some of the drifts extend over 2 miles under ground. The coal is carried from the mine in wagons, ranging in size from IJ tons to 2J tons capacity. Iron lorries are used for conveying the coal from the bins at the pit mouth to the ovens, and have a capacity of from 6 to 8 tons. Both the wagons and lorries are generally drawn by horses or mules; but at large plants wire-rope haulages have been introduced for transporting coal under ground, and small locomotives are used on the ovens for hauling the lorries. The prevailing system of mining is what is known in this country as the "double-heading-xiHar-and-room " system, and it is estimated that 90 per cent of the coal is recovered. The roof over the
Analysis of Connellsville coal.
Per cent.
Water
Volatile matter Fixed carbon. .
Sulphur
Ash
Mineral Resources.
coal is fair; the bottom generally good, but in many eases a soft fire clay bottom is found. ''E-ooms" are driven 4 yards wide, leaving pillars 0 yards. The drift mines are all opened from the outcrox), and are self-draining. The shaft and slope mines are pumped by com- pressed air or steam. The fan is the favorite means of ventilating. The average miner mines and loads 8 tons of this coal in nine hours.
In this district beehive ovens are used exclusively, and are built in single rows, or what are called bank ovens," and in double rows, called block ovens." The ovens vary in size from 10 feet 6 inches to 12 feet in diameter and from 5 to 7 feet high in the clear. The fire brick used in the construction of ovens is made in the district. It requires 3,000 crown brick, 1,200 lining brick, 120 bottom tile, and 20 cubic yards of stone to build a standard beehive oven.
The process of coking is very simple. The coal is dumped from the lorry into the oven through an opening in the crown, which is called the 'trunnel head," probably a corruption of ''tunnel head." These lorries are made to carry one charge at a time, and as the quantity of coal charged or put into the ovens varies according to the size of the ovens the size or capacity of the lorries also varies. In the larger ovens 4J tons of coal is the usual charge for 48-hour coke and 6 tons for 72-hour coke.
The following statement of the method of operating the ovens in this district is taken, as is also some of the other information contained in this report, from a monograph on Oonnellsville coal published by the H. 0. Frick Coke Company :
Now that the oven is charged, the next step is to level its contents. The coal was dropped from the lorry through the trunnel head and it naturally fell into the oven in a pyramidal shape, and must be leveled. This is done through the door by means of a long iron rod with a scraper welded onto the end of it. The oven door is now walled up with fire brick and plastered over with a luting made of very fine sharp sand or good loam. In about thirty minutes a pale blue smoke slowly arises out of the trunnol head, from which the damper has in the meantime been removed. At first the smoke is very pale and weak ; but it gradually grows darker and stronger, and in about thirty minutes more it goes off with a puff similar to an explosion of powder, which signifies the coal has ignited. The coal burns from the top down, and the process of burning, or, as the workmen call it, airing" of the ovens is regulated through the door by means of little holes made around the arch in the form of a semicircle. Through these openings the air is admitted, and the smoke and impurities are expelled through the trunnel head. In seventy-two hours after the coal has been charged, if properly handled, the oven will be 'around," or coked, and we have good foundry" coke. When the oven is around" it looks like a mass of red-hot coals. The coke 'drawers" now take charge of the ovens, and, after knocking the doors down, cool the coke by introducing water into the ovens by means of a hose with a long piece of f-inch gas pipe attached to the end. When the coke is thoroughly cooled it is drawn out of the oven and loaded direct into railroad cars. The implement used for drawing the coke out is the same as that used for leveling the coal.
Wlnni the ovens are first started the coal is ignited by means of wood, red-hot comIh, etc., just the same as a coal fire has to be started in a stove. After repeated cliJirgiiig ;iih1 drawing, however, tlio ovens become hot, and the coal is ignited by the heat retained in the oven walls from the last charge.
The Manufacture Of Coke.
For cooling the coke pure water is absolutely necessary to insure the purest coke. If the water contains sulphur and other impurities the coke absorbs them, and it becomes injurious to metals manufactured with it.
The followiug is an analysis of what is probably the best coke in the region, at least so far as ash is concerned:
Analysis of Conuellsville coke.
Water
Volatile matter Fixed carbon . .
Sulphur
Ash
Per cent.
The followiug is another analysis of Connellsville coke, as deter- mined by Prof. A. S. McOreath :
Analysis of Connellsville coke.
Per cent.
Water
Volatile matter Fixed' carbon . .
Sulphur
Ash
The following are the analyses of the Connellsville bed at the dif- ferent mines of the H. 0. Frick Coke Company :
Analyses of Connellsville coal from the H. C. Frick Coke Company's mines in Fayette
County, Pennsylvania.
Names of mines.
Locations.
Fixed carbon.
Volatile matter.
Ash.
Sul- phur.
Total.
Henry Clay
Frick
Broad Ford
do
Per cent. 65, 36
Per cent.
Per ct.
Per ct.
Per ct. IQO
Valley
Trotter
Summit
Tip Top
Morgan
Foundry
White
Valley Works
Trotter Station
Sherrick
do
10 Geol, Pt 4 18
Mineral Resources.
Probably the most exhaustive analyses of the coke from this region have been made by Mr. J. Blodgett Britton. The following is the average of a large number of analyses of all sorts of Connellsville coke, and can, therefore, be regarded as a fair analysis of good coke:
Average comjjosition of Connellsville coke.
Moisture
Ash
Sulphur
Phosphoric acid
Carbon, by ditference
Per cent.
Mr. E. C. Pechin gives a typical verified analysis of this coke, as fol- lows :
Typical analysis of Connellsville coke according to Mr. E. C. Pechin.
Per cent.
Volatile matter
Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Ash
Water
Sulphur
Ash ignited :
Silica
Alumina
Sesquioxide
Lime
Magnesia
Phosphoric acid
Potash and soda
9,523
Traces.
In commenting on this analysis, Mr. Pechin, who has had consid- erable experience with Connellsville coke, says: ''A. large number of analyses of Connellsville coke have been made, showing less car- bon and more sulphur. As regards carbon, I have had a number of analyses made at different times out of different lots, showing some- what more carbon than the above."
At the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, near Pittsburg, a large amount of coke is used from the works of the H. C. Frick Coke Company, and frequent analyses for ash are made. The average of a large number of these analyses, covering the deliveries of 150,000 tons, gives 9.75 per cent of ash, the range being from 9.11 to 10.91 per cent; 9.75 may, therefore, be regarded as the average ash in good Connellsville coke.
It is nothing unusual in a furnace using Connellsville coke and Lake Superior ores to make a ton of 2,240 pounds of pig iron with less than 1,800 pounds of coke.
The Manufacture Of Coke.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Connellsville region from 1880 to 1894 :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Connellsville region, Pennsylvania 1880 to 1894.
Years.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Value of coke at
ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
7,211
3, 367, 856
2, 205, 946
$3, 948, 643
$1.79
8, 208
4,018,782
2, 639, 002
4, 301, 573
9, 283
4, 628, 736
3, 043, 394
4, 473, 789
10, 176
5, 355, 380
3, 552, 402
4, 049, 738
10, 543
4, 829, 054
3, 192, 105
3, 607, 078
10, 471
4, 683, 831
3, 096, 012
3, 776, 388
11, 324
1,895
6, 305, 460
4, 180, 521
5, 701, 086
11,923
C, 182, 846
4, 146, 989
7, 437, 669
12, 818
1, 320
7, 191,708
4, 955, 553
5, 884, 081
14, 458
8, 832, 371
5, 930, 428
7, 974, 633
15, 865
9, 748, 449
6, 464, 156
12, 537, 370
17, 551
7, 083, 705
4, 760, 665
8, 903, 454
17, 309
9, 389, 549
6, 329, 452
11,598, 407
17, 504
7, 095, 491
4, 805, 623
7, 141, 031
17, 829
7, 656, 169
5, 192, 080
5, 405, 691
The record of coke production in the Connellsville region during 1894 shows the effect of labor troubles. The opening months of the year gave a fair output of coke, but with the beginning of the strike in May the output declined greatly, as will be seen from the monthly shipments of coke from the Connellsville region in 1894. It was really not until August, with the closing of the strike, that production began to increase and ran up rapidly until September, when 35,841 cars of coke were shipped. The following table shows the shipments for each month :
Monthly shipments of coke from the Connellsville region during 1894.
January.
February March.. .
April
May
June
July
Cars.
17, 558 20, 560 23, 216 20, 678 3, 328 11,518 11,518
August . . . September October . . . November. December .
Total
Cars.
23, 476 35, 841 30, 294 30, 714 31, 774
260, 475
The price of coke during the year was also considerably affected by the labor troubles, and for a time it was difficult to state just what the ruling prices were.
At the oi3ening of the year furnace coke was quoted at $1, formerly $1.15, and crushed coke at $1.45. Within a very few weeks prices began to sag, and soon furnace coke was quoted at 90 cents per ton, with other grades in i)roportion. The strike, which began in the early part of May, soon decreased the supply, and gave prices a shove up- ward. For weeks prices of coke advanced and various figures were laid, although the highest recognized by circular were $1.70 for furnace coke. When the strike became general throughout the region, and production was practically stoi)ped, prices were at almost any figure.
Mineral Resources.
The little coke in the market was eagerly sought. In some cases sales of foundry coke at $5 per ton were reported, but this figure, of course, was exceptional, and could not be considered the market. Furnaces in some instances paid unheard-of rates for sufficient coke to bank down with. With the close of the strike came a better supply of coke, and circular ijrices again ruled. Later, the general weakness in the iron and steel trade affected the coke market, and prices became weaker. The closing prices of the year for furnace and foundry coke were exactly those quoted during the first week in January,
In the following table is given the average monthly prices of Con- nellsville coke for each month of the year :
Average monthly prices of coke during 1894.
Furnace.
Foundry.
Crushed.
$0.95 to $1. 00
$1.10
$1. 38
February
March
April
May -
June
July
August
$1.15 to 2.00
$1. 81 to 3. 00
$2.06 to 3. 25
September
1.30 to L40
1. 85 to 2. 67
2.13 to 3. 25
October
November
December
Some coke was sold in 1894 for less than 92 cents; indeed, it is asserted that some was sold early in the year as low as 85 cents.
The following table gives the ruling j)rices of blast-furnace coke free on board at the ovens for the past fourteen years :
Monthly prices of Connellsville hlast-f urnace coJce free on hoard at ovens.
Months.
January . . February .
March
April
May
June
July
August . .. September October. . . November December.
$1. 50 to $1. 75
$1.70 to $1.80
1,35
$1. 15 to $1. 20
$1. 00
$1.10
$1.20
Months.
January
February
Marcli ..'
April
May
Juno
July
August
S(;|)t<nii))cr
Octolxr
Noveiiibcr
December
$1.50
$1.75
$1. 25 to 1. 50
$1.25
.$1. 00 to 1. 10
$1.75
$1.90
$1.90
$1.90
$0. 95
to $1. 00
The Manufacture Of Coke.
The Upper Connellsville District.
This district includes that portion of the trough or basin in which the Connellsville coke is found that is located northward from a point just below Latrobe. The coal differs somewhat from that found in the lower part of the basin. It has to be washed in order to get the best results in coking, and for this reason the district is known as the " washed-coal district." As showing the character of the coal in this district and the coke made from it, the following analyses are given, furnished by the Isabella Furnace Company:
Analyses of coal from Cokeion, Pa.
Top of vein.
Bottom of vein.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Fixed carbon
Analyses of coke from Cokeion, Pa.
Un- washed.
Washed.
No. 1.
No. 2.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Ash
Sulphur
The following analysis was made by Prof. A. S. McCreath of coke produced by the Alexandria Goal Company, of Unity Towushij), Westmoreland County, Pa., in this district :
Analysis of coke from the Upper Connellsville district, Pennsylvania.
Water
Volatile matter Fixed carbon . .
Sulphur
Ash
Total
Per cent.
100. 000
An analysis of coke made by the Latrobe Coal Company, in Unity Township, near Latrobe, in this district, is as follows :
Analysis of Latrobe Coal Company s coke.
Fixed carbon . .
Ash
Sulx)hur
Volatile matter Water
Total
Per cent.
Mineral Resources.
The following analysis was furnisbed recently by the Alexandria Coal Company of this district:
Analysis of coke made at the Alexandria Coal Company's works.
Water
Tolatile matter Fixed carbon. . .
Sulphur
Ash
Total
Per cent.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Upijer Conn ells ville region for the years 1880 to 1894:
Slatisiics of the manufacture o/ coke in the Ujjper Connellsville district, 1880 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
319, 927
229, 433
$1.73
$397, 945
588, 924
343, 728
548, 362
1,118
650, 174
375, 918
536, 503
1, 118
668, 882
389, 053
422, 174
1,118
496, 894
294, 477
311,665
1,168
555, 735
319, 297
346, 168
188()
1,337
691, 331
442, 968
572, 073
1,442
717, 274
470, 233
840, 144
1,977
657, 966
441, 966
617, 189
1,568
635, 220
417, 263
609, 828
1, 569
889, 277
577, 246
1, 008, 102
1, 724
1, 000, 184
649, 316
1,111,056
1,843
706, 171
451,975
1,53
691, 323
1, 843
499, 809
320, 793
447, 090
1,843
279, 971
176, 799
212, 595
From the above table it will be seen that the production of coke in 1894 in the Upper Connellsville district was only 176,799 tons, the smallest i)roduction for any of the years covered by the table, the nearest apx)roach to it being in 1880, when but 229,433 tons were produced.
The Alleghany Mountain District.
In this district are included not only the ovens along the line of the Pennsylvania Kailroad east of Blairsville, including not only those on both sides of the Alleghany Mountains in Cambria and Blair counties, but the ovens in Somerset County as well, these latter being included, as there is but one establishment in Somerset County, to prevent dis- closing the business of this single company.
In what would be regarded as a normal year the Alleghany Mountain district would be one of the most im])ortant in tlie United States. /As will be seen from the statistics given below, in 1891 and 1892 over 448,000 tons of coke were made in this district each year, and from 1880 up to 1893 the production constantly increased. The depression in the iron trade, however, and the low price at which other cokes coming in
The 3Ianufacture Of Coke.
competition with tliese were sold, has decreased the production, so that in 1894 but 58,823 tons were made, as compared with 173,131 tons in 1893, and, as stated above, 448,522 tons in 1892.
The coal seams of Blair and Cambria counties are all from the Lower Productive Measures, and are, naming them in their descending order, the Upper and Lower Freeport, the Lower Kittanning, and the Brook ville. The Brookville seam is what is known as Bed A," and the Lower Kittanning as Bed B.' The workable beds vary from to 5 feet in thickness. The average composition of the coal mined is from 17 to 27 per cent volatile matter, 1 per cent water, from 4 to G per cent ash, the remainder being fixed carbon, with a very small amount of sulphur.
It is probable that with the possible exception of the Pittsburg dis- trict, more thorough and careful experiments have been made in the Alleghany Mountain district in the adaptation of ovens to coal than in any other district in Pennsylvania. At one time there were 100 Belgian ovens in operation at Johnstown, but these have been torn down. Recently, however, the Cambria Iron Company has become interested in the by-product oven, and with others have interested themselves in the formation of a comi>any known as the Otto Coke and Chemical Company, to control the Otto-Hoffmann by-product oven for this country. They are now (1895) erecting a bank of 60 by-product ovens on the Otto-Hoffmann principle, and contemplate the erection of additional ovens in the near future.
The following are some analyses of cokes produced in the Alleghany Mountain district :
An analysis of coke made at the Gallitzin works is as follows:
Analysis of Gallitzin, Alleghany Mountain, Pennsylvania, coke.
Fixed carbon...
Ash
Sulpliur
Volatile matter. Moisture
Total
Per cent.
The following is an analysis of the coke made at the Altoona Coal and Coke Company's works. Other analyses of cokes from this district will be found in former reports :
Analysis of coTcefrom the Alleghany Mountain district, Pennsylvania.
Fixed carbon. .
Ash
Sulphur
Volatile matter Moisture
Total
Per cent.
Mineral Resources.
The following analysis is of coke produced by tlie Gresson and Clear- field Coal and Coke Company of Frugality, Cambria County:
Analysis of coke from the Alleghany Mountain district, Pennsylvania.
Volatile matter Fixed carbon.. Ash
Total
Sulphur
Phosphorus ...
Per cent.
,70 ,01
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Alleghany Moun- tain district from 1880 to 1894 are as follows :
Statistics of the manufacture of coJce in the Alleghany Mountain district of Pennsylvania,
1880 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Tield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Fer cent.
201, 345
127, 525
$2. 27
$289, 929
225, 563
144,430
329, 198
284, 544
179, 580
377, 286
200, 343
135, 342
240, 641
241, 459
156, 290
203, 213
327, 666
212, 242
286, 539
351,070
227, 369
374, 013
461, 922
297, 724
671, 437
521, 047
335, 689
479, 845
1,069
564, 112
354, 288
601,964
1, 171
633, 974
402, 514
730, 048
1, 201
708, 523
448, 067
782, 175
724, 903
448, 522
775, 927
1,260
275, 865
173, 131
264, 292
1, 253
92, 965
58, 823
71, 161
Clearfield-Center District.
This district includes the ovens in Clearfield and Center counties, including Snow Shoe, Moshannon, and other well-known coal districts. While considerable of the coke iroduced in this district is from run of mine, a large amount is also from slack. The same conditions that have prevailed in other Pennsylvania districts to reduce the production of coke are also manifest in this, and the production of 1894, which was but 38,825 tons, is the smallest since 1884, when the production was 23,431 tons.
As stated above, in this district are situated the Snow Shoe and Moshannon beds. The Snow Shoe basin is in Center County, the Upper Kittanning coal bed of the Lower Productive Measures, being the most important in the region, varying in thickness from 5 to 7 feet. Tlie Upper Freeport, which has a thickness of from 3 to 4 feet, caps the highest knobs in the coal area, wiiile the Lower Freeport coal bed, which is so important in the Karthaus district, is very much
The Manufacture Of Coke.
thinner. The average analysis of the coal shows about 68 or 70 per cent of fixed carbon, 23 to 24 ])er cent of volatile matter, one-half to 1 per cent of suljihur, G to 7 per cent ash, and less than 1 per cent water. The coal is admirably adapted for coking. It x>roduces such an excellent fuel that, though many of the ovens in this county were originally built to use slack coal only, considerable run of mine is now used.
In Clearfield County the Moshannon or Lower Freeport bed is most extensively mined. It varies in thickness from 3 to 5 feet. The Lower Kittanning is also of imjwtance as a coal i)roducer in this district. The bulk of the coal production is used for steam purposes, although the coal makes a most excellent coke.
Analyses of coal and coke, by Booth, Garrett & Blair, chemists, are as follows:
Analysis of Irvona coal (Big Moshannon vein).
Per cent.
Ash
Water at 212° F
Total
100. 000
Analysis of Irvona coke.
Per cent.
Volatile matter
Ash
Water at 212° F
Total
100. 000
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Clearfield-Center district for the years 1880 to 1894 are as follows :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Clearfield- Center district, Pennsylvania, 1880
to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
$2. 00
$200
20, 025
13, 350
22, 695
25, 000
17, 160
27, 406
26, 500
18, 696
28, 844
33, 000
23, 431
32, 849
69, 720
48, 103
70, 331
84, 870
55, 810
94, 877
154, 566
97, 852
198, 095
172, 999
115, 338
174, 220
195, 473
120, 734
215, 112
331, 104
212, 286
391, 957
293, 542
183, 911
339, 082
231, 357
147,819
264, 422
155, 119
98, 650
171,482
61, 428
38, 825
51,482
Mineral Resources.
The Broad Top District.
In tliis district are included all of the ovens in what is known as the Broad Top coal field, the ovens being situated in Bedford and Hunting- don counties. Here also the same statement can be made as in connec- tion with the other districts of Pennsylvania regarding the falling off in xroduction, the production of 1894 being but 34,089 tons, the smallest production since these statistics began to be published.
The Broad Top semibituminous coal field is one of the outlyingpatches of coal cut off from the main border of the Alleghany Mountains. The Kelly bed, the chief bed mined in Bedford County, shows 74 per cent of carbon, 19 per cent of volatile matter, 5 J per cent of ash, 1 per cent of suli)hur, and little or no water. It makes an admirable coke, and is used in the iron furnaces of this county. In Huntingdon County the Lower Productive Coal Measures are also worked. The coals coke easily and with good results. The coal beds average from 3 to 7 feet in thickness and the coke is used in the iron furnaces of the country.
The following is an analysis of coke made from coal of the Broad Top district :
Analysis of Broad Top, Fennsi/lvania, cokes.
Fixed carbon . . . Volatile matter
Moisture
Ash
Sulphur
Total
Powelton oveu coke.
Per cent.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Broad Top region, Pennsylvania, for the years of 1880 to 1894, are as follows:
statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Broad Top region, Pennsylvania, 1880 to 1894.
Years.
1H84
Estab- lish- meats.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Short tons.
92, 894 111, 593 170, 637 220, 932 227, 954 190, 836 171, 137 202, 730 196,015 152, 090 146, 008 185,000 136, 069
53, 216
Coke pro- duced.
Short tons. 51, 130 66, 560 105,111 147, 154 151,959 112, 073 108, 294 164, 535 119, 469 91, 256 157,208 90, 728 11 7, .554 86, 752 34, 089
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
$2.40
Total value of coke at
ovens.
$123, 167, 215, 271, 264, 185, 187, 347, 286, 186, 314, 197, 216, 150, 51,
Yield of coal in coke.
Per cent.
The Manufacture Of Coke.
The Pittsburg District.
Practically all the coal made into coke in the Pittsburg district is slack, usually obtained from the mines along the several pools of the Monongahela River and brought to Pittsburg by barges. The Pitts- burg seam of coal at Pittsburg does not make as good a coke in the beehive ovens as coals from the mines farther east. It contains too much volatile matter and makes a spongy coke. This, however, can be avoided, it is believed, by some form of the by-product oven.
This district includes tlie ovens at and near Pittsburg, as well as the ovens in Washington County that use slack from the mines of that county. This and the Greensburg district are the only two districts in Pennsylvania that show an increase in production in 1894 over 1893, the production of this district in 1894 being li27,100 tons, as compared with 216,208 tons in 1893. This increase is probably due to the fact that the coke ovens in Pittsburg were kept more actively employed during the strike in the Connellsville region.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Pittsburg district, Pennsylvania, for the years 1880 to 1894 are as follows :
Statistics of the manufacture of coTce in the Pittsburg district, Pennsylvania, 1880 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
194, 393
$2. 40
$254, 500
178, 509
96, 310
206, 965
114, 956
64, 779
134, 378
119, 310
66, 820
126, 020
97, 367
53, 857
99, 911
91, 101
46, 930
72, 509
228, 874
138, 646
221,617
366, 184
177, 097
315, 546
428, 899
264, 156
350, 818
233, 571
141, 324
283, 402
149, 230
93, 984
171, 465
154, 054
94, 160
201, 458
292, 357
176, 365
376, 613
357, 400
216, 268
438, 801
371, 569
227, 100
351, 825
The Beaver District.
About the same amount of coke is made in this district each year for use at local manufactories. The industry, however, is of so little importance it requires no descrition.
Mineral Rp:S0Urces.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Beaver district, Pennsylvania, for the years 1880 to 1894:
Statisiics of ihe manufacture of coke in the Beaver district, Pennsylvania, 1880 to 1894.
Estab-
Years.
lish-
ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Short tons. 8, 013 6, 887 11,699 19, 510
2, 250
25, 207 3,100 4, 010 4,224
3, 925 2, 998 2, 968
Coke pro- duced.
Short tons. 4,880 4, 333 7, 960 12, 395
1, 390
13, 818 1,853 2, 148
2, 332 2, 154 1,644 1,624
Total value of coke at ovens.
$10, 150 9, 013 15, 124 21, 062 2, 168 24, 137
3, 848 4,564 6, 663 6, 270
4, 446 4, 251
Value of coke at ovens per ton.
$2. 08
Yield of coal in coke.
Per cent.
Alleghany Valley District.
This district includes the coke works of Armstrong and Butler counties, situated in the valley of the Alleghany River. The coal used is from the Freeport and Kittanning veins, and the industry is of little importance unless coke from other districts sells at a high price. IsTo coke was produced in this district in 1894.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Alleghany Yalley district for the years 1890 to 1894 are as follows :
Statistics of the manufacture of coJce in the Alleghany Valley district, Pennsylvania, 1880
to 1894, inclusive.
Years.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
45, 355
23, 470
$49, 068
$2.10
55, 676
29, 650
64, 664
76, 000
41, 897
80, 294
64,810
34, 868
62, 982
55, 110
31,430
54, 859
28, 630
15, 326
30, 151
51, 580
28, 948
44, 422
77, 666
44, 621
84,913
37, 792
21,719
36, 008
13, 105
6, 569
10, 538
33, 049
18, 733
40, 204
21,833
11,314
25, 909
10, 927
6, 557
11, 147
Reynoldsville-Walston District.
This district includes all the ovens on the Rochester and Pittsburg Railroad, as well as those on the low grade division of the Alleghany Valley road and the mines of the New York, Lake Erie, and Western
The Manufacture Of Coke.
Railroad. It is one of the most importaDt coking districts of Penn- sylvania, its prodnction in 181)4 being 207,238 tons, making it tlie third in point of production in the State, and the second in point of produc- tion in those districts that coke coal in the immediate vicinity of the ovens. The latter relation brings it second in the State to the Con- nellsville district.
The most important producer in Jefterson County, in this district, is the Rochester and Pittsburg Goal and Iron Company. The coal used is from the Lower Freeport bed, which in the mines of this company is G feet thick, and is an excellent coking coal. The coal is used as it comes from the mine without washing. The coke possesses the char- acteristics of a good coke in an eminent degree, having a bright, silvery luster, a resonant metallic ring when struck, a good structure, with hardness and tenacity. Some physical and chemical tests are given below :
Tests of 72-Jiour WaJston foundry coJce. [Physical analyses.]
Locality.
Grams in one cubic inch.
Pounds in one cubic foot.
Percentage.
Compressive strength per cubic inch (i) ultimate strength.
Height of furnace charge, supported without crushing.
Order in cellular space.
Hardness.
Specific gravity.
Dry.
Wet.
Dry.
Wet.
Coke.
Cells.
Standard coke,
Connellsville. . .
Walston coke
[Chemical analyses.]
Locality.
Fixed carbon.
Moisture.
Ash.
Sulphur.
Phos- phorus.
Volatile matter.
Standard coke, Connellsville
Walston coke (A. S. McCreath, 72- hour coke)
[Coke analyses.]
Water
Volatile matter. Fixed carbon. . .
Sulphur
Ash
Total., Phosphorus
Ko. 1.
Per cent.
100. 000
No. 2.
Per cent.
No. 3.
Per cent.
100. 000
MINERAL RESOURCES. Walston coal.
Per cent
Water
Volatile matter Fixed carbon . .
Sulphur
Ash
Total Phosphorus . . .
Eegarding this coke, Mr. Fulton states: These tests show a com- pact, hard-bodied coke, harder than the average Connellsville standard. This coke has been carefully preimred and can not be distinguished from Connellsville coke. The cells are a little less than the Connells- ville, but the difference is not large enough to induce any marked change in blast furnaces. This coke is capable of sustaining fast driv- ing in the largest blast furnaces. It will prove an excellent fuel for this and kindred uses.
The coals coked in Clearfield County in this district are of a charac- ter similar to those in the Clearfleld-Center district, and need not be described here.
At the Bell, Lewis & Yates mines, also in Jefferson County, a large amount of coke is made, the coal produced being from the beds of the Lower Productive Measures, having the characteristics elsewhere described.
The following is an analysis of coke made at the ovens of the Bell, Lewis & Yates Coal Mining Company:
Analysis of coke made at Bell, Lewis Yates Coal Mining Company's works.
Water
Volatile matter Fixed carbon . .
Sulphur
Phosphorus . . . Ash
Per cent.
The Manufacture Of Coke. 287
The following are the statistics of the. manufacture of coke in the Eeynoldsville-Walston district for the years 1880 to 1894:
Statistics of the manufacture of col~e in the ReynoldsviUe-Walston district, Pennsylvania,
1880 to 1894.
Years.
E.stab-
Jisn- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens builu- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
45, 055
28, 090
$46, 359
$1. 65
99, 489
44, 260
80, 785
87, 314
44, 709
80, 339
76, 580
37, 044
65, 584
159, 151
78, 646
113, 155
183,806
114, 409
153, 795
271, 037
161, 828
217,834
1,492
507, 320
316, 107
592, 728
1,636
404, 346
253, 662
320, 203
1, 747
514, 461
313, Oil
436, 857
1,737
652, 966
406, 184
771,996
1, 747
769, 100
470, 479
744, 098
683, 539
425, 250
743, 227
1, 755
562, 033
339, 314
586, 212
1,755
336, 554
207, 238
297, 596
THE BLOSSBURa DISTRICT.
In this district are included establishments making coke from the coal of the Blossburg coal field, which is the most northern point in the great Appalachian field, and is an isolated patch cut off from the main body of coal. All of the coal used in coking in this district is washed slack, the ovens being erected simply for the purpose of utiliz- ing this slack. The coal, as a rule, is rather dry, but makes an excellent coke. The Blossburg seam, which is the one usually used, is com- posed of several distinct coal benches, and varies in thickness from to 4 feet. Considerable coal produced in this county is shipied to Syracuse and coked in the Semet-Solvay by-product coke ovens at that point. This coke iroduction, however, is credited to Kew York.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Blossburg, Pennsylvania, district from 1880 to 1894:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Blossdurg district, Pennsylvania, 1880 to 1894.
Years.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
72, 520
44, 836
$134, 500
$3.00
1H81
88, 055
56, 085
168, 250
100, 119
64, 526
193, 500
71, 028
44, 690
122, 450
62, 365
39, 043
93, 763
46, 489
26, 975
59, 423
136, 136
81,801
182, 623
103, 873
234, 622
32, 063
38, 052
81, 400
31, 806
18, 422
47, 765
41, 785
23, 196
62, 804
46, 084
24, 351
66, 195
30, 746
16, 675
45, 855
22, 176
11, 463
31,427
Mineral Resources.
THE GrREENSBURa DISTRICT.
The Greensburg district includes a small number of ovens situated in the Greensburg coal basin, erected chiefly for the utilization of the slack coal. The coal is all from the Pittsburg vein.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Greensburg district from 1889 to 1894 :
Statisiics of the manufacture of coke in the Greenshurg district, Pennsylvania, 1889 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
32, 070
20, 459
$21, 523
$1. 05
44, 000
30, 261
44, 290
38, 188
22, 441
36, 627
15, 005
9, 037
13, 173
29, 983
18, 393
26, 303
27, 290
15, 872
18, 413
The Irwin District.
The Irwin district comprises the ovens situated near the town of that name; also those located in what may be termed the Irwin basin, on the Youghiogheny Kiver. This district is of some importance as a coke producer, its ijroduction in 1894 being 110,995 tons, which made it the fifth in point of production in the {State. The chief producer, however, in this district is the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited, which has a large number of ovens at Larimer, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, using the slack from the gas coal mined in the immediate vicinity.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Irwin district for the years 1889 to 1894 :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Irwin district, Pennsylvania, 1889 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
373, 913
243, 448
$1.44
$351, 304
270, 476
172, 329
256, 458
323, 099
197, 082
266, 061
328, 193
202, 809
284, 029
238, 832
150, 463
195, 609
176, 318
110, 995
119, 764
Tennessee.
The coal fields of Tennessee are a continuation directly of the southern end of the eastern Kentucky coal fields and generally of the great coal deposits of western Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
The Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, the largest pro- ducer of coke in Tennessee, mines most of the coal used in its ovens
The Manufacture Of Coke.
from the Sewanee seam; the Roane Iron Gomi)any from a seam which seemis quite identical with the Sewanee. The Dayton Coal and Iron Company makes a large amount of coke from coal beds in the imme- diate "vicmity of its blast furnaces. Whether these are equivalent to the Sewanee has not been determined; indeed, it may be said in a general way, although considerable geological survey work has been done in the Tennessee coal field, much more systematic geological explorations and mining developments are needed before our knowl- edge of this coal field can in any sense be considered complete.
In Tennessee is also included the larger part of the production of coke in what is known as the Mingo Mountain or Middlesboro district, this district overlapping from Kentucky into the northeastern part of the State.
The following are some analyses of Tennessee coals, and cokes made from the same:
Analyses of two samples of coal from mines of Roane Iron Company, Tennessee.
Fixed carbon..
Ash
Sulphur
Volatile matter Water
Per cent.
Per cent.
Analyses of two samples of coal from the Seivanee seam, Tracy mines, Tennessee.
Fixed carbon . . Volatile matter
Ash
Sulphur
Water
Per cent.
Per cent.
Trace.
Analysis of coke produced from coal from Sewanee seam, Tracy mines.
Fixed carbon
Ash
Sulphur
Per cent.
Analyses of coal and coke from the Etna mines.
Coal.
Coke.
Fixed carbon . . Volatile matter
Ash
Sulphur
Water
Phosphorus
Per cent.
Per cent.
16 Geol, Pt 4
Mineral Resources.
Analysia of coal from Soddy mines, Sewanee seam.
Per cent.
Volatile matter
Ash
Water
Analyses of coke.
Rockwood coal.
Dayton coal.
Buckeye Coal Co.
Glen Mary Coal and Coke Co.
Tin washed slack Glen Mary Coal and Coke Co.
Mingo Mountain Coal and Coke Co.
Fixed carbon
Ash
Sulphur
Volatile matter and
Total
The analysis of coke from the Buckeye Coal Company, Pioneer, Tenn., which is exceedingly low in sulphur, was made from washed slack and nut, and, as we have been informed, is the average of at least a dozen analyses, in none of which the sulphur exceeded four-tenths of 1 per cent.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in Ten- nessee for the years 1880 to 1894 :
Statistics of manufacture of coke in Tennessee, 1880 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
217, 656
130, 609
$316, 607
$2. 42
241, 644
143, 853
342, 585
313, 537
187, 695
472, 505
330, 961
203, 691
459, 126
1, 105
348, 295
219, 723
428, 870
1,387
412, 538
218, 842
398, 459
1,485
621, 669
368, 139
687, 865
1,560
655, 857
396, 979
870, 900
1,634
630, 099
385, 693
490, 491
1, 639
626, 016
359, 710
731, 406
1,664
600, 387
348, 728
684, 116
1,995
623, 177
364, 318
701, 803
i; 941
600, 126
354, 096
724, 106
1,942
449, 511
265, 777
491,523
1,860
516, 802
292, 646
480, 124
a One establishment made coke in pits.
It will be seen from the above statement that the production of coke in Tennessee increased in 1894 over 1893, this State and the two Vir- ginias being the only coke-producing States that showed any increase in production.
The Manufacture Of Coke. 291
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Tennes- see since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Tennessee since 1890.
Tears.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons. 255, 359 184,556 176, 453 179, 126 166, 990
Short tons.
15, 000
61, 841
Short tons. 273, 028 377, 914 367, 827 137, 483 149, 958
Short tons. 72, 000 60, 707 40, 846 132, 902 138, 013
Short tons. 600, 387 623, 177 600, 126 449, 511 516, 802
It will be seen from the above statement that most of the coke made in Tennessee is made from slack, 287,971 tons of the total of 516,802 tons of coal coked being slack, about one-half being used washed and the other half unwashed.
Utah.
As there is but one works in Utah Territory we have included the statistics of the production of coke with that of Colorado, as the coals in this Territory are practically of the same character as those in the westerly district of Colorado.
Virginia.
But one of the two coke works in Virginia draws any portion of its supplies of coal from Virginia coal mines. The coke works at Poca- hontas, in the Flat Top region, gets most of its coal- from Virginia,- the mines, however, are on the line between Virginia and West Virginia, and some of the coal used is mined in the latter State. The ovens at Lowmoor, in Alleghany County, which are on the Chesapeake and Ohio Eailroad, just east of the West Virginia line, draw their entire coal suj)- plies from the New River coal fields of West Virginia. As the coke is made in Virginia, its production is credited to this State; but the sev- eral coal fields from which the coal is drawn will be described in con- nection with the report on West Virginia.
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in Vir- ginia from 1883 to 1894 :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Virginia, 1883 to 1894.
Years.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
39, 000
25, 340
$44, 345
$1.75
99, 000
63, 600
111, 300
81, 899
40, 139
85, 993
200, 018
122, 352
305, 880
235, 841
166, 947
417, 368
230, 529
140, 199
260, 000
238, 793
146, 528
325, 861
251, 683
165, 847
278, 724
285, 113
167, 516
265,107
226. 517
147, 912
322,483
194, 059
125, 092
282, 898
280, 524
180, 091
295,747
Mineral Resources.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Virginia since 1890 is shown in the following table:
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Virginia since 1890.
Years.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total,
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
98, 215
153, 468
251, 683
107, 498
177, 615
285, 113
106, 010
120, 507
226, 517
107, 498
86, 561
194, 059
103, 874
176, 650
280, 524
Washington.
In Washington there are three coke works, two of which were in operation in 1894, one making coke from the coal of the Wilkeson coal field near Tacoma, the other, at Coked ale, near Fairhaven, in Skagit County. These coals, like those of Colorado and Montana, are Cre- taceous, and still preserve at many places their lignite characteristics. As is described in connection with the report on Colorado coals, at some i)laces these lignitic coals have been altered locally in character and are true coking coals. The coke is a fair fuel, but does not equal that brought from Europe at a high cost. It is all made from washed slack and commands a good price for local uses. Analyses of the coke made from both the Wilkeson and Cokedale coals are as follows :
Analysis of Wilkeson coke, Tacoma, Wash.
Water and volatile matter
Carbon ,
Ash
Total
Analysis of ash from above coke.
Per cent.
Silicon
Aluminum . .
Lime
Oxide of iron Magnesia
Total
Per cent.
None.
The Manufacture Of Coke.
Analysis of coke from Cokedale, Skagit Count tj, Wash.
Moisture
Volatile matter. Fixed carbon. ..
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Ash
Per cent.
Total 100. 00
The following are the statistics of the manufacture of coke in Wash- ington for the years 1884 to 1894, the only years in which coke has been made :
Statistics of the production of coke in Washington, 1884 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
$1, 900
$4, 75
1,477
1,400
4,125
22, 500
14, 625
102, 375
6, 983
3, 841
30, 728
9, 120
5, 837
46, 696
10, 000
6, 000
42, 000
12, 372
7,177
50, 446
11,374
6, 731
34, 207
8, 563
5, 245
18, 249
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Wash- ington since 1890 is shown in the following table :
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Washington since 1890.
Tears.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Sort tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
9, 120
9, 120
10, 000
10, 000
12, 372
12, 372
10, 974
11, 374
8, 563
8, 563
West Virginia.
Five coking districts are recognized in West Virginia, viz, the Kanawha, the 'New Eiver, the Flat Top, the Upper Monongahela, and the Upper Potomac. The first two are compact and continuous. They include the ovens along the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Rail- road from west of Low Moor, in Virginia, to the Kanawha Yalley. The Flat Top region includes the ovens in what is sometimes called the Pocahontas district. The fourth district, the Upper Monongahela or
Mineral Resources.
Northern, is a scattered one, including the ovens in Preston, Taylor, Harrison, and Marion counties, on the upper waters of the Mononga- hela. The district we have termed the Upper Potomac includes the coke ovens in the Elk Garden and Upper Potomac fields. A description of the coals used in coking in each district will be given under their several heads.
Pocahontas -Flat Top District.
This district, known in its early history as the Pocahontas and later as the Flat Top, from the mountain, which is the most important and conspicuous feature of this region, is located in the counties of Taze- well, in southwestern Virginia, and Mercer and McDowell, in south- eastern West Virginia. This field can be divided roughly into (1) the Pocahontas district, including the workings at and near the town of Pocahontas, Va.; (2) the Bluestone district, including the workings on the Bluestone, near Bramwell, in Mercer County, W. Va., on the southeast slope of Flat Top Mountain; (3) the Elkhorn district, includ- ing the workings in McDowell County, W. Ya., on the northeast slope of the Flat Top Mountain, on the head waters of the Elkhorn.
This coal is semibituminous, somewhat dull in luster, rather hard in the veins, requiring powder to mine it, but, as will be seen from the following analysis, is low in volatile matter and ash and high in fixed carbon. It is a superior grade of steam coal, giving an exceedingly bright, hot, clear fire, it makes an excellent coke. The following is an average of fifteen analyses of coal from the Pocahontas and Blue- stone subdistricts :
Analysis of Pocahontas-Flat Top coal.
Water
Volatile matter Fixed carbon . .
Sulphur
Ash
Per cent.
18, 812
Recent analyses of the coke made in the ovens of the Southwest Virginia ImiH'ovement Company at Pocahontas are given in the follow- ing table:
Analyses of coke from the Flat Top regio7i, West Virginia.
Moisture
Volatile matter Fixed carbon . .
Ash
Sulphur
Total 100. 00
No. 1.
No. 2.
Per cent.
Per cent.
5. 74!)
The Manufacture Of Coke.
The Flat Top coke is an excellent fuel. It is low in asli, as will be seen from the above analyses high in carbon, somewhat cellular, and, as compared with most cokes of the country, bright, hard, strong, and dense. It is, however, somewhat fragile and dull in luster. The wast- age in drawing and transporting is large, but in the furnace it bears a heavy burden, and gives a large output with a small consumption \)er ton of pig.
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Flat Top district for the years 1886 to 1894 are as follows :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Flat Top district of West Virginia from 1886
to 1894, inclusive.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens,
per ton.
Tield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
1,075
$1, 316
$2. 00
76, 274
51, 071
100,738
164, 818
103, 947
183, 938
1,433
387, 533
240, 386
405, 635
1,584
566, 118
325, 576
571, 239
1,889
537, 847
312, 421
545, 367
2,848
595, 734
353, 696
596, 911
4, 349
746, 051
451, 503
713, 261
4, 648
I, 229, 136
746, 762
989, 876
From the above statement it will be seen that the production of coke in 1894 increased 05. 4 per cent over the production of 1893. The num- ber of establishments has increased two and the number of coke ovens some three hundred. This indicates that as relates to production the year 1894 was the best in the Pocahontas Flat Top district. The price received for the coke was less than ever before. It is probable that the strike in the Connellsville district early in the year had considerable influence toward increasing the production of coke in the Flat Top district in 1894.
New River District.
The New Kiver district includes the ovens along the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad from Qainnimont to Nuttallburg. The coal of this region is very much of the same character as that of the Flat Top region, these coking coals being spoken of as 'New Eiver" or ''Flat Top," though they are mined from the same beds in the same formation, the former from the northern and the latter from the southern i)art of the same coal-bearing area. The length of this New River or Flat Top field, from northeast to southwest, is about 60 miles; its average breadth, from southeast to northwest, is not far from 16 miles. It is the largest field of distinctively-coking coals in the United States. These coal beds find their greatest development in the vicinity of Pocahontas, where the lower one, the Quinnimont, of New River, the No. 3, or Pocahontas, of the Flat Top region, attains a thickness of 12 feet of practically solid coal. The beds become thinner when passing to the northward.
Mineral Resources.
The following jinalyses were made of coal and coke produced in the New River district of West Virginia by the Quinnimont Coal and Coke Company:
Analyses of coal and coke from the New River district, West Virginia.
Water
Volatile matter Fixed carbon..
Sulphur
Ash
Total
Coal.
Coke.
Per cent.
Per cent.
100. 000
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the New River district from 1880 to 1894 are as follows:
statistics of the manufacture of coke in the New Biver district, West Virginia, 1880 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovensi built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Tieldof coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
159, 032
98, 427
$239, 977
$2. 14
219, 446
136, 423
334, 652
233. 361
148, 373
352, 415
264, 171
167, 795
384, 552
219, 839
135, 335
274, 988
244, 769
156, 007
325, 001
63|
203, 621
127, 006
281, 778
253, 373
159, 836
401,164
334, 695
199, 831
390, 182
268, 185
157, 186
351, 132
275, 458
174, 295
377, 847
309, 073
193, 711
426, 630
315, 511
196, 359
429, 376
281, 600
178, 049
355, 965
1,089
222, 900
140, 842
245, 154
Kanavha District.
While the Kanawha district is a very important coking district, producing 104,160 tons of coke in 1894, its importance has been over- shadowed by the Flat Top and New River coals already mentioned. The Kanawha Coal Measures are not the same as those furnishing coal for the New River and Flap Top regions. The beds of the Kanawha district correspond to the Lower Coal Measures of Pennsylvania, and need not be described in detail here.
The Manufacture Of Coke. 297
The statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Kauawha district from 1880 to 1894 are as follows :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Kanawha district, West Virginia, 1880 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing,
Coal used.
Cote pro- duced.
Total value of coke -at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per on.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
6, 789
4,300
$9, 890
$2.30
11, 516
6, 900
16, 905
(a)
40, 782
26, 170
62, 808
(a)
58, 735
37, 970
88, 090
(a)
60, 281
39, 000
76, 070
65, 348
37, 551
63, 082
89, 410
54, 329
117, 649
153, 784
96, 721
201,418
141,641
84, 052
146, 837
109, 466
63, 678
117, 340
182, 340
104, 076
196, 583
241, 427
134, 715
276, 420
242, 627
140, 641
284, 174
215, 108
122, 241
237, 308
176, 746
104, 160
181, 586
a Eighty of these ovens are Copp6e, the balance beehive. b Sixty of these ovens are Copp6e, the balance beehive.
UPPER MONONaAHELA DISTRICT.
The Upper Mouougahela district includes the ovens in the group of counties lying along the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Kailroad, near the head waters of the Monongahela Eiver — Preston, Taylor, Harrison, and Marion. The coal used in the district is chiefly from the Pittsburg bed. As mined, the seam is from 7 feet 6 inches to 10 feet thick. The coke produced in this district is a good fuel, and though made largely from washed slack it is finding a place in the markets of the country.
The following is an analysis of the foundry coke produced by the Monongah Goal and Coke Company, of Monongah, W. Va., one of the largest coke producers in the region :
Analysis of foundry coJce produced by the Monongah Coal and Coke Company, of Monon- gah, W. Va.
Moisture
Volatile matter.
Ash
Eixed carbon...
Total Sulphur
Per cent.
At Austen, Preston County, the Upper Freeport seam, which is here from 5 to 5J feet thick, is coked, making a clear, even, silvery coke of
Mineral Resources.
a fairly good quality. The following are analyses of the coal ana coke as mined at Austen :
Analyses of Austen, W. Va., coal and coke.
Fixed carbon. . . Volatile matter
Ash
Water
Total
Snlpbur
Coal.
Coke.
48 hours.
72 hours.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
The statistics of the production of coke in the Upper Monongahela district of West Virginia from 1880 to 1894 are as follows :
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Upper Monongahela district, West Virginia,
1880 to 1894.
Tears.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at
ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
64, 937
36, 028
$68, 930
$1.91
73, 863
43, 803
78, 014
a
92, 510
55, 855
105,214
88, 253
51, 754
90, 848
49, 139
74, 894
105,416
67, 013
97, 505
131, 896
82, 165
113, 100
211, 330
132, 192
268, 990
213, 377
138, 097
175, 840
210, 083
128, 685
171, 511
1,051
276, 367
167, 459
260, 574
1, 081
517, 615
291. 605
462, 677
1,129
441, 266
265, 36.i
390, 296
1, 158
379, 506
225, 676
295, 123
1, 221
280, 748
158, 623
179, 525
The above table tells the usual story regarding the production of coke in 1894. It has fallen off 67,053 tons as compared with 1893, and for the same reasons that reduced production in other districts.
Upper Potomac District.
What we have termed the Upper Potomac district includes the ovens along the line of the West Virginia Central and Pittsburg Eailway, running south from near Cumberland, Md. This region is an exten- sion southwardly of the well-known Cumberland region, though in the Upper Potomac portion of the extension the Cumberland or Big Vein coal is not found, the coal mined being regarded until recently as the Ui)per Freeport and Lower Kittaiining, the former known locally as the Thomas and the latter as the Davis vein. Mr. John Fulton has recently stated he believes that the two benches of the Davis vein instead of being one seam of coal are two of the Pennsylvania seams
The Manufacture Of Coke.
with the slate parting very thin. Speaking of them, however, under the names by which they have been usually known, the Upper Freeport (Thomas) vein measures nearly 8 feet, with from 4 to 6 feet of merchant- able coal, while the Lower Kittanning (Davis) vein measures 11 feet, and works feet, and is remarkably low in sulphur. Describing the two coals as they occur in this field. Prof. I. 0. White, in a report made to Hon. H. G. Davis, president of the West Virginia Central and Pitts- burg Eailway Company, says :
The Upper Freeport coal is one of the regular, persistent, and valuable beds of the Coal Measures, and it nearly always furnishes a quality of fuel that makes excellent coke. It has long been coked successfully in the Broad Top, Clearfield, and other regions of Pennsylvania. It has a thickness of nearly 8 feet from roof to floor in the Upper Potomac field, but a bony coal and slate just above the center of the bed render a portion of this thickness unavailable, so that seldom more than 6 feet of merchantable coal can be obtained from this seam. The upper portion of this bed comes out in good sized lumps, and will make a good shipping coal, while the lower bench is softer and will make good coke. This bed goes under the Poto- mac near Bayard, and underlies the entire basin from that point to Thomas, a distance of 15 miles, while the width across, from one outcrop to the other varies from 3 to 4 miles.
At a vertical distance of 170 feet below the floor of the Upper Freeport coal we come to the roof of the most valuable coal in the basin, the one which has been referred to under the name of Lower Kittanning, or Davis seam." The entire thickness of this bed is about 11 feet, but as the bottom bench is separated from the middle or main one by a slate of considerable thickness, the lowest ply of coal, which is nearly 3 feet thick, is not usually mined, since there is 6 feet of clean coal above this after it has been freed from all slates, of which there are two streaks in the upper portion of the bed, but they both come out without trouble, taking with them of coal, slate, and all only 8 inches from the thickness of the bed, leaving, as just stated, exactly 6 feet of coal free from impurities.
The Lower Kittanning coal in the Upper Potomac region is one of the purest beds with which the writer is acquainted anywhere in the country, being singularly free from sulphur, so much so iu fact that it already has a great reputation as a smithing coal, being as highly prized for this purpose as the celebrated Blossburg coal of Pennsylvania, with which bed, strange to say, it seems to be exactly identical.
The following are analyses of these coals made by the United States Geological Survey from full sections :
Analyses of Thomas and Davis coals, Upper Potomac field. West Virginia.
Thomas (Upper Freeport) .
Davis (Lower Kit- tanning).
Upper.
Middle.
Bottom.
No. 1.
No. 2.
Volatile matter
Ash
Total
Sulijhur
Phosphorus
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
6, 74
1. o9
Mineral Eesources.
An analysis of the Davis coal from the mines of the Cumberland Coal Comiany's Douglas mine, made by the chemist of the Tremont Iail Company at Wareham, Mass., is as follows :
Analysis of Davis coal at Douglas, W. Va.
Per cent.
Volatile matter
Fixed carbon
Ash
Total
Though all three seams of coal mined in the Elk Garden and Upper Potomac regions are coking coals, only two are coked, the Thomas (Upper Freeport) and Davis (Lower Kittanning), and chiefly the latter. In addition to its being more valuable as a steam than as a coking coal, the Big Yein is lower in volatile matter than either the Thomas or Davis veins, and does not coke as readily.
Slack or fine coal only is used, experience having shown that the run of mine or lump does not yield as good a coke. The charge is 5 J tons for 48-hour coke and 6 J tons for 72-hour. The actual yield of coke by weight at the Coketon plant, using the Davis seam, is over 67 per cent.
The coke is a bright, silvery, porous, hard fuel, and has a most excel- lent reputation for foundry uses because of its physical characteris- tics and low suli)hur. It is shipped largely for this purpose to South America. It is also an excellent blast-furnace fuel, and, when selected and crushed, has a large sale for domestic purposes.
Analyses of coke made from the Davis seam at Coketon, W. Va., are as follows :
Analyses of coke made from the Davis seam at Coketon, W. Va.
[Per cent.]
hour.
hour.
hour.
hour.
hour.
hour.
hour.
hour.
hour.
hour.
Water
Volatile matter
Fixed carbon
Ash
Total
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Chemist
Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace
100.00 ,100.00 . 725' . 53 . 037; . 038
U. S. Geolog- ical Survey.
Hunt&Clapp.
Booth & Gar- 1 Riverside rett. Iron Co.
Hugo Blanck.
THE MANUFACTURE OF COKE. The average of above analyses is as follows :
Average of ten samples of CoJceton coke.
"Water
Volatile matter Fixed carbon.. Asb
Total . . . .
Sulphur
Phosphorus . . .
48- hour.
Per cent.
72-hour .
Per cent.
The analyses by Dr. Hugo Blanck, of Pittsburg, are quoted from a report of Prof. I. O. White. The sulphur is questionably low in these analyses.
Statistics of the production of coke in the Upper Potomac district of West Virginia are as follows:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in the Upper Potomac district of West Virginia, 1887
to 1894.
Years.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Value of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
3, 565
2,211
$4, 422
$2. 00
9, 176
5,835
8, 752
26, 105
17, 945
28, 559
94, 983
61, 971
118, 503
111, 014
76, 599
133, 549
114, 045
78, 691
121, 208
123, 492
84, 607
115, 250
66, 598
43, 546
43, 546
Production Of Coke In West Virginia, By Districts.
In the following table will be found consolidated the statistics of the production of coke in West Virginia in the three years especially cov- ered by this report, viz, 1892, 1893, and 1891, by districts :
Production of coke in West Virginia in 1894, ty districts.
Districts.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke pro- duced.
Average price of
coke, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Kanawha
jew River
Flat Cop
Northern
Upper Potomac
Total
1,089 4, 648 1,221
Short tons. 176, 746 222, 900 1, 229, 136 280, 748 66, 598
Short tons. 104, 160 140, 842 746, 762 158, 623 43, 546
$181, 586 24*5, 154 989, 876 179, 525 43, 546
$1. 74
Per cent.
7, 858
1, 976, 128
1, 193, 933
1, 639, 687
302 Mineral Resources.
Production of coke in West Virginia in 1893, by districts.
Districts.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke pro- duced.
Average price of
coke, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
215, 108
122, 241
$237, 308
$1. 94
281, 600
178, 049
355, 965
Flat Top
4, 349
746, 051
451, 503
713, 261
Northern
1,158
379, 506
225, 676
295, 123
Upper Potomac
123, 492
84, 607
115, 250
Total
7, 354
1, 745, 757
1, 062. 076
1, 716, 907
Production of coke in West Virginia in 1892, hy districts.
Districts.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke pro- duced.
Average price of
coke, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
Kanawha
242, 627
140, 641
$284, 174
$2. 02
'New River
315, 511
196, 359
429, 376
Flat Top
2,848
595, 734
353, 696
596, 911
H orthem
1,129
441, 266
265, 363
390, 296
Upper Potom ac
114, 045
78, 691
121,208
Total
5,843
1, 709, 183
1, 034, 750
1,821,965
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in West Virginia, 1880 to 1894.
Years.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Yalue of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Per cent.
230, 758
138, 755
$318, 797
$2. 30
304, 823
187, 126
429, 971
366, 653
230, 398
520, 437
411, 159
257, 519
563, 490
1,005
385, 588
223, 472
425, 952
415, 533
260, 571
485, 588
1,100
425, 002
264, 158
513, 843
2, 080
698, 327
442, 031
976, 732
2, 764
854,531
525, 927
896, 797
3,438
1, 001, 372
607, 880
1, 074, 177
4, 060
1, 395, 266
833, 377
1, 524, 746
4, 621
1, 716, 976
1, 009, 051
1, 845, 043
5, 843
1, 709, 183
1, 034, 750
1,821,965
7, 354
1, 745, 757
1, 062, 076
1, 716, 907
7, 858
1,976, 128
1,193,933
] , 639, C87
It will be noted from the above statement that the production of coke in West Virginia increased 131,857 tons, or 12.4 per cent, in 1894 over that of 1893, though, owing to the reduced value per ton, the value of the coke at the oveus was somewhat less.
The Manufacture Of Coke.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in West Virginia since 1890 is shown in the following table :
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in West Virginia since 1890.
Tears .
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons. 324, 847 276, 259 298, 824 324, 932 162, 270
Short tons.
115, 397 15, 240 14, 901
Short tons. 930, 989 1, 116, 060 1, 108. 353 1, 176, 656 1, 607, 735
Short tons. 139, 430 324, 657 186, 609 228, 929 191,222
Short tons. 1, 395, 266 1, 716, 976 1, 709, 183 1, 745, 757 1,976, 128
Wisconsin.
All the coke made in Wisconsin is from Connellsville, Pa., coal, and the coke is standard Connellsville. Its production, therefore, is not of so much interest as the iroduction of coke for developing certain regions. It is an interesting product, however, as showing that coal can be carried to a distance and successfully made into coke:
Statistics of the manufacture of coke in Wisconsin,
Years.
Estab- lish- ments.
Ovens built.
Ovens build- ing.
Coal used.
Coke pro- duced.
Total value of coke at ovens.
Vahie of coke at ovens, per ton.
Yield of coal in coke.
Short tons.
1,000 25,616 38, 425 52, 904 54, 300 24, 085
6,343
Short tons. 16, 016 24, 976 34, 887 33, 800 14, 958 4,250
$1, 500 92, 092 143, 612 192, 804 185, 900 95, 851 19, 465
$3.00
Per cent.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Wis- consin since 1890 is shown in the following table :
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coke in Wisconsin since 1890.
Years.
Run of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Shart tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
38, 425
38, 425
52, 904
52, 904
54, 300
54, 300
20, 474
3, 611
24, 085
6, 343
6, 343
Wyoming.
There is but one coke-making establishment in Wyoming — that of the Cambria Iron Company, located at Cambria, Weston County. This establishment made coke in 1891 and 1893, but none in 1892. The coal occurs probably in the lowest portion of the Dakota measures of the
Mineral Resources.
Colorado Cretaceous and almost upon the topmost rocks of the Jurassic. The vein is 6- to 7 J feet in thickness, with good roof and floor. Regard- ing the character of the coal, it has been classed all the way from lignite to a high grade coking bituminous coal. This difference in classifica- tion maybe due to the fact that the samples upon which judgment was based were taken from different parts of the vein in which there may have been actual variations caused by partial metamorphism by heat.
All of the coal used in coking was unwashed slack, which does not give as good a result as washed slack. When the latter is used the coke is of fine texture and very strong. It is dense and capable of sustaining any weight ordinarily required of coke used as this is in silver smelting. As at present produced, however, the coke is very high in ash.
The statistics of the production of coke in Wyoming for the years 1891, 1892, 1893, and 1894 are as follows:
Statistics of the production of coke in Wyoming from 1891 to 1894, inclusive.
ISTuniber of establishments
Number of ovens built
Number of ovens building
Amount of coal used
tons . .
4,470
5,400
8, 685
...short
tons. .
2, 682
2,916
4, 352
Total value of coke at ovens . . .
$8, 046
$10, 206
$15, 232
Value of coke per ton
$3. 00
$3. 50
a$3. 50
Yield of coal in coke
per
cent. .
a Value estimated.
The character of the coal used in the manufacture of coke in Wyom- ing is shown in the following table :
Character of coal used in the manufacture of coTce in Wyoming since 1891.
Years.
Kun of mine.
Slack.
Total.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Unwashed.
Washed.
Short tons.
Shorttons.
Short tons. 4,470
5, 400 8, 685
Short tons.
Short tons. 4, 470
5,400 8, 685
Origin, Distribution, And Commercial Value
Of Peat Deposits.
By K S. Shaler.
Descriptioi.
The term "peaf is properly applied to those deposits of vegetable matter which have been accumulated below the surface of xermanent water areas. In some cases, as will be seen from the account of bogs given below, the water may be held, not as in a lake, but in the inter- stices of living and dead vegetation lying on slopes of considerable declivity. The most characteristic form of peat is that in which material when first removed from the bog appears as a tolerably compact, black, vegetable mud, the particles of which are so soft as to resemble half- melted wax. This is ordinarily the condition of lake-bog peat at the depth of a foot or more below the growing surface. Kear the top of the deposit, however, where a portion of the roots of the plants which afford the materials of which it is made are still living, or are in an undecayed state, the mass often has a somewhat fibrous character.
Commerciax. History.
The commercial importance of peat deposits was developed in coun- tries where and in times when the original forests were insufficient for the needed fuel supply, or where the progress of agriculture had made the amount of wood insufficient for domestic use. In all such regions, where peat bogs were accessible, it became the custom to cut this imperfectly decayed vegetable matter into slabs or blocks, which, when dried in the sun, were stored under roofs in order to protect them from subsequent wetting. The greatest consumption of peat seems to have been during the eighteenth century, when the forests of northern Europe had been to a great extent cleared away, while the use of coal had not as yet become general through the extension of the modern means of transportation. In this century the rural i>opulation of northern Ger- many, Scandinavia, Russia, France, and the British Isles, except in the case of the wealthier classes, to a grat extent depended on this material for household uses. Owing to the fact that, in favorable situa- tions, the accumulations of peat would be renewed to a depth of 2 to 3 feet in the course of thirty or forty years, the supply from European
16 Geol, Pt 4 20
Mineral Resources.
bogs, tliougli drawn upon for many centuries, seems never to liave approaclied exhaustion.
The first settlers of this country, coming as they did from iortions of the Old World where i)eat was in common use, naturally brought with them the habit of making use of this material as a fuel. At many places in lew England where wood could be had for the cost of cutting and drawing it to the house the people were by custom led to betake themselves to peat. The material, however, was not much availed of except in the southeastern portion of Massachusetts, on Oape Cod, and the islands of ]S"antucket and Marthas Vineyard, where the forests were never very well developed and where firewood in time became rather scarce. Here the use of peat became somewhat general and continued until the progressive cheapness of anthracite coal led to the general abandonment of the local fuel. Until within thirty years, however, the larger part of the agricultural population on the island of Marthas Vineyard adhered to the use of the material. At present it is made to serve in but few households in this district. Still, in the town of Gay Head, in the western extremity of the islands, the people, mostly the descendants of the Indian tribe which originally occupied the district, still sapply their fires from the numerous bogs which there occur. The persistence of the habit of peat-using in this town is due to the fact that there are no considerable woods within its bounds. More than a quarter of a century ago peat was considerably used, owing to the high price of coal, in Chatham Township, and to a small extent in other portions of Jersey, but the cheapening of the fuel from the mines of Pennsylvania has ever since made the use of i)eat commercially unsuccessful.
The modern decline in the use of peat for fuel having taken place in all countries where it has been in former times extensive is clearly to be accounted for on economic grounds. In any state to which peat can be conveniently brought, peat ranks as an inferior fuel although it can be produced at small cost in the way of labor, it does not give an enduring heat; a large mass has to be handled to obtain a given effect, and in wet weather the porous nature of the substance causes it to absorb much water. By the use of various devices it has been found possible to xroduce from this vegetable mud a compact material fairly comparable in quality with lignite or the poorer bituminous coals. Some studies made by the present writer appear, however, to indicate that it is difficult by any manufacturing process to make from peat a fuel whi(!h will compete with anthracite coal at a less price than about $10 a ton. Tlierefore, while the bog fuel may be i)rofitably used in its natural or manufactured state in certain parts of the Avorld which are distant from coal beds, there is little reason to believe that an extended industry will ever again be founded on it.
Within the limits of the United States there is probably no district where the manufacture of peat into a compact fuel can profitably be
Peat Deposits.
essayed. It may be that ia case electricity should come into general use as the motive power of railways it will be found profitable to con- vert the heat-giving value existing in certain peat bogs near such lines into that form of energy. In this case, the energy could be conveyed by wire and would thus be independent of those considerations which rest upon the bulky nature of peat fuel. It should be noted, however, that the limitations as to the distance to which electromotive force can be profitably conveyed would set rather narrow bounds to any such use of bog fuel.
Many instances could be cited in various arts where the abandon- ment of a substance for a iiarticular use has been followed by its being made of service in some other economic field. It seems that another case of the same nature will be found with peat. During this century this substance has been much used for manurial purj)oses; it seems likely, indeed, that in time it may have a value in this economic field fit to compare with that which it had in former times as a domestic fuel. Experience has shown that peat may be of service to the agricul- turist in either of several ways. Where the mass has been made up by the decay of leaves and twigs such as are often borne in large quanti- ties into a lake basin by a swift flowing stream, the substance has a distinct value on account of the fertilizing materials which it contains. In general, however, peat, especially that formed by the water-loving mosses, will not from the chemical nature of its components repay even a short transportation. On dry soils, however, this half-decayed vege- table matter may be found of distinct value for the reason that the sands of which they are comi)osed are unable to retain moisture in sufficient quantity for the efiective service of till crops, and this water-retaining capacity is very much increased by the admixture of j)eaty matter. For such use the varieties of ieat formed in bogs fed by streams which are muddy in times of rain are the most valuable. The fine sediment serves to fill in the interstices between the grains of sand and the soil.
A third use of peat in the agricultural arts is as an absorbent mate- rial when commingled with other substances; thus, in utilizing waste fish or the offal from slaughterhouses or manure from barns it may be made to serve a valuable i)urpose. It is indeed extensively used in this way in many parts of the United States; and, as our agriculture becomes more intensive, the service which it can render will be better appreciated. It seems very likely that in the development of our till- age arts it will be more and more the custom for farmers to procure the raw materials and to compound fertilizers according to their needs. Where this is done peat will be found a valuable substance in forming the compost bed, its great absorbent power giving it a peculiar value in such work.
The secondary uses of peat above noted, even more than its original value as a fuel, make it desirable to set forth in a brief way the condi- tions of its formation and the distribution of the deposits in the United States.
Mineral Resources.
Process Of Formatiois".
The formation of peat deposits depends upon a certain arrest in the process of decay which normally occurs in dead organic matter where it lies in the open air, an arrest which is accomplished where the materials are kept permanently wet. In any ordinarily dry forest we observe that the fallen leaves and branches are, by the process of decay, at converted into a blackened and softened mass, which rapidly passes through the farther processes of decay by which the carbon of the woody matter is returned to the air whence it came and the ash or mineral substance to the soil whence it was extracted by the roots. If we can trace such a forest bed toward the margin of a swamp we may note that as the earth becomes more and more humid the process of decomposition takes place more slowly and the dark mold becomes thicker. A little observation will show that beneath the water plane of the swamp the decay stops with those changes which blacken and soften the dead vegetable matter. The arrest of the disintegration arising from the action of the water is due, in part at leas:, to the fact that the oxygen of the air does not have free con- tact with the carbon, and thus can not convert it into the gaseous substance known as carbon dioxide," nor can various other combina- tions which take place in the air be effected. Moreover, when buried beneath the water, various microscopic organisms effective in produc- ing decay are shut out from the mass, which, in its submerged state, never undergoes changes which deprive it of its fixed carbon, though for a long time it may yield considerable amounts of a light, burnable gas. In this unchanged condition it may remain for an indefinitely long time, perhaps, indeed, until by changes of the height of the land it is lowered beneath the ocean level to be buried in strata and in course of ages to become a coal bed.
Although bogs are ordinarily formed beneath lake basins by the gradual growth of water-loving vegetation from their sides and bottoms, a process which goes on until the lake may be converted into a normal peat swamp, there is another way in which peat may be accumulated and which in certain regions gives rise to very extensive bogs which were not formed in a water basin ; these are commonly known as climb- ing bogs, and in one or another of their several forms they are widely disseminated. In high latitudes peat deposits are due to the growth in a hixuriant form of the common sphagnum. Starting on the borders of a lake basin, the dense mass of branches of this plant will, if the air be very moist, grow not only over the surface of the water but upward from its level upon sloi)es which may have an inclination of 5 or 10 degrees. As the lower part of the vegetable mat decays it forms a peat of ordinary quality, which may gradually attain a thickness of many feet. In the i)rocess of growth these highland morasses often extend into forests, wliere they gradually kill the trees, so that the region once wooded may become an open moorland.
Peat Deposits.
In southern regions other species of plants, particularly and in the main the ordinary species of cane, aff'ect, though in another way, the establishment and extension of climbing bogs; it is the habit of these reeds to grow in close-set order, it not infrequently happening that more than 100 stalks are found on the area of a square foot. The small inter- spaces between the separate shoots become, for some distance above the surface of the earth, densely filled with fallen leaves and other waste from the jjlants. This interstitial matter serves to hold the water and to maintain a wet surface, which serves to prevent the complete decay of the vegetable matter. By the accumulation of this material peaty layers, sometimes having a thickness of 2 or 3 feet, may be accumulated on surfaces having a slope of as much as 5 degrees; but the deposits thus formed never have the considerable thickness common in the moss- formed peat. They are, moreover, much less iure, for the reason that the cane contains a relatively large amount of siliceous ash. It should be also noted that the cane-made peats abound in materials suited to the growth of ordinary crops. They afford, indeed, very fertile soils, while the moss peats are not fitted to nurture any of our important crop plants.
It should be noted that the quality of peat as regards its fuel value, either for immediate use in its natural state or after artificial treat- ment, varies greatly, according to its previous history. It may be said in general, at least as far as the deposits of this country are concerned, that none of the climbing bogs, either those formed by mosses or by cane, have any noteworthy value. The last-named group may indeed be entirely excluded from the consideration. Furthermore, that the lake bogs afford the best peat for fuel purposes at some distance from the neighboring highland and at a considerable depth, generally at least 4 or 5 feet below the surface. In such positions the deposit is formed where it is not affected by wash from the shores and where the material, having been long exposed to the agents of change, has lost, through the expelled gases, its more volatile material, and at the same time has become more compact.
There is another feature connected with the growth of lake bogs which should be noted, as it may be of importance to those who are led to examine them from an economic point of view. The greater part of the peat-filled lakes were formed at the close of the Glacial period. When abandoned by the ice, these basins became tilled with water and around their margins the growth of mosses began, these delicate i)lants form- ing a lodgment wherever the blows of the waves were not sufficient to break them up. Gradually the mantle of vegetation spread out from the shores, floating upon the surface of the lake. In time the moss raft thickened, and from its lower decaying surface quantities of peaty mat- ter dropped through the intervening water to the bottom. If the basin was not very large, and if the circumstances, such as climate, favored the growth of the plants, the whole of the basin may have become filled
Mineral Resources.
witli tlie accumulation, tlie lake water, except so far as held in the inter- stices of the swamp, having been expelled. It is, however, a common case, especially in the larger basins, that the central portion of the area, though covered by a mantle of vegetation sufficiently firm to uphold the feet of a man, is underlaid by a considerable depth of water, which, in turn, rests upon a more or less considerable layer of peat which has dropped down from the superficial covering. In most cases, such a deposit is recognized as a 'quaking bog," but in some instances it may be impossible, even by jumping on the surface, to induce motion, and yet the layer of unexpelled water may exist at the depth of three or four feet below the surface. Such bogs can only be explored by the use of boring tools or of pricking rods. It not infrequently happens, especially in a large bog through which a stream finds its way, that the barrier which retains the lake has beeu somewhat cut down, so that the surface becomes partly dried. In this case the area of peat may become covered by a forest composed of those species, such as the white cedar and the water maple, which tolerate a considerable amount of moisture about their roots, the nature of the underlying material being indicated only by the level character of the area.
Distribution Of Peat Bogs.
The considerations already i)resented above make it plain that the formation of peat deposits depends upon the existence of sufficient rain- fall and the occurrence in any region of basins suited for the accumu- lation of such deposits. In a word, the formation of the accumulations depends ujiou climate and topography.
Excessively hot summers appear so to promote the decomposition of vegetable matter, even where it is accumulated below water level, that peat accumulates very slowly or not at all. A very short summer season, such as occurs in high latitudes, is also unfavorable to the for- mation of such deposits, for the reason that the amount of growth of the vegetation in any one year is relatively very small. Within the arctic circle such fossil woody matter is only found in notable quantities within those districts which are warmed by the ocean streams ; where metamorphosed peats in the form of coal are formed they indicate other conditions of climate than those which exist at the present day.
Within the limits of North America, it seems likely that peat deposits of considerable depth exist nearly as far north as the arctic circle. Their considerable development, however, is limited to the region occu- pied by the eastern glacial fields of the last ice epoch. They do not, indeed, occur iu all portions of this area. A line drawn from the At- lantic coast in southern New Jersey westward through northern Penn- sylvania, Oliio, northern Indiana, northern Illinois, central Wisconsin, and eastern Minnesota will, in a rough way, describe that northeastern I)ortion of the United States where i)eat deposits may be regarded
Peat Deposits.
as common and of sufficient importance to deserve mention in the gen- eral resources of the country. As it will hereafter be noted, there are many local deposits formed under peculiar circumstances in other parts of the country which deserve notice.
In the peat district of the northeastern United States and the adja- cent portions of Canada the accumulations are generally of the lake-bog type. In eastern Canada, ewfoundland, and the maritime provinces climbing bogs of the type so common in Ireland and other portions of northwestern Europe occur, but they lack the extent and depth of those in the Old World. Within the United States the only climbing bogs of a conspicuous character occur in eastern Maine, but even there they are relatively unimportant except from a scientific point of view. Simi- lar accumulations of a smaller sort formed on declivities may be noted in the more western parts of Eew England and in northeastern New York. [N'owhere within the limits of the United States, so far as is known to the writer, are these high-lying bogs of other than scientific interest.
The practical limitation of the eastern peat bogs of the United States to the glaciated district is due in part to the relatively moist climate of that area, but in larger measure to the very numerous lakes of small size which were developed in this region by the last ice sheet which was imposed upon it. While the glacier lay upon the surface, it wore it in an irregular manner, forming numerous basin-shaped hol- lows in the bed rock. When the ice melted away the detritus which it had taken into its mass and that which had been accumulated in the form of eskers, in channels or ice arches of the old subglacial streams, was distributed over the surface without relation to the natural water- courses, so that when the earth was bared it became covered with in- numerable lakelets or larger bodies of water. Immediately after the Glacial period these basins, in New England alone, were probably to be numbered by the tens of thousands. It seems likely, indeed, that somewhere near one-fourth of the area was wet enough to favor the more or less complete preservation of peaty matter. A large num- ber of these basins were drained by the cutting down of their drift barriers through the action of the effluent stream j the greater part of the others, especially those, by far the most numerous, which were less than a quarter of a mile in diameter, have been converted into peat bogs. Where the basins were more than a quarter of a mile in diam- eter, unless they were so shallow as to permit the ilentiful growth of pond lilies in front of the advancing margin of the bog, thereby pro- tecting the growing mosses from the stroke of the waves, we rarely find peat accumulations. It should be noted, however, that in certain cases where the basins are retained and walled by sands, the varying height of the water level in different seasons has hindered the growth of the bog-making plants. In general, it may be said that the water basins which owe their origin to glacial action have been reduced to
Mineral Resources.
peat bogs, only the larger and rarer lakes liaving been ireserved by the action of the waves from the i)rocess of occlusion.
After the close of the glacial i)eriod another action set in which led to the formation of a peculiar class of basins. During the ice epoch the land beneath the glacial covering was tilted down to the northward with a variable slope, which in the region from Lake Michigan east- ward appears to have been at a rate which varied, but which amounted in general to a foot or two in a mile of northing. Some time after the ice went away a reversed movement set in, the land in the north being elevated to its present position. This movement in certain parts of 'New England, particularly in eastern Massachusetts, greatly diminished the flow of some of the rivers and so permitted them, as in the case of the Sudbury and the iTeponset, to become to a considerable extent occui)ied by bogs. It seems likely that certain of the peat accumula- tions in 'New York may have been formed under similar conditions.
Although peat swamps occur in a considerable variety of conditions, the following general statements and classification may prove service- able to those who are seeking these deposits. In general it may be said that bogs are rare in regions which may be termed mountainous, where the streams have the character of torrents j in such regions of steep slopes even the irregularities of surface due to glacial action are not likely to produce water basins. Where the surface approaches a level and has little drift upon it, basins which have been converted into peat bogs are apt to be not uncommon; but for the reason that excavations which would contain water are relatively rare on the sur- face of glaciated bed rock, peat bogs do not usually abound in such fields. It is where the drift is thick and irregularly disposed that such deposits are most likely to be found.
The bogs found in drift basins differ somewhat in their number and their character, according to the nature of the Glacial waste. Where the loose material has the nature known as till or bowlder clay, the basins now occupied by the bogs are likely to be entered by consider- able streams bearing muddy waters. In such positions the peat is apt to be relatively impure. On the other hand, where the basins are situ- ated in fields occupied by stratified sands and gravel, from which the clay has been washed, inflowing streams are rare, and where they exist they are seldom muddy, even in times of flood, so that the peat accu- mulations are tolerably well preserved from admixture with earthy matter. In general it may be noted that the washed drift, where it lies in the shape of pitted plains or undulating kame deposits, affords fields which most abound in peat, though the areas are generally small.
In some parts of the country, i)articularly in Michigan, morainal deposits lying on approximately level surfaces often constitute dams which serve to retain shallow lakes that have been converted into swamps. Some of tlie most extensive bogs in southern Michigan owe their origin to this cause.
Peat Deposits.
Along the coast of Kew Jersey tlie irocess of down sinking of the land which apparently has gone on for some thousands of years, prob- ably at an average rate of from 1 to 3 feet in a century, has produced a flooding of ancient valleys, which are now partly occupied by the sea and partly by fresh water. Extensive deposits of peat, as well as of marine marsh accumulations, appear to have been formed in this manner.
Southward along the Atlantic Coast to the central parts of Florida a depression of the shore lauds essentially similar to that which has taken place in New Jersey has occurred. Owing to the warmer climate the peaty accumulations do not develop as well as they would in simi- lar positions in a higher latitude; the deposits appear in general to contain much more ash, and in most cases are untit for use as fuel; they have, however, more value for use in the preparation of fertilizers than those which are formed farther to the north.
Along the Mississippi and other rivers which have a well-developed fluviatile or inundation plain these fields formed by the deposits laid down during flood times normally slope from the banks toward the sides of the valley in which the stream lies. There Is thus, at the foot of the territory which is above the level of inundation, a belt of morasses commonly known as "back swamps." It often happens that these lowlands are the seat of a considerable peaty accumulation com- posed mainly of leaves and stems of trees and of the silt of the finer sort which is i)recipitated from the river, which occupies the area for a considerable part of the year. This bog earth is entirely unfit for use as fuel, but is of great value for use as a fertilizer, either in its native state or as admixed with other manurial substances.
West of the Mississippi the swamps continue with gradually dimin- ishing value until they come near to the margin of the district which may be termed arid. From western Texas northward traces of peat may be found at various points as far north in the United States as the Canadian border and western Minnesota, and scantily yet farther to the west. It may be said in general, however, that even in the glaciated district deposits of much economic value even to the agriculturist are not common in the country west of the Mississippi.
As regards the number and area of bogs, that iortion of lew Eng- land which lies to the east of the Berkshire hills and the Green Moun- tains is by far the richest part of this country, the reason for this being that the rocks in that section are locally very much diversified, so that they have induced a very irregular surface when affected by glacial action. The contrast between this section and the portions of New York which have a similar climate will show the importance of these conditions. In New England there are x>robably per unit of area at least five times as many morasses as there are on those portions of New York which are underlaid by horizontally stratified rock.
Mineral Resources.
Another general fact is that along the eastern face of North America the thickness of the peat deposits, and the proportion of the lakes which have been closed by such accumulations, steadily decreases as we go away from the shore. This indicates the importance of a moist climate in favoring the development of peat deposits. It may also be said that the average fuel value of peat decreases as we pass from the seashore toward the inland district, while the value of the material for fertilizing purposes increases. The reason for this is that as the peat grows more slowly the admixture of animal organic matter derived from the bones of fishes and the shells of crustaceans and moUusks constitutes a rela- tively larger portion of the mass, while at the same time the fine silt, borne in by the streams, which generally has some fertilizing value, is also relatively greater.
peteoleum;
By Joseph D. Weeks.
[The barrel used in this report, unless otherwise specifled, is of 42 Winchester gallons.]
Important Features Op The Year.
The most notable features in connection with the production of petro- leum in 1894 are: (1) The continued decline in production in the older fields and the increase in the newer fields, especially in the Lima- Indiana field and in California, the total production for the United States showing an increase j (2) tlie increase of consumption overpro- duction, resulting in a heavy decline in stocks held at the wells, and (3) the increase in price as compared with 1893.
Briefly summarized, the facts regarding these three features of 1894 are as follows:
Decrease In Old Fields And Increase In New.
The production of lew York declined from 1,031,391 barrels in 1893 to 942,431 in 1894 j of Pennsylvania from 19,283,122 barrels in 1893 to 18,077,559 barrels in 1894; West Virginia about held its own, the pro- duction increasing from 8,445,412 barrels in 1893 to 8,577,624 barrels in 1894; Ohio increased from 16,249,709 barrels in 1893 to 16,792,154 barrels in 1894. The chief increase was in what is known as the Macksburg or Eastern Ohio district, in which the oil is of the same character as that of the Pennsylvania and New York field, the increase being from 2,601,394 barrels in 1893 to 3,183,370 barrels in 1894. The Lima district about held its own. The production of Indiana increased from 2,335,293 barrels in 1893 to 3,688,666 barrels in 3894; Colorado decreased from 594,390 barrels in 1893 to 515,746 barrels in 1894; Cali- fornia increased from 466,179 barrels in 1893 to 705,969 barrels in 1894, while Kansas, which did not appear as a producer in 1893, produced 40,000 barrels in 1894. The total increase in production in the United States was from 48,412,666 barrels in 1893 to 49,344,516 barrels in 1894, an increase in the production of the United States of 931,850 barrels.
1 For much of the statistical information used in this report the writer is indebted to the previous publications of Mineral Resources and to the reports of the Eleventh Census, the Oil City Derrick, the American Manufacturer and Iron World, and Stowell's Petroleum Reporter of Pittsburg. Other special acknowledgments will be given in the hody of the report.
Mineral Resources.
Decrease In Stocks.
The stocks of crude petrol'eum in the Appalachian oil field at the close of 1894 was 6,499,880 barrels, as compared with 12,316,011 barrels at the close of 1893, a reduction of nearly 0,000,000 barrels, though the production of the Appalachian field had declined only some 600,000 barrels.
Increase In Price.
The average value of certificate oil in the Apx)alachian field in 1894 was 83J cents a barrel, as compared with 64 cents a barrel in 1893 and 65f cents in 1892. In the Lima field the average price advanced from 36f in 1892 to 47 cents in 1893 and 48 cents a barrel in 1894. The total value of the 48,412,666 barrels produced in 1893 was $28,932,326, or 59f cents a barrel, while the total value of the 49,344,516 barrels produced in 1894 was $35,522,095, or nearly 72 cents a barrel.
Productiois Aistd Value. Localities.
The petroleum-producing localities in the United States remain about as they were in 1893, though Wyoming and Kansas are added to their number. While petroleum has been found in nearly every State and Territory, the localities in which it has been produced in paying quan- tities are few. These are the well-known oil regions of New York and western Pennsylvania and the various districts of West Virginia and eastern Ohio, which are designated in this report as the Appalachian oil field. This is the most important of the oil-producing territories, its total production in 1894 being some 30,781,924 barrels of the total production of 49,344,516 barrels, or 62.4 per cent. Outside of this Appalachian field the most important oil-producing districts are the limestone fields of Lima, Ohio, and of Indiana, continuations of the Lima district. The different sections in this field, however, produce oils varying greatly in quality. In what we have called this Lima- Indiana field there were produced in 1894, 1 7,296,510 barrels. In addi- tion to these two oil fields the Florence oil district of Colorado and the oil fields of southern California have heretofore been the only other important producing districts. In 1894 there were produced in the Colorado oil field 515,746 barrels and in the California oil field 705,969 barrels. The only other important oil district, so far as concerns pro- duction in 1894, was Kansas, in which 40,000 barrels were produced. The Wyoming field also begins to assume some importance, 2,369 bar- rels having been produced in this field in 1894. Outside of these six fields the total production of the United States in 1894 was but 1,998 barrels. It would be useless to give space to these minor fields were it not for their i)romise of the future. For example, Indiana was insig- nificant in i)etroleum production until 1889, Kansas had no production
Petroleum.
in 1892 or 1893, aud Wyoming lias been carried heretofore as tlie name of a district in which there were great possibilities of oil production.
Total Production And Value.
In the following table is given a statement of the total amount and the total value of all crude petroleum produced in the United States in 1893 and 1894 by States and important districts :
Total amount and value of crude petroleum produced in theUnited States in 1893 and 1894.
States and districts.
Barrels.
Value.
Barrels.
Value.
New York
Pennsylvania :
Franklin
Smiths Ferry
West Virginia :
West Virginia
Burning Springs
Volcano
±, uo i f oy i.
942, 431
$790, 464
19. 19d, Uol 66, 278 20, 793
ll, /oD, 47o 265, 112 13, 308
lo, 017, oby 57, 070 2, 620
15, ilz, 4o 228, 280 2,198
19, 283, 122
12, 563, 893
18, 077, 559
15, 342, 966
8, 427, 448 5,964 12, 000
5, 393, 567 4,955 27, 000
1 8, 553, 046
14, 560 10, 018
7, 173, 867
38, 176 9, 674
Ohio:
Colorado
Texas
8, 445, 412
5, 425, 522
8, 577, 624
7, 221, 717
1 2, 601, 394
13, 646. 804 1,571
1, 664, 892
6, 448, 115 11,335
3, 183, 370
13, 607, 844
2, 670, 052
6, 531, 765 4,476
16, 249, 769
8, 124, 342
16, 792, 154
9, 206, 293
2, 335, 293 3, 000
594, 390 470, 179
1, 050, 882 1, 500 497, 581 608, 092
3, 688, 666 1,500
515, 746 705, 969 2, 369 40, 000
1, 774. 260
803, 652 823, 423 1,800 15, 920 40, 000
Total
48, 412, 666
28, 932, 326
49, 344, 516
35, 522, 095
From the above table it will be seen that the total production of petroleum in the United States in 1894 was 49,344,516 barrels, as com- pared with 48,412,G6G barrels in 1893 and 50,509,130 barrels in 1892. The increased production in 1894 over 1893 is chiefly in the new fields. There is a decline of production in New York, Pennsylvania, and Colorado, a slight increase in West Virginia and eastern Ohioj a decline in the Lima field, while there is a marked advance in production in Indiana and California.
Character Of The Oils Produced.
The oils produced in the Franklin, some of the Burning Si)rings, and the Volcano, West Virginia, and the Mecca-Belden, Ohio, districts, and in Missouri, Texas, and Indian Territory are chiefly lubricating
Mineral Resources.
oils, being used either as lubricators in their natural state or for the production of high-grade lubricating oil. All of the other oils are what are known as illuminating or fuel oils. The Indiana and Lima oils were for a while after their first x>roduction regarded chiefly as fuel oils, and while they are still used to a large extent for fuel purposes the illuminating oil produced from them, especially the oil from the most eastward pool in Ohio, is of a very high character, the recent methods adopted for refining being such as thoroughly to remove from it its offensive odor and to make from it an illuminating oil better than that j)roduced from the Api)alachian crude.
Production By Fields.
The production of petroleum in the chief producing fields of the United States in 1893 and 1894 was as follows :
Production of petroleum in the United States in 1893 and 1894, hy fields.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Fields.
Appalachian
Lima-Indiana
Florence, Colorado . . Southern California.
Kansas
Wyoming
other
Total
Production.
Bl, 362, 890 15, 982, 097 594, 390 466, 179
7, 110
48, 412, 666
30, 781, 924 17, 296, 510 515, 746 705, 969 40, 000 2, 369 1,998
49, 344, 516
Value Of Petroleum Produced In 1894.
The total value of the petroleum produced in the United States in 1894 was $35,522,095, or 71.988 or 72 cents a barrel. The value in 1893 was 59f cents a barrel. The total value of the oil produced in 1894 was nearly $7,000,000 greater than that of the product of 1893, though the increase in production was a little less than 1,000,000 barrels. The average value of certificate oil, which includes most of that produced in the Appalachian field, in 1894 was 83 cents a barrel. The average value of the Lima oil was 48 cents a barrel. The average value of the Franklin oil was $4 a barrel; of the Colorado, 58 J cents a barrel; of the California, $1.17 a barrel; of the Wyoming, $6.72 a barrel, and of the Kansas, $1 a barrel.
Production Of Crude Petroleum In The United States,
I859 To 1894.
In the following table will be found a statement of the production of crude petroleum in the United States from the beginning of pro- duction marked by the drilling of the Drake well in 1859 up to and including the iroduction of 1894, the table being by years and States:
Petroleum.
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Mineral Resources.
From tlie above table it appears that the enormous total of 650,713,680 barrels of crude petroleum, more than 100,000,000 tons, have been pro- duced in the United States since the beginning of operations at Titus- ville, Pa., in 1859. By far the largest portion of this has been produced in what is known as the " Pennsylvania and iTew York oil fields," these fields producing alone 497,512,870 barrels of the total of 656,713,680 barrels, or nearly 76 per cent. Ohio has produced 113,782,343 barrels and West Virginia 29,059,479 barrels, and Colorado and California have produced respectively 3,658,843 and 5,475,419 barrels, while Indiana, which does not figure as a producer of petroleum until 1889, has produced 6,955,532 barrels, over 6,000,000 barrels of which has been produced in the last two years.
For convenience of reference a statement is given below of the pro- duction of petroleum in the United States from 1890 to 1894, by States:
Production of petroleum in the United States from 1890 to 1894. [Barrels of 42 gallons.]
States.
Pennsylvania and INew
York
Ohio
West Virginia
Colorado
California
Kentucky
28, 458, 208 16, 124, 656 492, 578 368, 842 307, 360 63, 496 6, 000
33, 009, 236 17, 740, 301 2, 406, 218 665, 482 323, 600 136, 634 9, 000
28, 422, 377 16, 362, 921 3, 810, 086 824, 000 385, 049 698, 068 6, 500
20,314, 513 16, 249, 769 8, 445, 412 594, 390 470, 179 2, 335, 293 3, 000
19, 019, 990 16, 792, 154 8, 577, 624 515, 746 705, 969 3, 688, 666
1, 500
40, 000
2, 369
1,200
1, 400
Texas
Missouri
Indian Territory
Total
45, 822, 672
54, 291, 980
50, 509, 136
48, 412, 666
49, 344, 516
Exports.
In the following table are given the exports of crude petroleum and its products from the United States from 1871 to 1894, together with a statement of the production of the United States in the years named. The figures of exports are from the Statistical Abstract of the United States, published by the Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department The figures of production were collected by the writer:
Petroleum.
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16 Geol, Pt 4-
Mineral Resources.
Foreigi Markets.
A great many statements have recently aipeared to the effect that the United States is being crowded out of certain of the world's markets for petroleum by Russian oil. In view of these statements, the follow- ing table of exports of petroleum from the United States for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1890, to 1894 is of great value. In discussing this table little need be said about the exports of crude petroleum. We do not care to send petroleum abroad as crude, and as a rule it is not sent in this condition except to countries that encourage refining by levying a heavy duty on refined products. France is a notable exam- ple of the adoi)tion of this policy, and yet an inspection of the table shows that the attempt to supply France with illuminating oils refined at home has not been a success. The exports of crude hardly increased in the years 1890 to 1893, but did advance materially in 1894, being 68,947,436 gallons in 1890 and 84,434,953 gallons in 1894. On the other hand, the exports of refined oil as illuminating oil increased from 2,088,291 gallons in 1890 to 11,812,001 gallons in 1894. The total exports of crude increased from 95,450,653 gallons in 1890 to 121,926,349 gallons in 1894. Ior are the exports of naphthas much of a factor in estimating what has been the effect of the Eussian product on our trade. The Russian oil does not yield a high percentage of the light oils. It is in illuminating and lubricating oils and residuum that the competition of Russian oil will be more seriously felt.
Examining the table ibwill be seen that our total exports of illumi- nating oils have increased in the five years covered by the table from 523,295,090 gallons in 1890 to 730,368,626 gallons in 1894, an increase of 207,073,536 gallons, or nearly 40 per cent. Each year of the five shows an increase over the preceding year. In these five years the exports to Europe have increased from 343,583,460 gallons to 490,252,345, and this though the Belgian, German, Dutch, and Swedish and Nor- wegian have fallen off. The notable changes in Europe are the de- crease in exports to Germany from 140,264,089 gallons in 1890 and 162,187,071 gallons in 1891 to 86,388,785 gallons in 1894, and the increase in the exports to the United Kingdom from 66,393,246 gallons in 1890 to 274,555,010 in 1894. But it has been in exports to Asia that the reported falling off has occurred. The table will show that we have more than held our own. The exports of illuminating to Asia and Oceanica have increased from 137,530,258 gallons in 1890 to 195,212,962 gallons in 1894. The exports to most of the chief countries of these great divisions of the world, to China, East Indies, and Australasia, have increased, Japan about holding its own, though exports to Japan in 1894 show a marked increase as compared with 1893. Indeed, one of the marked features of the table is the notable changes from 1893 to 1894. The exports of lubricating show an increase of 33J per cent in the five years, though residuum shows a decided reduction. Resid-
Petroleum.
uum, however, is an item of but little importance so far as concerns United States petroleum.
The statistics given above do not justify the assertion that the Rus- sian oil is crowding us out of our markets. Where we are to get the oil to supply our trade is a more vital question ; with production and stocks declining so rapidly, while consumption is increasing, it will not be a matter of surprise if we do lose these markets to some extent, but if so, it will be from lack of oil to sell.
Exports of petroleum in its various forms from the United States, 1890 to 1894, by countries.
[Gallons.]
Countries.
1890. 1891.
Crude.
Europe :
France
Germany
Spain
Total
North America:
Mexico
Cuba
other North America..
Total
All other countries
Total crude
Refined.
Naphthas.
Europe :
Germany
United Kingdom
other Europe
Total
North America
South America
Asia and Oceanica
Africa
Total
Total naphthas
Illuminating. Europe :
France
Germany
Italy
Sweden and Norway
United Kingdom
Total
North America:
British North America.
other North America..
Total
68, 947, 436 1, 188, 266
13, 934, 088 3, 680, 631
61, 663, 973 3, 107,137
17, 103,416 2, 380, 600
69, 100, 657
17, 064. 929
69, 424, 609
J. 189 Qui
21, 112, 042
84, 434, 953
15, 176, 034 9 OflQ 797
87, 750, 421
84, 255, 126
93, 347, 809
98, 668, 456
106, 498, 307
2, 217, 846 4, 913, 330 36, 806
3, 854, 17C 3,300,455 4, 338
3, 499, 514 6, 316, 406 425, 348
5, 508, 769
6, 955,315 548, 068
8, 026, 189 6, 865. 549
7, 167, 982
7, 158, 969
10, 241, 268
13, 012, 152
15, 426, 042
532, 250
1,000
22, 900
2, 000
95, 450, 653
91, 415, 095
103. 592, 767
111,703, 508
121, 926, 349
4, 195, 704 J, OlO, zyo 5, 603, 994 928, 616
2, 831, 929 3, 227. 106 5, 058, 325 824, 537
1, 561, 284 3, 471, 652 6,813,416 686, 398
4, 080, 839 4, 127, 354 8, 209, 526 658, 270
3, 764, 569 4, 278, 757 6, 834, 760 364, 135
12, 743, 612
11, 941, 897
12, 532, 750
17, 076, 989
15, 242, 221
59, 563 78, 180 45, 214 10, 864
86, 910 71, 192 55, 005 16, 143
35, 762 89, 609 57, 787 12, 070
122, 237 55, 940 39, 625 9,214
173, 649 57, 057 3, 050
193, 821
229, 250
195, 228
227, 016
313, 533
12, 937, 433
12,171147
12, 727, 978
17, 304, 005
15, 555, 754
41, 391, 323 7, 147, 115 2, 088, 291 140, 264, 082 19, 747, 758 47, 315, 526 11, 772, 106 66, 393, 246 7, 464, 013
32,397,015 9, 135, 043 3, 764, 974 162, 187, 071
20, 955, 728
54, 879, 032 8, 957, 350
81, 028, 529 8, 7: 9, 531
31,471,121 7, 019, 575 3, 005, 535 133, 417, 314 22, 324, 113 76, 607, 780 11, 159, 824 94, 901, 777 6, 450, 040
33,541,439 12, 262, 308 8, 161, 023 119, 277, 484 22, 815, 279 51, 298, 480 16, 312, 922 180, 996, 321 8, 654, 660
36, 312, 974 9, 290, 251 11, 812. 001 86, 388, 785 22, 945, 037 31, 868, 189 9, 848, 074 274, 555, 010 7, 232, 024
343, 583, 460
382, 064, 273
386, 357, 079
453, 319, 916
490, 252, 345
5, 104, 864 4, 404, 548 2, 520, 131
5, 230, 259 3, 303, 506 3, 303, 608
5, 735,411 4, 262, 935 2, 250, 162
6, 311, 042 4,439,118 2, 204, 602
8,218,417 4, 174, 856 1, 759, 565
12, 029, 543
11,837,373 12,248,508
12, 984, 762
14, 182, 838
324 Mineral Resources.
Exports of petroleum in its various forms from the United States, etc. — Continued.
Countries.
REFINED— continued.
Illuminating — Con tin ued .
South America :
Argentine Republic
Brazil
Other South America . .
Total
Asia and Oceanica:
China
Hongkong
East Indies
Japan
British Australasia
Other Asia and Oceanica
Total
Africa
All other countries
Total illuminating . . .
Lubricating.
Europe :
Belgium
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Other Europe
Total
!N"orth America
Asia and Oceanica
Africa
Total
Total lubricating
Residuum {barrels).
North America
All other countries
3, 113, 750 8, 695, 291 3,492,158 6, 236, 596
3, 476, 192 10, 470, 656 3, 165, 880 4, 792, 161
4, 825, 196 14, 028, 476 4, 293, 400 6, 827, 814
4, 070, 719 15, 556, 685 2, 882, 105 6, 041, 571
3, 162, 846 12, 154, 709 2, 520, 571 5, 503, 680
21,537,795 21,904,889 29,974,886
28, 551, 080
23, 341, 806
13, 072, 000 11 1 Pin 99n
63, 456, 071 o / , oyi, you 7, 976, 572
D, yoZ, 4:00
27, 160, 660 63, 285, 770
10, 276, 095 4-, Dou, oyu
17, 370, 600 lo, yiy, /yu 55, 907, 410 Zo, (01, you 10, 376, 260 o, uyo, oio
27, 874, 230 12, 758, 820 57, 404, l'5 26, 869, 510 11, 053, 991 2, 637, 250
40, 377, 296 16, 888, 820 85, 907, 557 37, 272, 450 11, 821, 881 2, 944, 958
137, 530, 258
147, 168, 474
127, 041,536
138, 597, 976
195, 212, 962
8, 426, 714 187, 320
8, 058, 806 85, 990
8, 865, 999 408, 650
8, 206, 932 .579, 150
7, 049, 455 329, 220
523, 295, 090
571, 119, 805
564, 896, 658
642, 239, 816
730, 368, 626
1, 955, 145 3, 088, 183 3, 670, 937
510, 622
2, 037, 437 17, 035,447
146, 557
2, 337, 030 3, 948, 257 4, 186, 225
591, 996 1, 504, 623 18, 767, 573
111, 165
2, 032, 954 2, 461, 722 4, 512, 639
404, 971 2, 229, 116 18, 779, 806
209, 713
2, 426, 926
2, 426, 659
3, 798, 953 788, 805
1, 842, 608 17, 683, 132 249, 474
2, 931, 204 3, 050, 547 5, 637, 471 1,356,340 2, 346, 896 19, 668, 767 415, 385
28, 444, 328
31, 446, 869
31, 240, 921
ijy, iilO, DO /
60, 406, DlO
524, 898 721, 669 457, 363 14, 264
570, 380 889, 610 582, 392 25, 479
656, 991 798, 194 813, 618 81, 352
1, 043, 770 1, 207, 232 888, 032 77, 266
1, 725, 709 1, 509, 708 1, 433, 191 115, 359
1,718, 194
2, 067, 861
2, 350, 155
3, 216, 300
4, 783, 967
30, 162, 522
33, 514, 730
33, 591, 076
32, 432, 857
40, 190, 577
10, 017 42, 141
9, 058 28, 833
6,361 6, 622
10, 404 2, 202
2, 056 2, 973
Total residuum
52, 016
38, 066
13, 270
12, 882
5, 029
PRODUCTIOIS BY STATES AKD FOREIGs" COUOTRIES.
Appalachian Oil Field.
The Appalachian oil field should include, strictly speaking, all of the oil-producing territory within the limits of the well-known and well- defined Appalachian region of the eastern part of the United States. In the production of this field, therefore, should be included all the petroleum output of New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, the east- ern part of Ohio, eastern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia. The i)roduction of oil in this region at the present time, how- ever, is confined chiefly to the first four localities named; that is, New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and eastern Ohio, though very promising indications have been met with in the other localities named
Petroleum.
and oil is produced iu small quantities. In view of the fact that the center of production of this Appalachian oil field, as well as the south- ern limit of the field, has been gradually extended in the last three years southward, it is not at all improbable that the production of some of the other States named may be very much larger in the future than at the present time. Some of the territory in these States has been tested by drilling without satisfactory results, but this is no evidence that other tests may not show deposits of oil of considerable extent. It is not at all uncommon in the history of petroleum production that extensive pools have been struck in sections that had once been tested by drilling and in which work was abandoned in the belief that the supply of oil in these districts would not justify extensive operations.
In the present report, however, in view of the small production of the localities in the Appalachian field outside of the first four named above, New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and eastern Ohio, the Appalachian field will be regarded as including only these four districts. In subsequent parts of the report, however, under their appropriate title, the production will be given and the oil-producing localities described, not only for the States that have been omitted from the report of production in the Ax)palachian field, but also for the four States whose production is included in this field.
For many years the oil districts in these four States, with the excep- tion of those in Kew York and Pennsylvania, were distinctly marked and widely separated, and it was possible to make reports that would show clearly all of the important facts regarding the petroleum produc- tion in each of these States. Within the last few years, however, the discovery of new oil pools has made the field in these four States prac- tically one continuous oil belt composed of productive pools distinctly marked and stretching from Cattaraugus County, N. Y., to south of Macksburg, Ohio. These oil pools pay no attention to State lines. The Bradford, one of the northernmost, is partly in New York and partly in Pennsylvania. The Sistersville and Eureka fields are in both West Virginia and Ohio, while there are pools which are partly in Pennsylvania and i)artly in West Virginia. The pipe lines in receiving oil do not discriminate between the products of the States as such, providing the oil is of the usual quality received as merchantable petroleum. Notwithstanding this little consideration that oil pools give to State lines, the accounts kept by the pipe-line producers make it possible, in most cases, to ascertain very nearly the production of each State, though it is almost impossible to give accurately by States statistics other than the production. This is particularly true of well records and the statements of shipments, deliveries, and stocks. Stocks and shipments for the entire Appalachian field can be given accurately, but when once the oil is in the pipe line it is impossible to say whether the deliveries in the Bradford region are New York or Pennsylvania oil, and in the Southwestern region whether they are
326 Mineral Resources.
Pennsylvania, West Virgmia, or Ohio oil; a similar statement can be made regarding the stocks. Well records might so be kept as to give the data for each State accurately, but the importance of a report of this character would not justify the labor involved. Under the head, therefore, of the Appalachian Oil Field we shall treat the field as a whole, giving the well records, production, shipments, stocks, etc., for the entire field, while in connection with the report on each State we shall, as far as possible, give the statistics of production as well as a description of the field in detail.
Elsewhere in this report, as well as in the volume Mineral Eesources of the United States, 1892, and in the report on the Mineral Industries at the Eleventh Census, wiil be found quite complete statements regard- ing the geological occurrence of petroleum in New York and Pennsyl- vania, and statements regarding the character and composition of the oils from these States. The statements regarding the oil horizons of Pennsylvania will apply generally to the entire oil-producing territory of the western slopes of the Appalachian system. The great deposits are in the Devonian, though considerable oil is produced from the Carbonifer- ous. The amount of oil found in the latter is, however, small compared with that found in the former. The i)etroleums from the Appalachian field, which are chiefly used in the production of illuminating oil (though some very high-grade natural lubricants are found, as are also some very inferior oils low in illuminating hydrocarbons), are, as they come from the ground, clear, semitransparent, generally of an amber color, but varying somewhat in this regard with their density. These oils, as a rule, produce from 10 to 11 per cent of naphtha, from 75 to 78 -per cent of illuminating oils, from 2 to 6 per cent of heavy oils, from to 4 per cent of residuum, and show from 5 to 8 per cent of water and loss. It is hardly necessary to state, however, that the percentages of naphtha, illuminating and heavy oils can be varied somewhat, the percentage of either of these produced from a given oil being varied by changes in the temperature and other conditions of distillation in the refining process.
As has been stated, the oil found in the Appalachian region, as well as in other sections, is usually found in pools, and in the Appalachian oil field these pools are usually in the same rock. The oil-bearing sand rock, though, is by no means in the same geological horizon throughout the field. Indeed, it frequently happens that in the same well, piercing several sand rocks, oil will be found at different depths and in different horizons. This gives rise to the expressions First," 'Second," "Third sand rock," the "Hundred Foot" sand or the "Big Injun" sand. In many cases the new developments in old fields come from drilling deeper the wells that have been exhausted at the higher level.
The oil pools in the Ax)palachiMn field follow the general trend of the Alleghany Mountains; that is, they lie in a southwest and north- east dire(5tion. The entire length of the oil field from the northernmost develoi)m(5nt in New York to the extreme southwestern develoi)ment
Petroleum.
in Ohio is, roughly speaking, 700 miles. The width of the field varies greatly, but its extreme width may be stated to be about 75 miles. Throughout this distance these pools are found. Sometimes three or four pools of irregular size will be superimposed, one above the other, in the different geological horizons. In other cases in the same hori- zons pools will overlap each other, while in other cases a sand rock which at one place will be productive will at another be barren of oil, though underneath this barren soot dooIs may be found in other horizons.
While these pools are not continuous through the entire region, it is customary to include contiguous pools in a given section in what is known as a field, these fields being composed of a greater or less num- ber of contiguous pools. The pools, as well as the fields, differ greatly in the amount of oil produced, some yielding but a few thousand barrels and then being completely exhausted, while others, like the McDonald field, yield millions of barrels.
The most notable fields in the Appalachian region, beginning at the north, are the Allegany, of Eew York ; the Bradford, of New York and Pennsylvania; the Middle, Venango and Clarion, Butler and Armstrong, the McDonald, Washington, Wildwood, and Alleghany, in Pennsyl- vania; the Mannington, in West Virginia; the Eureka and Sistersville, in West Virginia and Ohio, and the Steubenville, Marietta, Macksburg and Corning, in southeastern Ohio.
Production Of The Appalachian Oil Field From 1889 To 1894.
While petroleum has been produced for many years in the four States constituting the Appalachian field, it was not until 1890 that the production of eastern Ohio (and not until 1891 that the production of eastern Ohio outside of the Macksburg district) and not until 1891 that the production of West Virginia showed the notable increase which marked these localities as important petroleum producers.
In the following table is given the production since 1889 of what may be regarded as the three chief divisions of the Appalachian oil field, namely, (1) Pennsylvania and New York; (2) West Virginia; (3) eastern Ohio. In examining this table what is said above regarding the difficulty of making an exact division between the oil produced in the several States should be borne in mind.
Production of petroleum in the Appalachian oilfield from 1889 to 1894.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
West Vir- ginia.
Eastern Ohio.
Total.
Barrels. 544, 113 492, 578
2, 406, 218
3, 810, 086 8, 445, 412 8, 577, 624
Barrels.
:!18,277 1, 116, 521
424, 323 1, 193,414 2, 602, 965 3, 184,310
Barrels. 32, 349, 825 30, 067, 307 35, 839, 777 33, 425, 877 31, 362, 890 30, 781, 924
Tears.
Pennsylvania and New York
Barrels. 21, 487, 435 28, 458, 208 33, 009, 236 28. 422, 377 20,314, 513 19, 019, 990
Mineral Resources.
From the above it appears that during the last four years there has been a gradual decline in the production of petroleum in the Appala- chian oil field. The production in 1891, the year of the largest produc- tion in this field, was 35,839,777 barrels. This fell off about 2,400,000 barrels in 1892, about 2,100,000 barrels in 1893, but only some 600,000 barrels in 1894. It will be noted that the falling off has been entirely in the Pennsylvania and Iew York field, the production having dropped from 33,009,236 barrels in 1891 to 19,019,990 barrels in 1894. On the other hand, the production of West Virginia increased from 2,406,218 barrels in 1891 to 8,577,624 barrels in 1894, while the production of eastern Ohio increased from 424,323 barrels in 1891 to 3,184,310 barrels in 1894. The production in 1894 of these last two districts. West Vir- ginia and eastern Ohio, was the largest in the history of oil production in these States.
Production In The Appalachian Oil Field, By Months.
In the following table is given the production of crude petroleum in the Appalachian oil field from 1890 to 1894, by months :
Production of crude petroleum in the Appalachian field from 1890 to 1894, by months.
[Barrels.]
Tears.
January.
February.
March.
April.
May.
June.
2, 170, 937
2, 968, 164
3, 016, 062 2, 491, 853 2, 627, 123
2, 102, 264 2, 451. 901 2, 923, 272 2, 350, 490 2, 330, 582
2, 384, 864 2, 618, 394 2, 885, 531 2, 769, 501 2, 671, 051
2, 381, 786 2, 592, 998 2, 802. 221 2, 493, 590 2, 494, 772
2, 451, 461 2, 549, 787 2, 741, 848 2, 678, 648 2, 654, 299
2, 450, 622 2, 565, 856 2, 757, 436 2,669, 110 2. 637, 416
Years .
July.
2, 603, 281 2, 540, 907 2, 759, 309 2, 658, 141 2, 659, 718
August. September.
2, 598, 332 2, 740, 797 2, 851, 348 2, 757, 351 2, 605, 494
2, 666, 877 3, 088, 801 2, 698, 196 2, 682, 296 2, 465, 689
October.
2, 858, 500
3, 823, 643 2, 729, 444 2, 651, 591 2, 638, 689
November.
2, 676, 825 4, 070, 287 2, 606, 646 2, 513, 281 2, 460, 880
December.
2, 721, 558
3, 828, 242 2, 654, 564 2, 652, 038 2, 536, 211
Total.
30, 067, 307 35, 839, 777 33, 425, 877
31, 362. 890 30, 781, 924
From the above table it appears that the fluctuation in the monthly production of petroleum in the Appalachian oil field in 1894 was not very marked, the differences, as a rule, being chiefly those growing out of the number of days in the month. There was no such notable fluctuation in production as that shown in 1891, when in the month of November the total production was 4,070,287 barrels, as compared with 2,540,907 barrels in the July previous. The months of October and November, 1891, were those of the great development in the McDonald field. This production by montlis indicates that there were no notable discoveries of petroleum in the Appalachian field in 1894. Indeed, it may be said that the increased activity in this oil field in 1894 only resulted in maintaining the production of 1893, every attempt to discover either an important new field or imi)ortant extensions of old ones being prac-
Petroleum.
tical failures. TLe year 1894, however, showed a marked tendency on the part of operators to return to the old fields, as will be more i)lainly shown by the well records given elsewhere. As will be seen from these records, Butler and Armstrong counties have proved more attrac- tive to the oil operators during the close of 1894 than either of the great southwestern fields, Sistersville, Mannington, or McDonald. Indeed, it may be said in a general way that no new fields have been found, and none seem to be in sight, while the old fields are attracting more attention than heretofore. Undoubtedly, with the rise in the price of oil, many localities in the old fields that were abandoned because of the small production of the wells or the cost of producing oil, can again be operated with profit.
Average Daily Production Of The Appalachian Field From
1890 To 1894.
The figures that are usually in the mind of the oil operator, either producer, refiner, or dealer, when production Is spoken of is the average daily production. This is given in the following table for the years from 1890 to 1894. These averages are ascertained by dividing the produc- tion of each month by the number of days in the month, and the average for the year is obtained by dividing the total production of the year by 365 or 366, as the case may be:
Average daily jproduct of crude petroleum in the Appalachian field each month for the years
1890 to 1894, by months and years.
[Barrels.]
Tears.
January.
February.
March.
April.
May.
June.
70, 030
75, 081
76, 931
79, 393
79, 079
81, 687
95, 747
87, 568
84, 464
86, 433
82, 251
85, 529
97, 292
100, 802
93, 082
93, 407
88, 447
91,915
80, 382
83, 946
89, 339
83, 120
86, 247
88, 970
84, 746
83, 235
86, 163
83, 159
85, 622
87, 914
Years.
July.
August.
Septem- ber.
October.
Novem- ber.
December.
Average.
83, 977
83, 817
88, 896
92, 210
89, 228
87, 792
82, 376
81, 965
88, 412
102, 960
123, 343
135, 676
123, 492
98, 191
89, 010
91,979
89, 940
88, 047
85, 631
91, 328
85, 746
88, 947
89, 410
85, 535
83, 776
85, 550
85, 926
85, 797
84, 048
82, 190
85, 119
82, 030
81,813
84, 334
As usually given, the tables of average daily production include only the average daily receipts from wells as published by the pipe lines j that is, the average of the runs from the wells, as they are usually termed. In the above table, however, by average daily production is meant the average total production, including some oil that is not reported in the daily returns of pipe-line runs. This table needs but little comment, the conditions having been discussed in the statement under production. The fluctuations in the average daily xroduction in 1894 are quite slight, the range being from 81,813 barrels in Decem- ber to 87,914 barrels in June. The fluctuations in 1891 have already been commented upon.
Mineral Resoueces.
Pipe-Line Runs In The Appalachian Oil Field In 1894.
Usually the terms "production" and "pipe-line" runs are regarded as synonymous, but production is somewhat in excess of runs. By "pipe-line runs" are meant the amounts of oil which the several pipe lines receive from the wells. If all oil were sent from the wells by pipe lines these runs would indicate the total production of petroleum in a given year less the oil remaining in tanks at the wells. In other words, on the basis that all oil was shipped from the wells by pipe lines, the total production of a year would be the total runs plus the stocks of oil on hand at the wells at the close of the year minus the well stocks at the beginning of the year. However, as some oil is not sent to the pipe lines, the table of production of the Appalachian oil field, as given elsewhere, will be greater than the pipe-line runs. The production of the Appalachian field in 1894 is given as 30,781,924 barrels. The pipe- line runs are 30,117,096 barrels, making a difference between the pipe- line runs and the production of 664,828 barrels.
In the following table will be found the pipe-line runs in the Appa- lachian oil field in 1894, by lines and by months:
Pipe-line runs in the Appalachian oilfield in 1894, hy lines and months.
[Barrels,]
Months.
National Transit.
Tide water.
Octave.
South- west.
Franklin.
Western
and Atlantic.
Producers and
Reliuera' Pipe Line Company,
Limited.
January
February
March
May
June
646, 383 572, 010 694, 124 639, 307 673, 198 698, 288 697, 432 72.5, 035 683, 003 759, 017 715, 989 744, 230
125, 106 113, 847 134, 784
144, 975
160, 856 160, 856 162, 630
161, 848 143, 725 155, 208 142, 364
145, 698
1,690 1, 852 1,688 1,810 1,903 1,756
436, 190 422, 193 488, 980 478, 787 505, 681 482, 181
463, 787 439, 147
464, 323 416, 091 428, 300
4,985 4, 161 5, 642 5, 550 4, 663
4, 894
5, 628
4, 062 3,967
5, 603 4, 127 3, 788
33, 158 23, 524 8, 349 1, 543 1,543
91, 153
96, 935
97, 719 87, 414
103, 716 112, 997 107, 661 92, 827 92, 037 89, 243 95, 376 129, 771
July
Aujjust
September
October
November
December
Total
8, 248, 016
1,751,897
10, 699
5, 540, 345
57, 070
68, 117
1, 196, 849
Months.
Elk.
Emery.
Mellon.
Eureka.
Buckeye- Macks- burg.
Total.
January
l<'el)ruary
March
Ai)ril
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
18, 584 17, 602 18, 351 17, 283 16, 553
18, 317 18, 865 18, 000
19, 014 18,614
20, 560
30, 774 28, 585 32, 098 38, 081 30, 098 31, 823 28, 889 29,740 20, 600 28, 690 26, 983 27, 092
279, 109 255, 225 297, 778 242, 845 199, 727 185, 277 167, 015 153,454 192, 195 202, 094 183, 276 170, 857
746, 311 629, 180 678, 666 598, 685 667, 391 623, 623 692. 245 659, 621 615, 882 637, 495 611, 1S7 613, 929
138, 172 121, 627 150, 095 190, 677 239, 912 228, 267 221, 999 249, 472 202, 364 220, 557 199, 787 199, 774
2, 551, 615 2. 286, 741 2, 608, 274 2, 446, 805 2, 605, 971 2, 579.019 2, 583, 997 2,558,711 2,416,920 2, 581,250 2, 413, 794 2, 483, 999
218, 874
359, 459
2, 528, 852
7, 774, 215
2, 362, 703
30, 117, 096
Petroleum.
The Charles Miller and the Producers' pipe lines, which appeared as receivers of oil in 1893, received no oil in 1894, and hence are dropped. The Western and Atlantic has been absorbed by the National Transit. The pipe line runs, or receipts from wells, given in the above table, are of New York and Pennsylvania oil, with the exception of the Mellon, Eureka, and Buckeye-Macksburg. In the figures of total production are included that portion of the production of Smiths Ferry, Pa., and Volcano and Burning Springs, W. Ya., which are not delivered to the pipe lines. The remainder of the deliveries, 664,828 barrels, should be charged to dump oil and other production which is not included in pipe-line runs.
Shipments Of Oil From The Appalachian Field.
In the following table are given the total deliveries of petroleum by the pipe lines of the Appalachian oil field from 1889 to 1894, by years and months. These figures must not be regarded as showing the actual consumption of the petroleum produced in this field. To them must be added, in order to ascertain what becomes of the oil produced in this region, all of the sediment, dump oil or oil that does not pass through the pipe lines, as well as the oil that is destroyed by fire or accident or disposed of in other ways than by refining and direct con- sumption. There is also a certain amount of loss by evaporation and otherwise. This is provided for by the pipe lines in receiving oil from the producers, a certain number of gallons per barrel being allowed for such loss. Forty-four gallons are usually delivered to the pipe line as a barrel, but certificates are issued for 42 gallons only.
The table given below only shows the deliveries of oil to customers in the regular way of business. The total consumption of oil during the year can only be ascertained by adding to the production of a year the stocks at the begin niug of the year and subtracting from this total the stocks at the close of the year. This will in no case be the same as deliveries. For example, at the close of 1893 the total stocks of petroleum in the Appalachian Field reported in tanks was 12,316,611 barrels. The total production of this field in 1894 was 30,781,924 bar- rels, making a total of stocks at the beginning of the year and produc- tion during the year of 43,098,535 barrels. The total stocks at the close of the year were 6,499,880 barrels, which, subtracted from the above total of available petroleum for 1893, namely, 43,098,535 barrels, leaves a remainder of 36,598,655 barrels, which may be regarded as the total consumption of the oil produced in the Appalachian field. Pipe-line deliveries were, however, but 36,207,275 barrels, which shows a con- sumption during 1894 of 391,380 barrels more than the pipe-line deliv- eries. This excess is made up of dump oil, direct deliveries, waste, and
Mineral Resources.
the amounts which were from time to time credited by the pipe-line companies for increase in 'B. S.':
Total deliveries of petroleum in the Ajjpalachian oilfield, 1S89 to 1894, hy months.
[Barrels.]
Mouths.
1892,
January
February
Mar( li
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average .
Totals . . .
2, 400, 456 2, 288, 229 2, 286, 948 2, 244, 615 2, 265, 150 2, 277, 214 2, 964, 866 2, 640, 433 2, 590, 127 2, 797, 732 2, 441, 055 2, 718, 608
2, 681, 646 2, 185, 007 2, 184, 018 2, 348, 385 2, 488, 036 2, 509, 056 2, 687, 061 2, 045, 399 2,711, 887 2, 783, 121 2, 717, 439 2, 743, 225
2, 475, 783 2, 170, 172 2, 430, 705 2, 157, 605 2, 073, 199 2, 163, 811 2, 260, 996 2, 498, 573 2, 704, 645 2, 802, 254 2, 604, 135 2, 783, 766
2, 420, 825 2, 443, 546 2, 586, 075 2, 338, 421 2, 278, 027 2, 108, 386 2, 314, 405 2, 626, 043 2, 770, 472 2, 824, 508 2, 916, 265 2, 978, 921
2, 957, 358 2, 584, 742 2, 843, 938
2, 666, 199
3, 033, 700 3, 074, 443 3, 319, 658 3, 248, 873 3, 000, 740 3, 316, 914 3, 096, 578 3, 152, 238
3,141,722 2, 656, 026 2, 912, 594 2, 846, 805 2, 819, 413 2, 914, 400
2, 927, 036
3, 256, 397
2, 966, 864
3, 271, 371 3, 208, 560 3, 286, 087
2, 492, 953
2, 557, 023
2, 427, 137
2, 550, 491
3, 024, 615
3, 017, 273
29, 915, 433
30, 684, 280
29, 125, 644
30, 605, 894
86, 295, 381
36, 207, 275
From the above table it will be seen that the total deliveries in 1894 of petroleum produced in the Appalachian oil field were only some ' 90,000 barrels less than the deliveries in 1893. This shows that the consumption of petroleum from this field in 1894 was some 3,000,000 barrels a month, while the production was only about 2,500,000 barrels a month, the deliveries of the pipe lines, and practically the consump- tion, being 500,000 barrels a month, or, to be exact, 5,425,551 barrels for the entire year, in excess of the production. This remarkable con- sumption of petroleum, so much in excess of the production, coupled as it is with the reduction in stocks to less than 6,500,000 barrels — making the consumption in the last two years 11,146,125 barrels in excess of production — can not but have a marked effect in the near future upon the price of petroleum.
Stocks Of Petroleum In The Appalachian Field.
In the following table will be found a statement of the stocks of petroleum in the tanks of the pipe-line companies in the Appalachian oil field at the close of each month from 1889 to 1894:
Total stocks of petroleum in the Appalachian oil field at the close of each month, 1889 to
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
January
18, 529, 228
11,356, 634
11,068,179
16, 973, 225
17, 305, 206
11,755, 219
February
17, 597, 956
11,282,453
11,340, 147
17, 416, 399
17, 042, 245
11,384, 776
March
16, 994, 558
1 1, 472, 8.'i4
11,419, 782
17, 587, 512
16, 834, 533
11,205, 959
April
16,441,298
11,503,776
11, 793, 604
18, 028, 753
16, 641,773
10, 751, 983
May
16, 044, 384
11, 445, 975
12, 138, 347
18, 464, 378
16, 285, 855
10, 639, 454
June
15, 656, 582
11, 318, 438
12, 455, 630
19, 056, 902
15, 845. 548
10, 381, 209
July
14, 928, 784
11,170,539
12, 640, 7i)0
19,446,441
1.5, 182, 551
9,860,915
AugUHt
14, 248, 456
11,057, 828
12, 791, 156
19, 563,635
14, 730, 600-
9,210,959
Se[)tember
13, 581, 845
10, 942, 934
13, 039, 230
19, 394,242
14,261,432
8, 730, 456
October
12, 823,467
10,923, 831
13, 936, 108
19, 039,149-
13, 559, .543
8, 038, 376
November
12, 863
10, 783, 567
15,413, 864
18,529,914
12, 904, 344
7, 283. 988
Decenib(ir
11,873,442
10, 691,729
16, 457, 089
18, 037, 385
12,316, 611
6, 499, 880
A v(iriige .
15, 089, 489
11, 162, 547
12, 874, 494
18, 461, 495
15, 242. 520
9, 653, 515
Petroleum.
This table needs but little comment. The stocks do not represent the total stocks in the region, but only those held by the pipe lines. As a rule, stocks at the wells are not included unless the tanks at the wells are in the custody of the pipe- line companies and the oil has been measured as it runs into them. A notable feature in this table is the great decrease of stocks in 1894, the stocks at the close of this year being but 6,499,880 barrels, as compared with 12,316,011 barrels at the close of 1893 and 18,037,385 barrels at the close of 1892. The largest stock reported at the close of any one month was in August, 1892, when 19,563,635 barrels were reported in stock. In the two years and a half since that date the stocks have been reduced over 13,000,000 barrels, or, in other words, the stocks at the close of 1894 are only about one-third of what they were at the close of August, 1892. The stock at the close of December, 1894, is the smallest in this region since March, 1879, the stock on hand at the close of that month being 6,318,099 barrels.
Prices Of Crude Petroleum In The Appalachian Oil Field.
The prices of crude petroleum in the Appalachian oil held given in the following table, which is taken from Stowell's Petroleum Reporter, shows the monthly and yearly average prices either of pix)e-line certifi- cate or of crude petroleum at the primary markets from 1860 to 1894. In the earlier years covered by the table there were no pipe lines, and the price given for oil is the price per barrel either at the wells or at some delivery point in the oil region, usually the price at the wells. In the later years the price given is that of pipe line certificates, which until recently have been issued by the pipe-line companies, usually for 1,000 barrels each, to the owners of the oil in their tanks, these certifi- cates being to bearer and transferable. The price quoted for these certificates is the price at the wells or at the tanks of the pipe lines near the wells into which the oil is received from the wells. As a rule the holder of the certificate desiring to receive the oil represented by the certificate could secure it from any of the tanks of the company wherever situated — that is, on a certificate, except in unusual cases calling for a given amount of oil of a certain grade, there was no refer- ence as to where the oil covered by the certificate was to be delivered. In such cases, however, the pipe-line company is entitled to make a charge for storage and pipage, the storage charged per month, as well as the pipage, being regulated somewhat by the selling price of the oil. In the selling price of the oil, therefore, no charges for storage in tanks nor for transportation are included. Practically, therefore, the prices given are the prices for the oil at or near the wells.
The average prices cover only the ordinary grades of oil. They do not include the prices of special oils, such as that from the Franklin district in Pennsylvania or the lubricating oils from Burning Springs or Volcano in West Virginia, nor the oil from the Mecca-Belden district
Mineral Resources.
in Ohio, but only that grade of oil which is known as Pennsylvania oil and is used chiefly for the production of illuminants. It is also true that at certain times oils from different districts in the Appalachian field have been worth an advance on certificate oil, and frequently old oil or tank oil — that is, oil that has stood for some time in tanks — is worth less than fresh oil, or oil that has been recently produced. This is especially the case when there is a large demand for the lighter oils, fresh oils producing a larger percentage of the lighter products than old oil. These averages, it should be understood, are not true averages — that is, averages which consider the price and the quantity sold at that price — but they are averages of the prices obtained for certificates or for oil at the primary markets from day to day. It is probable that the true average prices would be slightly under the averages obtained by averaging the prices. The figures given in the following table are, under the circumstances, the only ones that can be ascertained, and do not vary much from the true average:
Monthly and yearly average prices of pipe-line certificates of crude petroleum at wells from
1860 to 1894.
[Per barrel.]
Tears.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
ISTov.
Dec.
Yearly.
$19. 25
$18. 00
$12. 62*
$11. 00
$10. 00
$9. 50
$8. 621
$7.50
$6. 62J
$5. 50
$3. 75
$2. 75
$9.59
l.OO"
1.90"
1868
3.40"
1. 52J
2.71§
2. 56J
3.53J
1.65J
m
1. lOi
.91f
.76g
.9U
.85 J
.83 J
.78§
.7H
.54g
.57g
.94g
l.OOJ
1. 16g
1. 05§
1.04t
.68§
m
.12%
1. OOi
1.05*
1.04§
.l
.66J
.91J
.75J
.85§
l.Olf
1.08J
m
.72g
m
.78g
.59g
.62g
.60J
.57J
m
.54g
.51g
.'531
1894 , .
m
From the above table it will be seen that the average price of petro- leum in 1894 was higher than it has been in any year since 1890, while the price of oil in December, 1894, was the highest average price of any month since February, 1890. From that date — that is, February, 1890 —
Petroleum. 335
when oil was quoted at $1.05J, there has been, on the whole, a gradual decrease until October, 1892, during which month the average price stood at 51| cents per barrel. From this date there has been a grad- ual increase, oil touching 70| cents in October, 1893, and 91 J cents in December, 1894. In the last fifteen years the average price of oil for the entire year has been above the average price for 1894 during eight years, and the same or less than the price of 1894 for seven years. For the reasons stated previously — namely, a consumption very much in excess of production, resulting in a great reduction in stocks — it is very probable that the price of petroleum in 1895 will be very much in excess, at least during part of the year, of any prices that have ruled possibly since 1872, when the average price was $3.64. In 1876 the price was $2,561, and in 1877 $2.42. Since 1877 the average price of oil has been above the dollar mark only in two years. In one of these years, 1878, it was $1.19, and in the other year, 1883, it was but $1.05| a barrel.
Well Records In The Appalachian Oil Field.
In the following table will be found statements showing the well records in the Appalachian field — that is, the number of wells completed in the Appalachian field during each month of 1894 by months and districts, and the wells completed in each year from 1891 to 1894 by months, as well as the initial daily production of new wells by months and districts for 1894, and by months from 1891 to 1894 :
Total 7iumher of wells completed in the Appalachian oilfields in 1894.
Months.
Bradford.
Allegany.
Middle field.
