Database of Significant Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn Deposits in the US (OFR 98-206)

Long, DeYoung, Ludington · 1998 · Federal Report

USGS database of significant gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc deposits across the US — production figures, grades, locations, and references for hundreds…

Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: pubs.usgs.gov.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DATABASE OF SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS OF GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC IN THE UNITED STATES PART A: DATABASE DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS by Keith R. Long1, John H. DeYoung, Jr.2, and Stephen D. Ludington3 Open-File Report 98-206A This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American stratigraphic code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1Tucson, AZ 85719, 2 Reston, VA 20192, 3 Menlo Park, CA 94025

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS DATABASE 4 DATABASE DESCRIPTION 5 FUTURE PLANS 6 ANALYSIS 6 TESTING THE DATABASE 6 DISCOVERY HISTORY 8 LARGEST PRODUCERS AND RESOURCES 9 DISTRIBUTION BY STATE 16 DISTRIBUTION BY DEPOSIT TYPE……………………………………………………….… ……………….. 19 COMPARISON WITH ESTIMATES OF UNDISCOVERED RESOURCES 25 CONCLUSIONS 26 REFERENCES 26 APPENDIX I. FIELD DEFINITIONS FOR THE SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS DATABASE 28 APPENDIX II. MINERAL DEPOSIT MODELS USED TO CLASSIFY DEPOSITS 31 APPENDIX III. A RESOURCE/RESERVE CLASSIFICATION FOR MINERALS 33 INTRODUCTION 33 Resource/Reserve Definitions 33 REFERENCES CITED IN FILE KNOWN DEPOSITS……………………………………………37 FIGURES FIGURE 1. MAJOR ELEMENTS OF MINERAL-RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION, EXCLUDING RESERVE BASE AND INFERRED RESERVE BASE 35 FIGURE 2. RESERVE BASE AND INFERRED RESERVE BASE CLASSIFICATION CATEGORIES. 36 TABLES TABLE 1. CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFICATION OF DEPOSITS AS SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS 5 TABLE 2. COMPARISON OF TOTAL PRODUCTION OF GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC FOR ALL DEPOSITS IN THE SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS DATABASE WITH STATISTICS ON TOTAL U.S PRODUCTION OF THOSE METALS 7 TABLE 3. COMPARISON OF TOTAL RESOURCES OF GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC REMAINING IN DEPOSITS IN THE SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS DATABASE WITH INDEPENDENT ESTIMATES OF DOMESTIC RESERVES, RESERVE BASE, AND RESOURCES OF THESE METALS. 8 TABLE 4. HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS OF GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC IN THE UNITED STATES, 1545-1996 8 TABLE 5. THE TEN LARGEST DOMESTIC GOLD DEPOSITS IN TERMS OF PAST PRODUCTION, REMAINING RESOURCES, AND PAST PRODUCTION PLUS REMAINING RESOURCES. 11

TABLE 6. THE TEN LARGEST DOMESTIC SILVER DEPOSITS IN TERMS OF PAST PRODUCTION, REMAINING RESOURCES, AND PAST PRODUCTION PLUS REMAINING RESOURCES. 12 TABLE 7. THE TEN LARGEST DOMESTIC COPPER DEPOSITS IN TERMS OF PAST PRODUCTION, REMAINING RESOURCES, AND PAST PRODUCTION PLUS REMAINING RESOURCES. 13 TABLE 8. THE TEN LARGEST DOMESTIC LEAD DEPOSITS IN TERMS OF PAST PRODUCTION, REMAINING RESOURCES, AND PAST PRODUCTION PLUS REMAINING RESOURCES. 14 TABLE 9. THE TEN LARGEST DOMESTIC ZINC DEPOSITS IN TERMS OF PAST PRODUCTION, REMAINING RESOURCES, AND PAST PRODUCTION PLUS REMAINING RESOURCES. 15 TABLE 10. THE TEN LARGEST DOMESTIC DEPOSITS OF GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC IN TERMS OF THE GROSS VALUE OF PAST PRODUCTION PLUS REMAINING RESOURCES FOR THESE METALS CALCULATED USING AVERAGE PRICES FOR THESE METALS OVER THE LAST TWENTY TO THIRTY YEARS.. 16 TABLE 11. TOTAL AMOUNT OF GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC PRODUCED FROM SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS IN EACH STATE WITH ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS.. 17 TABLE 12. TOTAL AMOUNT OF GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC CONTAINED AS RESOURCES IN SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS IN EACH STATE WITH ONE OR MORE SIGNIFICANT TABLE 13. PRINCIPAL TYPES OF SIGNIFICANT GOLD DEPOSITS IN TERMS OF PRODUCTION AND REMAINING RESOURCES.. 19 TABLE 14. PRINCIPAL TYPES OF SIGNIFICANT SILVER DEPOSITS IN TERMS OF PRODUCTION AND REMAINING RESOURCES.. 20 TABLE 15. PRINCIPAL TYPES OF SIGNIFICANT COPPER DEPOSITS IN TERMS OF PRODUCTION AND REMAINING RESOURCES.. 21 TABLE 16. PRINCIPAL TYPES OF SIGNIFICANT LEAD DEPOSITS IN TERMS OF PRODUCTION AND REMAINING RESOURCES.. 22 TABLE 17. PRINCIPAL TYPES OF SIGNIFICANT ZINC DEPOSITS IN TERMS OF PRODUCTION AND REMAINING RESOURCES.. 23 TABLE 18. TOTAL AMOUNT OF GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC PRODUCED AND CONTAINED IN REMAINING RESOURCES IN THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS.. 25 TABLE 19. COMPARISON OF ESTIMATES OF UNDISCOVERED RESOURCES IN THE CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES OF GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC WITH IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND PAST PRODUCTION OF THE SAME METALS FOR DEPOSITS IN THE SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS DATABASE 25

INTRODUCTION It has long been recognized that the largest mineral deposits contain most of the known mineral endowment (Singer and DeYoung, 1980). Sometimes called giant or world-class deposits, these largest deposits account for a very large share of historic and current mineral production and resources in industrial society (Singer, 1995). For example, Singer (1995) shows that the largest 10 percent of the world’s gold deposits contain 86 percent of the gold discovered to date. Many mineral resource issues and investigations are more easily addressed if limited to the relatively small number of deposits that contain most of the known mineral resources. An estimate of known resources using just these deposits would normally be sufficient, because considering smaller deposits would not add significantly to the total estimate. Land-use planning should treat mainly with these deposits due to their relative scarcity, the large share of known resources they contain, and the fact that economies of scale allow minerals to be produced much more cheaply from larger deposits. Investigation of environmental and other hazards that result from mining operations can be limited to these largest deposits because they account for most of past and current production. The National Mineral Resource Assessment project of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has compiled a database on the largest known deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States to complement the 1996 national assessment of undiscovered deposits of these same metals (Ludington and Cox, 1996). The deposits in this database account for approximately 99 percent of domestic production of these metals and probably a similar share of identified resources. These data may be compared with results of the assessment of undiscovered resources to characterize the nation’s total mineral endowment for these metals. This database is a starting point for any national or regional mineral-resource or mineralenvironmental investigation. The Mineral Resource Data System (MRDS) and the Minerals Availability System/Minerals Information Locator System (MAS/MILS) compiled respectively by the USGS and U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM), and now being merged, contain information on more than 100,000 domestic mines, prospects, and mineral occurrences. The total number of records in the significant deposits database is but 1,118, of which 923 have produced. Limiting a mineral-resource investigation to the deposits in this database will significantly reduce the cost and complexity of such investigations. This database supersedes the known deposits table in the original release of the national assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and Ludington and Cox, 1996). The original database has been extensively revised with hundreds of new records added, greatly improved production and resource data, and some new fields added. All production and resource data were brought up to date as of December 31, 1996. SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS DATABASE This database was first proposed as a summary and analysis of identified resources1 of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc to compare with estimates of undiscovered resources of the same metals made by the 1996 national mineral-resource assessment. To simplify this effort, data on identified resources was to be compiled for only those deposits that collectively account for 99 percent of the domestic resource. Singer, 1995, showed that 99 percent of world resources of these metals occur in deposits that contain more than 2 metric tons gold, 85 metric tons silver, 50,000 metric tons copper, 30,000 metric tons lead, or 50,000 metric tons zinc (table 1). All domestic deposits known to have originally contained more than the threshold value for any of these metals were included in the database.

