Fluorspar Deposits of Kentucky with Notes on the Production, Mining, and Technology of the Mineral in the United States, also Some Data Concerning Barite Deposits

F. Fohs · 1907 · Historical

Contents: Chapter 1: Production of Fluorspar p. 1 Chapter 2: Progress of the Fluorspar Industry in 1905-6 p. 37 Chapter 3: Fluorspar and its Occurrence p. 52…

Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: archive.org.

Kentucky Geological Survey Bulletin No. 4.

Fluorspar Deposits Of Kentucky.

Lan.

PaONaAnrAWNE

Mines Shown By Numbers On Map.

Crittenden County Mines:

. Ada Florence Mine. 19. Givens Mines. 37. . Alice Mine. 20. Glendale Mine. 38.

. Asbridge Mines, 21. Hodge Mines. 39. Beard Mine. 22. Holly Mines. 40. Ben Belt Mine. 23. Keyes Mine. 41. Big Four Mine. 24. Keystone Mine. 42. Brown Mines. 25. Lady Farmer Mines. 43.

. Clement Mine. 26. LaRue Mines. 44,

. Columbia Mines and Mill. 27. Leander Mine. 45.

. Commodore Mine. 28. Leona Mine. 46.

. Cox’ Mises. 29. Lucile Mines. 47.

. Crosson Mines. 30. Lucky Star Mines. 48.

. Dan Riley Mine. 31. Miller Mine. 49,

. Deer Creek Mine. 32. Mann Mine. 50.

. Eaton Mine. 33. Mathews Mine. 51.

. Ebbie Hodge Mine. 34. Memphis Mines. 52.

Eclipse Mine. 35. Meyers. 53.

i8. Edwards Mine. 36. Nine Acre Mine and Mill.

Livingston County Mines.

. Ramp Babb Mine. 59. Hudson Mine. 64. . Bonanza Mine. 60. McDowell Mine. 65. . Burns Mine. 61. Morning Star Mine. 66. . Evening Star Mine and Mill, 62. Nancy Hanks Mine and Mill.

. Aus Guill Mine. 63. Royal Mine.

Caldwell County. Mines.

. Bright Mine. 70. Marble Mines. 73. . Dodds Mines. 71. Ray Mines. 74, . Lowery Mines. 72. Senator Mines.

Christian County Prospects.

. Ellis Prospect. 78. Head’s Victoria Mine (Prospect). . Freeman Shaft. 2% miles s. e. of Pod. . Fruit Calc. Prospect. 79. Hord Prospect.

Lyon County Prospects.

. Cook Cale. Prospect. 85. Padon Prospect. 87. . Eddyville Calc. Prospect. 86. Redd Manganese Prospect. 88.

Trigg County Prospects.

. Cooper Prospect. 93. Malone Prospect. 97. . Hillman Prospect. 94. O'Hara Shaft. 98. . Ferguson Prospect. 95. Overby Shafts. 99, . Johnson. 96. Owen Shaft.

UNION COUNTY PROSPECT. 100. Laryta Spring Prospect.

Other Mills.

Old Dad Mine and Mill, Old Glory Mines. Old Jim Mines. Parish Mine.

Pogue Mine.

Redd Mine.

Red Hill Mine. Reiter Mine.

Riley Mine.

Stevens Tunnels. Struck-it-Rich Mines. Tabb Mines.

Tabor Mines. Thurman Mine. Wheatcroft Mines. Wilson Mines. Yandell Mines.

Tom Spees Mine.. St. John Mines. Henry Woods Mine.

Stone Mine. Tyrie Mine.

80. Jarvin Prospect. 81. McReynolds Prospect. 82, Williams Prospect.

Smith Prospect. Wadlington Prospect.

Peel Prospect. Pue Prospect. Taoler Shafts,

101. Kentucky Mill is n. of 102 and 102. Sanders Mill. marked 100 on map. 103. Temme Mill.

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Kentucky Geological Survey

CHARLES J-NORWOOD, Director. SKETCH MAP OF~

THE LEAD,ZING AND SPAR DisTRIGT

Western -Kentucky.

Srowine Location OF Mines Ano MiLts..

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Nancy HANKS MILL—ALBANY MINING AND INVESTMENT Co.

Kentucky Geological Survey

CHARLES J. NORWOOD, Director

BULLETIN No. 9.

Fluorspar Deposits of Kentucky

With

Notes on the Production, Mining and Technology of the Mineral in the United States

Also

Some Data Concerning Barite Deposits

By F. Julius Fohs

Office Of The Survey: Lexington, Ky.

Printed by the Globe Printing Co., Louisville, Ky.

Contents.

Chapter I.

Production Of Fluorspar.

Page History. cco seheecsccsnasese css Ses est soe cee os eds ees eee secede 1 Statistics: 2222225 s2ee2 hess ces eens Ss oeessetece ee Seca ee ete us oce ns ceee eee sess. 4 General Review of Production, 1905 and 1906 $ Tonnages Marketed, Values, Etc. 9 Comments on Output, Ete, 10 Companies Producing and Selling 12 Grades. 4.223 2202 oe ae Sa eee see estes 13 SéllingPricés 2:22 -cocseca0Soosd Joon eee seen ete Se ee ese eee ee Sea 15 Sources of Competition with American Fluorspar 18 Other Veinstuffs than Fluorspar in Western Kentucky 20 Other Veinstuffs tn Central Kentucky 27

CHAPTER II. PROGRESS OF THE FLUORSPAR INDUSTRY IN 1905-06. Western Kentucky District, Progress in Western Kentucky District, Milling in Southern Illinois District, Progress in Southern Illinois District, Milling in Central Kentucky District, Progress in Central Kentucky District, Milling in Seoless Central Tennessee District Colorado. District). 20205 eco e eh access eee Fetes ares anbiseesceoos Castle Dome District Special Separation Processes CHAPTER III. FLUORSPAR AND ITS OCCURRENCE. Page

Crystallography’ <-222 2222262 nesses eee eee ee ese 52 Structure: 92-2 ee eet sch et See acces nen 53 Fracture,..Hardness;, Ete: 222252226222 ee se ee See 54 Luster; Streak, Btc.-2. 2.022222 Soo ese ah ce sae eo eh eek oe eck 54 Color 2 -nsett oso 5 re es ae ei ee es ee LES edocs 54 Phosphorescence, Fluorescence, Electrical Properties 56

iv CONTENTS.

Typical Analyses ee. 58 Varieties 58 Physical Determination 59 Rare Elements in Fluorspar 59 Encrustations and Inclusions 61 Genesis: 265252 S oe Soe eee ca cce aston ai sees Sse. 61 Fluoritization lS cimitacm amie came pec eeoL se ot Se 63 Alteration 64 Gravel Fluorspar 65 Occurrences of Fluorspar 66 General Occurrence and Associations 73 List of*Fluorspar Localities in the United States 74

Chapter Iv.

Prospecting And Mining Methods.

Suggestions for Prospecting Conditions Resulting from Faulting Prospecting the -Faults Locating Parallel and Other Faults Post-Development Work Mining and Timbering Methods Transportation i ala cies 110 CHAPTER V. MILLING METHODS,

Page Lee Washete) . 23. oi eo ee ee ee cetera aneeensos 112 Gravity Washers. 5-3 + on iio in see seen GBcereens 2225-252 S5 68 ee dh Sec ce ces ees cks awe oe Ccskececessnes sens Ore Dressing Problems Special Separation Processes Crushing and Concentrating ee ee a a SPS ee 113 Grinding 222-200. sa 122 Kentutirey MINS -.nnbscessassn ose easeedcaeesn dense cues cuedsemesceeene eee 123 Illinois Mills ..1 133 General Results and Conclusion dit ia cdc iin abodes eal sig oc 149

Chapter Vi.

USES AND TECHNOLOGY OF FLUORSPAR. Page BOR ona oot See oboe See mbeele ses eetoe yeeel sss eaecheeee wns 148 Manufacture of Hydrofiuoric Acid 150

CONTENTS. v

Fluorspar in Metallurgy Manufacture ‘of. :Glass- 222: cot 5552053 one ete ee eee ec be sensccsesieses

enamel lux; Bte. [2-22.52 S2se552-0 bh eo et a See so sete en ss sete cece 177 For Ornamental Purposes 179 Carbon Blectrodés, 2 2n223s.e62200 soa2 2 oee> Sessbe dees csn ec sete esi nsete ck, 180

Chapter Vii.

Methods Of Analysis Of Fluorine Compounds.

Page. Qualitative Determinations 181

CHAPTER VIII. LIST OF MINES, MILLS, AND OPERATORS, List of Lead, Zinc, and Spar Mines in Western Kentucky 2

Concentrating and Grinding Plants

Royalties: 25-5222 sss ess Soe ee seh on eee the eases elie

Former Operators. 2<-sss52 425 2s0e2 oooh 3 he eS sce candle ce 2 APPENDICES.

Page.

I. Occurrence of Cobalt and Nickel in Western Kentucky 272

Tables.

Page.

Il, Production of Fluorspar in the U. S.. 1882 to 1895, 5

Il. Production of Fluorspar in the U. S., 1896 to 1905, 6

IV. Shipments of Fluorspar from W. Ky., 1896 to 1905, 7

Vv. Number of Producers and Shippers in the U. S,, 1902-1906 8

VI. Comparison of Status of the Fluorspar Industry in 1905 and 10

VIII. Required Zinc Content in an Ore, with Known Percentage of Recov-

vi CONTENTS.

Plates.

Nancy Hanks Mill Frontspiece. Sketch Map of Western Kentucky District Opp. Page : Faces Page St:John: ‘Mime. 22252423 soos ss cene eens ses ent Sb nese eee seheassy-eHes- $2 Section of Memphis Mine 37 Breast of Fluorspar, Memphis Incline 38 The: Sanders Mill 2 secc2s- 6 3222 -chee loco l ewe So ee eet eeneecs 44 Deep Purple Fluorspar Crystals, Corroded 52 Fluorite Crystals; Twinning, Grouping, Ete, 53 Fluorspar Showing Ribbon Structure -- 54 Group of Purple Fluorite Crystals 38 Group of White Fluorite Crystals 58

Fluorite Containing Inclusions of Country Rock, and (b) Cavernous Fluorite Formed by Leaching Out of Inclusions 60 Honey-Combed Fluorspar Ronee a CNR Ss Coe een as 62

Etched Fluorite Corroded Fluorite Sketch Map of Memphis Mines Group Cross-Section of Memphis Mines Group — Calcite Veins in Limestone AWE SRD MAREN BSNS Sa ne ee Sete Riley Mine; Drifting on 35-Ft. Level jens Reed Gravel Fluorspar Pit Horse Whim, Parish Prospect

A Gee: Wesier 22.2025 2ee cee reesecee hae ete Sake ee

A Gravity Washer

The Mentucky Mil: o2-.055.0c ccc seo cucte her wae eeketsabescenkaccehoneseses Ore at Evening Star Mine Optical Fluorite ee ees muein dee neenclecunccs ses 178

Letter Of Transmittal.

His Excellency, J. C. W. Breckuam, Governor of Kentucky.

Sir: I have the honor to present for publication Bulletin No. 9, on the Fluorspar Deposits of Kentucky, with data relating to the general occurrence of fluorspar, its technology, ete., by Mr. F. Julius Fohs.

It is believed that this Bulletin will be accepted as the most complete publication on Fluorspar that has ever been issued. By liberal use of Dr. Beck’s ‘‘The Nature of Ore Deposits,’’ Mr. Fohs has been enabled to compile an extended list of occurrences of fluorspar in association with various type groups of certain minerals. While it may be admitted that in many instances the occurrences noted are of interest rather to the student of mineral associations (and of much use to him) than to the seeker after economic deposits of fluorite, it is believed that the list will nevertheless prove serviceable to a large number of readers, and that it is properly included in what was intended to be a comprehensive account of the mineral. The chapter devoted to analytical methods will cer- tainly be weleomed by those who have to do with the technical applications of fluorspar. The chapter on the uses of the mineral will, it is believed, prove quite helpful. And just here it may be well to note, in addition to what has been said by Mr. Fohs in regard to the uses of the spar, that fluorspar is used in Russia in the manufacture of a new building material, to which the name ‘‘kremnitz’’ has been given. According to the Mining Magazine (August anid December, 1905), ‘‘kremnitz’’ is composed of sand, clay and fluorite, subjected to a high temperature and molded into any form desired. It ‘‘can be colored to imitate the most precious marbles.”’

Necessarily, this Bulletin deals chiefly with the deposits in the western end of the State, in what is known as the Ken-

viii KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

tucky-Illinois District, of which by far the larger part is in kentucky. As a matter of record, it may be well to say that the late Dr. Joseph G. Norwood was probably the first geolo- gist to recognize the really important character of the Illinois deposits; that the fact that the Kentucky deposits occur in true veins associated with deep faults was first noted by the writer, in 1875; and that the sheeting of the rocks was first suggested by Emmons and subsequently verified by Smith and Ulrich.

The fluorspar deposits of Central Kentucky have received less attention from prospectors than it is possible they may deserve. In fact, it seems not improbable that systematic ex- plorations of those rocks that lie below the Lexington—either as they come to the surface here and there, or as they may be reached underground—will develop fluorspar deposits of im- portance. In the further study of the barytes deposits of that part of the State, particular attention will be paid to this question.

In chapter I., Mr. Fohs calls attention to the effect of foreign competition in the home market for American spar. Fluorspar enters the American market duty free, and it is partly in consequence of that fact (to which is to be added alleged discriminations in freight charges from the sea- board) that English competition seriously affects the Ameri- can miners. This matter deserves investigation. Flourspar mining is an instance of one really ‘‘infant industry’? which might be helped by an import duty.

Very respectfully, C. J. Norwoon, State Geologist. May 1, 1907.

Letter Of Submittal.

Proressor CHARLES J. Norwoop, Director, Kentucky Geological Survey.

Sir:—I have the honor to submit herewith a report on Kentucky fluorspar, with notes on the production, method of mining and technology of that mineral in the United States; also some data concerning barite deposits, and a note concerning the occurrence of cobalt in association with the fluorspar deposits of Western Kentucky. With- out the efficient co-operation of the fluorspar operators of Kentucky, Tllinois, Tennessee and Colorado, , it would have been impossible for me to present so complete a report upon the economic and technical features of the fluorspar industry in America. To each and all of them, both for myself and on behalf of the Survey, I offer sincere thanks. Especially were they kind in submitting even con- fidential data, in order that I might better arrive at the true condition of the industry.

To those who assisted in clerical and illustrative work in connection with the report, and to Mr. C. S. Nunn for the use of the Memphis mines sections and for other aid, my best thanks are due. To you, dear sir, I wish to express my earnest thanks for your helpful suggestions and constant kindness. I have as far as possible given credit throughout the report whenever necessary. I remain,

Very respectfully yours, F, Jutrus Fons, Assistant Geologist. Lexington, Ky., March 25, 1907.

Chapter I.

Production Of Fluorspar.

The Western Kentucky District has become, since 1896, one of the largest producers in the world. Its yearly pro- duction for the past ten years was greater than that of any American district, except in 1906 when Southern Illinois somewhat surpassed it, and greater than that of any foreign country save Germany and Great Britain, the last having ex- ceeded it only since 1905. Caldwell, Crittenden and Living- ston were the producing counties, but by far the major part has been produced by Crittenden county. Fluorspar has been found also in the adjoining counties, Christian, Lyon and Trigg, but as yet has not been produced in quantity from them.

The Southern Illinois district, comprising Pope and Har- din counties, is its largest American competitor. The Central Tennessee district, comprising Smith, Trousdale and Wilson counties, and the Colorado districts in Boulder and Custer counties, are small producers, the latter supplying part of the Colorado demand. The Castle Dome district in Yuma county, Arizona, from 1902 to 1904, was also a small producer, supplying part of the Western demand.

The first fluorspar shipments from an American mine, so far as it is possible to determine, were made from this district in 1871. The River Valley Mining Co., operating the Royal mines, made some small shipments that vear. This company erected the first mill here, for grinding fluorspar, it being of the ordinary grist mill type For No. 1 ground spar they received $60 per ton and for No. ® they received $30, at glass works in Baltimore. Although they had a fair demand for both lump and ground at high prices, owing to financial diffi- culties the company was compelled to suspend. About the same time some fluorspar was mined at the Yandell mines,

2 Kentucky Geological Survey.

though none was shipped till 1878, when they were operated by Henry Glass. The first flourspar shipments were made in the early seventies from the Rosiclare mines.

The Dyecusburg Lead Mining Co., Cincinnati Lead & Spar Mining Co., and the Walton Spar Mining Co., made fluorspar shipments from 1882 to 1886, the amount of which is unknown. The fluorspar was mined at the Yandell, Memphis and Beard mines. Some 1,500 tons were shipped in 1886, according to Mineral Resources for that year.

About 1893, J. W. Waggoner is said to have come into the district and begun mining fluorspar from shallow pits, shipping both in bulk and barrels.

Porter and Hudson began really the first active shipments in 1896, and the Kentucky Lead & Fluorspar Co., which they formed in 1897, continued to make shipments. They erected a sort of flouring mill at Memphis mines for grinding No. 1 fluorspar. No figures are available for these years and mere- ly estimates have been given in the table.

The Fluorspar Co. succeeded Mr. Waggoner in 1898 and made small shipments that year. This and the Kentucky Fluorspar Co. of Tennessee (successor to the Kentucky Lead & Fluorspar Co.) were the only American shippers, the latter shipping considerably the most.

The same companies were among the shippers in 1899, though two new companies were added to the list. The National Lead, Zine & Fluorspar Co. made their first ship- ments of fluorspar—No. 2 brown lump—from the Marble mine, and the Eagle Fluorspar Co. shipped all grades from the Hudson, Babb, Guill and Evening Star mines. The Ken- tucky Fluorspar Co. remained the largest producer; during the year it discontinued the Memphis Mill and erected the Kentucky Mill just above the depot at Marion, since which time it has ranked among the three largest American pro- ducers of ground fiuorspar. The same vear the Eagle Fluor- spar Co. erected a mill for the concentration of lead, zine and fluorspar, and in addition installed an improved fluorspar grinding plant, shipping several hundred tons of ground fluorspar that year. Owing to their desire to concentrate their efforts on the separation problem, the grinding plant was not used after that year.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 3

In 1900, the same companies made shipments. The Fluor- spar Co. was reorganized in February of that vear, and during 1900 and 1901 its shipments amounted to nearly one-fourth of the total for the district. The Kentucky Fluorspar Co. shipped about 60 per cent. of the output for 1900.

The Chicago Mining Co. made small shipments for the first time in 1901, the Kentucky Fluorspar Co., The Fluorspar Co., and the Eagle Fluorspar Co. being the other shippers. The quantity shipped ranked, beginning with the first, in the order named.

February, 1902, witnessed the consolidation of The Fluor- spar Co. and the Kentucky Fluorspar Co. of Tennessee as the Kentueky Fluorspar Co., a Kentueky corporation, which ship- ped the bulk of the product in 1902. Companies making small shipments that vear were the Eagle Fluorspar Co., the Lucile Mining Co. (successor to the Chicago Mining Co.) and the National. The Pittsburg Mining and Reduction Co. erect- ed a small grinding plant at the Pittsburg mines, but this was not a success, as their fluorspar contained too much calcite. The Marion Mineral Co. began the production and sale of un- washed gravel fluorspar in the latter part of the vear. This year witnessed great activity throughout the district, and the shipments were greater than in any year preceding 1905. The U.S. Geological Survey, in co-operation with the Curator of the State Geological Department, made a preliminary investi- gation of the resources of the district in 1902.

In 1903, we find the Kentucky Fluorspar Co., The Marion Zine Co., the Marion Mineral Co. and the Pittsburg Mining & Reduction Co. paying freight tariffs, in amounts ranking in the order named; all except the first in amounts on less than twelve hundred tons. This vear fell but little hehind 1902.

The year 1904 was more apathetic than either of the two preceding years. The Kentucky Fluorspar Company con- tinued considerably the largest producer, with the Marion Mineral Co. second. The remaining three shippers were the Pittsburg Mining & Reduction Co., the Marion Zine Co., and Roberts & Co., the latter the only new company, all in quantities less than 500 tons. The falling off in shipments as compared with 1902 and 1903 was due to two causes: First, the condition the mines had been put in by not doing sufficient dead work

Kentucky

Geological Survey.

ahead to develop new bodies of fluorspar along the veins, thus requiring this work to be done with a less output of fluor- spar. Second, the market for flux was not as steady, due to depression of iron and steel industries.

Statistics of Productioz.

In Table J, is given the fluorspar output of the principal

producing countries in metric tons.*

This shows the United

States and Germany to stand neck and neck for first place with Great Britain lagging but little behind. France and Spain each have small productions.

Year.

*Mineral Industry, to appear in Vol. NV. sExports: German statistics no longer report production of Fluorspar.

France.

1,940

2,722 3,077 5,140 3,480 3,970 2,650 2,447 2,047

(2)

tNot reported.

tNot yet published.

Vol.

Table I.

Fluorspar Output Of The Principal Producing Countries.*

(In Metric Tons.)

2 United United Germany Spain. Kingdom. States.

of Ss hea, 24 2 —— is 21,603 3 400 5,442 28,232 2 802 8,973 23,787 5 57 11,021 24,306 310 796 21,806 80,310 4 1,471 19,646 28,741 Nil 4,232 17,768 14,1773 93 6,888 47,190 13,0287 4,000 12,102 38,577 13,5402 (7+) 18,160 833,069 15.0193 (3) 39,466 85,299 i 36,280 28,655

XIV., p. 19), with corrections and additions that are

metric ton contains 2204.6 Ibs. avordupois, and is equal to 1.1023 tons of 2600 tbs.—C. J. N.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 5

Fluorspar shipments previous to 1896 are here presented:

Table Ii.

Production Of Fluorspar In The United States 1882-1895*,

(In Short Tons.)

i Average Average Year. Quantity. Value. value Year. Quantity. Value. value per ton, per ton. 1883 4,000 20,000 5.00 1890 8,250 65,328 6.71 1884 4,000 20,000 5.00 1891 10,044 78,330 7.80 1885 5,000 22,500 4.50 1892 12,250 89,000 7.26 1886 5,000 22,000 4.40 1893 12,400 84,000 6.77 18-7 5,000 20,000 4.00 1894 7,500 47,500 6.38

1888 6,000 30,000 5.00 1895 4,000 24,000 6.00

*From Mineral Resources, U. S. Geological Survey.

Table III., now presented, was made up largely from Mineral Resources, the annual statistical publication of the U. 8S. Geological Survey. The only other statistics we have for comparison are those of The Mineral Industry, annually published by the Engineering and Mining Journal. Previous to 1898, the two show only small differences. During the years 1898, 1899, and 1900, the latter reports a far larger pro- duction than the former, due to the fact that one of the Ken- tucky producers gave in much exaggerated figures. Since 1900 the figures in the latest Mineral Industry are those of the U. S. Geological Survey, except 1905.

6 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Table Iii.

Fluorspar Production In The United States, 18°6-1905.*

(In Short Tons.)

United States H z at Be ae 35 1896 6,500 $52,000 ; 6,000 1,500 0.0... 1897 5,062 37,159 2,500 2,562 . 1898 7,675 63,050 000... pee eee 7,675 Sees a4] eee 1900 18,450 94,500 3,450t oo... 15.000+ 15,450 8,000 1901 19,586 118,803 6,086 13,500: 16,886 3,700

*Complied from Mineral Resources, UT. 8S. Geological Survey, except when marked. tApproximate.

tActual shipments.

§Includes 800 tons held in stock.

ttIncludes 6,550 tons held in stock.

§§Includes 4,671 tons held in stock.

(1) Excess of actual production, sce “Comments on the Output.”

(2) Over twice the actual production, Kentucky really having the largest production. (3) Colorado and Tennessee.

(4) Slightly too high.

(5) Includes 2,487 tons held in stock,

The figures given by Mineral Resources for the years 1902, 1903 and 1904 (also 1905, see Table IIL) are ex- cessive, as will be seen by comparison of Tables III. and IV. The figures of the latter were compiled by the writer from the most authoritative sources accessible.* Placing the excess production of 1903, 1904 and 1905 at 2,000 tons each year, which was certainly not exceeded, and we still have an excess of 10,000 to 12,000 tons to be accounted for. These discrep- ancies in the U. S. Geological Survey figures are probably due to: (1) Receipt of padded returns from some of the opera-

*For details refer to Production of Lead, Zine and Fluorspar of Western Ken- tucky, by F. Julius Fohs, Chap. V., State Mine Inspector’s Rept., 1903-1904, pp. 62-76

Kentucky Geological Survey. 7

tors. (2) Unintentional duplication of returns by adding to the figures of shipping companies the returns of producing companies who sell their product to the shipping companies; the latter companies always include their purchased product as well as their own. That considerable differences may arise from such duplication may be seen by comparing the number of producers and shippers in Table V. (3) The inclusion of shipments made by operators to their storeyards or between their storeyards.

TABLE IV. GROUND, LUMP, GRAVEL AND TOTAL SHIPMENTS FROM WESTERN KENTUCKY, 1896-1906.

(In Short Tons.)

Year Ground* Lump Gravel : Totals 1896 : : 1,500 1,500++ 1897 + t 2,562 2,5624¢ 1898 1,000 t 4,000 5, 000¢t 1899 1,500§ t 5,000 6,5005§ 1900 1,750** t 6,750 8,5005§ 1901 2,065** : 11,435 13,50066 1902 2,887%* $ 14,413 16,800%* $4 1903** 3,180 8,942 7,458 15,122 1904** 3,421 2,390 7,306 12,978 1905** 5,220 2,470 11,461 19,151 1906** 4,319 904 6,570 11,793

*Production except for 1905 and 1906 which represents shipments. ¢Unknown, ineluded with gravel.

tIncluded with gravel.

§Estimated.

ttMineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey.

trApproximate.

§sReported, Tllinois Central R. R. shipments.

**Statisties compiled by writer.

From Table IV. we also learn the extent of the produc- tion of ground fluorspar fron. Western Kentucky. By com- paring with the total ground production given in Table IIL, we find this district, except in 1899 and 1904, to have pro- duced from more than one-half to more than two-thirds of

8 Kentucky Geological Survey.

this grade. In 1904, according to figures from Mineral Re- sources, the total ground production was 15,421 tons. De- ducting the Kentucky production of 3,421, we have a remain- der of 12,000 tons to represent the production of the two IIli- nois mills, a production exceeding their capacity at that time had they operated continuously by 3,000 tons. Since these companies did not operate their mills more than one-third of the time during the year, as one had a strike on hand and the other was erecting its plant and doing development work, it is unlikely that the Illinois ground production exceeded much if any the Kentucky production of this grade.

In the table following the number of producers is given. in the columns marked ‘‘Pr.,’’ and number of shippers in the columns marked ‘‘Sh.’’

Table V.

NUMBER OF FLUORSPAR PRODTCERS AND SHIPPERS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1902-1906

1902 1903 1904 1905, 1906 Castle Dome, Arizona cl ea A a Ve Ky Venere] Central Tennessee 1 1 1 1 1 L 1 1 1 1 Colorado. 4- Salwar Ps ies lax chiles sist feraae panies 1 1 1 1 Southern Illinois 5 4] 6 5+] 5B 4 4) 6 6 8 Western Kentucky io} 4/ 6] 56] 8] 5/12] 4] 10] 6 Less companies shipping from two States / 0.00/00... 2 y ) 2...) 2 2 2

*From Mineral Resources. ¢tMineral resources only reported 4. The writer is responsible for the other figures.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 9

General Review Of Production In 1905 And 1906.

Western Kentucky and Southern Illinois districts con- tinue in the lead as producers of fluorspar, with Central Ten- nessee and Colorado districts producing small amounts in

A larger amount was marketed in 1906 than in 1905, but the amount mined was less, due to conditions in Southern Illinois, where the shipments exceeded production by more than 5,000 tons, part of the shipments having been made from spar in stock. The Kentucky production was so regu- lated by the producers as to make the production about equal the shipments. For the first time since 1897, the Kentucky production and shipments both fell below those of Illinois. In the production of ground fluorspar, however, the Ken- tucky district continues to hold first place. In Kentucky, among the shafts that have not been regular producers here- tofore there are no less than five that are now in such a state of development as to be capable of supplying, in 1907, an output greater than the total Kent eky production in 1906; while all the old mines, with one <ception, are capable of turning out a greater production aan at any time in the past. The Kentucky mines, indeed, are in position to supply any demand that may be made upon them in 1907.

Tonnage Marketed, Values, Etc.

The fluorspar marketed from American mines in 1906 amounted to 37,034 short tons, valued at $211,231. This is an increase of 872 tons over 1905, but the value of the 1905 product was about equal to that of the 1906. Of the 1906 product, 8,314 tons, valued at $82,576, were ground; 6,097 tons, valued at $34,398, were in lump form; while of gravel there were 22,623 tons, valued at $94,257. The following table gives the status of the industry, as to certain details, for 1905 and 1906:

10 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Table Vi.

Comparison Of Status Of Fluorspar Industry In 195 And In 1906.

{In short tons.)

z 3g z cy # Companies a M v xX 7 % EI . % a g bo Bf District a $ é ¥ A’ es Ey 3 amd tee ¢ oa) we] 3 3 E Kd 3 ) a 9 3 ‘a 3 a Ps) 21 ¢ 6 A 6 re & laBi Sis Southern Illinois 16,602+| 2,318 3,816 9,206) 15,335] 6,762+ 4 4 6 Notable cap B ates iucads 38,918 7,538 7,962 |20,667 36,162|17,425| 18| 10¢ Colorado & Tennessee .. 620 660 660 40} 1); 2) 2 Southern Illinois 19,582 3,995 4,683 }16,053/ 24,581] 2,975 4 6 8 Western Kentucky 11,440 4,819 904 6,570) 11,793] 10,455 8 10, 6 Increase in 1906 / 781| ]1,956| 872 ... 0 4 Decrease in 1906 7,826 1,865 ) ] 3,955

*“Total marketed” represents gravel shipped, of which less than half was mined as gravel; the remainder having heen mined as lump and crushed, while all the ground was mined as lump.

+Based partly on returns and partly on shipments.

$The apperrent error in total is not real, since companies shipping from two States were deducted.

Comments on the Output, Etc.

The Illinois operators undoubtedly supplied excessive returns to both the U. S. Geological Survey and the En- gineering and Mining Journal for 1905, since they showed production and shipments double the real ones for that year. The statistics given by the U. 8. Geological Survey for Ken- tucky were also excessive by a few thousand tons. Those reported for Kentucky by the writer in The Mineral In- dustry for 1905 were, on the other hand, under the actual total by a few hundred tons. A comparison of the large overestimated returns of Illinois producers with the prac-

Kentucky Geological Survey 11

tically correct ones for Kentucky producers was entirely unjust to the latter. The hurtful effect lay both in giving the Illinois district the name of yielding the largest supply, and in leaving the impression that in 1905 there was a con- siderable overproduction in the United States, which did not and does not now obtain. In 1905 Kentucky actually ex- ceeded the Illinois shipments by nearly 5,000 tons.*

It was because of this state of affairs that special efforts were made to obtain for this Bulletin a correct statement of the shipments of 1905, and the returns presented in the fore- going table resulted.

The figures for shipments for 1906 result from returns of the transportation companies, carefully checked with those reported by the operators. It is gratifying to note that they tallied closely in the aggregate.

The reason Kentucky shipments dropped to second place may be summed up as follows:

1. Advantage of $1.00 per ton in freight rates, given Illinois. In addition rebates also are reported as being given to Illinois shippers.

2. Illinois operators having cut prices in order to com- pete with the English, and also to undersell Kentucky operators.

3. The further invasion of the English shippers into the Western and Southern trade, previously largely controlled by Kentucky shippers.

4. The invasion of Illinois operators, for the first time, into Southern trade.

5. The partial retirement from the market of one of the large shipping companies, owing to caving of one of their Kentucky mines; hence inability to produce.

The Western Kentucky district has exported ground fluorspar both to Canada and Mexico, while crude fluorspar is also shipped the former. German consumers have sought quotations on Kentueky fluorspar in quantity, although in ex- cess of 15,000 tons of fluorspar were exported by Germany in 1905, largely to Austria-Hungary and nearby countries.

*The U.S. Geological Survey reports for 1906 a production of 40,796 short tons, valued at

$244,025, or $5.98 per ton. According to the writer's figures, such tonnage and value are too high, the former being too high by fully 9,000 tons.

12 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Companies Producing And Selling Fluorspar.

The following companies were producing and selling fluorspar from Kentucky in 1905. Those marked with a star sold to the consumer; the others to local companies: Big Four Mining Co., Drescher & Co., Givens Mining Co., Great Northern Mining & Milling Company, Kentucky & Indiana Mining Company, *Kentucky Fluorspar Co., Keystone Lead & Zinc Co., Keystone Mineral & Mining Co., Louisville- Marion Mining Co., *Marion Mineral Co., *Marion Zinc Co., and Wheatcroft Mineral Co. *Roberts & Co., made sales only. The Albany Mining & Investment Co. and the Senator Mining Co. produced but did not sell any of their product.

The companies producing and shipping fluorspar from Kentucky in 1906 (those which shipped to consumers being marked with a star) were as follows: *Albany Mining & Investment Co., Bluegrass Fluorspar Co., *Cumberland River Mining Co., Drescher & Co., Edwards Mining Co., Great Northern Mining & Milling Co., Kentucky & Indiana Mining ©o., *Kentucky Fluorspar Co., *Marion Zine Co., and J. M. Persons; *Marion Mineral Co., and *Geo. P. Roberts & Co., were shippers but not producers. Besides these, there were numerous others developing properties which did not ship or sell fluorspar during the year. Among these were the Eagle Fluorspar Co. and the Keystone Mineral & Mining Co. The list of shipping companies does not include ten or more agents who sell fluorspar for the above companies.

The producing and shipping companies in Illinois in 1906 were: *Crystal Fluorspar Mining Co., *Compton Min- ing & Smelting Co., *Cave-in-Rock Mining Co., *Evansville Lead & Spar Co., *Fairview Fluorspar and Lead Co., *Rosi- clare Lead & Spar Mines, and the *Pierce Flnorspar Co. The *Basic Chemical Co., *Geo. P. Roberts & Co., and *Ma-

Kentucky Geological Survey. 13

rion Mineral Co. were shippers but not producers; while the Hamp Fluorspar & Lead Co., the Geo. W. Robinson Spar. Lead & Zine Co., and James Henry, were producers who made no sales in 1906.

*D. C. Roberts & Co. was the Tennessee producer and shipper in 1906; while *R. W. Blackett reported shipments from his property at Silver Cliff, Colorado. In Central Ken- tucky the Monitor Mineral Co., of Mercer county, is the only company developing fluorspar properties. No shipments were reported by that company.

Grades Of Fluorspar.

Fluorspar is classed as lump, gravel and ground. Lump and gravel, spoken of together as crude fluorspar, may be had in three grades according to quality. Ground is to be had in four grades, but these are not correlative with the grades of crude fluorspar. In the term ‘‘gravel’’ it is now the usage to inelude both the gravel resulting from disintegra- tion of lump through natural causes, and the crushed pro- duct of the mills. Gravel may be had washed or unwashed, although natural gravel alone may be had unwashed.

No. 1 fluorspar is usually white, less often slightly col- ored and should run 96 per cent. or more calcium fluoride, the remainder consisting of silica, iron oxides, alumina, cal- cium and magnesium carbonates, alkalies, hydrocarbons and moisture. Dark colored fluorspar, especially if somewhat shattered and iron stained, is not classed as No. 1, owing to the larger amount of silica it contains, such silica being de- posited between the cracks in the weathering process. Col- ored fluorspar not so affected, if clear and highly erystal- lized, is not objectionable in this grade. Dark brown and purple black are not included in this grade at all, since they are usually charged with heavier and a larger amount of hydrocarbons.

American ground fluorspar all falls in the No. 1 grade, but is itself graded into three grades, namely, Extra No. 1,

14 Kentucky Geological Survey.

No. 1 and No. 2. A still lower grade of ground is obtainable in England, which is treated of under No. 3 fluorspar. No. 1 ground will run 98 per cent. or over calcium fluoride and about 1 per cent. silica. This grade is generally used where ground is called for. Extra No. 1 contains less than 1 per cent. total impurities, with very little silica, bringing several dollars more per ton than No.1. This grade is produced from hand selected white lump fluorspar. While the bulk of that purchased by acid manufacturers is No. 1 (owing to the lower price), nearly all of Extra No. 1 also goes to such manufac- turers. No. 2 ground will run from 96 to 98 per cent. calcium fluoride with up to 2 per cent. silica. This grade is of a darker color than No. 1, the off color being due to the darker colored fluorspar employed, as well as to a small amount of lead, an impurity pleasing to some glass makers. This grade is employed for cheaper wares by both the glass and enamel people. The bulk of the ground fluorspar demand is for No. 1 ground. Ground fluorspar is used, also, where a specially pure flux is needed. American ground averages 85 mesh in fineness.

No. 2 fluorspar will run 90 per cent. or over calcium fluoride with less than 4 per cent. silica, the remaining im- purities consisting largely of calcite and sometimes lime- stone. Colored fluorspar, excepting unwashed red gravel, nearly all falls into this grade. The crushed product of the mills belongs to this grade. Some of the lump of this grade will go 95 per cent. calcium fluoride, when it may be classed as Extra No. 2. This grade is largely used for fluxing purposes.

No. 3 fluorspar includes, according to present usage, all fluorspar running between 60 and 90 per cent. calcium flao- ride. Unwashed gravel belongs to this grade, as does fluor- spar associated with a considerable amount of calcite, lime- stone, quartzite, barite, etc., also mill tailings. This grade is used as a flux in iron smelting, and especially where low priced fluxes are necessary. A grade of English ground may be classed as No. 3 ground. This corresponds in quality with the best of No. 3 fluorspar, running, it is reported, about 88 per cent. calcium fluoride.

The writer would suggest that the fluorspar classed now

Kentucky Geological Survey. 15

as No. 3 be divided into two grades, to be designated No. 3 and No. 4; No. 3 to include fluorspar running from 80 to 90 per cent. This grade would embrace most unwashed and not too dirty gravel; also lump fluorspar associated with not ex- ceeding 12 per cent. silica in the form of quartzite, sand or chert, and from 8 to 15 per cent. calcite, limestone, etc. No. 4 would include all fluorspar containing 60 to 90 per cent. ealeium fluoride, its silica content not to exceed 15 per cent., with the remainder made up largely of limestone, calcite, ete.; this grade would embrace the mill tailings and fluorspar largely associated with quartzite or limestone. Of what is classed here as No. 4, the demand is very limited. This grade would also embrace the artificial fluorspar by-product of eryolite.

Selling Prices.

Prices received for American fluorspar at mine shipping points are regulated by the quotations at Pittsburg, the Pitts- burg quotations being partly controlled by the prices of im- ported English fluorspar. Quotations in New York are about $1.00 more than at Pittsburg to offset difference in freight rates. For several years the English importations have prac- tically controlled American prices. In 1906, however, Amer- ican shippers entered into active competition with the English, making inroads into English trade in the East, where the English had previously nearly everything their own way. In retaliation the English sold fluorspar further West and in the South. This accounts for the slight decrease in the average price of the lower grades of American fluorspar in 1906, lower prices having been made for such grades in the disputed territory.

The ruling prices for fluorspar have remained practi- cally constant for several years past. Occasionally a new company has offered fluorspar at a lower price and caused temporary flurries in the market, but such were only for some particular grade and left no permanent effect.

16 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Table VII shows the highest, average and lowest prices obtaining f. 0. b. cars mine shipping point, compiled from the Mineral Resources of the U. S. Geological Survey, for the vears 1896 to 1905, inclusive. The averages reported for 1905 having been based upon exaggerated returns are all somewhat too high. while the extremes obtaining were in part both higher and lower than those reported for that year.

Table Vil. Prices Of Fluorspar, 1895 To 1905,

(Per Short Ton.)

Year Average Average "Total Crude Crude Ground Ground

Crude Ground Average Lowest Highest Jowest Highest

W906 eee, "$8.00 00... abe soe AS Movie ae T89T° Pace sie be pee nee a ee esti bi isadeate Miele a vey Sos 1898 : Io Binaetees BIDE a aantal df esaton tse otis se 1899 $5.62 $7.15 B.08. lacie caw eke ahs [yt Bhicas astlaveifetee ins 1900 ' §,02 5.66 Bile ea nee sr eke th ten eliee tai 1901 5.02 9,22 B81: § Leases atl bce 28 eaeaigued axed tl Gee to oe aM 1908. 4.28 9.99 5.02 3.00 TD 50!8 Ve tet et os oeenna dees 1904 4.97 8.44 6.44 8.60 ' 11.50 $8.00 $10.00 1905 5.33 11.00 6.32 4.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

The prices per short ton for 1906, reported received by American marketing companies for fluorspar in car load lots of 15 tons or more, were: Ground, $8.90 to $15.00; lump, $3.85 to $8.70; and gravel, $2.50 to $6.00.

Fluorspar for foundry purposes was retailed in quan- tities from 50 pounds to ton lots, usually barreled: Crude from $10 to $20 per ton; ground, $20 to $32 per ton. The smaller glass and enamel companies also purchase, at times, in small lots of from 1-2 to 5 tons. One company reported the sale of a ton of specimen fluorite at $60.

The fluorspar from Colorado and Tennessee belongs to the lump class and the prices received were in the limits for that class in Kentueky and Illinois, although the average price received in the two former were higher than that re-

Kentucky Geological Survey. 17

ceived in the two latter districts. This was due to the high- er quality of that sold from Tennessee and the proximity to market of the Colorado product. The differences in price between American grades No. 1, 2 and 3 crude, and also be- tween the different grades of ground, vary from 50 cents to $3.00 per ton.

Fluorspar of similar grade costs from 50 cents to $1.50 more in lump form than as gravel, partly because of the high- er cost of producing lump, and partly owing to the less silica content, since it is capable of closer control in grading than gravel.

The average prices received for American fluorspar, per short ton, in 1906, were: Ground, $9.93; lump, $5.64; and gravel, $4.16. The average price of all grades was $5.70.

Mining companies that do not market their own pro- duct sell the same to marketing companies at prices just sufficiently less than the prices above given to pay the market- ing companies for handling such product.

Fluorspar, except ground and small lots of lump and gravel which are barreled or sacked, is usually shipped in bulk in closed cars. Owing to car shortage in the latter half of 1906, a small amount was necessarily shipped in coal ears. Boated fiuorspar is usually barreled, except for barges, upon which it is shipped either in cars or loose in the barge. Barging between local points costs as much as 50 cents per ton, and in some instances more, exclusive of cost of loading. Freight rates vary according to distances and quantity, from $2.00 to $20.00 per ton, the latter price obtaining for small lots to distant points.

18 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Competition With American Fluorspar.

The sources of competition are three in number: (1) Limestone flux, (2) imported fluorspar and (3) cryolite and eryolite products.

As to Limestone Flux. little more than 50 per cent. by weight per ton of pig iron produced is the amount of limestone flux at present consumed. During 1905 it has been estimated that 13,220,000 tons of limestone were used for flux in the iron and steel industry, while 357,000 and 521,000 tons respectively were used in lead and copper smelting. For the former the cost of limestone flux is 45 cents, while for copper and lead it is 90 cents per ton. While in present practice it would not be practicable to substitute fluorspar entirely for limestone as a flux, yet in many cases this can be done to advantage, while in practically all other cases it can be used in connection with limestone to much better ad- vantage than the limestone alone, at equal or less cost. One part of fluorspar is said to go as far for fluxing purposes in practice as ten parts of limestone. The cost of fluorspar in 1906 did not exceed more than eight times the cost of lime- stone fiux for iron and steel nor more than four times that for lead and copper. A steady increase is notable for several years past in the use of fluorspar as against limestone flux so that at present the amount consumed in smelting is one- half of one per cent. of the amount of limestone flux used. There is no reason why the percentage should not greatly increase when it becomes better known that fluorspar is muck the more powerful flux, reduces fuel consumption, increases percentage of metal obtained, and acts as a detergent, yield- ing metal of better quality; in addition, it means the handling of several million tons less of raw material, thus reducing the amount of storage space and labor required.

Lead ore containing 5 to 10 per cent. fluorspar shipped from the Kentucky-Illinois district is not assessed a penalty, for the fluorspar is distinctly an advantage to the smelter as a flux. In copper smelting it is also an advantage.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 19

As to Imported Fluorspar—The imported English fluor- spar has been a source of competition of considerable impor- tance for several years. As the Treasury Department keeps no record of such imports we do not know their amount though they probably reach 30,000 short tons. The low price demanded for English fluorspar is due to: (1) The low cost of securing the product from the old dumps of the Derbyshire lead mines; (2) the low cost of mining the gravel by means of steam shovel in large open pits; (3) the low cost of ocean steamer freights, the product coming over as ballast in the holds of vessels, at a cost, it is said, of $1.75, and costing but 75 cents additional to bring it from the mines to. the ocean port, making a total freight cost of $2.50 to land it at American ports; (4) the low freight tariffs granted the product from seaboard as far west as Pittsburg, the published rate for which is $2.60, while it is said that through rebate, the cost to English shippers has only been $1.60 per ton; (5) the admittance of fluorspar duty free at American ports. During 1906, as already pointed out, American producers entered into active competition with the English, and the fight will be on in earnest it is said in 1907. While the English product has been much inferior to the American, it is reported that a better grade in now being supplied than formerly.

In Great Britain, fluorspar is reported mined in only two counties, Derby and Durham, the former having twelve mines owned by six different operators and producing about seven- eighths of the total product; the latter having seven mines owned by three different operators which produced the re- maining one-eighth. The total number of fluorspar mining concerns is nine. The production of fluorspar in 1904 was 18,160 metric tons, (20,018 short tons), having a value of $75,054; while in 1905 it was 39,446 metric tons, (43,481 short tons), valued at $88,030. The amount mined from open cuts or quarries was less than 4 per cent. in 1906, while in 1905 it was about 7 per cent. The output for 1906 is reported as being 36,280 metric tons, equal to 39,991 short tons.

As to Cryolite——Cryolite has been used for the manufac- ture of hydrofluoric acid and opaque and opalescent glass, in which uses it is almost entirely now superseded by fluor-

20 Kentucky Geological Survey.

spar. Cryolite has also been largely used in the manufacture of aluminum, a practice now becoming obsolete for these reasons: Impure cryolite costs about three times as much as fluorspar and beauxite which may be used in its stead and which are capable of yielding three times as mueh alumn- inum, making the ratio of economic value, allowing for re- turns from by-products of the eryolite, of cryolite to fluorspar and beauxite nearly 1 to 5.

The imports for eryolite for the vears ending Dee. 31 ,1904, and 1905, were 959 long tons valued at $13,708, and 1,600 tons valued at $22,482 tons respectively, while for the vear ending June 30, 1906, there were 1,644 tons valued at $24,972. The imports for the vears 1897 to 1903, inclusive, varied from 5,383 to 10,115 tons from whence it may be seen that in the last three years there has been a considerable decrease in importation. The figures indicate the importation in 1905 and 1906 to be about the same, though the cost increased being $14.05 in 1905 and $15.19 in 1906.

American fluorspar can be used for all purposes, at less cost and with as good or better results, to which cryolite is put, except the manufacture of sodium salts for which the bulk of that imported is now used. As a result, eryolite and its 60 per cent. by-product of calcium fluoride (each ton of eryolite used in the production of sodium salts yields about a ton of this), are but a small source of competition.

Other Vein Stuffs In Western Kentucky.

Lead and Zinc Ores.

The first lead smelter was erected in the district about 1870 by the River Valley Mining Company, at the Royal Mine, for smelting the lead ore and recovering the silver content, which was exceedingly small; but it did not attain much suecess. A few runs were made, and the lead on hand smelted and shipped, but, when the company became involved in financial difficulties, work was discontinued.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 21

Between 1874 and 1877, ead was shipped from the Colum- bia mines by Page & Krausse, who had erected a concentrat- ing plant and a small Scotch hearth smelter. The pig lead was hauled twelve miles by wagon to the Ohio river. The lead sulphide was associated with zine carbonate, and was secured at the 50 foot level from the Fureka vein, which showed four feet of the rich ore. Beeause of the difficulties encountered in mining, due largely to excessive water, and to difficulties between the partners as to plans, and to the decline of lead from 5 to 2) cents, the work was discontinued.

While no figures are available, the shipments of lead ore from this district previous to 1880 must have amounted to at least 1,000 tons,

In 1901, a small amount was shipped from the Morning Star mine, while in 1902, the National Lead, Zine & Fluor- spar Company made small shipments of lead coneentrates from the National Mill at the Marble mines.

The Columbia Mining Company and the Kentueky Fluor- spar Company made small shipments from the Columbia and Kentueky mills, respectively, both in 1903 and 1904.

There was shipped 144,518 Ibs. of galena in 1905, an in- crease of 21,982 Ibs. over 1904. The small shipments were produced as a by-product by the Kentucky Fluorspar Com- pany, Drescher and Company, and Blue & Nunn.

An increase of 37,325 lbs. is to be noted for 1906, over 1905, the shipments in 1906 amounting to 181,843 Ibs. The shipping companies were: Kentucky Fluorspar Co., Sanders Ore Separating Co., and the Marion Zine Co. The Southern Illinois lead shipments and production were considerably in excess of those of Western Kentucky both in 1905 and 1906.

In 1906 Hlinois lead concentrates shipments amounted to $30.4 tons with a reported silver content of from 3! to 11 oz. per ton. The reported estimated amount of lead or ore on hand ready for shipment from Jllinois mines at the end of 1906 was 170 tons.

While zine had been discovered as early as 1835 in Wes- tern Kentucky, no deposits were worked to recover zine till in May, 1901, when Blue & Nunn made their first shipments of zine carbonate from the ‘Old Jim’? mine. Thousands of tons, largely carbonate, some sulphide, were mined from an

22 Kentucky Geological Survey.

open cut, the mineral being gotten practically from the sur- face to a depth of forty feet, on either side of an igneous dike, the deposit in places exceeding 50 feet in width. The ore was hand cleaned; the pea ore product washed with log washer, and the sand ore cleaned on two Overstrom tables. The larg- est shipments of zine ore from the district were made in 1902, the product being all from this mine.

Small shipments of sulphide were made by the Western Kentucky Mining Company from the Lanham shaft of the Columbia mines, in 1901. Their suecessors, The Columbia Mining Company, made no shipments in 1902, when they erected the Columbia mill for concentrating lead and zine from which they shipped several carloads of zine, both in 1903 and 1904.

The Mann zine mine was discovered in 1901, and the Marion Zine Company made small shipments from both the Mann and McDowell mines, which adjoin, in 1902, and, while they have been operated some since, owing to litigation in connection with the Mann mine no further shipments have been made. The Old Dad mine was opened in 1903, and

shipments of zine carbonate were made from it in 1903 and 1904. This was in part hand-cleaned, and in part washed with log washers. The Henderson Company also made small shipments in 1903, from their Lady Farmer mine which ad- joins the Old Jim, which received treatment similar to the latter, making shipments also in 1904. Blue & Nunn made some shipments in 1904 from the Nine Acre mine. Part of this ore was hand-picked, part hand-jigged, and part put through the Columbia mill. A number of deposits were some- what exploited in these years, from which no shipments were made, owing to lack of milling facilities.

Only 403.8 short tons of zine ore were shipped in 1905, of which 126 tons were sulphide and 277.8 tons were carbonate. These shipments showed a decrease of 555 tons from that of 1904. The decrease is attributable to the fact that the Old Jim mine was idle during the year, except for a little de- velopment work, this mine having previously supplied the bulk of carbonate and part of the sulphide ore.

The Old Dad mine was the largest zine mine producer during 1905, but, because of a large amount of development

Kentucky Geological Survey. 23

work in progress, the production was small. The fact that some of the more important zinc mines were idle, or only a little development work was being done at them, also accounts for the decrease in tonnage.

Among those who made small shipments of zine ore in 1905, were, Blue & Nunn, Watkins & Drescher, The Henderson Company, and the Marion Mineral Company. A small amount was produced which was not put on the market.

In 1906, the zine production was even less than in 1905. Although some new carbonate deposits were opened, little of such carbonate was shipped. (See finds at Old Jim Sinkholes and Lady Farmer, under ‘‘Progress in 1906.’’) The Old Dad was able to get out scarcely any ore owing to eaving of the 60-foot open cut, which had to be re- caught before further extraction of ore was feasible. The Old Jim mill was re-erected at this mine and some nice con- centrates from zine dirt obtained. There was a small ship- ment from the Hodge open cut as well as from the Old Jim. In the matter of sulphides, the first shipments of zine sepa- rated from finorspar-zine ores are to be recorded, a distinet advance, auguring well for increased shipments in 1907. These were from the Sanders mill, discussed on a subsequent page. As a result, two companies have been organized to re-open the Columbia and Nine Acres mines, and a mill is to be erected equipped with Sanders separators at the latter. Other developments tending to increase the zine production are to be looked for, and altogether the outlook is bright.

The total zinc ore shipments from the district to date are:

Short Tons, Potalomimt: @re* 226 Sie oe eh eee eee 10,122

In the same period, the shipments of zine ore from South- ern Illinois were comparatively small. In 1903 or 1904, the first small carbonate shipments were made from the Empire mine. No carbonate was shipped in 1905, but in 1906 four companies made shipments aggregating 103 tons, and in ad-

24 Kentucky Geological Survey.

dition a small amount remains unshipped. No sulphide ship- ments other than small lots to be used in separating tests have yet been made.

Shipments of lead and zine ores from Western Kentucky by years are shown in the following table:

Whstern Kentucky Lead And Zinc Shipments, 1901—1906 In Pounds.

Year. Galena. Zinc Sulphide. Zinc Carbonate. TOE 89 eee 50,000 3,154,000 1902000 116,000 7,462,100 1903 83,152 1,300,000 3,155,800 1904 122,536 306,800 1,410,800 1905 144,518 252,000 555,600 1906 181,843 103,400 176,600

The work of the State Geological Survey has demon- strated the probability of finding zine deposits along the most sheeted portions of the master faults and such parts of them where the fluorite pinches; also along sheeted zones parallel, to or complementary of the master faults. In general, where the master fault carries the most zine the complementary will carry a larger amount of fluorspar and vice versa. Also, that the chance of finding zine carbonate resulting from the erosion of limestones having sheeted zones is good, and further development along these lines is advisable, that is, more surface cross cutting in the red clay residual from the decomposition of limestone walls of master faults should be made for distances up to 200 feet or more from such faults.

Barite.

Barite (barytes, barium sulphate) was first shipped from the district in 1903, when the Marion Zine Co. shipped sev- eral carloads from their Ray and Lowery mines, 2 miles east of Fredonia, in Caldwell county. No work of consequence was done at these mimes in 1904 or 1905. In 1906, further open-cutting was done and a log washer for cleaning the barite was installed. A small tonnage was reported shipped, while they have several hundred tons of off color gravel yet to be cleaned for shipment. The hacked lump product of

Kentucky Geological Survey. 25

these mines is high grade. It is reported that the company intends to erect a mill for bleaching and grinding barite at an early date.

In 1905, a new deposit of barite of considerable size was found on the property of the Kentucky Fluorspar Co. at the Commercial shaft on the Tabb lode, where the vein appears over 20 feet in width.

Some of the barite of the Western Kentucky district is of the best grade, while a part of it has its value reduced by a small amount of fluorspar occurring intergrown with it. In general the barite in the smaller veins that show little or no faulting, with limestone for one or both walls, shows where fluorspar is at all associated a large per cent. of the latter while that of the larger faults shows only fluorspar in small amount associated.

The production of barite in the United States for 1904 was 65,727 short tons, valued at $174,958, while in 1905 it was 48,235 tons valued at $148,803. The average price per ton was $2.66 and $3.08 for 1904 and 1905 respectively.

Calcite.

A small tonnage of caleite was reported as shipped for fluxing purposes by the Schoolfield-Pees Mining & Milling Co., from the Tom Spees mine both in 1905 and 1906. These were the first calcite shipments from this district. The pro- duct was barreled and was shipped by the Ohio.

Calcite occurs in narrow veins alone or as bands of the master faults lining the limestone walls from 3 to 12 feet in width. It is also found along the faults cutting out ore or fluorspar at times. As the calcite deposits are of very con- siderable purity, usually gray or white in color, there is no reason why those nearest transportation should not be ex- ploited and the product put on the market, there being an increasing demand for this product. It is used for fluxing purposes, for purification of wood alcohol, for Portland cements, for lime, for certain chemical compounds, ete.

Firesand or Fireclay.

The only shipments of this product have been made by the Western Clay and Mining Co., from their Steven’s Tun-

26 Kentucky Geological Survey.

nels, 12 miles southwest of Marion. The shipments from 1903 to 1906 aggregate 6,163 short tons. No shipments were made in 1905 and the shipments in 1906 were small. The products contain 91 to 93 per cent. silica (in part, perhaps, colloidal), 2 to 3 per cent. of alumina, 0.5 to 1.5 per cent. of iron oxides, the remainder consisting of calcium and magne- sium carbonates and alkalies. It is procured from between walls of a large fault, one wall of which is Chester quart- zite, and the other St. Louis limestone, the width of the de- posit reaching 35 feet in places; the deposit is proven to a depth of 120 feet and for nearly 400 feet in length. It results from the disintegration of the quartzite, and in part from that of the cherts, the disintegration having partly resulted from frictional brecciation, in part from chemical decom- position.

Several other deposits of similar character have been developed. Two in Crittenden, at the Anderson Jones and Mayflower (Jim Croft) shafts, while another was reported opened at the Bush prospect on the John Franklin place ad- joining the Jones; all of these are 9 to 10 miles west of Marion. One was opened in Livingston county on the Ang- ling place, several miles east of Smithland.

Deposits similar in composition but of entirely different origin have been worked by the Western Clay and Mining Co. at Smithland, and considerable shipments: made; such are, however, not included in the above aggregate.

Fluxing Clay.—Small shipments were made in 1906 for the first time from Kentucky of the red clay such as occurs in connection with the zine veins at the Old Jim mine, and is also found with fluorspar veins where the limestone walls decay and red clay results. Shipments were made by Blue & Nunn. The product is used in connection with fuorspar, ete., for fluxing, the aluminate of iron it contains being used to reduce the fusing point as does thermit. Shipments, small in quantity were also made from Illinois mines of this pro- duct.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 27

Other Vein Stuffs In Central Kentucky.

Barite, Lead and Zinc Developments in 1905 and 1906.

Data in regard to fluorspar in the Central Kentucky Dis- trict are given in Chapter Il. During the last two years, especially in 1906, a number of companies have been develop- ing prospects on the barite, lead and zine veins of the dis- trict—scme of the prospects showing excellent mineral—and several have been mining for the market. Shipments of ba- rite and galena have been made; also of refined (precipitated) barium sulphate (blanc fix), with by-products of sodium sul- phide and lead fume. Efforts were made to collect statistics of production but without avail, since few of the companies were willing to furnish the necessary data. To those gentle- men who did respond to reyuests for information, the sin- cere thanks of the Survey are tendered. It is hoped that with another year all companies will agree to furnish statistics.

Up to the end of 1906, the Mutual Mining Co., of Scott county, was the only manufacturer of barite products. The Ohic Lead Mining Co. and the Lead Mining Corporation of America, of Owen County, the Union Mining Co., of Henry county, and the Jessamine Barytes Co., of Jessamine county, also have mills. Of the four, only the Union Mining Co. turn- ed out any lead concentrates during the last two years. The first three have operated chiefly for lead. The Jessamine mill has only recently been completed; it will turn out crushed and ground barite, and is provided with bleaching vats. The Clinch Valley Barytes Co. expects to begin operations near Lancaster, Garrard county, at an early date. Some shipments of crude barite have been sent to Virginia from Garrard coun- ty. In Anderson county, the Barium Mining Co. was prepar- ing tc develop barite deposits during 1907. In Bourbon, the Kentucky Mining and Developing Co. began operations near Millersburg. The outlook for a large output of barite and associated minerals from the Central Kentucky District is promising.

28 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Following is a list of companies that are or have been oper- ating in the district, together with some of the known pros- pects:

Anderson county.—Barium Mining Co., Lawrenceburg, R. F. D. No. 3. Head office, 51 Perrin Building, Cincinnati, Ohio. W. D. Beggs and Thos. Jouvet.

Bourbon county.—Kentucky Mining and Development Co., Millersburg. General office, 519 Madison Avenue, Covington, Ky. Lead and barite.

The Clay prospects, on lands of Hon. Cassius M. Clay, near Paris. Barite, galena, sphalerite. In Bulletin No. 2, Prof. Miller reports twenty veins on Mr. Clay’s lands. Sev- eral shallow prospect shafts have been sunk on the veins.

Daniel Isrigg prospect, Paris. Two shafts were sunk on the vein, one of them to a depth of about 100 feet, but no min- ing has been done within recent time. Barite, galena and. sphalerite.

Clark county.—(See Fayette county.)

Fayette county.—Dolan prospect, on land of Joseph F. Dolan, about seven miles northwest of Lexington. Barite with sphalerite.

Morton’s Mill prospects, two veins. The most important one crosses Boone’s creek, about a mile above the mill, into Clark county. Two prospect shafts have been sunk on the latter, one in Favette and one in Clark, the latter being about 100 feet deep. Fluorite, calcite and barite, with traces of sphalerite.

Potter’s Field prospects, on the old Potter’s Field pro- perty and exposed in euts of the Belt Line and Lexington & Eastern railroad, Lexington. Barite.

Russell’s Cave prospect, about seven miles northeast of Lexington. Some years ago a shaft about 200 feet deep was sunk on the vein, the object being to mine for lead alone. Barite with some galena.

Franklin county—Judge W. S. Pryor, Frank K. Kava- naugh, and others, of Frankfort, have opened prospects on Flat ereek, about a mile from the Kentucky river. Some small shipments were made for testing purposes. Barite, zinc and some galena.

Camp Pleasant Mining Co., Stamping Ground, R. F. D. No. 2. Home office, Hillsboro, Mo. Thos. J. Jett, President;

Kentucky Geological Survey. 29

W. W. Jones, Superintendent; F. Il. Brown, Secretary. Ba- rite, galena and zine.

Garrard county.—Clinch Valley Barytes Co., Lancaster, Ixy., and Honaker, Va. Chiefly barite.

Dix River Mining Co.,; Stanford. Chiefly barite and zine.

Harrison county.—Lair prospects, on L. & N. railroad, three miles southeast of Cynthiana. Some prospecting was done on the vein, barite with some galena, some vears ago. No mining has been done in recent time.

Hogegin prospects, on L. & N. railroad, one mile south of Lair. A small amount of prospeeting has been done. Barite with galena showing in streaks.

Henry county.—Boston & Kentueky Mining Co., Lockport, A. EK. Place, Seeretary. Lead and harite.

Lockport Mining Co., Lockport. Lead and barite.

Union Mining Co., Lockport. General office, Madison. Indiana. Lead and barite.

Jessamine county.—Jessamine Barytes Co., Nicholasville. Chiefly barite. This company is acquiring barite holdings in other counties.

There are a number of prospects in this county, but it is not known at the moment who the holders now are.

Mercer county.—Monitor (formerly Cuinn) Mining Co. The company owns or controls several veins, including fluorite, ealcite and harite deposits. Its Twin Chimneys and Fantail mines have been referred to in the account of fluorspar mines. Its great Green Million calcite vein, so far as it las been tested, shows very pure calcite with no metallic minerals to affect its quality.

Owen county.—Lead Mining Corporation of America, Hoos- ier mine, Moxley. Barite with considerable galena. It is understood that this company has made no output during the last two vears. The plant includes erusher and concentrat- ing tables.

Ohio Lead Mining Co., Gratz mine, Gratz. General office, Portsmouth, Ohio. Tead and harite.

Twin Creek Mining and Smelting Co., Cantor mine. Chiefly zine and calcite. P. O.. Owenton, care of Hon. J. W. Cammack. There was no output during the last two vears.

Scott county.—Mutual Mining Co., Stamping Ground. W. Kissiuger, Manager. The company controls several harite

30 Kentucky Geological Survey.

veins earying galena and zine, in both Scott and Franklin counties.

Woodford county.—A number of veins occur in this county, the best known, which have been prospected to some extent, being the following: The Faircloth, of fluorite; the Shryock Ferry, of barite with some calcite and bicrde in its upper extension, changing to calcite (chiefly) with some blende below; the Shropshire, of barite with some sphalerite; the Prewitt, of barite, with a little galena and blende and some fluorite; and the Withrow, of barite with galena.

(It should be understood that the foregoing list does not by any means purport to be a complete catalogue of the barite and fluorspar occurrences in Central Kentucky. The list is given merely as indicative of what may be expected from the district. It is intended that a complete examination of the district shall be made by Mr. Fohs during the season of 1907, and a special Bulletin will be issued on the barite deposits of the State—C. J. N.)

Chapter Ii.

The Flourspar Industry In 1905 And 1906.

Progress of the Fluorspar Industry in 1905.

Practically all the mines at work in 1904 were operating in 1905, with a number of new ones. Quite a number of new deposits were encountered in the exploition of the old mines, and in this respect the year showed a marked advance. A number of new mills were erected, and the condition of the industry generally was favorable.

Western Kentucky District.—The widest vein mined in this district during 1905 was 36 feet of gravel fluorspar, at the 145-foot level of the Pogue mine. The widest lump vein was 16 feet at the John mine. At the Mary Belle mine two new veins were encountered, and one of the shafts showed 15 feet of fluorspar with galena associated.

Among the new producers was the Kentucky mine, which has a 12 to 20-foot vein of gravel fluorspar in the upper levels, and 10 feet of lump in the lower one. This mine, to- gether with the Matthews with which it is connected, pro- duced a good tonnage during the vear.