Venango
and Clarion.
Butler and Arm- strong.
South- west district.
Macks- burg.
Total entire field.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
1,481
3, 763
The increase in the number of wells completed in each month during the last year will be noted. In Bradford but 8 wells were completed in January, while 30 were completed in December. In Allegany 2 were completed in January and 13 in December. While the other dis- tricts show a much larger number of wells completed than in the two named, the percentage of increase is not as great.
Mineral Resources.
In order that the comparative work done in this field in 1893 and 1894 may be observed, we give the following table :
Total number of wells completed in the Appalachian oil field in 1893 and 1894.
Districts.
Bradford
Allegany
Middle lield
Venango and Clarion. Butler and Armstrong
Southwest
Macksburg
Total
Wells completed.
1,065
1,481
1,980
3, 763
It will be noticed from this comparative table, as has been suggested elsewhere, that the great activity in drilling wells in the Appalachian oil field has been in the old districts. The number of wells completed in the Bradford district in 1894 was five and one-half times the num- ber completed in 1893 ; in Allegany it was double ; in the Middle field more than double ; in the Yenango and Clarion district three times ; in the Butler and Armstrong two and one-half times, while in the South- west district the increase was but 40 per cent, and in the Macksburg district only 13 per cent. The increase in the entire field was 90 per cent.
The following table, giving a statement of the number of wells com- pleted in the Appalachian oil field for each month during the years 1891 to 1894, will make still more evident the great activity in drilling wells in 1894. The number of wells completed in 1894 is nearly 400 greater than in 1891, and nearly 1,800 greater than in 1892 or 1893.
Number of wells completed in the Appalachian oil field, each month from 1891 to 1894, hy
months and years.
Tears.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
!N"ov.
Dec.
Total.
3, 388
1892
1,968
1893
1,980
1894
3, 763
The tables given do not include any wells drilled in the Franklin lubricating oil district of Pennsylvania, nor the wells drilled in the Volcano and Burning Springs districts of West Virginia that produce lubricating oil, nor in the Macksburg district, Ohio; nor will the statement given below include any of the initial production of the wells drilled in these several districts.
The districts, not only in the above table, but in the one given sub- sequently regarding the initial daily production, have been described in other parts of this report. Here it may be said, briefly, that the Bradford district includes a portion of Cattaraugus County, Y.,
Petroleum.
and forms, with the Allegany (N, Y.) district, the iorthern or Brad- ford field. The Middle field is chiefly in Warren and Forest counties. Pa., though the Lower field includes also a portion of Warren County. The Yenango and Clarion and the Butler and Armstrong fields are the chief districts of what is known as the Lower field, all of which is in Pennsylvania. The Southwest field includes the wells in Allegheny, Washington, Beaver, and other southwestern counties of Pennsyl- vania, as well as those in West Virginia and eastern Ohio, except those in the neighborhood of Macksburg; that is, the Southwest district includes the Sistersville, Eureka, Mannington, Mount Morris, and other fields in West Virginia and eastern Ohio. The Macksburg district includes the wells in the vicinity of this well-known oil town.
In the following table is given the initial daily production of new wells in the Appalachian oil field in 1894 by districts and months. By initial daily production is meant the production of the well when it is first drilled into the sand and begins producing:
Initial daily production of new wells in the Appalachian oilfield in 1894.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Months.
Bradford.
Allegany .
Middle field.
Venango
and Clarion.
Butler and Arm- strong.
South- west district.
Macks- burg.
Total entire field.
January
7, 293
8, 667
February
5,317
5,914
March
4, 914
6, 100
April
1,276
5,440
7, 584
May
5, 371
7, 430
June
2, 312
8,051
11,443
1,351
6,613
9, 009
August
1,561
4, 943
7, 691
September
1, 471
4,527
6,912
October
1,717
4, 780
November
2, 397
4, 230
7, 507
December
2, 057
2, 885
5,949
Total
2, 296
1,953
3, 815
16, 592
64, 364
2, 698
92, 044
For comparison we give below a statement showing the initial daily production of all the producing wells drilled in the Appalachian oil field in 1893 and 1894:
Initial daily production of new wells in the Appalachian oilfield in 1893 and 1894,
Districts.
Barrels.
Barrels. 2, 296
Bradford
Allegany
Middle field
Venango and Clarion . Butler and Armstrong
Southwest
Macksburg
76, 633 2, 610
1,533 6, 345
1, 953 18, 592 64, 364 2,698
Total
88, 375
92, 044
From the above table it will be seen that though there was an increase of 1,783 in the number of wells comi)leted in this field in 1894 over
16 Geol, Pt 4 22
Mineral Resources.
1893, the increased initial production was but 3,669 barrels; that is, the initial production of each producing well cf)mpleted in 1893 was 44.6 barrels and in 1894 24.4 barrels, a reduction of 20.2 barrels per well.
The tables given above, especially the last, show the difference in the producing capacity of the wells in the several districts, and also the changes in x)roduction. There is a remarkable regularity in the ini- tial daily production of new wells in the old districts in the two years covered by the report, while there is a great variation in what may be termed the newer districts. How great this variation is will be seen from the following table, which gives the average initial daily i)roduc- tion of each well in each district for the years 1893 and 1894:
Average daily production of new wells in the Appalachian oil field in 1893 and 1894, by
districts.
Districts.
Bradford
Allegany
Middle lield
Venango and Clarion . Butler and Armstrong
Southwest
Macksburg
Total
Barrels.
Barrels.
With the exception of the Allegany field, and this is of but little imi)ortance as an oil producer, there is but little variation in the aver- age daily initial production of the new wells drilled in any of the older districts, the average being, as a rule, less than one barrel. In the Southwest district, which is a new district, however, the average in 1893 was 72 barrels a day and in 1894 43J barrels, a difference of nearly 30 barrels a day in initial production, while the average initial produc- tion per well in the entire field was 44.6 barrels in 1893 and 24.4 in 1894, a difference of some 20 barrels.
The total daily initial production of new wells completed in the Appalachian oil field from 1891 to 1894, as far as it could be ascer- tained, is as follows :
Total daily initial production of new ivells in the Appalachian oil field, from 1891 to 1894,
by months.
[Barrels.]
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
13,361 12, 249 5, 910 8, 667
6, 618 9, 992 6, 982 5,914
7,751 8, 661 7,650 6, 100
7,710 6, 751 6, 962 7,584
7, 875 7, 793 8, 176 7,430
5, 263 10,815 11,443
6, 543 7,662 9, 009
13, 536 7, 861 8,733 7,691
18, 118 6, 347 6, 640 6, 912
46, 748 8, 833 4,510 7, 838
33, 660 6, 932
6, 495
7, 507
15, 538 7,580 7, 840 5, 949
In the following table will be found a statement of the number of dry holes drilled in the Appalachian oil field in 1894, by months and
Petroleum.
districts. By "dry holes" is meant wells that are drilled that pro- duce neither gas nor petroleum. If, in drilling for oil, gas is found, the well is not regarded as a dry hole :
Total number of dry holes drilled in the Appalachian oilfield in 1S94.
Months.
Bradford.
Allegany.
Middle lield.
Venango
and Clarion.
Butler and Arm- strong.
South- west district.
Macks- burg.
Total.
January
February
March
May
31
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
This table, taken in connection with the table showing the number of wells drilled, is interesting as showing to some degree the irobabil- ities of finding oil in the different districts. This statement is made with some reservation in view of the fact that " wildcatting" is common in all districts, and therefore the number of dry holes will depend some- what upon the amount of testing of territory done in each district.
A comparison of the number of dry holes drilled in the Appalachian oil field in the years 1893 and 1894 is of considerable interest. It is as follows :
Number of dry holen drilled in the Appalachian oil field in 1893 and 1894.
Districts
Bradford
A llegany
Middle field
Venango and Clarion
Butler and Armstrong
Southwest
Macksburg
Total
It will be seen that while the number of wells compieted in 1893 and 1894 were 1,980 and 3,763, respectively, the number of dry holes increased from 443 in 1893 to 875 in 1894 j that is, on the average the percentage of increase of dry holes did not differ greatly from the per- centage of increase in the number of wells.
It will be noted that of the 52 wells completed in the Bradford dis- trict in 1893, 8, or 15 per cent, were dry, while of the 284 drilled in this same district in 1894, 46, or some 16 per cent, were dry — i)ractically the same average. In the Southwest district, however, the number of dry wells to the total number of wells completed in 1893 was about 20 per cent, whereas in 1894 it was 24 per cent.
Mineral Resources.
In the following table will be found a statement of the number of dry holes drilled in each month from 1891 to 1894 :
Dry holes drilled from 1891 to 1894.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
2P
The activity with which drilling is being prosecuted in the various fields and districts at any given time is better shown by the number of rigs and derricks building and wells drilling than by the number of wells completed. In times of great prosperity and bright outlook for the future there is g'reat activity in building rigs and drilling wells. Therefore the reports of rigs building and wells drilling at a given time show better what the oil producers regard as the outlook for the future than wells completed.
In the following table will be found a statement of the number of rigs and derricks in the course of construction at the close of each month of 194 for each of the districts of the Appalachian field :
Bigs duilding in the Appalachian oilfield in 1894.
Months.
Bradford.
Allegany.
Middle field.
Venango
and Clarion.
Butler and Arm- strong.
South- west district.
Macks - burg.
Total.
January
February
March
April
May
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average . .
This table shows a decided increase in the number of rigs building at the close of 1894, as compared with the number building in January in all the districts except the Southwest, where there has been a fall, ing ofi*, there being but 90 rigs building at the close of the year, as comx)ared with 93 at the beginning of the year. On the other hand, in 1893 the number of rigs building in the Southwest district at the close of the year was 30 i)er cent greater than the number at the beginning of the year.
In the following table will be found a statement of the number of rigs building in the entire Ai)i)alachian oil field at the close of each month from 1891 to 1894:
Petroleum. 341
Eigs building in the Appalachian oil field, 1891 to 1894,
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Aver- age.
In the following tables will be found statements regarding the num- ber of wells drilling but not completed at the close of each month of 1894, by districts, and also in the entire Appalachian oil field for each month from 1891 to 1894. This, compared with the statement given above of the number of rigs building, shows some interesting features, as, for example, in the Southwest district, though there were fewer rigs building by 3 in December than in January, there were 39 more wells drilling. At the close of the year there were 456 wells drilling, as com- pared with 233 drilling in December, 1893, and 188 drilling in January, 1893:
Wells in process of drilling in the Appalachian oil field in 1894.
Months.
Bradford.
Allegany.
Middle field.
Venango
aiid Clarion.
Butler and Arm- strong.
South- west district.
Mack 8- burg.
Total.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
16
October
November
December
Average. .
Numier of wells drilling in the Appalachian oil field at the close of each month from 1891
to 1894, by months and years.
Tears.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Aver- age.
Pennsylvania-New York Oil Field.
Production.
In the statistics of production, shipments, stocks, etc., of the Appa- lachian oil field previously given are included the statistics of Pennsyl- vania and New York as well as West Virginia and eastern Ohio, these four localities making up the Appalachian field. It is both interesting and important, so far as it can be done, however, to give the statistics
342 Mineral Resources.
of production for each of these States. This is especially necessary regarding Pennsylvania and New York, as for many years the statistics of petroleum in the United States were practically those of the produc- tion in these two States. Therefore, a comparison of the increase or decrease in production should be made on the basis of the ascertained statistics of production of these two States. What has been stated already regarding the difficulty of ascertaining the exact figures for the several States separately for certain items should be recalled. There is but little difficulty in ascertaining the production of the several States, but it has been found imi)ossible in some cases to separate the stocks, shipments, etc., of the four States comprising this field.
In the following table is given a statement of the production of crude petroleum in New York and Pennsylvania in 1894 by districts and months:
Production of crude petroleum in Pennsylvania and New York in 1894 by districts and
months.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Districts.
Allegany, N. Y
Bradford, Pa
Middle district
Tiona
Tidioute and Titusville. .
Grand Valley
Second Sand
Clarendon and Warren..
Lower district
Washington County
Beaver County
Greene County
Allegheny County, Pa. . .
Franklin district
Smiths Ferry district
Total
January,
56, 704 278, 342 95, ;580 29,815 18, 190
4, 500 21, 922 28,31G
426, 096 155, 307 35, 383
5, 960 418, 302
Febru ary.
49, 075 84, 038 24, 327 15, 852 3,500 20, 871 22, 489 392, 924 143, 903 34, 462 5, 490 382, 906
1, 574,217 4, 985
1, 427, 872 4, 161
1,579,420 1,432,251
March.
61, 971 299, 654 29, 470 16, 688 4, 500 25, 737 28, 878 447, 907 166. 338 43, 537 4, 539 430, 750
1,656, 735 5, 642
1, 662, 595
April.
58, 166 280, 599 91,746 16, 810 4, 000 24, 025 422, 911 171, 302 39, 798 4, 430 366, 850
May.
57, 660 294, 175 100,712 27, 071 16, 903 4,000 28, 729 27, 143 457, 649 154, 107 39, 650 6,213 409, 256
1, 531, 731 5, 550
1, 537, 500
1, 623, 268 4,663
1, 628, 149
June.
60, 108 299, 976 104,715 26, 050 16, 756 4,000 26, 902 26, 900 485, 998 156, 086 40, 642 3, 643 407, 076
July.
1, 658, 852 4,894
1, 663, 964
56, 813 289, 663 103, 034 25, 784 14, 500 4,000 33, 018 30, 022 141, 954 36, 417 6, 509 390, 624
1,618,921 5, 628
1,624. 767
Distnctb.
Allegany, T
Bradford, Pa
Middle district
Tiona
Tidioute and Titusville
Grand Valley
Second Sand
Clarendon and Warren
Lower district
Washington County...
Beaver County
(ireene County
Allegheny County, Pa.
Franklin district
Smiths Ferry district. .
Total
Auffust.
54, 750 290, 399 102. 461 25, 495 14, 000 4.0(10 26, 7(3 30, 779 510,472 129, 841 37, 079 377, 608
1,607,931 4, 062
1, 612, 212
September.
48, 908 262, 538 96, 335 20, 793 13, 000 4, 000 26, 170 26,715 490, 560 122, 861 34, 259 4, 338 357, 453
1,507,930 3, 9()7
1,512,116
October.
55, 390 284, 394 105, 032 28, 751 14, 194 3, 500 29, 151 33, 681 532. 475 136, 865 41,677 5,849 364, 202
1,635, 161 5, 603
1, 640, 982
November, i December.
48, 968 262, Oil 94,711 25, 671 14, 032 3,000
26, 226
27, 350 526, 230 117, 952
40,448 6,589 330, 218
1,523.406 4, 127
1, 527, 752
48, 332 270, 049 94, 698 30, 103 12, 500 3,000 26, 270 30, 484 580, 769 124, 264 43, 438 6, 272 324, 097
Total.
656, 845 3, 359, 835 1, 169, 628 318, 611 183, 425 338. 570 5, 760. 574 1, 720, 780 466. 790 64, 176 4, 559, 342
1,594,276 3,788
;18, 960. 300 j 57, 070 a 2, 620
1, .598, 282 19, 019, 990
a This production only represents dump oil, the pipe-line runs of this district being included in runs of Beaver County.
Petroleum.
The production of New York includes all the oil produced in the Allegany district and about 8J per cent of that produced in the Brad- ford district, this percentage being the production of Cattaraugus County, N. Y. On this basis the total production of crude petroleum in the State of New York would be 942,431 barrels.
The remainder of the 19,019,990 barrels of production shown in the previous table should be credited to Pennsylvania, which makes the total production in this State, including the Franklin district and Smiths Ferry dump oil, 18,077,559 barrels.
The table shows a falling off in iroduction of. every district in this field except Tiona, Second Sand, Clarendon aiid Warren, and the Lower district, and the increases in these districts are not marked. The great falling off is in the Allegheny County district, Pennsylvania, the pro- duction of 1893 being 5,488,792 barrels as compared with 4,559,342 barrels in 1894.
In the following table is given the total production of crude petro- leum in the Pennsylvania and New York oil fields for the twenty-four years from 1871 to 1894:
Total product of crude petroleum in the Pennsylvania and New York oil fields from 1871
to 1894, hy months and years.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Years.
January.
February.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
418, 407
372, 568
400, 334
385, 980
408, 797
410, 340
456, 475
583, 575
462, 985
461. 590
462, 090
537, 106
491, 130
517, 762
632, 617
6U8, 300
665, 291
641, 520
776, 364
793, 470
867, 473
1, 167, 243
8:5, 492
883, 438
778, 740
895, 745
621, 750
1, 033, 447
852, 159
719, 824
789, 539
675, 060
696. 508
696, 210
788, 361
712, 225
668, 885
718, 177
701, 490
735. 351
723, 600
763, 623
783, 216
901, 697
972. 810
1, 127, 594
1, 130, 790
1, 189, 005
1, 203, 296
1,094, 856
1,208, 380
1, 195, 890
1, 264, 862
1,217, 250
1, 283, 865
1, 369, 921
1, 261, 935
1, 499, 315
1, 530. 450
1, 644, 922
1, 675, 650
1, 637, 767
1,904,113
1, 870, 008
2, 015, 992
2,015, 700
2, 228, 931
2, 158, 440
2, 248, 480
2, 244. 090
1,913, 128
2, 274. 532
2, 205, 780
2, 393, 293
2, 377, 860
2, 372, 678
2,353,551
2,131,332
2, 482, 170
2, 402, 790
2, 486, 572
2, 825. 940
3, 258, 162
1, 948. 319
1,756. 188
1 , 830, 674
1,816,530
1, 962, 052
1, 977, 900
2. 020, 394
1, 825, 838
1, 880, 650
2, 052, 262
2. 065, 860
2. 381, 854
1, 862, 190
2, 059, 950
1, 652, 176
1, 437, 884
1,638, 133
1, 780, 290
1,771,371
1,767,210
1, 775, 804
1, 748, 958
1,604, 848
1. 928, 448
1, 938, 360
2, 178, 373
2, 335, 380
2, 418, 961
1,990, 851
1, 827, 924
2, 007, 196
1, 960, 860
1, 993, 517
1,912, 860
1, 899, 525
1, 155, 937
1,290,718
1,338, 877
1. 349, 403
1, 473, 362
1,450, 703
1, 394, 847
1, 542. 806
1,332,482
1, 628, 061
1. 635. 933
1,821,776
1,811,485
1, 954, 168
2, 108, 248
2, 055, 424
2, 313, 189
2. 328. 870
2, 378, 382
2, 370, 001
2, 524, 206
2, 830, 081
2, 287, 320
2,360, Oil
2, 337. 498
2, 288, 656
2.316,988
2, 289. 089
2, 786, 528
2, 703. 663
2, 657, 432
2, 574, 814
2,485 040
2, 439, 346
2, 360. 886
1, 723, 918
1,671,620
1, 900, 363
1, 682, 271
1, 763, 655
1,780,836
1, 720, 088
1, 579, 420
1, 432, 251
1, 662, 595
1, 537, 500
1. 628, 149
1,663, 964
1, 624, 767
Mineral Resources.
Total product of crude petroleum in the Pennsylvania and New York oilfields from 1871 to 1894, by months and years — Continued.
Years.
August.
September.
October.
November.
December.
Total.
462, 582
461,940
485, 243
464, 610
477, 958
5, 205, 234
549, 909
442, 432
638, 610
645, 575
6. 293, 194
936, 138
954, 270
942, 493
991,470
1, 084, 380
9, 893, 786
931, 519
840, 630
919. 739
861, 060
858, 142
10, 926, 945
718, 766
698, 940
731, 073
70a, 200
720, 874
8. 787, 514
782, 223
780, 600
809, 162
786, 480
787, 090
8, 968. 906
1,273, 759
1,214,910
1, 269, 326
1, 173, 420
1, 256, 058
13, 135, 475
1,341,928
1,315, 710
1, 369, 797
1, 348, 950
1, 318. 678
15, 163, 462
1, 892. 302
1, 856, 700
1, 836, 378
1, 710, 480
1, 769, 356
19, 685, 176
2, 341,027
2, 346, 300
2. 385, 636
2, 274, 420
2, 238, 634
26, 027, 631
2. 331, 727
2, 193, 420
2, 323, 171
2, 266, 830
2, 480. 000
27, 376, 509
3, 104,495
2, 620, 380
2, 297, 658
2, 192, 940
1, 897, 510
30, 053, 500
1, 879 437
1.913, 370
2, 076, 659
1, 958, 340
1, 988, 526
23, 128, 389
2, 099,165
1, 948, 260
1, 961, 866
1,811,700
1,822, 614
23, 772, 209
1.705. 961
1,712, 790
1, 874, 105
1,761, 660
1, 898, 657
20, 776. 041
2,413,206
2, 418, 540
2, 408,111
2, 222, 790
2, 181, 625
25, 798. 000
1, 848, 877
1, 779, 930
1, 843, 291
1, 125, 450
1, 288, 602
a 21, 478, 883
1, 382, 077
1, 273, 080
1, 304,518
1, 442, 405
1, 582, 741
16, 488, 668
1, 964, 227
1,867,610
1, 959, 169
1,913,871
2, 055, 247
21, 487, 435
2, 514, 968
2, 584, 949
2, 750, 698
2, 575, 941
2, 626, 035
629, 130 910
2, 473, 398
2, 837, 562
3, 575,911
3, 834, 262
3, 578, 460
33, 009, 236
2, 328. 596
2, 125,511
2, 072, 022
1, 950, 553
1, 937, 986
28, 422, 377
1, 691, 652
1, 614, 021
1,616, 391
1, 533. 555
1, 616, 143
20, 314, 513
1, 612, 212
1, 512, 116
1, 640, 982
1, 527, 752
1, 598, 282
19, 019, 990
a Not including 877,310 barrels dump oil and oil shipped by private lineo. b Pipe-line runs.
As is stated elsewhere, the total production and pipe-line runs or receipts are not the same, and hence it will be found that the statis- tics of production in the above table do not agree with statements of so-called production which are frequently published, these latter beiug simply pipe line runs. A similar statement may also be made here regarding what is called the total production of the United States. This usually means only the production of the Appalachian field and the Lima-Indiana field, little or no account being taken of the produc- tion west of the Mississippi and on the Pacific Coast.
In the following table is given a statement of the average daily pro- duction of crude petroleum in the Pennsylvania and Kew York oil fields for each month from 1871 to 1894. We desire to repeat that this table IS not the same as the daily average receipts published by the pipe lines, but the daily average production, the total production in- cluding some oil that is not reported in the daily returns of the pipe lines. The averages are obtained by dividing the product of each month in the table given elsewhere by the number of days in each month, and the production of the year by 365 or 366, as the case may be :
Petroleum.
Average daihi product of crude petroleum in the Pennsylvania and New Yorlc fields each month for the years 1871-1894, by months and years.
[Barrels.]
Tears.
January. February. March.
13, 497 18, 825 20, 407 37, 653 27, 489 22, 975 27, 190 38,816 44, 191 61,423 72, 390 75, 921 62, 849 58, 898 53, 296 56,418 64, 221 37, 228 49, 768 68, 008 91, 293 89, 888 55, 610 50, 949
13,306 15, 965 21, 725 29, 839 25, 708 23, 065 27, 979 39, 102
43, 515 64, 552 68, 326 76, 119 62, 721 64, 850 51, 353 57,316 65, 283
44, 508 47, 589 73, 408 81, 690 93, 230 51, 152
12, 914 14, 890 21, 461
28, 598 25, 469 23, 167 29, 087 38, 980 48, 365 65, 032 80, 070 59, 054 66, 202 52, 843 62, 208 64, 716 43, 190 52, 537 74, 619 76, 129 85, 724 61, 302 53, 632
Aijril.
12, 866 15, 403 21,384 25, 958 22, 502 23, 383 32, 427 39, 863 51,015 73, 526 80, 093 68, 862 59, 343 64,612 65, 372 54, 531 77,629 85, 827 56, 076 51, 250
May.
13, 187 17, 326 25, 044 28, 895 22, 468 23, 721 40, 802 53, 062 71,901 77, 203 80, 212 76, 834 59, 141 70, 283 64, 307 47, 528 58, 767 73, 828 80, 163 56, 505 52, 521
June.
13, 678 26, 449 30, 725 23, 207 24, 120 37, 693 55, 855 71, 948 79, 262 94, 198 65, 930 62, 073
58, 907 77, 846 63, 702 48, 357 60, 382 79, 000 77, 233 81,312
59, 361 55, 465
Years.
July.
August.
Septem- ber.
October.
Novem- ber.
Decem- ber.
Yearly- averages.
14, 725
14, 922
15, 398
15, 653
15, 487
15,418
14,
16, 702
17, 739
16, 681
14, 272
21, 287
20, 825
17,
27, 983
30, 198
31, 809
30, 403
33, 049
34, 980
27,
33, 337
30, 049
28, 021
29, (;69
28, 702
27, 682
29,
25, 431
23, 186
23, 298
23, 583
23, 340
24,
24, 633
25, 233
26, 020
26, 102
26,216
25, 390
24,
38, 335
41, 089
40, 497
40, 946
39, 114
40, 518
35,
41,415
43, 288
43, 857
44, 187
44, 965
42, 538
41,
56, 057
61, 042
61, 890
59, 238
57, 016
57, 076
54,
72, 530
75, 517
78, 210
76, 956
75, 814
72, 214
71,
76, 538
75, 217
73, 114
74, 941
75, 561
80, 000
75,
105, 102
100, 145
87, 346
74, 118
73, 098
61,210
82,
65, 174
60, 627
63, 779
66, 989
65, 278
64, 146
63,
66, 450
67, 715
64, 942
63, 286
60, 390
58, 794
65,
57, 284
55, 031
57, 093
60, 455
58, 722
61, 247
56,
78, 031
78, 426
80, 618
77, 681
74, 093
70, 375
70,
61, 275
59, 641
59, 321
61, 822
37, 515
41, 568
58,
44, 995
44, 661
42, 436
43, 694
48, 080
51, 057
45,
63, 037
63, 362
62, 254
63, 199
66, 298
81, 426
81, 128
86, 165
88, 732
85, 865
84, 710
79,
73, 842
79, 787
94, 585
115, 352
115, 434
90,
76, 158
75, 116
70, 850
66, 839
65, 018
62,516
77,
55, 487
54, 569
53, 801
52, 142
51, 119
52, 133
55,
52, 412
52, 007
50, 404
52, 935
50, 925
51, 557
52,
Note. — Yearly average is the total product divided by the number of days in the year, not an aver- age of monthly averages.
Shipments Of Petroleum From Pennsylvania And New York.
The following table gives a statement of the number of barrels of crude petroleum, or, in the early history of the oil field, refined petro- leum reduced to its equivalent, shipped out of the New York and Pennsylvania oil regions, either by pipe lines, river, or railway, from 1871 to 1894, inclusive. In some years, especially in the earlier ones covered by this table, a considerable portion of the oil was shipped as refined. When the tables were prepared for these years the oil shipped was reduced to its equivalent in crude, a barrel of crude being regarded as yielding three-fourths of a barrel of refined, or a barrel of refined was regarded as being produced from barrels of crude :
Mineral Resources.
Shipmenis of crude petroleum and refwed petroleum, reduced to crude equivalent, out of the Pennsylvania and Neiv York oil fields, for the years 1871-1894, hy months and year fi.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Years.
18!!2
January.
437, 691 476. 966 843, 663 453, 095 743, 461 775, 791 663, 998 650, 409 061,617 657, 067 357, 815 686, 961 804, 028 991,561 312, 067 265, 109 388, 609 637, 339 421,419 363, 380 910, 650 106, 572
February.
347, 718 407, 606 527, 440 501, 220 327, 776 519, 193 484, 904 774, 234 702, 729 1,395, 151 915, 028 1, 787, 909 1, 250, 824 1, 723, 261
1, 895, 021
2, 032, 794
1, 995, 757 2, 163, 957
2, '72, 060 2, 146, 108 2, 133, 068 2, 391, 162 2,534,311 2, 613, 677
March.
383. 890 276, 220 668, 374 518, 246 693, 918 623, 762 913, 919
3, 741, 512 973, 879
1,613, 371
1, 276, 746 1, 718, 956 1,641,899 1, 873, 890 1,887, 034
2, 055, 750 2, 332, 324
1, 979, 753 2. 263, 009 2, 148, 977
2, 384, 720 2, 534, 230 2, 808, 577 2, 880, 354
April.
389, 147 428,512 708, 191 803, 409 603, 037 903, 526 846, 632 1, 136, 188 842, 268 1, 348, 398 1,678, 134 1, 908, 379 1, 643, 336
1, 823, 726
2, 070, 468 1,938, 278 1, 928, 435 2, 236, 004 2,317,410 2, 123, 461 2, 314, 082 2, 643, 906 2, 824, 620
May.
587, 375 510,417 768, 176 899, 027 646, 150 1, 234, .324 960, H94 1, 331,469 1, 095, 259 1, 563, 436 1, 827, 356
1, 995, 634 1,899, 329 2, 097, 099 2, 032, 672
2, 328, 564 1,773, 994 2, 256, 120 2, 474, 966 2, 022, 510 2, 246. 579 2, 965, 269 2, 788, 972
June.
501,754 529, 228 696, 414 815, 413 745, 986 921,862 1, 391, 124 1,135,119 1, 369, 314 975, 083 1, 729, 697 2, 172, 685 1, 747, 789
1, 827, 553
2, 034, 025 2,117, 489 2, 165, 439
1, 956, 115
2, 268, 280 2, 486, 205 2, 086, 985
2, 017, 080
3, 025, 473 2, 869, 592
July.
541, 137 591, 238 814, 449 940, 281 1, 228, 539 1,096,951 1, 330, 454 1, 625, 035 1.231,611 1, 925. 532 2, 402, 970 1,634.407
1, 740. 021 1,961, 152 2,418, 961
2, 000, 173 2, 098, 531 2, 949, 597 2, 640. 668 2, 212, 908
2, 261,716
3, 264. 391 2, 890, 581
Tears.
August.
September.
October.
November.
December.
Total.
528, 134
551, 075
505, 071
480, 977
410, 822
5, 664, 791
621,954
541, 607
607, 468
477, 945
430, 786
5, 899, 947
864, 768
952, 955
1, 010, 852
959, 589
955, 443
9, 499, 775
793, 865
1,014, 570
543, 341
546. 117
602, 348
8, 821, 500
882, 089
1, 109, 392
871, 917
671, 066
871, 902
8, 942, 938
1, 203, 402
1, 154, 549
524, 190
871, 496
1, 190, 983
10, 164. 452
1, 425, 943
1, 563, 797
1, 268, 971
1, 205, 634
600, 019
12, 832. 573
1, 655, 651
1,434, 225
1, 747, 390
1,281,410
992, 688
13, 676, 000
1. 808, 239
1, 627, 120
1, 662, 269
1, 453, 645
1, 532, 585
15, 886, 470
1,394, 129
1, 252, 635
1,665, 933
1, 226, 030
1, 335, 613
15, 677. 492
2, 214, 877
2, 131, 950
2, 080, 467
2, 066, 906
1, 969, 581
20, 284, 235
2, 047, .545
1, 992, 171
2, 089, 428
1, 404, 640
1, 121, 453
21, 900, 314
2, 086, 478
2, 325. 574
2,215,421
2, 065, 602
1, 749, 547
21, 979, 369
2, 000, 371
2, 292, 087
2,510,283
2, 078. 261
2, 382, 244
23, 657. 597
2, 049, 099
2, 116, 659
2, 050, 150
1, 857, 080
2. 138, 253
23, 713, 326
2, 059, 299
2, 157, 323
2, 441,848
2, 724, 796
2, 550. 891
26, 658, 852
2, 220, 768
2, 342, 227
2,'573, 008
3, 462, 082
2, 608, 341
27, 279, 028
2, 223, 263
2, 289, 486
1, 558, 115
2, 503, 491
2, 397, 782
25, 138. 031
2, 625, 825
2, 567, 459
2, 747, 284
2, 393, 131
2, 671, 518
29. 638. 898
2, 538, 224
3, 648, 418
2, 725,341
2, 662. 898
2, 889, 525
30, 116, 075
2, 445, 092
2, 648, 522
2, 740, 859
2, 539. 848
2, 725, 993
28, 485, 385
2, 582, 075
2,717, 104
2, 759, 516
2, 860, 266
2, 925. 671
29, 972. 861
18!i3
3, 200, 585
2, 962, 345
3, 269, 325
3, 039, 318
3, 105 047
35,729, 197
3, 208, 909
2, 938, 593
3, 222, 241
3, 160, 448
3, 246, 019
35, 750, 578
This table is not accurate, as it includes some oil shipped from West Virginia and eastern Ohio. Possibly three-fourths of a million barrels would cover the oil so shipped. For the latter years covered in the above table the shipments are pipe-line deliveries and do not include any dump oil or oil delivered to refiners or other parties without pass- ing through the pipe lines.
Drilling Wells In The Pennsylvania And Ne.W York Oil Regions.
In the following table will be found a statement of the number of drilling wells comi)leted in each month from January, 1872, to the close of 1894, in Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and West Virginia, by months and years. It has not been possible to separate the Avells drilling in West Virginia in all cases lioni those drilling in Pennsyl- vania and Ohio :
Petroleum.
Number of drilling wells completed in the Pennsylvania, New York, and northern 11 est Virginia oilfields each month from 1872 to 1894, by months and years.
"Years.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
J.O/Z
Q7
fiQ
04:
1 9Q Izo
1 1 Q
1 nn lUU
tKA 04:
1 Ati lUu
1 1 Qq
I, loo
lo/o
yo
Qa
1 ftn
1 no
1 Qa
11/1
1 14:
lUO
1 ni
lUl
lUU
Os
yo
1, Zoo
1 nA
1 no luy
ini
1 n7
lU i
1U4
1 9n
1 flR lUD
1 on
X, Ol /
lOlO
1 on
1 U7 lO 1
lyD
1 fift loo
1 on J yu
Lim
9ni
ZUl
OQn
0. oyo
1 C7R
lO/D
Oao
9nn
ono
9 1 Q Z40
9Hq
zuy
97Q £.16
10 Ii
Oa 1
9Q1
oy
Q9n
A(Yi Wo
Q1 7
Q99
APn
Qq1
oy i
Qao oOZ
Q Qoo
0, yzv
1878
3, 048
1880
4,217
3, 880
3, 304
2, 847
188*
2, 265
1885
2, 761
1886
3,478
1887
IbO
1,660
1888
1,515
a 5, 435
6, 358
3, 361
1892
1,892
1, 790
1894
3,548
a Including 36 wells drilled in Franklin district, data for which by months were not obtainable.
West Virginia Oil Field.
The oil fields of West Virginia are extensions of those of New York and Pennsylvania, and the conditions under which the oil is found, not only in West Virginia but in eastern Ohio, are similar to those under which it occurs in southwestern Pennsylvania. It is also true, as a rule, that the character of the petroleum is identical with that from Pennsylvania, except a portion of that from the Volcano and Burning Springs districts, where a lubricating oil of high grade is produced.
As nearly as can be ascertained the production of West Virginia in 1894 was 8,577,624 barrels, of which 8,563,954 barrels is classed as illuminating and 13,670 barrels as lubricating oil. The total value of this product was $7,221,717, an average of 84 cents a barrel. The average value per barrel of the illuminating oil is given as 83J cents and the lubricating as $2.85.
The j)roduction of crude petroleum in West Virginia, by months, from 1890 to 1894 is shown in the following table:
Total production of crude petroleum in West Virginia, by inonths, from 1890 to 1894.
Months.
48, 902
195, 512
577, 933
838, 400
February
38, 061
123,841
186, 455
468, 794
684, 532
44, 842
229, 966
185, 468
630, 877
754, 398
April
39, 804
226, 020
181,708
594, 190
688, 458
May
39, 160
232, 076
206, 142
705, 714
742, 701
June
35, (ilt)
223, 734
261, 900
682, 040
699, 498
July
34, 096
221, 127
328, 485
724, 494
767, 728
Aujriist
31, 505
238, 451
411, 114
843, 706
717, 844
September
2i9. 528
420, 882
847, 558
674, 791
October
46, 387
220, 076
451, 157
792, 719
694, 187
November
45, 062
207, 477
467, 446
757, 170
654, 887
December
49, 065
215, 020
513, 817
820,217
660, 200
Total
492, 578
2, 406, 218
3, 810, 086
8, 445, 412
8, 577, 624
Mineral Resources-
It will be seen from the above table that while the production of 1894 was in excess of that of 1893, there was, on the whole, a gradual decline in the production for each month during the year, the production of January being 838,400 barrels, while that of December was 660,200 barrels.
In previous issues of Mineral Resources we have, as far as possible, divided the production into districts, but as in the last two or three years this has been impossible — the production dividing itself practi- cally into but two districts, the illuminating and the lubricating-oil districts — we have discontinued the attempt to secure the production of oil by districts except as it divides itself into lubricating and illumi- nating oils.
Ohio.
The Four Districts.
The oil-producing territory of Ohio can be divided into four distinct districts. These districts, naming them in the order of their importance as producers, are (1) the Lima; (2) the Eastern Ohio; (3) the Mecca? and (4) the Belden. As the production of the two latter districts is quite small, for statistical purposes they are united and known as the Mecca-Belden district.
The first and most important of these is the Lima or JTorthwestern, which includes the remarkable developments in the section of country of which Lima may be regarded as the commercial center, the field extending in a southwesterly direction into Indiana. The oil in these districts is found in the Trenton limestone, quite a number of distinct pools having been noted in this territory. The oil in these different pools varies somewhat in character, some having more of the sulphur compounds, which distinguish this oil, than others.
Oil was discovered in the Lima field in May, 1885, the first well drilled being on the bank of the Ottawa River, the casing having an elevation of about 850 feet above tide water. The lower limestone was reached at a depth of about 1,250 feet, or 400 feet below tide water. As the well was drilled for gas there was considerable disappointment when the drill struck the Trenton limestone and a deposit of gas was not found, though the disappointment was somewhat relieved by the discovery of oil where as was looked for. It having failed as a gas well it was treated as an oil well. It was shot, tubed, packed, and pumped. During the first six days it yielded more than 200 barrels of oil, carrying some salt water. It was dark in color, low in gravity, and offensive in odor.
In the fall of 1885 oil was found in a second well, near the first. This yielded the first regular, persistent supply of oil from the Trenton limestone in Ohio, the pioneer well meeting with a series of misfortunes that left it useless. This second well, known as the Citizens' well, began to produce at first 40 to 45 barrels a day. In December, 1885,
Petroleum.
it yielded 1,450 barrels of oil, and in the first three months of 1886, 26 barrels per day. It was the oil from this well that was first sent to the refineries of the conntry to be tested on a large scale. From this time the development of the Lima field became rapid. According to Prof. Edward Orton, State geologist of Ohio, to whose various reports we are indebted for much of the information regarding the Lima or North- western oil field, in April, 188G, 14 wells had been drilled j on May 1, there were 22 wells; on June 1, 34 wells; July 1, 57; September 1, 128; October 1, 139, and November 1, 165 x)roducing wells. Of the 165 pro- ducing wells on November 1, 19 were flowing and the rest pumping wells of various capacities. Professor Orton estimates the daily yield of September, 1886, at 4,500 barrels; in October, 6,000 barrels; Novem- ber, 8,300 barrels; December, 9,500 barrels; January, 1887, 8,500 bar- rels; February, 11,700 barrels, and April, 10,400 barrels. The number of wells that had been drilled up to April, 1887, was 424. Of the 20 wells drilled in April but one was dry. The average dady production of these 20 wells was 81 barrels each.
According to Professor' Orton, the geological section of the Lima field is as follows: Drift beds cover the entire surface at a depth vary- ing from 8 to 100 feet. The surface rock is the water lime or Lower Helderberg limestone. The rock is extremely compact, strong, and darker blue in color than is usual. Underneath the water lime the Niagara limestone, the Niagara shale, and the Clinton limestone and shale are found in all the wells, constituting, with the first-named stratum, the so called upper limestone'' of the drillers. The whole series is commonly called by the drillers the 'Niagara" limestone, and is here from 350 to 400 feet thick. The Medina shale appears as a blue and hard slate, the thickness of which can not be given with precision. The Hudson River shales are blue and gray, the entire series being from 500 to 550 feet thick. The Utica shale is dark brown, verging at its base into black, and is about 300 feet in thickness. The entire shale formation is from 840 to 850 feet thick.
Below the Utica shale comes the Trenton limestone. It is not gen- erally penetrated more than from 15 to 25 feet in the Lima wells. The porosity of the oil rock, which is very marked, is due to the imperfect interlocking of the dolomitic crystals of which it consists. It is entirely crystalline in structure, and no fossils have been detected in this part of the stratum when it holds the dolomitic character above referred to.
The Lima oil rock, like the Trenton throughout the Northwest gen- erally, is a magnesian limestone containing from 24 to 39 per cent car bonate of magnesia.
Mineral Resources.
Professor Ortoii generalizes the geological series near Lima as follows :
Generalized geological section near Lima, Ohio.
Upper Silurian limestones
Feet.
Drift 18
Water lime ]
Niagara limestone I
Niagara shale ] 400
Clinton limestone
Cliuton shale j
Medina and Hudson River shales 450
Utica shale 350
Of course it is not possible always to clearly make out the subdivi- sions of the several elements. An approximate general section for the Lima district would probably be about as follows:
General section of the Lima district, Ohio.
Feet.
Water lime : 100 to 500
Niagara limestone and shale 250
Clinton limestone and shale 100
Medina shale 50
Hudson River shale 550
Utica shale 250 to 300
Trenton limestone.
Underneath the shales, and separating them as clearly as a chalk mark on a blackboard, lies the Trenton limestone. Its depth below the surface is 1,200 to 1,250 feet.
Regarding the geological structure of this district, Professor Orton points out that the thickness of the drift deposits in different localities correspond to the inequalities of the surface of the water lime and not to the dip of this water lime. He states that as established by the numerous wells in the Lima district the Trenton limestone lies as nearly level as any sheet of rock is ever found. There is a slight general declination to the northward, but there are many miles in which this feature scarcely shows itself. In 1 square mile, for example, in which 50 or more wells have been drilled, the extreme range of depth at which the Trenton was found is only 16 feet, and excluding one well, only 9 feet. "We find, therefore," Professor Orton remarks, "that the Tren- ton limestone in the i)roductive portion of the Lima field occurs as a flat-lying terrace with fairly well-marked boundaries of steeper descent on the east, west, and north. The southern boundary is not yet clearly determined, but the Trenton has not been found productive thus far where it is less than 370 feet below sea level."
While the above description of the Lima district may not apply in all its details to other districts in this Lima-Indiana field, the descrip- tion is sufficient to indicate geologically the character of this Lima or Northwestern field.
The second district in i)oint of production, the Eastern Ohio dis- trict, includes the wells along the extreme eastern boundary of Ohio contiguous to Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The geological fea- tures of this district, as well as the character of the oil, are similar
Petroleum.
to those of West Virginia and Pennsylvania and need not be repeated here. Most of the oil produced in this district, when Macksburg was the center of production, was from the Berea grit. The more recent discoveries of oil, however, have been in the sand rocks, which have been such large producers in western Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
As the Macksburg oil field has been the district which has been the oil producer in this Eastern Ohio oil field for many years, a word about the history of oil production there may not be amiss, our authority being Professor Orton. The first wells drilled in what may be termed the Macksburg field were the Newton well at Cow Run, in Lawrence Township, and the Button well at Macksburg. The oil in the latter well was found at a depth of 59 feet below the bed of Duck Creek and in the Newton well at 137 feet below the bed of Cow Run. The oil in the Newton well came from a sand rock which belongs to the Lower Barren Coal Measures. The oil from the Button well, which was of 28° B. gravity and a lubricating oil, was probably a surface accumula- tion. The result of these discoveries was the leasing and putting down of quite a number of wells, oil being found at different depths in what were known as the ''140-foot sand," the '300-foot sand," and the ''700- foot sand." Prior to 1864 the only points in Washington County that could be called productive territory were the Macksburg and Cow Run localities. In 1865 a speculative era began, and nearly all the lands in Washington and Noble counties and in the neighboring counties of West Virginia were leased for oil purposes. Wells were drilled in some cases to the depth of 1,200 feet and even in one case to a depth of 2,100 feet. The yield of oil in the Cow Run field up to the close of 1885 is estimated at 751,519 barrels.
In the spring of 1868 the West Virginia Transportation Comi)any, of Parker sburg, laid a 2-inch jupe line from the Cow Run district to the Ohio River, 5h miles distant. This line was sufficient to carry the entire iroduction of the field. The point of delivery on the river was 3 miles below Newiort, and from there the oil was carried in bulk boats to the refineries at Marietta and Parkersburg.
While work was being prosecuted vigorously at Cow Run, operations at Macksburg were almost entirely suspended until 1872, when Mr. George Rice, of Burning Springs, W. Va., began operations and con- tinued them, with varying success, until the fall of 1878, when well No. 14 was put down for gas, but resulted in the production not only of gas, but of 15 barrels per day of an amber-colored oil of 39° gravity. This was the beginning of the great developments of this region from 1878 to 1885. It is impossible for us to follow the developments of this field. The chief source of oil here until recently has been the Berea grit, though oil was at first found at a depth of from 200 to 300 feet in the Upper Mahoning sandstone. At 1,300 feet the Berea grit was found, holding a stock of oil large enough to make the Macksburg field a factor in the general market. As is stated elsewhere, however, the
Mineral Resources.
recGDt large finds in the Eastern Ohio field are not in the Berea grit, but in the same horizons as those in which oil is found in western Pennsylvania and West Virginia, among the chief sources being the Big Injun sand, I described in connection with the report on Pennsyl- vania oil.
The third field, the Mecca, lies in Trumbull County, in northeastern Ohio, near the town of tlie same name. Tlie territory in which oil has been found in paying quantities can probably be included in a tract 5 miles long by 3 miles w4de, on which thousands of wells have been drilled. The oil is a heavy one, its gravity being from 26° to 28° B. gravity. It endures an excellent cold test and is adapted to the highest uses as a lubricator. The wells are shallow, not exceeding 50 feet in depth. The total expense of drilling is covered by a production of from 50 to 60 gallons of oil. The oil-bearing strata is the Berea grit. It is always overlain by a thin but very black fossiliferous bed of the Berea shale. The Mecca field is a very interesting one, but it cau never be relied upon as much of a producer. The wells are seldom pumj)ed for more than three months after they are drilled, and a total production of 3,000 barrels for any well is regarded as excessive.
The fourth field, the Belden, or, as it is sometimes called, the Graf- ton oil field, is a shallow oil field of a type similar to the Mecca. The sources of the oil is the Berea grit, which lies very near the surface, all the oil in this field having been obtained at a depth of from 120 to 140 feet. The production in this district has at times reached 2,000 barrels a year, but the wells are small producers, a good average at the best being from 3 to 5 barrels a day. The oil is a lubricating oil of from 250 to 32° gravity, but hardly equal to the Mecca oil. The oil rock carries quite a strong brine instead of fresh water, as at Mecca. But little oil was produced here in 1894.
Production Of Petroleum In Ohio.
The total amount of petroleum produced in Ohio in 1894, as will be seen from the following table, was 16,792,154 barrels, as compared with 16,249,769 barrels in 1893. The production of the Lima district in 1894 was 13,607,844 barrels, as compared with 13,646,804 barrels in 1893. Macksburg and eastern Ohio produced 3,183,370 barrels in 1894, as compared with 2,601,394 barrels in 189 5, while the production of the Mecca-Belden district fell from 1,571 barrels in 1893 to 940 barrels in
The total value of the production of oil in 1894 was $9,206,293, as compared with $8,124,342 in 1893. The average price per barrel of Lima oil for 1894 was 48 cents, being three fourths of a cent higher than in 1893. The average price per barrel of eastern oil advanced from 64 cents in 1893 to 83 J cents in 1894, while the value of the Mecca- Belden oil fell from $7.21 to $4.76 per barrel in 1894. The average I)rice of all the oil produced in this State in 1894 was 54.8 cents a bar- rel, as (tomi)ared with 50 cents in 1893.
Petroleum.
The total amount and value of crude petroleum produced in Ohio from 1889 to 1894 inclusive, is shown in the following table :
Total amount and value of crude petroleum produced in Ohio from 1889 to 1894.
Districts.
Total, production.
Total value.
Price per barrel.
Total production.
Total value.
Price per barrel.
Lima
Eastern Ohio
Barrels. 12, 153, 189 317, 037
$1, 822, 978 340, 683
$0.15
Barrels. 15, 014, 882 1, 108, 334
$4, 504, 465 1,127,730
$0. 30 1. Oil
Mecca-Belden . . . Total
1,240
10, 334
8.33| 1,440
12, 000
12, 471, 466
2, 173, 995
.17§
16, 124, 656
5, 644, 195
Districts.
Total production.
Total value.
Price per barrel.
Total production.
Total value.
Price per barrel.
Lima
Eastern Ohio
Mecca-Belden ...
Total
Barrels. 17, 315, 978 400, 024 22, 859 1,440
$5, 281, 373 283, 332 12, 000
$0. 30i
Barrels. 15, 169, 507 197, 556> 992, 746 3,112
$5, 555, 832 662, 106 21, 101
$0. 36/
17, 740, 301
5, 576, 705
.31x% 1 16,362,921
6, 239, 039
Districts.
Total production.
Total value.
Price per barrel.
Total production.
Total value.
Price per barrel.
Macksburg
Eastern and
Southern
Mecca-Belden ...
Total
Barrels. 13, 646, 804
1 2, 601, 394
1,571
$6, 448, 115 1,664, 892 11,335
$0.47i
Barrels. 13, 607, 844
3, 183, 370
$6, 531, 765 2, 670, 052 4,476
$0. 48
16, 249, 769
8, 124, 342
16, 792, 154
9, 206, 293
.54x%
In the following tables will be found statements of the total produc- tion of crude petroleum in Ohio from 1890 to 1894, by months and dis- tricts. In determining the total by months an average production for each month in the Mecca-Belden district has been assumed :
Total productions of crude petroleum in Ohio, from 1890 to 1894, hy months and districts.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Months.
January . . . February. .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September. October ... November . December .
Total
Lima.
911,947 888, 978 955, 620 1, 040, 924 1, 142, 954 1,175,821 1, 354, 672 1,411, 998 1, 559, 473 1, 660, 069 1, 495, 099 1, 417, 327
15, 014, 882
Eastern and southern Ohio and
Macksburg.
36, 40, 53, 60, 80, 98, 132, 140, 138, 113, 95,
1, 108, 334
Mecca- Belden.
1,440
Total.
948, 780 929, 810 1,008, 933 1, 101, 773 1, 223, 241 1, 274, 209 1, 472, 974 1, 544, 291 1, 700, 227 1. 798, 413 1, 608, 883 1,513,122
16, 124, 656
16 Geol, Pt 4 23
354 Mineral Resources.
Total production of crude petroleu m in Ohio, from 1890 to 1894, etc. — Continued.
Months.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
1892,
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
1893,
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
1894,
January
February
March . '.
April
May
June
J uly
August
September
October
November
December
Total
Lima.
1,471,858 1, 355, 734 1, 455, 628 1, 470, 661 1, 446, 284 1,491,228 1, 514, 607 1, 509, 262 1, 492, 115 1, 499, 834 1, 271, 189 1, 337, 578
17, 315, 978
1, 090, 173 1, 127, 481 1, 200, 305 1, 128. 253 1,165, 750 1, 210, 523 1, 300, 197 1,461,020 1, 422, 534 1, 379, 909 1, 328, 548 1, 354, 814
15, 169, 507
1, 037, 358 985, 620 1, 161, 384 1, 072, 850 1, 179, 808 1, 213, 521 1,231,010 1, 258, 289 1, 181, 493 1, 154, 641 1,084,324 1, 086, 506
13, 646, 804
1, 116, 979 974, 091 1, 177, 837 1, 099, 453 1, 203. 229 1, 165, 190 1, 131, 081 1, 212. 090 1, 090, 626 1, 165, 938 1, 146, 686 1, 124, 644
13, 607, 844
Eastern and southern Ohio and
Macks burg.
89, 061 40, 620
28, 297
29, 361 28, 935 25, 014
30, 571 28, 828 31,591 27, 536 28, 428 34, 641
422, 883
33, 762 32, 894 42, 371 45, 439 50, 407 55, 930 69, 678 111,377 151, 543 206, 005 188, 391 202, 505
1, 190, 302
189, 874 209, 948 238, 133 217, 001 204, 151 206, 106 221, 865 220, 589 242, 353 222, 428 215, 515
2, 601, 394
209, 225 213, 721 253, 979 268, 736 283, 371 273, 876 267, 144 275, 360 278, 704 303, 441 278, 162 277, 651
3, 183, 370
Mecca- Belden.
Totals.
1,561,039 1, 396, 474 1, 484, 045 , 500, 142 1, 475, 339 1, 516, 362 1, 545, 298 1,538,210 1, 523, 826 1, 527, 490 1, 299, 737 1, 372. 339
1,440
17, 740, 301
1, 124, 194 1, 160, 634 1,242,936 1, 173, 952 1,216,416 1, 266, 712 1,370, 135 1. 572, 657 1, 574, 336 1,586, 173 1,517,198 1. 557, 578
3, 112
16, 362, 921
1, 227, 363 1, 195, 698 1,399, 648 1, 289, 982 1, 384, 090 1, 419, 758 1, 444, 572 1, 480, 285 1,402,213 1, 397, 125 1, 306, 883 1, 302, 152
1,571
16, 249, 769
1, 326, 282 1, 187, 891 1, 431. 894 1, 368, 268 1, 486, 678 1, 439. 144 1, 398, 304 1, 487, 528 1, 369, 409 1, 469, 457 1, 424, 926 1, 402, 373
16, 792, 154
Petroleum.
The following table gives the production of petroleum in Ohio from the beginning of operations in that State to the close of 1894:
Production of petroleum in Ohio.
Tears.
Barrels.
Years.
Barrels.
Previous to 1876
200, 000 31, 763 29, 888 38, 179 29, 112
38, 940 33, 867
39, 761 47, 632 90, 181
650, 000
1, 782, 970 5,018,015 10, 010, 868 12, 471, 466
16, 124, 656
17, 740, 301 16, 362, 921 16, 249, 769 16, 792, 154
Total
113, 782, 343
Lima District.
In the following table is given the production of petroleum in the Lima oil field from 1886 to 1891. It will be seen that the highest point of production in this field was in 1891, when 17,315,978 barrels were produced. There has been a gradual decline in the production of the field since this date. The production of 1893 and 1894 differ but slightly.
The production of petroleum in the Lima, Ohio, oil fields from 1886 to 1894 is as follows:
Production of iietroleum in the Lima, Ohio, district from 1886 to 1894.
Years.
Barrels.
Years.
Barrels.
1, 064, 025 4, 650, 375 9, 682, 683 12, 153, 189 15, 014, 882
17, 315, 978 15, 169, 507 13, 646, 804 13, 607, 844
In the following table is found the production of petroleum in the Lima, Ohio, field from 1887 to 1894, by months, so far as the same was obtainable :
Production of petroleum in the Lima, Ohio, field, from 1887 to 1894.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Months.
Januiiry
February
March
April
May
June
July
Aufiust
September
( tctober
November
December
Total . - . .
131,
206, 303, 352, 449, 474, 389, 490, 465, 444, 458, 483,
Oil
4, 650, 375
422, 125 479, 824 586, 781; 629, 9321 745. 896i 862, 106 905, 218' 99.5, 9:;8' 979, 943!
1,036, 712
1,049,211
9, 682, 683
12, 153, 189
911, 888, ,040 ,142, 17.5, 354, 411, 559, 417,
Svo
15, 014, 882
1,471,858 1, 355, 734 1.455. 628 1,470. 661 1, 446, 284 1, 491, 228 l,5i4, 607 1, 509, 262 1,492, 115 1, 499, 834 1, 271,189 1, 337, 578
17, 315, 978
1, 090, 173 1, 127,481 1. 200, 305 1, 128, 253 1, 165, 750 1, 210, 523 1, 300, 197 1,461,020 1, 422. 534 1, 379, 909 1, 328, 548 1,354, 8 14
15, 169. 507
1, 037, 358 985, 620 1, 161,384 1, 072, 850 1, 179, 808 1, 213, 521 1,231,010 1, 258, 289 1, 181,493 1,154, 64 1 1, 084, 324 1, 086, 506
13, 646, 804
1, 116, 979 974, 091 1,177 837 1, 099, 453 1, 203, 229 1, 165, 190 1, 131,081 1,212. 090 1, 090, 626 1,16.-), 938 1, 146, 686 1, 124, 644
13, 607, 844
Mineral Resources.
It will be seen from the above table that the production of petro- leum in the Lima field in 1894, by months, was quite regular.
The Pipe-Line Runs In The Lima-Indiana Field.
There are no statements of the pipe-line runs and shipments in the Lima-Indiana field that distinguish between oil produced in Ohio and that produced in Indiana. Therefore the following statement of pipe- line runs and shipments, which are those of the Buckeye Pipe Line, will include reports for both Lima and Indiana. As has been so often stated in this report, pipe-line runs are not production. This is espe- cially true of the Lima-Indiana field. The production of petroleum in the Lima- Indiana field, distributed between the States, is quite accu- rately given in our statement of production :
Pipe-line mns, Lima-Indiana field, from 1887 to 1894. [Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Years.
January.
February.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
164, 474
207, 026
303, 084
352, 798
449,
474, 535
389, 997
359, 860
428, 008
534, 588
587, 043
705,
774, 710
896, 034
973, 980
800, 828
830, 559
845, 377
932,
843, 844
805, 744
683, 750
622, 799
676, 175
842, 416
887,
916, 289
1, 105, 885
1, 241, 154
1, 147, 947
1, 255, 611
1, 202, 583
1, 191,
1, 207, 884
1, 236, 291
971, 607
1, 008, 069
1, 083, 801
1, 042, 087
1, 064,
1, 099, 145
1, 190, 015
1, 049, 778
974, 944
1, 163, 641
1, 074, 290
1, 187,
1, 245, 880
1, 289, 991
1, 265, 267
1, 106, 493
1, 353, 591
1, 295, 619
1, 424,
1, 402, 417
1. 366, 310
Tears.
August.
Septem- ber.
October.
Novem- ber.
December.
Total.
Average.
490, 162 975, 235 968, 449 1, 149, 877 1, 240, 841 1, 346, 949 1, 390, 894 1, 469, 372
465, 743 868, 826 875, 201 1, 289, 577 1, 252, 075 1, 232, 385 1, 315, 933 1, 325, 352
444, 941 939, 468 850, 077 1, 342, 158 1, 257, 986 1, 264, 536 1, 302, 295 1, 405, 042
458, 613 891, 999 774, 073 1, 215, 960 1, 070, 131 1, 209, 953 1, 230, 658 1, 334, 334
483, 704 938, 188 755, 553 1, 186, 434 1, 211, 820 1, 244, 712 1, 224, 952 1, 326, 371
4, 684, 139 8, 899, 004 10, 255, 752 11, 918, 910 14, 515, 770 13, 657, 737 14, 451, 195 16, 074, 350
390, 345 741, 584 854, 646 993, 243 1, 209, 648 1, 138, 145 1, 204, 266 1, 339, 529
Shipments From The Lima-Indiana Field.
In the following table is given the statement of the shipments of crude petroleum from the Lima-Indiana field as reported by the Buckeye Pipe Line Company from 1887 to 1894, by months and years. Here also it should be remarked that pipe-line shipments and con- sumption are not the same :
Shipments of crude petroleum from the Lima- Indiana field, from 1887 to 1894.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Years.
January.
February.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
10, 957
32, 613
77, 900
101, 306
104, 440
174, 824
81, 569
207, 040
243, 964
210, 725
159, 620
179, 192
227, 707
367, 524
862, 807
391, 026
340, 889
309, 238
352, 886
361, 694
156, 085
111, 604
123, 125
115, 223
169, 062
700, 422
874, 121
968, 887
837, 928
330, 448
336, 854
1,078, 489
923, 605
997, 681
1,
355, 362
1, 346, 541
1, 532, 606
1, 512, 358
1,427, 753
1, 492, 543
1, 389, 501
1,
306, 612
1, 270, 595
1, 390, 646
1, 205, 748
1, 321,782
1, 235, 843
1, 152, 374
1,
199, 752
1, 109, 110
1, 247, 295
1, 210, 391
1, 150, 298
1, 303, 957
1, 023, 316
Petroleum. 357
Shipments of crude petroleum from the Lima- Indiana f eld, etc. — Continued.
Tears.
August.
Septem- ber.
October.
Novem- ber.
December.
Total.
Average.
20,
30, 944
43, 168
78, 827
76, 327
751,325
68, 302
401,
301, 316
370, 378
287, 934
382, 448
3, 053, 068
254, 422
464,
626, 207
715, 386
759, 702
750, 244
5, 801, 928
483, 494
846,
813,817
723, 725
657, 614
907, 548
6, 199, 306
516, 609
1, 166,
1, 260, 598
1,408, 343
1, 391, 400
1,454, 578
12,154, 865
1, 012, 905
1, 342,
1, 125, 335
1,315. 994
1, 323. 204
1, 340, 734
16, 504, 880
1, 375, 407
1,040,
1, 038, 819
1, 196, 018
1, 262, 130
1, 230, 216
14, 651, 643
1, 220, 970
1, 238,
1, 023, 232
1,198,801
1, 285, 861
1, 463, 566
14, 453, 762
1, 204, 480
Stocks Of Crude Petroleum In The Lima-Indiana, Field.
In the following table is given a statement of the stocks of crude petroleum in the Lima-Indiana field at the close of each month from 1887 to 1894, as reported by the Buckeye Pipe Line Company :
Total stocks of crude petroleum in the Lima-Indiana field at close of each month, from 1887
to 1894.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Tears.
January.
February.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
1887
4, 367, 355 10, 415, 880 14, 104, 018 21, 233, 645 21, 692, 318 18, 355, 492 18, 565, 823
847, 817 4, 588, 323 10, 852, 202 14, 180, 090 21,537, 789 21, 350, 912 18, 059, 846 18, 566, 158
1, 118, 288 4, 99, 446 11, 288, 793 14, 241, 340 21, 957, 948 20, 896, 185 17, 877, 265 18, 675, 275
1, 393, 186 5, 367, 401 11, 792, 707 14, 153, 259 22, 319, 191 20, 425, 914 17, 747, 249 18, 763, 242
1,740, 942 5, 980, 283 12,413, 137 14, 298, 966 22, 424, 364 20, 062, 639 17, 616, 527 19, 041, 624
2, 111, 037
6, 593, 165 12, 902, 628 14,513,553 22, 704, 034 19, 668, 894 17, 642, 117 19, 142, 598
2, 326, 211 7, 282, 088 13, 344, 795 14, 744, 004 22, 930, 048 19, 467, 900 17, 779, 733 19, 504, 651
Tears.
August.
September.
October.
November.
December.
Average.
2, 632, 828 7, 852, 705 13, 846, 765 19, 086, 736 22, 993, 496 19,505, 399 18, 129, 767 19, 736, 628
2, 957, 900 8, 392, 493 14, 092, 706 19, 843,950 22, 975, 470 19, 150, 058 18, 408, 814 20, 040, 748
3, 359, 674 8, 920, 086 14, 224, 747 20, 442, 065 22, 722, 465 18, 800, 715 18, 527, 901 20, 246, 989
3, 739, 459 9, 499, 482 14, 554, 662 20, 967, 258 22, 375, 030 18, 687, 464 ] S. 499, 669 20, 295, 461
4. 148, 469 9, 810, 714 14, 105, 149 20, 971, 395 22, 103, 705 18, 604, 442 18, 497, 340 20, 1.58, 266
2, 397, 801 6, 966, 962 12, 819, 514 16, 795, 553 22, 456, 438 19, 859, 403 18, 095, 143 19, 394, 788
Well Records In The Lima District.
The number of wells completed in the Lima district in 1894 was 2,472, an average of 206 a month, as compared with 1,569 in 1893, 1,446 in 1892, and 1,575 in 1891. All of the counties showed increased activity as compared with 1893. The number of wells completed in Allen County increased from 20 in 1893 to 63 in 1894*; in Auglaize County from 214 in 1893 to 348 in 1894; in Hancock County from 80 in 1893 to 340 in 1894;' in Sandusky from 428 in 1893 to 543 in 1894; in Wood County from 760 in 1893 to 885 in 1894; in Mercer County, which was not reported separately in 1893, 247 wells were drilled in 1894, while the wells completed in the miscellaneous districts fell from 67 in 1893 to
Mineral Resources.
46 in 1894, this fallinijc off being due to the removal of Mercer County from the list of miscellaneous counties :
Total number of wells completed in the Lima, Ohio, district in 1894.
Months.
Allen.
Auglaize.
Hancock.
San- dusky.
Wood.
Mercer.
Miscella- neous.
Total.
January
Pebruary
March
April
May
June
July
August.
September
October
Jl
November
December
2U9
Total
2, 472
From the following table it will be seen that the total initial daily- production of the 2,472 wells completed in 1894 was 70,111 barrels, or 28 barrels a day, while the total initial daily production of the 1,569 wells completed in 1893 was 71,763 barrels, or 46 barrels a day. From this it mil be readily inferred that the wells drilled in the Lima region in 1894 were not as great producers as those drilled in 1893, and the same is true of 1892. This reduction in initial daily production is man- ifest in all districts, no one district in this respect being in advance of the others, the wells of every county showing a falling oft' in the initial daily production :
Initial daily production of wells completed in the Lima, Ohio, district in 1894.
Months.
Allen.
Auglaize.
Hancock.
Sandusky.
Wood.
Mercer.
Miscel- laneous.
Total.
January
1,533
3, 853
February
9-J5
1, 575
4,211
March .
1, 200
1. 30 5
4, 486
April
1,095
1,651
1,802
5, 586
May
2, 840
2, 275
7, 291
June
3, 075
1,681
July
1, 422
2, 145
5, 637
August
1, 198
Se})tember
1,270
1,280
1, 143
5, (120
October
1, 533
1,8.54
1,045
5, 991
November
6, 376
1,619
December
1,070
1,917
Total. . . .
8, 521
8, 873
23, 284
21,219
6, 053
70, 111
It will be seen from,the following table that of the 2,472 wells com- pleted in tlie Lima district in 1894, 384 were dry holes; in 1893 of the 1,569 wells completed 203 were dry holes; in 1892 of the 1,446 wells completed 183 were dry holes. It appears from this that the ])ropor- tioii of dry holes to wells completed in tlie last three years has di tiered greatly.
Petroleum. 359
Total number of dry holes drilled in tJie Lima, Ohio, district in 1894.
Months.
Allen.
Auglaize.
Hancock.
Sandusky.
Wood.
Mercer.
Miscel- laneous.
Total.
February
March
April
May
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total . . .
The number of rigs building and wells drilling in the Lima, Ohio, district at the close of each month in 1894 is shown in the two follow- ing tables. These show a marked increase in activity in the Lima oil field in 1894, as compared with 1893. At the close of 1894 there were 110 rigs building in this field, as compared with 69 at the close of 1893, while at the close of 1894 there were 140 wells drilling, as compared with 114 at the close of 1893. The average number of rigs building at the close of each month in 1894 was 87, as compared with an aver- age of 66 ill 1893. The average number of wells drilling at the close of each month in 1894 was 131, as compared with 99 in 1893 :
Total number of rigs building in the Lima, Ohio, field in 1894.
Months.
Allen.
Auglaize.
Hancock.
Sandusky.
Wood.
Mercer.
Miscel- laneous.
Total.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average . .
Total number of wells drilling in the Lima, Ohio, field in 1894.
Months.
Allen.
Auglaize.
Hancock.
Sandusky.
Wood.
Mercer.
Miscel- laneous.
Total.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average . .
360 Mineral Resources.
In the following tables are given the well records in the Lima, Ohio, district from 1890 to 1894 :
Number of wells completed in the Lima, Ohio, district, from 1890 to 1894, by months.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July. Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
1890 . .
1891 . .
1892 . .
1894 . .
1,969 1,574 1,446 1,569 2, 472
Initial daily production of new wells in the Lima, Ohio, district, from 1890 to 1894, by
months.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Aver- age.
18, 944 8, 427
14, 631 5, 124 5,642
16, 309 7, 855
12, 908 6, 752 5,020
17, 426 8, 033
13, 772 4,223 5,991
13, 779
5, 592 7,554 4,205 10, 464
8, 424
2, 989
4, 907
3, 275
5, 539
14, 976 6, 228 7,872 5, 980 5,843
1891 . .
1892 . .
1893 . .
1894 . .
5, 858 2, 853 5, 510 3,853
5, 474 4, 485 4, 809 4, 211
4, 428 3, 973 6, 241 4,486
'6, 543
4, 665
5, 477 5,586
4, 411 4,750 6, 858 7,291
6, 667
8, 314
9, 701 6, 391
8, 461 11, 648
9, 588 5, 637
Total number of holes drilled in the Lima, Ohio, district, from 1890 to 1894, by months.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
1890 - .
1892 . .
1894 . .
Number of wells drilling in the Lima, Ohio, district, at the close of each month, from 1890
to 1894.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Aver- age.
1890 . -
1891 . .
1892 . .
1893 . .
1894 . .
Bigs building in the Lima, Ohio, district, from 1890 to 1894, by months.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr. 1 May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Aver- age.
1892 . .
Eastern Ohio District.
In this district is included the old Macksburg field and the new developments in the territory adjacent in West Virginia and western Peniivsylvaiiia, and includes, in addition to Macksburg, the Corning, Steu])eiiville, and Marietta districts.
Petroleum. 361
The production of the Eastern Ohio district for the last nine years is given in the following table :
Production of petroleum in the Eastern Ohio district, from 1885 to 1894.
Tears.
Barrels.
Years.
Barrels.
661, 580 703, 945 372, 257 291, 585 317, 037
1, 108, 334 422, 883 1, 190, 302 2, 601. 394 3, 183, 370
Prior to 1891 the figures given in the above table are chiefly the pro- duction of the Macksburg field.
In the following table the pipe-line runs and the shipments from the Macksburg district are given from 1886 to 1894:
Pipe-line runs in the Macksburg district, from, 1886 to 1894. [Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Years.
January.
February.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
54, 806
46, 694
58, 795
64, 137
58, 596
65, 379
56, 966
37, 134
28, 514
33, 995
29, 796
30, 601
29, 586
22, 413
16, 257
18, 861
17, 283
21, 187
21, 349
21,511
21,785
18, 174
16, 239
19, 676
20, 144
20, 283
18, 536
16, 705
29, 872
34, 022
45, 362
53, 905
72, 158
90, 827
111,584
86, 058
45, 618
23, 055
25, 070
24, 263
21, 689
24, 858
24, 801
27, 620
39, 010
40, 424
43, 569
50, 007
64, 107
183, 781
211, 658
235, 177
211, 102
199, 929
146, 626
138, 172
121, 627
150, 095
190, 677
239, 912
228, 267
221, 999
Years.
August.
September.
October.
November.
December.
Total.
Average.
57, 492
48, 918
46, 937
41, 359
40, 578
640, 657
53, 388
26, 659
22, 903
20, 458
19, 902
319, 040
26, 587
18, 558
22, 058
18, 809
20, 802
239, 410
19, 951
16, 607
16, 875
21,555
25,415
28, 567
238, 776
19, 898
121, 349
138, 310
129, 717
106, 552
87, 955
1,021,613
85, 134
24, 432
27, 006
23, 428
23, 073
28, 682
377, 232
31,436
106, 082
135, 353
212, 470
176, 852
196, 852
1, 117, 147
93, 096
152, 912
156, 124
149, 773
134, 923
144, 488
2, 075, 115
172, 926
249, 472
202, 364
220, 557
199, 787
199, 774
2, 362, 703
196, 892
Shipments of crude petroleum and refined petroleum reduced to crude equivalent from
Macksburg district, from 1886 to 1894.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Years.
January.
February.
March.
April.
May.
June.
July.
60, 119
42, 525
32, 277
23, 578
28, 986
49, 211
28, 832
52, 065
23, 908
17, 593
16, 558
16, 002
17, 384
40, 076
30, 045
4,122
14, 920
15, 275
15, 630
9,083
11, 847
l6, 168
23, 939
8,611
9, 027
8, 934
15, 269
44, 306
38, 898
35, 041
30, 975
13, 070
22, 851
46, 394
54, 363
07, 160
1,040
2, 094
1,060
41,725
2,594
2, 200
1, 763
1,600
37, 989
1,834
1893 . .
7, 174
6,556
8, 218
5, 906
2, 338
1, 123
1, 025
3,366
3, 932
2,874
2,272
1,998
2, 569
Years.
August.
September.
October.
November.
December.
Total.
Average.
45, 882
47, 992
53,156
51, 608
49, 260
504, 426
42, 036
27, 719
35, 030
37, 978
34, 508
39, 654
334, 903
27, 909
6, 989
32, 698
47, 572
47, 066
26, 940
290, 416
24, 201
14, 507
22, 669
50, 447
47, 924
47, 090
276, 432
23, 036
107, 175
73, 469
57, 780
54, 540
53, 704
578, 203
48, 184
2,318
3,283
3,040
2, 700
2, 236
141,839
11,820
1,555
2, 102
3,773
4, 358
6, 443
66, 463
5, 539
1,964
2, 524
4,538
2, 563
44, 515
3, 710
2, 309
3, 839
4,377
4, 264
3, 999
36, 758
3,063
Mineral Resources.
In the following table will be found certain figures regarding stocks of crude petroleum in eastern Ohio at the close of each month from 188G to 1894. This by no means represents all the stocks of crude petroleum produced in this district, but they are the best statement we can get as to stocks held by pipe lines that derived most of their oil from eastern Ohio :
Total stocks of crude petroleum in the Mackshurg district at close of each month from 1886
to 1894, by months and years.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Tears.
January.
324, 483 380, 551 363, 620 296, 413' 685, 120 410, 715 390, 977
February.
332, 322 408, 926 386, 293 357, 527 291, 536 503, 284 468, 861 418, 513 388, 341
March.
362, 923 425. 325 400, 602 360, 121 301, 856 480, 618 460, 750 397, 127 379, 037
April.
407, 212 438, 562 407, 086 364, 796 324, 786 480, 364 462, 383 404, 951 376, 883
May.
440, 329 453, 162 413, 858 376, 052 388, 874 453, 809 475, 768 407, 715 325, 664
June.
467, 599 465, 363 420, 631 397, 718 451, 851 433, 773 447, 685 421, 222 294, 427
July.
468, 796 472, 273 434, 573 387, 089 517, 042 401, 358 457, 176 413, 935 271, 801
Years.
August.
September.
October.
November.
December.
Average.
456, 621
461, 842
437, 299
427, 950
419, 248
417, 219
471, 214
459, 085
441, 563
426, 957
404, 382
439, 261
444, 006
427, 797
394, 807
365, 873
351, 128
402, 267
389, 189
383, 393
354, 498
331, 939
310, 848
364, 732
531,215
596, 056
660, 573
703, 031
698, 129
480,113
378, 857
388, 855
431,450
461, 037
454, 232
462, 730
1892 :.
462, 306
441, 494
434, 560
432, 283
422, 142
452, 252
426, 552
443, 669
458, 692
446, 503
415, 900
241, 439
197, 660
179, 867
152, 200
147, 318
278, 801
In the following tables are given the well records in the Macksburg district from 1891 to 1894:
Number of wells completed in the Eastern Ohio district, from 1891 to 1894, by months.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May. June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
li)0
Initial daily production of new ivells in the Eastern Ohio district, from 1891 to 1894, by
months.
Yeans.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
1, 168 2, 610 2, 698
Petroleum.
Total number of dry holes drilled in the Eastern Ohio district, from 1891 to 1894, by
months.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
Number of wells drilling in the Eastern Ohio district at the close of each month from 1891
to 1894.
Tears.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Aver- age.
Rigs building in the Eastern Ohio district from 1891 to 1894, by months.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Aver- age.
In the following table is given tlie well statement, showing the wells completed, the initial production, the dry holes, wells drilling, and rigs building in the Macksburg district of the Eastern Ohio field in 1894:
Well record in the Macksburg, Ohio, district in 1894.
Months.
Wells com- pleted.
Initial pro- duction.
Dry holes.
Wells drilling.
Kigs building.
Barrels.
January
3
February
March
May
June
Julv
August
September
October
November
December
Total
2, 698
a 15
a 15
a Average.
It should be noted that the above well records, pipe-line runs, etc., include only those of the Macksburg district of the Eastern Ohio field. The well records of the other districts of the Eastern Ohio district are included in the Southwest district of the Appalachian oil field report.
Mecca-Belden District.
As has been stated, the wells in this district are located near Mecca, in Trumbull County, and Belden, in Lorain County. The oil is a
Mineral Resources.
lubricating oil produced from a few shallow wells. There were but 13 wells iroduciiig at the close of 1892, 10 at the close of 1893, and 9 at the close of 1894.
In the following tables are given the production and stocks and value of the crude petroleum in this district in 1892, 1893, and 1894 :
Production and value of crude 'petroleum in the Mecca-Belden district of Ohio in 1892,
1893, and 1894.
Barrels
of 42 gallons.
Value.
Price per barrel.
Barrels
of 42 gallons.
Value.
Price per barrel.
Barrels
of 42 gallons.
Value.
Price per barrel.
Lorain County, Belden district
Trumbull County, Mec- ca district
Total
1,732 1,380
$9, 280 11, 821
$5.36
1, 120
$8, 014 3, 321
$7. 15
$3, 276 1,200
$4. 43
3, 112
21, 101
1,571
11, 335
7.2H
4, 476
Stocks at wells in the Mecca-Belden district of Ohio.
Tears ending December 31 —
Barrels.
4, 048
Indiana.
With the exception of a small amount of oil produced near Terre Haute, Vigo County, the oil produced in Indiana is from an extension of the Lima district in Ohio. The chief producing wells are in Black- ford, Jay, Wells, and Adams counties.
As the conditions under which oil is found are similar to those under which it occurs in the Lima field of Ohio, it is unnecessary here to repeat what has been said regarding the Trenton limestone as an oil producer.
In the following tables will be found a statement of the production of petroleum in Indiana from 1889 to 1894 :
Production of petroleum in Indiana, from 1889 to 1894.
Total production (barrels of 42 gallons) . . Total value at wells of all oils produced,
excluding pipage
Value per barrel
33, 375
$10, 881
63, 496
$32, 462 $0. 51 j
136, 634
$54, 787 $0.40
698, 068
$260, 620 $0. 37
2, 335, 293
$1, 050, 882 $0. 45
3, 688, 666
$1, 774, 260 $0.48
It is hardly necessary to call attention to the remarkable increase in production in Indiana not only since the earliest date shown in the table above, 1889, but also during the last year, the production increas- ing from 2,335,293 barrels in 1893 to 3,688,066 barrels in 1894, an increase of more than 50 per cent.
Petroleum.
In the following table is shown the total production of petroleum in Indiana by months from 1891 to 1894. The largest production in any one month seems to have been in August, 1894, when 345,031 barrels were produced :
Total production of petroleum m Indiana, by months, from 1891 to 1894.
Months.
Barrels.
Barrels.
Barrels.
Barrels.
6, 171
15, 841
111,824
259, 000
February
5, 981
18, 946
96, 025
232, 107
5,159
24, 794
134, 549
282, 376
4, 973
26, 184
146, 493
287, 330
5, 757
31, 033
186, 939
321, 502
8, 136
40, 888
209, 616
333, 479
July
10, 809
49, 203
221, 666
327, 349
August
11, 603
109
248. 353
345, 031
16, 500
66, 034
245, 615
319, 588
October
19, 029
95, 699
252, 568
339, 424
November
20, 801
129, 270
245, 607
304, 030
21,715
144, 067
236, 038
337, 450
Total
136, 634
698, 068
2, 335, 293
3, 688, 666
In the following tables are given statistics of the total number of producing wells drilled, total number of new wells completed, total number of dry holes, and total number of wells drilling and rigs building in the Indiana oil fields for each month in 1894 :
Total number of wells completed in Indiana in 1894, by counties.
Months.
Blackford.
Jay.
Wells.
Adams.
Miscel- laneous
Total.
Jamiary
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
1,189
Initial daily production of wells completed in Indiana in 1894, by counties.
Months.
Blackford.
Jay.
Wells.
Adams.
Miscel- laneous.
Total.
Barrels.
Barrels.
Barrels.
Barrels.
Barrels.
Barrels.
1,390
2, 361
February
2, 350
2, 935
March
2,270
3, 395
April
2, 565
3,175
May
3,065
4,450
June
1,280
3,095
4, 886
July
2,275
3, 530
1,846
3, 435
September
1,999
3, 149
2, 050
3, 455 1
November
1,776
3, 323
December.
1,363
2, 654
Average . . .
1,573
8, 346
26, 044
4,351
40, 748
366 Mineral Resources.
Total number of dry holes drilled in Indiana, in 1894, by counties.
Months.
jJlackiora .
Jay.
Wells.
Adams.
Miscel- laneous .
Total.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
Total number of wells drilling in Indiana in 1894, by counties.
Months.
Blackford.
Jay.
Wells.
Adams,
Miscel- laneous.
Total.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average . . .
Total number of rigs building in Indiana in 1894, by counties.
Months.
Blackford.
Jay.
Wells.
Adams.
Miscel- laueous.
Total.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average . . .
2 j 37
In the following tables are given the well records in the Indiana oil fields from 1891 to 1894:
Number of wells completed in the Indiana oil fields, from 1891 to 1894, by months.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
\mi
1, 189
Petroleum. 367
Initial daily production of new wells in Indiana oil fields from 1891 to 1894, hy months.
Years .
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Bols. 3, 880 3, 530
.
1,295 4,184 3, 435
.
2, 145
2, 055
3, 149
.
4, 155 3,442 3,455
.
3,050
2, 305
3, 323
.
3, 160 2, 968 2, 654
.
2, 158 16, 647 36, 457 40, 748
1, 020
2, 361
2,935
2, 805 3,395
4, 135 3, 175
3, 155 4, 450
5, 595 4, 886
I'otal number of dry holes drilled in Indiana oil fields from 1891 to 1894, hy months.
Tears.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total.
Number of wells drilling in the Indiana oil fields at the close of each month from 1891 to
1894, by months.
Tears.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Aver- age.
Higs building in the Indiana oil fields from 1891 to 1894, by months.
Years.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Aver- age,
Colorado.
All of the oil produced in Colorado is from what is known as the Florence field. This field extends from near Canyon City, 8 miles above Florence, to as yet an undetermined distance southeast of Florence. Until quite recently the productive field has been confined to a small area about 2 miles square in the vicinity of Florence, in the valley of the Arkansas River and on the adjacent mesas or table-land- Recently, however, oil has been found in some quantities southeast of this field, and it is supposed that the oil field may extend some distance down the Arkansas River toward Pueblo.
The geological conditions of the oil fields of Colorado were described on pages 643, 644 of Mineral Resources of the United States, 1802.
In 1894 there were four companies at work in this field, namely, the Florence Oil and Refining Company, the Triumph Oil Company, the United Oil Comi)any, and the Rocky Mountain Oil Company. These companies had 130 producing wells at the close of 1894, tlie largest
Mineral Resources.
number being owned by the United Oil Comi)any. The two last named companies, the United and Rocky Mountain, have recently been consoli- dated as one.
The total production of oil in Colorado in 1894 was 515,746 barrels. The total value of this oil was $303,652, or 58J cents a barrel.
In the following table will be found a statement of the production of crude oil in Colorado from 1887 to 1894 :
Product of crude oil in Colorado from 1887 to 1894.
Years.
Barrels.
Years.
Barrels.
76, 295 297, 612 316, 476 368, 842
665, 482 824, 000 594, 390 515, 746
California.
The localities in which oil had been found in California up to the date of its publication, as well as the character of the oil and the conditions under which it occurs, are quite fully discussed in the Mineral Indus- tries volume of the Eleventh Census, as well as in the volume Mineral Resources of the United States, 1892.
With the exception of the Santa Clara field, which is located in the county of the same name just south of San Francisco, the oil fields of California from which oil is produced in commercial quantities are all in the southern part of the State, in the counties of Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles, which form a tier of counties extending due east from Point Conception, where the coast turns to the east. Oil has also been found in Kern County, at Bakersfield, which is due north from Ventura County. The topography of California in this oil region is somewhat interesting. Not only does the coast turn due east at Point Conception, but the Coast mountains, which to the north of the oil fields have a northwest and southeast trend, also turn in Santa Bar- bara County to the east and run in a general east and west direction.
The oil from the Southern California field as a rule has asphaltum as a base instead of paraffin, though some oils from this district are paraffin oils and yield a high percentage of illuminants, the so-called asphaltum oils as a rule being comparatively low in the illuminating" hydrocarbons.
The only oil produced in Kern County is by the Jewett & Blodget Oil Company, whose wells are located some 35 miles southwest of Bakersfield. Two kinds of so-called "oils" are produced, one a liquid asphalt with a gravity of 14.7° B., of which they were producing, in August, 1894, some 80 barrels a day, selling it in casks, on board cars, for $25 a ton. The wells producing this liquid asphalt are shallow and inexi)ensive, having an average depth of about 100 feet, the asphalt
Petroleum.
being- found in shale and the wells averaging 2J barrels of the liquid asphalt a day. Thirty-two wells were in operation in 1894 producing this liquid asphalt, giving a production in 1894 of some 29,200 barrels, worth $25 a ton. Underlying the shale formation in which this asphalt is found is an oil sand. This company had three wells of an average depth of 1,200 feet, producing 30 barrels daily, or 10,950 barrels a year, of a heavy green oil of 17. B. gravity. This oil is sold for 15 cents a gallon for lubricating jiurposes, and it is stated that it contains no asphalt.
The only wells in Santa Clara County, some six in number, are owned by the Moody Gulch Petroleum Company, and x)roduced in 1894 3,600 barrels, valued at $2.50 a barrel, or a total value of $9,000. The oil is of 46° B. gravity, light green in color, and is sold for the produc- tion of illuminating gases. The wells are from 800 to 1,000 feet deep. The sand is said to be 100 feet thick and the wells to cost from $8,000 to $20,000.
According to the returns received at this office, the total production of oil in California in 1894 was 705,969 barrels. All but 3,600 barrels of this was from the Southern oil field. The total value of this oil was $823,423, or $1.17 a barrel. It will be noted that this differs some from the production of southern California given in the table in the report of Professor Peckham.
In the following table will be found a statement of the i)roduction of petroleum in California from 1876 to 1894, inclusive. It will be noticed from this that the production in 1894, which is 705,969 barrels, is the largest in the history of the State, the nearest approach to it being in 1888, when 690,333 barrels, some 15,600 barrels less, were produced :
Production of petroleum in California.
Tears.
Barrels.
Tears.
Barrels.
Previous to 1876
175, 000 12, 000 13, 000 15, 227 19, 858 40, 552 99, 862 128, 636 142, 857 262, 000
325, 000 377, 145 678, 572 690, 333 303, 220 307, 360 323, 600 3S5, 049 470, 179 705, 969
A large portion of the oil produced in southern California is used for fuel purposes. At the Midwinter Fair Mr. A. M. Hunt, of San Fran- cisco, who had charge of the power plant, made thorough tests as to the value of this oil as fuel. These were made at the works of the Edison Light and Power Company, of San Francisco, and were as fol- lows: Evaporation with California oil, 13.1 pounds of water to 1 pound of oil; evaporation with Peruvian oil, 12.1 pounds of water to 1 pound of oil; evaporation with coal, 6.68 pounds of water to 1 pound of coal. 16 GEOL, PT 4 24
Mineral Resources.
The California oil used weighed 320 pounds to the barrel. The Peruvian oil used weighed 294 pounds to the barrel. One x)ound of California oil was equivalent, therefore, to 1.9G pounds of coal, and 1 pound of Peruvian oil was equivalent to 1.81 pounds of coal. Assuming coal to be worth $6 a ton, the equivalent value of California oil would be $1.68 a barrel, and of Peruvian oil $1,426 a barrel.
In view of the fact that Prof. S. F. Peckham, who had charge of the report on the production of petroleum at the Tenth Census, had recently made a thorough investigation of the conditions under which oil is i)roduced in southern California and the character of the same, he was requested to x)repare for this report a statement of the results of his investigations and inquiries, which is given in full.
Petroleum In Southern California.
By S. F. Peckham.
The petroleum production of southern California is of little commer- cial interest outside the State, as it is either consumed or manufac- tured within the State. The upper Santa Clara Yalley has ceased to be a producing center. The northern limit of the section at present yielding oil is found in the eastern end of the Ojai ranche and the adja- cent canyons of the Sulphur Mountain. These canyons commence on the west with Wheelers Canyon and extend eastward through the Adams, Santa Paula, Sespe, and Piru canyons, all of which border the Santa Clara Valley of Ventura County on the north side. On the south side of this valley, opposite the Sespe Canyon, the formation yielding x)etroleum first aipears at Bardsdale, and extends along the western slope of the San Fernando Mountains, through the Torrey, Tappo, Pico, and other canyons to a point east of the San Fernando Pass. Much the larger part of this area lies in Ventura County, the remainder in Los Angeles County.
No productive area has yet been developed in the San Fernando plain, but the outcrops again appear in the mountains along its south- ern border, south of which lies the plain upon which stands the city of Los Angeles. Many attempts have been made to obtain oil by bor- ing at several i:)oints upon this i)lain during the last thirty years, but it is only within the i)resent year that any considerable measure of success has attended these efibrts. Early in the year wells were drilled on some of the city lots upon the northwestern outskirts of the city, near Westlake Park. The first wells drilled are reported to have yielded 150 barrels of oil a day. No very definite estimate of their pro-
Petroleum.
ductiou could be obtained, as iu all cases a large amount of water was pumped with the oil, and also a considerable percentage of the oil was consumed as fuel for pumicing tlie wells and for drilling others. The success of these wells, however, led to the drilling ot many others, until at the close of the year a wide area had been and was being drilled over, the wells in almost every instance proving successful.
Southeast of Los Angeles the well-known Puente district has con- tinued to iroduce throughout the year.
At Summerland, on the coast below Santa Barbara, a well was dug early in the year that yielded so much oil that others were drilled. The production of some of these wells was reported as high as 50 barrels a day. The material is really maltha, of a density at or below 14° B., and contains a large amount of water, from which it is sepa- rated with the difficulty that usually attends the removal of water from maltha. This material has not yet been made available for commercial purposes outside the immediate locality.
Tbe Union Oil Company of California, with headquarters at Santa Paula, is the largest producer of crude petroleum in southern Cali- fornia. Its oils are also xi'oduced over the largest area and in the greatest variety. Those produced at the east end of the Ojai ranche are black in color, and consist of dense ietroleums and light malthas. On the opposite side of the Sulphur Mountain the oils obtained in Wheelers Canyon are green. They flow from tunnels that have been driven into the Sulphur Mountain at various dates since 1865. The first tunnel driven by Wheeler, in the fall of 1865, is still yielding a small quantity of oil, amounting in the aggregate to a number of bar- rels per mont. The next canyon, and parallel with Wheelers, is the Adams Canyon. Here wells are yielding a small amount of green and brown oils. The so-called Saltmarsh Canyon is a branch of the Adams Canyon. One of the most productive wells drilled in southern Cali- fornia, situated in this canyon, has yielded 140,000 barrels of petroleum.
In the Sespe (?anyon, next east of the Santa Paula canyon, several localities have been very successfully exploited for oil. The oil pro- duced here is black and for the most part of comparatively high specific gravity. Still farther east the Buckhorn ranch, operated by the Fortuna Oil Company, produces a very dense maltha in considerable quantities. These localities are all on the north side of the Santa Clara Yalley.
On the opposite, or south side, the most western locality producing oil in the vicinity is Bardsdale. Here a dozen or fifteen wells have been uniformly successful as producers of a brown oil of high specific gravity. A few miles east of Bardsdale is the Torrey canyon, where about 15 more wells are producing a dark brown oil of medium den- sity. These dilferent properties are united under the management of the Union Oil Company of California. Their average production during 1894 has been about 20,000 barrels per month. This production
Mineral Resources.
has been gathered into tanks at Santa Paula and Ventura and used in the refinery at Santa Paula, or distributed in tank cars for fuel pur- poses. A considerable amount of the mixed Portuna, Torrey canyon, and Bardsdale oils are loaded from a rack near Piru Station, on the Southern Pacific Eailroad. The remainder of the Bardsdale, with the Sespe and Ojai and Wheeler and Adams canyon oils is gatliered at Santa Paula or piped to Yentura, as required. Santa Paula is the principal loading station of the company for crude oil. Here also is their refinery. This is a small affair with a very inadequate equipment for producing the best grades of articles; yet with skillful manipulation some very superior articles are now turned out. The oil is received at the refinery in separate tanks for different purposes. All of the green oil from Wheeler's canyon, and much of the Brown oil from the Adams canyon is preserved separately for special uses. The least dense black oils are also preserved separately from the remaining black oils, which are used for fuel purposes. The green oils are largely used in the prep- aration of a reduced petroleum, which is sold under the name of skid oil." These green oils also furnish distillates from which the best grades of lubricating oils may be prepared. The usual method of procedure consists in placing the petroleum in a still and first removing the crude naphtha, the amount of which varies with the variety of oil and the season of the year. It has been demonstrated, both by experiment and practical experience, that at the average temperature of that climate a very large part of the light distillates obtained in the winter months is in summer evaporated from the oil while in transit from the wells to the refinery. The crude naphtha is refined by treatment and distilla- tion in a steam still. The lightest distillate has an average specific gravity of 74° B., and is wholly consumed in gasoline stoves. The next heavier grade of distillate is of about 68° B., gravity and is sold for various purposes under the name of benzine.
Ko illuminating oil is manufactured, as, after innumerable attempts extending over thirty years, the conclusion reached in 1865 has been confirmed, viz, that illuminating oil of superior quality can not be made from California petroleum. The distillate that corresponds in specific gravity to illuminating oil is sold for enriching illuminating gas and for use in petroleum motors. The next heavier distillate that comes off between the gas oil and the crude lubricating distillate is also sold as gas oil. Some of it is redistilled, furnishing gas oil on the one hand and light lubricating distillate on the other. A varying amount of crude lubricating distillate is obtained as the petroleum is run to an asphaltic residuum of several grades of hardness. These asphaltic re- siduuras, while they are sold under the technical names of asphalt" and 'asphaltum," are quite different from the natural substances known under those names. They are entirely free from oils volatile at a mod- erate tem[)erature, and also from water. They have, been found very valuable for use in the i)reparation of paints and for coating paper; also
Petroleum.
for covering pipes, technically known as pipe dipping." statistics of the amounts of the various products manufactured by the company have been furnished.
The territory available for oil purposes in the Tappo canyon is being operated by the Eureka Oil Oomi)any. This comi:)any is only a i)ro- ducer. It has drilled three wells, which have been brought in during the year 1894. The larger part, if not all, of their production during the year has been sold to the Union Oil Company of California. It has amounted to about 100 barrels a day. A circumstance of some interest may be noted in reference to the wells in the Tappo canyon. In 1865 Dr. Letterman, then superintendent of the operations of the Philadelphia and California Petroleum Company, drilled a well near an asphalt bed and at a depth of 117 feet struck maltha so dense that further drilling was found to be impossible. In May, 1866, I saw this well and listened to the discouraging story of the Doctor concerning it. I have been told that one of the most successful wells of the Eureka company is located only 150 feet from the site of the well of 1865-1866.
East of the Tappo canyon is the Pico canyon, in and about which wells have been drilled since 1866. Here was located the noted Pico spring, which was one of the two original springs that produced petro- leum in southern California. Here the Pacific Coast Oil Company have been operating for many years. The wells in this vicinity have been their main source of supply, while the remainder has been obtained from wells along a line extending several miles to the eastward. Their oil is nearly all shiiped to San Francisco, where it is worked up into various products similar to, but generally lighter in specific gravity than, those made by the Union Oil Company of California.
The production around Los Angeles has for the most part been con- sumed as fuel. A small iortion has been distilled into gas oil and asphaltum by the Oil Burner and Supily Company of Los Angeles. The production at Puente has all been consumed for fuel purposes in and around Los Angeles. At the close of the year the Union Oil Com- pany of California was completing arrangements for drilling several wells near Fullerton, southeast of Los Angeles, and in the neighborhood of the Puente district.
The best estimate that can be made, from information deemed reliable, of the production of oil in California during 1894 is as follows: Wells at Summerland capable, if pumped to full capacity, of yielding 150 barrels per dayj actual yield fluctuating and uncertain, as the oil is consumed locally and in Santa Barbara for fuel ; possible production for the year, 1,500 barrels. Wells of the Union Oil Company of Cali- fornia, in Ventura County, yielding an average of 20,000 barrels per month; drilling nearly suspended; yield decreasing. Wells of the Eureka Oil Company averaging about 100 barrels a day. Wells of the Pacific Coast Oil Company averaging about 15,000 barrels a month.
Mineral Resources.
Wells in and around Los Angeles estimated to average 15,000 barrels a month.
Summary of production of petroleum in southern California in 1894.
Summerland
Union Oil Company of California
Eureka Oil Company
Pacific Coast Oil Company
In and around Los Angeles
Total
Barrels.
1,500 240, 000 36, 500 180, 000 180, 000
638, 000
sketch of this interest would be complete without mention of the peculiar condition at present prevailing upon the Pacific Coast. Until about the beginning of 1893 the Union Oil Company of California and the Pacific Coast Oil Company had nearly absolute control of the crude- oil trade of the Pacific Coast, and a large share of the trade in refined p>roducts exclusive of illuminating oil. Since this period the low prices prevailing on the Atlantic Coast for lubricating oils have made the introduction of large quantities of high grade Eastern oils possible. Also since this xeriod the development of the Puente and other fields not controlled by these corporations has led to the production of crude I)etroleum in the vicinity of Los Angeles somewhat in excess of the local demand. All of these influences have together served to depress prices.
A short time prior to the close of the year a movement was set on foot to import Peruvian petroleum into the Pacific Coast ports, to be offered at prices low enough to compete with the California product. Large tanks were in process of erection at Santa Monica, San Francisco, Cal., and Portland, Oreg., and the report was very generally deemed authentic that a sufficient number of tank steamers had been secured to bring to the Coast from Peru a supply adequate to meet all demands. This movement has been met by a reduction in the price of crude oil by the Union Oil Company of California to less than 50 per cent of that formerly demanded. I do not believe that the importation of Peruvian petroleum can be permanently maintained at a profit. Meantime the low prices resulting from this movement will greatly extend the use of the crude oil, creating a much greater demand for it. Especially to be observed are the preparations now being made by the two great rail- road systems of the Coast, the Santa Fe and Southern Pacific, to burn petroleum instead of coal ui)on locomotives.
Tennessee.
Between 1860 and 1870, shortly after tlie drilling of the Drake well, at Titusville, in Pennsylvania, oil was searched for in most of the States in the Union. In many cases, especially in the districts on the western slopes of the Ai)palachian Mountains, oil was found in consid- erable quantities as the result of these explorations; but the conditions
Petroleum.
of transportation were such that the product could not be marketed at a profit, and hence the wells were allowed to fall into disuse. With the southward extension, however, of the Appalachian field, and espe- cially in view of the ease with which oil can now be transported through pipe lines from territory that would otherwise be inaccessible, attention is now being directed to those localities which give promise of being paying territory.
In central and eastern Tennessee, especially in Overton and Putnam counties, quite a number of wells were drilled twenty- five to thirty years ago and a great deal of oil found. Near Algood, Putnam County, on what was known as the Douglas property, considerable lubricating oil was found. Quite a number of wells were put down and a number of thousands of barrels hauled to the then nearest railroad. In the southwestern corner of Overton County is a group of shallow wells drilled from twenty five to thirty years ago which were reported to be very prolific producers. These wells were drilled very close together, the oil being found at a depth of from 60 to 80 feet. Other wells were drilled in various parts of this section of Tennessee, but abandoned for the reasons stated above. Kecently, however, attention has again been directed to this district; leases are being taken up and the coun- try is being tested with the i)rospect that oil in paying quantities will be found. No production, however, is reported in this district in 1894.
Alabama.
The oil fields of northern Alabama have been described by Dr. C. Willard Hayes, of the United States Geological Survey, in Mineral Kesources, 1893, pages 509, 510.
Kansas.
The earliest district in Kansas to attract any attention as a producer of petroleum was Miami County, as described on pages 510, 511, of Min- eral Kesources, 1893.
The most extensive field, however, was developed in 1883 and 1884 in Wilson, Neosho, and Montgomery counties, some 40,000 barrels hav- ing been produced in these three counties within a radius of some 20 miles from Neodesha, in Wilson County, in 1894. The oil is reported to be free from sulphur, of 36 B. gravity, and of a dark-green color. It is found at a depth of about 750 to 900 feet, sometimes in a brown sand, sometimes in a white sand, and is from 10 to 30 feet thick. None of the oil produced has yet been refined. There were 34 wells in oper- ation, all of which were drilled in 1894. The initial production of the wells is from 10 to 35 barrels a day.
376 Mineral Resources.
The total product of oil in Kansas, so far as records have been obtained, is as follows:
Production of petroleum in Kansas.
Barrels.
1, 200 1,400
1891 ,
18, 000 40, 000
Kentucky.
From a very comilete and very interesting report on the occurrence of petroleum, natural gas, and asphalt rock in western Kentucky, by Prof. Edward Orton, we condense the following brief statement regard- ing the production of petroleum :
Practically but two divisions of the geological scale constitute the surface rocks of western Kentucky, namely, the sub-Garboniferous and the Carboniferous. Both of these series, but especially the former, abound in one or another form of petroleum. In the Coal Measures proper there is comparatively little evidence of the existence of bitu- minous matter outside of the coal seams and the black shale they contain, but when tested with the drill the underlying strata, namely, the Devonian shale, the Devonian and Upper Silurian limestones, and the Hudson Eiver group, has been proved, in some part of its extent, to be petroliferous in an important sense. In these are found not only petroleum and the gas derived from it, but the tar and asphalt that result from the oxidation of the petroleum.
One of the most interesting petroleum districts, historically at least, is what is known as the Cumberland County oil field. At Burksville, in this county, in the valley of the Cumberland Kiver, the first flowing oil well ever opened in this country was struck in 1829. The well was drilled for salt water and was, through its entire depth, in strata of the Hudson Eiver age. It was drilled but 300 feet deep. The drilling tools were lifted out of the well by the force of the gas, and a column of oil was thrown to the top of the trees above the derrick. The escaping oil flowed into the Cumberland River, covering its surface for many miles. This oil was ignited at a point some 40 miles below Burksville, and the burning river presented an astonishing sight. The quantity of oil that escaped was large, but the exact amount is not known. The well ceajed to flow some three weeks after it was struck, but remained full of oil, and many years afterwards was pumped for the i)urpose of obtaining oil to be bottled and sold for medicinal use. Though a good deal of drilling has since been done in and around JUirksville, nothing at all comparable to this early experience has been encountered, though small oil wells have been found.
Petroleum.
In Allen County oil springs have been known to exist from its earliest occui)ation, being found in the lower ])art of the St. Louis limestone. From one of these si)rings in the valley of the Trammel Fork of Drakes Creek, a branch of the Barren Eiver, a few miles to the south- west of Scottville, oil had been collected in a small way for many years after the Indian fashion, by spreading a blanket over the surface of the spring and wringing out the oil absorbed. A barrel of this oil was shipped to Pittsburg some time before 1850. During the war of the rebellion several shallow wells were drilled near the springs in this county, several of the wells yielding from 5 to 6 barrels of heavy oil, and all the oil that could be secured was wagoned across the country and shipped to Memphis. In 1867, on the Uriah Porter farm, to the southwest of Scottville, a well drilled to the depth of probably 75 feet turned out to be a large producer. Estimates of the production range from 100 to 500 barrels a day, anyone of which was in excess of the actual production. A quantity of oil, possibly 200 or 300 barrels, was shipped to Louisville and St. Louis for refining, but was charged with sulphur and could not be deodorized, while transportation was too expensive. Other wells were drilled in this vicinity and some gas and oil found, but production was never carried on on a commercial scale.
These exhaust what Professor Orton calls the early history of petro- leum in this district. A new chapter begins in 1887, following the discovery of oil in the Trenton limestone.
The largest oil field in the western half of Kentucky, but still a very small oil field, is in Barren County. Its early history agrees quite closely with that of Allen County, already given. Systematic drilling sc3ms to have begun in this territory around Glasgow immediately after the war. Tlie first well drilled was in the immediate vicinity of a sirring on Boyds Creek, 4J miles southeast of Glasgow. Oil was obtained here at a shallow depth in promising quantities. Quite a number of wells were drilled in 1866-1868 which proved to be flowing wells, one being credited with a iroduction of 100 barrels a day for some time. These wells and others that were afterwards put down near them constitute an oil field of small proportion. From 1866 up to the present time this field has maintained a steady though small pro- duction. The oil is black, with a specific gravity of from to 42° B. It does not contain an excessive amount of sulphur compounds. The surface rocks at this point are the lowest beds of the Keokuk group, and the oil is derived from strata 177 feet below the valley level. The oil rock seems to be a sandstone.
Mineral Resources.
Professor Orton gives tlie following as the total production of this Glasgow field from 1872 to 1888:
Barrels.
1872-1874
13, 000 7, 300
3, 600 14, 600
4, 500
1874 1876
1876 1878
1878 1884
1884-1888
Total
43, 000
Since 1887, as noted above, exploration for oil has been conducted in a number of localities in Kentucky. The important ones, however, and the only ones that have resulted in any considerable production of oil, have been in the neighborhood of Glasgow ; indeed, the Glasgow district may be regarded as the only district in Kentucky that has produced oil in commercial quantities. Considerable of the oil from this district has been refined. A test of the oil made by Prof. W. Dicore, of Cincinnati, Ohio, shows that the oil had a specific gravity of 0.870 of 43 b. and produced, on distillation, 5 per cent light oil boiling below 130° F., 18 per cent boiling at 130-300° F.,and 34 per cent of illuminating oil of 48° B. After these there was taken off a lubricating oil of 28° B., which on further heating yielded oil of 39° B., out of which 17 per cent of heavy lamp oil of 43° B. can be produced, increasing the total of lamjD oil to 51 per cent.
The total production of oil in Kentucky, so far as we have been able to ascertain the same with any details, is as follows :
Production of petroleum in Kentucky 1883-1894.
Years.
Produc- tion.
Years.
Produc- tion.
Barrels. 4, 755 4, 148 5, 164 4, 726
4, 791
5, 096
Barrels.
5, 400
6, 000 9, 000 6, 500 3,000 1, 500
Texas.
Conditions similar to those found in Kansas, Missouri, and the south- ern part of California exist in Texas. Springs, known locally as tar springs,-' are found scattered over various portions of the State, espe- cially in the northeast, southeast, and central portions. The oil wells of Kansas and Missouri are found a little east of the ninety-fifth merid- ian of longitude west of Greenwich. The Texas springs are a little to the east of the ninety-fourth meridian, and some are also found on the ninety-third and east of it. The i)etroleum produced in Texas is from Bexar County, near San Antonio, about midway between the
Petroleum.
ninety-eighth and ninety-ninth meridians. The product of these si)rings is known locally as petroleum, and is in this report so classified, though some geologists, especially those who have been connected with the geological survey of California, Insist on calling it maltha. At present, however, they acknowledge that this so-called maltha and petroleum are similar substances. Chemically they may be; practically they are not.
The Texas oil is a natural lubricator of from 28 to 30° gravity, and is said to be found in a conglomerate. The wells are shallow, the oil being struck in various parts of the State at from 125 to 350 feet. The Bexar County wells, which {produced the petroleum reported from this State, are about 300 feet deep. As there is but a limited demand for the oil, there is no effort to produce it in large quantities. The produc- ing wells, which are on the ranch of Mr. George Dulnig, were wells that had been drilled originally for water. They were found to yield small quantities of oil and gas. The production of these two wells in 1889 was about 4 barrels a month. The annual production is from 50 to 75 barrels.
Outside of the oil produced in Bexar County none seems to have been produced in the State on a commercial scale, though reports as to the discovery of oil at various points in Texas are frequent. At Sul phur Springs, in Hopkins County, there are certain so-called "sour wells," which produced a few gallons of oil. In 1887 and 1888 con- siderable excitement was occasioned by the reported striking of oil in Nacogdoches County, The locality was some 80 miles southwest of Shreveport. The wells were driven wells, and some oil was obtained at the depth of 85 feet; in other cases at a depth of 300 feet. Quite a number of wells were driven in 1887 and 1888, but no petroleum was produced in 1889. The oil produced in Bexar County was used for lubrication.
The production of petroleum in this State since 1889 has been as follows :
Production of petroleum in Texas, 1889 to 1894.
Years.
Barrels.
Illinois.
The only oil produced in Illinois on a commercial scale is a natural lubricating oil from Litchfield, Montgomery County. Some oil occurs with the gas at the wells of the Sparta Natural Gas and Oil Company at Sparta, 111., but not in sufficient quantities to be considered in the statistics of production.
Mineral Resources.
The Litchfield oil is lubricating, dark, almost black, in color, and of 220 B. gravity. The cold test is remarkable, the oil remaining fluid at 22 below zero F. It is largely used by the factories in the neighbor- hood of Litchfield, and is sold to consumers at near-by points for lubricat- ing purposes, bringing from 8 to 10 cents i)er gallon in bulk, according to quantity. In all there have been 30 wells bored in the neighborhood of Litchfield, chiefly for gas. The depth of these wells ranges from 640 to 670 feet. All save five were abandoned years ago, and one of these has since been abandoned, so that in 1894 but four were produc- ing. These wells continue to produce the character of petroleum men- tioned above. The average production is about 1 barrel a day. They are pumped by heads, and one man attends to them all.
The production of petroleum in this State since 1889 has been as follows :
ProducUon of petroleum in Illinois, 1889 to 1894.
Years.
Barrels.
1,460
Indian Territory.
Petroleum is found in Indian Territory in the Cherokee !N"ation, some 50 miles south of the ]S"eodesha field in Wilson and adjacent counties, Kansas, which are referred to in the report on Kansas. Eight wells were put down in the district of Gooweescoowe in this field, oil being found at various depths in each, from 33 to 260 feet. The wells are pumping wells and would yield from one-half to 12 barrels a day. The total production in 1894 was 30 barrels. Near Chelsea, also in the Cherokee Nation, are 6 wells producing a similar oil to that noted above. The total production of oil in this Territory in 1894 was 130 barrels, worth $810, or $6.23 a barrel. The oil is a lubricating oil.
The total production since 1891 has been as follows :
Production of iietroleum in Indian Territory, 1891 to 1894.
Years.
Barrels.
1:50
189.J
Petroleum.
Missouri.
The conditions under which i)etroleuni is found in Missouri are simi- lar to those that exist at Paola, Kans., which are described quite fully in the statement regarding petroleum in Kansas, in the report of 1889-90. All of the oil produced in Missouri has come from Bates County, near the Kansas State line and southeast from Paola. The oil comes from a sand, and is found at a depth of 220 feet. The well is i)umped by a windmill, and yields but a small amount of oil, similar to the Paola oil.
The product of this State since 1889 ts as follows :
Production of petroleum in Missouri, 1889 to 1894.
Years.
Barrels.
A contract was made early in 1895 for drilling a well near Red Hill in the hope of finding petroleum. It will be drilled 2,000 feet if necessary.
Wyoming.
For the first time Wyoming appears in this report as a producer of oil on a commercial scale, 2,3G9 barrels, of a total value of $15,920, or $6.72 a barrel, having been produced in this State in 1894 in the Salt Creek Basin, in Iatrona County, by the Pennsylvania Oil Syndicate, from three wells, one of which was drilled in 1894, the other two having been drilled prior to that date. Of the total amount of oil produced 1.990 barrels were sold, leaving a balance of some 500 barrels, of which a small amount was carried over from the previous year. These wells are some 44 miles north of Casper, which is the nearest railroad station, the oil having to be hauled to that point in wagons. From Casper it is shipped in large iron drums holding some 50 gallons each. The price received for the oil, f. o. b. at Casper, in car-load lots, is stated to be $10 a barrel, the price of $6.72 a barrel being this price less the cost of hauling. Shipments of oil only began on September 27, 1894, the total amount shix3ped to the 1st of January, 1895, being, as stated above, 1,990 barrels. Additional wells were in process of drilling at the beginning of 1895, which, it is understood, have since been completed, showing a production of some 60 barrels a day.
The oil is stated to be a fine lubricant, amber or green in color. One statement shows the specific gravity to be 23.4° B. (=1.194). The fol- lowing is an analysis of this oil made by Mr. Wilbur C. Knight, State geologist ;
382 Mineral Resources.
Analysis of Salt Creek oil, Wyoming.
No. of frac- tion.
Products.
Per cent.
opeciuc gravity.
X Ids IllDg
pomt.
Cold teat.
Of.
o
' 32
Ilium iuant
do
do
do
Lubricating
do
do
32 thick .
Cylinder
Fluid.
Coke
Ash
Note.— Specific gravity of crude oil, 0.9150. Flashing point of crude oil, 221° P.
From the above it will be seen that 76,695 per cent are heavy oils, the light oils being but 1.2 ier cent, while the illuminants are but 12 per cent.
This Natrona County oil is found in Salt Creek Basin, in the north- eastern corner of the county, Salt Creek running northward into the Powder Eiver.
There are two other districts in the State concerning whose petro- leum resources some information has been gathered, one known as the " George B. Graff oil -mining district," in the county of Fremont, in the western part of the State, not far from Dallas, and at the base of the Wind Eiver Mountain, and the other known as the " Stockdale oil mining district," in Weston County, in the extreme northeastern part of the State, near the Black Hills and ISew Castle. The first district, the " George B. Graff," is named for the late Dr. George B. Graff, of Omaha, who developed the i3roi)erty. The amount of oil in this district is indicated from the fact that there are about 50 open oil springs in Fremont County, 14 within a radius of 20 miles of Lander. In 1885 four wells were sunk to the upper oil-bearing sands. The depth of these wells and their product as given at that time are as follows :
Depth and flow of Wyom ing oil wells.
Wells.
Depth.
Flow per day.
No.l
Feet.
1,200
Barrels.
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
Total
1,335
It is i:)robable the production of these wells as given is too great. Several statements received from this district are to the effect that tliree of the wells w hich were drilled about this time were shut in or 'packed;" that if they were allowed to flow, or (to use the local expression) " let loose," they would produce some 200 barrels per day
Petroleum.
per well J and that in the neighborhood of these wells a lake, 300 yards long by 30 yards wide, was made to receive their overflow, and it is estimated that in this lake there was stored for some time 15,000 bar- rels that was produced in 1886. Nothing has been done in the way of development or production in this district since this date. Eegarding this oil field, Mr. L. D. llicketts states: These wells are cased and supplied with valves to prevent the oil from escaping, but owing to the great gas pressure a leakage can not be i>revented. The jiressureis so great that upon suddenly opening the valves the oil spurts up 75 feet into the air, like some black- watered geyser. After the i)ipe thus clears itself the steady flow of oil is resumed, which, as variously estimated, will aggregate from 600 to 1,000 barrels xjer twenty-four hours." The od is found in two strata, the upper, a "black sand," averaging about 70 feet in thickness, and the other, a "black pebble" or "dark conglom- erate," varying in thickness, according to different authorities, from 400 to 800 feet. The oil in this district is low in illuminants, averaging about 25 per cent.
Eegarding the second district, the " Stockade Oil-Mining district," which is located in the Black Hills, near New Castle, in Weston County, but little information has been obtained. A large quantity of Govern- ment land supposed to contain oil has been located in this district — some 376 locations of 160 acres each, amounting to 60,160 acres. So far as has been learned, no amount of oil has ever been produced in this district, though indications are very favorable to the securing of a large supply.
New Mexico.
Information has been received of a very small production of a heavy lubricating oil in Bernalillo County, on sec. 11, T. 16 N., E. 16 W. This oil flows naturally from the rocks containing it. The product is stated to be a barrel a day, which is probably in excess of the actual produc- tion. It is sold in small quantities to consumers in the immediate vicinity. The larger proportion of the production is wasted and lost. It is also reported that there are several places on the Navajo Indian Eeservation where petroleum exudes from the crevices in bituminous sandstone, and there is no doubt that at many places in New Mexico the same phenomena that are noticed in Colorado and Wyoming will be found to exist.
Canada.
While oil in small quantities is found at many points in Canada, most of the commercial oil produced in the Dominion is from Lambton County, Ontario, from what is generally known as the " Petrolia field," though oil is produced from two distinct pools, one the Oil Springs and the other the Petrolia, both in the townshii) of Enniskillen, in the county above named. The larger, the Petrolia field, has an area of
Mineral Resources.
some 2G square miles. The smaller, the Oil Springs field, covers about 2 square miles. Accordiug to the report of Mr. H. P. H. Brumell, of the geological survey of Canada, to which we are indebted for many of the facts of this statement, these pools are divided by a very distinct synclinal structure. The oil horizon of Petrolia lies at a depth of from 450 to 480 feet beneath the surface of the main part of the town of this name, the oil being pumped in all instances from what is known as the lower vein, at a point about 05 feet in the Corniferous limestone. The following record may be taken as typical of the wells sunk in the Petrolia field :
Well sunk near tlie Imperial refinery, Petrolia, Ontario.
Character of beds.
Surface
Limestone (upper lime).. Shale (upper soapstone). Limestone (middle lime) Shale (lower soapstone) . . Limestone (lower lime) . .
Limestone, soft
Limestone, gray
Feet.
15 [ 68 J
Formation.
Hamilton.
Corniferous.
Wells have been sunk deeper, in the expectation of finding oil ; in all cases, however, without success.
At Oil Springs the petroleum is found at some 370 feet from the sur- face, or about 60 feet below the summit of the Corniferous limestone. The following record is given by Mr. Brumell as illustrating the geology of the wells in the Oil Springs pools :
Record of a well sunk in the Oil Springs pools, Ontario.
Character of beds.
Feet. Formation.
East Side Of Field.
Surface
Limestone (upper lime)
Shale (upper soapstone)
Limestone (middle lime)
Shale (lower soapstone)
Limestone, (lower lime)
West Side Of Field
Surface
Shale (upper soapstone)
Limestone (middle lime)
Shale (lower soapstone)
Limestone (lower lime)
17 J
Hamilton.
Hamilton.
In a very interesting i)aper read by Prof. Charles F. Mabery before the Franklin Institute on the composition of the sulphur x)etroleums of Ohio and Canada, he i)oints out that while in a general way the i3etro- leum deposits in Canada are similar to those of the Lima, Ohio, field, yet, unlike the oil-bearing limestone in Ohio, the deposits at Petrolia and Oil Si)rings, in Canada, occupy, at comparatively shallow depths,
Petroleum.
the Ooruiferous limestone far above the Trenton formation, which lies at depths of more than 2,000 feet. He states also that " the two fields in Canada are contained in parallel anticlinals approximately 10 miles apart and extending in a direction at right angles to the northeasterly direction of the oil fields in Ohio. The oil territory in Petrolia is about 5 miles in its greatest length and somewhat less than 2 miles in its average width, with an area of 8 square miles. The area of productive territory at Oil Springs is 2 square miles." It will be noted that Pro- fessor Mabery's statement of the extent of the Petrolia field differs from that given above, which is the estimate of the Canadian geological survey, made some years since.
Professor Mabery continues: 'In the early days some of the Cana- dian wells yielded an enormous flow of oil, but at present the pressure is slight and no oil is obtained without pumping." The average depth of the wells, of which at present there are some 8,000 — 0,000 of these being in Petrolia — is 465 feet. At Oil Springs the average depth is but 380 feet. The yield from individual wells is very small, the total production of these 8,000 wells being only something like a million barrels a year, but this small yield is offset by their long life. Some wells now in operation have produced oil steadily for thirty years. The petroleum is a dark brown, heavy oil, ranging in gravity from 31. 5° to 35° B., the heavier oil being obtained in the Petrolia field, while the lighter is produced at Oil Springs and from the small j)ool in Euphemia Township. The wells in the latter township are small pro- ducers, the largest flow from any well not exceeding a barrel a day. The field is also circumscribed in extent.
The oil from Canada belongs to what is known as the sulphur petro- leums. Kegarding the distillates from the Canadian oil Professor Mabery, whose jjaper has been referred to, states, treating in general of petroleum:
In a general examination of these petroleums with reference to specific gravity, bromine absorption, proportions that distill at different temperatures, specific grav- ities of the distillates, and their bromine absorption, it is found that the Ohio oil stands between the Pennsylvania and Caucasus oils, and the Canadian oil is between the Ohio and Caucasus. Below 120° 19.7 per cent of Pennsylvania oil distills, 0.5 per cent of Caucasus; below 110° 9.75 per cent of Ohio oil, and below 115° 2.75 per cent of Canadian oil. Above 320° the residue in Pennsylvania oil is equivalent to 35.54 per cent, and in Caucasus oil to 53 per cent. Above 350° the residue of Ohio oil is 43 per cent, and of Canadian oil 70.75 per cent.
The crude Ohio and Canadian oils are so unstable that decomposition can only be prevented by distillation in vacuo with the exclusion of the air and a corresponding reduction in temperature. The distillates were purified and the determinations made in the same manner as Ohio oil was treated, it being found that the same butanes, pentanes, hexanes, heptanes, octanes, and the same nonane were recognized. The same representatives of the aromatic series, both of the series CnH2n-6 and of the series C„H.2ii, were found. But benzole and its homologues were found to be present in much smaller quantity in the Canadian than in the Ohio oil.
Canadian oil seems to be refined in the usual manner, except that certain chemicals are used to deprive it of its sulphur odor. Much gas 16 GEOL, PT 4 25
Mineral Resources.
is evolved in distillation, which is used in heating the retorts. In crude stills gasoline and burning oil are run off up to 37 B. and the residue is then transferred to the tar still, from which heavy oils are run off up to 30.5o B. and the residue is coked. The last distillate is again distilled and the residue coked as before. The character of the refined oil depends largely upon the skill of the operator. With care- ful treatment and the use of an alkaline solution of plumbic oxide a burning oil of good quality is prepared. Professor Mabery states:
From Petrolia crude 2 per cent of naphtha is obtained and from Oil Springs crude 7 per cent. The jueld of burning oil from either source is 40 per cent, the quantity of tar 30 per cent of the crude oil, from which the yield of heavy oil is 20 per cent, -with a residue of coke equivalent to 10 per cent of the original crude.
Eeturns of the refiners made to the Canadian Government show the amount of the various products which the crude yields. The follow ing is the results of refining in 1889. The other results can be obtained by calculation from the reports given elsewhere as to the total results of refining in the several years:
Percentage of products obtained in rejiniiig Canadian petroleum in 1889.
Products.
Illuminating oils
Benzine and naphtha
Paraffin and other oils (including gas, paraffin black, and other lubricating
oils, and paraffin wax)
Waste (including coke, tar, and heavy residuum)
Total...
Per cent.
The statistics of the production of petroleum in the Petrolia, Ontario, oil field are not at all satisfactory. In the following table will be found a statement of the shipments of petroleum from Petrolia, Ontario, for each month for the years 1893 and 1894. These statements are by no means satisfactory, part of the oil being shipped as crude and part as refined. The refined shipped is reduced to crude or its crude equiva- lent and added to the amount of oil shipped as crude, giving the total crude equivalent. The shipments are given in barrels of 35 imperial gallons, this being ijractically the equivalent of the American barrel of 42 Winchester gallons. It will be noted that this statement of ship- ments shows a production in excess of the statement compiled by the geological survey department of Canada, and would indicate that these reports of shipments are in excess of the actual production from year to year, probably the result of duplications:
Petroleum.
Shipments of crude petroleum and refined petroleum reduced to crude equivalent from
Canada in 1893 and 1894.
Months.
January . . Febmary . March ... .
April
May
June
July
August. - . September October. . . November December
Total .
Crude.
Refined.
Crude equivalent.
Crude.
Refined,
Crude equivalent.
23, 671 22, 905 17, 891 16, 131 19, 031 16, 023 16, 945 17,511 19, 109 23, 407 26, 455 25, 685
28, 834 19, 809 22, 405 16, 532 19, 476 16, 793 19, 510 26, 860 35, 967 49, 266 39, 766 30, 354
96, 756 77, 070 73, 903 57, 460 67, 721 58, 025 67, 520 84, 661 109, 027 146, 573 125, 870 100, 570
25, 575 20, 295 16, 935 15, 125 18, 756 15, 655 20, 536 18, 420 18, 135
26, 575 23, 675 23, 375
32, 605 22, 355 17, 490 19, 335 19,445 16, 870 19, 620 27, 170 36, 735 51, 835 39, 535 27, 640
107, 087 76, 182 60, 660 63, 463 67, 369 57, 830 69, 586 86, 345 109, 973 156, 162 122, 513 92, 475
244, 763
325, 572
1, 066. 155
243, 057
330, 635
1, 069, 645
From Mr. James Kerr, secretary of the Petrolia Oil Exchange, we have the following statement regarding the shii)inents and production of oil in 1894. After stating that it is not easy to get exact facts regard- ing the stocks, production, and shipments of crude oil on account of trade interests and jealousies, he says the railroad shipments for the year 1894, in barrels of 35 gallons each, by months, are as follows :
Shiprnents of crude petroleum from the Petrolia, Ontario, oilfield in 1894.
Months.
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Total
Shipped by pipe line
Total
stocks in tanks —
January 1, 1894
December 31, 1894
Decrease in stocks
Approximate production
Barrels of 35 imperial gal- lons each.
101, 570 76, 183 60, 661 73, 463 67, 369 57, 830 69, 586 86, 345 109, 973 156, 163 122, 513 97, 170
1,
078, 826
10, 000
1,
088, 826
77, 000
40, 000
37, 000
1, 051, 826
The great decrease in sales on the exchange for the last two years will be noted. This does not imply a decrease of actual business in the oil field, but simply that the petroleum went direct to the refiners instead of being sold through the brokers on exchange. The exchange prices, however, show the value of the petroleum in the markets.
Mineral Resources.
Mr. Kerr states :
I believe the foregoing estimate is too great by at least 10 per cent on the ship- ments which, are estimated from refined and converted into crude equivalent. By products are liable to be duplicated in such a calculation. I would therefore esti- mate that the total net production in 1894 would be as follows, allowing 10 per cent reduction on shipments:
Estimated production of petroleum in Canada in 1894, by Mr. James Kerr.
Shipjied by road
Shipped by pipe line
Total
Less reduction of stocks
Making the production
Barrels.
970, 943 10, 000
980, 943 37, 000
943, 943
In the following" table is given a statement of the production of petroleum in Canada in the years 1886 to 1894, and the value of the same. These figures, it is stated, are calculated from the official in- spection returns, and the values are computed at the average yearly price per barrel of 35 imperial gallons.
Production and value of petroleum in Canada from 1886 to 1894. [Barrels of 35 imperial gallons.]
: " Tears.
Production.
Value.
486, 441 763, 933 733, 564 639, 991 765, 029 755, 298 779, 753 798, 406 829, 104
$437, 797 595, 868 755, 571 612, 101 902, 734 1, 004, 596 982, 489 834, 344 835, 322
The average closing prices of petroleum for each year from 1885 to 1894 at the Petrolia Oil Exchange, together with the total sales for the year on this exchange, are as follows :
Average jyrice and sales of crude jetr oleum in the Petrolia Oil Exchange from 1885 to 1894.
Tears.
Price.
Sales.
$0. 82J 1. 02 J 1. 00?
871, 500 782, 570 406, 203 510, 007 400, 932 394, 924 377, 453 165, 315 20, 941
Petroleum.
In the following table will be found a statement of the average clos- ing prices for crude oil on the Petrolia Oil Exchange for each month in 1892, 1893, and 1894:
Average closing jn-ice of crude petroleum on the Petrolia Oil Exchange in 1892, 1893, and
1894, by months.
Months.
January . . . February. .
March
April
May
June
July
August
September. October . . . November . December .
Average .
$1. 29i
$1. 18i
$1.01i
1.25a
1.26J
l.OOJ
The stocks of petroleum on hand in warehouse tanks were as follows: December 31, 1893, 77,000 gallons 5 December 31, 1894, 40,000 gallons.
As a matter of interest the following statement is included of the operations of the refineries of Canada for the years 1890 to 1894:
Production of Canadian oil refineries in 1890 to 1894. [Imperial gallons.]
Products.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Paraffine oils do
Gas and fuel oils do
Lubricating oils and tar do
Total
11, 129, 277 636, 247 446, 888 4, 246, 447 2, 877, 388 913, 730
$1, 264, 677 37, 026 64, 713 84, 752 130, 349 56, 903
10, 427, 040 603, 971 622, 287 3, 373, 720 2, 500, 000 741,611
$1, 170, 241 36, 790 75, 772 89, 267 101, 752
1, 638, 420
1, 534, 509
Products.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Ilhiminating oils . . galls . . Benzine and naphtha,
Paraffine oils . . . gallons . .
Gas and fuel oils ... do
Lubricating oils and tar,
gallons
Paraffine wax. .pounds. .
