Mining and Metallurgy (AIME Monthly Journal)

AIMME · 1920 · Industry Journal

AIME's monthly publication, 1920-1948. Industry news, mine operations, equipment innovations, with separate Yearbook sections from 1934-38.

Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: archive.org.

at : . com/|

Mining and Metallurgy

American Inst and Petroleun

iriiinnrJinTii;:iirniiniiininii-iiinTTmninTn!iiii[imii.iiiiiiiiiiTii!Pi,iriau uiirj

oogle

Jeffrey Electric Mine Locomotives

are a part of every up-to-date Mining Equipment. They are the most dependable locomotive in present-day use, and are the result of years of experiments and improvements.

Jeffrey Locomotives are built to meet every practical condition of service in underground and surface haulage. The best material and workman- ship, as well as the greatest care in design, are em- ployed in their manufacture. The intimate knowl- edge of every piece of raw material that goes into them is confirmed by analysis, and all finished parts thoroughly inspected before and after assembling.

They are simple in construction, are easy to handle, and are guaranteed to give the highest efficiency with minimum cost for operation and maintenance.

Write Fqr Catalogs

THE JEFFREY MFG. CO., Columbus, Ohio

New York Montreal Charleston, W. Va. Birmingham St. Louis Seattle

Boston Pittsburgh Atlanta, Ga. Chicago Denver 1-15-12

Bulletin Of The

American Institute Of

Mining Engineers.

No. 61 JANUARY 1912

Published Monthly

By The American Institute Of Mining Engineers

at xa4 to 12B N. Seventh St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Gay R. Overend, Publication Manager.

Editorial Office, ag West 39th St., New York, N. Y.

JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Ph.D., Editor.

Cable address, " Aime," Western Union Telegraph Code.

Subscription (including postage), $10 per annum ; to members of the Institute, public

libraries, educational institutions and technical societies, $5 per annum.

Single copies (including postage), $x each; to members of the Institute, public libraries, etc., 50 cents each.

Entered as second class matter, October x6, xgix, at the post office at Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

Table Of Contents.

SECTION I. INSTITUTE ANNOUNCEMENTS. paqe

List of Officers and Committees for the Year Ending Februarj, 1912, . ii

Institnte Announcements, iy

Library, xi

Membership, zvi

Section Ii. Technical Papers.

[The American Institute of Mining Engineers does not assume responsibility for any statement of fact or opinion sldvanced in its papers or discussions.]

No. 1. The Excursion to Hawaii and Japan. By K W. Raymond, . 1

Ko. 2. The Mining Industry of Japan. By Keijebo Nishio, . . . 103

The papers contained in Section II. have been so printed and arranged (blank pa being left when necessary) that they can be separately removed for classified nling, or other independent use. A small stock of separate pamphlets is reserved for those who desire extra copies of any single paper.

Comments or criticisms upon all papers given in this section, whether private corrections of typographical or other errors or communications for publication as ''DiscussionB," or independent papers on the same or a related subject, are ear- nestly invited.

All communications concerning the contents of this Bulletin should be addressed to JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Ph.D., Secretary and Editor, 29 W. 39th St., New York, N. Y.

ii Monthly Bulletin, No. 61, January, 1912.

Officers.

For the year ending February, igxa. COUNCIL*

PBBBIDBirr OF THE COUNCIL.

CHARLES KIRCHHOFF New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1912.)

Vicb-Prksidbnts of the Council.

BENJAMIN B. LAWRENCE New York, N. Y.

JOSEPH W. RICHARDS South Bethlehem, Pa.

ALBERT SAUVEUR Cambridge, Mass.

(Term expires February, 1912.)

a B. CHRISTY Berkbi,by, Cal.

W. A. LATHROP Philadelphia, Pa.

GARDNER F. WILLIAMS Washington, D. C.

(Term expires February, 1918.)

Councilors.

KARL EILERS New York, N. Y.

ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS New York, N. Y.

W. G. MILLER Toronto, Canada.

(Term expires February, 1912.)

ROBERT E. JENNINGS New York, N. Y.

WILLIAM KELLY Vulcan, Mich.

CHARLES F. RAND New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1918.)

A. K CARLTON Cripple Creek, Colo.

W. J. OLCOTT Duluth, Minn.

E. L. YOUNG New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1914.)

Secretary of the Council and Editor.

JOSEPH STRUTHER8, 29 W. 39th St New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1912.)

Secretary Emeritus of the Council. R. W. RAYMOND New York, N. Y.

Corporation.

JAMES GAYLEY, President ; JAMES DOUGLAS, Vice-President ;

FRANK LYMAN, Treasurer ;

JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Secretary and Assistant Treasurer.

Directors.

THEODORE DWIGHT, ARTHUR L. WALKER, JOSEPH STRUTHERS. (Term expires February, 1912.)

JAMES GAYLEY, CHARLES KIRCHHOFF, FRANK LYMAN. (Term expires February, 1918.)

James Douglas, James F. Kemp, Albert R. Ledoux.

(Term expires February, 1914.)

Secretary's Note. — The Council is the professional body, having charge of the election of members, the holding of meetings (except business meetings), and the publication of papers, proceedings, etc The Board of Directon is the body legally responsible for the business management of the Corporation, and is there- fore, for oonyenienoe, composed of meml)er8 residing in New York.

American Inbtitutk of Mining Enoiksbbs. iii

Committees.

For the year ending February, xgx2.

Council.

Membership : — Joseph Struthers, Benjamin B. Lawrence, Karl Eilers, Charles F. Band, Edward L. Young.

PublieaHms .-—David W. Brunton, Denver, Colo. ; Samuel B. Christy, Berkeley, Cal.; Albert L. Colby, South Bethlehem, Pa.; Nathaniel H. Emmons, Copperhill, Tenn- ; Charles H. Fulton, Rapid City, S. D. ; James Gayley, New York, N. Y. ; H. O. Hofman, Jamaica Plain, Mass. ; Henry M. Howe, Bedford Hills, N. Y. ; Walter R. IngaUs, New York, N. Y. ; James F. Kemp, New York, N. Y.; R. V. Norris, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. ; Edward D. Peters, Dorchester, Mass. ; Kossiter W. Raymond, New York, N. Y. ; Joseph W. Richards, South Bethlehem, Pa. ; Robert H. Richards, Bostou, Mass. ; Albert Sauveur, Cambridge, Mass. ; Henry L. Smyth, Watertown, Mass. ; Arthur L. Walker, New York, N. Y.

Corporation.

Finance : — James Douglas, Albert R. Ledoux, Theodore Dwight lAbrary : — Joseph Struthers, James F. Kemp, Arthur L. Walker.

Institute Representatives.

Untied Engineering Society Trustees :—Ehen E. Olcott (1912), Joseph Struthers (1913), Theodore Dwight (1914).

Jokn Fritz Medal Board of Award .—Ehen E. Olcott (1912), E. Gybbon Spils- bury (1913), James Douglas (1914), Charles Kirchhofif (1915).

Anuriean Association for the Advancement of Science : — H. 0. Hofman, Boston, Mass. ; John D. Irving, New Haven, Conn.

Eighth International Omgress of Applied Chemistry, New York September, 1912 : — William L. Saunders, New York, N. Y.; George C. Stone, New York, N. Y.

International Assoeialionfor Testing Materials Congress, Chicago, September, 1912 : — Robert Forsyth, Chicago, 111.

OommiUee No, 24, International Association for Testing Materials : — Henry D. Hib- baitl, Plainfield, N. J.

International Engineering Congress, San Francisco, 1916 : — Samuel B. Christy, William C. Ralston, Edwin T. Blake.

Ncmtnalion of Officers and Council, 1912 : — E. Gybbon Spilsbury, Chairman ; J. R. Flnlay, L. D. Huntoon, Arthur S. Dwight, Charles P. Perin.

CoNSULTiKo Attorneys. Blair & Rudd, New York, N. Y.

iv Monthly Bulletin, No. 61, January, 1912.

INSTITUTE ANNOUNCEMENTS. Back Volumes of the Transactions.

The Board of Directors has authorized the following offers of sets of back volumes of the Transactional at considerably reduced prices, to Members, Libraries, and Scientific Societies :

Per Set.

I. Five volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 36 (1906)

to No. 40 (1910), $20

II. Ten volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 31 (1902)

to No. 40 (1910), including Mexican Volume, . . 35

III. Twentv volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 21

(1893) to No. 40 (1910) 50

IV. Thirty volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 11

(1883) to No. 40 (1910) 60

V. Thirty-nine volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 1 (1873) to No. 40 (1910), with the exception of No. 10 (1882), but including index for Volumes Nos. 1 to 35,

and Nos. 36 to 40, 75

VI. Nine volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 1 (1873)

to No. 9 (1881), 25

Applications should be addressed to Joseph Struthers, Secretary, 29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y.

Deferred Publication of the Year Book.

The Year Book of the Institute, which heretofore has been sent out with the January number of the Bulletin and has covered the cal- endar year, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, will not be issued this year until after the date of the Annual Meeting of the Institute, Feb. 20, 1912, thereby conforming to the official year of the Institute.

Changes of address received before Feb. 1, 1912, will be included in this edition of the Year Book.

Special Notice.