1 See Appendix III for definitions of resource terms.

METAL UNITS MINIMUM SIZE Gold metric t Silver metric t Copper 3 metric t Lead 3 metric t Zinc 3 metric t Table 1. Criteria for classification of deposits as significant deposits. Minimum sizes are from Singer (1995) who found that deposits of these sizes or larger account for 99 percent of known world resources of these metals. Data were originally collected by the regional teams responsible for the 1996 national mineralresource assessment. When the regional databases were combined into a single national database, numerous inconsistencies and data gaps were found. The database subsequently underwent several rounds of editing and updating. John H. DeYoung, Jr., and Stephen D. Ludington edited and updated the database using MRDS, MAS/MILS, and other data sources. Keith R. Long extensively revised and expanded the database based on a more thorough literature search, public filings of mining companies, archival and other sources. Each of the State geological surveys or their equivalents was given the opportunity to review and comment on entries for their States. Each record is intended to give data on an individual deposit. The consistent application of any definition of a deposit is difficult across the many deposit types represented in the database. In many cases, data on individual deposits is unavailable; in which case, records usually give data for an entire district or some other aggregation of deposits. As a result, the database is really a mixture of records for deposits and districts, which must be taken into account in using or analyzing the data. Hereafter, all records will be referred to as deposits. Database Description The database (Long and others, 1998) consists of two portions, an Excel 4.0 spreadsheet file (SD4.XLS) that contains the data, and a Word 6.0 file (SDREF.DOC) that contains the references cited in the spreadsheet. The spreadsheet is divided into several fields that give the name, location, deposit type, discovery date, past production, and remaining resources for each deposit in the database. A detailed description of each field is provided in Appendix 1 and explanatory comments are attached as notes in the spreadsheet to the headers for each field or column. Data are organized by State, starting with Alaska and ending with Wyoming, and listed alphabetically by deposit name within each State. Deposits are also located by mining district, county, and latitude-longitude. District names and definitions follow those used by the USBM for reporting domestic mineral production as amended by State geological surveys. Deposit-type classification follows that of Cox and Singer, 1986, as modified by additional models published elsewhere. Appendix 2 provides a complete listing of deposit types used with references to published descriptive models. Mineral-environmental model classification follows that of duBray (1995). Discovery date is defined as the year in which some part of the deposit was first recognized by persons not indigenous to North America. Many deposits were known to Native Americans who exploited some on a very large scale for copper, turquoise, and pigments. Unfortunately, the history of Native American discovery and utilization of these deposits is obscure, partly because subsequent mineral development has destroyed much of the archaeological evidence. Note that many years can elapse between initial recognition of a deposit and its exploration and

development as a mine. Some deposits may never be mined because they occur in or near areas where mining is prohibited. Production is stated in terms of metals recovered from material mined. Generally, between 40 and 97 percent of the metal originally contained in the ores was recovered, depending on the extractive processes used and the quality of labor and management. Production dates are for the data given. If significant production occurred before or after those dates, a note to that effect is given in the Comments field. Significant production of mineral commodities other than gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc are indicated under Other Production. Resources (see Appendix III for definitions of resource terms) are stated in terms of metals contained in remaining material. This material includes that remaining in place as well as stockpiles of previously mined material. Resources given are the sum of all available estimates of remaining reserves and resources at a deposit. For some deposits, only estimates of proven and probable reserves are available, for others, estimates of the total geologic resource are given. No attempt has been made to differentiate between such estimates in the data; all are classified as resources. Resource year is the year in which the resource estimate was calculated or first announced. Significant resources of mineral commodities other than gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc are indicated under Other Resources. Sources of data are cited separately for production and resource data. Complete references appear in the companion Word 6.0 file. Some data sources, such as Securities and Exchange Commission Form 10Ks and USBM/USGS Minerals Yearbooks, are cited in a non-standard, abbreviated fashion. These are explained at the end of the companion Word 6.0 file. Future Plans The USGS National Mineral Resource Assessment project will continue to maintain and update this database. Eventually, these data will become records in MRDS or its successor with special “Significant Deposit” tags or descriptors. The project also intends to expand the database to other commodities. Users are encouraged to report errors and omissions. ANALYSIS The significant deposits database can answer many questions about the Nation’s known resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. When were these significant deposits found? Are significant deposits still being found today? Which deposits were the largest producers of these metals? Which deposits have the largest remaining resources? How are these deposits distributed by State or deposit-type? Answering these questions illustrates how the data can be used. Testing the Database According to the criteria used to assemble this database, these significant deposits should comprise 99 percent of identified domestic resources, including past production. Table 2 compares the total production of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc for deposits in the database with statistics of total production of these metals in the United States. Statistics on the production of recoverable metals from domestically mined ores are only available from 1907. Metal production reported prior to 1907 includes metal recovered from imported ores and excludes metal contained in exported ores. Much of the early metal production data, particularly for gold and silver, are estimates. Production data for zinc prior to 1890 are incomplete. Complete data on production of gold and silver could not be found for many of the deposits in the database. Many mines had substantial production during the period from 1850 to 1900 when few statistics on individual mine production were collected. During this time national production statistics were derived from data on bullion receipts at Federal mints and individual smelter production. Some likely significant deposits that produced only during that period, including many of the placer deposits mined in California before the 1860s, can not be identified for lack of proper records. Despite these insufficiencies in the data, recorded production of deposits in the

database account for 90 and 91 percent respectively of total gold and silver production in the United States. METAL UNITS YEARS FOR WHICH DATA ARE AVAILABLE TOTAL DOMESTIC MINE PRODUCTION PRODUCTION OF SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS PERCENT OF TOTAL DOMESTIC MINE PRODUCTION Gold metric t 1792-1996 13,300 12,000 Silver metric t 1792-1996 185,000 168,000 Copper 3 metric t 1845-1996 91,100 91,300 Lead 3 metric t 1720-1996 42,500 41,300 Zinc 3 metric t 1873-1996 44,100 44,400 Table 2. Comparison of total production of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc for all deposits in the significant deposits database with statistics on total U.S production of those metals. U.S. production data were compiled from annual volumes of Mineral Resources of the United States (1883 to 1931) and Minerals Yearbooks (1932 to 1996). Data are metals recovered from domestically mined ores from 1907 and metals recovered by domestic smelters and refineries prior to 1907. Data for zinc are incomplete from 1873 to 1890. Recorded production for copper, lead, and zinc for deposits in the database account for 100, 97, and 101 percent respectively of domestic mine production of these metals. Statistics on total domestic mine production of these metals are incomplete or estimated for the years prior to 1890, particularly for zinc. The apparent excess of copper and zinc production attributed to the deposits in the database can probably be explained by the lack of adjustments for imports and exports of ore and other insufficiencies in the early statistical data. Table 3 presents current estimates of domestic reserves, reserve base, and resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc by the USGS and USBM. These estimates were prepared independently from this database by other workers, sometimes from proprietary data not available for this study. Total resources computed from the database are most nearly comparable with the estimates for domestic resources in table 3. For many deposits in the database, however, only data on reserves or the reserve base (reserves plus marginal or subeconomic resources) are available. Hence, total resource figures computed from the database should fall between reported estimates for the domestic reserve base and domestic resources. This is the case for all the metals except gold, where a much larger resource figure is obtained from the database.