The New Memphis incline gave up to 12 feet of No. 1 jump at a depth of 75 feet, while the old Memphis continued to turn out a large amount of No. 1 fluorspar.

The Keystone mine, with a good vein up to 12 feet wide, carrying some galena; the Wheatcroft, and a new shaft on the Tabb land, may be mentioned among others as having large veins producing in 1905, while the veins of 6 feet or less were numerous. Among new deposits may be mentioned those opened on the Ben Belt, Brown, Cox, Senator and Par-

32 Kentucky Geological Survey.

ish properties. The last named is a large flat deposit about fifty feet thick, replacing limestone near a fault.

Among developments of special interest in the matters of lead and zine, are the finding of a 3-foot vein of almost solid galena (a small per cent. of fluorspar only being asso- ciated) at one of the shafts of the Mary Belle mine; also of a good vein of zine ore, carbonate in the upper part and coarse grained sphalerite below water level, associated with a little fluorite and calcite, at the Eclipse mine (formerly the MeMi- can prospects); of an 8-foot sheeted zone of lead and zine sulphides, with a little fluorspar and caleite associated, at the John mine about 50 feet east of the main fault at the 247-foot level. The Hodge zine shaft was cleaned out and some work done; here the zine occurs in quantity, replacing oolite.

One new deposit of barite of considerable size was found. This at the Commercial shaft on the Tabb fault zone, where the vein appears over 20 feet in width. Calcite was mined at the Spees mine in Livingston county, from a secondary re- placement zone, of the Jam‘eson fault zone.

Detail surveys, which the writer had in charge, were executed by the Kentucky Geological Survey during the vear, and a deal of new and valuable data relative to the deposits and industry have been brought to light and will be published at an early date by the Survey.

Two preliminary railroad surveys were executed with a view of putting a belt road into the mining field.

Milling in the Western Kentucky District—So far as the writer is aware, no fluorspar milling is being done except in the Western Kentucky and Lllinois districts. Some lump was shipped in previous years, to be ground elsewhere, but now the ground product is largely shipped direct to the con- sumer. The vear has certainly seen the largest tonnage of ground fiuorspar both produced and shipped, ever known. That shipped from one mill in Western Kentueky exceeded the total output for the previous vear.

No changes are to be noted for the Kentucky mill. The Naney Hanks mill, erected by the Albany Mining and Invest- ment Company, has just been completed. It is situated at their Nancy Hanks mine, near Salem, Ky. This mill, like

THE Str. forN MINE Livingston COUNTY

AENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SUKVilY. 33

most of the others of this distriet, follows somewhat the Joplin pattern, but ditfers in the mstallation of a rather coim- plete sizing system, using a new type of shaking sereens, the Ratclitfe-Cohenour patent, and a separate four-cell jig for each size. The problem is to concentrate the tluorspar and galena.

The erection was begun of a new grinding plant at the Jolin mine, about eight miles southwest of Salem, Ky., im 1905, but, owing to the burning of the mine and mining plant, and the necessity of first putting it again in shape, it was not completed in 1906, though it is reported that the Cumberland River Mining Company intend to complete it early in 1907.

The new Kagle mill, near Salem, was practically ¢com- pleted this year, and the building for the Sanders mill is about ready for the installation of machinery. The aim of these mills is the separation of the sphalerite (blende) from the fluorite so as to produce a commercial zine ore, and at the same time save the associated galena. The former is a dry concentration plant, using Hooper Pneumatic tables, and a very complete sizing system.

The National Mill was not in operation during the year. The Seacoast Mill at Paducah, using Krom tables, was not suecessful in handling Kentucky-Ilinois district mixed ores, and was removed to Madison, Indiana, the early part of the year, where it will be used on the galena-barite ores of Cen- tral Kentucky, of which it makes a fair concentration.

Southern Illinois District.—The Fairview mine was suffi- ciently developed by the early part of 1905 to make it capable of turning out 50 tons daily, this in operating its 211 and 270- foot levels, and giving it the record for daily production. An idea may be obtained of the large amount of fluorspar this mine is eapable of producing since it maintained a width of six to thirty feet for over 500 feet without showing any evidence of decrease. The product shows no change in the lower level. sufticient amount of galena is secured with the fluorspar to more than pay the running expenses of the mine and mill.

The Rosiclare output was about 25 tons daily while run- ning, secured from the 300-foot level, where the vein shows no change in character beyond the usual pinches and swells.

34 Kentucky Geological Survey.

At the Black mine near Bay City, where a number of small veins had heen previously opened, a 12-foot vein, carry- ing fluorspar and galena, was encountered, placing it in the list of producers for 1905. Some shipments were made from the Lee Mine. Here there is an exceptionally wide vein of gravel fiuorspar.

Milling in Illinois—The Fairview mill was remodeled in the early part of the year and the capacity increased. Cooley jigs and a Wilfley table were installed to replace the jigs of the Hartz pattern. The lead concentrates of the plant are considerably cleaner than those made previousty, but the fluorspar product is not improved, and No. 2 product is turned out, crushed in two sizes. At the time of the writer’s visit the daily capacity of the mill for concentration of fluor- spar and galena was said to be about forty tons, while the grinding division handled about 100 barrels per day. The capacity, however is being increased.

No changes were made at the Rosielare mill. The Comp- ton Mining & Milling Company started the erection of a mill of the Joplin type at their Mary mine, for separating fluor- spar, lead and quartzite.

Central Kentucky District—The Monitor (formerly Chinn) Mineral Company continues development work in Mercer county, at the Twin Chimneys mine, some work also being done at the Fantail mine. At the former, the shaft is being deepened; at the Jatter, a crosscut tunnel is being driven; the vein consists principally of fluorite. At the Twin Chimneys the vein averages about four feet. It is banded for the most part symmetrically, fluorite, barite, and caleite oecuring in separate bands, varving from an inch to a foot in width. While barite forms only a very small part of this vein at this mine, there are many veins in this district. that consist chiefly of barite, some of which will be operated the coming vear. The shaft at the Twin Chimneys has been sunk deeper since the writer’s visit, as Prof. Norwood, who recently examined the mine, savs they are now 225 feet deep (80 feet below the adit) and the vein in the bottom is five feet in width, largely fluorite with but little barite, with the walls of Campnelson (‘‘Chazy’’ of Linney) limestone. Some

Kentucky Geological Survey. 35

of the veins of this section have been briefly noted in Bulletin No. 2 of the Survey.*

Milling in Central Kentucky.—<A mill for the separation and grinding of fluorspar, barite and cajcite is promised for the Central Kentucky District. According to information given by the engineer in charge, the Monitor Mineral Com- pany has let a contract for the mill, the work to begin on it in February. Its equipment is to consist of a picking table, two crushers of the Blake type, three sets of Cornish rolls, two four-cell differential jigs, sizing screens, accessory ele- vators and conveyors, a Ford concentrating table, one rotary drver, one Griffin mill (with provision for two) to grind the fluorspar, and eight buhr mills of Virginia buhr-stone for grinding the calcite and barite. An additional section of the plant is to be constructed to manufacture barium salts. Later, the calcite, in part, is to be utilized in the manufac- ture of hydrated lime and sand-lime brick at the mine.t

Central Tennessee District.<—Two properties were oper- ated in the latter part of the vear. The Foley mine is sit- uated about eight miles west of Carthage, in Smith county. Here, near the surface, massive crystalline fluorspar occurs in boulders weighing from 10 to 1,500 pounds in a limey clay. In sinking the shaft 25 feet of limestone were encountered, immediately below which is an eight-foot vein of fluorspar dipping 10 to 12 degrees west and striking northwest. Crystal- lized calcite, very similar in appearance to the fluorspar, lines the foot wall which consists of a gray lime-sand or clay resulting from the disintegration of the limestone. The fluor- spar is said to average 98 per cent. calcium fluoride. This may be a blanket vein originally replacing limestone, sim- ilar to those in the Western Kentueky and Southern Illinois districts, occurring in close proximity to a vertical vein.

The Alcorn property. about eighty miles east of Nash- ville, on the Tennessee Central, was also being developed. Here yellow, crystallized fluorspar occurs, covering the

pa

*Miller, A. M., The Lead and Zine Bearing Rocks of Central Kentucky. Bulletin No. 2, Kentucky Geological Survey, 1905.

#Statement given the Director of the Survey by the engineer in charge.

§Private Communication, D. C. Roberts.

36 Kentucky Geological Survey.

ground within a foot or two of the surface. Some thirty tons have been mined from surface picking. Sinking has failed to locate the vein, though fluorspar is found to fill the lime- stone crevices 8 to 10 feet below the surface.

Similar fluorite is reported from the vicinity of Nashville.

Colorado District—Fluorspar was mined and shipped for the first time in Colorado, at Jamestown, Boulder county, in 1905. It was obtained from strong veins in Algonkian erystallines associated with andesite intrusions of later date. Open cut methods were employed.*

Castle Dome District, Arizona.—This district, while on the list of producers, has not made any shipments for the last two years.t It is reported that there are thousands of tons of erude fluorspar on jie dumps. It is secured here as a by-product from the mine, as is necessary to facilitate the mining.

That previously shipped from this district, it appears, was largely used in the manufacture of Portland cement by California plants. According to information received from Mr. E. C. Eckel, its use for such purpose has been discontin- ued. The lack of demand for the Arizona product may thus be accounted for, there being at present no other industries in the immediate section for which it is used.

Progress of the Fluorspar Industry in 1906.

The year 1906 found the same districts producing fluor- spar as in 1905, except in Colorado, where the Silver Clift cis- trict became a producer and the Boulder district left the list. Many new developments, both in mining and milling, are to be recorded.

*Hovey, E. O., Fluorspar and Cryolite. Extract from Mineral Resources, ‘United States Geological Survey, 1906, p. 4. +Private communication from Robt. D. Luce, Superintendent Castle Dome Mining

& Milling Company.

3‘and over IN Under 3° WW Excavaled HHH Barren

Longiludinal Sectio. of Memphis Mine fl tInek loo Feet

Frem Original 6g C.S.NWunn

Kentucky Geological Survey. 37

Western Kentucky District—The KentueXy Fluorspar Company, with mines in Crittenden county, has to its eredit the largest amount of development work.

In a new shaft at the Brown mines, a vein more than 4 feet thick of fluorspar and zine carbonate was secured. At the Hodge mines, exploitation work on all three veins was in progress, and a large central power plant is shortly to he erected. The Meeks Incline, on the most southerly vein, has six feet of white fluorspar and ealena of the beautiful ribbon structure type. On the main Hodge, work was done im the Air Shaft; zine carbonate was mined from surface cuts. and a considerable body of gravel fluorspar was jined at the Reed eut. On the Jones vein. at the Ilolly mines, + feet of fluorspar were cut in the main shaft. Gravel was mined on contract ou the Redd and Klondike veins. A new vein, strike N. 25 degrees E., of purple fluorspar was discovered 50 vards southwest of the Klondike vein. The Memphis Incline showed an ore shoot 14 feet wide, largely No. 1 fluorspar. neat plant has been installed, and with aid of hammer drills, the fluorspar is being mined at one-half its former cost. The present output will be increased upon the opening of new levels, sinking for which is now in progress.

From aps and sections prepared by Mar. C. S. Nunn, the president, (see accompanying plate), it is evident the Mem- phis ore shoots pitch to the right, looking down the dip, agreeing with Clavton’s law.* They pitch 28 to 30 degrees from the horizontal, and this piteh corresponds with the diree- tion of secondary sliekensiding in the fluorspar, while the slickensiding of the walls dipped about 87 degrees. The amount of displacement of the Memphis fault is 703 feet. The larger ore shoots (3 feet and over) of which there are two, vary from 30 to 90 feet in length and are 120 feet apart. Bordering these are narrow sections nerging into barren sec- tions (20 to 45 feet long) beyond, while half-wav between the lareve shoots is a narrow shoot.

At the John and Naney Hanks mines the ore shoots also pitch to the right, while at the Nine Acres, they pitch to the left.

*Claytow’s Inw is, briefly, that ‘tore shoots piteh to the right as seen when look- jing down a lode along its dip.” Its general application is questioned, but when found applicable to a district it is of great assistance in exploiting the locrl ore deposits.— C. J. ON.

38 Kentucky Ceological Sufvey.

Immense gravel shoots on either side of the Kentucky mine were stoped; to the south, the Milliken shaft was sunk almost entirely in gravel, getting white lump on one side. In sinking on the Yandell incline, nice white fluorspar was encountered at 115 feet depth.

The main fault was eut at Glendale, showing at this and the Leona mine 10 to 16 feet of galena-charged fluorspar. New openings were made by the Blue Grass Fluorspar Com- pany on the Tabor and Ashridge, and small power plants were installed. The vein in these at 80 feet varies from + to 12 feet gravel and lump, showing locally a deal of galena. At the Wheateroft, a secondary vein of purple fluorspar was cut.

On the Columbia fault zone, a 3-foot vein of zine carho- nate was secured on the Wilson land; while at the Ada Florence, at 132 feet, a good vein of fluorspar-galena was found near the shaft, which, a short distance southwest, changed to zine sulphide and galena with only 2 per cent. fluorspar. A compressor, ete., were installed here. .Arrange- ments are being consummated for reopening the Columbia mine under new management. Developments were in pro- gress on the Memphis fault zone; also at the Edwards, Thur- man and Eclipse. The latter has 23 feet of jack, and is equip- ped with a small air plant. Fluorspar 2 to + feet wide was cut in contact with a mica-peridotite dike at the Will La Rue prospect. Veins of fluorspar, showing well in lead, are reported opened at the J. O. Belt and Ed Flanary. At the Riley, several levels were operated, and sinking continued below 200 feet. New shafts are beine sunk at the Parish and Leander. <At the Silver Star, a 33 foot fluorspar vein was eut. A new vein of zine carbonate was discovered at the Old Jim Sinkholes, while both carbonate and sulphide were se- eured at the Lady Farmer. Carbonate was mined at the Old Dad, and considerable 8 per cent. zine dirt secured at the Red Hill.

In Livingston county, at the Evening Star mine, a body of ore 12 feet wide was cut at 120 feet, carrying 20 per cent. sphalerite, 5 per cent. galena, and the remainder chiefly fluorspar. The mine is now capable of an output of 50 tons per dav. At the Naney Hanks, to the south on same fault zone, a large output of fluorspar and lead was had from the

Breast of Fluorspar, with Slickensided Wall on either side. Memphis Incline, 70-foot level.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 39

168 and 180-foot levels. A lump fluorspar shoot, 18 feet wide, was mined at the John mine; and, considering that the mine and plant had to be entirely rebuilt, having burned, the output was unusually large.

No mining was done in Lyon, Caldwell or Trigg counties, though operations in the last two will restme in the spring. Lead and fluorspar were discovered for the first time in Christian county, at the McReynolds’ prospect, giving re- newed impetus, and astern capitalists are preparing for considerable work in 1907. Further work was also done at the Freeman prospect.

The party headed by the writer completed geologie map- ping and investigations of the lead, zine and spar deposits of the six counties of the district. The conclusion reached concerning these deposits are, briefly: The fluorspar supply is practically inexhaustible; zine ore occurs in more con- siderable quantity than previously supposed, and the assured solution of the milling problem should greatly increase its production; lead occurs in sufficient quantity with both the fluorspar and the zine deposits to make a nice profit above what is seeured from either type of deposit alone; large pure calespar deposits occur which will repay mining; favor: able conditions oceur in’ parts of northern Christian, northern Lyon, northern Trige and eastern Crittenden ecoun- ties, thus extending the castern, southeastern and southern limits of the distriet; chances for economic deposits appear less in the faults near the borders than those near center of field; chances along undeveloped portions of the main fauits and their complementary fractures, especially in the lime- stone but also in the quartzite walls, are good and more cross- eutting is advisable. One of the results ef the work was the discovery of a simple method of determining the probable strikes of cross and intersecting complementary fractures, where the strike of one fanlt is known. Recent development work showed highly favorable results, many good ore shoots being found on old properties, both along the strike and in depth, along the faults.

Topographic mapping was done by the State Geological Survey and U. 8. Geological Survey acting in co-operation in Caldwell and Crittenden counties. A re-survey for a rail- road route was made hy private parties in the western part of the field.

40 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Milling in Western Kentucky District—The Kentucky mill continues a large ground fluorspar producer, and the only change made was the installation of an eighty- horse-power Corliss engine to secure more adequate power. The Riley mill was operated but little. The Nancy Hanks became a regular producer and a large tube mill was added to increase grinding capacity; the newly patented Ratcliffe-Cohenour shaking screen is in successful operation here. The Old Dad zine mill cleaned some carbonate.

In Caldwell county, the Union Central Mining Co. erected the Union mill, a mill of the Joplin type, at the Stone mine, for the separation of fluorspar and galena, but it will not be operated till in the spring of 1907.

The Eagle Fluorspar Co. continued experimental work on zine-fluorspar ores at their Evening Star mill throughout the year.

A successful separation of fluorspar and zine sulphides is at last being accomplished, and by at least two distinct processes. One of these, which is already in operation in the district, is a non-acid flotation process; the other is electrical, represented by two distinct types of electrical separators, tests with which are reported as satisfactory. The processes are described on succeeding pages.

Southern Illinois District——The Rosiclare mine, which is 325 feet deep, has been worked for 900 feet at the 300-foot level, the vein varying from 3 to 28 feet of fluorspar and egalena. A secondary, striking N. 17 degrees E., intersecting the main vein not far from the shaft, was also worked. The Fairview Incline, more than 330 feet deep, was worked at four levels and for about 625 feet, has been completely stoped out to the 300-foot level; in the latter, the vein was from 6 to 14 feet wide.

On Lead Hill, three mines, the Evansville, Robinson, and Cave-in-Rock, worked two veins, bedded by replacement, 1 foot to 12 feet thick, fluorspar, galena and zine carbonate. Both beds were worked by entries at the Robinson; while at the Evansville, where they were 150 feet into the hill, only the lower one was mined. At the Cave-in-Rock, at 18 feet depth, they have gone across the lower bed for 240 feet, at which distance it was cut off by a fault; some work was also

Kentucky Geological Survey. 41

done on the upper one. The same methods pursued in re- locating faulted coal beds, will be of service where these beds are cut off.

An overthrust fault, pitching 35 degrees, having from 3 to 8 feet fluorspar, galena and quartzite, was stoped, and further efforts to intersect the master fault, at the Mary Mine. At the Rose, green fluorspar was mined, machinery installed, and a shaft sunk 115 feet, encountering quartzite and fluorspar. The Pell was re-opened, but not worked to any extent. A power plant was installed at the Hamp Fluor- spar mine, and here, as at the Mt. Carmel Lead mine, de- velopment work was in progress. At the Hubbard mine, a broken-down bedded vein of erystallized fluorspar, cover- ing a large tract at grass roots, was operated. The Empire vein, with gravel fluorspar and limestone, and zine carbonate with a small per cent. of fluorspar, in rather distinct bands, was mined in a pit 50 feet in diameter, and 45 feet in depth. The main Empire shaft is reported to have four feet of solid white, highest grade fluorspar, with limestone walls.

Milling in Illinois—Four new mills, the Evansville, Mary, Robinson, and Pierce, were put in operation; all for the separation of fluorspar and galena from gangue, except the last, which will grind in a Williams pulverizer dry erys- tallized fluorspar cleaned of red silicious clay by jigging. At the Mary mill, fluorspar and galena have been successfully and profitably separated for the first time from quartzite, in a mill somewhat of the Joplin type, using a Wilfley table for fines. The Robinson and Cave-in-Rock mills have complete sizing systems, and these with the Evansville, which is small, are equipped with New Century jigs, ete., and Ford tables, and are making marketable products.

The Fairview mill has been materially improved by the rearrangement of the picking belt, so that four now do the work that required twelve or more previously. The cylin- drical washer has been cut out, and the shaking washing screen is now used alone.

At the Rosiclare an addition is being built to house Over- strom tables and a Hancock jig, the first of its type to be used in the district. The Hancock jig is to replace Harz jigs, in order that the daily capacity may be largely increased. The

42 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Pell mill was in-operative. The Empire plant, which is equipped for washing and crushing fluorspar, and cleaning zine carbonate, was in operation most of the year. Girls are employed for culling, and show great efficiency.

Central Kentucky District—The Monitor Mineral Com- pany was able to do but little at their fluorspar properties, the Twin Chimneys and the Fantail mines, owing to excessive water and lack of competent labor. These difficulties are to be overcome, and work resumed. The Twin Chimneys has reached a depth of 117 feet below the tunnel. At the Million eale mine, a tunnel is now being driven, and at 80 feet shows 5 feet of calepar.

Colorado Districts—No shipments were reported for 1906 from the Boulder district; one of the operators declared his deposit, from which shipments were made in 1905, was exhausted.

One hundred and twenty-five miles to the southward in Custer county, likewise in a region of Algonkian rocks and recent igneous intrusives, fluorite occurs locally in quantity in veins of the composite fault-fissure-breccia-replacement type; occurring in other parts, or in other veins, of the region more rarely and associated with gold tellurides. Near Silver Cliff, a fissure showing an average of 4 feet of solid fluorspar is being developed by R. W. Blackett, by means of a tunnel. Vein continuity has been proven for 50@ feet, and some ship- ments were made in 1906.

Central Tennessee District—The Rome Incline at 120 feet presents beautiful white crystallized flnorspar. At the Al- corn open-cut, on line of Southern Railway, the fluorspar in- creases in quantity amongst the limestone crevices, and shaft sinking is comtemplated.* Here, amber-colored crystallized fluorspar is gotten. No lead or zine secured at either property.

A 2% foot vein of zine and barite is being prospected in Smith county, by W. E. Minner. At the National Cemetery, near Nashville, Mr. J. E. Wright reports he opened a 1 to 24-foot vein of fluorspar and barite.

*Private communication, D. C. Roberts,

Kentucky Geological Survey. 43

Special Separation Processes.

As stated on a preceding page, successful separation of Western Kentucky fluorspar and zine sulphides has been ac- complished both by a non-acid flotation process and by elec- trical machines.

The Sanders Flotation Process.—F lotation processes for the concentration of sulphide ores depend in general on the floating of the pulverized particles by means of gases in a solution. The Australian processes all make use of acid solutions. Satisfactory results are reported from their ap- plication to Broken Ifill, New South Wales, ores which con- tain more or less fluorspar. In the United States, Mr. W. Murray Sanders has recently patented a non-acid flotation process, which is now owned by the Sanders Ore Separating Company. This process is capable of effecting separations not attainable by any of the acid solution processes, as for example the separation of resin blende, and of solving also the more difficult problem of separating fluorspar from zine sulphide. The great difference between this and other flota- tion processes lies in the basicity of solution and its selec- tive power for zine sulphide.

In this process, neutral or somewhat basie solutions of the earth metals as aluminum sulphate, ete., may be employed. By treating low grade bauxite with sulphuric acid, a solution consisting of aluminum and ferrie sulphates is obtained. The solution should preferably he heated and have a specifie grav- itv of 1.15 to 1.25. Sulphide ores treated in such a solution generate hydrogen sulphide, which serves to sustain and transport the particles of ore. Some of the advantages claimed for the process in the patent specifications (U.S. Patent No. 805,382) are: (1) The liquid remains remark- ably clear and by virtue of the viscosity of the solution and its high surface tension, the particles are sustained for a very considerable period, and (2) non-corrosive character of liquid; both of these features admitting of considerable lat- itude in the choice of materials for, and construction of, separators. (3) Permits of fine pulverization of zine sul- phide (very necessary in Kentueky-Illinois zine-fluorspar

44 Kentucky Geological Survey.

ores) without serious losses in roasting, the decomposition of the earth metal oxide acting as a binder for the fine ores, reducing dust losses to a minimum. (4) Non-corrosive ac- tion of such binder toward zine retorts being often beneficial, as opposed to the corrosive action of products of some of the acid solution processes.

The following description of the Sanders mill operated by the owners of the process, together with further details of the process itself, is based upon data kindly supplied by Mr. W. Murray Sanders.

The mill is located ahout three-eighths mile south of the depot at Marion, Ky., just east of the Illinois Central rail- road. It is capabie of handling problems involving the sep- aration of lead, zine and fluorspar.

The ore is received from the railroad switch and dumped upon an elevated platform from whence it is fed to the mill. It is passed through crusher, rolls and sereens. All passing 20 mesh is fed to three Theurer tables, tables somewhat of tlie Wilfley type. These tables inake three products, (1) ga- jena, (2) zine middlings, and (3) low grade fluorspar. (1) goes to lead concentrate bins, (2) is fed to Sanders flotation separator and (3) is sent to waste dump.

The Sanders separator consists of a lead lined wooden tank, 5 feet in diameter and 20 inches deep. Its capacity varies, with different ores, from 15 to 20 tons per day (single 10-hour shift). The flotation solution is prepared in a lead lined wooden tank, also. Low grade bauxite may be used, though the grade is immaterial. Sufficient sulphurie acid is added to obtain a solution of aluminum and ferric sulphates, having a specific gravity, according to the needs of the ore, varying from 1.15 to 1.25, the solution being heated 85 to 90 degrees Centigrade. Zine sulphide treated in such a solu- tion generates hydrogen sulphide gas, which serves to sus- tain and transport the particles of ore; neither the solution nor liberated gas appears to affect chemically the sulphides treated; that is, they show no apparent alteration. The lead particles, such as remain in the middlines from the tables, if any, are not floated by the solution, the zine sulphide par- ticles alone being floated. Such zine particles flow off out of the solution and are allowed to settle in another tank, from which they are drawn off and sent to the concentrate bins.

THE SANDERS MILL, MARION, Ky.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 45

The fluorspar separated usually contains too much silica to de valuable.

The percentage of recovery of total zine sulphide in an ore depends upon the degree of dissemination and the con- sequent table recovery. The flotation recovery will run, ac- cording to Mr. Sanders, 80 to 95 per cent. The process has not been tried on middlings erushed finer than 60 mesh. The most suitable sized particles for treatment are said to be from 20 to 40 mesh.

The capacity of the plant is reported at 15 tons per day, (single shift). Fight men are employed and power is sup- plied by a 50-horse power common slide-valve engine and a boiler of like size. Water is secured from an artificial pond at the mill.

The cost of milling is said to vary with the character of ore treated; a 50-ton plant should operate at not over 75 cents per ton, total cost. For ore from the Nine Acres mine it is figured at 74 cents, 40 cents of which is alloted for preliminary concentration and 34 cents for subjecting to flotation process.

With the present table equipment Mr. Sanders reports about 60 per cent. of the original zine contents as minimum recovery on tha most difficult ores, and the probable average recovery for all ores he places at from 75 to 80 per cent.

In the prospectus of the Nine Acres Mining Co., the fol- lowing results are reported on a test run of residue ore from the Nine Acres mine after the choice ore had been picked out and shipped. This is a typical mixed ore consisting of lime- stone, silica in form of jasperoid, fluorspar, galena and zine blende, perhaps also some calcite:

Test run on Nine Acres ore, November 24, 1906:

Amount charged, 20,000]bs. Assay: Zine 14.9 per cent., lead 3.3 per cent.

Recovery from tables 5,450 lbs., containing zine 44.4 per cent.

Final recovery, zine concentrates, 2,900 lbs., containing zinc 58.4 per cent.

Lead concentrates, 690 Ibs.

Repairing solution for flotation 65 Ibs. acid.

The addition of a slime plant would materially increase the returns recorded above, as owing to the nature of the ore,a portion of itis un- avoidably reduced toa condition of slime, which shows upon assay a

similar composition to the original ore. Signed: Sanders Ore Separating Co.

46 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Examining critically the figures reported, we find the tables recovered 835 per cent. of the lead contents of the original charge. They show, also, a recovery of 81 per cent. of the zine contents of the original charge; from the middlings subjected to flotation 70 per cent. was recovered, representing a total recovery of 57 per vent of the zine in the original ore. The percentages of loss in tailings and from sliming were not separately determined. The concentrates run 58.4 per cent. zine and, according to Mr. Sanders, contained less than 1 per cent. of fluorspar.

The percentage of recovery from the tables while very good, might he increased, and this together with savings from slimed material should assist to materially increase the percentage of recovery. The character of the concentrates, if as reported, is satisfactory. The figures, to say the least, are highly encouraging and speak well for a probability of accomplishing the results hoped for by Mr. Sanders, that is, an average recovery of 75 to 80 per cent. for all ores, if pro- per care be taken in treatment. Especially are they favor- able when it is considered they result from a double process, the treatment by tables and the re-treatment by flotation. Even if the recovery should not prove better than in the ease of the Nine Acres ore, it would still be good enough to encourage Western Kentucky operators to exploit thoroughly their fluorspar-zine ores, where the percentages are sufficiently high for zine and lead alone; elsewhere in connection with the purer fiuorspar veins, the zine recovered would add nicely to the profits.

It is proposed to install a 50-ton plant as a result of the test of the Nine Acres ore, at the Nine Acres mine, which mine is to be re-opened by the Nine Acres Mining Co., as soon as arrangements can be completed.

Another difference is to be noted between the acid and basic flotation processes. In the former, the product is sub- jected to flotation first and to mechanical separation later, while in the basic process the treatment is in reverse order. According to figures submitted by Queneau to the Zine Cor- poration*® upon Australian ores, which differ most from the

*Bngincering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXNII, 1906, page 826.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 47

Kentucky ores in having iron sulphide in the zine blende, the percentage of zinc recovery, assaying 44 per cent., was 81 per cent. from the Potter flotation bath while that from the San- ders tables it may be seen ran practically the same. After treating by mechanical separation, the Australian flotation product yielded 71 per cent. of the zine in the original pro- duct treated, these final concentrates assaying 50 per cenv. zine. The basic process makes a much higher grade concen- trate (58 per cent.), though the recovery is somewhat less as would be expected; this compares favorably with the acid process, and gives promise of excelling it.

The electrical machines for which successful treatment of the zine-fluorspar ores is claimed are the Sutton, Steele & Steele Dielectric Separator and the Blake-Morscher Elec- trostatic Separator.

The Sutton, Steele & Steele Dielectric Separator.— Messrs. Sutton, Steele & Steele have kindly supplied the following description, with accompanying diagrammatic sketch, of their apparatus, and of its method of separating pyrite, resin blende and fluorspar:

“‘The Sutton, Steele & Steele Dielectric Separator depends for its operation upon the difference in the dielectric capacity, or, in other words, the specific induction capacity of the par- ticles under treatment, and not upon the difference in the conductivity of same.

“‘The principle can be readily understood if it will be borne in mind that dielectrics differ greatly in their ability to transmit electro-static lines of force, or, in other words, to allow induction to take place through their mass. In the pre- sent commercial application of static electricity to ore dres- sing other manufacturers separate the different particles of an ore pulp by the difference in their conductivity; the pul- verulent mass being usually fed to a metal plate or cylinder which is charged with static electricity, the material of good conducting particles of the same being repelled further than the non-conductors.

48 Kentucky Geological Survey.

‘Tn the Sutton, Steele & Steele separator none of the par- ticles are repelled. One class of particles adhere tightly to the cylinder or electrode, while the others drop inertly from it, while a rotating brush removes the adhering particles.

‘‘In operation the material is fed to a rotating cylinder electrode which is connected to the earth and to which there is delivered from an adjacent electrode a convective or silent discharge through which the particles to be separated are earried while resting on the grounded electrode. The result- ing conditions are such that the dielectrics are polarized, some more strongly than others. The electricai condition of these particles are in the same state as the glass dielectric separating the two metal coatings of a Leyden jar, which after discharge still shows a residual charge. The particles while resting on the grounded electrode receive a discharge of static electricity from the adjacent electrode and they thus have their opposite faces exposed to opposite electrical in- fluences, and consequently each particle is divided in its charge having both + and — polarity. This is maintained and is the cause of their adhering to the electrode in a similar manner as iron filings do to the magnet.

“‘It has been discovered, however, that there is a differ- ence in the time that dielectrics can be polarized, and in order to make separations between different dielectric particles it has been found expedient to deliver to the charging electrode a series of electrical impulses predetermined as to duration and time. The effect of this can be understood if we will take, for example, two dielectric substances such as zine blende of the resin variety and fluorspar. Fluorspar polarizes more readily than zinc-blende, therefore if the electrical discharges are regulated as to the duration of time, the fluorspar can be polarized without affecting the zinc-blende and one can thus be separated from the other. It must not be inferred, how- ever, that the Sutton, Steele & Steele separator does not sep- arate conductors from non-conductors. It does so by polar- izing the dielectrics while the conducting particles remain inert, being neither repelled nor attracted, and fall off the electrode unaffected by the current.

‘““The difference in the separation of the zinc-blende from mundie iron and zinc-blende from fluorspar is as follows: In the case of zine and iron a continuous convective discharge is

To generator.

Sutton, Steele & Steele

Dielectric Separator. Two Roller Machine.

f ee MANUFACTURED BY SUTTON, STEELE & STEELE, INCORPORATED DALLAS, TEXAS.

—y ——

e

Kentucky Geological Survey. 49

maintained passing through the ore pulp and delivered to the cylindrical electrode. The effect is to polarize the zinc while the iron is not affected and drops inertly into a suitable recep- tacle. The zinc adheres to the cylindrical electrode (which is rotated during operation) and is brushed off into a separate receptacle.

‘‘In the ease of fluorspar and zinc it has been observed that the former will commence to adhere to the electrode sooner than the blende, and it therefore follows that if the electro-statie charges are delivered in impulses, the duration or time of each impulse being of just sufficient length to affect the fluorspar without affecting the zine, one can readily be separated from the other.

‘‘Wor a scientific explanation of the phenomena we refer to our process patent Ne. 813,063.”’

Since electrical seperators of other kinds have the particles under influence only a fraction of a second, and the time interval does not enter into the Sutton-Steele separator, the particles remaining until brushed off, it should make the best separation.

Sutton, Steele & Steele have given the Survey the follow- additional data concerning their machine: It operates on raw materia! without roasting, has a capacity of ten tons per day and requires only three-horse-power for separator and gen- erator. When operating on the zine-iron concentrates, or middlings, it will make a zine concentrate carrying less than one per cent. iron and an iron product carrying from one to two per cent. zinc. They report that they have never tried the separation of barite and zine or barite and fluorite with this machine.

Blake-Morscher Electrostatic Separator.—The Blake- Morscher separator operates on the principle of the relative electrical conductivity of minerals, some having a higher and others a lower conductivity. In this separator a metal eyiin- der is charged with electricity. The eurrent of the evlinder affects sized ore particles, repelling those of like conduc- tivity so that they are thrown over a divider or separating shutter, permitting the unlike conductive minerals te fall vertically. Minerals such as fluorspar and resin blende which are non-conductors may also be separated owing to their sus-

60 Kentucky Geological Survey.

eeptibility to different degrees of conductivity. The Blake Mining & Milling Co., kindly furnished the Survey with sam- ples of concentrates recently made with their separator. They were unable to divulge at present the locality from which the ore was received. From the samples it is appar- ent that the ore was a quartzite carrying red blende and fuov- spar not unlike some of the ore of the Columbia lode. An assay of the concentrates of which those received were a sam- ple is said to have shown them to carry 55 per cent. of zine, while the tailings carry 3 per cent. zine. The concentrates carry small percentages of fluorspar and quartzite, more of the latter than of the former, while the tailings consisted largely of quartzite with less fluorspar and little zinc. The particles are all under 1-20 inch. They report they have also done some remarkably good work in separating barite and zine.

Considering the cost of mining, milling and incidental ex- penses at $3.75 per ton, on a basis of 50-ton operation, and ad- ding 20 per cent. per ton for profit, each ton of ore handled should have a gross value of $4.50 per ton to make the extrac- tion of zine alone or zine and lead profitable. The follow- ing table shows what percentage of zine would be required in an original ore to yield a gross value of $4.50 per ton, were the percentage of zine recovery either 60, 70, 75 or 80 per cent. of that in the original ore, if the ore contained zinc only, or if it contained 1.25, 2.50, 3.75 or 8.25 per cent. of lead also, counting the lead yield upon concentrating at 80 per cent. or 1, 2, 3 or 5 per cent. respectively and the average value of lead at $60 per ton, were the zine to bring $30, $35, $40, $45, 50, $55 or $60 per ton. Since the average value of zine ore in 1905 was $44.88 and in 1906 $43.24 per ton, the percent- ages for these years lay between those for $40. and $45, and from this it may be judged about what is to be expected in 1907. Since the value of lead ore in the same years averaged $62.12 and $77.40, the average value of $60 used for lead is helieved conservative. Any value derived from associated fluorspar may simply be added to the profits; or it might be made to take the place of a part of the zine and thus reduce the amount of zine required.

Kentucky Geological Survey.

Table Viil

REQUIRED ZINC CONTENT IN ORE WITT A KNOWN PERC AGE OF RECOVERY FOR ORE TO BE VALUABLE.

Value of Zine Ore f.o. b. cars $30.00 $35.00 $40.00 $45.00 $50.00 $55.00

Per cent. of

Recovery. Percentage of zinc required in ore containing zinc only. 60.00 25.00 21.48 18.75 16.66 15.00 13.60 70.00 21.43 18.37 16.07 14.28 12.86 11.68 75.00 20.00 17.15 15.00 13.33 12.00 10.91 80.00 18.75 16.07 14.06 12.50 11.24 10.23 Recovery. Percentage of zinc required in ore from which 1 per cent. is recovered. 60.00 23.66 18.56 16.25 14.43 13.00 11.80 70.00 18.55 15.91 13.92 12.37 11.14 10.11 75.00 17.33 14.85 13.00 11.54 10.40 9.44 80.00 16.25 13.92 12.18 10.82 9.75 8.85 Recovery. Percentage of zinc required in ore from which 2 per cent. is recovered. 60.00 18.33 15.71 13.75 12.21 11.00 10.00 70.00 15.55 13.47 11.78 10.47 9.43 8.57 75.00 14.66 12.57 11.00 977 8.80 8.00 80.00 13.75 11.78 10.31 9.16 8.25 7.50 Recovery. Percentage of zinc required in ore from which 8 per cent. is recovered. 60.00 15.00 12.85 11.25 10.00 9.00 8.31 70.00 12.85 11.01 9.64 8.57 7.71 7.12 75.00 12.00 10.28 9.00 8.00 7.20 6.65 3.00 11.25 9.63 8.43 7.50 6.75 6.23 Recovery. Percentage of zine required in ore from which 5 per cent. is recovered. 60.00 8.33 7.13 6.25 5.49 5.00 4.53 70.00 7.14 6.12 5.85 4.75 4,28 3.88 75.00 6.66 5.57 5.00 4.44 4.00 3.62

80.00 6.26 6.35 4.68 4.16 3.75 3.40

Ent-

$60.00

lead

lead

lead

lead

Chapter Iii. Fluorspar And Its Occurrence.

Nomenclature.—Fluorite, fluorspar or calcium fluoride (CaF,). Locally, it is often spoken of simply as ‘‘spar,’’ but as this term is also applied to barite, calcite, dolomite, siderite, quartz, etc., the usage should be discontinued. The writer uses the term ‘‘spar’’ in speaking of two or more of the minerals, fluorite, barite, or calcite.

Fluorite was written of by Agricola in 1529 as ‘‘fluores lapides,’’ meaning literally ‘‘flux stone;’’? hence, the name. It was called ‘‘fluss spat,’’ the German for fluorspar, by Cron- stadt in 1758, while Napione called it fluorite in 1797. Loeal- ly, in England it has been called Derbyshire Spar and Blue- john. For further notes on nomenclature, see Dana’s System of Mineralogy.

Crystallography.—F luorspar occurs crystallized in cubical clusters found lining vugs, seams, in breccia, and in red clay. Crystals up to ten inches across have been found, com- monly as penetration twins. Single perfect cubes are exceed- ingly rare, and quite small. Only one natural octahedron has been seen by the writer. Fluorite clusters are compar- atively rare, and perfect ones extremely so. Crystal varieties are locally known as crystal or glass spar. Plane-faced cubes are exceptional, the faces consisting usually of small cubes arranged in parallel position, rather in step fashion. Crys- tals showing flaws exhibit a play of colors along the plane of fracture. Crystal faces show etching at times. Crystals showing two periods of decomposition have been found; for example, yellow fluorite, considerably etched, forms the basal crystal, then a purple layer above, and between the two min- ute pyritehedrons are found. This probably represented a redeposition of the fluorite that has been corroded, practically in its original place.

Deep Purple-Black Fluorspar Crystals, Showing Dull Scale-Like Surfaces as a Result of Corrosion, From Joe Wolsey Prospect, Crittenden County.

Fluorite Crystals. Shows Twinning, Grouping, and Forms in which Fluorite Cleaves Readily.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 53

The largest number of crystal groups, as well as the larg- est groups in size, are obtainable from the bedded veins, such as on Lead Hill, where they have been formed between the lamination and bedding planes of the limestone, the crystals often making room for themselves. They occur in these instances interlacing each other comb fashion. Also groups, originating in this manner, may be double, the crystals hav- ing formed on one side of the original laver of limestone, the upper side, for example, forming a group of small sized erys- tals, while the group on the under side consists of large crys- tals, and vice versa.

Casts of fluorite crystals and occasionally fluorite, are to be found in smithsonite. It is a question whether such crys- tals are secondary or are residual of the original vein, the smithsonite having formed about them.

Besides the characteristics pointed out for crystals of fluorite of the Kentucky-[linois district, elsewhere fluorspar occurs also occasionally, according to Dana, in octahedrons or dodecahedral forms, while fluoroids and hexoctahedrons are common. Cubic ervstals occur sometimes grouped in parallel position, thus forming a pseudo-octahedron. For a list of observed forms of fluorite crystals, reference is made to Dana’s work.

Structure.—For the most part fluorspar is granular mas- sive. As originally formed in fissures, the fluorite was coarse- ly crystallized. The granular condition was induced second- arily by crushing, due to pressure of the hanging wall and the superincumbent fluorite mass. Lateral and vertical pres- sure also results, jointing the fluorite into blocks. As fluorite has only a hardness of 4, and is brittle, the granular condi- tion was readily brought about. The grains are from fine to coarse. Further pressure, usually later, results in sheet- ing, and, hence, ribbon structure. See following plate. Sometimes such sheeting planes are slickensided and grooved, as at the Memphis incline. Where it is more pro- nounced, usually immediately against one of the walls, the fluorite at times assumes a lamellar-fibrous condition, seen in specimens from the Bill Terry mine. Still greater pressure results in white compact finorite, while the ex- treme end product is white or slightly colored earthy

54 Kentucky Geological Survey.

fluorspur powder, finer at times than the finest mesh ground of the mills, such as was secured at the Mary Belle mine in Crittenden county. Fluorspar also occurs in gravel form. No columnar fluorspar has been seeu in the Kentucky-Illinois district, though it occurs elsewhere, as in Derbyshire, England.

Fracture, Hardness, Density, etc—Fluorspar has a flat econchoidal fracture; more rarely round conchoidal, as in amorphous cleavages (optical fluorite), and splintery in the contact kinds. It is brittle and has a hardness of 4.

The specific gravity of fluorspar varies from 3.01 to 3.25, an average of 3.13.

Luster, Streak.—Its luster is vitreous, usually glimmering mM massive varieties; sometimes splendent. Compact or pow- dery earthy varieties are dull. When deep purple-black in eolor and opaque, it shows a sub-metallic luster.

Fluorspar upon powdering becomes white, that is, it presents a white streak; the deep purple-black variety shows a heliotrope streak.

Color.—It occurs in nature in all colors, but in Western Kentucky it has been found white, purple, amethystine, red- dish, gray, brown, amber-yellow, purple-black, and rarely pellucid. In Southern Illinois it occurs also blue and green. Nearly all the fluorite when freshly broken, vields the odor of hydrocarbons. Wvyrouboff and Von La Saulx attribute the color assumed by fluorspar to them, rather than to metal- lic oxides, and tests made by the writer tend to confirm this view. Simith* suggests that the color may be due to oxida- tion of the hydrocarbons, sinee they are found in colorless fluorite, as well as in the colored. Field observations and specimens collected hy the writer agree with this. In the writer’s opinion the fluorite occurred originally either color- less or brown, according to the amount and density of the contained hydrocarbons; that containing light hydrocarbons is white or colorless, and that containing heavy ones is brown. The fluorite encased in unweathered harite is always colorless: that in softened harite, and where calcite had been

W. S. Tangier Smith, U. S. Geological Survey, P. P. 36, 1905, p. 125.

Fluorspar Showing Ribbon Structure. The Large Specimen is from the Memphis Incline, and Shows a Little Galena in the Lower Part. The Small Specimen is from the Hodge Mine, and has Zine Blended Between Sheeting Planes of the Fluorite.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 55

present and has leached, is often purple. This is, in a man- ner, proof of the oxidation theory. Fluorite associated with carbonaceous shale walls, as at the Lucile mine, is brown, sometimes altering to purple. Brown fluorite will also occur more largely in replacement deposits than white. The only yellow that has been noted occurs in the zone of oxidation. The purple seems to represent a higher state of oxidation than the yellow, for crystals are found in which the color changes from purple to yellow as distance froin the erystal face is reached. The green erystals of fluorspar found in Southern Illinois occur in surface clays, except in one instance the writer secured a piece of light green from the 300-foot level of the Rosiclaire, though it is possible that it was oxidized in a vug. The fluorite secured in depth is invariably gray to white, except where the walls have contained heavy hydrocarbons. A large part of tlre hydrocarbons, as has already been pointed out by Smith, occurs between grains, and represents later dep- ositions than the mineral itself. This is true most largely for the brown fluorite, which also shows hydrocarbon inclusions. Such are necessarily primary. Smith thinks decrepitation of the fluorspar upon heating, depends largely on the extent of hydrocarbons present.

White ervstals from Bonanza, and amber-colored ones from Tabor, both show purple coatings on the edges. Such coatings are noted to some extent on corroded fluorite. In one instance fine granular was especially heavy charged with hydrocarbons, and was of a dark brown color, and of dull earthy luster. Fluorite, where containing galena, is often stained green by minute fibers of pyromorphite. The reason why the fluorite should become colored and the calcite re- main white, is difficult to comprehend. Hydrocarbons occur in some of the calcite, and some of it becomes slightly brown from them, but no other color is apparent. This may depend on the difference in molecular state of fluorite and calcite, or, again, it might be that some interaction between oxidizing agents mav take place in the presence of fluorite that ean not in the presence of caleite. Where manganese oxides color minerals, calcite, when present, is colored pink, so that this presents an argument in itself against the coloring of the fluorspar by manganese.

56 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Colored erystallized fluorspar shows dichroism, to some extent,—that is to say, it exhibits different shades of color as the crystals are turned, the color arranging itself in in- tense lines parallel to the face of the eube. This is most com- monly exhibited in crystals of purple shades. Colors are more intense in thick cleavages than in thin.

Single erystals have been found exhibiting three different colors, one faintly blending into the other, as red, white and blue. The erystal surfaces are usually dull. The color is always more pronounced by transmitted than by reflected heht.

No. 1. fluorspar, white, oceurs usually in open fissures, having Ste. Genevieve or Tribune as one or both walls; Jess often St. Louis forms one or both walls. Brown or dark colored fluorspar, coarse erystalline, is found, in a large meas- ure, associated with bituminous shale walls. In some in- stances, notably in Caldwell county at the Senator and Mar- ble mines, it occurs of similar color in Ste. Genevieve lime- stones. Finer grained dark fluorspar occurs replacing lime- stone, either of Princeton or St. Louis, and is associated with jasperoid, hence, silicious. Such fluorspar frequently has fine grained zine and small eubical or granular galena. The frequent association of purple fluorspar with St. Louis is not surprising, eonsidering the ready aceess that oxidizing agencies have for it. Whenever a sufficient depth below such agencies is gained, the fluorite with St. Louis walls will also be white.

Phosphorescence, Fluorescence, Electrical Properties.— Neither phosphorescence under ordinary conditions, nor fluor- escence, were discernible in Kentueky or Illinois fluorite in tests made hoth by the writer and Dr. W. 8S. Tangier Smith. Upon sufficient heating, it becomes phosphorescent.

Fluorspar from some localities elsewhere exhibits both white and green (latter in chlorophane) phosphorescence and a blnish fluorescence. The chlorophane variety is sometimes both thermoluminescent and triboluninescent, (as that from Amelia Court Tfouse, Va., which contains considerable yttrium and ytterbinm), these conditions heing, according to Kunz, due to molecular instability. Fluorspar exhibits, according to Dana, difference of electrical potential between

Group of Purple Fluorite Crystals, Exhibiting Dickroism by Transmitted Light. Lanham Shaft, Columbia Mines.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 67

the faces and angles of a cube, both under the action of heat and of light.

Refraction.—Refractive index for Na Ny=1.4339, Sara- sin; Ny==1.4324 (gray) 1.4842 (black), Kolrausch. The index aiminiches slightly with an increase of the temperature. (Dana).

Sometimes it exhibits anomalous double refraction. The writer has heen unable to find this feature in any of the Ken- tucky or Illinois fluorspar.

Composition.—F luorite consists of 48.7 per cent. fluorine and 51.2 per cent. calcium, when pure. Clean natural fluorine seldom falls below 9 per cent. calcium fluoride, while some of the No. 1 runs over 99 per cent. Perhaps not one-eighth of American fluorspar marketed will run less than 80 per cent. The lower percentages are due to its being associated with such minerals and rocks as calcite, barite, limestone, quartz- ite, ete.

58 Kentucky Geological Survey.

The following typical analysis of commercial fluorspar kindly supplied by shipping companies are of interest:

Calcium ' Calcium and

Description of samples. Auoride Silica. Magnesium . carbonates.

Tron oxides,

Ground Fluorspar:

Memphis Mines, 99.95 Trace Trace Kentucky Fluorspar Co.

2 jee ate a8 meee Sj ——

Ground Fluorspar: Hodge Mines. 98.30 21 -¥8

Kentucky Fluorspar Co.

No. 2. Ground:

Nancy Hanks Mines,

Albany Mining & Investment Co 98.00 71 3.29 Trace

Typical Fluxing: Gravel Fluorspar,

Kentucky Fluorspar Co. 95.08 1.90

Typical Fluxing: Gravel Fluorspar,

Kentucky Fluorspar Co.

Fluxing Gravel Fluorspar average of three cars:

Pogue Mine,

Marion Mineral Co. 96.33

See page —— for an analysis of common English fluorspar.

Varieties—Besides ordinary fluorspar two varieties may be distinguished, that exhibiting green phosphorescence ealled chlorophane, and that containing free fluorine, which Sehoenhein has named antozonite.

White or Nearly Colorless Group of Fluorite Crystals, Klondike, Shaft, Memphis, Mine.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 59

Physical Determination—Fluorite may be readily dis- tinguished from most of the minerals of the Ken- tucky-Illinois district. It will seratch calcite, but not glass, as does quartz. It does not possess the milky white color that calcite most freyuently shows. — It breaks into tetrahedral plates and octahedral cleav- ages, while calcite always shows rhombohedral cleav- age. Fluorspar does not effervesce with acids as do calcite and smithsonite. None of the other minerals are affected by the glass etching test given below. It can not be confounded with galena, as the latter has always a lead gray color, on fresh surface, shows a metallic luster and is twice as heavy. Sphalerite often has a resinous luster, where fluorite has a vitreous to splendent one. Barite is heavier and has a fibrous structure usually, which fluorite does not show. Barite, fluorite, galena, calcite and sphalerite, all decrepitate on heating; hence this property is of no value in distinguish- ing them.

Fluorspar, when heated in a closed glass tube, decrepi- tates and phosphoresces. Before the blowpipe, in the forceps and on charcoal it fuses, coloring the flame red, to an enamel which reacts alkaline on test paper. With soda on platinum foil or charcoal, it vields a residue of a diffieultly fusible enamel, while most of the soda sinks into the coal; with gypsum it fuses to an opaque bead, becoming transparent on cooling.*

Aceording to Brush-Penfield, its fusibility is 3 of the usual scale; a fragment of 1.5 mm. in diameter fuses readily to a globule before the blowpipe; in a luminous lamp or gas flame only the very finest splinters or thinnest edges are rounded.

For chemical tests both, qualitative and quantitative, refer to the chapter on Methods of Analysis.

Rare Elements In Fluorspar.

This subject has been rather fully investigated bv Prof. W. J. Humphreys, who examined specimens of fluorite from all parts of the world, especially for ytterbium and vttrium, and the results of whose investiga-

Dana's System of Mineralogy, 6th Ed. 1901, p. 163.

60 Kentucky Geological Survey.

tions have been published.* Upon these, together with data kindly given the writer of lis as yet unpublished results, the statement here presented has been based. Yttrium and, probably, to a less extent as a rule, ytterbium as well, oceurs in practieaily all fluorspars; and, since fluorspar alone of the minerals in which they are found, occurs to any apprectable extent, it is the most available source of these elements. None of the other rare elements, sueh as cerium, thorium, lantha- mum, the didvmiums, samarium, tungsten, uranium, ete., nor cobalt was detected in even those fluorspars from the reeions of these elements, and rich in yttrium and ytterbium. No sort. of connection between the amounts of yttrium and vtterbium could he traced to the color of the fluorspar. It was not possi- ble to determine whether or not manganese was present, since it was always present in the light carbons used.

In regard to the presence of these elements in fluorspar of the Kentucky-Ilinois distriet, Prof. Wumphrevs found a trace in the specimen from the Ashridge mine, and a small amount in that from the Columbia, while in that from several of the large Crittenden county fluorspar mines, (Memphis, Klondike, Hodge, Tabb. Edwards, and Givens mines) none was detected. He thinks that it is prohably concentrated where little fluor- spar oceurs, as in the Columbia mine, and also present, but in so diluted a state as not to be detected, where great tnasses of fluorspar occur. He found traces in the three specimens ex- anined (one from Rosiclare) from Southern Illinois, and also a trace in fluorspar from the Twin Chimneys mine in Central Kentueky.

So far as the present writer is aware, neither yttrium or vtterbium is of practical value in the arts at present, owing to their rarity. Yttrimn oxide was tentatively used by Wels- bach in the early manufacture of the Welsbach mantles, but this practice has been discontinued, and only thorium and cer- ium are now emploved.

Fluorine in a free state, according to Dana, oeeurs in dark violet-blue fluor (called antozonite by Schoenhein) of Wolsen- dorf, Bavaria, the strong odor of which is said to often pro- duce headache and vomiting in the miners. In the Kentucky-

Astrophysical Journal, Vol XX, 1904, pp. 265.273. and Vol. XXIT, 1905, No. 2.

Fluorite Containing Inclusions of Country Rock. Courtesy of U. S. Geological Survey.

& Cavernous Fluorite Formed by Leaching out of Country Rock Inclusions. Courtesy of U. S. Geological Survey.)

Kentucky Geological Survey. 61

Tilinois fluorspar hydrocarbons occur, which are discussed under ‘‘Color;’’ they also are productive of a strong odor, es- pecially when the fluorspar is struck a blow; it may be that in some instances the odor is partly due to free fluorine. Chlorine is also present at times in minute quantities.

Encrustations and Inclusions.

Calcite, barite, quartz, and smithsonite in erystals or mam- mallary form, are commonly found encrusting fluorite ervstals; more rarely pyromorphite, galena and sphalerite crystals also are seen in such position.

Inelusions of hydrocarbons and pyrite eubes and tetra- hedrons are most common, while more rarely galena and sphal- erite oceur similarly. In Central Kentueky, inclusions of au undetermined mineral have heen noted at the Twin Chimneys mine.

Artificial fluorspar: Made by Sheerer and Dreschel in erystallized forms. (Dana).

Genesis.

The writer has elsewhere discussed the genesis of fluorite in detail.*

The conclusions reached regarding the origin of Kentucky- Illinois fluorite are, briefly: Fluorspar consists of ealeium and fluorine. The wall rocks form a ready source of calcium, but contained little or no fluorie. Igneous dikes of iniea-peri- dotite. a dark green rock consisting of more than a dozen minerals, two of which, biotite and apatite, usually contain more or less fluorine, traverse the district. Upon analysis, this rock, none of which is very fresh, now shows very little fluorine content, vet it, together with the underlying mass from which it was given off, or the underlying mass alone, seems the most probable source of the fluorine. The ecom- pounds ultimately to form the deposits were transported by means of ascending thermal or heated solutions, coming as an aftermath of the eruption resulting in dikes. The fissures, faults, and dike contacts formed trunk channels along which

Livingston County, Its Mineral Veins and Other Resources, Bull. 9, 1907, Kentucky Geo- ogical Survey.

62 Kentucky Geological Survey.

the watery ascended, and to some extent the waters spread laterally from these into the adjacent rocks, metasomatic deposits resulting. The fluorine was probably brought up in the form of hydro-fluosilicates of lead, zine, copper, cal- chun, barium, ete., as first suggested by Dr. Bain, and also found by the writer to nearest fulfill the conditions. The separate deposition of silica from fluorine is best explained by attraction due to mass action, silica being attracted to sandstone to form quartzite of it, the fluorine being lett free to exercise its affinity for calcimm in the solutions, or to replace Tnnestone. In most instances of replacement, silica and fluor- spar were deposited together, forming jasperoid-fluorite, as at the Evening Star mine. Perhaps sueh mutual deposition of silica and fluorspar depends upon some principle of replace- ment not now understood. A number of processes were in- volved in precipitating the deposits from the solutions, as de- erease of heat and pressure, intermingline of solutions. ete., but the most important were the inter-reactions of caleium bicarbonate and hydrocarbons, with the fluorine content of the fluosilicates, which resulted in the formation of fluorspayr, while hydrogen sulphide united with the metals and precip- itated them as sulphides.

According to Mendeleet some hydrocarbon compounds re- sult from the addition of a halogen acid to a carbonate of a metal. Thus the combination of ealeium (CaCO,) hydro- fluoric acid (211K) results in the formation of fluorspar (CaF) and the hydroearbon compounds CH.O,. This ex- plains a source of hydrocarbons in fluorspar in addition to those organie hydrocarbons, already in the limestone, to be dissolved or replaced previous to the deposition or formation of fluorite. The hydrocarbons so formed are probably in part the souree of the coloring compounds in fluorite.

Nothing definite can he said as to the age of the deposits, but they were formed shortly after the intrusion resulting in the dikes, which was between post-Carboniferous and late Tertiary, probably in early Tertiary time.

The Central Kentucky and Central Tennessee deposits are somewhat sinular, but differ in absence of extensive faulting and igneous dikes. Shaler has suggested the origin of the Central Kentucky fluorite to have been from the sedi-

Honey-Combed Fluorspar.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 63

mentary rocks, but sufficient data is not at hand to determine. The writer could find nothing in literature relative to the origin of the Castle Dome, Arizona, fluorite.

Ransome and Lindgren consider the fluorine of the fluorite of the Cripple Creek region to have been given off in volatile form from phonolite magmas on their consolidation at higher levels; also suggest a similar origin for that of the Black Hills, Judith Mountains, and Little Rock Mountains. That of the Telluride district originated, according to Purington, from the lower lving igneous rocks from which it was brought up by ascending solutions. The Albermarle county, Virginia, fluorite is associated with chlorite schist and quartz, and it had clearly an aqueo-ingneous origin. That at the Kinstein mine, in Missouri, also, according to Bain, was derived from igneous rocks. In Kurope, Stelzner, Beck, Mueller and others attribute the origin of fluorite of the Freiberg and Saxony districts to thermal solutions, deriving their content from the igneous rocks. The English fluorspar deposits are gen- erally conceded to have had the fluorine derived from nearby or associated igneous rocks.

For a classification of genetic types of deposits with which fluorspar is usually associated refer to page 73.

Fluoritization—The formation of fluorite by means of metasomatism or replacement of another rock or mineral is termed fluoritization.

The replacement of the wall rocks by fluorite is not un- common in the Kentucky-Illinois district. It oceurs, replac- ing calcite and limestone abundantly; and quartzite and chert to a less extent, because of their less solubility. The replace- ment process was one involving a complete dissolution of the limestone and simultaneous deposition of the ealeic fluor- ide formed, while in fissure filling the limestone was pre- viously dissolved and the reaction and deposition were subsequent. The fluorite, where oeceurring as a re- placement product, oecurs largely in fine’ granular, partially developed erystals, and either brown or pur- ple in color, depending on the state of hydrocar- bons present. Fluorite has heen found m a number of instances partially replacing silicified corals, such as Lith- ostrotion, ete. Much of such fluorite occurs associated with

64 Kentucky Geological Survey.

jasperoid, a rock consisting of minute quartz dihexahedrons resulting from the replacement of limestone by silica. Em- mons has suggested that, originally calcite may have filled most of the fissures and it was replaced by fluorite; but, as it appears difficult to explain an interchange of constituents, and complete re-dissolution would become necessary, the writer does not consider this probable.

Fluoritization is not uncommon elsewhere where fluorite oceurs. Lindgren says fluorite may replace many other min- erals. It has generally a purplish, unevenly distributed color, and shows under all circumstances a strong tendency to erystal-development. He described a specimen of lime- stone breccia from the Judith Mountains in Western Mon- tana, showing replacement by a ervstal of fluorite, the sharp angles of the cube projecting into the limestone, and explains this as a case of complete replacement. Fluorite, together with quartz and pyrite, is further formed, according to the same writer, as a replacement product of orthoclase in the Cripple Creek District, Colorado. Fluorspar occurs as one of the accessory minerals in ‘‘greisen,’’ the alteration product which occurs in connection with tin deposits in granite rocks.* See page 75.

Alteration—Fluorspar seldom occurs altered except in the belt of weathering.

Fluorspar is seldom leached out of ore. Cavities occur- ring in the ore are usually due to the leaching out of calcite, limestone, sphalerite or galena, and such leaching frequently results in honey-combed fluorite. More rarely fluorite shows cavities the result of etching either by alkaline ecarlonates or ammonium sulphate. Some of these are exceedingly minute, and give to it the appearance of a fine network of a bryozoa, such as fistulipori. Again, it is riddled by larger cavities, the size of a pea or slightly larger. Again, the effects of corrosion are simply to dull the crystal faces, or to give them a rough hackley appearance. Fluorspar showing the varied effects of corrosion may be seen at the Tyrie mine

“Greisen” isa German term and means cleave or split. It is the result of alteration of granite and is found in connection with certain copper and silver-lead veins, as well as adjacent tocertaintin veins. It consists essentially of quartz and white mica, replacing feldspar, with some other minerals. Fluorspar is one of several minerals that characterize tin-bearing greisem —C.jJ.N.

Etched Fluorite.

Etched Fluorite.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 65

in Caldwell county. It appears more readily corroded par- alleling the cleavage planes.

Gravel Fluorspar.—In the belt of weathering numerous deposits of gravel fluorspar occur. Such bodies vary from a few inches to thirty-six feet in width. The gravel oceurs granular, from grains exceedingly minute to those that will pass an inch mesh screen, while lumps occur through it oe- casionally, some of considerable size. In rare instances the gravel deposits contain numerous fragments of fluorite erys- tals. It is possible that such are the result of concentrations in clay, but part at least may have occurred in the original deposits. Such spar is usually from a reddish earthy brown to purple in color, the red color being due to ferric oxide stains. Rarely gravel is white to purple, but such usually occurs only some distance below water level. Gravel fluor- spar results from the disintegration of massive granular fluorite, sometimes of crystal fluorite. Fluorite is practi- cally insoluble in surface waters, one part being soluble in twenty-six thousand; hence, while the limestone walls are being attacked by surface waters and disintegrated and dissolved, the fluorite resists their action. However, after the wall on either side begins to give way the residual products formed are taken up by the waters, and these permeate between the granules, along cleavage and sheeting planes of the fluorspar, depositing their quantities of silica and ferric oxides. When such crystallize between the grains they have the tendency to expand or enlarge, and, hence, to disrupt the mass. Where one or both of the walls consists of chert or quartzite these prevent disruption, sinee they are but little affected by weathering, as at the Tabor shaft where the walls were chert and quartzite. If one wall is of such material, the fluorspar near that side remains more or less intact. In some instances the fluorite resists the action of weathering for a considerable time, but after the walls are completely gone and the process of disruption has continued far enough, the fluorspar disin- tegrates and falls down. By such time the walls are usually dissolved down to water level and the spar may fall on either side of the less weathered fluorite below, which in them be- comes further weathered till it disintegrates, and so till in

66 Kentucky Geological Survey.

some cases as much as seventy feet below water level is changed to the gravel form. Because of the fallmg down on either side of the vein of the fluorspar that was above, the veins of gravel are wider, sometimes several times the width of the original vein. All of the deposits of gravel fluorspar that have yet been exploited have shown the ériginal vein in depth, indicating that little, if any, of the fluorspar has been carried any distance, that is, no placer deposits have been found. Ribbon structure in lump fluorspar may present white and purple or white and brown colors in alternate bands, depending on access of oxidizing solutions to the various narrow sheets, the more open ones heing of darker color.

Fluorspar alters to calcite according to Van Hise,* by alkaline carbonates according to the equation:

CaF.,+Na,CO,—CaCO,+2NaF.

No such occurrence has been noted by the writer.

A subsequent alteration of the calcite results in a number of minerals forming pseudomorphs (appearing in a crystal form of another mineral) of fluorite. Fluorspar occurs changed to quartz by substitution, also to limonite, hematite, litho- marge, psilomelane, calamine, smithsonite, cerussite, kaol- inite.t.

Occurrences of Fluorspar.

Western Kentucky District—The rocks of the district consists largely of limestone, sandstones and shales of Carboniferous age. Rocks of Quaternary age also occur in the western part of the district, and, where occurring, hide all trace of the ore deposits, since such rocks were deposited at a later date than the deposi- tion of the ores. The following table gives the formations occurring in the district:

A Treatise on Metamorphism, Monograph XLVII, U. S. Geological Survey, 1906, p. 216. Dana, System of Mineralogy, 6th Ed. 1901, p. 168.