The Bulletin is now entered at the Post Office at Second-Class Postage rate of one cent per pound, and in order to preserve this privilege it will be necessary that the dues of members be paid within four months of Jan. 1, 1912. If the dues are not paid within the period mentioned, a member's name must be removed from the regular subscription-list and the Bulletin mailed at the transient second-class postage rate of one cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof, prepaid by stamps affixed. It is therefore earnestly re- quested that dues be paid promptly — otherwise the Institute will be put to additional expense of postage and to added labor in re- moving and replacing names from the regular list, and maintaining an additional separate mailing-list.

American Institute of Mining Enqinbers. v

Library Research-Work.

The attention of members of the Institute is again directed to the research-work done by the librarian and his assistants, which should attract special attention from those members who have no access to the literature of subjects in which they may be interested. A list of recent searches follows :

Combustion of coal-dust; fusibility of ash; pyritic smelting; burning small sizes of coal ; chromite-ore in Cuba ; shaft-sinking ; oil-pipe lines; cost of producing open-hearth steel; smoke-abate- ment ; tunneling-machines ; alloys of aluminum ; mining asbestos ; bog ore ; boron manufacture ; filter-presses (cyanide process) ; iron- ores from Yorkshire; mineral resources of Cyprus; electrolytic re- fining of copper ; copper-deposits of Maryland ; iron- and copper- deposits in Cuba; liquid and gaseous fuels; graphite in Ceylon; TOid-dredges and dredging ; graphite manufacture ; Lowe gas-pro- ducer; occurrence of magnesite; molybdenum; acid mine- water; gold-fields in Nevada ; sulphur in Santo Domingo ; timbering and lining of circular shafts ; mines in Venezuela.

Local Sections.

The following regulations for the establishment of Local Sections of the Institute, issued in circular form and distributed to the mem- bership May 26, 1911, are here republished for more convenient reference.

RegidatUma for the Forrnation and Conduct of Local Sections. (Adopted May 19, 1911.)

1. A Local Section of the Institute may be authorized by the Council at the written request of ten members residing within an appropriate distance of a central point.

2. Only one Section shall be authorized in one locality or district.

3. The Council shall define the territory of a Section.

4. A Section must consist of twenty-five or more members ; when its membership falls below twenty-five in number the Council may annul the Section.

5. Only members of the Institute shall be members of its Local Sections.

6. All members of the Institute, of all grades, residing within the territory of a Section shall ipso facto constitute the membership of such Section.

7. The officers of a Section shall be elected after the formation or the Section has been duly authorized, at a meeting of the members of the Institute within the territory of said Section, called by the spon- sors of the Section, notice of said meeting and its object being given to said members at least thirty days in advance- Officers shall be elected for a term not longer than one year.

8. The officers of a Local Section shall be a Chairman, Vice- Chairman, Secretary, Treasurer (or Secretary-Treasurer), and such others as the Section may desire.

vi Monthly Bulletin, No. 61, January, 1912.

9. Whenever the Institute is financially able to do so, it shall be the policy of its Board of Directors to contribute from its funds for the legitimate running expenses of each Local Section an amount not exceeding, in each year, 25 per cent of the dues received from the members of said Section in said year. Requests for such appro- priations shall be signed by the Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer of the Section.

10. If the expenses of a Section exceed the appropriation made it by the Institute, the difference must be made up by voluntary con- tributions, but not by assessment upon the members of said Section. The Institute shall not be responsible for the debts of its Sections.

11. The Institute reserves the right to cancel a Section, or re-ad- just its territory.

12. Papers presented at Local Sections, and discussions thereon if reported, are the property of the Institute. They shall be sub- mitted to the Publication Committee and published in the Bulletin or Transactions, or both, if approved. Such papers shall not be pub- lished elsewhere without permission of the Council. The reading of a paper before a Local Section shall not carry with it the right of publication in the Bulletin or Transactions of the Institute.

13. Neither the author of a paper presented to a Local Section nor the Local Section shall have tne right to reprint a paper or pub- lish it in advance of the meeting without obtaining the permission of the Publication Committee of the Institute, which shall deter- mine the details of such permission. Nothing herein shall forbid the abstracting of a paper by the press after its presentation before the Local Section.

14. The Institute shall print advance copies of papers oflPered to Local Sections, in order to facilitate discussion thereon, provided that such papers are approved for such advance publication by the Chairman or Secretary of the Local Section and by the Publication Committee of the Institute.

15. Papers read before a Local Section may also be offered for reading or discussion at general meetings of the Institute, and shall be given equal standing with the other papers on the program of said meeting, when approved by the Publication Committee.

16. Each Local Section shall transmit promptly to the Secretary of the Institute full announcements of its proposed meetings and an abstract of its proceedings, including the names of authors and titles of all papers read before it, for the purpose of preparing a report thereon to be published in the Bulletin of the Institute, and for the purpose of enabling the Council of the Institute to comply with articles 17 and 19 of these regulations.

17. The By-Laws and regulations of Local Sections shall be sub- ject to the approval of the Council.

18. The Council reserves the right to amend, annul, or add to these regulations.

19. No action shall be taken by a Section which shall contravene the Constitution of this Institute.

Charles Kirchhoff, Premdent; Joseph Struthers, Secretary.

Amebicah Institute of Mining Engineers. vii

The Emmons Research Fellowship of Economic

Geology.

The Committee named below has been formed by friends of Samuel Franklin Emmons, late of the United States Geological Survey, to consider the best method of perpetuating his name. It has been decided that the memorial to him shall taKe the shape of a Research Fellowship, to be known as the Samuel Franklin Emmons Research Fellowship of Economic Geology, which is to be administered by Prof James F. Kemp, of Columbia University, New York. Subscriptions are invited by his friends to this fund, which the Committee has fixed at $25,000.

Members of the Institute who desire to contribute to this fund will please communicate with the Treasurer, Benjamin B. Lawrence, 60 Wall Street, New York.

The Committee consists of the following :

GfiOBOE Otis Smith, Director, U. S. Geological Survey, Wash- ington, D. C.

H. L. Smyth, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

James Douglas, 99 John Street, New York, N. Y.

J. A. Holmes, Director, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.

James F. Kemp, Columbia University, New York, N. Y.

F. W. Bradley, San Francisco, Cal.

J. Parke Channing, 42 Broadway, New Y'ork, N. Y.

Seeley W. Mudd, 1001 Central Building, Los Angeles, Cal.

D. W. Brunton, Denver, Colo.

H. Foster Bain, 420 Market Street, San Francisco, Cal.

T. A. RiCKARD, London, England.

B. B. Lawrence, 60 Wall Street, New Y'ork, N. Y.

Regulations for the Committee on Publication.

{Accepted by the CoimcU, June 16, 1911.)

1. The formation of a Publication Committee, consisting of the Secretary-Editor of the Institute, Chuirman, and of at least twelve specialists, members of the Institute, who are willing to assist in passing on all papers offered for publication.

2. This committee shall perform its functions as follows :

(a) On the receipt of a paper by the Secretary, he shall send it to the member of this committee who, in his judgment, is most competent to pass upon it, accompanying the paper with his own opinion of its suitableness for publication, the history of the paper, and any other pertinent information.

(6) If the member of the committee and the Chairman agree upon the suitability or unsuitability of the paper, it shall be con- sidered accepted for publication or rejected, as the case may be.

(c) If these two do not agree, the paper shall be submitted to a third, and the opinion of two of these three shall decide the matter.

(d) If a paper has been refused publication, the author may have the right of appeal, in which case the persons previously passing on the paper, together with others of the committee (appointed by the Presiaent) making five altogether, shall decide the question.

viii Monthly Bulletin, No. 61, January, 1912.

(e) If a pat)er has been accepted for publication, it shall be con- sidered eligible to be placed on the program of a meeting.

3. The placing of a paper upon the program of a meeting does not give it the right to be published in the Bulletin or Transactions of the Institute; its suitability for publication must in every case be passed upon by the Publication Committee, as provided for in Section 2.

4. In case the Secretary is unable to secure a decision as to the suitability or unsuitability of a paper for publication, as directed in Section 2, before the time of announcing the program of a meet- ing, he may at his own discretion place the paper upon the program of the meeting, or refuse it a place thereon.

Publication Committee.

{Appointed by the OouncU, Sept. 20, 1911.)

The Secretary-Editor of the Institute, Chairman ; David \V. Brun- ton, Samuel B. Christy, Albert L. Colby, Nathaniel H. Emmons, Charles H. Fulton, James Gayley, H. O. Hofman, Henry M. Howe, Walter R. Ingalls, James F. Kemp, R. V. Norris, Edward D. Peters, Rossiter W. Raymond, Joseph W. Richards, Robert H. Richards, Albert Sauveur, Henry L. Smyth, and Arthur L. Walker.

Affiliated Student Societies.

Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geol- ogy, etc., may be recognized by the Council in its discretion as an Amliated Student Society. A circular giving details of the plan of aflSliation may be obtained on application to the office of the Sec- retary of the Institute.

The following societies have been placed by authority of the Council on the above list:

Affiliated Student Societies.

The Mining Society of the Sheffield Scientific School, Hammond Laboratory, New Hayen, Conn. Presideni-j Earl C. Stadtmiller ; Secretary S. K Gordy.

The University of Illinois Student Branch of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Champaign, III. Pteddenty A. L. Voight ; Secretary M. L. Nebel.

The Engineering Society of the University of Nevada, Reno, Nev. PretideffU Walter Harris ; Secretary, E. R. Bennett.

The University of Wisconsin Mining Club, Madison, Wis. Presidentf H. K Schmidt; Secretary, W. V. Bickelhaupt.