TOTAL DOMESTIC (other studies) SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS DATABASE Metal Units Reserves Reserve Base Identified Resources Identified Resources Gold metric t 5,600 6,000 9,000 15,000 Silver metric t 31,000 72,000 190,000 157,000 Copper 3 metric t 45,000 90,000 312,000 260,000 Lead 3 metric t 7,000 18,000 N/A 51,000 Zinc 3 metric t 19,000 60,000 120,000 55,000 Table 3. Comparison of total resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc remaining in deposits in the significant deposits database with independent estimates of domestic reserves, reserve base, and resources of these metals. Sources of data: U.S. Geological Survey, 1998b (reserve and reserve base for all metals; identified resources for gold); Brobst and Pratt, 1973 (identified resources for silver, copper, and zinc). Discovery History Although the exact discovery year for every deposit in the database is not known, they can be specified on a decade or similar basis. In table 4, deposits are grouped by ten time periods corresponding to significant events in the exploration and development of the Nation’s mineral resources. For each period, the number of deposits discovered, and their production plus remaining resources are given. Note that adding production and resources for each metal is an imperfect measure of the original size of those deposits due to unaccounted metallurgical losses. PERIOD YEARS NUMBER DEPOSITS GOLD metric t SILVER metric t COPPER 103 metric t LEAD 103 metric t ZINC 103 metric t DISCOVERIES PER YEAR 1545-1847 4,300 27,000 12,000 23,000 1848-1857 2,800 1,100 2,000 1858-1865 3,100 39,800 35,000 4,500 4,300 1866-1892 7,400 157,000 77,000 15,800 20,500 1893-1913 3,000 44,100 52,000 4,400 1914-1933 5,900 2,000 1934-1941 1,100 1,400 1942-1945 8,300 1946-1972 3,900 43,500 129,000 55,900 32,000 1973-1996 5,100 27,700 17,200 3,400 14,600 Table 4. History of the discovery of significant deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States, 1545-1996. Period boundaries correspond to significant events in the development of the U.S. minerals industry. Period I spans the time between initial European settlement in North America and the California Gold Rush. Deposits discovered in this period are mostly in the eastern part of the United States. Period II corresponds to the California Gold Rush years from 1848 to 1857. Deposits discovered in this period are mostly placer gold and low-sulfide gold-quartz veins in California. Period III covers the discovery of gold in Colorado and silver in Nevada just prior to and during the Civil War. Period IV begins with the first Federal mining law in 1866, which provided a secure legal framework for the exploration and development of mineral properties in the West, and ends with the collapse of silver prices in 1892. During this time, the remaining western States were thoroughly prospected and the first prospecting began in Alaska. Period V covers the shift from silver to gold exploration after the collapse of silver prices in 1892, aided by the introduction of the cyanide process for recovering gold from refractory ores. During

this time significant gold discoveries were made in Nevada and elsewhere. Period VI begins with World War I, when war-related labor shortages and post-war oversupply of metals curtailed mineral exploration and development. The number of deposits discovered in this period dropped dramatically relative to previous periods. Period VII covers most of the Great Depression years, beginning in 1934 when the price of gold was raised to 35 dollars an ounce. Although the rise in gold price stimulated exploration and production of gold, very few new deposits were discovered. Much exploration was directed towards known but previously uneconomic resources. Wartime labor-shortages and the need to devote resources to expanding reserves at established mines curtailed discoveries to their lowest levels in Period VIII during World War II. The decline in discoveries throughout the first half of the twentieth century may not be due solely to economic factors. The exploration technology of the time, searching for surface indications of significant deposits, may have run its course. Period IX, covering the first decades after World War II saw a substantial increase in discoveries coincident with the introduction of several new exploration technologies, including regional geophysical and geochemical survey methods and the geologic models to utilize them. Exploration was reorganized as well funded regional surveys that targeted geophysical and geochemical anomalies that might indicate concealed deposits. In 1972, the United States demonetized gold and allowed domestic gold prices to rise to their global market level. A major gold boom which defines Period X followed and continues to this day. It is significant that, of known domestic resources of these metals, 33 percent of gold, 22 percent of silver, 42 percent of copper, 39 percent of lead, and 46 percent of zinc are the result of discoveries since World War II. Largest Producers and Resources Tables 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 show the ten largest producers, remaining resources, and deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc respectively. These tables document the largest of the significant deposits, those that are truly world class. Some deposits have been aggregated into districts to facilitate comparison with other deposits in the database which are truly mining districts composed of many deposits. The deposits aggregated are those in the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho; Keweenaw district, Michigan; Butte, Montana; Bingham Canyon, Utah; and the Franklin and Sterling Hill deposits, New Jersey. Certain mining districts stand out. The Butte district, Montana, is the largest deposit of silver and copper in the United States as well as one of the ten largest deposits of zinc. The Bingham Canyon district in Utah is the second largest deposit of copper, and one of the ten largest gold and silver deposits. Red Dog, Alaska, is the largest zinc, second largest lead, and fourth largest silver deposit. Among the gold deposits, it is notable that the largest remaining resources mainly occur in sediment-hosted and other bulk-mineable gold deposits discovered in the last thirty years (Goldstrike-Post-Meikle, Twin Creeks, Gold Quarry-Maggie Creek, Pipeline, McDonald, and Jerritt Canyon). Two very low-grade placer gold deposits in Wyoming (Pass Peak, Oregon Gulch) are also among the largest gold deposits. Bingham Canyon, Utah, illustrates the amount of gold to be found in some of the largest porphyry copper deposits. Butte, Montana, is the largest deposit of silver and copper. Sediment-hosted copper deposits such as Rock Creek and Montanore, Montana, are also very large deposits of silver. Porphyry copper deposits, mainly in Arizona, dominate the list of largest copper deposits, although magmatic Ni-Cu deposits in Minnesota (Partridge River) are also important resources. Viburnum, Missouri, and Red Dog, Alaska, are the largest lead deposits. Crandon, Wisconsin, is one of the largest deposits of lead and zinc along with other massive sulfide deposits (Lik-Su and Greens Creek, Alaska). The large zinc resource at Butte, Montana, is also noteworthy. Among the largest producers are several deposits that do not figure as significantly in remaining resources. The Homestake, South Dakota, mine was the largest gold producer. The Hammonton dredge field and Empire-Star mine in California were also among the largest gold

producers. Leadville and Aspen, Colorado; Comstock and Tonopah, Nevada; and the Coeur d’Alene district, Idaho were among the largest silver producers. The Keweenaw copper district was a major source of copper. The Coeur d’Alene district, Idaho, was a major producer of zinc, lead, and silver, but now figures only in the top ten list of resources of silver. Polymetallic replacement deposits at Park City and Tintic-East Tintic, Utah, as well as the Mississippi Valley deposits in the Old Lead Belt of Missouri were among the most important sources of lead. Franklin-Sterling Hill, New Jersey, accounts for 15 percent of all recorded zinc production in the United States. These ten largest remaining resources of these metals include some deposits widely perceived as worked out (Butte, Montana) and others whose development is controversial (Crandon, Wisconsin; McDonald, Montana). Others, such as Red Dog, Alaska; Bingham Canyon, Utah; and Goldstrike-Post-Miekle, Nevada, are among the largest metal mines in the world. Some deposits are not now considered even remotely economic (Pass Peak and Oregon Gulch, Wyoming).

DEPOSIT STATE GOLD PRODUCED metric t Homestake SD 1,237 Bingham Canyon district UT Cripple Creek CO Goldstrike-Post NV Comstock NV Gold Quarry-Maggie Creek NV Fairbanks AK Empire-North Star CA Hammonton CA Nome AK DEPOSIT STATE GOLD RESOURCE metric t Goldstrike-Post-Meikle NV 1,500 Pass Peak WY 1,400 Oregon Gulch WY Bingham Canyon district UT Twin Creeks NV Gold Quarry-Maggie Creek NV Pipeline NV Round Mountain NV McDonald MT Jerritt Canyon NV DEPOSIT STATE GOLD PRODUCED PLUS RESOURCE metric t Goldstrike-Post-Meikle NV 1,800 Pass Peak WY 1,400 Homestake SD 1,400 Bingham Canyon district UT 1,300 Oregon Gulch WY Cripple Creek CO Twin Creeks NV Gold Quarry-Maggie Creek NV Round Mountain NV Jerritt Canyon NV Table 5. The ten largest domestic gold deposits in terms of past production, remaining resources, and past production plus remaining resources.

DEPOSIT STATE SILVER PRODUCED metric t Coeur d’Alene district ID 29,200 Butte district MT 22,400 Tintic-East Tintic UT 8,500 Park City UT 7,900 Leadville CO 7,700 Bingham Canyon district UT 7,500 Comstock NV 6,000 Tonopah NV 5,400 Aspen CO 3,100 Copper Queen AZ 2,800 DEPOSIT STATE SILVER RESOURCE metric t Butte district MT 22,500 Red Dog AK 10,800 Rock Creek MT 9,800 Coeur d’Alene district ID 9,400 Montanore MT 9,300 Bingham Canyon district UT 7,400 Hahns Peak CO 6,400 Greens Creek AK 5,400 Hardshell AZ 3,400 Rochester NV 3,200 DEPOSIT STATE SILVER PRODUCED PLUS RESOURCE metric t Butte district MT 44,300 Coeur d’Alene district ID 42,400 Bingham Canyon district UT 15,700 Red Dog AK 11,400 Rock Creek MT 9,800 Tintic-East Tintic UT 9,400 Montanore MT 9,300 Leadville CO 8,900 Park City UT 8,100 Hahns Peak CO 6,400 Table 6. The ten largest domestic silver deposits in terms of past production, remaining resources, and past production plus remaining resources.