Total
10, 806, 806
793, 263 1, 051, 163 6, 343, 589
3, 177, 853 876, 570
$1, 176, 720
60, 130 127, 351 202, 047
133, 336 82, 781
11, 100, 810
721,192 1, 243, 924 7, 559, 489
1,876, 633 1, 659, 167
$1, 073, 738
54, 760 116, 233 217, 740
92, 616 120, 697
11, 289, 741
645, 031 1, 282, 749 7, 323, 374
1, 801, 174 1, 950, 172
$1, 003, 973
54, 515 118, 053 197, 193
74, 309 119, 091
1, 782, 365
1, 675, 784
1, 567, 134
At the refineries producing the above amount of oil in 1894, 486 per- sons were employed, the total wages i)aid being $279,930.
r
390 Mineral Resources.
The following table shows the amount of Canadian oils and na])htha inspected, togetlier with the amount of crude that is assumed as the equivalent of the refined oils and the ratio of crude to refined:
Canadian oils and naphtha inspected, and corresponding quantities of crude oil.
Fiscal years.
Refined oils inspected.
Crude equivalent calculated.
Ratio of crude to refined.
Gallons.
Gallons.
6, 406, 783
12, 813, 566
100 : 50
5, 910, 787
13, 134, 998
100 : 45
6, 970, 550
15, 490, 111
100 : 45
7, 656, Oil
19, 140, 027
100:40
7, 661, 617
19, 154, 042
100:40
8, 149, 472
21, 445, 979
100:38
8, 243, 962
21, 694, 637
100:38
9, 545, 895
25, 120, 776
100 : 38
9, 462, 834
24, 902, 195
100 : 38
10, 121,210
26, 634, 763
100 : 38
10, 270, 107
27, 026, 597
100 : 38
10, 370, 707
27, 291, 334
100 : 38
10, 618, 804
27, 944, 221
100:38
11, 027, 082
29, 018, 637
100:38
Petroleum has been discovered in some of the other provinces of Canada, but at i)resent it is not produced in commercial amounts. It is reported, however, that near Parsons Pond, in ]ewfoundland, wells are being drilled, with every prospect of opening up a large and pro- ductive petroleum territory.
Peru.
The petroleum fields of Peru have recently assumed considerable importance. The oil is of good grade, and the refined is displacing that from the United States in many of the Pacific Coast markets. Recently some of the most extensive producers of southern California have entered the Peruvian field, and the oil from this district is being sent in quantities to California for fuel.
While petroleum is found in a number of localities in Peru, the most important deposits, and the ones so far explored to any extent, are in the Department of Piura. The area of the field is estimated at some 12,350 square miles. These fields are in a sandy belt along the sea- shore, a well having been sunk at Negritos, near Paita, only some 50 meters (IGl feet) from the shore, which threw up a stream of oil 25 meters high.
A description of the Peruvian fields, by Mr. J. C. Tweddle, jr., was given on page 516 of the report last year.
Kefineries have been established at Zorritos, Heath, and Talara. Con- nected with the Zorritos refineries there are 30 wells, with the Talara 14 wells, making a total of 44 wells connected with these two refineries out of a total of 49 for tlie entire region. These are the ligures obtained early in 1895, since which we have had no additional information. The total iroduction of these 49 wells in 1892, according to the statement of the Peruvian consul in France, was 2,113,438 gallons. The refineries above noted are built according to the latest plans and are operated on
Petroleum.
the most approved methods. At Talara there is a still with a capacity of 34,342 gallons. This refinery also has large tanks, and a steamboat to transport its product with railways, telegraphs, telephones, electric lights, etc.
As near as can be ascertained, the production of oil in 1890 in Peru was some 350,000 barrels. In 1892, as stated above, the product was 2,113,438 gallons, which would indicate a production of only 50,320 bar- rels, which must, however, be an error, or refer only to the production of a limited area and not to the whole field.
Russia.
Though crude i)etroleum, or naphtha," as it is termed in Russia, has been found in quantities in a number of localities in that country, chiefly in the Caucasian region, it is only near Baku, on the Caspian Sea, that it is produced in large amounts, and it is only the oil from this district that at present comes into competition, outside of Russia, with oil from the United States. More than 90 per cent of all the oil produced in Russia and all the exports are from Baku.
Extent Of The Baku Oil Fields.
The Baku oil fields, so called from the chief city of the district? though no oil is found at Baku, are on the Apsheron Peninsula, a bold lromontory that thrusts itself out some 50 miles into the Caspian Sea, near its southwestern shores. This peninsula, Avhich is some 20 miles wide, is the eastern terminus of the Caucasus Mountains, which here pass under the waters of the Caspian. The chief producing localities in this field are two, one near and in the clustered villages of Balakhany, Saboontchy, and Romany, some 10 miles northeast of Baku, and the second at Bibi-Eibat, some 6 miles southeast of Baku. The oil-produc- ing territory in the first field, which has been well defined, does not exceed 1,496 acres (544 dessiatines), while the Bibi-Eibat district is less than 300 acres. From this small area of less than 1,800 acres all of the enormous production of the Baku field has been derived.
Character Of Russian Petroleum.
From the report on the Mineral Industries of Russia, irepared for the World's Columbian Exposition, the following statement of the pro- duction of Russian oil, when distilled in the usual manner, without cracking, is given :
Products of Russian crude petroleum.
ProductvS.
Per cent.
Light oils 5 to 7
Kerosene (illuminating oils) 27 to 30
Solar (heavy illuminating oil) 13 to 15
Lubricating oils:
Spindle 7
Machine 18 to 25
Cylinder i 2 to 5
Vaseline 1
Mineral Resources.
When the petroleiiin is refined for the purpose of producing illumi- nathig oil the following is said to be the result:
Products of Russian petroleum when refined for illuminating oil.
Products.
Keroseue
Residuum
Light oils and waste
Total
Per ceut.
Production.
The data regarding the production of crude petroleum in Russia is only approximately correct. Statements made by different authorities differ considerably. I have taken the figures of the Council of the Congress of Russian Petroleum Producers, which are given in millions of poods. In reducing these to barrels I have assumed that the aver- age gravity of Russian oil is 0.875, and that an American barrel of 42 gallons contains 10.18 poods. Two distinct statements of production of Russian crude petroleum are given, one known as "total production," which includes not only the crude collected and refined or sold as fuel oil. but also an estimate of the oil wasted or not collected, as well as that used for fuel for pumping the wells. The second statement shows "profitable iroduction,'' that is, the amount of crude oil put into tanks or reservoirs.
The total production of crude petroleum on the Apsheron Peninsula and the shipments of the chief petroleum products from Baku from 1880 to 1894 have been as follows :
Total production'' of crude petroleum on the Apsheron Peninsula and shipments of petroleum products from Baku from 1880 to 1894,
Tears.
Production.
Barrels. 2, 455, 000 3, 929, 000 4, 911, 000 5, 893. 000 8, 841, 000 11, 394, 000 14, 734, 000 16, 208, 000 18,860,000 20, 137, 000 23, 477, 000 28, 290, 000 29, 273, 000 33, 104, 126 30, 383, 104
Shipments from Baku.
Illuminat- ing.
Barrels.
785, 000 1, 257, 000
1, 326, 000 1, 473, 000 2, 161,000
2, 946, 000
3, 438, 000
4, 322, 000 4, 911,000 6, 002, 000
6, 611.000
7, 269, 000 7, 730, 000 8, 438, 000 6, 994, 106
Lubricat- ing.
Barrels.
30, 000 112, 000 147, 000 157, 000 167, 000 226, 000 255, 000 324, 000 452, 000 551,000 570, 000 528, 684
Residuum .
Barrels. 697, 000 913, 000 1, 768, 000 1,846, 000 2, 868, 000 3, 330, 000 3, 555, 000 4, 076, 000 5, 746, 000
8, 703, 000
9, 538, 000 10, 157, 000 11,473, 000 14, 096, 267 19, 017, 682
Crude oil.
Barrels.
413, 000 638, 500 1, 139, 500 1, 149, 300 1, 198, 400 1, 611, 000
Total.
Barrels. 1, 482, 000 2, 170, 000 3, 124, 000 3, 431, 000 5, 176, 000 6, 433, 000 7, 160, 000 8, 624, 000 10, 912, 000 15, 442, 000 17, 239, 500 19, 066, 500 20, 903, 300 24, 302, 667 28, 251, 472
Tliis table gives the total production and the total shipments from Baku, both to Russian ports and to other countries, and may be re- garded as showing the total production of crude and refined oils and residuum in the district in the years made.
Petroleum. 393
The "profitable prodactiou" for the last six years is shown in the following table :
" Profitable production" of crude petroleum in the Apsheron Peninsula from 1889 to 1894.
[Barrels of 42 gallons.]
Years.
Production.
18, 889, 000 22, 229, 000 26, 974, 000 28, 143, 000 31, 894, 000 29, 223, 967
The divisions of this profitable production among the four subfields on the Apsheron peninsula are as follows:
'Profitable production " of the several fields of the Apsheron Peninsula from 1889 to 1894.
Fields.
Production in barrels.
Balakhany
Saboontchy
Bibi-Eibat
Total
6, 768, 000 10, 373, 000
1, 748, 000
6, 218, 000 14, 096, 000 147, 000 1, 768, 000
7, 289, 000 16, 060, 000
1, 277, 000
2, 348, 000
5, 648, 000 15, 196, 000 4, 027, 000 3, 272, 000
5, 677, 000 14, 371, 000 7, 180, 000 4, 666, 000
5, 795, 677 14,047,151
6, 060, 904 3, 320, 235
18, 889, 000
22, 229, 000
26, 974, 000
28, 143, 000
31, 894, 000
29, 223, 967
Wells And Their Production.
There are two classes of so-called wells in the Baku district, "pump- ing" and "flowing," or wells worked by "bucketing," and those that flow. In the former, pumi)ing is by means of large, deep buckets or pumi)s, with valves which are operated by windlass or steam and which bring to the surface at a "stroke" as much as a barrel of crude oil and water. This empties itself into a gutter and the oil, after sei)aration from the water, is conducted into reservoirs. A shift of workmen at these wells is never less than three.
The flowing wells are the well-known Baku fountains, some of which have given and continue to give some hundred thousand poods a day, say 10,000 barrels.
The production of crude petroleum from pumping and flowing wells in the last six years is as follows :
Production of crude oil from pumping and fiowing ivells in Russia from 1889 to 1894.
Tears.
Pumping.
Flowing.
Bar 7- els. 14, 705, 000 17, 347, 000 23, 123, 000 20. 707, 000 21, 168, 000 23, 153, 240
Barrels. 4, 184, 000 4, 882, 000 3, 851, 000 7, 436, 000 10, 726, 000 6, 070, 727
Mineral Resources.
The total number of wells that produced crude petroleum during any part of the years named was as follows :
Number of producing wells on the Apsheron Peninsula from 1889 to 1894.
Years.
Wells.
The statement of the number of ]3roducing wells for each of the months in 1893 and 1894 is as follows :
Number of producing ivells in Russia in 1893 and 1894, by months.
Months.
January . . . February . .
Marcli
April
May
June
July
August
September .
October
November . December. .
Total
Number of
wells.
It should be understood that these figures represent the number of wells in operation during any one month, the total representing the total number of wells that were operated at any time during the year.
The number of wells drilling during each month of 1892, 1893, and 1894, and the number completed during year were as follows :
Number of wells drilling and completed in Russia in 1892, 1893, and 1894, by months.
Months.
January . . February. , March. .". . .
April
May
June
July ,
August. . . September October. . . November. December
Total comijleted.
111 the following table is given a statement of the deep wells drilled in each year from 1890 to 1894, together with the total depth, in sagenes
Petroleum.
of 7 feet, that the wells were drilled, and the average depth of the wells ill feet :
Total number of wells and deep wells drilled m Bnssia from 1890 to 1894, with length in
sagenes and average depth in feet.
Years.
Total number of wells.
Number of deep wells.
Total length in sagenes.
Average depth m feet.
14, 810 19, 980 11,670 10, 984 12, 859
Refining Statement.
The latest complete statement regarding refining petroleum in Rus- sia is as follows:
Statement of the number of petroleum refineries, their products, etc., in Russia in 1890
and 1891.
At the Apsheron Peninsula.
Total number of works
21,611,000 50, 000 6, 876, 000 541, 000 7, 467, 000
24, 263, 000 50, 000
7, 760, 000 609, 000
8, 419, 000
Number of works active
Number of works inactive
Amount of crude treated at these works in barrels
Amount of naphtha obtained at these works in barrels
Amount of kerosene of difi'erent kinds, barrels
Amount of lubricating oil obtained
Total production of distillation products
Percentage of distillation products obtained
Price of Russian refined oil in bulk at Batoum from 1890 to 1894, by months.
[Cents per gallon.]
Months.
January... February .
March
April
May
June
July
August .. September October . . November December
Though, as has been stated heretofore, almost all of the petroleum l)roduced in Russia is from the Baku field, there are a number of other fields which promise largely in the way of production.
Germany.
Petroleum occurs in Germany only in small quantities. The largest production is in Alsace; smaller quantities are produced in the prov- ince of Hanover, in Prussia, in Hildesheim (Peine), and Luneberge.
Mineral Resources.
Petroleum is quite extensively distributed in the last-named districts from Holsteiu, on the coast of the East Sea, to the south of Hanover, but it occurs in such small quantities that it does not pay to work it. Asphalt occurs in connection with the petroleum, and is mined. The petroleum is of a heavy gravity and is used chiefly for lubricating purposes.
The following statement gives the amount of petroleum i)roduced in Germany from 1890 to 1893 inclusive, the figures being in metric tons :
Production of petroleum in Germany from 1890 to 1893 inclusive.
Years.
Tons.
15, 226 15, 315 14, 527 i 13,974 1
Of the petroleum produced in 1891, 2,498 tons were Hildesheim and Luneberge and 12,817 tons from Alsace.
Just how many gallons or barrels there is to a ton of German j)etro- leum would be difficult to state. The only statement we have seen recently as to the gravity of this oil was that the Hildesheim and Luneberge oil was about 0.888 specific gravity. This equals about 28° B., and would be 7.38 pounds to the gallon. On this basis the pro- duction of petroleum in Germany in 1890 would be 4,548,406 gallons, 108,295 barrels of 42 gallons each. On this basis of 7.38 pounds to a gallon the production of Germany in the four years named above would be as follows :
Production of petroleum in Germany from 1890 to 1893 inclusive, in barrels of 42 gallons
each.
Years.
Production.
108, 295 108, 927 103, 323 99, 395
The Occurrence, Mode Of Working, And Orioin Of Petroleum
In Lower Alsace.
Mr. L. van Werveke states that in the Lower Alsace district petro- leum has been proved to exist by borings at various levels to a depth of over 1,000 feet. The winning of petroleum in the district is an indus- try of great antiquity, and was already referred to as ancient by a writer of the fifteenth century. It used to be carried on by mining, but is now worked by borings in the usual manner. The iroduction of crude oil in Lower Alsace in 1894 was 15,632 metric tons; the refined I)etroleura produced amounts to 4,000 metric tons a year, or 1 J per cent of tlie consumption of Germany. Tlie author quotes the different opinions expressed by various authorities regarding tlie origin of })etro-
Petroleum.
leum, and adduces evidence in support of the view held by Andreae and Schumacher that the original petroleum-bearing stratum belongs to the Tertiary, for both in Upper and Lower Alsace the oil occurs at a particular horizon j that it was a lagoon and delta formation, and that with the decomposing plants, which have yielded the brown coals as well as bitumen and oil, were mingled animal remains from which the nitrogen in the oil is derived.
Italy.
There are in Italy three petroliferous districts, one between Yoghera and Imola, in Emilia, another in the valley of Pescara, and the third in the Liri Valley, near San Giovanni, Incarico. A fourth basin has lately been discovered at Yallega, near Piacenza, where there are about 40 wells in active operation. Besides these sources of petroleum, nai)htha is distilled from the asphaltic or bituminous shales, but this product is used for lubrication and carburizing gas. Emilia sux)plies by far the best petroleum. It is stated to be opal colored and to yield 50 per cent of illuminants. The oil is sold retail for 65 centesimi per liter (CO cents per gallon), of which sum the Government duty amounts to 50 centesimi, while the cost of carriage is 10 centesimi, leaving only 5 centesimi for profit. The total product in 1893 was 2,652 tons, say 18,764 barrels. The principal refinery is in Parma.
ProducUon of petroleum in Italy from 1887 to 1894. [Barrels.]
Years.
Production.
1,456 1,218 1,239 2,919 8,085
18, 764
Great Britain.
The Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom give the production of petroleum from 1886 to 1893 as follows:
Production of 2)etroleum in Derbyshire, England, from 1886 to 1893,
Years.
Tons.
Mineral Eesources.
The occurrence of petroleum in Great Britain was briefly described on page 527 of tlie report of 1893.
Prior to 1894 all of the production in England noted in the above table was from North Staffordshire. In 1893, however, crude petroleum was discovered on the Ashwick estate in Somersetshire. This deposit has been examined by Mr. Boverton Redwood, the well-known petro- leum expert, and Mr. Topley, a Government geologist.
Scotch Shale Oil.
While the shale oil of Scotland is not petroleum in the sense in which we have used the term in this report, it being a product distilled from shale instead of crude ietroleum found naturally as such, still the Scotch shale oil industry has had such an important influence on the petroleum industry of the world that some description of it, with the amount of shale oil produced, is an important addendum to any statement regarding crude petroleum, and should be given here. The bituminous shale from which the so-called Scotch shale oil is extracted by a process of distil- lation is found chiefly in Edinboroughshire and Linlithgowshire from seams in the calciferous sandstone at the base of the Carboniferous rocks. This industry began and was an important one before the dis- covery of petroleum in the United States. Up to 1883, the time when Russian oil made its appearance in the English market, the companies engaged in the mining of the shale and the production of the oil had been exceedingly prosperous. In 1883 the Scotch works were turning out some 39,000,000 gallons of crude oil from 1,232,000 tons of shale. This crude yielded 15,900 gallons of illuminating oil, 24,500 gallons of lubricating oil, and 15,320 tons of paraffln. At that time these refin- eries were paying 25 per cent dividends, and their shares, with a par value of $7,500,000, were quoted at $12,500,000. Since 1883, however, the largely increased imports of oil into the United Kingdom has seri- ously interfered with the prosperity of these companies. In 1883 these imports were 70,467,180 gallons, which was not quite one-half of the Scotch output. In 1893 these imports had increased to 181,000,000 gallons, or more than three times the output of Scotch oil in 1893. The production of Scotch shale oil at present can be put at 52,000,000 gal- lons of crude oil from 2,000,000 tons of shale. Twenty years ago Scotch shale illuminating oil sold at 34.2 cents a gallon. It now realizes but 10 J cents a gallon. While imi)roved i)rocesses and great economies have been introduced into the manufacture of shale oil — indeed it has only been by these improvements and economies that this industry has maintained its existence — yet even with these improvements it is far from being the profitable industry it was a few years ago. According to the report made by Mons. M. G. Cliesneau to the French Govern- ment, published recently in the Annales des Mines, the value of the total i)roducts from a ton of shale was $3.29, but the process of extrac- tion cost $3.04. This investigation of M. Oliesneau was undertaken
Petroleum.
with the view of ascertaining the prosiects of the French shale oil industry. The chief works treating shale are at Autun, in France, and Buxieres, which treat abont 210,000 tons of shale a year, producing not over 5,000,000 gallons of oil and selling it at a profit of about a cent a gallon.
The quantity of oil shale produced in Scotland in the last five years and the value of the same have been as follows :
Production and value of oil shale in Scotland, from 1890 to 1893.
Years.
Production.
Value.
Tons . 2, 212, 250 2, 361, 119 ?, 089, 937 1,956, 520
£608, 369 707, 177 522, 484 489, 130
Burmah.
Probably the oldest petroleum fields in the world are those of Yenangyoung (earth oil) Creek, a small tributary of the Irawady Eiver. For an unknown period the whole of Burmah and portions of India have been supplied with illuminating oil from this source, particularly those regions which are reached by the Irawady and its tributaries. The wells were described on page 527 of the last report.
The production of petroleum in India from 1889 to 1891 was as follows :
Production of petroleum in India from 1889 to 1892.
Years.
Production.
Gallons. 3, 298, 737 4, 931, 093 6, 136, 495 8, 725. 331
The petroleum industry in Burmah appears to be an increasing one. The quantity produced at Arrakan rose from 219,633 gallons in 1892 to 308,091 gallons in 1893, and in Pakokku and Magive it rose from 3,753,581 gallons in 1892 to 8,390,333 gallons in 1893, making the pro- duction in 1892 3,973,214 gallons and in 1893 8,098,424 gallons.
Japan.
Mr. Jinzoo Adachi furnished a very clear statement relative to the occurrence of petroleum in Japan, which was published in Mineral Resources, 1888, page 474. As the petroleum regions of Japan are assuming some importance, Mr. Adachi's statement is here supple- mented with a recent statement by Mr. K. Wakashina, geologist of
Mineral Resources.
tLe geological survey of Japan, regarding the situation in connection with x)etroleum in the early part of 1894 :
The use of petroleum is yearly increasing in Japan, but the limited nature of its field and the primitive style of its working supphes only a small proportion of the demand for oil. This is chiefly supplied from American and Russian sources. The yearly amounts of importation from these two sources were:
Imports of petroleum oils into Japan.
Tears.
Quantity.
Declared Value,
Gallons. 40, 482. 160 42, 663, 580 36, 998, 843 28, 507, 767 21, 058, 865
Ten. 4, 535, 720 4, 950, 256 4, 587, 135 3, 519, 255 1, 871, 428
The native production for the year 1890 was as follows :
Native product of petroleum in Japan.
Provinces.
Ishikari TJgo
Do.. Echigo . Shinano Totomi .
Prefectures.
Hokkaido.
Akita
Yamagata Niigata . . . Nagano. . . Shizuoka .
Quantity.
Gallons. 1,213 11,400 7, 341 1, 858. 950 45, 670 92, 542
2, 017, 116
Since the recent introduction of drilling machines into Echigo the production has greatly increased. The utmost depth attained by the old method of working did not exceed 600 or 700 feet, while by the new method of boring there are wells drilled more than 1,000 feet in depth. Present indications are that the production of jjetroleum by the application of the new methods of boring may become a useful industry in the future.
The occurrence of petroleum in Ja,pan is confined to the rocks of the Tertiary system, the strata being usually composed of alternations of sandstone and shale, both being more or less tenacious, and sometimes having associate conglomerate. These rocks probably belong to the Pliocene series and perhaps extend to the upper portion of the Miocene. In the rocks of other geological ages not even a trace of its occurrence is recorded. Nay, even in the Tertiary system, one of the widely dis- tributed rocks in Japan, the petroleum-bearing region appears to be confined to cer- tain regions, among which Ishikari, Ugo Echigo, Shinano, and Totomi are especially well known. It is worth while to notice that excepting Totomi the petroleum localities liitherto known are all in the inner zone of north Japan — characterized by the unusual development of the Tertiary or volcanic rocks — occurring in the Tertiary rocks not far from the coast line of the Japan Sea.
Drilling by the recently introduced method of rope boring has been tried onlj in one or two localities of Echigo, but it ought to be experimented with in other regions in future. It should be said, however, that the hope of meeting large and rich fields seems to be improbable in this country. The development of the petroleum fields in Japan shows that they are not only variable in extent but in production as well as in tliickness of strata. Tlie oil is of diflcrent density in different zones of the Tertiary system, in which the strata is of undetermined thickness and indefinite distribution.
Petroleum.
Ishikari.
Sporadic traces of petroleum are found in different localities of Hokkaido ; among others, Atsita, Niikup, and Kutaru are said to be promising. The locality that seems to be most important is the field of Atsita, situated a little northeast of Ishikari, near the sea coast. Special surveys were made on its different oil-yielding localities, the result of which appears in the Report of the Survey of Useful Deposits in Hok- kaido (published in Japanese, with many explanatory maps, by the department of geological survey of Hokkaido, in Hokkaidochio, 1891). Referring to this report, in this region the utmost thickness of measured oil-bearing strata reaches 650 feet. Over its wide area some wells were sunk in each mining claim. In Shunbetsu, east- northeast 4.5 ri (1 ri=3,927.27 meters) from Ishikari, in the town of Shatsuka- rigana, the Tertiary strata are composed of dark grayish shale or sandy shale, sometimes inclosing nodules of marl, with general strike trending northwest and dropping southwest, with angle of nearly 20° ; here out of ten wells drilled to a depth varying from 6 to 200 feet only three wells now yield petroleum, one producing daily 23 sho (1 sho =0.397 gallon), the other two producing daily 2 to 3 sho. In Shatsu- kari, nearly 5,000 feet southwest of Shunbetsu, one well sunk in 1881 reached nearly 300 feet depth, but after almost four years working it has been abandoned by reason of the presence of water. During its life it yielded about 125 koku (1 koku=39.703 gallons ) of oil. On the coast of Furatomari, northeast 2.5 ri from Ishikari, where the oil-bearing strata dips 11° to 37° southeast, three wells were sunk, of which one proved successful, the depth of which is a little over 500 feet, and is now producing only from 20 to 30 sho per week.
Ugo.
In Ugo many outcroppings of petroleum are known in the region extending from a little north of Akita town down to the environs of Chokaisan (a volcano rising nearly 2,200 feet above sea level), the longest line of outcrop traceable extending nearly 20 ri along the seacoast. The survey of the northern half of this wide region has been finished by the geological survey of Akita section, and its result has been made public in the geological report of Akita section (by the lamented S. Miura, a geologist of the geological survey of Japan, who met a memorable death while visit- ing the late eruption of Azumasan in Fukushimaken). In this northern portion the petroleum-bearing Tertiary rocks consist of alternations of tufa-shale, tufa and sand- stone, with general strike toward north-northeast, and repeatedly folded in dipping direction. Here outcrops are visible occasionally for a distance of above 3 ri in east and west direction. Some wells were formerly sunk, the best oil yielding daily 20 sho, but none are now working, at least satisfactorily. In the neighborhood of Abukawa petroleum occurs with asphalt.
The southern portion of the oil region of Ugo is included in the Honjio section of the geological survey, which has been surveyed also by S. Miura, but his death before completing his report makes it necessary to survey it again next summer. Here, it appears, four or five lines of outcropping can be traced, running north-northeast, but working is on a very small scale, as elsewhere.
Echigo.
The oil-bearing Tertiary, which is seen in Hokkaido and Ugo, occurs most widely developed in Echigo. Outcrops are widely distributed and have been known for a long period in the folded Tertiary strata of this province. Among these now most important localities are said to be Urase and Izumosaki or Amaze. Urase is situated a little east of Nagaoka town on the east side of Shonanogawa. The daily yield of wells of this place is said to reach some koku continuously. All wells are sunk by the old method, and there are two rich wells now existing, each probably of 100 feet depth. The production of Urase at present ranks first of all wells of Echigo, or, in other words, in the whole petroleum industry of Japan. 16 GEOL, PT 4 26
Mineral Resources.
Amaze is situated by the seacoast of Izuraosaki. Here, in 1890, the boring machines made by the Pierce Artisan and Oil Well Company of New York have been applied with promising result. This place is the first to apply boring to the work- ing of petroleum in Japan. The oil-bearing stratum is composed of shale and sand- stone, running in the anticlinal with axis trending Northeast. The deepest well bored through reaches above 1,000 feet, the production seemingly increasing Avith the depth. The utmost daily yield may reach above 100 koku, but generally the quan- tity diminishes to a few koku within a few days or weeks. The limit of yielding depth is not yet actually known.
Also at Gochi, by the shore of Naoyetsu, boring is said to be now in progress, but its success seems still not Avell known. In the environs of Geudoji, Aburaden, Mat- sunoyama, Seto, etc., are other working localities.
Shinano.
The petroleum-bearing Tertiary of Echigo continues to Shinano, extending to the west of Chikumagawa, through Nagano town down to the bank of Saigawa. The geological structure of this region has been studied by me and its result is shown in the geological report of Nagano section, with special explanatory maps (in Japanese). The wells sunk formerly in this tract yielded oil, and some proved hopeful, the depth being generally from 120 to 300 feet, but probably none are Avorking at present. The new method of boring is highly recommended to be applied in this tract.
Totomi.
The petroleum-bearing Tertiary of Totomi extends between Oigawa and Cape Omayesaki, facing the Pacific Ocean. Here the Tertiary strata are folded many times, with axis running parallel in a northeast direction. The working has been mainly done along anticlinal axes, of which what proved to be the most important was at Sugigaya, northwest of Sagara. In this place many hundreds of wells were sunk within a narrow valley, of which those of 300 to 400 feet depth are especially common, the daily yield from each good well being commonly from 10 to 50 sho. The deepest well sunk by the old method probably reached 750 feet or more. Some authors say that the thickness of the oil strata of this region may attain 120 meters. For particulars of this, reference may be had to the geological report of Shizuoka section, surveyed and compiled by me (in Japanese) about seven years ago.
Production of j)etroleum in Japan, from 1881 to 1890.
Years.
Production.
Tears.
Production.
Gallons. 703, 217 814, 076 859, 501 246, 647 290, 699
Gallons. 535, 210 350, 394
1, 429, 971
1, 960, 924
2, 017, 116
1890 „
Java.
But little information can be secured regarding tlie occurrence of X)etroleuni, or indeed the occurrence of any other minerals, in the Dutcli I)ossessions in the East Indies. It is well known, however, that petro- leum is found in considerable quantities in these possessions. The most important workings in Java are by the Dordtsche Petroleum Maat- schappij. Tins company possesses drilling rights in Java over a large territory, chiefly in the residencies of Soerabaya and Kembang. The
Petroleum.
chief workings at present are lu Soerabaya. The oil is obtained from a number of wells, which are drilled to depths varying from 100 to 800 feet, at a village situated 4 miles from Wonakrona. The oil comes from the Tertiary strata, and is stated to yield from 60 to 75 i>er cent of good merchantable illuminating oil, although the si)ecific gravity is between 23° and 40° B. The oil is conveyed to the refinery in pipes. At Gogoa there are wells which x>roduce both gas and oil. The deepest well in this district is 1,850 feet and produces gas at a pressure of 438 pounds to the square inch. A Chinese company is reported as having conces- sions to the amount of 438 acres. The wells of this company vary from 75 to 350 feet in depth. Quite a number of wells are also drilled in other portions of Java.
As stated above, it is exceedingly difficult to secure information regarding mineral production in Java. In a letter dated June, 1894, the Dordtsche Petroleum Maatschapjiij states that their iroduction at that time was about 38,000 cases of refined oil per month; that they had two refineries, one in Soerabaya and the other in Rembang. It is also stated in the letter that not only is refined oil made at Soera- baya, but refined lubricating oil was produced from the residuum that seems to be perfectly free from paraffin, and the gasoline produced is used quite extensively for street lamps, while the residuum is used as fuel. In a letter fiom this comj)any dated June, 1895, it is stated that a new refinery was opened by them in October, 1894, in the residency of Rembang, which is said to be very promising territory. The pro- duction there in 1894 was only 22,000 cases of refined oil, but during the the first half of 1895 the production was 20,000 cases a month, which was expected to be increased to 60,000 cases a month before the close of the year. In the residency of Soerbaya their jiroduction in 1894 was 429,264 cases of refined oil, 7,814 cases of benzine, and 3,058 cases of lubricating oil.
It is also stated that the Chinese company referred to iiS produc- ing 400 liters of oil of 17 B. a day. If the latter figure be regarded as referring to crude and the former to refined on the basis of 4 liters to the gallon and a yield of 60 i)er cent of refined, the production of the Chinese comi)any Avould be about 3,000 gallons a month, and of the former company 584,000 gallons a month, a total of 587,000 gallons a month, or 14,000 barrels, or 168,000 barrels a year.
Sumatra.
During the year 1893 the jurnals of Europe, and especially those of Holland and England, contained occasional references to a new x)etro- leum field that had been discovered near Langkat, on the island of Sumatra. A Dutch syndicate, known as the Royal Netherlands-India Petroleum Company of Sumatra, obtained concessions, it is reported, covering a territory of some 320 square miles, the field being situated on the seaboard and i)roduciug an oil yielding a large quantity of illu-
Mineral Resources.
rnlnatiiiju oil by distillation, differing in this respect from tlie petroleum of the neighboring island of Java, which was a heavy oil giving but a small quantity of illuminating oil and large quantities of heavy oils and i)araffin. ISTear the close of 1893 it was reported that this com- pany was producing 1,600 cases of refined oil daily, the crude coming from three wells and being refined near the wells.
Borneo.
In working the coal fields in Labuan in Borneo, which is one of the smallest and least known of the British colonies, petroleum is fre- quently met with, though as yet it is of little importance commercially.
The oil so far has been found in connection with coal developments, yet samples of the petroleum from the oil springs at Labuan have been submitted for analysis to Mr. Boverton Kedwood, who states that the oil is a heavy petroleum of a dark brown color with little odor, of spe- cific gravity of 0.964 at 60 F., with a flashing point at 250 F. Mr. Ked- wood states that from the results obtained by him it is clear that the oil would not yield either burning oil or naphthas, and it could not be regarded as a source of solid paraffin, though it would yield a good lubricating oil and would be well adapted in its crude state for use as a liquid fuel or as a source of gas for illuminating purposes.
Galicia.
According to the report of the minister of agriculture of Austria- Hungary for 1893, the total production of petroleum in Galicia in 1893 was 963,312 metric quintals of 220,462 pounds each, or 212,373,690 pounds. As the Galician petroleum ranges in gravity from 0.870 to 0.885, the average number of pounds in a gallon would be 7.3. The total number of gallons of oil produced would therefore be 29,092,286 gallons, or 692,273 barrels of 42 gallons each. The production in 1892 was 898,713 metric quintals, say 27,141,388 gallons, or 646,223 barrels of 42 gallons each. This indicates an increased production in 1893 over
1892 of a little over 7 per cent. The total value of the oil produced in
1893 was 3,008,819 florins, which, at 48 cents to the florin, would be $1,444,233, or $2.23 a barrel. Most of the crude oil was refined in Galicia near the wells, there being 40 small refineries, the largest hav- ing a production in 1893 of but 63,693 metric centners or 1,234,615 pounds, the total product being 7,863,633 pounds. If this refined oil had a gravity of, say, 45° B., a gallon would weigh 6.66 pounds, which Avould make the total i)roduction of the largest refinery in Galicia 1,182,227 gallons, or 28,148 barrels of 42 gallons.
There were 3,071 persons employed in the production of crude petro- leum, including 51 women and 6 children.
The production of ozocerite in 1893 was 56,248 metric quintals, or 12,400,547 pounds, valued at 1,268,335 florins ($()08,800), or $10.92 per ton of 2,240 pounds. Tliere were 3,377 men and 312 Avomen employed in the production of ozocerite.
Natural Gas In 1894.
By Joseph D. Weeks.
mXRODUCTION.
The questions relative to the origin, occurrence, composition, and history of natural gas have been so thoroughly discussed in the reports of the geological surveys of the several States in which natural gas occurs, and in the reports of the United States Geological Survey, and esi)ecially in the report on the Mineral Industries in the United States at the Eleventh Census, 1890, that it is not necessary to more than epitomize in this rei)ort the information on these subjects contained in the reports referred to. The investigator who desires to study this subject thoroughly is referred to the reports of the Pennsylvania geo- logical survey, especially those of Prof. John F. Carll and the late Dr. Charles A. Ashburner; to the reports of the Ohio geological sur- vey, especially those of Prof. Edward Orton, who has done so much to extend our knowledge of the geological occurrence of natural gas; to Professor Orton's report to the Kentucky geological survey on i)etroleum and natural gas in that State; to the Indiana geological survey reports, especially those of Mr. S. S. Gorby ; to the reports of Mr. Jordan, the State gas inspector of Indiana; to the reports of the State mineralo- gist of California; to the monographs of the United States Geological Survey, especially the report on Ohio natural gas by Professor Orton, and on Indiana natural gas by Dr. A. J. Phinney, and to the several volumes of the Mineral Eesources of the United States. Keference should also be had to the summary of this information in the Mineral Industries volume of the Eleventh Census. For the comjiosition of natural gas those interested are referred to the report of Prof. Francis Phillips, of the Western University of Pennsylvania, made for the Pennsylvania geological survey, and to the paper published by him in May, 1893, on the analyses of natural gas.
It is proper, however, to refer briefly to the several questions above noted and to epitomize the information available on these several ques- tions, though this report will be chiefly devoted to the statistical facts regarding natural gas.
Mineral Resources.
"Natural gas," as the word is popularly used, is the gas that escapes from so called gas springs or from the surface of the earth, or that is procured by drilling wells through certain geological strata, chiefly to the sandstones of the Upper Coal Measures of New York, Pennsyl- vania, and West Virginia, and to the Trenton limestones of western Ohio and Indiana. Chemically, natural gas is methane (CH4), the lowest member of the paraffin series of hydrocarbons, the well-known marsh gas, the fire damp of the miner, with an unimportant percentage of carbonic acid and traces of other substances, ammonia and hydrogen sulphide being found occasionally associated with natural gas as impu- rities. Quite a number of analyses of natural gas show the presence of free hydrogen, but the examinations by Professor Phillips, above mentioned, failed to show the presence of the least trace of free hydro- gen in the natural gas of Avestern Pennsylvania. In his examinations Professor Phillips caused a stream of gas to flow through solutions of I)alladium chloride for periods varying from ten days to three months without the least trace of hydrogen being discovered. Even dry pure loalladium chloride failed to show its presence. The tests made, as the gas used was taken from the mains of the Allegheny Heating Company, represented an enormous volume of gas, and may, therefore, be regarded as settling adversely the question of the presence of free hydrogen in natural gas.
GEOIOGICAIj DISTRIBUTIOIS AISD I.OCAEITIES m WHICH
Naturae Gas Is Found.
Natural gas has been found in the United States in the strata of every geological age from the Drift down to the Potsdam. It is chiefly in the Paleozoic strata of the Upper Coal Measures of Pennsylvania and in the Trenton limestone of Ohio and Indiana that the great deposits of natural gas have been struck. The highest stratum in which any considerable quantity has been found in Pennsylvania is the Homewood sandstone, the highest of the three recognized members of the Potts- ville conglomerate. The lowest are the Kane sand and the sand of the Roy and Archer gas pool in Elk County. According to Mr. Carll, the geological i)osition of the latter sand is 1,800 feet below the horizon of the Murrysville sand.
As to the localities in which natural gas is found, it may be said in a general way that this substance has been found in varying quantities from tlie Hudson River on the east to California on the west. In Ala- bama, California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming its existence is reported. In some of these States, however, it has not been found in commercial quantities. A shallow well, frequently a well x)ut down for water, has shown the existence of gas, usually in the drift. In many cases also so-called gas springs have been found, fi om which a small
Natural Gas.
supply of natural gas, usually marsh gas, is reported. In 1889 gas in commercial quantities was reported as having- been produced in Arkansas, California, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, and Utah. At the present time the imi)ortant gas fields are those of west- ern Pennsylvania, western ITew York, northwestern Ohio, and east- ern central Indiana. It was the development of these districts that caused the excitement in connection with natural gas which was so manifest in 1888 and to a less degree in 1889. The most in portant gas fields in these territories are those in the gas district of Pennsylvania in the neighborhood of Pittsburg, including the Murrysville and Gra])e- ville fields of Westmoreland County, and the several V/ashington county fields. In McKean and Venango counties there was also a large production of gas, and considerable from Elk County. In Ohio the most important field is what has been called the Pindlay, situated in Hancock County, while in Indiana the chief fields are in the neighbor- hood of Anderson, Kokomo, Marion, and Muncie. Each of these dis- tricts, as well as the other localities in which gas is found, will be discussed in connection with the report on the several States.
THE ACCUMUIiATION AKD JATURAL STORAGE OF
Natural Gas.
It has not been considered necessary to discuss the question of the origin of natural gas. This is, strictly speaking, a cbejnical question. It can be said, however, that the general belief is that the gas, as well as petroleum, of the Pennsylvania and adjacent oil field is of vegetable origin, while the gas of the Indiana oil field is of animal origin. In a word, the gas stored in the sand rocks of western Pennsylvania is derived from vegetable matter, while the gas stored in the limestone is of animal origin. Nor has it seemed necessary to discuss whether nat- ural gas was i)roduced in the years or ages past and stored for present use, or whether it is still being produced. Possibly both suggestions are correct, and it is also probable that the very large amount of gas which the drill has brought to the surface of the earth in the last few years was formed years ago and has been stored in the natural reser- voirs until the drill found it. No doubt some gas is still being- pro- duced; especially is this true of the shallower wells. Whatever, then, may have been the origin of natural gas there are certain conditions necessary to its accumulation and storage, and if any one of these is absent no large supply can be expected. Small amounts of gas can exist without the presence of one or more of these conditions; but these Ijockets will yield but a small supi)ly, and that supply will very soon be exhausted. These vital conditions are three: (1) reservoir, (2) cover, and (3) structure.
Gas is not stored, as is often supposed, in cavities or caves in the strata of the earth's surface, but chiefly in porous sandstones and lime-
Mineral Kesources.
stones, gas as well as oil being- found in the small interstices between the grains or in tbe i)ores.
The reservoir rock in western Pennsylvania is almost always a sand rock. The storage reservoir in Ohio is the Berea grit and the Clinton and Trenton limestones. Some little oil is found in shale, but the two great reservoirs in which the natural gas supply of the United States is stored are the sand rocks of western Pennsylvania and the Trenton limestone of northwestern Ohio and eastern central Indiana. When the "sand" in which an oil or gas is found is named, a sand rock or sandstone is meant, not sand in separate grains.
It is evident at once that were the whole structure above these reser- voir rocks permeable, either through its entire structure or at points, by reason of the breaks and fissures in the strata, the gas would con- stantly escape from the reservoir and it would soon be drained out. This is a phenomenon that is constantly noticed in connection with gas springs. The gas is leaking from the reservoir; hence it is evident that there must be a cover or cap to this reservoir to hold the supply in place, and that this cap must be impervious to the gas, or practically so, either from the absence of porosity or the absence of breaks and fissures. This cover is usually a shale, and in every important gas ter- ritory the reservoir rock is capped by a shale cover, which has retained the gas in place until the cover has been tapped by the drill. In Ohio, for example, the Cuyahoga and Berea shales cover the Berea grit, the Niagara shale the Clinton group, and the Utica shale the Trenton lime- stone. As a rule, of course with limitations, the deeper the storage rock and the closer to it the shale or cover the larger the deposits of gas and the greater the chance for their permanence.
A third factor corner in here, which is termed structure, or the arrange- ment of the rock that contains the gas. The existence of arches and troughs, or, in geological language, of anticlines and synclines, has long been noticed in connection with drilling for petroleum, and recently in drilling for natural g as, as well as their influence upon the storage of these hydrocarbons. The most eftective statement of this influence of structure, or, as it may be called, the " anticlinal theory," was made by Prof. I. C. White, of Morgan town, W. Ya. Though his statements were called in question, his theory commended itself to practical men, and its adoi)tion led to the location of a considerable number of natural gas wells far in advance of the developments of the drill. This theory simply asserts that oil, and more especially gas, is to be found stored most largely in tlie aiex of these anticlines. The great reservoir of the Trenton limestone gas in the Ohio field is found in an enormous anti- cline, as is noted in discussing the Trenton limestone in connection with the report on Ohio.
A fourth necessary condition which will be discussed under the next head is pressure. It may be briefly said here that salt water is found in the outer boundary of gas and oil fields, and it is to the presence
Natural Gas.
of this water that the pressure of oil and gas is ascribed by most of the geologists of Ohio aad Indiana, though some of the Pennsylva- nia geologists question its sufficiency. Dr. Phinney, of Indiana, holds that the initial pressure of many gas wells is about that of the weight of a column of water equal in height to the depth of the well.
Pressure Of Natural. Gas.
The statements as to the pressure of the early gas wells were usually estimates based upon no accurate observations; indeed, there was no method of accurately arriving at this pressure available to the drillers of the first wells. Very soon, however, proper gauges were prepared and observations and measurements made, but even under these cir- cumstances no uniform system was adopted, so that though a statement as to the pressure or production of a given well might be a fairly cor- rect approximation as to that well under the condition of the test, yet a comparison of the results at this well with those from another well made under different conditions would be without the least value.
In a general way it may be said that the highest actually observed and measured pressure has been in the neighborhood of 800 pounds to the square inch, closed pressure, the pressure being allowed to accumu- late for a minute. In the first wells in the Findlay field the registered pressure was about 450 xounds; in the Murrysville field it reached 500 pounds; in the Indiana field the pressure was 400 to 500 pounds. It has been observed that with some few exceptions there is a pressure that is normal to each district, and that all wells in the same dis- trict ultimately show the same closed pressure; that is, the pressure measured when the well is closed and gas not escaping. Wells are sometimes measured by their flowing pressure; that is, the pressure shown on the gauge attached to the pipe through which the well is dis- charging gas into the air or into mains. Often when a well is first struck, owing to local causes, the pressure and production will be greater than the normal pressure of the district, but it is ultimately reduced to the normal figure. It is not to be inferred from this, how- ever, that all wells of the same diameter and with the same ultimate pressure and located in the same district have the same i)roduction. Quite the contrary. In some wells the normal pressure, say 500 i)ounds will be reached within a minute after the wells are closed; in others the normal pressure of the district will not be reached for days. It is evi- dent that the well which reaches the normal xressure in a minute will be a greater iroducer than the one requiring hours to reach this pres- sure. All the wells in the vicinity of Pittsburg had originally about the same normal closed pressure — that is, 500 i)ounds — but the wells in the several subdistricts in that vicinity show a great difference in the time required to reach this pressure, and consequently show great difference as producers.
The original i)ressure in the Pittsburg district, as stated above, was about 500 pounds. In the Washington district, in the original wells,
Mineral Resources.
the pressure was about the same, but it has been found that gas from the different horizons, there being four in the Washington district, gives different pressures. In the Murrysville district the i)ressure is about the same as in the Pittsburg district. In the Wilcox district, in McKean County, Pa., the first pressure was about 575 pounds ; in Butler County, 450 pounds j in Allegany County, i. Y., 450 pounds.
A copy of a paper read at the meeting of the American Philosophical Society by Prof. J. P. Lesley, State geologist of Pennsylvania, gives the following data concerning the gas pressures of the Grapeville field, from which it will appear that wells struck in February, 1886, had a pressure of 460 pounds. The same wells on February 2, 1891, had a pressure of 65 to 70 pounds, while the initial pressure of wells struck in January, 1889, was 75 pounds.
Pressure at various dates at Grapeville, Pa., gas wells, after closing for one minute,
[Pounds.]
No.
Eame.
Klingensmitli
Hecry
Moore
Welker
Brown
Ferree
Minsinger
Shutts
Kipple
Sylvis
Truxel
Byers
Agnew
Depth,
Feet. 1, 100 1, 133 1, 149 1,144 1, 224 1,312 1,466 1,468 1, 360 1,357 1,267 1,350 1,420
Struck gas.
Feb. 13, June,
do .
Oct., May, Aug., Nov. 21, Feb. 13, Nov. 30, Jan. 13, Feb. 20, Oct., Jan.,
Calculating the average rate per day of the observed decrease, it is found to be as follows :
From April 27, 1889, 646 days, 321 pounds, 2.012 pounds per day. From December 16, 1889, 413 days, 188 pounds, 2.197 pounds per day. From May 26, 1890, 252 days, 107 pounds, 2.355 pounds per day. From November 3, 1890, 91 days, 36 pounds, 2.528 pounds per day. From December 1, 1890, 63 days, 30 pounds, 2.1 pounds per day. From January 5, 1891, 28 days, 7 pounds, 4 pounds per day.
A similar statement may be made regarding the decline of pressure in the Trenton limestone gas districts of Ohio and Indiana. For exam- ple, the actually observed daily production of four wells in the Find- lay, Ohio, district, as given by Professor Orton, is as follows:
Observed daily production of gas wells in Findlay, Ohio.
Karg well . Cory well. . Eriggs well JoneH well .
Cubic feet.
12, 080, 000 3,318, 000 2, 565, 000 1, 159, 200
Natural Gas. 411
It will be noted from this that though these wells were in the same district and close together, and must have had consequently the same original rock pressure, and, if we are correctly informed, the wells were of the same diameter, yet the production varied greatly.
According to Professor Orton, who has fjaid more attention to this subject of rock pressure than any other of our geologists, there has been a great decline of the pressure in Find] ay. He found the rock pressure in the original pioneer w ell in the Findlay, Ohio, district to be 450 pounds. In 1886 the pressure reached little, if any, above 400 pounds; during 1887 the fall was very gradual, the gauges marking 370 and 380 ijounds; in May, 1889, the pressure had fallen to 250 pounds in independent wells, and in August of the same year it did not exceed 200 pounds. The wells in the city fell as low as 170 pounds at one time. Professor Orton's tabulated statement of the i:>ressure of the wells in Findlay is as follows:
Hate of decline in pressure of Findlay, Ohio, [/as wells.
1885 (original)
1887, August .
1889, May 1...
1890, May 1...
Pounds.
360 to 380
170 to 200
In the Stuartsville district the decline was as follows:
1889, June ... 1889, August
1889, October
1890, May
Pounds.
In Bloomdale the rock pressure in 1887 was 400 to 405 pounds 5 in July, 1889, it had dropped to 375 and 390 pounds.
In the Indiana gas fields, in which the amount of gas stored was probably greater than in any other of the gas fields of the United States, and which has maintained its supjjly as well as its production and rock iressure better than any other of the fields, this pressure is rapidly falling off. According to the last report of State Gas Inspector Jordan, w hich was made early in 1894, the average field pressure, which was originally 320 pounds, has now declined to 240 iounds. Eegarding the pressure of the wells in Indiana, Mr. Jordan states:
The following is the pressure found in different localities during the year 1893. At many of the x)laces, however, the pressure given was obtained only from new "wells at a distance of from 2 to 4 miles from the towns, the wells in the towns and immediate vicinity showing far less pressure, and many Avells being practically exhausted :
MINERAL RESOURCES. Pressure of Indiana natural gas wells in 189.1
Greenfield. Hancock County .
Carthage, Rush County
Noblesville, Hamilton County Sheridan, Hamilton Count}" . .
Kokomo, Howard County
Marion, Grant County
Gas City, Grant County
Fairmount, Grant County
Elwood, Madison County
Prankton, Madison County . . Anderson, Madison County . . Alexandria, Madison County
Pounds.
Summitville, Madison County. . . Chesterfield, Madison County...
Muncie, Delaware County
Albanjs Delaware County
Eaton. Delaware County
Hartford City, Blackford County Montpelier, Blackford County...
Camden, Jay County
Dunkirk, Jay County
Greensburg, Decatur County
Fountaintown, Shelby County . . Waldron, Shelby County
Pounds.
These pressures were found iu the most instances in new wells. In their imme- diate neighborhood are found older wells showing a much less pressure, even below 100 pounds.
The wells connected with the pipe lines conveying gas to Indianapolis, Crawfords- ville, Frankfort, La Fayette, Logansport, Peru, Wabash, Huntington, Bluffton, Fort Wayne, Decatur, Portland, and Shelby ville show pressures from 225 to 260 pounds.
The wells and the pipe lines leading to Chicago and Richmond are better, show- ing 280 to 290 pounds pressure. These companies, in order to keep up the necessary supi)ly of gas, are compelled to drill many new wells each year to take the place of those that have become exhausted. Each year these companies have been com- pelled to acquire new leases and extend their lines, until there is but very little terri- tory to be obtained. If, in drilling these new wells, the pressure of the original wells could be obtained there might be some hope of perpetuity of the gas. But such is not the case. The new wells are coming in with a constantly decreasing pressure, and of a necessity will be much shorter lived than the original wells. All this goes to prove that the tield is slowly but surely becoming exhausted. This exhaustion will be in an- accelerated ratio as we approach the final end.
The gravity of the situation can onlj' be understood when it is known that from 225 to 250 pounds pressure at the head of the main lines is absolutely necessary to force the gas to the different cities that lie outside but are obtaining their fuel from the gas field, with sufficient pressure to distribute it through the low-pressure city lines to the consumer. And this pressure, too, is needed when all the reducing sta- tions and district valves are wide open and every facility afforded for free circulation.
There remains now but a small average margin above the limit of low pressure. At the annual rate of pressure reduction, and by a continuance of the present extrav- agant and wasteful method of consumption, this small margin will be spent or exhausted in a very short time. When this shall have happened artificial pressure by means of pumps will be resorted to for the purpose of distribution. It has been the experience of the gas areas of other States that when the initial pressure must be supplemented by artificial means the end is very near at hand. A careful study of the conditions of the fields in Indiana as they exist to-day will show that we have almost reached that point.
Transportation Of Natural Gas.
While in some instances natural gas is used close to the point of pro- duction, as a rule gas has to be conveyed to considerable distances from the wells to the points of consumption. The conduits used are iron pipes. For the smaller conduits wrought-iron welded pipes are used; for the largei', in some cases, riveted wrought-iron i)ipes, and in others cast-iron i)ipes. Various methods have been adopted to prevent leak- age but these need not be detailed here.
Natural Gas.
At first the initial pressure of the gas as it entered the pipes to be conducted from the wells was sufficient not only to drive the gas to points of consumption but in many cases companies were required for purposes of safety to reduce the pressure of the gas in the pipes upon entering the borders of cities and towns. As the pressure in many fields has gradually decreased, it has been found necessary to supple- ment this pressure by artificial means in order to overcome the fric- tion of resistance of the pipes and to convey the gas from the point of production to the point of consumption. The air compressor is par- ticularly adaited to this work. The first company to try this method was the People's Company, of Pittsburg, ox)erating in the Murrysville field. This company had two complete pumping plants constructed and put in operation in the winter of 1890-91, and thoroughly demon strated the practicability of pumping gas.
Quite a number of pumping plants have been erected recently, until now there is hardly a company of any importance, especially in the fields east of Indiana, that is not compelled to use pumps to force their gas to the points of consume)tion.
It is impossible to give in cubic feet the consumption of natural gas in the United States. Meters are used, but as a rule only for measur- ing the gas in small quantities, and in many cases no attempt is made to measure it at all. At many large works, using 1,000,000 cubic feet an hour, no meter has ever been applied; indeed, no single meter has ever been invented that would measure the gas, though Young's pro- portionate meter, made by the Pittsburg Supply Company, Limited, has been used quite successfully for measuring gas in fairly large quanti- ties. The only statement, therefore, that can be made as to the con- sumption of gas must be an average one, and the only complete statement that has ever been compiled was prepared by the author for the Mineral Industries of the United States at the Eleventh Census.
Based on the figures mentioned, and others, the consumption of nat- ural gas in 1889 was estimated as follows:
The Cosumption Of Naturae Gas.
Total consumption of natural gas in the United States in 1889.
Cubic feet.
Iron and steel mills
Glassworks
other industrial establishments
Heating and cooking
Pumping oil
Drilling and operating oil and gas wells other uses
171, 500, 000, 000 18, 750, 000, 000
236, 900, 000, 000 62, 500, 000, 000 7, 500, 000, 000 30, 000, 000, 000 25, 000, 000, 000
Total
552, 150, 000, 000
These figures are to be taken only as the best approximation possi- ble, and are to be accepted under the conditions expressed in the dis- cussion preceding.
Mineral Resources.
This total is eiiormoas, and shows how wastefiilly natural gas has been used. It is assumed, roughly, that 30,000 cubic feet of gas is equal in heating power to 1 ton of Pittsburg coal. This is not correct, but it is near enough for comjiarison. On this basis the natural gas consumed in the United States, as given above, would equal in heat value 18,405,- 000 tons of coal. The actual fuel displacement, as reported, is in round numbers 10,000,000 tons. As natural gas is burned most wastefully, perhaps more than double the amount actually needed to do a given work being used, it is probable that our estimate is not too large.
These figures are given only as an indication as to what was the con- sumption of natural gas, in cubic feet, at a time when the consumption was the largest. In 1894 it had been very much reduced, though as improved appliances for using the gas had been introduced the actual efficiency of that burned was relatively much greater j that is, half the amount of gas would give the same efficiency.
Value Of Natural Gas Consumed In The United States.
statement as to the actual production of natural gas in cubic feet has been obtained, nor is it obtainable. Certain wells have been measured and the production of these wells for a brief period has been ascertained, and from this production, so found, an estimate of the total production of these wells and of the field in which they are located has been determined. But it is evident that this is only an estimate concerning which it is impossible to say it is even approximate. The production of a well varies, not only from month to month and week to week, but from hour to hour, so that what would be a fair estimate of the production for a given minute would not be at all a correct esti- mate for an hour later.
On the basis, then, of the best information obtainable, the conclusion is reached that the total value of natural gas consumed in the United States in 1894 was $13,954,400, as compared with $14,346,250 in 1893, and $14,800,714 in 1892. It may be said here that the consumption of natural gas in the United States in 1894, measured in cubic feet, was considerably less than the amount consumed in 1893; yet, notwith- standing the fact that in many cases much higher prices were charged for gas in 1894 than in 1893, the difference in the value of the gas, or the amount received foi* it in 1894, as compared with 1893, is not as great as the difference in actual consumption in cubic feet.
Natural Gas.
lu the following table is given the total value of natural gas consumed iu the United States from 1885 to 1894, by States :
Value of natural gas consumed in the United States, 1885 to 1894.
Localities.
Pennsylvania
New York
Ohio
West Virginia
Illinois
$4, 500, 000 196, 000 100, 000 40, 000
1,200
$9, 000, 000 210, 000 400, 000 60, 000 300, 000 4,000
$13, 749, 500 333, 000 1, 000, 000 120, 000 600, 000
$19, 282, 375 332, 500
1, 500. 000 120, 000
1, 320, 000
$11, 593, 989 530, 026 5, 215, 669 12, 000 2, 075, 702 10,615 2,580 15, 873
Kentucky
Kansas
6, 000 12, 000
1,728 12, 680 1, 600, 000
Utah
Elsewhere
Total
20, 000
20, 000
15, 000
75, 000
4, 857, 200
10, 012, 000
15,817,500 22,629,875
21, 107, 099
Localities.
Pennsylvania
Ohio
"West Virginia
Indiana
Illinois
Kentucky
Kansas
Missouri
Arkansas
Texas
Utah
$9, 551, 025 552, 000 4, 684, 300 5,400 2, 302, 500 6, 000 30, 000 12, 000 10, 500
1 (
j 6, OOOj
33, 000 1,600, 000
$7, 834, 016 280, 000 3, 076, 325 35, 000 3, 942, 500 6, 000 38, 993 5, 500 1, 500
$7, 376, 281 216, 000 2, 136, 000 4, 716, 000 12, 988 43, 175 40, 795 3, 775
$6, 488. 000 210,000 1, 510, 000 123, 000 5, 718, 000 14, 000 68, 500 50, 000 2,100
$6, 279, 000 249, 000 1, 276, 100 395, 000 5, 437, 000 15, 000 89, 200 86, 600 4,500 12, 000 60, 350 50, 000
Colorado
California
Elsewhere
Total
30, 000 250, 000
55, 000 200, 000
62, 000 100, 000
18, 792, 725
15, 500, 084
14, 800, 714
14, 346, 250
13, 954, 400
From this table it appears that the value of natural gas consumed in the United States was greatest in 1888, when the value was $22,629,875. From that time to 1891 the decrease in value was rapid. Since 1891, however, it has been quite gradual, owing to the fact noted that meters are being used, the amounts consumed measured, and pay- ments made on amounts used. The following are the net meter rates, per 1,000 feet, charged in the cities named: Detroit, Lima, Piqua, Day- ton, Springfield, Toledo, Buft'alo, and Columbus, 25 cents; Pittsburg, Allegheny, and Erie, 22 J cents; Jamestown and Oorry, 21.6 cents; Fostoria and Logansport, 20 cents; Indianapolis, Richmond, and Fort Wayne, when sold to manufacturers by meter, 10 cents.
Consumption And Distribution Of Natural Gas.
There are a great many details regarding the production of natural gas ill the United States that would be exceedingly interesting could they be secured. Unfortunately, however, many of the natural-gas companies keep their records in such a way that it is impossible for
Mineral Resources.
them to give any information other than the amount of money received for the gas consumed. They do not even know the number of con- sumers. From quite a number of companies, however, 204 in all, very interesting statistics have been received, which are given in the follow- ing table. It should be distinctly understood that this does not indi- cate all of the companies from which reports have been received, but only includes the reports from the companies in the three States of Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Ohio which have furnished the Survey with all of the information asked. From many other companies the information covers a portion of the items named in the table ;
Natural gas records in 1893 and 1894.
Pennsylvania
Amount received for sale of gas or value of gas consumed
Value of coal or wood displaced.
Domestic fires supplied
Iron and steel works supplied . .
Glass works supplied
Other establishments supplied . .
Total establishments supplied..
Total wells producing January 1 .
Total producing wells drilled. . .
Total wells producing Decem- ber 31
Total feet of pipe laid
Total establishments reporting
$3, 609, 394 $3, 991, 968 119, 500
12, 211,765
Indiana.
$3, 558, 276 $3, 341, 916 103, 580
12, 484, 307
$920, 786 $1, 400, 128 53, 566
5, 406, 873
143, 353 513, 912 49, 542
446, 877
Ohio.
$239, 227 $376, 643 14, 226
$213, 905 $281, 868 7,204
1, 296, 310
1,301, 378
The above table covers reports from 204 companies, these 204 com- panies reporting concerning all of the items included in the table, both in 1893 and 1894. From this table it seems that the amount actually received for gas by these 204 companies in 1894 was $4,915,534, and in 1893 $4,769,407, an increase of $146,127 in 1894 as compared with 1893. This increase was in Indiana, the Pennsylvania and Ohio reports show- ing quite a reduction.
Although these 204 companies reported an increase in amount received for gas in 1894 as compared with 1893, the value of coal or wood dis- X)laced shows a decrease of $631,043. In Pennsylvania the reduction was $650,052; in Ohio it was $94,775, while in Indiana there was an increase of $113,784. A comparison of the Pennsylvania figures will show that though there was a falling off of $650,052 in the value of the coal or wood disfdaced, there was but $51,118 less received for the sale of gas in 1894 than 1893, the value of the natural gas consumed, or the amount received for it, being greater than the value of coal or wood disi)laced by it. In Indiana and Ohio, however, the value of gas con- sumed was less than the value of coal or wood displaced.
An examination of the statement regarding the number of domestic fires sup])lied shows an interesting feature. In Pennsylvania the num- ber has been materially reduced, falling from 119,500 in 1893 to 103,580 in 1894, a reduction of 15,920, or 13J per cent; the reports of Indiana
Natural Gas.
show a reductiou of 4,024, or about 10 per cent, while the reports of Ohio show a decrease of nearly 50 per cent; the total number of fires in 1893 being 14,226, and in 1894 but 7,204. The total number of estab- lishments supplied with gas by these 204 companies shows an increase in Pennsylvania and Indiana and a decrease in Ohio, the number in Pennsylvania increasing from 274 in 1893 to 310 in 1894, in Indiana, from 226 in 1893 to 294 in 1894. while the number in Ohio decreased from 53 in 1893 to 48 in 1894.
The number of producing wells owned by the companies reporting on the 1st of January, 1894, in Pennsylvania, was 816; at the close of the year it had increased to 867. In Indiana, at the beginning of the year, the number of producing wells was 429; at the close of the year it was 480. Ohio showed a decrease in producing wells in 1894 of from 194 at the beginning of the year to 189 at its close.
The number of feet of pipe laid shows an increase in every case. In Pennsylvania the number of feet of pipe laid by the companies report- ing at the close of 1893 was 12,211,765. This had increased to 12,484,307 feet at the close of 1894. At the beginning of 1894, in Indiana, the amount of pipe laid by the ompanies reporting was 5,406,873. This increased to 6,446,877 feet at the close of the year. In Ohio the amount of pipe laid increased from 1,296,310 feet at the close of 1893 to 1,301,378 feet at the close of 1894.
The above statements refer only to the number of companies included in the table, and only to those companies who made full reports for
1893 and 1894, so that comparisons could be made. While complete figures have not been received from all companies as to the number of wells, works supplied, feet of pipe laid, etc., the figures we have received are of sufficient value to justify us in publishing them. From most of the companies we received statements giving value of the gas con- sumed. We have not received statements from all comi)anies. With this understanding we give below the results of the investigation in
1894 as to the number of companies reporting in each State, the amount received for sale of gas, or the value of the gas consumed, the value of coal or wood displaced by this gas, the uses to which natural gas was put, such as the number of fires for cooking and heating, and the number of establishments supplied, the record of wells, and the total number of feet of pipe used in the transportation of gas on the 31st of December, 1894.
In the following table is given the amount received for sal6 of gas, or the value of the gas consumed in the United States in 1894, as reported by 577 companies or individuals in the several States named, together with the value of the coal or wood displaced by this gas.
16 Geol, Pt 4 27
Mineral Resources.
Value of natural gas consumed in the United States in 1894, by States, and the value of coal or wood displaced hij same, as reported by 577 persons, firms, and corporations.
Amount
Compa-
received for
Value of
nies or in-
sale of gas,
coal or wood
States.
dividuals
or value
displaced
reporting.
of gas con-
bv firaa.
sumed.
Pennsylvania . .
$4, 178, 116
$3, 977, 784
2, 211, 649
2, 933, 845
Ohio
812, 368
1, 112, 888
New York
127, 048
150, 860
73, 995
79, 205
Kansas
69, 075
86, 575
California
43, 285
50, 357
Illinois
12, 448
14, 448
Missouri
3, 540
4,825
Texas
Arkansas
Total
7, 531, 644
8, 410, 907
In the following table is given a statement of the uses to which nat- ural gas produced in the United States in 1894 was put, as reported by 577 companies or individuals, namely, the number of domestic fires sup- plied, number of iron-rolling mills, steel works, glass works, and other establishments supplied, including machine shops, brick works, pot- teries, planing mills, etc. :
Uses to which natural gas produced in the United States in 1894 was put, as reported by
577 persons, firms, and corporations.
States.
Compa- nies or in- dividuals reporting.
Domestic
fires supplied.
Establishments supplied.
Iron mills.
Steel works.
Grlass works.
other estab- lish- ments.
Total.
Pennsylvania
Indiana
Ohio
120, 571 93, 455 45, 397 6, 062 7,273 3, 458 1, 707
1,152
New York
Kentucky
Kansas
California
Missouri
Texas
Arkansas
Total
278, 646
1, 033
In the following table is given a statement of the number of natural gas wells producing in the United States at the beginning and close of 1894, together with the number drilled in 1894, and the total number of feet of pipe laid December 31, 1894, as reported by 577 companies or individuals.
Natural Gas. 419
Record of wells and amount of pipe line as reported by .')77 persons, firms, and corporations
in 1894.
Companies
or indi- viduals re- porting.
WelLs.
Ota tea.
rroducmg Dec. 31,
Drilled in 1894.
rroducing Dec. 31,
XUtcil pipt)
laid Dec. 31, 1894.
Feet.
1,056
1, 132
15, 741, 362
Indiana
1, 016
14, 300, 368
Ohio
4, 080, 473
New York
828, 486
Kentucky
336, 680
Kansas
350, 920
California
61, 800
Illinois
47, 560
Missouri
2, 330
Texas
Arkansas
Total
2, 755
2,958
35, 750, 079
SUBSTITUTES FOR s'ATURAIi GAS.
A great deal of attention has been paid during the past year to the production of a fuel gas that will answer the same purposes as natural gas and that can be turned into the pipes and used either for the pur- pose of supplementing failing supplies of natural gas or giving an increased x>roduction in very cold weather when there is a greatly increased demand for gas. The conditions are such as to indicate very clearly what must be the character of this gas. It must be a fixed gas or it will not carry in the pipes; it must be one that will mix readily with natural gas or there will be a great inequality in the character of the gas; it must be high in heat units or it will not pay to distribute it; it cannot contain large quantities of nitrogen or inert matter, but the entire gas must be combustible, or, at least, the percentage of inert matter, as carbonic acid and nitrogen, must be very small.
Two methods have been devised for furnishing such an additional supply of gas ; one is actually in operation, the other will be before the close of 1895. The first is the erection of an auxiliary gas plant for making a fuel gas; the other is the use of the excess gas, or at times the entire gas, from by-product coke i)lants. The first of these is in opera- tion at the works of the Kentucky Heating Company at Louisville, Ky. This company was organized for the purpose of bringing natural gas from Meade County, Ky. For a while the supply was ample, but with the exhaustion of the field the supply was not sufficient for cold weather. It was decided to erect an auxiliary plant, and the Rose- Hastings process of the National Heat and Power Construction Com- pany, of Philadelphia, was adopted. It hardly falls within the limits of this report to describe this process more than to say that it uses soft coal and has what are known as cumulative generators. The plant in operation at Louisville can be described as having four upright retorts or generators and one superheater, all set in a circle. Soft coal is charged into three of these retorts and coke into the fourth. Air is
Mineral Resources.
driven through the three coal chambers, burning- a portion of the coal, and heating them to a high temperature, the resulting hot gases being in the meantime carried down through the coke, in this way heating it uj) without burning it. The heat necessary to start the blast and also that required ro bring the coke to the finishing temperature is gained by a short blast upward through the coke. When the machine has been brought to the right heat and before the blast is stopped a charge of soft coal is dumped into each one of the coal chambers. The blast is then stopped and steam turned under each of the coal (chambers and oil turned in at the top of the coke chamber. The result is that water gas is produced in each of the coal chambers, and, mingling with the coal gas distilled off from the fresh charge of soft coal, passes over to the coke chamber, down through the red-hot coke, where it has the vapory of oil changed into fixed gases, and up through the superheater, where this process , is thoroughly completed. When oil is used the resultant gas contains some 640 to 650 B. H. units per cubic foot; without oil, 410 B. H. units.
Regarding the operation of this i)lant as an auxiliary to augment the supply of natural gas on cold days, Mr. Donald McDonald, presi- dent of the Kentucky Heating Company, stated that they have con- tinued to maintain their pressure and give satisfactory service to their customers notwithstanding the long continued and bitter cold weather.
I have been favored with a statement as to the actual amount of the several materials used in actual practice to make over 10,000,000 cubic feet of 20 candlepower gas at these Louisville works and reproduce it as follows :
Materials used to make 10,596,000 cubic feet of Bose-Hastings gas.
Oil gallons.. 21,325
Soft coal slack pounds. . 328, 503, 900
Coke do 60, 932, 175
Boiler coal do 87, 954, 270
Average per 1,000 cubic feet.
Oil gallons.. 2.01
Coal pounds.. 31. 00
Coke do 5.75
Boiler coal do 8. 30
From the above it will be very easy to estimate the cost per thousand at any given point, the cost of materials being known. Take a loca- tion where oil is 2 cents a gallon, coal $1.20 a ton, and coke $2.40 a ton. Then the cost of materials per 1,000 cubic feet will be as follows:
Oil, 2.01 fiallons, at 2 cents
Coal, 31 ])Oiinds, at $1.20 per ton
Coke, 5.75 ])()uuds, at $2.40 per ton
Boiler coal, 8.3 ])oniidH, at $1.20 per Ion
Total . . . Add i'or labor
Cents.
Total 8. 53
Natural Gas.
We do not intend it to be understood that the above is the cost at Louisville. AH of the materials at Louisville are much higher than the prices given, and the cost at Louisville was therefore in excess of the cost named, but where oil is 2 cents a gallon, coal $1.20, and coke $2.40 a net ton, the cost will be as given. The actual costs at a given point of these materials may be substituted for those we have assumed, and the results will be the actual cost of materials and labor.
Regarding tiie second irocess proposed, that is, the erection of by-product coke ovens and the use of a portion or all of the gas from these ovens as a fuel gas, it may be said that these by-product coke ovens are practically gas retorts 24 to 33 feet long, 14 J to 2G inches wide, and 6 to 7 feet high. The coking chamber is closed and the coal is coked by burning the gases in flues in the side walls of the ovens. All of the gas is driven off as in the illuminating gas process, and after being deprived of its tar, ammonia, and benzole, is returned to the ovens and burned in the flues as noted above. This gas is practically illuminating gas, containing about the same relative amount of hydrogen and marsh gas as is contained in illuminating gas. The quantity of gas required to coke the coal varies with the amount of gas produced, being from one-half to two-thirds of the total gas with a coal like the Connellsville coal, producing 10,000 cubic feet of gas per ton. The probability is that 4,000 to 5,000 cubic feet will be sufficient to coke the coal, leaving an excess with Connellsville coal of 5,000 or 6,000 cubic feet per ton of coal charged that would be available for fuel purposes. If it was deemed best, the coal could be coked by burning producer gas in the flues, the producer gas being of a character that will not stand transportation and in this case leaving the entire amount of gas produced by the coke ovens to be used for sujjplementing the natural-gas supply. The excess gas from these ovens, of which some 3,000 are in operation in Europe, is used to a great extent for fuel purposes, and it is understood that the Philadelphia Company, of Pittsburg, the largest supijlier of natural gas in the United States, is to erect a trial plant of these ovens for use in 1895.
The Record By States. Pennsylvania.
It was in this State that natural gas first began to be used exten- sively as a domestic and industrial fuel. Indeed, it was the drilling of the Westiughouse well at Homewood, a suburb of Pittsburg, that led to tlie great extension of its use that marked the years 1885 and 1886.
Regarding the geological horizons in which natural gas has been found in Pennsylvania it may be said that these are practically the same as those in which petroleum has been found. They have been treated of very thoroughly in connection with the report on petroleum, to which reference should be made. The gas pools are very nearly coextensive with the petroleum fields of Pennsylvania.
422 Mineral Resources.
In the following table is given the value of natural gas consumed in Pennsylvania in the years from 1885 to 1894:
Value of natural gas consumed in Pennsylvania from 1885 to 1894.
Years.
Value of gas consumed.
Years.
Value of gas consumed.
$4, 500, 000 9, 000, 000 13, 749, 500 19, 282, 375 11, 593, 989
]890
$9, 551, 025 7, 834, 016 7, 376, 281 6, 488, 000 6, 279, 000
Ohio.
There are four distinct geological formations that are at the present time supplying more or less gas to the people of Ohio for fuel and light. Iaming them in descending order, they are, the Berea grit, the Ohio shale, the Clinton group, the Trenton limestone.
The Ohio shale, which crops out on the shore of Lake Erie, extend- ing westward from the PennsylTania line as far as the mouth of the Huron River and passing southward from this point to the Ohio Yalley, consisting of a series of beds of shale, black, blue, or gray in color, with an average breadth of from 12 to 16 miles, constitutes the surface rock. This formation has been known to be a source of petro- leum and gas ever since the country has been inhabited, and weak outflows of oil or gas occur all along the line and have been noted alike by the uncivilized and the civilized occupants. Along the shore of Lake Erie there are scores, and probably hundreds, of shale gas wells. The wells are shallow, rarely exceeding 300 or 400 feet in depth. It costs but little to drill a shallow well, and the gas flow is in many instances kept up with remarkable persistency. A well will yield a few hundred or a few thousand feet of gas a day and maintain its pro- duction for a score or more of years. The pressure of the gas is low, scarcely rising to and rarely exceeding 30 or 40 pounds to the inch.
As the Berea grit, which outcrops at many points in northern Ohio, dips to the southward and eastward it becomes a repository of gas, oil, and salt water, until, when it has descended far enough to take 800 feet or more of cover, it becomes, under proper conditions, a reservoir of high-pressure gas and oil. While the Berea grit does not yield a large amount of fuel, it is still a producer in some regions near Cadiz, Barnesville, Macksburg, Marietta, Brilliant, and East Liverpool.
Some gas has also been found in the Clinton limestone, wells some 30 miles distant from Columbus having been drilled into this formation, and gas has been furnished to such towns as Columbus, Newark, and Lancaster. Tlie field seems to extend from Lancaster to Newark in a northeasterly direction, and with a length of about 25 milesand a maxi- mum breadth of 2 or 3 miles. The gas rock is neither regular in struc- ture nor uniform in production, and the field is a spotted one.
Natural Gas.
The Trenton limestone as a source of supply for gas and petroleum has already been described in the report on i)etroleura. It was the open- ing up of this strata as a source of gas that marks the beginning of the history of natural gas in northwestern Ohio and in Indiana. Up to this time all the oil and gas rocks previously known are sandstones, but the Findlay gas rock is a magnesian limestone. Up to its discovery no rock of an earlier age had been found productive in petroleum or its deriva- tives but the Devonian, but the horizon of the new rock is near the bot- tom of the Lower Silurian. Owing to the thoroughness of the descrip- tion of this field already given in connection with petroleum it is not necessary to reproduce it here.
In the following table will be found a statement of the value of the natural gas consumed in Ohio from 1885 to 1894:
Value of natural gas consumed in Ohio from 1885 to 1894.
Tears.
Value of gas consumed.
Tears.
Value of gas consumed.
$100,000
400,000 i 1,000,000 1 1,500,000 1 5,215,669
$4. 684, 300 3, 076, 325 2, 136, 000 1, 510, 000 1, 276, 100
Indiana.
While prospecting for natural gas by the drilling of wells in nearly every county in the State of Indiana has progressed rapidly during 1893 and 1894, outside of the areas heretofore regarded as gas-producing territories no developments have been made of any commercial impor- tance. The boundaries of the natural gas belt have been more clearly defined, iot withstanding that the drill has developed no new terri- tory, the most important gas territory in the United States is that of Indiana. It is estimated that this State possesses 2,500 square miles of what may be regarded as gas territory, that territory in which gas has been or probably will be obtained in paying quantities. The supply of gas in this State is also holding out better than that of Ohio and Penn- sylvania, and yet there is no doubt that the supply is limited, that it has been and is being wasted, that the pressure and production are declining, and that the exhaustion of the fields is rapidly approaching.
The great reservoir of natural gas in Indiana is the Trenton limestone. The chief structural feature of the State is the Cincinnati arch, which, while it does not make itself manifest on the surface, is no less an arch. It is claimed by Dr. Phinney that the portion of the arch in Indiana is the continuation of the main body, while the Findlay arch of Ohio is the smaller fork or branch. This arch is confined to the Trenton lime- stone and underlying formations. It is from 25 to 50 miles wide on its summit, and its slopes dip gradually away on either side.
From the large number of wells sunk in different portions of the State the general topographic configuration of the surface of the Trenton
424 Mineral Resources.
can readily be conceived. As may be inferred from the preceding statements, its upper surface rises into a broad elongated dome trend- ing northwest and southeast across the State, from near its southeastern portion to its northwestern, with several subordinate ridges setting off from it, and perhaps a few subordinate domes or ridges that hardly merit the term anticlinal distributed about its apex. The principal dome inclines at first gently, then on its flanks more rapidly, and about its base once more gently to the northeast and southwest, and in still gentler slopes to the northwest.
Area of Indiana gas field.
Counties.
Blackford
Jay
Delaware . Kandolph Wayne . . . Madison. .
Grant
Howard . . Tipton ... Hamilton . Hancock . Marion . . .
In the following table will be found a statement of the value of the natural gas consumed in Indiana from 1886 to 1894 :
Value of natural gas consumed in Indiana from 1886 to 1894.
. Years.
Value of gas consumed-
Tears.
Value of gas consumed.
$300, 000 600, 000 1,320, 000 2, 075, 702 2, 302, 500
$3, 942, 500
4, 716, 000 1
5, 718, 000 5, 437, 000
Kentucky.
The chief source of supply in Kentucky is from Meade County, in what is known as the Brandenburg district. Some gas has also been found in Henderson, Breckinridge, and Daviess counties. The first well drilled in Kentucky which jroduced gas in any considerable (juantity was the Moreman well, drilled in 1863 on the Moreman farm, near Brandenburg, Meade County, not far from the Ohio Elver. In 1872 the gas from this Avell was utilized to make salt. This consumed but a small portion of the production, however, and it was not until tli(i discoveries of 1885 and 188() in southern Ohio and Indiana that interest in searching for natural gas in Kentucky was stimulated.
From tliat date until the present time natural gas from Meade County has b(en utilized in Louisville. The gas is a shale gas from the black
Square miles.
Pro- ducing wells.
Aggregate daily tlow.
Cubic feet.
21, 700, 000
22, 000, 000 97, 000, 000
6, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 114, 000, 000 80, 825, 000 80, 000, 000 38, 000, 000 200, 000, 000 15, 000, 000 40, 000, 000
Counties.
Square miles.
Pro- dacing wells.
Aggregate daily How.
Cubic feet.
24, 000, 000
Wabash
6, 000, 000
Henry
20, 000, 000
Kush
1, 500, 000
Shelby
3, 000, 000
Decatur
5, 000, 000
Franklin
500, 000
Dearborn
1, 500, 000
Dekalb
2, 000, 000
Total
2, 507
779, 525, 000
Natural Gas.
or Ohio shale. Unlike the Ohio shale gas, however, the Meade County gas is a reservoir or high-pressure gas. Its wells have obtained a maximum of 2,000,000 cubic feet a day.
The gas from Meade County is failing, as it is in other sections of the country. Pumps have been used to force the gas to Louisville, and, as stated elsewhere in this report, a Eose-Hastings fuel-gas plant has been erected to supplement the deficiency of the supply of natural gas.
The production of natural gas in Kentucky from 1889 to 1894 was as follows:
Value of natural gas consumed in Kentucky from 1889 to 1894.
Yeais.
Value of gas consumed.
$2, 580 30, 000 38, 993 43, 175 68, 500 89, 200
West Virginia.
The gas formations of West Virginia are similar to those of Kew York, Pennsylvania, and eastern Ohio, and need no description here.
Illinois.
A small amount of gas is produced in Illinois. The rocks in which it is found are the same as those in Indiana. In Sparta, where most of the gas is produced, the wells have been drilled to an average depth of 855 feet. The pressure, which was 300 pounds six years ago, has been reduced to 60 pounds.
The production of natural gas in Illinois from 1889 to 1894 was as follows :
Value of natural gas consumed in Illinois from 1889 to 1894.
Tears.
Value of gas consumed.
$10, 615
1890 6,000
6, 000 12, 988 14, 000 15, 000
Kansas.
Natural gas has been found in Kansas in two or three sections, irin- cipally in the neighborhood of Paola, Fort Scott, Coffeyville, and Cherry Yale. None of the fields have as yet assumed sufficient importance to justify a detailed description. The larger number of wells are at Cof- feyville and Cherry Yale. The wells are from 600 to 700 feet deep and the rock pressure some 200 pounds. The gas seems to be found in sand and shale.
The production of natural gas in Kansas from 1889 to 1894 was as follows :
MINERAL RESOURCES. Value of natural gas consumed in Kansas from 1889 to 1894.
Years.
Value of gas consumed.
$15, 873 12, 000 5, 500 40, 795 50, 000 86, 600
California.
Natural gas, though found in all the bituminous formations of Cali- fornia, has attracted most attention in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, from its use in the city of Stockton, Joaquin County. In Stock- ton there are more than 20 wells of commercial value. Any boring of 2,500 feet gives a tolerable yield.
The Asylum well, io. 3, was commenced in 1892, and bored 1,992 feet. The casing, of No. 14 iron, is 15 inches to 854 feet depth, thence 13J inches to 1,422 feet, 12 inches to 1,671 feet, lOJ inches to 1,775 feet, 8 inches to 1,780 feet, 7 inches to 1,786 feet, and 6 inches to 1,979 feet.
The Central gas well is owned and used by a private company. In 1893 it reached a depth of about 1,500 feet, when, tools being lost in it and sufficient gas obtained, it was capped and used. The casing is 13 inches to 800 feet, thence 11 inches to 1,100 feet, 9 inches to 1,150 feet, and 6 inches to 1,500 feet.
In Kovember, 1893, work on the Grant Street well was suspended, in order that the Stockton Natural Gas Company, which owns it, might use it during the winter.
The following table will give an idea of the yield and cost of boring of Stockton wells. The yield from the Asylum wells was estimated by a field assistant at a time when it was said that no gas was being used from this source :
JiTame of well.
Yield of gas in 24 hours.
Cost of well and plant.
Asylum well :
No. 1
Cu.ft.
No. 2
34, 000 30, 000
Court-house well
St. Agnes well :
Nb.l
$12, 000
No. 2
Jackson well :
No.l
20, 000
16, 700 14, 000
80, 000 43, 000
50, 000 19, 400
10, 000
No. 2
Haas well :
No. ]
12,000
No. 2
Citizens' well
Central well
26, 000 15, 000
P
Feet. 1, 750 1,992 1,917
1, 720
1, 66.) 1,400
2, 000
2, 061 1,500
Owners and remarks.
$500
( Gas sold to Stockton Gas Light and Heat Company.
(Stockton Natural Gas Company, whose rates are $1 per 1,000 feet or leys, and 50 cents for each additional 1 .000 feet. Pay able weekly.
{Private comitnnv, whose raties are $1 per each 1,0(!0 le(*t\ii) to 5,000, and 60 cents per each 1,000 foot in excess of 5,000 feet. Payable monthly. Used by stockholders of' the company.
Reported to be nearly 3,000 feet.
Natural Gas.
To ascertain whether such a supply of gas as that found at Stockton was to be looked for by boring in other portions of the Central Valley, including the valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin, the mining bureau instituted a comparison of the geological conditions of that city with those prevailing throughout the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. In the Sacramento Valley the gas-yielding rocks were found to be Cretaceous, and in the San Joaquin both Cretaceous and Tertiary, the gas being stored in more recent porous strata underlying sheets of clay which reach to near the surface, and there probably augmented from organic remains. These porous formations are, under the San Joaquin Valley, several thousand feet thick, and are thought to be coextensive with the central portion of the valley, whose sides are con- nected with the gas-yielding rocks by sandy or isolated from them by clayey strata. From the relative richness of the rocks in hydrocarbons the conditions seem more favorable in the San Joaquin Valley than in the Sacramento. At Stockton the average thickness of the gas- yielding strata for wells 1,600 to 1,700 feet deep is 150 feet, and below 1,700 feet practically all the porous strata yield gas.
In nearly all the wells water has been struck. This decreases the yield of the gas by impeding its flow and lowers the quality by dilut- ing it with nitrogen drawn down when the water sinks into the ground. For the gas found in the Central Valley of California the State mining bureau has found the following values as compared with coke carrying
10 per cent ash :
1,000 cubic feet of average Stockton gas equals 50 pounds of coke. 1,000 cubic feet of gas from old well at Sacramento equals 34 pounds of coke. 1,000 cubic feet of gas from spring on Barker ranch equals 58 pounds of coke. 1,000 cubic feet of gas from well, Sunset oil district, Kern County, equals 53 pounds of coke.
Other cities than Stockton in the San Joaquin Valley could doubtless obtain supplies of gas at less than 3,000 feet, and practical quantities might, too, be found at places in the Sacramento. It is a significant fact that the gas-yielding formations of these valleys are near to the mines of the Sierra, to beds of pottery clay, and to sand suitable for glass manufacture, the localities of the principal wells possessing water communication with San Francisco.
The Humboldt Land and Oil Company's well, Humboldt County, was sunk during the summer of 1893 in the Upper Matole country, in T. 4 S., R. 2 E., through gray shale, with an occasional seam of some harder clay rock, to a depth of 800 feet, when it was capped, oil sand poor in
011 having been reached at 695 feet. Casing and 5f inch was used to the oil sand only. Some gas came up at 135 feet, and at 700 feet a strong flow. To the east the coarse gray oil sand crops out, showing 20 feet and dipping 60 degrees northeast.
The Sacramento Natural Gas and Water Company have bored two wells in that city. One went to a depth of 876 feet, through clay.
Mineral Resources.
gravel, cement, and quicksand, the lower portion being a hard, porous, sandy cement. Water was struck at 281 feet and gas at 392 feet, the flow of both increasing with depth. In twenty-four hours this well yielded some 2,000 feet of gas. In March, 1893, another was com- menced near by, and bored 965 feet through much hard rock, when a sand pump became lodged in the bottom. It yields water and gas.
In August, 1893, a well was commenced on the Prather ranch, owned by the Shasta Land and Cattle Company, near Montague, in Siskiyou County, in search of flowing water, gas, and oil. It was undertaken by the Shasta Land and Development Company, of Oakland. The well borer, C. W. Fox, states as follows :
The formatiou penetrated consists principally of grayish sandstone interstratified with black sand and white quartz pebbles. At the depth of 88 feet an auriferous cemented <?ravel was encountered, which is about 18 feet in thickness. At 138 feet a feAv fossil shells were brought up by the sand pump. At 280 feet abou+ 4 miner's inches of fresh water flowed from the casing. At 400 feet inflammable gas was struck, and it burned with a flame about 18 inches above the top of the casing. The gas increased as the well was bored deeper, and at a depth of about 1,300 feet it burned with a flame about 7 feet above the top of the casing. This well is 10 inches for the first 500 feet; then it was reduced to 8 inches.
Inflammable gas is said to have been discovered arising from a saline spring on the Evarts ranch, in the Capay Valley of Yolo County.
The facts given above are obtained from the Twelfth Annual Eeport of the State Mineralogist of California.
The production of natural gas in California from 1889 to 1894 is as follows :
Value of natural gas consumed in California from 1889 to 1894.
Tears.
Value of gas consumed.
$12, 680 33, 000 30, 000 55, 000 62, 000 60, 350
Colorado.
The most of the gas found in Colorado is in the neighborhood of Florence, and is found in connection with the oil production of the district.
The town of Florence, Colo., gets the main part of its gas supply from two companies — the United Oil Company, which has 84 wells, and the Fh>rence Oil and Refining Company, with 45 wells. The Kocky Moun- tain Oil Company, which is farther from town, has gas in most of its 30 wells, and the Triumph Oil Company has some gas which is piped into town for domestic use. The tliree first-mentioned companies, in
Natural Gas.
the order named, have bored from 50 to 84 oil wells each, and natural gas is found in most of them. The average pressure is from 4 to 6 pounds, but some have run as high as 40 pounds. The largest well in this district was struck in December, 1894, by the United Oil Company. This well is said to be sufiflcient to supply three towns the size of Florence.
Some years ago gas was found at Eockvale, 4 miles west of Florence, and since that time the use of natural gas here has increased. It is used for lighting and fuel, although good lump coal is delivered in the city at $2.75 per ton.
Asphaltum.
By Edward W. Parker.
Tokl product in 1894, 60,570 short tons; total value, $353,400.
Varieties.
The varieties, qualities, and values of the several bitumens or hydro- carbons which have asphalt for a base are so widely different that they might very properly be treated as separate minerals. Unlike the pe- troleums, or hydrocarbons having paraffin for a base, they belong to no regular series of chemical compounds, but each variety seems to pos- sess a composition or a mixture of chemical compounds jDeculiarly its own. Physically, the asphaltic bitumens vary from a very hard, glisten- ing variety similar in appearance to anthracite coal to a liquid form known as maltha or brea, not unlike some of the heavier petroleums in appearance. Such forms as gilsonite, elaterite, uintite, albertite, wurtz- ilite, and grahamite are hard and brittle at ordinary temperatures. From these they grade down to the viscous, semifluid maltha and the liquid form so similar to petroleum. One variety of asphaltum known as ozokerite is very similar in appearance, when refined, to ordinary beeswax, and is known in the trade as mineral wax. While some of the asphaltums are found in a comparatively pure state, the bulk of the product consists of either a sandstone or limestone thoroughly impreg- nated with the bitumen, and these are known commercially as bitumi- nous sandstone or bituminous limestone, as the case may be.
Occurrence.
Asphaltum in some of its varied forms occurs in a number of States along the eastern slope of the Appalachian range, but none has been mined on a commercial scale during the last decade or since the first volume of Mineral Resources was published. SoDie little grahamite has been mined in West Virginia, but more for cabinet specimens than anything else. It is known locally as Ritchie mineral, from Ritchie County, in which it is found. On the western slope of the Alleghanies it occurs in Grayson, Breckinridge, and Hardin counties, in Kentucky, and in Ohio. In both of these States it occurs as bituminous sand- stone, and considerable quantities have been mined, particularly in Ken- tucky, where operations are now being carried on, over 5,000 short tons having been produced there in 1894. By far the largest deposits, how- ever, are west of the Mississippi River. The principal localities are in Kern, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, San Luis Obispo, and Ventura counties, Cal. ; in Uinta County, Utah; in Pickens County, Okla.; in
Asphalt Um.
Montague, Henderson, and Uvalde counties, Tex., and in Montana. The asphaltums of California consist of hard asphaltum, bituminous sandstone, and liquid asphaltum. They have beeu thoroughly described in previous volumes of Mineral Eesources, particularly in that for 1893, page 629. Utah produces the purest form of asphaltum found in the United States, if not in the world. This is known as gilsonite, or gum asphaltum, and contains over 90 per cent of pure bitumen. The appli- cations of this material for commercial purposes are given in Mineral Eesources in 1893, page 630. In Pickens County, Okla., the substance occurs in bituminous sandstone, and while some development work has been done on these properties there has been no product mined for the market. In Texas a peculiar form of asphaltum is found in Uvalde County, to which has been given the name of lithocarbon." It occurs in a bed of limestone shells thoroughly saturated with the bitumen. The bitumen itself is hard at an ordinary temperature and possesses peculiar elastic qualities, which make it quite valuable as a covering for metal sheathing where it is subjected to bending. Other large deposits of bituminous sandstone have been found in the same county, but they have not yet been thoroughly exploited. None of the other deposits in Texas have been worked on a commercial scale. The Montana asphaltum, which is a bituminous sandstone, has not been mined for market. Dr. William C. Day, of Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania, has been mak- ing a study of the various bitumens, and the result of his investigation of the Montana material will be found on a subsequent page. Asphaltum deposits have also been noted in Arizona, Idaho, ievada, IS'ew Mexico, Wyoming, Oregon, and Washington.
PRODUCTIO]Sr.
The total amount of asphaltum and bituminous rock produced in the United States in 1894 was 60,570 short tons, valued at $353,400. Com- pared with 1893 this shows an increase in product of 12,791 short tons, but a decrease in value of $18,832. The increased production was due to greater activity at the bituminous sandstone mines, both in Califor- nia and Kentucky, while a decrease in the production of the purer forms of asphaltum in California and Utah is accountable for the com- parative falling off in value. There was no bituminous limestone mined in Utah during 1894. The product, therefore, was limited to bituminous sandstone and hard, or gum, and liquid asphaltum. The production of these materials in 1894 is shown in the following table :
Production of asphaltum and bituminous rock in 1894.
Products.
Short tons.
Value.
9, 790 50, 780
$195, 800 157, 600
Bituminous rock
Total
60, 570
353, 400
432 Mineral Resources.
Divided by States, the product was as follows:
Produciion of asphaltum, etc., in 1S94, by States.
States.
Short tons.
Value.
Califbruia
Kentucky
51, 187 5, 383 1,000
;3, 000
$251,991 21, 409 35, 000
Utah "
Total
60, 570
353, 400
The following table shows the annual production of asphaltum and bituminous rock in the United States since 1882:
Production of asphaltum and bituminous rock since 1882.
Years.
Short tons.
Value.
Years.
Short tons.
Value.
3, 000
$10, 500
51, 735
$171, 537
3,000
10, 500
40, 841
190, 416
3, 000
10, 500
45, 054
242, 264
3, 000
10, 500
87, 680
445, 375
3, 500
14, 000
47, 779
372, 232
16, 000
60, 570
353, 400
50, 450
187, 500
California.
The asphaltum deposits of California have been thoroughly discussed in previous volumes of Mineral Eesources, particularly in the volume for 1883 and 1884, by Mr. E. W. Hilgard, and the information concern- ing them brought up to date in the volume for 1893. Mr. S. F. Peck- ham contributes the following in regard to the asphaltum deposits of Southern California:
Since the ai)pearance of Mineral Resources for 1893 no new discov- eries of asijhaltum have been made in this region. The proprietors of the deposit at Santa Maria, in San Luis Obispo County, have taken out a small quantity of asphaltic sandstone which has been success- fully used in Denver, Colo.
The California Petroleum and Asphalt Company, with mines at La Patera, above Santa Barbara, on the coast, and works for extracting maltha from the sand at Carpenteria, on the coast below Santa Bar- bara, has supplied a moderate demand for its products, but during the year has been largely engaged in introducing approved machinery and other aipliances for more extensive operations in the future. At As- ])halto, in Kern County, the extensive dei)osits of asphaltum described in Mineral Resources for 1893 have been further explored and further evidence obtained to show the enormous extent of the deposit. As in previous years, the Standard Asphalt Company has disposed of an output of moderate amount, tlie greater part, if not all, of whicli has been refined in the ])lant at Asphalto.
Asphaltum.
The total amount of hard aud liquid asphaltmn produced in Cali- fornia during- 1894 was 5,790 short tons, and of bituminous rock 45,397 short tons, the aggregate value of which was $251,991.
Utah.
The product from Utah includes the very pure form of bitumen known as gilsonite, or gum asphaltum, and a bituminous limestone. None of the latter was mined during 1894, while the product of gil- sonite or gum asphaltum was 1,000 tons, valued at $35,000. In the production of gilsonite the operators labor under the disadvantage of having to haul the product from 60 to 90 miles in wagons to railroad transportation. Owing to the very iure nature of the material there is a good demand for it, even at the great cost occasioned by heavy transportation expenses. Gilsonite is used in the manufacture of black Japan and other varnishes and insulating compounds of various kinds. It is especially useful for covering iron plates on ship bottoms, for a cement for sea walls of brick or masonry, and for covering j)iling sub- jected to teredo and other salt-water insects. It is also useful as a lining for chemical tanks and sinks, for preserving iron pipes from corrosive action of acids, rust, etc., and for covering wood or metal liable to decay upon exposure to the atmosi)liere. It is also valuable as an insulator for electric wires, one-eighth of an inch insulation of gilsonite having stood a current of 1,200 volts.
Texas.
The commercial product in Texas in 1894 was from the lithocarbon properties in Uvalde County, mention of which has been made in previ- ous volumes of Mineral Resources. Other properties are being devel- oped, however, in particular some very extensive deposits of bitumiuous sand stone, but, owing to the complications likely to arise in, the acquire- ment of title, the owners will not furnish any information for publication.
Kentucky.
The entire product of Kentucky is bituminous sandstone, all of which is used for street paving in the interior cities. The iroduct in 1894 was 5,383 short tons, valued at $21,409, against 1,129 short tons, valued at $6,570, in 1893.
Montana.
A considerable deposit of asphalt has been noticed in Park County, Mont. The material is unusually pure, as is shown by the following examination by Dr. William C. Day, of Swarthmore College. The material is not solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquid enough to pour slowly. The ash contained in it amounts to 0.()9 per cent. The asphalt contains quite a mass of foreign material, such as leaves and the claws and feathers of birds and fragments of insects, which must have been caught in the material.
16 Geol, Pt 4 28
Jviinekal Resources.
Determination Of Matter Soluble In Carbon Bisulphide.
This was done by treating a weighed sample in a flask with carbon bisulphide and filtering. The treatment with carbon bisulphide was repeated until everything soluble was perfectly extracted. The carbon bisulphide solution was then evaporated upon a water bath and the residue weighed. Percentage of material soluble in carbon bisulphide (bitumen), 95 iter cent.
The material thus found soluble in carbon bisulphide is the bitumen contained in the asphalt. The Bermudez asphalt contains 97.22 per cent bitumen, which is a higher figure than has been found for Ti iuidad asphalt. In that the Montana material compares favorably in the bitumen contained in it with Bermudez asphalt, which, according to the report of experts in Philadelphia (who have recently made comparative tests on Bermudez ajid Trinidad asphalts), is better than the Trinidad for paving purposes.
Determination Of Material Soluble In Gasoline.
The method of treatment was the same as that employed with carbon bisulphides. Percentage of material soluble in gasoline (petrolene), 80.
The insoluble material, like that from the carbon bisulphide, consisted of leaves, bugs, feathers, flies and other insects, so that had these ma- terials not been present the percentage of petrolene would have been higher.
A combustion of the material gave the following result as to total carbon and hydrogen :
Percentage of carbon found 79. 81
Percentage of hydrogen lound 9.29
The percentage of sulphur was 2.83.
The following distillation experiments were made:
Seventy-four grams of the substance were introduced into a distill- ing flask by aid of a filter pump; the viscosity of the material was such that it took several hours to transfer about 100 cubic centimeters to the flask.
A Bunsen flame was applied directly to the flask; the material frothed considerably, giving a gas which was collected and measured. The gas given off at this stage amounted to 2,250 cubic centimeters. When a thermometer placed with the bulb in the vapor (i. e., a little below the side tube of the distilling flask) showed 98° O. the frothing ceased and a liquid distilled over between 98° and 110°; the Aveight of this fraction was 6.75 grams. The second fraction was taken between the limits llOo and 170°; its weight was 2.3 grams. The third fraction was taken between 170° and 225°; its weight was 8.75 grams. The last fraction was from 225° to the limit of the thermometer; it weighed 22.5
Asphaltum.
grams. The last fraction was accornpaniefl by tbe more rapid evolu- tion of gas which had decreased at 98. Between 98 and 225°, 1,000 cubic centimeters of gas were produced.
The amount of gas evolved at this final stage was 2,500 cubic centi- meters, thus making in all 5,750 cubic centimeters of what, on burning, proved to be a good illuminating gas. The residue left in the retort after distillation looked like valuable material for paving, being at ordinary temperatures hard and brittle, with a lustrous conchoidal fracture.
Imports.
The imports of asphaltum into the United States include hard as- phaltum from Cuba, Trinidad asi)haltum from the Island of Trinidad, oft* the coast of Venezuela, South America, and bituminous limestone from jNeufchatel and Yal de Travers, in Switzerland, and Seyssel, in France.
The following table shows the imports of crude asphaltum since 1867 :
Asphaltum imported into the United States from 1867 to 1894.
Tears ended —
June 30, 1867.
Quantity.
Long tons.
1,301 1,474 2,314 1, 183 1, 171
4, 532
5, 476 8, 084
11,830
Value.
$6, 268 5, 632 10, 559 13,072 14,760 35, 533 17,710 26, 006 23, 818 36, 550 35, 932 39, 635 87, 889
Tears ended —
June 30, 1881
Dec. 31, 1886
Quantity.
Value.
Lonq tons.
12, 883
$95, 410
15,015
102, 698
33, 116
149, 999
36, 078
145, 571
18, 407
88, 087
32, 565
108, 528
30, 808
95, 735
36, 494
84, 045
61, 952
138, 163
73, 861
223, 368
102, 433
299, 350
120, 255
336, 868
74, 774
196, 314
102, 505
313, 680
By William G. Day.
Value Of Various Kinds Of Stone Produced In
1893 And 1894.
The followiDg table shows the production of the various kinds of stone in the United States in the years 1893 and 1894 :
Value of different of stone produced in the United States during the years 1893
and 1894.
Kinds.
Granite
$8, 808, 934 2, 411, 092 2, 523, 173 5, 195, 151 13, 947, 223 al, 000, 000
$10, 029, 156 3, 199, 585 2. 790, 324 3, 945, 847 16, 512, 904 a 900, 000
Marble
Slate
Sandstone
Limestone
Bluestone
Total
33, 885, 573
37, 377, 816
a Estimated.
An inspection of this table shows a gain of $3,492,243 for the year 1894 for all the kinds of stone considered. Production of granite, marble, slate, and limestone has increased, while a falling off is evident in the cases of sandstone and bluestone.
The gain in granite output is due to the increased business of quite a small number of important producers, chiefly in New England. Many small producers have not, however, enjoyed prosperity 5 in not a few instances, indeed, quite the reverse has been true, even to the extent of a complete shutting down of all operations on the part of some, owing to tlie depression which has been felt by all commercial enter- prises during the past two years.
The increase in marble outi)ut is due to increased activity in Georgia and New York.
' To Mr. William A. Raborg, of the United States Geological Survey, I am especially indebted for the intelligence and unreiaittiug zieal with which he has cooperated in the difficult work of securing and tabulating the statistics of this report.
It is almost unnecessary to state that the statistical data of this report are obtained by direct indi- vidual coi respondence with the stone i)roducers of the United States. To the thousands of quarrynien who have courteously and promptly replied to the inquiries addressed to them in connection witli this and former reports, my grateful acknowledgments are due. The feeling of cooperation shown by quai rymen in contributing to tlie value of the report by tlieir replies, and the interest which they have always shown in the published results, make the duty of distributing among them copies of this article a gratifying one.
In the ])reparati()n of this report I have been aided by a number of the technological articles and items which liave appeared i'rom time to time in tlie journal "Stone,"and which :ire elsewhere individ- ually ci edited, and also by the courteous cooperaticm of the editor of that journal in calling the atten- tioti of stone producers to the importance of replying promptly and fully to the inquiries addressed to them.
In 1 he c(msid('ration of tlu constituent minerals of the granitic rocks, T have followed, in general, the clasHiii(;ations adoi)ted in the Tenth Census lieport on the lJuilding Stones of the United States.
Stone. 437
The slate industry during the iast year has been recovering lost ground to some extent, but the activity shown in 1894 is very notice- ably less than that which has characterized the early part of the present year, 1895.
For reasons given further on in connection with the sandstone article, the production of sandstone has fallen off very decidedly.
Limestone shows a very marked increase, but this may be accounted for in part by the exceptionally thorough and searching canvass of the limestone producers which has been made in compiling the statistical data for 1894.
The figure for bluestone is an estimate, but is made on satisfactory evidence of a general character and is probably quite close to the truth in showing, as it does, a falling off in valuation. Prices for blue- stone have been declining for sometime past.
Talue Of Stoke Produced Iis 1894, By States.
The following table shows the values of the different kinds of stone produced in 1894, by States :
Falue of various kinds of stone produced in 1894, by States.
States.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado : ..
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts. .
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Xevada
IMew Hampshire ,
New Jersey
New Mexico
New Tork
North Carolina .
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina. . .
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia. . .
Wisconsir
Wyoming
Total
Granite. Sandstone.
$28, 100 307, 000 49, 302 504, 390 173, 805
511, 804
1, 551, 036 308, 966 1, 994, 830
153, 936 98, 757 5, 800
1,600 724, 702 310, 965
140, 618 108, 993
4, 993 600, 000 1,211,439 45, 899 8, 806
893, 956 123, 361 166, 098
$18, 100
2, 365 10, 087 69, 105 322, 934
11, 300 10, 529 10, 732 22, 120 11, 639 30, 265 27, 868
3,450 150, 231 34, 066 8, 415 131, 687 16, 500
217, 941 450, 992
1, 777, 034 "'"349, 787
Slate.
$5, 850
22, 500
Marble, Limestone.
$13, 420
724, 385 3, 000
146, 838 153, 068
1,050 "44,542
62, 350 15, 428
10, 029, 156
2, 258 6,611 63, 865 94, 888 4, 000
1, 620, 158
658, 167 138, 151
3, 945, 847
2, 790, 324
175, 000
501, 585
50, 000
231, 796
i,' 500,' 399'
3, 199, 585
$210, 269 19,810 38, 228 288, 900 132, 170 204, 414
30, 639 32, 000 5,315 2, 555, 952 1, 203, 108 616, 630 241, 039 113, 934 810, 089 672, 786 195, 982 336, 287 291, 263 ' 578, 802 92, 970 8,228
193, 523 4, 910 1, 378, 851
1, 733, 477
2, 625, 562 20, 433 25, 100. 3, 663
188, 664 41, 526 23, 696
408, 810
284, 547 59, 148 43, 773
798, 406
16, 512, 904
Total.
$228, 369 19, 810 68, 693 625, 257 250, 577 1,031, 738 173, 805 30, 639
1, 301, 989
18, 844
2, 566, 684
1, 225, 228 628, 269 271, 304 141, 802
2, 507, 963
1, 313, 270
2, 341, 043 370, 353 453, 614 809, 246 115, 270
8, 228 1, 600 723, 479 5, 210 2, 516, 588 108, 993 3,510,511 4,993 5, 245, 507 1, 231, 872 70, 999 21, 469 420, 460 103, 876 39, 124 3, 461, 332 548, 317 231,857 107, 6:i8 893, 294 4, 000
a 37, 377, 816
a Includes $900,000, the value of production of bluestone.
Mineral Resources.
The Graotte Industry. The Term "Granite" As Used In This Report.
The term "granite," as it is used in this report, might more properly, from the strictly scientific standpoint, be reilaced by the designation "crystalline siliceous rocks." Since, however, the report is of interest chiefly as a statistical iroduction, and is intended to give to those interested in the commercial aspects of the subject information bear- ing upon not only the true granites, but also upon those rocks whose general properties and industrial applications are the same as those of true granites, it has been thought wiser to use the term " granite" as it is understood by quarrymen. Most of the material included under this head is really true granite, but some of it is granite only in the com- mercial sense of the term. The tables giving the values of granite output in the various States of the country show, therefore, no distinc- tion between true granites, syenites, trap rocks, gneisses, and crystal- line schists.
The essential components of the true granites are quartz and feld- spar. Quite a number of other minerals are, however, to be found in the granites, and these have been classified by Mr. G. P. Merrill, in the Tenth Census report on stone, as follows :
Components Of Granite.
Essential.
MicroscopiG accessories — Continued.
Quartz. Feldspar.
Garnet.
Danalite.
Rutile.
Apatite.
Pyrite.
Pyrrhotite.
Magnetite.
Hematite.
Titanic iron.
Ortboclase.
Microcline.
Albite.
Oligoclase.
Labradorite.
Characterizing accessories.
Mica.
Muscovite. Biotite. Pblogopite. Lepidolite
Chlorite. Epidote. Uralite. Kaolin.
Decomposition products.
Hornblende.
Pyroxene.
Epidote.
Chlorite.
Tourmaline.
Acmite.
Iron oxides.
Calcite.
Muscovite.
Inclosures in cavities.
S])hone. Zircon.
Microscopic accessories.
Water.
Carbon dioxide. Sodium chloride. Potassium chloride.
m
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I- Uj
O to
Go
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Ul ul
O
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Stone.
The following statements relative to the minerals to be found in gran- ites is a condensed abstract of matter contained in the Tenth Census report on stone, referred to above :
Of the two essential minerals, quartz and feldspar, the former is invariable in composition 5 but in the form of the particles and in appear- ance it is quite variable. As is evident from the enumeration of the various kinds of feldspar already given, there is much latitude for dif- ferences in granites, due to the feldspathic constituent. According to the kinds of feldspar present, the granite shows a number of variations in color, which may due to the color of the feldspar itself or to its trans- parent or semitransparent character, and its consequent efiect upon light. Red and pink granites owe their color to the feldspars contained in them ; dark effects in granite are sometimes caused by the absorption of light effected by transi)arent crystals of feldspar. While the hard- ness of quartz is always much the same, that of the feldspars is subject to considerable variation in its resistance to the stonecutter's tools.
The variation in the amounts and the kinds of accessory ingredients is great, and these determine very largely the character of the stone as to its resistance to disintegrating agencies, its strength, its color, and its susceptibility to ornamentation or polish. Of these accessories mica is the most common. White muscovite gives a light effect to the stone, but if it appears in the form of black biotite the granite is dark in general tone. Much interest attaches to mica as a granitic constitu- ent, for, while its color effect may be very attractive, it does not polish so well as the other constituents, nor does it retain polish so well, fre- quently becoming dull on exposure. In stone for polishing the manner of occurrence of the mica particles is of imiortance as well as their amount. Numerous fine particles are less objectionable, if scattered promsicuously, than are occasionally occurring larger crystals.
Mica is frequently replaced wholly or in part by the minerals horn- blende and pyroxene. Both minerals are frequently present in the same rock. Hornblende is more desirable than mica as a constituent of gran- ite, having cleavage in two planes instead of one, as in mica, and iolish- ing much more easily. Pyroxene is more brittle than hornblende, and is therefore liable to break out in polishing, leaving little pits which mar the surface. The presence of pyroxene in granite is sometimes a source of much vexation to the quarry man and stonecutter. Of the three minerals, mica, hornblende, and pyroxene, the second is, all things con- sidered, the most desirable as a constituent of granite.
Classification Of United States Granites.
According to the Tenth Census report on stone, the granites quarried throughout the United States may be classed as follows:
Muscovite granite, biotite granite, muscovite-biotite granite, horn- blende granite, hornblende-biotite granite, epidote granite, granite! (or granite without any accessory). Lines of distinction between these
Mineral Resources.
varieties are by no means sliarply drawn, one kind gradually merging into another in many cases.
Muscovite gyanite. — This variety is always light in color, froui the nearly colorless character of the mnscovite. Comparatively little is quarried in the United States. A highly important example is that produced at Bar re, Vt.
Biotite granite. — The biotite granites are the most widespread of all the varieties named above. In color they vary from light to very dark, according to the amount of mica present and the color of the feldspar. Many of the red granites belong to this class, the red color being due to red feldspar. The granites of this class are, as a rule, tough and hard. Good examples are the granites from Dix Island, Maine, West- erly, E. I., and Eichmond, Va.
Mtiscovite-hiotite granite, — As the name implies, this granite stands between the two already considered. The essential constituents are quartz, orthoclase, mnscovite, and biotite. The Concord, H., gran- ite is a good example of this variety; similar to it is the stone from quarries at Allenstown, Sunaj)ee, and Eumney.
Hornblende granite. — In addition to the hornblende contained in this granite as the characterizing accessory, black mica is in nearly all cases likewise to be found. Biotite is found as a microscopic constituent in many hornblende granites, and the name hornblende granite" is, therefore, restricted to those in which no biotite is visible to the naked eye. Granite belonging to this class is quarried at Peabody, Mass., and also at Mount Desert, Me.
Hornblende-hiotite granite. — Some of the most beautiful of our granites belong to this class, notably so-called black granite from St. George, Me., and some of that quarried at Cape Ann, Massachusetts, and at Sauk Eapids, Minn. The essential constituents are quartz, orthoclase, hornblende, and biotite. These granites are susceptible of fine and lasting polish.
Epidote granite. — The granites of this class in the United States are rare, an example being that quarried at Dedham, Mass. The rock works easily and takes a good polish.
Syenite. — The absence of quartz in a granite, or its presence only to the extent of forming an accessory constituent, determines its classifi- cation as a syenite. Fine syenites are known to occur, but they have not been extensively quarried.
Gneiss. — Stratification determines the classification of granite as gneiss. Its cleavage enables it to be quarried in the form of slabs suit- able for curbing and similar uses in which slabs are desirable. The stratification is largely determined by the uniformity in the direction of the flat cleavage planes of the mica x)resent in it. The terms "bas- tard granite" and "stratified granite" are commonly used in reference to gneiss. Tlie only essential ditlerence between granite and gneiss being in the matter of stratification in the latter, there is good reason for the use of the single term "granite" as applied to gneiss.
Stone.
Mica schist. — The minerals present in tbis rock are essentially quartz and mica. It differs from gneiss in its lack of feldsr)ar. This variety is easily quarried, and is well adapted to foundation construction and bridge work, but it is not in general favor for fine suierstructures.
Diabase. — This term includes rocks commonly called trap rock and black granite. The essential minerals are augite and triclinic feldspar. Microscopic accessories are magnetite, titanic iron, and frequently apa- tite and black mica. These rocks are eruptive and occur in dikes. Examples of this variety are the products of quarries at Weehawken, ]Sr. J., and other localities in the same State, and in Pennsylvania and Virginia.
Basalt. — This rock differs from diabase in being of finer texture and of more recent origin. In California this rock is extensively employed in the manufacture of paving blocks.
Porphyry. — In this rock the constituent minerals, essentially quartz and orthoclase feldsiar, are exceedingly minute, making the rock com- pact and close-grained. They are of eruptive origin and occur in dikes, like trap rocks. They show considerable variation in color, are almost indestructible, and take a fine polish. They are cut with difficulty and their hardness and lack of stratification constitute serious obstacles in quarrying. In this connection the reader is reminded of the inter- esting rediscovery of the ancient Egyptian quarries of porphyry described in the Keport on Mineral Eesources for 1893. Steps have been taken toward the reworking of these long- abandoned quarries by Messrs. Farmer and Brindley, of London. Quartz-porphyry is found at Fairfield, Pa., and at Stone Mountain, Missouri.
Geographical Distribution Of The Various Classes Of
Granite.
The following list, from the writer's report on granite for the Eleventh Census, gives a general idea of the geographical distribution of granite, and indicates most of the particular kinds that have been or are now being quarried in the various localities mentioned:
Arkansas.
Hornblende-biotite granite . .
Pulaski County.
ElseoUte syenite
. . . Garland County.
California.
. . Placer County.
Hornblende-biotite granite
Placer and Sacramento counties.
Hornblende granite
Placer County.
Quartz diorite
. Placer County.
Basalt
. . . Solano, Sonoma, and Alameda counties.
Andesite
Shasta County.
Andesitic tufa
. , Solano County.
Quartz porpbyrv
San Bernardino Couutv.
Basaltic tufa
. . . Tehama County.
Mineral Resources.
Colorado.
Biotito granite Clear Creek and Jefferson counties.
Muscovite gneiss Clear Creek Countj*.
Diorite Chaffee County.
Rhj'olite Chaffee and Conejos counties.
Rhyolitic tufa Douglas County.
Basalt Jefferson County.
Connecticut.
Biotite granite Litchfield, New Haven, New London, and Fairfield
counties.
Muscovite-biotite granite Litchfield County.
Muscovite-biotite gneiss Litchfield County.
Biotite gneiss Litchfield, New Haven, New London, Windham,
Tolland, and Hartford couuties.
Hornblende-biotite gneiss Middlesex and Fairfield counties.
Diabase J New Haven County.
Delaware.
Augite-hf)rnblende gneiss Newcastle County.
Georgia.
Muscovite granite Dekalb County.
Hornblende-biotite gneiss Fulton County.
Maine.
Biotite granite Knox. York, AVashington, Lincoln, Waldo, Oxford,
Kennebec, and Hancock counties.
Biotite gneiss Lincoln, Franklin, and Androscoggin counties.
Muscovite-biotite granite Kennebec, Waldo, and Franklin counties.
Hornblende-biotite granite Penobscot and Knox counties.
Hornblende granite Hancock County.
Olivine diabase Washington County.
Diabase Washington and Knox counties.
Maryland.
Biotite granite Baltimore, Howard, and Montgomery counties.
Biotite gneiss Cecil and Baltimore counties.
Gabbro Baltimore County.
Massachusetts.
Hornblende granite Norfolk and Essex counties.
Hornblende-biotite granite Essex County.
Epidote granite Norfolk County.
Biotite granite Norfolk, Middlesex, Bristol, AVorcester, and Ply
mouth counties.
Biotite-muscovite granite Worcester and Berkshire counties.
Biotite gneiss Franklin County.
Muscovite gneiss Middlesex, Essex, AVorcester,and Hamx)den counties.
Diabase Middlesex and Hampden counties.
Melaphyre Suffolk County.
Stone.
Minnesota.
Hornblende granite Sherburne, Benton, and Lake counties.
Hornblende-mica granite Benton County.
Quartz porphyry Lake and St. Louis counties.
Diabase St. Louis County.
Olivine diabase Chisago County.
Gabbro St. Louis County.
Missouri.
Hornblende-biotite granite Iron and St. Francois counties.
Granite Iron County.
Olivine diabase Iron County.
Montana.
Hornblende-mica granite Lewis and Clarke County.
Nevada.
Hornblende andesite Washoe County.
New Hampshire.
Biotite-muscovite granite. , Merrimack, Cheshire, Hillsboro, Grafton, Sullivan,
and Straffortl counties. Biotite granite Cheshire, Hillsboro, Grafton, and Rockingham
counties.
Hornblende-biotite granite Carroll County.
Muscovite-biotite gneiss Cheshire and Hillsboro counties.
Biotite-epidote gneiss Grafton County.
New Jersey.
Biotite gneiss Passaic County.
Hornblende granite Morris County.
Diabase Hudson County.
New York.
Biotite granite Putnam County.
Hornblende-mica granite Jefferson County.
Norite Essex County.
Biotite gneiss Westchester and Rockland counties.
North Carolina.
Biotite granite Warren, Franklin, Gaston, Granville, Alamance,
Davidson, Mecklenburg, Iredell, Forsyth, Guilford, Richmond, and Anson counties.
Muscovite granite Warren County.
Granite Rowan and Orange counties.
Biotite-muscovite granite Rowan County.
Hornblende-biotite granite Mecklenburg County.
Biotite gneiss Cleveland, McDowell, Caldwell, Wilson, Stokes,
Iredell, Wake, and Guilford counties. Hornblende gneiss Burke County.
Mineral Resources.
Oregon.
Granite Jackson and Columbia counties.
Diabase Linn County.
Basalt Clackamas and Columbia counties.
Andesite Multnomah County.
Pennsylvania.
Philadelphia and Delaware counties. Philadelphia and Berks counties. Delaware County.
Adams, York, Berks, and Lancaster counties. Berks County. Philadelphia County.
Rhode Island.
Biotite granite Washington, Kent, and Providence counties.
Granite Washington County.
Biotite gneiss Providence County.
Hornblende gneiss Providence County.
Biotite gneiss
Muscovite gneiss
Biotite-muscovite gneiss
Diabase
Diorite
Hornblende gneiss
South Carolina.
Biotite granite Fairfield, Charleston, Aiken, Lexington, Richland,
Edgefield, and Newberry counties. Hornblende-biotite granite Fairfield County.
South Dakota.
Granite Minnehaha County.
Texas.
Biotite granite Burnet County.
Diorite El Paso County.
Utah.
Hornblende-biotite granite Salt Lake and Weber counties.
Vermont.
Biotite granite Washington and Essex counties.
Muscovite granite Windsor County.
Biotite-muscovite granite Caledonia County.
Gabbro.
Virginia.
Biotite granite Dinwiddie, Chesterfield, and Henrico counties.
Muscovite granite Spottsylvania County.
Biotite gneiss Campbell County.
Biotite schist Fauquier County.
Diabase Loudoun and Fauquier counties.
Washington.
Granite Stevens County.
Wisconsin.
Granite Marquette County.
Hornblende granite Marathon County.
Quartz porpbyry Green Lake County.
Biotite gneiss Jackson County.
Stone.
The following list gives the same data as contained in the preceding one, except that the arrangement is by kinds of granite instead of by States :
HornMende-Motite granite. — Pulaski County, Ark. ; Placer and Sacramento counties, Cal. ; Penobscot and Knox counties, Me. ; Essex County, Mass. ; Iron and St. Fran- cois counties, Mo. ; Carroll County, N. H. ; Mecklenburg County, N. C. ; Fairfield County, S. C. ; Salt Lake and Weber counties, Utah.
ElwoUte syenite. — Garland County, Ark.
Quartz diorite. — Placer County, Cal.
Basalt. — Solano, Sonoma, and Alameda counties, Cal. ; Jefferson County, Colo. ; Clackamas and Columbia counties, Oreg.
Biotite granite. — Placer County, Cal. ; Clear Creek and Jefferson counties, Colo. ; Litchfield, New Haven, New Loudon, and Fairfield counties. Conn. ; Knox, York, Washington, Lincoln, Waldo, Oxford, Kennebec, and Hancock counties. Me. ; Balti- more, Howard, and Montgomery counties, Md. ; Norfolk, Middlesex, Bristol, Wor- cester, and Plymouth counties, Mass. ; Cheshire, Hillsboro, Grafton, and Rockingham counties, N. H. ; Putnam County, N. Y. ; Warren, Franklin, Gaston, Granville, Ala- mance, Davidson, Mecklenburg, Iredell, Forsyth, Guilford, Richmond, and Anson counties, N. C. ; Washington, Kent, and Providence counties, R. I. ; Fairfield, Charles- ton, Aiken, Lexington, Richland, Edgefield, and Newberry counties, S. C. ; Burnet County, Tex.; Washington and Essex counties, Vt. ; Dinwiddle, Chesterfield, and Henrico counties, Va.
Andesite. — Shasta County, Cal. ; Multnomah County, Oreg.
Andesitic tufa. — Solano County, Cal.
Quartz 'porphyry. — San Bernardino County, Cal. ; Lake and St. Louis counties, Minn. ; Green Lake County, Wis. Basaltic tufa. — Tehama County, Cal.
Diorite. — Chaffee County, Colo. ; Berks County, Pa. ; El Paso County, Tex. Bhyolite. — Chafitee and Conejos counties, Colo. EhyoUtic tufa. — Douglas County, Colo.
Muscovite-hiotite granite. — Litchfield County, Conn. ; Kennebec, Waldo, and Franklin counties, Me.
Muscovite-hiotite ;gfweiss. -Litchfield County, Conn. ; Cheshire and Hillsboro coun- ties, N. H.
Biotite gneiss. — Litchfield, New Haven, New London, Windham, Tolland, and Hart- ford counties. Conn. ; Lincoln, Franklin, and Androscoggin counties. Me. ; Cecil and Baltimore counties, Md. ; Franklin County, Mass. ; Passaic County, N. J. ; West- chester and Rockland counties, N. Y. ; Cleveland, McDowell, Caldwell, Wilson, Stokes, Iredell, Wake, and Guilford counties, N. C; Philadelphia and Delaware counties. Pa. 5 Providence County, R. I. ; Campbell County, Va. ; Jackson County, Wis.
Hornblende-biotite gneiss. — Middlesex and Fairfield counties. Conn. ; Fulton County, Ga.
Diabase. — New Haven County, Conn. ; Washington and Knox counties. Me. ; Mid- dlesex and Hampden counties, Mass.; St. Louis County, Minn.; Hudson County, N. J. ; Linn County, Oreg. ; Adams, York, Berks, and Lancaster counties. Pa. ; Lou- doun and Fauquier counties, Va.
A ugite-hornblende gneiss. — Newcastle County, Del.
Muscovite granite, — Dekalb County, Ga. ; Warren County, N. C. ; Windsor County, Vt. ; Spottsylvania County, Va.
Hornblende granite. — Placer County, Cal. ; Hancock County, Me. ; Norfolk and Essex counties, Mass. ; Sherburne, Benton, and Lake counties, Minn. ; Morris County, N. J. ; Marathon County, Wis.
Olivine diabase. — Washington County, Me. ; Chisago County, Minn. ; Iron County, Mo.
Mineral Resources.
Gahlro. — Baltimore County, Md. ; St. Louis County, Minn. ; Vermont. Epidote granite. — Norfolk County, Mass.
Bioiite-muscovUe (jramie. — Worcester and Berkshire counties, Mass. ; Merrimack, Cheshire, Hillsboro, Grafton, Sullivan, and Strafford counties, N. H,
Bioiite-muscovite granite. — Rowan County, N. C; Caledonia County, Vt.
Muscovite gneiss. — Clear Creek County, Colo.; Middlesex, Essex, Worcester, and Hampden counties, Mass.; Philadelphia and Berks counties, Pa.
Melaplujre. — Suffolk County, Mass.
HornMende-mica granite. — Benton County, Minn. ; Lewis and Clarke County, Mont. ; Jefferson County, N. Y.
Granite. — Iron County, Mo. ; Rowan and Orange counties, N. C. ;. Jackson and Columbia counties, Oreg. ; Washington County, R. I. ; Minnehaha County, S. Dak. ; Stevens County, Wash. ; Marquette County, Wis.
Hornhlende andesite. — Washoe County, Nev.
Biotite-epidote gneiss. — Grafton County, N. H.
Norite. — Essex County, N. Y.
Hornhlende gneiss. — Burke County, N. C. ; Philadelphia County, Pa.; Providence County, R. I. Biotiie-muscovite gneiss. — Delaware County, Pa. Biotite schist. — Fauquier County, Va.
Methods Of Quarrying, Cutting, And Polishing Granite.
The following account of methods of quarrying, cutting, and polish- ing granite in the United States is taken from the Eleventh Census report, for which it was prepared from held notes taken, under the writer's direction, by Mr. Walter B. Smith:
METHODS OF QUARRYINa GRANITE.
Structure Of Granite In Place.
The successful and economical working of granite quarries depeuds upon an intelligent application of a knowledge of the structure of the rock and its natural divisions in the mass, as well as uion improved methods, tools, and machinery for quarrying. The topographical loca- tion of the quarry and its relation to facilities for transportation are important factors that affect the productiveness and greatly modify the actual cost of operations in a given place.
In regions of great dynamic movement, such as most granite localities possess, very large rock masses without seams or fissures do not occur; but these fractures, extending as they do in certain definite directions to each other in the mass, form systems of inchoate joints, which divide it into roughly rectangular and rhombic forms, thus rendering valuable assistance to the quarryman. It is probable that the fissures were caused by pressure operating in certain directions during the origin or uplifting of the rock, and it is even possible for it to have been suf- ficient to change the molecular arrangement of the component min- erals. Even those granites Avhich are apparently normal, and whicli
'Methods of quarrying granite in foreign countries have been well described by H. Lundbohm, of Sweden, in ilw article on stone in the Ke])ort on Mineral Resources for 1893.
Stone.
reveal no traces of stratification or iarallel arrangement of raica or hornblende, are found by quarrymen and stonecutters to split more easily and with a smoother surface in one or more directions than in others. An unequal pressure operating on the mass would have caused certain directions or lines of weakness and account for this, or it may have i)roduced the apparent rearrangement of the feldsi)ar crystals, as found in a few of the granites.
In northern New England particularly most of the fissures, as revealed by quarry openings, are slightly curved, parallel partings conforming in general to the direction of the slope upon which the quarry may be located. They produce a sheeted arrangement of the rock, which bends in ridges or curves in hilltops like anticlinal or quaquaversal folds of sedimentary strata. In addition to these divisional i)lanes there occur one or more systems of vertical joints, the joints of each system running approximately parallel to each other, though the systems cross at varying angles.