The Mining and Geological Society of Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. Prendeni, William E. Fairhurst ; Secretary, Carl W. Mitman.

The School of Mines Society of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. PresideTd, Emory P. Baker.

The Mining Engineering Society of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Premdent, L. B. Duke ; Secretary, Lionel H. Lehmaier.

The Student Auxiliary Society of the American Institute of Mining Engineers of the University of Kansafl, Lawrence, Kan. President, A. H. Mangeisdorf ; Secretary, C. J. Hainbach.

The Associated Miners of the University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. Presidenty James W. Gwinn ; Secretary, J. Wallace Strohecker.

American Institute of Mining Enqinbbbs. ix

The State College of Waahington Mining and Geological Society, Pullman, Wash. Pregideni, R. V. Ageton ; Secretary, W. M. McCarty.

The Tejas Technical Society, School of Mines, University of Texas. Presir dent G. C Cartwright ; Secretary, David S. Alley.

The Ohio State Univeisity Student Branch of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Columbus, Ohio. President, Hugh B. Lee ; Secretary, £. P. Elliott

The Stanford Geology and Mining Society, Stanford University, Oal. President, R £. Parsons ; Secretary, K D. Nolan.

The Senior Mining Society of Columbia University, New York, N. Y. President, Boger L. Strobel ; Secretary, Clark G. Mitchell.

Mining Association of the University of California, Berkeley, Cal. Presir dent, W. E. De Berry ; Secretary, J. F. Dodge.

Tofts College C hemical Society, Tufts College, Mass. President, P. G. Savage ; Secretary, W. S. Frost.

University of Washington Mining Society, Seattle, Wash. President, W. R. Canton ; Secretary, Harold Cogswell.

Student Branch of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Iowa State Collie, Ames, Iowa. President, M. B. Hadley ; Secretary, R. L. Hurst.

MiflBOQii Mining Association of the Missouri School of Mines, RoUa, Mo. PreMeni, D. L. Forrester ; Secretary, J. 8. Irwin.

The Pick and Shovel Club of the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio. President, L. R Kiddle ; Secretary, 8. C. Stillwagon.

Colorado School of Mines Scientific Society, Golden, Colo. President, Alan Eissock ; Secretary, George Wilfley.

How to Use the "Transactions" of the Institute.

Buy a copy of the Complete Analytical and Alphabetical Index of Vol- umes L to XXXV,, inclimve; oho the new Index of Volumes XXXVL to

Whether vou do or do not own a full set of the Transactiona, these Indexes will make all of the material contained in the forty volumes available at once without detailed research into each volume sepa- rately. Moreover, an easy search will show what particular papers you need to know more about, and perhaps to study. Thus, any person possessing these Indexes can ascertain at once what has been published in the TransacbUms on a given question, and can learn, by writing to the Secretary, what is its nature, whether it is still to be had in pamphlet form, wnere it can be consulted in a public library, at what cost it can be copied by hand, etc., etc.

In shorty to those who own complete sets of the Transactions, these Indexes will be a great convenience j but to those who do not, they will be a professional necessity.

The Index Volumes I. to XXXV. is an octavo of 706 pages, con- taining more than 60,000 entries, duly classified with sub-headings, and including abundant cross-references. The limited edition is becoming exhausted. The new Index, Volumes XXXVI. to XL., supplementing the Index Volumes I. to XXXV., brings the classi- fied references up to the date of Volume XL., June, 1910. Prices : Index Volumes I. to XXXV., bound in cloth, $5; bound in half- morocco, to match the Transactwns, $6. Index Volumes XXXVI. to XL., bound in cloth, $1.50; bound in half-morocco, $2.60. The delivery charges will be paid by the Institute on receipt of the above price.

X Monthly Bulletin, No. 61, January, 1912.

The New York Section.

On Dec. 20, 1911, Dr. Rossiter W. Raymond, Secretary Emeritus of the Institute, gave an interesting lecture, illustrated with lantern- views, describing the visit of the members and guests of the Institute in Japan. On this occasion the various badges distributed to each member, and a special medal which was struck in honor of the party, were exhibited, as well as an amusing Japanese translation of a toast. There were 105 members present.

On Jan. 5, 1912, the Section was addressed by Dr. Gardner F. Williams, of Washington, D. C, on South African Diamond-Mines. Dr. Williams began with a brief historical review of diamond-min- ing, from the earliest discovery until the present time, when the annual output has reached a value of £10,000,000. From this point he traced the development of the mines, giving reference meanwhile to the gold-production of South Africa, especially commenting on the fact that the great feature of the development of this enormous industry was the use of the cyanide process.

Dr. Williams showed a large number of beautiful illustrated stereoptican views of diamond-mines, and other interesting views of related character in South Africa. The attendance was 120 or more.

The next meeting of the New York Local Section will be a joint meeting with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, on Feb. 13, 1912, at which time Robert E. Cranston will give a lecture. The Design and Mechanical Features of the California Gold-Dredge. This paper will be discussed by several members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.

On March 22, 1912, Prof. James F. Kemp will address the Sec- tion on Iron-Mining in Swedish Lapland.

Benjamin B. Lawrence, Chairman Bradley Stoughton, Secretary,

165 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Meeting of the Council of the Institute, December 15, 1911.

The following action of the Council at the meeting, Dec. 15, 1911, is here published for the information of the members of the Institute.

In order to secure etfective co-operation on matters of joint in- terest between the four great engineering societies as a whole, it is proposed that a Joint Conference Committee be formed. The duties of the members of this Committee, two from each of the four societies, shall be to meet for conference on the call of the representatives of any one Society, and to inform the governing boards of their re- spective societies of matters that have been decided to be of interest to the group of national engineering societies as a whole ; also to make such recommendations as the conferees think advisable to guide the action of said Boards.

The President and Secretary of the Council of the Institute were appointed a committee of two to act as the representatives of the Institute in the proposed general conference committee.

At the same meeting Prof. James F. Kemp was appointed a repre- sentative of the Institute to serve on the John Fritz Medal Board of Award for the period of four years, beginning January, 1912.

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xi

Library.

American Institute of Electrical Engineers. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. American Institute of Mining Engineers. United Engineering Society.

William P. Cutter, Librarian.

The libraries of the above-named Societies are open from 9 a.m. to 9 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. during July and August. . The Library contains about 42,000 volumes, including sets of tech- nical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies.

The members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are by the very nature of their profession forced to spend a large portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To fiuch members the Library can render valuable service through cor- respondence, and letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects ; to determine, if possible, the existence of mining-maps, and to furnish general in- formation as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries as far as these resources are known and published.

It is hoped that the members of the Institute will avail them- selves freely of this special service. The Library will welcome in- quiries on engineering subjects, and furnish information as far as such information is to be obtained.

All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. In this wav the time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and as a result the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Tne members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining-reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made avail- able to other members.

Suggestions for additions to the 'Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assur- ance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

xii Monthly Bulletin, No. 61, January, 1912.

Library Accessions.

Dec. 1 to Dec. 31, 1911.

[Copies of the list of additions to the Libraries of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers can be obtained on application to the Secretary of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.]

American Mining Gonoress. Report of Proceedings, 14th Annual Session,

1911. Denver, 1911. (Exchange.) Austria. K.K. Ministbrium fur Offentliche Arbeiten. Statistik des

Bergbaues in Osterreich. 1907-1909 (pts. 1-3) ; 1910, pt 1. Wien, 1908-

1911. (Exchange.)

filBLIOORAPHIE DER DbUTSCHEN ZeITSCHRIFTEN LiTERATUR. Vol. XXVII.

A. Leipzig, F. Dietrich, 1911. (Purchase. ) British Columbia Coal AND Coke, Sept., 1911. By W. E. Duncan. Merritt,

1911. (Gift of Author.) British Foundrymen's Association. Proceedings, 1909-1910. London, n.d.

(Exchange.) British Guiana. Lands and Mines Department: Report, 1910-1911.

Georgetown, 1911. (Gift of British Guiana Lands and Mines Commissioner. ) Chemisghe Tbchnolooie der Neuzeit. Band III , 2-3. By Otto Dammer.

Stuttgart, 1911. (Purchase.) Chicago Sanitary District. Beport on the Sewage Disposal. By George M.

Wisner. Chicago, 1911. (Gift of G. M. Wisner.) Coals Available for the Manufacture of Illuminating Gas. (Bulletin

No. 6, Bureau of Mines. ) Washington, 1911. (Exchange.) CoNGREso CiENTiFico (1° Pan Americano ) . Cieucias Naturales — Antropol6glcas

y Etnol6gicas. Tomo I. Santiago de Chile, 1911. (Gift of Congreso Cien-

tifico. ) Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay.

Part L By C. W. Andrews. London, 1910. (Gift of British Museum.) Das ErdOl. Vol. III. By C. Engler and H. V. Hofer. Leipzig, 1911.

(Purchase. ) Geology and Mineral Resources of a Portion of Fremont County, Wyo-

(Bulletin No. 2, Ser. B.) Cheyenne, 1911. (Exchange.) Geology of Building Stoneb. By J. A. Howe. London, 1910. (Purchase. ) Great Britain — Mineral Statistics Branch. Mines and Quarries — General

Report and Statistics for 1910. Part III.— Output. London, 1911. (Ex- change. ) Guide to the Exhibition op Animals, Plants and Minerals Mentioned

IN the Bible. (British Museum of Natural History. Special Guide No.