DEPOSIT STATE COPPER PRODUCED 3 metric t Bingham Canyon district UT 14,200 Butte district MT 9,800 Morenci-Metcalf AZ 9,400 Santa Rita NM 5,000 Keweenaw district MI 4,900 Ray AZ 4,600 Inspiration-Miami AZ 4,500 San Manuel-Kalamazoo AZ 3,700 Mission-Pima-San Xavier AZ 3,400 Copper Queen AZ 3,000 DEPOSIT STATE COPPER RESOURCE 103 metric t Butte district MT 25,200 Lone Star AZ 24,900 Partridge River (Duluth) MN 14,600 Morenci-Metcalf AZ 12,800 Bingham Canyon district UT 11,800 Dos Pobres AZ 9,000 Santa Cruz AZ 8,200 Ray AZ 6,200 Birch Lake MN 5,900 Rosemont-Helvetia AZ 5,200 DEPOSIT STATE COPPER PRODUCED PLUS RESOURCE 103 metric t Butte district MT 35,000 Bingham Canyon district UT 26,400 Lone Star AZ 24,900 Morenci-Metcalf AZ 22,500 Partridge River (Duluth) MN 14,600 Ray AZ 10,700 Dos Pobres AZ 9,000 Santa Rita NM 8,700 San Manuel-Kalamazoo AZ 8,300 Santa Cruz AZ 8,200 Table 7. The ten largest domestic copper deposits in terms of past production, remaining resources, and past production plus remaining resources.

DEPOSIT STATE LEAD PRODUCED 3 metric t Viburnum MO 11,200 Old Lead Belt MO 7,700 Coeur d’Alene district ID 7,200 Tri-State MO OK KS 2,600 Bingham Canyon district UT 2,000 Park City UT 1,200 Leadville CO 1,100 Tintic-East Tintic UT 1,000 Upper Mississippi Valley WI IL IA Mine LaMotte-Frederickton MO DEPOSIT STATE LEAD RESOURCE 3 metric t Viburnum MO 28,500 Red Dog AK 14,700 Burkesville KY 1,400 Tintic-East Tintic UT Lik-Su AK Hahns Peak CO Greens Creek AK Crandon WI Bingham Canyon district UT Arctic Camp AK DEPOSIT STATE LEAD PRODUCED PLUS RESOURCE 103 metric t Viburnum MO 39,700 Red Dog AK 15,000 Old Lead Belt MO 7,700 Coeur d’Alene district ID 7,700 Tri-State MO OK KS 2,600 Bingham Canyon district UT 2,300 Tintic-East Tintic UT 1,800 Leadville CO 1,400 Burkesville KY 1,400 Park City UT 1,300 Table 8. The ten largest domestic lead deposits in terms of past production, remaining resources, and past production plus remaining resources.

DEPOSIT STATE ZINC PRODUCED 3 metric t Tri-State MO OK KS 10,600 Franklin-Sterling Hill NJ 6,300 Coeur d’Alene district ID 3,400 Balmat-Edwards-Pierrepoint NY 2,500 Mascot-Jefferson City TN 2,400 Butte district MT 2,200 Red Dog AK 1,800 Upper Mississippi Valley WI IL IA 1,500 Austinville-Ivanhoe VA 1,400 Viburnum MO 1,400 DEPOSIT STATE ZINC RESOURCE 3 metric t Red Dog AK 22,000 Crandon WI 3,700 Butte district MT 2,300 Arctic Camp AK 2,000 Lik-Su AK 1,960 Fountain Run KY 1,800 Burkesville KY 1,600 Tintic-East Tintic UT 1,500 Viburnum MO 1,400 Central Tennessee TN 1,100 DEPOSIT STATE ZINC PRODUCED PLUS RESOURCE 103 metric t Red Dog AK 23,800 Tri-State MO OK KS 10,800 Franklin-Sterling Hill NJ 6,300 Butte district MT 4,600 Crandon WI 3,700 Balmat-Edwards-Pierrepoint NY 2,900 Viburnum MO 2,860 Mascot-Jefferson City TN 2,500 Arctic Camp AK 2,000 Lik-Su AK 1,960 Table 9. The ten largest domestic zinc deposits in terms of past production, remaining resources, and past production plus remaining resources.

To provide some comparison between deposits of the different metals, metal production and resources have been converted to dollar amounts using rounded average prices (in 1987 dollars) for the last ten to twenty years. Table 10 gives the ten largest deposits in dollar terms. Butte, Montana, colloquially known as the “richest hill on earth” is the largest, followed by Bingham Canyon, Utah, and Lone Star, Arizona. DEPOSIT STATE VALUE OF METAL PRODUCED PLUS RESOURCES IN BILLION 1987 DOLLARS Butte district MT Bingham Canyon district UT Lone Star AZ Morenci-Metcalf AZ Red Dog AK Partridge River MN Viburnum MO Ray AZ Goldstrike-Post NV Dos Pobres AZ Table 10. The ten largest domestic deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in terms of the gross value of past production plus remaining resources for these metals calculated using average prices for these metals over the last twenty to thirty years. Prices, in 1987 dollars, are $350 per ounce gold, $ 5.00 per ounce silver, $1.00 per pound copper, $0.45 per pound lead, and $0.50 per pound zinc. Price data are from U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1993. Gross value of other metal production and resources (molybdenum, nickel, etc.) excluded. Distribution by State Tables 11 and 12, show the total amount of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc produced and contained in remaining resources for all significant deposits of these metals in each State. A few States have been combined with adjacent States where significant deposits extend across State boundaries. Significant deposits in Nevada have produced the most gold and contain the largest remaining gold resource of any State. Deposits in Idaho have produced the most silver, but deposits in Montana have the largest remaining silver resource. Arizona has produced half the nation’s copper and has nearly half the remaining copper resource. Lead production and resources are dominated by the Missouri-Oklahoma-Kansas region. Deposits in that region have produced the most zinc but Alaska has the largest remaining zinc resource. Nevada’s prominence in gold production and resources result from the discovery and development of numerous sediment-hosted, hot-spring, and other bulk-mineable gold deposits in the last thirty years. Alaska’s large zinc resources are mostly attributable to the Red Dog deposit discovered in 1968. Copper resources in Arizona are largely the result of post-World War II discoveries of new and extensions of known porphyry copper deposits.

PRODUCTION FROM SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS State Gold metric t Silver metric t Copper 3 metric t Lead 3 metric t Zinc 3 metric t Alaska 1,030 2,060 1,960 Arizona 14,050 45,600 1,130 California 2,670 3,520 Colorado 1,120 21,100 2,570 2,780 Georgia Idaho 35,900 7,340 3,520 Illinois (south)-Kentucky Illinois (north)-Iowa-Wisconsin 1,460 Maine Michigan 1,500 6,660 Minnesota Missouri-Kansas-Oklahoma 1,710 22,600 12,200 Montana 29,400 10,000 2,440 Nevada 2,810 24,900 2,940 New Hampshire New Jersey 6,260 New Mexico 2,680 7,840 1,360 New York 2,490 North Carolina Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota 1,360 Tennessee 3,300 Texas 1,053 Utah 1,030 27,900 14,900 5,000 1,900 Vermont Virginia 1,420 Washington Wyoming Table 11. Total amount of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc produced from significant deposits in each State with one or more significant deposits. Some States have been combined where significant deposits extend across State borders.

RESOURCES IN SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS State Gold metric t Silver metric t Copper 3 metric t Lead 3 metric t Zinc 3 metric t Alaska 1,290 26,200 11,700 16,600 29,300 Arizona 9,460 121,000 California 1,350 4,410 1,500 Colorado 12,400 1,110 1,280 Georgia Idaho 14,400 1,560 Illinois (south)-Kentucky 1,360 3,400 Illinois (north)-Iowa-Wisconsin 3,630 4,680 Maine 1,160 Michigan 1,000 8,680 Minnesota >49 32,800 Missouri-Kansas-Oklahoma 1,620 28,700 1,640 Montana 1,080 48,200 30,500 2,440 Nevada 6,100 13,900 12,800 New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico 7,210 New York North Carolina Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota

Tennessee unknown 1,660 Texas 1,560 Utah 13,200 14,300 1,150 2,940 Vermont Virginia 1,040 1,360 Washington 4,040 13,200 1,030 Wyoming 2,290 1,350 Table 12. Total amount of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc contained as resources in significant deposits in each State with one or more significant deposits. Some States have been combined where significant deposits extend across State borders.