It is interesting to note that the direction of easiest cleavage, called by quarrymen the 'rift,' is parallel to the most numerous natural fractures, and that at right angles to this another direction of cleavage, called the grain," is parallel to the system having the next greatest number of joints. When the rift of the rock in place is horizontal, or more nearly horizontal than perpendicular, it is customarily called the ''lift." The grain, although important, is not generally an eminent feature, and its direction may remain unknown even for a long time after the quarry is opened. These systems of fracture, and the unequal ease of splitting in different directions, are points generally well understood and advantageously used by experienced granite workers.
Opening The Quarry.
Granite quarries are nearly always started in natural outcroppings of the ledge, but as they are entirely open workings, and necessarily cover large areas, considerable development work is needed at first and from time to time, as the quarry is enlarged, in strijiping or clear- ing away the timber and soil and in removing the weathered portions or cap rock. It sometimes happens, especially in the northeastern region, that a ledge is found showing sound granite at the top, ready for quarrying, having been ground smooth by glacier movement and left bare of soil; but usually long exposed outcroppings have a softer outer jjortion, called sap," resulting chiefly from the partial decom- position of the feldspar. This also occurs to a less extent along the seams and fissures, and where the rock contains iron the sap is stained by its oxidation to a brownish or reddish color. The sap may be merely a thin coating, scarcely discernible, or it may be that the rock is rendered unsound for 30 feet or more in depth, as is the case with a certain coarse-grained granite occurring in the Eocky Mountains. The observation of such i)oints in the field will serve as indications of the probable durability of the stone and the stability of its color.
Mineral Resources.
Blasting.
Owing to great diversity in the structure of the rocks classed here as granite, the operations of quarrying necessarily vary considerably, even in different openings of the same region. The object desired is, however, the same in all, namely, the removal of large rectangular blocks with the least outlay of time and labor compatible with keeping the quarry in good working shape and avoiding waste. Ordinarily, to break the rock into sizes which can be handled, blasting is necessary. In doing this the object is to direct the force of the powder so that it may break the rock in the desired direction without shattering either the piece removed or the standing rock, but it can be successful only when it is detached at the ends and bottom and has a chance to move out in front. As the rift in the rock in the majority of quarries approaches the horizontal the first breaks are obviously made either with or across the grain. The method most generally used for doing this is called lewising," from the shape of the blast hole. A lewis hole is made by drilling close together holes about an inch and a half in diameter and in breaking down the partition between them by means of a flat steel bar, called a set." This wide hole determines the direction of the required fracture. A complex" lewis hole is the combination of three ordinary drill holes; a compound" one, of four; but the latter is seldom used, for if a very long break is to be made a series of lewis holes is drilled at considerable distances apart, and after being charged are fired simultaneously by means of an electric battery.
Another process occasionally used in a few quarries is as follows: A single round hole having been drilled, the explosive is put in, and on top of it an inverted iron wedge, placed between two half-rounds, is carefully lowered; then the tamping is proceeded with in the usual way. When the powder is exploded, the wedge, which is driven forci- bly up between the half-rounds, breaks the rock in a direction corre- sponding to its thin end. One of the worst results of this procedure is that considerable rock near the top of the hole is apt to be huffed or flaked up.
Within a few years past, the Knox system of blasting rock has been introduced and successfully used with general satisfaction in many of the larger quarries. The results obtained are those which were sought for by lewising, but the process is safer, quicker, takes less powder, and, as it never shatters the rock, not only gives good, sound blocks as the product of the blast, but also leaves the standing rock with a per- fectly sound, clean face for future operations. A round hole is first drilled to tlie refpiired depth, and into this is driven a reamer, which produces V-shaped gr ooves at opposite sides to the entire depth of the hole. The charge is then inserted, and the tamping is done in the usual manner, except that instead of driving the tamping down upon the toi) of the charge an air space or cushion is reserved between the
Stone.
charge of powder and the tamping and as far above the charge as pos- sible. Tbe explosive has therefore the greatest possible chance for expansion before actually breaking the rock, the tamping being put down only to a sufficient depth to insure firmness of position. The result of this method is that the force of the explosive is directed in the line of the grooves, and no shattering of the rock occurs if it be solid,, such as is common in ordinary blasting ojierations, and, as a conse- quence, quarrymen are enabled to get out stone of rectangular shape without waste or loss of valuable rock.
Very large blasts or mines are sometimes fired in quarrying granite A shaft is sunk to the required depth, and from it drifts are run in various directions. These chambers, or drifts, are then charged with explosives and fired. In 1887, at Granite Bend, Missouri, stone enough was broken with one blast to supply the demands of a firm for fifty years. The shaft, which was 85 feet deep, had chambers running in several directions from the bottom, and was charged with 32,700 pounds; of black powder.
The explosive used for breaking out dimension stone is black blasting- powder, as its action is somewhat slower than that of the various forms of nitroglycerin, and there is consequently less danger of shattering the rock or of weakening it by starting incipient fractures, that may not be detected until It is in place in a building; but for breaking up poor stone, or for getting out rock regardless of size or form, giant powder is frequently employed.
In a quarry having rather thin sheets and numerous vertical joints very good splits may be made with wedges driven between half-rounds (plug and feather) into small holes drilled a few inches apart along a prescribed line, every few feet a deeper hole of a somewhat larger dimension being drilled to guide the fracture; but this process is chiefly used for su dividing the blocks after they have been loosened by powder and for initial splits in quarries where the drift is vertical.
Drills driven either by steam or compressed air are in use for making blast holes in all the principal quarries. The drill is connected with the piston, which is supported by a portable iron tripod, carrying the necessary appliances for regulating its movements. A flexible pipe conveys the motive power in the form of compressed air or steam.
In smaller quarries these holes are drilled by the ''jumper " drill, a long, flat-edged steel bar, which a man holds and turns as it rebounds slightly after each of the swinging blows dealt it by heavy sledges.
Steam channeling machines, common in large marble and sandstone quarries, are used on granite by a few quarriers chiefly for making end cuts in stone of exceptional structure, but only to a limited extent, since the great hardness of granite renders the process very slow and expensive.
The large blocks loosened by blasting are broken and split into sizes of the required approximate dimensions by the plug and feather method.
10 GEOL, rr 4 29
Mineral Resources.
The holes, which are of small diameter, generally not more than three- fourths of an inch, and a few inches only in depth, are made by a drill and hand hammer. Into each hole is inserted two half-rounds or feathers," tapering pieces of iron, flat on one side and rounded on the other, between which is placed a steel plug or wedge. The wedges are then driven in with a sledge till the strain is sufficient to split the rock.
METHODS OF CUTTINa, POLISHING, AND ORNAMENTINGr GRANITE.
Only a small percentage of granite in rough blocks as it leaves the quarry proper is available for use in this form. Most of it has to be cut to the desired dimensions and brought to the degree of finish required for the special purposes for which it is to be used. Very large blocks and stone designed for uses not requiring fine finish are often worked in the open air, but most quarries have cutting sheds erected near the openings, in which the blocks are worked into their intended form. These sheds vary from merely a rough covering of boards to extensive buildings.
To produce good results great skill is needed by the stonecutter in the manipulation of his tools, and considerable artistic ability is required for the finer kinds of work. From the rough work of simply splitting a block or rudely spalling an ashlar face to the artistic work- ing of highly embellished and complicated statuary carving, a knowl- edge of the rift and grain is important, as it indicates where heavy Mows may be struck and where lighter ones are required.
Owing to the great obduracy of this stone, and the fact that the different minerals composing it vary greatly in hardness, the chief work of shaping it is still performed by hand, probably by much the same process that was used by Egyptian stonecutters more than three thousand years ago. Improvements and inventions have, however, been made from time to time in hand tools, and extensive machinery is now in use for producing certain forms and kinds of finish.
Recent improvements. — The most important improvements of the last decade include the more extended adoption of lathes for turning and polishing columns, urns, etc., and new devices in power machinery for plain polishing. Greater economy and speed are now obtained by the general use of chilled iron globules and crushed steel as abrasive materials and of the pneumatic tool for the ornamentation of surfaces.
Implements for cutting. — The implements used by stonecutters to produce common forms and ordinary finish are as follows :
Chisel. — Various forms and sizes are employed in cutting border drafts, moldings, letters, and orna- mental work.
Point. — A piece of steel bar drawn out to a pyramidal end; used for "roughing out" surfaces and
removing "bunches." Hand drills, wedges, and lialf-rounds.— Used for splitting out blocks.
Hand hammer. — Used in one hand for driving chisels, points, and drills, which are held and guided by the other.
Spalling hammer. — A heavy 8qu;j re-cornered sledge, used for roughly reducing a block by breaking oil" large chips or spalls from the edges, thus bringing it closer to its intended form.
Stone.
Pean hammer. — Shaped like a double-edged wedge, with a handle running parallel with the edges; used to remove irregularities by striking squarely upon a surface and wedging or bruising off small chips.
Bush hammer. — Maf'e of rectangular steel plates brought to an edge, bolted together, and attached to a long handle ; used in the same manner as the pean hammer, but produces a smoother surface, the degree of smoothness depending upon the number of steel plates in the particular hammer used. These hammers, which are all of the same thickness, are called 4-cut, 5-cut, 6-cut, 8-cut, 10-cut, and 12-cut, according to the number of plates used in their construction.
The size, shape, and finish of a stone depend upon the particular place it is to occupy in a building aud the style of architecture. Fronts or walls are laid up in various kinds of ranges, usually designated as coursed range, broken range, broken ashlar, random range, and rubble work. The kind of finish given the face of the stone is called either bush hammered, pean hammered, pointed work, or rock face. These may or may not have a border draft chiseled around their margins. Other kinds of finish are chiseled moldings and carved or polished faces.
The usual process followed by stonecutters in shaping blocks may be generalized as follows: The block, having been split out to about the right size by the plug and feather method, is brought to a plane surface on one side, which is accomplished by knocking off overhanging edges and projections with the spalling hammer or spalling tool. Drafts or ledges are then chiseled along two opposite edges. One draft being completed, the workman lays upon it a wooden strip or rule having par- allel edges. A second rule is then sunk in the draft made on the oppo- site side until the two drafts are in the same plane, which is determined by sighting across the upper edges of the rules. The whole face is then worked down to this plane with the tools necessary for the required fineness of finish, a straightedge being applied from time to time as the work progresses. The point is used for removing rougher projections. This is followed by the pean hammer, and, if a smoother surface is required, it is made by bush hammering, the hammer having the fewest number of plates being used first. The required size of the face being marked out upon this surface, the position of a second face may be determined by chiseling drafts across the ends of an adjacent surface, using for the purpose either a square or a bevel, depending upon the angle it is desired to make with the first face. The projecting rock between the drafts having been removed in the manner used informing the first surface, a third face may be projected. A winding surface is formed by using in one draft a rule or strip having its edges not par- allel, the amount of divergence depending upon the amount of warp required. This rule is sunk till its upper edge is even with the upper edge of the strip, having parallel edges placed upon the opposite edge of the stone.
A cylindrical surface is worked by using curved rules in one direc- tion, and is not as hard a matter as might at first seem. Much difficulty is, however, encountered in laying out and working spiral, conical, and spherical surfaces, as it is first necessary to form plane and cylindrical faces on which to apply the necessary bevels and templets.
Mineral Resources.
Granite For Building Purposes.
By reference to the table giving the output of granite according to purposes, it will be seen that more stone was used for building than for any other purpose. A great amount of labor by the stonecutter is nec- essary to fit it for its destined place, but much of this work consists in merely squaring up or subdividing the large blocks as hauled from the quarry opening. Much more work is needed on the stone to be used for fronts, trimmings, and certain portions of superstructures, while for special parts, such as polished columns and ornate keystones and capi- tals, the greatest skill and longest time are required. The general processes of finer finish will, however, be mentioned further on in con- nection with cemetery, monumental, and decorative purposes, although all stone designed for superstructures, whether rough or finely wrought, has been tabulated under the heading " Building purposes."
Granite For Street Work. Paving Blocks.
Experience has demonstrated that the best and most enduring streets for heavy traffic in large cities are those paved with stone blocks of proper material and size laid upon a specially prepared bed. The very hard and tough rocks frequently used, though capable of withstanding a maximum amount of wear, soon become smooth and glazed under traffic, and are therefore inferior to a stone which, wearing roughly, affords a better foothold for horses. Many of the granitic rocks pos- sess the right degree of hardness and brittleness, and are largely used for this purpose. This industry has increased largely since 1880, the number of granite blocks made in 1889 in the various States aggregat- ing nearly 62,000,000.
Streets paved with the large-sized block used at first were found to be more difficult to keep in repair, worse for horses, and rougher on vehicles than pavements made of the smaller blocks now in general use. There is no uniform standard of size, as speciftcations of the various cities call for different sizes, but the variations are not great, and blocks 3 J to inches wide, 6 to 7 inches deep, and 8 to 12 inches long are generally preferred. In New York City, Brooklyn, and Phila- delphia blocks a trifle longer are more commonly used, while in many of the Western and Southern cities the length does not exceed 10 inches. New Orleans, owing to the peculiar nature of its streets, takes blocks much larger.
The manufacture of paving blocks, though an important adjunct of the granite business, varies nevertheless for obvious reasons in many of its details from the ordinary methods of granite cutting. The liigh skill and fine workmanship of the stone mason are not needed, but a quickness in seeing and taking advantage of the directions of cleavage, as well as a deftness in handling the necessary tools, is requisite.
Stone.
Specifications call for blocks so quarried or dressed as to present substantially rectangular faces with jiractically straight edges. The corresponding dimensions of opposite faces must not vary more than one-half inch, and the surface must be free from bunches, depressions, and inequalities exceeding one-half inch.
The tools used for making blocks are knapping hammers, opening hammers, hand hammers, reels, chisels, and, for initial splits, drills, wedges, and half-rounds. When the block maker quarries his own stock it is called 'motion work," and the same process is used as in quarrying stone for other purposes, except that, as large blocks are not required, most of it can be done with plug and feather.
Slabs, having been split out in the usual manner to sizes that may be easily turned over and handled by one man, are subdivided into pieces corresponding approximately to the dimensions of the required blocks. This is done by striking repeated blows upon the rock along the line of the desired break with heavy knapping and opening ham- mers. When a break is to be made crosswise the grain, it is frequently necessary to chisel a light groove across one face, and commonly across the adjacent sides, to guide the fracture produced by striking on the opposite surface with the opening hammer. Good splits can, however, be made along either the rift or grain by the skillful use of the opening hammer alone. Blocks broken out in the manner described are trimmed and finished with the reel, which is a hand hammer having a long, flat, steel head attached to a short handle. Block breakers become very expert in the use of this instrument, and, without making any measure- ments, turn out in a surprisingly short time a large number of blocks. In Maine, which is far ahead of any other State in the number of blocks made, the entire product of many quarries is used for this exclusive purpose. This is also the case in California, which comes second, though the blocks are manufactured chiefly from the surface 'bowlders" or detached masses of basalt so common in Sonoma County. Other quar- ries, however, in various parts of the country utilize only the grout," small or irregular shaped pieces, for making paving blocks, and haul the stock to the breakers, who work in sheds : but the greatest number of blocks are made on the spot where the rock is quarried, the workmen being protected during the hottest months by a temporarily si)read canvas fly.
Blocks are counted as they are thrown into the cart, which is usually needed to haul them to the shii)ping point. Several paving-block quarries in Maine are situated on steep mountain slopes so near water communication that blocks may be slid in long board chutes from the quarry directly into the hold of the vessel used for their transportation.
Paving breakers seldom work by the day, but are paid a certain sum per thousand for making the blocks, the price i)aid in 1889 ranging from $22 to $30, according to the size of block made, kind of stone used, locality, and whether the tools were furnished and the blocks quarried
Mineral Resources.
by their employers. Workmen using their own tools are commonly paid $1 more ])er thousand for the blocks made, and when they quarry the stock they use, from $2 to $5 ier thousand is allowed in addition.
Curbing And Basin Heads.
Next in importance to the manufacture of paving blocks, in the division of granite for street work, is the production of long granite slabs for curbstone. Granite having a free rift is preferred for this purpose on account of its better working qualities. The dimensions of ordinary curbstones are from 6 to 12 feet long, 6 to 8 inches thick, and about 2 feet deep. The top edge is made full and square and neatly bush hammered; the face is also bush hammered down about a foot from the top. The ends are dressed smooth, so as to make close joints, and the back of the stone, which is placed next to the sidewalk, is also dressed a few inches from the top.
Other Uses.
other applications of granite to street work are for flagstone, for cross walks laid at the intersection of streets, and for gutter stone, but these are dressed, when required, in the usual manner, and need no special comment here.
Granite is largely used for making macadam and telford roads and concrete and artificial stone pavements, though it is seldom quarried expressly for this purpose, but made of spalls, grout, and waste from other quarries. The pieces are broken with sledges where coarse stones are needed, or run through power rock breakers when a finer subdivision is required.
Granite For Cemetery, Monumental, And Decorative
Purposes.
A considerable portion of the stone for these uses, especially for small- sized monuments, tombstones, and grave markers, is shipped from the quarries in rough blocks, which are suitably shaped and finished by masons working in town shops or stone yards. Large monuments and large polished blocks for buildings, columns, pilasters, and statuary are generally worked at quarry sheds, polishing mills, or shops not far distant.
There has been a decided increase in the use of polished granite for cemetery purposes since the introduction of machinery? for its polishing, which has greatly decreased the price for this kind of finish. For these, as well as for all i)urposes where a i)olished surface is desired, as bot- tom courses in buildings, columns, pilasters, wainscoting, etc., the red, pink, dark-gray, and black varieties are in high favor, since they have a richer look and present a much greater contrast between a ham- mered or chiseled surface and a polished one; but for granite statuary
Stone.
and ornately carved building blocks, and for all purposes where it is desirable to present fine detail, it is necessary that the granite be of a light color, fine grained, and easily worked to secure the best results.
Polished Granite.
The varieties of granite susceptible of the highest and most enduring- polish are those containing the largest iercentages of the hard min- erals, quartz and feldspar, quartz being especially important. Horn- blende, however, takes a fairly good polish, and contributes largely to the coloring of most dark granites. Pyroxene of the type occurring in the Quincy granites is rather bad, since, owing to its brittleness, it cracks out more or less and leaves small pits in the finished face. Much mica, especially in large plates, is objectionable, as it will not polish, but remains dull and lusterless except where the direction of its cleavage planes happen to coincide with the face of the stone.
After being prepared by bush hammering, the block is transported to the shop or mill to receive further smoothing and its final finish. The surface to be worked upon is brought to a horizontal position and ground smooth with an abrasive material mixed with water and moved about by a revolving iron or steel disk perforated with holes or made of concentric rings. This disk, which is 12 or 14 inches across, is revolved by an upright shaft, to the bottom of which it is fastened, and the power is communicated through a main shaft running overhead. Joints in the upright or counter shaft and its peculiar attachment to the main shaft allow its lower end to be swung over a considerable area, thus permitting the workman who guides it to move it over a surface of stone many times larger than the disk itself.
The abrasive material now almost exclusively used for grinding granite is either chilled-iron globules, steel emery, or crushed steel. A coarse grade is used at first, then a finer kind, and for the last grind- ing fine emery is often used. Polishing is done in much the same way as grinding, except that a felt- covered disk is used in j)lace of an iron one, and putty powder mixed with a little water, instead of coarser grinding materials. Before the final polish, however, the surface is usually given a dull gloss or skin coat" by the disk and water alone. A polish is sometimes produced by the use of oxalic acid instead of putty powder, but the i)olish thus made is less durable. Moldings are ground and polished by means of blocks fitting the grooves dragged back and forth either by power or hand.
Granite for columns, balusters, round posts, and urns is now worked chiefly in lathes, which, for the heaviest work, are made large enough to handle blocks 25 feet long and 5 feet in diameter. Instead of being turned to the desired size by sha'rp cutting instruments, as in ordinary machines for turning wood and metal, granite is turned or ground away by the wedge-like action of rather thick steel disks, rotated by
Mineral Resources.
the pressure of the stone as it slowly turns in the lathe. The disks, which are 6 to 8 inches in diameter, are set at quite an angle to the stone, and move with an automatic carriage along the lathe bed. Large lathes have four disks, two on each side, and a column may be reduced some 2 inches in diameter the whole length of the stone by one lateral movement of the carriages along the bed. The first lathes for turning granite cut only cylindrical or conical columns, but an improved form is so made that templets or patterns may be inserted to guide the car- riages, and columns having any desired swell maybe as readily turned. For fine grinding and polishing the granite is transferred to another lathe, where the only machinery used is to produce a simple turning or revolution of the stone against iron blocks carrying the necessary grind- ing or polishing materials.
Blocks are prepared for lathe work by being roughed out with a point, and by having holes chiseled in their squared ends for the reception of the lathe dog and centers. This principal of cutting granite by means of disks revolved by contact with the stone has been also applied to the dressing of plain surfaces, the stone worked upon being mounted upon a traveling carriage and made to pass under a series of disks mounted in a stationary upright frame.
Tracery and lettering for polished granite are usually first drawn upon paper which is firmly pasted to the surface and the design chiseled through to the requisite depth in the rock.
CARVED aRANITE.
statues, capitals, keystones, and, in general, all highly ornamental designs, are worked out with chisels from detail drawings or plaster casts. It is necessarily a slow process, owing to the hardness of the rock, and the cost of such work is consequently great. The MacOoy pneumatic tool, however, which has been recently patented and suc- cessfully applied to this purpose, gives promise of superseding much of the tediousness of the hand process. This instrument is connected to a flexible pipe, supplying the compressed air or steam by which it is driven, and works at a remarkably high rate of speed. It may be moved to any part of a surface, and works with a celerity unapproached by other means.
The use of granite for sculpture is steadily increasing, particularly for outdoor statuary. The white fine-grained muscovite-biotite granite found at Ilallowell, Manchester, and Augusta, in Maine, is particularly well adapted for this purpose. Statues made of the Hallowell granite are to be found in nearly every State, though possibly the stone is not superior to varieties found in other localities.
Stone.
Value Of The Granite Product, By States.
The following- table shows the value of the granite product, by States, for the year 1894 :
Value of granite product in 1894, by States.
States.
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Georgia
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts .
Minnesota
Mi.ssouri
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina .
Oregon
Pennsylvania . . Ehode Island. . South Carolina. South Dakota. .
Vermont
Virginia
Wisconsin
Total
Value.
.$28, 100 307, 000
49, 302 504, 390 173, 805 511, 804 551, 036 308, 966 994, 830 153, 936
98, 757 5, 800 1,600 724, 702 310, 965 140, 618 108, 993 4, 993 600, 000 211,439
45, 899 8, 806 893, 956 123, 361 166, 098
10, 029, 156
The foregoing table shows a gain of 11,220,222 in the value of the product as compared with that of 1893. This gain was made in the fol- lowing States, named in alphabetical order : Greorgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, ew Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin. By far the most of the gain was made in Ehode Island alone, this State showing an advance of $701,640. It is thus apparent that for most of the States there has been a falling off in the total output. As was true for 1893, the financial depression is accountable for this state of affairs.
VALUE OF GRANITE PAVINa BLOCKS MADE IN 1894, BY STATES.
In a number of the New England States there was an increased tendency toward the manufacture of paving blocks rather than the pro- duction of stone for building or other purposes. The following table shows the value of the granite paving-block industry in the various productive States :
Value of granite paving blocks made in 1894, by States.
States.
California
Connecticut
Delaware
Georgia
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts . New Hampshire New Jersey
Value.
$31, 000 32, 100 80, 000
225, 910
710, 836 18, 885
593, 726 24, 000 60, 000
States.
North Carolina Pennsylvania . Rhode" Island. . South Carolina
Vermont
Virginia
Wisconsin
Total
Value.
$107 258, 777 115, 000 9, 085 32, 711 20, 450
2, 254, 587
Mineral Resources.
The following table gives the value of the granite output, by States, for the years 1890 to 1894:
Value of granite, by States, from 1890 to 1894.
States.
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Georgia
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts . .
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina..
Oregon
Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode Island
South Carolina. . South Dakota...
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
"Wisconsin
$1, 1,
2, 2,
{a)
329, 018 314, 673 061, 202 211, 194 752, 481 225, 839 447, 489 503, 503 356, 782 500, 642
{a)
ia)
121, 531 425, 673 222, 773 146, 627
44, 150 623, 252 931, 216
47, 614 304, 673
22, 550 8,700 581, 870 332, 548
(a)
266, 095
Total 14,464,095
<t!9fi inn
J., OV/W, vUU
1 000 000
99
Q07 oiin
300, 000
77 1 559
1, 167, 000
700, 000
6.52, 459
504, 390
790, 000
700, 000
476, 387
511, 804
2, 200, 000
2, 300, 000
1, 274, 954
1, 551, 036
450, 000
450, 000
260, 855
308, 966
2, 600, 000
2, 200, 000
1,631,204
1, 994, 830
360, 000
270, 296
153, 936
400, 000
325, 000
.388, 803
98, 757
51, 000
36, 000
1,000
5,800
3,000
1,600
750, 000
725, 000
442, 424
724, 702
400, 000
400, 000
373, 147
310, 965
225, 000
200, 000
181, 449
140, 618
1.50, 000
122, 707
108, 993
3, 000
6, 000
11, 255
4, 993
575, 000
550, 000
206, 493
600, 000
750, 000
600, 000
509, 799
1,211,439
50, 000
60, 000
95, 443
45, 899
100, 000
50, 000
27, 828
8, 806
75, 000
50, 000
38, 991
15, 000
700, 000
675, 000
778, 459
893, 956
300, 000
300, 000
103, 703
123, 361
406, 000
400, 000
133, 220
166, 098
13, 867, 000
12, 627, 000
8, 808, 934
10, 029, 156
a Granite valued at $76,000 was produced in Arkansas, Montana, Nevada, and Washington together, and this amount ia included in the total.
Granite Industry In The Various States.
Ariiansas. — The value of the j)roduct iu 1894 amounted to $28,100, while in 1893 very little, if anything, was accomplished in granite quarrying. The entire output comes from Pulaski County. Indica- tions for 1895 are encouraging.
California. — The granite industry in this State for the last few years, but particularly for 1893 and 1894, has been at a low ebb. The value of the product for 1894 is $307,000, but included in this figure is an estimate as to the value of the output from the State prison quarries, which forms an important item of the total. Placer County is credited with an output valued at $103,443, Sonoma County $34,568, San Bernardino County $30,450, while smaller amounts were taken from quarries in Tulare, Sacramento, Madera, Fresno, Solano, Alameda, Riverside, and Marin counties. Almost every communication received from producers in this State emphatically reveals decline iu the industry, due, it is believed, entirely to the financial depression. Many quarries discontinued work entirely, while others shut down for a part of the year or worked with reduced force of men.
Colorado.— Th output for 1894 is valued at $49,302. Most of the stone was taken from quarries in J efi'erson County, while smaller amounts
Stone.
came from Douglas, Gunnison, and Clear Creek counties. A little work was done in Chaffee, Larimer, and Boulder counties. A number of quarries discontinued operations entirely.
Connecticut. — The product for 1894 was valued at $504,390, while the corresponding figure for 1893 was $652,459. A decrease in product is evident. The general tone of replies from quarrymen indicates a falling off as compared with the preceding year. The productive counties in order of magnitude of output are New Haven, New London, Fairfield, Windham, Middlesex, Hartford, and Litchfield. The first two counties produced most of the entire output. Judging from a number of impor- tant contracts that have been awarded to Connecticut producers, 1895 will make a much better showing than the past year.
Delaware. — The value of the output in 1894, $173,805, is below that of 1893. All of the productive quarries are in Newcastle County.
Georgia. — As will be seen from the report on " marble," this State has very materially advanced in its marble output. The same can be said of the granite product, which has increased from $476,387 in 1893, to $511,804 in 1894. Of this amount $225,910 is the value of paving blocks. There is every reason to believe that with a revival in business there will be a still greater increase in the granite industry in this State. By far the most of the output comes from Dekalb County, in which are the important producing centers, Lithonia and Stone Moun- tain. Other productive counties are Hancock, Henry, Bibb, Elbert, Spalding, Eockdale, Jones, Oglethorpe, and Newton. The last §;even of these counties produce very little as compared with the others.
Maine. — This State stands second among the granite-producing States in the value of its output. This has increased from $1,274,954 in 1893 to $1,551,036 in 1894. While the manufacture of paving blocks for use in the largest cities along the Atlantic coast has always been an important feature of the granite industry in Maine, it has become somewhat more so during the past year. In the census year 1889, the value of the paving-block product was 37 per cent of the whole, but in the year just past it was 45.8 j)er cent. The most productive counties are Hancock, Knox, Franklin, Waldo, Washington, Kennebec, and York ; smaller amounts are quarried in Lincoln, Somerset, Penobscot, Androscoggin, and Oxford. Many small quarries have been tempora- rily abandoned, while others have been sold out to larger concerns. An improvement in the industry in this State is looked for during 1895.
Maryland. — The output in this State increased from a value of $260,855 in 1893 to $308,966 in 1894. The worst part of the year was the first half, after which, in the case of a number of concerns, busi- ness improved somewhat and became even better than the latter part of 1893. Indications are quite decided toward improvement in 1895.
Massachusetts. — This State seems to have prospered exceptionally well during 1894, considering the hard times. The value of the output increased from $1,631,204 in 1893 to $1,994,830 in 1894, and the State
Mineral Resources.
maintains first position among the granite-producing States of the couutr}'. Many comphiints of financial depression are to be heard, of course, and in times of prosperity the output would have been much larger. Lower prices than in 1893 have been generally prevalent. The most productive counties in order of importance are Essex, Worcester, Norfolk, Middlesex, Bristol, and Hampden; small quantities were i)ro- duced in Franklin and Hampshire counties.
As is true of other New England States, more attention than usual was devoted to the production of paving blocks, for which the demand was good, but lower prices prevailed than were received in 1893.
Minnesota. — The value of the output in 1894 was $153,936; the cor- responding figure for 1893 was $270,296. The decrease is accounted for in the usual manner — liard times, resulting in the shutting down of 0])erations entirely or operating with reduced force. The output comes from the following counties : Bigstone, Stearns, Sherburne, Pipestone, Rock, and Nicollet.
Missouri.— A falling oft' from $388,803 to $98,757 in 1894 marks the granite industry in this State. A few prominent concerns practically suspended operations, and their comparative inactivity accounts for the decrease. Indications for 1895 are much better. The productive counties of this State are Iron, Wayne, St. Francois, and Madison.
Montana. — Very little in the way of granite quarrying has ever been done in this State. A little quarrying was done in Lewis and Clarke County.
New Hampshire. — In this State a decided gain in output was made, namely, from $442,424 in 1893 to $724,702. A number of quite impor- tant contracts have been fulfilled during the year. Among most of the producers there is considerable complaint of dull trade, but in spite of the financial depression, business seems to have been markedly better on the whole than in 1893. The most productive counties are Carroll, Cheshire, Hillsboro, Merrimack, and Straftbrd; smaller amounts were taken from quarries in Grafton, Sullivan, and Eockingham counties. Quite a number of new firms have commenced business during the year. The outlook for 1895 is much better.
New Jersey. — Quarrying in New Jersey seems to have suffered from the prevailing business depression. The product fell oft* in value from $373,147 in 1893 to $310,965 in 1894. Considerable of the product is really trap rock, which, for reasons already given, is included with granite. Indications for 1895 are promising. The productive counties are Somerset, Hudson, Essex, Sussex, Passaic, Mercer, and Hunterdon. Small amounts were (quarried also in Union and Morris counties.
New York, — This State has never yielded very large quantities of granite, although good stone is to be found there. The product of 1893 was valued at $181,449, while that of 1894 amounted to $140,618. The productive counties are Essex, Kichmond, Orange, and Westchester.
Stone.
North Carolina. — Although the value of the granite product in this State declined from $122,707 in 1893 to $108,993 in 1894, considering the comparative newness of the industry in the State its condition may be regarded as very satisfactory in view of the hard times. The pro- ductive counties were Gaston, Iredell, Rowan, Surry, and Wake.
Oregon. — Small quantities of granite were produced in Clackamas, Columbia, and Multnomah counties.
Pennsylvania. — A more thorough canvass of the granite producers in this State is in part accountable for the large reported increase from $206,493 in 1893 to $000,000 in 1894. The value of the stone devoted to paving purposes in 1894 amounted to $258,777, or nearly one-half of the total. Although there is no exceptionally fine granite in the State, there is an abundance of stone that serves ordinary uses very well, and it is steadily produced. The productive counties are Bucks, Chester, Allegheny, Delaware, Montgomery, Somerset, Adams, and Northampton.
Rhode Island. — The increase in the output of granite in Ehode Island over the preceding year, 1893, is nothing less than phenomenal. In 1889, the census year, the output was valued at $931,216; in 1893 at $509,799 ; and in 1894, at $1,211,439. A number of quite serious strikes have occurred among the Rhode Island quarries and works within the last three years, and it may be that contracts have been delayed on that account until the past year. In spite of the prosperity which apjiears to prevail, complaints of financial depression are to be heard in Rhode Island as in all other States. The smaller producers have been particularly affected and in some cases have had to shut down their operations. The bulk of the business is now in the hands of a small number of concerns.
The granite quarries and works located at Westerly, Washington County, have long been celebrated for the very fine ornamental stock produced. Most elaborately ornamented monuments and statues are turned out in great number. The plants for finishing and polishing are exceedingly well equipped, all the latest improvements in quarry tools being freely used. The stone is particularly well adapted for snccessful ornamentation and fine finish, and this accounts largely for the prominence of this branch of the granite industry in the State. In fine carving a pneumatic tool, striking exceedingly rapid blows and operated by heavy air pressure, is becoming poi)ular among granite cutters. The raiidity with which fine work can be executed is very much increased by the use of this tool. Its value in connection with granite as well as with ornamental marble has already been satisfac- torily demonstrated.
Rhode Island stands first among the States of the Union for its output of ornamental and monumental stock.
South Carolina. — The financial stringency made itself felt in South Carolina to the extent of reducing the output from a valuation of $95,443
Mineral Kesources.
in 1893 to $45,899 in 1894. The i)roductive counties are Fairfield, Edge- field, and Richland.
Vermont. — In spite of dullness in business generally, the value of the output in Vermont has increased to the extent shown by the values $778,459 for 1893 and $893,956 for 1894. The productive counties are Washington, Windham, Orange, and Caledonia; small amounts have been quarried also in Chittenden, Orleans, and Windsor counties.
Among the most important developments of the last decade are those which have been made at Barre. At this point there is an enormous supply of granite of the finest quality, such that the product is well adapted not only to all the ordinary uses to which granite is put, but also for the finest kinds of monumental and decorative work, to which it is quite largely applied. The methods of quarrying are modern. In one of the quarries in this locality the Knox system of blasting is in very successful use. The application of this recent method of blasting granite is quite limited, and is not received with favor by a great many of the large producers of granite in this and other States. The obj ections to the system as applied to granite are probably, however, due more to the results of single, and in some cases unsuccessful, experiments than to long-continued and fair trials of it.
Virginia. — The output in Virginia in 1894 amounted in value to $123,361, while in 1893 the corresponding figure was $103,703. There has thus been a gain which though not large is very satisfactory when the falling off in many other States is considered. The productive counties are Chesterfield, Amherst, Henrico, Alexandria, Campbell, and Dinwiddle.
A number of the quarries in the vicinity of Richmond have been operated successfully for a number of years. The plants are compara- tively well equipped, and while operations might be conducted upon a considerably larger scale they may be said to be prosperous. The stone from most of these quarries is of good quality and is generally well received.
Wisconsin. — The value of the granite output in 1893 amounted to $133,220, while in the year 1894 it reached $166,098. The output comes from Green Lake, Marinette, and Marquette counties. The granite industry in this State is comparatively new, but it bids fair to increase steadily under normal financial conditions.
The Marble Iishustry.
Stone of one kind or another, suitable for building or other industrial use, is most abundantly distributed throughout the United States. One is apt therefore to look upon the operations of quarrying as practicable in almost any locality, and consequently to regard the industry of stone production as i)ractically universal. This view is not far from correct
Stone.
when only the coarser kinds of stone are considered. Marble, however, is found in comparatively few localities, since only here and there have the metamorphosing influences of heat and pressure transformed the widely distributed limestone deposits into marble. Quarrying operations in the case of marble are still further restricted by the fact that by no means all marble is of sufficiently good quality to justify its production for the purposes to which marble a>s an ornamental product is applied. Marble must fulfill certain definite conditions as to strength, color, crys- talline condition, freedom from flaws, etc., and, furthermore, must be fairly easy of access, before quarrying operations can be undertaken with a fair prospect of financial success.
Not only are marble and limestone very different in physical structure and purity, but the uses to which they are put are strongly contrasted, so that, even though closely related from the chemical standpoint, in that they are both carbonates of calcium or of calcium and magnesium together, they have in a commercial sense almost nothing in common, except in so far as waste marble replaces ordinary limestone for such uses as burning into lime, road ballast, or blast-furnace flux. In this report, therefore, ordinary limestone and marble are separately cod sidered in so far as the uses to which they are applied are radically different.
Value Of The Marble Product, By States.
The following table shows the value of the marble output, by States, for the year 1894. Inspection of this table shows that only a small number of States produce marble, while from the report on limestone it is evident that a large number of our vStates yield ordinary limestone in abundance :
Value of marble production, by States, for the year 1894.
states.
California Georgia . .
Idaho
Maryland New York
Value.
$13, 420 724, 385 3, 000 175, 000 501, 585
states.
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Vermont
Total . - .
Value.
$50, 000 231, 796 1, 500, 399
3, 199, 585
From the foregoing table it appears that the product from Vermont, valued at $1,500,399, amounts to 47.6 per cent of the total. In the census year 1889, Vermont produced 62 per cent of the total. Large gains in production have been made during the past year in Georgia and Kew York. The total product in 1893 was valued at $2,411,092, so that for the marble industry as a whole there has been a gain of $788,493 in value of output for the entire country.
464 Mineral Resources.
The following table shows the value, by States, of the marble iro- duced during the years 1890 to 1894, inclusive:
Value of marhle, by States, from 1890 to 1894.
States.
California -
Georgia
Idaho
$87, 030 196, 250
$100, 000 275, 000
$115, 000 280, 000
$10, 000 261, 666 4, 500 130, 000
$13, 420 724, 385 3, 000 175, 000
Maryland
139, 816
100, 000
105, 000 100, 000 380, 000
50, 000 350, 000 2, 275, 000
Jfew York
354, 197
390, 000 45, 000 400, 000 2, 20U, 000 100. 000
206, 926 27, 000 150, 000 1, 621, 000
501, 585 50, 000 231, 796 1, 500, 399
Tennessee
Vermont
Scattering
419, 467 2, 169, 560 121, 850
Total
3, 488, 170
3,610,000 3,705,000
2,411,092 3,199,585
Marble Industry In The Various States.
The following is a consideration of the marble industry in the indi- vidual productive States :
California. — Although the output in this State increased in value from $10,000 in 1893 to $13,420 in 1894, the marble branch of the stone industry is not at present in a flourishing state, and owing to the depressed financial condition, operations have been much curtailed. It is believed, however, that with general improvement in business will come a prosperous revival of the quarrying operations throughout the State. The counties which at one time or another have produced marble are San Bernardino, Amador, Inyo, and San Luis Obispo. Most of the output has come from the first-named county.
Georgia. — The advances made in marble quarrying in Georgia during the past year are very remarkable. The value of the output in 1893 was $261,666, and in 1894, $724,385. The entire output came from Pickens County.
According to Bulletin 'Eo. 1 of the Geological Survey of Georgia, under direction of Mr. W. S. Yeates, entitled "A Preliminary Eeport on the Marbles of Georgia," by S. W. McOallie, assistant geologist, the quarrying of marble in this State dates back to 1840, when operations on a very small scale were undertaken near Tate. Very little was accomplished, however, until the organization of the Georgia Marble Company in 1884, with a capital of $1 ,500,000. There are now four flourishing firms in Pickens County, while another, operating in Cher- okee County, will begin in 1895.
The marbles of Georgia follow a general line running in a northerly direction from Fannin County on the north, through Gilmer and Pick- ens counties, to Cherokee County on the south. "The Marietta and North Georgia Railroad runs parallel to the marble belt throughout its entire length, and at no point is the outcroi)ping located more than 2
Stone.
or 3 miles from this road." All the quarries at present operating are near the town of Tate, Pickens County.
The product of the quarries operated by the Georgia Marble Com- pany varies somewhat in color. The Kennesaw quarry yields a limited quantity of white marble, the crystals of which are large and glisten- ing, but very compactly united; and in addition there is a white mar- ble clouded with light spots and lines of blue. The Cherokee quarry produces white and bluish-gray stock, both clouded with dark -blue spots. From the Creole quarries a marble having a white ground and exceedingly dark-blue mottlings is taken. This is used for monu- mental work and exterior decoration. A great variety of different shades of marble is to be found in the Etowah quarry, the princii)al colors beiug pink, salmon, rose, and dark green. These, with their combinations, iroduce very rich effects and are suitable for woi k in which high color and richness are desired. It finds its chief application in wainscoting, mantels, table tojis, counters, panels, etc.
The following analysis was made by Mr. John C. Jackson, of Chicago:
Analysis of Georgia marble.
Calcium carbonate
Magnesium carbonate.
Silica
Iron protoxide
Alumina
Per cent.
Total
Tlie following tests by compression of the strength of three cubes of Georgia marble, made in 1886 by Capt. Marcus W. Lyon, United States Army, with the testing machine at Watertown Arsenal, Mass. serve to indicate the great crushing strength of this marble:
Mechanical tests of Georgia marble.
Test No.
Marks.
Dimensions.
Sectional area.
Ultimate strength.
Height.
Compressed surface.
Total pounds.
Pounds
I)er square inch.
Cherokee
Creole
Etowah
6".04 6". 03 6".03
6".0l by 6". 00 6".00 5".99 6".03 6".01
Sq. inch.
395. 800 434, 100 384, 400
10, 976 12,078
The structure of the marbles from the various quarries is essentially the same, the difference being in color only. The nonabsorbent prop- erties are indicated by the following experiments made by Prof. J. B.
Johnson, of St. Louis, Mo.
A 3-iiicli cube was soaked in water twenty-four hours and weighed. It was then dried over a steam eoil at a temperature of ahout 215" F. for twenty-four hours and
16 GEOL, PT 4 oO
Mineral Resources.
again weighed. The difference in the weight divided by the weight when dry showed that it had absorbed water to an amount expressed by six-hundredths of 1 per cent. The nonabsorbent qualities thus revealed enable the stone to withstand disinte- gration.
The following data are taken from the bulletin of the Georgia Geological Survey, already referred to :
Crushing tests of Georgia marJ)le.(a)
Name.
Quarry.
Com- pressed surface in inches.
Posi- tion.
Actual crush- ing load in
pounds.
Com- pressive strength per square inch in pounds.
Kennesaw :
No. 1
Kennesaw .
.99 X .99
Bed. .
clO, 000
10, 204
No. 2 ...
do
1.00x1.00
dll, 400
11, 400
No. 3.
do
1.00x1.00
elO, 672
10, 672
Creole :
No.l
Georgia
1.00x1.00
el3, 900
13, 900
No. 2
1.00x1.00
el3, 100
13, 100
No. 3
1.00x1.00
13, 200
13, 200
Etowah:
No. 1
do
1.00x1.00
13, 200
13, 200
No. 2
do
.99 X .99
12, 000
12, 244
No. 3 ,
do
.99 X .98
12, 300
12, 540
Southern :
No.l
Southern ..
11, 300
11,414
No. 2
do
10, 900
11,010
No. 3
do
...do
10, 800
11,020
Reduced to correspond to pressure per sq. in.
on 2-in. cubes'', in lbs. per. sq. inch.
12, 244 13, 680
12, 806
16, 680 15, 700 15, 840
15, 840 14, 692 15, 048
13, 696 13, 212 13, 224
Specific gravity.
Weight per cubic foot in pounds.
2.707 I 169.1
2. 734 I 171.
a The survey is under obligations to Prof. Charles Ferris of the engineering departmeui of the University of Tennessee, for valuable aid rendered in making the crushing and absorption tests.
&Geu. Q. A. Gillmer, in his report on the compressive strength of building stones of the United States, Appendix II, Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875, determined a general formula for converting the crushing strength of different cubes into each other. In applying this formula for 1 and 2 inch cubes, it is found that the crushing weight of the smaller cube should be increased by approximately one-fifth of itself in order to compare correctly the strength of the two cubes.
cCracked on edge before bursting.
dBurst suddenly.
eBurst with explosion.
The following artificial weathering tests were made on unpolished cubes of Nos. 1, 3, and 6 and a polished cube of No. 1. They were suspended for several days in an atmosphere of hydrochloric, sulphurous, and carbonic acids :
Artificial weathering tests made on polished and unpolished Georgia marble.
Original weiglit.
Final weight.
Loss.
Grains. 45. 9492 44. 2509
Grams. 45. 7793
Grams.
No. 3. Uni)(>li8hod
It is noticeable that the unpolished cube of No. 1 was dissolved with considerable more readiness than the polished.
Stone.
Chemical analyses of Georgia marhle.
Marbles.
Calcium oxide.
Magne- sium oxide.
Ferric ox- ide and alumina.
Insoluble siliceous matter.
Loss on ignition.
Total.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
Per cent.
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No 6
No. 7
l.Ol
No. 8
No. 9
No. 10
ia)
(a)
No. 11
,74
(a)
(a)
a Undetermined.
No. 1. A coarsely crystalline white marble, from the Cherokee quarry (Georgia Marble Company), Pickens County.
No. 2. A white fine-grained marble from J. P. Harrison's quarry, 2 miles east of Jasper.
No. 3. A coarse-grained black and white mottled marble, "Creole," of the Georgia quarries.
No. 4. A fine-grained gray marble, from the Dickey property.
No. 5. A fine-grained bluish-gray marble, from the Holt property.
No. 6. A coarse-grained flesh-colored marble, "Etowah," of the Georgia quarries.
No. 7. A coarse-grained gray marble, from the Eslinger farm.
No. 8. A coarse-grained brown marble, from the Haskins farm.
No. 9. A fine-grained light-gray marble, from the White property.
No. 10. A fine-grained black marble, from Six Mile Station.
No. 11. A fine-grained white marble, from Fannin County.
Maryland, — The value of the marble output in this State in 1894 was $175,000; in 1893, $130,000. The industry in Maryland is limited to a number of points near Baltimore on the line of the Northern Central Railroad and all in Baltimore County. The industry has been estab- lished for many years and is in a prosierous condition.
The product is used to some extent for cemetery work, and also largely for building i)urposes, particularly in Baltimore, where it enters into the construction of a number of the finest structures. Tt has also been used in Philadelphia and in the extension of the National Capitol. The Beaver Dam Marble Company is the most important firm, and has a well-equipied plant, including the modern improvements for quarry- ing and sawing. Tlie most iiractical test which has been made of the strength of this marble was its use as material for the Washington Monument in Washington, the highest stone structure in the world.
Neic York. — A very striking advance in production was made in New York during 1894, namely, from a valuation of $206,926 in 1893 to $501,585 in 1894. The increase was due to very largely increased operations at Tuckahoe. The productive counties are St. Lawrence, Yv estchester, Columbia, and Warren.
The color of the St. Lawrence County marble varies from white to dark blue and green and mixtures of these shades, producing in these cases a mottled appearance. The marble is adapted to monumental and building purposes, but the greater part of the product of 1889 was used for the latter purpose. This stone, while too coarsely crystalline for fine carving, scroll work, or tracing, forms a fine contrast with the
Mineral Resources.
I)olislie(l surface. It weighs 174 pounds to the cubic foot, and has a ci'ushiug" strength of 12,000 pounds to the inch.
The product from Pleasantville is called, from its apx)earance, "snow- flake marble," and is a dolomite, as is evident from the following analysis made at Columbia College:
Analysis of " s}iowJiake' marble (dolomite) from Pleasantville, N. Y.
Per cent.
Calcium carbonate 54.62
Magnesium carbonate ' 45. 04
Iron carbonate [ .10
Alumina .07
Silica ' .10
Total 99.99
This marble is especially adai)ted for use in the preparation of car- bonic acid. Its weight per cubic foot is 180 pounds. The Tuckahoe marble was used for building, macadamizing roads, and for the prepa- ration of soda water. Like the Pleasantville marble, it is a dolomite.
The product of Warren County, which comes from Glens Falls and its vicinity, consists of black marble, which is generally used for tiling and to some extent for other kinds of interior decoration, soda-water fountains, clock frames, etc. The stone is quite hard, and is quarried by light blasting, and some of it, owing to the looseness of the beds, can be removed by ordinary tools j the rougher stone is extensively burned into lime.
At Hudson, in Columbia County, and at Catskill, across the river in Greene County, are quarries of what is known as "shell marble,'* largely made up of fossil remains. The stone is so irregular that quar- rying is largely done by blasting. It is of a dull, brownish color, and presents a beautiful appearance in finished surfaces; but owing to its character it can not now receive the fine finish given to other more perfectly metamorphosed marbles.
The x)roduct from the Tuckahoe quarries is now largely used for building, and a still further increase in production is looked for during the year 1895.
Oregoyi. — In Douglas County several thousand dollars' worth of mar- ble was produced in 1894, most of the material being used for cemetery Xmrposes. The Variety Marble Company, of Roseburg, is the principal producer. More extensive operations are predicted for 1895.
Tennessee. — The marble output of Tennessee increased from a valua- tion of $150,000 in 1893, to $231,790 in 1894. Tiie industry has unques- tionably suifcrcd from the hard times, although evidently less in 1894 than in 1893. It comes mainly from Knox, Loudon, and Hawkins coun- ties, although a siriall amount is jn'oduced in Hamblen, Blount, and JeHerson counties. The marble region is thus seen to be in the eastern part of the State, running in a northeasterly direction from Loudon
Stone.
Conuty at the south to Hawkins Oounty at the northeast. The total value of the marble produced in 1880 was $173,000. The marble indus- try in this State is in a reasonably flourishing condition.
The marble in Tennessee is in general easily quarried, and this fact has caused a number of property owners in the past to undertake quarrying operatious on a small scale. The methods of quarrying are generally somewhat crude, and only a few channelers and other improvements in quarry machinery are in use.
Six marble-inoducing concerns have within a few years united, form- ing a combination known as the Tennessee Producers' Marble Company, the object of which is to maintain prices and carry on business more economically.
Tennessee marble presents much variety of color, and its great beauty is well known. It is especially well adaited for purposes of interior decoration in buildings and for furniture tops, but the amount devoted to the latter purpose is much less than it was a few years ago.
The processes of metamorphosis have in much of this marble stoiped short of the obliteration of fossil remains, the outlines of which are very i)lainly marked and present a pleasing variety in the surface of the polished slab. The colors run from a very light pink through various shades to a chocolate brown and a mixed brown, white, and pink.
The product of Hawkins Oounty is highly esteemed, and its price is almost twice that of the product of Knox or Loudon County. As shown by the numerous outcrops of marble in this State, it disinte- grates somewhat under the influence of atmospheric agencies, but this does not detract from its adaptability for interior decoration, to which it is largely applied.
Some of the finishing mills in the State are well equipped and oper- ated in a thoroughly modern way. The average cost per cubic foot of lroducing the marble output of Tennessee in 1889 was 85.1 cents. Of this amount 80.8 jjer cent was paid for labor involved in taking marble from the quarry and putting it into the shape in which it was sold. Cost of transportation by wagon and railroad from the quarry to the mill is in many cases quite a serious item of expense.
Verjnont. — The value of the marble output in 1893 was $1,621,000; the year 1894 shows a falling off to $1,500,399. This decrease is entirely due to the prevailing financial depression, and with the return of pros- perous times the growth of the industry will proceed as steadily as it has done in the past.
The producing counties are, in the order of their importance, Rut- land, Bennington, Franklin, and Addison. These counties are all in the western part of the State, and, interrupted only by Chittenden County, extend from the Dorset quarries in the southwest corner to the Champlain marbles at Swanton, in the extreme northern part. The quarries now oj)erated are found in or near the towns of Manchester,
Mineral Resources.
Dorset, East Dorset, Wallingford, Kutland, West Rutland, Proctor, Pittsford, Brandon, Fair Haven, Middlebury, ISTortli Ferrisburg, and Swanton. Abandoned quarries are found all along the railroad line from Dorset to Middlebury. Most of the quarries are near railroad lines, but in some cases it is necessary to haul by wagon to the nearest railroad station. The longest distance of such transportation is 7 miles.
The marble lies in irregular beds, extending north and south, and having a slight dip toward the west, but at West Rutland the angle is very much increased, amounting to 80°, and the marble is worked to a depth of 300 feet. In most cases the upper layers are of little value, and the marble can only be used for purposes requiring rough stone, regardless of comiosition. Ten or twelve feet of surface rock must be thrown away before sound material is reached.
There is considerable variety in the color as well as in the texture of the stone. The pure white marble is rare, occurring in layers of very limited extent. Most of the stone is of a bluish-gray tone, and presents a mottled or clouded appearance, resulting from a more or less intimate mixture of blue and white. In some cases the blue is so predominant that the marble is known as "blue marble," and in cases where the blue is particularly pronounced it is called "extra dark blue." The pure white statuary marble is generally found at considerable depth. There is, however, no decided regularity in the relative arrangement of the different colors. The following analyses made at Yale University for the Columbian Marble Company may be regarded as representative of the marbles of the colors named :
Analyses of marble from Proctor, Vt.
Dark-Colored Marble.
Calcium carbonate
Magnesium carbonate
Iron carbonate
Oxides of manganese and aluminum
Matter insoluble in acids
Organic matter
Total
Per cent.
Light-Colored Marble.
Calcium carbonate
Magnesium carbonate . . .
Iron carbonate
Matter insoluble in acids Organic matter
Total
Per cent.
3. Ogo
100. 047
The stone weighs on an average 170 pounds to the cubic foot, although it sometimes reaches 180 pounds.
Stone.
Methods Of Quarrying And Manufacturing Marble.
The following description of methods of quarrying and manufacturing is taken from the writer's report on marble for the Eleventh Census:
Quarrying.
The method of quarrying is essentially the same in most marble quarries. With fine marble, blasting seems to be entirely out of the question, because of injury to the stone, which has been amply proved by past experiments in Italy. This injury has not always been apparent in freshly quarried stone, but has been revealed years after by disinte- gration. It has already been stated that the marble at Swanton, Vt., and at a few quarries in other States, is quarried by the Knox system of blasting; but the product is not used for purposes which would be injuriously affected by blasting, and, furthermore, the character of the stone in such cases admits of the application of this method. Experi- ments in blasting marble have also been recently tried in California, but the results have not yet been made public. A spot for opening a quarry is selected with the greatest care. If the surface indications are not sufficient to determine the quality of the underlying marble, it becomes necessary to drill a hole to a greater or less depth into the body of the stone. This is accomplished by means of an ordinary dia- mond drill for prospecting; that is, a hollow tool cutting a circle and leaving a core, which is taken out when a proper depth is reached. Lengths of 10 or 12 feet are thus frequently taken out without flaws. If the core presents satisfactory indications, the surface material is strip)ed by blasting, so as to make an opening for the quarry. Der- ricks are then placed in position, and channelers, drills, and gadders commence operating upon the comparatively level floor secured by the operations of stripping. A channeler then cuts two grooves or channels across the grain of the stone the width of the channeler apart (about 5 feet). The stone thus separated from the rest is called the key course. This is cut across at intervals to the same depth as the long channels, namely, the thickness of the bed operated upon. The key course is thus cut into blocks, which are held to the fixed marble only on the under side. To separate the blocks from the quarry, two difierent processes are in use. According to one of these, a block, called the "key block," is blasted out, destroying it, but also seiarating it at the bottom, thus giving space for operating ux)on the adjacent block to be taken out entire and in sound condition. Instead of blasting, the key block may be loosened at the bottom by means of wedges driven into the channels at one side and one end. A ring fastened into the center of the block forms a means of attachment to the derrick, which then lifts it from the floor. In the latter method more time is consumed, but the key block is saved. After the key block is removed, space sufficient for the in- troduction of the gadder is secured. The gadder, similar to the drill,
Mineral Resources.
bores liorizontal holes 6 inches apart into the adjacent block at the bottom. Iron wedges, known as "gadding pins," are then driven into the holes, thus separating the block at the bottom. In order to avoid breaking a block at the edges the pins are a foot or more in length. When the key course has been removed, several courses parallel to it are channeled out and removed in a similar manner. The channelers require two men, a runner and his helper, and will cut 75 channel feet ler day to a deith of about 5 feet.
The drills operate by striking rapid blows, and the diamond borer cuts by revolving, the cutting edge consisting of diamonds set into the end. The underlying marble is cut into successive floors, as in the case described, thus gradually sinking below the surface, until, as in the Rut- land and Proctor quarries, depths of 200 to 300 feet have been reached. Steam is commonly employed in running the quarry machinery, but in some cases compressed air is used, and hoisting is done by derricks. The usual size of blocks taken out is 4 feet by 4 feet 6 inches by 6 feet 6 inches, but for special purposes considerably larger blocks are fre- quently removed.
Manufacturing.
If the marble quarried as above is to be sold in sawed or in finished condition the blocks are transported to the mills, where they are sawed into slabs of various thicknesses. The saws consist of strips of steel fastened to an oscillating frame. The cutting material is sand, which, mixed with water, continually flows over the block and into the cuts made by the saws, and is fed upon the block either by hand or automat- ically. In the automatic process of feeding the sand is first delivered from a hopper into a well conveniently located in the mill; from this the mixture of water and sand is pumped through a main pipe con- nected with various branches, which delivers the contents upon the blocks of stone.
After sawing, the blocks or slabs are placed upon a rubbing bed, consisting of a circular iron disk revolving horizontally and continually supplied with the same mixture of sand and water used in sawing. A rather smooth but dull surface is thus secured, and the stone is then ready for decorative work or for carving and polishing.
The i)olishing of large surfaces is accomplished by means of a buffer, which consists of a rapidly revolving wheel covered with flannel and charged with a so called putty powder, and frecpiently with a mixture of i)utty and oxalic acid. This wheel is capable of a universal hori- zontal movement while revolving, so that it may reach all parts of the slab. Much of the polishing in Vermont mills is necessarily done by hand on account of the delicate nature of the work, owing to the intri- cacies of surface resulting from carving. In Tennessee mills, where large plain slabs for wainscoting and ])artitions are polished, the prac- tice of machine polishing is much more general.
Stone.
The light carving, or 'skiu work," as it is called, is largely done ill the old-fashioned way, with mallet and hand-cutting tool; but a recently patented pnenmatic tool, delivering a large nnniber of light blows per second, is now being introduced. This is held in the hand and moved along the outline to be cut into the stone. Its work is very rapid, and it apiears to be gaining in favor. It is used not only for the softer kinds of stone, but also for granite.
In the preparation of stone for architectural designs, such as mold- ings, cornices, etc., planers similar to iron planers are used. Monu- mental urns and turned architectural work are produced by means of lathes, which are used both for cutting and polishing the various forms.
THE sTjATe Industry.
Clay slate consists of siliceous clay which has been hardened and otherwise changed by metamorphosing influences, such as heat, ires- sure, and in some cases oxidation.
Quite a variety of minerals, generally in an exceedingly fine state of division, have been found in varying proportions throughout the kaolin mass which constitutes the great bulk of the rock. Among such min- erals may be mentioned quartz, feldspar, mica, tourmaline, organic material, and hydrated oxide of iron. Carbonaceous matter accounts for the black color of slate from quarries in Maine and Pennsylvania. In the red, purple, and green slates of Vermont and New York, car- bonaceous material is wanting; the process of oxidation 'which con- verted compounds of iron into the ferric condition, thus giving the various shades of red and purple, may also have destroyed the car- bonaceous material characteristic of black slate.
Uses To Which Slate Is Put.
The property of slate which renders it useful as a roofing material is its cleavage, in virtue of which it may be readily split into thin sheets of suitable area. The great bulk of all the slate quarries in the United States goes for roofing, but the number of other uses to which slate is put is already large and is continually increasing. Such uses are the following:
Slate is used locally in a comparatively rough state for sidewalks, curbstones, hitching posts, underpinning, cellar walls, and door steps. As a manufactured article, after going through the mill, it is offered for the following purposes : Billiard-table beds, mantels, fireboards, register frames, radiator tops, steps and risers, platforms, tiles, wainscoting, moldings, thresholds, window sills, lintels, brackets, laundry tubs, washbowl tops, cisterns, sinks, urinals, refrigerators, blackboards, mangers, curriers' slabs, imposing stones, grave boxes, grave covers, headstones, grave markers, vault doors, water tables, belting courses,
Mineral Resources.
counter tops, brewers' vats, greenhouse shelves, chimney tops, switch boards, and panels for electric work. In the marbleizing process it is susceptible of considerable ornamentation, which makes it more desir- able still for many of the above uses and also extends the list of its uses as follows : Table tops, stand tops, card receivers, soda-water foun- tains, checkerboards, door plates, signs, and paper weights.
Methods Of Quarrying Slate.
Slate quarrying having been for hundreds of years an exceedingly important industry in Wales, it naturally happens that the industry in this country is largely carried on under the direction and superin- tendence of Welsh quarry men who have learned the art by years of experience in their native land. Owing to the peculiarities of the slate itself, m-ethods of quarrying applicable to other kinds of stone are not suitable to the production of slate. A successful slate quarryman has almost invariably learned his art by years of experience under compe- tent and skilled supervision in quarries operated upon a liberal scale. While in this work general irinciples are recognized and applied, no rule-of-thumb metnods of application will suffice, but the operator must be in possession of such trained judgment as will enable him to meet continually changing conditions both in the nature of the slate and in its environment. What might have been otherwise a fine and profitable quarry may readily be spoiled by the exercise of poor judgment in the initial steps of opening the quarry. A large amount of debris must be disposed of in connection with slate quarrying and the proper disposi- tion of this, so as not to interfere with future developments, is frequently a matter involving careful consideration and good judgment. That serious mistakes may be made even by skilled workmen is testified to by the large number of abandoned quarries in Vermont and Pennsyl- vania which indicate unsuccessful operations.
Blasting is liberally resorted to in slate quarrying, and in this part of the art there is much room for the exercise of good judgment, so as to take advantage of the position of the rock as determined by the cleavage grain and natural joints, and to direct the blast so that just the desired effects may be produced. To an on looker the skill of a quarryman in producing already planned for and i)redicted effects is sometimes quite wonderful.
Aside from this mental work and judgment involved in the successful development of a quarry, the mechanical operations are comparatively simple, and there is room for the employment of a considerable amount of unskilled labor. In some of the largest quarries of Pennsylvania Italians are freely employed in strii)ping and simihir work. Tlie tools used are of simple character. In the production of roofing slates the operations of manufacture, which consist in splitting and trimming to the i)roper thickness and size, are carricnl on at the edge of the quarry
Stone.
by men who are trained and skilled in this specialty and are known as " splitters." Their work involves a thorongh knowledge of slate as to its cleavage, and in many cases the most successful workmen have followed the calling from boyhood up, having started as assistant to some one else in this work. Frequently a father brings up his sons in the same line of work, and in some cases this practice has been followed through a number of generations.
Manufacture Of Milled Stock.
A long enumeration of the articles other than roofing slate into which slate is manufactured has already been given. In the mills devoted to this work there has been much opportunity for the exercise of mechani- cal ingenuity in inventing labor-saving devices and in adapting slate to new uses. While the Welsh enjoy quite a monopoly of the skilled work in quarrying and in making roofing slate, their x)articular skill is much less in demand in the mill itself, where all other articles of slate are produced. In the production of milled stock improvements have been rapidly made and American inventiveness has made itself felt. Much of the work involved in the production of milled stock consists in the making of slabs having smooth surfaces. Slate will not take a polish, but it may be made quite smooth by planing and rubbing with sand and emery. The planers are similar to those used for planing iron. At some localities in Pennsylvania the slate is so hard that it has to be cut with black diamond saws. In the manufacture of billiard table tops much care must be exercised to secure perfectly smooth and level surfaces, and for this purpose slate has no superior.
Slate is well adapted for ornamental puri)oses after it has gone through the process of marbleizing. Quite a variety of stones and wood are thus imitated in a very successful manner. The following is a list of diiferenfc kinds of stone which are thus imitated : Gray granite, Mexican onyx, fossil limestone, Devonshire marble, Tennessee marble, Circassian, Egyptian, and Pyrenees marble j and in fact all the better- known varieties of variegated marble; also blue agate, red granite, red serpentine, the various kinds of woods, and petrified wood of Califor- nia. As the industry progresses the number of different kinds of imita- tion increases. The slab to be marbleized is first rubbed by hand with fine sand, using a wooden block covered with cloth. The marbleizing process is done in two ways. The marble having fine veins and lines running through it like Spanish marbles, is colored on a float," as it is called ; that is to say, a large vat of water is sprinkled with the dif- ferent oil paints required. The effect desired on the stone is thus pro- duced on the surface of the water, and is then transferred to the slab by simply immersing the slab and leaving the representation on it. The other method is by hand, brushes, sponges, and feathers being used to smear on the x)aint. In this process water colors are used.
47G
Mineral Resources.
At this stage the slab is baked overnight, the temperature of the oven or kiln varying from 175o F. to 225° F. After this first baking the slab is varnished and the baking is then repeated. 'Next it is scoured with ground pumice dust, varnished, and baked again. If any gilding is to be done it is done at this stage, after the slab comes out of the kiln for the third time. The next stage consists in rubbing with very fine ]3umice stone and a felt bock, after which it is baked for the last time. Rubbing with rotten stone follows, and the final iolish is put on by rubbing with the palm of the hand.
Slate Product And Its Value, By States.
The following table of production for the year 1894 shows the number of squares of roofing slate, its value, the value of milled stock, and the total value of slate for all purposes :
Value of slate production in 1894, hy States.
States.
California
Georgia
Maine
Maryland
~New Jersey. .
!New York
Pennsylvania
Vermont
Virginia
Total
The following table shows the value of the x)roduction of slate, by States, during the years 1890 to 1891, inclusive:
Value of slate, by States, from 1890 to 1894.
states.
Roofing.
Value.
Other purposes
than roofing,
value.
Total value.
Roofing slate.
Value.
Other purposes
than roofing,
value.
Total value.
Squares.
Squares. 4, 000 3, 000 50, 000 25, 166 2, 500 17, 000 507, 824
$480 24, 000 13, 500 250, 000 123, 425 10, 000 136, 000 1, 741, 836
$480 24, 000 13, 500 250, 000 125, Ouo 10, 000 176, 000 2, 142, 905
California
B, 104 3, 050 41, 000 23, 099 2, 700 16, 767 476, 038
$18, 089 14, 850 201, 500 105, 745 9, 675 81, 726 1,641,003
$18, 089 15, 330 219, 500 110, 008 10, 925 126, 603 2, Oil, 726
Georgia
.$480 18, 000 4,263 1,250 44, 877 370, 723
Maine
Maryland
New Jersey
$2, 000
New York
Poiinsylvania
T'tah. :
40, 000 401, 000
Vermont
Virginia
236, 350 30, 457 3,060
596, 997 113,079 15,240
245, 016
842,013 113, 079 15, 240
247, 643 36, 059
698, 350 127,819
257, 267
955, 617 127,819
Other States(a) . . . Total
835, 625
2, 797, 904
684, 609
3, 482, 513
893, 312
3, 120, 410
700, 336
3, 825, 746
Roofing.
Other
Total value.
Squares.
Value.
purposes, value.
5, 000 24, 690 39, 460 7, 955 411, 550 214, 337 33, 955
$5, 850 123, 937 150, 568 1,050 42, 092 1, 380, 430 455, 860 118, 851
$5, 850 22, 500 146, 838 153, 068 1, 050 44, .542 1, 620, 158 658, 167 138, 151
$22, 901 2, 500
2, 450 239, 728 202, 307 19, 300
738, 222
2, 301. 138
489, 186
2, 790, 324
Stone.
Value of slate, by States, from 1890 to 1894 — Continued.
States.
Xi-OOilUg
slate.
Value.
Other purposes
than roofing,
value.
A. U Ldl
value.
lioohng slate.
Value.
Other purposes
than roofing,
value.
X oijai value.
Squares.
Squares.
('alifornia
3, 500 2, 500 50, 000 24, 000 3,000 20, 000 550, 000
$21,000 10, 625
250, 000
114, 000 12, 000
160. 000 1, 925, 000
$21, 000 10, 625
250, 000
116, 500 12, 000
210, 000 2, 333, 000
Georgia
2, 500 18, 184 7,422 69, 640 364, 051
132, 061 27, 106
$11, 250 124, 200 37, 884 3, 653 204, 776 1,314,451 407, 538 104, 847
$1 1, 250 139, 200 37, 884 3, 653 204, 982 1, 472, 275 535, 732 117, 347
Maine
$15, 000
Maryland
$2, 500
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Utah
50, 000 408, 000
157, 824
128, 194 12, 500
Vermont
Virginia
260, 000 40, 000
754, 000 150, 000
260, 000
1, 014, 000 150, 000
Total
953, 000
3, 396, 625
720, 500
4, 117, 125
621, 939
2, 209, 049
314, 124
2, 523, 173
States.
Arkfinsas
California . . . .
Georgia
Maine
Maryland
New Jersey . .
New York
Pennsylvania.
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Total
Roofing slate.
Squares.
Value.
5, 000 24, 690 39, 460 7,955 411. 550
$5, 850 22, 500 123, 937 150, 568 1,050 42, 092 380, 430
214, 337 33, 955
738, 222
455, 860 118, 851
2, 301, 138
Other purposes
than roofing,
value.
Total value.
$22, 901 2, 500
2, 450 239, 728
202, 307 19, 300
$5, 850 22, 500 146, 838 153, 068 1, 050 44, 542 1,620, 158
658, 167 138, 151
489, 186
2, 790, 324
(a) Includes Arkansas, Michigan, and Utah.
An inspection of tliis table shows tliat during the past year slate has been produced in nine States. During the census year 1890 twelve States yielded slate. The financial depression has had the effect of shutting- down operations in a number of States in which the industry had not yet secured a firm foothold.
Slate Industry In The Various States.
California. — As is the case with other kinds of stone, quarrying of slate in this State has not enjoyed great prosperity during the past year. The entire output comes from Eldorado County and was entirely devoted to roofing.
Georgia. — The slate industry in Georgia undoubtedly has a future, although operations have not been very extensive in the past. Demand for slate as a roofing material in the South has not been a keen one, but it is difficult to understand why it should not become so in view of the extending use of slate for rooting in other portions of the country.
Mineral Resources.
AltUongli slate is known to occur at a number of localities in the South, the quarries at Kock Mart are the only ones at present equipped to supply any considerable demand.
Maine. — Slate production in Maine increased from a total valuation of $139,200 in 1893 to $146,838 in 1894. Of the total value in the lat- ter year, $123,937 represents the value of 24,690 squares of roofing slate, while the remainder, $22,901, is the value of milled stock, the produc- tion of which is on the increase. The entire output comes from quar- ries in Piscataquis County.
Maryland. — The slate region of this State is a continuation of the York County slate belt. The Maryland quarries are all in the northern j)art of Harford County, near the State line. The quarries of these two counties constitute what is known as the Peach Bottom slate region. This region is discussed more fully in connection with Pennsylvania slate statistics. The Maryland product is almost entirely used for roofing purposes, 7,422 squares having been produced in 1893 and 39,460 in 1894. These products were valued at $37,884 and $150,568, respectively.
New Jersey. — The slate quarries of this State are an extension of the Pennsylvania slate belt, and only a little quarrying is annually done. The quarries are in Sussex and Warren counties.
New York. — The slate quarries of this State are all in Washington County, near the line separating New York and Vermont. The iew York quarries x)roduce slate of a cherry-red color, which is the only slate of its kind in the world. The price for this slate is much higher than for any other slate in the country. JSTo red slate is quarried on the Vermont side of the line. In 1894 the product amounted to 7,955 squares, valued at $42,092. Many of the quarrymen operating in Vermont reside in New York State.
In the report for 1893 the value of the output of slate in New York was placed at too high a figure, on account of an error arising from the difficulty in identifying quarries near the State line as belonging to one State or the other. The figures for 1894 are exact, having been verified by Mr. George W. Harris, formerly a resident of Fair Haven, Vt., who is familiar with the Vermont and New York slate region.
Pennsylvania. — As is evident from the table of production, this State produces more than half of the entire slate output of the country. The product of 1894 was valued at $1,620,158. Of this amount $1,380,430 is the value of 411,550 squares of roofing slate, while the remainder is the value of milled stock.
The following descrijition of the State quarrying regions of Penn- sylvania is taken from the writer's report in Mineral Kesources for 1889-90:
While there is a great variety iu the colors of the slate produced in \'eriiioiit, a similar statement does not apply to Pennsylvania, the product of which is entirely black, although a very line distinction is locally made between black aud a sort of bluish-black.
Stone.
The actively quarried slate belt of Peimsylvania really begins in Sussex County, in the northeastern part of New Jersej, where, at Lafayette and Newton, there are slate quarries in operation, and also in Warren County, at Polkville. The Pennsyl- vania portion of this slate belt begins at the Delaware Water Gap, in the northeast- ern part of Northampton County, and extends through Northampton, Lehigh, and Berks counties in a southwesterly direction. There is then a break filled up by Lebanon and Lancaster counties to the southwest, but in the southern part of York County operations in what is known as the Peach Bottom region reappear. Passing from the Delaware Water Gap in a southwesterly direction, the most important pro- ducing localities are as follows: Slateford, Mount Bethel, East Bangor, Pen Argyl, Wind Gap, Belfast, Edelman, Chapman Quarries, Treichlers, Danielsville, Walnut- port, Slatington, Tripoli, Lynnport, Steinsville, and finally, in York County, a por- tion of what is known as the Peach Bottom region, which is for the most part in the northern part of Harford County, Md. The most important localities in York County are West Bangor and Delta, which may be regarded as the principal points for the entire Peach Bottom region. The slate of Pennsylvania is frequently divided, more for commercial reasons than anything else, into the following regions: The Bangor region, the Lehigh, the Northampton Hard Vein, the Pen Argyl, and the Peach. Bottom regions. The Bangor region is entirely within Northampton County, and is the most important. It includes quarries at Bangor, East Bangor, Mount Bethel, and Slateford; the Lehigh region includes Lehigh County entire, also a few quarries in Berks and Carbon counties, and also a small number of quarries in North- ampton County, on the side of the Lehigh River, opposite Slatington; the Pen Argyl region embraces quarries at Pen Argyl and Wind Gap, in Northampton County. The Northampton Hard Vein region is especially distinguished on account of the extreme hardness of the slate as compared with that produced in other regions of the State. It includes the following localities: Chapman Quarries, Belfast, Edelman, Seems- ville, and Treichlers, all in Northampton County. The Peach Bottom region includes four quarries in York County, Pa., and five in Harford County, Md.
One of the chief difficulties met with in quarrying the so-called ''soft'' slate of Pennsylvania is the occurrence of what are known as ''ribbons." These ribbons are composed of foreign material and are exceedingly hard and interfere not a little with the smooth and economical quarrying of the slate. These ribbons are entirely want- ing in the Peach Bottom slate, and this makes a great difference in the ease of quar- rying in favor of the product of the Peach Bottom region. The slate produced at Chapman Quarries and other localities quarrying the same kind of slate that is pro- duced at this locality is so extremely hard that although it can be split with about the same readiness as the soft slate, it has to be sawed with diamond saws. This hardness is naturally an advantage to the slate, rendering it durable and nonabsorp- tive. For flagging purposes it is extremely well adapted, chiefly on account of its hardness. The most important product into which this hard vein slate is made is roofing slate, although it finds considerable application for billiard tables, imposing stones, blackboards, cisterns, lintels, window sills, copings, ridgepoles, stairsteps, and floor tiles. For paving purposes it has given great satisfaction.
The largest quarry in the State, and probably in the country, is the old Bangor quarry at Bangor. The dimensions of this quarry are 1,100 feet long, 350 feet wide, with an average depth of 175 feet. Operations are conducted on a very large scale here in every respect, two locomotive engines and a large number of cars being kept during a part of the year almost constantly employed in stripping and transporting the surface material to the dump.
Slate quarrying not only in Pennsylvania, but in all other States producing slate, is carried on almost entirely by the Welsh, in so far as skilled labor is concerned. This is of course due to the fact that operations of quarrying slate have been better studied in the enormous slate quarries of Wales than in any other part of the world, and naturally labor skilled in slate quarrying comes from that country. For ordi-
Mineral Resources.
iiary liibor, siicli as stripping, Italians supply most of the demand. A large school- slate factory is iu active operation at Bangor. In this factory the operations are carried on almost entirely" by machinery, which is so perfect in its working that the manual labor required iu attending to it is largely monopolized by children of both sexes. Similar statements may be made of large and i)rosperous school- slate fac- tories in operation in Slatington and Walnuti)ort. In the manufacture of rooting slate, boys are ([uite freely employed in the work of trimming the slates after they have been split to the proper thickness and approximate size. This practice enables the Welsh to keep the skilled work largely in their own hands, as they bring up their sons to learn the business after them, beginning with the light Mork of trim- ming, and as they grow older and stronger extending their work to the heavier operations.
Vermont. — The slate output of this State comes eutirely from quarries in Eutland County. The industry has suffered quite noticeably from the financial depression which has characterized the years 1893 and 1894. The total value of the output of 1893 was placed at $535,732. As explained in connection with the consideration of slate statistics in New York State, the above figures for 1893 in Vermont are somewhat too low, as returns from some Vermont quarries operated by residents of New York State were erroneously returned as belonging to the lat- ter. The value of the product iu 1894 for Vermont has been very exactly ascertained to be $658,167. Of this amount, $455,860 repre- sents the value of 214,337 squares of roofing slate, while the remainder is the value of milled stock.
The area in which slate is actually iroduced at present is confined to a narrow strip in Washington County, N. Y., and a somewhat wider one lying next to it in Eutland County, Vt. It extends from Castleton, Vt., on the north, to Salem, N. Y., on the south, a distance of 35 or 40 miles, and has a maximum width of 6 miles, but the average is not more than a mile and a half. Scattered over this territory there are about forty-nine quarries in Vermont, and abandoned quarries, or those which for one cause or another are at iresent idle, number many more. The first commercial use to be made of the slate of this region was between thirty and forty years ago, when Messrs. Alanson and Ira Allen began on a small scale the manufacture of school slates from the stone obtained at Scotch Hills, 2 miles north of the village of Fair Haven. This quarry is still in operation. The industry has now reached large proportions, the number of quarries keeping i)ace with the demand for the stone, and this is steadily increasing as new pur- poses are found for its application.
According to Mr. George W. Harris an outcropping of black slate has been observed near Benson, Rutland County. No actual developments have been made, but tested samples give promising indications both as to texture and color.
The skite differs somewhat in its physical properties, such as hard, ness, homogeneity, and cleavage, but the greatest variation is to be found in its (olor, no other place in the world showing so many colors in an area of equal size. Most of the commercial names under which
Stone.
the slate is sold are descriptive of the color of each kind, and are as follows: Sea green, unfading green, uniform green, bright green, red- bright red, cherry red, purple, purple variegated, variegated, and mottled .
The line dividing Vermont and New York also marks the division of two important varieties of slate. The true sea-green is found only in the former State, while the red is entirely confined to the latter, some of the quarries xroducing the respective kinds being, however, but a few hundred yards apart. The sea-green slate is manufactured almost entirely into roofing slates, more than three times as many squares being made from it as from all other varieties combined. It is quar- ried very extensively in the villages of Pawlet and Poultney. The sell- ing price per square is lower than for any other prominent kind quarried in the region, and the greater output results both from its predominance in the localities mentioned and from the ease with which it is worked, the split being renuirkably pronounced. When first quarried its color is a pleasant grayish-green, but after being exposed to the weather it gradually fades and changes in a very unequal manner, certain sheets turning brown, others light gray, while some remain practically unchanged. A roof covered with it presents, after a year or two, a peculiar spotted appearance. It is, however, a good wearing slate, and the objection to its color is the principal one against it.
As already stated, no red slate is jiroduced in Vermont, while the red-slate quarries of New York, just across the dividing line, are the only ones in the world producing red slate.
Virginia. — The slate industry of Virginia is developing in a satisfac- tory manner, and although the general business depression has affected the industry during the past two years, progress has been made both in an increase of output in 1894 as compared with 1893, and in the fur- ther perfection of mills for tlie manufacture of products other than roof- ing slate. The value of the output in 1893 was $117,347, representing the value of 27,106 squares of roofing slate and $12,500 worth of milled stock. In 1894 the total value of the output was $138,151, of which $19,300 represented the value of milled stock and the remainder that of 33,955 squares of rooting slate. Most of the product comes from Buckingham County, while the rest is quarried in Amherst and Albe- marle counties.
Historical Data.
According to Mr. George W. Harris, of Fair Haven, Vt., the quarry- ing of slate began with the operations at the Cilgwyn quarries in Wales. From these was taken the slate used in roofing some of the oldest castles in that country. Some of these structures are said to have been in existence prior to the Norman conquest. Excavations made in one of the ancient churchyards of Wales revealed a head- stone erected over the grave of Sir William Brereton, who, according 16 GEOL, PT 4 31
482 Mineral Resources.
to tbe inscription, died in the year 1651. A headstone in a graveyard at Plymouth, Mass., bears the date February 23, 1672. This shib and others were brought to this country as ballast in ships from the earliest Welsh quarries.
The first use to which Vermont slate appears to have been put was the manufacture of school slates by Deacon Ranney and Colonel Allen, of Fair Haven, Vt. In 1847 the jjroduction of roofing slate began, only 200 squares being manufactured the first year. In 1855 the same locality yielded 45,000 squares of roofing slate.
The Sandstoe Industry. Nature And Varieties Of Sandstone.
The constituent granules of sandstone have resulted from the disin- tegration of the older rocks under the influences of dynamic action, erosion, and weathering. The sedimentary deposition of these gran- ules from suspension in water, supiDlemented by the cementing effect of other substances, aided by pressure, has given rise to what is known as sandstone. The hardest essential component of the older rocks is quartz, which is naturally therefore the most abundant granule-form ing material, and while other minerals are to be found in sandstone most of the sandstones are almost entirely made up of quartz. Feldspar and mica are to be found in some sandstones, but the constitution of this rock on the whole is much simx)ler and more uniform than is the case with granitic and volcanic rocks.
The size of the constituent granules in sandstone is quite variable, and thus it is customary to distinguish between fine and coarse grained stone.
The nature of the material which binds the granules together is an important consideration, since it determines largely the strength, dur- ability, and beauty of the stone, and consequently its commercial value. It is scarcely necessary to observe that no matter how hard the gran- ules of a sandstone may be, if they are not firmly bound together the rock as a whole may be easily crushed and disintegrated. The com- monly occurring cementing materials are oxides of iron, argillaceous material, calcium carbonate, and silica, the latter in a different physi- cal condition from that which constitutes the quartz granules themselves.
Argillaceous sandstone is that in which the cementing material is clay; such stone is apt to be weak and easily crushed, unless it happens that the original clay has been changed and hardened by metamorphic action.
The cementing material of calcareous sandstone is calcium carbonate, which, owing to its susceptibility to decomposition under the influence of an a(;id atmosi)here, is not so desirable as some other materials.
Ferruginous sandstone is that in which the cement consists of one or another of the oxides of iron, or mixtures of them. These oxides of
Stone.
iron are to be found in many of the best sandstones. In addition to tlieir cementing qualities they are also responsible for the color of the stone when this is pink, red, brown, or some shade intermediate between them. Sandstones in which but little or no ferric oxide is present usu- ally show a light color, due to the absence of iron compounds altogether or to their presence only in the ferrous or unoxidized condition. Light- colored stone frequently becomes darker in color upon exposure to the air, on account of the oxidation of ferrous compounds (oxide or carbon- ate) or iron pyrites to ferric oxide.
When the cementing material is silica, which is chemically the same thing as quartz, the stone consists entirely of silica. Such stone is extremely hard and durable, but difficult to work. It is not subject to change in color, which is light gray or bluish gray. When such stone occurs in thin layers it is easily quarried in sheets or slabs, in which form it is used extensively for curbing and flagging in our largest cities, and is known commercially as bluestone. Siliceous sandstone grades into what is known as quartzite, which has been hardened by heat and pressure.
Composition Of Sandstone As Shown By Analyses Of Samples
From Various Localities.
The following table of analyses of sandstone from a number of localities will serve to indicate its general composition :
Analyses of sandstone.
No.
Kinds of stone.
Manyard
Worcester
Kibbie quartz. Brownstone .. Sandstone
Quartzite
Buff
Berea
Euclid blue- stone.
Columbia
Red
Elyria
Sandstone . . .
Locality.
East Longmeadow, Mass.
do
do
Portland, Conn
Stony Point, Mich .
Pipestone, Minn . .
Amherst, Ohio
Berea, Ohio
Euclid County, Ohio.
Columbia, Ohio
Laurel Run, Pa. . . .
Grafton, Ohio
Fond du Lac, Minn .
Silica.
Per cent.
Alu- mina.
Per cent.
94. 00 Trace 87.66 i 1.72 78.24 i 10.88
Iron ox- ides.
Per cent.
Man- ga- nese oxide.
Per cent.
Lime.
Per cent.
Mag- nesia.
Per cent.
Pot- ash.
Per cent.
Soda.
Per cent.
Trace
3." 36"
5." 43
Undeter-
mined.
Trace
Car- bonic acid, water, and loss.
Per cent.
Authorities for Analyses.— Nos. 1 and 2, Leonard P. Kinnicutt, Ph. D. ; No. 3, C. F. Chambers, Ph. D. ; No. 4, F. W. Taylor ; No. 5, F. W. Clarke, United States Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 27 ; No. 6, Geology of Minnesota, vol. 1 ; No. 7, J. H. Salesbury ; No. 8, John Eisenmann; No. 11, A. A. Breniman; No. 12, F. F. Jewett ; No. 13, N. H. Wiuchell, Geology of Minnesota, vol. 1.
Mineral. Resources.
Uses To Which Sandstone Is Put.
The following is a list showing the various uses to which the sand- stone of the country is put:
SoHd fronts. Foundations. Cellar walls. Underpinning. Steps.
Paving blocks.
Curbing.
Flagging.
Grindstones.
Bridges. Culverts. Aqueducts. Dams.
Wharf stone.
Grout,
Hitching posts. Fence wall. Sand for glass.
Foundations, Superstructures, And Trimmings.
Buttresses. Capping. Ashlar.
Window sills. Belting or belt Forts. Lintels. courses. Dimensions.
Kiln stone. Rubble. Sills.
Street Work.
Bas in heads or catch- basin covers. Stepping stones.
Road making:
Macadam. Sledged stone. Telford. Crushed stone. Concrete.
Abrasive Purposes.
Whetstones.
Shoe rubbers.
Oilstones.
Bank stone.
Parapets.
Docks.
Bridge covering.
Bridge, Dam, And Railroad Work.
Breakwater. Rails. Jetties. Ballast. Piers. Approaches. Buttresses. Towers. Capstone.
Miscellaneous.
Lining for blast fur- Watering troughs. Glass furnaces.
naces. Fluxing. Core sand for found-
Rolling-mill fur- Ganister. ries.
naces. Fire brick, sil ica Random stock.
Sand for plaster and Adamantine plaster. brick.
cement. Millstones. Lining for steel con-
Furnace hearths. Cemetery work. verters.
Value Of The Sandstone Product, By States.
The following table shows, by States, the value of the sandstone pro- duced during the calendar year 1894:
Value of sandstone production in 1894, by States.
states.
Value.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut ..
Geor}ria
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kent ucky
Maryliind
Massachusetts
Michifan
Minnesota
$18, 2, 10, 69,
322,
11, 10, 10, 22, 11, 30, 27, 3, 150, 34,
States.
Missouri
Montana
New J ersey . . . New Mexico. .
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvjinia. South Dakota.
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washinjitou . . West A'irginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total . . .
Value.
$131, 16,
450, 1,777, 349, 9, 62, 2, 6, 63, 94, 4,
3, 945, 847
Stone.
Inspection of the foregoing table, which reveals a total value of $3,945,847, and a comparison with the total for the year 1893, shows a falling off in production of $1,249,304. This decrease is greater than for any other kind of stone. This is what would naturally be expected, in view of the fact that sandstone is more exclusively used for building purposes than any other variety of stone. Thus, granite is quite largely employed as paving material in the form of Belgian blocks, and for monumental and cemetery purposes; limestone, also, besides its use as building material, is used for road making, burning into lime, and for blast-furnace flux purposes, requiring large quantities of stone. In the census year 1889, 23 per cent of the limestone, 43 ier cent of the gran- ite, and 65 per cent of the sandstone were the proportions of each used for building purposes. Hence it is, that building operations being restricted on account of hard times, the sandstone industry suffered more than the others. A surprisingly large number of sandstone quar- ries shut down operations entirely on account of the lack of demand, while, without any exception, the largest producers report a serious falling off* in output, sometimes amounting to 50 per cent of the value of the output in 1893.
The following table shows the production of sandstone, by States, for the years 1890 to 1894:
Value of sandstone, hy States, from 1890 to 1894.
States.
Arizona
$43, 965 9, 14fi 25, 074 175, .598 1, 224, 098 920, 061 (a) {a) 2, 490 17, 896 43, 983 80, 251 149, 289 117, 940 10, 605 649, 097 246, 570 131, 979 155, 557 31, 648 (a)
3,750 597, 309 186, 804 702, 419 12, 000 3, 046, 656 8,424 1, 609, 159 (a)
93, 570 2, 722 14, 651 48, 306 {a)
11,500 75, 936 140, 687 183, 958 16, 760
$30, 000 1,000 20, 000 100, 000 750, 000 750, 000
$32, 000 35, 000 18, 000 50, 000 550, 000 650, 000
$5, 400 46, 400 3,292 26, 314 126, 077 570, 346
$18, 100
Arkansas
California
Connecticut
Florida
2, 365 10, 087 69, 105 322, 934
Georgia
2, 000
3, 000 7, 500
80, 000 25, 000 70, 000 65, 000 5, 000 400, 000 500, 000 175, 000 125, 000 35, 000
11, 300 10, 529 10, 732 22, 120 11, 639 30, 265 27, 868 3, 450
150, 231 34, 066 8,415
131, 687 16, 500
Idaho . :
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Massachusetts
Micliigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
10, 000 90, 000 50, 000 80, 000 80, 000 10, 000 400, 000 275, 000 290, 000 100, 000 35, 000
2, (305 16, 859 20, 000 18, 347 24, 761 18, 000 223, 348 75, 547 80, 296 75, 701 42, 300
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
400, 000 50, 000
500, 000 15, 000 3, 200, 000
350. 000 20, 000 450, 000
267, 514 4, 922 415, 318
217, 941 450, 992
Ohio
Oregon
3, 300, 000 35, 000 650, 000
2, 201, 932
1, 777, 034
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
750, 000
622, 552
349, 787
South Dakota
Tennessee
25, 000
20, 000
36, 165
9, 000
Texas
Utah
Vermont
6, 000 36, 000
48, 000 40, 000
77, 675 136, 462
62, 350 15, 428
Virginia
40, 000 75, 000 90, 000 417, 000 25, 000
3, 830 15, 000 46, 135 92, 193
2, 258 6, 611 63, 865 94, 888 4, 000
Washington
"West Virginia
Wisconsin
Total
75, 000 85, 000 400, 000 15, 000
14, 464, 095
8, 700, 000
8, 265, 500
5, 195, 151
3, 945, 847
a Sandstone valued at $26,199 was produced by Rhode Island, Nevada, Vermont, Florida, and Georgia together, and this sum is included in tbe total.
Mineral Resources.
Sandstone. Industry In The Various States.
Alabama. — SandstoDe has been produced from quarries in Jefferson, Colbert, and St. Clair counties. Production in 1894 has been much restricted, but indications for improvement in 1895 are well defined and unmistakable.
Arlcansas. — But very little sandstone is quarried in Arkansas, although it has been produced on a limited scale in four different counties, namely, Johnson, Sebastian, Conway, and Miller.
California. — In sandstone production, as in that of all other kinds of stone, the year 1894 has been an exceedingly dull one in this State. Production in 1894 was so limited as to be hardly worth noting. In former years sandstone has been produced in the following counties, named in order of importance: Santa Clara, Amador, Ventura, San Bernardino, Yolo, Solano, and Napa.
Colorado. — Production of sandstone in Colorado a few years ago had assumed quite large proportions, and in 1889 the value of the output was found to be $1,224,098. During 1894 the industry almost came to a standstill, many operators quitting the business entirely, while others barely existed in their struggles with slack demand, low prices, and slow collections. The counties which have yielded sandstone are, in order of importance: Boulder, El Paso, Larimer, Eagle, Jefferson, Las Animas, Fremont, Park, Huerfano, and Montezuma.
Connecticut. — Practically the entire output of sandstone in this State comes from the well-known quarries at Portland, Middletown, and Crom- well, in Middlesex County. The product of these localities has long been in favor in the most important cities of the East. While produc- tion is in amount well below that of a few years since, the industry is in a stable condition, with promise of decidedly better results in 1895.
Georgia. — While a small quantity of sandstone was produced in 1894, this branch of the stone industry in Georgia has never amounted to a great deal. Much more enterprise has been shown in the development of its valuable resources in granite, marble, and slate.
Idaho. — The output of sandstone in Idaho exceeded that of the census year, but the industry does not yet cut much of a figure. The product is confined to Ada County.
Illinois. — This State, while very prominent for its limestone output, has not as yet done much in the way of quarrying sandstone, although operations have been carried on in Henry, Fulton, Whiteside, Union, Knox, Lee, and Clay counties.
Indiana. — Indiana is widely known for oolitic limestone rather than for other varieties. Sandstone is produced to a limited extent in the following counties: Warren, Fountain, Orange, and Putnam.
The sandstone of Orange County deserves esi)ecial mention on account of its value for abrasive pur})oses. This stone is said to need no oil to soften it, but is used with water alone, and it appears to be very
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Stone.
popular for the purpose of sharpeuing tools. It has been very highly recommended for razor hones and for sharpening axes and knives. It is found chiefly in the western part of Orange County, and appears to be produced in no other county of the State. Much of it is shipped in the rough to various points in New York to be sawed.
Iowa. — Sandstone production has beeu at quite a low ebb in 1894, although it has never been of much importance to the State. Marion and Hardin counties have beeu the most important, though small amounts nave been quarried in Cerro Gordo, Clayton, Lee, Jasper, Washington, aud Scott counties.
Kansas. — Sandstone is found in all parts of this State, but the most productive portions are in the southern and southeastern counties. Bourbon, Phillips, and Rawlins counties are the most productive, although quarries have been operated in Crawford, Woodson, Clark, Wilson, Kingman, Harper, and Comanche counties.
But little was done in 1894.
Kentuchy. — Although sandstone has been quarried in seven counties of the State, almost nothing was done in 1894. Productive counties are Rowan, Muhlenberg, Lewis, Bell, Crittenden, Rockcastle, and Ohio.
Maryland. — The annual production of sandstone in this State has never been large, although some of the stone is fine in quality. This statement applies particularly to stone quarried in Montgomery County, on the Potomac River, 20 miles from Washington. It Avas known originally as Seneca red sandstone. It has been used in quite a large number of buildings in the city of Washington, notably the Smith- sonian Institution. From all the evidence which has been submitted it appears to be one of the best red sandstones in the country. Many of the strong and unqualified indorsements of this stone appear as the favorable result of an investigation of a committee of Congress appointed to investigate the use of this stone in the construction of the State, War, and Navy Department building in Washington.
Massachusetts. — While the granite interests of Massachusetts have held their own during the financial depression, sandstone production has fallen oft' decidedly. The productive counties are Hampden, Suf- folk, Norfolk, and Hampshire. The first named yields most of the product.
Michigan. — This State has produced some fine grades of sandstone, which are favorably received by builders over quite a wide area of the country. Leading producers rej)ort poor business for the past year, but there is no doubt that indications for 1895 are much more favorable. Productive counties are chiefly Houghton and Marquette.
Minnesota. — Production fell off markedly in 1894. Productive coun- ties are Pine, Pipestone, St. Louis, Houston, Rock, and Scott.
The developments which have been made in Pipestone County in what is commercially known as " Pipestone red jasper" are of particular interest. This is a metamorphic quartzite rock of intense hardness,
Mineral Resources.
varying in color from clierry to lavender or violet. Its extreme hard- ness is another Important characteristic. The following analysis was made by Dr. C. T. Jackson:
Analysis of red jpipestone from Pipestone County, Minn.
Water
Silica
Alumina
Magnesia
Peroxide of iron
Oxide of manganese Carbonate of lime.. Loss
Total
The following tests of this stone have been made :
Tests of Minnesota red pipestone.
Crushing strength lbs. per sq. in.. 23,000
Specific gravity 2.8
Weight per cubic foot lbs . . 170. 6
On account of its color and desirable properties which tend to make the stone durable, it is quite popular as a building material, and has already been used in the construction* of a large number of important buildings.
Missotiri. — Sandstone quarrying was very much depressed through- out the year. In spite of hard times, however, the falling off was not nearly so pronounced as in many other States. The value of the product in 1889 was $155,557, and in 1894, $131,687. The most impor- tant counties are Johnson, St Glair, and Cape Girardeau; others less productive are Carroll, Barton, Saline, Franklin, Vernon, Holt, Lewis, Buchanan, and Henry.
Montana. — A small amount of sandstone was quarried during the year. The productive counties are Deer Lodge, Cascade, Custer, and Yellowstone.
New Jersey. — The sandstone industry of New Jersey is one of consid- erable magnitude, having amounted in 1889 to a valuation of $597,309. The decrease to $217,941 in 1894 appears to be entirely attributable to the general low condition of trade.
New York. — The sandstones of this State are quite various in color and in fineness of texture; some of them have won lasting reputations for adai)tability to building purposes. Production languished in 1894, amounting in value to $450,992, hile in 1889, the corresponding figure was $702,419.
The best known sandstone is the Potsdam red sandstone. It has an enviabhi reputation for durability and for ability to withstand the eli'ects of sudden heating and cooling.
Stone.
The leading countries producing sandstone are Orleans and St. Law- rence j others are Niagara, Oswego, Oneida, Jefferson, Chenango, Mon- roe, Allegany , Greene, Kockland, Washington, Tioga, Steuben, Schuyler, Franklin, Wyoming, Essex, Chautauqua, Otsego, and Cattaraugus.
lu addition to the production of sandstone in Kew York, a large quantity of what is commercially known as ''bluestone" is quarried. Bluestone is the name given to the variety of sandstone which consists almost entirely of granules of silica cemented together by silica. The identity of this stone with sandstone is not generally recognized among the bluestone producers; in fact, many of them seem almost indignant if it is called sandstone. The bluestone industry is entirely distinct from what is herein given as tlie sandstone industry. Owing to the hardness and durability of bluestone, as well as the manner iuAvhich it occurs in the earth, it is well adapted to purposes of street paving, such as flagging and curbing, and most of it is devoted to these uses. A certain amount of the stone is quarried from regularly organized quar- ries, with a definitely invested capital and ilant and good facilities for quarrying, but a large amount is iroduced irregularly and spasmodic- ally by men who invest no capital and have no definite organization as l)roducers of stone. Their operations are conducted as follows: Pro- vided with a very simple equipment of the most ordinary quarry tools, they dislodge the stone found on land belonging to other persons and transport it to a number of shipping xoints, selling it there to dealers who make a business of collecting the stone in this manner and ship- ping it to places where it is used. The dealers jay the individuals who quarry the stone an amount which simply compensates them for their time and labor, while the owner of the iroperty receives a certain defi- nite percentage from the dealer for the amount of stone thus taken from his land. During the year 1889, and a number of years previous, some of the dealers at various i)oints in 'New York State constituted the members of the Union Bluestone Company, with headquarters in New York City. Each member of this company was entitled to furnish a certain percentage of the total amount sold by this company in a given year. The dealers may, therefore, be regarded in a certain sense as producers. The laud on which this stone is quarried is, generally speaking, of little value for anything but the bluestone contained u it. Originally the stone was quarried for flagging only, but more recently it has been applied to quite a long list of x>urposes, such as rubble masonry, retaining walls, and bridge stone, curbing, gutters, step stones flooring, vault covers, bases of tombstones, porch and hitching posts, house trimmings, such as platforms, stejjs, door and window sills, lintels, and caps.
The stone is known commercially by a number of names, which designate approximately the region from which it is taken. Among the names in common use may be mentioned the following: Hudson River bluestone, Hudson River flagging, North River bluestone, North
Mineral Resources.
River flaggiug, Pennsylvauia bluestone, Wyoming Yalley bluestone, Delaware Biver bluestone, Delaware flags, bluestoiie flagging, and bliiestone.
The value of tlie bluestone iroduced in lew York in 1889 was $1,303,321. This product came from 142 quarries, in addition to numerous minor quarries or holes from which the product was taken by laborers, as has already been described. The x)roductive counties are seen in the following list: Ulster, $662,324; Delaware, $150,866; Chenango, $93,100; Sullivan, $87,930; Wyoming, $50,260; Schenec- tady, $47,906; Orange, 33,405; Albany, $23,285, and smaller amounts from Otsego, Jefferson, Tompkins, Schoharie, Steuben, Seneca, Greene, Chemung, Broome, Saratoga, Oneida, Rockland, Franklin,Washington, and Yates. The Union Bluestone Company, as organized in 1889, has dissolved.
No canvass of the bluestone producers has been made since 1889, when the census figures, which were collected with great care by per- sonal visitation of all producing localities, gave the values and distri- bution above stated. It is safe, however, to estimate the output for 1894 at $900,000, as production has fallen off in value since 1889.
The following article, originally published in " Stone' for July, 1893, is of interest as showing the peculiarities of bluestone quarrying :
The quarrying of bluestone probably requires as much skill, if not more, than any other kind of stone, a fact often overlooked, and a potent factor in the success or failure of a quarryman. It seems to be the general impression among a great many users, and perhaps a few of the producers, of this most useful and durable stone that a man need onlj find a deposit of salable quality of bluestone, with no more than the usual proportion of top to bed, and with the usual shipping facilities, and success is assured, but for any one who has been closely connected with this especially interesting business it is easy to find the reason why a quarry has not paid. The causes are usually radical, and one of the first flaws, after ascertaining that the quarry contains stone in fair quantity, will be found by looking into the system of quarrying, wherein usually inheres the drawback to the prosperity' of the quarry.
The peculiar formation of bluestone, and the fact that it is found in comparatively small deposits, make the use of machinery impracticable, a quarry in Chenango County, N. Y., probably being the only one which uses any of the modern machinery or blasting devices in quarrying, such as the Knox system in use at this place. Some few of the other large quarries, perhaps, are using the Knox system in blast- ing their top rock, and quite a number are equipped with steam drills, but it is safe to say that 90 per cent of all the bluestone is quarried by hand wedges and sledges. Flagging is a large percentage of the kind produced, and runs from one-fourth inch thick up. The beds usually produce the thinner stone on top, running heavier as the bed is worked down. Nearly ever}' quarry has its own peculiar formation. Quarries within 400 or 500 yards of each other frequently differ greatly as to quality and formation. As a rule the best quarrymen have worked in the quarries from the time they have T)een able to do anything, and as that is usually pretty early in life, many of tlicm have gained such knowledge of the work that they know to a cer- tainty how the stone will work as soon as they see the bed, without raising a lift. It is only after long Avork at quarrying that a man becomes expert. In raising the flag it is very necessary that they come uj) in as large pieces as possible, that the cutters may get the larger-sized stone most in demand and for which the best irices
Stone.
are obtained. A good quarryman will handle a lift witli utmost skill, driving the wedges just enough to give it the proper strain to free itself from the bed of stone, and yet not so to strain it that it will break under the stonecutter's tool, or perhaps before it is raised. There are no general rules or directions to follow; only knowl- edge and skill obtained by long and close attention to the work are of any service.
Ohio. — This State stands in first place among all the States of the Union for its output of sandstone. The value of the product in 1894 is $1,777,034. The financial depression during- the past two years has been severely felt by the sandstone producers of the State. In 1890 the total value amounted to $3,046,656. The productive counties, in order of importance, are as follows : Cuyahoga, Lorain, Stark, Scioto, Washington, Huron, Fairfield, Summit, Trumbull, Morrow, Wayne, Muskingum; and smaller amounts from Crawford, Richland, Holmes, Harrison, Tuscarawas, Belmont, Jefferson, Mahoning, Brie, Delaware, Franklin, Lucas, Meigs, Montgomery, Ross, Licking, Guernsey, Colum- biana, Perry, Portage, Wood, Ashland, Pike, and Lawrence. By far the most of the stone comes from Cuyahoga and Lorain counties, in the northern part of the State.
Some of the sandstone quarries of Cuyahoga and Lorain counties are operated in a most thorough, complete, and economical manner; the latest appliances are in use, and for smoothness of working very few quarries in the country can compare with them. The use of the Knox system of blasting in the quarries of this State is attended with great success. The stone is of such a thoroughly homogeneous character that the result of a blast by the Knox system is simply to move, slightly, large masses of stone without spalling or weakening them in any man- ner. One could almost stand upon the mass of rock while being blasted out without danger of personal injury.
The uses to which Ohio sandstone is put are as follows : About one- sixth is consumed for abrasive purjjoses, for which the stone has a very high reputation. It supplies most of the demand in the United States for grindstones, etc. Somewhat more than one-half is used for build- ing. About one-seventh is devoted to street work ; while the remainder is consumed in bridge, dam, and railroad construction.
Pennsylvania. — The value of the product in 1894 was $349,787. A great many quarries ceased operations entirely during the past year, demand being very light and irices lower than heretofore. The fol- lowing are the productive counties, in order of importance: Beaver, Dauphin, Lawrence, Allegheny, Westmoreland, Montgomery, Lacka- wanna, Fayette, Luzerne, and Somerset; and smaller amounts from Huntingdon, Bucks, Chester, Tioga, Philadelphia, Lancaster, Indiana, Berks, Blair, Lehigh, Erie, Lebanon, Clearfield, Lycoming, Yenango, Jefferson, Cambria, Warren, Elk, Crawford, Armstrong, Clarion, Mc- Kean, Delaware, Greene, and Susquehanna.
South DaJcota. — The total output reached a valuation of only $9,000, The industry is a new one in this State, but there is reason to believe that it will develop considerably in the course of the next decade.
Mineral Resources.
Texas. — The value of the output was $62,350, which is quite an increase over the product of a few years ago. The output comes from quarries in Washington, Parker, Grimes, Llano, Brown, Collin, and Wise counties.
Utah.—T\\Q value of the output of 1894 was $15,428. The product- ive counties are Utah, Summit, Emery, and Boxelder.
Virginia. — The i)roduction of sandstone in Virginia has thus far been very limited. Campbell and Prince WiUiam counties have yielded most of the product.
Washington. — Although very fine sandstone is known to occur on the shores of Lake Whatcom, but very little has yet been done in the way of development. The product of 1894 is valued at $6,611.
West Virginia. — In this State there are large quantities of sandstone admirably adapted for use in heavy foundation work, and particularly bridge work. Productive counties are Kanawha, Wood, Summers, Ohio, Marion, Lewis, Preston, Kitchie, Harrison, McDowell, and Taylor. The value of the output in 1894 was $63,865.
Wisconsin. — This State produced $94,888 worth of sandstone in 1894. This amount differs but little from that of 1893. Productive counties are Bayfield, Pierce, Douglas, Ashland, Dunn; small amounts have been taken from the following: Sauk, Lafayette, Monroe, Portage, Jackson, La Crosse, Trempealeau, Dane, and Grant.
Wyoming. — Quarrying in this State is in its infancy, although there appear to be many possibilities well worth investigation when the demand for sandstone is such as to justify it. Stone has been pro- duced in Laramie, Albany, Converse, Carbon, and Sweetwater counties.
The Limestone Industry. Nature, Origin, And Uses Of Limestone.
The name ''limestone" implies stone from which lime is made. Strictly speaking, therefore, it should apply only to the carbonate of calcium, which, by ignition, is converted into lime. In practice, how- ever, the name covers quite a variety of materials which contain car- bonate of calcium, but in very different degrees. When limestone presents itself in crystalline condition, so as to be susceptible of tine polish and delicate ornamentation, it is known as marble. Marble is specially treated in an earlier portion of this report, inasmuch as its beauty of texture and fine crystalline condition make it applicable to uses for which the noncrystalline variety of limestone can not serve.
Calcium carbonate is frequently associated with magnesium car- bonate in varying proi)ortions. When the proportion of the latter is small the stone is called magnesian limestone, but when the proportion becomes 54.35 ])arts of calcium carbonate to 45.05 parts of magnesium carbonate it receives the name of " dolomite," which, if crystalline,
Stone.
may constitute a marble, but if noncrystalline is classed with the ordinary limestones. The term " ordinary limestone " is commonly used to include all the grades and degrees of limestone except marble, and it is of ordinary limestone" with this meaning that this report treats.
The limestones are mainly, thougli probably not entirely, of organic origin, resulting from the deposition and aggregation of shells, corals, etc.; but at the time of deposition other materials, such as clay, sand, iron oxides, iron pyrites, mica, etc., may have been included, thus pro- ducing a large number of grades, which are frequently distinguished by names which imply the presence of the most characteristic impurity. Siliceous, argillaceous, and micaceous limestones are names in common use. Usually the presence of these impurities is an objection to the stone for almost all the great variety of uses to which limestone is applied.
The detailed uses to which ordinary limestone is put are numerous, and some of them are of vast importance, because they can not be met by any other kind of stone. Some of the uses to which limestone is put bring it into comiietition with the granites and sandstone, such as building of all kinds, road making, and structural purposes generally. In its application to lime burning and blast-furnace flux, limestone stands alone, and, as will be seen from the table of production, large quantities are devoted to these purposes.
Value Of Limestone Product, By States. '
Owing to the widespread distribution of limestone throughout the United States and the number and varied character of the uses to which it is put, the collection of accurate statistics becomes a much more difficult problem than is encountered in the same undertaking with any other kind of stone. In view of the difficulties which present themselves in connection with statistics of limestone, an entire revis- ion of the directory was made, and as a result the original list of names of producers was decidedly lengthened. While the original list contained the names of all important operators, a great many additional names of less important producers were secured. The method which was found most effective in obtaining knowledge of new names con- sisted in addressing to postmasters of all offices located in limestone producing counties of the country a double postal card, which enabled them to return to this Bureau names of all persons in their vicinity who quarry limestone for any purpose whatsoever. The results which followed our subsequent request for information addressed to limestone producers are most gratifying, since there was every reason to believe that the returns relating to value of output were so full and complete as to amount to an actual census.
Mineral Resources.
The following table sliows tlie value of lime made, the value of stone used for building and road making, the value of stone used for blast- furnace flux, and the total value for all purposes together:
Value of limestone production in 1894, with uses to which the stone was applied.
States.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado ,
Connecticut ...
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
N'ew Jersey
'New Mexico .. New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania. . Rhode Island . South Carolina South Dakota.
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington . . West Virginia Wisconsin
Total . . .
Lime.
$171
1,743
,344 , 710 ,360 ,250 ,413 ,414 ,419 ,000 ,315 ,973 ,545 , 066 ,065 ,815 ,089 ,979 ,065 ,656 ,499 ,133 ,850 ,197 ,503 ,705 ,947 ,433 , 000 ,013 ,921 ,308 ,065 ,730 ,915 ,148 ,801 ,971
8, 610, 607
Building and road makinji'.
Mux.
$30, 925 44, 100 3, 868 15, 650 35, 077
$8, 000
14,220
2, 167, 979 895, 563 379, 564 228, 974 96, 119
43, 807 22, 917 212, 764 411, 669 36, 165 7, 528 8, 190 4, 220 709, 962 752, 772 547, 990
1,650 85, 743 28, 218 10, 031 1, 080 109, 172 2, 000 8, 972 213, 435
7, 382, 055
72, 680
13, 955 8,' 136
8, 386 50, 000 333, 625
2, 000 23," 460
520, 242
Total.
$210
38,
2, 555 1,203 4,
1, 378
1, 733
2, 625
,269 ,810 ,900 , 170 ,414 ,639 ,000 , 315 , 952 , 108 ,630 ,039 ,934 ,089 ,786 ,982 ,287 ,263 ,802 ,970 ,228 ,523 , 910 ,851 ,477 ,562 ,433 ,100 ,663 ,664 ,696 ,810 ,547 , 148 ,773 ,406
16, 512, 904
It is evident from an inspection of the totals that the value of the lime output for the entire country is $8,610,607, or somewhat more than one-half the total value of the total output of limestone for all pur- poses. Somewhat less than half has been devoted to building and road making, while the remainder has been used for fluxing purposes. For the last-named uses the amount consumed has in the last year been smaller than usual on account of the depression which has existed in the manufacture of iron.
A comparison of the figures for 1894 with those of the census year 1890 shows a decline from $19,095,179 to $16,512,904. This, however, is not surprising in view of the exceptional financial depression.
Stone.
The following table shows the value of the limestone output by States for the years 1890 to 1894, inclusive:
Value of limestone, by States, from 1890 to 1894.
states.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut . . .
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois.
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Jersey . . . New Mexico...
New York
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania . Khode Island. . South Carolina South Dakota .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington. . . West Virginia.
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
$324, (a) 18, 516, 138, 131, (a) (a) 28, 2, 190, 1,889, 530, 478, 303, 1, 523, 164, 119, 85, 613, 1,859, 129, 3,
1, 708, 1,514,
(a)
2, 655,
?7, 11, (a) 73, 27, 195, 159, 231, 813, (a)
$300, 000
20, 000 400, 000
90, 000 100, 000
2, 100, 000 25, 000 50, 000
70, 000 175, 000
175, 000 170, 000 25, 000 85, 000 675, Ouo
$325, 000
18, 000 400, Ouo 100, Coo
95, 000
5,
2, 030, 000
3,
185,
2, 100, 000
1,
800,
400, 000
705,
300, 000
310,
250, 000
275,
1, 200, 000
1,
600,
150, 000
200,
100, Uoo
200,
75, 000
95,
600, 000
600,
1, 400, 000
1,
400,
6,
175, 000
180,
100, 000
180,
2, 000
5,
1, 200, 000
1,
200,
1, 250, 000
2,
025,
1, 900, 000 30, 000 50, 000
20, 000 180, 000 8, 000 200, 000 185, 000 100, 000
85, 000 675, 000
19,095,179 I 8,700,000
18, 392, 000
$205, 000 15, 000 7, 611 288, 626 60, 000 155, 000 35, 000 34, 500 1, 000 2, 305, 000 1, 474, 695 547, 000 175, 173 203, 000 1, 175, 000
156, 528 53, 282 208, 088 861, 563 4, 100 158, 927 149, 416
1, 103, 529 1, 848, 063 15, 100 1, 552, 336 24, 800 22, 070 126, 089 28, 100 17, 446 151, 067 82, 685 139, 862 19, 184 543, 283
13, 920, 223
$210,
19, 38, 288, 132, 204, 30, 32, 5,
2, 555, 1,203, 610, 241, 113, 810, 672, 195, 291, 578, 193, 4,
1,378, 1,733,
2, 625, 562 20, 433 25, 100 3, 663
188, 664 23, 696
408, 810
284, 547 59, 148 43, 773
798, 406
16,512, 904
aLimestone, valued at $77,935, was produced in Oregon, Georgia, Florida, Arizona, South Dakota, and Wyoming. This value is included in the total.
Limestone Industry In The Various States.
Alabama. — The total value of the output in 1894 is $210,269, includ- ing- the value of lime, amounting to $171,344. The product comes from the following counties: Shelby, Colbert, Lee, Blount, Franklin, Dekalb, Etowah, and Jefi'erson.
Arizona. — The production of limestone in this State is a compara- tively new development and the product amounts to but little as yet, namely, for 1894, $19,810, of which $15,710 is the value of lime made. The producing counties are Yavapai and Maricopa.
ArTcansas. — The total value of the output in 1894 was $38,228 of which the value of lime made was $34,360. The productive counties are Washington, Independence, Carroll, and Benton. The State has never produced a large quantity of lime or limestone.
In northern Arkansas, according to the geological survey made under the direction of Mr. John C. Braiiner, State geologist, there are
Mineral Resources.
six distinct beds of limestone. Each of these six heds will furnish good buildino- material. The upper bed in places will furnish marble, although the greater part of it has little commercial value. The third bed in the series furnishes an excellent building stone at almost every outcrop, and it is- found throughout nearly all the northern counties. It corresponds quite closely with the Indiana oolitic limestone, being in the same geological horizon, and resembling it in structure, except that it IS more crystalline and takes a finer polish than the Bedford (Indiana) stone. It is more crystalline, less oolitic, and more fossilif- erous in the western than in the eastern part of the bed. It has been quarried at Batesville, Independence County, for building stone and burning into lime. The fourth bed in the series, belonging to the Tren- ton period, occupies the same geological position as the Tennessee marble, which it resembles in structure and ap])earance. It has been traced and carefully mapped through Independence, Izard, Stone, Searcy, Marion, and parts of Newton and Boone counties. It is known to exist also m Madison and Carroll counties, and possibly extends as far west as the State line or beyond. Only small quantities have been quarried, for local use in monuments and mantels. It varies in color through light gray, i)ink, red, variegated, and mottled. The fifth bed is found in great quantities in Independence, Izard, Stone, and Searcy counties. It is a fair building material, and produces good lime. Some lithographic stone has been obtained from it.
California. — The value of the limestone output, $288,900, in 1894 is largely the value of lime produced; i. e., $273,250. The productive counties, in order of importance, are Santa Cruz, San Bernardino, Kern, Kiverside, and San Benito; small amounts have been quarried also in Eldorado, Santa Clara, San Diego, and Placer counties.
Co/omZo.— The total value of the output in 1894 was $132,170. Of this value $72,680 represents the quantity used for fluxing purposes, while the remainder was about evenly divided between building and lime making. Productive counties are Pitkin, Jefferson, La Plata, Boulder, Fremont, Pueblo, Larimer, and Chaffee.
Connecticut. — The total value of the output in 1894 was $204,414. The entire output is converted into lime. In spite of considerable com- plaint about hard times, business was better in 1894 than in 1893, as shown by a gain of $49,414. The product comes entirely from Litch- field and Fairfield counties.
Florida. — Production of stone of any kind in this State is limited to the past few years. The value of the limestone output in 1894 was $30,039, and its use was divided about equally between the building of jetties and burning into lime.
Georgia. — Catoosa County yielded lime valued at $32,000. Ordi- narily, quite a considerable amount is used for fluxing in blast furnaces, but much less was used for this purpose in 1894 than formerly.
T(l((ho. — A little limestone was converted into $5,31;") Avortli of lime in Kootenai, liiiigham, Alturas, and Fremont counties.
Stone.
Illinois. — The limestone interests ot this State are very large and important. The total value of the output in 1894 was $2,555,052. Of this amount $2,107,979 worth was used for building purposes. More than half of the product comes from Cook and Will counties, while the rest is distributed among the following counties: Adams, Jersey, Madi- son, Hardin, Kane, Pike, Kankakee, Hancock, St. Clair, Winnebago, Kock Island, Henderson, Dupage, Randolph, Union, Whiteside, Monroe, Ogle, Stephenson, Kendall, Jo Daviess, McHenry, Greene, and Lasalle.
The following description of the Lemont and Joliet stone is taken from the writer's report in Mineral Kesources for 1889-90 :
The operations in Cook and Will counties, on account of their magnitude, the general excellence of the stone produced, and the ease of quarrying and working out, deserve special mention. The region embraced by these two counties is known gen- erally as the Joliet region. It includes territory from about 5 miles south of the city of Joliet to about 10 to 12 miles north, taking in the towns of Lockport and Lemont and running along the valley of the Illinois River. Most of the quarries are situated on the banks of either the river or the canal. The stone exists in layers at the sur- face, varying from 1 inch to 3 inches in thickness, and growing in thickness with the increasing depth, until at about 25 feet it is found of a thickness varying from 15 to 20 inches. It is, however, rarely quarried below the 25- foot level, owing to the expense of getting it out and dressing it, since at that depth it is much harder, although the quality of the stone is superior to that in the upper levels. At the depth of 25 feet the inflow of water materially adds to the expense of quarrying. The stone found at or near the surface is almost valueless and is almost entirely thrown away in stripping the quarry. The next two-fifths furnish stone of suffi- ciently good quality to be used for riprap, rubble, sidewalks, and curbing. The last two-fifths contain the best stone, namely, that used for building. It is generally of a bluish-gray color. The exposed stone is of a yellowish color, from the effects of the exposure to the atmosphere. It is also true that most of the Joliet stone turns more or less yellow upon exposure. The beds are divided vertically by seams occur- ring at somewhat irregular intervals of from 12 to 50 feet, and continue with quite smooth faces for long distances, and also by a second set of seams running nearly at right angles with the first, but continuous only between main joints, and occurring at very irregular intervals. This structure renders the rock very easily quarried and obtainable in blocks of almost any required lateral dimensions. The stone is easily worked into required shapes, and takes a fine, smooth finish, and is susceptible of being readily planed. This forms a very rapid and cheap method of finishing flag- ging stones and preparing such as are to receive a smooth finish on the polishing bed. Enormous quantities of flagging stone are taken out, most of which goes into Chi- cago; but business with other cities is decidedly on the increase. The finest varie- ties are readily produced in forms which are capable of being turned out by lathes.
The following is an analysis of Cook County limestone:
Analysis of Cook County, III., limestone.
Silica
Alumina and oxide of iron
Carbonate of lime
Carbonate of magnesia
Water
Total
16 Geol, Pt 4-
Per cent.
Mineral Resources.
The crushing strength of this stone is 1G,017 jjounds to the square inch; sjjecific gravity, 2.512. The stone obtained in the vicinity of the towns of Sterling, Morri- son, Fulton, Cordova, and Port Huron is largely burned, into lime. This is true of much of the stone all along the Mississippi River. The best grades of Alton stone become whiter upon exposure to the air, and. some of it that has stood in buildings for twenty to twenty-five years has become almost perfectly white. The quarry at the Chester (Illinois) State prison is an immense bluff about 200 feet in height. It has been worked for only the past two or three years and is now turning out fine stone. All work is done by the convicts.
Indiana. — Owing to the production of what is known as Bedford oolitic limestone, this State is widely known as the most important in the Union in its output of limestone for fine building and ornamental purposes. The total value of the output of limestone of all kinds for the year 1894 is $1,203,108. Three-fourths of this amount is the value of stone used for building, while the remainder represents the value of lime made. The productive counties are as follows, in order of their relative magnitude: Lawrence, Huntington, Monroe, Decatur, Wash- ington, Ripley, Owen, Clark, Franklin, Putnam, Wabash and smaller amounts from Shelby, Grant, Carroll, Cass, Delaware, Howard, Black- ford, Madison, Harrison, Jennings, Adams, Floyd, Wells, Crawford, Jay, Fayette, Miami, Randolph, Vanderburg, Wayne, and White.
The most productive portions of the State are the southern and southeastern. The limestone of the State may, for convenience, be divided into three general classes: First, the oolitic limestone, other- wise known as cave limestone, from the numerous caverns which are to be found scattered through it; second, the harder and much more crys- talline variety J and third, the rock which occurs in thin strata and which is well adapted for purposes of flagging, etc. The oolitic limestone extends in a southeastern direction from Greencastle, in Putnam County. This stone is commonly known in trade as Indiana stone, or Bedford stone. It is well known over a wide area in the United States, and is an exceedingly popular building stone not only in cities of the West, but in Eastern cities as well. It has been most extensively quarried at Stinesville, Ellettsville, and Bloomington, Monroe County, and at Bedford, in Lawrence County; but owing to the increased demand for this stone, new quarries are being opened and extensively worked at frequent intervals along the line of the Louisville, New Albany, and Chicago Railroad from Gosport to Bedford, and these give promise of rich and practically inexhaustible supplies. This stone is almost exclusively used for building purposes, and it is the great i)ro- duction of this stone which enables Indiana to take second place among the States producing limestone for building purposes, Illinois standing in the first place. The stone is characterized by its oolitic character, and is comparatively soft when first removed from the quarry, but hardens on exposure to air. The deposit varies from a few feet to a great many in thickness, audit is i)ractically free from fissures. Solid walls 10 to 50 feet in depth, without a seam or fault of any kind
Stone.
from top to bottom, have already been revealed. It is easily quarried in blocks of any size required, being cut from the solid mass by means of chanuelers. It is soft enough to be readily sawed, ordinary steel blades, with sand as the abrasive material, being used for sawing. Occasionally diamond saws are used with fine results. For most part the stone is fine-grained, but contains also layers of coarser material in which shells are easily recognized with the unaided eye. Operations in all quarries producing this kind of stone are conducted on the largest scale and the machinery employed is usually of the very best.
The harder, more crystalline stone is found in the eastern and south- eastern parts of the State, principally in Decatur County, in the south- eastern part. The quarries in general are rather small, there being twenty of them in Decatur County alone. Some of the quarries are oper- ated on a large scale. On account of its hardness this stone can not be sawed. It is used quite largely for building purposes. In the northern and northeastern portions of the State the stone is used somewhat for building and street purposes, and in Huntington County it is largely burned into lime. The great center of the lime industry is at Hunting- ton. The most important concern iroducing lime at this point is the Western Lime Company. The product has a widespread reputation for use in building. On account of the flagging nature of the stone in the more northern portions of the State, it is often quarried simply by aid of a pick and bar. This is more especially true in regard to the north eastern sections of the State. In the northern, northeastern, and east- ern portions of Indiana are a great many small quarries. A number of them seem to be capable of more extended operations, but the lack of railroad facilities from the quarries to the main lines of travel exerts a retarding influence. The stone quarried at Greensburg, in Decatur County, is decidedly crystalline, and is susceptible of a high polish. The thin-bedded stone in the uxpev portions of these quarries is used to some extent for flagging.
The development of the oolitic or Bedford stone is largely the result of operations conducted within a comparatively few years. In a small way it has been quarried and used for twenty-five years or more, but it is within the last twelve years that the stone has been recognized and appreciated by the larger cities of the East and West. It occupies at present a very prominent position among the best building stones of the country.
Iowa. — The total value of the limestone output in 1894 was $616,630. As is evident from the foilowing list of productive counties, the stone is widely distributed. There are as yet few large operators, but a large number of firms producing in each case upon a compara- tively limited scale. The counties yielding the i)roduct are Jackson, Dubuque, Cedar, Marshall, Jones, Scott, Lee, Clinton, and smaller amounts from Des Moines, Madison, Decatur, Cerro Gordo, Dallas, Wapello, Linn, Muscatine, Blackhawk, Mahaska, Washington, Benton,
Mineral Resources.
Clayton, Pocahontas, Montgomery, Taina, Floyd, Adams, Mitchell, Humboldt, Johnson, Jefferson, Clarke, Van Buren, Howard, Taylor, Keokuk, Pottawattamie, Louisa, Webster, Allamakee, Story, and Buchanan.
The following notes on Iowa building stones, by Mr. H. Foster Bain, of the Iowa State Geological Survey, are of much interest, particularly as indicating future possibilities in the stone industry of the State. Although these notes are not entirely confined to the consideration of limestone, so much of the matter relates. to it that it has been thought best to insert them in the space devoted to Iowa limestone rather than in any other connection.
Notes On Iowa Bui Jading Stones.
By H. Foster Bain.
The work of the present Geological Survey of Iowa has not as yet extended over the main stone-producing counties of the State, so that only very fragmentary notes on the stone industry are at present possible. The stone marketed from this State is almost exclusively limestone. The Sioux quartzite, occurring in Lyon County, has never been worked, except to furnish a few display and test blocks. Excellent quarry sites, however, occur over a number of square miles, and there is an ample supply of quartzite within the State for the support of a large industry. The sand- stones occurring are in the main too incoherent to be of much value. Important exceptions, however, occur, among Avhich may be mentioned the Red Rock sand- stone of the coal measures occurring in Marion County. The quarries here have been idle for a few years, but it is expected that work will be resumed shortly. Similar beds occurring near Monroe, in Jasper County, have also been opened up, and it is expected that the active work of development will begin this spring.
Within the year considerable attention has been attracted to the ''marble" beds along the Cedar and Iowa rivers. Extensive exposures near Iowa Falls are reported, and arrangements are being made to open them up. The Charles City beds, which are the only ones at present supplying stone to the market, belong to the Devonian, and represent the portion Avhich has usually been called the Hamilton. The rock is a coralline limestone, and occurs in layers 8 to 30 inches thick, with a total thick- ness, so far as known, of about 20 feet. It is a trifle harder than Italian marble, and is reasonably free from the checks and seams so common in colored marbles. There is a great variety of colors displayed, the groundwork being mostly buff, giay, blue, or drab. Inlaid in this are masses of coral, from 1 to 20 inches in diameter, exhibit- ing very delicate coloring and tracing. A mantel made of this material received hon- orable mention at the Columbian Exposition. The stone has been on the market for several years. The quarries and mills have recently passed into other hands, and the business will bo enlarged. Samples of the stone found near Iowa Falls show it to be similar to that at Charles City.