Corroded Fluorite, Tyrie Mine, Caldwell County,

Table X. Geological Formations.*

Recent. Alluvium, (recent).

Alluvium

Columbia Formation.

uaternary. (Pleistocene)

Lafayette Formation. (Stratified drift ).

Allegheny Formation. (Lower Coal Measures).

Fulton Loam (Brown loam).

Port Hudson clays.

Brown gravels, Paducah Formation firesand, sand- stone,

White Gra- 20-110

Tennessee River Gravels ivels. Clay

‘ Sandstones, Lim estones, etc., workable Coal beds.

Allegheny Formation

Pottsville Formation. (Sandstone conglomerate of Kentucky Reports).

Pennsylvanian (Coal Measures).

Chester Group.

Carboniferous.

ppian.

Ste. Genevieve Limestone.

Mississi

(Princeton limestone).

(Superior Sand- stone and con- glomerate,

Inter -conglom-

erate Coal and

Shales,

Inferior Sand- stone and Con- glomerate.

Pottsville Formation

Limestone Lockhart Formation , Shales, some |100-175 ! Sandstone, Alternating Birdsville Formation : peer ones

UShales.

Tribune Limestone.

Cypress Sandstone (Ferruginous sand- stone of Illinois and, in part, also of Missouri.

Ohara Limestone.

Rosiclare Sandstone,

Fredonia Limestone. 115-150

(Subcarboniferous ; Lower Carboniferous).

St. Louis Limestone.

St. Louis Limestone.

Tullahoma Formation. (Lower Silicious; time equivalent of Keokuk- Waverly).

Tullahoma Formation.

Devonian, Ohio Shale, (Black shale).

Ohio Shale (under cover],

See writer's report on Livingston County, chapter II., for discussion of correlation and

details of stratigraphy.

68 Kentucky Geological Survey.

The district has undergone both regional and local dis- turbances with attendant fracturing and faulting, with sub- sequent intrusion of basic igneous rocks, (mica-peridotite (in Southern Illinois pyroxene-lamprophyre) dikes and sills), and, later, the deposition of minerals from ascending thermal solutions along the faults, fractures and contacts, The faults and fractures are arranged along such zones. Such zones are often several miles in length, while the individual faults and fractures are usually less than fifteen hundred feet in length. Cross faults occur at somewhat constant angles to those having the trend of the zone. The faults and fractures are often arranged en echelon (in step fashion) and often as approximate parallels. They strike both northeast and northwest, and all carry more or less mineral, although most of the mines operating are on the northeast strikes. The accompanying plates show a sketch map of the Memphis mine group, (which presents typical geological conditions), and a cross-section of the same.

Owing to faulting and subsequent erosion, anywhere from a few feet to more than fourteen hundred feet of the upper strata, are gone in various parts of the district, leaving a checkerwork of unlike contiguous strata blocks bounded by the fault zones to be seen on every hand. The character of the faults and fractures with methods of fault location, are discussed in Chapter IV.

The principal minerals occurring associated with fluor- spar in the Kentucky-Illinois district, are barite (barium sul- phate), calcite (caleium carbonate, calespar), galena (lead sulphide), smithsonite (zine carbonate), and sphalerite (zine blende, resin blende, jack, zine sulphide). Less fre- quently ankerite, bitumens, calamine, cerussite, chaleopy- rite, copper, greenockite, hydrozincite, laolinite, limonite, malachite, marcasite, pyrite, pyromorphite, quartz, sulphur, stibnite and wad. The minerals may occur in the veins in- timately intergrown, in separate bands, or more rarely the vein may consist of but one mineral. The deposits occur filling open fissures, some as replacements of the wall rock adjacent to the veins, some cementing brecciated wall rock, while still others are a combination of fissure filling, replace- ment and breccia deposits.

Columbia Faull

w

e

§ $ y vy Q

[Memphis Fault

i Last Mlorrdike Vern

a HNlondike Vein

ae eee CEE Re ae ESE as é I - T I i ey ee ee ee

pproximate

Se aie ss (a SE 0

Tullahoma Eias| SF Louss Fredonra £.5.AaNo Sh [E=. 4.8. 4.8.

ae Bfrasouille Brrasuille kes —-

3 04/0 Shale

Ss

L.S.

Cross-Section of the Memphis Mine Group.

Section on Line SS

Kentucky Geological Survey. 69

The largest ore bodies are found in the locally more frac- tured parts of the district, and where the wall rocks are suitable to deposition. , The minerals of the veins extend prac- tically to the surface in all cases, there being a covering usually of less than fifteen, and, in extreme cases, up to forty feet of the surface debris. Difference in elevation only affects the ore bodies in that those above ground-water level may be somewhat altered by weathering. The ores will extend to a depth greater than it will be profitable, under the present conditions, to mine them, some of them perhaps to a depth of two thousand feet. The character of the mineral not only differs often in the cross and approximately parallel veins, but often in a short distance along a vein. The changes in depth depend largely upon changes of wall rock, as from quartzite, to limestone, ete. There is no evidence of decrease of fluorspar in depth. Some of the veins are barren. Along the veins pinches and swells occur, and the ore hodies some- times reach a width of thirty feet or more, though the aver- age vein is four feet or less. Excepting for alteration of the minerals due to surface waters, the same minerals that occur near the surface occur in depth. Zine carbonate deposits occur in part as reconcentration of eroded veins, while the gravel fluorspar likewise results from broken down veins.

The probable extent of the fluorite deposits of Western Kentucky, even if considered very conservatively, is so enor- mous as to appear almost beyond reason. A careful caleu- lation of the probable fluorspar content of a single county of the district, Livingston county for example, basing the cal- culation on its 162 miles of fault zones or major lodes, and allowing an average width of four feet of mineral to depth of 1,000 feet, assuming also only that one-fifth are filled, exceeds the enormous amount of 66,900,000 short tons. Crittenden county is capable of producing as great, perhaps a greater, amount, with Caldwell also able to yield an enormous ton- nage, while the other three counties—Ohristian, Lyon and Trigg—may also yield a share, making the extraction for the district, to a depth of 1,000 feet, of close on to 200,000,000 tons a possibility. According to Dr. Kent’s* figures, the produc- tion of pig iron for the first half of the Twentieth Century, would be 10,230,000,000 gross tons.

Manufacturers Record, Vol. LI, p. 62, 1907.

70 Kentucky Geological Survey.

If the amount of fluorspar used in iron and steel making remained the same as in 1903, i. e., about 0.28 per cent. of the flux used, 8,184,000 tons of fluorspar would be necessary in the consumption of the iron suggested by Dr. Kent. If the total American fluorspar consumption for the period named, were from the amount named to double it, Western Ken- tucky would still be able to supply any and all demands made upon it for from six to twelve centuries, by which time all available supplies of iron would also be consumed, should the production continue. Jn addition, it is capable of turning out no small tonnage of lead, zine, barite and calcite.

There are about two hundred and twenty-three mines and prospects in the district. Of these more than seventy are or have been producing lead, zine, fluorspar, caleite or barite singly or several of these minerals together, and of such mines the location may be learned from the sketch map of the district accompanying this report, which also shows the location of the principal prospects in those counties not hav- ing producing mines. Of mines and prospects at which some of the previously mentioned minerals have been found in Crittenden county, there are 127; Livingston county has 50 and Caldwell county 19. Of counties in which but little development work has been done, Christian county has 8 prospects, only one of which has as vet shown lead and fluorspar; Lyon county has 6 prospects, three of which show some lead, zine and fluorspar; two have calcite and one manganese ore; Trigg county has 11 prospects all save three of which show fluorspar, ete. Union county, while not strictly a part of the district, has a large fault on or near the line of the Rough Creek anticline, with which is associated barite in sheeted quartzite that would bear investigation. Webster county shows some zinc blende in siderate concretions in the Coal Measures.* In Chapter VIII is given a rather complete list of the mines and prospects of the several counties, showing their location, ownership, when and by whom first prospected, when last operated, and synonymous names.

The Western Kentucky lead, zine and spar district has iron ore of good quality in quantity within its borders, as

A frequent occurrence in the clay iron stones of tl.2 Coal Measures in Kentucky as else- where.—C. J. N.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 71

well as an abundance of high grade calcite and limestone flux, and coals of the Western Kentucky coal field within easy reach, so that with the fluorspar it has, it should with additional transportation facilities heecome at no very distant date a center of iron and steel manufacture.

Many of the important details and characteristics of the occurrence of fluorspar in Western Kentucky are considered first under each heading in this chapter, after which details of other districts are noted. Other details of the Western Kentucky district are to be found in the chapter on prospect- ing and mining methods, and in the chapter on milling methods, where details of ore structure and their economic phases are discussed.

Southern Illinois District—The data given for the Western Kentueky District holds good also for Southern Tllinois, since they form a part of the same stratagraphie, geo- tectonic, petrographic and metallographic province.

Central Kentucky District.—This district comprises Ander- son, Bourbon, Boyle. Clark, Henry, Fayette, Franklin, Gar- rard, Jessamine, Mereer, Owen, Scott and Woodford counties.

The veins, which vary from a few inches to 7 feet or more in width, the usual width being from 1 to 3 feet, traverse Ordovician limestones from the basal member (Campnelson limestone) to the top of the Trenton, while the faults affect still higher members. The region has been affected by the Cincinnati geanticline, and has a number of faults, the largest and most continuous of which is the Kentucky River fault. The veins, so far as examined by the writer, show little or no faulting. The vein minerals are usually barite and fluorite, most of the veins showing a preponderance of barite, a few of fluorite. Associated with these minerals are greater or less amounts of lead and zine sulphides, more rarely other minerals as celestite, smithsonite, ete. Nearlv all the veins fill tension fissures, and trend nearly north and south. The veins are largely fissure fillings, and manv of them show erustification, bands of fluorite, barite, and calcite, alternat- ing, as at Twin Chimneys mine. The most notable fiuor- spar occurrences are those of the mine just mentioned, and

+1 le

Kentucky Geological Survey.

the Fantail mines, both in Mercer county. Again the min- erais occur much intergrown as fluorspar, barite and galena, barite, galena, and sphalerite, etc. The fluorspar is white, and but little affeeted by weathermg after a short distance from the surface is reached, and if separated from the barite, would be extra No. 1 in grade. Numerous white or nearly colorless erystal groups oecur. Bulletin 2 of the Kentucky Geological Survey, by Prof. A. M. Miller, may he referred to for details of the geology and descriptions of some of the individual de- posits.”

Central Tennessee District: This district is analogous to that just described in the type of deposits and age and char- acter of roeks traversed. Like it, too, the veins are narrow, and the fluorspar is highly crystallized. It differs, however, in having some of the fluorite highly amber colored. The deposits worked have been partly detrital. For further de- tails of deposits now being worked, see pp and . The Fluor. spar is reported as running 96 to 98 per cent. calcium fluoride and to he low in silica content.

Colorado Districts.—In Colorado, fiuorspar oceurs, in any considerable quantity, only in what may be termed the Cripple Creek petrographic dnd metallographic province, though it occurs in small quantity also in San Miguel county in the southwestern part of the state, and elsewhere in less quantity, but usually with like associations. What is here called the Cripple Creek province extends practically due north and south for 150 miles from Boulder county on the north to Custer county on the south, inclusive; its width does not exceed 30 miles. In this province the rocks are gneisses or granites, (largely of Archean and Algonkian age), with igneous intrusions varying from acid to basic (phonolites, andesites, ete.)

The ore minerals are in large part gold and silver tel- lurides, while the gangue is chiefly quartz and dark colored, usually purple, fluorite. Only those deposits which have shown the fluorspar concentrated to a considerable extent, have heen worked for it. Openings at which such conditions existed on Bear Creek in Jefferson county and at Jamestown, on James Creek, in Boulder, such local concentrations are re-

See also the Director's Report of Progress for the years 1904-705.—C. J. N.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 73

ported worked out. In Custer county, near Silver Cliff, a vein of unusual continuity is reported by Mr. Blackett, the operator.

Castle Dome District, Yuma County, Arizona.—fI'|norsnar occurs here white, pink, green and purple in silver-lead veins from a few inches to 7 feet or more in width. The pay streak is said to follow the fluorspar. No fluorspar has been sold from these mines since 1903, as the demand ceased, appar- ently due to discontinuance of the use of fluorspar in Portland cement manufacture by California plants. The fluorspar was sold at a good price, the best bringing $11.50 per ton. Thousands of tons are reported as lying upon the dumps, and only such fluorspar is brought to the surface as is nec- essary to facilitate mining, and the remainder is used for gobbing in the mine.

Piedmont Region, Albermarle County, Virginia.—The principal vein is situated on the east side of the Blue Ridge mountains, at Faber Mills. According to Dr. T. L. Watson,* it strikes N. 45 to 50 degrees E, and dips 70-85 degrees N. W., and is 4+ feet wide, and occurs in a region of metamorphic sedimentary rocks of possibly Cambrian or post-Cambrian age, traversed by diorite dikes paralleling the vein. The fluorspar quartz, through which the zine blende and galena are distributed, occurs in lenses along the vein. Stringers of schist, such as form the county rock, oeeur through the vein, giving it a banded appearance. The vein is said to carry 17 per cent. fluorspar. Krom dry jigs are used in con- centrating, and are reported as giving a 48 to 55 per cent. zine product, containing about 5 per cent. fluorspar. This is not a satisfactory zine separation. This is of interest, since the same process was tried by the Seacoast Mining Company, at Paducah, and proved even more inefficient for Kentucky- Tilinois zinc-fluorspar ores.

General Occurrence and Associations.

Fluorspar generally accompanies three general types of deposits: (1), Tin deposits; (2), Gold telluride- quartz deposits; (3), Spathic lead-zine deposits. <All

Lead and Zinc Deposits of Virginia, pp. 57, et seq.

74 Kentucky Geological Survey.

three ‘types result from after effects of igneous in- trusions in varying degrees of intensity, the first representing the greatest, the others in descending order, from whence we have the three corresponding genetic types: (1), Pneumatolytic deposits, resulting from gaseous emana- tions and including some magmatie secretions and fumarolic deposits. (2), Pneumato-aqueous deposits, resulting both from gaseous emanations and thermal waters. (3), Ther- mo-aqueous deposits, resulting from heated waters. The occurrences of these three types increase in abundance from first to third, the spathic lead-zine deposits being several times as abundant as deposits of the first and second types. The economic importance of the several type deposits, in the production of fluorspar, increases in like ratio. All the really large deposits belong to the spathic lead-zine class, except oceasional extreme examples of the first two types in which fluorspar happens to be the preponderant product. These several deposits occur both filling open cavities and as re- placements of the adjacent rocks, according as the condi- tions are more favorable for one or the other. Likewise, they occur both as tabular deposits, filling vertical or inclined faults or fissures, as horizontal deposits along bedding planes, faults or replacing bedded strata, and filling stock works; hence, irregular in outline. All primary deposits carrying fluorspar {all in the classification already presented.

Fluorspar also occurs in two genetic types of sec- ondary deposits: (1), Aqueous deposits (resulting from re- deposition of meteorically dissolved primary deposits), in- consequential from an economic standpoint, and only of min- eralogic interest, owing to a small amount of fluorspar dis- solved through the agency of meteoric (surface) waters; (2), Detrital deposits, including gravel and placers resulting from mechanical disintegration of primary deposits.

Fluorspar is-of wide-spread occurrence, though small in quantity, when compared with some other minerals. Using F. W. Clark’s statements (fluorine content of earth’s crust, .02 per cent., ete.) as a basis, we find there is roughly more than 145 times as much iron ore as fluorspar in the earth’s crust.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 75

Association With Tin Deposits—‘‘The most important ore-minerals of tin deposits are cassiterite, wolframite, (tung- sten), native bismuth, arsenopyrite and lollingite, molybden- ite and scheelite; more rarely stannite, bismuthinite, specular hematite, iron spar, chaleopyrite and other copper ores, magnetite, stolzite, lead tungstate), as well as the secondary minerals scorodite, pharmacosiderite and bismuth ochre. In the gangue, quartz and _lithia- mica are most common. Orthoclase, gilbertite, topaz and its fibrous variety, pycnite, fuorspar, apatite, and tour- maline are also frequent. Beryl, herderite PO,Ca (Be(OH,F) ) and triplite PO (Fe,Mn) (Fe,Mn) are rarer. Tin veins occur associated with granites that carry lithia- bearing mica and cassiterite among their normal ingredients; sometimes their silicates also contain tin. A few deposits are found associated with acid eruptive rocks, rhyolites and trachytes. The lodes cut through the eruptive masses, as well as the other country rocks, the rocks showing a pecul- iar and characteristic alteration adjacent to the veins. By this alteration the feldspars have been destroyed and in their place quartz, lithia-mica, topaz and tinstone, and often tourmaline also have been deposited. This altered rock is called greisen when derived from granite, the alteration prod- uct of the other rocks having no special name, being simply called tin ore.’’—(The Nature of Ore Deposits, by Dr. Richard Beck, Translated and Revised by W. H. Weed, 1905.)

Deposits of the tin class occur in the United States, in the Black Hills of South Dakota, in the Gafney district in South Carolina, near Roanoke in Virginia, and near El Paso in Texas. In Alaska, fluorspar is found with the York tin de- posits. The tungsten vein at Trumbull, Connecticut, and the silver-lead vein at Einstein mine, in Missouri, also belong to this class.

The large pure fluorspar lodes associated with quartz and an occasional addition of red feldspar and silvery-white mica, which, according to T. Valentine, occur in Argentina at San Roque in the province Cordova, are an end prod- uct or extreme example of the tin ‘‘formation,’’* and the only deposits belonging to this type now worked for fluorspar.

Beck-Weed, The Nature of Ore Deposits, 1905, p. 218.

76 Kentucky Geological Survey.

A somewhat similar occurrence is that of a fluorspar vein in quartz at Westmoreland, New Hampshire.

The large deposit of eryolite with which a little fluorspar is associated at Ivituk, Greenland, is another type of end product of this type. An example of fumarolic deposits is that of the colorless octahedrons of fluorspar in Vesuvian lava.

Detrital deposits of this group, tinstone and fluorspar, are to be found in nearly every district where the primary de- posits occur, but the greatest example, according to Dr. Beck, is found on Mt. Bischof in northwestern Tasmania.

Association With Gold Telluride-Quartz Deposits—The ore minerals of this group consist mainly of native gold, gold and silver tellurides, and auriferous pyrites; to a small extent, gray copper, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Fluorspar, usually purple, and quartz, usually intimately intermixed, are the chief gangue minerals.

The typical associated rocks are porphyritic granites and voleanic tuffs and breccias of phonolite, occasionally basalts.

Deposits of this type are found in the Cripple Creek and Telluride districts, Colorado; Judith Mountains and Little Rock Mountains districts, Montana; and Northern Black Hills district, South Dakota; while somewhat related is the King’s Mountain district, North Carolina. The deposits of Boulder, Jefferson,” San Miguel and Custer counties, in Colorado, while lacking tellurides, present most of the other features of this group and should be classed with it. Placer or gravel deposits are practically unknown in this class.

Association With Spathic Lead-Zinc Deposits—Now we come to the, as has already been noted, most important as well as most abundant class of deposits with which fluorspar is associated and that from which nearly all of the commercial fluorspar is derived, or likely to be derived for many centuries to come.

The characteristics of this group may be summed up: Chief ore minerals galena and sphalerite, less frequently py- rite or chalcopyrite, again rarely copper ores may predom- inate; sometimes silver and gold content high; more fre- quently it is low. Gangue minerals, chiefly fluorspar, barite, calcite, and, to a greater or less extent, quartz. In these de- posits, sometimes fluorite, sometimes barite predominates,

Kentucky Geological Survey. 77

while transitions occur where the deposits show barite, fiuor- ite, or calcite only. In districts where fluorspar is at all pres- ent, it is, however, rarely absent from any of the deposits. Analogous in a slight degree is the rare occurrence of fluor- spar in quicksilver deposits, as at Idria, Austria, and in manganese deposits at Romaniche, France.

Typical associated minerals are those already mentioned as occurring in the Kentucky-Illinois district, while in addi- tion the following are at times present in deposits of this class; Apophyllite, arsenopyrite, bornite; celestite, datolite, desmine, epidote, glance, gray copper, jasper, laumontite, natrolite, phrenite, siderite, tetrahedrite, witherite, ete.

While the wall rocks of such deposits are usually sedi- mentary rocks, in nearly all cases there are associated igneous rocks as intrusions in the sedimentary, while in a few in- stances they occur entirely within regions of igneous rocks. The only instances where no direct association with igneous rocks have been noted, are in the Central Kentucky and Cen- tral Tennessee districts, although near the first of these are the peridotite dikes of Elliott county, Kentucky.*

The Kentucky-Illinois, Castle Dome, Central Kentucky, and Central Tennessee districts which have been described in some detail above, the principal fluorspar districts of the United States, belong here. Also the deposits of the Southwest Virginia district and of the Piedmont region of the same State (only the latter, of the two, showing fluorspar in quan- tity), though in associations different from any of the pre- viously mentioned localities. The Kentucky-Illinois, Central Kentucky and Central Tennessee districts furnish important detrital (gravel) deposits of this class.

In Mexico there are numerous deposits of this type, in which, however, the fluorspar, lead, zine, and pyrite are inti- mately intermixed, of which the silver and gold-bearing lead deposits of Mapimi may be mentioned.

In Canada, fluorspar occurs in deposits transitional be- tween the tin and spathic lead-zine classes, inclining more to the latter, but not of economic importance as far as is known in the Ottawa, Nippissing and Thunder Bay districts, also in Richmond county, Novia Scotia.

The Elliott ccunty dikes are 60 to 70 miles distant from the nearest known deposits of fluorspar.—C. J. N.

78 Kentucky Geological Survey.

In Europe there are many prominent districts with ores falling in this class. In Great Britian there are two districts, the largest of which les on the border between Scotland and England, though largely in the latter, embracing Lanark- shire and Dumfrieshire in Scotland, Cumberland, Durham, Northumberland, Westmoreland and York. To the south lies, in north-central England, the Derby district.

The most important deposits in Germany, of this type, if their fluorspar production be considered, are the lodes of Neudorf-Harzgerode in Anhalt, the copper lodes of the Saxon Vogtland, and the barytic lead veins of Freiberg, Gersdorf, and the Mittweida and Oederan districts, Saxony. Less im- portant fluorspar occurrences are those of Badenweiler in Baden, silver cobalt veins of the Annaberg field, Swartzen- berg in Saxony, ete.

In Austria, the Bleiberg deposits carry fluorspar, while that mined in France comes from Haute Loire, near Anrouse. Workable deposits oceur in Spain. In Sardina, it occurs at Sarrabus. It also occurs in the lead-calespar veins of Kongs- berg, Norway.

In Australia, the Broken Hill silver-lead zine deposits carry more or less fluorspar, and are of especial interest, owing to the flotation processes used there in concentrating the ores, which suggested a similar solution for the Kentucky- Illinois zinc-fluorspar separating problem.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 79

List of Fluorspar Localities in the United States.

Fluorspar is found in 28 States and Territories of the United States, though in only twelve is the occurrence of more than mineralogic interest. In only five of the twelve has an attempt been made to mine it for market; in the re- maining seven it is associated with ores of greater economic importance than itself. In the list of localities given, in- dicates shipments have been made; found in some quantity; others of mineralogic interest only. The names in heavy type are those of counties.

Arizona.

Coconin: Colorado Plateau. Yavapai: Near Prescott. **Vuma: Castle Dome District.

California.

Contra Costa: Mt. Diablo. Mono: Ferris Canon, in Sweet- water Mountains. San Diego; Palomer Mountains.

Colorado.

**Boulder: Jamestown. Chaffee: Mt. Antero. Clear Creek: Georgetown. **Custer: Silver Cliff. Douglas: Devil’s Head. *El Paso: Elk Creek, N. E. base of St. Peter’s Dome, near Cheyanne, Pike’s Peak. Gilpin: Gregory District, Rus- sell district. **Jefferson: On Bear Creek. Park: N. part of Hall’s Valley. San Juan: Poughkeepsie gulch, in quartz veins. *San Minguel: Telluride district, (Deer Trail Basin, Bridal Veil Basin, and Canon Creek).

Connecticut.

Fairfield: Long Hill, Trumbull. Middlesex: Middletown at Lead mine. Litchfield: Plymouth. Windham: Willi- mantic in a vein in gneiss and in a topaz vein.

Illinois.

**Gallatin, Hardin, Pope, Saline: Southern Illinois dis- trict.

80 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Kentucky.

*Boyle, Franklin, Fayette, Jessamine, Mercer, Woodford, etc: Central Kentucky District.

**Caldwell, Christian, Crittenden, Livingston, Lyon, Trigg: Western Kentucky District. MAINE.

Hancock: Blue Hill Bay (Long Island) in veins. Oxford: Stoneham, Wilson.

MARYLAND. Allexheney: Near Cumberland.

MASSACHUSETTS. Hampshire: Southampton Lead mine.

Michigan.

Alger, Alpena, Chippewa, Luce, Mackinac, Schoolcraft: Jn sedimentary drift.

MINNESOTA. St. Louis: MISSOURI.

?Barry. Madison: Hinstein Silver Mine, near Iron Moun- tain. St. Louis: Near St. Louis, in St. Louis limestone.

MONTANA. *Fergus: Judith Mountains. Little Rocky Mountains.

NEW HAMPSHIRE. Carroll: Chatham, Jackson. *Cheshire: Westmoreland, in quartz vein. Coos: White Mountains. Grafton: Grafton. NEW JERSEY.

Sussex: Andover Iron mine, Beemerville, Franklin Furnace and Sterling Hill, near Ogdensburg, in connection with the iron and zine deposits. Morris: Hibernia.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 81

NEW MEXICO. *Grant: Mimbrees Mts., near Silver City. Veins in lime- stone or shale. Sierra: Lake Valley, in limestone. Socorra. NEW YORK.

Cayuga: Auburn. Clinton: Finch Ore Bed. Essex: Miner- ville. Jefferson: Adams, Alexandria (Muscolonge Lake), Antwerp, Theresa, Lewis: Lowville, Martinsburg. Monroe: Rochester. Niagara: Lockport, Niagara Falls. Orange: Amity, Edenville. Onondaga: Fayetteville, Maulins. Putnam: Brewster (Tilly Foster Iron mine). St. Lawrence: De Kalb, Fine, Gouverneur, Hammond, Macomb, Mineral Point, Morris- town, Rossie. Warren: Johnsburg.

NEVADA. Esmerelda: Aurora.

North Carolina.

Cleveland: King’s Mountain. Gaston: Long Creek mine. Madison: Near Marshall. Wautauga: Yancy, Ray’s Mica Mine.

OHIO. Warren: Carlisle.

Pennsylvania.

Cheshire: Newlin. Chester. Franklin: Lancaster Station. Lebanon: Cornwall. Monroe: Delaware Water Gap. Phila- delphia: Frankfort, Falls of Schuylkill.

North Dakota.

*Custer, Lawrence, Meade, Pennington: Black Hills dis- trict.

Tennessee.

**Davidson, Smith, Trousdale, Wilson: Central Tennessee district. Carter: Watauga Point.

82 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Texas.

Liano: At Barringer’s mine, 5 m. S. of Bluffton.

UTAH. Salt Lake: Park City (Woodside mine).

VERMONT. Windham: Putney. VIRGINIA.

Albermarle: Fabers. Amelia: Near Amelia, C. H., in mica mines, green variety, chlorophane. Nelson: Near Fawbers. Rockbridge: On Irish Creek. Shenandoah: Near Woodstock. Smyth: McCarter place in Rve Valley. Wythe: Cedar Springs.

WEST VIRGINIA. Jefferson: Shepherdstown.

Chapter Iv.

Prospecting And Mining Methods.

Suggestions for Prospecting in Western Kentucky.

Barring the location of ore in place at the surface of a tract of land that is to be prospected, the question arises what shall be looked for to determine whether it is worthy of ex- pending money upon it for prospecting.

First, its location in a general way should be considered,— whether it lies in proximity to any mapped lode and just what its relations are to mines or prospects on adjacent tracts. Next, the character of the surface rocks should he considered and their geology determined. The most favor- able loeation for faults and veins is along the borders of fault blocks, such as are shown on the geological maps pub- lished. By a fault block is meant a portion of rock strata hounded by faults. Bevond 1,000 feet from the borders, the chances are usually poor. With these general conditions known, we are ready to look into the more specific work of vein and fault location.

The criteria and methods used by the writer in locating faults and veins in the Kentueky-Illinois district, will here be briefly discussed. They have been discussed in detail by the writer in the report on Livingston County.

By faulting is understood the slipping past each other of two rock formations, either vertically, diagonally or hori- zontally, after the original formations or strata have been fractured.

Conditions Resulting From Faulting.

Three general conditions result from faulting:

(1). Roeks are found in juxtaposition that are absolutely unlike each other in composition, and general appearance, as, for example, sandstones and limestones.

(2). Rocks of like character, but of different age, oc- eur in apposition and are to be distinguished, such difference heing distinguished hy characteristics sets of fossils different in rocks on each side of the fault; or by a characteristic set of fossils on one side, and their absence on the other, or a

84 Kentucky Geological Survey

total absence of fossils on the one side. These conditions are somewhat difficult for the general person to determine. The most important fossils are the large reed-like aggregates of coral of the St. Louis; the smaller reed-like corals of the Ste. Genevieve; the screw-like fossils of the Chester rocks, ete.

(3). Different formations of like general character, as of limestone, but having unlike special features as oolitic tex- ture, fine grained, etc., occur opposite each other.

While in some instances these general conditions are read- ily recognized, in most cases they are not. It becomes nec- essary in the latter case to determine the presence of one or more of the special conditions now to be named, that occur opposed to each other, before it is possible to decide that a fault or vein is present.

Such special conditions depend on (1) Original character of the rock; (2) Physical changes induced by faulting; (3) Chemical changes; (4) Effect of faulting on underground cir- culation.

Dffferences depending upon original character of the rock that are to be looked for are:

(a) Differential fossil contents.

(b) Differential texture, as fine grained and oolite lime- stones, cherty and non-cherty limestones, fine grained and conglomerate sandstones, etc.

(c) Differential mineral constituents, as mica in one sand- stone and not in another; this is rarely of benefit here.

(d) Differential lamination and bedding planes, as mas- sive sandstone opposing slaty sandstone, heavy bedded and shaly limestone, ete.

Physical changes that result from faulting are:

(a) Differential shearage; results when a rock is brittle on one side and elastic on the other, that on the brittle side cracking into (a) angular fragments, a condition termed brec- ciation; (b) narrow, vertical or slightly 4dnclined sheets. termed sheeting; (c) the cracking of the rocks into angular blocks on a small seale, termed jointing. Brecciation and sheeting are often reliable factors in locating veins in this district, while jointing is not since it occurs here too generally, though it is of value in determining the strike of faults in its vicinity. Other shearage effects are gouge, resulting from the grinding to clay of a part of the rock on one side; slickensiding, where friction

Kentucky Geological Survey. 85

has made the rock on either side slick; strip#, or grooving, usually accompanying slickensiding, occasioned by friction of the rocks in slipping past each other.

(b) Differential strata dips, as when the rocks on one side are horizontal, and on the opposite are inclined. Care must be taken, in using this, not to consider the dips of boulders, as of broken down Rosiclaire sandstone.

(ce) Differential alignment of strata; this is notable where fault scarps, instead of continuing in a straight line, occur in an irregular line or in_ steps, termed en echelon. Such irregularities result from cross-faulting or heave.

(d) Differential disintegration, as when one rock is easily eroded, while the other remains with a bold face or searp, as soft sandstone and quartzite the latter remaining as an erosion scarp, while the soft sandstone wears easily away. A great many, perhaps the majority, of the ridges of the district are erosion scarps. The ridges along the Excel- sior or Marion fault zone, extending from Marion to Pinck- neville, have marked examples of such scarps on both sides of the ridges.

(e) Differential elevation of strata. This results in fault scarps. Such are seldom present in the district, such scarps as are seen being erosion scarps; the first being those formed originally by faulting; the latter, the re- sult of wearing down of one of the walls by erosion.

A number of differences result from chemical changes that are quite important.

(a) Differential cementation. This consists in the deposition of silica, iron oxides or calcium carbonate, etc., from circulating ground waters, making the rock harder and more compact. Deposition of silica changes soft sand- stone to quartzite; of calcium carbonate, changes lime- stone to marble, ete. An attendant result at times is the bleaching of the quartzite, by the same waters robbing the sandstone of iron oxides. Quartzite ledges occur up to 200 feet from the faults. They form one of the best criterions we have. However, where an entire bed of sandstone, say over a mile or more in area, is quartzose, such quartzite can not be used in locating a fault. Certain quartz masses occur in the St. Louis, which simulate quartzite in appearance, and care must be taken not to mistake them for it. When

86 Kentucky Geological Survey.

limestone is affected by silicification, it is altered to jasperoid., a rock not unlike chert, somewhat porous, and showing under a magnifier minute six-sided, double pointed quartz cerys- tals; such arock is a sure fault criterion. Cherts oceur also silicified.

()) Differential leaching. Ground waters effect leach- ing and subsequent softening of the rocks. Caleareous sandstone, as the Rosiclare, changes from a green, compact rock to a soft porous one on the leaching of the ealeium ear- bonate. Broken down masses are usually found, but seldom indicate a fault. A leaching condition of importance, how- ever, is where limestone occurs honeveombed with small pores where zine sulphide has been leached cut; large honey- combed limestone is also of importance sometimes where cal cite has leached out.

(ec) Differential dissolution and (d) Differential dis- integration. In the fermer, complete dissolution takes place, giving us a valley or plain opposite a land mass not so affected, forming a ridge or plateau. This is when a pure limestone is dissolved. In the second case, leaching goes so far as to break the rock into fragments or grains. Again, where red clay and chert result from decomposition of silicious limestones. If they oppose limestones not broken down, a fault is indicated. Sinkholes, cav- erns, ete. result from dissolution of limestone along a jomt plane. These are only of value in determining the location of veins when a number occur along a practi- eally straight line. Then they should be closely examined, and analysis made of the filling. Surface dissolution may he effected by rivers, creeks, and smaller streams, these cut- ting their channels in the rock along a fault or on that side which has the most soluble rock; hence, they are often an aid in locating a fault. For example, Deer Creek follows pretty well the fault zone of that name.

(e) Differential residuals. These depend somewhat on the two previous. An example is red clay op- posed to red elay with chert nodules; many cherts in elay opposite clay with fewer cherts; angular cherts opposed to nodular cherts; fossils in clay, ete.

Faulting affeets underground circulation, giving us sev- eral special conditions. Foremost among these are springs of either fresh or mineral water, several occurring along a

Kentucky Geological Survey. 87

fairly straight line, as along the Columbia lode. Discoloration of the soils, eflorescences and marked vegetation along a nar- row zone also are a weak criterion in this district in locating a fault.

APPLICATION OF EvipeNnces AFFORDED AS TO F'auLts,

Systematic application of foregoing criteria:

It is seldom that any of the foregoing criteria afford evi- dence so plain that it singly may be depended upon to deter- mine the presence of a fault, though some of them pre- sent larger values in this respect than do others. Usually, features of two or three used jointly will decide. In looking over an area, evidences of as many as possible should be looked for, and notes made concerning the presence or ab- sence of each, together with recording the dip and strike of strata, and the strikes of all joint planes available for meas- urement.

If the evidences are very slight and insufficient to decide as to the presence of a fault or shear zone, or if they are sufficiently definite to determine the presence of a fault, but its exact location too indefinite to locate a cross-cut or a shaft, resort is to be had to systematic survey.

Such a survey should consist of the location and elevation of all the more important points. This may be accomplished with a compass and barometer if more precise instruments are not available. By important points is meant mainly rock outcrops which might throw light upon the structure of the area. Barring the presence of these, evidences of criteria above discussed are likewise located and elevated. Then a plat may be made. Elevations are compared, the bearing of the notes gathered on criteria considered, use made of the rule for strike sets presented below where necessary. All these things being considered in the study of the plat, the geological relations and structure, for the most part, wil be readily discernible.

Points that still appear in the shadow, may oftimes be brought to light by the construction of cross and longitudinal sections, such as accompany the report. For this, it is nec- essary to plat the elevations at the distances apart as they occur on the map, on a line of all important points, and a vertical section of the strata sketched in. Sections at right angles to those first made often assist in bringing out new

88 Kentucky Geological Survey.

points or correcting errors that have crept in.

Having determined the location of fault or vein on a tract, we should next consider whether it is worthy of being prospected. Generally speaking, preference should be given to those tracts that show faults or veins with one of the im- portant and preferably lower limestones of the Mississippian series,—that is to say, limestones below the Birdsville forma- tion, for one or both walls. While a number of ore deposit: have been worked which have Birdsville or higher rocks for both walls, the heavy bedded sandstones which such forma- tions contain, make it unlikely that good ore bodies will be found until a depth of from 200 to 500 feet is reached; hence, the inadvisability of prospecting such faults in this district at present, where so many faults occur with the conditions more favorable for attaining ore at reasonable depths.

A fault showing favorable conditions being selected, a point along it should be chosen with the following conditions taken into consideration: (1) The point at which the fault- ing conditions are most marked. (2) The natural advantages offered at any point for the suitable location of a shaft, such as a good dump, location for plant, least hindrance from sur- face waters, ete. In prospecting, the writer has found (1) the most important, and would advise it as the primary con- sideration -in prospecting, leaving (2) the location of a per- manent or working shaft as the prime consideration after the fault has been tested. In all prospecting, working from known to unknown is the wisest policy, and what has just been advised accords with this.

ProspecTInc THE F'au.ts.

Work should always be begun in the limestone side, where sandstone or quartzite forms the contiguous wall. It should be begun in the shale side if shale is opposed either to lime- stone or sandstone; except when the limestone that forms the contiguous wall is reduced to its residuals, in which case it is cheaper to work in the limestone side than in the shale side. Care should he taken not to be led, by decoy debris rolled down from the opposite and higher wall, to locate a prospect cross- eut too far on the limestone side of a fault. For prospecting a surface cross-cut three feet wide usually answers. Such cross- cuts may be made six feet in length, and placed six feet apart.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 89

If the first of such cross-cuts is sunk a sufficient depth to . pierce surface debris, and shows no evidence of the fault, cut another six feet distant in the direction of the rock of oppo- site kind to that found in the cross-cut. And, in this manner, a number may be eut till the opposite rock or its residuals (what remains from its decay) may be found. If the last shows the opposite rock, but not the fault, then a cut must be made between it and the nearest cut showing the other rock. The location of the vein or fault plane being now definitely known, sinking may be pursued a moderate depth, say 50 feet down such plane, the prospect shaft being pref- erably sloped to follow the dip. If no ore is found, a drift or drifts may be run along the strike. Barring the loeation of spar or ore at such opening, two similar openings may be made in each direction on the fault, 150 feet distant. This will, in most eases, fully test a fault.

Prospecting by vertically or slightly inclined drilling has so far proven impracticable in this district, this largely be- cause of the close approach to verticality of the’ faults, so that even if a number of holes are put down, each and all might miss the fault a few feet or a few inches, even. Hence, shafting with proper cross-cutting, either by ordinary meth- ods or horizontal core drilling, is the most practical means to employ. In prospecting, at first one man may be employed at a cross-cut and then two where deep enough to use light bucket with windlass. Small shafts, 4x5 or 4x6 in the clear,are used and the crew generally consists of four, one of whom acts as a timekeeper and foreman, two men being employed at the windlass and two im the ground. Sometimes light buckets are used and only one man is used at the windlass. A crew of four should raise on an average of 125 buckets the size of a half beer barrel per ton ten hours when not timbering. Where any depth beyond 50 feet is to be attained, a common horse whim may be cheaply employed. If more rapid devel- opments are desired, or considerable water has been en- countered, or any considerable prospecting is to be done, it is most economical to use a prospecting rig. Such a rig should consist of a 12 to 16 horse-power portable boiler, with 6 to 8 horse-power hoisting engine attached, and a good but simple sinking pump, with at least a 2-inch discharge. Prospecting ean be carried on with such an outfit with the use of three

90 Kentucky Geological Survey.

men, a like number being required where whim is used. While some of the deposits are put on a good basis in a few months, oftener as much as a year is required to put in a fair state of development.

Locatinec ParaLLeL AND OTHER F'au.ts.

Besides the master fault, complementary parallels or sub- parallels, and cross, or intersecting, faults are to be located, since frequently, where the master fault is barren or nearly so, one of these may hold the best ore, and vice versa; or, one may carry flourspar, and the others lead and zine, and vice versa; from which it will be seen that cross-cutting to locate such complementary faults is always advisable, and it is im- possible to do too much cross-cutting, if of the proper kind. Cross-cutting should preferably be done in the limestone wall if the vein have such rock on one side, while brecciated or sheeted quartzite should be considered next favorable.

Where parallels or sub-parallels are indicated, cross-cut- ting may be done at right angles, the direction appearing most favorable, in order to cut such faults at the least expense. However, if cross or intersecting veins are also sought for, another method becomes more practicable, of which, more anon.

The writer has found that it is possible to determine the approximate strike or direction of complementary cross or intersecting faults by a rather simple rule, which he has worked out.*

This rule depends upon the theory, substantiated by ex- perience, that fractures resulting from tension stresses form rather constant angles with each other in multiples of 30 degrees, while those from compression stresses form constant angles with each other in multiples of 35 degrees. In this district the majority of fractures appear dependent-on ten- sion stresses, and the rule as formulated for them is as fol- lows:

If the known strike is northwest, add 60, 90 and 120 de- grees to it in an easterly direction around the circle, and the resulting strikes will be the corresponding complements of the known strike. If the known strike is northeast, add 30 and 60 degrees in an easterly direction around the circle to,

The Classification of Faults and Fractures into Series and Sets, Eng. & Min. JI., Vol. LXXXI, No 12, 1906, p. 558-554. :

Calcite Veins in Limestone, Showing Constancy ot Angles of Intersecting, Veins. Near Hopper Fault, Caldwell County.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 91

and subtract 60 degrees in a westerly direction around the circle from it, and the resulting strikes will be the correspond- ing complements of the known strike.

The amount of variation may in some cases amount to as mueh as 10 degrees, though in most cases it will be less than 5 degrees. Where faults are found in a section that do not group themselves into one of these sets within the limits named, there are faults belonging to more than one set present, and the complements of the two or more sets are then to he sought. Often. only two members of a set are obtained, though usually a third is present, and less often a fourth. In the Kentueky-Tlinois district, a northeast and a northwest, with usually one of the other two are found, de- pending on what part of the district one is in. For example, in the Columbia mines section, Series B and F, Set 1, are most frequent.

In order that the rule may be readily applied to the West- ern Kentucky district, the writer has prepared the diagram given on the following page, which presents the strikes most common in the distriet with their corresponding complements. If the table helow given is used in connection with this, it becomes an casy matter to determine what the comple- mentary strikes in any case are by mere inspection:

If Known Strike Belongs in: Complementary Strikes are: Series A. Series 1H. B.C, os B. oe Bb: “ C. ae ALD. I. as D. oe R.A. B. “ Ki. oe AL BOC. ne FE. a B.C. Dd.

For example, if the original strike is N. 27 E, it falls in Set 1, Series B of the diagram. Tn the above table, we find the complement will be in Series I, CG. and D; therefore, fol- lowing the circle of Set 1, we find the complements should He between N. 30-37 W., N. 93-60 1., and N. 83-90 1s,

With the approximate strike of the complements known, all surface and underground conditions capable — of being learned, should be earefully considered, and

92 Kentucky Geological Survey.

from these determine in what direction from the shaft cross-cutting would be most advisable, and also which of the complementary strikes comes nearest fulfilling the known conditions. One is then ready to cross-cut at an angle of 30 degrees with the known strike, in the direction of such favorable conditions. If both parallel

or sub-parallel and cross or intersecting faults are antici- pated, cross-cutting at an angle of 30 degrees with the known strike will quickest cut either or all of such faults. If there are no favorable conditions suggestive as in which direction to cross-cut first, then it is immaterial in which direction the cross-cut may be first made, but any and all should be run at

Kentucky: Geological Survey. 93

an angle of 30 degrees from the known strike in such in- stances.

The question next arises, to what extent is the cross-cutting to be carried? From the map work, it is learned that the complementary faults are to be expected for a distance of 1,000 feet; in some instances even more on either side of master faults, such as bound the fault blocks. The nearer the master fault, the better the chances. It should be carried at least two to three hundred feet from the master fault. Surface search should be made for the larger complement- aries of secondaries, and these should be investigated with their complements in like manner.

Where evidence of a fracture or fault exists with the direc- tion indeterminable, this may be approximately obtained thus: Determine the bearmgs of joints of rock outcrops in the vicinity. The member having a strike most nearly co-in- cident with that of the major fractures of that section will most probably approach that of the fracture, whose strike is to be determined; or, where conditions suggest a different strike, it will approach that of the one of the three cor- responding members of a set (constructed as indicated above) which comes nearest filling the given conditions.

Post-Development Work.—A word about this will not be out of place here. Oftimes, an ore shoot is worked out and a property abandoned. This is entirely inexcusable in the Western Kentucky district, where the lodes have ore shoots, at more or less regular intervals, along their entire course, also in depth.

In the Joplin district, where it is far more difficult to locate an ore shoot after the first has been worked out, there are fabulous sums made by persons having courage to work an abandoned property. But we need not go so far from ‘‘home.’’ The original Ashridge shaft, which opened one of the largest gravel flourspar shoots yet found, was first sunk only 40 feet with nothing found, while, later, another company stepped in, sunk it deeper and cross-cut, with highly satis- factory results. If pinches are met, drive through them while getting ore from other parts of the mine, to help pay for it. Do not wait till all the ore is mined out, for, as surely as this is done the company will become discouraged, and the

94 Kentucky Geological Survey.

“64]] wind’? will blow a new company on to a good foundation.

The methods given for primary prospecting work, are, for the most part, applicable to post-development work. The inexhaustibility of the fluorspar lodes has recently been proven on the oldest properties. The pitch of the ore shoots will, in most instances, correspond with the pitch of the pre- dominant slickenslided grooves in the ore, resultant from secondary faulting. The dip of such grooves does not neces- sarily correspond to the grooving on the walls due to primary faulting previous to ore deposition; hence, the grooving of the walls cannot he used for this purpose. These facts may often be of value in assisting in determining approximate distance to an ore shoot on a lower level, ete.

Mining and Timbering Methods in Kentucky-Illinois District.

Shafting, Ete—Shafts vary from 34x5 to 8x20 feet in size. The most common sizes are 4x6, 5x8, 5x9, and 6x8 feet (in clear of timbers). For prospecting, where shallow depths only are to be attained, shafts 4x5 feet, and where a depth of not less than 100 feet is to be sunk, 5x8 feet, are the most practi- eal and economical sizes. A 5x8 feet shaft will answer all purposes in sinking several hundred feet and for tonnages not exceeding 60 tons per 10 hours. A shaft of this size al- lows for two compartments, a 4x5 feet bucket-way, and a 38 feet 5 inches by 5 feet ladder, pump and pipe- way. Where a double hoistway is desirable 5x12 will best answer. Both vertical and inclined shafts are in use. The inclines dip from 60 to 72 degrees. Many of the shafts follow the sinuosity of the vein, hence are irregularly inclined, but closelv approach the vertical, dipping on an average of 80 to 85 degrees. Where vertical shafts are sunk, cross-euts are run to intersect the vein, where the vein has left the shaft. The cross-cuts are managed similar to the drifts. At the old Kevstone shaft, the shaft was sunk vertical to the cross-cut at 100 feet depth, then in order to follow the vein about an 8-foot offset was made, and the shaft from thence irregularly inclined; the iron was managed by rollers at the top of the offset, then pulled along the cross-cut by a tubman and finally hoisted through the vertical section.

The shafts are timbered usually with white oak, but where necessary, black or spanish oaks are emploved. Pen

Kentucky Geological Survey. 95

timbers, usually sawed or hewn, vary from 6x6 inches to 12x14 inches; 6x8 inch timbers being conunonly used for sinall shafts, 8x10 inches for larger ones. For the prospect or contract shafts sometimes bark-bearing logs are used. The widest side is usually horizontal. The timbers are dapped either half and half or better one-third each; occasionally more elaborate mortising is practiced, as cutting an extra dap, 1 inch and vertical, ete. The sets are placed + to 5 feet apart. For lagging from 1 to 3 inches plank was used, usually 13 inches for the smaller shafts, and 2 inches for the larger ones, The lageing is at times placed end to end so that the union falls back of the pen-timbers, but the safer way is where the lagging is lapped about 6 inches; 9 feet lagging is used in the former and 10 feet in the latter. Wedge-shaped keys are used, made from 2x4-inch oak.

Bridge trees of 2x4 inches oak are sometimes spiked to the lagging above each set of pen-timbers so as to prevent the slipping down of the lagging. When such are used, the keys are placed hetween the two lapping sets of lagging; in other instances the kevs are sometimes placed perwgen the lageing and the pen-timbers.

For hangers, a 2x+ inches and 2x6 inches sieak is used, placed in each corner so as to form a right angle, and spiked with 40 or 60 penny nails. More rarely, as at the Memphis in- celine, iron hangers have been used. For stulls or corner posts, to support rigidly the pen-timbers, round bark-bearing posts, 5 to 8 inches in diameter, are commonly used; if of sawed !um- ber, 5x5 inches to 8x8 inches are used, though the first of these is sufficiently large. For buntons or spreaders 6x6 inches timbers are used most frequently; sometimes 4x6 inches timbers. These are dapped from 4 to +44 inches, the projection resting upon the pen-timbers, where the pen-timbers are not dapped; again, wedge-shaped daps are made 1 inch in the pen-timbers and the buntons cut to fit the dap. The ladder-way is_ par- titioned off solidly from the bucket-way by means of one- inch plank nailed in the bucket-wav to the hbuntons. The re- mainder of the hucket-way may be lined with 1x4 inches plank placed 4 inches apart, the most economical as well as the safest method. since anv leaks or breaks in timbering may

96 Kentucky Geological Survey.

be more readily detected; more rarely, 1-inch plank is used to line the bucket-way solid.

Cribbing is indulged in to some extent. For this 4x10 and 6x10 inches timbers have been used laid flat and dapped either half and half or so as to permit about an inch space between them. In the corner a triangular hanger is spiked on. Pros- pect shafts have been cribbed with 2x4’s laid flat and spiked on each other. Inch plank nailed in the corners was the only thing used to prevent the pen from closing in; hence, if the ground is any way loose such shafts are unsafe; in fact, they are undesirable under any condition in West Kentucky. In a few instances another undesirable method was employed; 2-inch lagging was used placed edge to edge with the 2 inches edge horizontal, for cribbing, and dapped half and half and either simply inch or two inches plank was used for corner boards; in one instance an air shaft was so timbered and 2x4 inches plank for spreaders was placed criss-cross, so as to hold the walls apart.

Mention of a singular method of retimbering noted at one of the mines will not be out of place: The old timbers and lag- ging were not removed, but reinforced thus: 2-inch lagging was cut so as to just fit between the old timbers and placed against the old lagging; 6x6 inches timbers were dapped half and half, and a set placed just on top and just below each old set of 6x8 timbers. New stulls and new hangers were put in. Buntons 6x6 inches were drapped 43 inches, leaving 14 inches to fest on the timbers and 44 inches to catch the lateral strain, and the shaft was re-lined with 1x4 inches plank placed 4 to 5 inches apart.

- he majority of the ladders are vertical, more rarely they are inclined in 16 feet lengths and reversed-inclined every other one. The ladders are made of 1x4 or 2x4 inches plank nailed to one side of one of the hangers and 1x3 inches plank is nailed across for rungs. Sometimes the rungs are mortised on. A few round rung ladders occur. The ladder ends are either spliced or overlapped. At the Evening Star, a stairway 2 feet wide alternately inclined, in 12 foot lengths, is used.

Drilling and Blasting—Steam and air rock drills are in use; also air hammer drills (both the heavy sinking type

Kentucky Geological Survey. 9°

and light drifting or stoping type), and hand drills. For the machine rock drills X and I bits are commonly em- ployed, the former in most rock and spar; the latter only in drilling quartzite, when they are made quite blunt. For the air hammer drill six-pointed, star-shaped, hollow bits are employed. For hand drills I bits only are used. Three. quarters to J-inch steels are used, while the bits vary from $ to 14 inches across. In the matter of tempering bits the practice varies. The loss from wear of drills is usually very small, some mines not losing a foot a year. At the Memphis mines, they temper the six-point star-shaped air hammer {-inch steel drill bits a dark blue for fluorspar and straw for the hard rock. Such points are sharpened as the X bits and will stand a week in flourspar, while their length of use in rock is erratic. The losses of steel from 40 bits is said not to exceed 1 foot in a year.

At Fairview, in drilling spar, hand drills are now com- monly employed and their bits are sharp edged tempered straw, and are said to last three shifts. For air drilling machine drills, X shaped bits are not tempered but chilled immediately from a red heat. These do not stand well in rock, and become easily jagged.

In tempering air drill X bits at the Ada Florence, they permit the blue to just begin for quartzite and to go beyond the dark blue for limestone. Steam drills are run at 125 lbs., air drills at 100 lbs. pressure.

At the St. John mines the hand drill bits are tempered bronze, nearly straw, for solid spar.

In sinking, the first 50 feet depth requires ordinarily but little blasting. The dirt is easily handled by pick and shovel; sometimes there is little to 100 feet depth.

Light shooting and shallow holes have been rather the rule; that is to say, holes usually less than feet deep, sel. dom 4 to 6 feet, and with charges of from to 9 sticks, of 40 or 60 per cent. nitroglycerine inch to 1 inch dynamite sticks Light shooting is necessary in flourspar, otherwise it breaks too fine; for the same reason it appears undesirable to use dynamite stronger than40 percent Little regularity or sys- tem is used by the mines ordinarily in breaking the ground. If one of the walls is not free to shoot to in the shaft, a break is most often made at one end, rather than in the center.

98 Kentucky Geological Survey.

For hand blasting double and triple tape is employed. The majority of blasting is, however, done with battery, small sized batteries being used.

The cost of dynamite, caps, fuse, ete, is approximately 15 cents per foot of dynamite used.

In fluorspar mining the use of light air hammer drills results in greater economy than in any of the other methods. In rock, light drills of this character are not so satisfactory ; in oolite, a common limestone to be drilled, such drills make only one foot in ten minutes, while in drilling fluorspar a three feet hole can be put in in that time. While the use of these drills is increasing and many small compressors are being installed, they are not used as largely as they should be, and even mines that have large compressors and rock drills, use hand drills for breaking spar when they could use the hammer drill to much better advantage. While the first cost of the hammer drill is small compared with rock drills, being about one-third, the cost for repairs is greater, and they are short lived. Another advantage of the hammer air drill is that one can blast so much oftener than in the other way.

Cost of Sinking.—The cost of sinking varies according to the part of the field, diligence of miners and rock sunk in. Shafts have been sunk in some parts of the district on con- tract 4x6 or 5x8 feet, timber to be supplied by company, for $2.50 to $3.00 for first fifty and sometimes 75 feet; for first 100 feet from $3.00 to $5.00 per foot. Beyond this depth the cost increases materially. The cost of sinking shafts the first 100 feet varies from $3.00 to $30.00 per foot. In sinking from below 100 feet and from that to 300 feet the costs vary from $12.00 to $80.00 per foot.

One large company reports the cost of sinking in soft ground at $5.00 to $12.00 per foot. With rock drills they report sinking in hard ground to cost $15.00 to $30.00 per foot. The writer had one shaft sunk where there was easy break and ore most of the way at a cost of $2.59 per foot, (making no deduction for ore recovered) for 58 feet from surface, exclusive of timbering, the shaft being 8x12 on the outside, and reduced after the first 35 feet to 7x9.

Sinking in limestone and ore in a 7x9 shaft cost in one case

Kentucky Geological Survey. 99

$15.00 per foot using steam drills. Sinking in limestone has cost up to $30.00 per foot, in a small shaft by hand drills where no break was present.

A shaft was sunk in spar, zine and rock, with vein narrow but oxidized, with water level at 15 feet, at $2.00 per foot on contract for 25 feet. The two contractors, outside of their own labor, were only at an expense of $5.50, including the wages of one hand at 75 cents per day, and the shaft was sunk and timbered the 25 feet in 7 days.

At one shaft below a depth of 50 feet, the best record was made that the writer has learned of in the district, 2 feet being sunk per 9 hours, exclusive of timbering. The shaft was about 6x6 feet and a shot placed 1 foot from each corner inclined toward the corner 1 foot in four feet, the depth of the holes, and a 4 feet hole placed vertically in the center and fired first. This gave some break for the other holes which always pulled the corners. The cost was less than $5.00 per foot, exclusive of timbering. Sinking in quartzite breccia cost from $11.00 to $40.00 per foot within 100 feet of the surface.

In a 6x8 feet shaft with a break, limestone and calcite on one side and quartzite on the other, narrow vein, they sunk about 11 inches per day; exclusive of timbering cost was near $10.00 per foot, using air drills. In sinking a 5x9 shaft through mud and chert 14 feet, including timbering with four men, hand labor exclusively, they sunk at the rate of 7 inches per 10 hours. A shaft 82 feet deep, day labor, cost $4.55 per foot, 4x6 feet outside, using 2-inch lagging for cribbing, and a horse whim for hoisting.

In one section, shafts on contract, everything included (all timbering except casing), were sunk the first 75 feet for $4.25 per foot, using a whim and partly in soft ground. In the same section 100 feet shafts are sunk often at $5.00 per foot.

The cost of sinking in partly soft ground, limestone and spar for 100 feet was on an average in one case $7.00, the lower part costing $10.00 per foot.

One shaft 8x12 feet cost $40.00 per foot for sinking in quartzite, ore and limestone on contract, exclusive of timbering

100 Kentucky Geological Survey.

and hoisting; this had a great deal of surface water raining in on the men, a matter which might have been remedied by making a cement gutter around the shaft just below where most of the water comes in, and guiding the water to a suitable point from which it may be pumped out.

Sinking in limestone, cale and fluorspar below 150 feet depth cost in one instance, in an 8x8 feet shaft, $20.13 per foot day labor, sinking 74 inches per day.

One of the shafts cost $80.00 per foot, this in limestone and ore below 150 feet. But these prices are exceptional. One shaft in ore and rock below 200 feet depth, 12x12 feet on outside.

The cost of sinking with steam drill in limestone breccia cemented with ore was $10.00 per foot in an 8x8 shaft below 200 feet using a steam drill, with not a great deal of water to bother.

Drifting and Stoping.—The drifts are run along the nar- row veins the full width, and where too narrow for car or flat with bucket, they are made four feet in clear. Entry sets are often lower than other parts of the drifts where properly they should be higher. This results from no provision being made when shaft is sunk in placing sets at proper distance apart where drifts are to be started.

Timbers with bark on are largely used in the smaller mines and most of the large ones. These are usually over 6 inches in diameter. The posts are set on either side on a 2- inch dap in the mud sill, while at the top a 13 to 2 inches, dap on both cap and side of posts. Sometimes the posts are slightly inclined toward each other, more often they are put in vertically. For hangers or tie pieces 1x4 or 2x4 inches plank are used. For lagging 13 to 2 inches, seldom 1 inch plank. Rarely small poles 3 inches in diameter are used for lagging. The same laps, etc., as used in sink- ing are here used. The timbers are placed 4 to 6 feet apart. For horizontal hangers 1 to 2 inches plank is used.

In wider deposits, where the walls are solid, heavy stull timbers are used, hitched or wedged between the walls. Some of these are over 30 feet in length, and 12 to 20 inches in diameter, though most are 3 inches or less. Where one wall is shale and the other limestone dapped posts are used to

Shows 4 Feet Vein of Galena-bearing Fluorspar: also method of timbering.

Riley Mine: Drifting at 35 Feet Level.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 101

support the stull timbers on the shale side, while they rest on hitches in the limestone side. In the wider gravel deposits where the walls are not in sight, they begin the same as for a small drift, and then widen out by running another set. Eighteen inches tracks are commonly used in the drifts. These are ordinarily of 8 or 12 lb. sometimes 16 lb., rails. Sometimes for light trucks and bucket, 2x4 inches oak planks are made use of for rails. Both light trucks and bucket and steel cars are in use.

Drifting with one man with air hammer drill costs $3.50 to $4.00 in ore or rock; for hand work from $4.00 to $8.00. In soft ground it costs from $2.00 to $4.00 per foot. The average cost of drilling is probably not much in excess of $4.00 per foot.

In a mine having a large vein, they make 7 to 8 feet in a double shift, four men driving 8 feet wide.

Both underhand and overhand stoping are indulged in, some of the mines using one and some the other, a few using both methods, preferably the latter, which is the cheapest. The method to be used depends largely on depth of shaft. Necessity of securing mineral before time can be taken to sink shaft sufficiently for a sufficient head for overhand stop- ing makes the underhand method in some cases the most ex- pedient. The drifts are in most cases placed too close to- gether, usually thirty feet apart, in one case 18 feet only, and considerable extra expense is thus involved; placing them further apart, say a maximum of 100 feet, would prove eco- nomica]. At one large mine the ore of the stope is shot down on round timbers 6 to 8 inches in diameter supported by 14- inch to 20-inch posts and caps. Every 75 or 100 feet, hoppers are placed above the track. These are in the shape of a trun- cated inverted square pyramid, and have a drop slide door. These hold 25 tons or so, and the ore is let into the cars practi- cally automatically. In the larger veins it is eustomary, where possible, to leave the leaner portions of the vein in place, but only a small amount of culling is ever done in the mine. In drifting and stoping in fluorspar in the upper parts of the veins, 3 feet holes are put in mud seams, wherever possible. But few winzes or raises are in use. In timbering large gravel veins sets are run, as in drifting, along side of

102 Kentucky Geological Survey.

each other, post against post, and ends of cap timbers con- tiguous. For mud. sills 14-inch plank is used, in some instances; Im others a regular sized timber. For hangers or stringers 13-inch plank is used. After the drift has been run the spar is taken out by overhand stoping, being picked down, two sets along the course of the vein at a time and a level 6 feet in height carried back as far as the drift goes. In doing this the cap lagging of the drift is removed and used again ahove. After the level has been run, another set is taken out above it, and so on until the stope is carried its full height. At one of the mines, 12-foot timbers are used instead of 6-foot ones, and two stulls are placed under the eap, making the stulls and the end posts 3° feet apart. The next set alongside uses 12-foot timbers again, and so on. A sinele post of slightly larger size might be used instead of two and a slight saving made. The square set system is in use at only one of the mines.

Overhand stoping cost in one case $1.00 per ton. Con- tract stoping at $2.25 per foot, 6 feet high and width of stope can be had in some sections.

In a stope at one mine one man with hammer drill breaks 4x4x6 feet or about 6 tons of fluorspar per ten-hour shift. The holes, about 8 in number, are placed irregularly though few are drilled at right angles with the face of the drift. Ile uses a stick of dynamite in each 4-foot hole shot. It takes about 40 minutes to put in 2 holes and shoot same and he tries to put in this number every 2 to 25 hours. Sometimes it takes from 1 to hours to drill. One shoveler and train- mer is used for each three or four drillers and he is said to be capable of sending out from 30 to 42 ears of about 1,800 Ibs. each.

If the stopes are very narrow, to 2 feet for example, one man using hammer drill will not break more than from 1 to 2 tons per shift.

In highly inclined veins with fairly solid walls, where in wide shoots, the caps on the foot wall side are hitched into spar or rock, while on the other side they rest on posts and may also be hitched; no timber or hangers are used length- wise of the vein; the sets are set + feet center to center; tim- bers dapped 4 inches except posts; lagging is only used where

Kentucky Geological Survey. 103

absolutely necessary. The accompanying sketch illustrates this method:

‘a

a eee as eed Wa Pade

/deal skelch of vertical cross-section of a portion

of Memphis Vein Showing method of timbering.

In narrow sections stulling only is done.

In one mine where large long stulls are necessary, 20 inches in diameter and 14 to 30 feet in length, it costs about $10 to install one stull; the largest requiring a day’s time and as high as 12 men. Such stulls are placed every 7 to 8 feet apart. Where posts are used to support them half and half daps are used. Nearly all the long stulls are hitched into the limestone walls. Such hitches are cut by moils, which are similar to a drill but have four sides drawn to a point, where the drill has two drawn to an edge; they make the hitches 5 to 6 inches deep at the bottom and 12x12 inches square. It takes two men to cut one hitch, one shift in limestone, while in calcite it requires only 3 of a shift.

The drilling practice in the drifts of this mine consists of drilling three holes in a vertical row within one or two

104 Kentucky Geological Survey.

feet of each wall, the holes being angled toward the wall. This creates a break on either side, after which the center may be readily broken down. In overhand stoping the prac- tice is put in an upright vertical hole first, if the face is square then to incline the following holes more and more away from the face. Hand drills were used in most of this work, where hammer drills could be used to advantage.

In the wide stopes 4 men handling 2 air drills shoot down 50 tons per shift without timbering. One air drill and 2 men in an 8-foot stope shoot down about 10 tons per shift.

In drifting, 4 men using an air drill, working double shift, run 8 feet and timber in a week.

In this mine they shoot twice a day. The shots consist of from % to 9 sticks of 1-inch 40 per cent. dynamite per hole, with depth varying from to 6 feet.

At another mine they stull between walls with about 12-inch timbers, lagged at top of stope. Averaged 14 tons per day from wide stope, 4 drilling and shooting and 2 hust- ling, with a reported cost of 75 cents per ton of ore at mouth of shaft.

In timbering flat fluorspar deposits ordinary drift meth- ods are employed for gangways. For other portions ver- tical stulls are largely used.