5.) London, 1911. (Gift of British Museum. ) ELandbuch der Eisen und Stahlgiesserei. Vol. 1. By C. Geiger. Berlin,

1911. (Purchase.) Handbuch der Miner alchemie. Band I., Nos. 1-3. By C. Doelter. Dresden,

1911. (Purchase.) Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Transactions. Vol. 20. London,

1911. (Exchange.) UInternationalisme Scientifique (Sciences Pures et Lettres. ) By P. H.

Eijkman. La Haye, 1911. (Gift of Fondajo por Internacieco.) Iron and Steel Institute. Carnegie Scholarship Memoirs. Vol. HI. Lon- don, 1911. (Exchange.) Jahrbuch pur das Berg und Huttenwesen im KQnigreiche Sachsen,

1911. Freiberg, 1911. (Exchange.) JubilIums Katalog der Verlagsbuchhandlung Wilhelm Engelmann,

1811-1911. Leipzig, 1911. (Gift of Wilhelm Engelmann.)

LaY-OuT, DiI6N AND CONSTRUCTION OF ChEMICAL AND METALLURGICAL

Plants. By Oskar Nagel. New York, 1911. (Purchase).

Digitiz oogle

Ambrigan Institute of Mining Engineers. xiii

Manual for Engineers. Tables and other Data for Engineers and BasinesB Men. By Charles E. Ferris. Ed. 16. Knoxville, 1911. (Gift of the Glidden Varnish Co.)

Metallubgic Ikdustry in Italy. Description of Some of the Principal Works. Milan, Asaociazione fra gli Industriali Metallurgici Italian!, n. d. (Gift of Iron and Steel Institute. )

Die Metallurgib des Wolframs. By Hans Mennicke. Berlin, 1911. (Pur- chase.)

Mineral Besourcbs of the Philippine Islands, 1910. Manila, 1911. (Ex- change.)

Mining Laws of Australia and New England. (Bulletin No. 505, U. S. Geological Survey. ) Washington, 1911. (Exchange.)

Mining Rights on the Public Domain. Ed. 14. By R. S. Morrison and E. D. DeSoto. Colorado, 1910. (Purchase.)

Mining Without Timber. By R. B. Brinsmade. New York, McGraw Hill Book Co., 1911. (Purchase.)

National Iron and Steel, Coal and Coke Blue Book. Ed. 4. Pitts- burg, R. L. Polk & Co., 1911. Price, 1 10. (Gift of Publishers.)

This directory gives lists of manufacturers' of iron and steel, and of coal- and ooke-producers, with an index of iron and steel products, a list of directors and officers, and a geographical index. An indispensable reference-book for iron manufactures and for the coal-operator. The information is extremely com- plete.— W. P. C.

NouvxLLEB Tablis Trigonometriques Fonda mentaleb. By H. Andoyerr

Paris, 1911. (Purchase.) Oklahoma Geological Survey. Preliminary Report on the Road Materials

and Road Conditions of Oklahoma. (Bulletin No. 8.) Norman, 1911.

(Exchange.) Rapport des Operations Minires dans la pRdviNCE de Quebec, 1910.

Quebec, 1911. (Gift of Ministre de la Colonisation, des Mines et des Pe-

cheries, Quebec.) Retracement of the Boundary Line Between Idaho and Washington

from the Junction of Snaej: and Clearwater Rivers Northward

to the International Boundary. (Bulletin No. 466, U. S. Geological

Survey.) Washington, 1911. (Exchange.) Results of Spirit Leveling in Illinois, 1909 and 1910. Bulletin No. 493,

U. S. Geological Survey.) Washington, 1911. (Exchange.) Royal Ikstitute of British Architects. Kalendar, 1911-1912. London,

1911. (Exchange.) Russia. ComitI: Geologique. Carte Glogique detail! du Bassin Houiller

du Donetz. Description de la feuille VIL, 25, 26. St. Petersburg, 1910.

(Exchange.)

— — Maps.

Staffordshire Iron and Steel Institute. Proceedings. Vol. XXVI.

Stourbridge, 1911. (Exchange.) Die Str5mung in ROhren und die Berechnung weitverzweigter Leit-

ungen und KanXlk By Viktor Blaess. Miinchen-Berlin, 1911. (Pur- chase.)

Atlas.

Surface Water Supply of the United States, 1909. Part XI. — California.

(Water Supply Paper No. 271, U. S. Geological Survey.) Washington,

1911. (Exchange.) 1910. Part VIIL— Western Gulf of Mexico. (Water Supply Paper No.

288, U. S. Geological Survey.) Washington, 1911. (Exchange.) Technology and Industrial Efficiency. New York, McGraw-Hill Book

Co., 1911. (Purchase.) Tonindcstrie Kalender, 1912. Pts. 1-3. Berlin, 1911. Gift of TontTidustrte

Zeiiung. )

xiv Monthly Bulletin, No. 61, January, 1912.

UiaoN OF South Africa. Mines Department. Annual Report, 1910. Pts. 1-2. Pretoria, 1911. (Gift of South Africa Mines Department)

U. S. Chief Signal Officer. Report of, 1911. Washington, 1911. (Gift of U. S. WarDept.)

U. S. Civil Jervicb Commission. Annual Report, 27th. Washington, 1911. (Gift of Civil Service Commission.)

U. S. Isthmian Canal Commission. Annual Report, 1911, with accompanying maps and diagrams. Washington, 1911. (Gift of Isthmian Canal Com- mission. )

U. S. Library of Congress. Report of the Librarian, 1911. Washington, 1911. (Exchange.)

U. S. National Mdseum. Proceedings. Vol. 40. Washington, 1911. (Ex- change. )

Use of Peat for Fuel and Other Purposes. (Bulletin No. 16, Bureau of Mines.) Washington, 1911. (Exchange.)

Van Nostrand's Chemical Annual, 1909. Edited by J. C. Olsen. New York, Van Nostrand Co., 1909. (Purchase.)

Water Resources of Antelope Valley, California. (Water Supply Paper No. 278, U. S. Geological Survey. ) Washington, 1911. (Exchange.)

Western Australia, Geological Survey. Annual Progress Report, 1910. Perth, 1911. (Gift of Government Geologist.)

Western Australia. Mines Department. Report, 1910. Perth, 1911. (Ex- change. )

Gift of Hill Publishing Co.

Allouez Mining Co. Report of the Directors to the Stockholders, 1908. Bos- ton, 1908.

AssociAziONE Mineraria'Sarda. Anno XIL, No. 1. Iglesias, 1907.

Australia. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. Trade and Customs and Excise Revenue, 1906. Pt. II. Sydney, 1906.

Annual Statement of the Trade of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1904.

Sydney, 1904.

Austria. K. K. Ackerbau Ministeriums. Statistisches Jahrbuch, 1904. Pt 2. Wien, 1905.

K. K. Handelsminislerium. Statistik des Auswartigen Handels. 1905.

Vol. III. Wien 1906. K. K. Revierbergarate in Mahr. Ostrau. Katalog des Museums fur

Unfallverhutung im Bergbau. Wien, 1911. Broken Hill Proprietary Co. Reports and Statements of Accounts for half

year ending May 31, 1911. Australia, 1911. Broken Hill South Silver Mining Co. Reports, Statements of Accounts, for

half year ended June 30, 1910. Melbourne, 1910. Canada. Customs Department. Tables of the Trade and Navigation, 1906.

Ottawa, 1906. Daly West Mining Co. Report, 1908. Salt Lake City, 1908. Douglas Copper Co. Annual Report, 6th, 1909. New York, 1909. Grenet, L. Trempe, Recuit, Cementation et Conditions d'emploi des Aciers.

Paris, 1911. Italy. Ministero delle Finanze. Statistica del Commerclo Speciale. Dec,

1906; Oct. -Dec, 1906; Dec, 1907. Roma, 1906-1907. Ministero di Agricoltura, Indnstria e Commercio. Rivista del Servizio

Minerario, 19U4, 1905. Roma, 1905-1906. Kingston (Ont.) Calendar of the School of Mining, 1911-1912. Kingston,

Leaning, J. Quantity Surveying. Ed. 5. Lond.-N. Y., 1904. Mexico. Boletin de Estadistica Fiscal. No. 285. Mexico, 1906.

Ambrican Institute of Mining Enqinbbrs. xv

Mexico. Secretabia de Fomento, Golonizagiok e Industbia. Anuario

FtadJBtico de la Republica Mexicana, 1904. Mexico, 1906. Mutes of the Tbansvaax. £d. 6. By R B. Mabson. London, n. d. Moody's Manual op Kailboads, 1908. New York, 1908. New Soxtth Wales. Mines Depabtment. Annual Report, 1910. Sydney,

New Zealand. Govebnment Statistician's Office. Statistics of the Do- minion of New Zealand, 1909. Vols. 1 2. Wellington, 1910. NoBWAY. Statistiske Centbaijbubeau. Statistisk Aarbog for Kongeriget

Norge, 1906. Kristlania, 1906.

Norges Handel, 1905. Kristiania, 1904.

Obebschlesischen Berg und Huttenmannischen Yerein. Statistik der

Oberschlesischen Berg und Huttenwerke, 1906, 1907. Kattowitz, 1907, 1908. Osceola CJonsoli dated Mining Co. Report, 1908. Boston, 1909. QiTiKCY Mining Co. Report of the Directors to the Stockholders, 1908. Boston,

Skikneb, W. K. Mining Manual, 1910. London, 1910. South Austbalia. Mines Minister. Review of the Mining Operations, No. 13,

Dec. 31, 1910. Adelaide, 1911. South Austbalia. Statistical Register of the State, 1905. Pt. III. Production.