Lin)i Conntij. — The chief (juarrics in this county are in the Upper Silurian limestones near Stone City, Waukee, and Mount Vernon. The stone is exceedingly uniform and is in color a warm-gray or pleasing cream tint. It is so homogeneous as to be readily carved and easily worked, being (juite soft when tirst taken from the quarry. The bedding planes are so constant, smooth, and i)aranel as to require very little dressing. It is dolonutic, and contains very little impurity. Those facts, together with the fineness and evenness of grain, presenting uneven expansion, make it one of the most durable of the limestones. In the Mount A'ernon (\imetery, tombstones bearing dates as early as 1845 show little decay, though various marbles in the same
Stone.
cemetery show the usual loss of polish, checking, and cracks, indicating the prog- ress of disintegration.
In the Crescent quarry near Stone City there is a total face of 60 feet of available stone, the courses running from 1 foot to 8 feet 4 inches in thickness, and including layers available for dimension, bridge, and rubble work. At Mount Vernon a switch has recently been built to the quarries and an expensive quarry plant, including steel derricks, channelers, and planers, has been put in. Borings liere show a thickness of at least 50 feet of available stone below the base of the present quarry.
In addition to the larger quarries operated in the Mount Vernon beds, which are the western continuation of the well-known Anamosa limestone, there are a number of smaller openings in the various otlier formations exposed in the county. The Devonian does not in this county afford such good stone as elsewhere, and can hardly compete as a building stone with the Silurian stone just described. The Otis beds, however, yield abundant supplies of macadam, and are quarried for that purpose at Cedar Rapids. The Coggan beds (of the Silurian) have been used with good results in bridge work.
Van Buren County. — The rocks exposed in this county belong entirely to the Car- boniferous, both the Coal Measures and the Mississippian being present. The quarry rock is taken from the latter. Both limestone and sandstone are obtained; the former from both the Keokuk and St. Louis stages, and the latter from the lower portion of the St. Louis. About 8 years ago a considerable quantity of stone was quarried from the Keokuk beds near Bentonsport and used for bridge work and rip- rap. In the winter of 1893 and 1894 about 1,000 yards were taken out and used to protect the piers of the bridge at that point. Magnesian limestone from the St. Louis has been quarried and used for dam work along the Des Moines River, and was used to some extent at the time the State capitol was built. There are, how- ever, no quarries which support more than a local trade. In the upper divisions of the St. Louis, white limestone of good quality, running in courses of 12 to 15 inches in thickness, is obtained at a number of points. The Chequcst marble/' a com- pact, dove-colored, fossiliferous limestone, susceptible of a good degree of polish, and which has been used to some extent for ornamental work, is found near Keosauqua. A block of this stone may be seen in the Washington Monument at Washington.
Mahaska Comity. — The quarry industry of this county is not great, a fact due in part to the poor quality of the stone exposed, and in part to the great amount of capital absorbed by the coal interests, together with the active competition of the clay interests. At present only a few quarries are open, they being worked lor local trade. The limestone of the St. Louis stage is exposed along the major streams, and is opened up near New Sharon, Union Mills, Fremont, Peoria, Given, and on Spring Creek, northeast of Oskaloosa. It yields a hne-grained, ash-gray to buff stone, breaking with a sharp conchoidal fracture and running in courses of from 6 to 24 inches. This stone is used for foundations, well curbing, and similar purposes, bring- ing from $2 to $3 per perch. Only about 900 to 1,000 perch are quarried each year. The Coal Measures contain several heavy standstones which are not as yet used. At Raven Cliff, on the Des Moines River, there is an excellent face of this stone extend- ing along an old arm of this river nearly 2 miles. The bed is over 90 feet thick, and shows single precipitous faces of more than 50 feet. The stone is clear and homo- geneous, of pleasing color, and apparently of good strength. There is a railway within about two miles.
Keokuk County. — All the formations exposed within this county yield more or less quarry' rock. By far the greater portion, however, comes from the St. Louis lime- stone. The Coal Measures here, as in the neighboring regions, contain more or less sandstone, but with the exception of the heavy beds south of Delta, which have been used a little for the construction of a dam and as foundation stone, this forma- tion is not productive. The St. Louis contains the usual thin-bedded, fine-grained, ash-gray limestones, and has been quarried for local purposes at a number of points near What Cheer, Delta, Sigourney, Hedrick, and Richland. Near At wood the
Mineral Resotrces.
Chicago, Rock Island and Pjicific Railway operated a quarry for some time, mainly for ballast. The greater portion of the rock is too irregular to admit of quarrying on a large scale. The lower magnesian portion of the St. Louis occurs, and yields some stone of good quality. By far the best rock in the county occurs below the St. Louis in the Augusta beds. This is a coarse, subcrystalline stone, in l)ufF, blue, and white ledges. It is encrinital, and takes a fair degree of polish. It is readily accessible along Rock Creek near Ollie, where a switch from the Iowa Central Rail- way leads to the quarries. The stone is not now shipped, but arrangements are being made to reopen the property.
Washington County. — This county yields stone from all three of the major mem- bers of the Mississippian series. The principal quarries are located near Brighton, and supi)ly stone from the St. Louis. The ledges quarried belong to the upper beds of this stage, and run in courses from 8 inches to 7 feet. The heavier and lower ledges are not now taken out, as they are badly water-coursed. The stone marketed is used for bridge and rubble stone, as well as paving flags. It is of excellent quality, but the number of ledges Avhich are suitable for quarrying is limited. Northwest of Washington is a small group of quarries on Crooked Creek. The stone belongs to the Augusta formation. It is a coarse encrinital limestone, of great durability and of very pleasing tints. Quite an important loca,l trade is sustained. Stone from equivalent ledges is quarried a little in the northern part of the county, near Day- ton and south of Riverside. An impure magnesian limestone belonging to the Kinderhook occurs along English River and its branches, and is quarried locally. It is apparently Aery soft and worthless, but is really much more durable than might be supposed from its appearance.
Lee County. — The limestone of the Lower Carboniferous and the sandstones of the Coal Measures are exposed throughout Lee County, and are quarried at many points. The Burlington, Keokuk, and St. Louis beds yield the greater amount of stone. The Coal Measures yield at several points a soft, more or less ferruginous, coarse-grained sandstone, which is used but little. The Burlington beds are made up largely of a coarse encrinital lime rock, varying in color from brown to white. It is very durable, easily quarried, and readily dressed. The Keokuk limestone is, as a rule, a compact, rather hard, often subcrystalline rock, of an ashen or bluish color. Its fracture is even, approaching conchoidal. The quarry rock of the upper part of the Keokuk, sometimes called the Warsaw, is chiefly a magnesian limestone containing some sand and pebbles. It is quarried at Sonora on the east side of the Mississippi, and is known locally as the Sonora sandstone. It occurs in a massive layer 6 to 12 feet in thickness, is bluish or brownish when first taken out, but after exposure turns to buff or light brown. It has been quite extensively used at Keokuk, and has proven very durable. The St. Louis limestone is a fine-grained, compact limestone, of blue to gray color, breaking with a marked conchoidal fracture, and resembling litho- graphic stone in appearance.
The principal quarry industry of the county is centered around Keokuk, where there are a number of large and well-worked openings, mainly in the Keokuk beds. Quarries are found along the Mississippi, from Keokuk to Montrose, and along the Des Moines, from Croton to Sand Prairie. A number of smaller openings are located on Sugar Creek near Pilot Grove and Franklin.
Des Moines County. — This county afl'ords quarry rock from the same beds as Lee County, and in addition a certain amount of stone is taken from the Kinderhook. The latter contains a thin bed of oolite, which is readily accessible and easily worked. It will not, however, stand Avell in exposed positions, and is of small value. By far the larger number of quarries in the county dra w their supply from the Upper Bur- lington beds. Thes(5 beds underlie about one-fourth of the county, and stretch out in a broad belt parallel to the Mississippi River. The rock is massive and compact, and varies in color from a pure white to shades of gray and bufl". It is of excellent quality.
Stone.
The quarries are located near Burlington, on Flint River and Knotty Creek, along the Mississippi, at Cascade and Patterson, and near Augusta, on Long Creek and Skunk River. A considerable expansion in the quarry industry of the county may be expected.
Allamakee County. — rhis county is one of the few counties of Iowa which are not covered by heavy drift deposits. There are accordingly a large number of exposures and excellent quarry sites, though the rough topography of the county has made railroad building expensive, and transportation facilities are accordingly limited. The beds exposed represent the St. Croix stage of the Cambrian, and the Oneota, St. Peter, Trenton, and Galena stages of the Ordivican. They all yield more or less good quarry stone. The St. Croix beds are quarried a little at Lansing, at a level about 100 to 125 feet above the river. The rock taken out here comes from immediately below the calcareous shale layers, which, in Minnesota, have been called the St. Law- rence limestone. It is a sandstone in which the grains of silica are cemented with calcium carbonate. The beds are exposed at numerous points along the Oneota Val- ley, but the St. Croix yields comparatively little stone. The Oneota limestone yields quarry rock from several horizons. At New Albin, Lansing, Harpers Ferry, and other points along the Mississippi, a fine-graiued, even, and regularly bedded dolo- mite, in layers varying from 3 to 36 inches, is quarried. The workable beds have an aggregate thickness of about 30 feet. In the northwestern part of the county the beds arc finer grained, more compact, and furnish a stone which for line masonry is not excelled by any stone in the Mississippi Valley. Smooth-surfaced slabs, 10 or 15 feet in length and almost equal width, may be seen at numerous points. The stone stinds weathering influences excellently. The beds of the Oneota above this hori- zon, while yielding some good stone, rarely afford the opportunity for extensive development.
The St. Peter sandstone is usually a bed of unconsolidated sand. At a few points only the particles have been cemented by siliceous or ferruginous cement, so as to be available for building stone. The Trenton limestone, while in part of excellent character, is not in this county sufficiently regular in character to supply more than local demands. A thick-bedded, yellowish limestone, resembling dolomite in appear- ance, and belonging to this formation, is quarried in the head of Paint Creek, near Waukon. About 75 feet above the base of the beds a thin-bedded, fine-grained, dark-gray to slate-colored stone has been quarried in the same vicinity. It does not, however, stand the weather so well as other stone in the county, and re(iuires the handling of considerable rubbish. The Galena limestone is not quarried in Allamakee County, though it supplies a good quality of stone in the neighboring portion of Clayton County.
Rock taking a high polish and atibrding suitable material for ornamental purposes is taken from the Trenton. It is a compact limestone, made up of fragments of brachiopods and bryozoans, cemented with what was originally a fine calcareous mud. All the pores and interstices of the original rock and of the fossils have become filled with calcite, and very good effects may be obtained by its use.
Kansas. — Tlie value of the product in 1894 was $241,039. Most of this was used in building and road making. The following are the productive counties : Cowley, Leaven worth , Marshall, Chase, Ripley, Butler, Lyon, Wyandotte, and smaller amounts from Marion, Atcliison, Wabaunsee, Shawnee, Washington, Johnson, Russell, Dickinson, Franklin, Morris, Elk, Brown, Douglas, Republic, Pottawatomie, Cof- fey, Anderson, Jefferson, ISess, Montgomery, Jackson, Harper, Sumner, Ellsworth, and Osage. The stone is pretty well distributed over the eastern portion of the State. Most of it, however, comes from the vicinity of Atchison, Leavenworth, Topeka, and Fort Scott.
Mineral Resources.
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Mineral Resources.
The foregoing table is made from the collection of limestone specimens at the World's Columbian Exposition; the determinations having been made by Dr. S. W. Williston, of Lawrence, Kans.
Kentttclcy. — Limestone to the value of $113,934 was quarried in Ken- tucky in 1894. The productive counties are Warren, Jefferson, Kenton, Fayette, Pendleton, Lyon, Jessamine, Menifee, Logan, Montgomery, Caldwell, Crittenden, Boyd, Marion, Hardin, Washington, Carter, and Trigg.
The product of Warren is deserving of special notice because of its peculiarities and its value as a building stone. This stone is known commercially as Bowling Green oolite. It is quite different from the oolitic stone of Indiana, inasmuch as it belongs to another limestone group, the constituent globules being large and distinct, whereas in most of the Indiana stone they are minute. It is quite similar to the Portland oolite of Ireland. The following analyses of Bowling Green and Portland oolite show the similarity between the two:
Composition of Bowling Green, Ky., limestone compared with Portland, Irelayid, limestone.
Carbonate of lime - . . . . Carbonate of magnesia
Silica
Water and loss
Iron and alumina
Total
The quarries are of large extent and are well equipped with channel- ing machines, derricks, etc. A mill with twelve gangs of saws finishes the stone. Blocks of almost any size can be furnished. These quarries were first opened in 1833, but until recently they were operated in the most primitive manner, and while the product has been used chiefly in the South, efforts are now being made to introduce the stone to the building trade of the Northern States. Among the cities in which it has been most used are Louisville, Memphis, Nashville, and Bowling Green ; to some extent also in Chicago. The stone is soft and easily worked, and, like the Indiana stone, hardens on exposure to the atmos- phere. Carvings made upon the stone stand exposure to the air very well. Its color, under the influence of sunlight, tends to become con- tinually lighter. Its crushing strength is such as to enable it to resist a pressure of 3,000 pounds to the square inch. When heated to red- ness on the surface and plunged into cold water it revealed no crack, even upon examination with a magnifying glass, and in some cases on being reheated for a second and third time and ilunged into water, still failed to present indications of cracking. According to present indications the extended application of the stone in the northern and eastern i)oi'tions of the country seems highly probable.
Bowling Green.
Per cent.
Portland.
Per cent.
Stone.
Maine. — All of the limestone quarried in Maiue is con verted into lime. The value of the lime output in 1894 was $810, 089. This figure is lower than it has been for several years previous. Many complaints relative to business depression were made by the lime producers. The product comes mainly from Knox County, but smaller quantities are produced in Waldo and Penobscot counties.
The stone is almost inexhaustible in quantity and is admirably adapted to the purpose for which it is used. Operations of quarrying consist simply in blasting by means of dynamite, which breaks the stone up at once into sizes suitable for use in the kilns. It is then hoisted out by means of improved cables and machinery and sent directly to the limekilns, which are favorably situated for transporta- tion by water. The stone is partially crystalline, but very coarse- grained. Fine crystals of calcite are very numerous, and gypsum also occurs. The operations at the quarries near Kockland are all below the surface of the ground. The fuel used in the kilns is entirely wood, which is imported from Canada. The stone produced for burning into hme is not measured as such, but is measured only by the quantity of hme produced from it, so that in speaking of the amount of stone quar- ried the producers name the amount of lime obtained from it, and the unit of measurement is a bushel or barrel of lime. The lime produced at Rockland is of fine character and is the standard lime of New York City, to which it is shipped in enormous quantities. Boston also forms an important market for the product.
Maryland. — The result of an exceptionally complete canvass of the limestone-producing sections of this State have revealed a much greater activity in limestone and lime production than has heretofore been sup- posed to exist. Frederick County yields two-thirds of the entire out- put; the rest comes from Baltimore, Allegany, Washington, Carroll, and Howard counties. The value of the product in 1894 was $672,786, almost all of which is the value of lime made.
Massachusetts. — The value of the product in 1894 was $195,982. Most of the stone is converted into lime. The output comes from Berkshire County.
Mickgan.— The value of the output in 1894 was $336,287. The pro- ductive counties are Monroe, Huron, Wayne, Charlevoix, and Alpena. Most of the product was used for building and road making. The industry has grown quite markedly since 1889.
Minnesota. — The great bulk of the limestone output of Minnesota comes from quarries in the southeastern part of the State, where the cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis form important outlets. The value of the iroduct in 1894 was $291,263. The ])roductive counties are Lesueur, Hennepin, Blue Earth, Ramsey, Goodhue, Winona, Wabasha, Rice, Dodge, Houston, Brown, Fillmore, Olmsted, and Scott. The product is used largely for building and street work.
Mineral Resources.
Missouri. — The value of the limestone and lime output in 1894 was $578,802. The corresponding figure for 1890 was $1,859,960. There has thus been a very decided falhng olf in production. The i)roductive counties are St. Louis, Jackson, Marion, Greene, Buchanan, Dade, Pike, Jasper, Perry, Clark, Mercer, Lawrence, Callaway, and smaller amounts in Jefferson, Lewis, Wright, Cape Girardeau, Livingston, Andrew, St. Charles, Macon, Clay, Pettis, Cole, Linn, Caldwell, Sullivan, Randolph, Ray, Harrison, Monroe, Saline, Boone, Henry, Dekalb, Webster, and Kodaway. By far the most important county producing limestone is St. Louis County. Many quarries in and around the city of St. Louis are operated. The stone is used for purposes of heavy construction, such as bridge and railroad masonry, building, paving, macadam, rip- rap, and the manufacture of lime. It is of excellent quality and shows great strength. In some of the quarries steam drills are in use, but in most of them the old methods are adhered to. The manufacture of a superior quality of lime in St. Louis has grown to be a large industry. Most of the kilns are located just outside of the city limits. They are well equipped and numerous. The product is almost entirely used in St. Louis.
Analysis of Marion County, Mo., limestone. [By Regis Chauvenet & Bro.]
Silica... -
Alumina and oxide of iron.
Magnesia
Carbonate of lime.
Total
Per cent.
These chemists state that this is the purest sample of limestone they have ever analyzed, leaving nothing to be desired for whiteness and purity.
Montana. — The value of the product in 1894 was $92,970, about equally divided between building and lime burning. The product comes from Jefferson, Cascade, Deeiiodge, and Park counties.
Nehraslca. — The limestone industry in this State was at a very low ebb in 1894, the product being valued at only $8,228.
*Neio Jersey. — The value of the total output in 1894 was $193,523. Most of this amount represents the value of lime made. The produc- tive counties are, in order of importance, Sussex, Hunterdon, Warren, Morris, and Somerset.
Neiv Mexico. — The outY>ut in this Territory is so small as to call for no special comment.
New York. — The total value of the limestone output for 1894 was $1,378,851, divided equally between building and road making and lime. The pioductive counties are Onondaga, AVestchester, Warren,
Stone.
Rockland, Washington, Madison, Schoharie, Ulster, Herkimer, Erie, Dutchess, Clinton, Albany, Fulton, Monroe, Columbia, Genesee, Niag- ara, Orange, Saratoga, St. Lawrence, Wayne, Bensselaer, Cayuga, Lewis, Montgomery, Orleans, Jefferson, Oneida, Seneca, Yates, Essex, and Greene.
Ohio. — The total value of the limestone i)roduct for 1894 was $1,733,477, about equally divided between lime and building and road making. The industry has long been an important one to the State, and the quarries are distributed over a large area embraced by the fol- lowing counties: Ottawa, Sandusky, Stark, Erie, Clark, Miami, Mont- gomery, Wood, Franklin, Seneca, Lucas, Preble, Hamilton, Allen, Hancock, Highland, Greene, Hardin, Lawrence, Wyandot, Butler, ]3elaware, Muskingum, Scioto, Shelby, Van Wert, Logan, Guernsey, Jackson, Putnam, Clermont, Crawford, and Clinton.
Peiinsylvania. — Production of limestone in this State is active; in fact, the value of the output for 1894 exceeds that of any other State in the Union. Four important uses, namely, building, lime, road mak- ing, and blast-furnace Hux, unite in i)lacing this State at the head of the list in consumption of limestone. The total value for all purposes in 1894 was $2,(325,562. The value of the lime produced was $1,743,947 ; stone used for building and road making, $547,990; flux, $333,625. In addition to some very large iroducers, there is a large number of small producers of lime, whose output in toto amounts to a very considerable figure. The productive counties are Chester, Montgomery, Lawrence, Northampton, Bedford, Lancaster, Berks, Lehigh, Union, Blair, Dau- phin, Lebanon, Northumberland, Lycoming, York, Westmoreland, Adams, Franklin, Bucks, Somerset, Mifflin, Butler, Armstrong, Hunt- ingdon, Columbia, Cumberland, Monroe, Montour, Warren, Schuylkill, Beaver, Mercer, Washington, Allegheny, and Clarion.
Rhode Island. — The limestone production in this State amounted to $20,433, all of which was the value of lime i)roduced in Providence County.
South Carolina. — Lime to the value of $25,000 was iroduced from limestone in Spartanburg County during the year 1894.
South Dakota. — The limestone industry in this State does not as yet amount to a great deal. A small quantity was produced in Custer County during the year 1894.
Teymessee. — The limestone industry in Tennessee has increased quite notably since the year 1889, when the output was valued at $73,028. In 1894 the total output reached a value of $188,664. Somewhat more than one-half of this represents the value of lime made; the remainder was devoted to building and road making. The productive counties, in order of their importance, are Davidson, Houston, Dickson, Franklin, Colbert, Hamilton, James, Montgomery, Maury, and Hickman.
Texan. — There appears to have been quite a falling off in the limestone industry of Texas. The total value of the output was only $41,526.
Mineral Eesources.
Most of this went for building and road making. The productive counties are Coryell, El Paso, Bell, Williamson, Travis, Hood, Gray- son, Hamilton, Lampasas, and Mills.
Utah. — In Salt Lake and Sanpete counties $23,690 worth of limestone was produced in 1894. This was equally divided between lime and building purposes.
Vermont— The value of the total output in 1894 was $408,810. This was almost entirely converted into lime, which was valued at $407,730. The product was taken from quarries in Addison, Franklin, Windham, Chittenden, and Windsor counties.
Virginia. — The production of limestone in this State has increased quite noticeably in the last few years. The value of the output in 1894 was $284,547. A comparatively small quantity was used for blast- furnace flux, while the remainder was equally divided between lime and building and road making. The most important counties are Botetourt, Warren, Alleghany, and Shenandoah. Very much smaller quantities were produced in Loudoun, Roanoke, Montgomery, Washington, Augusta, Frederick, Pulaski, Giles, Rockingham, and Tazewell coun- ties.
TTa-s'/m/ow.— Three counties in this State yielded, in 1894, an out- put valued at $59,148. This was almost entirely converted into lime. The productive counties were San Juan, Stevens, and Whitman.
West Virginia. — From Berkeley, Jeft'erson, Greenbrier, Monroe, and Tucker counties, a product valued at $43,773 was quarried. Most of it was converted into lime.
Wisconsin. — The limestone industry in Wisconsin has become one of considerable importance. The output in 1894 was valued at a total of $798,406. Of this amount $584,971 represents the value of lime made. The remainder Avas consumed for building and road making. The productive counties are as follows: Calumet, Fond du Lac, Manitowoc, Dodge, Jefferson, Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Brown, Iowa, Door, Monroe, Outagamie, Racine, La Crosse, Dane, Grant, Green, Kewaunee, Colum- bia, Buffalo, Oconto, Waukesha, Washington, Rock, Sheboygan, Wal- worth, Tremi)ealeau, St. Croix, Shawano, and Waupaca.
Soapstone
By Edward W. Parker.
Occurreisce.
Soai)stone or talc is found in nearly every State along the Atlantic Slope, the principal deposits being in New York and North Carolina, though it is also quarried in New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Caro- lina, and Georgia. It has also been rejiorted in some of the Western States, particularly in California, Arizona, South Dakota, and Texas, but no commercial product has been obtained west of the Mississippi River. Pure soapstone is a massive amorphous mineral, usually white, light green, or gray in color. In some cases, notably at Gouverneur, St. Lawrence County, N. Y., it occurs in a foliated or fibrous form, very valuable as a filler or makeweight in the manufacture of i)aper. This latter variety, known as fibrous talc or mineral iulp, is considered separately in these reports.
Uses.
The aboriginal inhabitants of North America recognized soapstone as a valuable mineral. Its resistance to heat and the ease with which it could be worked into desirable shapes, even with the crude imple- ments at their command, made the manufacture of cooking utensils from soapstone one of their few industrial occupations. Tobacco iipes and articles used in their religious ceremonies were also made of soap- stone, and traces of their handiwork are still found in the vicinity of soapstone deposits. The uses to which soapstone is applied to-day are very numerous, thougli in the light of present knowledge the de" velopment of the industry seems to have been exceedingly slow. It makes a more durable and satisfactory lining for cooking stoves, heat- ers, and furnaces than ordinary fire brick. Soapstone does not absorb grease or acids, and is not affected by the ordinary chemical agents, and is as impervious to extreme cold as to heat, making it especially valuable for sinks, etc., in chemical laboratories. Laundry tubs, hearths, mantels, and stove griddles are produced from soapstone, and the readiness with which all dirt and impurities are removed make it
Mineral Resources.
popular Avitli housekeepers. The mauufacture of slate pencils from soapstone is an industry as old as the manufacture of slates. Ground soapstone is used chiefly as a makeweight in paper manufacture, but it is also used as a base for pigments and cosmetics, as an adulterant in soap and rubber, for dressing skins and leather, and for lubricating.
Production.
The amount of soapstone produced in the United States in 1894 was 23,144 short tons, valued at $401,325, against 21,071 short tons, worth $255,067, in 1893. The increase in production was in the amounts sawed into slabs, and ground. The production of manufactured articles decreased slightly, but the value of the products shows a gain of over $110,000, or over 40 per cent.
Following is a statement of the production of soapstone (exclusive of fibrous talc and soapstone ground for iaint) in 1893 and 1894, show- ing the amount and value of the different conditions in which it was marketed :
Production of soapstone in 1893 and 1894.
Condition in wliich marketed.
Short tons.
Value.
Short tons.
Value.
Rough
Sawed into slabs
Manufactured articles (a)
Ground (b)
Total (c)
5, 760
7, 070
8, 137
$51, 600 4, 400 123, 600 75, 467
5, 620 1, 303 9, 796
$50, 780 19, 500
244, 000 87, 045
21, 071
255, 067
23, 144
401, 325
a Includes bath and laundry tubs; fire brick for stoves, heaters, etc.; hearthstones, mantles, sinks, griddles, slate pencils, and numerous other articles of everyday use.
b For foundry facings, paper making, lubricators, dressing: skins and leather, etc. c Exclusive of the amount used for pigment, which is included among mineral paints.
In the following table is shown the amount and value of soapstone produced in the United States since 1880 :
Annual product of soapstone since 1880.
Tears.
J 884
Quantity.
Short tons. 8, 441
7, 000 6, 000
8, 000 10, 000 10, 000 12, 000 12, 000
Value.
$66, 665 75, 000 90, 000 150, 000 200, 000 200, 000 225, 000 225, 000
Tears.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons. 15,000 12, 715 13, 670 16, 514 23, 208 21, 070 23, 144
$250, 000 231, 708 252, 309 243, 981 401, 325
Fibrous Tai.C.
The supply of this variety of soapstone is obtained only at Gouverneur? St. Lawrence County, N. Y. The entire output is ground and used almost exclusively as a filler in the manufacture of the medium grades of pai)er. The product in 1894 was 39,900 short tons, valued at $435,060?
Soapstone.
51S
an increase, as compared with 1893, of 4,045 short tons in quantity and $31,624 in value. The largest output was in 1891, when the product was 53,054 short tons, valued at $493,068. The annual production since 1880 has been as follows :
Annual production of fibrous talc since 1880.
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons.
4, 210
$54, 730
a 7, 000
60, 000
a 6, 000
75, 000
a 6, 000
75, 000
a 10, 000
110,000
a 10, 000
110, 000
a 12, 000
125, 000
a 15, 000
160, 000
Tears.
Quantity
Value.
Short tons.
a 20, 000
$210, 000
23, 746
244, 170
41,354
389, 196
53, 054
493, 068
41, 925
472, 485
35, 861
403, 436
39, 906
435, 060
a Estimated.
Talc imported into the United States from 1880 to 1894, inclusive.
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons.
$22, 807 7, 331 14, 607 41, 165 24, 356 24, 514 49, 250
Short tons. 24, 165 19, 229 1,044 1,360
$22, 446 30, 993 1, 560 1, 121 5, 546 12, 825 6,815
(a)
a Quantity not reported previous to 1888. 16 GEOL, PT 4 33
Magnesite.
Occurrence.
Magnesite (carbonate of magnesia) occurs in several of the United States, but is mined commercially only in California. Some years ago a small quantity was taken from magnesite quarries at Goat Hill, Ches- ter County, Pa., but the work was continued only a short time. In that State it also occurs at Low's chrome mine in Lancaster County, at Scott's mine in Chester County, and in Delaware and Lancaster counties in small masses. The other localities in the United States where the min- eral occurs but is not mined are as follows : Korth Carolina — Webster, Jackson County; Hampton, Yancy County, and McMakins, Cabarras County; lew York — lew Rochelle and Rye, Westchester County; Warwick, Orange County; Stoney Point, Rockland County, and Ser- pentine Hills, Staten Island. In all these localities it occurs in thin veins and seams. New Jersey at Hoboken (with serpentine). In Ari- zona the mineral is abundant, but is not utilized.
The localities where the mineral occurs in California are numerous, but it has never been mined except at two places, one in Alameda and the other in Napa County. In Santa Clara County there are several known deposits. One is on Coyote Creek, about 2 miles from Madrone Station, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. It occurs in the shape of small nodules in and near serpentine. In the report of the California State mineralogist it is stated that a close examination of the magne- site, particularly the poorer quality, reveals traces of the surrounding country rock, greenstones and shales. There are several deposits in the immediate neighborhood. Another locality in this county is the Red Mountain district, where on the Jarvis and Ryan claim, large, irregular masses of magnesite crop out and in some places more than 10 feet are exposed. On the Favill and Martin, or Mammoth claim, there is a large quantity exposed. These Red Mountain claims are 20 miles from a railroad, too far to be useful at present.
In Alameda County, on the shore of San Francisco Bay, the mineral occurs at Cedar Mountain, and a few tons were shipped from there in 1886, but the experiment was evidently not a success, as work has not been carried on since. The mineral has also been found in the hills near Livermore Valley.
Magnesite.
In Mariposa County a heavy bed of magnesian rock, chiefly magne- site charged with crystals of iron pyrites, accomianies the chief gold- bearing vein of the county. The rock is associated with mariposite, a green micaceous mineral containing chromium.
In Fresno County, in section 5, T. 13 S., E. 24 E., is a large vein or deposit of magnesite, which crops to the surface. At Arroyo Seco, Monterey County, a vein has been found 2 feet wide; and the substance has also been found at Mansfield, near the gold mines. About 40 miles east of Visalia, Tulare County, a large deposit has been found near Mineral King district. In the same county, near Visalia, below Four Creeks and Moores Creek, it occurs in solid beds of pure white mineral, hard and tine grained, like unglazed porcelain. The beds are from 1 to 6 feet thick, inter strati fled with serpentine and talcose slates. In this same county it is also found on the south side of Tule River, 10 miles from Porterville. In Placer County magnesite occurs in quan- tities at Gold Run, Iowa Hill, and Damascus, in the same region as the large hydraulic and drift gold mines. In San Luis Obispo County it has been discovered near Port Harford.
The mineral is also known to occur near Los Alamos, Santa Barbara County; at several places in Humboldt and Napa counties, and in San Mateo, Lake, Tuolumne, Sonoma, Solano, Contra Costa, San Bernardino, and Calaveras counties in isolated instances. In none of these places mentioned, however, is the mineral now mined.
In 1886 work was commenced on the dex)osit at Cedar Mountain, Alameda County, and several carloads were shipped, but work has been stopped for some years, the experiment not proving a flnancial success. The mineral occurs here in a decomposed serpentine rock and in a yellow clay in which are embedded large bowlders. It lies in pockets and small veins, the latter running in every direction. The richest spots were found under the bowlders, where the mineral is quite pure. At this place every piece of mineral had to be cleaned by hand, and the whole was carefully sorted according to purity, being divided into three classes. It wars then packed on animals down the mountain.
PROBUCTIOlSr.
The only deposit in California which has been utilized to any extent on a commercial basis is that in Childs Valley, Napa County, 10 miles from Rutherford and 65 miles from San Francisco. Here the mineral occurs in a lode 5 to 7 feet thick, standing at an angle of 70 and having regular walls. Most of the deposits found elsewhere occur in beds from 2 to 6 feet in thickness. This lode consists of a white carbonate of magnesia, the mineral being broken out in slabs several inches thick and from 2 to 6 feet in width. The output from this mine is employed in the manufactures and the arts to some extent, and experiments are
'AccordiDg to Professor Silliman (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, p. 380) the magnesian mineral accompanying the great quartz vein of Mariposa County is chiefly ankerite, a carbonate of calcium, magnesium, and iron.— H. W. T.
Mineral Resources.
being made for its larger utilization in new branches. The main uses to which it is put at present are for furnace linings at rolling mills and for paper manufacture. Small lots are used in experimental work in the manufacture of artificial stone, paint, epsom salts, flocculent mag- nesia, and other chemical processes.
The product of this mine for the past four years has been as follows :
Condition iu which sold.
Raw ore
Pounds. 234, 440 643, 748
Pounds. 1, 215, 155 794, 085
Pou7ids. 526, 685 880, 613
Poimds. 2, "880, 000
Calcined ore
In these figures only the raw ore is named which was sold as such, the rest of the output having been calcined. It takes nearly 2 tons of raw ore to make one of the calcined. Of the last season's output all but 15 tons of the calcined material was used by the Willamette Pulp and Paper Company, Oregon. About 100 tons of the raw ore was used by the Pacific Eolling Mills, of San Francisco, for furnace lining.
The mill and furnaces at the mine can readily be enlarged should demand for the calcined ore warrant. At present Chicago and Pitts- burg obtain their supplies from New York and other Atlantic seaports, into which it is imported from Europe. In Pittsburg ana other large manufacturing centers dolomltic limestone is employed in making basic steel. For this stone magnesite would be substituted if it could be obtained at prices somewhat lower than now has to be paid for the imported calcined material, on which there is imposed a duty of 20 per cent, the raw coming in free. There is an abundance of this ore in California, as may be seen from the number of localities noted, but distance from large manufacturing centers prevents shipment under present conditions.
Statistics Of The Clay-Working Industries Of The
United States In 1894.
By Jefferson Middleton.
In the previous reports on clays and their products in this series, statements have been made of the amounts and values of such varieties of clay as are consumed in pottery manufacture; and in the earlier reports several valuable statements have been published as to the con- dition of brick manufacture at prominent centers for this industry. But the many difficulties have baffled several attempts at a census of the brick product; chief among the obstacles is the irregular way in which brickyards are established and again quickly abandoned in obedience to the demands of trade.
The labor involved in this compilation was greatly increased by the inexperience of the producers in filling out schedules, involving the writing of at least 1,000 individual letters. I wish, however, to thank the operators for the patience displayed in answering inquiries, and also for their cooperation, without which this report would be impossible, and to express the hope that they will see the advantage of having statistics in regard to an industry in which they have so much interest and that next year they will respond with even greater prom)tness.
Production. — As shown in the following table, the total value of the clay products of the United States in 1894, excluding pottery, was $65,389,784. The only figures with which comparison can be made are those published by the Eleventh Census (1890), when the value of the same classes of products was $67,770,695. This decline of $2,380,911 is due, no doubt, to the general financial depression. The great strikes of the year also had the effect of lessening the product to an appreci- able degree in the great clay-producing region, the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, this region being the center of these strikes. As would be supposed, the product of greatest value is the building brick, this alone making over 53 per cent of the total, the number aggregating 6,152,420,000 brick. To give a more striking idea of the number of common and pressed brick made last year of which we have record, they would make a walk over 10 feet wide around the entire globe, or cover an area of 49 square miles, assuming the average size of the brick to be 8 by 4 inches. If to this the paving brick were added, 457,021,000, the walk would be over 11 feet in width.
Mineral Resources.
Clajj products of United States in 1894.
States.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Co- lumbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts .
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico . . .
New York
North Carolina. North Dakota . .
Ohio
Oklahoma (a.) . . .
Oregon
Pennsylvania . . Rhode Island . . . South Carolina. South Dakota . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia ...
"Washington . . . "West Virginia .
Wisconsin
"Wyoming
United States Per cent of total
Num- ber of firms
re- port ing.
Common and pressed brick.
Quantity.
Thouscinds
Oo
Qj. 1 Qa
oi iy'±
oo L
$6.01
1 fi ±u,
yiOA
Do
94 anA
oo
Aa.
1 no "inn
Lo
n98
LlO
17
O'i oo
87
nn 918
fix's
1 Q
9fi
7fia
fiQ7
ft9P; SAf\
4 4Q'=i
t, 4:yu,
DOo
oOO, oDo
9ha , 1 Qp zuo," lyo
47
D i
94 1 a
AtA,
S7
C/l dQfl 0'±, Ivo
41 a
ou
7ft QQf!
/ o, yyo
afi9
1 no
79 '?n9
yoz
fi7
141 Ofif
Q74
Doy
11/1
9ftQ 7Q9 ZOO) /oZ
1 fi4a
1 Qr
174 ftKI All, ooJ
Q94
yo, yo /
47 Q
yui
22, 897
134,
258, 922
1,541,
10, 316
80,
411,
89, 152
482,
317, 260
1, 601,
2, 280
17,
821, 286
3, 945,
43, 525
226,
8, 600
52,
386, 712
2, 136,
6, 404
37,
14, 770
95,
642, 326
4, 173,
30, 000
240,
48, 534
229,
3,312
24,
70, 519
417,
134, 963
895,
21, 606
156,
16, 950
92,
112, 488
779,
22, 625
153,
38, 719
227,
181, 287
1, 099,
6,
6, 264
6, 152, 420
35,062,538
Value.
Aver- age price per thou- sand.
Fancy or orna- mental brick.
$1, 000
14, 350 2, 680 5, 000
14, 048
72, 920 6, 650 2, 950 4, 000
50, 700
52, 500 1, 100 139, 100
54, 750 1,340 1, 500
47, 933
29, 375 1,075 257, 300
52, 500
92, 683
3, 320 75, 281 10, 000
2, 971 16, 989
1, 500 15, 200
1,000 19, 324
1,128,608
Fire brick.
$57, 414 2, 050 1,860 2, 575
113, 393 57, 500
17, 650
116, 904 22, 720 36, 525 2, 350 87, 800
20, 000 164, 848
93, 825 401, 880
3, 950
4, 500 202, 722 545, 700
15, 000 502, 430
1, 200 298, 578
1, 100
742, 304
1, 568, 545 3,000
3, 300 1, 600
30, 873 87, 360
4, 440
4, 794 24, 400 6, 200
5, 252, 420
Vitrified paving brick.
Quantity.
Thousands.
2, 188
109, 700 23, 936 45, 488 7, 948 6, 256 1,200 1,650 1, 854
23, 189
5,700
9, 304
113, 329 1,550 74, 029
3, 000
7, 687 1, 575
5, 400 1, 024 8, 059
457, 021
Value.
$1, 500
7, 050 2, 150 21,880
2,000
843,217 224, 473 376, 951 57,310 51, 389 9, 400 11, 200 14, 530 1,560
190, 220
52, 800 4, 900 6, 000
136, 697
928, 948 1,000
21, 000 521, 359
33, 600
39, 384 1, 000 12, 863
52, 750 17, 600 63, 964
3,711,073
Aver- age pri(;e per thou- sand.
$10. 00
(a) Includes Indian Territory.
Clay.
Clay products of United States in 1894 — Continued.
States.
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Co- lumbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts .
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico . . .
New York
North Carolina. North Dakota. .
Ohio
Oklahoma (a) . . .
Oregon
Pennsylvania . . Rhode Island .. . South Carolina. South Dakota. .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
"West Virginia .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
United States Per cent of total
Drain tile.
$600
2, 055 15, 850 1,540 2, 500
2, 800
2, 000
3, 500 1, 418, 572
954, 264 557, 312 8, 048 31, 400 12, 500 8, 400 3, 050
741, 327 77, 300 1,000 172, 220
14, 000 "8,"666'
62, 955 1,810
1, 465, 586
29, 093 61, 952
3, 500
25, 900 10, 049 4,000 10, 705 2,750 85, 150
5, 803, 168
Sewer pipe.
$10 102, 950 50, 000 15, 000
Orna- mental terra cotta work.
$23, 085
60, 100
61, 100 47,' 300
308, 963 1,000 58, 000
15, 000
390, 000
99, 040 543, 065
150, 000
11, 000
430, 000 50, 000
48, 000
137, 977
10, 000 21, 000
3, 311, 895 347," 202
2, 000 2, 000
209, 000 350, 000
6, 314, 722
88, 000
508, 000
19, 000
1,575 61, 000
86, 000 10, 000
1, 396, 185
Terra cotta lumber.
$81, 288 50, 000
50, 000
34, 500
206, 471
75, 000
15, 300
514, 637
Tile (not drain), in- cluding hol- low build- ing tile or blocks, roof ing tile, floor tile, encaus- tic and art tile, and en- ameled brick
$2, 000
7, 500 5, 000
44, 144 101, 855 8, 545 60, 000
23, 500 46, 983 4, 300
24, 679 7, 500 11, 200
701, 955 "64,' 704
476, 118
7, 800 67, 300 8,000
6, 696 6, 750
1, 300
1, 688, 724
Miscel- laneous. (&)
$37, 000 53, 300 52, 740 24, 000
6, 392 1, 200 22, 196
662, 739 4,590 21, 200 5,350 44, 500
177, 158 299, 431 26, 600 111,250
286, 026 3, 000 1, 000
466, 726
84, 738 35, 000
1, 495, 273
2, 000 477, 135
27, 300 16, 096 1,530
6, 889 20, 150 44, 300
4, 517, 709
Total value.
$266
8, 474 3, 135 2, 379 1,344 2, 339 2, 254
1, 245
2, 615
3, 976
18, 5, 164 52, 10, 668, 7, 428, 1, 028 98, 1, 255
65, 389, 784
a Includes Indian Territory.
& Including clay ballast (burned), clay pipes, clay retorts, railroad fire-clay tile, stove linings, wall copings, earthenware, cooking utensils, cuspidors, pitchers, vases, flower pots, chemical and cylinder brick, stoneware, stone pumps, well brick and staves, tile posts, furnace and flue linings, terra cotta chimney pipe tops, terra cotta grave and lot markers, fence-posts, fence-post stubs, electrical porce- lain specialties, statuary, relief signs, melting pots, etc.
The average value of the common and pressed brick throughout the United States was $5.70 per thousand. The average value in the various States ranged from $4.74 in South Carolina to $8.41 in Idaho. The average value of the vitrified paving brick was $8.12 per thou- sand, ranging from $5.12 in Tennessee to $25 in Connecticut.
Mineral Resources.
The following tables show the average value of the common and pressed and vitrified paving brick, arranged in the order of the value per thousand, in the several States :
Average price of hrick in 1894, by States and Territories. COMMON AND PRESSED.
States.
Idaho
Wyoming
Rhode Island..
Montana
Arizona
South Dakota . Ne w Mexico.. .
Utah
Delaware
Nebraska
Virginia
Maryland
Wasnington. . .
Colorado
California
Texas
Arkansas
Pennsylvania .
Oregon
Iowa
Massachusetts
Florida
North Dakota.
Wisconsin
Alabama
Price per thousand.
f8.41
States.
Missouri
Tennessee
Mississippi
West Virginia
Oklahoma Territory
Kansas
District of Columbia
Louisiana
Maine
Ohio
Connecticut
Vermont
Illinois
New Hampshire
Georgia
Michigan
North Carolina
Indiana
New Jersey
Kentucky
New York
Minnesota
South Carolina
Average for United States
Price per thousand.
$5. 95
Vitrified Paving.
States.
Connecticut. California . . . Washington. New Jersey. New York. . .
Oregon
Rhode Island
Michigan
Alabama
Arkansas ...
Colorado
Oklahoma...
Texas
Virginia
Maryland . . .
Indiana
Nebraska ... Iowa
Price per thousand.
$25. 00
States.
Kentucky
Missouri
Ohio
Utah
District of Columbia
West Virginia
Massachusetts
Louisiana
Illinois
Kansas
North Carolina
Pennsylvania
Mississippi
New Hampshire
Maine
Tennessee
Average for United States. .
Price per thousand.
$8. 21
In the following table is given the rank of the States making clay products in the United States in 1894, together with a statement of the percentage of the total product of each.
Clay.
Clay products.
Rank.
States.
Ohio
Illinois
Pennsylvania .
New ork
New Jersey . . .
Indiana
Missouri
Iowa
Massachusetts
Michigan
Maryland
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Texas
Virginia
California
Maine
Kentucky
Connecticut. . .
Georgia
"West Virginia
Montana
Tennessee
Nebraska
Louisiana
Value.
$10, 8, 7, 5, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2,
2, 1, 1, 1, 1,
668, 498 474, 360 428, 048 164, 022 976, 555 135, 569 615, 578 379, 506 339, 934 254, 329 344, 865 255, 376 028, 853 937, 593 841, 495 831, 782 759, 675 717,000 699, 887 673, 006 644, 029 634, 344 519, 784 517, 262
Per cent of total product.
,90
Kank.
States.
Washington
New Hampshire .
Colorado
Dist. of Columbia
Rhode Island
North Carolina. . .
Alabama
South Carolina. . .
Kansas
Arkansas
Utah
Oregon
Mississippi
Vermont
Florida
North Dakota
Delaware
Oklahoma
Idaho
South Dakota
New Mexico
Arizona
Wyoming
United States
Value.
$515, 659 503, 505 478, 077 390, 672 294, 600 286, 680 266, 045 236, 697 218, 575 212, 096 176, 900 161, 988 142, 700 98, 052 83, 587 52, 400 46, 028 a 38, 338 30, 268 27, 002 18, 325 18, 081 6, 850
65, 389, 784
Per cent of total product.
a Includes Indian Territory.
An inspectioii of this table shows some interesting facts. It will be noted that forty-nine States and Territories contributed to this total, all participating except Alaska and Nevada, the product ranging in value from $6,850 in Wyoming to $10,668,498 in Ohio. In Nevada no trace of a clay worker could be found, and no attempt was made to get returns from Alaska.
The first eight States, embracing the great clay-producing region between the Ohio and Missouri rivers, together with Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey, produced over two-thirds of the entire product — 67.05 per cent — while Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa produced nearly 38 per cent of the total.
The following table shows the amount and value of the potters' materials produced in the United States from 1887 to 1894 :
Amount and value of potters materials from 1887 to 1894.
a 1889.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Kaolin and china
clay
Ball clay
Fire clay
Ground flint
Ground feldspar . .
Tons. 22, 000 6, 000 15, 000 19, 800 10, 200
$231, 000 36, 000 45, 000 168, 000 112, 200
Tons. 18, 000
5, 250 13, 500 16, 250
8,700
$189, 000) 31, 500S 40, 500) 138, 125 95, 700
Tons.
294, 344
11,113 6, 970
$635, 578
49, 137 39, 370
Tons.
350, 000
13, 000 8, 000
$756, 000
57, 400 45, 200
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Kaolin and china]
clay 1
Ball clay [
Fire clay J
(xround flint
Ground feldspar..
Tons. 400, 000
15, 000 10, 000
$900, 000
60, 000 50, 000
Tons. 420, 000
20, 000 15, 000
$1, 000, 000
80, 000 75, 000
Tons. 400, 000
29, 671 18, 391
$900, 000
63, 792 68, 037
Tons. 360, 000
38, 000 17, 200
$800, 000
319,200 167, 700
a From 1889 all clays burned in kilns are considered.
522 Mineral Resources.
Imports.
Classified imports of clay during the calendar years ending December 31, from 1885 to 1894.
Kinds.
Long tons.
Value.
Long tons.
Value.
Long tons.
Value.
China clay or kaolin. . . All others :
TJnwrought
Wrought
Total
10, 626
9, 736 3, 554
$83, 722
76, 899 29, 839
16, 590
13, 740 1,654
$123, 093
113, 875 20, 730
23, 486
17, 645 2, 187
$141, 360
139, 405
23, 916
190, 460
31,984 257,698
43, 318
303. 052
Kinds.
Long tons.
Value.
Long tons.
Value.
Long tons.
Value.
China clay or kaolin. All others :
Un wrought
"Wrought
Total
18, 150
20, 604 6, 832
$102, 050
152, 694 53, 245
19, 843
19, 237 8, 142
$113,538
145, 983 64, 971
29, 923
21, 049 2, 978
$270, 141
155, 486 29, 143
45, 586
307. 989
47, 222
324, 492
53, 950
454, 770
Kinds.
Long tons.
Value.
Long tons.
Value.
Long tons.
Value.
Long tons.
Value.
China clay or kaolin. . . All others :
Un wrought
Wrought
Total
39, 901
16, 094 6, 297
$294, 458
118, 689 56, 482
49, 468
20, 132 4,551
$375, 175
155, 047 64, 818
49, 713
14, 949 6, 090
$374, 460
113, 029 67, 280
62, 715
13, 146 4, 768
$465, 501
98, 776 60, 78(5
62, 292
469, 629
74,151 !a595,040
670, 752
554, 769
c80, 629
625, 063
a In addition, 5,172 long tons of common blue clay, worth $59,971, were imported. 6 In addition, 4,304 long tons of common blue clay, worth $51,889, were imported, c In addition, 2,528 long tons of common blue clay, worth $28,886, were imported.
Earthenware and china imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1867
to 1894, inclusive.
Tears ending —
Brown earthen and
common stoneware.
China and porcelain not decorated.
China and decorated porcelain.
Other earth- en, stone, or crockery, ware, etc.
Total.
June 30, 1867
$48, 618
$418, 493
$439, 824
$4, 280, 924
$5, 187, 859
47, 208
309, 960
403, 555
3, 244. 958
4, 005, 712
34, 260
400, 894
555, 425
3, 468, 970
4, 459, 549
47, 457
420, 442
530, 805
3, 461, 524
4, 460, 228
96, 695
391, 374
571, 032
3, 573, 254
4, 632, 355
127, 346
470, 749
814, 134
3, 896, 664
5, 308, 893
115, 253
479, 617
867, 206
4, 289, 868
5, 751. 944
70, 544
397, 730
676, 656
3, 686, 794
4,831,724
68, 501
436, 883
654, 965
3, 280, 867
4, 441, 216
36, 744
409, 539
718, 156
2, 948,517
4,112,956
30, 403
326, 956
668, 514
2, 746, 186
3, 772, 059
18, 714
289, 133
657, 485
3, 031, 393
3, 996, 725
19, 868
296, 591
813, 850
2, 914, 567
4, 044, 876
31,504
334, 371
1, 188, 847
3, 945, 666
5, 500, 388
27, 586
321, 259
1,621. 112
4, 413, 369
6, 383, 326
36, 023
316, 811
2, 075, 708
4, 438, 237
6, 866, 779
43, 864
368, 943
2, 587, 545
5, 685, 709
8, 686, 061
50, 172
982, 499
2, 664, 231
666, 595
4, 363, 497
44, 701
823, 334
2, 834, 718
963, 422
4, 666, 175
Dec. 31, 1886
37, 820
865, 446
3, 350, 145
951, 293
5, 204, 704
43, 079
967, 694
3, 888, 509
1, 008, 360
5, 907, 642
55, 558
1, 054, 854
4, 207, 598
886, 314
6, 204, 324
48, 824
1, 148, 026
4, 580. 321
788, 391
6, 565, 5(i2
56, 730
974, 627
3, 562, 851
563, 568
5, 157, 776
9!), 983
1, 921, 643
0, 288, 088
353, 736
8, 663, 4.iO
63, 003
2, 022. 814
6, .'S55, 172
380, 520
9,021.509
57,017
1, 732, 481
6, 248, 255
338, 143
8, 375, 896
47, 114
1, 550, 950
5, 392, 648
176, 391
6, 990,712
Technology Of The Clay Industry.
By Heinrich Eies.
Introduction.
In spite of the financial depression the past year has been one of importance and progress to the clay- working industry. The establish- ment of a school for the training of clay workers in connection with the Ohio State University is a step toward giving proper and deserving recognition to the clay- working industries of the United States. Such schools are by no means new abroad, and have done much toward the progress and development of the ceramic art in their respective countries.
Before taking up and describing the technology of the clay industry, there are several points that have come up during the past year and deserve special mention.
Testing Of Bricks.
Engineers have heretofore held, and do so still to some extent, that a paving brick whose crushing resistance is less than 10,000 pounds per square inch should be rejected, and some have even set the. limit at 12,000 pounds. It was furthermore thought by many that this was the most important test to which the brick could be subjected ; opinion is, however, changing, for it is beginning to be understood that in actual usage the brick is seldom, if ever, subjected to such pressure. For paving brick the absorption and abrasion tests are more important. On the other hand too much leniency exists with regard to common building brick. Strength is an important item in their constructure, and should be carefully looked after.
Sizes Of Brick.
The recent experiments of Mr. E. S. Fickes, which were published in the Engineering Kews of December 13, 1894, bring out very clearly the great variation which exists in the sizes of brick, and the small dimen- sions of some of them. There is a common tendency on the part of the manufacturer to decrease the size of his brick in order to gain greater profits or to keep the existing ones from becoming smaller.
524 Mineral Resources.
This total lack of uniformity is a matter which should be remedied, and one which seems of a sufficient importance to be regulated by legislation.
Continuous Kilns.
The general practice among American brick manufacturers is to use the ordinary updraft skove kiln for burning common brick, and down- draft kilns for better and for more refractory ware. Continuous kilns are a comparatively recent introduction in the American clay- working industry. Nearly all of those used in this country are modifications of the Hoffmann kiln which has been successfully used abroad for some years. They consist essentially of an endless tunnel, divided into com- partments by easily removable partitions. The heat from the burning bricks in one compartment is used to dry out those in another chamber not yet burned. The continuous kiln has not proven a success thus far in this country. The cost of erection is high, the kiln requires consid- erable skill to operate, and is hard to control. It has been tried for burning paving brick, but its action is too quick to permit annealing of the ware. It has not shown itself adapted to ornamental brick on account of the great difficulty to control the color. Its chief use is for burning refractory ware, which needs much fuel, and where color is unimportant. These kilns require little labor, but need a good quality of fuel.
I am informed by Mr. H. A. Wheeler that continuous kilns are used at St. Louis and Pulton, Mo., for burning fire brick. At Galesburg, 111., attempts were made to burn paving brick in continuous kilns, but they were unsuccessful. They are somewhat used in Ohio, and at one locality in California for burning brick. Continuous kilns are also in successful operation at Golden, Col.
Fusibility Of Clays.
It is well known that iron, lime, magnesia, and the alkalies lower the
fusibility of clay, often to a great extent. This fact was expressed by
Bischoff in the following equation:
-u iM- 4-- 4- Alumina x alumina
Fusibility quotient
Silica X fluxes.
According to the above, the more refractory a clay, the more alumina it must contain.
Recent experiments by Wheeler on Missouri clays show that the alumina may be replaced by sand without affecting the fusibility of the clay, whereas detrimental impurities, especially alkalies, greatly increase the fusibility, and furthermore the fineness of grain has an important influence on its refractoriness. Therefore Bischoft's formula is unreliable. When clays are similar in density and fineness, the refractoriness will be inversely as the detrimental impurities, when the latter are equated as to their i)roper fluxing values, and if this
' Eng. and Min. Jour., Mar. 10, 1894.
Clay.
is called the " fusibility factor," it maybe expressed by the formula F. F. — - in which N represents the sum of the nondetrimen-
tals or total silica, alumina, titanic acid, water, moisture, and carbonic acid; D represents the sum of the detrimental impurities, or the iron (Fe203), lime, magnesia, alkalies, sulphuric acid, sulphur, etc.; rep- resents the sum of the alkalies, which have been found to have about double the fluxing value of the other fluxes. This formula gives a good comparative value for clays not differing more than 0.2 in density. When clays to be compared differ in density or fineness, then the formula has to be modified by the constant C, and the formula becomes
F. F.— 0=1, when the clay is coarse grained and the spe- cific gravity exceeds 2.25 ; 0=2, when clay is coarse grained and specific gravity ranges from 2 to 2.25; 0=3, when it ranges from 1.75 to 2; 0=2, when clay is fine grained and specific gravity above 2.25; 0=3, when it ranges from 2 to 2.25; 0=4, when it is from 1.75 to 2. These values of 0 are approximate.
Another series of experiments has been made by H. O. Hofman and 0. D. Demond to determine the refractory values of clay by indirect methods. The method consisted in mixing fire clays with varying proportions of calcium carbonate and calcium carbonate and silica to render them fusible at temperatures below the melting point of plati- num. Oommon brick clays were mixed with alumina and silica to decrease their fusibility. The object was to obtain a standard tem- perature at which both fire clays and common brick clays could be tested; the amount of ingredients required by each clay for fusion was the measure of its refractoriness.
"The behavior of the samples in the fire gave such a satisfactory series, both in the descending scale with fire clay and the ascending scale with common brick clay, that it seemed an easy matter to assume a standard temperature 1,500° 0. and to add fluxing or refractory sub- stances to the clays until they melted at this temperature. This was found, however, to be very difficult."
Clay Ballast.
The use of burned clay for ballasting railroads in the Western States has been already mentioned in the Mineral Resources, 1892. The clay used is such as is found in the bottom lands. A side track is run from the main line to the point where the kiln is built. " The kiln is started on a triangular core of old ties and kindlings piled about 3 feet high and the entire length of the kiln, which is from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. This core is filled with coal and covered about a foot deep with
' Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. XXIV, p. 42. 2 Sci. Amer. Sup. No. 940, p. 15022, Jan. 6, 1894.
Mineral Resources.
clay, and the fires lighted. After this has burned down somewhat the kiln is covered with several layers of coal and clay each 6 to 9 inches deep." A car with plow for digging the clay and a conveyor for dis- tributing it runs along the side track and digs the clay from the space between kiln and track. The conveyor distributes it over the kiln. The coal is distributed from another car. When the clay has been dug to sufficient depth the track is shifted to another spot. Ordinary slack coal is used for fuel, and about 560 pounds of coal will burn a cubic yard of ballast. About 1,000 cubic yards per day can be burned in a kiln 4,000 feet long, and about 50 men are required to operate such a kiln. The cost of ballast is about $1.05 per cubic yard, and it weighs 40 to 50 pounds per cubic foot. It lasts six to eight years, and the chief objection is its low crushing strength, but it is clean and easy on rolling stock.
Brick-Dust Mortar.
The use of brick-dust mortar as a substitute for hydraulic cement when the latter can not be obtained is now often recommended. Mix- tures of brick dust and quicklime showed that blocks one-half inch thick, after immersion in water four months, bore without crumbling or splitting a pressure of 1,500 pounds per square inch. The addition of 10 per cent brick dust as sand to common mortar is said to prevent disintegration.
Mining Of Clay And Shale.
As the larger portion of the clay deposits which are being worked are surface beds of soft material, the methods of mining followed are extremely simple, and it is only the larger concerns that use more elaborate ones.
(1) Pick and shovel attack. — Plastic clay is commonly dug with a pick and shovel and thrown into cars or carts. The shovel is often of pecul- iar form, being flat and narrow.
(2) Bench working. — The clay is worked in benches in order to pro- vide greater length of working surface. Oars or carts are run up to and along the several benches.
(3) Plows and scrapers are sometimes employed to loosen the clay and bring it down to foot of the bank. The clay thus becomes mixed from top to bottom of the deposit.
(4) Undermining is often resorted to when the clay is tough, the falling of a mass of clay breaking it up quite completely.
(5) Steam shovels are found economical for large works and provided the material does not slide easily, as a steam shovel usually leaves a vertical face. This method is applicable to clay and soft shale.
(6) Shafts, drifts, and slopes. — Much of the fire cla y occurs as inter- bedded deposits, often some distance below the surface, therefore un- derground mining is necessary, as the cost of stuffing prohibits open workings.
' Scient. Ainer., Deo. 29, 1894, p. 403.
Clay.
(7) Dredging is used in rare instances when the clay bed underlies a river or lake, as at Croton Landing, New York.
Haulage.
Most factories are located near the clay or shale bank, and when the distance is short carts drawn by horses are used to haul the clay. For longer distances, generally above 500 feet, it pays to lay tracks and use cars. These are made into trains of three or four and drawn by horses. Locomotive haulage is economical if the scale of operations warrants it, and has been profitably used for a 600-foot lead. Very often the loaded cars can be run from the bank to the works by gravity; at other times, when the lead is straight, wire rope haulage is used, or even a gravity plane.
Uses Of Clay.
A classified list of the uses to which clay was put has been given in the Mineral Eesourees, 1891, and need not be repeated here.
Bibliography.
The number of works bearing on the subject and published in this
country is limited, and a list of the principal ones is given below :
Barber (E. A.). The pottery and porcelain of the United States. New York, 1893. Cook (G. H.). Report on the clay deposits of Woodbridge, South Amboy, and
other places in New Jersey, together with their uses for fire brick, pottery, etc.
New Jersey Geological Survey, 1877. Crary (J. W., SR.). Brick making and burning. Indianapolis. Crossley (A.). Analyses of clays. Indianapolis. Davis (C. T.). Bricks, tiles, and terra cotta. Philadelphia, 1889. Gibson (T. W.). Vitrified bricks for street pavements. Report Ontario Bureau of
Mines, 1893, and School of Mines Quarterly, January, 1895. Hill (R. T.). Articles on clay, in Mineral Resources of the United States, 1891,
1892, and 1893.
Johnson (W. D.). Article on clay, in the Ninth Annual Report of the California State Mineralogist.
Ladd (G. E.j. The clay, stone, lime, and sand industries of St. Louis, city and
county. Bulletin No. 3, Missouri Geological Survey. See also Bulletin No. 5. Morrison and Reep. Brickmakers' Manual. Indianapolis.
Orton (E.)., Jr. Report on the clay-working industries of Ohio. Ohio Geological
Survey, V, 1884, and VII, 1894. RiES (H.). The Quaternary deposits of the Hudson River Valley, with notes on the
brick manufacture. Article on clay, in Mineral Industry, 1893.
Smock (J. C). Mining clay. Transactions of American Institute of Mining Engi- neers, Vol. Ill, p. 211.
Wheeler (H. A.). The calculation of the fusibility of clays. Engineering and Mining Journal, March 10, 1894.
See also the magazines : Clay- Worker, Clay, Brickmaker, and Brickhuilder.
Paving Brick.
The paving-brick industry and market are confined largely to the cities of the Central States, Philadelphia being the only large Eastern city which has adopted brick pavements to any extent. One reason for
For a commercial classification of clays and their origin, see Mineral Resources, 1891, p. 480.
Mineral Resources.
this may be that the cost of transportation prevents competition with asphalt j another is that engineers are cautious about introducing them in large cities where traflBc is very heavy. Over one-half the cities now using brick for paving are in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, these States being the center of manufacture.
Clay Required.
This must be one which will produce a vitrified " product. This term, which is misleading, simply means that the clay in burning is brought to incipient fusion, and thereby forms a tough homogeneous mass. The clay while attaining this condition should be able to keep its shape.
Vitrification begins at a red heat in most clays, and it is often found that a mixture of two clays — one possessing refractoriness and the other fusibility — gives the best results. A sufficient amount of iron is also necessary to give the brick a red color in accordance with popular demand. Silicate of iron is apt to form blotches on the surface. Mr. Mead claims that in order to vitrify a clay should contain at least 3 per cent potash, 3 J per cent soda, or 5 per cent lime or magnesia, or 8 per cent iron, or a combined proportion of any or all of these fluxes equal to these amounts.
The classes of materials used are Silurian, Devonian, and Carbonif- erous shales. Impure fire clays, and less often surface deposits of Quater- nary clay. The latter are apt to be too fusible.
The heat required to vitrify a clay varies, and some of the fire clays used can not be said to do so. In the Ohio clays it was found that the heat required to vitrify the clay or shale was about 1860° F. The fusibility seemed to be due partly to the alkaline earths and alkalies present. The iron did not seem to aid much in the fusion, as vitrifica- tion began while the iron was still in the form of sesquioxide, and that a subsequent elevation of the temperature breaks it up, as is shown by the darker color of the brick.
Preparation Of Clay.
When clay of a shaly nature is used it has to be first ground to powder in a dry pan. This consists essentially of a circular iron pan with a perforated bottom. In the pan are two iron wheels 6 to 14 inches wide and weighing 2,000 to 6,000 pounds, and which revolve by the tangential friction of the pan floor. Scrapers attached to the axle carrying the wheels throw the clay under the latter, and when fine enough it falls through the perforated bottom. The capacity of a dry pan varies with the size of the screen plates of the bottom and character of the clay. The maximum record is 200 tons of shale fire clay in ten hours through
'For map showing cities where factories are locatcd and brick pavements laid, see D. W. Mead, Paving and Manic. Eng., January, 1894. 2D. W. Mead, loc. cit. Geol. Surv., Ohio, VII, p. i:58.
Clay.
a one-eighth and three-sixteenth inch mesh bottom, but the average capacity of one ian with one-eighth-inch mesh bottom is 100 tons for the same time.
Screening.
The ground clay passes from the dry pan to the screen by means of a bucket elevator. All manufacturers do not screen their clay, trusting to the dry pan to reduce it to sufficient fineness. Three general types of screen are used :
1. Inclined screens, 10 to 14 feet long, with wire cloth or perforated metal bottom. This is the simj)lest and cheapest form, but has small capacity.
2. Rotary screens of cylindrical or octagonal form, often provided with automatic devices to make the clay pass through them more quickly.
3. ShaMng screens, fixed at one end and driven by a crank and pis- ton or eccentric. They have a perforated metal bottom, and are cheap and simple in operation.
Tempering.
This is done in wet pans or pug mills.
Wet pans. — These are like dry pans, but have a solid instead of per- forated bottom. The clay is charged in lots of 600 to 1,200 pounds, and water added to it. The tougher and more refractory the clay the finer it must be ground, while if easily vitrified it need not be so fine. The action of the wet pan is very rapid, a charge for bricks being tempered in two to three minutes and for sewer pipe in four to five minutes, and it is the most thorough tempering machine. When sufficiently tem- pered the clay is removed through a trapdoor in the bottom of the pan or else by means of a specially constructed shovel. Wet pans have a greater capacity and are more efficient than pug mills, but they cousume more power.
Pug mills. — These consist of a horizontal trough in which there revolves a shaft bearing knives. The material is charged at one end, together with water, and becomes thoroughly mixed as it passes for- ward, the speed being controllable by the angles which the knives make with the shaft. Pug mills occupy less space than dry pans and require less power, but are less effective.
MOLDINa.
Kearly all paving brick manufacturers use stiff-mud machinery In stiff-mud machines the clay is tempered quite stiff and is forced from the machine in the form of a bar, which is then cut up into brick. Two types of stiff-mud machines exist — the auger and the plunger.
Plunger machines. — In these the clay is charged into an upright iron cylinder, and issues from it through a die and under great pressure.
16 Geol, Vt 4
Geol. Surv., Ohio, VII, p. 142.
Mineral Resources.
This bar of clay is received on the cutting table, and when it has issued to a certain distance, a frame bearing a number of parallel wires is drawn over and cuts the bar iuto a number of i)ieces, each equal in size to a brick.
Auger machines consist of a horizontal tapering cylinder, in which there revolves a shaft bearing knives and, at the smaller end of the cylinder, a screw. The clay is charged at the wide end and becomes compressed as it moves forward toward the die, through which the screw forces it onto the cutting table. The auger machine is often provided with an automatic device for cutting up the bar of clay, which insures continuous action; ifc is also called end cut or side cut, according as the section of the bar of clay has the same area as the end or side of a brick. To increase the capacity of an auger machine several bars of clay may be forced from it at once. Auger machines consume more power than plunger machines, but with their continuous action have a much greater capacity. The continuous automatic cut- ting device has thus far only proved applicable to end- cut brick.
Stiff-mud machines are among the cheapest used, but one objection to them is the laminated character which they impart to the brick. This fault arises partly from the flow of the clay through a die and also from the effect of the screw of the auger machine. It has been found that rich, fat clays laminate most. If in burning the brick is vitritied the effect of the lamination is partly lessened. The average capacity of a stiff-mud machine is 30,000 j)er day, but some machines using the automatic cut-off' have produced 75,000 in ten hours.
A combination machine is described by Prof. E. Orton,jr., which con- sists of 'a vertical pug mill to force the clay downward and a large mud wing or revolving arm to give the final propulsion to the clay. This mud wing forces the clay down into a set of molds arranged around the periphery of a horizontal table. Each mold box is filled with clay, and when full comes under a pair of x)lungers acting verti- cally, one working under the clay and the other down on it. The clay is thus compressed into a solid block, which is subsequently removed when the movable bottom of the box is elevated to the surface of the table." The advantage of this machine is that the brick has no struc- ture, and a very plastic clay can be worked. The daily capacity is about 20,000 brick.
Dry -press process. — This method has been tried for making paving brick, but thus far has met with little success. Its most important application is for the manufacture of pressed brick, under which head it is described.
Repressing.
Most i)aving brick receive no further treatment to alter their sluipe, but some manufacturers repress the green brick, the advantage claimed being production of a better and smoother shape, as well as a denser
1 Oliio Oeol. Surv., VII, 1893.
Clay.
product. The Ohio geological survey made a number of rattling tests of plain and repressed brick from several factories, and the results are somewhat in favor of the repressed material, but are not conclusive.
Drying,
Excluding open-air drying, which is rarely used for paving brick, the methods employed are :
Drying floors, — These are brick floors with flues underneath to con- duct the heat from the fireplace situated at one end. They are gener- ally large enough to hold a day's output. The advantage is cheapness, but the objections are great inequality of heat at the two ends of the floor and the amount of handling, as the bricks have to be spread and removed by hand. The chief application of drying floors is in the manufacture of fire brick.
Seiver -pipe floors. — The floors of the building where the drying is done are slatted instead of solid, and the heat is provided by steam pipes arranged around the sides of the building. This method is cheap and very safe, but slow. It requires about the same amount of labor as the first method, but the original cost of plant is considerable.
Chambers dryers. — These are essentially tunnels made of brick and arranged side by side. The green brick are piled on cars, which are run on tracks into the tunnels. They are heated by flues under the track, and coal, coke, wood, oil, or gaseous fuel are used. Their theoretical action is good, but they are not found to be so in practice. Two objec- tions are, danger of cracking, due to sudden drying, and large amount of labor required.
Progressive dryers. — These are very similar to the preceding, but the green ware is run in at one end and the dried material is removed at the opposite end. Air and heat enter at the end where the bricks are removed, and the draft is produced by stacks or fans, preferably the latter. The air is heated by passage over steam pipes or through fire- places. This method is, perhaps, the best and safest means of drying brick. Drying has also been done in the kiln by drawing the hot air from a cooling kiln to one not yet burned.
Burning.
This is usually done in round or rectangular down-draft kilns. Each type of kiln has several fireplaces, and the products of combustion are conducted to the top of the kiln by " pockets " on the inside walls, and then pass down through the brick and out through flues under the floor of the kiln. The rectangular kilns have several stacks to insure an equal amount of draft to all portions of the kiln, while the round forms generally have one stack. The latter have a capacity for about 30,000 brick.
J Ohio Geol. Surv., VII.
Mineral Resources.
In burning the temperature is gradually raised to the point of vitri- fication and held at this temperature for several days. It is then cooled very slowly to anneal the brick and give a hard, tough product. Quick cooling makes a brittle brick. The following measurements have been made by Professor Orton in Ohio/ and give an idea of the temperature reached in paving-brick kilns. Unfortunately the meas- urements were made with a lunette pyrometer, which is apt to give an error of 50° :
Temperatures reached in paving -hrickMlns as determined hy the Ohio geological survey.
Material.
Fireclay
Shales .'
Fire-clay mixture.
Fire clay
Shales
Do
Fireclay
Do
Portion of kiln.
Kiln at best heat
do
Kiln past best heat
Kiln at highest heat
do
do
Kiln at best heat
Kiln at about best heat.
Tempera- ture, Fahr- enheit.
Degrees. 1, 862 1,800 1,702 1, 920 1, 800 1, 840 1, 920 1, 830
Testing.
Three tests are usually applied: Absorption, abrasion, and crushing.
Absorption, — A thoroughly vitrified brick must of necessity be dense, and absorption will therefore be a measure of the porosity. The absorp- tion is determined by weighing the thoroughly dry samples, immersing in clean water from 48 to 72 hours, then wiping dry and weighing again. Vitrified bricks should not show a gain in weight of over 2 per cent. There are cases where bricks of apparently good quality show a greater absorjDtion than this, but they have great toughness and refractory qualities. Bricks made from fire clays which will not vitrify so easily will naturally show higher absorption. This absorption test is of great importance in our severe northern climate.
Abrasion. — This test api)roximates closely the conditions under which the brick is used, and is therefore an important one. The usual method of conducting this test is to put the bricks in an ordinary foundry rattler, filling it about one-third fall. It is then set in rotation at the rate of about 30 revolutions per minute, and about 1,000 turns are sufficient. The bricks are weighed before and after to determine loss by abrasion. A more recent modification is to line the rattler with the bricks to be tested and then put in loose scrap iron. This Is claimed to give more accurate results and avoids loss by chipping due to tlie bricks knocking against each other, as in the previous method, although even this was obviated somewhat by Professor Orton, jr., by the introdnction of a few billets of wood into the rattler. Tlie abrasion test may also be made by putting the weighed bricks on a grinding
'Ohio Geol. Sur\ ., VII, i>. 138.
Clay.
table covered with sand and water, and noting the weight before and after grinding.
Crushing. — The amount of pressure which a paving brick shall be able to withstand is an unsettled matter. There are bricks in use which crush at 5,000 pounds per square inch, while others will stand 15,000 pounds. Some engineers refuse to accept a brick which will not stand 12,000 pounds per square inch, but this limit is undoubtedly too high, for when laid in pavements it is abrasion and not so much pressure which the bricks are subjected to. Furthermore, experiments show that a brick of high crushing power may have great absorption and little vitrification.
From a large series of tests recently made by Mr. Fickes and pub- lished in the Engineering News, December 13, 1894, the following facts were developed:
1. A brick which stands rattling well has ample crushing strength and rarely chips under less than 5,000 pounds per square inch, or crushes under less than 10,000 pounds. The crushing strength tends to vary with the resistance to abrasion, however, but more slowly and irregularly.
2. The transverse strength also tends to vary with the resistance to abrasion, but more slowly and irregularly.
3. The toughest brick usually absorb the least water, but exceptions occur.
Some valuable and interesting tests were recently made by the Ohio geological survey to determine the relative merits of fire clays and shales for the manufacture of paving brick, as well as the influence, if any, of the method of manufacture used. Twenty-three varieties of shale brick, or bricks whose largest constituent is shale, were grouped together; lifteen varieties of fire-clay brick; four varieties composed of shale and fire clay mixed in equal proportion ; three varieties made of Ohio Eiver sedimentary clays. The average of these four classes of results were as follows :
Results of tests of fire clays and shales for the manufacture of paving brick, by the Ohio
geological survey.
Kind.
Absorp- tion.
Rattling.
Crushing.
Shales
Square inches. 7, 307 6, 876 5, 788 4, 605
Cubic inches. 1,764 1, 678 1,400 1, 176
Fire clay
Mixture
River clay
Mineral Resources.
Taking nine samples of brick made on end-cut machinery, wlietlier auger or plunger, and comparing them with twelve side- cut, re-i)ressed brick, the following figures were obtained :
Comparative teats of side-cut paving hrick with end-cut hrick.
Kind.
Absorp- tion.
Rattling.
Crushing.
Side cut
Square inches. 5,418
Cubic inches. 1, 649 1,354
End cut
This showed a distinct advantage in general for the side- cut mate- rial; but the end-cut material in this test was made in many different kinds of machinery and of very different clay. Separating the various kinds more closely, the following figures were obtained :
Test of pai'ing hrick.
Machine used.
Absorp- tion.
Rattling.
Crushing.
Sewer-pipe press (re-pressed)
Penfield machine (re-pressed) :..
Average for plunger machines
Square inches. 5, 903 4,465 5, 544
Cubic inches. 1,480 1, 138 1, 3S5
Five samples made on the Penfield automatic cut-off, end-cut auger machine and then
re-pressed.
Absorp- tion.
Rattling.
Crushing.
End-cut auger brick
Side-cut auger brick
Square inches. 5, 318 6,925
Cubic inches. 1, 322 1, 649
By still further eliminating the causes of variation in these samples aside from the effect of the mode of manufacture, the following figures are deduced of four samples of end-cut re-pressed auger brick made from shale clays, against eight samples of side-cut re-pressed auger brick, also made of sliales:
Absorp- tion.
Rattling.
Crushing.
End-cut shale
Side-cut slialo
Square inches. 5, 326 7,690
Cubic inches. 1,338 1,187
In this last comparison the sources of variation have been eliminated largely and the results are therefore much more valuable. They point
Clay.
strictly to the general superiority of side cut over end cut. Further experiments show that comparing plain and repressed bricks, the former stand greater pressure, while the latter absorb less water. Large bricks stood the rattling test better than small ones, but the latter showed greater crushing strength.
The following list gives the results of Mr. Fickes's experiments, show- ing the absorption, abrasion, and crushing strength of paving bricks from different localities in the United States :
Absorption, abrasion, and crushing tests of paving brick from various localities.
Locality.
Logan, Ohio
Corning, N. Y
Galesburg, 111
Clearfield, Pii
Syracuse, N. Y
Franklin, Pa
Pittsburg, Pa
Barrington, R. I
Canton, Ohio
Do
New Cumberland
W. Va
New Brighton, Pa . . .
Absorp- tion
Percent
Weight lost in rattling.
Per cent.
Crushing strength
per square inch.
a 7, 490 69, 320
a 10, 100 a 8, 564 69,810 69, 030 6 8, 450
6 10, 860 6 8, 520 6 9,070 6 8, 800
6 11, 170
Material used.
Semi fire clay.
Blue shale
Shale Semi fire clay
Process of manufacture.
s al t-
Machine-mad e
glazed. Auger machine side cut,
repressed. Auger machine end cut. Auger machine side cut.
Shale I Auger machine.
— do Augermachine side cut.
Semi fire clay I)o.
Clav I Do.
Shale Do.
do Augermachine end cut.
Semi fire clay Augermachine side cut,
repressed.
a Are such as only some of the bricks, which are averaged, did not crush or fail as the case may be, under the maximum pressure.
6 Those which did not crush or fail, as the case maybe, under the maximum of 150,000 pounds pressure.
Paving brick are sometimes salt-glazed, the advantage being a lower- ing of the absorption and protection to the surface of the brick. When put into pavements the brick are laid on edge with a foundation of sand, gravel, stone, or concrete, according to the amount of traffic. The average cost per square yard of pavement varies from $1.50 to $2.50, but may be both above or below these limits. Paving brick sell for $10 to $23 per thousand, depending on quality, transportation, etc.
The advantages of a brick pavement are smoothness without being slippery, reasonable cost, and good sanitary qualities. The color of a paving brick is no guide to its quality, except when bricks from the same factory are comi)ared.
' An excellent article on brick pavements by T. W. Gribson, appeared in Report of Bureau of Mines, Ontario, 1893, and reprinted in School of Mines Quarterly, January, 1895.
Mineral Resources.
Structural Materials.
This includes common brick, pressed brick, enameled brick, terra cotta, hollow goods, chimney and flue linings, building and foundation blocks, roofing tiles, glazed and encaustic tiles.
Common Brick.
Building brick were among the earliest of the clay products of the United States, and at the present day the manufacture of low grade brick is one of great importance. The methods of brickmaking have made enormous progress in the last twenty years, and manufacturers have exerted all their efforts to perfect the better grades, but the same can not be said of common brick. Unfortunately the contractor, whose business it is to see that the brick are up to a standard of good quality, accepts almost anything so long as it is fairly hard.
Preparation Of Clay.
Common brick are with few exceptions made from surface deposits of clay which requires little or no preparation. If shale is used it has to be crushed in a dry pan or between rolls. The occurrence of lime pebbles in many surface clays causes additional labor, and their elimi- nation IS effected either by permitting the clay to dry and then pass- ing it through a barrel screen or else feeding the fresh clay directly to a pair of rolls which crush the pebbles and while not removing them render the lime less harmful.
Tempering. — Many brick clays require the addition of a certain amount of sand, generally 25 per cent, to i)revent the brick from shrinking too much and warping. The simplest method of mixing these two is to shovel them into a square pit, or soak pit," add water and let the mass soak over night. About one bushel of coal dust per 1,000 brick is added, to help in the burning. Eing pits are a step farther advanced, and consist of a shallow, circular pit in which there revolves an iron wheel. As the wheel travels around the pit the sand and clay become thoroughly mixed. This is far more effective than the soak i)it. Sufficient clay for 20,000 to 30,000 brick is tempered in six hours by this process.
Pug mills and wet pans are used by many manufacturers, especially in the central States. Their chief use is perhaps with the stiff-mud machines. Some brickmakers add hematite to their clay or molding sand in order to produce a better colored ware. One manufacturer, in New York, uses the tailings from the washing plant at a limonite mine.
Molding.
The primitive method of molding bricks by hand is still to be found
1 Described under " Paving brick."
Clay.
ill small brick yards all over the United States, but in the larger works it has been superseded by the soft-mud machine, which is used through- out the Eastern States, and also in the South and West, and makes a very good grade of common brick.
There are several different types of soft-mud machine, but the prin- ciple of them is similar in all. The essential iarts are an upright box of wood or iron containing a revolving shaft bearing arms. The clay is charged at the top and mixed in its passage to the bottom of the box, where a 'mud wing" attached to the shaft forces it into the press box. The molds, previously sanded to prevent adherence of the clay, are put in at the rear of the machine and fed forward automatically underneath the press box, each one as it comes into place becoming filled with clay. A day's work for such a machine is 20,000 brick. The molds, after hav- ing the superfluity of clay scraped off, are emptied onto the drying floor.
Stiff-mud machines are used chiefly in the manufacture of paving brick, under which head they are described. They are used to a limited extent in the Eastern States for common brick, but more so farther west. Their greater capacity has weight with many large manufacturers.
Drying.
Tunnel and other artificial driers are only used by larger firms. In nine tenths of the yards making soft- mud brick, drying is done in the open air in one of three ways:
1. Open yards, which are simply brick floors covered with sand, on which the bricks are deposited from the molds and dried by the direct heat of the sun for about twelve hours. During this period they are 'spadded that is, stamped with a wooden tool on their sides and edges to preserve their shape. The following morning the bricks are stacked in double rows and the next day's production si)read out.
2. Covered yards. — These are similar to the preceding, but inclosed by a sectional roof, which can be opened in fair weather to let the sun- light enter. The advantage is a prevention of washed brick, but the drying is slower; the cost of plant is greater.
3. Pallet yards. — The bricks are dumped from the molds onto wooden pallets, which are set on racks. The advantages are, much greater capacity, saving of washed brick, less handling of green brick. Tlie objections are, slower drying, cost of pallets, and the clay has to be molded stiffer.
Burning.
This is almost invariably done in skove kilns or other np-draft kilns. The bricks are set up in arches" about 40 courses high, and each arch contains about 30,000 bricks. The open portion of the arch is 14 courses high, and 9 to 15 arches built side by side make up a kiln. The first row of bricks on top of the arch is the tie course, the first 14 courses
Mineral Resources.
above the arch are called the "lower bench/' and those above that the "upper bench.'' In skove kilns a temporary wall of two rows of bricks is built around the kiln, and the whole daubed over with mud to pre- vent air from entering except through the doors set in the lower portion of the arches.
The object of the addition of coal dust to the brick is by its ignition, after the water has been driven from the brick, to contribute heat throughout the kiln. It takes six men one day to set an arch of brick. The fires are built in the arches, and the fuel used is generally wood or coal. Gas and oil have been tried, and in some cases successfully. In burning, the fires are gradually increased until sufficient heat is obtained to drive off both free and combined water and cause the particles of the brick to unite to form a solid, compact mass. This is carried to its greatest extent in the case of paving brick. When the heat is highest the iron becomes converted into the red oxide.
A number of interesting experiments have been recently made to determine the changes which a brick passes through after it is placed in the kiln. In the first stages of burning, the brick showed a decrease in weight, due to passing off' of moisture; then a series of constant weights while the temperature increased to dull redness, and, lastly, subsequent loss at higher temperature, due to passing off of combined water. The second day, after the weight became constant, a sample of tin placed in the kiln melted, showing the temperature to be 455 F. ; the third day lead, or 625 F. ; the fourth day zinc, or 725° F. ; the fifth day antimony, or 800° F. The brick had a constant weight all this time. The final loss was 2 ounces more. Other tests gave the final loss as 5 to 6 ounces.
In another series of experiments, made to determine the rate of dry- ing in a down-draft kiln, a green brick was placed on an iron bar and slid into the kiln. Each day it was weighed and the temperature was determined with a Siemens copper ball pyrometer. In one brick from the twelfth course the temperature was 475° F. the third day after the constant weight had been obtained. The fifth day it was 550°, and the brick had lost 1 ounce. No further change was noticed duriug the sixth, seventh, and eighth day, except that the temperature had gone up to 750°. On the ninth day the loss was ounces and the temperature 1,075°. On the tenth day 1 ounce more was lost with a temj)erature of 1,400° F. The brick was then allowed to remain in the kiln until burned, and lost no more. The experiments seemed to show that combined water did not go off' below 800° F.
Requirements.
Common brick can be made from almost any clay, and with proper care a very fair product is obtained. A common brick should have
' The method ot using calcareous clays was described in Mineral Resources, 1893.
Clay.
(1) smooth surfaces and parallel sides, and (2) be hard, compact, and uniform in texture. Soft-mud machines make good brick, but they are said to be less dense than stiff-mud or dry-clay brick. (3) They should not absorb over 10 to 15 per cent of water when hard-burned. (4) They should have a crushing resistance of at least 3,000 pounds per square inch.
Tests.
Mr. E. S. Fickes, of Steubenville, Ohio, has recently made a large series of valuable tests of both paving and building bricks, and some of the important ones are given herewith :
Tests of bricks, made by Mr. E. S. Fickes.
Locality.
Cinciunati, Ohio. .
Do
Washington, D. C.
steubenville, Ohio
Rochester, N. Y . .
Baltimore, Md
Fishkill, K. Y New Haven, Conn Philadelphia, Pa . . Do
Troy, ISr. Y
Milwaukee, Wis..
Erie, Pa
St. Louis, Mo
Do
Sioux City, Iowa .
Bradford, Pa
Pittsburg, Pa
Total absorp- tion.
n.5
Pressure per square inch at
crushing.
7, 670
5, 240
6, 580 7, 980
8,460
4, 660
5, 840 6, 190 7,510
6, 710
4,400
3, 600 5, 000
5, 750 8, 860
6, 480 9, 030 8,500
Material used.
Yellow clay .
do
Clav
Shale and clay
Clay and sand
Clav
Mo
Red clay and sand.
Clay
do
Clay and sand
do
Clay and shale.
do
Semifire clay . .
Shale
Fire clay
Machine used.
Auger machine; end-cut arch brick.
Auger machine; end-cut front brick.
Soft-mud machine; hard, com- mon.
Auger machine; side-cut, re- pressed, hard, common. Soft-mud; hard, common. Soft-mud machine.
Do. Arch .
Auger machine ; end-cut, arch.
Handmade; Philadelphia, stretcher.
Soft-mud machine; hard, com- mon .
Soft mud ; pressed, buff. Dry press.
Dry press ; dark red. Do.
Dry press ; front brick. Dry press ; red front. Auger machine; side-cut, puff front.
The conclusions drawn from Mr. Fickes's tests are:
1. The strength of the building brick, both transverse and crushing, varies in tolerably close inverse ratio with the quantity of water absorbed in twenty-four hours. The strongest brick absorb the least water.
2. Good building brick absorb from 6 to 12 per cent in twenty -four hours, and with no greater absorption than 12 per cent will ordinarily show from 7,000 to 10,000 or more pounds per square inch of ultimate crushing strength.
3. Poor building brick will absorb one-seventh to one-fourth of their weight of water in twenty-four hours and average a little more than one-half the transverse and crushing strength of good brick.
4. An immersed brick is nearly saturated in the first hour of immer- sion, and in the remaining twenty-three hours the absorption is only five-tenths to eight-tenths of 1 per cent of its weight as a rule.
5. The strength of brick in the kiln is least in the top courses and
Mineral Resources
increases quite rapidly for the first ten or twelve courses and after- wards more slowly doAvn to the arch brick.
6. The size of brick varies much, and the weight varies from 3.84 to 6.34 pounds. Eastern brick are smaller than Western and will even vary in the same locality.
7. Dry-press brick seem, as a rule, to be stronger than soft-mud brick, but exceptions exist.
Common brick are divided into three classes — arch, the hard burned ones from the lower portion of kiln; red from the middle, and salmon or insufficiently burned ones. Other intermediate terms are used, and the terms applied to the same class vary in different States.
Front, Pressed Or Ornamental Brick.
The regulation cherry-red Philadelphia pressed brick no longer monopolizes the markets, the desire of the present day being a vari- ety in color and shape of front brick. With this choice of color and pattern in front brick and the ability to procure any desired design in terra cotta, the architects are now erecting buildings which for taste and richness of decoration far excel stone structures. Pressed brick are now made in red, brown, white, yellow, bulf, etc.
The Pompeiian brick is a mottled brick which has been much used during the past two years, especially in New York City. It is made from fire clay containing particles of pyrite, which in burning become converted to silicate of iron and gives the brick a speckled appearance.
Pressed brick are made from carefully prepared and thoroughly tempered clay. They are molded by hand in soft mud, or in stiff- mud machines, and then re-pressed, or else they are produced in one opera- tion in dry-press machines. The soft-mud and stiff-mud machines have already been described.
The largest manufacturers of dry-press brick are at Chicago and St. Louis, and, indeed, throughout the entire West this style of front brick is practically the only one used.
Dry -press machines were introduced into the United States about twenty years ago. The method is rapidly gaining favor, and archi- tects are losing their not wholly warranted aversion to bricks made by this method. All clays can not be molded in a dry-press machine, for causes not yet definitely understood. The clay is first pulverized in a dry-pan or Steadman disintegrator and then passes through an inclined screen to the hopper over the iress while the tailings go back to the pulverizer. The machine proper consists of a massive frame of forged steel about 8 feet high. At a convenient height is the delivery table into which the press box is sunk. The charger slides back and forth on the delivery table, and is connected with the hopper by means of canvas tubes. It is filled on the backward stroke, and when it has
Tor the correlation of these terms see Fifth Ann. Convention Proceedings, Nat. Brickmakers' Association, January, 1891.
Clay.
reached a point over the press box or mold the clay drops into it. It then recedes to be filled and the upper plunger descends, pressing the clay into the mold. The lower plunger, which forms the bottom of the mold, ascends at the same time, so that the clay receives pressure from above and below. The upper plunger then rises, and the lower one does also, until the lower surface of the brick is even with that of the table. On its forward stroke to fill the mold again the charger shoves the green brick to the edge of the table, from whence it is taken and removed to the kiln. The pressure is applied by a toggle-joint arm, and one to six bricks are molded at a time.
Sometimes the green brick are set directly in the kiln and at others they are first dried in tunnels. The green brick contain about 15 per cent of water, and great care has to be exercised in drying to prevent cracking. Burning is usually done in down-draft kilns. By setting the brick directly in the kiln it takes longer to watersmoke. It is claimed by some manufacturers that one-fourth to one-sixth more fuel is required to burn dry-press bricks.
Dry-press bricks are the densest made, but they consist simply of an agglomeration of particles which owe their conjunction to pressure, and even though these particles may become vitrified in burning, they do not always unite.
Washed Brick,
When brick which are dried in the open air are exposed to a rain- storm their faces get a characteristic roughened appearance. Tliese brick, if burned, are just as strong as others, but as there was no demand for them on account of their unsightly appearance they were generally thrown back into the machine. In the last year, however, they have been used in the fronts of several buildings in New York and Chicago, and have come into great favor. But owing to the lack of rain during the past season the demand has exceeded the supply; most of those used have come from Sayreville, J. Some manufacturers 'wash" their brick by artificial means.
Terra Cotta.
The name " terra cotta is applied to clay products used for orna- mentation in connection with brick or stone. Though used at first to overcome certain peculiarities of construction in buildings, its uses have spread, so that from a mere article of construction it has come to be one of the highest ornamental character. Its common use now is for string courses, sills, copings, etc., and sometimes for walls, in which case, in connection with steel, it supplants brickwork. Terra cotta, when made for this latter purpose, is more properly classed as terra- cotta lumber or hollow brick. As originally made, terra cotta was red, but the introduction of brick of difiterent shades has necessitated a like change in its color.
Mineral Resources.
Terra cotta is manufiicturecl to a small extent by many minor brick concerns in this country, but the greater portion is produced by the following firms :
Perth Amboy Terra Cotta Company, Perth Amboy, N. J. Standard Terra Cotta Company, Perth Amboy, N. J. Mathewson & Harrison, Perth Amboy, N. J.
New York Architectaral Terra Cotta Company, Long Island City, N. Y.
Boston Terra Cotta Company, Boston, Mass.
Stevens, Armstrong & Conkling, Philadelphia, Pa.
New Britain Terra Cotta Company, New Britain, Conn.
The Donnelly Brick Company, New Britain, Conn.
Glens Falls Terra Cotta Company, Glens Falls, N. Y.
Corning Terra Cotta Company, Corning, N. Y.
Northwestern Terra Cotta Company, Chicago, 111.
American Terra Cotta Company, Chicago, 111.
Indianapolis Terra Cotta Company, Indianapolis, Ind.
The value of ornamental terra cotta produced in the United States annually is about $2,000,000.
The requisite conditions of a clay for making terra cotta are: (1) Even shrinkage in burning, and not over 1 inch per foot j (2) it should burn to a hard product of even color; (3) it should not contain an excess of soluble salts which would cause it to ''whitewash." Shrink- age is best regulated by the addition of grog (powdered brick or terra cotta). Sandy clays are often washed. This is done in a circular trough filled with water and containing revolving arms. The stirring of the mixture keeps the clay suspended while the sand settles. The sus- pended clay is drawn off to the settling vats. Weathering improves many clays for terra cotta, but some can be tempered when brought from the bank. The mixture of two different clays or of shale and clay often gives better results. The importance of pugging or mixing the material can not be overestimated, especially when large pieces of intri- cate design are to be made. After pugging the clay is often piled up and allowed to cure," through which operation the excess of water evaporates and the mass, settling by its own weight, becomes denser. Some manufacturers give the clay an additional working over.
Molding is generally done by hand, sometimes by machine, the former for complicated patterns, the latter for simple ones. Hand molding is slow and dif&cult. The molds are of plaster and the forms remain in them until sufficiently shrunken to be removed. The more intricate the design the greater the number of sections to the mold. After removal from the latter the surface of the object is smoothed and trimmed. All large pieces of terra cotta are made hollow with cross partitions for rigidity. The ware is sometimes glazed or slipied.
Burning is done in down-draft kilns, and takes seven to nine days. Muffle kilns are sometimes used. Small articles are often burned in saggers. The burning has to proceed very slowly to prevent cracking of the ware, and test pieces of clay are placed just inside the door of
Clay.
the kiln. Coal is generally used for burning, but oil has been success- fully tried.
Considerable quantities of glazed terra cotta have been used on the exterior of buildings in Chicago.
ROOFINa TILE.
There are at the present day not over ten roofing-tile manufactories in the United States. This seems a small number, but poi)ular opin- ion has not yet looked with great favor on a tile roof except for costly and highly decorated buildings. For artistic effect nothing can sur- pass a tile roof, and with all the various styles made the architect can design an infinite number of patterns. The advantages of a tile roof are beauty, resistance to heat and frost, and durability. The enormous strength of some of these tiles was mentioned in the Mineral Eesources of the United States, 1892, page 724.
The objections to a tile roof are : Cost, as they are more expensive than iron or wood; and weight, due to the tile itself and the laying of it in cement. The manufacturer claims, however, that it is lighter than slate, as there is less overlapping.
Eoofing tile must be made from a clay which will vitrify, and the finished product should have strength, lightness, and even form. The last condition is the most difficult to fulfill, as it is sometimes hard to get a clay or mixture of clays which when molded in very thin slabs will retain their shape in burning. Both clay and shale are used, or sometimes a mixture of the two. The material after tempering, with, in some instances, a previous washing, is molded into rough slabs or bars which are subsequently repressed to form the tile. The repressing is done either in hand-power machines of 1,500 daily capacity, or in steam- power represses with a capacity of about 15,000. Each tile after press- ing is set on a platter slab, and these are placed on racks in the drying- room. Some manufacturers have two drying rooms of different tem- perature. When dry the tiles are packed in saggers and burned in down-draft kilns.
Decorative Tile.
These are of two types, ordinary panel and floor tile and encaustic tile.
Panel Tile.
These are generally made of a composition similar to that used for white ware, and are prepared in a similar manner. The surface is deco- rated by glazes of different colors, which can be shaded by varying the thickness of it on different portions of the tile. The standard sizes are mostly made by the dry-press process, and larger panels from plastic clay by hand molding. In late years tile designers have de- voted much attention to relief decoration, but in artistic tile i)ainting little has been done in this country.
Mineral Resources.
Encaustic Tile.'
These represent a much higher grade of work and skill. A separate body mixture is required for each color that appears in the finished tiles. The body is produced by uniting the clays, flint, spar, and me- tallic oxides, which are to produce the color, in a washing plant, and the thoroughly mixed ingredients are separated out by the filter press as injBommon pottery. The cakes from the press are dried in tunnels like brick and are then ground to fine powder by a high-speed disinte- grator and the powder reduced by air blast as fast as it is removed sufficiently fine. This powder is then put away in brick-cemented bins, where it retains just the x)roi)er dampness for use. Each powder mix- ture is used in making a tile by just such means as the ground clay is used in making a pressed brick, except that where tile are made show- ing two or more colors, a separate operation has to be made for each color employed.
The presses used are of special construction. The burning of the ware is done in saggers which are placed in regular pottery kilns.
Terra Cotta Lumber.
This is made of a mixture of clay and sawdust. The chief ingredi ent is clay, such as will make a good quality of building brick, but fire clay is sometimes used. From 15 to 50 per cent of sawdust is added to the clay, according to the quality of iroduct desired, and the use to which it is to be put. In burning, the sawdust is consumed, leaving the fireproof blocks of much lighter weight than would otherwise be the case. The sawdust and clay are usually pitted in layers and soaked, then crushed or disintegrated, and finally tempered in a pug mill. In some works wet pans are used instead of pug mills. Molding is usually done in a sewer -pipe press, but some manufacturers prefer to use an auger machine.
Terra cotta lumber or fireprooflng can be nailed and sawed similar to wood. It is used for fireproof arches, partition walls, ceilings, sheathing for roofs, jackets for iron girders, etc. ; its weight is one-half that of brick and it can be laid much cheaper. It is also a poor con- ductor of heat and sound. The manufacture of terra cotta lumber requires great care, for the mode of setting the blocks as arches in the ceilings of fireproof buildings demands that their shape shall be reg- ular and exact, so that they will fit together closely and strongly. These floors have been tested in several instances by piling weights on them until they gave way, and the results show great strength.- Enormous quantities of terra-cotta lumber are used annually in the construction of firei)roof buildings in all the large American cities.
Ohio r.eol. ., VII, j). 240. 2Eiig. liecoril, Apr. 14, 18it4.
Clay.
Enameled Brick.
The manufacture of enameled brick in the United States is confined chiefly to the following localities and corporations :
American Enameled Brick and Tile Company, South River, N. J. Pennsylvania Enameled Brick Company, Oaks, Pa. Philadelphia Enameled Brick Works, Philadelphia, Pa. Tiffany Pressed Brick Company, Chicago, 111.
Somerset and Johnsonbury Manufacturing Company, Somerset, Mass. Somerset and Johnsonbury Manufacturing Company, Johnsonbury, Pa. Sayre and Fisher Company, Sayreville, N. J.
The production in 1893 was about four and a half million, with an average selling price of $90 per 1,000.
The colors of enameled brick most in use are white, ivory, and buff, but almost any color can be produced, depending upon the skill and knowledge of the manufacturer. Brown, blue, and red are not uncommon.
Two sizes of enameled brick are made, the American, 8 inches by 4 inches by inches, and the English, 9 inches by 4J inches by 3 inches, the latter being by far the most popular for almost every purpose, partly because of fashion and partly because larger surfaces may be laid with fewer joints.
Enameled brick is an excellent material for facing walls, both interior and exterior. It is largely used in lining elevator shafts, court-yards of buildings, stairway wells, iublic entrances, vestibules and lobbies, stables, and, in fact, all i)laces where a clean, indestructible finish is desired. Its surface being imi)ervious to moisture, renders it very suitable for the walls of dissecting rooms and hospitals, and many thousand have been used for this purpose. The clays used in making the body of the brick vary in different localities, but in general the best results are obtained, not in using any one clay, but by a proper mixture of several clays having different xhysical properties. The basis of the mixture is usually a refractory siliceous clay, to which one more plastic is added to render the molding more easy. The shrinkage in burning must also be controlled by the character of the clays in the mixture.
Enameled bricks are usually made with an indentation in the upper and lower faces. In laying a wall the mortar is put in this space in such quantity that when the bricks are pressed together a thin layer of it is forced out toward the edges and furnishes sufficient binding material. This does away with pointing " the joints, and a wall prop- erly laid should show almost no mortar between the courses. In conse- quence of this method of laying every brick should be true to the stand- ard size in order to secure a regular and perfect bond. It is therefore necessary to know the exact shrinkage that occurs in burning and to allow for it by giving to the dies used in pressing the brick the proper amount of ''oversize."
iMr. Henry Burden, of the Pennsylvania Enameled Brick Company, has kindly furnished the writer with most of the above information.
Ig Geol, Pt 4 35
546 Mineral Resources.
Ill the best American brick the enamel with the glaze adheres so tenaciously to the body that it will not sei)arate or crack under pres- sure until the body of the brick fails. This was proved by tests of specimens sawed from a brick made by the Pennsylvania Enameled Brick Company, of Oaks, Pa. The si)ecimens were cubes, averaging about 1.88 inches on each edge, with the enamel on one face, and were tested on the Emory hydraulic testing machine at Columbia College, New York. The pressure was applied parallel to the face having the enamel on it. The specimens were crushed at an average pressure of 4,250 pounds per square inch, and in no case did the enamel crack or scale before the specimen failed. In this connection it will be noticed that the body of an enameled brick is very strong, as the best ordinary brick will withstand a crushing force of from 3,000 to 4,000 pounds per square inch of surface only.
The matter of glazing and enameling is the most difficult part of the manufacture of enameled brick, and as such is kept secret, as far as details are concerned, by the manufacturer. In general, however, it may be said that the enamel is simply a mixture of clays similar to that used in making good porcelain, and which is applied to the surface of the brick in the condition of a thick liquid or slip. The enamel, when dry, is coated with a fusible glaze, such as is used for ordinary porce- lain. The body, enamel, and glaze are then fired as one piece, and probably a slight fusion of the body takes place at its junction with the enamel, as there is a small amount of alkali in the latter. This would account for the tenacity with which the enamel adheres to the body, as shown by the foregoing tests.
Peeling is a separation of the enamel from the brick.
Crazing is a cracking of the enamel or glaze. These, together with pin holes, are probably often caused by the unequal shrinkage of the body, enamel, and glaze.
In making the body the clay is usually tempered in a pug mill. It is then put through an auger machine and formed into bricks of approxi- mately the right size, which are then re-pressed. The enamel is applied to this green brick by the latter being dipped into it with a sweeping motion. The excess of enamel is wiped off the sides of the brick, and the glaze is then ap])lied over the enamel. The bricks are put in sag- gers, which are piled in down-draft kilns with a capacity of 6,000 to 7,000 brick ; l)urning takes about six days ; if the green brick is fired before the enamel and glaze are aiplied and then refired, the cost of manufacture is greatly increased, but in many instances the quality of the product is thereby somewhat increased.
Clay.
Hollow Ware.
Draintile.
Any clay that will make a good buildiug brick will in most instances make a good draintile. Tempering is usually done in a pug mill. The tiles are molded in a sewer-pipe press or auger-brick machine, more often the latter, as it has a greater capacity and requires less power. The clay is forced out through the die in a bar of the desired size and shape and cut into the proper lengths. Draintiles are dried on ordi- nary pallet racks, slatted floors, or in tunnels. Burning is accomplished in up or down draft kilns; the smaller tile are set in the bottom and around the sides of the kiln, while the larger ones are placed in the center. When several sizes are burned in the same kiln they are sometimes nested.
The styles of tile made are horseshoe, sole (cylindrical with flat sole), and pipe tile (cylindrical tile like i)receding, but with flange at one end). Pipe tile are the most used. Some consider horseshoe tile objection- able, as liable to break from lateral pressure of the soil.. Glazing adds little to the quality of the ware. Draintile range in size from 2 to 12 inches in diameter and 1 to 3 feet in length.
The great draintile producing region is that of the central States, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, and Ohio. Draintile, sewer pipe, and terra- cotta lumber are often made at one factory, as all three can be molded in a sewer-pipe press.
Sewer Pipe.
The required qualities of a clay for this purpose are essentially those demanded of a paving-brick clay, and the preparation and tempering are done in the same manner, but more thoroughly. Molding is done in a sewer-pipe press, which consists of two vertical cylinders, one above the other. The upper one is the steam cy linder and has a diame- ter of about 40 inches; the lower or clay cylinder is usually less than half the diameter of the other. The i)iston of the steam cylinder is moved both upward and downward by steam. Clay is charged at the uj)j)er end of the clay cylinder, and issues from the lower end through a specially constructed die. Inside the cylinder, at its lower end, is the 'bell," which regulates the internal dimensions of the pipe. The clay pipe issues from the press until of sufiicient length, when the machine is stopped, and the pipe cut off and removed to the drying floor. The machine starts again and another length, of pipe is allowed to issue. The pipe are set on slatted floors to dry slowly ; there are often several of these floors, and the heat is provided by steam i)ipes arranged along the walls of the building. Burning is done in round or rectangular down-draft kilns and takes four to six days. Less time is required than with ])aving brick on account of the lesser thickness of material to vitrify.
Mineral Resources.
All sewer pipe are glazed with salt, which is put into the fire holes and volatilizes, tlie vapors spreading- through the kiln and uniting with the silica on the surface of the pipe to form a glazed coat. The follow- ing reaction occurs:
NaCl+H20=HCl+NaOH KaOH+nSiO.NaO.nSiOo+HaO Glazing requires one to two hours. Some manufacturers add man- ganese to the salt in order to produce a glaze of the proper color.
The chief sewer-pipe manufacturing region is in the Ohio Yalley, which produces not only the greatest quantity of pipe, but has also three of the largest factories in the world. Other producing districts are in InTsw Jersey, Colorado, California, Maryland, and 'New York.
Refractory Materials. Fire Brick.
There are about three hundred fire brick factories in the United States, but the principal centers of production are Woodbridge, Perth Amboy, and Sayreville, N. J. ; Mineral Point and Portsmouth, Ohio; St. Louis, Mo. ; Beaver Falls, Farrandsville, and Pittsburg, Pa. ; Boston, Mass.; Bridgeport, Conn.; Troy and Staten Island, N. Y. ; Cleveland and Chattanooga, Tenn.; Bibb ville, Ala. ; Golden, Colo.; and Lincoln, Cal.
Clay Required.
Fire clay should have a low percentage of fusible impurities, about 4 per cent being the limit. The color is extremely variable and not to be looked upon as an indication of the quality. Two varieties are recognized, viz, flint, or nonplastic, and plastic fire clays. The former are found in Kentucky and Ohio, and in the process of manufacture are generally mixed with the plastic clays. Plastic fire clay occurs as shale (which becomes plastic after grinding and addition of water) and as soft clay. On account of the necessary exposure of fire ware to high and changing temperatures and its required ability to resist fusion, shrinkage, and corrosion, the selection, mixture, and prepara- tion of fire clay calls for care and skill. Coarse-grained ware resists a high temperature, but fine-grained material Avithstands corrosion better.
Preparation Of Clay.
Ground, burned fire clay or cement clay is sometimes added to de- crease porosity, and ground quartz or quartz sand may be added to counteract shrinkage. The clay is often weathered for several months, and the percentage of soluble impurities is somewhat reduced by this means.
Temperinf/. — This is accomplished in a dry pan and pug mill, or dry pan and wet pan, and some manufacturers soak the clay in addition. King i)its are also used now and then, but the machines used and num- ber of stages in tempering depend largely on the clay.
Clay.
Molding.
Up to a few years ago all tire brick were molded by hand and then repressed, but at the present time only large and special sizes are molded in this manner, while the common sizes are molded in soft-mud machines. Stiff-mud machines can not be used, because the brick would be too dense and structurally defective. Repressing machine- made brick makes the method too costly to be applicable to any but the highest grades of fire brick.
Drying.
Drying is done on floors (described under paving brick) or in tunnels, and burning is done in circular or rectangular down-draft kilns. Con- tinuous kilns are being tried at a few localities, among them St. Louis, Mo., and Golden, Colo.
Dr. Joseph Struthers, of Columbia College, has kindly given me the following temperature determinations made by him on a fire-brick kiln at Woodbridge, N. J. The instrument used was a Le Chatelier's thermo-electric pyrometer:
No. 1. Over fireplace in kiln, 2,534 F.; temperature fairly constant, but at one time showed increase to 2,570° F. No. 2. Through sight- hole at back of furnace, 2,360° F. ; temperature constant. No. 3. Same part of kiln as No. 1, 2,660° F.
Glass Pots.
The manufacture of glass pots is one of the highest branches of the refractory- ware business, as they have to be made to stand a very high degree of heat, great extremes of temperature, and the corrosion of molten glass. The clay has to be of a very high grade, and most of it comes from Germany and St. Louis, Mo. Ohio and New Jersey furnish a small amount.
Preparation Of Clay.
The clay is carefully broken up and hand picked to remove all impu- rities and then mixed with calcined flint clay and old pot shells. The whole is then ground and subjected to successive temperings in a pug mill and then piled up to sweat, sometimes for two years. The pots are built by hand, piece by piece, and take about six weeks to reach completion.
Drying.
Drying has to be done most carefully, first in tight rooms and subse- quently in air.
Burning.
The pots are burned after being set in place in the glass furnace. A more modern form consists of iron tank furnaces lined with blocks of the refractory clay.
' Mr. H. A. Wlieeler informs me that the St. Louis clay is also washed.
Mineral Resources.
Gas Retorts,
Gas retorts are also made from a high grade of fire clay. They are built by hand, like glass pots, and when done have to be dried several weeks before burning in the kiln.
Pottery And Porcelain.
While no new features deserving special mention have been brought forward during the past year, nevertheless there has been a forward movement in the quality, soundness, and durability of American wares. The reduction of the tariff has caused a corresponding reduction in the selling price of American goods.
Potteries manufacturing common earthenware and stoneware are in operation in nearly every State. For the lower grades of earthenware local clays are used, while for stoneware the material has very often to be imported from other States.
The great centers of the porcelain and china industry are East Liver- pool, Ohio, and Trenton, J. The first yellow or Rockingham ware was made at East Liverpool m 1838, but such progress has been made since that time that the products now include white graniteware, china, ironstone china, decorated tableware, and toilet sets. Some of the din- ner and tea sets made at Trenton compare favorably in weight, trans- lucency, and finish, with the best fabric of Limoges. The Belleek or eggshell china is of the highest quality.
The pottery industry at Trenton has a yearly output valued at about $4,000,000.
The product of the Rookwood potteries at Cincinnati is a true faience. Art pottery is also made at Cambridge, Mass., the product including vases, pedestals, etc , while at Baltimore, Md., parian and majolica ware are manufactured, the latter being equal to the famous Wedgewood of the same grade. Clay pipes are made at St. Louis, Mo.; Fulton, 111.; Virginia, and New Jersey.
For a detailed account of the history of the pottery and porcelain in- dustry in the United States, together with a description of the prod- ucts now being made, the reader is referred to E. A. Barber's work on Pottery and Porcelain of the United States. The different grades of pottery and porcelain were defined and their manufacture described in the Mineral Resources of the United States, 1892, p. 729.
The quality of the clay required increases with the grade of the ware. Earthenware can generally be made from nearly any plastic clay pro vided the color is suitable. Tlie latter is an important item and is sometimes obtained by a mixture of several clays. Stoneware is also made from a natural clay, whose essential features are plasticity.
' Much valuable iuformation concerning foreign -wares and their maiuilac ture is contained in Handbook of Collection of Pottery in Museum of Practical Geology, London, England.
Clay.
sufficient refractoriness to enable it to stand np well in burning and wbile tbe glaze is being applied, ability to vitrify and burn to a uniform color.
Rockingham ware, like the preceding, is made from a natural clay which should be plastic, smooth, and contain enough iron to give the ware a fair color. It need not be refractory.
For C. C. ware, white granite and china, artificial mixtures are neces- sary. The general composition is kaolin for body, ball clay for plasticity, silica to counteract shrinkage and feldspar to flux. Each potter uses different proportions, which are secret. C. C. wares call for a more inferior quality of clay than white granite or ironstone china. If the iron in the clay tends to produce a yellow color it is counteracted by the addition of cobalt which i)roduces a greenish tint.
A number of valuable pyrometric measurements of the temperature of pottery kilns were recently made by Prof. E. Orton, jr., for the Ohio geological survey. The results are:
Determinations o f temperature in jjottery kilns by Pro f. Edward Oi-ton, jr.
Material.
Mixture
Fire clay
Do.'
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Cojiipositiou
Do ,
Product.
Earthenware.
do
do
do
do
Part of kiln.
Hottest part at best heat
Heat measured when kiln cooling. do .
Hottest i>art of kiln at best heat. . do
do Bottom part of kiln at best heat. .
do Hottest part of kiln at best heat.
do Hottest part just after best heat. .
do do
Yellow ware i Hottest part of kiln at best heat. .
C. C. ware do
White srranite do
Temp. F.
Degrees. 1,860 1, 922
1, 900
2, 922 2, 010 1,950
1, 892
2, 045 2,045 1,710 1,950 2, 160
Washing Clays.
This has been done as a means of purifying clay in Switzerland, Germany, and England for many years. Few American manufac- turers, except those of pottery and porcelain, use this method, and its wider application in this country is a recent one. The objects of washing are to eliminate sand, mica, iron, and alkalies in part, and to give a clay which is smooth and homogeneous throughout. The i)rim- itive method of washing clay consisted in boiling in iron pans, but the more modern method is to reduce the clay to a slip in a vat of wood or iron, and which contains an upright shaft, bearing blades which knead the clay to a pulp. The slip passes next to a rapidly shaking rectangular screen. The fine clay and water run through to the agitator and coarse particles remain behind. In the agitator the clay is kept suspended by agitation while it is being removed to the press by pumps.
See Mineral Resources, 1891.
2 Ohio Geol. Surv., Vol. VII, p. 253, 1893.
Mineral Resources.
In Cornwall, England, the kaolin or china clay, which consists of disintegrated feldspar associated with quartz and mica, is broken up by picks and exposed to the action of running water. The water with the suspended clay i)asses through channels or drags" where, owing to a slight check in its velocity, tlie quartz and mica are deposited, and then through other channels, known as micas," which catch those particles of mica not already dropped. Large pits serve to receive the purified stream with its suspended clay, and after this has settled the water is used over again. The deposited clay is partially dried in stone tanks, and then more thoroughly on floors heated by flues under- neath. When brought to these floors the claj has about 50 per cent of water, and this is reduced to about 12 per cent; 1,500 pounds of water evaporate from every ton of clay, and 168 pounds of coal are needed to do this.
Slip Clays.
These are easily fusible clays which are used to coat stoneware The best known and most used is Albany slip," which is said to neither crack nor craze. It is ordinary Hudson River clay, and con- tains a high percentage of fusible impurities. The practice of using slip clay has superseded the cheaper method of salt- glazing, because in drying the ware sulphate and carbonate of lime have a tendency to form a film on the surface which prevents the union of the salt with the silica. In the table of analyses is given the composition of Albany slip as well as that of several other slij) clays,
Analyses.
The following table of analyses has been compiled from data collected by the writer and those furnished by the producers in connection with the statistical canvass recently made by this office, the results of which are given on page 517, and is intended to show as completely as possi- ble the distribution of the different kinds of clays by States, counties, and localities. Wherever possible, the authority for the analysis is given. In a few instances the iron percentage has been determined as ferrous oxide. In these cases they have been put in the column headed ferric oxide and attention called to the fact by a footnote. Each analysis is placed under the heading corresponding to its most important use, but many of the clays can be and are used for making several kinds of i)roducts.
Analyses of standard foreign clays can be found in the clay report of the New Jersey Geological Survey, and in Crossley's Table of Clay Analyses; Indianapolis.
Clay.
The following shows the division of the table by States and kinds of clay:
Distribution of analyses of clay by States and kinds of clay.
Kinds of clay.
Number of States in which found.
Number of anal- yses.
Fire
Kaolins
Pottery
Slip
Adobe soils. .
Erick
Paving brick. Terra cotta . .
Pipe
Kesidal
Total.
Mineral Resources.
Analyses of clays of the United States. FIRE CLATS.
State and county.
Alabama : Randolph
Calhoun Jacksonville
Choctaw
Marion . Arkansas : Poinsett
Greene. . California : Amador
Nevada
Placer
San Bernardino.
Lake
Trinity
Colorado : Jefferson. Pueblo - . .
Jefferson
Do Delaware : Newcastle
Do
Georgia : Baldwin
Do. Illinois : Henry . Scott . . Mercer
Indiana :
Lawrence. Clay
Parke
Iowa:
Woodbury.
Dallas
Do
Kentucky :
Ballard . . . .
Do
Muhlenberg
Carter
Hickman Carter . . .
Do. Boyd . . Carter .
Do.
Boyd . .
Fulton.
Graves Union
Town.
Louina.
Pikeville
Carbondale
Grass Valley. Lincoln
Sulphur Banks Carvilje
Edgemont Pueblo
Golden
do
Wilmington New Castle.
Stexhens Pottery. do
Geneseo
Winchester. . . New Windsor
Huron
Knights ville.
Bloomingdale.
Sergeant Bluff.
Van Meter
do
Bland ville
Wycliffe . . Ross Mine
Thomas Bank
Boone Furnace
Powdermill Hollow.
Columbus Olive Hill
Gorman
Summit
Louisville
Grahm's Station
Ashland do ...
Material.
Clay
White clay. Hard clay . . .
Clay
Washed clay . .
do
... do
do
Alum clay
Washed white clay.
Clay
Crucible clay.
Indianaite . . .
Crucible clay.
Flint clay
Plastic clay. . .
Plastic
Nonplastic . . . Tertiary clay.
.do
Silica.
Com- bined.
Free.
28.76 I 34.46
Alumina.
Ferric oxide.
tr.
a 1.74
a 1.75
tr.
a 1.08
15.76 1.92
43. 72 1. 98
40. 86 i .76
tr. tr.
a I roil i)n'H(M)t
Clay.
Analyses of clays of the United States. FIRE CLAYS.
Lime.
tr.
Mag- nesia.
Alkalies.
tr.
tr.
tr. ; tr.
,497
tr.
tr.
Water.
tr.
Lio
Com- binefl.
Free.
Organic matter.
tr.
un deter.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
imdeter.
MnO 1.9t
Titanic acid.
,90
Miscel- laneous
Loss Loss
Loss
Loss
So, .29
Loss
So3 .416
P'iOs P2O5.49
P2O5
So3
Ign. 7.34 Ign. 14.43 P.O, .051
Firm names, authority, or analyst.
Trans. Inst. Min. Eng., Do.
Ala. Ind. a n d Sci. Soc, II. Do.
Arkansas Geol. Surv., 1889, II, p. 139. Do.
California State Min., 9th Kept. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.
M. Moss, anal. Steiger, anal.
Crossley, Analyses of
Clays": Denver Fire Brick Co.
Indiana Geol. Surv. ,
1878, p. 158. Crossley, Analyses of
Clays.
Georgia Geol. Surv., 1893, p. 280. H. C. White, anal.
E. A. Terpening, anal.
Crossley, Analyses of Clays.
Indiana Geol. Surv.,
Helwig & Hobbs.
J. H. Hurtz, anal. W. S. Robinson, anal. Do.
Kentucky Geol. Surv., Cheiu. Kept. A, Part Do.
Ibid., analysis No. 1613.
Ibid., No. 1483. Ibid., No. 1337. Ibid., No. 1478.
Ibid., No. 2715. Crossley, Analyses of Clays.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Louisville Fire Brick
Works. R. Peter, anal. Do.
Kentucky Geol. Surv.,
n. 8., I, p. 217. Ibid., p. 433. Kentucky Geol. Surv.,
o. 8., I, p. 361.
Mineral Resources.
Anahjses of clays of the United States — Continued. FIRE CLAYS— Contiuued.
State and county.
Kentucky— Cont'd. Carlisle
Town.
Milburn
Calloway (N. W.)..
Graves j Boaz Station...
Marshall i Scale
Ballard ; Lovelaceville . .
Maryland :
Alleiany Mount Savage.
Missouri :
Crawford Oak Hill.
St. Louis Do... Do...
Audrain
Minnesota: Blue Earth
Montana :
Deerlodge . New Jersey :
Middlesex .
Do.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Mercer
i Gloucester.
New York : I Riclimond . North Carolina Moore
Harnett .. North n)akota: Mercer . . .
Stark
Ward
Ohio:
Summit
Scioto
Jefferson . . .
Trumbull
Jackson
Tuscarawas
SciotM
Columbiana
Perry
Shelby
Hocking
Tu8<;ara was Jefferson ... Pennsylvania : Fayette
Cheltenham
Evens Mine, St. Louis. St. Louis
Mexico . . Mankato
Material.
"White clay . .
Clay
do
do
Flint clay .
Silica.
Com- bined.
Free.
Washed pot clay.
Blossburg
Woodbridge . .
Bonhamtown .
Woodbridge . .
do
Raritan River. Sand Hills
Eaglewood
S. Amboy
Burnt Cieek . .
Sayreville
Martins Dock. Old Bridge
Trenton
Conrad
Kreischerville
Plenty Coal Mine.
C r e taceous clay.
Clay
Retort clay . .
Clav
do
do
Paper clay. . . Washed clay. Clay
Dickinson Minot
Akron
S. Webster
Freeman
Niles
Oak Hill
Mineral Point
Black clay.
Flint clay.
Scioto Clay
Salineville j Flint clay .
Mocahala j
Ballou I Clay
Phelps
Canal Dover. Stcubenville .
Soissoii Mine,
nellsville. Woodland
Con-
Clearheld
Do I Currensville Hilgcr clay ...
17. 90 57. 35
Alumina.
Ferric oxide.
50, 46
al.50
38. 10 12. 70
43.93 .60
51.21 I 8.132
35. 39 17. 13
44. 34 ' .26
31.07 27.71
29.22 31.34
l.Ol
tr.
tr.
a .81
(/ lion j)n'.s('nl as I'orrous oxide.
Clay.
Analyses of clays of the United tStates — Continued. FIRE CLAYS— Continued.
Lime.
tr.
tr.
Mag- nesia.
tr.
tr.
tr.
Alkalies.
,20
tr.
. 73 i tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
Water.
Com- bined.
tr.
tr.
Free.
Organic matter.
Titanic Miscel- acid. laneoiis.
Firm names, authority, or analyst.
So3 . 12
11.30 I 2.50 13.80 .50
Ign. 10. 56
Ign. 5. 08
]3.
MnO 2. 05
Kentucky- Geol. Surv., Cheni. Rep. A. Pt. Ill, No. 2570.
Ibid., No. 2639.
Ibid., No. 2665.
Ibid., No. 2760.
Ibid., No. 2778.
Chan venet & Blair,
anal. Evans & Howard. Do.
Christy Fire Clay Co.
St. Louis Samp, and Test. Works, anal.
Minnesota Geol. Surv. 1872, 1.
MuUauFireB. &T. Co.
J.Pohle, anal., W. B.
Dixon, Est. New Jersey Clav Rept .,
1878, p. 165. Ibid., p. 82. Ibid., p. 94-96. Ibid., p. 144. Ibid., p. 1.53. Il)id., p. 135. Ibid., p. 200. Ibid., p. 197. Ibid., p. 188. Ibid., p. 170. Ibid., p. 180. Ibid., p. 237. Ibid., p. 258.
H. T. Vulte, anal.
Crossley, Analyses of Clays. Do.
Rept. Labor Bureau Do. Do.
WebsterFire Brick Co. E. Orton, anal. M. Shiras, anal.
Ohio Geol. Surv., VII,
Do.
Do. A. Tliarp.
Ohio Geol. Surv., VII, Do.
Ohio Geol. Surv., 1884.
J. Soisson & Sons.
Woodland Fire Brick Co.
Mineral Res(3Urcp:S.
Anahjses of clays of the United S7ff/r.s — (.'ontinued. FIRE CLAYS— Continued.
State and county.
Pennsylvania — Cont'd. Cleartield
Clinton
Do
Somerset
Do
"Westmoreland .
Blair
Cambria .
Somerset Clinton . -
Fayette. Clinton .
Armstrong
Elk
Do
Clarion
Indiana.
"West™ Orel and .
Do
Do
Fayette
Beaver
Do
Indiana
Clarion
Cambria
South Dakota :
Penninfjton
Texas :
Henderson.
Washington : King
Pierce Skagit
"West Virginia :
Fayette
Kanawha . . Marion
MoTiongalia. Preston
"Wyoming : Albany
Crook..
Town.
Clearfield ( 5 southwest). Queens Run. . .
miles
do
Savage Mountain.
do
Hunker Station . . .
Bradys Run
Benezet
Figart
Keystone Junction.
Farfandsville
Retort
Brillskin Township ReBovo
Silica.
Material.
Com- bined.
Free.
J
I Alumina.
Raw hard clay.
Calcined hard
clay. Raw flint clay.
Calcined flint
clay. Flint clav
Raw clay
Hard fireclay.
Kittanning
Jay Township
Glen Mayo Colliery
"New Bethlehem
Sligo
Bolivar
Salina
Laughlintown Jacobs Creek . Meadow Run .
"Vanporte
Rochester
Bolivar
Climax
Altoona
Rapid City.
Athens ,
Black Diamond Field Green River Fields. . .
Flint clay
Hard clav
Great Kanawha Charleston
Spragueville. do
Rock Creek .
Hard clay Soft clay..
a .
a 7.
a 1.
a 1.
al.
al.
a.
a 3.
al.
a2.
al.
a 3.
a .
31. 82 I 37. 06
39.90 ! 16.90
33, 83
.a Iron present
as ferrous oxide.
Clay.
Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. FIRE CLAYS— Coutinued.
Lime.
2.'335
tr.
tr.
tr.
j i "Water.
AlknlifiS !
Desia. iKHiies.
tr.
tr.
bined.
Free
— Organic Titanic matter. acid.
Miscel- laneous.
Loss
13. 30 !
Loss. 20
Loss. 23
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr.
Ign.8. 99
CaCOg I CaS04 .43 I .10
Loss
7.60 !
So3. 88
Firm names, autliority, or analyst.
Queens Run Fire Brick Co. Do.
Welch, Gloninger & Maxwell. Do.
Westmoreland Fire
Brick Co. G. G. Pond, anal. Harbison & Walker. G. G. Pond, anal.
J. B. Britton, anal. E. E.Melick. Soisson (ii- Kilpatrick. Renovo Fire Brick and Clay Co.
Pennsylvania G e o 1. Surv., MM, p. 2.59.
Do.
Do.
Do. Ibid., p. 260. Ibid., p. 263. Ibid., p. 262.
Climax Brick Works. Otto Wuth, anal.
Rapid City Steam Brick Works.
Texas Geol. Surv.,
1890, p. 197. G. E. Ladd, anal.
1891, Rep. Wyoming Scate Geol. Do.
Do.
W. A. Bradford. Bull, on Min. Res. of West Virginia, 1893.
Do.
Do.
I. C. White, anal. Do.
Bull. 14, Wyoming Exper. Sta. " Do.
Mineral Resources.
Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. KAOLIN, (a)
State and countJ
Alabama:
Talladega .
Arizona :
Graham . Arkansas ;
Pike
Pulaski. .
Ouachita. Colorado :
Jeflferson. Florida :
Lake
Indiana :
Clay
Lawrence. Do ...
Talladega. Clifton. ...
Golden
Palatlakaha
Huron
Material.
Massachusetts :
Hampden Blandford
New Jersey : j
Middlesex Perth Amboy.
Do Washington
New York : i
liichniond Kreischerville
Pennsylvania:
Delaware i Brandy wine Summit.
Berks.
Delaware . Lancaster
Chester Berks. . .
Texas :
Edwards.
Nueces . . Virginia: Nelson. ..
Wisconsin : Wood.
Do.
Hunter Mine . Chestnut Hill.
East Nottingham. Mertztown
Grand Rapids do
Silica.
Com- bined.
Washed kaolin
Free.
Alumina.
Ferric oxide.
tr.
tr.
13. 43 1 .74
Pottery Clays.
Georgia :
Baldwin Illinois :
Pope
Indiana:
Putnam
Clay
Porter . .
Fountain ... Vanderburg
Kentucky :
McCracken .
Calloway Graves . .
Stephens Pottery.
Reelsville.
Martz
Sumanville
Evansville. do
Paducah (3 nii. S.)
Murray (6 mi. E.) Bell City
Blue clay
Yellow clay.
Clay
do
.do
do
do
a Mostly so-called kaolins.
b Iron present as ferrous oxide.
Clay.
Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. KAOLIN, (a)
Lime.
tr.
,10
,38
tr.
Mag- nesia.
tr.
,25
.7
tr.
Alkalies.
tr.
Water.
Com- bined.
Free.
Organic matter.
sOsO.o";
Loss
Co2 . 01
Titanic Miscel- acid, laneous.
Loss
Loss
Firm names, authority, or analyst.
TJ. S. Geol. Surv.. Bull.
Min. Res., 1891. Do. Do.
Min. Industry, 1893.
Indiana Geol. Surv., 1878, p. 158. Do.