Open.Cutting —This is indulged in to greater or less ex- tent for gaining the secondary or altered deposits. Open cuts have been made to a depth of 45 to 60 feet for zine carbonate, etc. Open cuts for gravel fluorspar have seldom been made deeper than 16 to 20 feet.

At the smaller cuts all the work is done by hand. At the larger ones surface debris is removed by scropers, either or- dinary or wheel scrapers being used, the latter being the most economical and expeditious.

Below this, picking and sometimes blasting is resorted to. The walls are usually stulled apart by timbers too light to serve the purpose. This fact, and the further fact that such openings become a receptable for surface waters, makes fre- quent cave-ins possible, hence somewhat hazardous to operate, though against this is considered the greatly reduced cost of getting out the mineral, and the advantage of recovering all the surface minerals. As the men are exposed, work

REED GRAVEL FLUORSPAR PIT, Drifting Just Below Grass Roots.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 105

can only be done in good weather. Again, when the deeper work is done, the open cut is always a hindrance, and in- curs extra expense.

Timbers 6 to' 12 inches in diameter are used for stulls ‘and simply wedged between the walls, sometimes a block is placed between the end and the wall for this purpose. Where the wall will not stand, lagging is used. Sometimes sets are put in, as in underground work.

In the gravel fluorspar cuts, little or no timbering is used and the fluorspar largely mined on contract. In one instance, the surface was stripped and crude lump fluorspar put on dump by miners at $1.25 per ton. For gravel, the company furnishing a washer, 75 to 85 cents per ton is paid; for cleaned lump, from $1.35 for No. 2, to $2.25 for No. 1 is paid, on dumps at mine.

In contract open cut work, where a small ‘hoist and incline were used, 75 buckets of 300 lbs. each were raised per 10 hours. The cost of mining, two men in cut, one engineer dumper, was 60 cents per ton, and 40 cents per ton additional for washing spar; as $1.50 was received per ton, 50 cents were cleared by the contractor.

Ventilation—The ventilation is ordinarily good, as the shafts are shallow and the drifts short. In cases where the air is poor, most commonly resort is had simply to stove piping, a fire being either built in a pan be- neath or a small wood stove installed. As the pipe is long, a good draft is induced and a shaft may be cleared in a few minutes of dynamite smoke or carbonic acid gas. Small fans or blowers are used at times, attached to the hoist or the engine that runs the log washer, while where compressed air is used a small blower fixes the air nicely, or no blower at all is used;* again, small blacksmith bellows are operated by hand and are satisfactory for small shafts.

Lighting —The mines are lighted with either oil or can- dles, largely using oil lamps. It is considerably costlier to light with candles; the cost per day per man is about 5 cents. One of the mines was lighted with electric lights.

*Air from a compressor is, asa rule, too impure, from the partially burnt lubricating oil, to serve for ‘‘ good” ventilation.—C. J. N.

106 Kentucky Geological Survey.

. Machinery.—But few of the mines are equipped with ma-

chinery. Besides the hoists, which have already been men- tioned, boilers, both horizontal and vertical, are in use, vary- ing from 8 to 200 horse-power.

Pumps, a necessary feature of the equipment, after water level is reached, are small, all the smaller shafts being readily unwatered by pumps of 24-inch suction and 2-inch dis- charge. The most water made by any mine in the district can be handled by a pump of 7 inches discharge, and only three or four mines in the district have necessitated approaches to this size or a discharge of 500 gallons per minute; the most requiring a 4-inch discharge or less than 75 gallons per min- ute. Pumps of various types are in use, though in sinking the single-acting seems most satisfactory. Hand pumps are used to some extent, but they give a great deal of trouble. A few plants are equipped with air compressors, for from 2 to 8 drills. Both steam and gasoline engines of various types are in use, the latter being used more in prospecting or prelimi- nary work, the steam engines more at a later stage.

Hoisting.—In prospecting work, the common windlass is much used to depths of 100 feet, though it is not economical to use it for depths exceeding 75 feet.

The accompanying photograph illustrates the common horse whim, which is largely used. Such a whim may be easily and cheaply constructed, costing only about $20.00. The two outer uprights, with two inclined braces, are about 14 feet high, and support a beam about 24 feet in length bolt- ed to them. At the center of this is a pivotal-mortise in which the tenon on the central upright which supports the drum fits. A hub is made with four spokes, near the end of which 4 quarter-segments are fitted. Two hubs are used, one for top, the other for base of drum; the drum is attached rigidly to the upright. The drum may be made 3 feet in length, of 2x4 inches pieces nailed 2 inches apart to the segments. It is braced by pieces extending from the basal spokes to the upright. About:18 inches above the height of an ordi- nary horse a horizontal bar, from the end of which the inverted Y-shaped saddle irons are suspended, is mortised into the central upright. This bar is 9 to 10 feet in length. The horse gear is attached to the saddle irons. The rope, 14

Horse WHIM, PARISH PROSPECT.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 107

to 14 inches manila or % to inches steel cable, is wound around this with both ends loose having about three rounds on the drum when two buckets are used, or it is fastened to the drum when only one is used. These do not have breaks and the horse or mule, usually blind, is entirely de- pended on. The steel whim is used to some extent. The man operating the whim is usually used also to drum buckets. The steel horse whim, while strong and having the advantage of a brake, costs about four times as much the ordinary wooden construction. It is serviceable in prospect work to depths of 200 feet.

One of the prime advantages of engine hoists over whims lies in the greater number of buckets that may be raised per day by means of the hoist. Where such hoists have been put in, the 8-h. p. is most commonly used, less frequently 12 and 25 horse-power, while only three or four 35 or 50 horse- power are in use in the district. Only about three-fourths of the hoists in use are of the geared type, and the friction type is rapidly being replaced by geared hoists.

Derricks of various sorts are in use, most of them quite crude. These are usually made simple, with the hoist in an engine room separate from the derrick. The Joplin type derrick could be used in a great many instances, with the saving of one man; this type is in use in only two or three instances .here. By its use, only one man is needed to fire boiler, run hoisting engine and dump tubs. ‘The ordinary derrick has simply to be modified so as to be able to support the hoist at the height above the ground that the trackways for ore and waste dumps are to be, and the boiler in a shed adjacent, so that a minimum of running would be required. The writer has used this type to good advantage.

Derricks from 18 to 50 feet in height are in use. About a 30-foot derrick serves most purposes. The higher ones are used in connection with milling plants. The lower ones are used where a whim is used or where the shaft is well situated for a dump. The timbers used are seldom over 8x10, though some good derricks with large timbers, 12x12 inches, ete. have been put in. Most derricks are vertical posts and those of both vertical and inclined are in use, though the latter is

108 Rentucky Geological Survey.

preferable. Tripods have been used in only two or three instances. ‘

Buckets are almost exclusively used in hoisting. Skips are used in one or two slopes. The Rosiclaive mines can boast of the only cages in the Nentueky-[Hlimois district.

Labor and Miscellaneous Cost Data.—'l'le miners employed are for the most part farm hands who have had little or no experience in sinking, blasting, ete. Waves paid foreman are $1.50 to $3.50 per day of ten hours. Drillmen eet from $1.50 to $2.50. Telpers from $1.25 to $1.50. Hustlers vet from $1.00 to $1.25. Tlead of shift $1.00 to p2.50, Surface workers get from 50 cents for boys to 1.20 for men, aceording to work done. Diumpers usually get $1.25. loister- man $1.50. Engineers and pumpiien $1.50 to $2.00, aA whin- man with a mule gets $1.50 per day.

The shifts vary from 8 to 12 hours in length, being rarely of other lengths than ten hours, and the wages named are for that Jeneth of time. Hight-hour shifts are in use only where it ix necessary to have the crew constantly at work owing to excessive water. One or two of the companies use a 9-hour shift, paying the same wages as in the 10-hour shift. Very rarely, 12-hour shifts are had, except that many enginers and pumpmen are required on duty 12 hours.

The mumber of men employed in the mining division varies from 3 to 20 per shift, according to the methods employed and extent of work carried on.

The cost of mining the gravel spar, putting it on the dump, where as many as 50 tons are hoisted per ten hours, is 32) to

84) cents, exc Jusive of cost of timber, which is about 27 cents; making the dup product, allowing for 15 per cent. waste that is taken off in washing, stand at 59) to 61 cents per ton. This is lexx than the cost of mining coal in Western Kentucky. Contracts for smaller tonnages are taken for putting on bucket only at 75 cents, while as much ax $1.00 to 1.25 per ton has been paid for open eut gravel deposits, and 41.50 for hacked hump. The cost of lump could he materially reduced with large tonnages and at a number of the mines docs not exces $1.00 per ton. These costs are exclusive of costs of dead work necessary in driving through pinches, first cost of sinking shaft. ete, which add materially to these costs, sometimes more than doubling them.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 109

The force necessary of the kind of workers employed, with the method here described for raising 65 to 75 tons of mine run, is: 1 foreman $50.00 per month; 8 miners at $1.25 per ten hours; 3 surface men at $1.00 per ten hours; 1 engineer at $1.50 per ten hours. This crew could be reduced by at least two of the surface men, with the proper dumping facilities. Below 150 feet at one mine, at wide stopes, the spar is put at mouth of shaft for 75 cents per ton.

Miners contract to take out No. 2 lump spar and hack it clean from open cut or shallow shaft for $1.35 per ton; the gravel, including washing, at 85 cents. At one mine they got for lump and gravel unassorted $1.25 per ton. As high as $2.25 per ton has been paid for open cut hacked lump of better grade, on the ready for the haulers.

One large company reports the average cost of all grades of fluorspar at $5.00 per ton f. o. b. ears at shipping point, while another places it at $6.00. The average costs in Kentucky and Illinois are about the same.

Contract work has not proven very satisfactory in the district as a whole. The first cost is materially less in many instances when paid for on contract, but this cost is in most instances more than made up by the necessary amount of doing over what they did poorly. The writer has in a few instances gotten some first-class work from the contractors by having strict written contracts providing for supervision and forfeits, but it is diffienlt to get many contracts of this kind. One of the large companies that formerly did a large part of their work by contract, has nearly all its work done now by day labor, and the president of the company tells me he finds it cheaper, if anything, than the old way.

At the small mines, boilers consume from 4 to 2 cords of cord wood per ten hours, while the large ones consume 35 to 50 bushels of coal per day. For coal consumption at mines having mills in connection, see detailed mill descriptions in another chapter.

Mixed oak lumber for timbering costs $1.25 to $1.35, and all white oak a maximum of $1.75 per 100 feet, against $3.00 per 100 feet for pine in the West. The cost of round bark- bearing timber, 4 to 5 inches in diameter, is one cent per lineal foot; for 6 to 8-inch, 2! cents per foot are paid. For 12 to

110 Kentucky Geological Survey.

14 inches timbers 12 to 14 feet long, in one locality, the price paid is 20 cents per stick. For split lagging 5 to 6 feet long $1.00 to $1.25 per hundred feet is paid. Such lagging is often used in prospect shafts.

Cost of Hauling.—This varies somewhat, depending on character of road, the wagoners in many instances maintain- ing the roads themselves:

ito 1émiles 22.2 225-3 sete 25 to 35 cents per ton. 2 to 24 miles 40 to 55 cents per ton. 28 tO 3 Mes ec ee oo es 60 to 75 cents per ton. D £06 Wiles es ee $1.00 to $1.25 per ton. 12 to 14 miles $1.50 to $2.00 per ton.

The lower prices obtain where the haulers can bring coal or other supplies to the mine, and hence get paid for both going and return trip.

Transportation—At present there are but two lines passing through the Western Kentucky District, both belonging to the Illinois Central Railroad; hence, the absence of competition and the high freight tariffs. The Illinois Central also controls the Golconda-Reeves- ville branch which handles the larger part of the railroad fluorspar shipments of Southern Illinois. A small amount is shipped by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad at Shawneetown, Ill. A part of the Kentucky prod- uct is transported in barges by way of the Cumberland River to the Ohio, and put on the railroad at Joppa or Brookport for northern points. When the river is very low, some of the Illinois shipments are necessarily barged on the Ohio at Brookport, instead of to Goleonda. Illinois mines also make use of the Ohio River, eastward to Evansville, while Ken- tucky shippers do not. The Tennessee river borders the Kentucky district on the west, but is of no service at present, being too far from any of the producing mines. Shipments from northern Livingston and Crittenden could readily be

Kentucky Geological Survey. 111

made by way of Golconda. Owing to the use of an inline, as at Goleonda and Brookport, cars can be loaded on barges. At present, Illinois shippers have an advantage in railroad freight rates of $1.00 per ton over Kentucky shippers.

The rivers are open to large boats only a part of the year, making such transportation unsatisfactory, especially on the Cumberland.

A number of surveys have been executed with a view of putting belt lines to the mines in Western Kentucky, but as yet nothing has been done more than make the surveys. It was reported recently that the Louisville & Nashville in- tended building a line in the district. If this were done, it would help the district wonderfully, since the rates would he reduced so that Kentucky could compete with Tllinois, with the result that the bulk of shipments would inure to Ken- tucky. It can be said without qualification that Kentucky can supply the product to meet any demand, if given proper trans- portation facilities.

412 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Chapter V.

Milling Methods.

In the preparation of fluorspar for the market, three processes may be involved, washing, crushing and separat- ing from other minerals and rocks, and grinding; sometimes the first process only; again, the first and second; while a small part undergoes all three of the processes.

Washing.

Log and gravity washers are chiefly in use in Ken- tucky, while Illinois mills make use of cylindrical washers, washing trommels and automatically-sprayed shaking screens. In some of the mills the rougher jig serves merely as a washer; a practice inexplicable when the cost between a serviceable washer and a 5 or 6-cell jig is compared.

Log Washers.—The log washer, consisting usually of an octagonal log to which iron blades are attached, is now com- monly used. It is from 12 to 18 feet in length and 12 inches in diameter. The blades in most cases are set so that one blade is one inch beyond the preceding one. Where the fluorspar is mixed with a great deal of clay and is quite dirty, they are set the width of a blade or four inches beyond the one preceding, thereby permitting slower movement. When still slower movement is desired, either the number of revo- lutions is reduced, which is preferable, or every other blade is left off. The logs are inclined usually from 1 to 3 degrees, the latter being the most satisfactory, and are run commonly from 12 to 14 revolutions per minute, and again as high as from 25 to 40. The troughs in which the washers are set are 2 feet deep and of like width. Single logs are used at some of the mines; others have two sets side by side; while still others have them placed tandem; for uncommonly dirty

A Log Washer.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 113

fluorspar a 2-inch stream of water is applied to the overflow end, while at the lower end a man is stationed to shovel the product in. A single washer requires 14 horse power to op- erate it. The cost of washing averages 25 cents per ton. When properly manipulated, the log washer is more efficient and cheaper than the gravity washer.

At the Memphis, Mr. Nunn has arranged an automatic feed for the washer. There is a trovgn inclined 40 degrees, with a heavy door closing it at the bottom. Into this the skips drop the ore. An iron red is attached to the washer, and at each revolution admits a small amount of vein stuff by au- tomatically raising the door. At 14 revolutions per minute, the 16-foot washer here handles about 20 tons per 10 hours.

Gravity Washer.—The gravity washer consists of an in- clined trough about one foot wide, the sides flang: ing toward the top. These troughs are 8 to 10 inches deep, and constructed of inch planks, usually of oak. At times the bottom and sides are lined with sheet iron. Such troughs are from 25 to 75 feet in length. At the upper end the trough is deepened and widened so as to form a bin into which the spar may be dumped, having a ea- pacity of 50 to 100 tons. The bin and trough are inclined 10 to 12 degrees, the former less than the latter. The whole is elevated a sufficient height to give room for settling boxes. The height is gained by the ore, either by arranging the washer so that the ore may be dumped into it from the shaft-tub, as at the old Memphis washers, by belt and cup elevators as formerly at the Columbia mine, or by taking advantage of a steep slope. The height at the lower end is usually about 6 feet. Those having two at the end, have them placed at the foot of the washer. A steady 13 to 2-inch stream of water, sometimes two, is sprayed with hose upon the fluorspar in the bin; sometimes by boys employed for this purpose, and again simply from a pipe. A walk-way is provided on each side, on which a boy or man may walk to loosen with a hoe or rod any clogged fluorspar. The washer at the Tabb mines is a typical washer of this type. A modification of this is seen at the John mine for its semi-clean fluorspar; simply a short 10-foot

114 Kentucky Ceological Survey.

trough is used with a two-inch stream of water playing on it.

The gravity washer is but little used now in the district. The cost of washing by it is 25 to 35 cents per ton, which higher price some claim is compensated by its cleaning better the very dirty fluorspar. This, in comparison with work done by the log washer, appears not to be the case, the log doing equally good or better work; the losses are also greater with gravity than with log washers. In fact, a great deal depends on the manner in which either is handled.

Other Washers.—At both Fairview and Rosiclare, where the spar is semi-clean, shaking screens with automatic sprays are utilized. These sprays are made by arranging a row of holes, three or four inches apart, in half-inch or one-inch pipes, set parallel six inches apart, so as to cover surface of screen at an elevation of about 18 inches above the screen. In both these mills there as previously used, in addition, and to which the spar was first admitted, a cylindrical iron washer, with a spiral of sheet iron 6 inches wide lining the cylinder. Such washers were about 12 feet in length. While they wash the spar very well, they are superfluous, both it and a shaking screen washer are employed for semi-clean spar, either alone being sufficient, perhaps equally efficient, though the shaking screen requires less space, being only 6 to 7 feet long.

At the Lead Hill mills, as also at the Mary mill, washing trommels are employed, of round perforated metal, with cups attached. These are 6 feet in length. These are quite efficient for the character of fluorspar they handle, which is not very dirty.

Summing up, the log washer appears preferable for dirty vein stuff, while the sprayed shaking screen or washing trom- mel is preferable for the cleaner product.

Screens.—Most of the washers have only one screen at the end, though in some cases two are used for two sizes. In the case of gravity washers where two are placed at. the end, they are stationed at the end of each trough, two troughs branching off from the main trough, while on the sides of the latter one or more screens may also be placed to gain ca-

Gravity Trovgh) Washer At Tamb Mine.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 115

pacity. The sereens vary, $, 2 and 1 inch heing most com- monly used. Grizzlies are also used for this purpose, made from iron bars, inverted rails, or inch wood strips. Screens or grizzlies are commonly not over + feet in length and in- clined 30 to 40 degrees.

The screens placed at the base of the washers are ordi- narily of the stationary type, while at some of the mills a shaking screen is employed. The washing trommel acts partly as a sereen itself. The undersize from these form one size and the oversize another, where two sizes only are made in the case of gravel flourspar. The Empire mill makes three sizes,—fine, medium and large; the latter above 1 inch. Tis is the only mill where the product is crushed simply for the purpose of sizing. Most of the gravel spar is then ready to he hauled to storage dumps or bins, to await shipment. In other cases, it is first hand-picked, sometimes in the bin at the base of the washer sereen, as at the Memphis mine, or again on a plank table built just under it, as at the Pogue and Rosiclare, or an iron sheathed wooden picking belt, as is used at the Lead Hill mills; or a white rubber belt conveyor, as at Fairview. At the Kentucky mill, the man shoveling into the erusher serves as picker. Usually from two to four men are employed. The treatment for gravel and lump products is somewhat similar. The lead and No. 1 lump are picked out to go to separate bins; the gangue as calcite; limestone and harite are also picked out if Jeast abundant, and the No. 2 flourspar or that to he milled, goes over at the end of the helt. The last two products change places according as one or the other is most abundant. In some eases the lumps con- taining zine sulphides or carbonate are picked out and dropped into separate chutes.

The treatment described is all that is necessary for pre- paring natural gravel for market, or No. 1 lump for grind- ing, if none or insufficient other minerals are intergrown to require more elahorate treatment. If more elaborate treat- ment is required, the foregoing always precedes as prelim- inary treatinent.

We will now consider in some detail, the more elaborate practice, taking up first the various ore dressing problems, in

116 Kentucky Geological Survey.

which fluorspar is concerned, and describe plants used, and finally we will treat of the fluorspar grinding sections acces- sory to a few of the plants.

Ore Dressing Problems.

Five distinct problems are offered in the concentration of ores and spars in which combinations of two or more of the following are to be dealt with: Lead (largely galena, having a specific gravity of 7.5); zine (sphalerite, sp. gr. 4.01, and smithsonite, sp. gr. 4.38); fluorite, sp. gr. 3.13; barite, sp. gr. 4.45; calcite (including limestone), sp. gr. 2.72; and quartz (including quartzite and jasperoid), sp. gr. 2.65. The prob- lems are as follows:

(1) The saving of lead, zine and fluorite, with any or all of the remainder as tails.

(2) The saving of lead and zinc, with any or all the re- mainder as tails.

(3) The saving of lead and raising the fluorspar to a No. 1, with calcite and any or all of the remainder as tails.

(4) The saving of fluorite and barite, with calcite and any or all of the remainder as tails.

(5) One rarely presenting itself in this district, but much involved in Central Kentucky ores, is the separation of zine and barite, with any or all of the remainder as tails.

The difficulties of mechanical separation, and require- ments necessary to overcome them, presented by the prob- lems are here outlined:

1. The nearly equal specific gravity of what is to be se- cured as concentrates and tails, presented by all the minerals involved, exclusive of the lead, which has a difference of grav- ity sufficient to separate readily from the others by the or- dinary methods of concentration.

To overcome this, a practically perfect sizing system, im order to prevent grains of the minerals of unequal sizes to be in juxtaposition to each other on jigs or tables, is necessary.

2. The first, third and fourth present the unique phase of requiring 4 saving as concentrates of 75 per cent. or more of the product put through the mill; whereas, the usual percent- age of such product varies from 3 to 20 per cent., 15 to 20

Kentucky Geological Survey. 117

per cent. being rarely obtained. The percentage of tails in the second more nearly approach the ordinary.

This will require an increase of capacity at the tail end of the mill, and a relative decrease at the head end, which per- mits the tailings elevator to be done away with.

3. The fine granular condition of most of the products of the first, especially, while a portion of the deposits of the other four types present the same difficulty, resulting in the chatting of particles of the different minerals, unless the ore is very finely crushed. In this case, finer crushing, largely to below 3 millimeters, for the finer grained products. The finer crushing necessitates the use of cleaner jigs from the start, nothing being gained by use of roughers, as in the Joplin dis- trict, is requisite.

4, (a) The unequal hardness of the minerals involved, es- pecially quartz, as against others, resulting in fine comminut- ing of the ore minerals (upon fine crushing, made necessary by the third condition,) the percentage of fines below 1-200 inch becomes large; hence the loss of mineral as dust in the dry processes, and the sliming of it in the wet. Here we must resort to the use of rolls and crusher that will permit of the least comminution of fines.

(b) This involves the further factor of cohesion of fine particles for each other, presenting two difficulties,—the diffi- culty of readily sizing the particles of the aggregate formed, the ready clogging of the screens on the same account. The sizing of products below 1-200 inch is not practical; hence, separation of these is almost impossible and the losses from this source have been considered equal in consequence with that of reducing the fluorite content of the sphalerite.

This necessitates: (1) The use of very fine mesh screens. (2) Such motion and action as will prevent clogging, as in the Cohenour-Ratcliffe screen.

5. The cleavage forms of minerals, the fluorspar break- ing into minute, imperfect tetrahedra and octahedra, the cal- cite into rhombohedra, the others breaking down more readily than these, and the fluorspar more readily than the calcite. The manner of crystallization and facility of cleavage alone directly affects this, the hardness being only indirectly con- cerned. The various sizes so adjust themselves as to balance

118 Kentucky Geological Survey.

larger particles of fluorite witit smaller ones of sphalerite or barite, and larger ones of caleite with either of these three.

This is quite difficult to overcome and is affected to slight extent by the type of crusher and rolls used. Finer crush- ing perhaps reduces the force of this factor slightly.

6. The first presents the further difficulty of the necessity of making four separate products, where three are necessary only ordinarily, as in the next three. Since the fluorite is nearer in specific gravity than either of the other two, the attempt has been made to have it go over as far as possible with the tails, disregarding the loss thereby entailed.

This may be partially overcome by drawing off the mixed fluorite and zine, and handling the mixed product on separate tables and spitzlutzen, ete. The saving of the fluorspar even as a fluxing spar, will add largely to the profits.

Special Separation Methods.

Fluorspar and zine sulphides are now separable by at least two methods: First, Sanders’ flotation process; second, Electrostatic separators. For descriptions of these see chap- ter I.

A third method has been suggested as possibly capable of effecting the separation. Taking advantage of the differ- ence In decrepitating properties of the minerals upon heat- ing, as has been done with barite and sphalerite. One of the difficulties in the presence of fluorspar with zinc in the reduction of the latter, mav now he readily overcome through the making of acid-proof or basie retorts on an economical hasis, as is done in the Queneau composite re- torts. However, fluorspar is also objectionable in the roast- ine of zine, preparatory to its reduction in the retorts, since it forms hvdrofluorie acid, which attacks the lead-lined sul- phurie acid chambers at 1,000 degrees Centigrade. Con. centrates should run 2 per cent. less of fluorspar.

Crushing and Concentrating.

Breaking Floor, Receiving Hopper.—The methods hy which the ore reaches the mill have already been described; hence, we will begin at the breaking floor above the

Kentucky Geological Survey. 119

ore bin or hopper. This is usually a few feet lower than the hoisting floor or height from which the bucket or skip is dumped. grizzly of round iron bars, set 4 to 6 inches apart, is usually provided. All that goes through passes directly into the hopper; that remaining, is broken and partly picked by hand. In instances where the picking table precedes the hopper, the picking is done first, while in other cases the picking is done just before the ore enters the crusher. It is washed previous to the picking in cases where it re- ceives washing. The hoppers are variously constructed, but most of them are on the self-feed basis, being elevated suffi- ciently to permit the ore to feed by gravity, the bin being ‘‘V’’ shaped with the front limb vertical, the back one inclined, while some are made still more efficient by inclining also the two sides, within a few feet of the bottom, toward the center, making sort of an inverted pyramid. The main inclined surface dips 40 to 45 degrees, while the smaller in- clined parts dip much less, 25 degrees or so. These are con- structed to have a capacity of 100 to 300 tons. Most of these have simply wooden drop doors, automatic gates only being in use at Fairview. From these the ore passes into a launder, sometimes having a stationary ?-inch perforated screen in its bottom, that the fines may he separated, the oversize going to crusher, the undersize, either direct or by elevator, to rolls.

Crushing Machinery.—For crushing the ore jaw breakers are commonly used, though a gyratory crusher is employed at Rosiclare, and a Williams at the Pierce. At two of the mills, the Evening Star and Evansville, two crushers are emploved, one after another. For finer crushing, from one to four sets of rolls are employed, the last as chat rolls whose products go to sand jigs or tables.

Elevating Machinery—Belt and chain elevators with cups, are commonly in use, while, for dried products, as in the Evening Star mill, or in the grinding sections, helicoid conveyors are used.

Sizing Machinery.—_Some of the mills have complete trom- mel-sizing systems, as the Robinson and Cave-in-Rock mills, while others, as the Kentucky for example, have little or none.

120 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Revolving trommels of perforated metal are the preponder- ant type; shaking screens are used in conjunction in some in- stances, while the Ratcliffe-Cohenour screen is used at the Nancy Hanks. Dry sizing is only employed at the Evening Star. Wire and perforated metal screens are both employed, the latter usually with round perforations.

Jigs.—The screens deliver the products to the jigs some- times by launder direct onto the beds, and again first into a barrel or spitskasten, permitting the surplus water to over- flow, and the partially de-watered product to go to the jigs. De-watering is advantageous, since it prevents too much water running over the beds.

Most of the mills have Hartz jigs, either of the Cooley or Faust pattern. The Lead Hill mills have the New Century jigs, while at Rosiclare a Hancock jig has recently been in- stalled. At the Nine Acres mill, the Big Four (adjoining LaRue mine,) and the Lucile have used hand jigs; but only at the first did they show results, and at none were the results satisfactory. The complex condition of the ores make their practical use in this district out of question.

Jigs equipped with Hartz or New Century eccentrics are made with from three to seven cells. Three-cell jigs are in use at the Robinson and Pierce mills. At the former, for concentrating lead and fluorspar; at the latter for separating red clay and silica from the fluorspar, which it does fairly well.

From my experience in milling in the district, as well as from investigation at the various plants, I find no gain in using jigs with more than four cells, while those of less number are undesirable.

Settling Tanks, Classifiers, Spitzkasten—Settling tanks are used in many of the mills, at the end of the rougher and cleaner jigs, to settle the overflow product. Hydraulic classi- fiers are used somewhat in connection with the tables. simple form being an inverted pyramidal box containing another on the inside, with its sides about 3 inches from the outer one; the inner one being open at the bottom so as to permit free passage of the water and ore hetween the interior and exterior; the outer box having an overflow launder, and

Kentucky Geological Survey. 121

a spigot near the base for letting the product out upon the first bed of the jig.

A spitzkasten is employed for dewatering ore, etc., in one instance. Settling troughs are also employed in connection with settling ponds, to catch slimed products, that they may be re-run on table in some instances; in others, simply to pre- vent ponds from being filled up. Even when these are used the ponds frequently require cleaning out.

Spitzkastens, hydraulic classifiers, ete., could be used in many of the mills to good advantage in sizing the finer prod- ucts.

Tables.—Those in use in the district, are all of the side jerk type. The Riley, Mary and Fairview use Wilfley; the Lead Hill group, Ford tables, and practically all the remain- der are Overstrom.

The Wilfley at Fairview does the best work of any of those the writer has seen in operation. The differences in products made by the various tables is small, though those with tapering riffles are best; the middlings from all going partly to waste. The success in the use of any of the several tables, depends largely on management.

Water Supply.— Water is supplied principally from arti- ficial ponds, the same water being used over and over again. Centrifugal pumps are largely employed; more rarely duplex are used.

Power.—Power is supplied from engines of from 40 to 200 horse-power, while the boiler capacity varies from 80 to 400 horse-power. Boilers are of the horizontal return tubular type, excepting the Evening Star, which has vertical tubular boilers, and the Pierce, which has the old Lancashire type.

Capacity, etc—One of the features especially character- istic of the mills of this district is the arrangement of laun- ders between the several jigs, rolls and elevators so that products not sufficiently clean may be re-run. Undoubtedly, treatment of such products on separate jigs, etc., would yield better results.

122 Kentucky Geological Survey.

The re-running of the products on the same jigs, ete., as well as the insufficient capacity of many of the mills, at the tail end, to handle the larger percentage of concentrates than is the case with ordinary mills, both tend to much reduce the capacity of the mills as compared with the capacity of mills of the Joplin or Wisconsin districts. The capacity of 100-ton mills is reduced to 20 to 30 tons.

Cost.—The average cost of milling is about 75 cents per should be able to approach the lower figure. A number of ton in the concentrating section; the cost varies from 50 cents to $1.00. By economical management, most of the mills typical Kentuecky-Hlinois fluorspar mills are described in de- tail in this chapter.

Grinding.

The No. 1 hand-picked product, or in some eases the better mill fluorspar concentrates, are used for ground fluorspar, and are sent to the dryer in the grinding section.

Dryers.—Two types of dryers are in use, the direct fired, horizontal sheet dryer, and the horizontal steam dryer. For the latter, either live or exhausted steam is used, although live steam is most efficient. Since the iron sheets rust somewhat on contact with the steam from wet fluorspar, it would be better to use enameled plates. The Kentucky Mill dryer is being thus equipped.

Grinding Machinery.—Four styles of grinders are in use: (1) Buhr mill; (2) Williams pulverizer; (3) Tube mill; (4) Griffin mill.

Bolting.—Some of the mills bolt the product; others do not. Revolving bolters and impact screens are in use for this purpose, the mesh varying from 50 to 85.

Barreling and Sacking.—Most of the product is now bar- reled for shipment. Both vertical and horizontal cam set- tlers have been employed. The barrels cost from 25 to 30 cents each, and, owing to the increasing cost of barrel stock, it may become necessary to quit barreling, and sack the prod- uct instead. The barrels hold from 500 to 600 Ibs. each. One of the mills sacks the product in 100 lb. heavy canvas

The Kentucky Mill.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 128

sacks. Besides a Jess first cost they have the additional value of being returnable at small cost to the mill. A small part of the ground product is shipped in bulk.

Bins, Elevators, etc.—Bins of usual type are employed. Both cup elevators and helicoid conveyors are in use. Com- mon scales are employed for weighing.

Power.—That supplying the concentrating section also supplies the grinding section.

Men.—Two to three men are employed in grinding section in addition to those employed at picking table. One man looks after the grinders, and one or two are engaged: at the dryer.

Cost.—The cost of grinding fluorspar per ton, exclusive of first cost of plant but inclusive of concentrating cost, is $1.00 per ton. Kentucky-Illinois mills having grinding sec- tions, are the Kentucky, Nancy Hanks, Fairview, Rosiclare and Pierce mills, all of which are described in detail in this chapter.

Kentucky Mills. THE KENTUCKY MILL.

The Kentucky mill was erected in 1899, one-half mile southwest of the depot at Marion, to take the place of the Memphis mine mill of the Kentucky Fluorspar Company. As originally constructed, it was prepared to do grinding only. In 1902, a concentrating section was added in order to save the galena and to clean fluorspar of any gangue, such as calcite, limestone, ete.

The Kentucky Fluorspar Company uses ore both from their own mines and that purchased from local companies, though fluorspar used for grinding, comes practically all from the specially selected product of their Memphis mines.

The ore is received largely from wagons; sometimes from cars if it comes from the mines southwest of Crayneville or Mexico. After weighing on wagon scales, it is distributed to the various dumps, according to grade, upon the store yard; if suitable for No. 1 ground, it is dumped into the warehouse adjoining the mill.

The product is barrowed to an 8-inch, Blake type, crusher supplied with 32-inch stream of water; and, if containing much

124 Kentucky Geological Survey.

calcite or other impurities, these are picked out before shovel- ing into crusher. ‘The product goes direct to the first set of 10x14-ineh rolls, where it undergoes further crushing. The crushed product is elevated to a revolving trommel of about 7-16-inch perforation, supplied with a j-inch stream of water, and the undersize goes by launder branching into two laun- ders, one of each feeding a cleaner jig of seven cells. The cells are 30x36 inches. The beds vary from 6 to 8 inches in thickness, most of them 7 inches. Perforated sereens on the beds have, for first two cells !-inch; next four and last Linch, perforations. The plunger cells are supplied with two 2-inch streams for the first, and one 2-inch each for the other six, though the streams are not always full size.

Lead concentrates are obtained from the first cell; mid- dlings from the second, which go to elevator and to second set of 10x14-inch rolls, from which they are sent again through mill; the next three supply fluorspar concentrates, the best of which, and usually all of the bed product, is caught in buckets and barrowed to a receiving pit about 8x15x6 feet, from which it is shoveled into the drver elevator. The second grade crushed is wheeled to dumps outside the mill. The product from the last hed goes to waste dump by launder; the hutch product to chat elevator.

The lead is all shovel sluiced, this reducing the flourspar content 3, the fluorspar content being from 5 to 10 per cent., and about a 75 per cent. lead product is obtained. The amount of lead saved, while small, adds largely to the profits, since it pays practically two-thirds of the milling cost. The fluor- spar concentrates for grinding are nice and clean, harring an oceasional lead and calcite chat, sometimes also shale or limestone fragments, all of which, however, are absent from erushed for extra No. 1 ground. Most of the eal- cite goes over to the last cell of the jigs. The tail- ings earry from 10 to 20 per cent fluorite; remain- der largely calcite, limestone, ete. The dryer elevator feeds the product to a direct heat drver with sheet iron top. A constantly moving rabble keeps the drying prod- uct moving; the dried product going over at the end, where it feeds an almost horizontal helicoid conveyor, which trans- ports the product to a eup elevator, which raises it to an

Kentucky Geological Survey. 125

elevated bin of 50 tons capacity. This bin feeds the Pyle buhr mills, of which there are two, automatically. These mills have a capacity jointly of 50 to 80 barrels, or from 123 to 20 tons per day, the output increasing with coarseness of prod- uct, decreasing in finer grinding. The ground product is not bolted, but the mills are so set as to average an 85-mesh product, except in ease of special orders, when the product is ground still finer. The ground product is elevated to the ground bin, and from this the barrels are fed. There are three barrel settlers of the horizontal cam tvpe. For small shipments the barrels are lined with paper; otherwise, not.

The barrels weigh from 500 to 550 Ibs., and average 535. The barrels are made at a cooperage belonging to the mill, and cost about 30 cents each. Each barrel is weighed as soon as filled, and weight marked on cover, as well as on record sheets.

All grades of American ground are supplied by this mill.

The power is supplied by a 90 horse-power Corliss engine and two boilers, one 60 and one 80 horse-power.

Water is supplied mill from an artificial pond, by a 4-inch centrifugal pump, supplying 260 gallons per minute. The water, after passing through the mill, passes over a series of settling troughs and into a smaller pond; thence again into the large pond.

There are three men employed in the jig section, and two in the grinding section; and, in addition, they have an en- gineer and two yard men, the last three being colored men. The capacity of the jig section is about 30 tons per day. Product to be shipped, is barrowed and weighed on barrow scales, and put directly in car on siding at the mill.

Nancy Hanks Mill,

This mill, a photograph of which is shown, was visited about a week before it was ready to operate. Its capacity is 30 tons per 10 hours. In handling ore of the Joplin type, its capacity would be 100 tons per 10 hours. In this district, where the percentage of heads is several times that of tailings, there is little that can be rushed over the jigs at the tail end.

126 Kentucky Geological Survey.

The ore problem is practically a simple concentration of fluorite and galena, there being but a minor amount of calcite and sphalerite in the ore as it goes to the mill, and were it not for the difficulty of ridding the fluorite of metal chats, the separation would be comparatively easy. The ore is hoisted from the mine or dump and dumped on (1) 33 feet above the surface. ,

1. Grizzly of round 2 inch bars, set 6 inches apart. All small enough to go through grizzly passes into (2), while that too large goes to (3).

2. Automatic hopper. Capacity about 100 tons; ore pass- ing from it directly to (4).

3. Spalling floor, ore broken to 6-inch, and shoveled to (1).

4, Screen 3-inch holes; ore passing through by launder to

elevator (7) oversize, (5). Here ore is hand picked. No.1 to separate dump, and calcite thrown ont; remainder permitted to pass to (5).

5. 8x14 crusher, Blake type, from this to (6).

6. No. 1 Cornish rolls, 14x24-inch, from here to (7).

7. No. 1 elevator, 14-inch buckets; ore raised by this to (8).

8. Sizing trommel, 6 ft.x36 inches. Holes 6 millimeters, or little less than + inch (8 mesh). That fine enough to pass through by launder to (9); that too coarse, to (10).

9. Main elevator 14-inch bucket, from here to shaker sereens. (11-15).

10. No. 2 rolls, 14x24-inch; from here by launder to (7); and then to (8) again.

11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Five Cohenour-Ratcliffe shaking screens, perforated metal, sizing to 5, 4, 3, 2, 14 millimeters. Oversize from 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, to 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 respectively. Un- dersize from 15 to 20 at present, but to 21 when latter shall be instailed.

The Ratcliffe-Cohenour screen consists of a plurality of rigidly connected inclined screens, arranged in a tier one above another, with a means for vibrating them in unison laterally. A rotary rachet wheel, situated opposite each sereen, arranged so the vibrations of screens actuate it, trips a hammer so the latter may strike each screen after a pre- determined number of vibrations,

Kentucky Geological Survey. 127

At this mill, the screens are inclined 15 degrees, all in one direction, screenings being supplied by launder from elevator to the uppermost screen. The undersize passing through, falls into an iron sheet trough, inclined in reverse direction from the screen, permitting the product to drop at the back of the next screen below.

The advantages of this screen are two-fold. First, it re- quires but a small amount of room, where in the trommel systems a large amount is required, necessitating a consid- erable addition in height of mill.

The Ratcliffe-Cohenour screen for five sizes, requires a space of less than 8x8x8. In fine sizing, cleaning the meshes is one of the greatest difficulties to be overcome, and this the hammer feature accomplishes effectively. It produces, how- ever, still another favorable effect, the tonnage handled being largely augmented by means of the scattering of the product. The size of each screen is also small, compared with other screens, for handling an equal tonnage, about 20x30 inches.

16-20. Five 4-sieve jigs, Cooley pattern; size of beds 24x36 on all except (16), which is 30x42. Screens 16, 20, 26, 28 and 30 mesh. These are fed with two 14 to 2-inch streams in back, and just enough 14 inches water in front to cover the ore. Jig sieves a fraction smaller than screen from which it comes. 1st cell on each for lead, and for middlings and chats; re- mainder for fluorspar in main. §8-in. to }-in. stroke, and 140 revolutions of shaft. Jig beds average 5 in. depth. Last two largely calcite, especially the last. Get No. 2 spar from No. 2 hutch. All chats and middlings to (22). Ore by barrow to ore bins. Tailings by Jaunder to waste dump. The jig handling the fines has a barrel placed at its head, to carry the ore and water on to bed. (To be installed.)

21. Wilfley table, ore to bins, tailings to waste dump.

22. Chat elevator, 8-inch cups. Middlings and chats from here to (23.)

23. Chat rolls, 14x18-inch. Reground and sent to (8) and back through mill again, as at first.

24. Centrifugal pump.

Main mill room is 24x70 feet, and 16 feet in height, to screen room, which extends about 10 feet higher, while the derrick at shaft is about 45 feet high. The 100 horse-power

128 Kentucky Geological Survey.

boiler is used in connection with a 45 horse-power engine to supply power for mill. A triple compartment pond 5 to 8 feet deep, has been made. The divisions being arranged, two for settlings of fines, and the last for overflow. This is sup- plied with fresh water, when necessary, from the mine. The water is pumped by a 4-inch centifrugal pump from the pond to a 5x5 tank above the mill, from which the water is piped to the hopper, sereens and jigs. Have a fluorspar ware- house, iron sheathed, at depot at Marion, 30x60 by 10 to 14 feet in height.

Lead concentrates from jigs are re-run on a separate jig (usually the No. 19) using the regular beds. Losses believed to be smaller than by other methods, since most of the lead is caught on the first cell of the jig, upon which it is re-run. These concentrates show less than 5 per cent. of calcite and fluorspar. The fluorspar concentrates used for No. 2 ground contain probably 4 to 6 per cent. calcite, limestone, ete., which is cleaner than the usual run of fluorspar concentrates.

Union Central Mill,

Problem:—To separate galena from gangue consisting of fluorspar, limestone, calcite, ete.

Ore hoisted by 8 horse-power geared hoist, and dumped on (1.)

1. Grizzly of 2-inch bars. That passing through to (2); that over to (3.)

2. Self feed hopper, 45° angle, 100 tons capacity. By launder to (4.)

3. Breaking floor.

4, 9x14-ineh Carterville crusher. By launder to (5).

5. First set Carterville rolls, 24 inches; By launder to (6).

6. First elevator, to (7), 16-inch eups; 19 ft. high.

7. Trommel 3-inch perforated metal; that passing through screen to (8); that passing over, to (9).

8. Stevens patent jig, five cells; cells 30x42 inches; 3% inch grates. Nothing is to be drawn off beds, except perhaps a little galena of first. There appears to be no gain made in the use of the jig, as it merely sizes the product to 3-16-inch and above, and this could be accomplished as readily by use of another trommel, except for the little tails going off end.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 129

Chats off beds, by launders to (10); smitten or hutch product to (11).

9, Second rolls, 24-inch. By launder to (6) and back to (7).

10. Chat elevator, 6-inch cups; 19 ft. high. By launder to (12).

11. Smitten elevator, 14-inch cups, 19 ft. high; by launder to (13).

12. Chat rolls, 18-inch . By launder to (6).

13. Settling tank, very similar to spitzkasten. Consists of a double inverted truncated square pyramid; ore drawn off at side, at bottom going unwatered to first bed of 14. This is an advantage, as usually too much water is had on the beds. This measures 30 inches square inner, and 47 inches square outer; 38 inches deep. Water overflows to launder, going out of mill.

14. Cleaner jig, similar to rougher; six cells, 28x36-ineh cells; screens on first 4-inch; on next floor, 3-16 inch; on last, 1-8 inch. Lead off first bed and hutch; other products from beds and huteches of 38d, 4th and 5th eells, with chats from 2d going baek for recrushing to chat rolls. Tailings off 6th sell to (15).

15. Tailings elevator, 16-inch cups, 36 feet high. Tailings to tailings dump.

Mill supplied with water from spring, by +-inech centrif- ugal pump. Power suplied by two 100-horse-power hori- zontal return tubular boilers, and 12x20 steam engine, 75- horse-power.

Building—Main room 24x50 feet, and 16 feet high. Derrick 45 feet high with hoist at 38, and breaking floor at 35 feet. Derrick 14 x 14 feet. Shaft 6 x 9, eribbed with hewn timbers about 6 x 8 inches.

The Columbia Mill.

This is the only wet mill which has attempted the separa- tion of lead and zine primarily for their saving, and with the pereentage of fluorspar too small to save as a by-product. Here a mill of the Joplin type is in service, with rougher eleaner and sand-jigs. Only two trommels are in use for sizing. Very little, and most of the time no, clean products are secured from rougher; if any, from heds only. The prod-

130 Kentucky Geological Survey.

uct is sent on to the cleaner, and then to the sand jigs. Cleaned lead concentrates which, after shovel sluicing, still contain a percentage of zinc, are secured from the first cell and hutch of cleaner. The third fourth and fifth give off after sluicing a product consisting largely of zine sulphide, associated with possibly 15 per cent. carbonate, and a small per cent. of fluorspar. The sand jigs give the cleanest zinc sulphide product, containing but little galena off first hutch. One of the points to be mentioned is that the jigs are so connected by launders that any portion of the jig products may be sent back over again. Two Overstrom tables are used for concentrating slimes, and the end hutch product of the sand jigs. Only fair results have been obtained by their use, as the fluorspar content, after running over them, is rather high. These tables are both used as cleaners, though if they were used as rougher and cleaner, a cleaner product would result, though their capacity would be less. The zine concentrates average about 57 per cent. zinc. The low per- centage results partly because of the amount of carbonate obtained. EVENING STAR MILL.

The problem is to save the galena and sphalerite, and to tail the fluorspar, limestone, jasperoid, calcite, ete.

The large ore body at this mine, with its high lead and zine values, makes the ore of peculiar interest; furthermore, it constitutes a type which, if properly concentrated, would make the county and district an important factor in the zine market.

The ore is distinctly a metasomatic replacement of a limestone sheet, probably sheared, from the Ste. Genevieve limestone wall by the faulting. The extensive brecciation spoken of by Dr. Smith, was not recognized by the writer, in the ore. Fluorite varying from purple to brown black in color, constitutes 50 to 60 per cent. of the ore. The color appears to become darker as the percentage of contained jasperoid and sphalerite increases. The fluorite is granular, and from three to four times the size of the sphalerite grains.

Jasperoid, the next largest, constitutes, makes up 20 to 30 per cent of the ore; it is intimately intergrown with the fluorite.

Ore At Evening Star Minr.

Medium Grained Zinc Blende, with Fluorite, Calcite, and Jasperoid replacing Ste. Genevieve Limestone.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 131

Illustration.

The sphalerite varies from microscopic grains to those 14 millimeters in diameter, disseminated in the fluorite, but to a somewhat greater extent in the jasperoid. The amount of sphalerite varies from 2 to 30 per cent. or even more, and the ore will average 10 per cent. Large crys- talline sphalerite has been noted, but is rare. A sinali amount of leaching out of sphalerite and some residual calcium sul- phide is found. The galena occurs usually as slightly dis- torted cubes from 3 to 5 millimeters across; 10 per cent. is common in some of the ore, but 5 per cent. is near the average.

A notable feature is that the galenite content increases with a decrease of sphalerite in the ore. .A reason for this may be that galenite crystallizes more readily in fluorite than in jasperoid.

A small amount of partially altered limestone goes to make up the remainder of the ore. The calcite is found in less quantity than usual in ores of the district, there being prob- ably not more than 3 to 5 per cent. of the ore.

Pyrite was only noted by the writer in one hand spec- imen, there being about 0.5 per cent.

Capacity of mill has not vet been determined. The ore is hoisted from the new shaft, emptied into ears and conveyed to dumps, where, for the present, it is being hand-washed and picked, by wheelbarrow dumped on platform by side of (1.)

1. No. 1 crusher, jaws set from 1 to 2 inches, passing by gravity to (2) in basement below it.

2. No. 2 crusher, jaws set at 4 to (3.)

3. Bucket elevator No. 1 to (4.)

4, Shghtly conical revolving dryer, the smoke passing through the dryer from its furnace and out through stack connecting with main boiler stack, the ore coming in at the end farthest away. The dried ore passes to (5.)

5. Helicoid conveyor. From this to (6) by (54.)

54. Elevator.

6. }-inch screen; oversize to (2); undersize to 41-inch; 4-inch, '/,,-inch, 1/,.-inch oversize of each to one of (7); undersize to next smaller, except undersize of last, which

132 Kentucky Geological Survey.

goes to (9). The intention of this sizing is to prevent re- crushing of anything of under '/,,-ineh.

7. Four sets of rolls. From these by (8) and (54) again to (6.)

8. Right and left-handed conveyor placed below (7.)

9. Helicoid conveyors. By these to (10.)

10. Bucket elevators. By this to (11.)

11. Six brass revolving trommels, sizing from 39-inch to 1/.99-inch, each trommel feeding one of (12), and over- size of 1st also going to separate bin of (12).

12. Seven bins, arranged to feed 2 of (13.)

13. Twelve Hooper Pneumatic tables, ore to (14). Tails to (15). Finest sized product over tables '/,;5 to 1/,,9-inch. Coarsest 1/,. inch. That, under 1/,,, is also sent to table, but separation is unsatisfactory.

14. Ore bins.

15. Tailings.

Power consists of a battery of two 200 horse-power ver- tical boilers and one 220 horse-power Ball engine. Three or four baby concerftrators for experimental purposes are had. The mill building is 105 feet in height, the extreme height serving for proper arrangement of trommels. (See accom- panying photograph.)

Samples of the concentrates and tailings made, exhibit the following features: The best zinc concentrates were made on the table using the '/,,) to '/o:2 size. These showed at least ten per cent. fluorite, although the same tables had previously produced a product running from 2 to 5 per cent. only of fluorite. The poor showing was probably due to the fact that the mill had not been gotten into proper adjustment, it having made but a few runs at the time of the writer’s visit. .

Mixed sizes of galena show at least one per cent. fluor- ite and three per cent. sphalerite. The tailings will run at least 80 per cent. fluorite, 15 per cent. jasperoid, and 5 per cent. sphalerite, with galena almost imperceptible with hand lens.

Two conspicuous features that the mill presents, with the object of obviating difficulties of the problem, are:

(1.) The use of two crushers, four rolls and the first set

Kentucky Geological Survey. 133

of trommels to prevent, to the farthest possible extent, re- erushing anything once becoming less than '/3.-inch.

(2.) The use of dry table to prevent the great loss that wet concentration would entail by sliming.

It is possible that the finer product that is below '/.59-inch might be handled by first roughly sizing in spitzlutzen, then concentration by sliming tables. Some experiments have been made at the mill on the spitzlutzen plan on a small scale, but so far have not been satisfactory.

Already noted experiments, tending to improve the mill, were made in 1906, but the results are not yet for the public.

Illinois Mills. THE FAIRVIEW MILL.

This mill is situated at the Fairview mine in Hardin county, Illinois. Its capacity per twelve hours is about 50 tons, in the concentrating section. The fluorspar grinding section is reported to have an output of 18 tons per 12 hours, but is not operated continuously. The mill is run part of the time with one shift per day, and again, when rushed, both day and night shifts are employed.

The problem here presented is to save fluorspar and lead, and put calcite, limestone, quartzite, shale, etc., in the tail- ings.

The ore in the mine is shoveled into 1-ton cars, which are dumped into 1}-ton skips. These are raised by a 24 horse-power double drum-geared hoist to the top of the in- cline, where they are dumped into (1) if they contain lime- stone and calcite; if containing ore, into (2).

1. A double bin situated between slope and the mill; spouts from this feed open cars which are on a track between the bin and mill.

2. An elevated bin of about 150 tons capacity. From this the ore passes automatically to (3).

3. An inclined shaker screen of 2-inch perforated metal, 42x30 inches, but on a frame 2x7 feet. That passing through goes by launder to (17). That passing over goes to (4).

4, White-faced rubber Robins conveyor picking belt, 24 feet long and 2 feet wide, travelling at a speed of 24 feet per minute.

134 Kentucky Geological Survey.

(a) The galena is picked off and goes to (17.)

(b) No. 1 fluorspar is picked off, and goes to (6).

(c) Waste goes to (5).

(d) No. 2 lump fluorspar is left on belt going over into car at east end; thence tracked to (32 and 35). Picking belt is operated by four boys.

5. Belt conveyor situated just below (4). By this to cars on west of building, and thence to waste dump.

Fluorspar Section.

6. Blake type, 7x12-inch crusher on north of (4); thence by (7).

7. Bucket elevator to (8).

8. Two rectangular steam dryers, 10x18 feet; return pipes carrying live steam, using steam trap to handle condens- ation. Steam line is of one-inch pipe placed + inches apart, completely inclosed by the steel plates of dryers. Capacity 10 to 12 tons per 10 hours. Kach capable of a max- imum of 20 tons, though smalier quantity produces best re- sults. Shoveled from this to (9).

9. Bin, 8x10x10 feet, for dried lump; thence by launder to (10).

10. Two Griffin mills, maximum capacity 25 tons each, per 10 hours. To (11). Fluorspar ground to 100-mesh.

11. Bin from ground.

12. Bueket elevator to (13)-

13. Two vibrating steel wire screen bolters, 32x56 inches, 82-mesh per inch. Inclination 14 and 17 degrees. That pas- sing over goes to (9), and back into (10), where it is re- ground. That passing through goes to (14).

14. Bins somewhat smaller than (9). On ground floor. By launder to (15).

15. Eight horizontal cam barrel tampers. Barrels average 575 pounds in weight, running from 525 to 575 pounds. Barrels for small shipments are commonly lined with paper. Barrels to (16).

16. Storage house.

Fluorspar and Galena Section. 17. Blake type 9 x 15-inch crugher on south of (5). By

launder to (18). 18. By bucket elevator to (19).

Kentucky Geological Survey. 135

19. Bin, capacity 100 tons. By automatic feed to (20).

20. First set 30-inch Allis-Chalmers rolls. To (204).

203. Bucket elevator. To (21).

21. Trommel with j-inch perforations; that passing through going to (24); that passing over, to (22).

22. No. 2, 30-inch rolls. By (204) to (21).

23. Bucket elevator. To (24).

24, Cooley pattern rougher jig, five compartments, each 2 ft.7in.x4ft. Grates 3-16-inch. Beds kept 8 to 10 inches deep. First 3 hutches to (23). Coarse lead from No. 1 bed by buckets to shipping barrels No. 2 bed to (26). Nos. 3, 4, and 5 bed products by ear to (33 and 36); thence from first three hutches to (25). Smaller particles from (23) to (25), Larger, by launder to (26) to (29).

25. Cooley pattern cleaner jig, five compartments, each 3 ft. 5 in. x 2 ft. 5 in. Depth of bed 6in. Sieves 3-inch per- forations. 1st bed and Ist hutch yield clean galena by bucket to shipping barrel. No. 2 bed and No. 2 huteh to (26). No. 3 bed to (33 by 36), contains still a deal of calcite, possibly 5 to 10 per cent., and a small amount of lead chats. This bed is used ordinarily for product containing zine, but as No. 6 was out of repair, No. 2 was crowded to catch as much as possible of the sphalerite. Beds and hutches Nos. 4, 5 and 6 produce finer spar; to (34 and 37). This product contains shale and some lead chats, but proportionately less of cal- cite than those of rougher. End product to waste dump.

26. Sand elevator; to (27).

27. No. 3 or chat rolls, 24-inch; re-crushes and by launder to (26) and then to (28).

28. Double section trommel with 1-16 and 1-32-inch per- forations; latter by launder to (30); former, by launder to (29).

29. Cooley sand jig, four compartments; beds 24 x 24 inches. Sieves 3-32 of an inch. 1st bed and hutch yields galena to shipping barrel; second bed and hutch by launder to (26). 3rd and 4th hutches to (34 and 37). 3rd and 4th sieves but little used. End product to waste dump.

30. V-shaped tank, with a rectangular box within, holds about 2 tons. Feeds (31).

31. Wilfley table No. 5: Yields about 250 pounds of galena per day, a very clean product. Zine partly sent off

136 Kentucky Geological Survey.

with waste. Part of product re-run on machine. Amount sent over table per 10 hours has not been determined. Lead to shipping barrel.

32 and 35. No. 2 lump fluorspar bins. (Reported capacity in excess of 7,000 tons).

33. and 36. Course crushed fluorspar bins. (Reported capacity in excess of 7,000 tons).

34. and 37 and 38. Fine crushed fluorspar bins. (Reported capacity in excess of 7,000 tons.)

Power.—Mill and mine have power supplied by battery, of three 80 horse-power, horizontal tubular return boilers. Consume about 250 bushels of coal per 10 hours. A Hamil- Corliss engine, 125 horse power, at +-inch cut off, and 150 horse-power at $-inch cut-off, operates mill. At about ten men and two boys are employed at the mill. The boys were at the picking table. The men were divided as follows:

1 engineer; 1 head mill-man; 3 assistants in mill; 1 hoist- man; 1 man at dryer; 1 at car; 1 at ground bins.

The old mill differed from the above in having a more com- plete sizing system, using for trommels 4, 4, and !/,,- inch perforations, the product going from the rolls to these. and from the trommels to different jigs of Faust pattern, using Hartz eccentric. These were four-cell jigs, partly built double, using one plunger; and partly built single, and two set back to back. No table had been installed. The galena concentrates ran about 74 per cent. pure—that is, contained about 74 per cent. impurities, 925 per cent. galena. The new mill was recently partly ehanged, the cylindrical washer be- ing discarded and the picking belt re-arranged so as to accomplish the same work at less cost.

Height of mill building is 55 feet. It is well to note what change of management is capable of bringing about, when matters are not carefully watehed. This mill was started, seemingly, with the end of producing a mill duplicating that at Rosiclare, erected without regard to economics of the matter, nor consideration of the hill at hand, affording a good mill site. Scarcely had the mill been well started toward completion, when the management changed, and with it the mill modified according to the ideas of the new en- gineer. It had been put in fair working order when the

Kentucky Geological Survey. 137

engineer resigned, and was replaced by a man who had another ideal in view, and accordingly set about at once to reconstruct the mill, at a considerable cost, and that with- out making changes in character, but merely changes in form; whereas, the former could have been made and the table added without adding an additional section to the mill building. For example, new jigs were built, merely changed in form without any change in the principle of oper- ation or effect to be produced. An actual retrogression was made in the matter of reducing the number of tromme!s for sizing, and nothing was gained by increasing the number of cells on the jigs, the character of product has not been mate- rially changed from that of the previous mill. Recently, the mill was partly rearranged and for the first time was there any material advance upon change of management.

The galena concentrates of the present mill are reported as averaging 68 per cent. lead, and running 73 oz. silver per ton. The lead concentrates are shipped in whisky barrels, averaging 1,700 lIbs.. The heads are put on the barrels by means of L-shaped brackets which are bolted both to the cover and the side of the barrels.

Rosiclare Mill.

This mill differs from the Fairview in many respects. The ore is of the same character. The ore is dumped on- to a floor from the cage cars, and is shoveled onto an auto- matically sprayed shaking screen. The oversize goes onto a stationary picking table, where two men pick out and throw into barrows the No. 1 lump for grinding, the nearly solid galena ore; and the waste as far as possible.The barrows are wheeled to the proper bins, the No. 1 fluorspar going partly to the drying bin, partly shoveled onto dryer. The lump in the bin is dried by a fan supplied with heated air from about a 12-inch pipe connected with the boiler stacks. The horizontal sheet drver is heated with steam applied directly between the plates which are 4 inches apart. The fluorspar is ground in a Griffin mil], and the bolting is effected is an 85-mesh rotary bolting machine, 12 feet long and 2 feet in diameter. Barrel settlers are four in number, and are of the vertical cam type. The product is trammed

138 Kentucky Geological Survey.

from cage to 300-ton bin in mill annex. From this, it is shoveled to chain bucket elevator which elevates it to a Gates gyratory crusher, breaking it to ?-inch, form which it will go to the first set of rolls, then to the second. The crushed product is then elevated to a Hancock jig 25 feet long and 10 feet high. The jigging box is 4 feet wide and 5 feet high, and contains movable bed, having three sieves, with 1, 3, and $-inch apertures. The bed has riffles about 3 inches high, each four inches. Cast iron pieces are used for bedding the largest sieve. At the end of the jig is the water-saving water box. The jig bed is actuated by a three-pointed cam, so that the bed makes a downward stroke of 2 of an inch, a forward stroke of 31-100 inch (toward upper end of jig) and an upward stroke of about one inch. The cam is said to make 600 revolutions per minute. The floor of the annex is of concrete. Overstrom tables will probably be installed shortly, to handle the fines. When visited, the mill was not quite complete, so results can not be given at present. The object of the changes was to increase the capacity of the mill several fold, which it is claimed the Hancock jig is capable of doing, it being desired to put through 150 tons per day.

Power is supplied by a 30 and 90 horse-power engine, taking steam from two 80 horse-power tubular return boliers. These supply steam also to run hoist and pumps. About 6,000 bushels of coal is consumed per month. Day shifts only in mill, while mine has both day and night. Two 3x5 feet cages are emploved for hoisting.

The mill which is being replaced consists of three trom- mels, six Faust pattern jigs, (two roughers, two coarse, a coarse and fine) having a maximum capacity of about 35 tons per day. At this mill, a Lumkenheimer slime table was once in use for saving lead slimes, but was not profitable to operate. The products of this mill are not unlike those secured at Fairview. The tailings, however, are very rich in fluorspar, containing also some zinc sulphide, copper car- bonate around chalcopyrite, as well as some native copper.

Fluorspar and lead are barreled as at Fairview. The cleaner lump galena is barreled without milling.

The barreled product is trammed by mule tram (24-inch track) to river. Here they have a small building with

Kentucky Geological Survey. 139

machinery for unloading coal from barge and for loading barrels. They have here a boiler and small hoist. The latter is used in drawing up the tram ears on an incline from the barge with the coal. A drum with brake is used to let down barrels on a skid, which will hold from one to three barrels, on another incline.

The mines have a receiving warehouse at Evansville, near the I. C. R. R. depot, where the barrels are emptied (of crushed fluorspar and lead concentrates) and emptied into railroad cars.

Robinson Mill,

The problem here is the same as at the Evansville mill. The ore is brought by mule tram to the receiving floor, 85 feet high, where it is hand-picked partly, and shoveled to (1),

the cleaner lumps by launder direct to (2).

, 1. 6foot washing trommel, with outside cups, 4-inch perforations, to (2).

’ 2. Picking belt, 3x18 feet long, of narrow transverse boards with iron sheeting; six spouts are supplied for waste product; use one man here; from (2) to (3).

3. 43-inch small screen, undersize to (6), oversize ‘to 100-ton, self-feed hopper, to (5). 15-inch New Century crusher, to (6).

New Century rolls, to (7). Elevator, to (8).

8, 9, 10, 11. Revolving trommels, 4, + and 4-inch per- forations; undersize of (8), (9), (10) to (12), (13), (14), respectively, with the undersize of (11) to (15); oversize from all trommels to (16).

12, 13, 14, 15. Three-cell New Century jig; 22x36-inch cells. Products from first cells, lead concentrates, to bins for market; flourspar from second cell, and tails from third cell and overflow, except second of sand jigs, which is re- turned to chat rolls.

16. Impact screen, undersize to (18), oversize to (15).

17. Chat rolls; thence to (19).

18. Receiving tank; thence to (20).

19. Elevator; thence to (8).

Sss

140 Nentucky Geological Survey.

20. Ford Table, lead concentrates, to receiving bins; middlings re-run, and tails to tailings dump.

Power is supplied by two JU horse-power, 20-flue Terre Ifaute boilers, and an SO horse-power Armington & Sins center crank engine, using 50 bushels coal per day. aA 15 horse-power Fairbanks-Morse dynamo to rim eleetrie pump and lights. AN) 9x9x 12-inch Sullivan compressor, supplies air for Little Jap hammer drills. Five men used in the mill.

The galena concentrates run 85 to 90 per cent. galena. with fluorspat and some zine largely making up the balance, That from rougher. with pieees up to 2-inch is quite chatty. while that from cleaner is comparatively quite free from chats. showing the inadvisability of using a rougher jig. Fluorite concentrates run 90 per cent. fluorite, balanee zine and voek, practically no galena. Table concentrates of both lead and fluorspar is poor, and tailings rich.

Bkvansville Mill.

The problem here is to concentrate lead, which is said to run 6 oz. silver per ton, and fiuorspar, largely from lime- stone, and jasperoid gangue, and at times from quartzite. The ore also contains small amounts of zine, both carbonate and sulphide, not separable by hand-picking. 2 ¢apacity of 15 to 20 tons is claimed per day. Four men are employed in addition to the foreman; one at crusher, one at jig one at table, one at boiler and engine.

1. Dumping floor. Wagons dump ore here, and zine ear- honate is picked out as far as possible. By shovel to (2).

9, 12-inch erusher to (3), by launder.

8. Chain elevator, 10-inch cups to (4) by launder.

4, 6-foot washer-trommel. ?-ineh perforation, with out- side cups. Oversize to (5). Undersize to (10).

5. Shaking sereen 16 x 30 inches, ?-inch between. slits; then oversize to (6); undersize to (7).

6. Picking helt 18 feet lone. of narrow transverse boards, with iron sheeting. One man pieks out zine carbonate and worthless eangue to separate bins, balance to end and by launder to (7).