N. p., 1906. Spain. Ministerio db Fomento. Estadistica Minera de Espafia, 1905.

Madrid, 1906. Statistique de L'Industrie Minebale et des Appabeils a Vapeub en

France et en Alqebie, 1905. Paris, 1906. SvEBiGBs Officiella Statistik. Kommerskollegii (C) Bergshandteringen,

1905, 1910. Stockholm, 1906, 1911.

(F) Handel. 1905. Stockholm, 1906.

Tamarack Mining Co. Report of the Directors to the Stockholders, 1908.

Boston, 1909. Univebsity of Kansas. General Catalogue, 1910-1911. Lawrence, 1911. Dnivebsity of Utah. Catalogue, 1911-1912. Salt Lake City, 1911. Vebbinigte K5NIG8-UND Laubahutte Aktien Gesellschaft fub Bebgbau

UND HtJiTENBBTBiEB. Bericht ubcr das Gcschiiftsjahr, 1910-1911. N. p.,

n. d. ViCTOBiA. Mines and Water Supply. Annual Report, 1905. Melbourne, 1905. Westebn Australia. Government Statistician's Office. Statistical Register,

1905. Pt Vn. Perth, 1907. Western Austbalia. Supplement to Government Gazette. Mining Statistics,

Dec, 1906. Perth, 1907.

Tbade Catalogues.

Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. Y.

Catalogue B-104. Rock-drilis. 4 pages.

Catalogue B-105. Rock-drills. 4 pages. New York Leather Belting Co., New York, N. Y. PAcentx, Dec., 1911.

A journal devoted to the interests of belt engineering. 18 pages.

United Engineering Society Library.

Oklahoma Geological Subyey. Preliminary Report on the Road Materials and Road Conditions of Oklahoma. (Bulletin No. 8.) Norman, 1911. (Gift of Oklahoma Geological Survey. )

xvi Monthly Bulletin, No. 61, January, 1912.

Membership.

New Members. The following list comprises the names of those persons elected :as members who accepted election during the month of December,

Members.

Chance, Edwin M.,Chem Pottsville, Pa.

Cox, GuyH., Teaching and Mining BoUa, Mo.

CuELULR, Salvador, Min. Engr 403 Calle Ojenaga, Chihaahua, Mexico.

Duck, Geobgb F., Western Editor, Minet and Minerah

1221 First National Bank Bldg., Denver, Colo.

Earling, Roy B., Min. Engr Ray, Ariz.

Gayford, Ernest, Met 159 Pierpont St, Salt Lake City, Utah.

GooDE, Ewart N., Met Port Kembla, N. S. W., Australia.

Herrmann, Charles £., Iron-Ore Miner and iShipper, 17 Battery PL,

New York, If. Y.

Ko, SoKiCHi, Prof. Econ. Qeol Kiushiu Univ., Fukuota, Japan.

La Croix, Morris F. , Min. Engr Ishpeming, mch.

Mansfield, Melvin, Min. Engr. and Assayer, 139 East So. Temple St.,

Salt Lake City, Utah. Montgomery, Ernest A., Mine-Owner and Mgr., 409 Columbia Trust Bldg.,

Los Angeles, Cat.

Radoliffe, Alfred, Met Copiapo, Chile, So. Am.

ROEBER, R F., Editor, Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering, 239 W. 39th St.,

New York, N. Y.

Rogers, William B., Min. Engr 64 Wall St., New York, N. Y.

Squires, Howard W., Min. Engr 2007 Ocean View Ave., Los Angeles, Cal.

Associate, Stillman, James S., Secy, and Treas., Empire Steel & Iron Co., Catasauqua, Pa.

Candidates for Membership.

The following persons have been proposed during the month of December, 1911, for election as members of the Institute. Their names are published for the information of members and associates, from whom the Committee on Membership earnestly invites confiden- tial communications, favorable or unfavorable, concerning these can- didates. A sufficient period (varying in the discretion of the Com- mittee, according to the residence of the candidate) will be allowed for the reception of such communications, before any action upon these names by the Committee. After the lapse of this period, the Committee will recommend action by the Council, which has the power of final election.

Members.

Charles Homer Baxter, Loretto, Mich.

Proposed by Elwin F. Brown, O. C. Davidson, William Kelly.

Bom, Feb. 12, 1879, at Detroit, Mich. 1898-1899, with Mason L.Brown, C.E., Detroit, Mich. 1899-1902, Mich. College of Mines, B.S., E.M. 1902-1903, Ajst Min. Engr., Quincy Min. Co., Hancock, Mich. 1903-1904, Min. Engr., Repub- lic Iron & Steel Co. , Negaunee, Mich. 1904-1905, Engr. for Dickinson County Board of County Commissioners, Iron Mountain, Mich. 1905-1906, Instructor in Civ. and Min. Engr., Mich. College of Mines, Houghton, Mich. 1907, Field Engr. for Jones Exploring Co., in Arizona and Utah.

Present position : 1907 to date, Supt, Loretto Iron Co.

American Institute op Mining Engineers. xvii

Robert Hardy Bedford, Mio. £ngr., Grass Vallej, Cal.

Proposed bj A. D. Foote, William Hague, Arthur B. F6ote.

Boru, Nov. 19, 1882, at Kaikoura. New Zealand. 1901-1904, Univ. of N. Z. 1906, B.8 Univ. of Mo. ; 1911, E.M. 1906-1907, Amerioan Min. Engr. Co., Joplin, Mo. 1908-1910, Old Dominion Copper Min. Co., Globe, Ariz. 1910- 1911, surveying, North Star Mines Co., Grass Vallej, Cal.

Present position : Aest. Supt., North Star Mines Co.

Quincy Bent, Sparrows Point, Md.

Proposed by Charles F. Rand, James Gayley, C. Kirch hofif.

Bom, July 28, 1879, at Steelton, Pa. 1901, Grad. Williams College, B.A. 1901-1902, Engr. on experimental work, Penn. Steel Co., Steelton, Pa. 1902- 1909, Mgr. Penn. Steel Co.'s works at Lebanon, Pa., and Supt. of Construction, Cornwall Ore Bank Co., Lebanon, Pa.

Present position : Asst to Pree., Maryland Steel Co.

Harry Scott Bniman, Youngstown, Ohio.

Proposed by C. S. Robinson, W. E. Manning, John Birkinbine.

Bom, Dec 10, 1879, at Terre Haute, Ind. High School, Terre Haute. 1899- 1903, Rose Polytechnic, M.E. 1903, Ohio Works, Carnegie Steel Oo. 1907, Supt. Blast-Furaace, Younntown Sheet & Tube Co.

Present position : Supt. -Furnaces and Steel Dept., Youngstown Sheet A Tube Co.

James Bonnyman, Birmingham, Ala.

Proposed by George G. Crawford, T. H. Aldrich, Jr, Richard Peters, Jr.

Bom. July 9, 1879, at Lexington, Ky. 1892-1897, Ky. State College (now Ky. State Univ.), Lexington, Ky. 1897, rodman, Govt. . Corps. 1897-1899, weighman, timekeeper, engr. and Asst. Supt., Durham Mines, Pittsburg, Pa. 1899-1900, Engr., Chatta., Rome & So. R. R. Co., Rome, Ga. 1900, Supt., Durham Coal-Mines. 1900-1901, Road Master and Ch. Engr., C, R & S. R. R. Co. 1901-1902, Supervisor, Central of Ga. Ry., who bought C, R, & S. R R. 1902-1904, Supt. and Engr., Stearns Coal Co., Steams, I. 1904, prospecting mineral properties, personal account 1904-1905, Ch. Eng., Ga., Fla. & Ala. R. R., Bainbridee, Ga. 1905-1906, Asst Engr., Cent of Ga. R. Savannah, Ga. 1906, with Birmingham Coal Co., as Treasurer, Actg. Mgr. and Treas , Gen. Mgr. and Treas., Receiver and Trustee.

Present position : Vice-Pres. and Treas., Birmingham Coal Co.

Lawrence Ripley Clapp, Silverton, Colo.

Proposed by Franklin Guiterman, D. W. Brunton, F. J. Siebert

Bom, Feb. 25, 1884, at Brooklyn, N. Y. 1903-1905 and 1908-1910, School of Mines, Columbia Univ. M.E. 1905-1907, Chem., Cananea Copper Co. 1907, Sampler, Federal Lead Co. 1907-1908, Chem., Minas Tecolotes y Anexas. 1910-1911, Supt, Hda. de Louto, Pachuca, Mex.

Present position : Asst Supt, Silver Lake Mines.

Roy LeGrand Cornell, 299 Mission St., Santa Cruz, Cal.

Proposed by Millard K. Shaler, Sydney H. Ball.

Bom, July 22, 1881, at Summertown, Tenn. 1900, Assayer, Big Five Co., Frances, Colo. 1902, Underground, Independence, Cripple Creek, Colo. 1903, Chem. and Met, Troy-Manhattan Copper Co., Troy, Ariz. Entered Min. Dept Univ. of Ariz. 1904, summer, Cananea Cons. Copper Co., Cananea, Mex. 1904- 1906. CoUe of Mines, Univ. of Cal. 1906-1907, Assayer, Mayflower Cons. Min. Co., Ryolite, Nev. 1907-1908, Operated in Nev. , personal account. 1909, Sur- veying, Chafey Mines Co, Chafey, Nev. 1910. Engr. office. Battle Mountain, Nev.