Pennsylvania Mineral Co.
Tech. Quart., 1890.
New Jersey Clay Rept.,
1878, p. 129. Ibid., p. 168.
H. T. Vulte, anal.
Pennsylvania Geol. Surv., D 3. Do.
Pennsylvania Geol. Surv., Ann. Rept., Do.
Booth, Garrett Blair, anal.
Texas Geol. Surv., 1890, p.li. Do.
Indiana Geol. Surv.,
Wisconsin Acad. Sci., 1870-1876, p. 1. Do.
Pottery Clays.
Oil
tr.
.9f:
Loss 6. 30 Loss 8. 10
So2 . 27 So. . 74
MnO .80
R. Peter, anal.
Indiana Geol. Surv., 1878, p. 159. Do.
Crossley, Analyses of Clays. Do.
Ules Pottery. B. F. Harris.
Kentucky Geol. Surv., Chem. Rept. A., Pt. Ill, No. 2777.
Ibid., No. 2643.
Ibid., No. 2666.
16 Geol, Pt 4
a Mostly so-called kaolins.
Mineral Resources.
Analyses of clays of ihe United States — Continued. POTTERY CLAYS— Continued.
State and county.
Kentucky — Continued. Madison
Franklin Hickman
Butler . . .
Ohio
Madison . Fulton...
Graves
Minnesota : Blue Earth
New Jersey ; Sussex
Town.
Wasco
Frankfort
New York :
Queens
Do
Suffolk
Pennsylvania:
Beaver
Ohio:
Muskinarum
Perry
Summit
Columbiana.
StaTk :
Muskingum
Summit
Columbiana.
Pryorsburg. Mankato
Material.
Pottery clay . .
.do .do
do
do
Black shale.
"Woodbridge
Glen Cove . . Elm Point . . Little Neck .
New Brighton . Roseville
Uuiontown
North Springfield. East Liverpool . . .
Greentown Zanesville .
Do.
Tennessee .
Texas :
Henderson . Marion
Akron
East Palestine .
Salineville Loudon —
Athens
Linden Road.
Red clay
Stoneware clay
-do .do .do
Drift clay
Stoneware clay
do
do
Yellow ware
clay. Stoneware clay Cooking ware
clay. Stoneware clay Yellow ware clay.
do
Clay..
.do .do
Silica.
Com- bined.
Free.
18.' 02
oxide.
a 1. 494
"i.46
a 4. 50
tr.
Slip Clays.
Michigan . . . New York :
Albany . Ohio:
Summit.
Hamilton
Texas :
Grimes
Rowley
Albanj'
Brimfield . . . Sharonville .
Piedmont Springs
Clay
do
do
do
Kaolite slip. Clay
Adobe Soils.
Nevada ,
New Mexico: Bernalillo.
Utah:
Suiriinit.
Humboldt City FortWingate. .
Salt Lake City.
P2O6.94. P2O6.75.
1V)6.2:{.
). 12
a Iron present as ferrous oxide.
Clay.
Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. POTTERY CLAYS— Continued.
Lhne.
CaCOj
CaCOs tr. tr.
tr.
Mag- nesia.
. cm
tr.
tr.
Alkalies.
tr.
'2.'42'"
Water.
Com- bined.
Free.
7,11
6, 29
l!
Organic matter.
P2O5 . 06
Titan it- acid.
'i.'20
Loss . 11
Miscel- laneous.
Slip Clays.
Firm names, authority, or analyst.
Kentucky Geol. Surv., Chem. Kept. A„ Pt. I, No. 1876a. Ibid., No. 2007. Crossley, Analyses of Clays. Do. Do. Do.
Kentucky Geol. Surv.,
n. s., V, p. 430. R. Peter, anal.
Minnesota Geol. Surv., 1872-1882.
New Jersey Clay Kept., 1878, p. 99.
H. T. Vulte, anal. Do. Do.
Ohio Geol. Surv., V, Do. Do. Do.
Do.
Ohio Geol. "Surv., VII, 1893, Do. Do.
Do.
Cros8lej% Analyses of Clays.
Miller Bros. Texas (ieol. Surv., 1890, p. 112.
and CO2
and CO2
and CO2
and CO2
and COj
Adobe Soils,
Ohio Geol. Surv., VII, Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Texas Geol. Surv.. 4tli Ann. Rept,
Ci . 14
MnO
Co28. 55
Bull. U. S. G. S., 64.
tr.
org. mat.
So3 . 82
Co2
Do.
tr.
So3 . 53
Co2
Do.
Mineral Resources.
Analyses of claims of the United States — Continued. BRICK CLAYS.
State and county.
Alabama : Mor<2:an.
Arkansas :
Little River. Sebastian . . .
Do
Poinsett
Craighead . . Greene
Do
Cross
Hempstead . Sevier
California : Placer .
Colorado :
Pueblo
District of Cohimbia.
Florida :
Escambia
Georgia : Bartow
Do.
Do
Floyd
Richmond
Illinois :
La Salle . .
Livingston .
Kane
Peoria
La Salle
Do
M ercer
Do. Indiana : Floyd..
Crawford
Monroe. .
Do.. Martin .. Jennings Warren . . Do...
I*erry
Jackson . Union . . . Clark Vigo
Town.
Material.
Lacon
Johnsons Ridge Williams Lake .
Ifigger Hill, Fort
Smith . Fort Smith
Harrisburg . . Jonesboro ... Gainesville . . Paragould . . . Wittsburg. . .
Hope
Brownstown.
Lincoln.
Pueblo
Washington
Bluff Springs.
Cartersville. do
McCamores Cave
Cartersville
Rome
Augusta
La Salle.
Woodland Cornell . . . A urora . . .
Peoria
Utica
Ottawa . . .
Griffin
do
New Albany
Wyandotte Cave.
Bloomington. .
do
Dover Hill
Vernon
Covington
do
Cannelton
Jirownstown. .
Liberty
iJeflersonvillo- Terni Haute. .
Shale
Clay. Slate.
Plastic clay. . Alluvial clay. Surface clay .
Red clay.
Clay
No. 2 clay. No. 1 clay.
Chay
Red clay . .
Clay
-do
Clay
Silica.
Com- p omea.
Alumina.
Ferric oxide.
a 2. 605
8,36
tr.
69! 18
54! 55
a3. 87
2t). 45
atr.
6b. 44
a Iron present as lorrous oxide.
Clay.
Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. BRICK CLAYS.
Lime
Mag- nesia.
CaCOs 6,20
tr. tr.
,94
"Water.
Alkalies.
Com- bined.
Free.
MgCOs
Chloride
Organic matter.
Titanic acid.
So3.I
Miscel laneous,
Muo2
Mn02
MnO., 3. 68'
Loss Loss Loss Loss
Loss Loss
Loss Loss Loss Loss
Loss
Loss
P2O5
1.10 ; MnO.2
Firm names, authority, or analyst.
Loss
... P2O6.44
Ign. 2
Co2
MnO 1. 05 Loss
So2
Standard Brick and Tile Works.
Arkansas Geol. Surv., 1888, II, p. 296. Do.
Do.
Do.
Ibid., 1889, II, p. 85.
Ibid., p. 87.
Ibid., p. 107.
Ibid., p. 112.
Ibid., p. 138.
Arkansas Geol. SnrA. 1888, p. 296. Do.
California State Min., XI Kept.
Stand. Fire Brick Co. Wellin<iton Brick and Tile Co.
J. W. Crary, jr., & Co.
Georgia Geol. Surv.,
1893, p. 286. Ibid., p. 284.
Ibid., p. 286. Ibid., p. 280. Ibid., p. 287. J. F. Elson, anal.
La Salle Pressed Brick Co.
Asst. State chemist anal, J. F. Snyder.
E. W. Cook, anal. Peoria Brick Co.
Crossley Anal. of Clays.
iH. A. Weber, anal.Grif- tin Irick, Tile, and ) Coal Works.
W. Finnegan Brick
Mfg. Co. Indiana (ieol. Surv.
Kept., 1878. St. Lonis Works. G. Powell's yard.
J. Owens's Works. M. Ciirvite. Do.
P.White.
F. Snyder.
J. C. Summers. S. Gray.
Mineral Kesources.
Analyses of clays o f the United Stafes — Continued. BRICK CLAYS— Continued.
State and County.
Indiana — Continued.
Wabash
FouDtaiu
Daviess
Greene
Jasper
Parke
Dubois
Martin
Washington
Madison
Hamilton . . . Lawrence —
Wells
Owen
Madison
Orange
Washington
Town.
Wabash
Veedersburg Washington . . Worth ington
Jasper
Montezuma. . ,
Haysville
Lodi
Cale
Salem
Anderson
Noblesville . .
Mitchell
Blufiton
Gosport
Frankton
Paoli
Saleria
Edwardsport Willianisport Stone Bluff..
Shoals
Greeucastle .
Warren
Fountain
Martin
Putnam
Iowa :
Cerro Gordo Mason City.
Kansas : !
Greenwood Flint Ridge.
Kentucky :
Ballard I Wickliffe...
Graves Lynnville
Marshall Highland.
Campbell j Newport..
Do ! Mount Vernon
Boone j liurlington
Grayson Cauolaway Creek.
Ohio Elm Lick
Do i Bald Knob Church ..
Louisiana: I
Ouachita j Forksville (5 mi. E.).
Catahoula Rosefleld
Claiborne Homer
Maine ! Quinuipiac
Material.
Clay
-do .do -do do -do .do do do -do
Blue shale .
Yellow clay . . .
Clay
.do do
Silica.
Com- bined.
CAnj . . .
Ferrug. clay.
Clay.-
do
do
Gray clay. do
Clay
do
Massachusetts ; Middlesex . Dukes
Michigan :
Kent
Marquette
West Cam bridge
Gay Head, south end.
Grand Rapids. Marquette
Glacial clay. Red clay
Clay
Minnesota:
Coon Creek.
Blue Earth j Mankato Clay shale
I do ' Washed brick
I 1 clay. Mississippi Clings(;ales
Missouri : I
Marion Hannibal
Montana: j
Deerlodge Blossburg !
Nebraska Unknown
Free.
Alumina.
Ferric oxide.
a 2. 90
a 5. 40
25. 88 2. 9
18. 48 7. 5
(58.38
tr.
tr.
a Iron jnesent as I'errous oxide.
Clay.
Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. BRICK CLAYS— Continued.
Lime.
Mag- nesia.
. ( U
Alkalies.
tr. CaCOstr.
CaCOg.lO CaCO, tr.
MgCOg
MgCOgtr.
e!
tr.
CaCOg
tr.
Water.
Com- bined.
4.6i"
Free.
tr.
Organic matter.
Titanic i Miscel- acid. laneous.
tr.
Co2 4. 80
Loss .373
P2O6
POstr.
Loss
CO, and loss
So3 . 23
Loss. 77
Firm names, authority, or anal'st.
T. Graves.
S. White.
P. Zike.
S. Davis.
P. West.
S. Schumake.
J. Weber.
A. Parks.
W. A. McBride.
G. Walters. J. Klein.
H. Teller.
J. W. Jone.s. J. N. Goodyear. J. Smith. H. Pierce. J. Peterson. A. Shrunn.
S. Field. J. W. Shuster. H. A. Barton. O. M. Johnson.
Iowa Geol. Surv.
Crosslev, Analyses of Clays.
Kentucky Geol. Surv.,
Chem. Rept. A, pt. 3,
No. 2568. Ibid., analysisNo.2663. Ibid., No. 2762. Kentucky Geol. Surv.,
Chem . Rept. A, pt. 1,
No. 1319. Ibid., analysis No. 1320. Ibid., No. '1697. Ibid., No. 1789.
Ibid., No. 1873. Ibid., No. 2075. Ibid., No. 2076.
A. J. S. (3), XXXIV, p. 407.
J. Card, anal. 7th Rept. U.S. G. S., p.
S. P. Sharpless, anal. Min. Res., Mich., 1889, p. 61.
J. Dunn.
Minnesota Geol. Surv., Final Rept., I, p. 438. Ibid.
Hilgard, Geol. Miss.,
G. Ross, anal.
Mullan Brk. and T. Co. Phys. Geog. and Geol. of Nebr., 1880, p. 255.
Mineral Resources.
Analyses of clays of the United States — Contiuued. BRICK CLAYS— Continued.
State and county.
New Jersey : Middlesex
Do
Burlington New York : Suffolk
Do
Do
Do
Do
Queens
Orange
Ulster
Columbia . .
Clinton
Cortland. . .
Tompkins Monroe ... Ontario . . . Onondasra.
St. Lawrence Saratoga
Do...
Chemung ,
Erie
Oranse ...
Monroe
North Carolina:
Wilkes
Harnett
Robeson
Lenoir
North Dakota : Grand Forks .
Burleigh . Williams
Ward
Stark . . . . Do...
Ohio:
Stark
Do
Franklin
Pennsylvania: Montgomery. Cumberland .
Clinton
Erie
Venango Indiana. .
Somerset . . . Huntiiigd(m Warren
Lehigh Monroe
South Dakota: I'eiiniiigton.
Town.
Sayreville
Cheesequake Creek.
Kinkora
Southold
Farmingdale. . .
Wyandance
Fishers Island.
West Neck
Ea.st Williston.
Roseton
Rondout
Barrytown
Plattsburg
Homer
Newfield
Rochester . . . Canandaigua Warners
Ogdensburg Glens Falls.
do
Breesport. Buflalo . . . Warwick .
Rochester
Wilkesboro. . Spoutsprings
Shoe Heel Depot.
Grand Forks
Bismarck
Williston
Minot( Cottons Mine)
Dickinson
Lehish Mine
Canton.
Waynesburg. Columbus ...
Norristown. Pine Grove.
Lock Haven. Corry
Franklin .. Bells Mills
Hoovers ville
Lewiston
Little Brokenstraw Valley.
Schneiders Mine
Chapuiau Station
Stioudsburg.
Rapid City
Material.
Front brick clay.
Clay
'do
Black clay . .
Brown clay, .do
Gray clay . . .
do
do
do
Red clay
Clay . .
do
do
do
Blue shale.
Blue clav - - do
Red clay.
Clay
do ...
do ...
Niagara shale
Purple clay. . .
Clay with coal
Blue clay
Butf clay
White clay..
Shale
Shale. Clay .
Red shale.
.do .do
do ,
Plastic clay . .
Clay
Upper clay . . Clay
do
Clay
Soft shale.
Silica.
Com- bined.
Free.
28.30 27.80 28.30 28.70
25.50 31.80
Alumina.
Ferric oxide.
tr.
12 j 4. 239
51! 18
a 2. 122
u. yu
57". 79
16! 15
Ifi 78
a 7Q
u. / y
a . 787
50 56.80
a 2. 70
a 1. 566
a 6. 857
a 5. 40
a Iron present as ferrous oxide
Clay.
Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. BRICK CLAYS-Continuecl.
Lime.
2, 04
CaCOs
CaCOs
Mag- nesia.
MgCO,
MgCOa
tr.
Alkalies.
Water.
Com- bined.
1.55 11.80
Free.
Organic matter.
So, 1
So, .48
Titanic acid.
CO.p. 8
Ign. 3. 82
SO 3 Ign. 4. 80
Ign. 4. 88
Ci. .004
Co2
J Oss
Miscel- laneous.
So3
Co2
or anal'st.
Sayre <fc Fisher.
Rept. on clays, New- Jersey Geol. Surv., 1878, p. 317.
Ibid., p. 317.
H. T. Vulte, anal. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.
Jova Brick Works. H. T. Vulte, anal.
Do.
Do.
H. T. Vulte, anal. Do. Do.
R. Froehling, anal.
H. T. Vulte, anal. Do.
Do. Do. Do.
New Jersey G e o 1.
Surv., anal. H. T. Vulte, anal.
Mound City Brick Co. Geol. North Carolina, I, p. 357.
Do.
Do.
Rept. Labor Bureau, Do. Do. Do. Do. Do.
Ohio Geol. Do. Do.
Surv., V,
Perkioraen, Brick Co. Fuller Brick and Slate Co.
Mill Hall Brick Works. J. F. Elson, anal.
H. Froehling, aual. Pennsylvania Geol.
Surv., MM, p. 294. Ibid., HHH, p. 123. Ibid., HHH. Ibid., III.
Do.
Pennsvlvania Geol.
Surv., D, p. .53. Monroe Brick and Tile
Co.
Rapid City Steam Brick Works.
a Iron present as ferrous oxide.
Mineral Resources.
Analyses of clays of the United States — Contiuued. BRICK CLAYS— Continued.
Stiite iiiul county.
Tennes.see : Scott . . .
Texas :
Harrison.
Harris . Grimes
McCulloch.
Cass
Do
Do
Marion
Smith
Rusk
Smith
Panola
Do
Orange
Do
"Washington :
Pierce
"West Virginia: Marshall — "Wisconsin :
Milwaukee
Dane
Milwaukee
Town.
Robbins . Marshall
Harrisburg Courtney . . .
Milburn
Waldrip Bed,
division. Queen City
Cisco
Gidean Story H'd't. . . A. Duncan Headright A. Richardson H'd't..
Garden Valley
Hendjerson
Tyler
Carthage
Tatum Station
Millville
West of Henderson. . .
Tacoma
Moundsville
Milwaukee Madison
"Whitney s Rapids. Granville Station .
Material.
Clay
Clay
-do
Clay
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Gray clay . . Loamy clay Dark clay . .
White clay . . .
Clay
Clay
Silica.
Com- bined.
Free.
Alumina.
Ferric oxide.
al. 16
a. 31
Paving-Brick Clays.
a. 66
a 3. 437
15, 88
Arkansas :
Sebastian . , California:
San Mateo Colorado :
Jefferson ..
Do
Florida
Illinois :
Sangamon
Scott
McLean . . Indiana :
Vermilion
Clay
Iowa :
Lee
Clinton
Kansas :
Leavenworth Maryland :
Allegany Missouri :
St. Louis
Do
Montgomery.
Jackson
Nebraska :
Otoe
New Jersey :
Middlesex
Warren
Fort Smith
San Francisco.
Golden . . . Morrison Bartow . .
Shale Clay.
Springiield . . Winchester. . Bloomington.
Clinton Brazil .
Burlington Clinton
Leavenworth . . Mount Savage.
Cheltenham .
do
Montgomery. Kansas City.
Nebraska City. Woodbridge . . . Phillipsburg. ..
Shale
Carb. shale .
Clay
do
do
Carb. shale
a Iron prese
it as l"(M rous oxide.
b Alumina present as
silicate.
Clay.
Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. BRICK CLAYS— Continued.
Lime.
tr.
tr.
tr.
tr. tr.
tr. tr.
tr.
( 13.24 'CaCOj ( 23.20 ( 2. 45
Mag- nesia.
Alkalies.
"Water.
Com- bined.
Free.
tr. tr. tr. tr.
tr. tr.
MgCOa
tr.
Organic matter.
H/) and CO2
Ign.2
Loss 7 Loss 7. 07
Loss 13 Loss 13.60
9. 0] '5.56'
TitanicJ Miscel- acid laneous.
SOatr.
.. 12.64
Ign.10.93
Firm names, autliority, or analyst.
Clay Worker, Dec,
2d Rept on Iron Ore Dist., E. Texas, 1890.
Texas Geol. Surv.
4tli Rept. Texas Geol. Surv.
Rept. on Col. Coal Field, Texas Geol. Surv.
1890 Rept. Texas Geol. Surv., p. 91.
Do.
Do. Ibid., p. 111. Ibid., p. 219.
Do. Ibid., p. 229.
Do.
Do. Ibid., p. 2.57.
Do.
L. J. Clark.
Mound City Brick Co.
Geol. Wisconsin, II, p.
Do.
Ibid., p. 469.
B. Schmidt & Co.
Paving-Brick Clays.
tr.
'"k'.QO 1
CaCO, ! .382 '
tr. I
tr.
tr.
tr.
I tr.
'.82"j 2.32
2.13 .94
4. 14 3. 15
Ign,7.3i
Ign. 6. 69 SO2 6. 30
P.,05 1. 15 So3 .04
1. 20 IP2O5 .90 tr.
tr.
j 1.40
SO2 .89 PgOg .13
Byrnes on Roadways.
Do. Do.
Mln. liesources, 1893.
J. S. Cary, anal. Byrnes on Roadways.
J. F. Elson, anal. S. B. Hart.
Clay Worker, Dec, 1893.
Byrnes on Roadways. Do. Do.
Clay Worker, Dec, 1893
New Jersey Clay Rept., 1878. Do.
Mineral Resources.
Analyses of clays of the United States — Continued. PAVING-BRICK CLAYS— Continued.
State and county.
New Tork: Onondaga.
Steuben .. Ohio:
Athens . -
Eichland . . . Franklin . . . Stark
Do
Columbiana. Jeli'erson
Do
Columbiana.
Town.
Material.
"Warners
do
Hornellsville
Clay Shale
.do
Glouster Shale clay
Darlington
Columbus
Canton
North Industry.
Island Siding. - East Palestine.
Jefl'erson i Toronto
Do.
Hocking
Montgomery. Pennsylvania:
Beaver
Do
Mercer
Do. Beaver . Do.
Tennessee :
Hamilton
Scott
Texas :
Henderson.
West Virginia:
Marion
Elliotts ville. . .
do
Croxton Run . Hay dens ville Brookville . - .
Monaca. .. Rochester Sharon
do ...
do ...
do ...
do ...
Fire clay
do ...
do ...
do ...
do ...
do ...
do ...
do ...
Shale
Clay
Shale clay
Red shale.
do Blue shale
Woodlawn Clay
New Brighton i do
Powdes Station do
Chattanooga do
Rohbins ... Morrison's.
Cumberland . . Nuzums Mills
.do .do
.do -do
Silica.
Com- bined.
Free.
Alumina.
Ferric oxide.
5, 78
Terra Cotta Clays.
California : Monterey
Jolon . Chico ,
Butte
Colorado :
Jefl'erson Golden
New York :
Allegany Alfred Center
Saratoga.
Pennsylvania: Beaver
Virginia :
Augusta.
South Dakota : Pennington.
Glens Falls. (See Brick clays.)
New Brighton ,
Staunton
Rapid City
Clay.
.do
Chemuns shale
Shale clay
Clay.
Analyses of clai/8 of the United States — Continued. PAVING-BRICK CLAYS— Continued.
Lime.
tr.
Mag- nesia.
tr.
Alkalies.
Water.
Com- bined.
Free.
Organic matter.
So, 2. 78
FeS 1.09 Ign.6.26
Ign. 8.36 Ign. 7.8
Titanic acid.
Co27.5O Co23.04
Miscel- Firm names, authority, laneous. or analyst.
MnO tr. K. Froehling, anal.
MnO .9 MnO tr.
Ohio Oeol. Surv., VII. 1893, p. 134.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do. Ibid., p. 137.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Ibid., V, 1884, p. 139. Do.
Monong. Fire Clay Co. Park Fire Clay Co. Eclipse PaA'ing Brick and Clay Ml'g. Co. Do.
J. W. Slocum, anal. Tennessee Paving
Brick Co. Clay Worker, Dec, 1893.
Texas Geol. Surv., 1890, p. 199.
Clay Worker, Dec, 1893. Byrnes on Roadways.
Terra Cotta Clays.
l.OI
MnO . 52
SO, tr.
So,. 41
9th Rept. California State Min., p. 302. Do.
Celadon Terra C o 1 1 a Co.
Pennsylvania Geol. Surv., MM. p. 262.
Terra Cotta Tile Works.
Rapid City Steam Brick Works.
Mineral Resources.
Jnalyses of clays of the United Slaten — Coiitiuued. PIPECLAYS.
state and <'()unty.
Town.
Georgia :
Baldwin
Kentucky:
Calloway New Providence.
Stephens Pottery.
Marshall. .
Xew Jersey : Middlesex
New York :
Erie
North Dakota :
Cavalier . . .
Ohio -.
Jeiferson
Pughs Place. Woodbridge .
do
Angola
Langdon
Freen;ian. (See also analyses of Ohio paving-brick clays,)
Material.
White clay .
Clay
do
do
Shale
Clay
Silica.
Com- bined.
Free.
33 I 29.10
Aliunina.
Ferric o.xide.
Residual Clays.
Alabama: Calhoun
Arkansas.
Georgia : liartow
Polk... Kentucky : Graves
Massachusetts : Hampden. .
North Carolina : Wake
Pennsylvania : Lehish
Wisconsin Wood.
Morrisville From Knox-
ville limestone.
From St. Clair
limestone.
Cartersville. Rock Mart. .
Blandford .
Cary
Fogelsville
Grand Rapids
Caen stone . . . From chert...
From slate.
tr.
Clay. 575
Anah/ses of clays of the United States — Continued. PIPECLAYS.
Lime.
Mag- nesia.
Alkalies.
W.
Com- bined.
iter. Free.
Organic matter.
Titanic acid.
Mi.scel- laneous.
Firm names, authority, or analyst.
H. C. White, anal.
Kentucky Geol. Surv., Chem. Rept. A, pt. 3, No. 2640.
Ibid., No. 2763
New Jersey Clay
Rept., 1878, p. 82. Ibid., p. 113.
H. T. Vulte, anal.
Rept. Labor Bureau,
Ohio Geol. Surv., V,
tr.
tr.
Loss 3. 66
Residual Clays.
tr. tr. tr.
tr.
tr.
P-Og 2. 53
From Ark. Geol. Surv., Rept. on manganese.
Georgia Geol. Surv., Do.
Kentucky Geol. Surv., Chem. Rept. A, Pt.
Tech. Quart., 1890.
Pennsylvania Geol. Surv., D, p. 13.
Wisconsin Ac. Sci., 1870-1876.
Co2 1. 02
Cement.
American Rock Cement.
By Uriah Cummings.
Hydraulic Cement.
Increased Product.
There was a slight increase in the production of natural-rock cement during 1894, which is very encouraging considering the prolonged busi- ness depression. The increase was confined mostly to Louisville, Ky., Milwaukee, Wis., and the Lehigh Yalley district, in Pennsylvania. In most of the other districts there was a slight falling oE in the produc- tion. The demand was steady throughout the season, and the volume was slightly above the average for the past five years.
Price.
There has been an advance of 4.2 cents per barrel over the prices for 1893, and they were a trifle above the average for the past five years.
Prices of natural-rock cement in hulk at mills.
Cents per barrel.
47. 2(j
New Developments.
A new plant with a caiacity for producing about 250 barrels per day has been erected at Austin, Minn. The cement from this plant was placed on the market during the summer of 1894.
The works of the Howard Hydraulic Cement Company, at Cement, Ga., which were entirely destroyed by fire April 30, 1895, are being rebuilt on a much larger scale, and with all the modern appliances for a su(icessful x>i'osecution of the business.
Cement.
Product.
The following table gives the amount and value of the hydraulic cement produced in the United States during 1893 and 1894. The values are based on the price per barrel in bulk at the various facto- ries. The cost of package is always added to the price of the cement by the manufacturer. In the Eastern States the packages are almost wholly of wood, while in the Western States probably over 90 per cent of the cement is sold in jute or paper sacks. For these reasons the values in the table are given exclusive of packages :
Product of hydraulic cement in 1893 and 1894.
States.
Num-
Num-
ber of
Barrels.
Value.
ber of
Barrels.
Value.
works.
works.
Georgia
10, 273
$7, 182
9, 266
$7, 094
Illinois
522, 972
153, 039
446, 267
133, 880
Indiana and Ken-
tucky
1,750, 350
525, 105
2, 000, 000
Kansas
60, 000
21, 000
50, 000
25, 000
Maryland and West
Virginia
231, 590
125, 554
279, 000
136, 250
75, 000
37, 500
63, 290
31,645
New Mexico
1, 500
1, 125
Idle.
New York :
Ulster County
2, 738, 884
1, 506, 386
2, 659, 601
1,595, 760
Erie County
675, 000
327, 500
578, 800
289, 400
Onondaga County.
161, 308
57, 394
187, 929
78, 303
Schoharie Countv.
22, 566
14, 668
20, 000
11, 000
68, 000
43, 550
55, 023
33, 598
Pennsylvania
567, 110
265, 159
605, 812
269, 701
Texas
10, 000
25, 000
12, 000
18, 000
Utah
5, 000
6, 250
Idle.
Virginia . .
17, 509
10, 707
8, 700
Wisconsin
494, 753
124, 638
582, 000
197, 400
Total
7,411, 815
3, 251, 757
7, 563, 488
3, 635, 731
Production of cement of all kinds in the United States since 1880.
Years.
Production.
Value.
Barrels.
2, 072, 943 2, 500, 000
3, 250, 000 4, 190, 000
4, 000, 000 4, 150, 000 4, 500, 000
6, 692, 744 6, 503, 295
7, 000, 000 8, 000, 000
8, 222, 792 8, 758, 621 8. 002, 467 8, 362, 245
$1, 852, 707
2, 000, 000
3, 672, 750 4, 293, 500 3, 720, 000 3, 492, 500 3, 990, 000 5, 674, 377 5, 021, 139
5, 000, 000
6, 000, 000 6, 680, 951 7, 152, 750 6, 262, 841 5, 030, 081
That the United States leads the world in the manufacture of natural- rock cement is unquestionably due to the undeniable fact that in no other country is the material to be found which combines within itself so many features of general excellence as to require no artificial manip- ulation for improving its quality. 16 GEOL, PT 4 37
Mineral Resources.
The principal source of rock cements in Europe is from the Liassic, or Upper and Lower Blue Lias subdivision of the Jurassic rock forma- tion, the uneven quality of which readily accounts for the recourse to artificial mixtures which has now so universally obtained in that country. The Blue Lias, from which the rock cements are obtained, consists in its lower portion of layers of blue and gray limestones, more or less argillaceous. These layers occur sometimes in even and sometimes in irregular bands, often nodular and interrupted, and they alternate with blue and brown marls, clays, and shales. Iowhere in the Lower Lias is there any marked band of rock which can be traced continuously for any great distance.
The upper portion of the Lower Lias consists of more or less mica ceous blue clays, shales, and marls, with occasional septaria nodules and bands of earthy and shelly limestones and sandy layers. There is no rigid x)lane of demarcation between them and the mass of limestones beneath, while the clays pass upward into the lower beds of the Middle Lias, with no lithological break or divisional line. There is no layer of the rock used for cement purposes wliicli does not vary in its proportion of clay, ofttimes as much as 20 ier cent in individual quarries, and we find that while one layer may contain 8 per cent, the one next above or below may contain 50 per cent of clay. Clearly, it is not remarkable that a cement made from such an ill-assorted mass of material should lack in uniformity.
No experienced cement manufacturer in America would undertake to produce a rock cement from such a mixture of clays, shales, marls, nodules, limestones, and cement stones. It is not surDrising that arti- ficial mixtures were employed in an endeavor to meet and overcome the dissatisfaction unavoidably growing out of the use of such natural - rock cements. Contrasting these materials with our own massive cement-rock deposits, we find that we have immense beds of cement rock, absolutely free from any extraneous substances, perfectly pure and clean, with layer upon layer extending for thousands of feet without an appreciable variation in the proportions of ingredients.
Cement-rock quarries are worked in this country decade after decade without the necessity of rejecting a pound of the material, and the analyses taken during successive years show no marked changes what- ever in the constituent parts. Had England and France possessed such cement-rock formations as are so well distributed throughout this country it is extremely doubtful if the production of artificial cement would have been resorted to. Under such circumstances there would have been no occasion for it.
The magnitude and value of the work done with the natural rock cements of this country is almost beyond comprehension. They have been used in the largest buildings, tunnels, bridges, dams, and aque- ducts constructed in America, and a failure has yet to be reported and recorded. More than 100,000,000 barrels have been so used during the past twenty years.
Cement.
To enumerate the engineering and architectural structures into which this enormous amount of cement has entered would require several volumes, and attention will be called to but a few, which will serve as a fresh reminder that we have here at home hydraulic cement which for cheapness, safety, durability, and positive excellence can not be surpassed by any cement, whether natural or artificial, that is now known to the world.
Among the structures built with native American rock cements we would call attention to the following as being a few of the many in various localities :
Washington, I), C. — State, War and Navy, Department building, Bureau of Engraving and Printing building, Patent Office, National Museum, Pension Office, Library of Congress, Boundary sewer sys- tem, etc.
Ne2v York. — The old and new Croton aqueducts. High Bridge over the Harlem, foundations and to high -water mark of the Brooklyn Bridge, the entire sewer system of New York and Brooklyn, nine- tenths of the tall modern buildings of lower Broadway, the elevated railroad system, and all of the older New York, the bridges across the Hudson at Poughkeepsie and Albany, the Albany capitol building, all the bridges over the Niagara River, the entire sewer and concrete paving and waterworks systems of Buffalo, and all the important buildings of that city, such as the City and County Hall, the Erie County Savings Bank building, etc.
Cleveland, Ohio. — The great viaduct, the waterworks tunnel under Lake Erie, and the vast sewer system, and nearly every important building in that city.
Chicago, III. — The Chicago Board of Trade building, Rialto office building, Pullman works entire, Rookery building, Home Insurance building, Marshall Field wholesale building, the immense Chicago Public Library building, and many other important structures, the several tunnels under the rivers and under Lake Michigan, the ele- vated railroads, etc.
Farther West. — The great bridges over the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers, the public works of Cincinnati, LouivSville, St. Louis, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Omaha, Sioux City, and lesser cities, constructed exclusively with American rock cements, together with the almost endless masonry work of the thousands of miles of railroads through- out the entire country, tell the story of the value of our homemade cements, and should stand as an ever-i)resent rebuke to the advocates of imported cements, which, although they may set harder in a short length of time, are no harder after five years, and in process of time the fact will be universally acknowledged that a cement formed by raj)id setting is in no manner equal in enduring qualities to one of slower and therefore more perfect setting, such as is found inherent in the natural-rock cements of this country.
Portland Cement.
By Spencer B. Newbekry.
Increased Product.
The production of Portland cement in the United States during the year 1894 reached a total of 798,757 barrels, as compared with 590,652 barrels in 1893, an increase of 208,105 barrels, or 35 iDer cent. The increase is not confined to any particular section of the country, but is generally distributed. It results in part from the establishment of new factories, of which 24 were in operation in 1894, as compared with 19 in 1893. The chief increase is, however, seen in the output of the older factories, notably in Lehigh County, Pa. From all sides come reports of the establishment of new works and extension of older plants, so that there is reason to expect a decided further increase in production in 1895. The imports for the year 1894 were 2,638,107 barrels, valued at $3,396,729, a slight decrease from the amount imported in 1893. The following table shows the relative proportion of Portland cement made in this country and imported during the past four years :
Comparison of the domeMic production of Portland cement with the imports.
Production in the United States
Imports
Barrels.
454, 813 2, 988, 313
Barrels.
547, 440 2, 440, 654
Barrels.
590, 652 2, 674, 149
Barrels.
798, 757 2, 638, 107
Total
3, 443, 126
2, 988, 094 21, 536
3, 264, 801 14, 276
3, 436, 864 9, 725
Exports
Total cons umption
3, 443, 126
2, 966, 558
3, 250, 525
3, 427, 139
Percentage of total consump- tion produced in the United states
Prom the above table it appears that the importation of cement into this country has remained nearly stationary since 1891, and that the domestic product has gained rapidly in comparison with the imported, until in 1894 nearly one-fourth of the Portland cement used was of American manufacture. There is little doubt that this gain will con- tinue, and that within a very few years practically all the Portland
Cement.
cement required in this country will be manufactured at home. There is reason to expect a great increase in production during the year 1895, as several new factories are under construction and will be in operation before the close of the season. The low freight rate on cement from Europe to Chicago is no longer oflered, and the price of foreign cement shows a decided advance at the beginning of the new year. There appears to be everywhere a decided scarcity of Portland cement, and there is reason to believe that the capacity of American factories will be taxed to its utmost during the next few months. Good American Portland is to be had at 50 cents to $1 per barrel less than the best German, and is being extensively adopted for large Government and private contracts. The battle between natural-rock and Portland cements has been fought out in England and Germany, and has resulted in the complete victory of Portland, and the practical disappearance of the natural-rock cement industry. The result in this country can hardly be so decisive, as most of the natural-rock cements produced here are certainly greatly superior to the Eoman cements formerly made in Europe.
The following table shows the product of Portland cement, by States, in 1893 and 1894. In compiling the returns for the past year it was decided to calculate the values in bulk, instead of in barrels, owing to the fact that by far the larger part of the American cement produced is shipped in paper or cloth sacks, and not in barrels :
Product of Portland cement in the United States, 1893 and 1894.
States.
Num- ber of works.
Product.
Value, including barrels.
Num- ber of works.
Product.
Value, not including barrels.
Barrels.
Barrels. 19, 300 15, 000 43, 500 4,000 117, 275 72, 223 80, 653 437, 106 8, 000 1,400
$43, 425 37, 500 80, 475 7, 200 205, 231 119, 168 144, 425 718, 009 24, 000 3, 500
Colorado
Dakota
10, 000
33, 739
$25, 000 69, 502
Indiana
New York
IvTew Jersey
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Texas
20, 000 137, 096 36, 500 285, 317 8, 000
45, 000 287, 725
96, 000
85, 500 521, 411
28, 000
Total
590, 652
1, 158, 138
798, 757
1, 383, 473
Materials.
Portland cement is made from carbonate of lime and clay. These materials may be naturally mixed, as in the case of argillaceous lime- stones, or entirely separate. In all cases, however, it is necessary to bring the material to correct com]3osition by artificial additions and thorough mixing. In England chalk is the form of carbonate of lime employed. In Germany the chief material is marl (mergel), by which is understood a more or less hard limestone rock containing clay. In
Mineral Kesources.
some German factories a pure soft marl (wiesenkalk), or fresli- water chalk, is used, consisting cliieily of carbonate of lime and similar to the marl deposits of this country.
In the United States the materials used are very similar to those of Germany. Most of our clay limestones are highly magnesian, and therefore unsuitable for Portland cement, though they are used on an immense scale for natural-rock cements. At certain localities, however, as in Lehigh County, Pa., at Phillipsburg, N. J., and in the far West, limestones containing sufficient clay and nearly free from magnesia are abundantly found, and in the above localities and from this material most of our Portland cement is made. In the Lehigh County region, the chief seat of the American Portland cement industry, the different strata of rock are carefully selected and mixed in such proportions as to give a material of the right composition.
In central l!"ew York, and at a few points in Ohio and Indiana, large deposits of pure white marl are found. This is generally called shell marl," and is supposed to result from the disintegration of fresh-water shells. In the opinion of the writer, however, these marl beds are gen- erally pulverulent deposits from calcareous springs, and are not formed from shells. At the localities above mentioned this material, artifi- cially mixed with clay, is largely used for the manufacture of Portland cement. Owing to the soft, fine-grained character of the marl the mix- ing can be much more cheaply done than in the case of limestone, though this advantage is largely compensated for by the necessity of drying out the 40 to 50 per cent of water which the marl generally contains.
As already stated, most American Portland cement is made from argillaceous limestone, as shown by the following table :
Number of cement factories using limestone compared with the users of marl.
Factories producing —
Num- ber.
Quantity.
Limestone
Barrels. 611,829 186, 928
Marl
Total
798, 757
The first group includes 6 factories in the Lehigh County region, in Pennsylvania, producing over 400,000 barrels j one at Phillipsburg, N. J.; and 10 at other points. The second group, using marl, includes four factories in New York, two in Ohio, and one in Indiana.
Processes.
There are four distinct forms of kiln used in burning Portland cement. These are (1) intermittent or dome kiln, (2) continuous kiln, of the Dietzsch or Shofer type, (3) Hoffmann ring furnace, (4) rotai'y furnace. In the old-fashioned intermittent kiln the bricks of cement mixture are charged into the kiln with coke in alternate layers, and the whole allowed to burn out and cool down before emptying. The Dietzsch or
Cement.
Shofer continuous kiln is continuously charged with bricks of cement mixture and soft coal, and the burned clinker periodically withdrawn at the bottom. It presents the great advantage of cheaper fuel and economy of labor. The Hoffmann ring furnace consists of a number of chambers arranged around a central stack. These are filled with bricks of cement mixture and the fuel introduced through the openings in the top. This form of kiln is economical of fuel, but requires more labor than the other types of kiln. The Hoffmann ring furnace is used in this country to some extent in burning brick, sewer pipe, and lime, but not, so far as the writer can learn, in the manufacture of cement. The rotary furnace has been fully described in previous reports. Crude or fuel oil is used as a source of heat at all jioints where this kiln is employed.
In the United States most of the Portland cement produced is burned in the old-fashioned intermittent kilns. The Dietzsch kiln is used at Harper and Middle Branch, Ohio. The Shofer kiln is to be used at new works now beginning operations at Glens Falls, K. Y. The rotary furnace is in operation at Colton, Cal.; Phillipsburg, N. J.; Ooplay, Pa., and Sandusky Ohio. The following table shows the number of barrels of cement made during the past two years m vertical kilns (continuous and intermittent) and the rotary furnace:
Amount of Portland cement made in kilns of various kinds.
Rotary furnace
Vertical kilns (continuous and intermittent)
Total
Barrels. 149, 000 441, 653
Barrels. 242, 176 556, 581
590, 653
798, 757
It thus appears that the output of rotary furnaces has increased much more rapidly than tiiat of vertical kilns. The recent rapid advance in the price of crude oil is a great obstacle to the use of the rotary fur- nace. Attempts are being made to substitute producer gas for crude oil in burning cement. There is no reason why this should not be suc- cessfully done, and the change will greatly reduce the cost of burning cement at all points where the rotary process is used.
For grinding the finished product the Griffin steel mill is used at the larger factories. Some of the older works still use buhrstones. The Griffin mill consists of a steel ring, against the inside surface of which a heavy steel roll revolving on a vertical shaft presses by centrifugal force. The mill is provided with screens which allow powder of the requisite fineness to pass through, while the coarser particles drop back into the mill. This mill is an American invention, and is rapidly find- ing its way into the leading cement works of Germany.
Mineral Resources.
General Notes On The Portland Cement Industry.
California. — In 1894 a new factory began operations at Oolton. The materials used are a white "coralline" limestone, stated to contain 99.30 per cent carbonate of lime and 0.38 per cent silica and graphite. The clay used contains 47.5 per cent silica, 32.6 per cent alumina and iron oxide, 10.4 per cent lime, and 1.02 per cent magnesia. The mate- rials are mixed in the dry state and burned in a rotary furnace, using crude od as fuel. The present capacity of the plant is stated to be 180 barrels per day. Enlargements are in progress which will give double this capacity by August, 1895.
Neio York, — The works of the Warner's Portland Cement Company were not in operation during 1894. New works are in process of erec- tion at Cassadaga Lake, Chautauqua County. The bottom and shores of this lake are composed of white marl, which will be taken out by means of a dredge. At Glens , I. Y., works were erected in 1893 for the manufacture of Portland cement, and began operations in April, 1894. The enterprise is under the direction of Capt. W. W. Maclay, formerly chief of the department of docks, Ilew York City, and well known as an expert on cement testing. At these works limestone of the Devonian formation is used. This contains 93 per cent carbonate of lime and 2 per cent insoluble matter. The clay emjjloyed contains 59 per cent silica, 23 per cent alumina, and G per cent iron oxide. The dry process is used in mixing, and the burning is done partly in inter- mittent kilns and partly in continuous kilns of the Shofer type. The total capacity of the works is stated to be about 350 barrels per day.
New Jersey. — The works of Thos. D. Whitaker at Phillipsburg were partly destroyed by fire January 20, 1894, and were shut down in conse- quence until May 15. Another factory is being erected at Phillipsburg by the Vulcanite Cement Company.
Imports.
The following table shows the imports of all classes of cement into the United States during the fiscal years ending June 30, 1893 and 1894, arranged by ports.
Cement. 585
Imports of cement, by ports, during the fiscal years ending June 30, 1S93 and 1894.
Ports.
Pounds.
Value.
Pounds.
Value.
'HtXC COCtSt,
Baltimore, Md
Bath, Me
108, 479, 638
$2
359, 144
163, 000 77, 968, 821 8,400 62, 072, 160 6, 224, 911 165, 345 11, 904, 000 384, 406, 068
$853 249, 039
198, 653 21,956 35,920 1, 251, 090
Bostoii and Charlestovvn, Mass
61, 346, 305 2, 482, 400 4, 000
208, 783 8, 7o9
"NToTO- VriT'lr "NT "V"
Passamaquoddy, Me
504, 135, 906
129, 883, 778
1, 690, 622
412, 140
Portland and Falmouth, Me
111,829, 516 1, 699, 608 200, 000 9, 881, 156
348. 662 5, 246 27, 008
6, 350, 902 222, 224
19, 031
Total
Gulf coast.
Pensacola, Fla
812, 905. 761
2, 699, 245
666, 522, 985
2, 139, 749
27, 563, 767 112,445, 409 806, 840 936, 000
93, 322 377, 288 3, 261 3, 225
19, 207, 393 83, 794, 052 1, 315, 559
58, 681 273, 570 4,005
Los Angeles, Cal
141, 752,016
477, 096
104, 317, 004
336, 256
11, 027, 183
36, 068
6, 658, 448 399, 980 21, 706, 002 14, 761, 600 135, 889, 312 47, 560, 684
21, 637 1,277 66, 665 48, 802 433, 364 155, 222
San Francisco, Cal
Willamette, Oregon
Total
Lake.
Buffalo Creek, N. Y
24, 141, 906 22, 744, 180 82, 643, 856 14, 652, 325
82, 079 79, 300 279, 478 49, 706
155, 209, 450
526, 631
226, 976, 026
726, 967
50, 900 98, 900 1, 374, 262 40, 000 11, 000
4,811
76, 450
Chicago, 111
Detroit. Mich
998, 026 194, 000 313, 300
2, 700 412, 500
3, 605 74, 000
3, 289 1,420 1,750
Miami, Ohio
Oswegatchie. N. Y
Oswego, N. Y
Total
Interior.
815, 285 2, 220
2,476
2, 392, 682
8, 087
2, 074, 581
7, 959
5, 600 99, 207
5, 600
80, 000 80, 000 200, 000 14, 877, 677
52, 997
Kansas City, Mo
Louisville, Ky
St. Louis, Mo
Total
80, 000 266, 138 12, 223, 701
1,008 47, 701
12, 654, 646
49, 385
15, 243, 277
54, 156
1, 124, 914, 555
3, 760, 444
1,015,133,873 3,265,087
Abrasive Materials.
By Edward W. Parker.
BUHRSTOlSrES.
Bubrstoues, or millstones, are made from a quartz conglomerate rock occurring along the eastern slope of the Alleghany Mountains in ]ew York, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. It is known locally by various names. In Ulster County, N. Y., it is called "Esopus stone;" in Lancaster County, Pa., it is known as 'cocalico stone;" in Mont- gomery County, Ya., it is quarried as Brush Mountain stone," and in Moore County, C, it goes by the name of "iorth Carolina grit." The industry has been on the decline for a number of years, the introduction of the roller process in flouring mills having cut off the chief market for buhrstones. Their use now is practically confined to the grinding of paint and cement rock. In remote regions of the Appa- lachian range, particularly in the Southern States, owners of mills which grind corn for the neighboring mountaineers use stones made from rock quarried in the vicinity. They usually work up the stones themselves, and there is no way of obtaining either the amount or value of the product. This small factor is not considered in the statistics of production.
Although classed as buhrstone, the domestic material is entirely dis- tinct from any of the buhrs which are imported from France, Belgium, and Germany. The French buhr is considered the best. Both it and the Belgian buhr consist of small particles of silica mixed with calcar- eous material, and are hard and porous. The German buhr is said to be of basaltic lava. The domestic stone is a quartz conglomerate. All of the foreign stone is quarried in small pieces, which are shipped in the rough state at cheap freight rates to this country where they are dressed to conformable shapes, fitted together, and bound into solid wheels. The domestic stone is found in large bowlders, which are worked down to millstones of the required size, the chief advantage for these being in the fact that they are in one piece. The domestic stone is of much coarser grain than the foreign and is not suitable for grind-
Abrasive Materials.
ing wheat, its use being limited to the coarser cereais, paints, cements, feitilizers, etc. During the past few years a new millstone made of emery ore, ground and cemented into solid wheels, has been introduced. It is said to be superior to any of the others, and has certainly been favorably received. The continued decrease in production indicates that the emery-rock millstones have superseded the domestic buhr- stones to some extent already.
Production.
The value of buhrstones of domestic production in 1894 was only $13,887, the smallest on record, and less than 10 per cent of the value of the product in 1884, ten years previous. The product was from New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. In the following table is exhibited the value of the millstones produced in the United States since 1880:
Value of buhrstones produced in the United States from 1880 to 1894.
Tears.
Value.
Years.
Value.
$200, 000 150, 000 200, 000 150, 000 150, 000 100, 000 140, 000 100, 000
$81, 000 35, 155 23, 720 16, 587 23, 417 16, 639 13, 887
f 1884
Imports.
Value of hulirstones and millstones imported into the United States from 1868 to 1894.
Tears ended —
Rough.
Made into mill- stones.
Total.
Tear ended —
Roajjh.
Made into mill- stones.
Total.
June 30, 1868..
$74, 224
$74, 224
June 30, 1882..
$103, 287
$747
$104, 034
57, 942
$2, 419
60, 361
73, 413
73, 685
58, 601
2, 297
60, 898
45, 837
46, 100
35, 406
3, 698
39, 104
35, 022
35, 477
69, 062
5, 967
75, 029
Dec. 31, 1886..
29, 273
29, 935
60, 463
8, 115
68, 578
23, 816
24, 007
36, 540
43, 170
79, 710
36, 523
37, 228
48, 068
66, 991
115, 059
40, 432
40, 884
37, 759
46, 328
84, 087
32, 892
1, 103
33, 995
60, 857
23, 068
83, 925
23, 997
24, 039
87, 679
1,928
89, 607
33, 657
34, 186
101, 484
5, 088
106, 52
29, 532
30, 261
120, 441
4, 631
125, 072
a 18, 087
100, 417
3, 495
103,912
a lN"ot separately classified after 1893.
Grindstones.
The total value of grindstones produced in the United States in 1894 was $223,214, against $338,787 in 1893, a decrease of $115,573, or a little more than 33 per cent. The decrease is attributed to the trade dei)ression and the general decline in values.
Mineral Resources.
The production of grindstones is limited to Ohio and Michigan. The following table shows the value of grindstones produced annually in the United States since 1880:
Value of grindstones produced in the United States, 1880 to 1894.
Years.
Value.
Tears.
Value.
$500, 000 500, 000 700, 000 600, 000 570, 000 500, 000 250, 000 224, 400
$281, 800 439, 587 450, 000 476, 113 272, 244 338, 787 223, 214
Grindstones imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1868 to 1894,
inclusive.
Years ended —
June 30, 1868
Dec. 31,1886 1S89
Finished.
Quantity. Value
Long tons.
1,202 1,437 1,443
1, 373 1,681 1,245 1,463 1,603 1,573
2, 064 1,705 1,755
$25, 640 15, 878 29, 161 43, 781 13,453 17, 033 18, 485
17, 642
20, 262
18, 546
21, 688 24, 904 24, 375 30, 288 30, 286 28, 055
Unfinished or rough.
Quantity. Value.
Long tons.
3, 957. 15 10, 774. 80
8, 376. 84 7, 721.44 7, 656. 17 6, 079. 34
4, 979. 75
3, 669. 41 4, 584. 16
4, 578. 59
5, 044. 71
5, 945. 61
6, 945. 63
$35, 215 99, 715 96, 444 60, 935
100, 494 94, 900 87, 525 90, 172 69, 927 46, 441 52, 343 56, 840 66, 939 77, 797
Total value.
$60, 855 115, 593 125, 605
104, 716 113, 947 111, 933 106, 010 107, 814
90, 189 68, 129 77, 247 76, 274 87, 128 97, 225
105, 852 a 86, 286
50, 579 39, 149
50, 312
51, 755 57, 720 45, 115 21, 028 61, 052 59, 569
52, 688
a Since 1884 classed as finished or unfinished.
OILiSTOlSES AXD WHETSTONES. PRODUCTION.
The production of oilstones, whetstones, etc., in 1894, was about the same as that of 1893, being valued at $136,873, against $135,173, the difference being but little more than 1 per cent. Included in this pro- duction are the two grades of novaculite from Arkansas, known respec- tively as Arkansas" and "Washita" stone; the fine-grained sandstone of Orange County, Ind., known as "Hindostan" or 'Orange" stone; Lake Superior stone, a gray sandstone quarried in Cuyahoga County, Ohio; Labrador stone, similar to the Lake {Superior article, from Cort-
Abrasive Materials.
land County, N. Y., and chocolate stoue from Lisbon, H. It also includes scytliestones, made from Indian Pond and Lamoille sand- stone, quarried in Grafton County, i. H., and Orleans County, Vt., and from Berea "grit," quarried at Berea, Ohio.
The production of finished oilstones, etc., in the United States is ])ractically controlled by one firm — the Pike Manufacturing Company, of Pike Station, IT. The contracts with other firms, mentioned in Mineral Resources for 1893 as having been dissolved, were renewed during 1894, the principal competitive concerns agreeing to close down for a series of years. In addition to the Pike company's output a com- paratively small number of whetstones were made in New York and Ohio by other firms, and another firm in Michigan was engaged in the manufacture of scythestones.
The reports of production by the Pike Manufacturing Company, which have been furnished this office for publication, may be taken as indicative of the condition of the industry. This company owns quar- ries in Haverhill, Piermont, Orford, and Lisbon, N. H.; Westmore and Brownington,Yt. ; Cunimington, Mass.; French Lick, Ga., and Orange- ville and Paoli, Ind., and about 1,000 acres of quarry land in Garland County, Ark., thus covering the entire field.
The following tables show the production, exports, and imports of oilstones, etc., by the Pike Manufacturing Company for three years:
Production of oilstones, etc., hy the Pike Manufacturing Company in 1892, 1893, and 1894.
Kinds.
Output.
Value.
Output.
Value.
Output.
Value.
Washita stone
Arkansas stone
Hindostan stone
Chocolate stone
. . pounds . . do
do
do
do
do
400, 000 20, 000 300, 000 100, 000 20, 000 16, 000
$00, 000 12, 000 15, 000 2,000 2, 000 50, 000
300, 000
12, 000
250, 000 100, 000 20, 000
13, 000
$45, 000 12, 000
13, 000 2, 000 2, 000
40, 000
300, 000 15, 000 300, 000 100, 000 25, 000 15, 000
$45, 000 15, 000
15, 000 2, 200 2, 500
45, 000
Total value.
14], 050
114, 020
124, 710
Estimated exports of oilstones, etc., in 1892, 1893, and 1894.
Kinds.
Amount.
Value.
Amount.
Value.
Amount.
Value.
Washita stone pounds. .
Arkansas stone do
Hindostan stone do
Sandstone do
8, 000 150, 000
9, 000 75, 000
$20, 000 20, 000 12, 250 2, 250
8, 000 180, 000
8,000 100, 000 50, 000
$19, 000 21, 000 10, 500 3, 500 1,000
9, 000 200, 000
8, 000 150, 000 40, 000
$20, 000 30, 000 10, 000 7,000
Total value
54, 500
55, 000
67, 800
1 See paper on Berea grit, by M. C. Read, Mineral Resources, 1882, p. 478.
MINERAL RESOURCES. Katimated imports of oilstones, etc., in 1892, 1893, and 1894.
Kinds.
Turkey stone pounds- .
Scotch stones (all kinds) . . .do
Razor hones dozen . .
English scythestones gross..
Norway Ragg scythestones
German emery scythestones
Naxos emery scythestones
Total value.
Amount. Value. I Amount. Value.
1, 000
8, 000 1,000
50, 000
$200 2, 000 None. 1,000
4, 300
1,000
4, 000 1,000
30, 000
$200 1,500 None.
2, 750
Amount. Value
2, 000
3,000 2, 000
30, 000 5, 000
$400 5,000 None.
6, 950
Imports.
The following table shows the total value of all kinds of nones and whetstones imported since 1880:
T Imports of hones and whetstones since 1880.
Tears ended-
June 30, 1880
Dec. 31,1886
Value.
Years ended—
Value.
$14, 185
Dec. 31, 1888
$30, 676
16, 631
27, 400
27, 882
37, 454
30, 178
35, 344
26, 513
33, 420
21, 434
25, 301
21, 141
26, 671
24, 093
Corunuum And Emery.
Production.
The total amount of corundum produced in 1894 was 945 short tons and that of emery 550 tons, an aggregate of 1,495 short tons, the combined value of which was $95,936. This was the smallest product since 1888, but the value, while less than that of either 1892 or 1893, was more than that of 1890 or 1891, when the product was considerably more. The corundum output was, as in 1893, from Eabuii County, Ga., Macon and Jackson counties, N. C, and Hampden County, Mass. corundum was mined in Chester County, Pa., in either 1893 or 1894. The pro- duction and use of Westchester County, Y., emery is increasing, and the material is growing in favor for the manufacture of emery wheels, etc., in competition with Turkish and Naxos emery. Five years ago the shipments of emery from Westchester County did not exceed 30 tons. In 1894 the shipments were over 500 tons. Most of the product is shipped in crude form for manufacture at other points some going by rail and soine by boat from Peekskill. The decreased production of corundum in 1894 was caused by the closing down, temporarily, of some mines in North Carolina, the suspension being partly due to unfavora- ble trade conditions, and partly to bad weather, which had rendered the mountain roads impassable for wagons during a good part of the time.
Abrasive Materials.
The distribution of deposits of emery and corundum throughout the United States has been discussed at length in previous volumes of Mineral Resources.' A number of writers have contributed to the literature bearing upon the relative merits of corundum and emery as abrasives, but unfortunately they have been, as a usual thing, iden- tified with one or the other interest, and their opinions are necessarily somewhat prejudiced. Mr. T. Dunkin Paret, of the Tanite Company, Stroudsburg, Pa., in papers on emery wheels and on emery and other abrasives, read before the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, has ably presented the cause of emery, while Mr. Charles N. Jenks, of the Sap- phire Valley Corundum Company, of Sapi)hire, N. C, in the Scientific American Supplement, December 8, 1894, presents equally strong argu- ments in favor of corundum.
The introduction of rock emery into the manufacture of millstones, supplanting French and other buhrs, is of interest. They are said to run easier per ton of output than any other grinders, and to require less attention. They possess a greater hardness than any other grind- ing material, and do not require dressing or sharpening. Some of the supporters of millstones made from rock emery are predicting the supplanting by them of the roller process in flouring mills.
The following table shows the annual product of corundum and emery since 1881 :
Annual product of corundum and emery since 1881.
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons.
$80, 000 80, 000 100,000 108, 000 108, 000 116, 190 108, 000
Short tons. 2, 245 1,970 2, 247 1, 771 1, 713 1, 495
$91, 620
105, 567 89, 395 90, 230 181, 300 142, 325 95, 936
' See Mineral Resources, 1882, p. 476; 1883-84, p. 714; 1893, p. 674. '-Journal of the Franklin Institute, March, 1890, and Maj' and June, 18C1.
Mineral Resources.
Imports.
The following table shows the imports of emery from 1867 to 1894 Emery imported into the United States from 1867 to 1894, inclusive.
Tears ended —
June 30, 1867.
1S85. Dec. 31, 1886.
Grains.
Quantity. Value
Pounds.
610, 117 331, 580 487, 725 385. 246 343, 697 334, 291 496, 633 411, 340 454, 790 520, 214 474, 105 143, 267 228, 329 161, 297 367, 239 430, 397 503, 347 534, 968 90, 658 566, 448 516, 953 597, 713
.$29, 706 16, 216 23, 345 18, 999 ' 16,615 16, 359 24, 456 20, 066 22, 101 25, 314 22, 767 5,802 9, 886 6,910 14, 290 16, 216 18,937 20, 382 3,729 22, 586 20, 073 18, 645
Ore or rock.
Quantity. Value
Long tons, 1, 641
1, 281
1,395 1,475 2,478 3,400 2,884
2, 765 2, 447
4, 145
2, 445
3, 782 2, 078 5, 175
5, 234 3,867 2, 530 5, 280 5, 066 2, 804
$14. 373 4,531 35, 205 25, 335 15, 870 41, 321 26, 065 43, 886 31, 972 40, 027 21, 964 38, 454 58, 065 76,481 67,781 69, 432 59, 282
121, 719 55, 368 88, 925 45, 033 93, 287 88, 727 97, 939 67, 573 95, 625
103,875 51, 487
Pulverized or ground.
Quantity. Value
Pounds. 924, 431 834, 286 924, 161 644, 080 613, 624 804, 977 343, 828 69, 890 85, 853 77, 382 96, 351 65, 068 133, 556 223, 855 177, 174 117, 008 93, 010 513, 161 194, 314 365, 947 a 144, 380
$38, 131 33, 549 42,711 29, 531 28, 941 36, 103 15, 041 2, 167
2, 990 2,533
3, 603 1,754
4, 985 9,202 7,497 3, 708
21, 181 8,789
24, 952 6, 796
Other manufac- tures.
$107
2,090 8, 743 111,302 5, 046
2, 412 3,819 1,841
Total value.
$52, 504 38, 080 77, 916 54, 866 44, 811 77, 424 70, 919 62, 366 61, 653 42, 182 56, 601 87, 506 105, 894 97, 432 98, 695 85, 490 148, 890 74, 800 121, 638 68, 209 118, 246 218,966 123, 367 71,302 120. 623 127, 767
a To June 30, only ; since, classed with grains.
Infusorial Earth. Occurrence.
Deposits of infusorial earth, or tripoli, occur in several of the Atlantic States, and it has been mined in Connecticut, New Hamp- shire, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. It also occurs and has been mined in Napa county, Oal., and near Virginia City, Nev. At the latter place mining is not prosecuted regularly, enough being obtained in one year to supply the owners with sufficient crude mate- rial to last for from three to five years. The principal use for the material is in the manufacture of polishing powders, etc., though it has been used to a considerable extent as an absorbent in the manu- facture of dynamite from nitroglycerine, and as a protective packing around steam boilers. Its use as an absorbent has been supplanted by sawdust, and the increased use of asbestos in boiler packing has militated against the use of infusorial earth. Other occurrences than those mentioned above have been noted, particularly in some of the Western States, but they have not been worked.
Abrasive Materials.
Production.
The production of infusorial earth is very irregular. In 1880 the value of the product was $45,660. In 1883 it had dropped to $5,000, and remained at approximately that figure for four years. In 1887 it increased to $15,000, but fell again to $7,500 in the following year. It increased to $23,372 in 1889, and again to $50,240 in 1890. The next year it decreased to $21,988; nearly doubled that in 1892, and again decreased in 1893 to $22,582. The value of the product in 1894 was but little more than half of that of 1893, being $11,718. The decrease was due chiefly to the suspension of mining at Popes Creek and Dun- kirk, Md., formerly the principal producing localities. The mines in Napa County, Cal., were also idle, and the production was limited to New Hampshire, Connecticut, New Jersey and Nevada. The total output was 2,584 short tons, valued at $11,718, the smallest in point of value since 1888. The following table exhibits the annual output since 1880:
Production of infusorial eartli from 1880 to 1894.
Tears.
Short tons.
Value.
Tears.
Short tons.
Value.
1,833 1, 000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,200 3, 000
$45, 660 10, 000 8, 000 5, 000 5, 000
5, 000
6, 000 15, 000
1, 500 3,466
2, 532
$7, 500 23, 372 50, 240 21, 988 43,655 , 22, 582 11, 718
2, 584
Gariet. Occurrence.
Garnet is mined or quarried in New York State in and near the valley of the upper Hudson Eiver, in Warren County, on the borders of the Adirondack region. It all appears to be of the common variety, almandite, and occurs in a formation of crystalline limestone, which constitutes the bed rock of the valley in the vicinity of North Creek and Minerva, and in gneissic rocks which adjoin or are intercalated with the crystalline limestone. It is found in segregated masses of sizes varying from that of a i)igeon's egg to a diameter of 20 feet. It is commercially classified as massive garnet, shell garnet, and pocket garnet, the former being impure from the admixture of other minerals. The shell garnet is almost entirely pure, and the most valuable for industrial purposes. The pocket garnet is that which occurs in small segregations or incipient crystals in the gneiss. Garnet is also found in Delaware County, Pa., where it is quarried under the name of "Rose" garnet to the extent of about 1,000 tons annually. It occurs there in small crystals thickly disseminated through a quartzose gneiss. There is also a deposit of garnet at Chester, Pa., which is 16 GEOL, PT 4 38
Mineeal Resources.
worked to some extent. Large dei)osits of tlie mineral have been found in North Carolina, but its quality is not considered as satis- factory as that from the Adirondack region. Other deposits are said to occur in Georgia and Alaska, but no definite information can be obtained concerning them. Connecticut is also mentioned as a source of garnet.
Use.
This garnet is used almost exclusively in the manufacture of sand- paper, or "garnet paper," as it is called, which is employed extensively for abrasive i)urposes in the manufacture of boots and shoes. It is also employed to some extent in the wood manufacturing industry. For loetals garnet is not as good as emery, although some satisfactory results have been obtained from its use on brass. It has been experi- mentally mixed with emery in the manufacture of emery wheels, but without very satisfactory results.
In commercial use garnet is found to be harder, sharper, and more lasting than quartz, and is preferred to it for certain kinds of work, although it costs about eight times as much as quartz. The Adiron- dacii garnet is said to be worth about $40 a ton at the railroad, although the average value of the mineral throughout the country is stated to be about $35. The superiority of garnet to quartz is proba- bly due to the fact of its ready cleavage, which enables it to present as it breaks away new and sharp-cutting edges, whereas quartz, which has no cleavage, becomes dulled by friction. The only garnet now mined in the Adirondack region is the pocket garnet, which is used to make the better grade of garnet paper. Some of the massive garnet has been used to make sandpaper for woodworking, and also mixed with corundum to make emery wheels.
Production.
The total production of garnet and garnet sand in 1894 was 2,401 short tons, valued at $90,660. This was the first time that the statis- tics of production of this mineral (except for gems) have been collected, and no comparisons can be made.
In addition to this there were 6,024 short tons of quartz crystal mined in 1894, and used principally for wood finishing. The total value was $18,054.
Tripoli.
The value of the various products obtained from the silicious deposit in Newton County, Mo., and somewhat erroneously called tripoli, amounted to $35,000. The manufactured articles consist of filter disks and cylinders, desk blotters, i)olishing powders, and soaps.
Precious Stones
By GEORaE Frederick Kunz.
Among the principal items of importance to the precious stone in- dustry in 1894 is (1) an article by Prof. William H. Hobbs calling attention to the fact that the Wisconsin diamonds are probably dis- tributed through the Kettle moraine, on the Green Bay Lobe of the Glacial Ice sheet; (2) the finding of a 10 J-carat diamond at Dowagiac, Mich.; (3) the developing of a new ruby mine near Franklin, Macon County, N. C; (4) the finding of emeralds at Mitchell's Peak and near Earl Station, C; (5) the memorial to Congress to preserve the world-renowned agatized forest in Arizona; (6) the finding of a remark- able compact variscite, giving a new ornamental stone, utahlite; (7) the smaller output of turquoise mines due to the depressed financial con- dition; and (8) the skillful financiering by which the output of diamonds has been regulated and sold for $17,500,000 for 1895, due to the efforts of Cecil Ehodes, organizer and life governor of the De Beers Diamond Mining Company.
Diamonds. Localities.
Wisconsin — A very interesting relation is coming to view among the occurrences of the diamonds occasionally announced from the drift region of the Iorthwest. In previous reports, reference ha s been made to several of these, particularly to the large one (15f carats) found in 187G in digging a well at Eagle, Waukesha County, Wis., and to the several small ones, none of a carat's weight, found in irospecting for gold along Plum Creek, Pierce County, Wis., from 1887 to 1889. In 1893 a diamond crystal of 3.83 carats was found in a clay bank at Oregon, Dane County, Wis., on the farm of Mr. Judson Devine; it is a rhombic dodecahedron, somewhat modified and distorted and much rounded. This is also the form of the Eagle stone, though the latter is yellowish in color, while the Oregon crystal is white. It now appears that another diamond of the same form, weighing 24J carats, wine-yellow in color, and strongly resembling the Eagle crystal, was found in 1884 at Kohls- ville, Washington County, Wis., on the farm of Henry Endlicli. It is
Mineral Resources.
now in tlie possession of his widow, who retains it as a memento of her husband. It measures three-fourths by one-half by three-eighths inches.
On comparing these several occurrences, it has been shown by Prof. William H. Hobbs, of Madison, in a paper read before the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, December 30, 1893 (Amer. Geol., vol. 14; July, 1894; pp. 3L to 37), that the three larger and remarkably similar crys- tals from Eagle, Oregon, and Kohlsville, all occur in the Kettle moraine of the Green Bay Lobe of the Ice sheet. Those from Plum Creek, which are smaller and of different form, were from a stream bed some 20 miles from another lobe of the Kettle moraine, but within the area of the older drift. The source, or more probably the sources, of these drift- borne diamonds must of course lie to the northward and may be to some extent indicated by the glacial striae. Professor Hobbs points out that there are two regions where basic intrusive rocks have cut through carbonaceous shales, as in South Africa; one of these is in northwest- ern Wisconsin, in the Menominee district, and the other northwest of Lake Superior, in the vicinity of Pigeon E-iver. The courses of the striae from the Menominee region extend southward to the Green Bay moraine, and those from Pigeon Eiver come down not far from the locality of Plum Creek. Somewhere in those regions it may be that diamond mines will yet be discovered, under conditions resembling the African; and occasional specimens will be encountered in the drift to the south.
Michigan. — An additional discovery bearing marked relations to these has lately been made on the other side of Lake Michigan. This is a diamond crystal of lOJ carats, measuring 13 by 9 by 11 mm., a hex- octahedron, found in Glacial Drift at Dowagiac, Mich., and the finder, Mr. Fred. B. Blackmond, states that he made an extensive search, but that no other stone was found. Dowagiac is in southwestern Michigan, between Niles and Kalamazoo.
California.— Mr. W. P. Carpenter, of Placerville, Cal., who has from time to time reported the finding of diamonds in auriferous gravel, under the usual conditions of their occurrence on the Pacific Coast, has lately obtained two crystals, one weighing over 7 grains troy and the other 6, of rounded form and rough surface, each nearly one-fourth of an inch in diameter and faintly tinted, the larger with a greenish shade and the smaller with pale yellowish. As many as forty or fifty small diamonds have been taken from the gravel at this place from time to time in the past; but since stamp mills have been employed little is found but the crushed fragments encountered in panning up" the amalgam taken from the batteries. Mr. Carpenter proposes to work his section of the channel by other means, and avoid the possible loss of diamonds of more value than the gold. The occurrence is similar to that of other California diamonds — in the hard compacted gold-bearing gravel occupying ancient river channels now filled and overlain by igneous rocks.
Precious Stones.
Montana. — At Deer Lodge, Mont., Mr. Owen Emerson obtained in 1894 a brilliant white diamond weighing 3-3 carats. Unfortunately it is flawed and would not cut a stone of much more than one carat.
The rumor that api)eared in the press early in 1895 as to the discov- ery of brilliant diamonds at Mount Edgecombe, near Sitka, Alaska, was entirely without foundation. It was fully denied by Mr. John G. Brady, of Sitka, who informed this office that the report arose from his remarking that diamonds might possibly be found on Mount Edge- combe, where, he thought, the geological formation presented some resemblances to that of the South African diamond fields.
In the chapter in this report by Mr. George F. Becker on a Eecon- naissance of the gold fields of the Southern Appalachians, he states (p. 272, Part III) :
The direct association of gold and diamond anywhere in the world is known in only one instance, and this has never before been described in print. Professor Arzruni showed me the specimen, exhibiting it some years ago, and now gives me permission to make it known. In 1887 the Royal Polytechnic High School at Aachen acquired from Mr. Ernst Winter, a diamond dealer in Hamburg-Eimsbuttel, a gray, opaque, flawed, Kimberly diamond, which shows at two points inclusions of native gold in grains. It seems that this native gold must be considered as a constituent of the basic eruptive rock in which the Kimberly diamonds occur.
British Guiana. — In the gold fields of British Guiana Mr. E. P. Wood, commissioner of mines, reports the occasional finding of diamonds in panning gold, and hence judges that they may occur in some abundance in the auriferous gravels, and that search for them might be worth while, as only a few would be noticed in the ordinary washing for gold.
Australia. — A good deal has been said and hoped for as to the occur- rence of diamonds in South Australia, and Mr. Calvert has i)ublished an article in a London mining journal on the prospect and probability of such discoveries, comparing the volcanic intrusions and the conglom- erates of several South Australian localities with those of South Africa and Brazil. Eeceiitly the statement has appeared that a diamond has been forwarded to the government geologist of the province from Mount Kingston, where it was found by the sender in panning for gold. It is a perfect crystal, a little over one carat in weight, with curved faces and slightly tinted with yellow.
India. — It is announced that Dr. King, director-general of the geo- logical survey of India, has been sent by the Indian Government to examine diamond mines in the native state of Panna, in Bundelkund, and report upon the best mode of operating them.
South Africa. — From the report of Gardner F. Williams, the manager of the De Beers diamond mine, we ascertain that from June, 1893, to June, 1894, the De Beers diamond mines produced $14,000,000 from 2,500,000 loads washed; 0.89 carat to a load, at a value of $6.10 a carat. The average yield per load, 10 cubic feet, was 1,000 pounds. The min- ing was done with a profit of $5,045,000, and a dividend was paid of
Mineral Resources.
$4,935,000. The 2,606,362 loads of earth on the floor was valued at 84 ceuts a load. This was formerly counted at $1.26 a load; the lower cost is due to improved facilities and to changing the hours of labor from twelve to eight hours a day. For the iast few years the entire output has been sold in rough to English dealers; that is, the rough diamonds have been sold in London.
In January of the ])resent year the Antwerp and Amsterdam dealers formed a syndicate and endeavored to break the English control of the rough-diamond market by offering a higher figure than the English syndicate had bid for a three months' option on the entire output. The English syndicate then made a higher offer for the whole product of 1895, and a sale to them took place of over $17,500,000, the limit fixed for the output this year, thus by clever financiering adding stability to the price of diamonds in the face of the greatest ianic of modern times. With increased American demand, the price may advance.
Imports.
The following table shows the diamonds and other precious stones imported into the United States from 1867 to 1894 :
Diamonds and other precious stones imported and entered for consumption in the United
States, 1867 to 1894, inclusive.
Tears ending —
June 30, 1867.
Dec. 31,1886.
Diamonds.
Glaziers',
$906
9, 372
2, 386
22, 208 11, 526
8, 949
9, 027 10, 025
8, 156 147, 227 565, 623 532, 246 357, 039 82, 081
Dust.
$140
89, 707 40, 424 68, 621 32, 518 20, 678 45, 264 36, 409 18, 889 49, 360 51, 409 92, 853 82, 628 37, 121 30, 426 32, 316 33, 498 29, 127 68, 746 179, 154 125, 688 144, 487 74, 255 53, 691
Rough or uncut.
$176, 426 144, 629 211, 920 186. 404 78, 033 63, 270 104, 158 129, 207 233, 596 449, 513 443, 996 367, 816 371, 679 302, 822 262, 357 244, 876 196, 294 349, 915 408, 198 516, 153 444, 137 764, 554
Diamonds and other stones not set.
h\2
, 317, 420 , 060, 544 , 997, 282 , 768, 324 , 349, 482 , 939, 155 , 917, 216 , 158, 172 , 234, 319 , 409, 516 ,110, 215 , 970, 469 , 841. 335 , 690, 9 12 , 320, 315 , 377, 200 , 598, 176 ,712,315 , 628, 916 , 915, 660 , 526, 998 , 223, 630 , 704, 808 , 429, 395 , 657, 079 , 328, 965 , 321, 174 , 868, 067
Set in gold or other metal.
$291 1,465
1, 504
2, 400
1, 734 1, 025 1,307 3, 205 a 2, 081
Total.
$1, 318, 1, 062 1, 997
1, 779
2, 350
3, 033 3, 134 2,371 3,478 2, 616 2, 235 3,071 3,964 6, 870 8, 606 8,922 8, 126 9, 139 6, 042 8, 259
10, 831 10, 557 11, 978 13, 105 12, 757 14, 521 10, 197 6, 768
, 617 ,493 , 890 ,271 ,731 ,648 , 392 ,536 ,757 , 643 ,246 , 173 ,920 ,244 ,627 ,571 ,881 ,460 ,547 ,747 ,880 ,658 , 004 ,691 ,079 ,851 ,505 ,393
rtNot si)ecified since 1883.
b Includes stones set and not specially provided for since 1890.
The greatest diamond of any time, surpassing even Tavernier's origi- nal Great Mogul, was found at the Jagersfontcin mine in June, 1893. It weighs 971 carats, exceeding any diamond ever known; it is a fine
Precious Stones.
blue- white in color, except one slight spot in the center. It is valued at $2,000,000, and it was believed would cut a drop stone of 600 carats or a brilliant of over 400. The Emperor William was looked upon as a probable buyer, but in February, 1895, it was said to have been pre- sented by the President of the Orange Free State to Pope Leo XIII.
A very novel and interesting experiment was lately reported from London, viz, the burning of diamonds in liquefied oxygen, by Professor Dewar. He heated diamonds red-hot and dropped them in the liquid oxygen, but the intensely low temperature cooled them, and they sank without igniting. He then tried again, heating a diamond extremely with a blowpipe; this one caught fire on touching the liquefied gas, and burned steadily on the surface of the oxygen, the diamond became opaque from the carbon dioxide produced. Professor Dewar also performed the same experiment with graphite.
Ruby.
North Carolina. — The occurrence of rubies was noted in Mineral Resources, 1893 (page 693). In regard to the locality the following information is furnished by responsible parties: They are found in a valley some 3 miles long and one-half to five-eighths of a mile wide, trav- ersed by a stream. The valley is occux)ied by the debris of calcareous rock, which occurs at its upper end. Rubies are found in the gravel, which forms a stratum from 2 to 10 feet thick, lying from 3 to 20 feet below the surface, and have also been traced into the limestone as their natural matrix. The latter rests upon granite.
Exploration and prospecting show the gravel to exist and to contain rubies throughout the entire valley, but not beyond it. The ruby crys- tals are of fine color, often of large size, and frequently transparent.
Material has been found that has yielded fine transparent cut rubies of three-fourths of a carat. If stones can be found of large size that combine color, transparency, and perfection this will prove a very im- portant discovery, and it is thought that systematic search may bring larger material to light.
Sapphire.
Montana. — Sapphires have recently been obtained in the alluvial gold washings near Judith River, Choteau County, Mont. These difier from those found near Helena and other localities, inasmuch as they are decidedly bluer — frequently as blue as a fair-colored Ceylonese stone — sometimes with a purplish tint.
Mr. T. E. Crutcher, of Helena, Mont., reports sapphire deposits existing 25 miles west of Phillipsburg, Mont., on the west fork of the Rock Creek, on the east slope of the Bitter Root range, comprising 1,500 acres in extent. Here 75 pounds of crystals were obtained; the gems were light shades — light blue, pink, yellow, and puri)le. The ma- trix is identical with that of the Missouri River deposits near Helena, a vesicular mica-augite andesite. Another mine is situated 5 miles
Mineral Resources.
east of the mining camp of Champion, in Deer Lodge County, on Dry Cottonwood Creek, on the western slope of the mountain range; but its 2,500 acres have never b een worked except in a very small way.
A valuable contribution to science is the preliminary report on the corundum deposits of Georgia, by Mr. Francis P. King, published under the aus])ices of Prof. W. S. Yeates, State geologist of Georgia, by the State of Georgia, in 1894. This gives a fairly complete comiDi- lation of the history of corundum and its associated minerals, and will be followed by the corrected report at a later day.
Emerald.
Worth Carolina. — In July, 1894, a new locality of true emeralds was discovered by Mr. J. L. Eorison, miner of mica, and Mr. D. A. Bowman, on the Eorison property, 14 miles from Bakersville and 14 miles from Mitchells Peak, Mitchell County, IST. C. Here, at an elevation of 5,000 feet, on the Big Crabtree Mountain, occurs a vein of pegmatite some 5 feet wide, with well-defined walls, in mica schist. This vein carries a variety of minerals besides its component quartz and feldspar, among these being garnets; translucent reddish and black tourmaline, the latter abundant in slender crystals; beryls, white, yellow, and pale green; and the emeralds. These latter are chiefly small, 1 to 10 mm. wide by 5 to 25 mm. long, but some have been found two or three times greater than the larger sizes named. They are perfectly hexagonal, generally well terminated with basal planes, and are clear and of good color, with some promise for gems. They very strikingly resemble the ]orwegian emeralds from Arendal. The vein outcrops for perhaps a hundred yards, with a north and south strike. The results thus far obtained are only from about 5 feet depth of working, so that much more may be looked for as the vein is developed.
South Carolina. — A little north of the crest of the Blue Ridge, and some 50 miles south of the emerald locality at Stony Point, Alexander County, i. C, a second new occurrence of emerald is reported by Mr. J. Meyer, of Charlotte, 1. C, who had found near Earle Station, isT. C, between Blacksburg, S. C, and Shelby, K. C, a broken fragment of emerald of good color, better than anything observed from i'orth Car- olina. Though somewhat flawed, it was cut into a faceted stone, of trapeziform or subtriangular shape, weighing carats, that quite closely resembles the material from the Muzo mines of iTew Grenada.
Berye.
Maine. — During the past year the Trenton Flint and Spar Company, of Topsham, Me., in mining for feldspar, came upon a number of pock- ets filled with remarkable crystals of beryl— green, yellow, and white. Soine of these were doubly terminated crystals 5 inches long and an inch in diameter. Nearly all possessed more or less transparency, and
Precious Stones.
would cut into gems, some of them being quite equal to those from the Ural Mountains. Their cutting is, in some cases, marred by what is nevertheless a very interesting mineralogical feature, viz, what appears to be a highly developed rhombohedral cleavage indicated by shadowy planes visible within the crystal. Their forms are also interesting; some are perfect quartzoids, with extremely regular hexagonal pyra- mids; others were slightly tapering, showing very acute scalenohedral planes.
Quartz Gems.
The amethysts of the metamorphic belt of the Eastern United States appear to be of richer and deeper color than those found in igneous rocks, although the crystals are apt to be not uniform in color. They have been found at many localities from Maine to Alabama, in some cases quite as fine in color as those from Ceylon or the Urals. Such are those formerly found at Deer Hill and Stowe, Me. Other localities are in Pennsylvania, in Upper Providence Township, and elsewhere in Delaware County; in North Carolina, near Statesville, Iredell County, and in Burke and Lincoln counties, and in Eabun County, Ga.
Maine. — During 1894 Mr. George R. Howe, of Denmark, Me., has obtained many fine amethyst crystals, and has had a number of gems cut from them that were of a remarkably deep purple color.
Pennsylvania. — During the past year a quantity of amethyst was obtained at Upper Providence Township, Delaware County, Pa., and a number of fine gems were cut, one weighing 33 carats; a superb deep purple stone exceeding that weight now forms a part of the Lea col- lection in the United States National Museum.
North Carolina. — Prof. T. K. Brunner reports the following quartz gems as being found in North Carolina : Amethyst in Catawba, Macon, Wake, Lincoln, and other counties; smoky and citrine variety of quartz abundant in Iredell, Mitchell, and Alexander counties; rose quartz and asteriated quartz in Iredell and Cabarrus counties; hornblende in quartz in Iredell, Alexander, and Burke counties; rutilated quartz principally in Iredell and Alexander counties.
California. — Mr. Henry S. Durden, curator of the State mining bureau at San Francisco, reports hornblende in quartz from Tyler's ranch, Oleta, Amador County, Cal., and also from Fairplay, Eldorado County, and dumortierite 25 miles from Ogilby, San Diego County.
Wyoming. — Mr. H. E. Crane has opened a ledge of moss agate 6 inches thick in a limestone 5 feet wide and running half a mile, at Hartville, about 100 miles north of Cheyenne, Wyo., and but 9 miles from the railway. The agate as quarried is quoted at $200 a ton. The owner is J. M. Grogan, who was prospecting for copper.
Arizona. — A memoriaU from the legislative assembly of Arizona has been presented to Congress, requesting that the lands covered by the
An Appeal to Congress for tlie Preservation of a Forest Tract. Washington, February 19, 1895.
Mineral Resources.
petrified forest be witlidrawn from entry until the advisability of making a public j)ark of it cau be decided. The lands are in Apache County, are 10 miles square, and, according to the memorial, are cov- ered by trunks of trees some of which measure over 200 feet in length and from 7 to 10 feet in diameter. The legislature represents that " ruthless curiosity-seekers are destroying these huge trees and logs by blasting them in pieces in search of crystals, which are found in the center of many of them, while car loads of the limbs and smaller pieces are being shipped away to be ground up for various purposes." The j)ark, or "chalcedony forest," is annually visited by hundreds of scientific men and travelers from every State. To make it a public park would jireserve the tract from vandalism and injure no one, as there are no settlers upon it. A cowboy rode over the agatized bridge with his horse, endeavoring to break down the tree crossing the chasm, and was disappointed at not succeeding.
Turquoise.
Owing to the stringency of the times and the condition of one of the comi3anies the output of turquoise, of which so large a quantity was mined during 1891 and 1892, was limited to not more than $30,000 for the year 1894. Turquoise has been found at several localities in Arizona, New Mexico, and more recently in Texas, north of El Paso, but no new mines of value have been opened.
A large amount of a remarkably beautiful sky-blue turquoise-like substance was found in an extensive vein near Phcenix, Ariz. This was at first supposed to be turquoise, but being too soft, it was chem- ically examined in the Geological Survey laboratory by Prof. F. W. Clarke, and proved to be a hard compact chrysocolla.
Utahlite.
Utah, — An interesting discovery has been made of compact nodular variscite m Cedar Valley, near old Camp Floyd, Utah, by Mr. Don Maguire. The rock is a crystalline limestone, with layers of black pyritiferous siliceous slate. In the latter occur the nodules, varying from the size of a walnut to that of a cocoaiiut. They are covered with a thin, lamellar, ferruginous crust, beneath which lies the compact varis- cite of various shades of rich green. This is a new form of occurrence for this species and has attracted considerable attention abroad, both as a novel mineral and an ornamental stone of quaint beauty. The locality, which is a spur of the Oquirrh Mountains, has been visited and examined by Mr. Maguire. He finds that it is somewhat abundant, but that only careful hand work can be used to extract the pieces from the rock. The writer suggests that the name utahlite would not be inai)i)ropriate for it. Mr. Maguire searched for traces of ancient work- ing, but without success, though some stone articles and a rock with picture inscriptions were found m the vicinity.
Precious Stones.
Garxets, Etc.
During the past few years the Indians on the Navajo Reservation have found a greater quantity of garnets and peridots than there has been demand for, and the result is that there is a large surplus stock on hand at the various agencies.
Tourmaline from a new locality was discovered by Albert C. Bates 1 mile from Moosui>, Conn., of a light-green color and of transparent gem quality, one crystal being 9 inches long, three-fourths at the largest end and tapering gradually. About thirty smaller crystals were found, but all witli poor terminations. The largest perfect gem was carats. From Eustis, Frontier County, "ebr., small iDcbbles from the Platte River were sent for examination. Among them were observed some grains of labradorite showing a beautiful chatoyancy quite equal to that from Labrador.
Lieut. Constant Williams, of the Navajo Agency at Fort Defiance, Ariz., obtained a quantity of dark, almost emerald-green, specimens of diopside that would cut into gems of from one to two carats each.
Cyanite, in rich blue and green blades, weathered out of the rock, has been found near Red Bluff, Madison County, Mont., by J. L. Ulerg.
Opal And Hyalite.
TJtalu — Hyalite and banded opal are described by Mr. T. Beck, of Provo, Utah, as occurring in Beaver Valley, Utah, some 3 miles from Granite Peak. The locality is a low hill, covered by a laminated deposit of silica, partly opal and i)artly hyalite, of no great thickness, but covering several acres in extent. It is much disintegrated and decomi)osed, but with care the material can be taken out in slabs or plates sometimes a foot square, varying in color. What appear to be disintegrated and broken-down geyser-cones occur with this material, which is conformable to the slopes of the hill, and probably represents a deposit from ancient geysers. A few miles away are boiling springs and an extinct crater.
Amber.
Texas, — Amber in small nodules was found near Pendennis, Lane County, Tex., by L. W. Hasting, mining expert, of San Antonio, Tex. The color of the amber is a rich brown, more closely resembling burmite.
Jet.
Neiv Mexico, — Mr. A. Monier reports from the vicinity of Santa Fe, N. Mex., a fine black jet, evidently found in some quantity.
Production.
The product of precious stones in recent years is shown by the follow- ing table :
604 Mineral Resources.
Estimated production of precious stones in the United States from 1883 to 1893,
Species.
Diamond
Sapphire
Cbrysoberyl
Topaz
Beryl (aquamarine, etc.)---
Phenacite
Emerald
Hiddenite (lithia emerald).
Tourmaline
Smoky quartz
Quartz
Silicified wood
Garnet
Anthracite
Pyrite
Amazon stone
Catlinite (pipestone)
Arrow points
Trilobites
Hornblende in quartz
Thomsonite
Diopside
Agate
Chlorastrolite
Turquoise
Moss agate
Amethyst
Jasper
Sunstone
Fossil coral
Rutile
Gold quartz
Rutilated quartz
Peridot
Value.
Total
$2, 200 1,000
10, 000 11,500
5, 000
6, 000 2,500
2, 000
3, 750 10, 000
1,000
1,500
1, 500
2, 000 21,000
2, 250 2, 500
115, 000
206, 050
Value.
$800 1, 750
Value.
2, 000 12, 000 11, 500 10, 500
4,000
2, 500
3, 000 2, 750
10, 000 1,000
4, 500
1, 500 2,000 3, 000 2,250
2, 500
140, 000
iso
221, 975
$500
],250
3,200 2, 500 7, 000
11, 500 6, 500 2, 700 2, 500 2, 000 2, 750
10,000 2, 500
1, 000
2, 000
3, 50O 2,500 2, 100
140, 000
209, 850
Value.
Value.
$60
$500
1,000 5, 500
3, 200
4, 500
5, 500 7, 000
11, 500 1,500 3, 250 2, 500 2, 000 2, 250
10, 000 2, 500 1, 000
2, 000
1, 009
3, 000
2, 000 2, 100
1,000
40, 000 1,750
118,519
2, 000 3,500
4, 500 11, 500 36, 000
3, 500 2, 000 2, 500 1, 700
5, 000 1, 500
4, 000
2,500 2, 100
2, 000
75, 000
163, 600
Value.
$500
4,000 11, 150 16, 000
3,500
1, 500
2, 500 1, 700 5, 000 1,500
4, 000
3, 000
2, 500
3, 000 75, 666'
139, 850
Estimated production of precious stones in the United States from 1883 to 1893 — Cont'd.
Species.
Diamond
Sapphire ,
Ruby
Topaz
Beryl (aquamarine, etc.)
Phenacite
Emerald
Tourmaline
Opal
Peridot
Smoky quartz
Quartz, rock crystal ,
Silicified wood
Garnet (pyrope, almandite, and
essouite)
Anthracite
Pyrite
Amazon stone
Catlinite (pipestone)
Arrow points
Thomsonite
Diopside
Aerate
(Jlilorastrolite
Turquoise
Moss agate
AiMOthyst
Fossil coral
Kose (|nartz
Gold ([ iiartz
Rut ilutcd (jiiartz
Dumortieritc in quartz
Value.
$6, 725
2, 250
4,232 14,000
2, 308
2, 000 5, 000
23, 675
9, 000
Value.
3, 725
2, 250
2, 225 14, 000
2, 308
2, 000 5, 000
28, 675
9, 000
Value.
$10, 000
1,000
1, 000 3, 000 5,000 1,000 5,000 10, 000
3, 000
'i,'5o6
5, 000
" 266
150, 000
1, 000
6, 000
Value.
$20, 000
1,000 1,000
3, 000 10, 000
1,000
5, 000 10, 000
1, 000
5, 250 3, 000 1, 500 1,000 5, 000
1, 000
2, 000
175, 000 1,500 1, 000 15, 000
Value.
$125 10, 000
5, 000 5, 000 5, 000 10, 000 1,250
2, 000
3, 000 1, 500 1,000 5, 000
1,000 143, 136 2, 000 1, 000 10, 000
Precious Stones. 605
Estimated production of precious stones in the United States from 1883 to 1893 — Cont'd.
Species.
Quartz coating chrysocoUa
Chrysoprase
Agatized and jasperized wood
Banded and moss jasper
Obsidian
Fluor ite
Azurite and malachite
Prehnite
Zircon (a)
Gadolinite, fergusonite, etc. (a)...
Monazite (a)
Spodumene {a)
Wooden ornaments decorated
with minerals (b)
Staurolite crystals
Miscellaneous minerals (c)
Value.
$4, 000
53, 175
2,037
Value.
$2, 000 6, 000
16, 000 1, 500 1,000
15, 500
20, 000
Total 188, 807
15, 500
20, 000
Value.
$2, 000
15, 000
"is, 666
]18, 833
235, 300
Value.
$500 10, 000
1, 000
15, 000
20, 000
Value.
$20, 000
312, 050
15, 000 20, 000
264, 041
a Used to extract the rarer elements for chemical purposes. h Such as clocks, horseshoes, boxes, etc. c Collection and souvenir minerals.
Estimated production of precious stones in the United States in 1894.
Species.
Diamond
Corundum :
Ruby
Sapphire
Topaz
Beryl :
Aquamarine
Emerald
Golden -colored
Garnet :
Almandine (precious)
Pyrope (Bohemian)
Tourmaline :
Green and blue
Rubellite
lolite staurolite
Quartz :
Rock crystal, "pebble"
Amethyst
Smoky quartz, cairngorm stone Scotch topaz, Spanish topaz.
Rose quartz
Gold quartz
Onegite
Rutilated quartz
Agate :
Carnelian
Moss aijate
Chrysoprase
Agatized wood
Value.
$200
2,500 10, 000 1,000
1,000
2,300 2, 000
1,800
1, 300
5,000 10, 000
2, 000 10, 000
Species.
Dumortierite
Diaspore
Olivine (chrysolite, peridot)
Pyrite
Opal, noble (precious)
Feldspar :
Microcline (amazon stone)
Oligoclase (sunstone)
Orthoclase (moonstone)
Obsidian (volcanic glass)
Marekanite (mountain mahog
any)
Chondrodite
Turquoise
Diopside
Willemite
Chlorastrolite
Prehnite
Thomsonite
Titanite (sphene)
Rhodonite
Malachite
ChrysocoUa
Catiinite (pipestone)
Fossil coral
Arrowheads
Anthracite
Mineral ornaments
Total
Value.
$100 1,800
1,200
30, 000 1,000 3, 000 1,000 1,000 3, 000 10, 000
120, 250
Fertilizers
Phosphate] Rock.
Summary, — The commercial situation in the phosphate industry may be summarized by the fact that, with a total product practically the same as the preceding year, the value for the year ending December 31, 1894, decreased by nearly a million dollars. Another prominent step in the industry is shown by the fact that the relative proportions of the supply contributed by Florida and South Carolina were reversed, Florida contributing a little more than half of the total sup- ply, just as South Carolina did in 1893. The total of 976,059 long tons includes 19,188 tons from west Tennessee, which will henceforth undoubtedly continue to contribute a slowly increasing quantity.
The mining conditions in South Carolina have remained practically unchanged, and in Florida there has been no more considerable change in this respect than the transfer of the base of operations of the French company from Anthony to the similar plate-rock deposits in the neighborhood of Luraville. The commercial situation in Florida has been markedly improved by the consolidation of the river-pebble producers into one company and better cooperation among the land- pebble producers. As this took place at the close of the year, its effect will be felt in 1895. Prices for the present year must also be improved in the hard-rock region by the consolidation of some nineteen independent phosphate companies and the practical cooperation of a number of others, all of whom agreed to shutting down their mines at the bidding of the association early in April, 1895.
Fertilizers. 607 Production.
The record of production and values in late years is given in the following tables:
Product of phosphate rock f rom 1891 to 1894,
States.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
$859. 276 32, 418 111, 271 415, 453
Florida :
Long tons. 57, 982 54, 500
Long tons. Ca 155, 908 ( 21,905 6 102, 820
Land pebble )
River pebble
Total
South Carolina :
Total
112, 482
$703, U13
287, 343
1,418,418
344, 978 130, 528
2, 187, 150 760, 978
243, 653 150, 575
1, 236, 447 641, 262
475, 506
2. 948, 138
394, 228
1, 877, 709
587, 988
3, 651, 151
681, StT
3, 296, 227
States.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity. [ Value.
Florida :
Soft rock
Long tons.
215, 685 86, 624
122, 820
$1, 117, 732 64, 626 359, 127 437, 571
Long tons. 326, 461
$979. 383
Kiver pebble
Total
South Carolina:
River rock
Total
98, 885 102, 307
296, 655 390, 775
438, 804
1, 979, 056
527, 653
1, 666, 813
308, 435 194, 129
1, 408, 785 748, 229
81, 996 347, 222
299, 436 1, 362, 581
502, 564
2,157, 014
429, 218
1, 662, 017
19, 188
67, 158
Grand total
941, 368
4, 136, 070
976, 059
3, 395, 988
a Includes 52,708 tons of land rock carried over in stock from 1891 . b Includes 12,120 tons of river pebble carried over in stock from 1891.
minp:ral resources.
Detailed statement of total foreign and coastwise shipments and local consumption
South Carolina rock since July 1, 1874.
[Long tons.]
Periods
June 1 June 1 June 1 June 1 June 1 June 1 June 1 June 1 June 1 June 1 June 1 June 1 Jan. 1 Jan. 1 Jan. 1 Jan. 1 Jan. 1 Jan. 1 Jan. 1 Jan. 1
1874, to May 31, 1875
1875, to May 31,1876!
1876, to May 31, 1877 !
1877, to May 31, 1878 !
1878, to May 31, 1879 !
1879, to May 31, 1880
1880, to May 31, 1881
1881, to May 31, 1882
1882, to May 31, 1883
1883, to May 31, 1884
1884, to May 31,1885"
1885, to Dec. 31, 1885'
1886, to Dec. 31,1886'
1887, to Dec. 31, 1887 '
1888, to Dec. 31,1888"
1889, to Dec. 31,1889'
1890, to Dec. 31, 1890
1891, to Dec. 31,1891'
1892, to Dec. 31, 1892'
1893, to Dec. 31, 1893'
Shipments and consumption.
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports - . Domestic ports.
Con Slimed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports - . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic j)ort8.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports .
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports.
Consumed
Foreign ports . . Domestic ports. Consumed
Beaufort.
44, 617 7, 000
50, 384 9,400
73, 923 6, 285
100, 619
97, 799
4]
Charles- ton.
2]8
Total.
Total for each year
70,
,546 ,560 ,684 ,815 , 231 ,850 , 767 ,053 ,400 , 742 , 946 , 635 ,566 ,899 , 900 ,375 ,348 , 040 ,768 ,824 , 142 , 486 , 654 ,937 , 040 ,720 ,620 ,653 ,403 , 723 ,570 ,833 ,000 , 342 ,447 , 000 , 369 , 180 ,000 ,735 ,823 ,000 ,085 ,482 , 000 , 002 , 643 , 000 , 241 ,757 ,000 , 183 , 083 , 250 , 202 ,025 ,000 , 432 ,814 ,318
Fertilizers.
Phosphate rock {washed product) mined by the land and river mining companies of South
Carolina.
Land com- panies.
River com panies.
Total.
TjH'n n ton v
Q
31, 958
63' 252
65, 241
17! 655
36, 258
58, 760
51! 624
lOQ 4.0
54] 821
122 7Qn
50' 566
36, 431
126' 569
163, 000
112' 622
97! 700
210! 322
100, 779
98, 586
199, 365
125, 601
65, 162
190, 763
142, 193
124, 541
191, 305
140, 772
332, 077
219, 202
159, 178
378, 380
250, 297
181, 482
431, 779
225, 913
169, 490
395, 403
149, 400
128, 389
277, 789
253, 484
177, 065
430, 549
261, 658
480, 558
290, 689
157. 878
448, 567
329, 543
212, 102
541, 645
353, 757
110, 241
463, 998
344, 978
130, 528
475, 506
243, 652
150, 575
308, 425
194, 129
502, 564
81, 996
347, 222
429, 218
Years ending —
May, 1867
Dec. 31, 1885 (from June 1) . .
1886 (calendar year)
Imports.
The following table shows the imports of fertilizers of all kinds into the United States from 1868 to 1894;
Fertilizers imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1868 to 1894.
Tears ending —
June 30, 1868
Dec. 31.1886
16 GEOLj PT 4-
Guano.
Quantity. Value
Long tons. 99, 668 13, 480 47, 747 94, 344 15, 279
6, 755 10, 767 23, 925 19, 384 25, 580 23,122 17, 704
8, 619 23, 452 46, 699 25, 187 28, 090 20, 934 13, .520 10, 195
7, 381 15, 991
4, 642 11,937
3,073
5, 856 5,757
$1, 336, 701 217, 004 1, 414, 872 3, 313, 914 423, 322 167,711 261,085 539, 808 710, 135 873, 459 849, 607 634, 546 108, 733 399, 552 854, 463 537, 080 588, 033 393, 039 306, 584 252, 265 125, 112 313, 956 59, 580 199, 044 46,014 97, 889 105, 991
Crude phosphates and other substances used for fertilizing purposes
Quantity. Value
Long tons.
133, 956 96, 586 35, 119 40, 068 82, 608 53, 100 35, 661 31, 191 29, 743 92, 476 106, 549 126, 820
$88, 864 61, 529 90, 817 105, 703 83, 342 218, 110 243, 467 212, 118 164, 849 195, 875 285, 089 317, 068 918,835 1,437,442 798, 116 406, 233 611, 284 1, 179, 724 644, 301 329, 013 403, 205 252, 787 214, 671 666, 061 718, 871 904, 247
Total value.
$1, 425, 625 278, 533 1,505, 689 3, 479, 617 506, 664 385,821 504, 552 751,926 874, 984 1,069,334 1, 134, 696 857, 829 425, 801
1, 318, 387
2, 291,905 1, 335, 196
994, 266 1,004,323 1,486, 308 896, 566 454, 125 717, 161 312, 367 413, 715 712, 075 816, 760 1, 010, 238
Mineral Resources.
The Tennessee Phosphates.
By Charles Willard Hayes.
Introduction.
The occurrence of phosphates in Tennessee was briefly described in Mineral Eesources for 1893. At the close of that year no ship- ments had been made and no development on a commercial scale undertaken. During the year 1894 the development of this field has been rapid. The first shipments were made toward the end of June, and since that time up to the end of the year 19,188 tons have been marketed. Prospecting has been active and the limits of the work- able deposits are now fairly well known, as well as their geologic and economic relations.
In addition to the account of these phosphates by Dr. J. M. Saftord, referred to in the last volume of Mineral Resources, there have appeared during the year several other papers on the subject. The most complete is that which was read at the Bridgeport meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, October, 1894, by Thomas C. Meadows and Lytle Brown, and published in the transactions of the institute. An abstract of this iaper ai3peared in the Engineering and Mining Journal of October 20, 1894. This iaper deals with the discovery of the phos)hate, its geographical distribution, its geological relations and its economic aspects. It is also accompanied by a small scale map of the phosphate region.
An article in the American Fertilizer of October, 1894, by T. C. Meadows, C. E., gives an account of the development of the Swan Creek district, with a map of the same. In addition to these entirely trustworthy descriptions many more or less accurate accounts of these phosphates and their development have appeared in the newspapers. Since the pai)ers referred to above are not accessible to all, a brief general account of the entire Tennessee phosphate field will be given. This account is based chiefly on personal examinations in the field by the writer, but he is also indebted for many facts to Dr. Safiford and Messrs. Meadows, Brown, and Meminger.
Classification Of The Phosphates.
The Tennessee phospliate occurs in four distinct varieties, viz: (1) Bhick nodular ihospliate; (2) black bedded phosphate; (3) white brec- cia phosphate; (4) white bedded phosphate. Of these four varieties only the first two have been described in the papers mentioned above, and only the second has been developed commercially. Before describ- ing these varieties more iu detail it may be said that the first two are
Usgeological Survey
M'' Ewei
C H A T Ta
Photo. LitU bf A. HOEN A CO . Ballo . Md
A Preliminary Map Of The
by C
Sixteenth Annual Report Part Iv Plate V.
White Bluff
Dickson
K
joBon Aqua
A N
Franklin'
d /
w
lams
porf
©
R
Bia
Legend
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Areas probabi/ cental ni no 20 or more inches of olack bedded phosphate
White breccia phosphate
White bedded phosphate
mertown
Tnnessee Phosphate Region
Hayes
10 Miles
Fertilizers.
of Devonian age, the third is a secondary and comparatively recent deposit, while the fourth is interbedded with rocks of Carboniferous age, but may be of secondary origin. It may also be said that so far as at present known the extent of territory within which the different varieties have been found varies in the order above given, the nodular phosphate being the most widely distributed, and the white bedded rock confined within the narrowest limits.
Black Nodular Phosphate.
Although this variety is not at present of great commercial impor- tance, and is mined only under certain conditions of association with the black-bedded rock, its geological relations are of considerable interest, and it will therefore be briefly considered along with the Chattanooga (Devonian) black shale. This shale, although only a few feet in thick- ness, is perhaps the most persistent and uniform of all the Paleo- zoic formations of the South, It extends over the whole of middle Tennessee from the Tennessee River to the eastern edge of the Cum- berland plateau and southward across northwest Georgia aud northern Alabama, its present outcrops indicating an original extension over at least thirty-eight or forty thousand square miles. The formation prob- ably extends toward the west and south beneath the Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments of the Mississippi embayment, so that its extent may quite possibly be double the visible area. In east Tennessee, east of the Knoxville meridian, the formation increases rapidly in thickness and is supplemented by a great mass of shaly sandstone. The forma- tion also thickens northward in Kentucky, where it loses most of its peculiar southern characteristics. Along the southeastern border of the Paleozoic area in Georgia and Alabama the Chattanooga black shale appears to be wanting and the Devonian is there represented by coarse sandstones. In Arkansas the Silurian and Carboniferous rocks are separated by a few feet of sandstone and shale — the Sylamore sandstone and the Eureka shale of the Arkansas survey — and these formations undoubtedly represent the southwestern extension of the Chattanooga. Throughout that portion of the Appalachian area out- lined above the formation is remarkably uniform, particularly in its lithologic character. It varies from 25 feet in east Tennessee to 6 or 8 feet in middle Tennessee and Alabama. The upper part of the forma- tion, a bed 2 or 3 feet thick in east Tennessee and 12 or 14 inches thick in middle Tennessee, is made up of a bluish or greenish gray matrix, in which phosphatic nodules are embedded. This matrix is a fine-grained sandstone with an irregular shaly structure. It is seen under the microscope to be made up largely of angular quartz grains, with some argillaceous or clayey material and iron oxide. It contains some grains of a colorless mineral which is not doubly refracting — and in this resem- bles a glass — and a mineral which may be feldspar, although the rock is too much altered by weathering to determine it with certainty. It also
Mineral Resources.
contains rather abundant grains of a green mineral, possibly chlorite, which gives the rock its peculiar color. The phosphatic nodules are undoubtedly concretionary. They are composed of a nearly amor- phous substance which has very minute radial, globular, and mam- milary forms. The irregular spaces between these radial forms are generally filled with secondary quartz, thougli sometimes empty. There are also numerous globular shells of radially arranged material sur- rounded by a llocculent granular substance and filled within by quartz. In some of the nodules, though not generally, there is an arrangement ' of the material in separable concentric shells. More often there is only a slight difference in density and amount of coloring matter at different distances from the center.
In the Batesville region of Arkansas a thin stratum of rock, having almost identically the same appearance as that in Tennessee described above, is mentioned by Penrose as occupying a corresponding strati- graphic position immediately below the Carboniferous. A thin section of this rock was examined by Dr. Wolff", of Harvard University, who "found evidence pointing to the possibility of its being composed partly of volcanic ash."
While the thin sections of the Tennessee material above described do not afford conclusive evidence that the green shale is an ash bed, they suggest the possibility that such is the case. The peculiar appear- ance of this stratum, its very wide distribution and great uniformity in thickness and composition, and the striking difference in the char- acter of its materials from those above and below are all points which are easy of explanation if the material is a volcanic ash, and difficult on any other hypothesis. If this is an ancient ash bed, however, it must have been deposited on the ocean bottom, so that it is also a stratified formation and has been subjected to the sorting, solvent, and, possibly, wearing action of water.
Tlie " small siliceous concretions, an eighth of an inch to 1 inch in diameter," which Penrose describes as occurring in the supposed Ark- ansas ash bed, have recently been examined by Professor Williams, of Yale University, and found to be highly phosphatic. This adds a strong point in confirmation of the supposed identity of the deposits in Tennessee and Arkansas, so that if it can be proven that one is com- posed of volcanic ash it may fairly be assumed that the other is also.
Above this ash bed, if such it be, there is everywhere an abrupt transition to the overlying Carboniferous beds; in east Tennesse to the Fort Payne heavy bedded cherts; in middle Tennessee to the Har- peth calcareous cherty shales, and in Arkansas to the Boone cherty limestones. Although there is thus a total change in lithologic char- acter, and the beds must have been deposited under entirely different conditions of sedimentation, there is apparently no unconformity
Arkansas Geological Survey: Anu. liei>., l-'i oH, p. 12G.
Fertilizers.
between them. The change in conditions was not produced by eleva- tion above sea level and subsequent depression, for there has been no erosion of the underlying beds. The simplest explanation of this abrupt change without unconformity is that the cycle of extremely slow sedimentation marked by the underlying black shale was brought to a close by a sudden volcanic eruption which spread its ejected mate- rial over the entire southern Appalachian sea and produced perma- nent chauges in the currents aud other conditions of sedimentation such as to completely change the character of subsequent deposits.
Excepting the upper bed above described, the Chattanooga black shale, as its name implies, is composed of highly carbonaceous, homo- geneous material. The shaly structure is not generally pronounced, though more so in the weathered than unweathered portions. It always contains more or less pyrite, so that weathered outcrops are generally stained with iron oxide and sulphate, and the shale gives rise to many mineral springs. The lower portion of the formation contains at various places beds of sandstone or conglomerate, and in middle Tennessee the phosphate beds, which will be described later.
The relations of the Chattanooga to the underlying Silurian forma- tions are much less simple and uniform than to the overlying Carbon- iferous beds. In east Tennessee the black shale is underlain by the Eockwood formation, red or brown sandstones grading westward through sandy and calcareous shales to blue limestone in middle Tennessee. About the central basin the limestones immediately under the Devonian contain Trenton fossils, according to Safiford, while farther west, along the Buffalo and Tennessee rivers, they contain Niagara and Helderberg fossils. The broad relations of these forma- tions, therefore, indicate that there is an unconformity at the base of the Devonian, and at some points the unconformity is visible. Thus, at Chattanooga, the Devonian is underlain by a greenish-yellow shale, the Eockwood, containing thin siliceous layers which are truncated by the overlying beds at an angle of about 5 degrees. The contact is also marked by lenses of ferruginous flinty sandstone. At Guntersville, Ala., on the eastern side of the Sequatchie anticline, there are indica- tions of an unconformity similar to those at Chattanooga, in thin beds or lenses of coarse sandstone and conglomerate which occur at the base of the black shale. With these conglomerate lenses there occur thin seams of coal from a quarter to half an inch in thickness, and slightly thicker layers of blue clay shale. The presence of this coal proves the existence of an abundant vegetation, and, while it may be formed wholly from marine plants, it is suggestive of laud conditions either at this locality or near at hand. The regularity of the surface on which the Chattanooga is deposited precludes the idea of a land surface with any considerable amount of relief, and is more suggestive of submarine than of subaerial erosion. In Arkansas the correspond- ing contact of the Sylamore sandstone with the underlying formations
Mineral Resources.
appears from descriptions referred to above to be much less regular aud more like au old land surface. This unconformity at the base of the Chattanooga will be again referred to on a subsequent page, and its bearing on the probable conditions under which the adjacent formations were deposited will be more fully discussed.
As stated above, phosphatic nodules are always found embedded in the greenish shale or ash bed at the toj) of the Chattanooga, and over most of the area in which the Chattanooga is found they are confined to this ujiper bed. They are nearly spherical bodies, from to inches in diameter, in some ilaces packed closely together, and in others sparingly scattered through the matrix. They usually weather more easily than the matrix, and form a gray powder in the center, inclosed in a harder and darker colored shell. In Floyd and Chat- tooga counties, Georgia, the nodules extend downward into the upper portion of the black shale, though less abundant there than in the green shale, but considerably larger.
Although so widely distributed the nodules reach their greatest development and become of possible economic importance only in the region to which the black bedded phosphate is confined, in western middle Tennessee. Here they are not confined to the upper portion of the Chattanooga, although still most abundant in that position, but are found in all parts of the formation, usually in irregular layers from 3 to 12 inches thick. They sometimes even occur below the base of the black shale in the upper portion of the bedded phosphate. The nodules vary widely in size and shape from spherical bodies an inch in diameter to irregular flattened concretions 2 feet in length. The most abundant are irregular ellipsoids, flattened on their lower sides, from 3 to 9 inches on the longest diameter and about half as thick.
The nodules have a fine granular structure and a bluish-black color when fresh, and are quite homogeneous throughout. Fractured surfaces show under a hand glass many small sx)herical bodies embedded in the granular ground mass. These appear to be calcite, and when broken across show bright cleavage surfaces. Many minute pyrite grains are also scattered through the ground mass. On weathering, the nodules become lighter in color, sometimes almost white, and often show a dis- tinct concentric banding of different shades of gray. Their texture becomes quite porous and the globules of calcite are removed, leaving spherical cavities.
The nodules contain from 60 to 70 per cent of lime phosphate, a little more in weathered than in unweathered si)ecimens. They are not known to occur at any x)oint in sufficient quantity to pay for separate mining apart from the bedded rock. When, however, the latter is mined by stri[)X)ing off the overburden the nodules are saved without additional cost, being easily separated from the inclosing shale, and they will thus make it possible to work with profit a thinner bed than could be worked if they were not i)resent.
Fertilizers.
Black Bedded Phosphate.
The chief economic interest centers in this variety, for it is the only one of the four varieties of Tennessee rock which has yet been devel- oped on a commercial scale and will probably continue to be the most important. The black bedded phosphate is confined, so far as at pres- ent known, to an oval area southwest of iashville, having Genterville about in its center. This oval area lies west of the central basin of Tennessee, between the line of the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway on the north and a line through the northern portions of Lawrence and Wayne counties on the south, and extends westward a short distance beyond the Tennessee Eiver. It thus covers portions of Hickman, Williamson, Maury, Lewis, Wayne, Perry, and Decatur counties. By no means all, or even the greater i)art, of this area con- tains workable phosphate, since the deposit shows great variation in character and thickness, in some X)laces becoming too poor in phosphate to be utilized and in others too thin for profitable working; also many of the streams have cut down through the phosphate bed and removed it from their valleys. For these and other reasons it is not probable that more than a small part of this area, perhaps 1 or 2 per cent, will ever be actually productive territory.
The phosphate region is a part of the highland rim lying west of the great lowland basin of middle Tennessee. Its topography is that of a dissected plateau, whose higher portions reach nearly 1,000 feet above sea level, and within which the streams have sunk their channels from 300 to 500 feet. The contours of the surface are generally smooth and flowing and the drainage is well adjusted to the surface over which it flows. ]N"arrow strips of bottom land border the larger streams and in most cases extend well up toward the head waters of the tributaries. These valleys are fertile, while the surface of the plateau bears the sug- gestive name of "the barrens."
The geologic structure of this region is quite simple. Lying upon the western side of the arch or dome which gives rise to the central basin of Tennessee, the strata have a general westerly dip. This gen- eral westward inclination is modified by several very gentle folds,, whose axes extend in a northeast- southwest direction, approximately parallel with the axis of the central Tennessee dome and of the sharp folds in east Tennessee. The extreme depth of these folds is only a few hundred feet, and the dips are usually not sufiflciently steep to be noticeable. One of the anticlinal axes passes through Genterville and another through Linden and Dickson. Between these axes a gentle syncline carries the Devonian below drainage. Northwest of the Linden-Dick- son axis the Devonian is again carried below the level of Buffalo and Duck rivers.
The rocks of the region are Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous. Except in the gentle synclines above mentioned, the valleys of the
G16
Mineral Resources.
larger streams are cut in the blue, flaggy limestone, wliicli, according to Safford, carries Niagara and Helderberg fossils on the side toward the Tennessee River and Trenton or Hudson River fossils on the side toward the central basin. Above the Silurian limestone is the Chatta- nooga (Devonian) shale, with its associated phosi)hatic rocks, while above the Chattanooga shale are lower Carboniferous rocks, called Hari)eth shale by Safford, but not differing essentially from the Fort Payne chert of east Tennessee. To these Carboniferous cherts are due the most striking characteristics of the country. They cover the sur- face of the plateau with a deep, residual mantle, which extends down- ward upon the sides and across the bottoms of the valleys, generally concealing the outcrops of the underlying formations. The streams flow over great accumulations of the chert-gravel, which is supplied from the valley sides more rapidly than it can be removed by their currents.
The sections given herewith (PI. XXIX) will serve to show the thick- ness of the phosphate bed at various points and the character of the rock with which it is immediately associated.
In general, the most raxid variations in the black phosphate occur in passing east and west, while upon north and south lines considera- ble uniformity is found. This, however, must be taken only in a general way, for there are many exceptions. The principal injurious constitu- ents found in the phosphate rock are (1) carbonate of lime and (2) silica. On the one hand the rock grades into a more or less phosphaiic limestone, and on the other into a phosphatic sandstone. The rock richest in phosphate, containing in some places as high as 81 per cent lime i)hosphate, occurs on a line extending through the Swan Creek Valley northward through Totty's Bend, and perhaps crosses Duck River to the vicinity of Fernvale Springs, in Williamson County. The rock in this region reaches a thickness of 40 inches, and averages 30 inches over considerable areas. From this line of thick and rich rock the bed thins westward to about 8 inches at Centerville. Thence west- ward it thickens to fully 6 feet at Skull Creek, 8 miles west of Center- ville, but at the same time becomes much more siliceous, and at the l)oint of greatest thickness is simx)ly a phosphatic sandstone, contain- ing xerhaps 35 xer cent or less of lime x)bosx>hate. Still farther west, in Perry County, along Buffalo River, is apx:)arently another line of minimum thickness, though not so well located as those farther east.
West of this, or rather southwest, the bed again thickens from 20 inches at Linden to 3 feet at the head of Cedar Creek and 6 feet or more near the Tennessee River.
In the Swan Creek district, which may be taken as the type locality, the phosi)hate rock has a bluish black or gray color, weathering to a rusty yellow. At Tottys Bend the bed is separated into two distinct layers, which are mined and marketed sex)arately. The upper is gray and the lower blue-black, the former containing a somewhat higher
U. S. Geological Survey
Sixteenth Annual Report Part Iv Pl. Vi
Sections Showing The Relations Of The Tennessee Phosphate To Adjacent
Formations.
Scale ; 1 inch 1 0 feet.
Tottys Bend, Hickman County.
Fall Branch, Hickman County.
Centerville, Hickman County.
Black shale.
Calcareous cherty shale.
Hue shale v\/ith phosphatic nod- ules.
Oolitic phosphate, gray, 40".
Oolitic phosphate, blue.
Phosphatic lime- stone, 18".
Blue flaggy lime- stone.
Calcareous cherty shale.
Black shale with beds of phos- phatic nodules.
Oolitic phosphate, 36", with conglom- erate streaks.
Phosphatic lime- stone.
Blue flaggy lime- stone.
,1 , 1.
Calcareous cherty shale.
Black shale. Black phosphate, 8" Blue clay shales.
Blue flaggy lime- stone.
Skull Creek, Hickman County.
/ I
Calcareous cherty shale.
Black shale.
Phosphatic sand- stone and con- glomerate, 72".
Blue flaggy lime- stone.
Linden, Perry County.
Cherty limestone.
Black shale.
Black sandy phos- phate, 20".
Gray sandstone.
Chert nodules. Calcareous sand- stone.
Blue flaggy lime- stone.
Cedar Creek, Perry County.
Cheity limestone.
Black shale with phosphatic nod- ules.
Black, shaly, sandy phosphate, 54".
Yellow sandy shale.
Massive gray sand- stone.
Blue flaggy lime- stone.
Fertilizers.
percentage of phosphate than the latter. This, however, is an excep- tional occurrence, and at all the other openings in the district the bed has a uniform color from toi to bottom, though it generally varies some- what in texture iu its different portions. The typical rock has a some- what oolitic structure, composed largely of small rounded or flattened grains, with black glazed surfaces. The oolitic appearance is increased by the presence among the round grains of numerous casts of very small coiled shells. Although the oolitic structure is common in the best rock, it is not always present, and hence it can not be taken as a criterion of quality. From the distinctly oolitic rock there are all gra- dations through that in which only occasional round grains are seen to one which is composed of compact, fine-grained, homogeneous earthy material. In addition to the minute coiled shells, some fossil bones have been found in the phosphate bed, 10 or 12 inches in length and half an inch in thickness. These are doubtless the remains of large fishes which lived while the phosphate was being deposited.
At Fall Branch and elsewhere the lower portion of the phosphate bed contains thin streaks of conglomerate, which thicken to several inches and then entirely disappear within a few yards. The larger pebbles, sometimes half an inch or more in diameter, are composed of well- rounded fragments of black shale or of phosphate rock, and these are mingled with rather coarse quartz grains. The surface of limestone on which the phosphate bed rests is much more uneven at Fall Branch, where these conglomerate beds occur, than at Tottys Bend, where they are absent.
Immediately below the main phosphate bed there is in the Swan Creek district generally a bed of phosphatic limestone which should probably be included in the Devonian along with the phosphate bed. At Tottys Bend this stratum is about 18 inches thick and contains between 30 and 40 per cent lime phosphate. At Fall Branch it is not so thick where present, and at some points is wanting. It contains numerous black rounded grains similar to those composing the oolitic rock, and also the same minute coiled shell casts.
Southward from Fall Branch the phosphate bed outcrops along the sides of Swan Creek Yalley to about the center of Lewis County. It holds nearly a uniform thickness of 36 inches to Little Swan Creek, beyond which it decreases to 20 inches where it passes below drainage. The bed varies more in composition than in thickness, becoming sandy on Indian Creek, with 39 to 58 per cent lime phosphate, while at May- fields, near the mouth of Little Swan Creek, it contains over 70 per cent, being almost as rich as at Tottys Bend. The region east of Swan Creek Valley drained by streams flowing into Duck River has not been thoroughly prospected, but the phosphate bed has been reported at various points in the western part of Maury County with a thickness of about 36 inches, and containing from 30 to 65 per cent lime phosphate. Also little prospecting has been done north of Duck River, but the bed
Mineral Resources.
has been reported at Fernvale Springs, in the western part of William- son County, as 36 inches in thickness and containing from 53 to 64 per cent lime phosphate.
West of Centerville the phosphate bed thickens to a maximum of 6 feet on Skull Greek, but the conglomeratic streaks which form an incon- spicuous feature in the Swan Creek region become gradually more abundant till they form the greater part of the bed. The larger peb- bles, as well as many of the smaller grains, are well-rounded fragments of compact, fine-grained phosphate. Among these are more or less abundant quartz sand grains and many smaller concretions of pyrite. Casts of the small coiled shells are also found in this rock, but they are very much less abundant than in the oolitic variety. In the finer- grained portions of the bed shells of lingulse are quite abundant, and these, on the other hand, are rare in the oolitic rock. Although this eonglomeritic variety is always lower in phosphate and more variable in composition than the oolitic variety, it doubtless contains much rock which can be utilized. It is often found on careful examination to be much less siliceous than appears at first sight. The quartz grains are most conspicuous, but frequently make up only a small portion of the rock. The great thickness of the bed at Skull Creek and the cheapness with which it can be mined compensate in some degree for its lower content of lime phosphate. The strata dip westward from Skull Creek carrying the Devonian rocks below drainage. They rise to the surface in the valley of Buffalo Eiver, which cuts diagonally across a low anti- cline, the axis passing a short distance east of Linden. The Devo- nian outcrops are from 10 to 15 feet above the level of Buffalo Eiver at Linden, and about 70 feet higher on the sides of the tributary val- leys a few miles to the east. The phosphate at Linden, as shown in the plate of sections, is about 20 inches thick and is underlain by several feet of gray sandstone. This sandstone thickens toward the southwest to about 6 feet on Cedar Creek and other streams flowing into the Ten- nessee Eiver. It there forms a prominent feature in the topography, modifying the slopes of the hillsides and often standing out as a con- tinuous rocky ledge. It renders the tracing of the phosphate outcrop a very simle matter where it would otherwise be difficult, on account of the mantle of residual chert which covers the outcrops of all soft beds.
The phosphate bed also increases in thickness toward the southwest from 20 inches at Linden to 24 inches at the head of Cedar Creek, to 4J feet on Grooms i)rong and to a considerable greater thickness near the Tennessee Eiver. At the time this region was examined, in November, 1894, no artificial openings had been made, so that it was impossible to determine thicknesses exactly. At one point near the mouth of Cedar Creek the phosphate bed is exposed with a clear face of 6 feet, and it is probable that its total thickness is here at least 8 or 10 feet. The phosi)hate bed has also been found, though somewhat thinner, on Marsh
Fertilizers.
and White Oak creeks, which lie on either side of Cedar Creek and also on the tributaries of Buffalo Kiver as far up as Forty-eight Mile Creek. The bed is also said to occur high up in the hills west of the Tennessee Eiver, but its character and thickness there are not known. Northwest of Linden, on Spring, Lick, and Tom creeks, both the phos- phate bed and the underlying sandstone disappear, the former being represented by a few feet of blue phosphatic shales.
The phosphate rock wherever it has been observed in Perry County has a tolerably uniform composition and appearance. No oolitic rock has been found; on the other hand, the bed everywhere has the appear- ance of a rather fine-grained black sandstone. It varies somewhat from i)lace to place in the size of the component grains and in the character of the bedding, in some cases being quite massive, but more generally having a rather shaly structure, the beds being from half an inch to 8 or 10 inches thick. The coiled shells have not been observed in the phosphate of this region, but some portions of the bed contain lingulae in great numbers. Some analyses have been made of this rock which show it to contain from 50 to 68 per cent lime phosphate. It is probable, however, that the average of rock from considerable areas and all parts of the bed would not be much above 50 per cent.
Notwithstanding the lower grade of this rock the Cedar Creek dis- trict has certain advantages which will make it a formidable rival of the Swan Creek district. The chief of these are, first, the cheapness with which the rock can be mined by reason of the thickness of the bed and the iosition which it occupies in the hills, and, second, the cheapness with which it can be marketed by reason of its close prox- imity to water transportation.
The practical questions of economic development are considered else- where by Mr. Memminger and need not be dwelt on at length here.
The microscopic structure of the black-bedded phosphate is some- what important, since it affords some indication of the conditions under which the rock formed and of the source from which the phosphoric acid was derived.
The color of the rock is seen to depend directly on the abundance of fine grains of black carbonaceous matter which it contains. In the gray rock from Tottys Bend this black material is almost entirely wanting, while in the black rock from Fall Branch and elsewhere it is very abundant, sometimes rendering the section quite opaque. The lime phosphate, when the carbonaceous matter is absent, consists of colorless or yellowish flocculent grains, and is entirely amorphous. This material forms the oolitic grains and fossil casts which can be readily seen with the hand glass. When the coloring matter is absent the out- lines of these bodies are rather indistinct in the section. In some cases they are closely crowded together, and in others are embedded in a ground mass of the flocculent grains and fine oolitic granules. A major- ity of the larger oolitic grains show evidence of having been casts of
Mineral Kesources.
the interiors of shells, but are generally worn to an oval form, and their original shape is often nearly obliterated. In addition to the casts of shells there are numerous fragments of corals which also show the effect of wear by currents or waves, being generally well rounded. In some cases they are made up wholly of phosphate, the internal struc- ture being preserved and brought out by different amounts of carbo- naceous coloring matter. In others the septa, or partitions, are com- posed of calcite as they were originally, while the perforations in which the animal lived are filled with x)hosphate. In the phosphatic lime- stone, which at Tottys Bend and elsewhere underlies the main phos- phate bed, the same rounded shell casts and oolites are seen scattered through a mass of calcite grains. In most cases very fine crystals of calcite occur more or less abundantly embedded in the phosphate grains.
Thin sections of the siliceous phosphate which occur m the Skull Creek district and in Perry County show an ordinary sandstone struc- ture. The grains, particularly the larger ones, are well rounded, and in their forms suggest wind-blown and polished rather than water-worn sands. A large i:>roportion of the grains are quartz and lime phos- phates. The relative abundance of the two constituents varies widely, but in the Skull Creek district the ratio of quartz to phosphate grains is fairly constant, from one or two of the former to three of the latter. Some of the phosphatic conglomerates which appear to be very sandy are seen in thin sections to contain comparatively few grains of quartz. The phosphate grains are partly black and opaque and partly light yellow. They occasionally show the outline of fossil casts and also the internal structure of corals, but are more often without any trace of organic origin. In some cases the rock appears to have been originally a clean- washed sand, while in others it was evidently a sandy mud, and the rounded grains are embedded in a groundmass of fine, angular quartz fragments with granular lime phosphate and clay.