Distribution by Deposit Type Table 18 gives the total amount of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc produced plus that contained in remaining resources for each of the deposit types to which deposits in the database have been assigned. The principal deposit types for each metal, however, are more readily seen in tables 13 through 17. The most important deposit types for gold production and resources are sediment-hosted gold, placer gold, and epithermal veins. Silver production and resources is more evenly divided among several deposit types. Polymetallic replacement and Coeur d’Alene polymetallic veins are the most important deposit types for silver production, and porphyry copper, sediment-hosted copper, and massive sulfides are most important for silver resources. Some 72 percent of copper production and 70 percent of copper resources are attributable to porphyry copper deposits. Over half of all lead production and resources are attributable to Mississippi Valley-type deposits. Mississippi Valley-type deposits account for about half of zinc production but sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb deposits contain nearly half the remaining zinc resource. GOLD PRODUCTION Deposit Type metric t Percent Total Epithermal vein 2,650 Placer Au 2,530 Sediment-hosted Au 1,420 Low-sulfide Au-quartz vein 1,410 Homestake Au 1,250 Porphyry Cu GOLD RESOURCES Deposit Type metric t Percent Total Sediment-hosted Au 4,080 Placer Au 3,040 Epithermal vein 2,760 Porphyry Cu Low-sulfide Au-quartz vein Skarn Table 13. Principal types of significant gold deposits in terms of production and remaining resources. The epithermal vein deposit type includes the Comstock, Creede, hot-springs, quartzalunite, and Sado deposit models.

SILVER PRODUCTION Deposit Type metric t Percent Total Polymetallic replacement 43,100 Vein, Coeur d’Alene 33,100 Vein, polymetallic 31,200 Epithermal vein 24,900 Porphyry Cu 11,100 Distal-disseminated Ag-Au 7,800 SILVER RESOURCES Deposit Type metric t Percent Total Porphyry Cu 25,800 Sediment-hosted Cu 23,600 Massive sulfide 19,800 Vein, polymetallic 15,400 Epithermal vein 12,200 Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb 12,200 Table 14. Principal types of significant silver deposits in terms of production and remaining resources. The epithermal vein deposit type includes the Comstock, Creede, hot-springs, quartzalunite, and Sado deposit models. Porphyry copper-related polymetallic veins are included in the polymetallic vein deposit type.

COPPER PRODUCTION Deposit Type 3 metric t Percent Total Porphyry Cu 66,100 Vein, polymetallic 7,800 Basaltic Cu 4,900 Polymetallic replacement 3,700 Massive sulfide 3,500 Sediment-hosted Cu 2,100 COPPER RESOURCES Deposit Type 103 metric t Percent all types Porphyry Cu 183,300 Magmatic Ni-Cu 34,400 Skarn 9,100 Sediment-hosted Cu 8,600 Massive sulfide 6,200 Basaltic Cu 3,100 Table 15. Principal types of significant copper deposits in terms of production and remaining resources. The magmatic Ni-Cu deposit type includes the Duluth, Stillwater, and synorogenicsynvolcanic deposit models. The skarn deposit type includes the skarn Au, skarn Cu, skarn Fe, and skarn Zn-Pb deposit models. Porphyry copper-related polymetallic veins are included in the polymetallic vein deposit type.

LEAD PRODUCTION Deposit Type 3 metric t Percent Total Mississippi Valley 23,700 Polymetallic replacement 7,300 Vein, Coeur d’Alene 7,200 Vein, polymetallic 1,900 Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb Massive sulfide LEAD RESOURCES Deposit Type 103 metric t Percent Total Mississippi Valley 30,200 Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb 15,400 Massive sulfide 1,880 Polymetallic replacement 1,560 Vein, polymetallic Vein, Coeur d’Alene Table 16. Principal types of significant lead deposits in terms of production and remaining resources. The massive sulfide deposit type includes the Besshi, Cyprus, and Kuroko deposit models. Porphyry copper-related polymetallic veins are included in the polymetallic vein deposit type.

ZINC PRODUCTION Deposit Type 3 metric t Percent Total Mississippi Valley 19,800 Franklin-Sterling Hill 6,260 Polymetallic replacement 5,120 Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb 4,390 Vein, polymetallic 3,750 Vein, Coeur d’Alene 3,370 ZINC RESOURCES Deposit Type 103 metric t Percent Total Sedimentary exhalative Zn-Pb 24,600 Massive sulfide 13,600 Mississippi Valley 7,900 Polymetallic replacement 3,070 Vein, polymetallic 3,030 Skarn 1,890 Table 17. Principal types of significant zinc deposits in terms of production and remaining resources. The massive sulfide deposit type includes the Besshi, Cyprus, and Kuroko deposit models. Porphyry copper-related polymetallic veins are included in the polymetallic vein deposit type. The skarn deposit type includes the skarn Au, skarn Cu, skarn Fe, and skarn Zn-Pb deposit models. The Franklin-Sterling zinc deposits may be metamorphosed sedimentary-exhalative deposits.

Deposit Type Number Deposits Gold metric t Silver metric t Copper 3 metric t Lead 3 metric t Zinc 3 metric t Alkaline Au-Te 1,340 Basaltic Cu 8,030 Detachment fault-related polymetallic Distal-disseminated Ag-Au 18,700 Duluth Cu-Ni >49 32,900 Epithermal vein, Comstock 1,410 23,700 Epithermal vein, Creede 3,290 Epithermal vein, quartzalunite Epithermal vein, Sado 2,540 Exotic Cu Franklin-Sterling Hill Zn 6,260 Homestake Au 1,420 Hot Spring Au-Ag 2,250 6,870 Kennecott Cu Kipushi Cu 1,830 Low-sulfide Au-quartz vein 2,180 Massive sulfide, Besshi 2,260 1,140 Massive sulfide, Cyprus Massive sulfide, Kuroko 24,300 7,330 2,100 13,900 Mississippi Valley Pb-Zn 3,340 53,900 27,700 Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au Placer Au 48,000 Placer PGE

Polymetallic replacement 48,500 5,290 8,770 8,190 Porphyry Au >10 Porphyry Cu 1,890 36,900 249,000 Porphyry Mo 1,890 7,500 Replacement/Vein Au-Fe Sedimentary-exhalative Cu-Co Sedimentary-exhalative Zn-Pb 13,300 15,900 29,000 Sediment-hosted Au 5,500 Sediment-hosted Cu 26,800 10,700 Skarn Au 1,230 Skarn Cu 8,280 8,070 Skarn Fe 1,460 Skarn Zn-Pb 1,350 1,530 Stillwater Ni-Cu 1,290 Syntectonic-synorogenic Ni-Cu Vein, peraluminous Au-Ag Vein, Congress-type, polymetallic

Deposit Type Number Deposits Gold metric t Silver metric t Copper 3 metric t Lead 3 metric t Zinc 3 metric t Vein, Coeur d’Alene polymetallic 42,200 7,620 3,760 Vein, Cu 1,250 1,420 Vein, polymetallic 1,270 19,500 1,920 2,080 Vein, polymetallic, porphyry-Cu related 27,100 9,130 4,710 Vein, Sn-Cu Tailings >84 Unclassified 8,950 Table 18. Total amount of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc produced and contained in remaining resources in the various types of significant deposits. The Franklin-Sterling Hill zinc deposits may be metamorphosed sedimentary-exhalative zinc deposits. Comparison with Estimates of Undiscovered Resources Table 19 compares identified resources and past production of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc from the significant deposits database with mean estimates of undiscovered resources of the same metals from the 1996 National Mineral Resource Assessment (Ludington and Cox, 1996). The estimates of undiscovered resources are for the conterminous United States only, hence known resources and past production for Alaska have been excluded from Table 19 to facilitate comparison. The 1996 National Mineral Resource Assessment (Ludington and Cox, 1996) estimated probability distributions for the amount of metal in undiscovered deposits to a depth of one kilometer. The means of those distributions, which are the values shown in table 19, are the expected or most likely values for the amount of metal contained in undiscovered deposits. Estimates of undiscovered gold resources in the conterminous United States are roughly the same as the amount of identified remaining resources. The comparison, however, is not exact as some of the identified resources from the significant deposits database extend below one kilometer depth. For all other metals, estimates of undiscovered resources exceed identified resources, in the cases of silver and zinc, by a factor of three and five respectively. Total resources, identified plus undiscovered, exceed past production by substantial amounts. TYPE OF RESOURCE GOLD metric t SILVER metric t COPPER 103 metric t LEAD 103 metric t ZINC 103 metric t Undiscovered 18,000 460,000 290,000 85,000 210,000 Identified, unmined 15,000 157,000 260,000 51,000 55,000 Past Production 12,000 168,000 91,000 41,000 44,000 Table 19. Comparison of estimates of undiscovered resources in the conterminous United States of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc with identified resources and past production of the same metals for deposits in the significant deposits database. Estimates of undiscovered resources are from U.S. Geological Survey, 1998a.