Present position : with Socit Internationale ForestiSre et Minidre du Congo, Eanwa, via Banalia, Congo Beige, W. Africa.

Walter Marshall Dake, Jr., Fairview, Mich.

Proposed by E. E. Carpenter, E. Gybbon Spilsbury.

Bom, Oct 15, 1886, at Nashville, Tenn. 1904-1905, Rodman, chainman, in- strument-man, Animas Power Co., Silverton, Colo. 1905-1906, Nashota Milling Co., Silver Plume, Colo. 1906-1907, Instrument-man for W. B. Milliken, Rhyo- lite, Nev. 1907, Assayer, Independant Smelter Co., Golden, Colo. 1908,

xviii Monthly Bulletin, No. 61, January, 1912.

Aflsaver, San Juanis Beduc Ck>., San Antonio, Baja, Cal. 1908-1909, Sampler and Foreman, £1 Valid Mines Co., San Antonio, Baja, Cal. 1909, Smelter Fore- man, El Valle Mines Co. 1910-1911, bilterman, table-man, Chile-mill oian, solution-man for Gold field Cons. Mill. Co.

Present position : Foreman, Nevada Hills Mill.

W. W. Davis, Leadville, Colo.

Proposed by D. W. Brunton, J. W. Finch, W. F. B. Bereer.

Bom, Feb. 10, 1863, at Decatur, 111. 1886-1889, Scientific Dept., State Univ. of Kansas. Summers, field engr. with U. S. Geol. Survey. 1889-1891, Asst. Astronomer, U. S. Coast and Geod. Survey. Obtained LL.B. and LL.M. from Columbian Univ., Washington, D. C. 1896, returned to scientific work in con- nection with the operation of mines in Leadville, Colo., the principal one of which was the Yak Min., Mill. & Tunnel Co., August B. Meyer, Pres. 1899, bencame Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., above company, also mgr. in charge of other mining companies in Leadville. Member of Colo. Scientific Society.

Present position : Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., Yak Min., Mill. & Tunnel Co. ; Gen. Mgr., Smuggler Leasing Co., Aspen, Colo.

Reginald B. Gerhard t, Felton, Oriente, Cuba.

Proposed by James E. Little, Charles F. Rand, Jennings S. Cox, Jr.

Born, Aug. 2, 1884, at Martinsburg, W. Va. Early education in public schools of Harrisburg, Pa. Penna. State College. 1907, Grad., Cornell Univ. Five years with the Penn. Steel Co., in electrical work ; three years with the Spanish- American Iron Co., Cuba, in mining and metallurgical work.

Present position : Mech. Engr., Spanish- American Iron Co.

George Herbert Gibbs, Glan y mor, Baglan, Britton Ferry, S. Wales.

Proposed by Arnold K. Reese, J. Spencer HoUings, R A. Hadfield.

Bom, Feb. 19, 1879, at Burslem, Staffordshire, England. Educated up to 1892 at National and Weslevan High Schools, Burslem. 1897-1899, Burslem and Manchester Tech. Schools. 1892-1899, training as engr. with Leigh & Simpson, 6 mos.; Kent Bros., 18 mos.; George Abbey, 9mos.; Shelton Steel Worlo, 12 mos.; Kerr, Stuart Co., 6 mos. 1899-1901, Draftsman and Engr., Shelton li-on & Steel Co. 1901, Sheepbridge Coal & Iron Co. 1902, Midhmd Coal, Coke & Iron Co. ; Graham, Morton & Co., Leeds 1902-1903, Ebbw Vale Iron & Steel Works. 1903-1907, Earl of Dudley's Steel Works. 1907-1908, Inspect. Engr. 1908-1909, Carnforth, Hermatite Furnaces.

Present position : Engr. to Albion Steel Co., Ltd.

Archie H. Jones, Tonopah, Nev.

Proposed by Frederick Bradshaw, W. W. Charles, A. R. Parsons.

Bom, Mar. 3, 1873, at Davenport, Iowa. 1901-1904, Mill foreman, Smuggler Union Cyanide Plant, Telluride, Colo. 1904-1907, Supt., Dorcas Mill, Florenoe, Colo.

Present position : 1908 to date, Supt, Belmont Milling Co., Millers, Nev.

Richard Vincent McKay, Steelton, Pa.

Proposed by James E. Little, Charles F. Rand, Jennings S. Cox, Jr.

Bom, Oct. 17, 1884, at Milton, Mass. 1901, Grad. Milton Hiffh School. 1906, 8.B., Mass. Inst. Tech. 1906-1907, Blast-Furaaces, Penn. Steel Co., Quincy Bent, Mgr.; 1907-1909, Foreman, Steelton Plant. 1909-1911, Aast. Supt., Blast- Furnaoes, Steelton. Jan. -May, 1911, Employed by Spanish- American Iron Co., Felton, Cuba, in nodulizing-wotk.

Present position: Supt, Blast- Furnace Dept, Pennsylvania Steel Co., Steelton, Pa.

Charles McKinnis, Wallace, Idaho.

Proposed by Horace V. Winchell, F. T. Greene, W. B. Fisher.

Bom, Mar 19, 1875, at Mirabile, Caldwell Co., Mo. 1896, Night mill-fore- man. Silver King Mill, Wardner, Ida., for leasing company. 1896, Mill-man, Stemwinder Mill, Wardner, Ida., for Joe Branscomb, leaser. 1899-1901, Mgr., Copper King Min. Co., Seven Devils district, Ida. 1906-1912, Mgr., Sec and Treas., also large owner. National Copper Min. Co., Mullan, Ida. 1907-1912, Mgr., Sec., Treaa. and large owner, Caledonia Min. Co., Wardner, Ida.

Ambrican Ikstitutb of Mining Enginbbbs. xix

Fred W. McNair, Houghton, Mich.

Proposed by William Kelly, F. W. Denton, M. M. Duncan.

Bom, Dec. 3, 1862, at Fennimore, Wis. Grad. Univ. of Wi. Poet-prad. work at Univ. of Wis., and Univ. of Chicago. Has been engaged mostly in engineering education. Field-work illustmted by articles like ''Divergence of Long Plumb Lines at the Tamarack Mine,'' Erig. and Mm. Joiarncdj Apr. 26, 1902 ; Air from a Hydraulic Compressor," Mining Worlds Jan. 28, 1911.

Present position : President, Mich. College of Mines.

Frank Albert Metcalf, Wardner, Idaho.

Proposed by Rush J. White, Horace V. Winchell, F. L. Sizer.

Bom, Julv 22, 1882, at Baidolph, 111. 1903, Engr. Dept, Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, Iowa. 1906, B. & B. Dept of C, M. & St. P. R. R., Marion, La.; trans- ferred to Engr. Dept at Minneapolis, Minn. Sent West as Enr. on Location in Wash. 1907, with Henry M. Lancaster, Min. Ener., Wallace, Idaho. June 15, 1906, CE., Cornell College. 1910, Mech. Draftsman for Coeur d'Aldne Iron Works, Wallace, Idaho., James Taylor, Mgr. 1911, Asst Engr., Federal Min. A Smelt Co.

Present position : Asst. Engr., Last Chance Mine, Federal Min. & Smelt. Co., Wardner, Idaho.

John Forrest Orr, 149 Broadway, New York.

Proposed by S. A. Dockery, Frederick P. Burrall, H. S. Emlaw.

Bom, Sept 5, 1873, at Addison, N. Y. 1895, B.S., E.M., Mich. Min. School. 1895-1896, Min. Engr., Conchinyo, Chih., Mex. 1896-1897, Prof. Min. Engr., College of Mont 1898-1900, Asst. , Cyanide Plant, Triunfo, B. C, Mex. 1900-1902, Supt, Cyanide Plant, Corrigan, McKinney <fe Co., Ropes Gold Mine, Mich., and Concliinvo, Chih., Mex. i902-19(>3, with Penobscot Min. Co., Mait land, S. D. 190S-1905, Independent work in Mex. 1905-1907, with Colo. Min. Co., Ceno Colorado, Son., Mex. 1907-1911, Engr. and Salesman, Chalmers & Williams.

Present position: Eastern Mgr., Chalmers & Williams, Inc.

Seeley Benedict Patterson, Jr., 19 Flood Block, Anaconda, Mont

Proposed by J. F. Kramer, S. B. Patterson, C. D. Demond.

Bora, June'6, 1885, at Quinnimont, W. Va. 1902-1904, Columbia Univ., School of Mines. 1906, Grad., Colo. School of Mines. 1906-1907, with Robesonia Iron Co., Ltd., Robesonia, Pa. 1907-1908, Asst Civil Engr., Spanish- American Iron Co., Daiquiri, Cuba. 1908-1910, Spanish- American Iron Co., Mayari, Cuba. 1910, Laboratory and Test Dept, Anaconda Cop. Min. Co.

Present position : Testing Dept , Washoe Plant, Anaconda Cop. Min. Co.

William Clifton Phalen, Washington, D. C.

Proposed by George Otis Smith, E. W. Parker, David T. Day.

Bom, Feb. 1, 1877, at Gloucester, Mass. 1899. S.B., Mass. Inst. Tech., Boston, Mass. ; 1902, S.M. 1909, Ph.D., George Washington, Univ., Washington, D. C. 1899-1901, with New Mex. School of Mines., Socorro, N. M 1902-1904, Divi- aion of GeoL, U. S. Nat Museum. 1904-1907, Geol. Aid, U. S. Geol. Survey.