Origin Of The Black Phosphates.
'No explanation which is entirely satisfactory has yet been offered to account for the local accumulation of the phosphate. The deposit has some features in common with the South Carolina land rock, though the differences are greater than the resemblances. It is quite different from all varieties of the Florida rock, and its accumulation appears to be in no way connected with the recent leaching of a phosphatic lime- stone or with the rei)lacement of any other constituent by lime phos- phate. It appears rather that the explanation of the deposit must be sought in the conditions of sedimentation which prevailed in this region during the Devonian. The extreme thinness of the Devonian rocks in the southern Appalachian region has already been described, and this characteristic may be in some way intimately connected with the accumulation of the phosphates. Various hypotheses might be suggested to account for the absence of Lower Devonian formations
Fertilizers.
in the southern Appalachian region. The one which has been perhaps most commonly advanced accounts for the absence of sediments by reason of the great depth of the sea which covered the region. It is well known that in the abyssal depths of the ocean sedimentation is extremely slow, so that many geologic periods might have no sedi- mentary record under such conditions. But the great ocean basins, with sufficient depth for nondeposition, if not permanently fixed, at least require long periods for deepening and shoaling, and a gap in the sedimentary record caused by such conditions should show no abrupt breaks, but a gradual transition on either side from shallow- water de- posits, through those which characterize deepening water to the gap which marks the abyssal conditions. This transition, however, is con- spicuously absent in the region under consideration. The rocks imme- diately below the stratigraphic break in some places are sandstones or sandy shales, in others flaggy, fossiliferous limestones, all of which are comi)aratively shallow- water formations. In like manner the over- lying rocks contain in their very lowest portions beds of conglomerate which would require the presence of strong currents capable of carry- ing pebbles up to an inch in diameter. Other reasons might be given for rejecting the hypothesis of abyssal depths, but the above seem amply sufficient. The second hypothesis, like the first, assumes that the region was covered by sea, but accounts for the absence of deposits not by the conditions prevailing in the sea itself but in the land adja- cent. When a land area remains for a very long time without eleva- tion or depression its surface is worn down very near to sea level, the base level of erosion. Its streams become sluggish and are no longer able to carry sand or mud to the sea, and the accumulation of the corresponding sediments ceases for lack of a supply of fresh material. But long after the streams cease carrying mechanical particles to the sea they continue carrying a large amount of matter, chiefly calcare- ous, in solution. The adjacent seas are thus furnished with an abun- dant supply of lime, and their clear waters are highly favorable for the growth of animals whose remains form beds of limestone even near shore in shallow water. Thus base-level conditions on land are marked by the formation of limestones in adjacent seas, not by the absence of deposits of any kind, as in the present case.
The third hypothesis assumes that the entire region from which the Lower Devonian formations are absent was a land area during the corresponding geologic period; that the land extended continuously westward from the southern portion of the old Ajpalachian continent across the Mississii)pi embayment to Arkansas, Texas, and beyond, leaving upon the north an interior sea, open, i)erhaps, only toward the northwest. It assumes that the surface of this land was but little above sea level, and that toward the end of Devonian time it was depressied, so that the sea transgressed a long distance upon the land and laid down the Chattanooga black shale, with its associate i)hos
Mineral Resources.
pbates, upon what had formerly been a land surface. In describing the relations of the Chattanooga to the underlying formations the existence of an unconformity below the Devonian was shown to be highly probable. But this unconformity shows few, if any, of the features which would be expected to characterize an old land surface. It is difficult to imagine such a surface without some sort of residual accumulation, or to imagine a sea encroaching uxon a land without working over the surface material and forming basal conglomerates. But, so far as known, there are no such deposits; for, although con- glomerates occur above the unconformity, they contain no pebbles derived from the underlying formations, but only such as were derived from some foreign source or from other portions of the same formation in which they are found.
Tlie fourth hyiiothesis assumes that the region was almost, if not quite, continuously covered by a shallow sea in which strong currents and a feeble supply of material prevented deposition. It assumes that the conditions over the southern AiDpalachian region during late Silurian and early Devonian time were similar to those at present prevailing in the trough of the Gulf Stream. According to Alexander Agassiz, the sea bottom is there swept clear of all sediment and consists of hard lime- stone. Such currents might have swept in from the southwest from a sea into which little if any detrital matter was being carried and have had sufficient strength to carry away any sediment resulting from the remains of animals living in the waters of the region itself.
The strongest objection to this hypothesis is the wide extent of the region in which no deposits were formed during early Devonian time. The general conditions are the same in the Arkansas region and on the northwestern border of the Mississippi basin as in the southern Appa- lachians. It is quite possible, however, that the absence of Devonian formations in other parts of the Mississippi basin may be due to land con- ditions, and the explanation here suggested is intended to apply only to the region which has been specially studied in connection with the phos- phate dei)osits. Not enough is known of the position of shore lines in late Silurian and Devonian time to enable one to state with certainty the direction of the ocean currents. The interior sea, however, was probably cut oft' from the Iorth Atlantic by a land barrier stretching across from the Canadian highlands to the Appalachian continent, so that if currents came from the south or southwest they could not have passed* out in that direction, but must have been diverted to the north- west between the Cincinnati arch and the land probably existing in Mis- souri. The Devonian sediments in the northern Appalachians appear to have come from the northeast, and the abrupt southward termina- tion of the great mass of these rocks may be connected with such cur- rents. Sediments which would naturally have spread over the soutliern Appalachian sea bottom and formed gradually thinning representatives of the northern Devonian formations may have been swept away past
Fertilizers.
tlie southern joint of the Cincinnati arch and distributed over the western Mississippi basin.
This period of complete nondeposition in the southern Appalachian sea was followed by one of extremely slow accumulation, probably pro- duced by the emergence of land in the Arkansas region which suppUed a small quantity of detritus to the northeastward current and also modi- fied its velocity. The sandstone of Perry County was then deposited, thinning out to a feather-edge toward the northeast. Following the deposition of the sandstone were conditions favorable to the growth of organisms such as lingulpe, which secrete phosphate of lime in their shells. These shells accumulated upon the sea bottom, where they were subjected to the rolling of currents and the solvent action of sea water. The carbonate of lime, being more easily soluble, was largely removed, and the phosphate remained either in its original form or, more gen- erally, replacing the organic matter. which filled the shell and thus producing the interior casts so abundant in the phosphate bed. Slightly different conditions in different portions of the region gave rise to the differences in the deposit. Thus the working over by excep- tionally strong currents of deposits once solidified with the introduction of foreign sand grains would account for the phosphatic conglomer- ates of Skull Creek. The presence of fine sand in currents of varying strength would give rise to the sandy, shaly phosphate of Perry County.
Following the period of most active accumulation of phosphate was apparently one in which the currents were still further checked so that but little foreign matter was brought in, while the conditions became less favorable for the growth of phosphate-secreting animals and more favorable for vegetable growth, probably seaweeds, whose remains furnished the carbonaceous matter contained in the Chattanooga black shale. Phosphatic organisms continued to inhabit the waters, though in diminishing numbers, and the lime phosphate thus extracted from the sea water was segregated into the nodules of the black shale, while the lime carbonate was almost entirely removed by solution.
Finally these conditions were brought to an end by a widespread volcanic eruption, the ejected matter forming the blue shale at the top of the Chattanooga — an eruption ushering in a new set of conditions which produced a complete change in the character of succeeding formations. While numerous objections may be found to this hypoth- esis, it is offered as the one which explains the largest number of the facts. Further study will doubtless modify it to a considerable extent and possibly show it to be erroneous in its essential features.
The White Phosphates.
Shortly after the discovery of black phosphate on Swan Creek, in Hickman County, Tenn., prospectors familiar with the Florida phos- phate came to the region and began the search for rock similar to that
Mineral Resources.
found in Florida. Among- tliese was Mr. E. Slattery, who located at Linden, in Perry County. He gave a piece of the Florida rock to Mr. C. C. Sutton, and the latter discovered on Toms Creek a deposit which bore a strong resemblance to the sample. This proved to be the phos- phate breccia, described below, and the country was carefully examined to determine the extent of the deposit. A short time after, Mr. P. L. Smothers discovered in the same way, on Eed Bank Creek, another deposit bearing even stronger resemblance to the Florida rock. This was the white-bedded phosphate.
As indicated above, there are two varieties of the white phosphate, distinct in appearance, mode of occurrence, and origin, namely, the brecciated rock and the white-bedded rock. Both varieties, so far as known, are restricted to Perry County, although future prospecting may greatly extend their range.
White Breccia Phosphate.
Location Of The Deposits.
This variety is most highly developed on Toms Creek and upon the west side of Buffalo River, north of Linden. It has been reported, also, from Spring and Lick creeks, south of Toms, and from Rones Creek, on the north. These streams are northwest of Linden, in Perry County, and flow westward to the Tennessee River in rather wide valleys, from which the intervening remnants of the plateau rise with gentle, rounded slopes. The phosphate breccia is found upon these slopes within a vertical range of from 30 to 50 feet, and following the windings of the valley sides with slight variation in altitude. Its upper limit aipears to be the outcrop of the Devonian black shale j but tnis is somewhat difficult to determine, since the overlying chert deejily covers the surface, and outcrops of the black shale are extremely rare. The outcrops of the phosi)hate rock are not continuous. In some places occasional bowlders only are found, while at others the material covers the entire surface. No work has been done to determine its depth. At some places it appears to rest upon an eroded surface of Silurian limestone, but more often it is simply embedded in the residual chert. The rock nowhere shows any trace of beading, either Avithin its own mass or in its relations as a whole to the formations with which it comes in contact.
Composition And Physical Appearance.
The pliospliate rock occurs in irregular masses, composed of small, angular fragments of Carboniferous chert embedded in a matrix of phos- phate of lime. The chert fragments vary in diameter from a fraction of an inch to 3 or 4 inches. They are in every respect similar to the fragmental chert which so abundantly covers the hillsides. The phos- phatic matrix, when unstained by exi)osure to the weather, is generally
Fertilizers.
white or slightly reddish and rather soft — somewhat harder than com- pact chalk. In some cases the phosphate shows a laminated structure, as though the cavities between the chert fragments had been filled by the deposition of successive layers of material from solution, and some- times the cavities were only partially filled. Where this concentric structure is shown, the phosphate is more dense and also purer than the structureless variety. In most of the breccia examined, the chert fragments make up about 50 per cent of the rock. At the Led better place on Toms Creek, and also near Beardstown, some rather large masses were observed which appeared to be nearly free from chert. They closely resemble some forms of travertine which are being depos- ited by calcareous springs, and suggest an analogous origin. These detached masses may be portions of a more extensive deposit of similar material, almost entirely covered by the mantle of chert.
Not enough prospecting has yet been done to afford a basis for an accurate estimate as to the available amount of phosphate of this variety, but some idea may be gained by considering the length of actual outcrop. Assuming for the deposit a uniform width of 75 feet, it is estimated that in the territory thus far known there are between 40 and 50 acres which would be actually productive. On a very moder- ate assumption as to the depth of the deposit, this would yield several hundred thousand tons of the material. Of course, careful prospecting may show this estimate to be far above or below the mark.
It is quite probable that further exploration will extend the known area within which this breccia occurs. On long exposure to the weather the matrix crumbles away, freeing the chert fragments, which cover the surface and are indistinguishable from other portions of the widespread and almost universal mantle of chert covering this portion of Tennessee. Hence, where only a few bowlders of the breccia are now found at the surface, there may be a more or less continuous deposit beneath the superficial mantle. It is also probable that other deposits may exist which now present at the surface no indication whatever of their presence. This would be especially likely of such as contain an exceptionally small proportion of chert, as the traverti- noid rock above described.
Utilization Of The Deposits.
Analyses of the breccia matrix show it to be a high-grade phosphate, and it would probably be found, in most cases, when carefully separated from the associated chert, to contain 80 per cent of lime phosphate. A sample of the travertinoid rock, from the vicinity of Beardstown, gave 80.92 per cent of lime phosphate. Neglecting exceptional occurrences, the ordinary rock matrix and chert together give about 40 per cent of lime phosphate. This is too low a percentage to be utilized by present methods in the manufacture of fertilizers. The problem for the mining engineer is therefore to devise some cheai) method by which the crude 16 aEOL, PT 4 40
Mineral Resources.
material can be freed from a portion, at least, of the chert. As stated above, the matrix is rather soft, and shows a tendency to crumble to a powder when the rock is crushed. The chert, on the other hand, is much harder, and breaks into smaller fragments without shattering or crumbling. Hence it appears to the writer probable that if the rock were crushed so as to pass through an inch mesh, and then passed over a screen with a quarter or third inch mesh, the greater part of the phosphate would pass through with comparatively little chert. If only half the chert were thus removed, the proportion of lime phosphate would be raised from 40 to 53 per cent. This would bring it above the limit of availability for use by methods now employed in the manufac- ture of fertilizers.
Origin Of The Deposits.
From the appearance of these deposits and their relations to adjacent formations there can be little doubt that they are recent and super- ficial, the result of the leaching of the black phosphate and redeposition near its outcrop. It seems probable that surface water containing a large proportion of carbonic acid reached the black shale through the overlying porous covering of chert. The lime phosphate associated with the black shale was dissolved by the percolating acidulated water, which subsequently reached the surface at the outcrop of the shale. The dissolved phosphate was then redeposited, partly in the interstices of the fragmental chert covering the surface and partly as a solid de- posit with but slight intermixture of chert. The former mode of dei)o- sition produced the more abundant breccia, while the latter gave rise to the travertinoid masses. Subsequent erosion has doubtless lowered the valleys throughout the region, and removed much of the phosphatic deposits thus formed.
If this theory of its formation be correct, the deposits will be found only near the surface in shallow pockets ; and although there is unques- tionably a large amount of the material in sight, mining will be attended with the uncertainties which invariably accompany the working of pocket deposits.
White Bedded Phosphate. Location Of The Deposit.
Bo far as at present known, this variety is confined to a small area in Perry County. It has been found only in the valleys of Red Bank and Terrapin creeks, which flow eastward into Buffalo River. The extreme outcrops lie within an area about 3 miles long by a little over a mile broad. Within this area numerous outcrops occur, though the rock has not been traced continuously from one to another, and it is only inferred tliat they form a continuous bed.
The northward dip of the strata carries the Devonian down to the level of Buffalo River, above the mouth of Red Bank Creek, so that
Fertilizers.
the dissected plateau is here composed wholly of the lower portion of the Oarbouiferous, which consists mostly of chert beds iu calcareous, sandy shale.
The phosphate is found about 70 feet above the Devonian black shale, interbedded with the Carboniferous chert. At the Spencer place, on Eed Bank Creek, the phosphate and chert crop out in a ledge about 20 feet high, above which occur numerous though not con- tinuous exposures, making a total thickness of at least 30 feet. Of this the lower 20 feet consists of alternate beds of phosphate and chert. The latter appears in lenticular beds from 4 to 12 inches thick, its contact with the phosphate being somewhat indistinct. Portions ol the phosphate are highly siliceous, approaching chert in appearance and probably in composition. The appearance is that of an income)lete replacement of the chert by the phosphate. According to an approx- imate estimate of this portion of the formation, the chert beds appear to make up about 30 per cent of the mass, the remainder being more or less siliceous phosphate.
The upper 10 feet, although not so well exposed, appears to be made up almost entirely of obscurely bedded phosphate, without any con- siderable portion of chert. The phosphate in this part of the formation is also whiter, softer, and evidently less siliceous.
In Stone Quarry Hollow, on the south side of Terrapin Creek, the phosphate is exposed about 40 feet in thickness. As upon Eed Bank Creek, the lower portion consists of alternating beds of stony chert and hard siliceous phosphate, while the upper portion, i)erhaps 10 or 15 feet in thickness, is free from chert beds, or, if present, they do not appear at the surface.
At the Myatt place, on Terrapin Creek, the formation is at least 30 feet in thickness j but the bedding is less distinct than at the points above described, and there does not appear to be so marked a difference between the upper and the lower portion, although this may be due to less complete exposure.
Physical Appearance.
The x)hosphate rock is much harder than ordinary lime phosphate, and breaks with an extremely rough, irregular surface. It has a finely granular structure, some portions resembling a very fine quartzitic sand- stone, but grading into translucent chert. The i)atches of gray chert surrounded by the white granular rock give a mottled appearance to the fresh surfaces. The chert is not in the form of sharply defined fragments, such as occur in the phosphatic breccia, but merges into the granular ground mass, which consists of a skeleton of silica holding soft white lime phosphate. It is the presence of this siliceous skeleton which gives the apparently granular material its great hardness. Many small irreg- ular cavities occur in the rock, and these are generally lined with minute quartz crystals. Thin sections of the i)liosphatic rock exhibit under
Mineral Resources.
the microscope a more or less continuous ground mass of chalcedonic or crypto-crystalline silica, embedded in which are rhombohedral crystals. In portions of the rock, which appear as compact chert, they are very minute (often less than one one-hundredth mm. in diameter) and widely scattered, but perfect, sharply defined rhombohedrons. In the granular portions of the rock the crystals are larger, appearing as sections of rhombohedrons, which are not perfectly independent, but are segregated into irregular groups, surrounded and penetrated by the ground mass of silica. These rhombohedral crystals have the external form of calcite, but are entirely isotropic, and hence are not calcite. The smaller crys- tals are quite clear and transparent, while the larger are composed of an aggregate of very minute transparent grains, with fine dustlike opaque particles, probably iron oxide. Many aggregates of simdar transparent grains, but without definite crystal outlines, occur in the ground mass. Analyses of the rock make it evident that the material forming the crystals and the granular aggregates must be lime phosphate. The crystal forms are evidently those of calcite, and the crystals are there- fore, in all probability, pseudomorphs, in which the lime phosphate has replaced the carbonate. The presence of a small amount of carbonate, shown in the table of chemical analyses below, indicates that the replace- ment has not been complete.
Chemical Composition.
The following analyses give a fair idea of the composition of this variety of phosphate :
Analyses of Tennessee ivhite bedded phosphate.
14A; and I.
14m.
15dK
Silica, SiOj
Lime, CaO
Phosphoric acid, PjOs
Corresponding to:
Lime phosphate, CasPjOg
and
Lime carbonate, CaCOs
14c. — Stone Quarry Hollow, south of Terrapin Creek. Phosphate and chert 2 feet from base of exposure; represents a bed 8 inches thick between thinner beds of chert.
Hi. — stone-Quarry Hollow. Represents the upper 10 feet of the deposit, above the interbedded chert and phosphate.
14A; and i.— Stone Quarry Hollow. E-epresents 10 feet of outcrop, 20 to 30 feet above its base. 14m. — Stone Quarry Hollow. Represents 6 feet of outcrop, 30 to 36 feet above its base. 15fct' and lad". — Red Bank Creek, Spencer Place. Represents upper 10 feet of the deposit, from 20 to 30 feet above the base of the exposure.
Only the silica, lime, and phosphoric acid were determined; but in each case there was an excess of lime over that required for combina- tion with the phosphoric acid to form the neutral phosphate, and this
Analyses made for the United States Geological Survey by the chemical dei)artment of Columbian University, Washington, D. C., under the direction of Prof. C. E. Monroe.
Fertilizers.
excess was regarded as present in the rock as carbonate. Considering the lime as part carbonate and part phosphate, the proportions of these compounds, together with the silica, amount to from 96 to 98 per cent of the rock. The remaining 2 to 4 per cent is probably iron and alu- mina, which were not determined.
Utilization Of The Deposit.
It will be seen from these analyses that the content of the lime phos- phate is too low for utilization by methods at present employed in the manufacture of fertilizers, 50 per cent rock being about the lowest grade now used. Whether other processes may be devised for utilizing this low-grade material is a question which can not be answered now. The abundance of the rock, the ease of mining, and the availability of cheap water transportation to points of consumption are important fac- tors in the problem. But, whether utilized or not, this deposit is of interest as suggesting the possibility of other deposits of higher grade in rocks not hitherto suspected of containing phosphates, namely, the widespread carboniferous chert formations of Tennessee, Alabama, Ken- tucky, Missouri, and Arkansas. From this point of view the origin of the deposit becomes a matter of considerable importance; for it is scarcely credible that the conditions under which this deposit was formed should not have been present elsewhere in this extensive region.
Origin Of The Deposit.
Is the phosphate an original deposition accumulated during the dep- osition of the accompanying chert? The characteristics which point to original deposition in the case of the black Devonian phosphate are wholly absent here. Although some portions of the Fort Payne chert are highly fossiliferous, others are entirely barren, and, unlike the black phosphates, no traces of organic remains were observed in these or the associated cherts. Moreover, the great thickness of this deposit and its apparently local development are in striking contrast with the very wide distribution of a comparatively thin bed in the case of the black phosphate. If not an original deposit, this must be a secondary im- pregnation, and partial replacement of some original constituent, by lime phosphate. The microscopic structure of the rock atfords strong evidence, if not conclusive proof, of this secondary replacement of the originally contained calcite by secondary phosphate. Such a replace- ment is precisely what would be expected to take place if a solution of lime phosphate were to come in contact with the carbonate, namely, the less soluble compound would be deposited and the more soluble one taken up.
The source of the phosphoric acid is not so easily determined as the fact that replacement has occurred. Limestones generally contain a small amount of phosphoric acid, and some of the overlying Carbon- iferous limestones contain a very considerable percentage. This seems
Mineral Resources.
the most probable source, although there is a possibility that the phos- phate may have come from older Devonian and Silurian rocks, raised to a higher level by the gentle folding which the strata of the region have suffered.
Probably the replacement was a phase of weathering, and took place after the superincumbent strata had been largely removed, so that per- colating waters had access to these beds. It is impossible at present to say what the particular conditions may have been which determined the local accumulation of phosphate at this point, and no sufficiently detailed examination has been made to decide whether or not these conditions can be recognized and so definitely formulated as to be of value in future prospecting. It will be readily understood that the brief study which has been given thus far to these interesting deposits is wholly inadequate to answer the many questions suggested.
Fertilizers.
Commercial Development Of The Tennessee Phosphate.
By C. G. Memminger.
Production.
The first shipments of Tennessee phosphate were made in the lat- ter part of June, 1894, and four companies are now (December, 1894) actively engaged in mining and shipping, with a total average daily output of about 160 tons. These companies are the Southwestern Phos- phate Company, the Duck Eiver Phosphate Company, the Tennessee Phosphate Company, and the Swan Creek Phosphate Company.
The Southwestern Phosphate Company's mines are located on Falls Branch, Hickman County, about 5 miles northeast of tna station, on the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Eailroad. The developments at these mines consist of a mill building containing a McCulley crusher and a Sturtevant rock emery mill for grinding the rock to a powder for direct application to the soil or use in composts. The mining develop- ments show a bed averaging 30 inches in thickness. The rock is hauled to the railroad 5 miles in wagons, the daily output being 30 to 40 tons. The Duck River Phosphate Company's mills lie 9 miles east of Center- ville, Hickman County, in Tottys Bend. This company has erected a storehouse and a number of dwellings for employees. On this property the most considerable mining development is noted, and the vein has been uncovered by stripping for several hundred yards. The stripping has been carried back to a depth of 20 feet. An extremely regular vein is exposed, averaging 36 inches in thickness. This company is mining and shipping about 100 tons per day. During the summer months about 100 wagons were employed in hauling the rock to the railroad. Two 25-ton lighters have been built to float the rock down Duck River to Centerville, and in October this method of transportation was sub- stituted for wagons with satisfactory results. From the size of Duck River the permanent success of this method seems in doubt. The Ten- nessee Phosphate Company is mining its Nunn tract on Swan Creek, Hickman County, 4 miles from -tna station. The average output is 50 tons per day. The bed is 18 to 20 inches in thickness. This com- pany has surveyed a line of railroad 12 miles in length from near Sum- mertown, on the Florence branch of the Louisville and Nashville, to its property on the Upper Swan VuUey, Lewis County. No mining has been done at this point, but the prospect cuts expose a 30-inch bed.
The Swan Creek Phosphate Company's properties lie near the mouth of Blue Buck Creek, in Swan Valley, Hickman County. This company began mining in October, hauling the rock by wagon about 4 miles to the nearest point on the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, a mile south of Centerville.
632 Mineral Resources.
Methods Of Mining.
The present method of mining consists in stripping off the over- burden. Along the outcrops of the bed in some cases the stripping is carried back to a depth of 20 feet. The material removed consists of 1 to 2 feet top earth and the balance shale, sometimes very hard; blast- ing is always necessary in this stripping. The phosphate bed, after being uncovered, is loosened up by small shots and removed by picks, crowbars, and gads. Mining by stripping can not be looked upon as a permanency, the amount of stripping ground along the outcroppings being limited. The ultimate method of mining will be by drifts ; this will materially increase cost of production.
To mine successfully, compressed-air drills must be employed. The rock as brought to bank from the mines requires only to be crushed to sizes, say 3 inches in diameter, to be ready for shipment. lTo drying or washing is necessary, as with Florida and South Carolina phos- phates, the rock being intermixed with no extraneous matter and con- taining not above 2 per cent of moisture when mined. These are the strong points in favor of the Tennessee phosphates. At present the cost of mining and putting rock on board cars, ready for shipment, is as follows :
Cost at Duck Biver Phosphate Company's mines.
Per long ton.
Mining
Hauling (9 miles) to railroad Breaking
Total cost f. o. b. cars. .
$1. 00
,75
Cost at Tennessee and Southwestern Company's mines.
Per long ton.
Mining
Hauling to railroad (4 miles) Breaking
Total
$1.00
These estimates do not include brokerage, 10 cents per ton, or man- agement, office expenses, and interest. The rock is now being sold in Atlanta, Ga., at $6 per ton, delivered.
Average cost f. o. b. cars $2. 50
Railroad freight to Atlanta 2. 91
Cost, delivered
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The margin of profit does not appear large. The present method of hauling to railroad in wagons is not only expensive but is not iractica- ble during the winter months; consequently, if the industry is to be a permanent one, railroads must be built to the mines. The indications are that this will shortly be done. The crude method of breaking by hand must be abandoned and crushers used. With railroads to the mines the cost of marketing the rock will be materially reduced, but in future, to offset this reduction, the present cheap method of mining by stripping must be superseded by the more expensive drift mining ; con- sequently it does not appear that present total figures of cost will in future be materially changed. The Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Eailroad people have shown a most commendable spirit as re- gards freight charges and the present rates are extremely low as com- pared with those in force in Florida.
Outlets.
The nearest port of shipment to these deposits is Pensacola, Fla., distant about 450 miles. It is also claimed that New Orleans is prac- tical as a port of shipment, the rock to be taken down the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers in barges, but as yet no attempt has been made to market the rock abroad. From their geographical position it would api)ear that these phosphate beds, even with low rates to the Gulf ports, can not compete, either in Europe or in the markets of our East- ern States, with Florida and South Carolina phosphates. It is in the interior States that the consumption of this phosphate must take place. The demands in this territory are as yet small, but the rich lands of the central States are slowly but surely becoming exhausted. The use of chemical manures is increasing, and eventually large super- phosphate manufactories will be erected at such points as Chicago, Cincinnati, etc. To the agricultural interests of the Middle States the phosphate beds will prove of much value. The raisers of Tennessee phosphates must restrict their output to keep within the present demand and await the development of the interior superphosphate industry and consumption. Overproduction must render the business unprofitable.
Chemical Compositions Of Black Phosphate.
The appended analyses were not made for scientific research, but for ordinary commercial purposes, and are consequently not complete, but show fully the character of the phosphate ;
634 Mineral Resources.
Analyses of Tennessee black phosphates. [Per cent.]
Moisture at 100° C Insoluble and silicious matter
1 Q9
1 fin
1 ft
Of!
Iron oxide
A 1 11 TTll 11 Ct
Iron combined as py- rite
Sulphur
Carbonic acid
Calcium carbonate
Phosphoric acid (P2O5). Fluoriue, titanium,
Organic matter and
Bone phosphate on dry basis
Moisture at 100° C .
Insoluble and silicious
Alumina
Iron combined as py- rite
Phosphoric acid (P2O5) . Fluorine, titanium.
Organic matter and
Bone phosphate on dry basis
Note. — Analyses Nos. 1 to 7 by C. G. Memminger; Nos. 7 to 20 by Lucius P. Brown; 'Nos. 17 and 18 are bowlders or kidneys lying in and above black slate. These analyses are from Tennessee Phos- phate Company, Swan Creek Phosphate Company, and Southwestern Phosphate Company, and represent material actually being mined and shipped. Nos. 12 and 13 are from outer edge of vein; the material is oxidized and mixed probably with clay from above.
It will be noted that FeS2, pyrite, or, more strictly speaking, ''mar car- site/' is present in every sample analyzed, and its presence is charac- teristic of this phosphate. Alumina is present in only small amount. Fluorine was found in each case, but not determined quantitatively. Titanium in small amounts was also found. In making analyses of these phosphates determinations of both forms of iron should always be made and the results so obtained distinctly stated. Actual work- ing tests show that the rock mixes well and gives a mechanically good product.
It is an unsettled question as to what action the pyrite will have in reversion of soluble phosphoric acid when the material is allowed to stand after mixing. In case of foreign consumption this is an impor- tant matter. The writer reasons as follows:
In mixture of the superphosphate the first action when re203 is present is: 3Ga:,P203+Fe203+GH2S04 becomes 30aH4P2O3H-6CaSO4+
Fertilizers.
Fe203; and ou standing this "reverts," thus forming, by reason of slow action of the basic oxide, 30a2H2P2O8+3CaSO4+Fe2SO4. Then if pyrite is present it is found that 155° acid does not act on this pyrite at common temperatures and not when boiled 155° C ; hence the formula, 3Ca3P208+FeS2+6H2S043CaH4P208+6CaS04+FeS2. If this pyrite is altered, as it will in time, it acts thus: 2(FeS2) + 150 & H20=Fe2 (804)3+ H2SO4, so that not only is there no basic oxide to take up SO3 from CaS04, but there is formed additional H2SO4 to prevent this action of some of the AI2O3 or Fe203 which may be present along with the FeS2 in the rock. Consequently the FeSi would appear to be rather an advantage than otherwise.
Although the analyses show an average of over 70 per cent of bone phosphate of lime, it is probable that on a large working scale cargo lots will run between 65 and 70 per cent.
Sulphur And Pyrites.
By Edward W. Parker.
SUILiPHUR. OCCURRENCE.
Sulphur occurs native in several States, but none of commercial value is found east of the Mississippi River. The unimportant localities in the Eastern States are at Oayuga, lT. Y.j at Put-in-Bay Island, Ohioj at Tampa, Fla., and about 25 miles above Washington, on the Potomac Eiver. It has been mined in Califoiinia, Nevada, and Utah — principally the last. Many and costly attempts have been made to develop the properties near Lake Charles, La., but without success. The sulphur lies at a considerable depth and is overlaid by quicksands, which pre- vent mining by ordinary methods. Sulphur has also been reported in western Texas and in Kansas.
The entire domestic product since 1891 has been from the mines of the Utah Sulphur Company (formerly the Dickert & Myers Sulphur Company), in Beaver County, Utah. This product is restricted to a comparatively limited local consumption, owing to the low prices at which Sicilian sulphur is brought to the Atlantic seaboard and the imi)ortations of Japanese sulphur on the Pacific Coast. Sulphur is now also imported from England, being obtained from alkali waste reclaimed by the Chance process, described in the 1887 volume of this series. The bringing in of this factor, as well as the increased use of pyrites for acid making, has caused the supply of Sicilian sulphur to exceed the demand, with a consequent reduction in price.
' Efforts are now being made to mine the sulphur at Lake Charles by a new and patented process. The patent is owned by Cleveland, Ohio, parties. The method consists in the introduction of super- heated water through pipes into the sulphur deposit, the sulphur being liquefied and pumped out. The parties interested were still engaged in making tests of the process at the time this report goes to press (June, 1895). A limited amount of sulphur only has been produced, the operations being hampered by defective machinery. Enough has been done to show that it is possible to obtain sulphur by this method, but the (iuoatiou as to whether it is practicable aa a commercial enterprise is not yet determined.
Sulphur And Pyrites.
Production.
The total amount of sulphur produced in the United States in 1894 was 500 tons, valued at $20,000, the smallest output in any year since 1889, except 1890, when no product at all was obtained. The produc- tion of sulphur in the United States has varied considerably from year to year, but has never reached great proportions, the largest product being in 1887, when 3,000 tons were mined. During 1888, 1889, and 1890 the mines of the Dickert & Myers Company, in Beaver County, Utah, were in litigation and not operated, the small product in 1889 being from the mines of the Barnes Sulphur Company, near Frisco, Utah, and the Wise mine, in Nevada. Eeither of these properties has been worked since that year. In 1891 the Utah Sulphur Company suc- ceeded the Dickert & Myers Company and began working the mines, producing in that year 1,200 tons of sulphur. In the following year the product increased to 2,688 tons, but owing to the unfavorable trade conditions the output in 1893 declined again to 1,200 tons, and still further in 1894 to 500 tons.
The following table shows the product of sulphur in the United States since 1880 :
Sulphur product of the United States since 1880.
Tears.
Quantity.
Value.
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons. 1,000 2, 500 3,000
$21, 000 21, 000 21, 000 27, 000 12, 000 17, 875 75, 000
100, 000
Short tons.
$7, 850
1, 200 2, 688 1,200
39, 600 80, 640 42, 000 20, 000
Review Of The Industry.
In proportion to the amount of sulphur consumed in the United States, the domestic product is of slight importance. This fact is due, not to any scarcity of the mineral, but to the remoteness of the deposits from the principal markets and the cost of transportation. Under existing conditions the sulphur from Sicily and England can be sold in the East- ern markets and even as far west as the Mississippi River at less cost than the Utah mines can profitably dispose of their product; while, as before stated, the markets on the Pacific Coast are supplied by Japa- nese sulphur. Our importations show a considerable increase in the volume of business done during the past fifteen years, though market fluctuations are shown from year to year. Taking the tables of imports as compiled by the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department it is seen that the total imports of crude sulphur have increased from
Mineral Resources.
87,837 long tons in 1880 to 125,241 long tons in 1894, reaching as high as 162,674 long tons in 1890. Practically all of the sulphur imi)orted prior to 1886 was from Sicily, and since that year the amount received from other sources seems insignificant when compared with the Sicilian sul- phur, though amounting to considerable proportions when considered independently, and eclipsing the domestic product several times. In 1886 imports from Japan assumed considerable proportions, amounting to nearly 5,000 long tons. This increased over 20 per cent, or to 6,146 long tons, in 1887. In the two following years the imports from Japan were about the same as in 1887, being 6,332 long tons in 1888 and 6,441 in 1889. In 1890 they more than trebled, reaching a total of 21,031 long tons. This large increase was not maintained, however. During 1891 the imports from Japan were nearly 9,000 tons less than in 1890, but still about double those of 1888 and 1889. They were nearly the same in 1892, but declined to 8,307 long tons in 1893 and 4,777 tons in 1894.
A new source of supply was found in 1887. This was the recovery of sulphur from alkali waste. It was the result of thirty years' effort on the part of Mr. William Gossage, of England, supplemented by six years of study and investigation on the part of Mr. A. M. Chance, Mr. Gossage proved that the calcium sulphide of alkali waste could be decomposed by the carbonic acid gas produced in lime burning, and hydrogen sulphide liberated. Mr. Chance perfected the process and made it economically valuable. This process is fully described in Mineral Eesources for 1887. Facilities for using the process were adopted at most of the alkali works in England, but it was not until 1890 that the sulphur thus obtained was brought into commerce in appreciable quantity. During that year England exported to the United States 4,898 long tons of sulphur. In 1891 we imported from the same source, 5,613 tons; in 1892, 6,522 tons; in 1893, 8,777 tons, and in 1894, 12,435 tons. The sulphur obtained from this source was without doubt the direct cause of the decrease in imports of Japanese sulphur in 1891, 1892, 1893, and 1894. This is borne out by the fact that the imports from J apan fell off to the demand of the Pacific Coast, all of the Japanese sulphur in 1893 and 1894 being received at the ports of San Francisco, Cal., and Willamette, Oregon.
Imports.
The following tables show the total amount of sulphur imported into the United States from 1867 to 1894, the countries from which it was received, and customs districts through which it was imported:
Sulphur And Pyrites. 639
Sulphur imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1867 to 1894.
Years ended-
June 30, 1867
Dec. 31, 1888
Crude.
Quantit3\ Value
Long tons. 24, 544 18, 151 23, 590 27, 380 36, 131 25, 380 45, 533 40, 990 39, 683 46, 435 42, 963 48, 102 70, 370 87, 837 105, 097
97, 504 94, 540
105, 112 96, 839
117, 538 96, 882
98, 252 135, 933 162, 674 116, 971 100, 938 105, 539 125, 241
$620 1,212 1, 301 1, 260 1, 259 1,475 1, 242 1, 179
1, 575
2, 024 2, 713 2,627 2, 288 2, 242 1,941 2, 237
1, 688 1,581 2,068 2,762
2, 675 2,189 1, 903 1,703
Flowers of sul- phur.
Quantity. Value
Long to7is.
$5, 509
,576 ,927 ,514 ,822 , 924 ,694 ,114 ,873 ,628 ,509 ,516 ,226 ,926 ,262 ,869 ,35] ,739 , 980 ,202 ,954 ,718 ,782 ,439 ,746 ,145
Refined.
Quantity. Value
.Long tons.
1,171
$10, 915 2, 721 6, 528 4, 328 2,492 1,497 2, 403
Ore. (a)
Value.
$1, 269
1,927 36, 962 5, 935 2, 392 5,262 2, 555 2, 196 4,487 4,765 4, 060 3,877 2,383 34 3,060 1, 997 4, 106 1,017 1, 207
133, 250 587, 981 721, 699 590, 905
a Latterly classed under head of pyrites.
Statement by countries and hy customs districts, showing the imports into the United States of crude sulphur or brimstone each fiscal year from 1876 to 1894.
Countries whence exported
and customs districts through which imported.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Countries.
Dutch West Indies and Guiana
Long tons.
1, 515
$15, 427 1,211
Long tons.
Long tons.
Long tons.
Enoland
Scotland
Gibraltar
$14, 631 13, 231 7, 789
(?)
$16 3, 961
$335 19, 287
Quebec, Ontario, Mani-
47, 494
1,161,367 7, 548
Italv
46, 941
i, 439, 839 16, 291
41, 819
1, 194, 000 13, 137
64, 420
1, 453, 138 4, 528 10, 410
Total
Districts.
Baltimore, Md
Barnstable, Mass
48, 966
1, 473, 678
43, 443
1, 242, 788
47, 922
1, 173, 156
65, 919
1, 487, 698
5, 157
157, 828
3, 882
105,175
5, 455
138, 202
6, 969
7, 841
157, 243 13, 780
173, 506 13, 812 21, 907
Boston and Charlestown, Mass
5, 031
154, 883
3, 931
101,215
5, 795
131, 945 12, 267
Delaware, Del
13, 500
13, 240
Newark, N. J
New Orleans, La
24, 524 12, 549
5, 705 721, 092 385, 671 18, 232 17, 367
1,071 21, 867 9, 216 1, 739
31, 802 4, 750 654. 997 256, 224 45, 487 27, 768 15, 370
36, 543 11, 704
10, 175 2,087 827, 193 263, 467
New York, N. Y
Philadelphia, Pa
Providence, R. I
6, 657
690, 989 167, 222 11,479 7, 548
San Francisco, Cal
4, 528
Total
48, 966
1, 473, 678
43, 443
1, 242, 788
47, 922
1, 173, 156
65, 919
1, 487, 698
Mineral Resources.
Statement by countries and by customs districts, showing the imports into the United States of crude sulphur or brimstone each fiscal year from 1876 to 1894 — Continued.
Countries whence exported
and customs districts through which imported.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Countries.
England
Long tons.
1, 664
$22 36, 444 23, 580
Long tons.
Long tons.
Long tons.
$379
Scotland
1,668
$43, 311
2, 980
$20, 294 13, 770
13, 927 2, 504, 862 66, 356 7, 875
rr&nce
jFrench AVest Indies
Greece
Italy
80, 301
1, 862, 712 4, 744
102, 771
2, 645, 293 16, 253
92, 861 1,038
2, 248, 870 23, 714
fj apan
San Domingo
8, 637
12, 856
2, 030
Spanish possessions in A f rica and adjacent islands .
Total
83, 236
1, 927, 502
105, 488
2, 713, 494
97, 956
2, 627, 402
94, 536
2, 288, 795
Districts.
13, 827
313, 342
16, 477
430, 917
13, 781
7, 467 6, 025 46, 531 14, 839 1,244 6, 054
364, 384 13, 889
194, 317 161,281 6, 516 1, 260, 222 408, 611 33, 036 17, 760 151, 234 15, 842
11, 977
286, 438
Boston and Charlestown, Mass
8, 207 1,061
183, 486 25, 398
8,860 3,065
226, 801 78, 741
7,756 4,051
173, 569 106, 235
Charleston, S. C
10, 679 1,255
7, 121 1, 083, 784 254, 892 31, 155
57, 608 17, 987
2, 646 1, 463, 082 477, 547 17, 507
45, 385 22, 772
10, 378 1,110,313 549, 095 13, 830
New York, N. T
Philadelphia. Pa
Providence, R. I
San Francisco, Cal
1, 270
28, 324
16, 253
1, 072
24, 572 14, 365
Total
83, 236
1, 927, 502
105, 438
2, 713, 494
97, 956
2, 627, 402
94, 536
2, 288, 795
Countries whence ex- ported and customs dis- tricts through which imported.
1884. (a)
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Countries.
Long tons.
Long tons.
$4, 766
Long tons.
$1, 718
Long tons.
Danish West Indies
$5, 250 4, 437 6, 951
15, 084
2, 535
Quebec, Ontario, Mani- toba, and the North-
2, 166, 565 66, 505
Italy
94, 370 1, 541
1, 894. 858 25, 683 1,552
112, 283 4, 972
89, 924 6, 146
1, 588, 146 83, 576
Total
105, 143
$2, 242, 678
96, 841
1, 941, 943
117, 396
2, 237, 332
97, 383
1, 688, 360
Districts.
Baltimore, Md
15, 037
5, 294
303, 226 16, 163 13, 259
112, 152
14, 505
5, 125
285, 006
11, 040
12, 847
99, 712
19, 307 1,617
364, 958 35, 385
12, 547 1, 152
225, 669 22, 816
Barnstable, Mass
Beaufort, S. C
Boston and Charles- town, Mass
Champlain, N. Y
3, 681
69, 898
265, 265 5, 102 1, 115, 519 300, 740 25, 930 54, 517
4,85e
85, 575
Charleston, S. C
6, 125
132, 570
8, 525 45, 537 18, 696 1,840 1,421
169, 564 2, 282 909, 123 381,010 37, 422 33, 937
13, 350 58, 758 15, 568 1,265 3, 600
12, 420
220, 598
New Orleans, La
New York, N. Y
52, 478 18, 786 5, 522
1, 135, 725 401, 568 15,517 112, 598
46, 711 15, 267 3, 176
792, 114 269, 216 11,291 50, 521
Pliiladelphia, Pa
Providence, R. I
San Francisco. Cal
All other cu.stoiiis dis- tricts
Total
105, 143
2, 242, 678
96, 841
1, 941, 943
117, 396
2, 237, 332
97, 383
1, 686, 360
a Sources not reported.
Sulphur And Pyrites.
Statement by countries and hy customs districts, showing the imports into the United States of crude sulphur or brimstone each fiscal year from 1876 to 1894 — Continued.
Countries whence ex- ported and customs dis- tricts through which imported.
Countries.
Belgium
Danish West Indies
England
Scotland
Italy
Japan
Other countries
Total
Districts.
Baltimore, Md
Beaufort, S. C
Boston and Charles - town, Mass
Charleston, S. C
Mobile, Ala
New Orleans, La
New York, N. Y
Pensacola, Fla
Philadelphia, Pa
Providence, R. I
San Francisco, Cal
Savannah, Ga
"Willamette, Oreg
Wilmington, N.C
All other customs dis- tricts
Total
Quan- tity.
Long tons.
92, 528 6, 332
99, 253
11, 989
3, 760 12, 005
50, 486
10, 519 1,310 6, 352
1,532
Value.
$1, 993
7,200
1, 499, 720 72, 729
1, 581, 582
182, 769 9, 000
62, 298 199, 048
Quan- tity.
Long tons.
123, 260 6, 441
130, 191
Value.
$4, 086
8, 337
1, 935, 368
2, 025, 644
15, 791
6, 446 23, 377
234, 693 9,213
104, 257 364, 859
3,845 816, 286
173, 699 21,012 78, 732
25, 893 9,000
99,253 1,581,582
60,922 ! 959,872
13, 288
2, 345
202, 357 8, 581 57, 925 44, 244
1, 753
28, 443 11, 200
130,191 2,025,644
Quan- tity.
Long tons. 4,898
115, 240 21, 031
141, 921
21,198
7,410 15, 752
Value.
$3, 995 9, 076 101, 100
1, 800, 585 221, 316
2, 136, 559
322, 018
135, 044 255, 106
66, 359
3,397 983, 754
13, 919 1, 240
8, 223 5, 560
2, 040
210, 576 19, 160
87, 391 86, 826
32, 800
Quan- tity.
Long tons.
5,613
101, 660 12, 763
120, 804
9,339 1,300
6, 381 28, 281
1,300 44, 027
1,399 10, 842
"'8,' 819 5, 245 2, 832
Value.
3, 576
127, 976
2, 140, 516 168, 073 8, 372
2, 451, 513
247, 324 26, 951
136, 402
557, 384 14, 863 30, 474
910, 075 23, 206
216, 763
115, 637 99,717 11,852 60, 843
141,921 2,136,559 120,804 |2, 451, 513
Countries whence ex- ported and customs dis- tricts through which imported.
Countries.
England
Scotland
France
Quebec, Ontario, etc...
Italy
Spam
Japan
Quantity.
Long tons. 6,522
Total
Districts.
Baltimore, Md
Boston and Charlos- town, Mass
Charleston, S. C
Mobile, Ala
New Orleans, La
New York, N. Y
Philadelphia, Pa
Portland, Me
Providence, R. I
San Francisco, Cal
Savannah, Ga
Willamette, Oreg
Wilmingt(n, N.C
Vermont
All other customs dis- tricts
90, 668
12,227
109, 419
9, 981
9,086 14, 651
2, 118 52, 647 9, 380 2, 000
7, 256
1, 900
Value.
Quantity.
$162, 616
2, 147, 942
213, 776
2, 524, 406
263, 293
221, 033 364, 593
47, 165 1,191, 169 211, 570 42, 460
Long tons. 8, 777 1,452
103, 146
8, 307
Value.
$186, 914 27, 288
958, 303
133, 455
121,690 I 2,305,464
13, 759
11, 001 10, 885
127, 797
6, 866 48, 388
Total
109, 419
2,441 57, 474 12, 625
7, 766 4,650
2, 524, 406
121, 690
271, 949
224, 624 209, 246
1, 085, 289 241, 293
125, 507 86, 562 7,948 8,807
Quantity.
Long tons. 12, 435
68, 854 4,777
Value.
$228, 300
1,031,690 15, 343 62, 567
86,965 I 1,337,900
9, 854
12, 649 10, 560
2, 407 35, 319
5, 149
4,424 2,712
1,858
2, 305, 464
86, 965
132, 272
227, 976 163, 358 12, 740 34, 184 548, 742 73, 980
9, 063 59, 790 42, 439
6, 647 26, 709
1, 337, 900
As will be seen from the foregoing table, the principal source of our sui)ply of sulphur is from Italy, or more properly the island of Sicily. IG GEOL, PT 4 41
Mineral Resources.
In this connection the subsequent tables of exports of this mineral from Sicily and the imports of Sicilian sulphur into the United States will be found interesting-. The total production of sulphur in Italy in 1893 (the latest year for which the figures are obtainable) was, according to the ofiScial reports, 417,071 metric tons, valued at $5,610,018. The sul- phur imported from England is chiefly reclaimed sulphur from alkali waste the Chance i:>rocess (see Mineral Eesources, 1887, p. 007). The only other countries Irom which sulphur was imported in 1894, according to the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department, were Spain and Japan. The amount imported from Japan in 1894 was 4,777 long tons, practically all of which was received at San Francisco. JajDan's total product of sulphur in 1892 was 21,403 metric tons.
Sicilian Sulphur.
The figures in the following tables, showing exports of sulphur from Sicily, the countries to which exported, and the ports through which the imports into the United States were received, have been furnished hy Mr. A. S. Malcomson, of New York:
Total exports of sulphur from Sicily since 1883.
Countries.
United States
France
Italy
United Kingdom
Portugal
Russia
Germany
Austria
Turkey
Belgium
Holland
Sweden
Tons. 96, 629 63, 602 66, 810 41, 788 10, 494 15, 298 10,413 7, 232 4,915 3, 043 5, 242 7, 660 1,256 1, 010
Tons. 94, 929 65, 098 56, 292 40, 760 7, 033 11,018 12, 831 6, 622 6, 037 1,285 3, 920 6, 793
Tons. 99, 378 58, 264 49, 415 33, 402 13, 664 17, 760 13, 420 6, 103 5, 965 3, 077 2, 243 9, 516 1, 237
Tons. 98, 590 54, 280 48, 658 30, 236 19, 697 30, 943 10, 570 8, 689 5, 800
4, 598
5, 890
6, 580 2, 999 1, 916
Tons. 89, 419 56, 222 48, 997 30, 007 18, 370 16, 587 13, 441 9, 700 6, 702 6, 238 5, 873 5, 318 1, 747 1, 169
Tons. 128, 265 52, 083 47, 664 35, 634
5, 809 15, 851 22, 043 12, 402
8, 942
1, 457 3, 433
6, 951
2, 793
3, 004
Total
335, 392
314, 058
314, 582
329, 446
311, 302
347, 775
Countries.
France
Italy
United Kingdom
Portugal... —
Russia
Gtrmany .
Austria
Turkey
Spain
lielgium
Holland
Toms.
109, 008 67, 340 43, 523 39, 203 10, 158
16, 799
17, 678
8, 984 2, 231
6, 586
7, 752
2, 424
3, 899
Tons.
106, 656 71, 790 40, 231 26, 213 18, 103 16, 695 17, 158 15, 703 8, 746
4, 231
5, 679 7, 279
Tons. 97, 520 56, 168 42, 212 23, 408 11,414 11, 439 11,930 10, 629 10, 575 3, 000 3, 845 5, 089
Tons. 84, 450 73, 176 38, 711 24, 853 14, 845 13, 490 14,178 14, 326
9, 096
(a)
7, 382 5, 133 4, 561
Tons. 83, 901 89, 736 54, 486 27, 453 13, 840 14, 545 19, 730 16, 259 10, 169 {a)
3, 499
4, 358 2, 957 6, 579
Tons. 105, 773 56, 932 49, 895 22, 165
16, 870 8, 670
17, 977 16, 437 11,494
{a) 3, 445 5, 644 2, 365 7, 887
S\ved(!n
South A ineri(!a
3,314
2, 252
1, 200 (6)
3, 152
DeiMuark
Other countries
Total
2, 565
3, 542
(&)
1,680
(ft)
3, 376
351, 451
344, 763
293, 323
309, 536
349, 192 328, 930
a Included in export s to Greece. & Included in exports to Sweden.
Sulphur And Pyrites.
The ports in the United States to which such shipments were made, together with tne amount shipped to each since 1883, and the quality of the shipments since 1886, are shown in the following tables:
Ports in the United States receiving Sicilian sulphur and the amount received hu each.
Ports.
New York
Charleston
Philadelphia
Baltimore
Boston
Wilmington, N. C
Savannah
Pensacola
Port itoyal
Providence
Sundries
San Francisco
New Orleans
Woods Holl
Mobile
Delaware Breakwater.
Portland
Norfolk
Tons. 41, 238
5, 425 23, 123 16, 175
5, 864
Total
1, 884
96, 629
Tons. 46, 460
7,706 19, 234 13, 986
4, 723
1, 140
Tons. 50, 814 12,416 12, 153 16, 435 4,200
1,370
1, 060
94,929 99,378
Tons. 49, 952 10, 556 15, 662 15, 680 3, 800
1, 180
1,100
98, 590
Tons. 45, 979 14, 324 11,764 10, 306 3, 300 1,020
1,000
89, 419
Tons. 60, 706 22, 496 11, 793 17, 330 6, 300
2, 355
3, 545
1,250
1, 160
128, 265
Ports.
Charleston
Philadelphia
Baltimore
Wilmington, N. C
Tons. 55, 939 12, 399 14, 334 15, 316 4, 950
2, 040
3, 240
Tons. 37, 390 27, 563 11, 094 16, 700 2, 500 1, 309 5, 920 1,390
Tons.
49, 023
21, 646 6, 856
11,365 1,950 2, 600 1,550
Tons. 49, 090
4, 510 10, 400 12, 355
3, 325
Tons. 43, 396 13, 525 8, 160 9, 950 1,140 5, 330
To7is.
46, 875
15, 296 5,400
15, 300 4,317 1,890 9, 795
Savannah
Pensacola
1, 170
Port Royal
1,500
New Orleans
Woods Holl
1,200
2, 000
1, 900
2, 400
Mobile
Delaware Breakwater..
2, 000
1,400
Total
109, 008
106, 656
97, 520
84, 850
83, 901
105, 773
Mineral Resources.
Quality of Sicilian sulphur received at the different porta of the United States since 1886,
Ports.
New York
Charleston
Philadelphia. . .
Baltimore
Boston
Savannah
Wilmington ,
N. C
New Orleans. .. Other ports
Total
ana
Os (B
cq
Tons. 36, 352 7,506 4, 660 7,325
1, 180
57, 623
Tons. 13, 600
3, 050 11, 002
8, 355
3, 200
1,760
40, 967
Tons. 29, 919 8, 875 2,127 4, 463
1,020
46, 710
Tons. 16, 060 5,449 9, 637 5, 843 3,100
2, 620
42, 709
Is 02 (0
Tons. 35, 573 15, 485
3, 050 11, 380
2, 130
2, 355
1,500
72, 173
Tons. 25, 133
7, Oil
8, 743 5, 950 5,600 1,415
2,240
56, 092
9 o
Tons. 32, 983 6, 325 2, 000 7,656 2, 790
2, 040
53, 744
Tows. 22, 956
6, 074 12, 334
7, 660 4, 200 1,450
55, 264
a o
pq
Tons. 20, 801 20, 873
1, 000 5, 930
2, 750
1,309
16, 589 6, 690 10, 094 10, 770 2, 300 3, 170
1,540
54, 403
2, 640
52, 253
Ports.
New York
Charleston
Philadelphia. .
Baltimore ,
Boston
Savannah
Wilmington,
N. C
New Orleans. . Other ports —
Total . . .
O
Tons. 29, 358 17, 196 4, 510 1,300
1,900
1,200 56, 764
Tons. 19, 665 4, 450 6, 406 6, 855
1, 330 40, 756
.
45 Is
Tons. 34, 390 4,010 3, 600 1,825
4, 000
49, 325
Tons. 14, 700 6, 800 11,455 1,500
35, 525
d w m m
Tons. 29, 146 11, 665 1,900 2,050 3, 450
1,900
50, 611
Pq
Tons.
14, 250 1, 860 6, 260 7, 900
1, 880 1, 140
33, 290
Tons. 33, 150 3, 273 1,017 5,695
2, 400
47, 285
Tons.
13, 725
12, 023 5, 050
14, 700 3, 300 4, 100
1,890
3, 700
58, 488
PYRITES.i
Production.
Sympatliizing with the trade depression in 1893, the production of pyrites for acid making decreased to 75,777 long tons from 109,788 long tons in 1892. The industry recovered its usual proportions in 1894, with an output of 105,940 long tons, with a value larger than at any time in its history. The product was slightly less than in either 1891 or 1892, but this was more than compensated for in the increased value, and as at the close of the year producers reported the demand more than equal to the supply, the prospects for pyrites in the future are very encouraging, and this in the face of a heavy decline in the value of imported sulphur and increased importations. The imports of crude sulphur in 1893 were 105,539 long tons, valued at $1,903,198, an average of about $18 per ton, and in 1894, 125,241 long tons, valued at $1,703,205, an average of $13.60 per ton.
See report on acid making from pj'rites by R. P. Rothwell, Mineral Resources, 1886; also abstract from ii paper by Karl F. Stahl, Mineral Resources, 1893.
Sulphur And Pyrites.
Production of pyrites in the United States from 1882 to 1894.
Years.
Quantity.
Long tons.
12, 000
25, 000
.S5, 000
49, 000
55, 000
52, 000
54, 331
Value.
$72, 000 137, 500 175, 000 220, 500 220, 000 210, 000 167, 658
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Long tons.
93, 705
$202, 119
99, 854
273, 745
106, 536
338, 880
109, 788
305, 191
75, 777
256, 552
105, 940
363, 134
Imports.
The following table shows the imports of pyrites containing not more than 3 J per cent of copper from 1884 to 1894 :
Imports of pyrites containing not more than 3.5 per cent of copper from 1884 to 1894 (a).
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Long tons. 16, 710 6, 078 1,605 16, 578
$50, 632 18, 577 9, 771 49, 661
Long tons. 100, 648 152, 359 194, 934 163, 546
$392, 141 587, 980 721, 699 590, 905
a Previous to 1884 classed among sulphur ores ; 1887 to 1891 classed among other iron ores ; sincd 1891 includes iron pyrites containing 25 per cent and more of sulphur.
By Edward W. Parker.
PRODUCTIOlSr.
The salt product of the United States in 1894 was 12,967,417 barrels of 280 pounds, against 11,897,208 barrels in 1893. In addition to the fact that the total output in 1894 was more than that of 1893, there was a larger production of the finer grades of table and dairy salts, and, consequently, a greater comparative increase in the value, from $4,154,668 in 1893 to $4,739,285 in 1894. The total product of salt from brine (including salt contents of briue used for making soda ash) in 1894 was 10,700,811 barrels, while the output of rock salt was 2,266,606 barrels, against 10,013,063 barrels of brine salt and 1,884,145 barrels of rock salt in 1893.
The increased production of the finer grades of salt by American manufacturers is gratifying, in the face of conditions by no means encouraging to the industry. Prices for several years have ruled so low that few producers have found a profitable market for their out- put. In 1893 the average net price for all the salt produced in the United States was 34 cents per barrel of 280 pounds. In 1894, with the increased production of table and dairy salts the average price was about 37J cents per barrel. In comparing the statistics of production in 1893 and 1894 with those of previous years, it must be remembered that in stating the value of the product in the last two years the cost of packages has been uniformly deducted. The returns for previous years include in most cases the cost of packages in which the iroduct is sold, and due allowance must be made for a seemingly large decrease ill value.
Previous to 1893 no record was obtained of the different grades of salt produced, and, owing to the fact that the grading of salt differs in different States, the following distribution is not absolutely correct.
64G
Salt.
It is sufficiently exact for practical purposes and for comparison with the product of 1893 :
Production of salt in 1894, by States and grades.
States.
Table.
Common fine.
Dairy .
Common coarse.
Packers.
Solar.
Illinois
Barrels. 29, 929
Barrels. 2, 771 50, 000 60, 100
Barrels. 11, 786
Barrels. 98,314
Barrels. 32, 857
Barrels. 121, 071
Kansas
889, 496
Louisiana
Michigan
Nevada
114, 667 923, 750 50, 000
3, 026, 497
1, 232, 146 352, 884 160, 000 138, 478 21, 429 51, 667 185, 282
25, 883
127, 379 1,548 69, 094 22, 428 28, 236
16, 081
29, 500
New York
Ohio
611, 028 96, 699
33, 617 3, 500 15, 000
434, 591
Texas'
4, 379 42, 764 3, 601 9, 250
Utah
Virginia
25, 729
82, 121 8,954
i,98u
2, 143
West Virginia
Total
1, 178, 519
5, 281, 754
1, 660,621
438, 074
103, 041
587, 305
States.
California
Illinois
Kansas
Louisiana
Michigan
Nevada
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania .
Texas
Utah
Virginia
West Virginia.
Total
Rock.
Barrels. 24, 864
432,813 186, 050
1, 616, 629
6, 250
Milling.
Barrels. 8, 857
1,443
85, 321
2,266,606 ; 95,621
Other.
Barrels. 1, 797
1,418
a 1, 349, 733 3, 485
a 1,356,876
Total.
Barrels. 332, 246 50, 000 1,382, 409 186, 050 3, 341, 425 3, 670 6, 270, 588 528, 996 203, 236 142, 857 268, 186 64, 222 194, 532
12, 967, 417
Value.
$172, 678 27, 500 529, 392 86, 134 1. 243, 619 4, 030 1, 999, 146 187, 432 83, 750 101, 000 209, 077 43, 580 51, 947
4, 739, 285
a Includes salt contents of brine used in manufacture of chemicals. Production of salt in 1893, hy States and grades.
States.
Table.
Dairy.
Common fine.
Common coarse.
Packers .
Barrels. 14, 286
Barrels. 3, 571
Barrels.
3,571 59, 161 a 959, 466
Barrels. 32, 143
Barrels. 21,487
157, 148
21, 483
2, 619, 244
105, 372 922, 960
206, 384
20, 017
New York :
Warsaw district
782, 031
479, 139
103, 126
30, 672
Ohio
65, 666
130, 000 33, 000
304, 839 217, 343 6126, 000 c 81, 507 158, 975
30, 000 20, 000
14, 124 10, 000
Utah
West Virginia
5, 357
100, 000
1,071 51,761
Total
1, 024, 203
767, 374
5, 558, 490
444, 498 96, 657
a Includes all grades, except the rock salt product. b Includes table, dairy, and common coarse. c Includes some table, dairy, and milling.
MINERAL RESOURCES. Production of salt in 1S93, hy States and grades — Continued.
States.
California
Illinois
Kansas
Louisiana
Michigan
Nevada
New York :
Onandaga district.
Warsaw district..
Rock salt
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Texas
Utah
West Virginia
Solar.
Barrels, a 214, 229
30, 000
a 1, 865, 344
Total 2, 110, 287
Rock.
Barrels. 3, 571
317, 714 191, 430
1, 371, 430
1, 884, 145
Milling.
Barrels.
5, 141
5, 141
Agricul- tural.
Barrels.
3,622
2, 000
6, 413
Total
Total
product.
value.
Barrels.
292, 858
$137, 962
59, 161
30, 168
1, 277, 180
471, 543
191, 430
97, 200
3, 057, 898
888, 837
6, 559
4,481
1,970,716
582, 893
2, 319, 928
909, 191
1, 371, 430
378, 000
543, 963
209, 393
280, 343
136, 436
126, 000
110, 267
189, 006
130, 075
210, 736
68, 222
11, 897, 208
4, 154, 668
a The salt classed as " solar" in California and New York includes all not otherwise classified by producers.
In reporting production some operators use the bushel as a unit of measurement, some the short ton, and some the barrel. For the sake of convenience the product of each State in the preceding and follow- ing tables has been reduced to one unit, the barrel, containing 280 pounds, or 5 bushels of 56 pounds, and a ton being equal to barrels.
Comparative table of production of salt in States and Territories from 1883 to 1894.
States and Territories.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
New York
Ohio
Barrels. 2, 894, 672 1, 619, 486 350, 000 320, 000 265, 215 214, 286 107, 143 21,429
400, 000
$2, 344, 684 231, 000 211, 000 141, 125 150, 000 100, 000 15, 000
377, 595
Barrels. 3, 161, 806 1, 788, 454 320, 000 310, 000 223, 964 178, 571 114, 285 17, 857
400, 000
$2, 392, 536 705, 978 201, 600 195, 000 125, 677 120, 000 80, 000 12, 500
364, 443
West Virginia
Louisiana
California
Utah
Illinois, Indiana, Virginia, Tennes- see, Kentucky, and other States and Territories (a)
Total
6, 192, 231
4, 251, 042
6, 514, 937
4, 197, 734
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Barrels. 3, 297, 403 2, 304, 787 306, 847 223, 184 299, 271 221, 428 107, 140 28, 593
$2, 967, 663 874, 258 199, 450 145, 070 139, 911 160, 000 75, 000 20, 000
Barrels. 3, 677, 257 2, 431, 563 400, 000 250, 000 299, 691 214, 285 164, 285 30, 000
$2, 426, 989 1, 243, 721 260, 000 162, 500 108, 372 150, 000 100, 000 21, 000
250, 000
243, 993
240, 000
352, 763
7, 038, 653
4, 825, 345
7, 707, 081
4, 825, 345
States and Territories.
Michigan
New York
Ohio
West Virginia
Louisiana
California
rtiih
Ni'vada
Illinois, Indiana, Virginia, Tennes- set!, Kcntiujky, and other States an(i Territories
Total
o Estimated.
Salt. 649
Comparative table of production of salt in States and Territories, etc. — Continued.
States and Territories.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Ohio
Barrels. 3, 944, 309 2, 353, 560 365, 000 225, 000 341, 093 200, 000 325, 000
$2, 291,842 936, 894 219, 000 135, 000 118, 735 140, 000 102, 375
Barrels. 3, 866, 228 2. 318, 483 380, 000 220, 000 394, 385 220, 000 151, 785 155, 000 350, 000
$2, 261, 743 1, 130, 409 247, 000 143, 000 134. 652 92, 400 32, 000 189, 000 143, 999
West Virginia
Louisiana
Utah
Kansas
Other States and Territories (a)
Total
250,000 150,000
8, 003, 962
4, 093, 846
8, 055, 881
4, 374, 203
States and Territories.
Qiiantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
New York
Ohio
Barrels. 3, 856, 929 2, 273, 007 250, 000 200, 000 325, 629 150, 000 200, 000 450, 000 300, 000
$2, 088, 909 1, 136, 503 162, 500 130, 000 152, 000 63, 000 60, 000 202, 500 200, 000
Barrels. 3, 837, 632 2, 532, 036 231,303 229, 938 273, 553 62, 363 427, 500 882, 666 300, 000
$2, 302, 579 1, 266, 018 136, 617 134, 688 132, 000 57, 085 126, 100 397, 199
West Virginia
Louisiana
California
Utah
Other States and Territories (a)
Total
8, 005, 565
4, 195,412
8,776,991 j 4,752,286
States and Territories.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
New York
Ohio
Barrels. 3, 966, 784 2, 839, 544
ih)
(&)
173, 714 200, 949 969, 000 60, 799 855, 536 39, 670 70, 442
$2, 037, 289 1, 340, 036
(&) (h)
102, 375 90, 303
265, 350 39, 898
304, 775 34, 909 70, 425
Barrels. 3, 829, 478 3, 472, 073
899, 244
200, 000 235, 774 1, 292, 471 22, 929 1, 480, 100 60, 000 60, 000 25, 571 121, 250
$2, 046, 963 1,662,816
394, 720
100, 000 104, 938 340, 442 22, 806 773, 989 48, 000 50, OOC 10, 741 99, 500
California
Utah
Nevada
Kansas
Illinois
Virginia
Texas'.
Other States and Territories (a)
Total
811, 507
430, 761
9, 987, 945
4, 571, 121
11, 698, 890
5, 654, 915
States and Territories.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
New York
Ohio
Barrels.
3, 057, 898
5, 662, 074 543, 963 210, 736 191, 430 292, 858 6, 559
1, 277, 180 59, 161
$888, 837 1, 870, 084 209, 393 97, 200 137, 962 130, 075 4, 481 471, 543 30, 168
Barrels. 3, 341,425 6, 270, 588 528, 996 194, 532 186, 050 332, 246 268, 186 3, 670 1, 382, 409 50, 000 64, 222 142, 857
$1,243, 619 1, 999, 146 187, 432 51, 947 86, 134 172, 678 209, 077 4,030 529, 392 27, 500 43, 580 83, 750 101, 000
West Virginia
Louisiana
California
Utah
Nevada
Kansas
Illinois
Virginia
Pennsylvania
Texas
280, 343 126, 000
136, 436 110, 267
Total
11, 897, 208
4, 154, 668
12,967,417
4, 739, 285
a Estimated.
h Included in "Other States.
Mineral Resources.
California.
The total amount of salt produced in California in 1894 was 332,246 barrels, valued at $172,678, against 298,858 barrels, valued at $137,962, in 1893. Of the product in 1894, 24,864 barrels were rock salt mined in San Bernardino County. The remainder is obtained by solar evaporation of sea water. The sea water is run into ponds at high tide by means of water gates, the ponds covering from 50 to 150 acres. The water remains in these ponds until a brine of proper strength is obtained, when it is drawn off into settling ponds, and from the set- tling ponds into the crystallizing ponds, the length of time for each operation depending upon the condition of the weather.
Salt product of California since 1883.
Years.
Barrels.
Value.
214, 286
$150, 000
178, 571
120, 000
221, 428
160, 000
214, 285
150, 000
200, 000
140, 000
220, 000
92, 400
Years.
Barrels.
150, 000 62, 363 200, 949 235, 703 292, 858 332, 246
Value.
$63, 000 57, 085 90, 303 104, 788 137, 962 172, 678
Illinois.
The output of salt in Illinois during 1894 was 50,000 barrels, valued at $27,500, against 59,161 barrels, valued at $30,168 in 1893. Statistics of salt iroduction in Illinois were not obtained prior to 1891. Since that time the output, which is all obtained from brine, has been as follows :
Salt product of Illinois since 1891.
Years.
Barrels.
Value.
39, 670 60, 000 59, 161 50, 000
$34, 909 48, 000 30,168 27, 500
Kansas.
Kansas produced 1,382,409 barrels of salt in 1894, of which 949,596 barrels were from brine and 432,813 barrels were rock salt. In 1893 the total i)roduct was 1,277,180 barrels, which included 959,466 barrels of brine and 317,714 barrels of rock salt. All of the brine salt is manu- factured into the finer grades, particularly dairy salt, and a large por- tion of the rock salt, which in some places is very pure, is ground for table use.
The records of salt production date back only as far as 1888. In that year the total product reported was 155,000 barrels. In 1889 it had increased to 450,000 barrels; in 1890 to 822,6()6 barrels, and in 1894 it had reached 1,382,409 barrels, or nearly nine times the output six years before.
Salt.
Salt product of Kansas since 18 8S.
Years.
Barrels.
Value.
Tears.
Barrels.
Value.
155, 000 450, 000 822, 666 855, 536
$189, 000 202, 500 397, 199 304, 775
1,480,100 1, 277, 180 1, 382, 409
$773, 989 471, 543 529, 392
Louisiana.
The entire salt production of Louisiana is rock salt from tlie Petite Anse mine, a full descrii)tion of which will be found in Mineral Resources for 1882. Another salt formation is found in the north- western part of the State. This is a grouiJ of salty flats or "licks," which are also described in the report for 1882. The early settlers of Louisiana obtained their supplies of salt here by artificial evaporation of the brine, but for thirty or forty years the localities have been deserted.
The salt of Petite Anse stands well in the opinion of meat packers in the South on account of its quick action in the process of curing. The following table shows the annual output from this mine since 1882 :
Production of the Petite Anse salt mine since 1882.
Tears.
Short tons.
Tears.
Short tons.
25, 550 37, 130 31, 355 41, 898 41, 957 47, 750 25, 214
45, 588 39, 979 24, 320 28, 000 26, 800 26, 047
Michigan.
Until 1893 Michigan held first place in the list of salt-producing States, but was sux)planted in that year by Kew York. The product in 1891 was 3,341,425 barrels, an increase of about 10 per cent over that of 1893.
The following table is brought forward from the previous volumes. It gives the amount of salt reported by the inspectors for the fiscal years ending Kovember 30. They do not represent the actual produc- tion, as the contents of the bins at the beginning and close of the year have to be deducted and added to obtain the product. For instance, in 1893 the amount inspected is given at 3,514,485 barrels. To this must be added the amount in the bins November 30, 1893, which was 506,402 barrels, making a total of 4,020,887 barrels, and from this should be deducted the amount of salt in bins at the beginning of the year, 1,001,780 barrels, showing the production to have been, accord- ing to the inspectors, 3,019,107 barrels, as compared with 3,057,898
Mineral Resources.
barrels reported to tlie Survey for the calendar year. In 1894, the total amount of salt made for the hscal year, according to the insi)ect- ors' report, was 3,485,428 barrels for the fiscal year, against 3,341,425 for the calendar year reported to the Survey. The amount of salt in bins November 30, 1894, was 852,889 barrels:
Grades of all salt produced In Michigan, as reported hy the inspectors, from 1869 to 1894,
inclusive.
Fine.
JT <XL'ii.Ci. o
Second quality-.
Barrels.
Barrels.
Barrels.
Barrels.
513, 989
12,918
15, 264
19, 117
568, 326
17, 869
15, 507
19, 650
655, 923
14, 677
37, 645
19, 930
672, 034
11, 110
21, 461
19, 876
746, 762
23, 671
32, 267
20, 706
960, 757
20, 090
29, 391
16, 741
1, 027, 886
10, 233
24, 336
19,410
1, 402, 410
14, 233
24,418 22, 949
21, 668
1, 590, 841
20, 389
26,818
1, 770, 361
19, 367
33, 541
32, 615
1,997,350
15, 641
18, 020
27, 029
2, 598, 037
16, 691
48, 623
2, 673, 910
13, 885
9, 683
2, 928, 542
17,208
31, 335
60, 222
2, 828, 987
15, 424
16, 735
33, 526
3, 087, 033
19, 308
16, 957
38, 508
3, 230, 646
15, 480
19, 849
31, 428
3, 548, 731
22, 221
31, 177
71,235
3, 819. 738
19, 385
13, 903
73, 905
3. 720,319
18, 126
26, 174
87, 694
3, 721, 099
19, 780
17, 617
93, 455
3, 655, 331
20, 337
18, 896
143, 068
3, 764, 108
11,400
17, 335
121,269
3, 421, 607
16, 550
11, 893
64, 435
3, 072, 241
15, 944
7,744
44, 012
Years.
Common coarse.
Barrels.
Total for each year.
3,893 17, 378 13,915
4, 978
13, 559
Barrels. 561, 288 621,352 728, 175 724, 481 823, 346 1, 026, 979 1,081,865 1, 462, 729 1, 660, 997
1, 855, 884
2, 058, 040 2, 685, 588
2, 750, 299
3, 037, 307 2, 894, 672 3, 161, 806 3, 297, 403 3, 677, 257 3, 944, 309 3, 866. 228 3, 856, 929 3, 837, 632 3, 927, 671 3, 812, 054 3, 514, 485 3, 138, 944
Nevada.
A large part of the salt product of levada is used by the silver smelters. The closing down of many of these works has caused a great falling oft' in salt production from 22,929 barrels in 1892 to 6,559 barrels in 1893 and 3,670 barrels in 1894. Milling salt decreased from 5,141 barrels in 1893 to 1,443 barrels in 1894.
New York.
In 1893 New York took first place in the production of salt, and will probably continue to hold that x)osition for some time to come. The returns for 1894 show a total product of 6,270,588 barrels, with a net value of $1,999,146, against 5,662,074 barrels in 1893, valued at $1,870,- 084. The product in 1894 included 1,616,629 barrels, or 226,328 sliort tons, of rock salt, and 4,653,959 barrels of salt from brine. Brine salt is obtained from two localities, the Onondaga Reservation, in the vicinity of Syracuse, and the Warsaw district, so named from the town of Warsaw, situated in its center. In the Onondaga district the brine is supplied to the manufacturers by the State, the State receiv- ing 1 cent i)er bushel for all salt inspected. Most of the product of this region is (joarse salt obtained by solar evaporation, though there
Salt.
are a few manufacturers who make fine salt in open pans and grainers. In the Warsaw district manufacturers work independently, obtaining their own brine and producing the finer qualities of salt. The rock salt mined at Le Roy, Retsof, Mount Morris, Piftard, Greigsville, etc., is shipped chiefly in bulk and used for curing fish and meats and for other purposes where fineness of grain and exceptional purity are not important.
New York Brine Salt.
As stated above, there are two regions in 'New York producing salt from brine, the Onondaga Reservation, near Syracuse, Onondaga County, and the Warsaw district, in Warsaw County.
Onondaga District.
Since 1797, nearly one hundred years ago, salt has been made from brine furnished by the State. For nearly half a century the product was entirely fine salt made by artificial evaporation, the production of solar salt not beginning until 1841. The production of fine salt on the reservation reached its maximum in 1862, when a little over 7,000,000 bushels, or 1,400,000 barrels, were made. From 1862 to 1885 it aver- aged about 5,000,000 bushels annually, reaching as high as 6,804,295 in 1869, and as low as 3,083,998 in 1876. Since 1885 the production of tine salt has shown a rapidly declining tendency, the output in 1893 being but 733,854 bushels and in 1894 871,859 bushels. The production of solar or coarse salt, which began in 1841, had not reached a million bushels up to 1857, but in 1858 jumped to over 1,500,000 bushels. In 1867 it amounted to a little over 2,000,000 bushels, and continued at something above that average until 1881 and 1882, in which years it was a little more than 3,000,000, and passed that figure again in 1887, 1888, and 1892. As in the production of fine salt, 1893 and 1894 were both bad years, the output being in each year a little over 2,300,000 bushels. The State has in the past derived considerable revenue from the tax of 1 cent per bushel on all salt made from brine furnished by it on the reservation, but for several years it has ceased to be profit- able. Competition has been very keen, particularly since the develop- ment of the Warsaw district in 1883, and the seemingly small tax of 1 cent on a bushel has been enough to cause a number of producers to close down. The decrease in production has cut off much of the rev- enue, and in 1893 and 1894 the expenses of maintenance by the State have largely exceeded the income. In 1893 the total revenue derived was only $30,659, while the expenses for maintenance were $74,165, leaving a deficit of $43,506, nearly one and a half times the total rev- enue. In 1894 the revenue was $32,278 and the expenses $61,405, leaving a deficit of $29,127.
At the last constitutional election held in the State the legislature was empowered to provide for the sale of the Salt Springs Reservation, and it is probable that this will be done.
Mineral Resources.
The following- table shows the total product of the Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation since 1797 :
Pi'oduction of the Onondaga district, 1797 to 1894. [Bushels of 56 pounds.]
Fine.
Total.
Tears.
Solar.
Fine.
Total.
Aha 4/4
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2, 575,
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695,
2, 864,
2, 864,
3,
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2,
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5,
657,
2, 622,
2, 622,
2,
916,
2,
448,
5,
365,
3, 120,
3, 340,
2,
726,
2,
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928,
3, 128,
2, 291,
2,
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1,
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3,
948,
2, 809,
3, 127,
3,
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1,
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4,
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3, 671,
4, 003,
2,
332,
733,
3,
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3, 408,
3, 762,
2,
355,
871,
3,
227,
Years.
1805 ,
Solar.
220, 247 163, 021 318, 105 332, 418 353, 455
Warsaw District.
Salt production in the Warsaw district began in 1883, with an output of 600,000 bushels, or 120,000 barrels. In the following year it more than trebled its initial production, with an output of 2,000,000 bushels. In 1887 it exceeded the production of the Onondaga reservation, and in 1893 its output was more than four times that of the reservation. The annual production, in bushels, since 1883 has been as follows:
Production of salt in the Warsaw district, New York, since 1883.
Tears.
Bushels.
Tears.
Bushels.
600, 000 2, 000, 000 4, 5,S9, 635 6, ()5(), 060 (), 072, 000 5, 935, 000
6, 000, 000
7, 732, 060 10, 248, 505 12,954, 705 11,599, 640 13, 809, 270
Salt.
The following table sbows the total output of salt from brine in both regions since 1883. It does not include salt used in the manufacture of chemical preparations. The brine from which the chemicals are made is obtained from the same salt formation as that of the Onondaga reser- vation, but the works are on private property, and as the product does not appear in the market as salt it is not included in the reports to the superintendent:
Product of salt from hrine in New York since 1883.
Districts.
Onondaga reservation. . Warsaw district
Total
Bushels. 7,497,431 600, 000
Bushels. 6, 942, 270 2, 000, 000
Bushels. 6, 934, 299 4, 589, 635
Bushels. 6, 101, 757 6, 056, 060
Bushels.
5, C95, 797
6, 072, 000
Bushels. 5, 657, 367 5, 935, 000
8, 097, 431
8, 942, 270
11. 523, 934
12, 157, 817
11,767, 797
11,592,367
Districts.
Onondaga reservation. . Warsaw district
Total
Bushels.
5, 365, 039
6, 000, 000
11, 365, 039
Bushels. 4, 928, 122 7, 732, 060
Bushels. 3, 948, 914 10, 248, 505
Bushels. 4, 405, 674 12, 954, 705
Bushels. a 3, 065, 906 11, 599, 640
Bushels. a 3, 041,956 13, 809, 270
12, 660, 182
14, 197, 419
17, 360, 379
al4, 665,546 a 16, 851, 226
a Not including salt used in the manufacture of chemicals.
The following table shows the total production in the State from 1883 to 1894:
Production of salt in New York since 1883.
Tears.
Barrels.
Value.
Years.
Barrels.
Value.
1, 619, 486
1, 788, 454
2, 304, 787 2, 431, 563 2, 353, 560 2, 318, 483
$680, 638 705, 978 874, 258
1, 243, 721 936, 894
1, 130, 409
2, 273, 007 2, 532, 036 2, 839, 544 3, 472, 073 5, 662, 074 4, 986, 874
$1, 136.503 1,266,018 1, 340, 036 1, 662, 818 1, 870, 084 1, 615, 032
Pennsylvania, Texas, And West Virginia.
During 1894 Pennsylvania produced 203,236 barrels of salt, valued at $83,750, against 280,343 barrels, valued at $136,436, in 1893. Texas produced 142,857 barrels in 1894, valued at $101,000, compared with 126,000 barrels, worth $110,267, in 1893. The output from West Vir- ginia was 194,532 barrels, against 210,736 barrels in 1893. The product in each State was brine salt.
Utah.
The product of salt in Utah during 1894 was about 80,000 barrels in excess of that of 1893, but still far short of the yield in 1891 or 1892. The decreased iroduct in the last two years has been due to the de- pression in the silver- smelting industry, which consumed the greater portion of the iroduct in earlier years. A comparative increase is shown in the value of the output in 1893 and 1894, due to the larger proportionate production of the finer grades of salt.
Mineral Resources.
Most of the salt produced in Utah is obtained from. Great Salt Lake, though some rock salt (6,250 barrels in 1894) is mined in Sanpete County. The salt from brine is obtained by overtiowing the lowlands on the shores of the lake in the spring, shutting the water in by dirt walls, and using solar heat for evaporation. The salt obtained at one
harvest" of this kind is sometimes sufficient to supply the demand for several years. The salt thus obtained is afterwards refined for table and dairy purposes. That for use in smelting works is taken without retreatment. The product in the table below does not consider the amount harvested, but only that refined and sold:
Production of salt in Utah since 1883.
Tears.
Quantity.
Barrels. 107, 143 114, 285 107, 140 164, 285 325, 000 151, 785
Value.
$100, 000 80, 000 75, 000 100, 000 102, 375 32,000
Tears.
Quantity.
Value.
Barrels.
200, 000
.$60, 000
427, 500
120, 100
969, 000
265, 350
1, 292, 471
340, 442
189, 006
130, 075
268, 186
209, 077
Imports And Exports.
The imports of salt into the United States have shown an almost constant decrease since 1881. The decrease has been particularly noticeable in the imports of refined salt, due in great measure to the improvements recently inaugurated in the manufacture of table and dairy salts by American producers, which has x>laced the domestic product on a line with if not ahead of salts of foreign make :
Salt imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1867 to 1894, inclusive.
Years ended —
In bags, barrels, and other packages.
In bulk.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Pounds.
Pounds.
June 30, 1867
254, 470, 862
$696, 570
229, 304, 323
$336, 302
308, 446, 080
915, 546
219, 975, 096
365, 458
297, 382, 750
895, 272
256, 765, 240
351, 168
288, 479, 187
797, 194
349, 776, 433
507, 874
283, 993. 799
800, 454
274, 730, 573
355, 318
258, 232, 807
788, 893
257, 637, 230
312, 569
239, 494, 117
1, 254, 818
388, 012, 132
525, 585
358, 375, 496
1, 452, 161
427, 294, 209
649, 838
318, 673, 091
1, 200, 541
401, 270, 315
549, 111
331, 266, 140
1, 153, 480
379, 478, 218
462, 106
359, 005, 742
1, 059, 941
444, 044, 370
532, 831
352, 109, 963
1, 062, 995
414,813, 516
483, 909
375, 286, 472
1, 150,018
434, 760, 132
532, 706
400, 970, 531
1, 180, 082
449, 743, 872
548, 425
412, 442, 291
1, 242, 543
529, 361, 041
658, 068
329, 969. 300
1, 086, 932
399, 100, 228
474, 200
312, 911. 360
1, 035, 946
412, 938, 686
451, 001
340, 759, 010
1, 093, 628
441,613, 517
433, 827
351, 276, 969
1, 030, 029
412.322, 341
386, 858
Dec. 31, 1886
319, 232, 750
966, 993
366, 621, 223
371, 000
275, 774, 571
850, 069
343, 216, .331
328, 201
238, 921, 421
620,425
272, 650, 231
246, 022
180. 906, 293
627, 134
234. 499, 635
249, 232
172. (ill, 041
575, 260
243, 756, 044
252, 848
150,033, 182
492, 144
220, 309, 985
224. 569
150, 799,014
488, 108
201, 366, 103
196, 371
98, 037, 648
358. .')75
146,945. 390
63, 404
60, 793, 685
206, 229
101.525,281
86, 718
Salt.
Salt imported and entered for consumption in the United States, etc. — Continued.
Years ended —
June 30, 1867.
18H5. Dec. 31, 1886.
For the purpose of curing lish.
Quantity. Value
Pounds.
68, 597, 023 64, 671, 139 57, 830, 929 86, 756, 628 105,613,913 110, 294, 440 118, 760, 638 132, 433, 972 100, 794, 611 94, 060, 114 109, 024, 446 133, 395, 065 134, 777, 569 142, 065, 557 126, 605, 276 140, 067, 018 103. 360, 362 105, 577, 947 113, 459, 083
97, 960, 624
98, 279, 719 103, 990, 324 105, 192, 086 103, 536, 135
93, 723, 885
${J7, 048 66, 008 60, 155 86, 193 126, 896 119, 607 126, 276 140, 787 96, 898
95, 841 119, 667 144, 347 147, 058 154, 671 122, 463 121, 429
94, 721 107, 089 111, 120 100, 123
96, 648 89, 196 90, 327 87, 749 79, 482
Not elsewhere specified.
Quantity. Value
Pounds.
178, 112, 857
$263, 707
Total value.
$1, 032, 872 1,281, 004 1, 246, 440 1. 392,116 I, 221, 780 1. 161, 617 1, 866, 596 2. 228. 895 1, 869, 259 1, 741, 862 1, 733, 559 1, 643, 802
1, 778. 565 1, 848, 174
2, 044, 958 1, 708. 190 1, 641. 618 1,649, 918 1, 538, 316 1, 432, 714 1, 285. 3.59
977, 577 976, 489 924, 756 805, 909 774, 806 509, 728 636, 136
Salt of domestic production exported from the United States from 1790 to 1894, inclusive.
Quantity.
Value.
Tears ended —
Quantity.
Value.
Bushels.
Bushels.
31, 935
$8, 236
June 30, 1862
397, 506
$228, 109
4, 208
1, 052
584, 901
277, 838
47, 488
22, 978
635, 519
296, 088
45, 847
26, 848
589, 537
358, 109
45, 072
27, 914
670, 644
300, 980
25, 069
18, 211
605, 825
304, 030
89, 064
54, 007
624, 970
289, 936
126, 230
46, 483
442, 947
190, 076
49, 917
31,943
298, 142
119,582
99, 133
58, 472
120, 156
47, 115
114, 1.55
67,707 1
42, 603
19, 978
264, 337
64,272
73, 323
43, 777
92, 145
42,246
31, 657
15, 701
215, 084
62,765
16, 273
110,400
39, 064
51,014
18, 378
40, 678
10, 262
20, 133
157, 529
47, 755
72, 427
24, 968
131, 500
45, 151
43,710
13,612
117, 627
30, 520
22, 179
6, 613
202, 244
42, 333
45, 455
14, 752
219, 145
73, 274
42, 085
18, 265
312, 063
82,972
54, 147
17, 321
319, 175
75, 103
70, 014
26, 007
344, 061
61, 424
64, 101,587
26, 488
1, 467, 676
89,316
Dec. 31, 1886
4, 828, 863
29, 580
515, 857
119, 729
4, 685, 080
27, 177
548, 185
159, 026
5, 359, 237
32, 986
536, 073
156, 879
5, 378, 450
31,405
698, 458
311,495
4, 927, 022
30, 079
576, 151
190, 699
4. 448. 846
23,771
533, 100
162, 650
5, 208, 935
28, 399
717, 257
212, 710
5. 792, 207
38, 375
475, 445
129, 717
10, 853, 759
46, 780
537, 401
144, 046
.
b Pounds from 1885.
Tears ended —
Sept. 30, 1790
June 30, 1843 (a)
16 Geol, Pt 4 42
Fluohspar.
Fluorspar occurs in workable quantity in but one locality in tbe United States, near Rosiclare, 111. The deposits have been thoroughly described by Prof. S. F. Emmons in a paper contributed to the Trans- actions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 1892.
The product in 1894 was less than in any year since 1888, amounting to 7,500 short tons, valued at $47,500. In 1893 the output was 12,400 tons, the largest ever obtained, though the value in 1892, when the product was 150 tons less than in 1893, exceeded that of the latter year by $5,000.
Uses.
The mineral is used largely in metallurgical operations, being con- sidered greatly superior to ordinary limestone for fluxing purposes. It is also used in the manufacture of opalescent glass and of hydrofluoric acid. When intended for glass or acid making the fluorspar is crushed and ground before selling. For other purposes it is sold in lumps as mined. The use of fluorspair for metallurgical purposes is discussed at length in Mineral Resources, 1889-90.
Production.
The following table shows the annual production of fluorspar since 1882:
Production of fluorspar in the United States from 1882 to 1894.
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Tears.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons.
4, 000 4, 000 4,000
5, 000 5, 000
5, 000
6, 000
$20, 000 20, 000 20, 000 22, 500 22, 000 20, 000 30, 000
Short tons. 9, 500 8, 250 10, 044 12, 250 12, 400 7, 500
$45, 835 55, 328 78, 330 89, 000 84, 000 47, 500
188(5
Fluorspar.
Cryoute.
This mineral is used to a considerable extent in the manufacture of alum and sodium salts, for making white, porcelain-like glass, and other technical purposes. In the preparation of alum and sodium salts from cryolite, alumina is left as a residue; and from this, metallic aluminum is extracted by electrolytic process. The only source of supply for the mineral is Greenland, although traces of this mineral were long ago shown by Cross and Hillebrand to occur in the neighborhood of Pikes Peak, Colo. The imports of cryolite for a series of years are shown in the following table:
Imports of cryolite from 1871 to 1894.
Years ended —
June 30,1871.
Amount.
Long tons.
a, 758
Yalue.
$71, 058 75, 195 84, 226 28, 118 70, 472 103, 530 126, 692 105, 884 66, 042 91, 366 103, 529 51, 589
Years ended -
June Dec.
30, 1883..
31, 1885..
Amount.
Long tons.
6, 508
7, 390
8, 275 8, 230
10, 328
7, 388
8, 603 7, 129 8, 298 7, 241 9, 574
10, 684
Value.
$97, 400 106, 029 110, 750 110, 152 138, 068 98, 830 115, 158 95, 405 76, 350 96, 932 126, 688 142, 494
Condition Of Industry.
The unsatisfactory coDdition of the mica-mining industry mentioned in the report for 1893 continued throughout 1894, and the product obtained was the smallest on record. The depressed condition of the industry was due in great measure to placing imported mica on the free list, which, added to the other disadvantages, such as long hauls over mountain roads, crude mining methods, etc., makes the domestic prod- uct a jioor competitor with India mica, which is brought into the coun- try in the rough, and usually at very low freight rates.
Production.
The following tables show the annual production of domestic mica since 1880 and the imports of foreign mica (all unmanufactured) since 1869:
Production of mica since 1880.
Years.
18H4 1887,
' See Mineral Resources, 1893, for historical notes on mica mining in various sections of the United States.
Quantity.
Value.
Years.
Pounds.
81, 669
$127, 82.5
100, 000
250, 000
1890,
100, 000
250, 000
114, 000
285, 000
147, 410
368, 525
92, 000
161,000
-tons scrap..
40, 000
70, 000
1894,
70, 000
142, 250
.tons scrap. .
48, 000
70, 000
Quantity
Pounds. 49, 500 60, 000 75, 000 75, 000 51,111
156( 35, 943
Value.
$50, 000 75, 000 100, 000 100, 000
88, 929 52, 388
Mica. 661
Imports.
The following table shows the imports of unmanufactured mica from 1869 to 1894:
Unmanufactured mica imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1869 to
1894, inclusive.
Years endins-
June 30, 1869.
Value.
$1, 165 1,460 1,002 1, 204
13, 085 7, 930 9, 274 12, 562 5, 839
Tears ending —
June 30, 1882
Dec. 31, 1886
Value.
$5, 175 9, 884 28, 284 28, 685 a 56, 354 a 49, 085 a 57, 541 a 97, 351 a 207, 375 95, 242 218, 938 147, 927 126, 184
a Including mica waste.
Gypsum.
By Edward W. Parker.
Occurreicid.
Large deposits of gypsum are found in many of the United States. East of the Mississippi Elver the principal localities are in New York, where it occurs in beds of great thickness and extent in a line of coun- ties extending westward from Oneida to Niagara; in Ohio, near the city of Sandusky; in Michigan, on the Grand Eiver, near Grand Eap- ids, and at Alabaster Point, Iosco County, and in Bay County; in Virginia, along the north fork of the Holston Eiver, and in Smyth and Washington counties. Gypsum is also reported in Alabama and Lou- isiana, but the deposits are not worked at the present time. West of the Mississippi Eiver and east of the Eocky Mountains extensive gyp- sum deposits are found in Iowa, Kansas, Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma, and the Indian Territory. Operations are carried on in Webster County, Iowa; Barber, Saline, Marion, Marshall, and Dickinson coun- ties, Kans.; at Quanah, Tex., and at Okarche, Okla.
The Eocky Mountain States producing gypsum are Colorado, Mon- tana, Utah, South Dakota, and Wyoming, and deposits are reported in Arizona, Idaho, and New Mexico. Among the Pacific States California is the only producer of gypsum, and the product from there in the past few years has been greatly reduced, owing to the fact that the largest manufacturers of plaster of paris in San Francisco have found it to their advantage to obtain their supplies of crude material from Mexico.
In nearly all cases the gypsum deposits are found in close proximity to those of salt. This is particularly the case in New York, Virginia, Kansas, Texas, and in Bay County, Mich., gypsum being present in brine solutions from which the salt is obtained.
The total amount of gypsum produced in the United States in 1894 was 239,312 short tons, against 253,615 short tons in 1893, a decrease of 14,303 sliort tons or 5.6 per cent. The value increased, however, from $696,615 in 1893 to $761,719 in 1894, an increase of $65,104, or about 8.5 per cent. The decrease in product was due to a falling otFof nearly
Tor detailed descriptions of the gypsum deposits of the Uuited States see Mineral Kesources, 1882, 1883-84, 1885. and 1886.
Gypsum.
50,000 tons in the output of Michigan; 3,500 tons in that of Iowa, and over 4,000 tons in New York. The increased value was due to larger pro- duction of calcined plaster in Kansas and New York. The increased production of calcined plaster in Kansas, where nearly all of the product is made into plaster of paris or 'stucco" at the point of production, is equivalent to an increase of crude mineral, and this in part offsets the decreased production in other States. The product of crude gyi3gum in Kansas in 1894 was 64,889 short tons, of which all but 647 short tons was calcined. The product of calcined plaster in Kansas during 1894 was nearly 20,000 tons in excess of that of 1893. As will be seen in the following table, the value of the gypsum product is taken at the condition in which it is first sold, so that an increase or decrease in the product of calcined plaster will show a material difference when comparing the total product with the total value:
Product of gypsum in the United States in 1894, by States.
States.
Total prod- uct.
Sold crude.
Ground into plaster.
Calcined into plaster of paris.
Total value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity-
Value.
Before
cal- cining.
After cal- cining.
Value of calcined plaster.
Short tons. 17, 906 64, 889 79, 958 31, 798 20, 827 4,295 6, 925 8, 106 4, 608
Short tons.
Short tons. 1,900 11,982 16, 804 3,472
$2, 700 1,680 21, 127 36, 993 10, 416
Short tons. 16, 006 64, 242 47, 976
4, 440 14, 400
3,335
6, 925
4,512
Short tons. 13, 000 49, 273 38, 555 3, 335 11,472 2,660 4, 750 3,490
$42, 000 300, 030 128, 493 15, 384 52, 771 13, 450 27, 300 2, 678 27, 520
$44, 700 301, 884 189, 620 60, 262 69, 597 16, 050 27, 300 24, 431 27, 875
Kansas
Michigan
New York
Ohio
South Dakota.. Texas
20, 000 10, 554 2, 955
$174 40, 000 7, 885 6,410
Virginia
other States (a).
Total . . . ,
6, 728
20, 853
239, 312
34, 702
56, 149
41, 996
95, 944
162, 614
127, 158
609, 626
761, 719
a Includes California, Colorado, Montana, Oklahoma Territory, Utah, and Wyoming. In each of these States the output is reported from only one company.
For the purposes of comparison the following tables, showing the statistics of production during 1891, 1892, and 1893, and the total prod- uct and value for the past six years, are given :
Product of gypsum in the United States in 1893, by States.
states.
Total prod- uct.
Short tons.
21,447
43, 631 124, 590
36, 126 5, 150 7,014
15, 657
Sold crude.
Ground into plaster.
Calcined into plaster of paris.
Total value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Before
cal- cining.
After
cal- cining.
Value of calcined plaster.
Kansas
Michigan
New York
South Dakota . .
Virginia
Other States(a).
Total .
Short tons. 31,000 10, 979
$82 62, 000 8, 198
1,004
Short tons. 2, 853 16, 263 22, 802 5, 579 2, 804
$2, 296
28, 562 49, 221 19, 181 6, 841
Short tons. 18, 485 43, 378 77, 327 2, 345 5,100 1, 413 12, 351
Short tons. 14, 273 29, 975 62, 031 1,813 4,080 1, 131 9, 624
$53, 160 180, 975 213, 359 7, 973 12, 400 5,112 45, 411
$55, 538 181, 599 303, 921 65, 392 12, 550 24, 359 53, 256
253,615 43,108
72, 010
50, 408
106, 365
160, 399
122, 937
518, 390
696, 615
o Includes Ohio and Texas. In each of these States the output is reported from only one companjj
664 Mineral Resources.
Product of gypsum in the United States in 1892, hy States.
States.
Total prod- uct.
Sold crude.
Ground into land plaster.
Calcined into plaster of paris.
Total value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Before
cal- cining.
After
cal- cining.
Value of calcined plaster.
Short tons. 46, 016 139, 557 32, 394 6, 991 31,301
Short tons.
47, 500 7,887 1,873
$840 71, 250 5, 661 2, 246
Short tons.
Short tons.
45, 596
77, 599- 1,563
25, 653
Short tons.
31,961
53, 105 1,250
19, 750
$194, 357 213, 2.51 7, 050 93, 390
$195, 197 306, 527 61, lOG 28, 207 104,461
Michigan
New York
Other States (a)
Total
14, 458 24, 407 5, 028 3, 775
$22, 026 55, 039 20, 357 8, 825
256, 259
58, 080
80, 797
47, 668
106, 247
150, 511
106, 141
508, 448
695, 492
a Includes Colorado, Iowa, Ohio, Texas, and Utah. In each of these States the output is reported from only one company.
Product of gypsum in the United States in 1891, hy States.
States.
Total prod- uct.
Sold crude.
Ground into land plaster.
Calcined into plaster of paris.
Total value.
Quan- tity.
Value.
Quan- tity.
Value
Before
cal- cining.
Short tons. 16, 127 26, 563 39, 497 53, 600
After cal- cining.
Value of calcined plaster.
California, Ohio, Utah, and Wyoming
Iowa
Short tons. 17, 115 31, 385 40,217 79, 700 30, 135 3,615 5,959
Short tons.
Short tons.
4, 822
15, 100 23, 405 1,560 5,755
$3, 336 4, 845
28, 550
53, 513 4, 680
22, 222
Short tons. 14, 085 21, 049 28, 468 44, 860
$90, 810 159, 832 173,175
$94, 146 58, 095 161,322 223, 725 58, 571 22, 574
Michigan
New York
11,000 6, 730
$1, 280 22, 000 5, 058
South Dakota.. Virginia
2, 055
1,544
4,938
Total
208, 126
18, 574
28, 690
51, 700
117, 356
136, 727
110, 006
482, 005
628, 051
Comparative statistics of gypsum production for six years.
States.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Product, j Value.
Short
tons. 7, 700
21,789
17, 332 131,767
52, 608
$28, 940 55, 250 94, 235
373, 740 79, 476
Short tons. 4, 580 20, 900 20, 250 74, 877 32, 903
$22, 050 47, 350 72, 457
192, 099 73, 093
Short tons.
31, 385 40, 217 79, 700 30, 135
.$58, 095 161, 322 223, 725 58, 571
2, 650
2, 900
7,750
3, 615
9,618
6, 838 29, 420
20, 336 109, 491
6, 350 20, 235
20, 782 138, 942
5, 959 37,115
22, 574 94, 146
267, 769
764, 118
182, 995
574, 523
208, 126
628, 051
States.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Short tons.
Iowa
Kansas
New York
Ohio
(a)
41,016 139, 557 32, 394
(a) $195, 197 306, 527 61, 100
21, 447
43, 031
124, rm
36, 126
$55, 538 181, 599 303, 921 65, 392
17, 906 64, 889 79, 958 31, 798 20, 827 4, 295 6, 925 8, 106 4, 608
$44, 700 301, 884 189, ()20 60, 262 69, 597 16, 1)50 27, 300 24,431 27, 875
Soutli Dakota
5, 150
12, 550
Virginia
Other States
Total
6, 991 31, 301
28, 207 104, 461
7,014 15, 657
24, 359 53, 25()
256,259 1 695,492
253, 615
690,615
239,312 761,719
a Included in other States.
Gypsum.
The following table shows the annual production of gypsum in the United States since 1880. It will be noticed that the largest production, both in amount and value, was in 1889. The next largest production was in 1893, though the value in that year was less than in 1894:
Production of gypsum in the United States since 1880.
Years.
Product.
Value.
Short tons.
90, 000
$400. 000
85, 000
350, 000
100, 000
450, 000
90, 000
420, 000
90, 000
390, 000
90, 405
405, 000
95, 250
428, 625
95, 000
425, 000
Years.
Product. Value
Short tons. 110, 000 267, 769 182, 995 208, 126 246, 374 253, 615 239, 312
$550, 000 764, 118 574, 523 628, 051 671, 548 696,615 761, 719
Imports.
The imports of gypsum are chiefly from Canada, the product from the Dominion being very pure and well adapted for the manufacture of plaster of Paris. The following table exhibits the total amount and value of gypsum imported into the United States since 1867 :
Gypsum imported into the United States from 1867 to 1894.
Years ended-
June30, 1867.
Dec. 31, 1888.
Ground or calcined.
Quantity.
Long tons.
5, 737 4, 291
4, 996
6, 418
5, 911 4, 814 3,340 5,466
7, 568 9, 560
6, 882 3, 363 2, 027
Value.
$29, 895 52, 238 46, 872 64, 465 66,418 35, 628
49, 445 33, 496 18, 339 17, 074 24, 915
53, 478 44,118 42, 904
54, 208 37, 642
37, 736 20, 764 40, 291
75, 608 31, 670 16, 823
Unground.
Quantity.
Value.
Long tons.
97, 951
$95, 386
87, 694
80, 362
137, 039
133, 430
107, 237
100, 400
88, 256
95, 339
99, 902
118, 926
122, 495
123, 717
130, 172
93, 772
115, 664
139, 713
127, 084
97, 656
105, 629
89, 239
100, 102
96, 963
99, 027
120, 327
120, 642
128, 607
128, 107
128, 382
127, 067
157. 851
152,982
166, 310
168, 000
117, 161
119, 544
122, 270
115, 696
146, 708
162, 154
156, 697
170, 023
170, 965
179, 849
171, 289
174, 609
110, 257
129, 003
181, 104
232, 403
164, 300
180, 254
162, 500
179, 237
Value of manufac- tured plaster of paris.
$844
1, 292
2, 553 7, 336 4,319 3,277 4, 398 7, 843 6, 989 8, 176
12, 693 18, 702 20, 377 a 21, 869
Total.
$125. 182 114, 350 186, 512 148, 720 154, 013 168, 873 165, 459 170. 901 171,096 179, 070 162, 917 140, 587 125, 542 150, 409 171,724 200, 922 218, 969 210, 904 173, 752 153, 338 195, 890 190, 787 220, 140 229, 859 226, 319 308. Oil 211,924 196, 060
a Not specified since 1883.
Mineral Resources.
As the imports of gypsum into the United States are principally from the Provinces of Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, in the Dominion of Canada, the following table, showing the production in and exports from the Dominion, will be found interesting:
Production and exports of Canadian gypsum from 1886 to 1894.
Tears.
Production.
Exports.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons.
Short tons.
162, 000
$178, 742
142, 833
$155, 213
154, 008
157, 277
132, 724
146, 54'/
175, 887
179, 393
125, 508
121, 389
213, 273
205, 108
178, 182
194, 404
226, 509
194, 033
175, 691
192, 254
203, 545
192, 096
172, 496
184, 977
226, 568
225, 260
175, 518
194, 304
192, 568
196, 150
176, 489
178, 979
223, 631
202, 031
Monazite
By H. B. C. Nitze.
Brief Description Of The Miiverai..
Monazite is essentially an anhydrous phosphate of the rare earth's cerium, lanthanum, and didymium (Ce, La, Di), PO4. It also contains almost invariably small percentages of thoria (Th02) and silicic acid (Si02), which may be present in combination as thorite or orangite (ThSi04), or the thoria may exist as the phosphate, either in combina- tion with the cerium, etc., or as an isomoiphous mixture. Other occasional accessory constituents are the yttrium and erbium earths, zirconia, alumina, magnesia, lime, iron oxides (Fe203 and FeO), man- ganous oxide, tin and lead oxides, fluorine, titanic acid, and water, usually in fractional percentages.
It is a subtranslucent to subtrausparent mineral, light yellow, red- dish yellow, brownish, or greenish in color, and has a resinous luster. Brittle; fracture conchoidal to uneven. Its hardness is from 5 to 5.5, and its specific gravity from 4.9 to 5.3. It crystallizes in the mono- clinic system.
Historical. Sketch And Nomenclature.
The following names have been applied to the mineral by independ- ent discoverers and workers : Turnerite, monazite, mengite, edwardsite, eremite, cryptolite, monazitoid, i)hosphocerite, urdite, and kararfveite. It was not long, however, before the identity of these newly described mineral species was recognized, and at the present time the general name in use is monazite.
The name "turnerite" was given in 1823 by A. Levy in honor of the English chemist, E. H. Turner, in whose collection the first specimens were found. The locality of these was Dauphiny. They had been classed as sphene, on account of their color, accompaniment (adularia and lamellary crichtonite), and the locality; but Levy found their hard- ness to be less than that of sphene, and a good cleavage in one direc- tion. He gives as the primary crystallographic form an oblique rhombic prism with diflerent dimensions from that of sphene. G. vom Kath
The Annals of Philosophy, London, 1823, vol. 5, p. 241. *Poggendortf. Aunalen, 1864, vol. 122, p. 407.
Mineral Resources.
has also called attention to tlie fact that titanite (sphene) may be con- founded with turnerite from geueral resemblance. In the fifth edition of his Mineralogy (American edition, Boston, 1844) Phillips says that monazite is occasionally known among mineralogists under the name of "pictite," which is one of the early names for titanite, with which it was doubtless confounded.
The date 1823, then, may be taken as that of the earliest recognition of a new mineral species which was later shown to be identical with monazite. Thus, in 1866, J. D. Dana demonstrated the identity of turnerite and monazite by similarity of crystal form and physical prop- erties. No chemical examination of turnerite had yet been made at that time. In 1870 this was substantiated by G. vom Eath, and although he recognized the priority of Levy's name, turnerite, he did not feel justified in abandoning the name monazite, inasmuch as the latter belonged to a chemically as well as a crystallographically known min- eral, while the composition of turnerite was not yet so well known. In 1873 Des Cloizeaux, by the orientation of the optical axes, and Pisani, by the chemical determination of and Ce-O, concluded that monazite and turnerite were the same species. In 1876 Trechmann showed that the optical properties of turnerite and monazite were the same. In 1826 Menge discovered some crystals in the Ilmen Mountains, near Miask, Siberia, which he held for a variety of zircon. Fiedler gives the more exact locality of these specimens as being not in the Ilmen Mountains proper, but in their southern extension, in the so-called Tscheremtchanka. The first scientific description of these was given by Breithaui)t in 1829. He gave it the name, "monazite" (monazit, monacite), from the Greek, meaning 'to be solitary." In 1831 H. J. Brooke," in describing specimens from Menge's locality in the Urals, gave the name mengite, in honor of the discoverer.
Prof. G. U. Shepard in 1837 gave a description of " edwardsite," a new mineral from Norwich, Conn., which he named in honor of the governor of the State. Later in the year he described another new mineral from Watertown, Conn., under the name of "eremite," after the Greek, meaning "solitude," but he did not then recognize its identity with edwardsite. Prof. J. D. Dana published in 1838 his crystallo- graphic measurements of eremite, which agree with those of monazite.' In 1840 Gustav Rose" proved the identity, crystallographically and
Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 42, 1866, p. 420.
2PoggendorfF, Annalen, Erg.-Bd. 5. 1871, p. 413 ; Sitzungsber. Bayer, Akad. Wiss., 1870, vol. 2, p. 271 . sZeil.. Dentscli. geol. Gesell., Berlin. Vol. XXV, 1873, p. 568. 4Neu(;s Jahrbuch, 1876, p. 593. cpoggendorfr, Ainialen, 1832, vol. 25, p. 332.
*Sc]iweigger-Seidel, Journal (lorCheinie u. Physik, 1829, vol. 55, part 3, p. 301.
'Poggendorff, Annalen, 1831, v(d. 23, p. 362, Pliilos. Mag. and Annals, vol. 10, p, 187.
Am. .Tour. Sci. (1), 1837, vol. 32, p. 102; Poggendortf, Annalen, 1838, vol. 43, p. 148.
9Arn. Jonr. Sci. (1), 1837, vol. 32, p. 341. '"Aim. Jour. Sci. (1), vol. 33, 1838, p. 70. " Pogg(5i"l<'i'ir, Annalen, 1840, vol. 49. p. 223.
Monazite.
physically, of edwardsite aud monazite. And in the second edition of his Mineralogy (1844) Shepard places both edwardsite and eremite under the head of monazite.
In 1842 Rose gave a detailed description of the Russian monazite.
Woehler, in 1846, discovered some small needle-like crystals invisi- bly included in the apatite of Arendal, Norway. They were of a pale- yellow color, specific gravity approximately 4.6, and, according to analysis, were comj)osed of phospate of cerium, but contained no tho- ria, and in this he distinguished the mineral from monazite, calling it ''cryptolite," from the Greek, meaning "concealed." Although the forms of these crystals are different in appearance from that of ordinary monazite, Mallard, in 1887, by careful gouiometric measurements, estab- lished the identity of the two minerals.
Hermann, in 1847, applied the name ''monazitoid" to certain brown colored bent and broken crystals, of the specific gravity 5.28, from Lake Ilmen, near Miask, which contain less phosphoric acid (only 18,7) than monazite, besides some tantalic acid (3.75 to 6.27 per cent). Kokscha- row believed that monazitoid was simply impure monazite, the tantalic acid having been derived from columbite and samarskite, with which the crystals are intergrown.
Blomstrand analyzed specimens from probably the same locality as Hermann's monazitoid, but found no tantalic acid.
In 1850 Watts' described a new mineral occurring in the cobalt ore of Johannisberg, Sweden, which he showed to be a phosphate of cerium (including lanthanum and didymium). He proposed the name "phos- pho-cerite." Its physical and chemical characters identify it beyond doubt with monazite.
Forbes and Dahll,* in 1855, described a mineral occurring in the granite of Urda, near Nottero, Norway, under the name of "urdite," which E. Zschau determined to be monazite.
F. Radominski,' in 1874, found a mineral inclosed in albite at Kar- arfvet, near Falun, Sweden, which resembled monazite, but on analy- sis was found to contain a notable quantity of fluorine (4.35 per cent), and for that reason he proposed to class it as a separate species under the name "kararfveite." Blomstrand made an analysis of specimens from the same locality, and found only 0.33 per cent fluorine. He con- cluded that it was but an imi)ure form of monazite.
1 Reise nach dem Ural und Altai, Vol. II, pp. 87 and 482, Berlin, 1842. 2Poggendorff, Annalen, 1846, vol. 67, p. 424.
3 Bull. See. Min., 1887, vol. 10. p. 236.
4 Jour, prakt. Chemie, Vol. XL, 1847. p. 21 ; Annuaire de Chimie, 1848, p. 146. s Materialien zur Mineralogie Russlauds, Vol. IV, 1862, p. 7-34.
6 Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 20, 1892, p. 367; Lund.s Universitets Arskrift, 1888 (24). ' Quart. Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 1850, Vol, II, p. 131.
8 Nyt Mag. saturvidenskaberne, vol. 8, 1885, p. 227; Am. Jour. Sci„ vol. 22, 1856, p. 262.
9 Allg. deutsche naturh. Zeitung, Dresden. 1857, p. 208; Am. Jour. Sci., II, vol. 25, 1858, p. 410. Compt. Rend., 1874, vol. 78, p. 764.
"Zeitsch. fiir Kryst., Vol. XIX, 18'j1, p. 1U9; Geol. Foreningens ITorhandl. Stockholm, 1889, Vol. II, p. 174.
Mineral Resources.
CRYSTAIIiOGRAPHY. MORPHOLOGICAL.
The primary form of monazite and its equivalents, turnerite, edwards- ite, and mengite, was early stated to be the oblique rhombic prism of the monoclinic system. The crystallographic studies of the mineral by Koksharow, Des Oloizeaux, Websky, Dana, Vom Eath, and others have shown the occurrence of the following forms :
Observed forms of monazite.
Pinacoids.
Prisms.
Hemi- domes.
Hemi-pyra- mids.
Op
ooP
+ Poo
+ P
00 P 00
00 P2
— Poo
— P
00 P 00
00 P3
— 7Poo
+4P
00 P2
-aPoo
Poo
+ P2
2P6o
+ 2P2
+ 3P3
+2P2
— 2P2
Of these, the more common forms are the ortho- and clino-pinacoids and domes, the unit prism, and the unit pyramids. The basal pinacoid is rare, having been observed only on crystals from the Urals and from Alexander County, N. C.
Among the rarer forms are: — f P56, found by Trechmann on turner- ite from the Binnenthal, Switzerland; — 7P(x and — P, found by Miers in Cornwall; and do, on crystals from Nil St. Vincent, Belgium, and western Siberia.
The usual crystal habit is tabular, parallel to co P ; also short colum- nar, and sometimes elongated parallel to oo P. Cryptolite occurs always in very small crystals, elongated parallel to oo P. The crystals are usually well developed and free from distortion. They vary in size from the microscopic needles of cryptolite, which have a thickness of .004 to .016 mm. (0.00015 to 0.00062 inch), to the abnormally large monazite crystals that have been found in Amelia County, Va., 5 inches in length. The more general variation lies between one-twentieth and 1 inch. Irregular masses of monazite, devoid of crystal planes, as large as 15 to 20 pounds, have been found in Amelia County, Ya., and in rounded masses up to 12| jjounds at the Villeneuve mica mine in Ottawa County, Quebec.
Twins are not common. The twinning i)lane is parallel to oo P ; also to OP (Zirkel, Vol. I, p. 432.) Twins are sometimes cruciform.
The axial ratio has been determined on specimens from different localities, as follows :
' N. von Kok.sharow, Materialien zur Mineralogie Russlands, Aol. IV, 1862, ]ii>. 7-34. 'G. vom iiath, Zeitschr. I'iir Kryst., Vol. XIII, 1888, p. 596.
Monazite.
Axial ratios of monazite from various localities.
a
b
Localities.
Determined
by-
O '
Watertown, Conn, (eremite)
J. D. Dana.
Koksharow.
Laacher See (liirnerite)
Vom Rath.
Hiddemte mine, N. C
Do.
Mllhollands Mill, N. C
E. S. Dana.
Schiittenliofen, Bohemia
Scharizer.
Nil St. Vincent
Franck.
Some of the principal angular measurements are :
Angular measurements of monazite.
ooPooAOP
ooPAOP
ooPaoAP
ooPoBAPoo
Localities.
Measured by —
0 / "
43 25 0 43 18 30 43 12 30 43 17 10 43 25 0
O ' "
O / "
76 14 0 76 14 0 76 32 0 76 20 0 76 23 0
39 20 0 39 03 0 39 20 30 39 12 30 39 20 0
"Watertown, Conn.
(eremite). Ural Mountains,
Sanarka. Laacher See (tur-
nerite),
Milhollands Mill, N.C.
Schiittenhofen, Bo- hemia.
J. D. Dana. Koksharow. Vom Rath. E. S. Dana. Scharizer.
37 11 0
37 12 30 37 07 40 37 03 0
59 37 0 59 42 30 59 40 0 59 36 0
Physical Crystallography.
The cleavage is most perfectly developed parallel to the basal pina- coid (OP); it is also distinct as a rule i)arallel to co Poc; sometimes parallel to ooP oo, imperfect; parallel to —Poo (noticed by vom Rath on turnerite from Laacher See). Parting sometimes developed parallel to OP and oo P. Brittle with a conchoidal to uneven fracture. The hardness is 5 to 5.5. Specific gravity varies from 4.64 to 5.3. The luster is resinous to waxy. Crystal face, splendent in fresh, pure speci- mens ; dull in weathered, impure specimens. The color is honey yellow, yellowish brown, amber brown, reddish brown, brown or greenish yellow. Derby describes specimens of lusterless, whitish grains in muscovite granite of Sao Paulo, Brazil, which he proved to be cerium phosphate.
The monazitoid of Hermann is of a dark-brown color, due to impuri- ties. In weathered specimens of impure monazite the surface is rough, dull, and sometimes covered with a light-brown earthy substance.
The purest specimens of monazite are transparent, becoming trans- lucent and even totally opaque in the impure varieties.
It is frequently difficult to distinguish monazite, in fine grains, from certain other minerals by the uninitiated eye. Some varieties of yel- lowish-brown quartz are quite easily confounded with monazite; so also, at times, sphene, zircon, epidote, corundum, etc. For the benefit of the unscientific i)rospector it may be stated that the chief macroscopic dis-
iPoggendorff, Annalen, 1871, Erg.-Bd. 5, p. 413; Sitzungsber. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 1870, vol. 2, p. 271 2Am. Jour. Sci. (3), vol. 37, 1889, p. 109-114.
Mineral Resources.
tinctions are those of color, hardness, and specific gravity. The color is usually yellowish, inclined to reddish, brownish, or more rarely greenish tints. The fresh unaltered grains are transparent or translucent. The larger crystals are frequently dull in luster and opaque.
The hardness is from 5 to 5.5, between that of apatite and orthoclase (feldspar). Thus it can be scratched by a fragment of ordinary feldspar (hardness 6) or quartz (hardness 7). The hardness of sphene is 5 to 5.5, of zircon 7.5, of epidote 6 to 7, of corundum 9. The specific gravity of monazite is 4.64 to 5.3 , that of quartz is only 2.6, of sphene 3.5, of zircon 4.7, of epidote 3.25 to 3.5, of corundum 3.95 to 4.10.
Optical Crystallography.
Thin sections, by transmitted light, are colorless to yellowish. Pleo- chroism generally scarcely noticeable. Absorption b C a. The plane of the optic axes is perpendicular to the plane of symmetry co P oo. The positive acute bisectrix lies in the obtuse angle /?; hence sections parallel to OP show the full interference figure.
Optical measurements of monazite.
O '
3 00
3 46
54
Localities.
(Turnerite) Tavetscli, Switzerland
AreDdal, Norway
Norwich, Connecticut
Schiittenhofen, Bohemia
Measured by-
Trechmann.
Wiilfing.
Des Cloizeaux.
Scharizer.
The optical angle is small; various measurements give:
Optical measurements of monazite.
2E (red).
2 E (yel- low).
2 E (vio- let).
2 V(red).
2V (yel- low).
Disper- sion.
Localities, etc.
0 '
31 08J
0 /
0 '
O '
0 /
p>v
p V
P>v
Norwich, Conn., Des Cloi- zeaux.
Sibera, Des Chiizeaux.
Schiittenhofen, Bohemia, Scharizer.
Pisek, Bohemia, TJrba.
Turnerite, Tavetsch, Trech- manu.
P
The dispersion is weak and horizontal. The single refraction is high ; double refraction considerable.
Optical measurements.
a
/3
y
y—a
y-13
/3— a
Localities, etc.
1.9t65 1.79G5
Schiittenhofen, Bohemia,
Scharizer. Arendal, Norway, E. AViil-
tiiii;.
Monazite.
Chemicai. Composition. Composition And Analyses.
The earlier discoverers had very little knowledge of the true chemical composition of monazite. Breithaupt, in 1829, concluded from the high specific gravity of the Siberian monazite that it was a metallic oxide or acid in combination with some of the earths. Shepard stated in 1835 that monazite was inferred to consist of the oxide of uranium with some one or more of the earths (according to blowpipe tests of Breithaupt). At the same time turnerite, according to blowpipe experi- ments of Mr. Children, was supposed to contain chiefly AI2O3, CaO, MgO, and a little iron, with traces of Si02. In 1837 Shepard published an analysis of his edwardsite (see table, anal. No. 29), in which he first pointed out the existence of cerium. He deduced the relationship P2O5: CeO l: IJ, making the mineral a basic sesqui-phosphate of cerium protoxide. He also found 7.77 per cent Zr02, but it is doubtful whether this is an original constituent; more probably it maybe re- ferred to the presence of the mineral zircon as an impurity in the sam- ple, which is an almost constant accompaniment of monazite. He found further Al20;j, Si02, FeO, MgO, and a trace of glucina.
Kersten, in 1839, analyzed the specimens from the Ural Mountains, previously determined by Breithaupt to be a combination of uranium oxide with some of the earths, but found no trace of uranium. He did find it to be essentially a phosphate of cerium and lanthanum oxides, and was the first to show the presence of La203, Th02, Sn02,, MnO, CaO, and traces of Ti02 and K2O. (See table, anal. lo. 20.)
In 184G Woehler published an analysis of cryitolite from Arendal, Norway, determining it to be a phosphate of cerium oxide. (See table, anal. No. 21.) He could find neither Zr02 nor Th02, from which he concluded that the absence of Th02 distinguished cryptolite from monazite and edwardsite.
In 1847 Hermann came to the conclusion that monazite was the neutral phosjihate of cerium, in which a large part of the cerium was replaced by lanthanum and a small part by CaO, MgO, and MnO in the varieties of lighter specific gravity, while the heavier varieties (sp. gr. 5.281) contained less P2O5, and a large part of the stannic acid was replaced by tantalic acid (Ta205). (See table, anal. No. 17.) This variety he called monazitoid, which occurs at Lake Ilmen, near Miask, Siberia. It is of a dark brown color as distinguished from the lighter color of monazite. At first Hermann denied the presence of thoria in monazite and monazitoid, but later he found as high as 32.44
Schweigger-Seidel, vol. 55, 1829.
Treatise on Mineralogy, 1st edition, vol. 2, 1835.
3 Poggendorff, Aunalen, vol. 47, 1839, p. 385.
4 Poggendorff, Annalen, vol. 67, 1846, p. 424. Jour, prakt. Chemie, vol. 40, 1847, p. 21.
16 Geol, Pt 4 43
Mineral Resources.
per cent Th02 in a specimen. (See table, anal. No. 19.) Monazite and monazitoid, he says, have tlie same form, and are therefore hete- romeric, having different composition. Like all heteromeric minerals they show a tendency to mix, and thus give a series with slight differ- ence in specific gravity. Koksharow believed that monazitoid was simply an impure variety of monazite, where the tantalic acid was derived from columbite and samarskite, in which the crystals of mon- azitoid were intergrown, and this appears most probable. Blomstrand, in his analysis of specimens from the Ilmen Mountains (same locality as Hermann's monazitoid), found 16.64 per cent Th02, but no tantalic acid. (See table, anal. No. 15.)
In 1850 Watts published an analysis of his phosphocerite, which he determined to be a phosphate of cerium protoxide, including lanthanum and didymium.
Websky," in 1865, in making blowpipe tests on monazite from the Riesengebirge, found cerium, phosphoric acid, and titanic iron; the latter, however, must have been an impurity in the powder, probably from the ilmenite, which is mentioned as occurring as an associated mineral in this locality.
Radominsky's variety of monazite, kararfveite, from Sweden, was found by him to contain 4.33 per cent fluorine. (See table, anal. No. 16.) Blomstrand's analysis of a specimen from the same locality showed only 0.33 per cent fluorine. (See table, anal. No. 11), and he concluded that the so-called kararfveite was simply an impure variety of monazite.
Scharizer first pointed out, in 1887, the presence of an element of the erbium group in the monazite from Schuttenhofen, Bohemia. His determination was made on a thin section by means of a spectroscopic attachment to the microscope.
Genth, in 1889, published an analysis of monazite from the Ville- neuve mica mine in Canada, in which he determined 4.76 per cent of (Y, Er)2 O3. (See table, analysis No. 37.)
Blomstrand, in 1889, also showed the presence of yttrium in the monazite from southern Norway; and he first pointed out here the presence of lead oxide.
Below is given a table containing a number of analyses of monazite from various localities, with references :
' Materialien zur Mineralogie Russlauds, vol. 4, 1892, pp. 7-34. 2Zeitsclir. I'iir Kryst., vol. 20, 1892, p. 367. 'Quart. Jour. Chem. Soc. London, vol. 2, 1850, p. 131. Zeitsclir. Deutsch geol. Gesell., Berlin, vol. 17, 1865, p. 567.
5 Corapto Rendu, vol. 78, 1874, p. 764.
6 Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 12, 1887, p. 255.
7 Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 38, 1889, p. 203; Zeitsclir. fiir Krysi., vol. 19, 1891, p. 88.
8 Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 15, 1889, p. 99; Geol. Eoreningeus, Fiirliandl., Stockholm, vol. 9, 1887, p. 160.
Monazite.
Os -H
00 Co
O
a
o
00
p 00
-a
w
a £
r3
T CO -t;
is" H'-
fl05 cs o,: cs c g w
.s-aa-:agai oig2i5a|£i
tH"i-lr-ir-1rHi-li-li— I
'o
I'"
Mineral Resources.
CO to t (M
' 00 oi
d
d o O
(M Co Co
in
c ;d
(M M
oo
O ;?
+
o
o M
o
H
00 o :i3 o
05 fO n' 1— I
. "-I Pi
Co - 00 .
. g5 CO 2
OO'CO fo'' --I i£ 05
S Co- W .
Pt 33 o O Ph . CO
P,-' Pi CO 00
03 lO . . CO
oo
P-l o
o
pi pP n3 '
03 ©
: a ® s o s
5 s s d o
a pS a g'lH sgaaaaaaaa
Monazite.
Below are also given the thoria contents of a number of samples from North Carolina, which were analyzed for the writer by Dr. Charles Baskerville, chemist of the North Carolina geological survey. These analyses are not made on the pure mineral, but on the commercial monazite sand, which contains uj) to about 67 per cent monazite, the remainder being quartz, garnet, zircon, and other accessory minerals.
Thoria contents of North Carolina monazite.
[Per cent.]
ThO,
TbO.,
1. Bennett's Mill, Silver Creek, Burke County.
2. Northeast side Brindle Ridge, Burke County.
3. White Bank gold mine, Burke County.
4. Hall's Creek, at Morganton road crossing.
Burke County.
5. Bailey's Mill Creek, 3 miles southwest of Glen
Alpine Station, Burke County.
6. Linebacher place. Silver Creek, Burke County.
7. Mac Lewrath place, Silver Creek, Burke
County.
8. East forkofSatterwhite Creek, Burke County. ig, Pallston, Cleveland County.
9. Mac Lewrath Branch, McDowell County.
10. Bracket town, South Muddy Creek, McDowell County.
Method Of Analysis Of Monazite Sand.
The method of analysis employed by Dr. Baskerville is given below in his own words. He claims only 'approximate results, and absolute accuracy can not be vouched for." It is substantially the same as Prof. S. L.Penfleld's methods' with a few modifications.
The pulverized sand, 2 grams, is weighed into a small flask hold- ing about 100 c. c. ; 10 c. c. H2SO4 (1:1) are added, and the whole cooked on a sand bath with frequent agitation, until the acid becomes concentrated and fumes arise. A small funnel is used in the neck of the flask to irevent loss by spitting and bubbling. It is allowed to cool, and if not completely decomposed, a fresh amount of H2SO4 Is added, and the previous operation repeated. Add a little water, keep- ing the temierature down as well as possible. The insoluble silicates are removed by filtering and washing with cold water. The clear fil- trate is diluted to 400 or 500 c. c, and an excess of oxalic acid added, whereby the oxalates of the cerium metals and thorium are precipitated.