CONCLUSIONS The U.S. Geological Survey has developed an up-to-date database of significant precious- and base-metal deposits in the United States. This database will be a valuable tool for mineralresource and mineral-environmental investigations, particularly by limiting the scope of these investigations to those deposits which are most important. The database of significant domestic resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc demonstrates several salient features that may not have been readily apparent before. Approximately a third of the Nation’s resources have been discovered in the last forty years, including some of the largest known deposits of some metals such as Red Dog, Alaska (zinc, silver); Goldstrike-Post, Twin Creeks, Gold Quarry-Maggie Creek, Round Mountain, and Jerritt Canyon, Nevada (gold); Lone Star and Dos Pobres, Arizona (copper); and Viburnum, Missouri (lead). Some deposits, such as Butte, Montana (silver, copper, zinc), which are now inactive or no longer major producers, contain a very large share of remaining resources. Identified resources of all metals are less than the mean of estimates of undiscovered resources for these metals. REFERENCES1 Berger, B.R., and Singer, D.A., 1992, Grade-tonnage model of hot-spring Au-Ag, in Bliss, J.D., ed., Developments in deposit modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, p. 23-25. Brobst, D.A., and Pratt, W.P., eds., 1973, United States mineral resources: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 820, 722 p. Cox, D.P., 1992, Descriptive model of distal disseminated Ag-Au deposits, in Bliss, J.D., ed., Developments in deposit modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, p. 19. Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds., 1986, Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, 379 p. Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., 1992, Grade-tonnage model of distal disseminated Ag-Au deposits in Bliss, J.D., ed., Developments in deposit modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, p. 20. duBray, E.A., ed., 1995, Preliminary compilation of descriptive geoenvironmental mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-831, 272 p. Eckstrand, O.R., Sinclair, W.D., and Thorpe, R.I., 1995, Geology of Canadian mineral deposit types: Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada, no. 8, 640 p. Long, K.R., 1992, Descriptive model for detachment-fault-related mineralization, in Bliss, J.D., ed., Developments in deposit modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, p. 57-58. Long, K.R., 1993, Grade-tonnage data for detachment-fault related polymetallic deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-228, 18 p. Long, K.R., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., and Ludington, S.D., 1998, Database of significant deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States; Part B; Digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-206B, 1 3.5-inch floppy diskette. Ludington, S.D., and Cox, D.P., eds., 1996, Data base for a national mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-96, 1 CDROM.

1 References cited in the significant deposits database are to be found in the companion “Significant Deposits References” file.

Mosier, D.L., Singer, D.A., Bagby, W.C., and Menzie, W.D., 1992, Grade and tonnage model of sediment-hosted Au deposits, in Bliss, J.D., ed., Developments in deposit modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2004, p. 26-28. Rytuba, J.J., and Cox, D.P., 1991, Porphyry gold; a supplement to U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-116, 7 p. Singer, D.A., 1995, World class base and precious metal deposits; a quantitative analysis: Economic Geology, v. 90, no. 1, p. 88-104. Singer, D.A., and DeYoung, J.H., Jr., 1980, What can grade-tonnage relations really tell us?, in Guillemin, Claude, and Lagny, Philippe, eds., Ressources minérales-Mineral resources: [France] Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières Mémoire 106, p. 91-101. Theodore, T.G., Orris, G.J., Hammarstrom, J.M., and Bliss, J.D., 1991, Gold-bearing skarns: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1930, 61 p. U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1993, Metal prices in the United States through 1991: Washington, D.C., U.S. Bureau of Mines, 201 p. U.S. Geological Survey, 1998a, 1998 Assessment of United States undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc: U.S. Geological Survey Circular, in press. U.S. Geological Survey, 1998b, Mineral commodity summaries 1998: Reston, Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey, 197 p.

APPENDIX I. FIELD DEFINITIONS FOR THE SIGNIFICANT DEPOSITS DATABASE Each column in the spreadsheet is a separate field in the database. Fields are defined below under their respective column headings. Deposit Name of the deposit or aggregation of deposits (usually by district). Commonly used synonyms are given in parentheses. Where two or more mines develop the same deposits, mine names are joined by a hyphen to create a deposit name. District Name of the mining district to which the deposit belongs. District names follow those used by the U.S. Bureau of Mines for reporting domestic mine production. Where State geological surveys have modified district names or definitions, those modifications have been followed. County County or counties where a deposit occurs. State State or States in which a deposit occurs. Lat and Long Latitude and longitude coordinates for a deposit. For very large deposits, the coordinate represents an approximate central point within the deposit. Accuracy of these coordinates, which come from a wide variety of sources, is not known. Deposit Type Name of the U.S. Geological Survey deposit model to which a deposit has been assigned. A few deposits have been assigned model names for which no formal deposit models have yet been developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. See Appendix II for a list of deposit model names with references to published models. Deposit Type No. Number of the U.S. Geological Survey deposit model corresponding to the assigned model. Alternate Deposit Types Where there is some uncertainty or debate over which model to assign a deposit, an alternate model may also be assigned. See Appendix II for a list of deposit model names with references to published models. Alternate Deposit Type No. Number of the alternate U.S. Geological Survey deposit model to which a deposit has been assigned. Environmental Model Name of the U.S. Geological Survey geoenvironmental model to which a deposit has been assigned. See Appendix II for a list of deposit model names with references to published models. Discovery Year Year in which some part of the deposit was first recognized by persons not indigenous to North America. When the exact year is uncertain, an approximate date is indicated by a tilde placed before the date, or placed within a decade by an expression such as 1860s, or otherwise explained. Production Dates Years of production covered by the production data given. If a deposit is known to have produced outside of those dates, a note to that effect is placed in the Comments field.

Production Tonnage Tonnage of material, in thousands of metric tons, originally mined and processed to recover the metals whose production is given in the other production fields. Reprocessed material, such as tailing and slag, are excluded to avoid double-counting. Production Au Metric tons of gold recovered from material mined and processed. Production Ag Metric tons of silver recovered from material mined and processed. Production Cu Thousands of metric tons of copper recovered from material mined and processed. Production Pb Thousands of metric tons of lead recovered from material mined and processed. Production Zn Thousands of metric tons of zinc recovered from material mined and processed. Other Production A listing of other mineral commodities recovered from mining a deposit. References: Production Citation of reference sources for the production data given. Complete references appear in a separate file. Resource Year Year a resource estimate for a deposit was published or calculated. Resource Tonnage Tonnage of material, in thousands of metric tons, remaining in a deposit that contains the metal resources reported in the other resource fields. Resource Au Metric tons of gold contained in the remaining resource. Resource Ag Metric tons of silver contained in the remaining resource. Resource Cu Thousands of metric tons of copper contained in the remaining resource. Resource Pb Thousands of metric tons of lead contained in the remaining resource. Resource Zn Thousands of metric tons of zinc contained in the remaining resource. Other Resources A listing of other mineral commodities contained in the remaining resource. References: Resources Citation of reference sources for the resource data given. Complete references appear in a separate file.

Comments Explanatory comments for any of the data given in a record.