Present position : 1907 to date, Asst. Geol., U. S. Geol. Survey.

Luis Emlynn Salas, New York, N. Y.

Proposed by Arthur L. Walker, Robert Peele, Henry S. Munroe.

Bom, Dec. 7, 1876, at London, Eng. Queen's Scholarship to Borough Road College, Richmond, Isleworth. 1904, B.S., London Univ. 1910, M.A., Columbia Univ., New York. Nine years in chemical work in London, part of time studying under Dr. Mills (Tubingen Univ.). Three years AnaL Chem. of Mexican comny in Coahuila. Anal. Chem. and Assayer, Torreon, Mex.

Present position : Representative Chem. in N. Y. City to the Cia. Exploradora Coahnileuae, Mex.

Charles Joseph Stakel, Ishpeming, Mich.

Proposed by M. M. Duncan, E E. White, J. E. Jopling.

Bom, Mar. 3, 1883, at Menominee, Mich. 1905, Grad. Mich. College of Mines, M.E. 1905-1906, Asst. Engr., Ashland Mine, Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., Iron- wood, Mich. 1906-1910, Mm. Engr., C. C. L Co., on Marquette Range. 1910- 1911, in charge concrete shaft, Negaunee mine, for C. C. I. Co.

Present position: Asst Ch. Engr., Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co.

XX Monthly Bulletin, No. 61, January, 1912.

Ralph D. Van Valkenburgh, 213 West Lake St., Chicago, 111.

Proposed bj Robert E. Jennings, Henry D. Hibbard, John Rice.

Bom, Mar. 1, 1877, at Greene, Chenago Co., N. Y. Greene Union High School. 1901, Grad. Cornell Univ. 1901-1906, Draftsman, Ch. Draftsman and Ch. Engr., GifiFord Bros., Hudson, N. Y., elevating and conveying ., and for some time operators of Copake Iron "Works. 1906-1907, Draftsman and squad boss, Jeffrey Mfg. Co., Columbus, Ohio. 1907-1909, Ch. Engr., H. W. Caldwell & Son Co., Chicago, 111. 1909-1911, Branch Mgr., Taylor Iron & Steel Co., High Bridge, N. J.

Present position : Western Mgr., Colonial Steel Co., Pittsburg, Pa.

Gustavus R. Waeber, Iron River, Mich.

Proposed by Felix A. Vogel, Charles K Lawrence, Elwin F. Brown.

Bom, Oct 14, 1880, at Hoboken, N. J. 1898-1900, Chem. Technikum, Burg- dorf, Switz. 1900-1903, Poly technikum, Zurich, Switz. 1903-1905, Chem., Davis Baking Powder Co., Hoboken, N. J. 1906-1908, Mine Chem., St. Law- rence Pyrites Co., Hermon, N. Y., office, 26 Broad St., New York. 1908-1909, Chem., Hartford Laboratory Co., Hartford, Conn. 1909, Chem.. Florence Iron Ca, Florence, Wis. 1909-1910, Chem., N. Y. State Steel Co., Virginia, Minn.

Present position : Independent Chemist.

Henry Stuart Weigall, Eapsan Min. Concession, via Songchin, China.

Proposed by A. R. Weigall, F. Dan vers Power.

Bom, Dec. 4, 1880, at Sydney, N. S. W. 1903, Grad., Univ. of Sydney, B.K 1903, General underground experience with Hillgrove Proprietary Mines, Ltd., Hillgrove, N. S. W. 1904, Assayer, Aust. Min. & Gold Recovery Co., Cnide Works, Hillaprove. 1905, Asst. Mgr., N. Dan vers Power. Mgr. 1906, Asst. to Ch. Engr., Manchu Synd., Ltd., of London and Seoul, Koia, examination and development of mines in Korea and Manchuria. 1907-1908, Asst. to Ch. Engr., Collbran-Bostwick Dev. Co., of Hartford and Seoul, Korea, in charge of develop- ment at Kang Neung, Korea. 1908-1909, Actg. Mgr., Seoul Min. Co., Suan Mine, Korea. 1909-1911, Asst. Mgr., CoUbran-Bostwick Dev. Co., Kapsan Min. Concession, Korea.

Present position : In charge of prospecting and development of all outside mines in above concession.

O. W. Wheelright, Florence, Wis.

Proposed by Felix A. Vogel, E. Gibbon Spilsbury, C. K. Leith.

Bom, June 18, 1882, at Belleville, XVis. 1900-1904, Univ. of Wis. 1904, A.B. 1906-1909, Grad., Geol., Univ. of Wis. 1907, summer, Miss. Bureau of Geol. and Mines. 1908, summer. Geol. work on Menominee Range, Mich., under C. K. Leith and R. C. Allen. 1909, summer, Geol. work on Menominee Range, under C. K. Leith. Oct.-Nov., 1909, Geol. Work, Mich. Geol. Survey, R. C. Allen, Director.

Present position : Geol. for Florence Iron Co., and Florence Exploration Co., Felix A. Vogel, Gen. Mgr.

Lowe Whiting, Iron River, Mich.

Proposed by Felix A. Vogel. E. Gybbon Spilsburv, Charles E. Iwrenoe. Born, Sept. 25, 1873, at St. Paul, Minn. 1895, Degree of Engr. of Mines, Co- lumbia College, and have followed this>rofesslon to the present time. Present position : Supt., Bates Iron Co.

John Byron Wilson, Wallace. Idaho.

Proposed by Horace V. Winchell, F. L. Sizer, Rush J. White.

Bom, Feb. 10, 1880, at Dayton, Wash. 1905-1907, Asst Citv Engr., Walla Walla, Wash. 1907, with Level Party, U. S. Geol. Survey, Utah, and Nev., T. A. Green, Chief.

Present position : 1908 to date, Engineer, Federal Min. & Smelt. Co.

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xxi

Changes of Address of Members.

The following changes of address of members have been received at the Secretary's office during the month of December, 1911. This list, together with the foregoing list of new members and the lists

Srinted in Bulletin Nos. 60 to 60, therefore, supplements the annual 8t of members corrected to Jan. 1, 1911, and brings it up to the date of Jan. 1, 1912.

Adamb, Abthur K General Land Office, Los Angeles, Cal.

Atwater, Richard M., Jr., Ladenburg, Thalmann & Co., 25 Broad St.,

New York, N. Y.

BoORAEUM, Robert £ Union , New York, N. Y.

Bordeaux, Albert F. J., Care Bryner, EouRnetzoff & Co., Vladivostok, Siberia.

Bradley, Oliver U 725 -Ames Bldg., Muskogee, Okla.

Bradley, Walter W., Care Calif. State Mining Bureau, Ferry Bldg.,

San Francisco, Cal.

Brewer, Arthttb K 1408 Baker St., San Francisco, Cal.

Brinsmade, Robert B., Cons. Engr Apartado 185, Puebla, Mexico.

Caldwell, Halsted W Instructed to hold all mail.

Caypless, Willis S., Care American Smelting & Refining Co.,

Aguascalientes, Mexico. Chtsholm, John, Care D. C. Stapleton, Anglo-Colombian Dev. Co., Ltd.,

Buenaventura, Colombia, So. Am. Clbaveland, Newton, Genl. Mgr., Natomas Cons, of Calif.,

Alaska-Commercial Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.

Cox, W. Ray Flat River, Mo.

Davis, Frank S Glenwood Springs, Colo.

De Lashmutt, Ivan Nelson, B. C, Canada.

Del Mar, Algernon So. Pasadena, Cal.

Dennis, Francis J 2054 Central Ave. , Alameda, Cal.

Dixon, James T Instructed to bold all mail.

Eaoan, Charles E Instructed to hold all mail.

Eaton, Hubert L 117 Colonial Apts., Reno, Nev.

Emlaw, Harlan S., Care Abangarez Gold Fields, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, C. A.

EuvoNS, N. H., Cons. Engr 921 Temple Ave., Knoxville, Tenn.

Erdlets, Joseph F. B., Jr 52 Broadwaj, New York, N. Y,

Forbes, D. L. H., Min. and Met. Engr., 306 Mining Chambers, Toronto,

Ont., Can.

Granstrom, Gxtstaf a., Min. Engr Sala, Sweden.

Groye, Independence Amparo Mining Co., Etzatlan, Jal., Mexico.

Guess, Georoe A Napanee, Ont., Canada.

Hadfield, Sir R. A 22 Carlton House Terrace, London, S. W., England.

Haoar, Edward McK., Universal Portland Cement Co., 72 W. Adams St.,

Chicago, 111. Hawxhttrst, Robert, Jr., Care International Banking Corpn.,

36 Bishopsgate St, London, E. C, Engand.

Hoover, H. C 1 London Wall ., London, E. C, Engand.

Humbert, Frank U Low Moor, Va.

Hybtnette, Victor Nickel Works Christiansand, Norway.

Kirkcaldy, N. M Kirchenfeld, Berne. Switzerland.

Klugh, BethuneG P. O. Box 382, Birdsboro, Pa.

Lamb, Mark R Mgr., Allis-Chalmers Co. , Santiago, Chile, So. Am.

Lanoley, Seth S Bonanza, via Zimapan, Hid., Mexico.

Lewib, Grenville, Prest. and Genl. Mgr., Ideal Block Coal Co.,

Box 2, Lily, Ky. Lindbero, Carl O., Min. Engr., with W. R. Cox and staff,

527 Union League Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal.

Low, V. F. Stanley AirlieSt., So Yarra, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.