Kentucky Geological Survey. 141

7. No. 2, New Century Crusher, 10-ineh, crushing to ineh; thence to (9).

8. Chat rolls, 19-inch, crushes to sands for table, going first to (11).

9, Klevator to (4).

10. Four-cell New Century jig, beds each 24 x 36 inches. Jig used separately for making lead concentrates and fluor- spar concentrates. Product of first cell to concentrate bins for shipment, while that of the last three cells is re-run. [In running fluorspar, get lead concentrates from first, that from second is re-run and fluorspar seeured from the third and fourth. Tailings to tailings elevator, with launder to tail- ings dump.

11. 24x30-inch impact sereen; undersize to (12); oversize to (8).

12. Small tank for sands to (13).

13. Ford table, with ripple strips somewhat altered; makes lead heads, middlings and tails; last contains a deal of fiuor- spar.

An 80 horse-power Brownell boiler and a 60 horse-power Armington & Sims engine supply power. Water is supplied by pump from double compartinent settling pond, with con- erete overflow to + x 8 ft. water tank, which supplies mill. All machinery, except bolier and engine, are of New Century make.

The galena concentrates average 75 per cent.; remainder mainly zine, (carbonate largely), and a little fluorspar.

Flourspar concentrates average 75 per cent.; remainder zinc and rock. Tailings run at least 60 per cent. flourite; balance zine, limestone and quartzite, largely latter.

Cave-In-Rock Mill,

This mill was erected by the American Concentrator Com- pany, for the Cave-in-Rock Mining Company in the autumn of 1904.

The problem is concentration of fluorite and galena and to tail caleite, limestone, ete. The ore is hoisted hy 12 horse-power Sampson geared hoist to near top of a 52-foot derrick, where it is dumped on (1).

142 Kentucky Geological Survey.

1. Grizzly of 2-inch iron bars spaced about 4 inches apart. Oversize spalled with sledge on breaking floor, 32 feet above the ground, and shoveled back on (1). Undersize to (2).

2. Self feed, V-shaped hopper, about 100 tons capacity. To (8).

3. 12-inch New Century crusher. To (4).

4. First set New Century rolls. To (5).

5. Elevator. To (6).

6, 7, 8 and 9. Trommels, with 8, 6, 4 and 3 mm. apertures respectively. Oversize of (6) to (10); undersize to (7). Oversize of (7) to (11); undersize to (8). Oversize of (8) to (12, 13), undersize to (9). Oversize to (15), undersize to (17).

10. Second rolls. To (5).

11, 12, 13, 14. Five-cell New Century jigs with device for carrying off middlings at end. Beds 24 x 36 inches, sieves 4 to 9 mm. apertures. Lead concentrates off first cell and hutch, middlings from second to (15), fluorspar from third and fourth, middling from fifth to (15). Last sieve product of fourth jig to waste dump.

15. Chat elevator; to (16).

16. Chat rolls; to (5).

17. Hydraulic classifier of spitskasten type, (in the form of concentrically double inverted.frustrum of a pyramid, with a launder or trough to carry off overflow at top, and spigots for taking off the classified products near the bottom). There are two rows of spigots, the products from the upper row to go to (18); those of lower row, to (14). Overflow to (19).

18. Two Ford tables: Side jerk tables with wavy, full length ripples. Lead concentrates for heads, fluorspar and zinc for middlings, and calcite, limestone, etc., for tails for these tables.

19. Settling tank. Overflow by launder out of mill to waste; spigot product to (18).

Lead concentrates were not collected. Fluorite concen- trates show about 90 per cent. calcium fluoride; zinc, lime- stone, calcite, and jasperoid make up the balance. The tail- ings are cleaner than from any of the other mills, showing less than 50 per cent. values, largely fluorite.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 143

The power is supplied by 16 x 60 Atlas boiler and one 44 horse-power Atlas engine. Water is supplied from arti- ficial pond, by centrifugal pump.

Mary Mill.

The Mary Mill was completed in 1906 by the Compton Mining & Smelting Company, at their Mary mine, below Bay City, Pope County, Ls.

The problem presented by the Mary Mine ores is some- what different from that at most of the other mills, since quartzite forms the larger part of the gangue, associated with fluorspar and galena, and some barite.

The ore is hoisted in round steel tubs, and dumped on (1). The derrick is 65 feet high.

1. Grizzly of 34-inch round bars placed 5 inches apart; size 3 x 4 feet. Product too large is here broken by sledge. From (1) into (2).

2. Self-feed hopper, 60-ton capacity. At the top it is 18 x 18 feet, the back side 5 feet deep, the front side, 18 feet, making the slope about 60 degrees. Side slopes toward the center are had near the bottom with the angle about 35 degrees; to (3).

3. Washing trommel, 96 x 36 inches, and §-inch apertures. A two-inch stream plays upon short lauder connecting (2) and (3), entering the trommel with the ore. To (5); form- erly to (4). Undersize by launder to (6).

4. Picking belt, wooden iron sheathed, now in disuse. This picking belt was inclined at an angle of 35 degrees toward trommel. At first as much quartzite was picked out as possible, but it was found impracticable, so entire prod- uct now goes direct from (3) to (5).

5. Blake type crusher, 9 x 15. To (6).

6. First elevator, 14-inch cups. Then to (7). (The base of all elevator booths at this mill are surrounded by a trough so that escaping products are caught and conveyed by a launder to a settling trough).

73. First rolls. Make use of a wedge-shaped block to prevent wear of rolls in center, this scattering ore on either side, permitting them to wear more evenly. To (6).

144 Kentucky Geological Survey.

7. Revolving trommels, 72 x 36 inches; apertures ’-inch. Undersize to (8); oversize to (73).

8. Five-cell Cooley rougher jig, beds 463 x 30 inches, f-inch grates. Hutches, except last, to (9); last to (14). Get Jead concentrates otf first bed; chats off second to (11); fluor- spar off 3d and 4th beds to bins, 5th to (11). A narow set- tling tank at end of jig, overflow out of mill, spigots to (9) by launder.

9, No. 2. Elevator. To (10).

10. Six-cell Cooley cleaner jig, with sereens of 5, 5, 6, 6, 8, 8, mesh per inch, respectively. Lead concentrates from first cell, barite and lead chats from second; fluorspar from next three, and chats from last. Concentrates to bins, chats to (11). Settling tank at end.

11. Chat rolls. To (12).

12. Third elevator. Then to (13).

13. Trommel, 48 x 36 inches; two screens, $ and 4-inch; undersize of former to (14), of 4-inch to (16).

14. Cooley sand jig, + cells. Lead concentrates from Ist cell; chates from 2d to (11); 3d fluorspar to bins; 4th, same, only oceasionally being too poor, when it is sent to waste dump by launder. Settling tank also at end of this jig.

15. Classifying tank, with rectangular inner box for classi- fying. Size of tank 3.x 12 feet. Overflow out of mill, spigots to (16).

16. Wilfley table. Use wooden strip on side beneath and perpendicular to surface of table to separate lead from} zine barite chats. Latter separated from spar by triangular block, also perpendicular to table, and last tails separated by strips as in first instance. Get as high as 300 Ibs. of galena per day. Get 500 Ibs. fluorspar off of table.

Power is supplied by 110 horse-power locomotive type boiler, and one 80 horse-power tubular return boiler, bricked in. Use three tons of coal per day and night, running iil) only on day shifts.

Out of 40 tons of mine-run ore, 23 tons of fluorite and 2 tons of galena were secured. The lead concentrates are fair, barite being the principal impurity; the last are reported to have run 74 per cent. lead and eleven ounces silver per ton. It is remarkable that, with quartzite gangue, there should be

Kentucky Geological Survey. 145

produced so small a percentage of slimes as is the case at this mill. The fluorspar concentrates run about 90 per cent. fluorspar, with limestone and zine forming most of remain- der. Finer fluorspar concentrates show, as is to be expected, high in quartzite and low in limestone, ete. Tailings are remarkably clean, consisting of about 80 per cent. quartzite, fluorspar making up most of remainder.

The ore is trammed out of mill at present directly to bins which are outside; four have a 30 ton capacity; one 50 ton, and the other 100 ton. A turn table is provided above first tank, reached by tram so the car may go to bins in either direction. The spouts from the jig beds have been arranged so as to feed the car directly as far as possible; but it is proposed to change this so that launder will cary products direct from jigs to ore bins, and thus do away with tram. It is also proposed to build an elevator to load wagons auto- matically, instead of shoveling from bin spouts, as at present.

Pierce Mill.

The Pierce Mill, operated by the Pierce Fluorspar Com- pany, is situated at Golconda, Pope County, Illinois.

The problem is to clean highly crystallized colored fiuor- ite, occurring in residual red silicious clay, of clay and silica

The product is hauled 17 miles from the Hubbard mine, and dumped on a platform, and thence shoveled to (1).

1. Williams crusher. To (2).

2. Elevator, 6-inch cups. By launder to Ist hed of (3).

3. Three-cell Cooley jig. Fluorsparl secured from all three beds and shoveled onto (4). Hutch product, fine fluorspar, more silicious than the bed product, is wheeled on- to dump, where it is accumulated to be re-run.

4, Direct-heat horizontal drver, fired at both ends. Product shoveled onto (5.)

5. Formerly used horizontal steam dryer. Shoveled to

6. Williams pulverizer. To (7.)

7. Inclined 50-mesh bolting screen; the 70 per cent. prod- uct, it is claimed, will pass 100-mesh. To barrels. Have one horizontal barrel settler.

146 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Power supplied by two Lancashire boilers and one 80 horse-power engine, which also supplies power for a saw mill. Water is supplied from a backwater slough by a Fairbanks- Morse duplex pump.

Since but little of the product that goes through mill is lost in washing, the difference in cost of hauling is imma- terial had mill been erected at mine; whereas tle cost of power would have been much greater.

A capacity of 20 to 25 tons is claimed per ten hours, though it probably does not exceed half that amount.

Two grades, No. 1 and No. 2 ground fluorspar, are made. At the writer’s last visit the product was largely of second grade. The jig makes only a fair product, as the silica con- tent is said to run 1.25 per cent. The use of screens and another jig would permit the silica in the larger sized prod- uct to be much reduced.

General Results and Conclusion.

The various mills show practically the same results in a general way, though some of them come nearer solving the problem in hand than do others. These results briefly are:

Presence of fluorspar or zine with the galena, usually in the form of fines, partly in form of chats; fines especially in jigging in the hutch product, chats more often in the bed product, and in sized particles on tables. The presence of these minerals as fines could largely be remedied by a greater vertical action of waters from below the bed up through it in the jigs. Fewer chats may only be had by finer crushing of the agglomerated particles.

The association of a small percentage of lead and cal- cite, with a larger percentage of fiuorspar, with the zinc after concentration. This percentage has been reduced by some of the mills to from 3 to 5 per cent., or less, of fluor- ite; still more than that is desirable.

Five to ten per cent. of calespar, limestone, quartzite, shale, together with a little lead and zine, is found in the fluorspar concentrates, so that they usually must be classed as No. 2, and occasionally as No. 3 product.

The presence in the tailings of a large percentage of zine values with little or no lead, and a large or small! percentage

Kentucky Geological Survey. 147

of fluorspar, depending on as to whether the ore be as (1) or (2).* Likewise in (3) a large percentage of flourite, 60 to 75 per cent. in the tailings. Four (4) presents a somewhat less content in the barite concentrates, and a large percent- age of both in the tailings, while (5), showing practically no difference in specific gravity of minerals, can not be con- sidered by gravity methods.

The third problem becomes less difficult, if a small amount of hand picking be done to rid most of the calcite from the ore, as is now generally the practice, when fair galena and fluorspar concentrates are secured. In fact, the calcite may largely be eliminated by hand picking from all the other types, at a small cost.

In the writer’s opinion, dry sizing will be more efficient for the products where finaly ground; but, after such sizing, the separation will be as effective by wet methods as by dry ones. The coarse products may be handled by jigs, and the finer ones by tables, spitzlutten and sliming tables, in the wet method.

The numbers in parenthesis refer to the “five problems” in concentration named under Ore Dressing Problems on a preceding page.

Chapter Vi.

The Uses And Technology Of Flourspar.

The uses of fluorspar may be grouped according to its natural characteristics under five heads:

1. Depending on chemical composition: Manufacture of hydrofluoric acid; other fluorine compounds.

2. Depending on fluxing and detergent properties:

a—In metallurgy of iron, steel, aluminum, manganese. gold, copper, lead, tin, nickel, ete. and their alloys; in the production of alundum (artificial corundum.)

b—In the manufacture of glass: Common, plate, opaque, and opalescent.

c—In the manufacture of enamels, glazes and fireproof ware.

3. Depending on optical properties: Apochromatic len- ses.

4, Depending on structure and color: For ornamental purposes; gems, cheap jewelry, vases, paper weights, etc.

5. Depending upon its volatilization and phosphores- cence upon heating: Carbon electrodes for flaming are lamps.

Besides, it was formerly used in the manufacture of Portland cement, to bring about an easy clinkering in the kiln; a practice which Mr. E. C. Eckel, an able authority upon cement manufacture, states has been discontinued and is not again likely to be resumed. A small amount of low grade gravel fluorite has locally been used, also, as 2 grouting for cement. The objection to the use of fluorspar in cement manufacture may be overcome, were basic lin- ings substituted for the commonly used acid linings of the kilns; and the use of small quantities of fluorspar (% to 4 of one per cent.) would be beneficial not only in bringing about an easy clinkering of the cement ingredients and lowering their fusing or sintering temperature, but also in eliminating the sulphur present either in sulphurie acid or in

Kentucky Geological Survey. 149

calcium sulphate, sulphur being highly objectionable since it permits a slower setting of the cement, prevents it from be- coming hard, and causes disintegration-

Fluorspar has been but sparingly applied for the uses named under the third, fourth and fifth headings in Amer- ica; the quality necessary for use under the third heading is rare, while there is an abundance of the grades suitable for that under the fourth and fifth headings.

About 20 per cent. of the crude fluorspar is marketed in lump form, the remainder as gravel. Of the total fluorspar consumption fully 80 per cent. is used in iron and steel- making, chiefly in open hearth charges; 5 per cent. additional by other smelters. A small per cent. of the lump and gravel (the crushed is included with latter) is purchased by man- ufacturing chemists, enamel-ware makers and founders. From 10 to 12 per cent. is consumed in the ground form. Of this, the chemical (largely hydrofluoric acid) and glass indus- tries consume 57 and 21 per cent. respectively. The con- sumption of ground for glass purposes shows an increase over previous years. Of the remaining ground consumption, 13 per cent. goes to the manufacture of enamels, glazes and fireproof ware, about 5 per cent. 1o founders including ground used otherwise by metallurgists, and the remainder for mis- cellaneous purposes. The enamel people are using less in the ground form and more lump than formerly. About 135 companies use fluorspar in greater or less quantity for the several uses, and in addition there are several hundred iron, steel and brass founders using it in smal]! quantity. A num- ber of products, such as ‘‘Iron-flux,’’ ‘‘Fluorine,’’ ete., con- sisting either wholly or partly of crude or ground fluorspar are on the market and being sold to the founders at a higher price than fluorspar, for use as flux. One company sells a flux consisting largely of fluorspar, limestone, red clay and certain additional secret chemicals. The red clay, consist- ing largely of iron oxides with alumina, probably acts akin to thermit in assisting to reduce the fusing heat.

The Western Kentucky district has exported ground fluor- spar both to Canada and Mexico, while crude fluorspar is also shipped the former. German consumers have sought quotations on Kentucky fluorspar in quantity, although in

150 Kentucky Geological Survey.

excess of 15,000 tons of fluorspar was exported hy that coun- try in 1905, largely to Austria-Hungary and nearby coun- tries.

The Manufacture of Hydrofiuoric Acid.

Hydrofluorie acid (HI) is made by decomposing or dis- tilling, in cast iron vessels, the best ground fluorspar with concentrated sulphuric acid. The reaction involved is Cal’, + H,SO, 2HF + CaSO, This reaction will take place at ordinary temperatures, although complete decomposition is effected only at 130 degrees C. or above. The acid is evoly- ed as a vapor. The gas dissolves in water with the evolu- tion of considerable heat, forming the compound IIF + H,0. Commercial acid contains from 380 to 60 per cent. water. Weak acids, containing from 30 to 35 per cent. HF, are ship- ped sometimes in barrels, while the higher grades are mar- keted in lead or gutta percha vessels.

Following is a description of the manufacture of the acid on a large scale, given by Mr. Anson G. Betts in the Engineer- ing and Mining Journal, vol. 83, page 753:

“The pot may be cast about 8 feet in diameter, 3 fest deep at the center, and 1 inch thick, with a slightly curving bottom to prevent cracking. For the pot a cast iron cover 1 ineh thick is used, dipping into the annular trough around the pot, which contains strong sulphuric acid as a seal. All the other seals are made in the same way, but water may be used for the joints on the condensers where the tempera- ture is not so high. Lead retorts, and lead covers for the retorts, are useless.

“The condensers consist of a series of two or three lead boxes of about 1 cubic meter capacity, entirely submerged in a water tank and partially filled with water or diluted HF. Condensers should be made of heavy lead, supported by wooden pieces to which the lead is attached by means of lead straps burned on. The lead delivery pipes may he about 5 inches in diameter. The condensers have an overflow so that the acid never can rise to the end of the delivery pape. If this happened, a partial vacuum might result and draw water back into the pot, where it would probably cause an explosion.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 151

‘‘The charge may consist of 1,000 lbs. of ground fluorspar and 1,000 to 1,200 Ibs. of 66 deg. sulphuric acid. Sik’, comes off first and deposits silica on the water in the first condenser, stopping absorption somewhat, so that it is necessary to stir the water in the first condenser until most of the Sif, has come over. The pot may be charged in the morning and distillation finished by night. Coal is used for fuel, burned on grate of about 3 square feet. The residue in the pot is comparatively hard, and, after cool- ing, is dug out with pick and shovel. The yield of acid caleu- lated on the sulphuric acid used is approximately 80 to 90 per cent.

‘‘The cost of manufacture is not great, the principal items being the raw materials necessary. To produce 1 pound of anhydrous HF, about 23 Ibs. of fluorspar and 3 lbs. of sul- phuric acid are necessary. Fluorspar and sulphuric acid are worth about $10 to $15 a ton, making a cost for raw materials, exclusive of coal, of approximately 22 to 44 cents per pound of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid.’’

Mr. Betts also gives a method of preparing the acid for laboratory use on a small scale:

‘“‘For preparation in small quantities for the laboratory the following gives good results if used out of doors. The re- tort is an ordinary cast-iron pot, perhaps one foot in diameter and 6 inches deep. The cover is made by filling with sand to near the top, leveling it off and pouring in about 4-inch of lead. The lead pipe is separated from the cover, and passes over to a lead hydrofluoric-acid bottle containing water. The water must not come as high as the end of lead pipe.

‘‘During distillation, the bottle is sprayed with water from a hose to keep it cool. A charge of about 2 kg. of fiuorspar and 2.5 kg. of sulphuric acid of 66 deg. is stirred up in the pot. The fluorspar, for the most part, dissolves immediately on stirring in the sulphuric acid, without evolution of much fume, until heat is applied. The cover is put on and dry cement put over the joints as a lute, cement being suitable for this purpose.

“‘The heating should be moderate at first to prevent too much frothing in the pot. Distillation takes 2 or 3 hours, and the end can be told by feeling of the lead pipe near the bottle,

152 Kentucky Geological Survey.

which is hot as long as acid is coming over. Very little loss is experienced and a yield of SU per cent. or thereabout is obtaimed.’’

The principal impurity of hydrofluoric acid is fluosilicic acid, and it is most important that the commercial acid he almost free from this substance, as the value of hydrofluoric acid for most purposes depends upon the facility with which it combines with silica.

clialysis of the Acid —Mr. Betts presents the following method for determining the quality of the acid: ‘The sample of acid is mixed with several times its bulk of nearly saturated and neutral potassium nitrate solution. This causes a pre- cipitation of potassium fluosilieate in the solution Phenol- phthalein is used as indicator and the solution titrated with caustic soda in the cold. This gives the total of the ITF and T,Sik,, present. The sample is then heated to boiling when it will be found that considerable more caustic soda may he run in to get another end point. In the first titration, the HF present and the IINO, liberated by the reaction of potassium nitrate and fluosilicie acid, are neutralized by the alkali. When titrated hot, the precipitated K.,SiF,, is decomposed hy the alkali. The following is the equation involved:

K,SiF,,+4NaOH=2KEF+4NaF+Si0,+211,0

“The rule for ealeulating is, 1 gram NaQOll used in the second titration equals 0.9 gr. H[Sil,, in the sample. For WF present divide the number of ¢. e. of NaOH used in the second titration by 2, and substract the result from the ec. ¢. used in the first titration. The remainder shows the HF, 1 gram of NaQOll equaling 0.6 @ram TTF.’

To make pure acids it is essential that manufacturers use fluorspar carrying only a small pereentage of silica, less than one per cent. at most. Analyses of Hmelish samples show 3 per cent. of fluosilicie acid, the hest grade German in six sam- ples from .1 to .7 per cent. while the hest ground of Amer- iean production is equally good or better than the German. Tt is also advisable to use white fluorspar, since the colored varieties contain more hydroearbons whieh increase the tm- purity of the acid. By heating the fluorspar to the point of decrepitation previous to its distillation with sulphuric acid, not only will the fluorspar be freed from hydrocarbons, hut

Kentucky Geological Survey. 153

will permit of the separation of most other impurities by screening, the undersize being the pure powder. This, since silica, gypsum, etc., are found mostly in granules which are not reduced by the heat. It is necessary that the heating be done quickly. The increased fineness of the pure fluorspar will permit the digestion of a larger per cent. of fluorspar in the process of distillation, increasing the yield of hydro- fluoric acid. The best grades are obtained from deposits that occur in limestones containing only small quantities of silica and carbonaceous matter. Fluorspar mixed with carbonates as calcite, etc., is also undesirable, since the sul- phuric acid combines with them forming sulphates, increas- ing the consumption of sulphuric acid otherwise necessary in making HF. The main use for the acid is in etching glass, though in recent years the demand for it for cleaning old brasses, etc., is increasing. About 7 per cent. of the fluor- spar consumed in America is consumed in the manufacture of acid.

In regard to the use of hydrofluoric acid for cleaning cast- ings the following, from Iron Age, Nov. 8, 1906, is of in- terest:

‘‘Hydrofluoric acid as a cleaning agent for castings has been in general use but a short time, being treated a few years ago as a secret process by those who understood its value and made use of it in removing the clinging sand. For- mulas for the acid containing superfluous and innocuous in- gredients to mystify the purchaser have been sold for consid- erable sums. Anything used in connection with this ‘pickle’ aside from the hydrofluoric acid and water, is wholly unnec- essary, the usual formula being 1 part of acid to 10 parts of water. In adding water, however, care should be taken to know the strength of the raw acid, as this is by no means uniform. The idea is to get a dip that will remove the sand perfectly and quickly, the operation requiring ten to fifteen minutes, depending upon both the amount of sand to be re- moved and the condition of the pickle.’’

The same precautions should be used in the manufacture of acid for this purpose as that for glass etching, since the object in both cases, the removal of silica, is the same. The more dilute acids may, however, be employed for this purpose;

154 Kentucky Geological Survey.

for example, if 30 per cent. (equivalent to 30 per cent. pure acid in solution in water), one part is used to three parts of water.

Chemically pure acid should be prepared in platinum vessels, as even lead vessels are attacked, though feebly. After a coating of sulphide and sulphate forms on the lead, the action completely ceases. This quality is used largely by the analyst. It is shipped either in ceresine or platinum bottles.

To a considerably less extent, fluorspar is used in mak- ing other fluorine compounds used by the chemist.

Fluorspar in Metallurgy.

The use of fluorspar in metallurgy was first mentioned in 1529 by Agricola, who gave the mineral its present name (from Lat. flwere, to flow) owing to its quality of rendering slags fusible at a low heat. Silica, sulphates of lime and ha- rium, and other refractory substances can be readily fused into homogeneous masses, but it shows little tendency to dissolve basic oxides. One part of fluorspar will liquefy about one-half part of silica, four parts of calcium sulphate. or one and one-half parts of barium sulphate. Upon these principles its wide application as a flux was based.

Until the beginning of the last century it was considered practically an indispensable flux for the reduction of the var- ious metals. The improvements attained by hlast furnaces and smelting apparatus permitted the use of cheaper fiuxes. As fluorspar serves not only as a flux, but as a detergent or cleansing agent as well, the cheaper fluxes can not take its place. Its use has been constantly increased since 1880. In this country, 85 per cent. of the fluorspar consumed is used in smelting and fully 80 per cent. in the iron and steel indus- tries, considerably the larger percentage of which goes into open hearth steel charges.

Iron and Steel.—In the metallurgy of iron and steel, fiuor- spar is used principally for the purpose of carrying the silica, sulphur and phosphorus into the slag. The use of fluorspar also effects a saving in the quantity of fuel necessary for the reduction of the charge, perhaps hy the liberation of heat in the production of fluosilicate in the slag; and perhaps, also,

Kentucky Geological Survey. 155

since it permits the melt to be made at a lower tempera- ture, having a greater fluxing power. Other beneficial effects of its use, are an increase of 3 to d per cent. in iron output and the better quality of material produced. According to Foehr, the reactions involved in the fluxing of the silica in iron ores, by the use of fluorspar and limestone respectively, are as follows:

2CaF, 13810, —2CaSiO,+SiF,.

BCaCO,, +3S810,=3CaSi0.,+3C0,.

The quantitative economy of the two fluxes is in propor- tion of 156 to 300, but in practice the economy is often much greater than this, as one part of fluorspar at times goes fur- ther than ten parts of limestone.

The quantity of fluorspar used for flux is only one half of one per cent. of the quantity of lime stone flux consumed, and while the ratio of increase in the use of fluorspar as against limestone sinee 1902 is small, yet it is sufficient to show fluorspar is materially gaining in favor. Fluorspar analyzing from 50 to 60 per cent. and higher in caleium fluor- ide and with the silica content as high as 8 per cent. has been used in these industries. The use of 85 to 95 per cent. fluor- spar and with the silica cantent no higher than 3 to 4 per cent. is most cconomical in steel-making. For ordinary irons lower grades may he readily used. Furnace linings made of chro- mite are said to he but little affected either by volatilized fluorides or fluorine in the slag. With the assured supplies of fluorspar in the Kentueky and Illinois districts, which are accessible to transport by rail and water to the large iron and steel centers, it is believed that the use of fluorspar in iron and steel metallurgy will show a constant increase in the future.

Open Hearth and Bessemer Steels.—In the open. hearth steel furnace, fluorspar is used mainly in the basic processes to make a more fluid slag, also to prevent the slageing of the phosphorus and to reduce the sulphur content.

The procedure in the use of fluorspar in the production of basic stec] in the open hearth furnace as given by an ex- perienced operator® is as follows:

*Kerr, J. W, L., private communication.

156 Kentucky Geological Survey.

‘Magnesite and dolomite for furnace linings is first put in the slag, after which 6.5 tons of limestone fiux and 25 to 35 tons of scrap iron is added and the whole heated together. When at the right heat the melted pig iron necessary to make the charge total 60 to 70 tons is brought in. Lake Superior hematite is then added till the carbon content is reduced from .18 to .08 per cent. Pieces of limestone come to the surface in blocks, fluorspar being used in amounts vary- ing from 200 to 1,100 pounds or about .15 to .8 per cent. per charge, both to break up the blocks of limestone flux and to reduce sulphur and phosphorus content.’’

One of the largest users of fluorspar for open hearth steels informs the writer that they are unable to use fluor- spar that runs as high as 15 per cent., and prefer it to run not higher than 12 per cent. silica. About one-half of the fluorspar purchased by this company does not contain over 5 per cent. silica.

In the making of open hearth steel castings the function of fluorspar is to thin a limey slag when in the judgment of the melter it seems thick or sluggish. A moderate addition of fluorspar will liven it and its action may be likened to certain fluxes used in brazing metals, the property of dis- solving at lower temperatures the metallic oxides. In the production of one net ton of castings in basic practice Carr* states 13 pounds of fluorspar are used in addition to 300 pounds of limestone for flux, to 1,227 pounds each of pig iron and steel scrap. In American practice he says 5 pounds of chrome ore are used per ton for patching parts of the hearth where cutting above the slag line is severe upon the brick work, usually in gas ports and door jambs. Aside from patching, it is used as a neutral lining between mag- nesite and silica bricks. In European practice it is stated that entire hearths are lined with lump chrome ore.

A basic lining, the patent for which is held by Westing- house, consisting of basic substances as magnesite, chromite, and chromie oxide, or the like, with water glass (sodium silicate) and calcium chloride, would probably be suitable for basic linings where fluorspar is used.

Carr, W, M., in The Foundry, Vol. XXVII, No. 4, 1805, p. 166.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 157

In open hearth practice, fluorspar is of particular value in permitting the use of an increased proportion of scrap iron. In one of the Western Pennsylvania plants, a charge of 50 tons of cheap scrap, when melted with 2,500 pounds or 2.5 per cent. of fluorspar is said to give as fine steel as the best pig.*

Henderson, in an experiment in an ore lined open hearth furnace using cast iron, added 3.6 per cent. fluorspar; through its agency the phosphorus content was reduced from 1.14 per cent. to .17 per cent., the phosphorus partly volatiliz- ing and partly going into the slag.

In the Bessemer process, according to Howe, the phos- phorus leaves the iron rapidly during the early part of the operation. This has been ascribed to its effect in fluxing the lime present and rendering the slag effectively basic; without fluorspar, it is thought that the lime melts and com- bines with the slag but slowly.

Dr. Foehrt+ states that in both the Bessemer and Thomas processes (in acid and basic steels), fluorspar iis used in small quantities to concentrate the slag, and reduce the loss of metal. Where acid linings are used care must be taken to prevent the slag containing the fluorine from attacking them. It is also used in puddling in the various steel-mak- ing processes.

Howe,. in his ‘‘Metallurgy of Steel,’? commenting on experiments of Henderson and Percy, says that apparently under strongly oxidizing conditions like those of the basic Bessemer process, phosphorus tends rather to form eal- cium phosphate than phosphorus fluoride. Under gently oxidizing conditions of the open hearth it forms fluoride. To sum up, fluorspar or calcium fluoride appears to favor dephosphorization:

*“(1) By liquefying the slag, thus enabling it to assimi- late the. lime present, part of which might otherwise re- main unmolten and inert, and thus rendering the slag effec- tively basic.

*6(2) Probably by volatilizing silicon from the metal, thus diminishing the formation of silica and thereby increasing the basicity of the slag.

The Mineral Industry, Vol. XIIT, p. 153. + Mineral Resources, U. S. Geological Survey, 1888-1800, p. 469.

158 Kentucky Geological Survey.

‘‘(3) In certain cases, that is when conditions are not strongly oxidizing, by volatilizing phosphorus as fluoride.’’

Mr. Randolph Bolling recently devised and worked out the following sufficiently accurate and rapid method of analy- sis of fluorspar for open hearth steel works

‘A 1 gm. sample of the fluorspar, which had been well ground in an agate mortar, was heated in a 30 c.cm. plati- num crucible with 10 ¢e.cm. of strong sulphuric acid over a Bunsen burner, with an asbestos plate so as to reduce any tendency of spurting. After all the fumes had ceased, the crucible was allowed to cool, 5 g. of sodium carbonate were added and the crucible was brought to a red heat over a blast lamp. After complete fusion the mass was run up the sides and the crucible was finally placed in a 500 ccm. porcelain casserole with enough hydrochloric acid of 1.10 spe- cific gravity to cover it, and evaporated to dryness, the cru- cible being removed, of course, after the fusion had dissolv- ed. It was then taken up with strong hydrochloric acid and water was added to dilute the strong acid, so that it would not destroy the filter. It was then treated exactly in accord- ance with the standard scheme for limestone analysis. The silica was removed and determined by the first filtration, the iron and alumina were precipitated by ammonia, filtered and weighed, and then fused to estimate the iron. The filtrate from the iron and alumina contained all the lime, which was precipitated as usual by ammonium oxalate and determin- ed by the standard permanganate solution. Magnesia is usually present in so small an amount as to be excluded from examination, but can, of course, be determined in the last filtrate. As calcium carbonate is sometimes found in foreign fluorspar, a determination of CO, by the usual method as is used for limestone is made on a separate sample, except that tartaric acid is used instead of mineral acid. In caleu- lating the results, the CO, is combined with enough lime to satisfy it for the CaCO, formula, and the remainder of the lime is caleulated to calcium fiuoride (CaF,.)

Iron Age, Nov. 8, 1906.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 159

“A typical sample of English fluorspar gave the follow-

ing result: Cale MONG .2.2 22204 ocecse ree sleet es 78.4 per cent. Caleium earhbonate 8.1 per cent. Assets hoe ae tee es et 4.2 per cent. AMIN 250 3 See Sec ke en see oases 0.5 per cent. QSide: Of 1100, 2222-2 oe Ss oc soe eso 1.0 per cent.

‘‘This scheme of analysis is quite satisfactory for a works laboratory. In the analysis of samples from prospecting, the determination of fluorine directly, according to Fre- senius, would be necessary when one is not sure of the source of the sample. This is quite intricate, and is rather difficult to carry out without special equipment. In the above meth- od care must be taken to drive out all sulphuric acid in the initial treatment, by heating to a low red heat before fusing with sodium carbonate. Other elements accompany fluor- spar, such as traces of phosphorus, manganese, sodium and potassium, but as these are merely of scientific interest their estimation would not be of any special value and, therefore, can be omitted.’’

Wrought Iron.—In the puddling furnace, Henderson em- ploys a mixture of titaniferous iron and fluorspar, whereby fluorides of phosphorus, silicon, etc., are said to be evolved and slags abnormally free from silicon and phosphorus were derived. By this process, which shows a more rapid purification than ordinary puddling, original pig showing 1.14 per cent phosphorus, the phosphorus content in 30 minutes were reduced to .23 per cent., in 50 minutes to .12 per cent. and the final wrought iron showed only .07 per cent. As the resulting cinder showed less phosphorus than was in the pig employed, apparently some amount of phosphorus was volatilized as fiuoride.*

Iron and Steel Alloys——Fluorspar is used in the produc- tion of manganese and silicon alloys, and it is known that a company manufacturing ferro-chrome also uses it; it is probably used in making other alloys also.

*Encyclopedia Brittanica, Ninth Edition, Vol. 13, p. 320.

160 Kentucky Geological Survey.

The production of a basic slag which in fluorides is neces- sary in producing manganese steel, spiegeleisen, and ferro- manganese; for the last it is absolutely necessary.

Ferro-silicon, containing as much as 10 per cent. silicon, ean be obtained in the ordinary blast furnace from any silicious iron ore, producing a basic slag, if it be fluxed with fluorspar. The fluorspar energetically reduces the silicon; at all events, fluorsilicon is formed, which is reduced to sil- icon by the hydrogen contained in the furnace gases, and possibly algo directly by the coke.

Ordinary and Foundry Pig.—Owing ‘o its high price, its use in the manufacture of gray and white pig is limited, although it is an energetic solvent in blast furnace work, when blown as a powder into the nozzles. Its carrying phos- phorus into the slag is not of much benefit in making ordinary pig iron. It is, nevertheless, used in the Krupp and Rollet processes of dephosphorizing pig in the basic lined cupola furnace. Foehr thinks that in this process it only serves as a flux for the basic lime slag saturated with phosphorus.

A very small quantity of fluorspar in the manufacture of foundry pig will reduce both quantity and cost of fuel (coke), producing, as it does, a No. 1 deep gray pig, rich in graphite, permitting also the use of lower grades of iron ore, and the use of higher percentages of scrap; and in this also to reduce the phosphorus and sulphur content.

Limestone flux in cupola furnace work serves only to slag the ashes of the fuel, the sand adhering to the pig, ete., no chemical effect being produced on the iron. The fluorspar, as already noted, produces’a chemical effect on the iron by not only carrying phosphorus and silicon into the slag, but also by keeping the silicon as an alloy, and making the iron gray and soft.

In the foundry cupola, only 1/, to $ per cent. (6 to 10 pounds per ton of charge) flourspar is to be used, as over 4 per cent. would tend to have the maganese contained in the iron to slag. It is made into a paste with water and spread upon the bed of fuel just before charging the iron in the furnace. In other cases, as noted above, a considerable greater per cent. can be used to advantage, this depending

Kentucky Geological Survey. 161

entirely on the quality of the iron to be produced. The improvement of the product caused by this flux is especially manifest in the improved cupola furnaces, especially the Herbert, and has facilitated the use of inferior iron for soft castings.

In an article in The Foundry for January,1905, N. W. Shed gives the results of some tests made by the Foundrymen’s Laboratory of Buffalo. A thousand pounds of fluxing flour- spar, sold under some high sounding trade name, was used in the test. It was partly as fine as coarse sand and con- tained some crystals. The tests were made in one of the cupolas of the Buffalo Foundry Co. The results of these tests are presented immediately below, while following them are statements more favorable to the use of fluorspar by other recent writers. Mr. Shed says:

“¢To answer the claim that the flux would remove sulphur, Bessemer pig iron, averaging .044 sulphur, was taken. This pig was machine cast and very clean. In order to remove the possibility of introducing unknown amounts of sulphur, no scrap was used.

‘“‘The coke was sampled from several cars and found to run very even, the average sulphur being 0.75 per cent.

‘‘The scheme followed was to run one day with the fiux and use the same pig and coke with lime the following day.

‘“‘The first day, 8 lbs. of flux were used to 1 ton of iron, adding 20 lbs. of limestone, so that each charge of 3 tons of iron had 24 lbs. of fluorspar and 60 lbs. of limestone. The following day, 120 lbs. of limestone were used and no flux.

‘‘The cupola used was a Whiting, 66 in. diameter. The castings were ingot molds, bottom poured. The sprues from each mold were drilled. The results:

Using Fluorspar.

Sulphur SG Ay ot to ea elo eset .094 per cent, OO, GAY 52563 a to ee ee 094 per cent.

AVOTAG 6 jo ooo eect ete seek, 094 per cent.

162 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Using Limestone.

Sulphur Qdiday-2. 228 se see en Se ees ee ee .100 per cent. Oth Gay see a pees el ee! 090 per cent. INVEYAGO: Jo 2 S552 oe eS eS .095 per cent.

Loss of sulphur due to flourspar, .001 per cent. ‘‘This is practically nothing, and shows that the flourspar, 8 lbs. to the ton, has no effect in reducing sulphur.

‘*On the fifth day, the maximum amount of flourspar was used, 15 lbs. to the ton. The producers of the flux caution foundrymen against using a greater quantity on account of its cutting action on the cupola lining. No limestone was used with this amount of flux.

Results: Sulphur Oth day v2scv cogs c eee ee SS .089* per cent. UE Te eae ee eet a hd 091* per cent. VERA OG ad Sao ee el Sd 090 per cent. *Duplicate analyses. Sulphur 5111 6 Fe Soe Rr CR 093* per cent. With limestone 091* per cent. SAV OTA BO at S oe A et Reals ey 092 per cent.

*Duplicate analyses.

‘‘Loss of sulphur due to flourspar, .002.

‘“‘This is a very small amount and might be due to a varia- tion in the coke as much as to the influence of flourspar.

‘When limestone was used with flourspar the cinder was fairly fluid—it was necessary to pull it away with a hook occa- sionally.

‘‘When limestone alone was used, the slag was perfectly liquid and no hook was needed.

‘‘On the fifth day, when 50 lbs. of flourspar were used, the slag was very sluggish and stringy. The cupola bottom was in bad shape the next morning, masses of iron, coke and cin- der stuck to the sides of the cupola, requiring bars and sledges to break the tough cinder enclosing them.

the sixth day, when limestone alone was used, the cupola was clean, no barring or sledging being required.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 163

‘“‘The claim that phosphorus is removed is of little impor- tance to the foundryman, for it is rarely that the founder wishes to'reduce phosphorus, in fact he generally wishes to increase it. With a glassy silicious cinder, it is impossible to remove phosphorus. If the cinder should have an excess of lime as the basic open hearth cinder has, then it is likely that flourspar would remove phosphorus.

‘“‘To practically test the claim of phosphorus removal these tests were made:

Per cent. Phosphorus in Bessemer pig used .095 Using fluorspar; phosphorus 110 Using limestone; phosphorus .100

‘‘This shows that no phosphorus is removed by the fluor- spar flux.

‘“‘The cost of fluorspar should be considered. The lot of 1,000 Ibs. cost $17; this is $34 per net ton. By car-load fluor- spar ought to be delivered in Buffalo for $12 per ton.

‘‘Limestone, which is an equal fluxing value to fluorspar, can be delivered for less than $2 per ton.

‘‘Foundries near the great Kentucky-Illinois deposits of fluorspar would probably find it an advantage to mix fluor- spar with limestone, for at such points fluorspar could be ob- tained at very nearly the same price as limestone. At this distance there seems to be no practical advantage in the use of fluorspar.

‘‘There was no indication that the iron was more fluid by using the flux. But to accurately test this and also the claim that iron is stronger will be the subject of a further investi- gation by the Foundrymen’s Laboratory.

‘“‘To sum up the results of these experiments it will be found that:

“1. Fluorspar will not remove any sulphur.

“2. Fluorspar mixed with limestone makes a fairly good flux in the cupola.

“*3. Fluorspar used alone makes a very poor flux in the cupola.

‘‘4, Fluorspar cleans the iron no better than limestone.

‘5. Fluorspar does not remove phosphorus.

164 Kentucky Geological Survey.

‘*By previous trials it has been found that limestone mixed with the coke will reduce the sulphur two or three hundredths per cent, so that the statement that limestone is a better all- around flux than fluorspar is fully justified.’’

R. C. Ulill in The Foundry for May, 1905, gives the re- sults of tests made by him in connection with the use of fluor- spar, reaching the conclusion that fluorspar improves in every way both gray and malleable iron, also brass castings. He says:

‘We find on looking into the use of this flux in the foundry line that possibly many of the users of fluorspar are not aware that one of the most valuable methods of using this article is by putting a small quantity in the bottom of the ladle, then drawing the molten iron upon it, thus facilitating the mixing of the flux with the metal.

‘J, personally, have made several experiments which have brought about satisfactory results. For instance, one of my tests in gray iron was to put in the bottom of the ladle 3 per cent. of ground fluorspar, drawing the molten iron upon it. By the time the molder had reached the mold with the ladle, the excess slag was quite apparent, rising to the surface and forming a heavy mass, which he stirred a half minute in order to be sure of a perfect mixture and then skimmed off. This shows the powerful action of this material upon iron. We poured two test bars from this ladle. We also poured two bars from the regular iron. These bars, when broken by a breaking test machine, showed that the hars in which the flux was used showed 11 per cent. greater breaking strain.

‘‘In malleable iron, the test was even more interesting. I sent four regulation rods, two with and two without the flux, to a university that professed to be very much interested im this line of work. and upon which I knew I could depend for a fair test. In fact, nothing was known about the material which was being tested. The report received from them showed, in round numbers, an increase from 55,000 Ib. tensile strength to 60,000 Ib., and an increase in elongation from 4 to 5 per cent.; this, of course, proving the superior malleability of the bars in which the fiux was used. I sent some of this material to a firm who are making frogs. They reported satis- factory results. At the time T sent this, I knew nothing of

Kentucky Geological Survey. 165

their trouble, but they told me that it prevented, to a large extent, cracking, with whieh they had had a great deal of trouble. My own experiments so fav have met with the same SUCCESS,

tL have also made some experiments with fluorspar in brass; it has increased the stremeth of the metal and given better results in the finished casting.

“Vou have noticed in the above that I have given no chem- ical analysis; the reason for this is that consider the results will speak for themselves, but have one or two analyses which prove the average betterment in practical tests. show- ing from 10 to 12 per cent. general improvement. ‘This flux seems to leave no impurity untouched, but reduces them all; and the strangest part of it is that experiments show that the reductions are in proportion, that ix. not reducing the per cent. of one Dupurity more than another: thus when vou have used this flux vou have not changed the nature of vour casting, but have made a general betterment. which. in the majority. of cases, will not injure the casting for the nupose intended, making gray iron softer, but still holding its wearing power, making malleable iron more malleable, but increasing: its tensile streneth.’’

In foundry cupola praetice, besides the beneficial action of fluorspar already noted together with the eeneral im- provement mm quality of the iron produced, the following statement of a recent writer, comparing the use of fluorspar and limestone against limestone flux alone, is of interest:

“ Fluorspar undoubtedly assists in eliminating slag. The slag is thin, and the metal is kept hotter; consequently, sharper castings will be the result. In addition to this, the charge im the cupola is brought down more rapidly by the use of fluorspar, As to the contention that limestone is far cheaper than fluorspar, this, of conrse, goes without say- ing; but the intention is not to use fluorspar alone as a fluy, or asa substitute for limestone. but that the fluorspar should he used in conjunctien with the limestone. the usnal mix- ture being 20 pounds per ton of iron melted. 2. JAIL of the fluorine in the fluorspar combines with the silicon to form fluoride of silicon, which is n volatile compound and evoes ont of the stack. This relieves the <lae of that amount of silica,

166 Kentucky Geological Survey.

and consequently reduces the refractory nature of the slag. The balance of the calcium fluoride (fluorspar) is then left behind as oxide of calcium, or quick Jime, and this behaves exactly as an equivalent amount of limestone would, but as the limestone formed by the decomposition of the fluorspar, is pretty well broken up and distributed through the cherge in a very fine state, it forms an exceedingly accurate flux. One reason why less fluorspar is necessary for fluxing a given weight of silica, is the fact that part of the silica is driven out of the chimney, and part of it is slagged off in the charge. In this way, every ounce of fluorspar is used for fluxing, while in the case of the limestone all of the carbon dioxide gas contained in the limestone is driven out of the cupola without assisting the fluxing in any way.’’*

In ealewlating the fluorspar necessary to flux the ashes of coke, in a cupola, the following method may be used :t

‘‘As an example, the following analysis of coke is as- sumed :

Analysis of coke:

Fe, 0, AIO, CaO MgO sid, S

0.28 4.4 0.2 0.1 4.8 1.0

‘“‘Caleulation for the silica (SiO,) fluxed by bases con-

tained in the ash, 4.8 parts contained:

Molecular Weight Basis.

4 Fe,0,+3 SiO, 180 : + 0.28 : x =0.07 £ ALOL9 SO) 2 ARO ea ee 199 4CaO + SiO: 602202 2x2 0.05 4 MeO + SiO,—160 : 60 ::01 : x --0.03

Silica minus 2.07 parts leaves 2.73 to be fluxed by CaF. “The following analysis is assuined for the fluorspar: CaF, MgO Si0, CO. Fe,O,, Al,O, 88.94 2.08 D.17 2.29 0.83 0.69 ‘“‘First Reaction: 2(CaF,)+Si0.=2(CaO)-+SiF, is the first reaction that takes place. The fluoride of silicon is volatilized and the lime (CaO) formed is left to combine with remaining silica.

Iron Age, Oct. 4th. 1906. : . ’ ¢ Blunt, 1. G., Calculation for Fluorspar Slag, The Foundry, Vol. 27. No. 4, 1905, p. 196.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 167

‘‘Caleulation for the available calcium fluoride in the fluorspar: 4 MgO,+ SiO,—160 : 60: : 2.08 : x =—81 4 Al,O,+3S8i0,—411 : 180 : : 0.29 : x —.08 4 Fe,0,+38i0,—-640 : 180 : : 0.83 : x —.23

‘Hence 1.07 part of silica is fluxed by foreign bases in the fluorspar. 5.17—1.07—4.10 SiO, remains in the foreign matter of the fluorspar to be fluxed.

4(CaF,) +3(Si0,)—Ca,(SiO,) +2(SiF,) or 312 : 192 :: x : 4.1=—6.66

‘‘Hence 6.66 parts of CaF, are needed to flux the remain- ing 4.1 parts of silica in the fluorspar. 88.94—6.66—82.28, which are the available parts of calcium fluoride in one hun- dred parts of fluorspar. There are 2.73 parts of silica in the ash of the coke to be fluxed by the calcium fluoride, hence,

4(CaF,) +3(Si0,)—Ca,(Si0,) +2(SiF,) or 312 : 192 : : x : 2.738=4.26

‘“‘Therefore 4.25 parts of calcium fluoride are necessary to flux 2.73 parts of silica in the coke.

‘‘Since there are 82.28 Ibs. available CaF, in one hun- dred pounds of fluorspar; then 82.28 : 100 : : 4.26 : x =0.18 pounds; or 5.18 Ibs. of fluorspar are necessary to flux one hundred pounds of coke.

“The amount needed to flux the sulphur and the sand on the iron, may be gone through in a similar manner.

“Tt is very well for one to be cognizant of these reac- tions and calculations, but the writer does not deem it feasi- ble to use such an elaborate scheme in practice.”’

A teaspoonful of ground fluorspar placed dry in the bottom of the hand ladle before tapping will cleanse the metal of all impurities. A tablespoonful in a small bull ladle is suffi- cient for the same purpose. It glazes the lining of the ladles and keeps them clean as well as removing all impurities.

When used in the ladles alone 1 to 2 pounds are said to be sufficient .

1.68 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Chilled car wheels cast from foundry pig are greatly ben- efited when fluorspar is used in fluxing the iron from which they are made, it producing a low silicon iron, and it, it is thought, reduces the quantity of air or sand holes by exelud- ing the hydrogen and oxygen gases contained.

Pure Iron.—Fluorspar has the quality of extracting exceedingly small percentages of phosphorus and sulphur by carrying them into comparatively acid slags for the treat- ment of very pure qualities of iron. An example is to be noted in Swedish charcoal iron, in which these effects are produced by it.

Aluminum.—The Pittsburg Reduction Co. is the sole pro- ducer of aluminum in America. It is known that they have used to some extent American fluorspar in its production, though little is known concerning its technology since they do not give any information on the subj€éct. The Pennsyl- vinia Salt Co., an allied company, is the sole. importor of cryolite. Being the American agent for Geo. G. Blackwell & Sons, it also imports fluorspar. Their importation of eryolite has materially lessened in the past two years. This would rather indicate the substitution in part at least of fluorspar as a part of the necessary bath of fused fluorides, in connection with the reduction of bauxite. The manufacture of aluminum in the United States for some years has been nearly, or entirely, by the Hall process. The process was thus described by Packard

‘‘The process consists in providing a bath of fused fluor- ides to which alumina is added, and then reducing this alum- ina by the current from a dynamo. The bath is contained in carbon-lined iron pots or crucibles, which form the cathodes, while the anodes are large carbon cylinders which are made to dip into the baths. The specific gravity of aluminum being greater than that of the bath employed, the metal sinks to the bottom of the pots, and can be tapped off. To make alloys, the required metal (e. g., copper) may be in-

The production of Aluminum in 1894, 16th Ann. Rept., U.S. Geol. Survey, Pt. III. p. 540.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 169

troduced into the pot containing the bath and alumina, and, becoming melted, forms a cathode with which the aluminum, as it is reduced from the alumina, unites to form the alloy.’’

Manganese.—Most of the manganese output is used in iron-manganese alloys which have already received atten- tion. Regarding the production of metallic manganese, Foehr says:

‘It has long been known that fluoride of manganese, as well as a inixture of a manganese combination with fluorspar, can be reduced comparatively easily to metallic manganese by means of sodium. This reaction served Brunner in his successful attempts, the first ever made, to produce metallic manganese in large quantities. The modern application of this incthod to the blast furnace substitutes carton for sodium.”’

Gold.—Some assayers in Colorado* add fluorspar to the flux for Cripple Creek ores. They state they obtain higher results in that way. Fluorspar is a powerful flux, and its addition to the assay charge may possibly lead to better results because of the production of a better slag. The game article states that the smelters should pay for the fluorspar as ‘‘available lime.’’

Copper.—In addition to what Foehr has written con- cerning the use of fluorspar in copper and lead metallurgy, which is now presented, the matter under the caption of Fluorine in Lead and Copper Blast Furnace Slags, beyond, is of interest. Foehr says:

“Tlourspar was formerly the most important flux for smelting copper ores in the German stack, as well as in the English reverberatory furnace. The Mansfield copper slate, for instance, was fluxed with up to 10 per cent. of fluorspar, the cost of this being about 8 per cent. of the total smelting eost. The effect of this flux depended essentially on the volatilization of fluorsilicon, whereby the strongly acid slag was reduced in silica. The introduction of improved and heated blasts in the Mansfield works, has almost confined the use of fluorspar to the blowing in of furnaces. Five per

Eng. & Min. Jl, Vol. LXXX, 1905, p. 793.

170 Kentucky Geological Survey.

cent. of fluorspar is commonly added at the start, but the quantity decreases gradually until after from two to five weeks no fluorspar is used. In the English reverberatory furnace process formerly the ores were fluxed with as much as 10 per cent. of fluorspar, but nowadays this is done only with ores rich in arsenic. Fluoride of calcium with arsenides of metals gives volatile fluoride of arsenic, which, with a reducing flame, easily escapes. The risk of loss involved in the volatile fluoride of copper necessitates the pressure of an excess of carbon whenever fluorspar is employed in the metallurgy of copper.

‘While fluorspar is at present of small value in the treatment of copper ores containing sulphur, its property of giving very fluid combinations with gypsum and barytes may prove an important means for working poor oxides and silicious ores, as well as charges containing azurite, mal- achite, cuprite, atacamite and earthy red oxide of copper, by reducing the smaller part of the sulphate and forming a matte very rich in copper, and by forcing its larger part to- gether with the fluoride of calcium into the slag which there- by becomes thin and very fluid. Equal quantities of fluor- spar with gypsum or barite produce the most fluid slag. A significant point particularly with poor ores high in silica is that this slag is poor in copper, a fact on which was based the former Freiberg practice of resmelting copper slag, to- gether with pyrites and fluorspar, thus obtaining copper matte and poor slag, the intention probably being to enrich the matte in copper and impoverish it in iron.

‘‘Fluxing copper ores containing nickel with fluorspar is very favorable for the collection of the nickel in the matte, and has been in use in Reichelsdorf, Grunthal, and Mans- field works. The chemical process is entirely obscure and is worthy of study in the laboratory. Possibly nickel arsenide is decomposed into volatile fluoride of arsenic and nickel, which latter goes into the matte. Fluorspar is an almost indispensable flux for making tough copper, and generally, whenever silicon, which makes copper highly brittle, has to be removed. As a means of producing a matte poor in iron in the reverberatory furnace, a mixture of fluorspar, barite

Kentucky Geological Survey. 171

and quartz is more energetic and rapid than an addition of only the last two named, the proportion of the fluorspar and barite being for this purpose as between 1 and 3, whilst the quantity of quartz depends upon how much iron the roasted matte contains. Too much fluorspar gives a matte rich in iron. For refining and resmelting copper, fluorspar finds a constantly increasing use. Mixed with some soda it is most excellent in resmelting copper ingots and for removing from the metal both small quantities of arsenic and silicon. The process is kept a secret; the refining slag is, however, reported to be resmelted with gypsum and glauber salts and fluorspar.’’—(Foehr,)

‘‘Lead and Silver.—The introduction of the Pilz and Raschette furnaces has made lead and silver smelting without fluorspar a possibility. It is too expensive for this purpose, except for particularly refractory ores.

‘‘For resmelting lead slags, also, a smal] amount of fluor- spar flux is serviceable. It is used, too, for smelting on the Spanish slag hearth.

‘‘As in improved lead works, the ores to be smelted are almost invariably first roasted; the fluorspar is added at the roasting. The quantity varies from 3 to 5 per cent., ac- cording to the percentage of quartz in the ores. One per cent. of fluorspar, if ground as finely as possible, causes a notice- able economy in fuel. As this flux lowers the temperature in a roasting furnace and shortens the roasting process, the yield of metal must also be favorably affected.

“Tn refining, also, fluorspar is very advantageous, espec- ially when sprinkled on the bath in a fine powder The litharge is thereby made thinner and retains fewer metallic grains mechanically. The same effect is reached by adding a small quantity of soda, or a mixture of soda and fluorspar.

‘“‘It has proved most excellent for fluxing ores containing barytes and zinc. Possibly the temperature of the slag for- mation is reduced, thus diminishing the quantity of metal lost through volatilization. This is of greater importance in the reverberatory than in the stack furnace, so that the use of fluorspar might occasion a special modification of the

172 Kentucky Geological Survey.

English reverberatory furnace, a Derby process, with a flux of about 7 per cent. fluorspar.’’—(Foehr.)

Fluorine in Lead and Copper Blast Furnace Slags.—The article by L. S. Austin* upon this subject is of much interest, and is quoted in full:

‘‘The occurrence of fluorine in lead (or copper) blast- furnace slags is a subject that seems to be ignored by most of the authorities on smelting, but it is well worthy of atten- tion. In relation to this occurrence, I can furnish the follow- ing information:

‘“‘Smelting plants treating Mexican ores have to take into consideration the quantities of fluorspar present in them. For example (and referring to ores of the northern part of Mexico) the Nina Vera contains at times as much as 15 to 17 per cent. of CaO, combined with fluorine; ore from the Veta Grande may carry as much as 10 per cent.

‘‘Inasmuch as the presence of fluorspar is an advantage in smelting an ore, it must be taken account of, since the fluorine needs CaO to satisfy its needs, and this lime is not available for any other purpose (as, for example, to assist in fluxing the silica.) Hence, if we are intending to run a type slag (of the composition 34 per cent. SiO,, 33 per cent. FeO, and 23 per cent. CaO) in a charge containing 2 per cent. fluorine, the CaO would have to be raised to 27 per cent. to satisfy the fluorine present.

‘‘T have by me two examples of slag, one containing 1 per cent. fluorine, and the other 3 per cent. Now, another difficulty presents itself in running these slags. The silica (as ordinarily determined) is bound to be reported low, since the HF will carry some of it off when evaporating the so- lution to dryness to render silica insoluble. This increases the trouble to the metallurgist; since, if unaware of the presence of fluorine, he would imagine he had a sufficiency of lime, when, in fact, he should add still more to his charge.

‘‘Inattention to this requirement in fluxing the charge has resulted not only in giving a slag high in silver and lead, but even in freezing up the furnace, to the discomfiture of

Eng. & Min. Jl., Vol. LXXX, No. 19, 1905, p. 865.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 173

the metallurgist, who did not know where was the difficulty nor what would be the proper remedy for the trouble.

‘In actual operation, the plan has been to consider the CaO, which will remain on digesting the ore with acetic acid, as being in combination with fluorine, and, by keepmeg a record of all such lime in the charge, it is possible to esti- mate the amount of it so combined in the slag. Aside from this, no further determinations are considered essential to the daily blast-furnace operations.

“The analysis of the slags for fluorine by the classified methods is quite tedious; nevertheless, such work has heen performed, and this resulted in finding it present in them.’’

Both Kneeland* and Austint agree that lime in the shape of flourspar requires CaO to satisfy its needs; and aside from imparting an increased fiuidity to the slag, the fluoride of lime therein (when its presence is known and allowed for) is ert, and does not change its nature upon melting in the furnace.

Kneeland expressing clearly and in another manner, in the second paragraph below, what Austin sought to bring out in his third paragraph, states further:

“Tt has been asserted that the increased fusibility of the charge resulting from the presence of fluorspar (where lead smelting is being practiced,) causes an imperfect reduction, as the ore melts too quickly to give time for proper reduction to take place. Regarding this statement, although it seems plausible, yet I was unable to notice the difference in the re- duction, whether we made slags with 1 per cent. of fluorine, or whether the amount present was 3 per cent. if the same amount of eoke was used in the charge. As T have had no experience with slags containing more than 3 per cent. of fluorine, T can not say what would he the result where this percentage greatly increased.

‘*Again, IT helieve that the trouble to the metallurgist (where there is fluoride of lime to he contended with, the presence of which is not suspected) is that in slag analvsis, run in the ordinary way, the total amount of lime present is reported; a portion of this lime heing inert or unavail- able. leads the metallurgist to believe that there is more

*Eng, & Min. Jl, Vol. LXXX, 1905, No. 22, p. 1030. {—Same, No, 26, p. 1222.

174 Kentucky Geological Survey.

basic material in the slag than is actually the case. I be- lieve there is a more serious result from the presence of small amounts of fluorine in the slag, than the slight error in de- termining the silica due to its evaporation as tetrafluoride of silicon.”’

In the chapter on Analytical Methods will be found Mr. Kneeland’s method of determining fluorine in ore or slag.

Tin.—‘‘The slags of tin ores are generally very acid in the stack, as well as in the reverberatory furnace. As it is partic- ularly desirable here to reduce the quantity of the slag as much as possible, fluorspar, which has this property and in addition makes the slag fluid, has long ago found use, es- pecially in English tin works, where it sometimes forms 5 per cent. of the charge. Commonly, burnt limestone and fluor- spar are mixed, although it seems far preferable to employ soda than lime. The fluorspar fluxing must not be too lb- eral; otherwise the furnace walls are attacked and tin seems to go into the slag.’’—(Foehr.)

Nickel.—‘‘ When the price is not too high, fluorspar is an advantageous means of fluxing garnierite (nickel and mag- nesia silicate), but still more important in the concentra- tion of speiss (a residue of matte containing the nickel and other arsenides, remaining from separation of cobalt in re- ducing cobalt-nickel ores).’’—(Foehr.)

Zine.—Fluorspar with zine ore seems very undesirable, as it attacks the distilling vessels. On the other hand, in order to overcome this obstacle, a material composed of pure quartz sand with about 3 per cent. of fluorspar and some soda, has been tentatively used for tubes and muffles, which, though apt to frit on the surface in annealing, hecomes, on the es- eape of fluorspar, far more dense than can otherwise he ob- tained. The ordinary zine-distilling vessels are said to be extraordinarily improved by a glaze baking consisting of sulphate of zine and fluorspar in equal quantities, in regard to product, as well as durability of muffles. In refining pig zine, the remelting is sometimes facilitated by adding a mixture of glauber salt, rock salt and fluorspar.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 175

Zine smelters consider fluorspar objectionable, since: (1) It is decomposed in the roasting furnace (wherein the tem- perature is only about 1,000 degrees C. as the maximum) with the evolution of fluorine vapors, which are destructive to the lead chambers if the roast gas be employed in the man- ufacture of sulphuric acid.“ Mere heating does not affect the decomposition, which is due to the action of the sulphuric gases (evolved upon roasting zinc) upon the fluorspar, at or above 130 degrees, hydrofluoric acid being formed. (2) It leads to highly fusible slags. (3) Its destructive action upon the ordinary retort. This, the most objectionable of the three, it is now possible to overcome through the invention of Queneaut of composite zine retorts capable of construction with basic linings at a low cost. For such linings chromite or similar basic substances may be employed.

In the Production of Alundum.—Fluorspar is used to some extent by the manufacturers of alundum, a patented artificial corundum, used in making emery wheels and producing wheels of better quality than those made of the natural product.

Alundum is made from bauxite, which receives prelim- inary heating to drive off combined water and is then melted directly in electric furnaces of especial design. The temper- ature at which the furnace charge melts in a homogeneous mass is estimated at 6,000 to 7,000 degrees F. The solid massive alundum while resembling the purest natural co- rundum in chemical composition (A1,0,) is considerably harder than the natural product, the former having a hard- ness in excess of 94, the latter only 9. The greater hardness of alundum is attributed partly to the perfectly fluid con- dition in which the mass is melted.{ It is to be inferred that it assists both in reducing the melting temperature and in bringing about the perfectly fluid condition.

In the Manufacture of Glass.

Common and Plate Glass.—As already pointed out, the use of fluorspar in the manufacture of glass shows a notable increase; over per cent. of the total American consump-

*W.R. Ingalls, Metallurgy of Zinc, p. 34. p. 218.

tQueneau, A. I., Composite Metallurgical Vessels, Eng. & Min. J1., Vol. LXXXII, No, 15. 1906, pp. 677-679, 7 :

jtAlundum and Its Manufacture, Iron Age, November 8, 1906.

176 Kentucky Geologicai, Survey.

tion going now to the glass makers. Little concerning its technology connected with the manufacture of common and plate glass can be given at present. In this industry it is used as a flux to render certain constituents more fusible.

The action of fluorspar in the melting pot is said to have caused a perfection to be reached in American glass manu- facture that a few years ago would have been considered im- possible. American plate and cut glass is not only on a par with the French, but has a finish and brillianey that no other glass can equal without the use of fluorspar in its product- ion. One of the benefits attributed to its use in the making of plate glass is that of its imparting limpidity, thereby per- mitting it the more readily to be rolled. For plate glass the best grade of ground fluorite should be used, while the sec- ond grade ground is suitable for common glass, although higher percentages of silica are permissible in glass manufac- ture than in acid manufacture; in fact up to 2 per cent. is not objected to by the consumers.

Opaque and Opalescent Glass.—In general practice cryo- lite, phosphate of lime or fluorspar and feldspar have been used in the production of opapue and opalescent glass. When such glass is made with cryolite or fluorspar it con- tains fluorine, while that made with phosphate of lime con- tains phosphoric acid. The use of cryolite in the manufac- ture of this glass is on the decline, owing to the high per cent. of fluorine it leaves in the glass and which attacks the vessels in which the melt is made. The phosphate glass con- tains a high per cent. of phosphoric acid, also very unde- sirable. That made with fluorspar and feldspar leaves only half as much fluorine in the glass as the cryolite, and is con- sidered the most suitable of the three processes. Conse- quently fluorspar-feldspar glass has almost completely super- seded that of the other two processes. Second grade ground fluorspar is suitable for this purpose, ground as fine as pos- sible. Thus finely ground, mixed with the remaining in- gredients, and properly heated, it brings about the even dis- tribution of particles requisite to produce opacity, being es- pecially well adapted for this by its quality of producing very homogeneous masses. A transparent glass first re-

Kentucky Geological Survey. 177

sults, which upon being reheated and maintained for a time at a temperature near the fusing point, becomes opalescent, frequently showing streaks produced by the hottest parts of the flame in which the glass was heated; some very beau- tiful effects are thus secured.*

Below are given representative analyses of eryolite, phos- phate, and fluorspar-feldspar glass:

Cryolite Glass. Phosphate Glass. Fluorspar. Feldspar Glass Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. SiOe 59.85 Si02 49.58 SiO. 76.11 AlzgOs 10.71 B03 9.15 AlsOs 3.04 ZnO 8.18 CaO 15.77 CaO 3.78 Naz2O 14.07 Na20O 12.48 Na2O 9.21 As2Og 1.06 K20 1.44 K20 4,26 F 6.18 P2Os 11.68 F 3.65

Enamels, Glazes and Fireproof Ware.