APPENDIX II. MINERAL DEPOSIT MODELS USED TO CLASSIFY DEPOSITS DEPOSIT MODEL MODEL NUMBER REFERENCES Alkaline Au-Te 22b Cox and Singer, 1986 Basaltic Cu Cox and Singer, 1986 Cu-Co, Blackbird-type 24d Cox and Singer, 1986 Detachment fault-related polymetallic 40a Long, 1992; Long, 1993 Distal-disseminated Ag-Au Cox, 1992; Cox and Singer, 1992 Duluth Cu-Ni 5a Cox and Singer, 1986 Epithermal vein, Comstock Cox and Singer, 1986 Epithermal vein, Creede 25b Cox and Singer, 1986 Epithermal vein, quartz-alunite 25e Cox and Singer, 1986 Epithermal vein, Sado 25d Cox and Singer, 1986 Exotic Cu None Homestake stratiform Au 36b Cox and Singer, 1986 Hot Spring Au-Ag 25a Cox and Singer, 1986; Berger and Singer, Kennecott-type Cu None Kipushi Cu Cox and Singer, 1986 Low-sulfide Au-quartz vein 36a Cox and Singer, 1986 Massive sulfide, Besshi 24b Cox and Singer, 1986 Massive sulfide, Cyprus 24a Cox and Singer, 1986 Massive sulfide, Kuroko 28a Cox and Singer, 1986 Mississippi Valley, Appalachian Zn 32b Cox and Singer, 1986 Mississippi Valley, southeast Missouri Pb-Zn 32a Cox and Singer, 1986 Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au 29b Cox and Singer, 1986 Placer Au 39a Cox and Singer, 1986 Placer PGE 39b Cox and Singer, 1986 Polymetallic replacement 19a Cox and Singer, 1986 Porphyry Au 20d Rytuba and Cox, 1991 Porphyry Cu Cox and Singer, 1986 Porphyry Cu, skarn-related 18a Cox and Singer, 1986 Porphyry Cu-Au Cox and Singer, 1986 Porphyry Cu-Mo 21a Cox and Singer, 1986 Porphyry Mo, Climax Cox and Singer, 1986 Porphyry Mo, low-F 21b Cox and Singer, 1986 Replacement/Vein Au-Fe None Sedimentary-exhalative Zn-Pb 31a Cox and Singer, 1986 Sediment-hosted Au 26a Cox and Singer, 1986; Mosier and others, Sediment-hosted Cu 30b Cox and Singer, 1986 Skarn Au 18f Theodore and others, 1991 Skarn Cu 18b Cox and Singer, 1986 Skarn Fe 18d Cox and Singer, 1986 Skarn Zn-Pb Cox and Singer, 1986 Stillwater Ni-Cu Cox and Singer, 1986 Strata-bound Zn (Franklin-Sterling Hill) None Synorogenic-synvolcanic Ni-Cu 7a Cox and Singer, 1986 Vein, Au-quartz, peraluminous granite None

DEPOSIT MODEL MODEL NUMBER REFERENCES Vein, Congress-type, polymetallic None Vein, Coeur d’Alene polymetallic White and Long, in preparation Vein, Cu Eckstrand and others, 1995 Vein, polymetallic Cox and Singer, 1986 Vein, polymetallic, porphyry-Cu related None Vein, polymetallic Ag-Sn 20b Cox and Singer, 1986

Appendix III. A Resource/Reserve Classification for Minerals1 Introduction Through the years, geologists, mining engineers, and others operating in the minerals field have used various terms to describe and classify mineral resources, which as defined herein include energy minerals. Some of these terms have gained wide use and acceptance, although they are not always used with precisely the same meaning. The U.S. Geological Survey collects information about the quantity and quality of all mineral resources. In 1976, the USGS and the U.S. Bureau of Mines developed a common classification and nomenclature, which was published as U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1450-A, “Principles of the Mineral Resource Classification System of the U.S. Bureau of Mines and U.S. Geological Survey.” Experience with this resource classification system showed that some changes were necessary in order to make it more workable in practice and more useful in long-term planning. Therefore, representatives of the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines collaborated to revise Bulletin 1450-A. Their work was published in 1980 as U.S. Geological Survey Circular 831, “Principles of a Resource/Reserve Classification for Minerals.” Long-term public and commercial planning must be based on the probability of discovering new deposits, on developing economic extraction processes for currently unworkable deposits, and on knowing which resources are immediately available. Thus, resources must be continuously reassessed in the light of new geologic knowledge, of progress in science and technology, and of shifts in economic and political conditions. To best serve these planning needs, identified resources should be classified from two standpoints: (1) purely geologic or physical/chemical characteristics of the material in place, such as grade, quality, tonnage, thickness, and depth; and (2) profitability analyses based on costs of extracting and marketing the material in a given economy at a given time. The former constitutes important objective scientific information of the resource and a relatively unchanging foundation upon which the latter more valuable economic delineation can be based. The revised classification systems, designed generally for all mineral materials, are shown graphically in figures 1 and 2; their components and usage are described in the text. The classification of mineral and energy resources is necessarily arbitrary, because definitional criteria do not always coincide with natural boundaries. The system can be used to report the status of mineral and energy-fuel resources for the Nation or for specific areas. Resource/Reserve Definitions A dictionary definition of resource, “something in reserve or ready if needed,” has been adapted for mineral and energy resources to comprise all materials, including those only surmised to exist, that have present to anticipated future value. Resource. A concentration of naturally occurring solid, liquid, or gaseous material in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and amount that economic extraction of a commodity from the concentration is currently or potentially feasible. Original Resource. The amount of a resource before production. Identified Resources. Resources whose location, grade, quality, and quantity are known or estimated from specific geologic evidence. Identified resources include economic, marginally economic, and sub-economic components. To reflect varying degrees of geologic certainty, these economic divisions can be subdivided into measured, indicated, and inferred. Demonstrated. A term for the sum of measured and indicated.

1 From U.S. Geological Survey 1988 Mineral Commodity Summaries based on U.S. Geological Survey Circular 831, 1980

Measured. Quantity is computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, working, or drill holes; grade and quality are computed from the results of detailed sampling. The sites for inspection, sampling, and measurement are spaced so closely and the geologic character is so well defined that the size, shape, depth, and mineral content of the resource are well established. Indicated. Quantity, grade, and quality are computed from information similar to that used for measured resources, but the sites for inspection, sampling, and measurement are farther apart or are otherwise less adequately spaced. The degree of assurance, although lower than that for measured resources, is high enough to assume continuity between points of observation. Inferred. Estimates are based on an assumed continuity beyond measured and indicated resources, for which there is geologic evidence. Inferred resources may or may not be supported by samples or measurements. Reserve Base. That part of an identified resource that meets specified minimum physical and chemical criteria related to current mining and production practices, including those for grade, quality, thickness, and depth. The reserve base is the in-place demonstrated (measured plus indicated) resource from which reserves are estimated. It may encompass those parts of the resources that have reasonable potential for becoming economically available within planning horizons beyond those that assume proven technology and current economics. The reserve base includes those resources that are currently economic (reserves), marginally economic (marginal reserves), and some of those that are currently subeconomic (subeconomic resources). The term “geologic reserve” has been applied by others generally to the reserve-base category, but it may also include the inferred-reserve-base category. It is not a part of this classification system. Inferred Reserve Base. The in-place part of an identified resource from which inferred reserves are estimated. Quantitative estimates are based largely on knowledge of the geologic character of a deposit for which there may be no samples or measurements. The estimates are based on an assumed continuity beyond the reserve base, for which there is geologic evidence. Reserves. That part of the reserve base which could be economically extracted or produced at the time of determination. The term reserves need not signify that extraction facilities are in place and operative. Reserves include only recoverable materials; thus, terms such as “extractable reserves” and “recoverable reserves” are redundant and are not part of this classification system. Marginal Reserves. That part of the reserve base which, at the time of determination, borders on being economically producible. Its essential characteristic is economic uncertainty. Included are resources that would be producible, given postulated changes in economic or technological factors. Economic. This term implies that profitable extraction or production under defined investment assumptions has been established, analytically demonstrated, or assumed with reasonable certainty. Subeconomic Resources. The part of identified resources that does not meet the economic criteria of reserves and marginal reserves. Undiscovered Resources. Resources, the existence of which are only postulated, comprising deposits that are separate from identified resources. Undiscovered resources may be postulated in deposits of such grade and physical location as to render them economic, marginally economic, or subeconomic. To reflect varying degrees of geologic certainty, undiscovered resources may be divided into two parts. Hypothetical Resources. Undiscovered resources that are similar to known mineral bodies and that may be reasonably expected to exist in the same producing district or region under analogous geologic conditions. If exploration confirms their existence and reveals enough information about their quality, grade, and quantity, they will be reclassified as identified resources.