11. Long Branch, McDowell County.
12. Alexander Branch, McDowell County.
13. Daniel Peeler's farm, near Bellwood, Cleve-
land County.
14. Proctor's farm, near Bellwood, Cleveland
County.
15. Wade McCurd's farm, Carpenter's Knob,
Cleveland County.
16. Tailings from No. 15.
17. Henrietta, Rutherford County.
' From a letter to the writer, March, 1895. 2 Am. Jour. Sci. (3). vol. 24, 1882, p. 253.
Mineral Resources.
This is done in the hot solution, allowing the same to boil a few moments after adding the oxalic acid. It is then allowed to remain in the cold for twelve hours, when it is filtered and washed with cold water.
The precipitated oxalates are ignited by heating slightly above faint redness. After all the carbon is burned off', the contents of the crucible are turned into a platinum or porcelain dish, washing the crucible with H2SO4 (1:1). On heating, the oxides are usually dissolved completely 5 the excess of H2SO4 is gotten rid of by gentle heat. To accomplish this, the disk is placed on a triangle inside of an iron dish to which the lamp flame is applied. The sulphates, which are almost invariably col- ored red, yellow, or orange, are dissolved in water. The whole mass is usually completely soluble in about 15 c. c. H2O, but on further dilu- tion a precipitate is formed. The solution is made up to 200 or 300 c. c, i. e., sufficient water is added to hold all the thorium sulphate in solution ; it is then boiled and filtered. If the filtrate is acid, it is neu- tralized with NH4OH, and the thorium is precipitated out by means of !Na2S203. The filtered precipitate is burned to Th02 and weighed as such in a platinum crucible.
Chemical And Blowpipe Reactions.
Monazite is with difficulty and incompletely soluble in hydrochloric acid. It is attacked completely by sulphuric acid, and by potassium acid sulphate. It is infusible before the blowpipe flame, turning gray. When moistened with H2SO4 it colors the flame bluish green (phos- phorus reaction). The borax and salt of phosphorus beads are yellowish . when hot, and colorless on cooling 5 the saturated borax bead becomes enamel white on flaming. Fused with soda, the mass treated with water and filtered, the residue dissolved in a little HCl, the solution gives with oxalic acid a precipitate, which on ignition becomes brick red (cerium oxide). With soda on charcoal a little tin is sometimes obtained.
MICRO-CHEMICAL REACTIONS, i
For cerium, — The dilute solutions of cerium sulphate or chloride give, with oxalic acid or ammonium oxalate, a precipitate, which is at first flocculent but soon becomes crystalline, being composed of fine, doubly terminated, often forked and serrated prisms j in more concentrated solutions these form themselves into radial groups. The little crystals have an oblique extinction and a high double refraction. In hot, very . dilute solutions thin rhomboidal plates are precipitated, whose acute angle is about 86° 5 they have a tendency to form rectangular inter- growths, and appear to be monoclinic.
For phosphorus, — Phosphoric acid is precipitated in a solution of the sulphate by the addition of ammonium molybdate, which on dry- ing gives little crystals resembling rhombic dodecahedrons, yellow in reflected and greenish in transmitted light.
JI. Ko8eiibu8ch, MikroscopiHche riiysiogra])!!!*', Vol. T.,3(led., 1892, p. 266.
Monazite.
Derby has found that these micro-chemical tests are the best means of identifying monazite.
Spectroscopic Tests.
Scharizer tested the absorption spectrum of a basal cleavage plate of the Shiittenhofeu monazite by replacing the ocular of the microscope with a spectroscope a vision directe. The illumination was obtained by the reflection of direct sunlight from a concave mirror. The spectrum showed a broad absorption band in the yellow between the Fraunhofer lines O and corresponding to didymium, and a less broad one at the end of the green near the line F, corresponding to erbium.
Chemical Molecular Constitution Of Monazite.
Penfield, in his analyses of Connecticut, North Carolina, and Vir- ginia monazite (anal. Nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, at p. 675), deduces the relation
(Ce, La, Di) 2O3: P205 l:l ThOz: Si02
The former corresponds to the normal phosphate of the cerium metals (R2P2O8); the latter corresponds to that of normal thorium silicate, which, in combination with a small percentage of water, makes the mineral thorite or orangite (ThSio4H20). He concludes, then, that monazite is essentially a normal phosphate of the cerium metals, in which thorium silicate is present in varying proportions as an impurity in the form of the mineral thorite or orangite.
Dunnington* had somewhat previously come to the same conclusion.
Rammelsberg's formula of thorium-free monazite from Arendal, Norway, was (Ce, La, Di) 2F2 Os, thus agreeing with Penfield.
Blomstrand, from his analyses of Norwegian and Siberian mona- zite (see anal. No. 1-10, 13-15, at p. 675), concludes that the mineral is a normal tribasic phosphate, an excess of bases being combined with Si02. Thus: m (3RO, P2 05) + 2RO, Si02 + pH20, where m 5 to 20, and p less than 1 usually.
He does not believe, as Penfield does, that the thoria is originally combined with silica as thorite, but that it is a primary constituent, present as the phosphate, either in combination with the cerium or as an isomorphous mixture, thus:
lY III „ lY
Ce. Ce (03PO)2and RTh {OsPO)2} and that it is altered to the silicate by siliceous waters.
'Am. Jour. Sci. 3, vol. 37, 1889, p. 109-114. Zeitschr. iur Kryst., vol. 19, 1891, p. 78. 2Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 12, 1887, p. 264.
3 Am. Jour. Sci. (3), vol. 24, 1882, p. 250 ; vol. 36, 1888, p. 322. Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 7, 1883, p. 366; vol. 17, 1890, p. 407.
4 Am. Chem Jour., vol. 4, 1882, p. 138.
6 Zeitschr. Deutsch. geol., Gesell Berlin, vol. 29, 1877, p. 79. Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 3, 1879, p. 101. eZeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 9, 1887, p. 160; vol. 20, 1892, p. 367.
Mineral Resources.
Eammelsberg' has explained the analyses of Kersten and Hermann (see anal. Nos. 19 20, at p. 675), respectively, by the formulse:
which does not, however, appear to express a constant molecular constitution.
Artificial Production Of Monazite.
In 1875 Eadominsky produced monazite artificially by treating a solution of impure cerium salt with sodium phosphate, adding an ex- cess of chloride of cet ium, and heating to redness. After cooling and crystallization, long yellow prisms with striated surfaces were formed. The specified gravity was 5.09, and the compound, by analysis, was found to agree in composition with that of the mineral monazite.
Geological Axd Geographical Occurrence.
The following table presents the salient features of the geographical, geological, and mineralogical occurrences of monazite. All known localities at which the mineral monazite and its equivalents, turnerite, cryptolite, etc., have been found uj) to the present time are tabulated here. It is placed at the beginning of this chapter as a general introduction, and for the purpose of convenient reference, to what is to follow.
Conditions of occurrence of monazite.
Localities.
United States.
East Blue Hill, Me
Wakefield, N.H
Westerly, R. I
Narragansett Pier, R. I.
Westford, Mass
Ayer, Mass
Norwich, Conn
Chester, Conn
Watertown, Conn
Portland, Conn
Yorktown, N. Y
Amelia Court House, Va.
Deakemica mine,Mitcliell County, N.C.
Eay mica mine, Yancey County,
Mars Hill, Madison County, N. C. Boomer, WilkcH County : N. C
Milholland's Mill, Alexander
County, N. C. Enieralu and hiddenitc mine,
Alexander ('ounty, N. C.
Burke, RntlKrford, Cleveland, Polk, Catawba, and Lincoln counties, N. C.
Country rocks.
Gneiss..
do ..
Granite.
do ..
Gneiss..
do ..
do ..
do ..
Granite.
Albitic granite. Mica schist
Garnetif. Mica schist.
In gneiss, and stream placers.
Associated minerals.
Rutile, cassiterite.(?)
Xenotime. Zircon, rutile. Sillimanite. Do.
(Inalbite.) Apatite, zircon, tour- maline.
Sillimanite.
Microlite, amazonite, beryl, apa- tite, orthite, colurabite, manga- nese tantalate.
Antunite, uraninite, gummite, garnet.
(In orthoclase.) Beryl, garnet.
Quartz, garnet, zircon, rutile,
magnetite, ilmenite. Rutile.
In quartz.
Quartz, garnet, zircon, rutile, brookite, xenotime, forgusonite, corundum, epidote, beryl, cya- uite, magnetite, pyrite," meuac- canite.
' Handbuch der mineral. Chemie, 1875, p. 305. 'Comptos Rendus, vol. 80, 1875, ]). 304.
Monazite.
Conditions of occurrence of monazite — Continued.
Localities.
UNITED STATES— continued.
Crowders Mountain, Gaston
County, !N. C. Todd's Branch, Mecklenburg
County, N. C. Spartanburg County, S. C
"The Glades," Hall County, Ga..
Canada.
Villeneuve mica mine, Ottawa County, Quebec.
South America.
Rio Chico. Antioquia, United
States of Colombia. Alcobaca, Province of Bahia,
Brazil.
Caravellas, Province of Bahia, Brazil.
Salabro, Province of Bahia, Brazil.
Province of Miuas Geraes
Province of Minas Geraes, Rio
de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo,
Brazil.
Province of Bahia, Minas Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Buenos Ayres, Argentiue Repub-
Cordoba, Argentine Republic
England.
Cornwall
Sweden.
Holm a
Kararfvet
Johaunisberg.
Dillingso, Moss, Lonnesby, Aren- dal, Narestoe, Hitteroe, flvalo.
Areudal and Midbo
Nottero
Helle
Finnish Lapmark.
Ivalo
Russia.
Ilmen Mountains. Sanarka River
Belgium.
Kil St. Vincent
France.
Le Puys, near St. Christophe, Dauphine.
Switzerland.
Binnenthal
Olivone, near Mte. Camperio
Tessin
Perdatsch
Santa P>irgitta, near Ruaras, Ta- vetsch Valley.
Country rocks.
Gold placers.
Gneiss, and stream
placers. Gold placers
Pegmatite
Gold placers
Beach sands
do
Diamond sands.
do
Gold placers.
Porpliyritic, granu- litic, and schistose gneisses, red syen- ite, granite dikes.
River sands
Gneiss and granite. . .
Clay slates
Albitic granite Cobalt ore
Pegmatite
Granite .
Gold sands.
Albitic granite. Placers
Quartz vein, travers- ing mica schist.
Associated minerals.
Garnet, zircon, diamond.
Same as Burke, etc., Counties, N.C.
Quartz, rutile, garnet, etc.
Garnet, tourmaline, urauinite.
Quartz, zircon, garnet, disthene,
staurolite, corundum. Magnetite, ilmenite, pyrite.
Apatite, magnetite, ilmenite, rutile, garnet, zircon, silli- manite.
Zircon.
Quartz, albite.
Gadolinite, hjelmite, emerald.
Cryptolite in apatite.
In feldspar, enveloped by ortliite.
Zircon.
Zircon, columbite, samarskite.
Adularia, crichtonite, sphene, anatase.
Rutile.
MINERAL liESOUKCES. Conditions of occurrence of monazite — Continued.
Localities.
Country rocks.
Associated minerals.
Germany.
Laacher See, near Coblentz
Druse in sanadine bomb.
Austria.
Josephinenhuette.Riesengebirge, Silesia.
Schreiberhau, Silesia
Pegmatite
gusonite, yttrium spar, zircon. Gadolinite, yttrium spar, xeno-
(In black mica.) Ilmenite, fer-
Scbiittenbofen, Bohemia Pisek, Bohemia
Pegmatite
Apatite
time, fergusonite.
In beryl and feldspar.
Australia.
Vegetable Creek, County Gough, iiew South Wales.
Monazite is an accessory constituent of tlie granitic eruptives and their derived gneisses. It has been found in these rocks over widely separated areas of the earth's surface, and further search and study is liable to reveal its probable universal presence, in varying proportions, in all granites and granite gneisses. Thus Derby has found monazite as a constant accessory constituent in the porphyritic, granulitic, and schistose gneisses of the provinces of Bahia, Minas Geraes, Eio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo, in Brazil, representing 300 miles along the axis of the great gneiss region of the Maritime Mountains. The granite dikes, intersecting the gneiss, also carry monazite.
The gneisses of the South Mountain region in Korth Carolina, cover- ing an area of some 2,000 square miles, in Burke, McDowell, Euther- ford, Cleveland, Polk, Catawba, Lincoln, and Gaston counties, and extending into Spartanburg County, S. C, have been shown to contain monazite. 1 have since identified the mineral in the thin sections of several specimens of mica gneiss collected in that locality. The rocks are granitic mica gneisses, hornblende gneisses, which approach more nearly to diorite gneisses, and pegmatites.
Monazite has recently been found in Hall County, Ga., near The Glades, a ijostofflce about 10 miles northeast of Gainesville, on the north side of Chattahoochee River. It occurs in the gold placers of Flat Creek and its tributaries, the Glade, Stockeneter, Hamilton, and Hurain branches.
Derby, by examining the heavy residues of a number of hand speci- mens, selected at random from the collection in the National Museum, of Washington, D. C, described the occurrence of monazite in certain granites and gneisses of Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts.
The monazite of Chester, Portland, and Watertown, Conn., is an acces- sory constituent of the granites and gneisses. In Amelia County, Va., it is found in albitic granite j also in tlie Ilmen Mountains of Russia.
Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 37, 1889, pp. 109-114. 2 Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eiigr., Mar., 1895. Proc. liochestor Acad. Sci., vol. 1, 1891, pp. 204-206.
Monazite.
The pegmatites of southern Norway, Silesia, and Bohemia, and of some of the mica mines in Canada and North Carolina, also contain monazite.
Derby (in paper above cited) has found monazite in a red syenite at Serra do Stauba, in the province of Bahia, Brazil. The basic eruptives (diabase, quartz-diorite, mica-diorite, and minette) thus far examined by him in Brazil showed no traces of monazite.
The turnerite of the Laacher See (which is an extinct volcanic cra- ter), near Coblentz, in Prussia, was found in a druse of a sauadine bomb, the only known occurrence of monazite in an undoubted volcanic rock. It was grown into and upon a crystal of orthite.
The turnerite of Olivone, Switzerland, occurs in a quartz vein, 20 to 30 cm. thick, traversing crystalline schists. The percentage of mona- zite in these rocks is exceedingly small, often infinitesimal; thus Derby (in paper above cited) states that the granite dikes in the gneiss of Serra de Tingua, near Rio, are rich in the yellow mineral, carrying 0.02 to 0.03 per cent, and a fine-grained granite dike on the outskirts of Rio de Janeiro showed 0.07 per cent monazite.
The cryptolite of Norway occurs as inclusions of very fine, needle- shaped crystals in apatite.
While making a reconnoissance trip through the North Carolina region the writer, in company with Messrs. H. A. J. Wilkens, M. E., and John R. Kirksey, discovered on June 19, 1895, the interesting and, so far as known, new occurrence of monazite in cyanite. The locality where first observed was at the Peeler and Ivester placers on a branch of Knob Creek, about 16 miles north of Shelby, in Cleveland County, N. C. Numerous fragments of a light blue-gray cyanite, usually less than 1 inch, but occasionally as large as 3 inches in longest dimension, were found in the tailing dumps from the bottom gravels that had been washed in the sluice boxes. The fragments of pure cyanite contained intimately intergrown crystals of monazite, the latter constituting as much as 50 per cent of the mass at times, though some pieces of the cyanite were practically barren. The bed rock and outcropping ledges near here were carefully examined in the hope of finding the liginal source of this monazite-bearing cyanite, but with- out success. It probably occurs in irregular nests and veinlets through the pegmatitic mica gneiss which forms the country rock.
Derby thinks (in paper above cited) that there is 'a reasonable probability that zircon, and to a less degree monazite, may prove to be guide minerals by which eruptives and their derivatives can be cer- tainly identified, no matter what degree of alteration they may have suffered."
Monazite has not been found in the sedimentary rocks, although it may be present in some of these as a secondary mineral of transportation.
' G. vom Rath., Poggendorff, Annalen, 1871, Erff.-Bd., 5, p. 413. 2G. Seligman, Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 9, 1884, p. 420.
684 Mineral Resources.
The economically valuable deposits of monazite are found in the placer sands of streams and rivers, and even in the irregular sedi- mentary sand deposits of old stream beds and bottoms. The decompo- sition and disintegration of the crystalline rocks, the original source of the mineral, has iroceeded to considerable depths, x>articularly in the southern, unglaciated countries. By erosion and secular movement the material is deposited in the stream beds and there undergoes a natural process of sorting and concentration, the heavy minerals being deposited first and together. The richer portions of these stream deposits are thus found near the head waters. Such deposits have been described from North and South Carolina in the United States, from Brazil, and from the Sanarka Eiver, in Eussia.
The beach sand deposits along the coast of Brazil, in the province of Bahia, have a similar explanation, the concentration there being brought about by the action of the waves.
Accessory Minerals.
The main constituent of the granitic rocks (quartz, feldspar, and mica) all contain the monazite as intergrowths, though it appears to be more generally confined to the feldspar.
Zircon may be regarded as a constant associate j in fact, it is even a more important and generally accessory constituent of the rocks than monazite. Among the other usual associated minerals, of coeval origin with the monazite, are xenotime, fergusonite, sphene, rutile, brookite, ilmenite, cassiterite, magnetite, and apatite; sometimes beryl, tourmaline, cyanite, corundum, columbite, samarskite, uraninite, gum- mite, autunite, gadolinite, hjelmite, and orthite.
The association of monazite with orthite, gadolinite, samarskite, uraninite, and hjelmite is interesting as suggesting the possibility of some genetic relationship.
Among the principal secondary and metamorphic minerals found in association with monazite are rutile, brookite, anatase, epidote, orthite, garnet, sillimanite, and staurolite.
Ecoisomic Use.
The economic value of monazite lies in the incandescent properties of the oxides of the rare earths — cerium, lanthanum, didymium, and thorium — which it contains. These are utilized, principally the thoria, together with limited quantities of the lanthanum and didymium, in the manufacture of the Welsbach and other incandescent gaslights. The cerium goes to the drug trade as the oxalate.
The Welsbach liglit consists of a cylindrical hood or mantle composed of a fibrous network of the rare eartlis, the top of which is drawn together and held by a loop of phitinum wire. It is permanently sus- pended over the fiame of a si)ecially-devised burner, constructed on the principles of tlie l>unsen burner, in which the gas is burned with
Monazite
the access of air, thus utilizing the heating and not the iUuminating power of the hydrocarbons. The mantle becomes incandescent, glow- ing with a brilliant and uniform light.
The method of manufacturing this mantle is in brief as follows: A cylindrical network, about inches in diameter, is woven out of the best and strongest cotton thread. This is first washed in ammonia and then in warm water, being wrung out in a mechanical clothes wringer each time. It is then soaked in a solution of the rare earths and dried in a revolving hot-air bath. After being cut to the proper lengths, each cylinder is shaped over a wooden form, and the upper end is drawn together by a loop of platinum wire. The cotton fiber is then burned off under the flame of a Bunsen lamp, which leaves a network of the rare oxides exactly resembling the original woven cylinder, each fiber being identically preserved, excepting that the size is somewhat re- duced by shrinkage. After a series of tempering and testing heats of various intensities the mantle is ready for use. The exact comi)osi- tion of the solution of the rare earths is not known, being one of the trade secrets; but it is a well-known fact that monazite rich in thoria is sought after, and the natural inference is that this element constitutes one of the most important ingredients.
Methods Of Extraction Ajd Concentration.
The commercially economical deposits of monazite are those occurring in the placer sands of the streams and adjoining bottoms and in the beach sands along the seashore. The geographical areas over which such workable dejjosits have been found up to the present time are quite limited in number and extent. In the United States the x)lacer deposits of North and South Carolina stand alone. This area includes between 1,600 and 2,000 square miles, situated in Burke, McDowell, Rutherford, Cleveland, and Polk counties, N. C, and the northern part of Spartanburg County, S. 0. The principal deposits of this region are found along the waters of Silver, South Muddy, and North Muddy creeks, and Henrys and Jacobs Forks of the Catawba River in McDowell and Burke counties; the Second Broad River in McDowell and Rutherford counties; and the First Broad River in Rutherford and Cleveland counties, N. C, and Spartanburg County, S. C. These streams have their sources in the South Mountains, an eastern outlier of the Blue Ridge. The country rock is granitic biotite gneiss and dioritic hornblende gneiss, intersected nearly at right angles to the schistosity by a parallel system of small auriferous quartz veins, strik- ing about N. 70° E., and dipping steeply to the NW. Most of the stream deposits of this region have been worked for i)lacer gold. The existence of monazite in commercial quantities here was first estab- lished by Mr. W. E. Hidden, in 1879. The thickness of these stream gravel deposits is from 1 to 2 feet, and the width of the mountain streams in which they occur is seldom over 12 feet. The percentage
Mineral Resources.
of monazite in the original sand is very variable, from an infinitesimal quantity up to 1 or 2 per cent. The deposits are naturally richer near the head waters of the streams.
The monazite is won by washing the sand and gravel in sluice boxes exactly after the manner that placer gold is worked. The sluice boxes are about 8 feet long by 20 inches wide by 20 inches deep. Two men work at a box, the one charging the gravel on a perforated plate fixed in the upper end of the box, the other one working the contents up and down with a gravel fork or perforated shovel in order to float off the lighter sands. These boxes are cleaned out at the end of the day's work, the washed and concentrated monazite being collected and dried. Magnetite, if present, is eliminated from the dried sand by treatment with a large magnet. Many of the heavy minerals, such as zircon, menaccanite, rutile, brookite, corundum, garnet, etc., can not be completely eliminated. The commercially prepared sand, therefore, after washing thoroughly and treating with a magnet, is not pure monazite. A cleaned sand containing from 65 to 70 per cent monazite is considered of good quality. From 20 to 35 pounds of cleaned mona- zite sand per hand, that is, from 40 to 70 pounds to the box, is consid- ered a good day's work. The price of labor is 75 cents per day.
But very few regular mining operations are carried on in the region. As a rule each farmer mines his own monazite deposit and sells the product to local buyers, often at some country store in exchange for merchandise.
At the present time the monazite in the stream beds has been prac- tically exhausted, with few exceptions, and the majority of the work- ings are in the gravel deposits of the adjoining bottoms. These de- posits are mined by sinking pits about 8 feet square to the bed rock and raising the gravel by hand labor to a sluice box at the mouth of the pit. The overlay is thrown away excepting in cases where it con- tains any sandy or gritty material. The pits are carried forward in X)arallel lines, separated by narrow belts of tailing dumps, similar to the methods pursued in placer gold mining.
At the Blanton and Lattimore mines on Hickory Greek, 2 miles northeast of Shelby, Cleveland County, C, the bottom is 300 to 400 feet wide, and has been partially worked for a distance of one-fourth of a mile along the creek. The overlay is from 3 to 4 feet, and the gravel bed from 1 to 2 feet thick. The methods of mining and cleaning are much more systematic in Spartanburg County, S. C, than in the North Carolina regions. Although the raw material contains on an average fully as much garnet, rutile, titanic iron ore, etc., as that in the North Carolina mines, a much better finished product is obtained, and more economically, by making several grades. Two boxes are used in wash- ing the gravel, one below the other. The gravel is charged on a per- forated plate at the head of the upper box, and the clean-u]) from this box is so thorouglily washed as to give a high grade sand, often up to
Monazite.
85 per cent pure. The tailings discharge directly into the lower box, where they are rewashed, giving a second grade sand. At times the material passes through as many as five washing treatments in the sluice boxes. Even after these grades are obtained as clear as possible by washing, the material, after being thoroughly dried, is further cleaned by pouring from a cup, or a small spout in a bin, in a tine, steady stream from a height of about 4 feet, on a level platform ; the lighter quartz and black sand with the fine-grained monazite (tailings) falls on the periiihery of the conical pile and is constantly brushed aside with hand brushes j these tailings are afterwards rewashed. Instead of pouring and brushing, the material is sometimes treated in a winnowing machine similar to that used in sei)arating chaff from wheat.
Although the best grade of sand is as high as 85 per cent pure, its quantitative proportion is small as compared with the second and other inferior grades, and there is always considerable loss of monazite in the various tailings. It is impossible to conduct this washing process without loss of monazite, and equally impossible to make a perfect separation of the garnet, rutile, titanic iron ore, etc., even in the best grades. The additional cost of such rewashing and rehandling must also be taken into consideration.
If the material washed contains gold, the same will be collected with the monazite in concentrating. It may frequently pay to separate it, which can easily be accomi)lished by treating the whole mass over again in a riffle box with quicksilver.
It has been shown that the monazite occurs as an accessory constit- uent of the country rock, and that the latter is decomposed to consid- erable depths, sometimes as much as 100 feet. On account of the minute percentage of monazite in the mother rock, it is usually imprac- ticable to economically work the same in place, by such a process as hydraulicking and sluicing, for instance. However, even hillside min- ing has been resorted to. Such is the case at the Phifer mine, in Cleveland County, C, 2 miles northeast of Shelby. The country rock is a coarse mica (muscovite and biotite) gneiss, and the small monazite crystals may at times be distinctly seen, unaided by a mag- nifying glass, in this rock. It is very little decomposed and still quite hard, and the material that is mined for monazite is the over- lying soil and subsoil, which is from 4 to 6 feet thick. This is loaded on wheelbarrows and transported to the sluice boxes below the water race. The yield is fairly good, and the product very clean, though the cost of working, of which, unfortunately, figures could not be obtained, must be considerably in excess of that of bottom mining. Where the rock contains sufficient gold, as it sometimes does, to be operated as a gold mine, there is no reason why the monazite can not be saved as a valuable by-product.
As the percentage of thoria is variable in different sands, the value
Mineral Resources.
of the sand consequently varies in a measure also It is stated that the transparent greenish and yellowish brown varieties are often rich in thoria, but this can not be depended on.
Hidden has suggested that the difference in cleavage may be an indication of the presence or absence of thoria, that crystals with the cleavage best developed parallel to go P are the pure phosphate of the cerium earths, free from thoria, while those in which the cleavage is best developed parallel to OP, contain thoria. But the cleavage is rarely observable in the rolled grains, and if it were the above state- ment is by no means a proven fact. He also makes the suggestion (in paper above cited; that the density may afford a test of the approxi- mate comparative amount of thoria present, and in support of this he mentions the following examples:
Relation of thoria contents to density in monazite.
Specific gravity.
ThOa.
Localities.
Eeferences.
5. 20-5. 25
Per cent.
Amelia Court-House, Va
Portland, Conn
Burke County, N. C
Table, p. 676 anal. No. 32. Table, p. 676 anal. No. 30. Table, p. 676 anal. No. 31.
However, this will scarcely hold, for in other instances monazite of the specific gravity 4.64 has been shown to contain as much as 9.20 per cent thoria (from Moss, ISTorway; see p. 675, anal. IsTo. 4); and again, monazite of the specific gravity 5.19 contained but 3.18 per cent thoria (from Dillingso, INorway ; see p. 675, anal. No. 2). On the whole, there is no method of determining even the probable percentage of thoria, excepting by chemical analysis. Some monazite contains practically no thoria. The best North Carolina sands (highest in thoria) came from Burke and Cleveland counties. Some of the highest grade sand from Brindletown, Burke County, runs from 4 to 6.60 jer cent thoria; sand from Gum Branch, McDowell County, is reported to run 3.30 per cent; sand from the vicinity of Bell wood and Carpenter's Knob, in Cleveland County, runs from 5 to 6.30 per cent. The fluctuation of the thoria percentage is, however, considerable even in the same locality. It also depends, of course, in a measure on the degree of concentration of the sand.
OUTPUT AKD VAIiUE.
The price of North Carolina monazite has varied from 25 cents per pound in 1887 to as low as 3 cents for inferior grades and 6 to 10 cents for the best grades in 1894 and 1895. It is only during the past two years that the mining and concentration of monazite sand in the South Mountain region has grown to a regular industry, and it is at present progress- ing with increased vigor, and the price for the highest grades has risen
' Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 32, 1886, p. 207. Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 12, 1887, p. 507.
Monazite.
to 10 cents per pound. In 1887 Mr. Hidden shipped from the Brindle- town district in Burke County, i. 0., 12 tons of monazite sand. And during 1888 and 1889 a number of tons (exact quantity unknown) were shipped from North Carolina to the Welsbach Light Company in Philadelphia. The product and value of the sand during 1893 and 1894 is given below. It was shipped in part to the Welsbach Light Company and in part to Europe (Germany and Austria).
Product and value of monazite in 1893 and 1894.
Value at mines.
Value at mines.
Quantity.
Price.
Quantity.
Price.
Pounds. 110, 000 20, 000
Cents.
$6, 600 1,000
Pounds. 460, 000 80, 000 6, 855
Cents.
$31, 050 4,800
130, 000
7, 600
546, 855
36, 193
In Brazil considerable deposits of monazite occur in the beach sands along the seashore. The largest of these is found in the extreme south- ern part of the Province of Bahia, near the island of Alcobaca. The surf as it breaks against the clifi's washes away the lighter earths and minerals, leaving naturally concentrated deposits of monazite along the beach. Sacks filled with this sand were shipped to New York in 1885, the deposit having been taken for tin ore. Its true char- acter was, however, soon recognized, and since then a number of tons have been shipped in the natural state, without any further con- centration or treatment, as ballast, mainly to the European markets. It is reported to contain 3 to 4 per cent thoria. Very little exact infor- mation concerning these Brazilian deposits is at present available. Monazite has also been found in the gold and diamond placers of the Provinces of Bahia (Salabro and Caravellas), Minas Geraes (Diaman- tia), Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo. It has been found in the river sands of Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic, and also in the gold placers of Rio Chico, at Antioquia, in the United States of Colombia.
In the Ural Mountains of Russia monazite is found in the Bakakui placers of the Sanarka River. The placer gold mines of Siberia are reported to be rich in monazite, which is rafted down the Lena and the Yenesei rivers to the Arctic Ocean, and thence to European ports.
Economic deposits of monazite are also reported to exist in the peg- matic dikes of Southern Norway. It is picked by the miners while sorting feldspar at the mines. It is not known to exist in placer deposits. The annual output is stated to be not more than one ton, which is ship)ed mainly to Germany.
'U. S. Consular Report; vol. 48, No. 179, Aug. 1895, p. 550.
16 aEOL, PT 4 44
Mineral Resources.
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Reproduction artificielle de la Monazite, et de la Xenotime: Compt. Rend., vol.
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Rammelsberg (C. F.). Handbuch der Mineral-Chemie, Leipzig, 1875, 2d ed., pp.
Ergiinzungs-Heft to 2d edition, Leipzig, 1886, pp. 168, 169.
Ueber Nephelin, Monacit, etc. : Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesell., Berlin, vol. 29,
1877, p. 79; Zeitschr. fur Kryst., vol. 3, 1879, p. 101. Renard (A.). Monazit von Nil St. Vincent: Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 6, 1882, p.
Rice, (W. N.). Minerals from Mid dletown, Conn.: Am. Jour. Sci. (3), vol. 29, 1885,
p. 263; Zeitschr. fur Kryst., vol. 2, 1886, p. 300. RiCHTER (Th.). Plattner's Manual of Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis with
the Blowpipe (transl. by H. B. Cornwall), 4th ed., New York, 1880, pp.
Rose (G.). Reise nach dem Ural und Altai, Berlin, 1842, vol. 2, pp. 87 and 482. Rose (G.). Ueber die Identitilt des Edwardsit u. Monazit: Poggendorh', Annalen, vol. 49, 1840, p. 223.
Rosenbusch (H.). Mikroscopische Petrographie der petrographisch wichtigen
Mineralien, 3d ed., 1892, pp. 266 (cerium) and 498. Seligmann (G.). Mineralogische Notizen: Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 6, 1882, p. 231;
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Mineralogische Beobachtungen : Zeitschr. fiir Kryst., vol. 9, 1884, p. 420.
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1887, p. 255.
Monazite.
Shepard (C. U.). Treatise on Mineralogy, 1st ed., vol. 2, 1835, p. 53; 2d ed. 1844. Description of Edwardsite, a new mineral: Am. Jour. Sci. (1), vol. 32, 1837, p.
162; Poggendorff, Annalen, vol.43, 1838, p. 148. Notice of Eremite, a new mineral species: Am. Jour. Sci. (1), vol. 32, 1837, p.
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vol. 48, No. 179, Aug., 1895, pp. 541-551. Monazite in Foreign Countries.
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Websky. Monazit von Schreiberhau : Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Gesell., Berlin, vol. 17, 1865. p. 567.
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514 (kryptolith); p. 515 (monazit). Lehrbuch der Petrographie, 1893, vol. 1, p. 432.
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Mineral Paints.
By Edward W. Parker.
Minerals Used As Pigments.
The number of mineral substances which are used in the manufac- ture of mineral paints is quite large. They include peculiar qualities of iron ore used in making red and brown jngments, and classed as metallic paints; clay and other earthy substances containing iron, and known as ochers, umbers, and siennas, producing yellow and brown colors; barytes or barium suljDhate, producing a white pigment, used as a substitute for or adulterant in white lead; graphite and slate, used for making black paints; terra alba, as its name implies, a white paint made from gypsum of pure quality; asbestos, used in making fireproof paints, soapstone, etc. The foregoing are all made into paints direct from the crude mineral and may be considered natural pigments. Ultramarine is another natural pigment made from lapus lazuli, but owing to the rarity of that mineral and the exiensive nature of the genuine article an artificial color made of a mixture of silica, alumina, sulphuric acid, soda, and iron oxide is usually substituted. The genuine ultramarine is the most beautiful blue color known in the arts, and has been known to sell for over $100 an ounce. Zinc white is also made directly from the ores. To the pigments mentioned should be added the preparations made from lead, white lead, red lead, lith- arge, and orange mineral; Venetian reds, made from iron sulphate by roasting; vermilion or artificial cinnabar, blanc fixe or artificial barytes, and chrome yellow, made from potassium bichromate.
The amount of lead used in the manufacture of white lead, etc., is included in the production of pig lead. The iroduction of vermilion is included in the production of cinnabar, and that of chrome yellow in that of chromium. Blanc fixe is manufactured from crude barytes most of which is imported.
Production.
The following table shows the production of natural pigments in 1893 and 1894. There Avas an increase in the tofcal product of 1,202 short tons, but a decline in value of over $32,000. The increase was almost entirely in the production of metallic paint, though the value was less,
Mineral Paints.
than ill 1893. Oclier decreased both in amount and value, as did umber, soapstone, and slate. Venetian reds decreased in amount and increased in value :
Production of mineral paints in 1893 and 1894.
Kiuds.
Short tons.
Value.
Short tons.
Value.
Ocher
10, 517 19, 960 3, 214 3, 183
$129, 393 7, 560 4,875 297, 289 64, 400 24, 727
9, 768 25, 375 2, 983 2, 650
$96, 935 3, 830 3, 250 284, 883 73, 300 14, 000 21, 370
Sienna
Metallic paint
Venetian reds
Mineral black
Soapstone
Slate
Other colors
Total
37, 724
530, 384
41,926
498, 093
Ocher, Umber, Axb Siekna. Production.
Ocher was produced in ten States in 1894, namely, Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin. All of the umber and sienna produced in 1894, as in 1893, was from Pennsylvania. The following table shows the production in 1894, by States :
Production of ocher, umber, and sienna in 1894, by States.
States.
Georgia
Missouri
Pennsylvania
Vermont
Alabama and Kentucky
Maryland and Virginia
Massachusetts and Wisconsin
Total
Short tons.
Value.
1,690
$17, 840
1,800
23, 160
4,975
47, 830
3,384
2, 731
1, 065
8, 490
10, 193
104, 015
For the purposes of comparison the production in the preceding five years is shown in the following table. Prior to 1889, when the statis- tics were compiled for the Eleventh Census, the production for each State was not published :
696 Mineral Resources.
Production of oclier, umber, and sienna from 1889 to 1893, hy States.
O I'd Leo*
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity,
Value.
Quantity .
Value.
Colorado
Short tons. 2,512
$3, 500 29, 720 12, 000
Short tons. 1,000
$4, 100 15, 000 12, 800
Short tons.
$5, 840
Georgia
Maryland
9, 000
Massachusetts
2, 200
2, 700 30, 000
1,850
2,700 27,500 7, 200
New York
4, 173
4, 493 61, 458
Pennsylvania
Vermont
7, 922 1,884 1,658
103, 797 7, 800 18, 755 1,000
4,535 1,950
56, 588 11, 095 29, 900
Virginia
"Wisconsin
1,367
22, 972
Other States
Total
al, 000
84, 000
a 7, 000
84, 000
15, 158
177, 472
17, 555
237, 523
18, 294
233, 823
States.
Alabama
Colorado
Georgia
Maryland
Massachusetts.
Missouri
New Jersey . . .
New York
Pennsylvania. .
Vermont
Virginia
Wisconsin
Other States. ..
Total
Quantity.
Short tons.
1, 748 1,000 1,922
7, 055 1, 500
14, 365
Value.
$4, 050
26, 800 10, 000 28, 220 3,600
90, 755 5, 731 23, 500
193, 074
Quantity.
Short tons.
2, 600 "'555
5, 375
& 1, 744
11, 147
Value.
$3, 000 "39," 606'
5, 413
71, 575 5, 280
17, 560
141, 828
a Includes all of Maryland and estimated products of some firms in other States not reporting 6 Includes Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Virginia.
Annual ])roduction of oclier, etc., since 1884.
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons. 7,000 3,950 6, 300 8, 000 10, 000 15, 158
$84, 000 43, 575 91, 850 75, 000 120, 000 177, 472
Short tons. 17, 555 18, 294 14, 365 11, 147 10, 193
$237, 523 233, 823 193, 074 141, 828 104, 015
Mineral Paints.
Imports,
The following tables show the amount and value of ochers, etc., from 1867 to 1894 :
Ocher, etc., imported from 1867 to 1883.
Fiscal years ended June 30—
All ground in oil.
Indian red and Spanish brown.
Mineral, french, and paris green.
other, dry, not other- wise specified.
Quantity.
Value.
$385 2,496 6,042 4, 465 9, 225 3,850 4,623 12, 352
3, 365 2,269 1, 591 1,141
4, 233 4, 676 7,915 6, 143
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.! Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Pounds. 11,373 6, 949 65, 344 149, 240 121, 080 277, 617 94, 245 98, 176 280, 517 63, 916 41, 718 25, 674 17, 649 91, 293 99, 431 159, 281 137, 978
Pounds.
$35, 374 11, 165 31, 624 41, 607 40, 663 38, 763 2, 506 3,772 9, 714 19, 555 24,218 23, 677 26, 929 32, 726 30, 195 34, 136 13, 788
Founds.
$2. 083 2,495 3,444
11, 0?8
10, 341
18, 153
13, 506 5, 385 6,724
14, 376 3, 114 3, 269
14, 648 2,821
Pounds. 1,430, 118 3, 670, 093 5, 379, 478 3. 935, 978
2. 800, 148 5, 645. 343 3, 940, 785 3 212, 988 3,282. 415
3, 962, 646 3,427 208
3, 910, 947 3, 792, 850
4, 602, 546 3,414, 704 5, 530, 204 7, 022, 615
$9. 923 32, 593 24, 767 35, 365 37, 929 47, 405
32, 924
33, 260 42, 563 52, 120 68, 106 90, 593
1883 (a)
2, 582, 335 3, 377, 944 2, 286, 9:i0 2, 810, 282 135, 360 263, 389 646, 009 2, 524, 989 2, 179, 631 2, 314, 028
2, 873, 550
3, 655, 920 3, 201, 880 3, 789, 586 1, 549, 968
9, 618 33, 488 41,422 34, 382
102, 876 64, 910 21,222 27, 687 67, 655 17, 598 16, 154 75, 465 18, 293 6, 972
a Since 1883 classified as "dry" and " ground in oil. "
Imports of ocher of all Jcinds from 1884 to 1894.
Tears ended—
Dry.
Ground i-n oil.
Total.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
June 30, 1884
Dec. 31, 1886
Pounds. 6, 164, 359 4, 983, 701 4, 939, 183
5, 957, 200
6, 574, 008 5, 540, 267
$63, 973 51,499 53, 593 58, 162 64, 123 52, 502
Pounds. 108, 966 79, 666 112, 784 54, 104 43, 142 51,063
$4, 717 3, 616 6,574 7, 337 9, 690 9, 072
Pounds. 6, 273, 325 5, 063, 363
5, 051,967
6, 011,304 6,617, 750
5, 591, 330 6,471,863
6, 299, 096 8, 094, 550 6, 278, 257 4, 960, 125
$68, 690 55, 115
60, 167 65, 499 73, 813
61, 574 71, 953 68, 312
103, 066 58, 428 47, 376
6, 246, 890 8, 044, 836 6, 225, 789 4, 937, 738
63, 040 97, 946 55, 074 45, 276
52, 206 49, 714 52, 468 22, 387
5, 272 5, 120 3, 354 2, 100
Imports of umber from 1867 to 1894.
Years ended —
Quantity.
Value.
Pounds.
June 30, 1867
2, 147, 342
$15, 946
345, 173
2,750
570, 771
6, 159
708, 825
6,313
470, 392
7, 064
1, 409, 822
18, 203
845, 601
8,414
729, 864
6, 200
513, 811
5, 596
681, 199
7, 527
1, 101, 422
10,213
1, 038, 880
8, 3( 2
986, 105
6,9o9
1, 877, 645
17,271
Year ended-
J une 30, 1881
Dec. 31, 1886
Quantity.
Pounds. 1,475, 835
1. 923, 648 785, 794
2, 946, 675 1, 198, 060 1,262, 930 2, 385, 281 1, 423, 800 1, 555, 070 1, 556, 823
633, 291 1,028, 038 1, 488, 849
632, 995
Value.
$11, 126 20, 494 8, 419 20, 654
8, 504
9, 187 16, 536 14, 684 20, 887 19, 329
6, 498 6, 256 16, 636 6, 275
Mineral Resources.
lETAXiMC PAINT.
The production of metallic paint increased from 19,960 short tons in 1893 to 25,375 short tons in 1894, a gain of 5,415 short tons. The industry, however, suffered from the general decline in values, and while the product was the largest in six years with one exception, the value was less than in any of them. Oomxjared with 1893, the value shows a decrease of $12,40G. The average irice per ton shows a decrease from $14.89 in 1893 to $11.23 in 1894, a difterence of $3.66, or about 25 per cent. The following table shows the annual product by States since 1889 :
Production of metallic lyaint since 1889, hy States.
States.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Coloi'ado
Short tons. 3, 658 8, 849 3, 057
$2, 500 63, 698 11, 123 128, 030 24, 237
Short tons. 1,300 5, 224 8, 955 5, 386 2,125
.$22, 100 72, 952 16, 341 145, 243 46, 088 6, 000 31,035
Short to7is.
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Vermont
7,352 9, 175 4, 000 1, 072
$99, 487 14, 500
134, 138 30, 000 5, 000 34, 375 16, 955
Wisconsin
Other states (a)
Total
1,832 3, 000
26, 700 30, 000
21, 026
286, 294
24, 177
340, 369
25, 142
334, 455
States.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Product.
Value.
Short tons.
Short tons.
j Short tons.
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Tennessee
Vermont
Wisconsin
Other states (a)
Total
5, 200 10,289
5, 000
2, 448
1,495
$76, 500 17, 090
176, 785 32, 000 5,000 33, 826 20, 765
3,885 8, 300 3,000 2,246 1,481
$57, 500 5, 750 143, 875 27, 500 4, 600 29, 500 28, 564
4,787 8, 683 5,510 3,057 2,052
$48, 899 13,516
119, 674 3, 500 41, 889 19, 535
25, 711
3()2, 966
19, 960
297, 289
25, 375
284, 883
a Includes Alabama, California, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, and Vir- ginia.
Venetiak Reds.
The production of Venetian reds in 1894 was 2,983 short tons, against 3,214 in 1893, the decrease in product being compensated for by an increase in value from $64,400 to $73,300. The statistics of production since 1890 are shown in the following table:
Froduction of Venetian red since 1890.
Years.
Short tons.
Value.
4, 000 4, 191 4, 900 3, 214 2,983
$84, 100 90, 000
106, 800 64, 400 73, 300
]X91
Mineral Paints.
SliATE AS A PIGMEISTT.
The amount of slate ground for paint in 1894 was 2,650 short tons, valued at $21,370, against 3,183 short tons, worth $24,727, in 1893, a decrease of 533 tons in amount and $3,357 in value. The annual product since 1880 has been as follows:
Amount and value of slate [/round for pigment since 1880.
Tears.
Short tons.
Value.
1,120
$10, 000
1,120
10, 000
2, 240
24, 000
2, 240
24, 000
2, 240
20, 000
2, 212
3,360
30, 000
2, 240
20, 000
Years.
Short tons.
Value.
2, 800
$25, 100
2, 240
20, 000
2, 240
20, 000
2, 240
20, 000
3,787
23, 523
3, 183
24, 727
2, 650
21, 370
White Lead, Etc.
The production of white lead increased from 72,172 short tons in
1893 to 76,343 short tons in 1894, but the value decreased more than $1,000,000— from $7,695,130 to $6,623,071. Eed lead iucreased from 6,122 short tons to 6,176 short tons, while the value decreased over $100,000. Litharge decreased both in amount and value. Orange min- eral increased from 217 short tons, valued at $32,893, to 319 tons, worth $43,517. Zinc white decreased from 24,059 short tons to 21,443 short tons, with a decrease in value from $1,804,420 to $1,500,975. The decline in values was in reality not so great as appears. Previous to
1894 the values were based on white lead in oil. In 1894 the product includes the amount sold dry, with the value in that condition :
Production of wliite lead, etc., for four years.
Short tons.
Value.
Short tons.
Value.
Short tons.
Value.
Short tons.
Value.
White lead
Eed lead
Litharge
Orange mineral. Zinc white
Total
78, 018
4, 607
5, 759
23, 700
$10, 454, 029 591,730 720, 925 43,300 1, 600, 000
74, 485 5, 764
27, 500
$8, 733, 620 757, 787 611,726 60, 170 2, 200, Oco
72, 172 6, 122 11, 077 24, 059
$7, 695, 130 707, 363 1, 091, 293 32, 893 1, 804, 420
6, 176 4,630
21, 443
$6, 623, 071 601, 972 412, 128 43, 517 1,500, 975
112, 414
13, 409, 984
114, 266
12, 363, 303
113, 647
11, 331, 099
108, 911
9, 181, 663
The annual production of white lead since 1884 has been as follows;
Product of white lead in the United States since 1884.
Tears.
Quantity.
Value.
Tears.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons. 65, 000 60, 000 60, 000 70, 000 84, 000 80, 000
$6, 500, 000
6, 300, 000
7, 200, 000 7, 560, 000
10, 080, 000 9, 600, 000
Short tons.
77, 636
78, 018 74, 485 72, 172 76, 343
$9, 382, 967 10, 454, 029 8, 733, 620 7, 695, 130 6, 623, 071
Mineeal Resources.
The following table is of interest, as it shows the average yearly prices of pig lead and white lead in oil (both at New York) and the difference between the two since 1874:
Average yearly net jprices, at New York, of pig lead and white lead in oil since 1874.
[Per 100 pounds.]
Years.
Pig lead in New York.
$6. 00
White lead
in oil in New York.
$11.25 10. ."iO
Difference.
$5. 25
Years.
Pig lead in New York.
$3.95
White lead
in oil in New York.
$6. 00
Difference.
$2. 05
In considering the variations between the value of i)ig lead and white lead in oil allowance should be made for the fluctuations in the value of linseed oil, which enters largely into the manufacture of lead in oil. The fluctuations in the price of linseed oil in two years have ranged from 30 cents a gallon to 58 cents — almost double.
The following table shows the imports of white lead, red lead, litharge, and orange mineral since 1867 :
Bed lead, white lead, litharge, and orange mineral imported from 1867 to 1894.
Years ended-
June 30, 1867
Dec. 31, 1886
Red lead.
Quantity. Value
Pounds.
926, 843 1, 201, 144 808, 686 1, 042, 813 1, 295, 616 1, 513, 794 1,583,039 756, 644 1, 048, 713 749, 918 387, 260 170, 608 143, 237 217, 033 212, 423 288, 946 249, 145 265, 693 216, 449 597, 247 371,299 529, 665 522, 026 450, 402 051,. 577 812, 703 854, 982 <)47, 873
$53, 087 76, 773 46, 481 54, 626 78,410 85, 644 99, 891 56, 305 73, 131 54, 884 28, 747 9, 364 7,237 10, 397 10, 009 12, 207 10, 503 10, 589 7, 641 23, 038 16, 056 23, 684 24, 400 20,718 23, 807
28, 443
White lead.
Quantity. Value
Pounds.
6, 636, 508
7, 533
8, 948 6, 228 8, 337 7, 153 6, 331 4, 771 4, 354 2, 546 2,644 1,759 1,274 1, 906 1,068 1, 161 1, 044
$430, 805 455, 698 515, 783 365, 706 483, 392 431, 477 408, 986 323, 926 295,642 175, 776 174, 844 113, 638 76, 061 107, 104 60, 132 64, 493 58, 588 67, 918 40, 437 57, 340 58, 602 49, 903 56, 875 57, 059 40, 773 40, 032 34, 145 40, 939
Litharge.
Quantity. Value
Pou7ids. 230, 382
70,
,941 ,225 ,767 ,442 ,870 , 396 , 379 ,450 ,562 ,347 ,499 ,667 ,222 ,568 ,191 ,312 ,797 ,091 ,831 ,302 ,248 ,412 , 146 , 108 ,811 ,310 , 110
Orange mineral.
Quantity. Value
Pounds.
1,409, 601 1,, 385, 828 1, 386, 464
$64, 133 61, 360 58, 614
/
Baeytes.
By Edward W. Parker.
Occurrence.
Barytes, barium sulphate, or heavy spar, as it is commonly called, occurs in a number of localities in the United States, chiefly in Mis- souri, New Jersey, l!"orth Carolina, and Virginia. The better grades are used principally in the manufacture of pigments as a cheaper substi- tute for white lead. Usually it is mixed with white lead, thus lessen- ing the cost to the consumer, and, it is claimed, not materially affecting the weight, quality, or covering properties. It is also used as a make- weight in paper manufactures, and the lower grades find a market with pork packers in the preparation of canvas covers for their i)roducts.
Production.
The declining tendency in production which prevailed in 1893 con- tinued during 1894, the outi>ut decreasing from 28,970 short tons in
1893 to 23,335 short tons in 1894, a decrease of 5,635 tons, or nearly 20 per cent. There was a slight recovery in the value, although that of
1894 was less thau that of 1893.
The product in 1893 was entirely from Missouri and Virginia, in nearly equal proportions. In 1894 three other States furnished a por- tion of the output, New Jersey yielding 520 tons, North Carolina 1,200 tons, and Georgia 60 tons. The remainder of the product was about equally divided between the first-mentioned States. The value quoted is uniformly for crude barytes, which is, of course, much less than that of the material after it has been ground, floated, or otherwise prepared for commerce. The production of crude barytes in the United States since 1882 has been as follows :
Production of crude harijtes from 1882 to 1894.
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Tears.
Quantity.
Value.
Short tons. 22, 400 30, 240 28, 000 16, 800 11,200 16, 800 22, 400
$80, 000 108, 000 100, 000 75, 000 50, 000 75, 000 110, 000
Short tons. 21, 460 21,911 31, 069 32, 108 28, 970 23, 335
$106, 313
86, 505 118, 363 130, 025 88, 506 86, 983
Mineral Eesources.
Imports.
The following table shows the imx)orts of barytes into the United States from 18G7 to 1894:
Imports of harium sulphate from 1867 to 1894-
Tears ended —
Manufactured.
Unmanufactured.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
A'aluc.
June 30, 1867
Pounds. 14, 968, 181 2, 755, 547
1 117 QQ! I, 11 , ooo
1, 684, 916
1, 385, 004
5, 804, 098
6. 939, 425 4, 788, 966 2, 117, 854
2, 655, 349
2, 388, 373 1, 366, 857
453, 333 4, 924, 423 1, 518, 322 562, 300 411, 666
3, 884, 516 4, 095, 287 3, 476, 691 4, 057, 831 3, 821, 842 3. 601, 506
a 1,563 2, 149 1, 389 1,032
$141, 273 26, 739
o, DDD
12,917 9, 769 43, 521 53, 759 42, 235 17, 995 25, 325
19, 273
10, 340 3,496
37, 374
11, 471 3, 856 2, 489
24, 671
20, 606 18, 338 19, 769 17, 135 22, 458 16, 453 22, 041 15, 419 11,457 10, 556
Pounds.
1876 :
Dec. 31, 1884
5, 800, 816 7, 841,715
6, 588, 872 10, 190, 848
6, 504, 975 13, 571, 206 a 4, 815 2, 900 2, 789 2, 983 1, 884
$8, 044 13, 567
8, 862 13, 290
9, 037
7, 660 13, 133
8, 816 7,418 7, 612 5, 270
a Tons since 1890.
Asbestos.
By Edward W. Parker.
The total production of asbestos in 1894, 325 short tons; total value, $4,463. Two distinct minerals, somewhat similar in ajpearance and in physical proj)erties, but different in chemical comjiosition and mode of occurrence, are usually considered commercially under one head — asbestos. True asbestos is a fibrous variety of hornblende and usually occurs in xockets associated with talc or soapstone. Its kindred min- eral, chrysotile, is a hydrous silicate of magnesium and occurs in well- defined seams in a gangue of serpentine. The fibers of the chrysotile are from 1 to 4 inches in length and perpendicular to the direction of the seam. The composition of true asbestos is variable, the fair aver- age being MgCaSiiOc. The composition of chrysotile is more regular — Mg3H4Si209. The one is an anhydrous magnesium calcium silicate, the other a hydrous silicate of magnesium, no lime being present. Both minerals are remarkable for their resistance to the action of heat, but differ under the action of acids. True asbestos is impervious to, while chrysotile is decomposable by the ordinary agents. The fibers of chrysotile, however, possess qualities of toughness, elasticity, and flexibility which make it more suitable for the manufacture of woven materials than asbestos, whose fibers, while usually longer than those of chrysotile, are brittle and harsh and not adapted to textile manu- facture. This is particularly true of the American product. Consid- erable quantities, however, of domestic asbestos have been used in the manufacture of fireproof x)aitits and as a packing material for fireproof safes and for boiler and steam-jipe covering. In these cases resistance to heat is requisite, but strength of fiber not essential.
Occurrence.
True asbestos is found in many localities throughout the United States, but usually in small quantities. It occurs in many of the soap- stone formations along the Ai:>palachian range from New York to Georgia; also in considerable quantity in California, Oregon, and Washington on the Pacific Slope, and in Montana and Wyoming. For its supply of chrysotile to be used in the manufacture of textile mate- rials this country has depended irincipally \i\)on the mines of Thetford and Black Lake, in Canada, and when the importations of this material are compared with the domestic production of asbestos the latter falls into insignificance. Some chrysotile similar to the Canadian material has been found in Virginia in the vicinity of Bound Hill, on the east- ern slope of the Blue Kidge Mountains, and near Casper, Wyoming; but developments have not proceeded far enough in either locality to demonstrate the economic value of the deposits. 703
Mineral Resources.
Production.
For a number of years previous to 1894, tlie commercial product of domestic asbestos was obtained from Oaliforiiia, tliougii small amounts incidental to the quarrying of soapstone have been taken out in Penn- sylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia, and also in Oregon and Wyoming, in the T)rosecution of the development work required by law for the maintenance of title. In 1894, however, the mines in California were closed down, and the scene of oierations was transferred from the Pacific to the Atlantic Slope. Mines were ojjened during the year in Troup and White counties, Ga., and 325 tons of fiber were shipped from there in 1894, 75 tons from Troup and 250 tons from White County. The mine in Troup County was not fully develoied, but indications are that work will be systematically pushed. The mine at Santee, in White County, was completely developed during the year and began shipping in December. The iDroperty has been equipped with a plant for treat- ing the material and preparing it for market. It consists of two Kaymond cyclone i)ulverizers having a capacity of 75 tons per day. The crude mineral is crushed in these pulverizers, and that which is reduced to a sufficient fineness is drawn oft' by a blast of air into another room where it is packed for shipment, while the coarser mate- rial is returned to the pulverizer for re-treatment.
The amount of asbestos i:)roduced in Georgia during 1894 was larger than that obtained from California in any year since 1885, but there were several years in which the value exceeded that of the product in 1894. During 1892, 64 tons of asbestus were mined in Oregon and 10 tons in Wyoming. In both cases the product was incidental to devel- opment work, and, owing to the industrial depression prevalent during 1893 and 1894, operations on these properties were suspended during these years.
The following table exhibits the annual product of asbestos since 1880, with thie value :
Annual 2)t'oduct of asbestos from 1880 to 1894.
Tears.
Quantity.
Value.
Tears.
Quantity.
Value.
]880
Short tons. 1, 200 1,000 1,000
$4, 312 7, 000 36, 000 30, 000 30, 000 9, 000 C, 000 4, 500
Short tons.
$3, 000 1,800 4, 560 3,960 6,416 2,500 4, 463
188:5
Comi)ai'ing the above table with that of the table of imports, which is gi\'(}n below, it will be seen that there is a profitable market to be sni)])lied with domestic fiber if any be found which is equal in quality
Asbestos.
to that of the Canadian chrysotile, nearly all of the imports into the United States being from the Canadian mines.
Imports.
The following table shows the value of asbestos imported since 1869:
Value of asbestos imported from 1869 to 1894.
Years ended —
June 30, 1869 18/9
Dec. 31, 1885
TJnmania- factured.
$18 4,706 5,485 1,671 3,536 3, 204 9,736 27, 717 15, 235 24, 369 48, 755 73, 026 134, 193 140, 264 168, 584 254, 239 252, 557 353, 589 262, 433 175, 602 240, 029
Manufac- tured,
$310
1,077
1, 550
4,624
1, 185 8,126 9, 154 5, 342 4,872 7,209 9, 403 15, 989
Total.
$310
5, 783 5, 881 3, 221 3,908 7, 828 9, 736 27, 786 15, 739 24, 612 49, 940 73, 643 135, 125 140, 845 176, 710 263, 393 257, 879 358, 461 269, 642 185, 005 256, 018
Canadian Production.
As the supply for the United States is drawn almost entirely from Canada, the following table of production in that country will be found of interest:
Annual product of asbestos in Canada since 1879.
Years.
Quantity.
T071S.
1,141
2, 440
3,458
4, 619
Value.
$19. 24, 35, 52, 68, 75, 142, 206, 226,
Years.
Total
Quantltj'.
Tons. 4,404 6,113 9, 860 9, 000 6, 042 6, 473 7,630
64, 165
Value.
$255, 007 426, 554 1, 260, 240 1, 000, 000 388, 462 313, 806 420, 825
4, 916, 359
Other Foreign Production.
In addition to the Canadian chrysotile, some asbestos is imported from Italy, but while the Italian material is superior to that of the United States and possesses a fiber longer than the Canadian chryso- tile, it is inferior in strength and Hexibility to the latter, and its use i& 16 GEOL, PT 4 45
Mineral Resources.
growiDg- less. Large deposits of asbestos are reported in Griqualand West, about 90 miles from Kimberly, South Africa. In Newfoundland is found the same formation from which the Canadian chrysotile is obtained. Mr. C. E. Willis, in a paper read before the Mining Society of Nova Scotia, describes the occurrence in Newfoundland. Mr. Willis states that the metamorphic rocks and serpentines of the eastern townships of Quebec dip under the Gulf of St. Lawrence and appear again in Port au Port, on the west coast of Newfoundland, and extend a long distance inland. Many claims have been located on the best prospects and develojment work is being prosecuted. There is good reason to believe that this region will prove a formidable rival to the Thetford and Black Lake proper.ties.
Mineral Waters.
By a. C. Peale.
Production.
The business depression prevalent throughout the country has appar- ently been felt among the mineral-spring owners, as among other busi- ness interests, although in respect to the production of mineral waters there is some inequality between the different sections of the country. An increase of production is seen in two sections, although in one of them there is a decrease in the value of the increased product as com- pared with 1893.
The list of spring localities for 1894 contains 27 more springs than the list of 1893, the total for 1894 being 357, as compared with 330 for the previous year. Of this number 286 have reported this year, leaving a delinquent list of 71 springs not reporting. Of the springs not report- ing in 1894 nearly two-thirds gave figures in 1893. The average price per gallon this year has been about 17 cents, as compared with 18 cents for 1893 and 22i cents for 1892.
The total number of gallons produced in 1894, including an estimate for the delinquent springs of one-half the production last reported by them, reaches 21,569,608, with a valuation of $3,741,846. Compared with the corresponding figures of 1893, this is a loss of 1,947,887 gallons and a decrease of $504,888 in the valuation of the total product. Oom- I)aring the figures presented by the springs actually reporting in the two years, we find that the 286 springs reporting in 1894 show a total of 18,972,266 gallons, which is a loss of 1,120,467 gallons from 1893. The decrease in the valuation of their product is $372,065.
In the North Atlantic States 3 springs have been dropped from the list, as the water from them is no longer on sale. Ten springs not on the list of 1893 have been added to the present list. They are as follows: In Maine, Paradise Spring and Pownal Spring j in Connec- ticut, Puritan Spring ; in New York, D. A. Ayer Amherst Mineral Spring, Colonial Mineral Springs, Esperanza Mineral Springs, Boonville Mineral Springs, and the Old Putnam Spring of Saratoga, and in Pennsylvania, Alicia Mineral Spring and Apollo Springs. Tlie total number of springs credited to the section is 105, as compared with 98 in 1893. Of these 83 report in 1894, the figures showing a loss of 133,664 gallons from the x)revious year, with a decrease of $356,484 in the valuation.
Mineral Resources.
The South Atlantic States in 1894 show a total of 55 springs, a net gain of 5 from 1893, 2 springs being taken from the list and 7 having been added. The latter are tlie Chicora Artesian Well and Harris Lithia Spring, in South Carolina; and the following in Virginia, viz, Iron Lithia Springs, Pine Mountain Springs, Seawright Magnesian Lithia Springs, Swiueford's Arsenic Lithia Springs, and the Virginia jMagnesian Alkaline Springs. The decrease in the total production for the section is 432,709 gallons, the decrease in valuation being $175,593. Fifty-five springs have reported.
The North Central States report for 1894 a total of 103 springs, the section being second iu this respect only to the North Atlantic States. The total number on the list for 1893 was 92. From this 5 localities have been taken and 16 have been added. The springs new to the list are : In Ohio, the Devonian Mineral Spring and the Puritas Mineral Springs j in Indiana, the Emerald Spring; in Illinois,- Diamond Mineral Spring and Tivoli Mineral Spring; in Iowa, Mynster Springs; in Michigan, the Clarke Red Cross Well, Magnetic Mineral Springs, Medea Spring, Mount Clemens Pagoda Spring, and Plymouth Rock Well; in Minne- sota, Indian Medical Spring and Mankato Mineral Springs; and in Wisconsin, St. John Mineral Springs and the Fountain Spring and Silurian Spring of Waukesha. In Ohio the name of the Crystal Min- eral Spring of Urbana has been changed to the Purtlebaugh Mineral Springs, while the Cumberland Mineral Spring in Indiana is now known as the Greenup Mineral Spring. The number of gallons sold from 82 springs in 1894 in this section is reported as 6,914,900, a loss of 1,918,- 812 gallons from the figures of 1893. There is, however, a gain of $41,895 in the valuation of the product, the difference being between $1,115,322 for 1894 and $1,073,427 for 1893.
In the South Central States there is little change from 1893, so far as the total number of springs is concerned, the net gain being 1 spring. The total for 1894 is 42, two springs having been dropped and three added. The springs not on the list for 1893 are one of the Blue Lick Springs of Kentucky, and the Blancoe Springs and Sulphur Springs, in Arkansas. This section shows a gain of 1,179,854 gallons from 1893, the total number of gallons reported for 1894 being, from 37 springs, 2,319,813. There is also an increase in the value of the production amounting to $151,505.
The Western States and Territories show a net gain of 3 springs, the total for 1894 being 42. One spring has been dropped and 4 have been added to the list. The springs new to the list are: Carlile Soda and Iron Springs, of Colorado; Castilla Hot Springs, of Utah, and Altmi Springs and the Almaden Vichy Springs, in California. The name of the Coyote Soda Springs, in New Mexico, is changed to Harsch's Iron Springs. Twenty-nine of the 42 springs report their sales or 1894, showing an Increased i)roduction of 184,864 gallons over that of 189.'>. Notwithstanding this increase, the total valuation has decreased to the extent of $33,388.
Mineral Waters. 709
Production of mineral waters for 1894, hy States and Territories.
oprings
Tft'nn'rt,-
ing.
Product.
Value.
Gallons.
ni 9
ouy
100,
'AR oD,
R70 0/8
Uo,)
91
1 Q9
9Qr
io.
oUD
oO,
Ouu
A *t,
UoO
oD,
Oiin uuu
Q
o,
1 nn
±yo,
1 Q
ly.
1 oa
you
o I,
1 Ar
O Iv
Oo,
Q O,
RRQ OOo
Q1
J Uj,
ooy
-1 tJ,
78Q
540,
1, 292,
166,
42,
144,
47,
New Hampshire
1,413,
563,
10,
New York
2, 167,
525,
Q O
14,
4,
Ohio
125,
256,
15,
4,
1,108,
160,
115,
9,
47,
9,
36,
6,
Texas
1, 857,
Utah
25,
7,
55,
16,
Virginia
402,
80,
"Washington
38,
27,
4,
4, 281,
74G
494,
Other States (a)
108,
36,
Total
Estimated production of springs not reporting..
Grand total
18, 972, 2,677,
3, 280, 460,
21, 569,
3, 741, 846
a These include Florida, Idaho, Nebraska, Montana, New Jersey, and South Dakota, from which but one spring reports for each State.
MINERAL RESOURCES. Production of natural mineral waters from 1883. to 1894.
Geograpliical divi- sion.
North Atlantic. South Athiutic. North Central. . South Central. . Western
Estimated
Total
North Atlantic . . South Atlantic. . North Central. . . South Central. . . Western
Estimated
Total
North Atlantic. South Atlantic. .North Central... South Central. . . Western
Estimated
Total
North Atlantic. South Atlantic. North Central. .. South Central. . . Western
Estimated .
North Atlantic South Atlantic. North Central. . . South Central . . . Western
Estimated
Total
North Atlantic. South Atlantic North Central . . Sout li Central. . We-stern
Estimated. . Total.
Springs re- porting.
VJI <X1 Hi 11 o
sold.
Value.
2, 470, 670 312, 090 1,435,809 1,441,042 169, 812
$282, 270 323, 600 139, 973 52, 787
5, 829, 423 1, 700, 000
863, 603 256, 000
7, 529, 423
1, 119, 603
3, 345, 760 464, 718 2, 070, 533 1, 526, 817 307, 500
328, 125 103, 191 420, 515 , 147,112 85, 200
7, 715, 328 2, 500, 000
1, 084, 143 375, 000
10,215,328
1, 459, 143
2, 527, 310 908, 692
2, 925, 288 5<10, 436 509, 675
192, 605 237, 153 446, 211 74, 100 86, 776
;69
7,411,401 1, 737, 000
1, 036, 845 276, 000
9, 148, 401
1, 312, 845
2, 715, 050 720, 397
2, 048, 914 822, 016 781, 540
177, 969 123,517 401, 861 58, 222 137, 796
7, 087, 917 1, 862, 400
899, 365 384, 705
8, 950, 317
1, 284, 070
]2
2, 571,004 614, 041
1,480, 820 741, 080
1, 236, 324
213, 210 147, 149 208, 217 87, 946 288, 737
0, 643, 269
1, 016, 340
945, 259 316, 204
8, 259, 609
1,261,463
2, 856, 799
1, 689, 387
2, 002, 373 426, 410
1,853,679
247, 108 493, 489 325, 839 71,215 421,651
8, 828, 648 750, 000
1,.551), 302 120, 000
9, 578, 648
1,679, 302
Geographical divi- sion.
P4P4
North Atlantic South Atlantic North Central. South Central. Western
Total
Gallons sold.
4, Ico, 464 646, 239
6, 137, 776 500, 000
1, 389, 992
Value.
$471, 575 198, 032 604, 238 43, 356 431, 257
12,780,471 j ,1,748,458
North Atlantic South Atlantic... North Central. ...
ksoutn tenirai.
Western
Qo
5, 043, 074 647, 625 5, 050, 413
869, 504
1, 175, 512 245, 760 737, 672
Q1 A Oti
253, 578
Estimated
12,215, 187 1, 692, 231
2, 493, 948
Total
13, 907,418
2, 600, 750
North Atlantic ... South Atlantic . . .
XI yjL vn v>'Ci-i ux chk
ooutn Central
5, 724, 752
<yD, tos)
8, 010, 556
fjOrt A 1 fC
1, 123, 640
1, 591, 746
Q 1 Q Aao 0I6,
482, 082 lOo, 022 414, 564
Estimated
16, 284, 402 2, 108, 330
2, 907, 857 88, 402
Total
18, 392, 732
2, 996, 259
_ln 01 vix XX tiau Lie - .
South Atlantic
North Central. . . . South Central
6, 853, 722 1, 0d2, 945 11, 566, 440 693, 544 1, 261, 453
1, 933. 416 00.5, 193
1, 834, 732 109, 334 594, 469
21,438. 104 438, 500
21, 876, 604
4, 825, 144 80, 826
4, 905, 970
Total
North Atlantic . . . South Atlantic. . .
North Central
South Central
Western
8, 351, 192 1, 092, 829 8, 833, 712 1, 139, 959 675, 041
1, 844, 845 304, 736
1, 073, 427 122, 331 307, 623
Estimated
20, 092. 733 3, 451, 762
3, 652, 962 593, 772
Total
23, 544. 495
4, 246, 734
North Atlantic . . . South Atlantic...
North Central
South Central
8, 217. 528 660, 120 6, 914, 900 2,319,813 859, 905
1, 488, 361 129, 143
1,115,322 273, 836 274, 235
Estiniat(Hl
18, 072, 266 2, 077, 342
3, 280, 897 460, 949
Total
21, 569, 608
3, 741, 846
Mineral Waters.
List Of Commercial Springs.
Alabama.
There is no change in the list of springs for Alabama. One spring is delinquent for 1894, and the following report:
Bailey Springs, Bailey Springs, Lauderdale County. He.'iling Springs, Healing Springs, Washington County. Jackson White Sulphur, Jackson, Jackson County. Wilkinson's Matchless Mineral Water, Greenville, Butler County.
Arkansas.
Two new springs are added to the list, and of the 7 now credited to the State all report sales for 1894:
Arkansas Lithia Springs, Hope, Hempstead County. Blancoe Springs, near Hot Springs, Garland County. Dovepark Springs, Dovepark, Hot Springs County. Eureka Springs, Eureka Springs, Carroll County. Mountain Valley Springs, Mountain Valley, Garland County. Potash Sulphur Spring, Hot Springs, Garland County. Sulphur Springs, Sulphur Springs, Benton County.
California.
One spring is dropped from the 1 st for California and 2 are added, making the total 19; of these the following 14 report:
tna Springs, Lidell, Napa County.
Alhamhra Mineral Spring, Martinez, Contra Costa County. Almaden Vichy Springs, New Almaden, Santa Clara County. Azule Natural Seltzer Water, San Jose, Santa Clara County. California Seltzer Spring, Lytton Springs, Sonoma County. Castalian Mineral Water, Inyo County.
El Moro Mineral Spring, El Moro, San Luis Obispo County. Geyser Soda Spring, Lytton Springs, Sonoma County. Napa Soda Springs, Napa Soda Springs, Napa County. Ojai Hot Springs, Matilija, Ventura County. Pacific Congress Springs, Saratoga, Santa Clara County. Shasta Mineral Spring, Shasta Springs, Siskin'ou County. Tolenas Soda Spring, Fairheld, Solano County. Tuscan Springs, Red Blulf, Tehama County.
Colorado.
The total number of springs for 1894 is 9, 1 spring being added to the list of 1893. Of these the following 4 report:
Canyon City Vichy Springs, Canyon City, Fremont County. Carlile Soda and Iron Springs, near Pueblo, PuebJo County. Colorado Carlsbad Springs, Barr, Arapahoe County. Manitou Mineral Springs, Manitou, El Paso County.
Mineral Resources.
Connecticut.
One new spring is included in the total of 7 springs for Connecticut, and the following 3 report sales for 1894:
Altliea Spring, Waterbury, New Haven County. Oxford Chalybeate Spring, Oxford, New Haven County. Puritan Spring, Norwich, New London County.
Florida.
But 1 spring in Florida reports sales, viz: Magnolia Springs, Magnolia Springs, Clay County.
Oeoegia.
There is no change in the list for Georgia. Of the 3 springs only the following 2 report sales m 1894:
Bowdeu Lithia Springs, Lithia Springs, Douglas County. Hughes Mineral Spring, near Rome, Floyd County.
Idaho.
The only spring in Idaho reporting sales is:
Idanha Spring, Soda Springs, Bannock County.
Illinois.
The list for Illinois has increased by the addition of 2 springs, the total being 12. Of these the following 10 report:
American Carlsbad, Nashville, Washington County. . Black Hawk Springs, Rock Island, Rock Island County. Diamond Mineral Spring, Grant Fork, Madison County. Glen Flora Springs, Waukegan, Lake County. Greenup Mineral Spring, Greenup, Cumberland County. Perry Springs, Perry Springs, Pike County. Red Avon Mineral Springs, Avon, Fulton County. Sailor Springs, Sailor Springs, Clay County. Sanicula Springs, Ottawa, La Salle County. Tivoli Spring, Chester, Randolph County.
Indiana.
The list for Indiana is inci eased by 1 new spring, making the total 11. Nine of these report for 1894 :
Barnard's Spring, Martinsville, Morgan County.
Emerald Spring, Indiana Mineral Springs, Warren County.
French Lick Sjirings, French Lick, Orange County.
Indiana Mineral Springs, Indiana Mineral Sx)rings, Warren County.
Kickapoo Magnetic Springs, Kickapoo, Warren Countj
King's Mineral Springs, Muddy Fork, Clark County.
Lodi Artesian Well, Silverwood, Fountain County.
Magnetic Mineral Springs, Terre Haute, Vigo County.
West Baden Si)rings, West Baden, Orange County.
Mineral Waters.
Iowa.
One new spring is added, making 7 springs for the State. Of these, 4 report, viz :
Colfax Mineral Spring, Colfax, Jasper County. Mynster Springs, Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County. Siloam Springs, Iowa Falls, Hardin County. White Sulphur Spring, White Sulphur, Scott County.
Kansas.
One spring is dropped from the list for Kansas, and of the remaining 7 only 3 report sales for 1894. They are :
Blazing's Natural Medical Spring, Manhattan, Riley County. Geuda Mineral Springs, Geuda Springs, Cowley County. Jewell County Lithium Spring, Montrose, Jewell County.
Kentucky.
One spring is added to the list, and all the springs, 6 in number, report. They are:
Anita Springs, La Grange, Oldham County.
Bedford Springs, Bedford, Trimble County.
Blue Lick Springs, Blue Lick Springs, Nicholas County.
Crab Orchard Springs, Crab Orchard, Lincoln County.
St. Patrick's Well, Louisville, Jefferson County.
Upper Blue Lick Springs, Blue Lick Springs, Nicholas County.
Louisiana.
No reports have been received from the State of Louisiana.
Maine.
The total number of springs for Maine is increased by 2, making 14 in all. Of these, the following 10 report:
Cold Bowling Spring, Steep Falls, Limington, York County. Crystal Springs, Auburn, Androscoggin County. Keystone Spring, East Poland, Androscoggin County. Oxford Mineral Spring, Oxford, Oxford County. Paradise Spring, Brunswick, Cumberland County. Poland Spring, South Poland, Androscoggin County. Pownal Spring, New Gloucester, Cumberland County. Underwood Springs, Falmouth Foreside, Cumberland County. Wilson Spring, North Raymond, Cumberland County. Windsor Mineral Spring, Lewiston, Androscoggin County.
Maryland.
One spring is taken from the list for Maryland, leaving 5, all of which
report. They are:
Carroll Spring, Forest Glen, Montgomery County. Chattolanee Springs, Baltimore County. Mardela Springs, Wicomico County.
Strontia Mineral Spring, Brooklaiidville, Baltimore County. Takoma Springs, Takoma, Montgomery County.
Mineral Resources.
Massachusetts.
Two springs are dropped from the list for Massachusetts, leaving the total for the State at 27, of which 25 report, as follows :
Ballardvillc Lithia Spring, Lowell, Middlesex County.
Belniout Hill Spring, Everett, Middlesex County.
Belmont Natural Spring, Belmont, Middlesex County.
Blue Hill Silver Spring, Milton, Norfolk County.
Burnham Si)ring, Methuen, Essex County.
Columbia Lithia Spring, Revere, Suffolk County.
Commonwealth Mineral Spring, Waltham, Middlesex County.
Crystal Spring, Stoughtou, Norfolk County.
Crystal Mineral Spring, Methuen, Essex County.
Crystal Mineral Spring, Stonehara, Middlesex County.
Diamond Spring, Lawrence, Essex County.
Electric Spring, Lynn, Essex CountJ
Everett Crystal Spring, Everett, Middlesex County.
Fulton Natural Spring, Medford, Middlesex County.
Goulding Spring, Whitman, Plymouth County.
Harvard Crystal Spring, Allston, Suffolk County.
Indian Spring, Brighton, Suffolk County.
Leland Mineral Spring, Lowell, Middlesex County.
Massasoit Spring, Springfield, Hampden County.
Middlesex Mountain Spring, Maiden, Middlesex County.
Moose Hill Spring, Swampscott, Essex County.
Nobscot Mountain Spring, Framingham, Middlesex County.
Robbins Spring, Arlington, Middlesex County.
Sheep Rock Spring, Lowell, Middlesex County.
Simpson Spring, South Easton, Bristol County.
Michigan.
Five springs new to the list for Michigan increase the total to 15. Of these the following 13 report sales for 1894:
Americanus Spring, Lansing, Ingham County.
Blue Rock, Grand Rapids, Kent County.
Clarke Red Cross Well, Big Rapids, Mecosta County.
Eastman Springs, Benton Harbor, Berrien County.
Magnetic Mineral Springs, Spring Lake, Ottawa County.
Medea Spring, Mount Clemens, Macomb County.
Moorman Well, Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County.
Mount Clemens Pagoda Spring, Mount Clemens, Macomb County.
Mount Clemens Sprudel Water, Mount Clemens, Macomb County.
Plymouth Rock Well, Pljmouth, Wayne County.
Salutaris Spring, St. Clair Springs, St. Clair County.
Ypsilanti Mineral Spring, Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County.
Zauber Wasser, Hudson, Lenawee County.
Minnesota.
Two springs are added to the list, and all of the springs for the State, 3 in imiiiber, report sales for 1894. They are:
Indian Medical Spring, Elk River, Sherburne County.
Inglcwood Spring, Minneai)()li8, Hennepin County.
Maukato Mineral Springs, near Mankato, Blue Earth County.
Mineral Waters.
Mississippi.
There is no change in the list for Mississippi for 1894. The 5 springs credited to the State all report. They are :
Brown's Wells, Brown's Wells, Copiah County. Castalian Springs, Durant, Holmes County. Godbold Mineral Well, Summit, Pike County. Robinson Mineral Spring, Madison County. Stafford Mineral Springs, near Vosburg, Jasper County.
Missouri.
Two springs are taken from the list. Of the 8 remaining springs the following 6 report :
B. B. Mineral Springs, Bowling Green, Pike County.
Blue Lick Springs, Blue Lick, Saline County.
Eldorado Springs, Cedar County.
Excelsior Springs, Excelsior Springs, Clay County.
Lineville Mineral Springs, Mercer County, near Lineville, Iowa.
Randolph Springs, Randolph Springs, Randolph County.
Montana.
The only spring reporting from Montana is:
Eisner's Mineral Springs, Helena, Lewis and Clarke County.
Nebraska.
The State of Nebraska is represented on the list by 1 spring, viz : Victoria Mineral Springs, New Helena, Custer County.
New Hampshire.
Three springs are credited to New Hampshire. Of these 2 report, as follows :
Londonderry Lithia Spring, Londonderry, Rockingham County. Pack Mouadnock Lithia Spring, Temple, Hillsboro County.
New Jersey.
No change is noted in New Jersey. It is still represented on the list by —
Kalium Springs, Collingswood, Camden County.
New Mexico.
Only 2 of New Mexico's 4 springs make a report. They are:
Harsch's Iron Springs, Coyote Canyon, Bernalillo County. Ojo Caliente Spring, Ojo Caliente, Taos County.
716. Miner A.L Resources.
Ney York,
Four si)riugs are added to the list for New York, bringing tlie total up to 29. Of these 22 report as follows: Avon Sulphur Spring, Avon, Livingston County.
A. D. Ayer Amherst Mineral Springs, near Williamsville, Erie County.
Boonville Mineral Springs, Boouville, Oneida County.
Cayuga AVater, Cayuga, Cayuga County.
Colonial Mineral Springs, West Deer Park, Suffolk County.
Deep Rock Springs, Oswego, Oswego County.
Esperanza Mineral Springs, Lake Keuka, Yates County.
Massena Springs, Massena, St. Lawrence County.
Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County :
Champion Spring.
Empire Spring.
Excelsior Spring.
Hathone Spring.
Old Putnam Spring.
Royal Spring.
Saratoga Carlsbad Spring.
Saratoga Imperial Spring.
Saratoga Kissingen Spring.
Saratoga Vichy Spring.
Saratoga Victoria Spring.
Union Spring. Sulphur Springs, Richfield Springs, Otsego County. Table Rock Mineral Spring, Hon-eoye Falls, Monroe County. White Sulphur Spring, Sharon Springs, Schoharie County.
North Carolina.
There is no change in the list for North Carolina. Eight of the 10 springs report. They are :
Ashley Bromine and Arsenic Spring, Ashe County.
Barium Springs, Barium Springs, Iredell County.
Lemon Springs, Lemon Springs, Moore County.
Park Spring, Caswell County, near Dajiville, Va.
Panacea Springs, Warren County.
Seven Springs, Seven Springs, Wayne County.
Shaw's Healing Springs, Littleton, Halifax County.
Thompson's Bromine Arsenic Springs, Grumpier, Ashe County.
Ohio.
One spring is dropped from the list and 2 are added, so the total for the State is 12. Of these 11 report :
Crum Mineral Springs, Austintown, Mahoning County.
Crystal Rock Si)ring, Erie County.
Devonian Mineral Spring, Lorain, Lorain County.
Magnetic and Saline Spring, Marysville, Union County.
Mustcash Spring, Erie County.
Oak Ridge Spring, Green Spring, Seneca County.
Puritas Mineral Springs, Rockport, Cuyahoga County.
Purthibaugh Mineral Springs, Urbiuia, Champaign County.
Rex Mineral Spring, New Jiichmond, Clermont County.
Ripley Bromo-Iiitliia Natural Spring, Ripley, lUown County.
Sulphur Lick Springs, Anderson, Ross County.
Mineral Waters.
Oregon.
Both of Oregon's springs report for 1893. They are:
Siskkiyou Spring, Soda Springs, Jackson County. Wilhoit Springs, Wilhoit, Clackamas County.
Pennsylvania.
Two springs added to the list for Pennsylvania bring the total up to 17. Thirteen report for 1894. They are:
Alicia Mineral Spring, Pentield, Clearfield County.
Apollo Springs, Pine Run, Westmoreland County.
Bedford Mineral Spring, Bedford, Bedford County.
Black Barren Mineral Spring, Pleasant Grove, Lancaster County.
Cresson Springs, Cresson, Cambria County.
Eureka Springs, Saegertown, Crawford Countj.
Gettysburg Katalysine Spring, Gettysburg, Adams County.
Gray Spring, Cambridgeboro, Crawford County.
Parker Mineral Spring, Gardeau, McKean County.
Pavilion Spring, Wernersville, Berks County.
Pulaski Natural Mineral Springs, Pulaski, Lawrence County.
Rush Spring, Rush, Susquehanna County.
Sizerville Magnetic Mineral Spring, Sizerville, Cameron County.
Rhode Island.
The 3 springs on our list for Rhode Island all report. They are:
Gladstone Spring, Narragansett Pier, Washington County.
Holly Spring, Woon socket, Providence County.
Ochee Mineral and Medical Springs, Johnson, Providence County.
South Carolina.
One spring is dropped from tbe list and 2 added, making the present number of springs 4. Of these 3 report as follows:
Chicks Springs, Chicks Springs, Greenville County. Chicora Artesian Well, Chicera, Berkeley County. Harris Lithia Spring, Waterloo, Laurens County,
South Dakota.
There is no change in the list for South Dakota. The 1 spring credited to the State is :
Hot Springs of South Dakota, Hot Springs, Fall River County.
Tennessee.
One spring is taken from the list, leaving the total 5, of which the following 3 report:
Idaho Springs, St. Bethlehem, Montgomery County.
Red Boiling Springs, Red Boiling Springs, Macon County.
Tate Epsom Springs, Tate Spring, Grainger County.
Mineral Resources.
Texas.
There is no change from 1893 in tlie list of springs for Texas. Of the 13 credited to the State 12 report. They are :
Capp's Well, Longview, Gregg County.
Dalby Springs, Dalby Springs, Bowie County.
Elkliart Mineral Wells, Elkhart, Anderson County.
Georgetown Mineral Water, Georgetown, Williamson County.
Mineral Wells, Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto County.
Montvale Springs, Marshall, Harrison County.
Overall Mineral Wells, Franklin, Robertson County.
Rockdale Mineral Wells, Rockdale, Milam County.
Slack's Wells, Fayette County, near Waelder, Gonzales County.
Texas Sour Springs, Luling, Caldwell County.
Tioga Mineral Wells, Grayson County.
Wootan Wells, Wootan Wells, Robertson County.
Utah.
One new spring appears on the list for Utah. Both of the springs now on the list report. They are :
Castilla Hot Spring, Spanish Fork Canyon, Utah County. Wasatka Springs, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County.
Vermont.
One spring is dropped from the list, and of the 4 remaining 3 report as follows:
Clarendon Springs, Clarendon Springs, Rutland County. Equinox Spring, Manchester, Bennington County. Missisquoi Mineral Springs, Sheldon, Franklin County.
Virginia.
Five springs, new to tlie list for 1894, increase Virginia's total to 34 springs. Of these, 30 report, as follows:
Blue Ridge Springs, Botetourt County.
Buffalo Lithia Springs, Buffalo Lithia Springs, Mecklenburg County. Chase City Mineral Springs, Chase City, Mecklenburg County. Cove Lithia Springs, near Wytheville, Wythe County. Crockett Arsenic Lithia Spring, Shawsville, Montgomery County. Farmville Lithia Springs, Cumberland County, near Farinville, Prince Edward County.
Harris Anti-Dyspoptic and Tonic Spring, Burkeville, Nottoway County.
Healing Springs, Healing Springs, Bath County.
Iron Lithia Springs, Tip Top, Tazewell County.
Jordan White Sulphur Spring, Stephenson, Frederick County.
Lake Conio Lithia Spring, Henrico County.
Massanetta Springs, Harrisonburg, Rockingham County.
Nye Lithia Springs, Wytheville, Wythe County.
Osceola Springs, near Pleasant Valley, Rockingham County.
Otterburn Ijithiaand Magnesia Springs, Amelia Court House, Amelia County.
l*M'<)nian Springs, Loudoun County.
Mineral Waters.
Powhatan Litliia and Alum Springs, Tobaccoville, Powhatan County.
Pino Mountain Springs, Washington County.
Rawley Springs, Rawley Springs, Rockingham County.
Roanoke Red Sulphur Spring, Catawba, Roanoke County.
Rockbridge Alum Springs, Goshen Bridge, Rockbridge County.
Seawright Magnesian Lithia Spring, Staunton, Augusta County.
Seven Springs, near Glade Spring, Washington County.
Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenandoah Alum Springs, Shenandoah County. Steephill Ferro-phospho-magnesium Spring, North Staunton, Augusta County. Swineford's Arsenic Lithia Springs, Osceola.
Virginia Magnesian Alkaline Springs, near Staunton, Augusta County. Virginia Waukesha Lithia Springs, Staunton, Augusta County. Wallawhatoola Alum Springs, near Millboro Spring, Bath County. Wolf Trap Lithia Springs, Wolf Trap, Halifax County.
Washington.
The list for the State of Washington remains unchanged. The 3 springs of the State all report. They are :
Cascade Springs, near Cascades, Skamania County.
Medical Lake, Medical Lake, Spokane County.
Yakima Soda Spring, near North Yakima, Yakima County.
West Virginia.
Six of West Virginia's 7 springs report sales for 1894. They are:
Borland Springs, Bull Creek, Wood County.
Capon Springs, Capon Springs, Hampshire County.
Irondale Springs, Independence, Preston County.
Salt Sulphur Springs, Salt Sulphur Springs, Monroe County.
Triplet Well, Calf Creek, Grant District, Pleasants County.
White Sulphur Springs, Wnite Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier County.
Wisconsin.
The number of springs for Wisconsin shows a net gain of 2, 3 springs being added to the list and 1 dropped. Of the 2(3 springs credited to the State 21 report. They are :
Allouez Mineral Springs, Green Bay, Brown County.
Bethania Mineral Spring, Osceola, Polk County.
Fort Crawford Springs, Prairie du Chien, Crawford County.
Great Geyser Spring, Palmyra, Jefferson County.
Lebens Wasser, Green Bay, Brown County.
Nee-Ska-Ra Mineral Spring, Wauwatosa, Milwaukee County.
Salvator Springs, Green Bay, Brown County.
Shealtiel Springs, Waupaca, Waupaca County.
Sheboygan Spring, Shebojgan, Sheboygan County.
Silver Sand Spring, Milwaukee, Milwaukee County.
Sparkling Spring, Milwaukee, Milwaukee County.
St. John Mineral Spring, Green Bay, Brown County.
Wautoma Mineral Spring, Waushara County.
Waukesha Springs, Waukesha County :
Almanaris Springs.
Arcadian Spring.
Bethesda Mineral Spring.
Mineral Resoukces.
Waukesha Springs, Waukesha County — Continued-
Fountain Spring.
Horeb Spring. Siloam Spring.
Waukesha Hygeia Mineral Spring. Silurian Mineral Spring.
Summary of reports of mineral springs for 1894.
States and Territories.
North Atlantic States.
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
South Atlantic States.
Delaware
Maryland
District of Columbia
Virginia
West Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Florida
South Central States.
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
Indian Territory
Arkansas
Oklahoma
ft
ft
a
o .
rr-l "Hi
m '3
a
States and Territories.
North Central States.
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
Western States And Ter- Ritories.
Alaska
Wyoming
Montana
Colorado
New Mexico —
Arizona
Utah
Nevada
Idaho
Washington
Oregon
California
Totals
O bfi m '+3
.9 a ft
Mineral Waters.
Imports And Exports.
Prior to 1884 the Treasury Department did not distinguish natural mineral waters from those that were artificial; since 1883 the distinc- tion has been made, but the artificial waters have not been classified according to the receptacles in which they have been imported. The importation is shown in the two tables following, with a table of exports appended :
Mineral waters imported and entered for consumption in the United States, 1867 to 1883,
inclusive.
Fiscal years ended June 30—
In bottJes of 1 quart or less.
In bottles in ex- cess of 1 quart.
ITat in bottles.
All, not artificial.
Total value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Bottles. 370, 610 241, 702 344, 691 433, 212 470, 947 892, 913 35, 508
7, 238 4, 174
25, 758 12, 965
8, 229 28, 440
207, 554 150, 326 152, 277 88, 497
$24, 913 18, 438 25, 635 30, 680 34, 604 67, 951 2, 326 1,899 1,328 2, 352 19, 731 11, 850 17, 010 7, 054
Quarts.
3,792 22, 819
9, 739 18, 025
2,320
$360 2, 052
1,743
Gallons.
$137
Gallons.
$25, 410 20, 594 26, 682 32, 931 34, 919 68, 067 100, 552 80, 496 102, 113 136, 788 168, 808 351, 727 284, 509 305, 529 395, 492 427, 115 448, 493
1,042 2, 063 1,336
186'J
394, 423 199, 035 395, 956 447, 646 520, 751 883, 674 798, 107 927, 759 1, 225, 462 1, 542, 905 1, 714, 085
$98, 151 79, 789 101, 640 134, 889 167, 458 350, 912 282, 153 285, 798 383, 616 410, 105 441, 439
Imports for years 1884 to 1894.
Tears ended —
Artificial mineral waters.
Natural mineral waters.
Gallons.
Value.
Gallons.
Value.
June 30, 1884
29, 366
$4, 591
1, 505, 298
$362, 651
7, 972
2, 157
1, 660, 072
397, 875
Dec. 31, 1886
62, 464
16, 815
1, 618, 960
354, 242
13, 885
4, 851
1,915, 511
385, 906
12, 752
4,411
1, 716, 461
341, 695
36, 494
8, 771
1, 558, 968
368, 661
22, 328
7, 133
2, 322, 008
433, 281
26, 700
8, 700
2, 019, 833
392, 894
16, 052
9, 089
2, 266, 123
497, 660
6, 086
2, 992
2, 321, 081
506, 866
7, 753
3, 047
1, 891, 964
417, 500
Exports of natural mineral waters, of domestic production, from the United States.
Fiscal years ending June 30 —
Value.
Fiscal years ending June 31 —
Value.
$162 1,529 1,486
$1, 029 a 459
a None reported since 1883. 16 GEOL, PT 4 46
Index.
Page.
Abrasive materials, by Edward W. Parker. 586 Accumulation and natural storage of natural
gas 407
Adobe soils, analyses 562
Alabama, annual coal product of 69
coal 65
mines, labor sta tistics 70
prices 70
coke 243
limestone 495
mineral waters 711
petroleum 375
sandstone 486
Amber in Texas 603
American rock cement, by Uriah Cummings 576 Amount and value of coal used in the man- ufacture of coke 240
Amount and value of coal produced in the
United States 14
Analyses, coal and coke, Austen, W. Va 298
Analyses 552
adobe soils 562
brick clays 564
of coal, Pocahontas (Flat Top),
West Virginia 294
coals and cokes, Pratt seam, Ala- bama 244
coke, Alleghany Mountain district,
Pennsylvania 280
Connellsville, Pa 271-273
Colorado 250
Davis seam, Coketon, W.Va. 300
Dekoven, Ky 258
Jefferson, Ala 244
McAlester, Ind. T 254
Monongah, W", Va 297
Skagit County, Wash 293
St. Bernard, Ky 257
Tennessee 290
Wilkeson, Tacoma, Wash ... 292
clays 554
by States, distribution of 553
Davis coal, at Douglas, W. Va 300
Georgia marble 465-467
Kaolin 560
Missouri limestone 508
paving-brick clays 570
pipe clays 574
pipestone 488
residual clays 574
sandstones 483
Page
Analyses, slip clays 562
"snowflake" marble (dolomite)
from Pleasantville. N.Y 468
Tennessee black phosphates 634
phosphate 628
terra cotta clays 572
Thomas and Davis coals, upper
Potomac field, West Virginia... 299
Annual coal product of Alabama 69
Ohio 160
increase in the coal product of West
Virginia 205
lump-coal product of Illinois 92
production of coal since 1880 13
tonnage of coal used by steamship
companies out of New York 29
Anthracite coal 9
Pennsylvania 163
distribution. 166
Appalachian coking field 219
oil field 324
average daily produc- tion 329
daily production of
new wells in the. 337, 338 deliveries of petro- leum in the 332
number of dry holes
drilled in the 339
pipe line runs in the. 330
production 327
by months 327
rigs building in the. . 340
shipments 331
stocks of peti oleum
in the 332
wells completed in the 336 in process of drilling in
the 335,341
records in the. . 335
Arizona limestone 495
quartz gems 601
Arkansas coal 70
production 71
granite 458
limestone 495
mineral waters 711
sandstone 486
Artificial weathering tests made on polished
and unpolished Georgia marble 466
Index.
Page.
Asbestos 703
foreign production 705
imports 705
in Canada 705
occurrence 703
As'phaltum, by Edward W. Parker 430
occurrences 430
imports 435
in California 432
Kentucliy 433
Montana 433
Texas 433
Utah 433
production 431
by States 432
varieties 430
Australia diamonds 597
Average prices, coal at the mines 19
Ohio coal 160
Tennessee coal 192
West Virginia coal 207
of ten samples of Coketon coke. - : 301 Bain, H. Foster, notes on Iowa building
stone 500
Baker oil fields, extent of the 391
Barytes 701
imports 702
Beryl, Maine 600
Bell County coals, analysis of 259
Black diamond and Eureka coal, test of 52
nodular phosphate 611
phosphates, origin of 620
Blossburg coke district, Pennsylvania, sta- tistics 287
Blue Canyon and Pocahontas coal, test of. . 52
Bluestone 489
Bituminous coal 10
tields 3
in Montana 145
fields in Pennsylvania 181
Pennsylvania 181
in Pennsylvania, produc- tion : 183
in Pennsylvania, reserves
of 183
Borneo petroleum 404
Brick, average price of, by States and Ter- ritories 520
burning 531
clays, analyses 564
drying 531
dust mortar 526
sizes of 5-23
tests of 539
testing of 523
vitrified paving, price 520
British Guiana diamonds 597
Buhrstones 586
and millstones, imports 587
production 587
Burmah jietroleuni 399
California asphaltum 432
coal 73
diamonds 596
granite 458
Page.
California limestone 496
marble 464
mineral vraters 711
natural gas 426
petroleum 368
production 369
Portland cement 584
quartz gems 60 1
salt 650
sandstone 486
slate 477
Canadian oil refineries, production 389
Canada asbestos 705
petroleum 383
prices 388
production 388
shipments of petroleum from 387
Carved granite 456
Cement 576
imports, by ports 585
Central coking field 220
Character of coal used in the manufacture
of coke 241
Character of coal used in the manufacture
of coke in Illinois 253
Indiana 254
Kentucky 260
Montana 262
New Mexico 263
Ohio 267
Pennsylvania 270
Virginia , 292
Washington 293
West Virginia 303
Wisconsin 303
Wyoming 304
Chemical analysis of Georgia marble 467
Chicago (111.) coal 38
Cincinnati coke district 265
Cincinnati (Ohio) coal 46
Classification of coal fields of the United
States 7
Illinois coal mines 90
lump-coal product of Illi- nois 91
United States granites . . . 439
Clay, by Jefferson Middleton 517
analysis of 554
ballast 525
bibliography 527
burning 537
drying 537, 549
fusibility of 524
imports 522
molding 529,536,549
preparation of 536
production 518, 519
screening 529
tempering 529
Clearance of coal at Buffalo 35
froiii Cuyahoga district. . 37
Cleveland (Ohio) coal 35
Closing prices for anthracite coal at New
York 25
Coal, by Edward W. Parker 1
Index.
Page.
Coal and coke from Etna mines, Tennessee,
analyses 289
in New River district, West
Virginia 296
receipts and shipments at
Cleveland 36
at St. Louis 48
anthracite 9
average prices 19
bituminous 10
production, Pennsylvania,
by counties 184
consumed in the manufacture of coke. . 236
fields in Alabama 65
Arkansas 70
Colorado 75
Illinois 83
Indiana 106
Missouri 139
New Mexico 149
Ohio 156
Tennessee 188
the United States 2
the United States, classifica- tion of 7
Texas 193
Virgmia 195
West Virginia 202
freight to Boston 27
from Soddy mines, Tennessee, analyses 290
Tracy miues, Tennessee, analyses 289
imports and exports 19
in Alabama 65
prices 70
Arkansas 70
production 71
Boston, Mass 29
Bufialo, N. T 31
California 73
by counties 74
Chicago, 111 38
Cincinnati, Ohio 46
Cleveland, Ohio 35
Coketon (Pa.) analyses 277
Colorado 75
prices 80
production 75
Duluth, Minn 44
Georgia 82
production 83
Illinois 83
output 99
production 83
Indiana 106
production 106
Indian Territory 110
production 110
Iowa 112
prices 121
production 116
Kansas 122
by counties 124
Kansas City, Mo 48
Kansas production 124
Paga
Coal in Kentucky 126
by counties 128
prices 131
Maryland 132
production 133,134
shipments 135
Michigan 138
production 138
Milwaukee, Wis 42
Missouri 139
prices 143
production, by counties .. 141
statistics 144
Mobile, Ala 49
Montana 144
Nevada 149
New Mexico 149
New York City 24
Norfolk, Va :. 50
North Carolina 153
North Dakota 154
Ohio 156
by counties 158
Oregon 161
Pennsylvania 162
Philadelphia 28
St. Louis, Mo 47
San Francisco, Cal 50
Texas 193
Toledo, Ohio 37
Utah 194
Virginia 195
Washington 199
average prices for 201
by counties 200
production 199
West Virginia 202
by counties 204
production 203
Wyoming 208
and coal measures in Wyoming 208
measures of the Indian Territory 110
mines in Illinois, production 94
of Roane Iron Companj, Ten- nessee, analyses of 289
mininginlowa 113
Pennsylvania, annual shipments 167
product in Alabama, by counties 68
Arkansas, by counties 72
Colorado, by counties 78
Iowa, by counties 117
districts 118
inspection dis- tricts 119
Oregon 162
Tennessee, by counties 191
Utah, by counties 195
Virginia, by counties 198
the United States, by States 1 1
West Virginia, by counties . 206
production 9, 67
by States 65
in Illinois, statistics 93
since 1880 13
Index.
Page.
Coal receipts at Buffalo 34
Chicago 40
Cincinnati, Ohio 46
Philadelphia 31
Toledo, Ohio 38
required to produce a ton of coke 238
shipments from Chicago 41
Lamberts Point, Va. . . 50
trade review 22
world's product of 21
Coke, average monthly prices of 276
Connellsville (Pa.) district 270
from the Connellsville region, month- ly shipments of 275
imports 243
in Alabama 243
statistics 246
Alleghany Mountain district 278
Alleghany Mountain district, Penn- sylvania, analysis 279, 280
Alleghany Mountain district, sta- tistics of 280
Valley district, Pennsyl- vania 284
Beaver district, Pennsylvania 283
Blossburg district, Pennsylvania.. 287 Broad Top district, Pennsylvania. . . 282 Clearfield Center district, Pennsyl- vania 280
Clearfield Center district, Pennsyl- vania, statistics of 281
Cincinnati coke district 265
Colorado 247
Connellsville region, statistics of the
manufacture of 275
Georgia 251
statistics 252
Greensburg district, Pennsylvania. 288
Illinois 252
statistics 253
Indiana 253
statistics 254
Indian Territory 254
Irwin district, Pennsylvania 288
Kanawha district, "West Virginia.. 296
Kansas 255
statistics 256
Kentucky 256
statistics 260
Missouri 260
statistics 261
Monongahela district, West Vir- ginia 298
Montana 261
statistics 262
New Mexico 262
statistics 263
New River district. West Virginia. 295 New Ilivor district, West Virginia,
statistics 296
New York 263
Ohio 263
diHtrict 266
production 260
statistics 265, 266
Page.
Coke in Pennsylvania 267
production hy dis- tricts 268
statistics 270
Pittsbxirg district, Pennsylvania . . 283 Pocahontas (Flat Top) district.
West Virginia 294
Potomac coke district 298
Eeynoldsville, Walston district,
Pennsylvania 284
Eeynoldsville, Walston district,
Pennsylvania, statistics 284
Skagit County, Wash., analysis of. 293
Tennessee... 288
analysis 290
statistics 290
Upper Connellsville district, Penn- sylvania, analysis of 277
Monongahela district. West
Virginia 297
Potomac district, statistics. 301
Utah 291
Virginia 291
statistics 291
West Virginia 293
production by dis- tricts 301
statistics of 302
Washington 292
statistics 293
Wisconsin 303
statistics 303
Wyoming 303
statistics 304
manufacture in Colorado, statistics . . . 251
ovens in the United States 223
production 1880 to 1894 232
Coking industry by States 243
Colorado coal 75
mines, statistics 80
prices 80
product 81
production 75
coke 247
granite 458
limestone 496
mineral waters 711
natural gas 428
petroleum 367
product of crude oil in 368
sandstone 486
Commercial development of the Tennessee
phosphates, by C. G. Memminger 631
Comparison of Connellsville and St. Bernard
cokes 258
Composition of sandstone from various lo- calities 483
Condition in which coal is charged into coke
ovens 241
Connecticut granite 459
limestone 496
mineral waters 712
sandstone 486
Connellsville (Pa.) coke, average composi- tion of 274
Index.
Page.
Connellsville (Pa.) coke district 270
Consumption of natural gas 413
Convicts in Tennessee coal mines 188
Corona coal analysis 61
test of 61
Corundum and emery 590
production 591
Crude petroleum in the A ppalachian oil field,
prices 333
"West Virginia, produc- tion by months 347
production of 318
Crushing tests of Georgia marble 466
Cryolite 659
imports 659
production 660
Cummings, Uriah, on American rock cement 576
Day, "William C, on stone 436
Decorative tile 543
Dekoven (Ky.) coke analysis 258
Delaware granite 459
Development of Alabama coal mines 66
Diamond localities 595
imports 598
Diamonds in A ustralia 597
British Guiana 597
California 596
India 597
Michigan 596
Montana 597
Wisconsin 595
Drain tile 546
Duluth (Minn.) coal 44
Earthenware and china imports 522
Eastern middle coal field, Pennsylvania... 173
Elk Garden and Upper Potomac coal fields. 132
Emerald 600
in North Carolina 600
South Carolina 600
Emery imports 592
Enameled brick 545
Encaustic tile 544
Exports, coal 19
gypsum 666
petroleum 320
by countries 323
salt 657
whetstones 589
sulphur, from Sicily 642
Fertilizers 606
Eibrous talc 512
imports 513
production 513
Eire brick 548
clays, results of tests 533
Flat Top coke district, West Virginia, sta- tistics 295
Florida limestone 496
mineral waters 712
Fluorspar, occurrence 658
production 658
uses 658
Foreign markets of petroleum 322
Freight rates from anthracite coal regions
to Philadelphia, Pa 30
Page.
Fusibility of clays 524
Galicia petroleum 404
Gallitzin (Pa.) coke, analysis of 279
Garnet 593 603
Garnet, production 594
use of 594
General notes on the Portland cement in- dustry 584
Geological distribution and localities in
which natura 1 gas is found . 406
horizon of coals coked 221
Geographical distribution of the various
classes of granite 441
Georgia coal 82
coke 251
statistics 252
granite 459
limestone 496
marble 464
analyses 465, 467
crushing tests of 466
mechanical tests of 465
mineral waters 712
sandstone 486
slate 477
Germany petroleum 395
Granite, blasting 448
components of 438
curbing and basin heads 454
for building purposes 452
cemetery, monumental, and
decorative purposes 454
street work 452
geographical distribution of 441
in Arkansas 458
California 458
Colorado 458
Connecticut - 459
Delaware 459
Georgia 459
Maine 459
Maryland 459
Massachusetts 459
Minnesota 460
Missouri 460
Montana 460
New Hampshire 460
New Jersey 460
New York 460
North Carolina 461
Oregon 461
Pennsylvania 461
Rhode Island 461
South Carolina 461
United States, classification
of 439
Vermont 462
Virginia 462
Wisconsin 462
industry 438
in the various States 458
methods of cutting, polishing, and
ornamenting 450
quarrying, cutting, and
polishing 446
Index.
Page.
Granite paving blocks 452
value of 457
production by States, value of 457
Great Britain, petroleum 396
Grindstones 587
imports 588
Gypsum, by Edward W. Parker 662
exports 666
imports 665
production 662
Hayes, Charles Willard, on the Tennessee
phosphates 610
Heating power and proximate analyses of
"Wyoming coals 210
Hollow ware 547
Hones and whetstones, imports 590
Hydraulic cement 576
new developments 576
product 577
Idaho limestone 496
mineral waters 712
sandstone 486
Illinois coal 83
mines, classification of 90
statistics 96
production by counties 97
coke 252
limestone 497
natural gas 425
petroleum 379
mineral waters 712
salt 650
sandstone 486
Imports, asbestos 705
asphaltum 435
barytes 702
buhrstones and millstones.. 587
cement, by ports 585
coal 19
coke 243
clay 522
cryolite 659
diamonds 598
earthenware and china 522
emery 592
fibrous talc 513
grindstones 588
gypsum 665
hones and whetstones 590
mica 661
mineral waters 721
ocher 697
phosphate rock 609
Portland cement 580,584
pyrites 645
salt 656
sulphur 638
umber 697
whetstones 590
Increases and decreases in coal production
by States 17
India diamonds 597
])etr()leuin jn-oduction 399
Indiana coal 106
fields of 106
Page.
Indiana coal mine statistics 109
prices 109
production 107
statistics 108
coke 253
statistics . . 254
limestone 498
mineral waters 712
natural gas 423
consumption 424
field area of 424
value of consumption . . 424 oil fields, daily production of new
wells in 367
oil fields, number of wells com- pleted 366
oil fields, number of wells drilling
in, by months 367
petroleum 364
number of dry holes
drilled, by counties.. 366 number of rigs building,
by counties 366
production by counties . 365
months . . 365 rigs building in, by
months 367
sandstone 486
Indian Territory coal 110
coke 254
coke statistics 255
petroleum 380
petroleum production 380
Infusorial earth 592
occurrence 592
production 593
Iowa coal 112
fields 112
mines, statistics 121
prices 121
limestone 499
mineral waters 713
sandstone 487
Italy petroleum 396
Japan petroleum 399
imports 400
native product 400
Java petroleum 402
Jellico coal, test of 62
Jet in New Mexico 603
Kanawha coke district. West Virginia. . . 296,297
Kansas City (Mo.) coal 48
Kansas building stone, tests and analyses. . 505
coal 122
fields 122
mines, statistics 126
prices 126
Ijroduction 123
coke 255
statistics 256
limestone 503
mineral waters 713
natural gas 425
petroleum 375
production 376
Index.
Page.
Kansas salt 650
sandstone 487
Kaolin, analyses of 560
Kentucky asphaltum 433
coal 126
by counties 128
fields 126
mines, statistics 131
prices 131
production 127
coke 256
statistics 260
limestone 504
mineral waters 713
natural gas 424
value of consumption 425
petroleum 376
sandstone 487
Kunz, George F., on precious stones 595
Labor statistics of coal mining 18
Lake shipments of anthracite coal from Buf- falo 34
bituminous and Bloss- burg coal from Bufialo . 34 Latrobe Coal Company's coke, Pennsyl- vania, analysis of 277
Lima (Ohio) petroleum district 355
oil district, Ohio, general section of
tbe 350
Limestone in Alabama 495
Arizona 495
Arkansas 495
California 496
Colorado 496
Connecticut 496
Florida 496
Georgia 496
Idaho 496
Illinois 497
Indiana 498
Iowa 499
Kansas 503
Kentucky 504
Maine 507
Maryland 507
Massachusetts 507
Michigan 507
Minnesota 507
Missouri 508
Montana 508
Nebraska 508
New Jersey 508
New Mexico 508
New York 508
Ohio 509
Pennsylvania 509
Rhode Island 509
South Carolina 509
South Dakota 509
Tennessee 509
Texas 509
Utah 510
Vermont 510
Virginia 510
"Washington 510
Page.
Limestone in West Virginia 510
Wisconsin 510
industry 492
in various States 495
production by Stales, value of. . 493
uses 494
value of production 494
Local consumption of coal at Kansas City . . 49
Louisiana mineral waters 713
salt 651
Lower Alsace, petroleum in 396
Magnesite 514
occurrence 514
production 515
Maine beryl 600
granite 459
limestone 507
mineral waters 713
quartz gems 601
slate 478
Manufacture of coke, by Joseph D. Weeks . 218
in the United States. 226
statistics of 228
Marble in California 464
Georgia 464
Maryland 467
New York 467
Oregon 468
Tennessee 468
Vermont 469
industry 462
manufacturing 472
from Proctor, Vt 470
production by States, value of 463
quarrying 471
Maryland coal 132
granite 459
limestone... 507
marble 467
mineral waters 713
sandstone 487
slate 478
Massachusetts granite 459
limestone 507
mineral waters 714
sandstone 487
Mechanical tests of Georgia marble 465.
Memminger, C. G., on commercial develop- ment of the Tennessee phosphate 631
Metallic paint 698
Methods of cuttiag, polishing, and orna- menting granite 450
quarrying and manufacturing
marble 471
cutting, and polish- ing granite 446
slate 474
Mica 660
condition of industry 660
imports 661
Michigan coal 138
fields 138
production 138
diamonds 596
limestone 507
Index.
Page
Michigan mineral waters 714
salt 651
sandstone 487
Middleton Jefl'erson, on clay 517
Milwaukee (Wis.) coal 42
Mineral paints, by Edward W. Parker 694
Mineral waters, by A. C. Peale 707
imports - . 721
in Alabama 711
Arkansas 711
California 711
Colorado 711
Connecticut 712
Florida 712
Georgia 712
Idaho 712
Illinois 712
Indiana 712
Iowa 713
Kansas 713
Kentucky 713
Louisiana 713
Maine 713
Maryland 713
Massachusetts 714
Michigan 714
Minnesota 714
Mississippi 715
Missouri 715
Montana 715
Nebraska 715
New Hampshire 715
New Jersey 715
New Mexico 715
New York 716
North Carolina 716
Ohio 716
Oregon 717
Pennsylvania 717
Rhode Island 717
South Carolina 717
South Dakota 717
Tennessee 717
Texas 718
Utah 718
Vermont 718
Virginia 718
"Washington 719
West Virginia 719
Wisconsin 719
Mingo Mountain coal, analysis of 56
Mining of clay and shale 526
Minnesota granite 460
mineral waters 714
limestone 507
pipcstoiie 488
sandstone 487
Mi8Hi8sii)pi mineral waters 715
Missouri coal 139
fields 139
prices 143
production 140
statistics 144
coke 260
statistics 216
Page.
Missouri granite 460
limestone 508
mineral waters 715
petroleum 381
sandstone 488
Mobile (Ala.) coal 49
analysis 59
test of 59
Monazite, by H. B. C. Nitze 667
accessory minerals 684
artificial production of 680
bibliography 690
chemical composition 673
economic use 684
geological and geographical oc- currence 680
historical sketch and nomencla- ture 667
methods of retraction and con- centration 685
output and value 688
sand, method of analysis 677
spectroscopic tests 679
Monongahela district. West Virginia, coke
in 298
Montana asphaltum 433
bituminous coal 145
coal 144
average price for 148
fields 144
development of 147
mines, statistics of 148
product and coal 148
production 146
by counties 147
coke 261
statistics 262
diamonds 597
granite 460
lignites, analysis 145
limestone 508
mineral waters 715
ruby 599
sandstone 488
Monthly prices of Connellsville blast-fur- nace coke
receipts of coal at Boston
Natural gas, by J oseph D. Weeks
consumed in the United States,
value of
Indiana
consumption and distribution
of
value of
field in Indiana, area of
in Findlay, Ohio, daily produc- tion of
California
value of coiisunip-
tiou
Colorado
Illinois
Indiana
value of consump- tion
Index.
Page.
Natural gas in Kansas 425
Kentucky . 424
valueof consump
tion 425
Ohio 422
valueof... 423
Pennsylvania 421
value of con- sumption . . 422
West Virginia 425
record of wells and pipe lines 419
records 416
transportation of 412
uses 418
wells in Findlay, Ohio, pres
sure of 411
Indiana, pressure of 411
Nature and varieties of sandstone 482
origin and uses of limestone 492
Nebraska coal 149
limestone 508
mineral waters 715
Nevada coal 149
salt 652
Newberry, Spencer B., on Portland cement. 580
New Hampshire granite 460
mineral waters 715
New Jersey granite 460
limestone 508
mineral waters 715
Portland cement 584
sandstone 488
slate 478
New Mexico coal 149
by counties 151
fields 149
production 151
coke 262
statistics 263
jet 603
limestone 508
mineral waters 715
petroleum 383
New York brine salt 653
coke 263
granite 460
limestone 508
marble 467
mineral waters 716
Portland cement 584
salt 652
sandstone 488
slate 478
Nitze, H. B. C, on mouazite 667
Norfolk (Va.) coal 50
North Carolina coal 153
deposits 153
emerald 600
granite 461
mineral waters 716
quartz gems 601
ruby 589
North Dakota coal 154
by counties 155
Northern coal fields, Pennsylvania 168
Paga
Notes on Iowa building stone, by H. Foster
Bain 500
Number of cement factories using limestone
compared with users of marl 582
Number of coke ovens building in the
United States 231
Number of coke ovens in the United States . 229
works in the United States. 228
Ocher 695
imports 697
Official tests of coal mined in the United
States 51
Ohio, annual coal product of 160
coal 156
average prices for 160
by counties 158
mines, statistics 161
production 156
coke 263
district 266
production 266
statistics 265,266
limestone 509
mineral waters 716
natural gas 422
value of 423
petroleum 348
production 355
production of petroleum in 352
sandstone 491
Oil field. West Virginia 347
shale in Scotland 399
Oilstones and whetstones 588
production 588
Onondaga salt district. New York 653
Ontario petroleum 384
Opal and hyalite in Utah 603
Opening prices for free-burning anthracite
coal at New York City 24
Oregon coal 161
granite 461
marble 468
mineral waters 717
Origin, distribution, and commercial value
of peat deposits, by N. S. Shaler 305
Pacific Coast coking field 221
Panel tile 543
Parker, Edward W., on abrasive materials. 586
asphaltum 430
coal 1
gypsum 662
mineral paints 690
salt 646
soapstone 511
sulphur and pyrites. . 636
Paving blocks, granite, value of, by States. . 457
brick 527
absorption, abrasion, and
crushing tests of 535
clays, analyses 570
tests 534
Peale, A. C, on mineral waters 707
Pearson "Warrior " coal, test of 64
Peat bogs, (listributicm 310
deposits in Canada 310
Index.
Page.
Peat deposits in Massachusetts 312
Micbigan 312
New Jersey 313
New York 312
process of formation 308
Peckham, S. F., on petroleum in southern
California 370
Pennsylvania-New York oil field 341
fields, produc- tion 343
regions, drill- ing wells in
the 346
anthracite coal 163
distribution.. 166
fields 3
anthracite coal, largest
monthly shipments 179
anthracite coal, monthly
shipments of 166
bituminous coal . 181
bituminous coal, average
prices of 187
bituminous coal fields 181
bituminous coalfields, varie- ties of 182
production . . 183 production,
by counties 184
statistics 187
coal 161
annual shipments 167
northern fields 168
coke 267
production by districts . 268
statistics 270
granite 461
limestone 509
mineral waters 717
natural gas 421
value of con- sumption 422
quartz gems 601
salt 655
sandstone 491
slate 478
Percentage of products obtained in refining
Canadian petroleum 386
yield of coal in the manufac- ture of coke 238
Peru petroleum 390
Petroleum, by Joseph D. Weeks 315
Appalachian field 324
character of oils produced 817
daily production of new wells in eastern Ohio districts, by
months 362
daily ])roduction of wells com- ]>leted in the Lima (Ohio) dis- trict 358
decrease and increase in fields. . 315
in stocks 316
eastern Ohio district 360
exports 320
by countries 323
field, Lima, Oliio, jiroduction. . . 355
Page.
Petroleum, foreign markets 322
in Alabama 375
Borneo 404
Burmah 399
California 368
Canada 383
prices 388
production 388
shipments 387
Colorado 367
eastern Ohio district, produc- tion 361
Echigo, Japan 401
Galicia 404
Germany 395
Great Britain 396
Illinois 379
Indiana 364
number of dry holes
drilled, by counties 366 number of rigs build- ing, by counties. . . 366 number of wells com- pleted 366
number of wells com- pleted, by counties. 365 production, by coun- ties 365
production, by
months 365
rigs building in, by
months 367
Indian Territory 380
production . 380
Ishikari, Japan... 401
Italy 396
Japan 399
imports 400
native product 400
Java 402
Kansas 375
production 376
Kentucky 376
from the Lima-Indiana field 356
from the Lima-Indiana field,
shipments of 356, 357
in Lima district, Ohio 355
well records . . . 357
Lower Alsace 396
Macksburg district, total
stocks, by months 362
Missouri 381
New Mexico 383
Ohio 348
production 352,355
production by months
and districts 353
total value and produc- tion 353
Ontario 384
Pennsylvania, iiroduction 342
Peru 390
Kussia 391
production 392
prices 396
refining statement 395
Index.
Page.
Petroleum in Shinano, Japan 402
southern California, by S. F.
Peckham 370
southern California, produc- tion 374
Sumatra 403
Tennessee 374
Texas 378
production 379
Totomi, Japan 402
Ugo, Japan 401
Wyoming 381,382
increase in price 316
localities 316
Mecca- Belden district 363
number of dry holes drilled in the eastern Ohio district, by
months 363
number of dry holes drilled in
the Lima (Ohio) district 359
number of dry holes drilled in the Lima (Ohio) district, by
months 360
number of rigs building in the
Lima (Ohio) field 359
number of wells completed in the
Lima (Ohio) district 358
number of wells completed in the Lima (Ohio) district, by
months 360
number of wells drilling in the eastern Ohio district, by
months 363
number of wells drilling in the
Lima (Ohio) district 359
Pennsylvania York field.. 341 pipe-line runs in t he Macksburg
district 361
production and value 316
production and value in the
Mecca-Belden district 364
production, by fields 318
States and for- eign countries. 324
in India 399
rigs building in the eastern Ohio
district, by months 363
rigs building in the Lima (Ohio)
district 360
shipments 361
of, from Pennsylvania
and New York 345
stock at wells in the Mecca-Bel- den district, Ohio 364
total production and value 317
value of production 318
wells completed in the eastern
Ohio district, by months 362
well record in the Macksburg
(Ohio) district 363
Phosphate rock 606
imports 609
in South Carolina 609
production 607
Phosphates, chemical composition 628
classification of 610
Page.
Phosphates in Tennessee 610
analyses 628
origin of deposits 626
physical appearance 627
utilization of 625
Pipe clays, analyses 574
Pipe-line runs in the Appalachian oil field. 330
Lima-Indiana field. . . 356
Pipestone 488
j in Minnesota 488
Pocahontas coal, test of 53
Flat Top coal, analysis of 294
Polished granite 455
Portland cement, by Spencer B. Newberry. 580
imports 580, 584
in California 584
New Jersey 584
New York 584
production 580
Pottery and porcelain 549
I clays 560
Potters' materials, amount and value of 521
Precious stones, by George F. Kunz 595
production 604
1 Preparation of clay 528
Pressed or ornamental brick 540
' Pressure of natural gas 409
i Prices of anthracite coal at Philadelphia.. 29
I coal at Kansas City 49
St. Louis 48
' San Francisco 51
i Georges Creek (Cumberland) coal,
at New York 25
pipe-line certificates of crude petro- leum 334
Proctor (Vt.) marble 470
Production of coke in the United States. . . 225
Pyrites 644
production 645
imports 645
Quartz gems 601
Maine 601
Pennsylvania 601
North Carolina 601
California 601
Wyoming 601
Arizona 601
Ilaborg, William A., work on stone sta- tistics 436
Rank of States and Territories in the pro- duction of coke 233
Receipts of coal at Boston 29
Cincinnati, Ohio 46
Duluth, Minn 45
Milwaukee 43, 44
Mobile, Ala 50
j Refractory materials 548
j Reserves of bituminous coal in Pennsyl- vania 183
Residual clays, analyses 574
Rhode Island granite 461
limestone 509
Rhode Island mineral waters 717
Ries, Heinrich, on the technology of the
clay industry 523
i Rock cement, in Chicago, 111 579
Index.
Eock cement, in Cleveland. Ohio 579
New Tork 579
Washington, D. C 579
price 576
Rocky Mountain coking field 221
Eoofing tile 543
Ruby 599
Montana 599
North Carolina 589
Russia, petroleum 391
character of 391
production 392
prices 395
refining statement 395
wells 393
Salt, by Edward W . Parker 646
exports - - 657
imports 656
in California 650
Illinois 650
Kansas 650
Louisiana 651
Michigan 651
Nevada 652
New York 652
Onondaga district, New York 653
Pennsylvania 655
Texas - - 655
Utah 655
West Yirginia 655
production, by States, and grades 647
Sandstone analyses 483
in Alabama 486
Arkansas 486
California 486
Colorado 486
Connecticut 486
Georgia 486
Idaho 486
Illinois 486
Indiana 486
Iowa 487
Kansas 487
Kentucky 487
Maryland 487
Massachusetts 487
Michigan 487
Minnesota 487
Missouri 488
Montana 488
New York 488
Ohio 491
Pennsylvania 491
South Dakota 491
Texas 492
Utah 492
Yirginia 492
Washington 492
West Yirginia 492
Wisconsin 492
Wyoming 492
Sandstone industry 482
in the vai'ious States . . 486
uses 484
value of production, by States 485
San Francisco coal 50
Scotch shale oil 398
Scotland, oil shale in 399
Sewor pipe 547
Shaler, N. S., on origin, distribution, and
commercial value of peat deposits 305
Page.
Slip clays, analyses 562
Shipments from the Cumberland coal field. 136
of coal from Chicago 41
Milwaukee 43
oil from the Appalachian field 331 petroleum from Pennsylvania
and New York 345
Shipping coal mines in Illinois 89
Sicilian sulphur 642
Sienna 691
Slate, as a pigment 695
historical data 481
in California 477
Georgia 477
Maine 478
Maryland 478
New Jersey 478
New York 478
Pennsylvania 478
Yermont 480
industry 473
manufacture of milled stock 475
methods of quarrying 474
product and its value, by States 476
production, by States 476
uses 473
Soapstone, by Edward W. Parker 511
production 512
uses 511
Sources of coal consumed in California 51
South Carolina granite 461
limestone 509
mineral waters 717
phosphate rock 609
South Dakota limestone 509
mineral waters 717
sandstone 491
Southern coal field, Pennsylvania 176
Square miles of productive coal measures in
Wyoming, by counties 208
Statistics of coal production in Illinois by
local mines 93
the clay-working industries of
the United States 517
St. Louis, Mo., coal 47
Stocks of crude petroleum in the Lima- Indiana field 357
petroleum in the Appalachian
field 332
Stone, value of production by States 437
by William C . Day 436
Structural materials 536
Su bstitutes for natural gas 419
Sulphur and pyrites, by Edward W. Parker. 636
imports 638
production 637
review of the industry 637
Sumatra petroleum 403
Technology of the clay industry, by Hem- rich Ries 523
Tennessee coal, average prices for 192
fields 188
mines, convicts of 188
production 190
statistics of 193
tests of 58
coke 288
statistics 290
limestone 509
marble 468
mineral waters 717
Index.
Page.
Tennessee petroleum 374
phosphates, by Charles Willard
Hayes 610
phosphates 610
analyses 628
black, analyses 634
methods of mining.. 632
Terracotta 541
clays, analyses 572
lumber 544
Texas amber 603
asphaltum 433
coal 193
fields 193
production 193
limestone 509
mineral waters 718
petroleum 378
production 379
salt 655
sandstone 492
Toledo (Ohio) coal 37
Tripoli 594
Turquoise 602
Typical analysis of Connellsville (Pa.) coke. 274
Umber 695
imports 697
Upper Connellsville coke 277
Uses of sandstone 484
Utah asphaltum 433
coal 194
coke 291
limestone 510
mineral waters 718
opal and hyalite 603
salt 655
sandstone 492
Utahlite 602
Value and average selling price of coke. . . 234
of limestone product, by States 493
sandstone, by States 485
Varieties of Pennsylvania bituminous coal
fields 182
Venetian reds 698
Vermont granite 462
limestone 510
marble 469
mineral waters 718
slate 480
Virginia and Alabama coal 63
analysis 63
coal 195
fields 195
production 197
coke 291
granite 462
limestone 510
mineral waters 714
sandstone 492
Warsaw salt district, New York 654
Washed brick 541
Page.
Washington coal 199
average prices for 201
by counties 200
mines, statistics 201
production 199
coke 292
statistics 293
limestone 510
mineral waters 719
sandstone 492
Weeks, Joseph D., on natural gas 405
petroleum 815
the manufacture of
coke 218
AVestern coking field 220
middle coal field, Pennsylvania. . . 174 West Virginia, annual increase in the coal
product of 205
coal 202
average prices for 207
by counties 204
fields 202
mines 207
production 203
coke 293
production, by districts . 301
limestone 510
mineral waters 719
natural gas 425
oil field 347
salt 655
sandstone 492
Whetstones, exports 589
imports 590
production 589
White breccia phosphates 624
lead 699
phosphates 623
Wholesale prices of coal at Cleveland, Ohio . 37
Wilkeson coke, Tacoma, Wash 292
Wisconsin coke 303
statistics 303
diamonds 595
granite 462
limestone 510
mineral waters 719
sandstone 492
World's product of coal 21
Wyoming coal 208
average price for 217
by counties 216
fields 212
kinds of 209
mines, statistics 217
production 215
value of 209
coke 303
statistics 304
oil fields, depth and flow of 382
petroleum 381, 382
quartz gems 601
sandstone 492
o