Fluorspar is one of the enamel fluxes. It is used in com- bination, generally, with a refractory substance, as when used used alone it reduces the refractory character of the enamel. It is used to replace a part of the carbonate of soda and boracic acid sometimes used. It may be used as a flux in preparing the overglaze or colored enamels of porcelain ware, ete. Since the coloring matter of fluorspar is not due to metallic oxides, but to hydrocarbons readily volatilized, col- ored fluorspar may be as readily used as the colorless, the latter likewise containing hydrocarbons. For hollow and sanitary ware, No. 2 ground fluorspar is suitable. Lump or gravel fluorspar is sometimes used, it being ground directly with the other enamel ingredients. For the finest enamels, No. 1 ground fluorspar is preferable.

Fluorspar is used in small quantities in making fire- proof ware, presumably in fluxing the materials more thor- oughly, making them more homogenous and dense, the fluor- spar volatilizing on heating sufficiently in the kiln. In this connection, it is used for fireproofiing and glazing clay ern- cibles.

7 *Mineral Resources, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1886, Fluorspar, p. 622.

178 Kentucky Geological Survey

A little more than 2 per cent. of the total fluorspar con- sumption goes into enamels. Of this a Jittle more than half is purchased in the ground form, the remainder largely as lump, some gravel. About 50 per cent. of that nsed for enam- eling is cmploved for enameling bath tubs and sanitary plunb- ing; 40 per cent. in making enamel ware, such as cooking utensils, ete, Including also a very small per cent. used in enamels for wateh and cloek dials, ete.; and 10 per cent. for @lazine fancy tile and brick.

Apochromatic Lenses.

An apochromatic lens is one that shows objects, viewed or magnified through it, more nearly free from color rings than is obtainable with any oher kind of lens. For this purpose certain transparent minerals crystalizing in the isometri¢ system (cubes, oetahedrons, ete.) come nearest ful- filling the required conditions, because they do not show ob- jects viewed through them double (double refractions). The diamond is suitable when found completely transparent, but owing to its high refractive power and reflection from two faces, rarely occurs in this condition, not to mention its prohibitive high cost and difficulty of grinding.

Fluorspar has low refractive and dispersive powers and hence is especially adapted to the production of such lenses, as was pointed out by Abbe. It is much sought after by Ruropean optical makers where perfect lenses are necessary for the highest class of such instruments as spectroseopes, ete. Such lenses show very low differences hecause of re- fraction. For the three hydrogen lines TT, H, and TT, the dif- ferences in refractive indices are n —n —0.00455 and n—n 0,00255." Tt is of special value for certain work in ultra- violet light.

Fluorite pellucid (water clear) enough for this purpose is, however, extremely rare. Tt is to be found in simple erys- tals of fluorspar groups which are either colorless or very light veilow, green, blue, ete. As the crystal faces are usn- allv dull or have a satin luster, it is necessary to eut off (truncate) the corners of the cubes along cleavage planes,

Dana, New System of Mineralogy, 1901. p. 1034.

Optical Fluorite.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 179

to determine whether it contains any sufficiently clear and flawless. The clearest portion usually occurs in the center of the triangular face exposed by truncation. A peculiar property of fluorite of this quality is its conchoidal (irregu- larly curved) fractures and less facile cleavage. Twinned erystals usually show flaws due to striae along twinning planes, hence do not contain optical fluorite. Pieces as smal las one-quarter inch across may serve for lenses, though of course larger ones are more valuable. Prices range ac- cording to size and quality of pieces.

Fluorspar for Ornamental Purposes.

Fluorspar crystallizes in the isometric system, commonly in cubes. It cleaves per fect into octahedrons and second- aries. Being only about one-half as hard as most gems and somewhat brittle, it is not suitable for continuous wear though it is sometimes cut as a gem. It is phosphorescent when slightly heated, while the variety chlorophane, according to Kunz, may be distinguished by its being fluorescent (emitting light only as long as an exciting agent is applied), both tribo- luminescent (emitting light by slight application of friction) and thermoluminescent (emitting light by slight application of heat). This forms a new kind of gem, e. g., a fluorescent gemstone. Cholorphane has been found at Amelia, Va.

Fluorite occurs in white, yellow, green, violet, sky and amethystine blue, brown, wine yellow; rose red, crimson and pink, also pellucid. Most of the crystalline faces of Amer- ican fluorspar are dull, differing in this from the English. Cutting, however, materially heightens the colors, so that very beautiful cleavages are obtained, the writer having many such in his collection. Such are, however, still more beautiful by transmitted light. Some excellent gem effects may be obtained by encasing cut cleavages in small glass globes, placing a minute incandescent electric light beneath the cleavage. Fluorite is occasionally found shaped into orna- ments by the hand of prehistoric man. Kunz has obtained specimens of such for his collection, from the mounds of South- ern Illinois. The less perfect cleavage might be used for cheap jewelry settings. Fluorite is also known as chlorophane,

180 Kentucky Geological Survey.

pyro-emerald, fluorspar, Derbyshire spar and Cabra stone. Finely colored specimens are also known, according to color, as false ruby, false topaz, false emerald, false amethyst, ete.

The massive, coarse grained and fine grained varieties are made into paper weights, trinkets, vases, etc., in Derby- shire, England. The fluorspar is first shaped by the lathe and a fine steel tool, and is finished off with pumice and emery. The blue color may be changed to amethystine blue by slightly heating, though excessive heating will completely bleach it. The Tiffany collection at the St. Louis Exposi- tion contained a very handsome blue fluorspar vase.

Fluorspar has been rarely used in America for ornamental purposes, but since there is an abundance available for such purposes there is no reason why it should not be.

Carbon Electrodes for Flaming Arc Lamps.

The production of incandescent mantles of the Welsbach type led to the application of additional energies to produce an incandescent arc for electric lighting. Fluorspar not only seems best in assisting to produce this effect, but its use in proper quantity, as is indicated by the investigations of Prof. Dr. Herman Wedding, produces a light more economical than that of the ordinary arc light.

The ordinary electric arc lamp depends on the positive electrode for luminosity. In the flaming are lamp, an in- candescent are is produced by the presence of suitable min- eral matter in addition to the usual vaporization of carbon. It has been demonstrated that the presence of mineral matter not only augments the luminosity, but also diminishes by one half the current consumption for a given luminosity. Elec- trodes for this purpose are composed of carbon and some salt of calcium, usually fluorspar. Prof. Wedding in his studies on the influence of this substance on the consump- tion of energy in the lamp, has found that the most favora- ble conditions are found with .15 per cent. of fluorspar. Elec- trodes of this composition are found to consume but 0.15 watts per candle, as compared with 0.5 watts for the ordinary are.*

Berthier, A., Some New Modes of Lighting, Smithosian Ann. Rept. for 1904, p. 267.

Chapter Vii.

Methods Of Analysis Of Flourine Compounds.

Qualitative Determination.

The methods given by Brush-Penfield,* together with addi- tional notes on the potassium bisulphate method by Richards, are the best available, and are here given.

The etching of glass and the formation of volatile com- pounds with silicon, furnish the best methods for the detection of fluorine.

1. Etching of Glass.—This test is applicable only to com- pounds, other than silicates, which are decomposed by sul- phurie acid. Prepare a piece of glass by melting a little par- affin upon it, moving it until a thin, even coating is formed, and then allowing it to become cold. By means of any pointed instrument, which must not, of course, be hard enough to scratch the glass, draw lines through the paraffin, then apply the finely powdered mineral and a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, spreading the mixture about by means of a slip or roll of paper where the glass has been exposed, and allow the etching to go on for five minutes longer. After- ward, wash off the acid, warm the glass, remove the parraffin by rubbing with paper, and examine carefully to see if any etching has been produced.

The reactions in the case of fluorite may be expressed as follows: CaF,+H,SO, CaSO,+2HF; and SiO, (from the glass) +4HF—SiF,,+ 2H,0. It is owing to the affinity of fluor- ine for silicon that the glass is etched.

2. Test With Potassium Bisulphate.—This test is often more convenient than the foregoing, but can be applied only to compounds which are decomposed by sulphuric acid. Mix the powdered mineral with 3 or 4 volumes of potassium bi- sulphate, transfer to a bulb tube, being careful that the mix- ture does not fill the bulb more than one quarter full, and heat over a small Bunsen-burner flame. The liberated hy- drofluoric acid etches the glass, and this etching is usually Manual of Determinative Mineralogy, 15th Ed. 1902, pp. 75-77.

182 Kentucky Geological Survey.

seen very distinctly as a clouding of the sides of the bulb and lower part of the tube. The silicon fluoride and water formed by the reaction yield hydrofluosilicie acid and a de- posit of silica. The reaction is: 3Sil*°,-+-211,0==21L,SiF,,-Si0. The deposit of silica is the most conspicuous feature of the re- action, and constitutes a proof of the presence of fluorine, for without fluorine it could not have formed.

Tf heated, the silica may be driven up the tube, because SiO., 2ULSiF, form the vapors 2EH.O, 38il°,, but the silica de- posits again where the glass is cold enough to condense the water. If the upper portion of the tube containing the de- posit of silica is ent off from the bulb and dipped gently into water, so as not to carry off the silica mechanically, the hydro- fluosilicie acid will be removed, and when the tube is dried the silica will no longer be volatile. When the reaction is not very deeided, the washing and testing of the silica should never be omitted, for often a little sulphuric acid, driven cff from the potassium bisulphate, condenses as a white deposit, which might be mistaken for silica.

The following notes relating further to the potassiuni bi- sulphate test, are of interest:

In the Journal of the American Chemical Society, J. W. Richards says, of tests of fluorine, that while fusion with po- tassiun bisulphate decomposes any fluoride, the test of the rapors with Brazil wood is not reliable. Ile finds it better to make the fusion ina rather large closed tube, of say 5 to Simm. diameter. heating regularly with the tube almost horizontal. The silica ving deposits just above the assay, and the odor of the gas is often quite plain. Cool the tube, mek it below the siliea ving, break, and hold the upper end vertically under. and ¢lose to the nose. At this instant the odor of hydrofluoric acid will he perceived with certainty, if any has been driven off, and by a little experience the odor ean be distinguished with as much certainty as the smell of ammonia. A still more conclusive proof consists in letting water run slowly over the siliea ring. If it is merely a sublimate of a volatile salt, it will he dissolved and disappear; if it is the true silica ring, it will heeome gelatinous, seen under the lens, and on care- fully drving the tube the white ring is again strongly in evidence.*

Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXI, No. 23, 1901, p. 727.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 183

3. Test With Sodium Metaphosphate.—This test will often be found convenient, since it can be applied to minerals which are not decomposed by sulphuric acid. If the finely powdered mineral is mixed with from 4 to 6 parts of sodium metaphos- phate, transferred to a bulb tube (which should not be more than one quarter full), and heated very hot, hydrofluoric acid will be given off, which etches the glass, and deposits a ring of silica exactly as described in No. 2. This test is excellent for silicates when the proportion of fluorine is not too small (less than 5 per cent.), but wheh very small quantities are to be detected, the method given in No. 4 is preferable.

Sodium metaphosphate may be prepared by heating phos- phorus salt in a platinum dish until ammonia and water are expelled; or a sufficient quantity for an experiment may be made quickly by fusing beads of phosphorus salt on platinum wire, and crushing them in a diamond mortar. In the case of fluorspar their actions are:

CaF,+NaP0O,+H,0 — CaNaPO,+2HF. It is evident that water or hydroxyl must be present in order to form HF, and this may come either from hydroxyl in the mineral or from a trace of water that was not wholly driven out from the sodium metaphosphate.

4. Precipitation as Calcium Fluoride—tThis test is es- pecially applicable for detecting small quantities of fluorine in silicates. The mineral is first fused with sodium earbonate, ex- actly as described under silicates. The fusion is then pulver- ized, treated in a test tube with 5 cc. of boiling water filtered and washed, by which means sodium fluoride is obtained in solution. The filtrate is acidified with hydrochloric acid, boiled for a short time to expel carbon dioxide, a little calcium chloride added (some calcite dissolved in hydrochloric acid will answer), and then ammonia in excess. The precipitate will contain calcium fluoride, but a precipitate is not a proof that fluorine is present, for other compounds may be thrown down at this point. The precipitate must be col- lected in a filter-paper, washed well with water, and ignited in a crucible until the paper is completely destroyed, when the residue is tested according to No. 2. It is not safe to test according to No. 1, for sometimes considerable silica is precip- itated with the calcium fluoride, and in that case the hydro-

184 Kentucky Geological Survey.

fluoric acid will derive silica from the precipitate instead of etching the glass.

5. Acid Water in a Closed Tube—Most minerals containing fluorine and hydroxyl yield acid water in the closed tube, which reddens blue litmus-paper, and when the reaction is strong the glass is distinctly etched. Unless the glass is eteh- ed, however, a proof of the presence of fluorine must be obtain- ed by testing according to some of the foregoing methods. In cases where fluorine is isomorphous with hydroxyl, jivdro- fluoric acid will sometimes be given off instead of water. The acid then etches the glass, forms a deposit of silica, and gives a strong pungent smell at the end of the tube. From Brazil- jan topaz, for example, which on analysis yields 2.5 per cent. of water, the hydrogen is mostly expelled as hydrofluoric acid, and there is seareely any indication of water, but, if freshly ignited lime or magnesia is mixed with the mineral in the closed tube, the fluorine will he retained and water driven off.

Quantitative Determination.

The following methods for ‘‘Direct Determination of Fluorine;’’ for ‘‘Indirect determination of Fluorine;’’ and for ‘‘Complete Analysis of Fluorspar,’’ are presented by a writer in the Chemical Engineer (Vol. III, No. 2, 1905) as sufficiently quick and accurate for ordinary purposes (as in the case of commercial fluorspar). The ‘‘Direct Determina- tion’’ is eredited to Penfield’s ‘‘Volumetric Method,’’ Am. Chem. J., 1, 27.

DIRECT DETERMINATION OF FLUORSPAR, Solutions and Reagents. One-fifth Normal Caustic Soda Solution, prepared and

standardized in the usual manner.

1 cc of this solution=0.0234 gram CaF,. =0.0114 gram F.

Aleoholic Potassium Chloride Solution, prepared by dis- solving 30 grams of potassium chloride in 100 ec. of water, and adding 100 ee. of aleohol. Twenty ec. of the solution are used for each determination.

TLaemoid Indicator, prepared by dissolving 0.2 grams of lacinoid (resorein blue) in 100 ec. of aleohol. This indicator is red with acids and blue with alkalies.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 185

Powdered Silica.—Ignited powdered quartz or precipitated silica will either of them answer the purpose, provided they are free from fluorine.

Sulphuric Acid.—This must be concentrated. It is best to heat it in a well annealed flask until it fumes strongly and then cool, stoppering the flask with a perforated cork carrying a 6-inch piece of capillary tube until the acid is cold, and then with a solid rubber stopper.

APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING FLUORSPAR. (The Chemical Engineer.)

The apparatus is shown above and consists of a well an- nealed 250 ce. flask, d, closed by a two-hole rubber stopper. Through one of these holes, passes a funnel, c, which can be easily made by joining a piece of glass tubing on to a calcium chloride tube to form a long enough stem to reach nearly to the bottom of the flask. The funnel is filled with dry glass beads, and is closed by a stopper, in the single hole of which

186 Kentucky Geological Survey.

is inserted a calcium chloride tube filled with dry granular soda-lime. The rubber tube, a, connects the apparatus with the source of a current of air, which later can be shut off by the Hoffmann clamp as shown. In the second hole of the flask stopper, a condenser tube, e, bent as shown, is inserted. This is made by blowing a bulb in a piece of glass tubing (6 mm. in diameter), and is kept cool by immersion in a beaker of cold water. The test tube, f, is connected to e by a rubber joint, as shown, and is provided with inlet and outlet tubes, the latter being connected with the inlet tube of another test tube, g. The test tube, f, is 8 inches high, while g is only 6 inches. Both tubes are held upright by a small block of wood, h, bored with holes to fit the tubes.

Determination——Have the flask and the condenser tube, e, and the entrance tube to the test tube, f, thoroughly dry. Pour about $ inch of mercury into the test tube, f, and on top of this 25 ec. of the potassium chloride solution. Half fill the test tube, g, also with this solution.

Now weigh into an agate mortar 0.2 to 0.5 gram of the finely powdered sample, place the mortar on a piece of black- glazed paper and carefully mix, by gently rubbing with the pestle, the sample of fluorspar with ten times its weight of powdered silica. After mixing, transfer to the flask, cork the latter and connect up the apparatus as shown. Pour 25 ce. of concentrated sulphuric acid through the funnel, c, (and the glass beads) into the flask, d. As soon as the acid is poured into the funnel, close the latter with the stopper and guard tube, b. Place the flask in a bath of paraffin and heat to about 160°C. for one or two hours. A slow current of air is passed through the apparatus during this time. The test tube, f, is then disconnected from the condenser tube, e, and its contents, together with that of g, are rinsed into a beaker. A drop of lacmoid indicator is added to the contents of the beaker, and the mixture titrated with the sandard alkali. The percentage of fluorine is then calculated, as usual, from the weight of sam- ple taken and the number of cc. of alkali required.

The process depends upon the fact that upon treatment of fluorides with sulphuric acid and silica the following reaction

takes place: 9CaF, + 2H,SO, + SiO, 2CaSO, + 2H,O + SiF,.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 187

Upon coming in contact with water the silicon fluoride is decomposed into hydrofluosilicie and silicic acids:

sSiF, + 411,0—2H,SiF, + SiO,H,.

The hydrofluosilicic acid unites with the potassium chlo- ride, forming potassium silicofluoride (insoluble in 50 per cent. alcohol) and hydrochloric acid:

H,SiF, + 2KCl — K,SiF, + 2HCl.

The hydrochloric acid set free is, of course, titrated and as 3F,.—2HCI, 1 ec. N/5 alkali—0.0114 grams fluorine.

Indirect Determination Of Fluorine.

The following method, while not so exact as the foregoing one, will, in many instances, give correct results, particularly if the amount of silicate of lime in the fluorspar is small, as is usually the case. The sample should be very finely ground (or until no grit is detected on biting between the teeth). The determination is then detected as follows:

One-half gram of fluorspar is weighed into a small beaker and moistened with water. Five cc. of strong acetic acid are added, and the contents of the beaker boiled nearly to dryness (a bulk of 2 or 3 cc.) The pasty mass is diluted with 10 ce. of acetic acid and 15 ec. of water, boiled for a few minutes, fil- tered, and the residue washed with hot water. The filter paper and residue are placed in a small platinum dish or a large platinum crucible and ignited until all the paper is consumed. After cooling, 5 cc. of strong sulphuric acid are cautiously add- ed to the residue in the dish and the mixture evaporated to dryness. The dry mass is then dissolved in 50 ce. of water and 10 ee. of hydrochloric acid with the aid of heat, the solution is filtered, and the filtrate heated to boiling. Ammonia is then added until the solution smells faintly of the reagent and the solution is boiled for about a minute. Ten cc. of a 10 per cent. solution of oxalic acid and 250 ec. of water are now added and the lime precipitated with 30 cc. of saturated ammonia oxalate solution and filtered off, washed well and determined volu- metrically with standard permanganate. The precentage of lime (CaO) found multiplied by 1.392 gives the percentage of

188 Kentucky Geological Survey.

calcium fluoride (CaF), or by 0.6774 gives the percentage of fluorine (F,).

This method depends on the fact that calcium fluoride is not decomposed by acetic acid while calcium carbonate is dis- solved,

Complete Analysis Of Fluorspar.

When the silica is present as quartz or silicates undecom- posed by hydrofluoric acid, a complete analysis of fluorspar may be made by the following scheme: Weigh 0.5 gram of fluorspar into a small platinum dish or a large platinum cru-

cible, add 10 cc. of strong sulphuric acid, and evaporate to dryness. If a crucible is used, the evaporation may be con- ducted rapidly in the following manner: Incline the crucible on a tripod over a burner turned low, in such a way that the flame plays only under the upper part. When white fumes cease to come from the crucible or dish, cool and add 10 ce. of strong hydrochloric acid. Cover the solution and digest for 10 minutes on the hot plate, dilute with 50 ec. of hot water, heat until calcium sulphate is all in solution, filter off, wash, ignite and weigh the residue of silica. The iron oxide and alumina, lime and magnesia are determined in the filtrate as in a lime- stone analysis, and the fluorine is found in a separate sample by one of the methods outlined above.

Where silicates decomposable by hydrofluorite acid are present in the sample, the following method gives fairly ac- curate determinations of silica and fluorine:

Kentucky Geological Survey. 189

Treat 0.5 gram of fluorspar with acetic acid as directed for the indirect determination of fluorine and filter.

Residue 1.—Ignite over a bun- sen burner at a red heat for 15 minutes and weigh. Treat the con- tents of the crucible with 5 or 6 cc. of hydrofluoric acid, and evap- orate to dryness as directed in the preceding scheme and ignite for 15 minutes at a red heat. Cool and weight. Lossin weight=SiO:. The residue is then heated with 5 cc. of strong sulphuric acid and evap- orated to dryness. The dry mass is dissolved in 192 cc. of strong hydrochloric acid, diluted with 50 cc., filtered and washed. (2)

Residue 2.—Ignite and weigh as silica. Add to silica found above.

Filtrate 2—Add 5 cc. of bro- mine water and heat to boiling. Add ammonia in slight but distinct excess, boil, filter and wash. Re- precipitate if much iron and alum- nm is present and combine filtrates;

Residue 3.—Ignite and weigh as iron and alumina. Add weight to that found in column IT.

Filtrate 3.—Heat to boiling and add 20cc. of 10% solution of am- monia oxalate, stir and allow to settle. Filter and wash. (4)

Residue 4.—Dissolve in sulphur- ic acid and titrate with perman- ganate. Calculate to both CaO and to F (=CaOx0. 6774). Add weight of CaO to that found in column

Filtrate 4—May be discarded unless magnesium fluoride may be present, when magnesium is deter- mined as usual, and the fluorine corresponding to this is calculated (MgO X0.9415=F),, and add to the fluorine found above, while the magnesia is added to the weight of that found in column IJ.

Filtrate 1—Make alkaline with ammonia, add 10 cc. bromine water and boil. Allow the precipitate to settle, filter and wash. (If much iron and alumina are precipitated, dissolve the precipitate in nitric acid and re-precipitate with am- monia, boil, filter and wash, com- bining the filtrates); (5)

Residue 5.—Ignite and weigh as iron and alumina. Combine weight with that of Residue 3 in column

Filtrate 5.—Heat to boiling and precipitate the lime as oxalate, allow to settle, filter and wash. (6)

Residue 6.—Dissolve in sulphuric acid and titrate with permanganate. Calculate to both CaO and CO, CaOX0.7857). Combine weight with that of Residue 4 in column I.

Filtrate 6—Evaporate to 150 cc. Make alkaline and precipitate with ammonium phosphate, as usual. Fil- ter, ignite and weigh. (7)

Residue 7—Calculate to MgO (Mg2P207X0.8624) and CO, MgOX1.09.)

190 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Commenting upon the foregoing, W. George Waring says:* ‘““The schemes given in the Chemical Engineer III 65, for the analysis of fluorspar seem to me to require that cer. tain precautions should be observed, due to the fact that it is difficult, if not impossible, to completely decompose fluorspar by heating alone with concentrated sulphuric acid. If, how- ever, the residue insoluble in hot dilute hydrochloric acid be taken up in a very little strong hydrochloric acid and the acid solution be treated with an excess of potassium oxalate, the dissolved calcium fluoride will precipitate as oxalate, and can be determined and deducted from the weight of the residue. In like manner the ammonical precipitate of alumina, ete., from the main hydrochloric solution always contains considerable calcium fluoride, which may be estimated bv a like procedure. ““The following example is typical of many actual results showing the need of the foregoing precautions:

Illinois fluorspar, No. 29269:

CaO as reba by acetic acid 0.61=1.09 CaCO,

SiO vol BY Heke cotecc ached canoe a nese caus 0.40 SiO,

Insol. from Pallets 3 (Oy pepe ee ee re eee ee nena 12.35

CaF, found in same 12.17

Leavitig? 20030 220 ot oe oe oe see Soo cee ce ele 0.18 insol.

A1,O, etc., by ammonia 2.08

CaF, found i in SameGyic- 3. icon ecole be ec kaseces seus 1.64

Leaving SoigekasseeesesT Saou pepubisacecsescess oes 0.39 A1,Ozg, etc.

CaF, in ammoniacal filtrate 84.1

CaF, in: insoly 3.222232 o ee a cease eseste 12. "7 97.96 CaF,

CaF, in ammonia pp 1.64

MgO pebus tense asides ccesewn tel ise tes eaesestecebesns trace

Kneeland’S Modification Of Fresenius Method.

Kneeland, pointing out the inaccuracy of the acetic acid determination of available lime where other indigestible lime combinations besides fluorspar are present, presents the fol- ing modification of the old Fresenius method, which while technically accurate is adaptable for use in the ordinary run of smelter laboratories, permitting a number of determi- nations to he made per day without interfering materially with the other laboratory duties :t

‘“‘Wuse 0.5 or 1 gram of the material (according to the supposed amount of fluorine present) in a porcelain crucible

The Chemical Engineer, Vol. IV, 1906, No. 1. + A Method of the Determination of Fluorinein an Ore or Slag, Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol, LXXX, 1905, p. 1212

KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ist

with 10 times its weight of a mixture of equal parts of car- bonate of soda and carbonate of potash, until the whole niass is in quiet fusion. Raise the heat to bright red and pour into an iron mold, saving the crucible. Cool, break up the crucible into small pieces and transfer along with the fused mass to a 6 in. agate ware casserole (agate ware is prefer- able to porcelain to avoid subsequent ‘‘bumping.’’) Add 200 ee of distilled water and digest for one hour at a temperature near the boiling point, breaking up the fused Jump with a thick glass rod. If at the end of this time any undecomposed lumps are noticed, remove them with pincers and grind in an agate mortar and wash back into the casserole with hot water. Now boil for ten minutes and filter through a loose filter into a beaker of about one liter capacity. Wash first with hot water, then with a hot solution of-ammonium car- bonate. The residue is now discarded, Add to the filtrate 10 grams of ammonium carbonate, and boil five minutes, and afterwards allow to stand in the cold for two hours. Filter through a loose filter into a 6-in. agate ware casser- ole (decanting as much as possible of the fluid) and wash with cold water once or twice. Now, to eliminate final traces of silica add 20 ce. of an emulsion of zine oxide in ammonia and boil, leaving the casserole uncovered, until no more odor of ammonia is detected.

Filter into a No. 5 beaker and wash with hot water. To the filtrate add a solution of calcium chloride, stirring the while with a rubber tipped glass rod, until no more precip- itate is formed. Allow the precipitate to subside, and filter, washing with hot water. Test the filtrate for carbonates and fluorine with a few drops of calcium chloride solution. Now transfer the precipitate along with the filter paper to a plat- inum dish of suitable size. Dry first, then ignite at a red heat for 20 minutes. Cool and disintegrate the mass with hot water. Add acetic acid until the solution is clear and evaporate to dryness, being careful not to scorch. Now moisten again with acetic acid and evaporate until there is no more perceptible odor of acetic acid.

‘(Wash the mass into a No. 3 beaker with hot water, adding hot water until the lime acetate is all dissolved and finally 150 cc. excess of hot water and stir. Digest for a few

192 Kentucky Geological Survey.

minutes in a warm place on the hot plate and filter, washing first with hot water then with hot ammonium chloride so- lution, and again with hot water. Transfer the precipitate along with the filter paper to a platinum dish, dry and ignite. Cool, moisten with cold water, add 6 cc. of strong sulphurie acid, and heat for a few minutes. Cool, add 3 ec. of hydro- chloric acid, heat for a few minutes. Cool, dilute and transfer the contents of the dish to a No. 2 beaker. Add five grams of ammonium chloride, boil for a few minutes, cool and add an excess of strong ammonia water. Add 2 or 3 ce. of strong peroxide of hydrogen solution, boil and filter. The lime is then precipitated from the filtrate with ammonium oxalate and the amount determined as CaO, in the usual manner, by titration with the permanganate solution. Calculate the CaO to CaF, from which the amount of fluorine can be readily calculated.

‘‘To calculate CaO to CaF, multiply the percentage of CaO found by 1.392. Multiply the percentage of CaF, found by .4872, which will give the percentage of fluorine.’’

The following critical study of alkalimetric estimation of silicon fluoride, by Albert Hileman (in Contributions from the Kent Chemical Laboratory of Yale University, exlviii.),* will be of interest to those desiring to make rather complete direct determinations of silicon fluoride in the analysis of fluorspar or other fluorides:

‘‘Tye ELiMination AND ALKALIMETRIC EsTIMATION oF SiL- 1con FiLvoripe In THE ANALYsiIs OF FLUORIDES; BY ALBERT HILemMan.

‘‘The errors of the processes for the determination of fluorine, in which that element is eliminated as silicon fluo- ride to be subsequently estimated volumetrically, naturally fall into two categories. First, there are those errors which are due to imperfect elimination and collection of the silicon fluoride from the decomposition flask, and, secondly, there are the errors of the titration process. For the present pur- pose it will be most convenient to consider the latter class of errors first.

Am. Jour. Sci —Fourth Series, Vol. XXII, No. 180, October 1906, pp. 929-838.

Kentucky Geological Survey, 193

The Process of Titration.

“As has been indicated, methods have been used for the determination, by volumetric process, of silicon fluoride. First, the method of Penfield, which depends upon the col- lection of the silicon fluoride in an alcoholic solution of po- tassium chloride and the titration, without removal of the precipitated potassium fluosileate, of the hydrochloric acid set free. It is assumed that in the alcoholic solution the fluo- silicie acid and potassium fluosilicate are not appreciably hydrolized and that ammonia may exactly neutralize the hy- drochloric acid without attacking the precipitated potas- sium fluosilicate. Cochineal is used as the indicator.

3SiF,+4H,0+4KCl--2K,SiF,+9i0,H,+4HCl HCl+NH,OH=NII,CI-+-H,0

‘‘The second method of titrating the silicon fluoride, re- sembling that of Penfield, except that standard sodium hy- droxide or potassium hydroxide is employed instead of am- monium hydroxide in titrating the free acid, which is the method of Bullnheimer* and used by Treadwell and Koch, involves very similar reactions.

3SiF,+-41,0+4KCI—4K, SIF, + Si0,H, +4111 NaOH+HCIl—NaCl-+H,0

‘“‘The third method, that of Offermant differs from the preceding methods in this respect, that the silicon fluoride is allowed to act upon water and the fluosilicie acid and hydro- fluoric acid thus formed are acted upon by standard potas- sium hydroxide to the point of complete hydrolysis of the fluosilicate to the condition of a fiuoride.

3SiF,+411,0—4H,SiF,+Si0,H, H,SiF,,+6KOH—6KF-+ SiO ,H,+-2H,0

‘‘According to this process the amount of the standard alkali used is three times as great as that used to the end reaction of the preceding process. According to a fourth

Zeitschr. Angew, Chem. 10}, 1901" + Zeitschr. Anal. Chem, XLIII, 444, 1904. $ Zeitschr. Angew. Chem. 615, 1890.

194 Kentucky Geological Survey.

method advocated by Tammann,* and useful when fluorides are to be determined in the presence of carbonates, the po- tassium fluosilicate is precipitated and separated with pre- cautions and titrated by itself with standard potassium hy- droxide to the point of formation of potassium fluoride and silicic acid.

K,SiF,+4KOH—6KF-++-Si0,H,

‘‘This process is essentially similar to the second process so far as concerns the reaction involved, but only two units of the alkali used for neutralization are of the standard al- kali. For the present purpose, therefore, it will suffice to com- pare the first three methods as to the degree of agreement and the processes. For this purpose measured portions of a so- lution of fluosilicic acid were treated according to the meth- ods described and the results are recorded in the following table:

TABLE I. TITRATION IN ALCOHOLIC SOLUTION. (aecceming to (According to Penfiel ’ Bullnheimer) Standar Standard. tandard Flourine H,SiF, NH,OH EOH NaOH Found Avera:

Cig cms coms coms grm. grm. 25 7.8 Sees Sees 0.1488 25 7.8 esee sacs 0.1488 25 7.27 cident pane 0.1429 0.1429 25 7.28 “sss ates 0.1419 25 7,20 aoe 0.1481 25 asus 10.67 wove 0.1412 25 in ake 10.72 nee 0.1419 25 er 10.64 aaa 0.1408 0.1411 25 eae 10.67 aa 0.1412 25 mes 10.60 mama 0.1408 25 sess ee 9.11 0.1416 25 sees wae 9.12 0.1418 25 Jase eee! 9.07 0.1410 0.1415 25 wee ‘iain oes 9.10 0.1414 25 nate ose 9.12 0.1418

‘“‘The differences between the amounts of fluorine indi- cated by the individual determinations in any one of these processes are generally slight. The averages of the determi- nations by potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide are very close together, being 0.1411 grams and 0.1415 grams of

% Zeitechr, Anal. Chem. XXIV, 1885, p. 828°

Kentucky Geological Survey. 196

fluorine. The average of the titrations by ammonium hy- droxide is a little higher, namely 0.1428 grams. That the dif- ference between these averages are due to gradual variations in the reading tint, is shown by a comparison of three ti- trations as nearly simultaneously as possible, in which the greatest care was taken to bring all to the same tint at the final reading.

Table Ii.

Comparison Of Simultaneous Titrations In Alcoholic Solution.

Solution used

em.g germ, Titration by NH4,OH 7.2 0.1414 Titration by KOH .. 10.71 0.1418 Titration by NaOH 9.18 0.1419

So it appears that the results obtained are practically the same by the three processes of neutralization applied to a solution of fluosilicic acid. But it is to be observed that all are possibly subject to a common and constant error due to the presence of hydrofluoric as well as fluosilicic acid. If the former acid is present it tends to raise the apparent value of the latter.

‘‘With these results of titrations in alcoholic solution are to be compared the results obtained by the method of ti- tration in the water solution (in which the fluosilicate is com- pletely converted to fluoride), recorded in the following table:

TABLE III. TITRATIONS OF FLUOSILICIC ACID IN WATER SOLUTION. (According to Offerman.) HySiF, be 7 Standard. eae

Taken 1Na0H Average . cmg cmg grm, grm, 35 809 on... 0. 1958 25 808 ... "185: 25 309 0.1858 0.1855 25 80.79 0.1858 2% — -aeee 26.2 01357 % 26.15 0.1855 6% 26.95 0.1860 0.1856 % 8 26.2 0.1857 Ss 2... 26.18 0.1864 2% # 26.14 0.18654 )

“Tt is obvious that the process of titrating fluosilicic acid in water solution yields uniform indications, both with po- tassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, but that the values

196 Kentucky Geological Survey.

for fluorine are very much below those of the titrations in al- coholic solution. And this would be the case if the solution of fluosilicic acid contains hydrofluoric acid as is natural.

‘‘In the analytical process in which silicon fluoride is passed into the alcoholic solution of potassium chloride the formation of hydrofluoric acid is likely to be at a minimum and so the titration of the hydrochloric acid set free in this metathesis should indicate closely the actual amount of fluor- ine present. If, however, the silicon fluoride is passed into water instead of into this alcoholic solution of potassium chloride, it is necessary to titrate together the products of action, fluosilicic acid and hydrofluoric acid, to the point of formation of the alkali fluoride, in order that the indication may be correct.

The action of ammonium hydroxide upon fluosilicic acid in water solution proves to be comparable with that of so- dium hydroxide, and inferentially with that of potassium hydroxide, though the hydrolysis of the fluosilicate appears to be not quite so complete. In the table are given the results of comparative titrations.

TABLE IV. Flourine H2siF NH,OH Flourine tound by Taken (1em3—=0,006547 ) found by NH4OH NaO. em.8 cm.3 grm. s 25 $1.04? 0.20382 0.2057 25 81.00 0.2080 0.2057 10 12.89 0.0811 0.0823 10 12.42 0.0816 0.0823 10 12.42? 0.0811? 0.0823

The following expression represents the reaction: 6NH,OH,SiF,—6NH,F-+ Si(OH,)+2H,0 ‘‘When silicon fluoride is passed into water containing ammonium hydroxide, as is suggested in Liversidge’s method for the analysis of fluorides, it is obvious that nearly complete hydrolysis must take place, with formation of silicic acid pre- cipitated or colloidal, according to the equation,

SiF,-+-4NH,OH—4NH,F-+Si(OH,).

According to Liversidge,* potassium fluosilicate may be

*Chem. News XXIV. 266.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 197

thrown down by addition of potassium chloride and alcohol, after dissolving the precipitated silica by heating the am- moniacal liquid. In my experience, it has never been possible to thus dissolve all the silica, and the precipitate obtained by adding potassium chloride, with or without alcohol, ap- pears to be silica thrown out of its coloidal solution by ad- dition of the electrolyte.

The Elimination Of Silicon Fluoride.

‘‘As.to the sources of error due to imperfect elimina- tion, and collection, of silicon fluoride, we have the testimony of the several investigators already quoted. The importance of using the fluoride in the finest state of division, of having the sulphuric acid evolved from the decomposition flask, and of using quartz for the silicon dioxide in the decomposition flask, have all been emphasized. Many forms of apparatus have been employed and the results have varied widely, errors of from 0.0010 gram to 0.0050 gram in determination of fluorine by absorption and weighing of silicon fluoride being not uncommon.

‘¢ At the outset of the work to be described, an investiga- tion was made as to the limit of error likely to occur in the use of simple apparatus and sulphuric acid, prepared by heating to the fuming point, for about a half hour. The silicon fluo- ride evolved was estimated by absorption in an alcoholic so- lution of potassium chloride following the method of Penfield,* and the hydrochloric acid set free was estimated by standard potassium hydroxide.

‘‘The apparatus employed consisted of the following parts: First, there was an apparatus for purifying the air current by passing in through a sulphuric acid wash bottle and two large drying cylinders containing fused calcium chlo- ride at the bottom and soda lime at the top; second, a 100 em? decomposition flask provided with a double perforated rubber stopper, through which passed a glass tube from the drying cylinders to the bottom of the flask, while another tube, lead- ing from this decomposition flask, was joined to a large empty U-tube intended to condense any sulphuric acid which might be carried from the decomposition flask. Third, connected

Am. Chem. Jour., I, 27.

198 Kentucky Geological Survey.

with the outer limb of the U-tube for condensing sulphuric acid was an absorption system similar to that described by Burk.* It consisted of a test tube 34 em. in length and 2 cm. in diameter, containing a few em® of mereury into which ex- tended a delivery tube with a capillary opening. The test- tube was placed at an angle to diminish the pressure through- out the system.

‘‘Before making a determination, the apparatus was first earefully dried. The absorption tube was filled with a sat- urated solution of potassium chloride in 50 per cent. alcohol, and the material to be analyzed, weighed on a watch glass, was transferred to the decomposition flask through a funnel with a short neck. To the material were added fifteen times its weight of ignited quartz sand and 50 em? of sulphuric acid, which had been previously heated strongly and cooled in a desiccator. To an iron plate supporting the decomposition flask, heat was applied by a burner and regulated so that a flask of sulphuric acid placed where it received the same amount of heat as the decomposition flask should have a tem- perature of between 150° and 160°. During the heating a slow current of air was passed through the apparatus. In the reaction in the decomposition flask hydrofluoric acid was generated which acting on the silica formed silicon fluoride. In the absorption tubes silicon fluoride acted on water accord ing to the following equation:

3S8iF ,-+411,0—211.SiF, +Si0,H,

In the presence of potassium chloride and alcohol the fiuo- silicie acid was precipitated as potassium fluosilicic, and a corresponding amount of hydrochloric acid set free.

H,SiF,+2KCI=K,SiF,+2HCI

The hydrochloric acid was then titrated with a standard potassium hydroxide solution, using cochineal as an indicator.

‘CA series of experiments, carried out in the manner de- scribed, was made with ordinary pulverized fluorite. The heat- ing was continued in every case above the time limit of two

Jour. Am. Chem. Soc. XXIII, 825 (1901).

Kentucky Geological Survey. 199

hours. All gas bubbles had disappeared from the acid mix- ture, which fact, according to Fresenius* and Offermant shows that the decomposition was complete.

“The time required to decompose fluorite is stated by Pen- field to be two hours from 0.2 to 0.1 gram; by Fresenius two hours for 0.1 gram and four hours for 1.0 gram.

TABLE V. Theory Found Error CaF, Silica KOH Fluorine Fluorine Fluorine grams. grams, cms, gTams. grams. grams. (1em8—0,.01045F.) 1. 0.5000 7.0 22.7 0.2482 0.2872 -0.0060 2. 0.5000 7.0 22.56 0.2482 0.2857 -0.0075 8. 0.5000 7.0 22.7 0.2482 0.2872 0.0060 4, 0.6000 7.0 23.15 0.2482 0.2419 0.0018 5. 0.5000 7.0 22.4 0.2482 0 2340 0.0092 6. 0.5000 7.0 21.7 0.2482 0.2277 -0.0155 7. 0.5000 7.0 22. 0.2482 0.2299 0.0133 8. 0.5000 7.0 21.7 0.2482 0.2267 0.0165 9. 0.6000 7.0 22. 0.2482 0.2851 0.0081

‘“‘The cause of the variation in the results, and of the oc- casionally very large errors in the above series of experiments was not apparent at the time when experiments . were made, but reference will be made to this later.

‘‘Crystals of fluorite, perfectly clear and of pale green color, were next tried. The powdered mineral on treatment with sulphuric acid yielded the theoretical amount of calcium sulphate.

TABLE VI. Fluorine Fluorine Fluorine Tem- CaF, KoH Theory Found Error Time pera- grams, cms grams, grams, grams hours. ture, (lem8==0,01045 Fluorine.) 1 0.5000 21.77 0.2432 0.2274 0.0158 6 150° 2 0.6000 22.0 0.2482 0.2299 0.0188 8 160° 8 0.6000 21.77 0.2482 0.2274 00158 8.25 4 0.6000 23.6 0.2482 0.2466 +0 0034 6 5 0.5000 22.15 0.2482 0.2814 0.0118 6 6 0.5000 22.19 0.2482 0.2318 0.0114 6 180° 7 0.5000 19 87 0.2482 0.2014 0.0418 8 8 0.6000 16.2 0.2432 0.1692 0.0740 8 9 0.5000 22.2 0.2432 0.2825 0.0107 boil- 10, 0.5000 21.25 0.2482 0.2220 0.0212 ing.

‘In experiment (1) above, the heating was continued for six hours at 150—160°. In experiment (2) the powdered min- eral was fused with sodium carbonate and the mixture trans-

Zeitschr. Anal. Chem., VI, p. 190. ¢ Loc. Cit.

200 Kentucky Geological Survey.

ferred to the decomposition flask. In experiments 5--8 above, the temperature was raised as high as 180°, while the empty U-tube was immersed in a freezing mixture of salt and ice. Blank determinations showed that some sulphuric acid was carried over under these conditions. In experiment (9) and (10) the acid was heated to boiling and allowed to cool before the air current was passed through.

‘“‘The effect of precipitated silica instead of quartz sand was next tried. In experiment (1) the silica was air dried; in (2) it was strongly ignited.

TABLE VII. Theory Found Error CaFo Silica KOH Fluorine Fluorine Fluorin grams grams ems grams grams grams 1. 0.5000 7.0 6.4 0.2432 0.0668 0.1764 2. 0.5000 7.0 21.2 0.2432 0.2215 0.0217

‘“‘These experiments indicate that the small amount of water in the air dried silica may cause great deficiency in the fluorine found, and suggests the idea that even the amount of water produced in the reaction involving the sulphuric acid, the fluoride and silicon dioxide may be the occasion of trouble.

Apparatus For Use At High Temperatures.

‘‘Owing to the lack of success with the silicon fluoride processes in which the decomposition was effected at tempera- tnres between 150—160°, an attempt was made to devise a simple and convenient form of apparatus in which the acid mixture might be heated to boiling to facilitate the removal of the silicon fluoride to the absorption system.

‘‘ After a number of experiments with this end in view the following model of apparatus was found to be the most satis- factory: A glass stopper, made by drawing out a glass tube 1 em. in diameter and sealing a small glass tube on each end, is ground into a 70cm? side neck flask. To one end is sealed a glass stop-cock. The other end extends to the bottom of the flask. The side neck is sealed to a Voit flask. The length of the tube between the two flasks is 17 em, and it is bent at right angles, 12 em from the Voit flask. The tube leading from the Voit flask enters a large empty U-tube through a rubber stop-

Kentucky Geological Survey. 201

per. A tube from the other limb of the U-tube enters a trap loaded with phosphorus pentoxide. A rubber connection joins the trap with the delivery tube of the absorption apparatus de- scribed above. Connected with the absorption tube is a pres- sure regulator. This consists of a T-tube, one opening of which enters a test tube of mercury through a rubber stopper. Another perforation is closed with a glass tube which may be raised or lowered in the mercury. The third opening of the T leads to the aspirating pump.

‘‘Preparatory to making a determination the apparatus is carefully dried. The tip of the delivery tube is then placed beneath the surface of the mercury in the absorption tube and distilled water is added, care being taken that enough space remain for the rise in level when air bubbles are in the liquid. The pressure regulator is then connected with the absorption tube and adjusted so that a rise of pressure in the apparatus should be relieved but no appreciable vacuum created. The U- tube is then immersed in a vessel of cold water and connected with the trap. Next, the mineral, together with quartz powder in about three times the weight of the fluorine present, is transferred to the decomposition flask. Next, enough sul- phuric acid to seal the delivery tube from the side neck flask is introduced into the Voit flask. The two flasks are then tilt- ed so that acid should moisten the connecting tube to the bend. About 40 cm* of sulphuric acid and several capillary tubes 1 mm in diameter sealed 1 em from an open end and at the other end* to prevent bumping, are added to the decompo- sition flask, and the stopper quickly replaced and sealed with a drop of sulphuric acid. The acid used above had been boiled

Scudder, J., Am. Chem. Soc. XXV, p. 118

202 Kentucky Geological Survey.

for half an hour and a current of dry air passed through on cooling. A thin strip of asbestos is wrapped about the neck of the flask, and the stop-cock having been closed, the bulb is heated in a radiator whose top is covered with a sheet of asbes- tos matting.

‘“When heat is applied to the process, bubbles of gas are given off, the solid material rises to the surface, and during the course of the heating an oily film gathers on the upper part of the flask and in the delivery tube. On boiling, this film is replaced by a white deposit which receded before the acid vap- ors. The success of the determination depends, as was found, on the removal of this deposit. When the acid vapors have penetrated the length of the tube leaving it clear or translu- eent, the decomposition is complete, and the stop-cock having been opened, the side neck flask is cooled to about 75°. cur- rent of purified air is drawn through the apparatus, slowly at first and then more rapidly. About six liters are necessary to remove the last trace of silicon fluoride.

‘‘Daniels’* suggestion that the deposit mentioned above is a polymer of SiF, appears unwarranted. It seems more probable that this is a product of partial hydrolysis of silicon fluoride by the action of water generated in the action of sul- phuriec acid on the fluoride, as suggested above, the process of forming and hydrolyzing silicon fluoride being repeated until the water is finally absorbed in the cold acid of the Voit flask.

“‘Tf it happens that the acid mixture bumps before the de- composition is complete, some of the deposit may become dis- lodged from the tube and remain undecomposed in the Voit flask. Bumping also renders it difficult to boil the acid vapors through the delivery tube. On this account the tube between the two flasks should be as short as is practicable. Unsatis- factory results were obtained when the tube was about one- half longer than the dimensions given above. If the acid tends to suck back from the Voit flask, it is arrested by open- ing the stop-cock for a moment to relieve the vacuum. If, at this point of the experiment, the pressure regulator should not be adjusted properly, acid vapors would be drawn through

*Zeitschr. Anorg. Chem. XXXVITI, p. 257.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 203

the apparatus into the absorption tube. The decomposition is ended in fifteen to forty minutes. The delivery tube is washed and the absorption solution transferred to a flask and titrated with sodium hydroxide* from an alkali burette, with phenol. phthalein as an indicator, according to the method of Offer- man, the third method referred to above.

H,SiF,-+-6NaOH—6NaF+Si(OH),+2H,0.,

‘<The following series of results was obtained according to the method outlined above.

TABLE VIII. Theory Found Error CaFo Quartz Na on Fluorine Fluorine Fluorine rms. : grams grams Tiem®=n0,005182) . 1. 0.3000 0.4 28.2 0.1459 0.1444 0.0015 2. 0.3000 0.4 28.85 0.1459 0.1452 -0.0007 3. 0.3000 0.4 28.84 0.1459 0.1451 -0.0008 4, 0.3000 0.4 28.25 0.1459 0.1447 0.0012 6. 0.3000 0.4 28.3 0.1459 0.1449 ~0.0010 6. 0.8000 0.4 28.87 0.1459 0.1458 —0.0006 NaF 7. 0.8000 0.4 26.2 0.1356 0.1842 0.0012 8. 0.3000 0.4 26.44 0.1856 0.1355 -0.0001 9. 0.8000 0.4 26.46 0.1856 0.1856 -0.0000 10. 0.3000 0.4 26.8 0.1356 0.1847 —0.0009 11 0.8000 0.4 26.34 0.1356 0.1849 0.0007 12 0.3000 0.4 26.3 0.1356 0.1347 0.0009 ot ta ilicic ai 18 0.8000 26.29 0.1856 0.1846 -0.0010 Quartz 14, 0.8000 0.4 26.3 0.1856 0. 1847 0.0009

Ca,40.1; Na,28.05; F,19. (Error—0.0008).

‘With the apparatus described above, in which the sul- phuric acid in the decomposition flask may be boiled, the sil- icon fluoride formed passes rapidly to the absorption system, other products of partial hydrolysis of silicon fluoride formed in the flask or tube are ultimately reconverted to silicon fluor- ide, and regular results of a fair degree of accuracy are ob- tained. In all the experiments above except (6) and (14) phos- phorus pentoxide, about 2.0 grams, was introduced into the decomposition flask, the purpose being to retain water formed in the reaction. The results of the experiments specifically mentioned show, however, that phosphorus pentoxide in the flask is not essential.

Kuster, Zeitsche. Anorg. Chem. XLI, p. 475.

204 Kentucky Geological Survey.

‘In three blank experiments, where the acid in the decom- position flask was heated to boiling, amounts of acid in each case equivalent to 0.0002 gram of fluorine were found in the absorption solution; the above results therefore are subject to this trifling error.

Hillebrand On Determination Of Fluorspar.,

For the determination of minute quantities of fluorine in the analysis of silicate and carbonate rocks, the methods de- seribed by Dr. W. F. Hillebrand in Bulletin 305 of the U. S. Geological Survey are, perhaps, the best available, giving as they do the result of long experience in the Survey labora- tory. Following is Hillebrand’s account of the methods:

IN SILICATE ROCKS, ‘‘A, Imperfection of the Qualitative Test for Fluorine.

“‘There is no qualitative test which will reveal with certainty the presence of fluorine in rocks. Heating the pow- der before the blow-pipe with sodium metaphosphate on a piece of curved platinum foil inserted into one end of a glass tube, or in a bulb tube, is not to be relied on in all cases. While as little as 0.1 per cent. of fluorine can sometimes be thus de- tected with ease, much larger amounts in another class of rocks may fail to show.

“‘B, _Quantitative Determination of Fluorine. ‘a, The Method.

‘‘Mor the reason that the fluorine minerals occurring in rocks are mostly attacked but partially, if at all, by strong hot sulphuric acid, none of the methods depending on the volatilization of silicon fluoride can be used. There is the fur- ther reason that even with decomposable fluorides it is im- possible to obtain quantitative results in presence of amor- phous silica or silicates.* Only with quartz powder is volatil- ization perfect. The method to follow is that of Berzelius,

‘See Daniel, K., Zeitsche, Anorg Chemie. Vol. 38, 1904, pp. 257-306."

Kentucky Geological Survey. 205

which, though not difficult, requires great attention to details and even then affords low results (see c. for causes of error). It admits of the determination of silica at the same time, and is in fact the only method available for silica in fluorides. ‘‘Two grams of the rock powder are fused with four to five parts of sodium-potassium carbonate free from fluorine, avoiding the use of a blast if possible. For minerals rich in fluorine and low in silica it may be necessary to add pure sil- ica before fusing in order to effect complete decomposition of the fluoride, just as with the alkaline-earth phosphates. But this will probably never be required in ordinary rock analysis. To the aqueous extract, containing fluorine and usually much of the silica besides other bodies, several grams of ammonium carbonate are added, the liquid is digested at a gentle heat (40°) for some time, and on cooling more carbonate is in- troduced.* After twelve hours the precipitate is collected and washed with water containing ammonium carbonate. From the filtrate the excess of the latter is expelled by evap- orating nearly to dryness and the somewhat diluted solution is brought toward neutrality as follows, according to the di- rection of Treadwell. A few drops of phenolphthalein are added, then nitric acid (not hydrochloric in this case, see be- low) till the red color disappears. The solution is now boiled, the color re-appearing, to be again discharged by acid on cooling. These operations are repeated till it requires but 1 to 14 em? of 2 acid to discharge the color. There is now added 1 to 2 em® of an ammoniacal solution of zine oxide,t and the liquid is boiled till the ammonia is wholly expelled. + “The use of ammonium nitrate on chloride, instead of carbonate, for throwing out the

silica and alumina is not to be recommended because of loss of fluorine on subsequent evapora- tion (H. Rose).”

+ “Made by precipitating pure zinc-chloride solution with potassium hydroxide, filtering, washing and dissolving the precipitate in ammonia. Ifthe rocks are very basic, it may happen that the amount of silica in the alkaline solution of the fusion is so small that ammonium car- bonate may be dispensed with and the zinc-oxide solution added at once, after neutralizing as above,

“Instead of the ammoniacal zinc-oxide solution, F. Seemann (Zeitschr. anal. Chemie, Vol. 44, 1905, p. 843, advocates using the Schaffgotsch solution in which has been dissolved in the cold 20 grams of freshly precipitated mercuric oxide to the liter. For every 0.2 grm of dissolved silica 100 cm3. of this reagent are io be used. ‘fhe solution is then to be evaporated to complete dryness, the residue taken up with water, filtered and washed, the filtrate again neutralized with hydrochloric acid [nitric in rock analysis—W. F. H.], and again evaporated to remove the last of the silica. Where silica is to be determined at this stage this reagent has the advantage over the zinc solution that direct ignition of the precipitates ‘under a good draft hood) yields at once silica. Itsuse is manifestly allowable in rock analysis only after the alumina has first been separated by ammonium carbonate.

206 Kentucky Geological Survey.

The precipitate, containing the last of the silica and some phosphorus, in addition to that thrown down with the alumina by ammonium carbonate, is separated and washed with water.

‘“‘The above-prescribed use of nitric instead of hydro- chloric acid for neutralizing is necessitated by the fact that phosphorus, which is almost invariably present, and chromium must still be removed, and this can be done only from a nitric solution as follows: To the still alkaline solution silver nitrate is added in excess, whereby phosphate, chromate, chloride if chlorine is present, and carbonate of silver are precipitated. The last serves to correct any acidity result- ing from the reaction between the alkaline phosphate and the silver salt, thus producing the neutral solution needed for complete precipitation of the phosphate and chromate. After slight heating and filtering, the excess of silver is removed by sodium chloride and 1 cm*. of % sodium-carbonate solution is added to the filtrate, which is then boiled in a dish of good size with a large excess of calcium-chloride solution. At this stage there must be no ammoniacal salts in solution, other- wise calcium fluoride may be held up. The precipitate consists of a mixture of calcium carbonate and fluoride, the former serving to aid filtration of the latter. The precipitate is col- lected on paper and washed with hot water, dried, and ignited separately from the filter as far‘as possible. If the dish used for the precipitation was of platinum it is not necessary to cleanse it from adhering precipitate, but the contents of the filter are washed back into the dish, the liquid in this is evaporated away, the ash of the filter added, and the dish heated over a free flame to faint redness for a few moments.

‘Dilute acetic acid is now poured upon the thus gently ignited mixture in small quantities at a time and in amount slightly in excess of that needed to dissolve the calcium car- bonate. When visible action ceases the liquid is evaporated to dryness and the residue taken up with hot water and a drop of acetic acid, filtered, dried, and gently ignited.

‘The amount of fluoride obtained from rocks being usually very small, a single treatment as above suffices, but for the larger amounts obtained from fluorine minerals a second and even third treatment with acetic acid may be needed, filtering and igniting after each. S. L. Penfield and J. C. Minor* found

Am. Jour. Sci., 8d Ser., Vol. 47, 1894, p. 889.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 207

in such cases that if a great excess of acetic acid is used at the start the results are lower than by the repeated treatment. For considerable amounts, when the loss between two treat- ments is reduced to not more than half a milligram, F. P. Treadwell and A. A. Koch* take the next to the last weight as correct.

“*b. Testing of the Calcium Fluoride.

“The well-washed and gently ignited calcium fluoride finally obtained in the course of this method should be con- verted to sulphate as a check on its purity, and at the same time as a qualitative test to ascertain if it really is calcium fluoride by the characteristic odor of the gas given off. Should fluorine be found, and the weight of sulphate not correspond to that of the fluoride, the former should be dissolved in hot nitric and tested for phosphorus by ammonium molybdate solution. If phosphate is absent the impurity may have been silica or calcium silicate—which of these it would be difficult to decide. In the former case the fluorine might be safely deduced from that of the sulphate, but not in the latter. If the rock were rich in sulphur it might happen that calcium sulphate would be thrown down with the fluoride, but this should be removed by thorough washing. If not, and it were certainly the only impurity present, the fluorine could be cal- culated, after conversion of the fluoride into sulphate, by the formula:

*““CaSO,—CaF, : 2F_ : : Diff. between impure CaSO, and CaF, : x.

‘‘Tt is an exceptional case when there is exact agreement between the weight of fluorine and sulphate, and with the small amounts usually met in rocks the error may be an appre- ciable one in percentage of fluorine, though of no great sig- nificance otherwise.

c. Accuracy of the Method.

“It is evident from the above that if the greatest care is not taken to prevent any kind of contamination of the weight- ed fluoride the error in the small amounts in question may be

Zeitschr. Anal. Chemie, Vol, 48, 1904, p. 469.

208 Kentucky Geological Survey.

very great. If phosphate were present it would not do to apply the check by conversion to the sulphate, because ithe evaporation with sulphuric acid and following ignition would volatilize metaphosphorie acid.

‘‘There is another source of error due to the solubility of the fluoride itself in water and acetic acid. F. P. Treadwell and A. A. Koch have investigated the solvent effect of these and some other reagents. They find it possible to detect addi- tional fluorine by repeating the precipitation with calcium chloride in presence of sodium carbonate, and the total errors to be such that for 5 milligrams CaF, or less the results are much too low, though the qualitative detection can be still made in 100 em? of solution with only 0.0009 gram CaF.,, notwithstanding the fact that the quantitative tests had seemed to indicate that ‘the loss would be about 0.0015 gram CaF, for every 100 cm?, including wash water. It thus ap- pears that with 1 gram of sample amounts of less than 0.04 to 0.05 per cent. of fluorine will entirely escape observation.

‘A source of error not generally known arises whenever calcium fluoride is ignited in contact with paper. Fluorine escapes to a slight extent and is replaced by oxygen this re- action being doubtless due to the action of water vapor and not to oxygen of the air.

‘““#, Seeman* has subjected all the known methods of de- termining fluorine to extended examination, using calcium fluoride as his test material, and declares the Berzelius method to be far inferior to those based on volatilization of the fluor- ine as silicon fluoride, by reason of great and varying losses, the causes of which he was unable to satisfactorily trace. He was unable to recover by it more than about 87 to 89 per cent. of the fluorine. My tests do not confirm his very unfavor- able results. I was able repeatedly to regain 95 to 98 per cent. of the flourine. To do so requires, however, re-fusion of the residue left after leaching the alkali-carbonate melt, including in the same re-fusion the silica precipitated by ammonium car- bonate and ammoniacal zine oxide, the treatment of the filtrate from the precipitate of calcium carbonate and calcium fluoride with additional sodium carbonate and cal- cium chloride, and the re-evaporation of the acetic acid solu- tions of the precipitated calcium carbonate.

Zeitschr. Anal. Chemie, Vol. 44, 1905. p. 343.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 209

‘6G. Determination of Silica.

‘“‘The several precipitates obtained by ammonium car- bonate and zine oxide, together with the residue from the original alkali fusion, are dissolved as far as may be in hydro- chloric acid, the papers ignited and their ashes added, and silica separated by the processes detailed in 6, page 68 (of U. S. G. S. Bulletin 305). These may be greatly simplified, if bases are not likewise to be determined, by evaporating the first filtrate from the silica with much sulphuric acid as in the last part of f. a., page 88 (U.S. G. S. Bulletin 305).

In Carbonate Rocks.

‘‘ As with silicate rocks, an exact determination of fluorine in carbonate rocks is difficult if not impossible with our pres- ent methods, and little or nothing has been done along this line.

‘‘Because of the great preponderance of lime, direct fusion with sodium-potassium carbonate and silica is of some- what doubtful practicability. Probably the following treat- ment will afford the best results.

‘‘Dissolve the powder in dilute acetic acid, as far as this may be possible without boiling, and filter. To the filtrate add solution of sodium carbonate till in some light excess, boil, and treat the precipitate of calcium carbonate and possible fluoride as on page 157 (of Bulletin 305). Most of the fluor- ide that may have been dissolved by the acetic acid will thus be found. The silicious matter insoluble in acetic acid is fused with sodium-potassium carbonate and further treated as in B. a.’? (Reference is to ‘‘a.-The Method,’’ under ‘‘B. Quantitative Determination of Fluorine’? on a preceding

page).

Chapter Viii.

List Of Mines, Mills And Operators.

For convenience of reference, and in order to economize space, the following lists of lead, zinc and spar mines, and con- centrating and grinding plants in Western Kentucky are pre sented in tabular form. Following them is given a list of present operators and holders of mining lands in the district, with post-office addresses, etc.

(211)

Kentucky Geological

LEAD, ZINC AND SPAR MINES IN WESTERN KENTUCKY. LOCATION, OWNERSHIP, HISTORY,

Survey.

Synonyms.

Crittenden County.

Name of Mine. Location.

10 m.N. W.of Marion

5 m. N. W. of Marion

Asbridge mines 23, m. S. W. of

(T. J.)

(T. J.) Marion ..

Belt dike prosp 3m.S. W. of Marion.

Belt-Sullenger prosp.| 8 m. N. N. W. of Ben Belt mine 101g m. W. of Marion

Bertha May Shaft.._| 8m.S. W.cf Marion.

1OMe2 4 22cek ee

Operator.

The Great Northern

Alice Mining Co

?J. G. Rochester and

Fluor-

Blue Grass spar Co

Cordelia Beard and

Asa Belt

Harpending others

Crider & Others...

James Henry

Big Four Mining, Milling & Develop- ment Company ---

Big Four Mining & Development Com-

‘Title.

Mr

Kentucky

Geological Survey.

LEAD, ZINC AND SPAR MINES IN WESTERN KENTUCKY. LOCATION, OWNERSHIP, HISTORY, SYNONYMS.

First Date.

+1898

Crittenden County.

Operations.

By Whom.

Western Kentucky Mining

Cor ce shuts coc hisses iedcee:

Crittenden County Lead,

Kentucky Fluorspar Co

Western Kentucky Mining’

Givens Mining Company. ---

Je Co Miller. cestesac0252

Synonyms.

No.

Kentucky No. 4, Beard E.

of road

Marion Beard

Kentucky Geological Survey.

CRITTENDEN COUNTY—Continued.

No, Name of Mine.

17 Blue Heirs 11 Acre

prosps. 19 Bryant Dike prosps. - 22 Cardin Dike prosps_ 23 Campbell prosps. 26 Clemens prosps. 29 Commodore mine_.- 81 Crosson mines 84 Damron prosp.

Location.

Operator.

5m. N. W. of Mar-

7m. S. W. of Crayne- ville

8m. W. of Marion__ 9m. W. of Marion__

12m. S. W. of Mar. 10M oS sees.

. E. of Carrs-

5 m. W. of Marion__

6% mN. W. of Mar- 10M fe cele

8m. N. W. of Mar-

1on

yneville

ll m. W. S. W. of

ers

Western Clay & Min-| ing Company

Albany Mining & In- vestment Company

Widow Champion-__

W. H. Clark...

Southern Lead & Zinc Company- ---

Commodore Mining|

Mrs. Leander White

Temme and others_.

Eagle Fluorspar

Winfield S. Damron_

Title.