Speculative Resources. Undiscovered resources that may occur either in known types of deposits in favorable geologic settings where mineral discoveries have not been made, or in types of deposits as yet unrecognized for their economic potential. If exploration confirms their existence and reveals enough information about their quantity, grade, and quality, they will be reclassified as identified resources. Restricted Resources/Reserves. That part of any reserve/resource category that is restricted from extraction by law or regulations. Other Occurrences. Materials that are too low grade or for other reasons are not considered potentially economic may be recognized and their magnitude estimated, but they are not classified as resources. Cumulative Production. The amount of past cumulative production is not, by definition, a part of a resource. Nevertheless, a knowledge of what has been produced is important to an understanding of current resources, in terms of the amount of past production and the amount of remaining in-place resource. Material left in the ground during current or future extraction should be recorded in the resource category appropriate to its economic-recovery potential. Figure 1. Major elements of mineral-resource classification, excluding Reserve Base and Inferred Reserve Base. IDENTIFIED RESOURCES UNDISCOVERED RESOURCES Demonstrated Probability Range Cumulative Production Measured Indicated Inferred Hypothetical Speculative ECONOMIC Reserves Inferred Reserves MARGINALLY ECONOMIC Marginal Reserves Inferred Marginal Reserves SUBECONOMIC Demonstrated Subeconomic Resources Inferred Subeconomic Resources Other Occurrences Includes unconventional and low-grade materials

Figure 2. Reserve Base and Inferred Reserve Base classification categories. IDENTIFIED RESOURCES UNDISCOVERED RESOURCES Demonstrated Probability Range Cumulative Production Measured Indicated Inferred Hypothetical Speculative ECONOMIC MARGINALLY ECONOMIC Reserve Base SUBECONOMIC Inferred Reserve Base Other Occurrences Includes unconventional and low-grade materials

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REFERENC page 59 Wilkins, J., Jr., 1984, The distribution of gold- and silver-bearing deposits in the Basin and Range province, western United States, in Wilkins, Joe, Jr., ed., Gold and silver deposits of the Basin and Range province, western USA: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 15, p. 1-27. Wilkins, J., Jr., and Hillemeyer, F.L., 1996, Geology, alteration, and mineralization at the America mine gold deposit, San Bernardino County, California, in Rehrig, W.A., and Hardy, J.J., eds., Tertiary extension and mineral deposits, southwestern U.S.: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook 25, p. 127-140. Willden, R., and Speed, R.C., 1974, Geology and mineral deposits of Churchill County, Nevada: Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 83, 95 p. Williams, S.A., and Forrester, J.D., 1995, Characteristics of porphyry copper deposits, in Pierce, F.W., and Bolm, J.G., eds., Porphyry copper deposits of the American Cordillera: Arizona Geological Society Digest 20, p. 21-34. Wilson, E.D., 1961, Part I, Arizona gold placers, in Gold placers and placering in Arizona: Arizona Geological Survey Bulletin 168, p. 11–86. Wisser, E., 1953, Zinc ore reserves, Appalachian Mining and Smelting Co., Bumpass Cove, Tennessee: Unpublished geologic report, 20 p. (Grover Heinrichs File Collection, Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources, Phoenix, Ariz., file 8, folder 63) Wisser, E., 1956, Report of examination of Bully Hill mine, Shasta County, California: Unpublished geological report, 2 p. (Grover Heinrichs File Collection, Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources, Phoenix, Ariz., file 3, folder 57) Witkind, I.J., 1973, Igneous rocks and related mineral deposits of the Barker quadrangle. Little Belt Mountains, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 752, 58 p. Woodward, L.A., 1995, Metallic minerals of the Judith Mountains, central Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Memoir 67, 78 p. Woodward, L.A., Kautman, W.H., Schumacher, O.L., and Talbott, L.W., 1974, Strata-bound copper deposits in Triassic sandstone of Sierra Nacimiento, New Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 69, no. 1, p. 108-120. Yeend, W.E., 1974, Gold-bearing gravel of the ancestral Yuba River, Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 772, 44 p. Yeend, W., and Shawe, D.R., 1989, Gold placers, in Shawe, D.R., Ashley, R.P, and Carter, L.M.H., eds., Gold in placer deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1857-G, p. G1–G13. Young, T.H., and Cluer, J.K., 1992, The Antelope Valley precious metal deposits, A Tertiary acidsulfate system in Sierra County, California, in Craig, S.D., ed., Walker Lane symposium proceedings volume; structure, tectonics, and mineralization of the Walker Lane: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada, p. 213-221. Young, E.J., and Segerstrom, K., 1973, A disseminated silver-lead-zinc sulfide occurrence at Hahns Peak, Routt County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1367, 33 p. Young, L.E., St. George, P., and Bouley, B.A.., 1997, Porphyry copper deposits in relation to the magmatic history and palinspastic restoration of Alaska, in Goldfarb, R.J., and Miller, L.D., eds., Mineral deposits of Alaska: Economic Geology Monograph 9, p. 306-333. In addition, a number of common reference works, primarily periodical in nature, and often lacking specific author attributions, are cited in the known deposits file in abbreviated form, according to the following table: AMH American Mines Handbook, Southam Business Communications Inc., Don Mills, Ontario, Canada (annual). CMH Canadian Mines Handbook, Southam Business Communications Inc., Don Mills, Ontario, Canada (annual). CMJ Canadian Mining Journal E/MJ Engineering and Mining Journal, Maclean Hunter Publishing Co., Chicago, IL (monthly).

REFERENC page 60 ME Mining Engineering, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Littleton, CO (monthly). MJ Mining Journal, Mining Journal Ltd., London, England (weekly). MM Mining Magazine, Mining Journal Ltd., London, England (monthly). MMN Major Mines of Nevada, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Special Publication (annual). MR Mining Record, Howell Publishing Co., Denver, CO (weekly). NM The Northern Miner, Southam Magazine Group, Don Mills, Ontario, Canada (weekly). NMI The Nevada Mineral Industry, Reno, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Special Publication, MI series (annual). PCIA Primary Copper Industry of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources, Special Report (annual). PD Pay Dirt, Copper Queen Publishing Co., Bisbee, AZ (monthly). Randol Randol mining directory, Randol International Ltd., Golden, CO (biannual). SEGN Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter, Littleton, CO (quarterly) SK Skillings’ Mining Review, Skillings’ Mining Review Inc., Duluth, MN (weekly). SEC Form 10K: Annual reports filed by domestic public companies with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in compliance with the 1934 Securities Exchange Act and Title 17, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 200 to end. Reports filed with the SEC are available for public inspection at the SEC Library, New York City. Microfiche copies are available at many university libraries or may be purchased from Disclosure, Inc. The SEC’s EDGAR database of electronic copies of filings made since 1994 is accessible via the internet at www.sec.gov . SEC Form 20F: Annual reports filed by foreign companies marketing securities in the United States with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in compliance with the 1934 Securities Exchange Act and Title 17, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 200 to end. Reports filed with the SEC are available for public inspection at the SEC Library, New York City. Microfiche copies are available at many university libraries or may be purchased from Disclosure, Inc. Foreign companies are not required to file electronic copies of Form 20F with the SEC but voluntary filings are accessible via the internet at www.sec.gov. MAS/MILS: U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Availability System/Mineral Industry Location System electronic database. Available on CD-ROM as U.S. Bureau of Mines Special Publication 12-95. Robertson Info-Mine: On-line mineral property database available on a subscription basis from Robertson Info-Data Inc., Vancouver, B.C., at www.info-mine.com U.S. Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook: Series began with 1882 edition (1882 data), called Mineral Resources of the United States, published by the U.S. Geological Survey (1882–1923) and the U.S. Bureau of Mines (1924–1931). Became Minerals Yearbook in 1932, published by U.S. Bureau of Mines (1932–1994) and the U.S. Geological Survey (1995–present). U.S. Bureau of Mines production data: Mineral production reported by individual operators to the U.S. Geological Survey from 1901 to 1924, the U.S. Bureau of Mines from 1925 to 1995, and the U.S. Geological Survey from 1996 to present. Pursuant to Public Law 96-479, these data have been aggregated over time and over several operators so as not to disclose the production of any individual operator.