Sl

F

KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 215 CRITTENDEN COUNTY—Continued. OPERATIONS. SYNONYMS. No. Date. By Whom. Date. 1900 Western Kentucky Mining} 1902 Blue Heirs prosps 17 Company

71900 The Fluorspar Company 1906 Brown, Pierce & Crow 18 TOOL oes cake ds coe ace eee 1906 Stead ore eect os] 18: 1908 Western Clay & Mining} 1908 John Franklin 20

Company 190L. p.22ee sees eee cece adeslted 1904 John Butler, Big Dick 21 1902 Winifred Mining Company._| 1904 93 1908 J. L. Harris 1908* (ctacscsieceetecscste ond 23 1905 Garnett Bros 1905 decebeetesosesscece 24 1902 Marion Zinc Company 1903). cscesceieecce sess 26 1902 Marion Zinc Company 1008 cocee cece tecec ce eseseses 26 Apple mine 1899 J. W. Waggoner 1906* .2nseseces2ocstseccs sec eeet 80 1899 Eagle Fluorspar Company--} 1908 Crosson Cave, De Artigan,; 81 Hardigan 1899 Eagle Fluorspar Company 1900 F. V. Hayden & Company] 88 Patid sc. tet ode secu.

Kentucky Geological Survey.

No.

CRITTENDEN COUNTY—Continued,

Name of Mine.

Daughtery prosp.

Davenport Dike shaft

Davenport prosp. - Dean & Wilson shafts Deer Creek mine

Ebbie Hodge mine- -

Flanary Shaft (R.E.)

Flanary prosps

Franklin prosps ---

Green prosp.

Guill Shafts (Alec)

Hard prosps. ---

Location.

Operator.

Title.

8m. S.S.E. of Cave-

7m. S. W. of Marion lly m. N.W. of Mex-

5 m. S.W. of Crayne- ville 1.222

3% m. W. of Marion 8m. N.W. of Marion

8 m. N.W. of Marion 6m. S.W. of Marion

9m. W. of Marion__

6% m.N.W. of Mar-

91g m. N. of Marion 12m. W. of Marion

11g m. N.W. of Mar-

Louis Daughtery_- -.-

Davenport Bros.

Marion Zinc Com-'

Deer Creek Mining Company

Louisville Spar, Lead & Zinc Company -

?Rovianck & others.

Eclipse Mining Com- pany

Edwards Mining Company James Farmer

The Crittenden Min- ing Company

Harpending & others E. B. Franklin

pany

The Great Northern Mining & Milling Company 2...

Kentucky Geological Survey.

CRITTENDEN COUNTY—Continued.

Operations.

By Whom.

Company G. Wesley Eaton

Crittenden County Lead,

Zinc & Spar Company

Kentucky Fluorspar Com- pany

Corn Brothers

Harry Watkins

Western Clay & Mining Company

The Great Northern Mining & Milling Company

Synonyms.

Widow Clark, Cartwright

Mortgage Lifter, Automat- ic Mine

Samples mine, in part

Panther Hollow mine,

Hubbard prosp. in part__-

Corn mines, Cobalt prosps.

Harry Austin Land

Porter mine

No.

218 KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. CRITTENDEN COUNTY—Continued. No. Name of Mine. Location. Operator. Title. 1OMe si soo oe 655 Heath Prosps. - 9m.N. W. of Marion J. H. Moore Estate_.| F Marion 57 Hodge mines 6% m. S. W. of} Kentucky Fluorspar F Crayneville Company 68 Holly mines 8% m.W.N. W. of! Kentucky Fluorspar| F 69 Howard prosps. 5% m. S. W. of; Eagle Fluorspar) L 60 Jones prosps, 9 m, W. N.W. of} Anderson Jones F Marion 61 King prosps. 1m N. W. of Mexico] James King F 68 Keystone mine 5% m. W of Marion_| Keystone Mineral MR Mining Company - 64 Koon dike prosp m. S. W. of] J. B. Koon F Fredonia 65 Lady Farmer mines_| 4% W. N. W. of| The Henderson] F Marion Company Marion 67 LaRue Heirs prosps.| 5 =m. S. W. of| LaRue Heirs F Marion. 68 LaRue 6m. S. W. of Marion] C. & A. T. Pope MR Company 70 Leander mine 4m.W.ofCrayneville| Leander Mining} L 71 Leona mine 7m. N. W. of Marion J. M. Persons L

Kentucky Geological Survey.

CRITTENDEN COUNTY—Continued.

Operations.

Fist by Whom. ix

1900 C. M. Miller 1902

1899 Kentucky Fluorspar Com-| 1906

PANY... .5-sececcce 1902 Kentucky Fluorspar Com- 1903 Pany 5-2 fe52 o-- ct He:

1901 R. B. Clement 1908

1908 Keys & Davis prospected for| 1904

1908 Keystone Mineral & Mining} 1906

Company

1902 J. B. Koon 1904

1908 The Henderson Company 1906

1905 Charles LaRue 1905

1900 The Republic Mining Com-| 1902

pany

1906 C. & A. T. Pope 1905 $1901 Western Kentucky Mining] 1906

Company -. 1904 Big Five Mining Company_.| 1906

SYNONYMS. No. Sidseus utes decestee fused 565 Sees po stensee see eteosene se 57

J. W. Tilley land... ] 68 en er ee 59 Siomoece el Sosucolescoseows 60 Cookseyville Church! 61 prosps. Carter land; Hopewell mine] 68 Caldwell Springs Dike] 64 Prosps..< -. fos ees 558 Widow Farmer & Deboe| 65 ede soneceebessdosccessctoSe 66 ene soweseweneedlesdde Eu 67 Leander White, Trumbo 70

Kentucky Geological Survey.

CRITTENDEN COUNTY—Continued.

No.

Name of Mine. Tocation. Operator. Title. Lewis Brothers 4% m. S. W. of! Press Sisco F prosps, Crayneville prosp. Loveless prosp. - 7m. S. W. off| Eagle Fluorspar! L Lowery prosps| 9m. S.W.of Marion] C. & A. T. Pope MR (W.S.) - 22-8. Lucile mines }m. S. W. of Marion Lucile Mining Com-! I, Lucky Star mines.__| 6 m.S. W. of Marion] C. & A. T. Pope F Miller mine 6m. S. W. of Marion| Manley Brothers... ¥ & Fluorspar Com- Mary Franklin shaft) 5lg m.S. W. of Mar-| Mary Franklin F 2) a ee Matthews shafts 314 m. S. W. of Mex-| Kentucky Mining! I, Matthews mine 3% m. S. W. of Mex-| Eagle Fluorspar| I, ACO ceo ss2e tosses. Company Mayflower shaft. 91g m. W. of Marion} Shady Grove Mining| 1, Company Memphis mines- 5m. N. W.of Marion| Kentucky Fluorspar| F Company Meyers prosps- %m.S. of Mexico._| The Hopkinsville} 1 Mining Company. Milliken prosps 9 m. W. N. W. of] Marion Mineral Com-] I, 734 m.N. W. of Mar-| Deer Creek Mining; F

ion

Company

Kentucky Geological Survey.

CRITTENDEN COUNTY—Continued.

Operations. Synonyms,

Date, By Whom. Date.

1904 Marion Zinc Company 1904. 223- cece cetse.d te ses

1908 Ohio Valley Mining Com-| 1908 pany

1900 Eagle Fluorspar Company 1906 22..2--2

1908 W.S. Lowery W908. eed ce eee eos

1900 The Republic Mining Com-/ 1906 Includes dike pros; Will pany. Sea eoeeeee La Rue prosps

Pany - <5. --25e0e<s5-255--

1901 Billy Mann 1006? 225522. ee eects leo.

1901 The Republic Mining Com-} 1902 2--2-22- 2... pany: 5-22-225

1908 Kentucky Fluorspar Com-} 1906 John Matthews PANY! 2645. Secs sencis

#18908 J. W. Waggoner 1906 S. H. Matthew’s land

1900 Eagle Fluorspar Company. -

1908 Shady Grove Mining Com-| 1908 Jim Croft 2. pany. oo Eee

1872 Memphis Lead Mining Com-| 1906 Including Beck, Klondike

1902 Marion Mineral Company...) 1902 222-.2-2 LL.

222 KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. CRITTENDEN COUNTY—Continued. No. Name of Mine. Location. Operator. Title. 88 Morning Glory| 34. m.N.E.of Pink-| Cassidy & Dycus MR 89 Murphey dike prosps| 5 m. S. W. of Marion] Murphey F 90 Nations prosp 11 m. N. of Marion. Joel A. Farmer L 91 Newkirk Shafts 1m.S. W. of Mexico} Abram Newkirk 92 Nine Acres mine 6m. W.of Marion..| Nine Acre Mining Company a 94 Old Glory mines 8 m. N. N, W. of} Geo. W. Geuder and| L 96 Parish mine 814 m, S. W. of Mex-| Kentucky & Indiana], L ICO. 35 SL eee Mining Company. 97 Pogue mine 814m.S.W.of Mexico; Marion Mineral Co.| L 99 Polk prosp 5g m. S.S.E. of Mex-} Will Polk F 100: 2c.escsceseees 101 Red Hill 15m. W. of Marion/ Red Hill Mining Co.| MR ville: 2 o22s42s522 Wille: joss ee: pany 81g m. S. W. of Cra- 104 Silver Star mine 844 m.S.W. of Pink-| Baldwin & Fowler L 106 Sisco dike prosp. 7m. S.W. of Marion| ?L. H. James F

KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 223 CRITTENDEN COUNTY—Continued. OPERATIONS. SYNONYMS. No. Ftarhg By Whom. Loree 1902 Cassidy & Dycus 1904 Julius McKinney 88

#1890 Unknown 1006: ceSeacceseccclececcssesuc: 89 1906 Geo. P. Roberts 1906) ence beseech 90 1901 Abram Newkirk 1906 John I. Tabor land 91

#1900 [Western Kentucky Mining] 1906 New Jim, including Tom] 92

1902 Marion Mineral Company--.| 1906 Pleas Miller, Miller heirs,| 98 Daisy Zinc mine #1899 Postlewaithe & Watkins 1907 Beard, W. of road 04 1904 Ogden & Curry 1906 Arch Oliver 96 1902 Marion Mineral Company.._| 1906 97 1905 Marion Zinc Company 1906; ii2seesceescseecetet ses: 93 1900 Western Kentucky Mining] 1900 99 Company

1901 Western Kentucky Mining) 1906 Redd Open Cuts 100 Company

1902 Bement & Schwab 19086 DaveVaughn, BementShafts/ 101

1901 J. N. Riley 1906 Big Dick 108

224 KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. CRITTENDEN COUNTY—Continued. o No. Name of Mine. Location. Operator. Title 107 Stephenson prosps.| 1m.S.W. of Mexico} C. J. Pierce F 108 Stevens Tunnels 12m. S. W. of Mar-| Western Clay & Min-| L WON oe ee ing Company. 109 Struck-it-rich mines} 54% m. W.N.W. of| Mountain Lead L Marion Zinc Company 110 Sullenger prosp ! 5m. S. of Tolu S. S. Sullenger 111 Tabb mines 134 to 214 m. S. W.| Kentucky Fluorspar| L 112 Tabor mines... 2% m. S.W. of Mex-| Blue Glass Fluorspar| 1L 114 Terry prosps 7m. N.W. of Marion Gus Terry Heirs ... F 115 Thurman mine 5 m. N.W.of Marion TheCrittendenCoun-| F ty Lead Zinc & Spar Company ] 116 Utley prosps 1019m.S.W.ofMarion| C. & A. T. Pope MR 117 Waddell prosps 71g m.S.W.of Mexico T. L. Waddell F 118 Walker dike shaft 81g m.S.W.of Marion; John Walker 119 Wallingford prosp.-- 1j}m.E.N.E.ofMarion, W. D. Wallingford--} F

120 Watson, A.H. shafts 9m.S. W. of Marion C. & A. T. Pope F 121 Wheatcroft mine - 2% m. S. W. of| Wheatcroft Mineral) F 128 Wolsey prosp. 5m. $S.S. E. of Tolu,|; S. S. Sullenger F and 14m. N. W. of 124 Yandell mines 3% m. S. W. of| Kentucky Fluorspar| L Mexico. Company 125 York dike shafts... 6m. S. W. of Marion, Heyward Vork F

KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 225 CRITTENDEN COUNTY—Continued. OPERATIONS. aes SYNONYMS. No. Date. By Whom. Date. 1904 Marion Zinc Company 1906 107 71902 Western Tube Company.-- 1906 108 1908 Mountain Lead & Zinc] 1804 Includes Lone Rock shaft] 109 Company 1902 S.S. Sullenger 1002: -.eeee2osheee- se osce ee, 110 #1878 Tyrie, Brown & 1905 Includes Tom Mabry land,| 111 1890 Blue & Marble lease, Wheeler mine, etc ; Com- mercial, Stephenson in part 1900 Eagle Fluorspar Company--} 1906 112 #1880 Unknown 1904 Bill Terry 118 1904 Archer & Delker 1904: Il rodovetoet ss Soot ee 114 1902 The Crittenden County Lead, Zine & Spar Company 1906 115 1904 T. L. Waddell 1904 Sebosteesesscheces TNT 1902 |?J. A. Farmer & others 1902; co cess ses--s5as55-252-- 118 1898 W. D. Wallingford 1906) |..-2 ss ees ese esos ce eens 119 +1900 /?W. S. Lowery 1905 15 A. H. Watson Land 120 1882 R. W. Wilson 1906 Crittenden Springs mines--| 122 #1903 Golconda Milling & Mining! 1905 123 Company Kentucky No.2; Kentucky] 124 41852 Unknown 1906 in part: 22 sos. seek 1902 |?Liberty Lead&ZincCompany| 1903 125

226 KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. LIVINGSTON COUNTY No. Name of Mine. Location. Operator. Title. 126 Alvis prosps. 10m. S. W. of Marion] Mrs. Acy Alvis F 127 Babb prosp. (A. C.)| 1m. S. W. of Carrs-| A. C. Babb F ville-.s222-2S55se Company 129 Barnett Heirs prosp.| At Carrsville Wichita, Kansas par-| L és. oes 22cs 522: 180 Rateman prosps. 8m. S. KB. of Carrs-| Bateman Heirs F ville 181 Ben Belt prosp. 11 m. W. of Marion| Marion Zinc Com-| L pany 182 Bill Bailey shaft 124% m. S. W. of| Shady Grove Mining; L Marion. Company 188 Bonanza 8 m. S. E. of Carrs-] American Lead, Zinc] L Ville -os-c.2cesse & Fluorspar Com- 184 Bradshaw prosp. 4 m. S. E. of Carrs-| A. Liken & Others__| F wille: 22222 /0us-c 185 Burns mine 4m. S&S. E. of Carrs-| A. Liken & Others..; F Willé: Soe s2asse: 186 Butler Heirs prosp._.| 12m.S. W.of Marion] Eagle Fluorspar| MR Company 187 Coker & Levauprosp.| 8 m. N. N. W. of;?Cumberland River) MR Green’s Ferry Mining Company . 188 Coulter prosp. 1%m. E. of Gol-| Golconda Fluorspar] L conda Company 189 Donakey shaft 8m. N. of Green’s| Cumberland River| MR Ferry 222s2sc22-< Mining Company . 140 Dupont prosp 4 of m. S. W. of} Unknown Carrsville 141 Emyrian prosps. 41g m. S.E. of Carrs-| Mrs. Emyrian F ville § ate cilesiis 142 Evening Star mines.| 18 m. S. W. of Mar-] Eagle Fluorspar| F

ion

KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 227 LIVINGSTON COUNTY OPERATIONS. SYNONYMS. No. ae By Whom. ae 1906 W:. Sy Lowerycc e424 eseses}) 1908-> pcos Bote fee os fees 126 PaNyieo 2c RCL eek eee 1899 Eagle Fluorspar Company.-| 1900 Raymond Babb, Lizzie Col- 128 lins Sada ae wee ee abe Se senate Mer cede ioe en Sacer sle sts ol ee ' Dr. J. M. Clemens 129 1903 Marion Zinc Company 1908.) -2sechen tere’: oe ate 131 pany 1

1902 Ratcliffe & Williams 1904 Burn's Reserve, Burn’s 135 acres, Ratcliffe shaft #1874 Unknown oe Se eiant han 187 #1874 Unknown. .ac:24-c-s2o544- #1900: Jess-e2s0 2. wool eee deen 189

No.

Kentucky Geological

Survey.

LIVINGSTON COUNTY—Continued.

Name of Mine.

Ferrell prosp 4% m. S.E. of Carrs- Wille sz: 32 2.s22ese5 Garrett prosp 61g m. S.E. of Carrs- ville

Grimes prosps - -

Guill (Aus) mine .

101. S233 ccec ee SS Henry Hodge shafts.| 4 m. N. E. of Pink- neville Hudson Mine 5m.N. E. of Greens ferry

Johnson prosp 161g m. W. S. W. of : Marion.

King prosps 21g m. E. of Gol- conda

Lindiey prosp 12% mS. W. of Mar- 108. 2-25 246 soee

Lola prosps. - 16 m. W. S. W. of

Lowery, Tom, prosps| 12 m. S. W. of Mar- HON: coco elelteeues Martin prosps 4m.N.E. of Pink-

Moreland, prosp 11g m. N.E. of Pink-

Morning Star mines.| 18 m. 5. W. of Mar-

Operator.

Eagle Fluorspar Company

Eagle Fluorspar Company

Johnson Brothers ..

Golconda Fluorspar The Farmland Min-

ing & Investment

C. & A. T. Pope

Marion Zinc Com-

American Lead, Zinc & Fluorspar Com- pany: 2225-22525

Title

KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 229 LIVINGSTON COUNT Y—Continued. OPERATIONS. 3 SYNONYMS, No: Date. By Whom. Date. 1802 © Will Wallace and others.. wy 1904 ae se ayaa Breet he 143 1900 . American Lead, Zinc &! 1900 Widow Garrett ; 144 Fluorspar Company .. 1899 Eagle Fluorspar Company - 1900 Damfino, W. A. Guill 146

1875 D. Beck and W. Davis ; ?1908 147 1899 . Eagle Fluorspar Company..| 1900 2 148 1900 American Lead, Zinc & Flu-| 1904 Oronogo 149 1904 Johnson Brothers. H9Q04) cues tao ckavtieten eek 150 1905 Golconda Fluorspar Company] 1905 151 1900 W.S. Lowery. 1900 i). se scebeisecc oe Sec eta 154

1908 ?Tom Lowery. Serer 1908> sass eltetecentce25 Sesiee 155 1901 (:C.. & A. T. Pope:...2s-22-222) WOOL: sec. see le eecek el eeae: 156 1904 Delaware Mining Company 1904 otaku ae Bate ere 158 1900 American Lead, Zinc & Flu- orspar Company .

230 KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. LIVINGSTON COUNTY—Continued. No. Name of Mine. Location. Operator. Title. 160 Morse prosps 10ly m. S.W. of Mar-| Albany Mining LR ION. 922520 5o.Sse3 Investment Com- pany 161 Nancy Hanks mine_| 18 m.S. W. of Mar-| Albany Mining SL 100, 24.2. 52252 Investment Com- 162 Norton Shaft 2 m. E. N. E. of! Western Clay & Min-| F Ferry 164 Ramage prosps.. 5 m.N. E. of Greens} H.C. & C. N. Ram-| F Ferry is2s22c2-5- ce a ee 165 Royal mines 14 m. from Cumber-| Royal Lead & Spar} F berland River; lly Company S.W. of Smithland 166 Schoolfield-Spees) 8ly m. S. E.of Carrs-| Schoolfield- -Spees! MR Caleite ville Mining & Milling Company 167 Sutts prosp 4m. S. E. of Carrs-| —— Sutts F Wille... 32-22-4252 Ville “22222... 22525 169 Stroud 21g m. E. of Gol-} Golconda Fluorspar) MR 170 The St. John Mines_) 145 m. N. W. Greens} Cumberland River! MR Ferry. 2 2.ecesscce2 Mining Company 171 Tisdale shaft 8m. N. E. of Pink-| Western Clay & Min-| MR 178 Woods mines 4m. N. E. of Pink-| Western Clay & Min-| MR 174 Woods 3lg m. N. E. of} Western Clay Mining] MR

ville, and 8m. N. E. of Golconda.

KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 231 LIVINGSTON COUNTY—Continued. OPERATIONS. SYNONYMS. No. Date, By Whom. Date. 1900 J. Cox & C. M. Miller 1006: 3), cccssccceccdececeesecees se 161

#1902 Livingston Land & Mining} 1902 Dun Robinson, Lemon Mill] 162

Company Road prosp 1002 Pittsburg Mining & Reduc-| 1902 168 1900 J. S. Waggoner. 19008.) ecssesscsnse cu encseslk.: 164 $1868 River Valley Mining Com-| 1908 Old Silver, River Valley,| 165 pany 222-025 200 <2. Owen’s Cave mines 1908 Schoolfield-Spees Mining 1906. 166 Milling Company 1902 Sutts 2. 1908 ' 222 A Soot e ss cee aes 167 1906 John Harpending & others--| 1906 -- 168 1904 Golconda Flourspar Com-} 1905 jiesesat sek st ese! 169 pany o.oo ewe cuxscwcecZ #1874 Unknown 1906 fine io cee te lowe tote 170 1904. Golconda Flourspar Com-| 1904 172 patty 2. 2252 co se 1874 M.L. & A. M. Hewlett 1901 Henry Woods, Hewlett 178 1908 Ohio Valley Mining Com-| 1904 Prof. Wright 176

pay... 2th

Kentucky Geological Survey.

Caldwell County

(

No. Name of Mine. 178 Coleman shafts 180 {Dunning shafts 181 Friendship prosps.

182 Hopper prosp 188 Lindsey prosps. .. -- 186 Maxwell prosps 188 Satterfield prosp. -- 182 Wigginton prosp 198 Williamson prosp.-.

! 194 Williamson, J. W

Shaft.: 2: ..2csec205

Location.

Operator.

4m. N. N. E. of White Sulphur

114 m. E of Fredonia :

4m. N. W. of Prince-

4144 m. N. E.

ton

5m. S. of Claxton_. 51g mN. E of Cobb--

4m. E.S. E. of Clax- ton

,/ 2m. E. of Fredonia

4m. E. of Fredonia & 81g m. N. of Crider

llg m. E. of Fre- donia

2m. E. of Fredonia_

84m. S. S. W. of Princeton

4m. N. W. of Prince- AOU cn decors cy

8m.N. of Princeton

1m. E. of Fredonia

4m. N. E. of White

Sulphur, 6 m. N. E. of Crider -

E. Young Lead, Zinc & Fluorspar Com-

The Union Central Mining Company

Princeton Lead & Zinc Company..

Hopper

Dollar and others.

Marion Zinc Co

Milton Maxwell

Marion Zinc Com-|

Senator Mining Com-

The Union Central Mining Company

John W. Holliwell._ Dick Wigginton

The Union Central Mining Company

?J. W. Williamson

Title.

KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 233 CALDWELL COUNTY. OPERATIONS. SYNONYMS, No. le By Whom ae +1903. Groom & King 1904 - Sa apie iam Sa 176 1908 J. McGraw. -- 1908. jee ectte eee tee e cde etiese 177 1902 KE. Young Lead, Zinc & Flu-| 1904 178 orspar Company 1901 The Union Central Mining} 1906 179 Company 1902 Princeton Lead & Zinc} 1008 180 Company Sheet ade eeaciemieeteee eee aaneee ae sia todensedn Jet coe eee ISL 1908 Unknown 1908 Siok ees eos 182 1903 Dollar and others 1908 4:24 ore ee Ako 183 Zee Marion Zinc Company. P1904) .coccootect coecesbosete Ao 2.1184 #1875 Sumner Marble & Son. 1906) te seh eh Ue oe 2, eed 186 1908 Fredonia parties 1904: pc 2utesccees eee see Stee 186 1902 Marion Zinc Company 71905 oils Mie. oevurecs cues 187 1902 |?Newkirk 1902 Bes are baatali sadly de he 1902 Senator Mining Company .-; 1904 Scacyfat, Sheridan, Bodard| 189 Springs, Morse. 190t The Union Central Mining: 1906)! V9 gcc cetete es coc eae e etse 190 Company

1902 J. W. Holliwell P1008) 225. e estes ee ee coe eteees 191 1908 Dick Wigginton A908) .aco2 ce elseace sate seek 192 1902 The Union Central Mining 1909: - 2-jn25.tedesewctigemeseesss 198 Company

?J. W. Williamson

234 KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. CHRISTIAN COUNTY No. Name of Mine. Location. Operator. Title.

195 Ellis prosp 514 m.N. E. of HOP: BINS oS. 3 ataceste F kinsville 196 Freeman shaft 5lg m. N. E. of Hoe W. G. Head I, 197 Fruit Cale prosp 7m. N. E. of aa Capt. Fruit... .- F 198 Head’s Victoria; 4m. W. of Crofton--| W. G. Head adh TS mines (prosp.) --. 199 Hord prosps- 434 m, N. N. E. of| Giles Creek Mining] 1, Hopkinedile : Company. 200 Jarvin prosp 6 m. N. E. of Hop-} W. G. Head L 201 McReynolds presp..!| 10 m. W. N. W. of McReynolds F 202 Williams prosp 212 m. N. of Hop-} L. G. Williams F LYON COUNTY 203 Cook Cale prosp 3 m. S. E. of Eddy-| Mrs. Eliza Cook F ana (yeh Seeker ees 204, Eddyville Calc prosp.' At Eddyville Land-| Unknown aes ING 2 cade eos eng 205 Padon prosp 8lg m. S. W. of Mex-| Kentucky Mining! J, IGOR amt eek Foot 23 Company of Ariz. 206 Redd manganese! 3m. S. W. of Dula-: Jesse Redd (col) F PIOSP ...4 226-6244 NEY .c2snwe sees 3 207 Smith prosps 4m. S. of Grand| Charlie Smith (col).) # 208 Wadlington prosp... 41g m. S. of Fre-| Loyd Wadlington.--| F

donia 20...

First

Date.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 235

Christian County

OPERATIONS. By Whom. ete. Bilis? cc-2dseeeteveeses: 1908 W. G. Head 1906 Williams and others. 1904 W. G. Head a

Giles Creek Mining Com-] 1903 Pay 2-552 22sec esus se

R. Bolling 1908 McReynolds 1906 L. G. Williams 1908

SYNONYMS. No.

Kentucky Mining Company] 1905 Of Ariz: s5.22 22 esate

Unknown 1905

Capt. Stone, Stonehurst_-.; 208

236 KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. TRIGG COUNTY No. Name of Mine. Location. Operator. Title. 209 |Cooper prosp 1m. E. of mouth of Ed. Cooper F Little River 210 Hillman prosp 1g m. E. of mouth of Widow Hilman F Little River 211 Furguson Spring} 81, m. S. S. W. of| Widow F prosp Rock Castle 212 Johnson prosp At mouth of Little} Lee Johnson F River “.22 2--. 218 Malone prosp 3m. N.W. of Gracey Gracey Mining Com-) L Gracey - Gracey pany .222-52 222255 Gracey 218 Pue prosp lto 2m. 8. W. of| Jim Pue F mouth of Little 219 Taoler shafts 3lg m. N. N. W. of] Charles Haury L Gracey UNION COUNTY. Henshaw. WEBSTER COUNTY. 221 Dixon prosp lg m. from Dixon,| Hardwick & Henson| F

at Bald Knob...

Kentucky Geological Survey. 237 Trigg County Operations.

SYNONYMS. No.

Date. By Whom Date. 1904 Ed. Cooper O04. ecitinndy Ah bs hee es 208 suessbed| Sosics.ceewese scl Ses cet eee te oe ee hoe te 211 eeeceecsl) toe ds ee cede dis novete| tice oe Oe et 212 1904 Gracey Mining Company...| 1904 218 1904 Gracey Mining Company...| 1904 Gracey mine 215 1904 Q. Peel O04 6h 8 oor cette Bena esc 217 eo teth en fee deseho oes ee ce SoS ees ihe ck Na te tae o 218

UNION COUNTY. sivisiee: [eons pede etc eee dl Je Se ewe eh Chet wedded need Lo 290: WEBSTER COUNTY.

1902 eeietedaesht 48 eet ei oste Cae, P1902 ee. 29

Kentucky Geological Survey.

Concentrating And Grinding Plants. Present Mills.

Erect-

No, Name. Location. Operator, Character, Equipment. Problem. No. Columbia, At Col- /1902; Colum- Self feed hopper, To make zinc] 1 umbia biaMin-| trommel, 8 Cooley & lead heads; mines, 5 ing Co. jigs, 2 Overstrom quartzite lime-

m.W. of tables; products stone, calcite,

Marion. re-jiggedautomat- fluorspar tails, ically. 30 tons.

9) Evening] At Even- |1904. Eagle! 2 crushers, rotary To make zinc] 2 Star ing Star Flour-| dryer, 4sets rolls, & lead heads; mine, 18 spar Co.| 4screens, Hooper} fluorspar &

m.S.W. Pneumatic tables, jasperoid

of Mar- etc.; dry separa- tails; ore fine-

ion. tion. Capacity grained.

unknown. Kemtucky! At Mar- |1899/ Kentucky Concentrating: To make lead 3 ion 3M. Flour-| Crusher, trom-| & flourspar

S. of de- spar Co.| mel, 2 sets rolls, 2 heads; calcite, ;

pot. E. Cooley jigs; 80 T. limestone, etc.

of I. ¢. Grinding: tails.

R.R. Direct fired flat} To make dryer, conveyors, ground fluor- 2buhr mills, bins, spar. barrel settlers;

20 T. j 4, Nancy| AtNancy |1905, Albany Concentrating: To make lead 4 Hanks Hanks Mining] Self feed hopper, and fluorspar mine, 13 & In-| crusher, 8sets heads; calcite

m.S.W. vestment| rolls, 8 Cooley and limestone

of Mar- Co. jigs, Ratcliffe- tails.

ion. Cohenour screen;

30 T.

Grinding: To grind Buhr mill, tube fluorspar. mill, flat direct dryer; 15-20 T.

Power: 100 h. p. tubular boiler, 60 h. p. engine.

Nine Acre} At Nine |1905 Nine Acre) Old mill: Crusher, To make lead 6

Acre Mining rolls, hand jigs & zinc heads;

mine, Co. 3. Being remod- fluorspar, cal-

m.W.of eled with machine cite, lime-

Marion. jigs, tables and] stone, etc.,

Sanders separa- tor.

tails.

KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 239 CONTINUED, CONCENTRATING AND GRINDING PLANTS. PRESENT MILLS. No! Name. Location. Brect-| Operator. . Character, Equipment. Problem, Yo, i i !

Old Dad ; At O1d )1905) Marion| 2 log washers, 2, To clean zinc 6 Dad mine, Mineral; Overstrom tables. carbonate} 5]m.W. Co. Power: 14 h. p. fromsand, etc. of Mar- ' engine, 60 h. p. ion. ; boiler.

7 Riley At Riley 19083) Marion] Log washer, self To make fluor-, 7 mine, 13 Zinc Co.| feed hopper, (3) spar & lead j; m.S.W. ; Faust and (1) heads; calcite, of Mar- ; Cooley jigs. quartzite,lime- ion. crusher, 8 sets stone, barite,

rolls, 2trommels, , etc., tails. shaking screen, ' settling tanks, etc, Power: (1) 100 h. p. and (1) 80h. p. boiler; (1) 80h. p. ! engine. Grinding: Section to be installed.

Sanders m. S. |1905) Sanders| Crusher, rolls, To make zinc 8 of depot OreSep-| screens, tables, and lead at Mar- arating| Sanders flotation heads; fluor-

; jon Co, separators. spar and re- ' Power: 80 h. p.. mainder tails. boiler and about

60 h. p. engine.

9 Temme 33 m. S. 1904) Temmej Cylindrical wash- To separate] 9 of Tolu, & Oth-| er, Overstrom ta- chert, sand, at Dal- ers. bles, hydraulic and red clay ton prosps. classifier. Not op- from zine car-

erating. bonate.

10) Union| 3 m N. {1906| Union| Self feed hopper, To separate |10

Central W. of Central] crusher rolls, lead and fluor- Crider. Mining] spitzkasten, 2) spar, calcspar, Co. Cooley jigs, etc. limestone,etc., !

Power: (2) 100 h. p. boilers and 75 h. p. engine.

tails.

240 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Dismantled Plants.

At the Big Four mine (adjoining LaRue shaft) a hand- jigging plant was used for a time. A hand-jig was also used at the Lucile mine, but without success. The National mill at the Marble mines was a Joplin type plant, but was not very successful, owing to abundance of zinc blende. The Old Jim mill was removed to the Old Dad. The Seacoast mill was a dry process mill for the separation of zinc and fluorspar erected at Paducah, making use of Krom air jigs, but was a failure and has been removed to Madison, Ind. The Columbia and Royal mines had mills for separating fluorspar and lead which have long been dismantled, or out of use.

Present Operators and Holders of Mining Lands.

One hundred and eight operators and property holders previously operated in the Western Kentucky spar, lead and zine district that are no longer in the business. One hundred and seventy-seven hold property or operate at present, includ- ing most of the property once held by the previous operators. Of these, there are 82 individuals, 44 firms and 5 corporations. The incorporated operators represent a capitalization of about seven million dollars. Over half have Kentucky charters, and remainder from scattered States. A list is here pre- sented of the present operators and holders of mining lands with a list of their officers, properties, etc. A number follow- ing the name of a property is the number given it in the fore- going tables where details of location, history, synonymous names, are to be found. Those not so numbered have either not been prospected or, if so, not successfully as yet.

Royalties.—Properties are held by the companies either in fee, mineral right, lease or sub-lease. The roy- alties paid vary widely, depending on, (1) The year the lease was taken, hence older leases have a much lower royalty; (2) Distance from railroad; and (3) Character of wagon road over which haul must be made. The royalties paid per ton vary thus: Fluorspar, 10 to 75 cents. Barite,

Kentucky Geological Survey. 241

10 to 50 cents. Lead and zine concentrates, from 25 cents to $2.50 , but occasionally 10 per cent. of the market value. Firesand, 15 cents. They vary from one to ninety-nine years in length. A few of the leases have monthly rental clauses whereby the land is paid for in installmnts, the land being under lease from year to year till paid for, the lease being forfeited upon non-payment of rent. Many of the leases have simple option clauses.

1. Albany Mining & Investment Co., Inc. West Virginia charter, March 26, 1902. Capital $1000,000. Main office, Albany, Ind.; branch, Salem, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres., A. L. Stephenson, Findlay, O.; V. Pres., W. N. Russell, Dunkirk, Ind.; See., L. W. Tucker; Treas., J. M. Wilhite, of Albany, Ind.; Supt., and Gen. Mgr., Walter L. Vera, Salem, Ky.; Elmer Stephenson, J. B. Clark, A. P. Duncan, Wm. Marks, Chas. Austin, Henry Batch. Annual election: July 14.

Properties in Crittenden county.

Butler, John (21).

Properties in Livingston county.

Babb, C. R. Babb (home place), (160), Nancy Hanks, (161), Naney Hanks mill.

2. Alice Mining Co. Office: Marion, Ky. Sen. Mer., M. Schwab. Property in Crittenden county. Belt, J. O., (2).

3. Alvis, Mrs. Acy. Office: Salem, Ky. Property in Livingston county. Alvis, (126).

4. American Lead, Zinc & Fluorspar Co., Inc. Arizona char- ter, 1900. Capital $100,000. Stockholders, 3. Office: Cleveland, O.

Officers, Directors: Pres., T. J. Charlesworth, V. Pres., Ed. Langenbach, care Berger Mfg. Co.; See., C. W. Laird; Treas., Henry W. Gazzell, Cleveland, O.; A. J. Morton, R. T. Langenbach

242 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Properties in Livingston county. Bonanza, (133) Morning Star, (159). Nancy Hanks, (161); sub-leases to Albany Mining & investment Co. Mitchell, L. P.—L. Mann, W. H.—L. In litigation. (79).

5. Babb, A. C. Office: Marion, Ky. Property in Livingston county. Babb, A. C. (127).

6. Baldwin & Fowler. 1905. Partners: James Baldwin, Koon, Ky.; Otho Fowler, Kuttawa, Ky. Office: Kut- tawa, Ky. Supt., James Baldwin.

Property in Livingston county. McKinney, Newt., (104).

7. Barger, D. B. Office: Fordsferry, Ky Property in Crittenden county. Barger, D. B. (6).

8. Bateman Heirs. Office: Lola, Ky. Agt., John Bateman. Property: Livingston county: Bateman Heirs. (130). 9. Beard, P. E. Office: Fordsferry, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Beard, P. E. (8).

10. Beard Heirs. Cordelia Beard and others. Office: Fords- ferry, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Beard Heirs. (9). 11. Belt, Asa. Office: Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Belt, Asa. (10). 12. Big Four Mining & Development Co. 1904. Office: Mor- ganfield, Ky. Gen. Mgr., A. D. Noe, Morganfield, Ky. 13. Big Four Mining, Milling & Development Co., Inc. No- vember, 1903. Capital $150,000. Main office, Mun- cie, Ind.; branch, Marion, Ky.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 243

Officers, Directors: Pres., Jerre Garrard; V. Pres., J. H. Leffler; Sec., James M. Motsenbocke; Treas., Ralph A. Clark, E. L. Lewis, Joe G. Leffler, Rav Hickok, -A. S. Botkin, D. L. Peck. Annual election, first Monday in November.

Property in Crittenden county.

G. W. & J. A. Corn, 95A., (15). Big Four Mine. (16).

14. Bloomfield, Loyd. Office: Paducah, Ky. Holds some leases in Western Kentucky.

15. Blue, J. W., Jr. Office: Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Nesbitt—244 A.—F. Robertson—25 A.—F.

16. Blue & Nunn. Partners: J. W. Blue, Jr., and C. 8S. Nunn, Marion, Ky. 1899. Office: Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Nine Acres—9 A.—F. (92), Leased to Nine Tom Lanham, 148 A.—F. Acres Min. Co. Old Jim—660 A. (95). Ryan—5-6 of 46 A—F.

17. Blue Grass Fluorspar Co., Inc. West Virginia charter, November 9, 1906. Capital $25,000. Shares, 2,500. Offices: Main, St. Paul, Minn.; branch, Marion, Ky.

Officers: Pres., G. J. Lovell, St. Paul, Minn.; V. Pres. & Gen. Mer., T. H. B. Haase, Marion, Ky.; Sec. & Treas., R. C. Haase, St. Paul, Minn.

Directors: G. J. Lovell, E. A. Whitaker, J. N. Storr, R. C. Haase, H. M. Lewis.

Property in Crittenden county. Asbridge, (4).

Tabor, (112).

18. Blue Heirs. Agt., J. W. Blue, Jr. Office: Marion, Ky. Properties in Crittenden county. Allen, R. M.—42 A. & MR. Blue Heirs, 100 A.—F. Blue Heirs, 48 A. —MR.

bo to

Kentucky Geological Survey.

Blue Heirs, 112 A. (17). Maynard, 108 A.—MR. Simpson, 59 A. (105). Butler, Albert. Office: Salem, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Butler, A., 250 A.; in a prospect located on a fault, traces of lead and fluorspar are reported to have been found on this property.

. Byrd, C. N. Office: Fredonia, Ky.

Property: In Caldwell county: Byrd, C. N. (177).

. Campbell, T. C. Office: Dyecusburg, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county. Campbell, T. C.

. Campbell Mining Co., Inc. New Jersey charter, Nov.

1904. Capital $100,000. Office: Louisville, Ky. Officers, Directors: Pres., Wim. Miller, Louisville, Ky.;

V. Pres., L. A. Campbell, Louisville, Ky.; Sec.,

Whitehouse, Louisville, Ky.; Treas., LL. A. Campbell,

Louisville, Ky.; Supt., J. M. Persons, Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county.

Pogue, R. M., F.

. Cardin, A. H. Office: View, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county. Cardin, A. H. 1,000 A., (22).

. Cassidy & Dyeus. 1903. Partners: S. II. Cassidy and F.

G. Dvreus. Office: Dveusburg, Ky. Property in Crittenden county.

Morning Glory Prospect. (88). Property near Caldwell Springs.

. Champion, Bob. Office: Lola, Ky.

Property in Livingston county. Champion, Bob.

. Champion, Widow. Office: ? Salem, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county. Champion, Widow. (24).

. Clark, W. H. Office: Lola, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county. Clark, W. H. (25).

Kentucky Geological Survey. 245

28. Clemens, Dr. J. N. Office: Carrsville, Ky. Property in Livingston county. Barnett heirs: Leased to Witchita, Kan., parties. (129). 29. Clemens, W. P. Office: Resort, Il. Property in Crittenden county. Clemens, W. P. (26). 30. Clement, F. M. Office: View, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Clement, F. M. Tract near View. Clement mine. (27). 31. Columbia Mining Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, June 30, 1902. Capital $100,000. Shares, 1,000. Office: Marion,

Ky.

Officers: Pres., Thos. D. Jones, Chicago, Ill.; V. Pres., BR. W. Bingham, Louisville, Ky.; Sec. & Treas., W. C. Johnson, Paris, Tenn.

Directors: Thos. D. Jones, R. W. Bingham, J. C. Porter, N. H. Snow.

Property in Crittenden county.

Columbia Mines. (28). See No. 178 for company sub- leasing.

32. Commodore Mining Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, Novem- ber 19, 1904. Capital $200,000. Shares, 2,000. Office: Louisville, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres., Wm. Miller, Louisville, Ky.; V. Pres., John Sheas, Louisville, Ky.; Sec. & Treas., C. H. Whitehouse, Louisville, Ky.; Supt., J. M. Persons, Marion, Ky.

Properties in Crittenden county.

Commodore. (129). Flanary, R. M—MR. Syn.: Blue Heirs.

33. Cook, Lee. Office: Fordsferry, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Love, E. F. (73).

34. Cooper, Ed. Office: Trigg Furnace, Ky.

Property: In Trigg county:

Cooper, Ed. (209).

35. Cox, Felix G. Office: Marion, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Cox, Felix G. (30).

246 Kentucky Geological Survey.

36. Crider, Geo. M., and others. 1904. Partners: Geo. M. Crider, C. J. Haury, Marion, Ky., and Charles Haury, Oakland City, Ind.

Property in Crittenden county. Bertha May Mine. (13).

37. Crittenden County Lead, Zine & Spar Co., Inc. Sonth Dakota charter, July, 1902. Capital $10,000. Offices: Pierre, 8. D., and Marion, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres., Isaac Reese, Memphis, Tenn.; V. Pres., A. C. Moore, Marion, Ky.; Sec.-Treas.-Gen.Mer., John A. Moore, Marion, Ky. Ira E. Ellis.

Property in Crittenden county.

Thurman, (115).

38. Cumberland River Mining Co., Inc. ?Pennsylvania char- ter, 1906. Capital $300,000. Shares, 3,000. $50,000 paid up; $250,000 treasury stock. Offices: Main, Pitts- burg, Pa.; branch, Salem, Ky.

Officers: Pres., Anthony Schwab; V. Pres., R. V. Rovi- anck; Sec. & Treas., R. H. Marshall, all of Pittsburg, Pa.; Supt., D. Woolford, Salem, Ky.

Directors: J. W. Grier, W. K. McGinness, Anthony Schwab, P. V. Rovianck.

Properties in Livingston county.

Coker, 100 A., (137). Donakey, 100 A., (139). Vineentheller, 53 A. MR. The St. John Mines. (170).

89. Daugherty, Louis. Office: Fordsferry, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Dougherty, L. (35).

40. Davenport Brothers. Office: View, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Davenport Brothers. (37).

41. Dean & Wilson. Office: Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Dean & Wilson. (38).

Kentucky Geological Survey. 247

42. Deer Creek Mining Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, October 26, 1903. Capital $10,000.

Officers, Directors: Pres., J. M. Crowe, Morganfield, Ky.; V. Pres., Wm. Barnett, Tolu, Ky.; Sec. & Treas., J. L. Harris, Morganfield, Ky.; Gen. Mgr., C. W. Cartwright, Sheridan, Ky. A. D. Noe, J. A. Sutton.

Properties in Crittenden county. Deer Creek Mine. (39). Lacy Moore prosp. (87).

43. Dollar and Others. Partners: J. B. Kevil and J. G. Dol- lar, of Princeton, Ky., J. A. Dollar, of Marion, Ky. Office: Care J. A. Dollar, Marion, Ky.

Property in Galdwell county. Lindsey. (183).

44, Dollar, McFee & Baker, Partners: J. A. Dollar, J. A. Baker, E. M. McFee, of Marion, Ky. Office: Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Franklin, E. L. (47).

45. Eagle Fluorspar Co., Inc. West Virginia charter, Octo- ber, 1898. Authorized capital $200,000. Shares, 2,000. Issued common shares, $79,500; preferred, $45,000. Stockholders, 11. Offices: Main, 1321 Main Street, Wheeling, W. Va.; branch, Salem, Ky.

Officers: Pres., Gen. Mgr., Consult, Eng., D. Garth Hearne, Sec.-Treas., R. A. McCabe, of Wheeling W. Va.; Supt., J. A. Cohenour, Salem, Ky. Directors: R. A. McCabe, L. E. Sands, E. L. Wiles, Geo. W. Woods, D. Garth Hearne. Properties in Livingston county. Babb, C. R., (128). Butler Heirs. (136). Cullen. (142). Guill, W. Austin. (148). Hudson, J. K. P. (148). Hodge, Willis,—F. to Coal. Sills, J. B..—F. to Coal.

248 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Properties in Crittenden county. Dan Riley. (33). Howard, H. G.(59). Loveless, D. C.(74). Matthews, S. H.(82). Pace, John G. (MR). Watson, A. H., North half, MR.

46. Eclipse Mining Oo., Inc. 1905. Offices: Louisville, Ky., and Marion, Ky.

Officers: Pres., Theodore Klarer; Sec.-Treas., Henry A. J. Puls; Gen. Mgr., F. W. Kaiser, of Louisville, Ky.; Supt., R. D. Drescher, Marion, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Eclipse Mine. (42).

47. Edwards Mining Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, 1905. Cap- ital $100,000. Offices: Main, Kentucky Title Bldg., Louisville, Ky.; branch, Marion, Ky.

Officers: Pres., James P. Edwards; V. Pres., Wm. F. Tafel; Sec., Gen’] Mgr., A. E. Detwieler; Treas. Walter N. Young of Louisville, Ky.; Supt. H. 0. Radcliffe;

Consult. Eng., John L. Harpending of Crittenden

Springs, per Marion, Ky.

Directors: J. P. Edwards, W. Miller, A. E. Detwieler, J. M. Rankin and Walter Young, Louisville, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county. Woods tract, 46 A., (43).

48. Ellis, Lee. Office: Per Ellis Ice Co., Hopkinsville, Ky. Property in Christian county. Ellis, (195).

49. Emyrian, Mrs. Office: Carrsville, Ky. Property in Livingston county. Emyrian, Mrs., (141).

50. Evansville Lead, Zinc & Spar Co., Incorporated. Ind. charter May 9, 1902. Capital $5,000. Office: Evans- ville; Ind.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 249

Officers, Directors: Pres., Louis A. Daus, Evansville, Ind.; V. Pres. J. Wm. Glichman; Sec.-Treas. J. H. Rosen- berger, per Am. Pharmacal Co., Evansville, Ind.; O. A. Carlstedt.

Property in Livingston county.

John T. Bradshaw, F. Dug Hardin.

51. E. Young Lead, Zinc & Spar Mining Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, Sept. 6, 1902. Capital $30,000. Office Prince- ton, Ky.

Officers: Pres. E. Young; V. Pres. J. F. Ingram; See. C. M. Wood; Treas. Jno. R. Wylie of Princeton, Ky. Direc- tors: HE. Young, J. F. Ingram, M. J. Groom, J. R. Wylie, J. G. Orr.

Property in Caldwell county.

‘Wm. Coleman, (178).

52. Farmer, James. Office: Marion, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Farmer, J. (44).

53. Farmer, Joel A. Office: Marion Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Nations, (90).

54. Farrell, Warren. Office: Carrville, Ky.

Property in Livingston county.

Ferrell, W., (143).

55. Franklin, E. B. Office: Levias, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Franklin, &. B., (47).

56. Franklin, Mrs. Mary. Office: Levias, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Franklin, Mrs. Mary, (80).

57. Fruit, Capt. Office: Hopkinsville, Ky.

Property in Christian county.

Fruit, Capt., (197).

58. Garrett, Mrs. Mildred. Office: Lola, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Garrett, Mrs. M., (144).

59. Gender and Others. 1901. Office: Care M. E. Fohs, Ma- rion, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county. Old Glory Mines, (94).

250 Kentucky Geological Survey.

60. Giles Creek Mining Co., incorporated 1903. Office: Care C. O. Prowse, Hopkinsville, Ky. Directors: John P. Prowse, W. T. Fowler, C. O. Prowse, E. T. Cook, Jack Tate, of Hopkinsville, Ky.

Property in Christian County. Hord, L., (199).

61.* Givens Mining Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, February 10, 1904. Capital, $100,000. Shares, 1,000. Offices: Mar- ion and Providence, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres.-Gen. Mer., Ross Givens, Provi- dence, Kv.: Sec.-Treas., C. L. Hinkle and B. H. Roney, of Evansville, Ind.

Property ia Crittenden county.

Corn, (48). ? Croft, J., L.

62. Glendale Mining Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, October 1, 1903. Capital, $12,000. Shares, 120. Office: Morgan- field, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres., T. M. Dyer; V. Pres., W. T. Drury; Sec.-Treas.,G. L. Drury, J. M. Crowe, S. C. An- derson, S. L Clenents, of Morganfield, Ky. All are directors except V. Pres. Property in Crittenden county. Austin, H., (49). Leased to J. M. Persons.

63. Golconda Fluorspar Co., Inc., 1906. Office: Louisville, Ky. Capital, $50,000. Officers: Geo. G. Fetter, care of Geo. G. Fetter Co., Louisville, Ky. Directing Eng., J. E. Wright, Louisville, Ky. Property in Livingston county. Coulter, R. E., (138). King, W. R., (151). Stroud, G. W., (169). 64. Gracy Mining Co., Ine. District of Columbia charter, 1903. Capital, $600,000. Shares, 600,000. Office: Gracy, Ky. Officers, Directors: Pres., Thos. 8. Shaw, Cadiz, Ky.; V. Pres., Gipp Watkins, Gracy, Ky.; Sec., J. T. Wall, Hop- kinsville, Ky.; Treas., Dr. Darwin Bell, Gracy, Ky,; B. J. Wall, R. T. Stowe, Lewis Weston, Chas. Cox, G. H. Medley, G. H. Stowe, G. Breathitt, H. T. Watkins, Harry Gaines.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 251

Property in Trigg county. Cox, Chas., 183 A., L. Gaines, P., L. Kirby, E. L., 27 A., L. (3 tracts). Kirby, Wm., 319 A., L. (2 tracts). Malone, H. F., 188 A., (213). Overby, 2 A., (215).

65. Grassham and Others. 1902. Partners: C. C. Grassham, Paducah, Ky.; J. D. Clopton, Smithland, Ky.; Bird Clemens, and Quade. Office: Smithland, Ky., care of J. D. Clopton.

Property in Livingston county. Mantz Spring Prosp. (J. A. Thompson tract). Prosp. is 50 feet west of fault; a little pyrite in shale.

66. Gray, Mrs. Office: Irma, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Gray, Mrs., (50).

67. Green, Daniel J. Office: Fordsferry, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Green, D. J., (51).

68.* Groom & King. 71903. Partners: Major Groom and — King. Office: Princeton, Ky. Property in Caldwell county. ? Bright, Green, (176).

69. Hard, A. Office: Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Hard, A., (53). 70. Hardwick & Henson. 1902. Partners: W. C. Hardwick and J. M. Henson. Property in Webster county. Hardwick & Henson, (221).

71. Harpending and Others. 1904. Partners: J. L. Harpen- ding, Crittenden Springs, Ky.; Sam Gugenheim, C. J. Pierce. D, C. Porter, of Marion, Ky. Office: Crittenden Springs, Ky.

Properties in Crittenden county. Belt-Sullenger, (11). Ed Flanary, L.

252 Kentucky Geological Survey.

72. Harpending and Others. 1906. Partners: J. LL. Har- pending, Crittenden Springs, Ky.; Wm. Miller, Louis- ville, Ky., and another. Office: Crittenden Springs, Ky.

Properties in Crittenden county. Bryant, C. W., (19).

73. Harpending & Miller. 1906. Partners: J. L. Harpen- ding, Crittenden Springs, Ky.; Wm. Miller, Louisville, Ky. Properties in Crittenden county. Flanary, R. E., O., (46). Turner, Spring., O. 74. Haury, Charles. 1903. Office: Oakland City, Ind. Property in Trigg county. Taoler, (219).

75. Head, W. G. 1903. Office: Madisonville, Ky. Properties in Christian county. Bolling, R., (198). Freeman, (196). Jarvin, (200). 76. Heath, S. M. Office: Fordsferry, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county. Shanks Place, F.

77. Henry, James. Office: Marion, Ky. Properties in Crittenden county. Bibb, G. R., (14). Stephenson, J. E., L.

Stephenson, , L. 78. Hillman, Widow. Office: Trigg Furnace, Ky. Properties.

Ferguson Spr., (211). Pool, G., (210). 79. Hodge, Henry. Office: Salem, Ky. Property in Livingston county. Hodge, H., (147). 80. Hollowell, John W. Office: Princeton, Ky. Property in Caldwell county. Tyrie, (191).

Kentucky Geological Survey. 253

81. James, L. H. Office: Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Sisco, (106).

82. Jamieson, Robert. Office: Lola, Ky. Property in Livingston county. Jamieson, R., (149).

83. Johnson, Lee. Office: ? Canton, Ky. Property in Trigg county. Johnson, L., (212). 84. Johnson Brothers. Office: Lola, Ky. Property in Livingston county. Johnson, (150).

85. Jones, Anderson. Office: Sheridan, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Jones, A., (60).

86. Kentucky & Indiana Mining Co., Inc., 1904. Capital, $25,000. Offices: Evansville, Ind., and Francis, Ky. Officers: Pres., Leon Curry, Evansville, Ind.; V. Pres.- Supt., W. A. Oliver, Francis, Ky.; Sec.-Treas., H. H. Ogden, Evansville, Ind.

Property in Crittenden county. Parish, (96)

87. Kentucky Fluorspar Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, January 15, 1902. Capital, $100,000. Shares, 1,000. Stock- holders, 8. Office: Marion, Ky.

Officers: Pres.-Supt., C. S. Nunn; V. Pres., J. W. Blue. Jr.; Sec.-Treas.-Gen. Mgr., H. A. Haynes, of Marion, Ky. Directors: P.S. Maxwell, Nelson H. Snow, J. W. Blue, Jr.

Properties in Crittenden county.

Blue & Marble, (111). Brown, (18).

Holly, (58). Memphis, (84). Redd, (100).

Tabb, (111). Yandell, (124).

254 Kentucky Geological Survey.

88. Kentucky Mining Co., Inc., of Kentucky. Kentucky char- ter, October, 1902. Capital. $6,000. Office: Louis- ville, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres., Curran Pope; V. Pres. A. Thruston Pope; Sec.-Treas., V. P. Collins; H. A. J. Puls, A. M. Hunter, of Louisville, Ky.

Properties in Crittenden county.

Rutter, F. (3 tracts). -

89. *Kentucky Mining Co., Inc., of Arizona. Arizona charter, 1905. Office: Eddyville, Ky. Officer: Sec.-Gen. Mgr., U. S. King, Eddyville, Ky. Property in Crittenden county.

Matthews, J., (81). Property in Lyon county.

Padon, (205).

90. *Keyes & Davis. 1903. Partners: J. O. Keyes, Akron, O., and Walter Davis, Lola, Ky. Office: Care of W. Davis, Lola, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county. Watson, Henry, (62).

91. Keystone Mineral & Mining Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, April 30, 1904. Capital, $40,000. Office: Sturgis, Ky. Officers, Directors: Pres.-Treas., J. D. Hopewell, Sturgis, Ky.; Sec.-Supt., T. E. Hopewell, Marion, Ky.; V. Pres., H. Lee Upton, Louisville, Ky.; W. W. Hopewell, W. H. Wheeler, Sam D. Martin. Annual election, first Tues- day in March. Property in Crittenden county. Carter, (63). 92. King, James. Office: Mexico, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. King, J., (61). 93. Koon, C. B. Office: Dycusburg, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Koon, C. B., (64). 94. LaRue, Charles. Office: Levias, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. LaRue, C., (66). La Rue Heirs, (67): Agent for.

Kentucky Geological Survey 255

95. Leander Mining Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, Octoher, 1906. Capitol $10,000. Shares 100. Shareholders 9. Officers: Pres. R. L. Moore; V. Pres. J. G. Rochester; Sec. Treas. C. E. Welson; Gen. Mer., J. M. Persons, of Marion, Ky. Annual election third Tuesday in October. Directors: G. C. Gray, W. H. Copher, H. B. Morris. Thos. Clifton, of Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. White, Leander, (70).

96. Liberty Lead & Zine Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, Nov., 1902. Capital $1,500. Office Louisville, Ky. Officers, Directors: C. &A. T. Pope, Robert Montanus, J. M. Hunter, of Louisville, Ky. Property im Crittenden county. Richardson, L.

97. Likens & Others. 1904. Partners: Albert Likens, O. S. Denny and others. Office care of O. S. Denny, Carrs- ville, Ky.

Properties in Crittenden county. . Bradshaw, W. H., 344 A., (134). Burns Reserve, 3 A., (135).

98. Little & Macer. 1904. Partners: S. W. Little and Dr. D. T. Macer, of Evansville, Ind. Office: Care of S. W. Little, Pres., Evansville, Ind.

Property in Crittenden county. Donakey, C., (56).

99. *Louisville Spar, Lead & Zine Co., Inc. Kentucky char- ter, January, 1904. Capital $25,000. Shares 500. Office: Louisville, Ky. Organizers: L. M. Rice, Rush C. Watkins, Ira F. Brainard, - J. T. Rice, of Louisville, Ky. Property in Crittenden county.

Eaton, G. W., (40).

100. Lowery, Tom. Office: Salem, Ky. Property in Livingston county. Lowery, T., (155). 101. Lucile Mining Co., Inc., Kentucky charter, Aug. 18, 1902. Capital, $100,000. Shares, 1,000. Office: Marion, Ky.

256 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Officers, Directors: Pres., John F Harth, Paducah, Ky.; V. Pres., Jos. Harth, Caseyville, Ky.; Sec.-Treas.-Gen- Mer., J. R Finley, Marion, Ky.; L. Harth.

Property in Crittenden county.

Bigham, Robert, (76).

102. Manley Brothers. Office: Levias, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Manley, (78).

103. Marble, Wm. Office: Paducah, Ky. Property in Caldwell county. Marble, (185).

104. Marion Lead & Zine Co., Inc. Office: Care of Wm. H.

Clark, Agt. and Atty., Marion, Ky. Holds property but gives no list.

105. Marion Mineral Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, April 15, 1902. Capital,$100,000. Shares, 1,000. Office: Mar. ion, Ky.

Directors: Pres., R. Emmett Cooper, Mopkinsville, Ky.; V. Pres., O. L. Bass, Pensacola, Fla.; See.-Treas., Z. J. Crider; Q. A. Elliot, Hopkinsville, (?) Ky.; T. H. H. Cochran, Marion, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county, Milliken, W. W., (86). Miller Heirs, (93). Pogue, M. F., (97).

In Hardin county, Illinois. Lee mine, F.

106. Marion Zine Co., Inc. Wyoming charter, March 1902, Capital, $600,000. Offices: Cheyenne, Wyo.; Fort Wayne, Ind. and Marion, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres.-Gen. Mer.-Eng.. C. S. Knight, Ft. Wayne, Ind.; 1st. V. Pres., Jno. Q. Ross, Ft. Wayne, Ind.; 2nd V. Pres.,W. R. Cheney, Redland, Cal.; See.- Treas., M. L. Polhamus, Ft. Wayne, Ind.; Wm. Fleming, L. Centlivre, G. P. Evans, of Ft. Wayne, D. C. Griffith and O. S. Runnels, of Indianapolis, Ind.

Properties in Crittenden county.

Adams, W. H. Belt, B. W. (12).

Kentucky Geological Survey. 257

tBennett, G. W., L. Brown, W. H., L. t{Champion, Robert, F. Daniel, H. Ds L. Davenport, A. A., (36). LaRue, R. A., L. Riley, J. N-, (103). In Livingston county. ? Adams, David, L. ? Baxter & Riddle, L. McDowell, M., (157). In Caldwell county. Lowery, M. B., (184). Ray, J. B., (187). 107. Maxwell, Milton. Office: Fredonia, Ky. Property in Galdwell county. Maxwell, M., (186). 108. Maxwell, Blue & Nunn. Office: Marion, Ky. Partners: P. S. Maxwell, J. W. Blue, Jr., C. S. Nunn, of Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Cark, Eby., 84 A.,F 109. McFee Heirs. Office: Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. McFee Heirs, F. Barnes, J., M. R. 110. McReynolds, Office: ? Pod, Ky. Property in Christian county. McReynolds, (201). 111. Moore Estate. Office: Care of Executor J. Handy Moore Estate, Charleston, Mo. Property in Crittenden county. Belt, T. D., F. Bracy, Newt., F. Heath, S. M., (55). Pickens, A., F. 112. Montanus, Robt., and Other. Office: 118 W. Market St., Louisville, Ky. Property in Livingston county. Lowery, J.S., (154).

258 Kentucky Geological Survey.

113. Moreland, J. R. Office: Salem, Ky.

Property in Livingston county.

Moreland, J. R., (158).

114. Morganfield Mining Co. 1904. Office: Morganfield, Ky.

Officers: Pres., Higgensderfer; Sec.-Treas., J. L. Harris; Gen. Mgr.-Supt., A. D. Noe, of Morganfield, Ky.

Properties in Crittenden county.

LaRue Shaft, L., (69). Love, Mrs. E. M., F. (69).

115. Mountain Lead, Zine & Fluorspar Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, October 20, 1903. Capital, $150,000, of which $50,000 is treasury stock. Office: Paducah, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres. W. D. Greer; V. Pres., J. A. Rudy; Sec.-Treas., Wm. Marble; J. L. Friedman, E. P. Gilson, G. C. Hughes, of Paducah, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Part of Crittenden Springs Tract, 18A., M. R., and 5A., timber, (109) .

116. Newkirk, A. Office: Cleveland, O.

Property in Crittenden county.

Tabor, J. I., (91).

117. Nine Acres Mining Co, Inc. 1907. Capital, $100,000. Officers: Shares, 1,000. Office: Marion, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Nine Acre Mine, (92). Nine Acre Mill.

118. Ohio Miaing Co. 1906. Office: Columbus, O.

Officers: Sec.-Treas., E. G. Orebaugh; Gen. Mgr., W. J. Phillips, of Columbus, O.; Supt., T. Grant Davidson, Marion, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Lynn, W. C., MR. A shaft is being sunk and is about 70 feet deep.

119. Paducah Lead, Zine & Fluorspar Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, August, 1902. Capital, $20,000. Office: Pa- dueah, Ky.

Organizers: Geo. C. Hughes, Geo. C. Wallace, Ed P. Noble, Geo. O. Hart, Ed P. Gilson, Sol. Dreyfus, J. L. Fried- man, of Paducah, Ky.

Properties in Crittenden county. (232 A).

Kentucky Geological Survey. 259

Kirk, Jake, F. Kirk, Linford, F. Walker, Chas., F. 120. Pickens, Albert, and Others. 1906. Office: Marion, Ky. Properties in Crittenden county. Glendale, (49). Terry, Blake, (71). 121. Pierce, J. A. Office: Salem, Ky. Property in Livingston county. Pierce, J. A., (163). 122. Pierce, J.C. Office: Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Stephenson, Rush, (107). 123. Pogue, M. F. Office: Francis, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Crane Bros., F.

124, Pogue & Matthews. Office: Francis, Ky. Partners: M.

F. Pogue & John Matthews, of Francis, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Matthews, John, F.

125. Pogue and Others. Office: Francis, Ky. Partners: M. F. Pogue, John Matthews, F. M. Matthews and 8. H. Mathews, of Francis, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county. Matthews, John, F.

126. Pogue, Asbridge & Oliver. 1903. Office: Francis, Ky. Partners: M. F. Pogue, W. E. Asbridge, W. F. Oliver, of Francis, Ky.

Prcperty in Crittenden county. Simpkins, J. J., L. 127. Polk, John. Office: Dycusburg, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Polk, J., (98). 128. Polk, Wm. Office: Mexico, Ky. Property in Crittenden county.

Polk, Wm., (99).

129, Pope, C.& A. T. 1902, Partners: Dr. Curran Pope & A. Thruston Pope. Office: 111-113 W. Chestnut St.,

Louisville, Ky. Properties in Crittenden county.

260 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Babb, T. J., (5).

Barnes, J. H., MR.

Conyers, John, MR.

Grimes, S. R., (145).

LaRue, R. A., (66).

Lowery, W. S., MR.

Pace, Jos., MR.

Sisco, Press, L.

Tynor, W. C.

Utley, J. A. & Michel, S. L., (116).

Watson, A. H., (120). Properties in Livingston county.

Foreman, L.

Martin, Thos., (156).

130. Princeton Lead & Zine Co., Inc., 1902. Office: Care of J. W. Hollowell, Princeton, Ky. Property in Caldwell county. Dunning, (180).

131. Pue, James. Office: Golden Pond, Ky. Property in Trigg county. Pue, (218).

132. Ramage Brothers. H.C. & C. N Ramage. Office: Salem, Ky.

Property in Livingston county.

Ramage, (164).

133. Redd, Jesse (col.) Office: Dulaney, Ky.

Property in Lyon county.

Redd, J., (206).

134. Red Hill Mining Co., Ine. Kentucky charter, 1906. Cap- ital, $30,000. Shares, 300. Offices: LaGrange and Marion, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres.-Gen. Mgr., Walter Bennett; V. Pres., C. M. Oglesby; Sec.-Supt., W. Horace Oglesby; Treas., R. T. Adams, of LaGrange, Ky.; Consult. Eng. John L. Harpending, Marion, Ky. Annual election, second Tuesday in January.

Property in Crittenden county.

Vaughn, D., (101).

Kentucky Geological Survey. 261

135. Reed, Mrs. John. Office: Kuttawa, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Hardin, Mrs., (54).

136. Reed Mining Co., Ine. South Dakota charter, October, 1902. Capital, $500,000. Offices: Pierre, S. D., and Marion, Ky.

Officers: Pres., L. W. Cruce, Ardmore, Ind. Ter.; Sec.- Treas., D. C. Roberts, Carthage, Tenn.; Supt., Geo. P. Roberts, Marion, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Reed land, 23 A.—F. and 100 A.—-MR. Some pros- pects show pyrite and clay. Last prospected about

137. Reiter, Mrs. Carrie. Office: Fredonia, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Reiter, (102).

138. Roberts & Co., Geo. P. 1903. Office: Marion, Ky. Gen. Mgr., Geo. P. Roberts. Buy fluorspar and sell to con- sumer.

139. Rochester and Others. 1903. Office: Care of J. G. Rochester, Marion, Ky. Properties in Crittenden county. Akers, Flem, (3). Milliken, W. W., 5 A..—F.

140. Rovianck and Others. Office: Pitsburg, Pa. P. V. Rovianck and Others. Property in Crittenden county. Hodge, Ebbie, (41). ?In litigation.

141. Royal Lead & Spar Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, July 17, 1902. Capital, $10,000. Office: Paducah, Ky. Officers, Directors: Pres., Ed Wolfhawk; V. Pres., Stan- ley Dubois; Sec., W. F. Paxton; Treas., S. B. Hughes; Jos. L. Friedman, Wm. Wades, Geo. Rock, Geo. C. Wallace, of Paducah, Ky. Property in Livingston county. Royal Mines, (165). MR in litigation. 142, Sanders Ore Separating Co., Inc. Kentucky charter,

262 Kentucky Geological Survey.

December 6, 1905. Capital, $20,000. Shares, 200 Office: Marion, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres., Walter Sanders, New York, N. Y.; V. P., Gen. Mgr., W. Murray Sanders; Sec-Treas., Cyril C. Sanders, of Marion, Ky. Annual election Oc- tober.

Property in Crittenden county.

Sanders Mill.

143. Satterfield, Office: Princeton, Ky.

Property in Caldwell county.

Satterfield, (188).

144. Schoolfield-Spees Mining & Milling Co., Inc. West Vir- ginia charter, April, 1906. Capital, $100,000. Shares, 100,000. Officers: Main, Newport, Ky.: branch, 609 Crescent Ave., Covington, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres., Wm. A. Young, Dayton, Ky.; V. Pres., W. R. Bollman, Cincinnati, O.; Sec.-Treas., John Percival, W. Covington, Ky.; Gen. Mgr., F. E. Schoolfield, Covington, Ky., and Thos. B. Lantry; Supt., A. M. Abbott, Covington, Ky. Annual election, April 1.

Property in Livingston county.

Spees, Tom, (165).

145. Senator Mining Co., Inc., Kentucky charter, September 15, 1902. Capital, $100,000. Shares, 1,000. Office: 413 Columbia Bldg., Louisville, Ky.

Officers: Pres., Basil Doerhoefer; V. Pres., B. F. Weitzel, of Louisville, Ky.; Sec.-Treas., Thos. P. Waddell. Millersburg, Ky.

Property in Caldwell county.

Senator Mines, (189).

146. Sisco, Press. Office: View, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Lewis Bros., (72).

147. Smith, Chas., (col.) Office: Grand Rivers, Ky.

Property in Lyon county.

Smith, C., (207). ;

148. Spencer, Wm. Office: Fordsferry, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Barger, T. J., (7).

Kentucky Geological Survey. 263

149. Sullenger, S. S. Office: Irma, Ky. Properties in Crittenden county. Sullenger, (110). Swansey, F. Wolsey, Jos., (123). Property in Livingston county. Watson, Dallas,—F. 150. Sullenger, Lee. Office: Sheridan, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Madrid, Widow. This was prospected in 1900 by the Buckeye Mining Co., who opened a narrow vein of ealespar with traces of fluorspar, lead and zinc. Later gravel fluorspar was found 20 feet N. W. of the master fault of the Corn fault zone, which passes through this property.

151. Sutts, . Office: Hardesty, Ky.

Property in Livingston county. Sutts, (167).

152. Temme and Others. 1904. Partners: A. F. Karges, J. C. Zutt, Wm..H. Temme, Jno. Weber, Jno. Jordan, of Evansville, Ind. Office: Care of W. H. Temme, Evans- ville, Ind.

Properties in Crittenden county. Clark, J. AF. Clement, I. H.—F. Dalton, W. L., (32). French, Alex.,—F. Jones, David,—F. Sullenger, Jas. E.,—F. Weldon, C.E.—F.

153. Terry, W. P. Office: Marion, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county. Terry, W. P., (113).

154. Terry Heirs, Gus. Office: Markam Terry, Agent, Sheridan, Ky.

Properties in Crittenden county. Terry, G.,—160A., (114). Terry, G., 300 A..F.

155. The Albany Lead, Zinc & Fluorspar Co., Ine. Arizona charter, 1906. Capital, $200,000. Shares, 200,000. Offices: Phoenix, Ariz., and Albany, Ind

264 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Officers, Directors: Pres, Norman Russell; V. Pres., Robert Braunner; Sec., W. E. Hodson; Treas., Arch McCormick; M. B. Baird, Oliver Dick, Jos. Zehner, Walter McCormick, of Albany, Ind.; Supt., C. E. Rad- cliffe.

Property in Crittenden county.

Perkins, Sam. L.

156. *The Crittenden Mining Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, October 17, 1903. Capital, $100,000. Offices: Hender- son and Marion, Ky.

Officer: Pres., F. Haag, Henderson, Ky. Directors: F. Haag, J. O. Clore, Mrs. Ida Pearsons, Col. Starling.

Property in Crittenden county.

Flanary, R. E., (45).

157. *The Farmland Mining Co., Inc. June 1903. Office: Pres. C. E. Foster, Farmland, Ind.

Property in Livingston county.

Lindley, I., (152).

Property in Crittenden county. Bennett land,—L.

158. The Great Northern Mining & Milling Co., Inc. Arizona charter, April 14, 1903. Capital, $200,000. Shares, 200,000. Offices: Main, Pheonix, Ariz.; branch, Muncie, Ind.

Officers, Directors: Pres., Thos. H. Kirby; V. Pres., Wm. Campbell; Sec., J. Walter Baird; Treas., Chas. M. Staijers, James M. Motsenboche, M. A. Cunning- ham, Clyde Emdee, W. L. Curtis, Thos. H. Kirby, R. M. Carter, Chas. P. Smith. Supt.-Gen.-Mgr., John R. Steinman, Crittenden Springs, care Marion, Ky.

Properties in Crittenden county.

Franks, Mrs. Martha 50 A., (1). Guill, A. A. 91A (52).

159. The Henderson Co., Inc. Kentucky charter, September 28, 1903. Capital, $70,000. Office: Henderson, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres., David Clark; V. Pres., John Reichart; Sec.-Gen.-Mgr., Julius Baldaup; Treas., Charles E. Dallam, Morris Baldaup, Edward A. Jonas, Henry Kleymeyer, of Henderson, Ky.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 265

Properties in Crittenden county. Farmer, Widow, (65). Deboe, (65).

Thomas, J. E.,—F.

160. The Hopkinsville Co., Inc. Arizona charter, 1903. Cap- ital, $1,000,000. Shares, 1,000,000. Office: Hopkinsville, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres., Lee Ellis; V. Pres., Frank Rives; Sec., L. L. Elgin; Treas., Jas. West, B. B. Rice, W. M. Shaw, P. E. West. Annual election, January.

Property in Crittenden county.

Meyers, W. H., (85).

161. The Shady Grove Mining Co. 1903. Office: Salem, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres.-Supt., J. 8S. Waggoner; Sec., J. B. Simpson, of Salem, Ky.; Fred Casner, J. B. Elder, Jas. McConnell, Jeff McConnell, M. D., T. E. Utley, Thos. Cannon.

Properties in Crittenden county.

Croft, J., (83). Damron. J. W. S., (34).

Property in Livingston county. Linley, I., (132).

162. The Union Central Mining Co., Ine. South Dakota char- ter, May 27, 1901. Capital, $500,000. Office: 29 Euclid Ave., Room 8, Cleveland, O.

Officers: Pres., W. D. Hills; V. Pres, A. E. Fowler; Sec.-Treas., H. M. Fiske, of Cleveland, 0.; Gen. Mgr., Cornelius Newkirk, 139 Beach St., Cleveland, O.

Properties in Caldwell county.

Dodds, (179). Stone, Joe, (190). Tabor,—L.

163. Trabue, I. H. Office: Punta Gorda, Fla. Holds num- erous mining rights in Livingston county.

164. Underdown, R. P. Office: Marion, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Underdown, R. P.—F.

165. Waddell, T. L. Office: Salem, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Waddell, T. L., (117).

266 Kentucky Geological Survey.

166. Waddlington, Lloyd. Office: Kuttawa, Ky. Property in Lyon county. Waddlington, L., (208).

167. Wallingford, W. D. Office: Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Wallingford, (119).

168. *Western Clay & Mining Co., Ine. 1904. Office: Ke- wanee, Ill.

Pres., A. M. Hewlett, Kewanee, Ij].; Sec., C. I. Pierce, St. David, Ill.

Properties in Crittenden county.

Babb, T. L. Option. Foley, J. D.—F. Franklin, J. L., F. (20). Stevens, C. R., (108).

Properties in Livingston county.

Bramfield, M.—M. R.

Cooper, Geo. W.—M. R.

Davis, C. B. & Dunn, D. A.—F. Deboe, Mrs. D. A.—F. Heyward, Mrs. M. C.—M. R. (2 tracts). McGuire, R. H.—M. R. Norton, W. F., (162).

Smith, Chas.—M. R.

Tisdale, (171).

Threlkeld, W. T.—M. R. Ward, T. J.—M. R.

Warrick, J. F.—M. R.

Woods, H. W., (178).

Woods, R. H., (174).

169. Wheateroft Mineral Co., Ine. South Dakota charter, ? December, 1903. Capital $100,000. Shares, 100,000 Office: Wheateroft, Ky.

Officers, Directors: Pres., Irving H. Wheatcroft; Sec., Edwin C. Ruff; Treas., A. E. Cullen, E. Curry, B. H. Curry, of Wheatcroft, Ky.; V. Pres., T. A. Conway, Marion, Ky.

Property in Crittenden county.

Wheateroft Mine, (121).

Kentucky Geological Survey. 267

170. White, Mrs. Leander. Office: View, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. ? Crosson, (31).

171. Wigginton, Dick. Office: Fredonia, Ky. Property in Caldwell county. Wigginton, (192).

172. Williams, L. G. Office: Hopkinsville, Ky. Property in Christian county. Williams, L. G., (202).

173. Wilson, R. W. Office: Marion, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. Crittenden Springs tract, 600 A., (122).

174. Wright, Prof. Office: Carrsville, Ky. Property in Livingston county. Wright, Prof., (175).

175. York, Heyward. Office: View, Ky. Property in Crittenden county. York, (125).

176. Young, Thomas. Office: Henshaw, Ky. Property in Webster county. Young, T., (220).

177. Unknown. Property in Trigg county. Ohara shaft (214).

178. Southern Lead & Zine Co., Ine.

Kentucky charter, Jan. 1907.

Capital $50,000. 100 shares preferred; 400 shares com- mon stock; $100.00 per share.

Offices: Main, 88 Kenyon Bldg., Louisville, Ky. Branch: Marion, Ky. Officers, Director: Pres. E. F. W. Kaiser; V.-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., Jno. Drescher; Sec.-Treas., Peter Knopp, Jr.; Wm. Bohon; R. W. Bingham; Supt., R. D. Drescher.

Property in Crittenden county. Columbia Mines, 8S. I. (28).

268 Kentucky Geological Survey.

List Of Former Operators.

The following is a list of the names of those previously operating or holding mining property in the District but who have either been absorbed by new ones, reorganized, or ceased to exist. The numbers following the names refer to the number given the operator in the foregoing table that now holds the property or properties formerly held by those whose names are here given. The date given is approxi- mately the date operations were begun by previous operators; a before a date indicates previous to date given,

Archer, W. G., & Delker, J. G., 1904. 10.

Beck & Davis; David Beck and Walter Davis, 1875. 87,

Belt, B. W., & Sullenger, 1880. 106.

Bement, G., Wm., Jr., & Schwab, M., 1902. 134,

Big Five Mining Co., 1904. 120.

Bigham, Rs B., 1899. 101.

Bozeman & Co., 1902. 42.

Brown, S. 8., & Ward, James, 1890. 87.

Burns, Pinkney, *1874. 97.

Bush, W. P. D., & Co., 1865-6.

Casey, N. W. & Co., 1865-6.

Chicago Mining Co., Inc., 1901. 101.

Chittenden, J. E. & others, 1904. 5.

Cincinnati Lead & Spar Mining Co., 1882. 31, 87.

Clark, J. A., & Others, 1902. 106.

Clement, Dr. I. H., 1904. 152.

Clement, R. B., 1899. 77.

Cleveland Mining & Reduction Co., Ine., 1901. 59.

Columbia Silver Mining Co., 1866. 31.

Conway, T. A., & Others, 1903. 153.

Cook, Capt., 1903.

Cook, Judge J. T., 1903. 55.

Cooley, S. W., 1895. 87.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 269

Corn Brothers, 1900. 13, 61.

Cox, James, 1898. 1, 4.

Delaware Mining Co., 1904. 113.

Drake, Barnes & Co., 1899. 1, 4, 103.

Drescher & Co., 1905. 31.

Eaton, G. Wesley, 1901. 99.

Flanary, R. E., 1901. 71, 73, 156.

Fredonia Mining & Smelting Co., 1902. 87.

Garnett Brothers, 1902. 26.

Givens, Ross, and others, 1904. 82.

Givens, J. W., Drygoods Co., 1902. 61.

Glass, Henry, 1866. 31, 87.

Golconda Milling & Mining Co., 1904. 148.

Halliday & Green, about 1870. 31.

Harris, J. L., 1902. 21.

Harris, W. G., 1903. 68.

Harth Brothers & Finley, 1902. 101.

Hewlett, A. M. & M. L., Dr. Callahan and *1870. 168.

Heyward, E. J., & Morse, J. H., 1902. 1.

Jackson, Andrew, 1835. 31.

Kennedy & Co., W. L., 1904. 54.

Kentucky Fluorspar Mining & Manufacturing OCo., Inc.,

Kentucky Lead & Fluorspar Co., Inc., of Tenn., 1897. 31.

Kevil, D. B. and others, 1901. 160.

Keystone Lead & Zine Co., 1904. 38.

Langenbach & Morton, 1900. 1, 4.

LaRue, Wm., 130.

Louisville-Marion Mining Co., 1904. 95, 158.

Marble, S., & Son, 1875. 103.

Marion Fluorspar Co., 1899. 160.

Marion Zine Co., of Ky., 1902. 106.

Maxwell, P. S., and others, 1892. 32.

Mayes & Wilson, 1901. 173.

McChord, H. C., 1904.

McGraw, ?J., 1903. 20.

Memphis Lead Mining Co., 1872. 87.

Miller, C. M., 1900, 1, ete.

Miller, J. C., 1898. 12.

Waller,

Kentucky Geological Survey.

Moody, F. B., about 1870. 38.

Morris, ——, 1880. 8.

Ogden & Curry (The Westside Mining Co.) 1904. 86.

Ohara, M. C., 1900. 95.

Ohio Valley Mining Co., 1902. 5, 33, 174.

Pittsburg Fluorspar Mining & Manufacturing Co., 1903.

Pittsburg Mining & Reduction Co., Inc., 1900. 38.

Porter, D. C., 1904. 160.

Porter & Hudson, 1896. 31.

Postelwaite & Watkins, 1897. 59.

Ratcliffe & Williams, 1902. 97.

Reed, R. M., and others, 1903. 159.

Republic Mining Co., Inc., 1900. 56, 94, 99, 129.

Riley, J. N., 1901. 106.

River Valley Mining Co., *1870. 140.

Roberts, D. C., 1903. 99, 129.

Safford, A. B., & Co., 1865-66.

Samples, and others, 1903. 140.

St. Louis Mining Co., prospected Eberly land, 1900.

Southern Mining & Promotion. Co., 1902. 54.

Sullenger, Jumes, 120.

The Buckeye Mining Co., Inc., 1901. 150.

The Buffalo Mining Co., 1903. 74.

The Carrsville Mining & Milling Co., Inc., 1902. 97.

The Commercial Mining & Smelting Co., Inc., 1902. 87.

The Dycusburg Lead Mining Co., 1880. 87.

The Fluorspar Co., Inc., 1898. 87, 140.

The Globe Spar Co.

The Livingston County Land & Mining Co., *1902. 168.

The Mineral Point Zine Co., Inc., 1903. 87.

The National Lead, Zine & Fluorspar Co., Inc., 1900. 103.

The Ohio Zine Co., Inc., 1902. Prospected Kam Hardin land.

The Sea Coast Mineral Co., Inc., operated dry mill at Padueah for ore separation, 1902-4.

The Sumner Marble Co., 1903. 103.

The Winifred Mining Co., Inc., 1903. 23.

Tolu Mining Co., 1901.

Tyrie, , 87.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 271

Waggoner, J. W,. 1893. 38, 87, 106.

Waggoner, J. S., and others, 1901. 132, 161.

Wallace, Wm., and others, 1902. 54.

Walker, R. C. and others, 1902. 52.

Walton Spar Mining Co., Jos. Walton, 1883. 87.

Watkins, Harry, 1898. 12, 22, 62, ete.

Western Kentucky Mining Co., Inc., 1899. 31, 36, 45, 87, 106, 117, 158.

Williams, L. G. and others. 57.

Wilson Mining Co., 1903. 173.

272 Kentucky Geological Survey.

Appendix I.

Occurrence Of Cobalt And Nickel In Western Kentucky.

The presence of cobalt-nickel-bearing wad in the Western Kentucky Lead, Zine and Spar District was first discovered at the main shaft of the Givens mines about 1904. As the dis- covery caused considerable excitement it led to a thorough search for the mineral, resulting in its being found at a number of localities. The demand for cobalt was much stimulated by Edison’s discovery of its value for use in storage batteries, and this encouraged further investigation of its occurrence here.

The occurrences investigated are of four types: (1) In narrow veins or small pockets in residual clay, or coating chert in such clay from the St. Louis limestone; (2) In small seams in birdville quartzite associated with sand and indiana- yite; (3) In the magniferous iron ore of the St. Louis resid- uals; and (+) In small seams, pockets and flats in a limonitic clay bed in Birdsville rocks. Of these, the two former types are associated with the veins, faults and dikes, while the last two are not.

The mineral is brown to black in color, sometimes with a reddish-purplish tinge. The analyses show good percentages of manganese and iron. In some of the specimens in which no quantitative determination of these elements were made, they are present in even greater quantity than in some of those in which the percentages were determined. As will be seen by inspection of the analyses, the percentages of cobalt, nickel, zine and lead are very minute, in the best selected material the cobalt content being only 2 per cent. and the highest per- centage of nickel 0.33 per cent; this in the same specimen. The analyses made by Dr. A. M. Peter, Chemist of the Survey, show generally a lower percentage of these metals than those reported by private chemists who analyzed the material for the companies; analyses of which I have learnt from private sources reporting as high as 3 per cent. cobalt and 1.76 per cent. nickel. The methods emploved by Dr. Peter were as re- fined as possible, so we may accept them as conservative and

Kentucky Geological Survey. 273

probably the nearest correct. The lead which occurs in mi- nute quantities is in a curious mixture, which Dr. Peter thinks contains rare earths such as gallium, ete.; this partly in asso- ciation with the small zinc conent. The best results in cobalt- nickel content were found in that part of the black material which was a rather compact, smooth mineral, soapy to the touch and soiling the fingers like graphite. That selected from the green shale gave the best results, the shale itself showing, however, no cobalt or nickel upon qualitative test.

The wad occurs only in seams less than four inches wide, except at the main Givens mine, or otherwise only in small quantity through the clay or shale, and as the samples do not represent in any case averages of the material as mined but, instead, either select material associated with some clay or shale, or else very select material picked from this, it is ap- parent that the quantity of wad obtainable must needs be very small. This, when considered together with the small quantity of the metals in the select wad, makes the occur- rences insignificant from a commercial standpoint and only of interest scientifically. The deposits, except, perhaps, that at the Givens shaft, concerning which the writer has not sufficient information to justify a definite statement, are unworthy of fur- ther consideration as coblalt-nickle ores. The deposit of ferro- manganese ore at the Jesse Redd place, if in quantity, should be valuable in the manufacture of spiegeleisen, an iron in which 20 per cent. of manganese is desirable.

Details Of Principal Occurrences. The Bryant Adit,

The Bryant adit was driven to prospect the ground in the vicinity of the mica-peridotite dikes which traverses the Bryant land. It is 3 miles west of Marion. Though somewhat irregular in shape, it bends from northwest to northeast, form- ing the segment of a circle, the chord of which strikes about N. 20° E. For the first 75 feet, a stratified clay, brown and white color, plastic, and resulting from the decomposition of shaly sandstone, was passed through. This clay grades irregularly into quartzite. At 105 feet from the entrance, a dike was en- countered. The dike strikes northwest probably not less than

274 Kentucky Geological Survey.

30 degrees. A branch drift was started imnediately east of where the dike was encountered and was driven N, 20° W. for 45 feet. The first section of this drift had vellow decom- posed mica-peridotite on the west. Clay with irregularly shaped limonite masses and veins occur on the east, and be- vond the peridotite, on the west, where some sandstone also is intermixed. At 14 feet from the end, a sheet of quartzite was found, persisting to the end at 2 feet above the bottom of the drift and into the roof. Below and on either side is stiale. This block, from 14 to 24 inches in thickness, was ap- parently faulted into the shales striking N. 17° W., the fault- ing not following into the shale below.

Taking out the east or main limb of the adit, we find quart- zite exvending for 15 feet, when a fault N. 24° E., and dipping 44° to 54° southwest, is to he seen. For 2 feet from the bot- tom of the dike gray shales underlie the quartzite, the strata dipping 17 feet southwest. Quartzite forms the east wall. For the first few feet this quartzite is much brecciated, but shortly beyond the quartzite dips west and the quartzite is faulted with faults of 4-inch to $-inch displacement. Typical wedge faulting, with parallel faults paralleling the dip of one of the major border faults and setting up a repetition of wedge faulting, has taken place. The faults on either side of the main block are compensating. A bed of shale dips under the quartzite and evidently this shale fills the entire drift. The quartzite and shale dip irregularly 28° to 40° northwest, with strikes ranging from N. 47° to 57° K. In the quartzite, a vein of black earthy wad, from to 2 inches wide, separated into two bands by a seam of nearly white or pinkish clay contain- ing 23.9 per cent. water and hence similar in composition to indianaite, somewhat sandy, fills the space hetween them and makes up the bulk of the vien. This vein does not persist downward from the quartzite into the shale, but ends abruptly upon reaching the shale. It strikes N. 80° E. A second vein of like character was also noted. Analyses Nos. 2693, 2708, and 2709 are of samples from these veins.

Campbell Prospect.

This is located miles southwest of Mexico, on the land of Mr. T. C. Campbell. A short distance southwest of the fault which crosses the Campbell land and has Birdsville

Kentucky Geological Survey. 275

rocks and St. Louis limestone for walls in a drain-like de- pression in St. Louis residuals, a small hole dug by the writer yielded about a bushel of wad in about a half hour, at but a few inches below the surface. It could not be determined whether it former part of simply a local pocket or of a vein. No analyses were made of this product, but it must contain a goodly percentage of manganese and likely, also, small percentages of the other metals.

Givens CosaLt PRosPEcTs.

The Givens cobalt prospects are situated 9 miles west of Marion, and are on the property of the Givens Mining Co. The main shaft, sunk upon Dr. Smith’s suggestion, was put down to a depth of 105 feet., A cross-cut level was run at 70 feet, which the writer examined. In the south cross-cut, the features of most interest are 2 feet of purplefluorspar with lit- tle quartzite, and 13 feet of quartzite, fluorspar (both lump and gravel) and kaolin, the last two in seams and pockets through the former. These all dip at a high angle south. There is every reason to believe that this kaolin is a decomposition pro- duct of ingredients of the quartzite (possibly feldspathic in- gredients). In the north cross-cut the notable features are a block of dropped-in shale, a vein of 2 to 4 inches of cobalt-man- ganese ore, and alternate bands of clay and cherts and lime- stone. The main fault plane lies at the north end of the fluor- spar-kaolin-quartzite band and strikes about N. 60° E. The water level is at a depth of 70 feet. The cobalt-manganese vein which changes from soft to hard ore some distance below water level is said to be 14 inches in width at the bottom of the shaft.

The fault is a master fault between Birdsville and St. Louis rocks and belongs to what has been termed the Corn fault zonec.

On the north of the fault zone, bearing practically the same relations as those above described, are two prospects each 20 feet in depth, about one-half mile northeast. Here the product occurs through red-brown clay, in cavities one to three inches in diameter, which it incrusts and partly fills, and in veins

276 Kentucky Geological Survey.

under two inches thick; also as a thin coating on flints. The samples analyzed, Nos. 2705, 2706, 2706a and 2707 were all collected at the last two prospects.

Mitirken SuHart, Yanpett MrInes,

The Kentucky Fluorspar Co. in sinking the Milliken shaft encountered wad in the partly altered Ohara shale, within 20 feet of the surface and mixed with red clay of the St. Louis foot-wall in the lower part of the shaft, which is 100 feet deep. The red clay also has red clay and gravel fluorspar associated. The wad of the green shale shows heavier percentages of both cobalt and nickel than that of the red clay, and in fact than in that of any of the other products analyzed. Analyses Nos. 2772, 2773, and 2773a give the character of the Milliken prod- uct.

The shaft is located on the Kentucky vein, striking N. 65° E., which belongs to the Tabb fault zone and is about three miles southwest of Mexico. A heavy body of gravel fluorspar, also some white lump, was found in this shaft.

Pariso SHart,

The Parish shaft, operated by the Kentucky and Indiana Mining Co., is about a quarter mile northeast of the above, on the same fault zone. A bed of fluorspar of considerable thick- ness replaces the St. Louis limestone wall for some distance out, horizontally, from the fault. Cavities in this fluorspar are found encrusted with a thin coating of wad, of which the quantity capable of separation was so small that while man- ganese was detected, cobalt and nickel, if present, could not determined, (See Analysis 2774.) A sample of the clear purple fluorspar, as shown by the analysis No. 2770, contained none of the metals, hence the purple coloring is not dependent on the presence of any of these metals, and their association as a coating in the cavities is only incidental.

Ramzy Mine.

The Riley Mine is about 7 miles southwest of Mexico, on the property of the Marion Zine Co. It is on the Riley fault of the Excelsior (Marion) fault zone and has Birdsville and St.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 277

Louis walls. In a stope above the drift, at the 35 foot level northeast from the main shaft, in the red clay, the galena- fluorspar vein and the St. Louis limestone wall on the south- east of the fault, a 2-inch vein of wad was noted. No analyses of this material were made, but it appears very similar to the Givens.

WaLiinerorD Prospect.

This is 14 miles east-northeast of Marion, on the W. D. Wallingford land. It is a shallow pit, sunk in Birdsville shales about 6 feet. At 3 feet from the surface, a 3-foot bed of yel- lowish limonitic clay was found, underlying shale. In this clay brown wad occurs in small seams, pockets and flats. Analy- sis No. 2771 of a sample from this prospect shows a small content of cobalt, nickel, etc. It is apparently not connected in any way with a vein, although a fault crosses the same land within about a quarter mile of it.

Jesse Redd Prospect.

On the land of Jesse Redd (colored), 3 miles southwest of the Illinois Central Railroad at Dulaney, in a prospect in the red clay of the St. Louis limestone, a deposit of man- ganese-bearing iron ore was found. The ore occurs in lumps scattered through the clay and chert. The analysis shows, beside minute percentages of cobalt and nickel, 21 per cent. of manganese and 30 per cent. of iron, making an ore having a composition similar to spiegeleisen, for the manufacture of which, should the ore be found in quantity, it would be adapt- able.

278 KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Following are analysis of samples, made in the laboratory of the Survey:

ANALYSIS OF WESTERN KENTUCKY WAD, ETC., SHOWING COBALT-— NICKEL CONTENT.

A. M. Peter, Chemist for the Survey Analyst.

: Man- ae Locality. ganese.! Iron. ' Cobalt. ; Nickel. Zinc. Lead.

Bryant Adit: Black Wad through Indianaite. (2693)| present present} 0.139 0.072 alittle trace.

Bryant Adit: Wad. (2708)]| present] present| 0.011 0.011 alittle trace.

Bryant Adit: Wad coating on quartzite. (2709) present} present} 0.041 . 051 0.085 trace.

Givens Cobalt Prospect: Wad in red clay. (2706) present present; 0.050 0.004] 0.296! trace.

Givens Cobalt Prospect: Selected wad of 2706.

(2706a).. 2... eee 2.100 6.800 0.140 0.020 ne. trace, Givens Cobalt Prospect: a ea

Selected wad. (2705)...| 6.000 present Cie ne, ne. trace. Givens Cobalt Prospect:

Wad coating on flint.

(2708) ccccdas eee nie che ee present! present| 0.006 0.093 n.e. trace, Milliken Shaft: Wad in Somes

red clay. (2772) 0.910 present 0.0)10 0.490 trace. Milliken Shaft: Wad in

green shale. (2778) 2.450 present} 0.400 0.040} 0.190 trace. Milliken Shaft: Wad se-

lected from green shale.

(2778a). 0... wee eee present} 2.900; 2000! 0.330] nie. trace. Parish Shaft: Coating on

fluorite. (2774) present} present| none? none? Parish Shaft: Purple fluor-

iteselected. (2770) none 0.027 none none none none Wallingford Prospect: Wad

through limonitic clay.

(QIU) oie oes 3.110 present| 0.170 0.040 0.060 Redd Prospect: Lyon Co.,

Ferro-manganese ore.

(2692) 's cists sce cite 21.000 80.000 0.082] 0.044] nie.

The word ‘present’ used in the analysis indicates present in some quanti titatively determined. ” SERRE DAE HO quate “n. e. signifies that the amount, if any present, was not determined.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 279

Origin Of The Wad.

Three different modes of genesis suggest themselves: (1) A concentration by ground waters from the dikes; (2) brought up as fluosilicates with the mineral-bearing waters from which the ores and spars were precipitated; and (3) segrega- tion of small amounts of the metals, originally disseminated in the rocks, upon their weathering and oxidation.

The first may be dismissed when we consider that in only one case where the cobaltiferous-nickeliferous wad has been found, is there a dike nearby, although it is true that an analy- sis of the mica-peridotite of the Flanary dike shows 0.10 per cent. of nickel oxide, a trace of cobalt, together with a little more manganese than nickel. In relation to the second mode of origin we have negative evidence in the absence of any of the primary cobalt, nickel or manganese minerals in the un- altered fluorspar or ores. Where manganese, nickel and cobalt occur associated with the vein minerals, directly encrusting the mineral as at the Parish, or in the shale, clay or rock near- by, they always occur as oxides and hence suggest secondary origin, which makes the last of the suggested modes the most probable one. Besides, it is the only one which would cover all the occurrences. At the Givens main shaft, where the ore is said to extend to a depth of more than 100 feet, although becoming more compact, it yet remains an oxide in associa- tion with residuals of the wall rocks. Wad or bog ore usually originates from concentration or segragation by lateral and descending meteoric waters. Dr. Peter has noted minute quantities of cobalt in other Kentucky wads (in the examina- tion of samples collected by the Survey during the adminis- tration of Prof. Shaler), although he has never detected nickel in them before, this leading to the conclusion that the occur- rence in the Western Kentucky district is not an unusual one. The presence of nickel and cobalt in the Redd ferro-man- ganese ore, which, together with other iron ors common in St. Louis residuals, is considered the result of the concentra- tion of minute quantities of the metals from the formerly superposed but now eroded strata, is another point clearly in favor of the hypothesis of the similar origin of the other cobaltnickel-bearing deposits herein described.

280 Kentucky Geological Survey.

APPENDIX Ii.

Simple.Tests For Some Common Minerals.

Following is a compilation of simple tests for the more common rocks and minerals (except iron) that the pros- pector may meet in the spar and metalliferous districts and elsewhere. The tests are presented in the hope that they may prove helpful not only to prospectors, but to the public gen- erally. Many specimens are sent to the office of the State Geological Survey for determination that might readily be determined by the finder himself by the application of such tests as are here given. Th tests have been compiled at the suggestion of the Director of the Survey.

FLuorspar.—F luorspar may be readily distinguished from most of its associate Kentucky minerals. It is harder than, an hence will scratch, calespar, but not as hard as glass, which quartz scratches readily. It does not possess the milky white color that calcite most frequently shows. It breaks into tetrahedral (similar to a three-sided pyramid, sometimes with the upper part cut off) and octahedral (eight sided) cleavages. ,

For different forms of fluorspar crystals and cleavages see the plate of transparent crystals in Chapter VI. Fluor- spar does not effervesce or froth with acids as do calespar and zinc carbonate. Fluorspar, powdered and placed in a glass tube or bottle together with concentrated sulphuric acid and heated, yields a coating near the mouth of the tube and etches the glass; care must be taken not to inhale or approach too closely the gas (hydrofluoric acid) which is given off, as it is exceedingly poisonous. None of the other minerals when heated with sulphuric acid etch glass. When heated on a shovel it flies apart (decrepitates) but all the other min- erals do likewise. If heated to a white heat it emits a white phosphorescent light.

Catcspar (Calcite) —This is usually milky white in color, rarely gray or brownish. It froths readily if dilute hydro- chloric acid be supplied; in fact, it is readily acted on by all

Kentucky Geological Survey. 281

dilute acids. It is readily scratched with a piece of fluor- spar. It is not quite as heavy as fluorspar. If heated suf- ficiently long on a shovel it burns to quicklime. When crys- tallized it breaks into rhombohedral cleavages (a four-sided figure whose every side is a rhomboid). In caves it occurs in stalagmitic, stalactitic and encrusting forms, upon the floor, hanging from the roof and upon the sides, respectively. It also oceurs in pointed crystals, white or brown (dog tooth spar), coating fluorspar and other minerals. It is found, too, both in needle-like (acicular) clusters and as thin fibrous plates.

Limestone is simply an aggregate of irregular-shaped cal- cite grains. Sometimes its consists of rounded grains, like the roe of a fish, when it is called oolite. The tests for calcite apply also to most limestones. They will not serve in the case of a dolomite—a limestone containing a large propor- tion of magnesium carbonate—unless the acid and powder are heated.

Banite, (barytes, heavy spar, or barium sulphate).—This is heavier than any of the minerals, save lead. It is usually white or slightly stained with iron. It is commonly fibrous and dull, sometimes pearly or vitreous when crystalline. A splinter moistened with hydrochloric acid colors a flame yel- lowish green. It does not dissolve or react with any of the cold acids. Strontianite and celestine are sometimes mistaken for barite. They are less heavy and give a crimson or yellow- red flame. Calcite also gives a red to yellow-red flame, but it is lighter than strontianite or celestine, and (among other ways) may be distinguished from them by the intense froth- ing when cold hydrochloric acid is applied.

Quartz.—This may be distinguished from the other spar- like minerals by being the only one sufficiently hard to scratch glass. It oceurs in six-sided crystals, the sides coming to a point at one or both ends. It also occurs fibrous, when it often exhibits a fetid odor upon striking with a hammer.

SANDSTONE consists of an aggregate of irregularly worn quartz grains, while quartzite is simply hardened or more compact sandstone. Sandstone conglomerate is sandstone

282 Kentucky Geological Survey.

containing more or less quartz pebbles. Chert is a fine grain- ed variety of quartz, sometimes porous and again compact.

Gypsum is sometimes mistaken for fluorspar. Gypsum oc- curs principally in shale or clay in little crystals which are soft and are easily cut with a knife. They may be separated with a knife into thin plates similar to isinglass , (mica), but, unlike isinglass, gypsum is brittle while isinglass is flexible, If put on a shovel and burnt, gypsum falls apart into thin leaf-like plates which become gray to white in color.

GALENA OR LEAD SULPHIDE.—This mineral is always of a lead-gray color and usually breaks into small cube-like plates. It is so soft it can be cut with a knife. Heated in a ladle sufficiently long it melts, giving off sulphur and leaving a lead bullet. It is twice as heavy as fluorspar and nearly twice as heavy as zine.

Spa.enrite, (zine blende, jack, resin blende, zinc sulphide).— This mineral is usually yellowish-brown, reddish brown, or black in color. Its powder is of an orange color. It is slightly heavier than fluorspar, but not as heavy as barite. Small pointed crystals, red to brown in color, are rare. When freshly broken it has a luster similar to resin. It is harder than fluorspar. Heated on a shovel it gives off sulphur fumes. If heated with charcoal and sodium carbonate at a blacksmith’s forge it produces a strong green flame. If heated with hydro- chloric acid it gives off hydrogen sulphide gas which has the odor of rotten eggs.

SPHALERITE, (when in crystals in limestone, for instance), is sometimes mistaken for galena. If a crystal be scratched with the point of a knife blade, a white to reddish-brown streak will appear; which will not be the case with galena.

Pynritz, (iron pyrites, iron disulphide, fool’s gold).—This mineral is often mistaken for gold, but is easily told from the latter. Gold is of a gold-yellow color usually, while pyrite has a pale brass-yellow color. Gold is very soft and can be cut usually with a knife, while pyrite is so hard a knife will not seratch it. Gold is about four times as heavy as pyrite. Powdered pyrite is greenish black to brown-black, while pow- dered gold is always gold yellow. Heated on a shovel, pyrite

Kentucky Geological Survey. 283

gives off sulphur fumes, gold does not. Pyrite may be dis- solved in nitric acid, gold cannot be. Copper pyrites or (chaleopyrite), occasionally found in this State, is a darker brass color than pyrite. It can be seratehed easily with a knife, being about as hard as fluorspar. It is about as heavy as pyrite. It may readily be told from pyrite or gold by dis- solving it in nitrie acid, when it form a ereen solution, which upon the addition of an excess of ammonia changes to blue eolor, and a red powder falls to the bottom of the glass.

Kartiy Mancanesr.—Cobalt Ore —This has a bluish-black, sometimes reddish or brownish black color, and oceurs in elay or shales in small veins or pockets, usually near larger veins or faults. Selected samples contain sometimes 16 or more per cent. of manganese and from a trace to as high as 3 per cent. of cobalt-nickel. Usually, it is soft and earthy, rarely hard and erystalline. little fragment heated with borax will color the borax purple. This shows there is some manganese present, but tells nothing about eohalt or nickel as the amounts of these are usually so small as to require eareful analysis hy a chemist to determine their presense. Analyses of samples that were collected in the Western Ken- tucky mineral district are given in Appendix I.

Appendix Iii.

U. S. Census Table.

The appended tables are from the special report on Mines and Quarries, 1902, of the U. S. Census Bureau. Table A. compares the status of the industry in 1902 and 1889. The figures given for 1902 are incorrect in two particulars; (1) the amount of contract work in 1902 far exceeded the amount reported by the Census and (2) the amount mined was less by several thousand tons than that reported. (For correct statistics see Chapter I. of this Bulletin).

The writer was unable to collect satisfactory returns as to the number of men employed, ete.. for comparison of the industry in 1906 with that in 1902, owine to fragmentary

284 Kentucky Geological Survey.

character of the work of many of the mining companies, working only parts of the year, employing an irregular num- ber of men, working the several mines at different times. ete. There was, however, a substantial advancement in the in- dustry in 1906 over 1902. The number of mines producing fluorspar in 1906 was fully twice that in 1902. The number of wage earners engaged in fluorspar mining and milling probably exceeded 500, which was over 200 more than in

Table B. gives the capitalization of the incorporated companies connected with the industry in 1902. In 1906, the number of individuals, corporations and firms actively en- gaged in the industry in Illinois was 10; in Kentucky 35 with two additional engaged in milling; in other Staes, Colorado and Tennessee, 3, a total of 48.

The last table, Table C., gives a detailed summary of the condition of the industry in 1902.

Table A

Status Of Flourspar Industry, 1889 And 1902.

1902 1889

Number of mines l 22 t Salaried officials, Clerks. etc.;

Number 220 ce a ne 42 t

Nalaries:-2oossecooee eee oe Sees ee eee ees tees $ 27,311 t Wage-earners

Average’ number 2 .-2-s22-2- soni sse eset ssnesasee ae 269 101

WABOS. Gees Slee at eee eS eee ee eee '$110,002 $14,213 Contract: Work: 2 2 205 2 aes sa sate Seok $ 300 t Miscellaneous expenses '$ 23,602 $ 3,008 Cost of supplies and material $ 31,374 $ 5,025 Product: ¢

Quantity, short tons 48,818 9,500

Vealtiey a ts ht ee ie Ss es a '$275 , 682 $45,855

t Not reported.

+The United States Geological Survey reports 48,018 short tons for 1902, valued at $271,832, which is the product marketed. Census figures represent the product mined.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 285

Table B Capitalization Of Incorporated Companies, 1902.

United All other States Tilinois Kentucky States (f) Number of incorporated companies 14 3 9 2

Capital stock and bonds issued /$2,214,0001$1,536,000/ $628,000} $50,000 Capital Stock (all common): Total authorized—

Number of shares 3,146,730] 2,500,000; 606,630 40,100

Par value $3 , 813 ,000/$2 , 500 ,000/$1 , 263,000 $50,000 Total issued—

Number of shares 1,726,320) 1,536,000) 150,220) 40,100

Par value -ss55-0655 08) $2, 154,0001$1,536,000] $538,000) $50,000

Bonds?! 203255 snc Authorized—

Number (253252 ssccsecsoocek ee 1,000} 1,000) Issued—

Par: value =..2-.22

+ Includes conmpanies distributed as follows: Arizona 1; Tennessee, 1.

286 Kentucky Geological Survey.

TABLE C DETAILED SUMMARY, 1902. ; All other ited tinois Kentucky States and Number of mines 22 5 3 Number of operators aol 18 5 3 Character of ownership— Individual 2 1 1 DO) alt en 2 La ©. UiPescesdin Incorporated company 14 3 2 Salaried official clerks, ete— Total number 42 9 2 Total salaries $ 27,311 $ 5,304 $ 900 General officers— Number: oscosccceenceseeeccs lle 12 Up oc BB Saccceds Superintendents, managers, fore- men, surveyors, etc.— Salaries $ 12,437 $3,500} $ 8,037 $ 900 Foremen below ground— Number (24.22522-+2--22--secee 11 Oo) oo. 0, “Beet Salaries..- 2255225222522. 5--254) $ 2,849} $1,024] $ 1,825 L Clerks— Number 2 Oo) soestceee Yee sss Salaries). 22-22 -2224.<s82 5255-2) $ 480] $ 480 Wage-earners— Aggregate average number... 269 71 5 Aggregate wages ' $110,002 $28,845 $79,107 $2,050 Above ground— Total average number 140 38 98 4 Total wages $ 56,235 $15,328 $39,407 $1,500 Bngineers, firemen and other me- chanics— Average number 25 5 20 .nuneue ee W82e8 .20b.2055-2ne Uo cosccesscse $ 12,626 $ 2,481 $10,145 Miners— "WAPOS on ccmaaseceanacdssecune $ 21,180 $ 1,275 $18,405 $1,500 Boys under 16 years— Average number 27) cececmaig, % (le Pcovesecs All other wage earners— Average number 57 29 28 i}. sas2-22 WARCS noses pe ee eee $ 22,195 $11,572 $10,623 Below ground— Total average number 129) - 33 95 1

¢Includes Companies distributed as follows : Arizona 1; Tennessee, 1.

Kentucky Geological Survey. 287

TABLE C—Continued. DETAILED SUMMARY, 1902.

7 All other United Illinois Kentucky ance {h)

Below ground—Continued Miners Average number 120 24 95 1 Wales 2o02 see ese eens cece se $ 50,504 $10,254 $39,700 $ 550 Miners’ helpers— Average number 9 Oi) eitssoete. ooaeeS ce. Wages: 2accisecncect ele cel $ 3,263 $ 3,263 2 Average number of wage earners at specified daily rates of pay— Engineers— $1.50 to $1.74 14 2 19); wet See $2.50 to $2.74 2 1 Firemen— $1.00 to $1.24 eeoeace. 5 ee eee $2.00 to $2.24 Bo saccecee 2.) secasece Machinists, blacksmiths and carpenters and other me- chanics— $1.50 to $1.74 2 1 de) ce ces Miners— Miners’ helpers Boys under 16 years— All other wage earners— $1.50 to $1.74 Boy we ceeele 3) Basan Ss

¢ Includes Companies distributed as follows: Arizona, 1; Tennessee, 1.

Kentucky

TABLE XVIII—Continued. DETAILED SUMMARY, 1902.

Geological Survey.

tIncludes Companies distributed as follows:

Arizona, 1; Tennessee, 1.

5 All other United usnois Kentucky Statesand, Average number of wage earners employed during each month, Men 16 years old and over— JANUATY. 2522 Soe 161 58 103° 22sehen February 14? 51 06:4 seeabece Maren. 22-56-22 -02- -5-s5ce265 147 49 98 22-2256 ADP weseew eres snnos ears ess 183 60 123: scctcec May 2222 noee bese 255 66 186 3 JUNC Wie eaten tack esos 280 67 210 3 MOY: oct coos ste See 333 88 243 2 AUSUStiS ss. 2 soot 340 89 243 8 September 354 85 259 10 October: .2 2-5-2325 2 375 83 28h 12 November 336 76 249 11 December 293 80 202 11 Boys under 16 years— JULY fo 22225- alse sel sackes 7 ee 4) eee ANGUS 2cS2n55-22s. ose ose 4, Secesco. 45)\) aeeetose September y G) epseeeercteceare ree (Sl erences October: 22222222245 25es5.eee. Aas seta AWseec oe November rt eek By eee December 2 a eee yan [eee rere Contract work— Amount paid $ 300 $ 300] Number of employees 8) ieatecsle 3; (22e- 2 Miscellaneous expenses TVotall. oss 222 ssh s encase eas $ 23,602 $ 1,149 $22,328 $ 125 Royalties and rent of mine and mining plant 7,900 200 7,650 Rent of offices, taxes, insur- Cost of supplies and materials_. 31,374 17,115 13,925 307 Produect— Quantity, short ton 48,818 18,860 29,030 928 Vall@: cc ucuncncncntenecsces ce $275,682 $123,000 $143,410 $9,272 Power owned— Total horse power 669 162 507s) 22ecse ce Engines, Steam— Number: 2222c22222 72-52-2505. 17 6 5 eee Horse power 530 162 BOS i 255i au. Gas or gasoline— Number: 2.222-2-2222---2-5--2 10: e2ocee25 10.) ssussers Horse power 139) ws-2-see 139°) oe Electric Motors— Number’ 2 22---u-22- T soce2use i Naples es on Horse power 20") -coneneS BON atte wee

Index,

Ada Florence Mine 4 + + Aleorn Property --- + 5<- Alteration of Fluorspar

Analyses of Fluorspar, Table of 58 Analysis of Fluorine Compounds, Methods for 181 Anderson County, Barytes, Lead and Zine in 28 Apochromatic. Lensés: 2.02 2ces ek cache tee eed eae sehr eer eee e cece es 178 Asbridge, Mine. 2s2-.s2-22c Se 222 bn ese seo ee ees tb sect eae ds sles 38 Association of Fluorite with other Minerals 3 Babb; Mine: coco. sce Secce- eee se ceess ests esce ss: 2 Barytes in Western Kentucky, Production of 24

Barytes, Lead and Zine in Central Kentucky 27 Barytes, Etc., Companies in Central Kentucky Barreling and Sacking Fluorspar for Market - Beard Mine. <.sn2 22 one e2 nose vet eee teetee see

Bill ‘Terry Mine <22-<2-2..22: .cesese ees estes : oe 2

HidCke Mine 6 encan Secs hk en deen push eee e RSA aoe UE RSER Blake-Morscher Separator

Bluegrass Fluorspar Co. + Bonanza Mine sete alist sete ke lassen Bourbon County, Barytes, Lead Zine in

Brown Mine

Calcite, Production of

Caldwell County. 22-52 ---sil2sscsesesese eee ces, chen acs eecssceseel tS

Castle Dome, Arizona, Fluorspar District 1, 8, 34 Cave-in-Rock, Illinois, Mine BaSes 41 Census: Statistics! 22-2226 -.2- senso no eee eccl see tance eos se shoes 283 Central Kentucky District 34. 42 Central Tennessee District 1, 8, 10, 35, 42 Chicago Mining Co. 3 Christian. County. 24-2 ose es eo ees 8 3 3 ee Se eee eae seen esses 39 Cincinnati Lead and Spar Mining Co, 2 Clark County, Barytes, Fluorspar, Ete.,. in 28 Clayton’s Law 3 Cley for Fluxing 26 Copalt and Nickel in Western Kentucky 272

Cobalt Prospects 220+ 225202222 css css cones cs ntdie se sec eee ee 273 to 276

290 Index.

Page Colorado Fluorspar District 22. 22 eee eeeeee 1, 8, 10, 36, 42 Color of Fluorspar segue : Sn, “Sed, Coe Suede, See Columbia Mill Bt Sb, sete tahss te teacsseshsenes - be a oar h SD: Columbia Mine 0 2-22 08 Fhe Sy ae seus. 38 Comments on Fluorspar Statistics .. . Le LL Se ND: Conimercial Bhatt 2262. 0ce.ceco eeses dee oe Hate dededecauuaesee & s 2oeacee 32 Comparison of Status of Fluorspar Industry in the Several Districts 10 Compton Mining and Milling Co. fetee sae eee olovadenl, ch 84 Concentrating: \.iv.ce-s 522656 as eet ee a Bie esa goose STS:

Concentrating Tables

Crushing and Concentrating Sie ee Bue aekeee o Loess tases us 118 Crushing: Machinery: 2-22.02 cdi coke cree eg bee See oe ucanantionacde auiee 119 CRONE Wa dcaccuvenucesbadatacs Sheis anes eee cient saya a ttcke “WD Crystallography of Fluorspar 20 ee eee. ee

Determination of Fluorspar, Physicat Drifting and Stoping Drilling and Blasting : MPYCIS. as. 2 ocak See ete eee on ‘

Dycusburg Lead Mining Co. 2 ee Be weoe) ee Ly

Eagle Fluorspar Co. 2b osds 3:40 Maegle, Mill) ~.2s2s2-0 Suto oa oes ede ses eee A ees satan ao (83 Dolipse: Mineyos22--220-25 2 peste ls ese lee hee ne coe oboe Aamir 2 Le oe Electrical Properties of Fluorspar Se ae a Peer ee 7 Aedes 4ha2, 28 Empire Shaft ©.- ee Seca ces, a teem wt Encrustations on Fluorspar Crystals toe tatinle Segre aes Buon eee 8, 1G Evansville Mine, Ill. 2 : Se eee ase fe A Al Evening Star Mine Be eg aie eat es Peas 2. 38 Extent of Fluorspar Deposits in Western Kentucky Bicwee eek oats 69 Fairview Mine, Il. 0 2) _2-- ee ese & a 2. 2 BAL AO Fairview Mill, Tt .2.. eee ee ee ty Arsene (2 ae be 41 Fantail Mine - we epanre as Bolan 35 Be Mee oe tetra Oe, 42

Fayette County, Barytes, Fluorspar, Ete., in ei irate oS CU 28

Index. 291

Firesand, Production of 0-.

Fluorescence of Fluorspar Fluorine, Methods for Quanitative Determination of 184 Fluorine, Determination in Carbonate Rocks -- 299 Fluorine, Determination of, Hileman’s Method 200 Fluorine, Determination of, Hillebrand’s Method 204 Fluorine, Determination of, Kneeland’s Method 190 Fluorine, Determination of, Penfield’s Method 184 Fluorine, Determination of, in Silicate Rocks 204 Pivoritization. <-2-2-.-22--2-2s 2552s ssc sens cn sends see tessa sec ela em em 63 Fluorspar and Its Occurrence 52 Fluorspar, Alteration of Cimast a eects oes 64, 66 Fluorspar, Analyses of 58 Fluorspar, Association of with other Minerals 13 Fluorspar, Barreling, Ete., for Market 122 Fluorspar, Composition of ? Fluorspar, General Occurrence and Associations of

Fluorspar for Carbon Blectrodes

Fluorspar for Ornamental Purposes Fluorspar, Grades of

Fluorspar, How Shipped

Fluorspar in Christian County

Fluorspar in Metallurgy

Fluorspar Localities in U. S., List of

Fluorspar Methods for Qualitative Analysis

Fluorspar Methods for Quanitative Analysis

Fluorspar, Physical: Determination of

Fluorspar, Production of 1, 4, 5. 6, 7, 8, 9 Fluorspar, Selling Prices of ee sees bectoeceecSesuccscs 9, 15 Fluorspar, Status of Industry in the Several Districts 10 Fluorepar, Teste. for 1.26. scc3 21 n o rn nn ese ees ies eee 181 Fluorspar, Tonnages Marketed 9 Fiuorspar for Enamel Flux 117 Fluorspar for Portland Cement 36 Fluxing Clay 26 Foley Mine. 2.6.64. 2--senenee pease pio ca ceew a chee ache eaedie ste ane 35 Franklin County, Barytes, Lead, Zine in 28 Garrard County, Barytes, Lead, Zinc in 29 General Occurrence and Association of Fluorspar - 73 Genesis of Fluorspar Deposits - 61 Geological Formations in Western Kentucky District 67 Glass, Use of Fluorspar in Manufacture of 175 Grades of Fluorspar + ne 13 Gravel Fluorspar Occurrence of 65

Gravity (Trough) Washer 11

292 Index.

Page Grinding Fluorspar +--+ eee eee ee 122, 123 MetiD MIn€ 220s oe econ kde nt eta le ede ote eee euwekovakea 41 Hardin: County, Tinos <s2co.5- 26 oe ec es ee een eecGusaceuse 1 Harrison County, Barytes, Lead and Zinc in 29 Henry County, Barytes, Lead and Zine in 29 Hillebrand’s Method for Determining Fluorine .. 9 204 Hodge. Mines: 2022 e2e so ns Ac ee eh ee te 37 Hoisting’ at-ithe: “Mines: .2-2..22-s=sss2 2-02 225-2254 ces ose ese Santee. 106 Holley; Mines: 22252225052 -25203. 20s ose ete See ee ee i te a: .-. 37 Hubbard Mine<2-22s-2.25-2 Ss see we cee ee Sel ee ees te cbes 41 Hudson. Mine. (2222222 ec coe ce cee nec ces te ee eee ee es a Hydrofiuoric Acid, Manufacture of 159 Amported’ FMIOPSpar sos eckss cee senses eases ne eee eneoe ee es ee 19 Inclusions, In (Pluorspar 222.305 es ccn ce slong ese te ncaa dewe ee chs aces 61 Iron Ore in Western Kentucky District 170 Die Os Bel: MING, ni nsienoe Seton peas acess eee a daseechee es 38 Jessamine County, Barytes, Lead and Zine in wee 29 WIGS SasetiSes Soe coe a anaes eee ler ae neem eam eee weietsaie 120 Jon: Mine oso. cwc a see Lee ohn bageeetbeeeaeccen 31, 33, 37, 39 Kentucky Fluorspar Company 2, 3, 37 Kentucky Fluorspar Co. of Tennessee 2,3 Kentucky Lead and Fluorspar Co, 3

Kentucky Mill Kentucky Mills Kentucky Mine

Keystone: Mine: .23 2-202 cc es See ese tess cae elk oe Se ee eee

Kneeland’s Method for Determining Flourine 2 - ee 199 Gady Farmer Mine o2:.2 2222225025 -2e ons te he lsh nets ce ese en ces ck 38 Lead and Zinc Developments in Central Kentucky Big Pfeanre es 27 Head and Zinc Ores: .22-2o22 2552. 2assee sack ses Sa ee setae 20 Lead and Zine Production in Western Kentucky 2 20 Lead, Zinc and Spar Mines in Western Kentucky, List 212 ead “BI, Ti. peas sein tenses ei aekaelancbeccaaonascncos he een neaeeeeas, 40

Lead Smelter, First in Western Kentucky Leander Mine 2--c6<ecnnceein ewes s ainda ane te eine emetmin da dodo s cue eeeyse ae

Limestone Flux versus Flourspar ee Livingston County <2. ss heed eons ceeceeceeeennes

Log Washers’. 2-342 eet Soe oso ase estan nook Sen sase com ee lee eS Buches Mine: -22ove on 5s 25.-on Soe SS WSeaS a Sadie SS, See at She Ae ee SSeS Lucile Mining Company

Lyon, County” <...5.0<-:s2-s22S rec weet eous oe ecec ese Be ee ec ek ee

Machinery Used in the Mines

Page Marble Mine ae-.as--00 eee 56 Marion Mineral Company 3

Marion. Zinc Company 3 Mary Bell Mine 212-2. 222-42 2sse-2 esse sso ce es sees fae ae 3. Mary ‘Mill ily ss2e2e2- 32 252s eo ese ddas seed ene se sesseses Sone se eae Se: AL Mary: Mine, IM. 2222-2 522+ esi eset abs. pace dect ete tens oe, Sele eee 34, 41 McReynold’s Prospects —

Meeks Incline

Memphis, Mine: 2233-2245 2c65s5250- severest Sees eee eealseee

Memphis “Mill wicu5t: scence t owe os enc ceene Secs scue Sy ea re ee 2 Mercer County Barytes, Lead, Flourspar, etc., in BtoB eee 29 Methods of Analysis Bee ering bette Ne ete cs es 181 Millitken.Shaft- 2-6 -c-0,.cic2 ch stse sie ag eteecusndetenbes cote sa A 38 MiNtine, VCORt OE ae eee Vee oe eh alae asin E56 ei cee hua oet mete 122 Milling Methods

Milling in Central Kentucky 2--2 28 35

Milling in Illinois District 22.20 0-0-2. 81, 34, 41 Milling in Western Kentucky District Mills, Description of eee

Mills in Kentucky : Columbia. <2. 2e os oo 2 eco oe tt eet ee eek oe cease Js

Nancy Hanks

Union: Central) 202.2232 esses aes eed aus dooce be secoendoese 128

Mills in Southern Illinois: Cave-in-Rock! 2227-60 bo ee oa De eh A es ee 141

Evansville: 20228 oso o22 6054 oo est ioe ie a Bae 149 Fairview 2202. -S2cs oss tosses Heese eo cn ceeseccset aceasta 34, 41, 133 Mary

Minerals Associated with Fiourspar in Kentucky

Mt. Carmel Mine 2. 2 - gose5 SwieSeeet See eyeboe seen donnce. Af Nancy Hanks Mine de eaie ee tets oe és Bene etee fatale 32, 37, 38 National Lead, Zinc & Flourspar Company issn 22 seat Mee Be 2 National Mining Company =i. es Byer N be Sa Bath y RS 3

New Memphis Mine

294 Index.

Page Nitte Acres Mine soc oop cece ook cls occa eene Ub sauce nnbse cee ---45, 46 Number of Mines and Prospects Je oiletiamcmce. OS Occurrences of Flourspar in U. S. Districts: Castle Dome, Arizona District ee ee 73 Central Tennessee District 2 woke vial. i e, pass 72 Colorado District SoCs, ete, PN tte UN Piedmont Region, Virginia Ss & ie itgceeveh wee eS. nara) OES Southern Tilinois District Pe rrensy ( 0 Western Kentucky District ir 2c, Seem iecissetes eo seecpce eee 66. Ochreous Clays of J. Perch - hes oy ta SS seh SF oat sees Fontes, DS: Ola Dad NW, 2c carck ten, Hees eubbecee GeugeukoeseelaGseade ao. ) 640 Old: Dad) Mile “acscpnusae “oath Vedcockceach yeowetewoiuns ea Roan BeBe Ale os 38 Old. .Jiti- BinkhGles. .occee cc cet oS sas dc ae eeseead, cSrgecsesweoe-uasaeeneue 38 open ‘Cutting 226 ence ete cwese es G22 Secs win Soe Soh eS eee he OF Operators and Holders in Western Kentucky District... 22 - L e 240 Ore Dressing Problems -- ses ne. 246 Origin of the Flourspar Deposits 2 + 2 de 64 Output of Flourspar of Principal Countries ods id oe 4 Owen County, Barytes, Lead, ete, in +. - 2. spd er X29 Parish .Mine: 21-2252 -2 22--l ts cen eee She fs Gch gine? San? Se. LS. Rell ‘Mill, TU oocs oc potencte eds wee aca Sd epee S Siete ae Saas Se! 41, 42 Penfield’s Method for Determining Flourine .- eo ae m Sfebe auc, DBS Phosphorescenses of Flourspar So cee ees ao 88 Pierce ‘Mill, Tll,. .2 22s-242 252-6 iy ppeesseestsess soles eek, 41 Pittsburg Mining & Reduction Company eg eta 3 Pogue Mine Set eave icusectccosse 31 Pope County, Ill. ana lot ete ttn. face Ae 1 Porter & Hudson 223 ee eas 2 Production of Flourspar, History of Page ipa a 1 Production of Flourspar by Principal Countries — 2 Sy he 4 Production of Flourspar in United States ..- ah esae 5, 6 Production of Lead and Zine in Western Kentucky 38 sea~ 20 Progress of Flourspar Industry eH bares ..-31, 36 Prospecting, Suggestions for — —- iid - Pes Z ahi, ER alate, 83 Rare Elements in Fluorspar weicia) See, Gita ese hla laa DO! Red Frill “Mine .ccouseeoe ts esetetS Gedens lpi es Sapa eacetedecL soc es eels 38 Refraction. of Fiuorspar .2..4 25. -ceGs) 265 men caecee seas eee ees, 57 Riley i Mill oso lc20t ssc lec ee Se dees sec aes spate, a - - 40 Riley: Mine: 222... ..s22csse-seteesteuas SE ek ad aes 45" OTe 38 River Valley Mining Company -. ---2.. 22-2 ke 3 1

Roberts & Company wows eateaveusCesece ss 3

Page Fiobine6tt Mii, 7, 22 -525.ch osc ch es we pee 1 Robinson Mine, Tl. (2os222.52 Sos ea She ee he ese Sete eo lees ee 40 Rome. Jncline, ‘Tenn. 2-202. -23ecs ecu sees Sa eet eetecee ad dace eun ee 42 Rose Mine 20 + ene ne ee en eee 41 Rosiclare Mines, Ill. +--+ 38, 40, 55 Rosiclare. Mill. -TH): j=. 3-2s--ss2--2 sess eS oe ee see ee a see esate 41 Royal Mine: wecmdwencadece nee ere beens ew ed awe aae Wachter sana eeedey 1 Royalties: 22222. 52-.- oes ee es a seh ee bis s ete eee sue 240 Sanders Flotation Process nee +e 43 manders:: Mill 2.0 255. colo cece con i Sols oe ee ete eset ees 44 Scott County, Barytes, Lead & Zine tn + 29 NCTC@O@NS ocic si-b ose no eos ecclesia seen ean oe 114 Screen. Washers (222252-2-2502-5 ole ie pees ste Ste ticcciacce en cueee 11t Seacoast: Mill. .22sesco2cecss2s SoU ea lee coe see pa es een aS 33

Selling Prices of Fluorspar 9, 15 Senator Mine -=<:-22).22.i22c.2 5 cel se so ce se ects Sliver Star: Mine’ .2222 22.2 2-922 ese hotties 2 5s ice acc esk Sh eee ses Dizi Machines. o2.e-.5s06-5scc ek eee bas ee ee Special Separation Methods eee Spees \Miné:\ 222222 ee Se ao Seca uaa ve weaned eee Statistics of Fluorspar Production, 2 4, 5, 6, 283 Structure of Fluorspar tee eo Serie ee hoes toe ee See Lor Sutton, Steele & Steele Separator Tables for Concentrating Tabor Mine

The Fluorspar Company 3 Thurman: “Mine: oss2s2.-+ nee cet asesesswe sore coed ewascee cece et ecet lke BR Timbering: 222 oan. Ste ee ce bc ees eee eats 102 Transportation for the Western Kentucky District 110 Trigg County voci2s2-2o5 sek os ees oe ie ee ae sh ee ee $9 Trough Washers: 2.222 2.522 -_22_22-<2l escent eke eee oe sates SS 113 Union Central Mill eee 40, 128 Union County, Barytes in, ee eee 70 Uses and Technology of Fluorspar o 148

uv6 INDEX,

Page Varieties of Fluorspar +--+ - eee ee 58 Ventilation of Mines in Western Kentucky District 02.020... 105 Weameoner Je W. ta ecee cc tee eee cee, “ekeewed tet ee ot Sh lee 2 Walton Spar Mining Company 2 Washers~ 2isc222: oolec ec tie sn slo bese ce ceo oe eee sce 112, 118, 114 Western Kentucky Fluorspar District 8, 10. 31, 37 Wiheatcroft Mine. 202.2. - 22-2 55 28ee5 55S ose sen een scceecoseseeCeltsce 31, 33 Woodford County, Barytes, Lead, Zine, ete, in, toe feete jesse ses 30 Mitight,. Js; Be. saccocute cece cdc tetet eect ce ee Se 42 Wandelt Mane: 22. 2 ee ee eh tee Nepean hs ee ene BB ores 2, 38

Zinc and Lead Production in Western Kentucky eas ce, sonetives 20