McCann, Ferdinand, Mgr £l Tajo Mining Co., San Sebastian, Jal , Mexico.

McGee, John, Genl. Mgr United Green water Copper Co., Dale, Cal.

McIlvaik, Edward M., Prest., Lehigh Coke Co., 71 Broadway, New York, N. Y. McIntobh, Joseph B. S United Verde Copper Co., Jerome, Ariz.

xxii Monthly Bulletin, No. 61, January, 1912.

Mathews, Edward J 1007 Hoge Bldg., Santa Monica, Cal.

Melzeb, GustavE., Cons, Min. Engr. and Met Baker City, Ore.

MiNSCH, Walter C. Guanajuato Keduction & Mines Co., Guanajuato, Mexico.

MuNRo, Duncan M Care Mina Bonanza, Zimapan, Hid., Mexico.

Nawatny, William F., Min Engr Oakwood, 111.

Nicholas, Askin M , Care C. E. Backer, 31 Queen St., Melbourne, Vic, Australia.

Plock, Albert F Instructed to hold all mail.

Raht, August 828 Emerson St., Denver, Colo.

Bamsat, William Mgr. Wharton Coal & Coke Co., Coral, Pa.

Reading, Richard W., Care Society of California Pioneers, 5 Pioneer PL,

San Francisco, Cal.

Reed, David C Avenida Terry 160, Barranco, Lima, Peru, So. Am.

Rice, Eugene R McNeil Hotel, Miami, Ariz.

Rightor, Fred E., Office Engr Texas Bitulithic Co., Box 314, El Paso, Tex.

RoBBiN.s, Charles P 1134 3d Ave., Santa Monica, Cal.

Sampson, Roswell E P. O. Box 187, Pullman, Wash.

Sayre, Mortimer F Croton Magnetic Iron Mines, Brewster, N, Y.

Seaman, Henry B., Cons. Engr 165 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Sharp, Alexander 2626 W. 7th Ave., Vancouver, B. C, Can.

SiRDEVAN, William H., Hammond Laboratory, Yale Univ. , New Haven, Conn.

Sterling, Robert R 1818 Ave. W., Seattle, Wash.

Stines, Norman C Care Otto Lagerfeld, Vladivostok, East Siberia.

Van Slyke, Frederick E 4 Eslington Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne, England.

Vivian, George G 1635 Albion Bldg., Denver, Colo.

Wallace, H. Vincent, Mgr., Mineral Development Co., Apartado 52,

Guanajuato, Mexico.

Warner, Thor P. O. Box 186, So. Porcupine, Ont,, Can.

Wheeler, Shelton K R. F. D. 2, Box 114, Billings, Mont.

Whitaker, Orville R 1577 St. Paul St., Denver, Colo.

White, Marcus 915 N. 20th St., Boise, Idaho.

WiCKES, George T The Helena Club, Helena, Mont.

Wilmoth, Leslie J., Care Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,

Salisbury House, London, E. C, England. York, James E 113 Montague St, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Addresses of Members and Associates Wanted.

Name. Last Address of Record, from which Mail has been Returned.

Danforth, A. H., Cotopaxi, Colo.

Edwards, Robert L., P. O. Box 1673, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Fitzgerald, Thomas F. M., . . . . 21 1 Sharon Bldg. , Salt Lake City, Utah.

Furness, James W., Coffee, Trinity Co., Cal.

Goodloe, Meade, So. Ariz. Smelting Co., Sasco, Ariz.

Hagemann, Wilhelm, Metates, via Tepehuanes, Dur., Mexico.

Hawkins, Tan cred, Red Bandana Gk)ld Mine, Elizabethtown,N.M.

Johnson, Dion L., 325 Water St., Pittsburg, Pa.

Lampshire, John O., Vulture Mine, Wickenburg, Ariz.

Leave 11, John H., Buffalo Mine, Cobalt, Ont, Canada.

McDougttll, Wallace D., 20 Bedford Place, Russell Sq., London, Eng.

Martin, Nicholas J., Wright & CaHender Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal.

Mayer, Paul H., 13 Central Park W, New York, N. Y.

Moore, Roy W., P. O. Box 48, Velasco, Tex.

Munroe, Martin, Bengal Coal Co., Murulidih, Mohada, B. N.

Ry., Bengal, India.

Nelson, D. W.C, Baker City, Ore.

Nobs, Frederick W,, NegociacionMinera Santa Maria de Guadalupe

y Anexas, S. A., Minillas, Zac., Mexico.

Pearson, William R, 628 W. 114th St., New York, N. Y.

Perks, Harry B., 419 Board of Trade Bldg., Portland, Ore.

Prentis, Edmund A., .Tr., . . . . Lluvia Oro Mine, Liuvia de Oro, Chih., Mex, Rathborne, Merwyn R. W., . . . Amargosa, via Las Vegas, Nev. Rhew, James W. ,Cia. Minera y Exploradora de Ventana8,S. A. , Ventanas, Dur. , Mex. Sheldon, Waldo, Urique, Chih., Mexico.

Ambrioan Ikstitutb of Mining Enginbbrs. xxiii

Short, Frank R., Carson City, Nev.

Thornton, Edward T., Apartado 30, Matehuala, S. L. P., Mexico.-

Twjnam, Henry, . . . O. Copper Mine, Cairns, No. Queensland, Australia.

WatBon, Ralph W., Calloo, Utah, Clifton Mail box.

Weddlc, Joseph H., 100 William St., New York, N. Y.

Necrology.

The deaths of the following members were reported to the Secre- tary's office during the month of December, 1911 ;

Date of Election. Name. Date of Decease.

1887. *Grubb, Charles B., November 12, 1911.

1890. *He88e, Conrad K, May 30, 1910.

1897. *Matcham, Charles A., . September 22, 1911.

Member.

The Excursion to Hawaii and Japan.

(Following the San Francisco Meeting, October, 191 1.) BY R. W. RAYMOND, SECRETARY EMERITUS.

The Reception Committee in Japan, Baron Shibusawa, Chairman,

Representing the Japanese Members of the Institute.

Masa3ruki Otagawa. Reiji Kanda.

Benzo Katsura. Shigema Yamanouchi.

Representing the Association of Mine Owners in Japan.

Tsunashiro Wada. Takuma Dan.

Kingo Nambu. Rokusaburo Kondo.

Representing the Mining Institute of Japan. Rentaro Hotta. Kageyoshi Noro.

Keisuke Kato.

Wataru Watanabe.

The Banquet Committee, Tokyo, Viscount Kaneko and Baron Shibusawa, Chairmen.

Committee on Special Trains and Steamer, Masayuki Otagawa. Reiji Kanda.

Ritaro Hirota. Motosada Zumoto.

Kageyoshi Noro. Keijiro Nakamura.

Otohiko Matsukata. Tetsutaro Hasegawa.

Tctsuo Ichiyoshi. Tatsuya Kato.

List of Members and Guests Participating in the Excursion.

Miss Rebecca A. Adams, Orange,

N. J. Mr. and Mrs. H. Foster Bain, San

Francisco, Cal. Mrs. Rebecca B. Berger, Pittsburg,

Pa. Mr. George B. Berger, Pittsburg,

Pa. Mrs. John H. Boalt, San Francisco,

Cal. Mr. and Mrs. LeRoy Brewster,

New York, N. Y. Mr. David W. Brunton, Denver,

Colo.

Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Clark, Jerome, Ariz.

Miss Lei a Cole, Hayden, Ariz.

Miss Bertha S. Coyne, Philadelphia.

Mr. and Mrs. F. H. Daniels, Wor- cester, Mass.

Dr. and Mrs. Henry S. Drinker, So. Bethlehem, Pa.

Miss Aimee Ernesta Drinker, So. Bethlehem, Pa.

Miss Katherine Shober Drinker, So. Bethlehem, Pa.

Mr. C. F. Galan, San Luis Potosi, Mex.

[ U

The Excursion To Hawah And Japan.

Miss Mary Gillett, Westfield, Mass.

Mr. and Mrs. H. W. Goddard, Worcester, Mass.

Mr. Charles W. Goodale, Butte, Mont.

Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Greer, Morgan- town, W. Va.

Miss Amanda Greer, Morgantown, W. Va.

Mr. Abbot A. Hanks, San Fran- cisco, Cal.

Capt. and Mrs. R. W. Hunt, Chi- cago, 111.

Mr. Reiji Kanda, Tokio, Japan.

Mr. and Mrs. Clement Le Boutil- lier, High Bridge, N. J.

Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Mcllvain, Reading, Pa.

Mr. William Mcllvain, Reading, Pa.

Mr. and Mrs. Walter B. Manny, New York, N. Y.

Mr. E. A. Montgomery, Los An- geles, Cal.

Mr. and Mrs. Willard S. Morse, New York, N. Y.

Mr. W. V. Morse, Maurer, N. J.

Mr. Secley C. Mudd, Los Angeles, Cal.

Mr. and Mrs. Seeley W. Mudd, Los Angeles, Cal.

Mr. Jose Muriel, San Luis Potosi, Mex.

Mrs. Edward J. Price, Los Angeles, Cal.

Mr. and Mrs. T. H. Proske, Den- ver, Colo.

Dr. and Mrs. Rossiter W. Ray- mond, New York, N. Y.

Miss Susan Raymond, New York, N. Y.

Miss Lillian Reeves, Canal Dover, Ohio.

Prof, and Mrs. Joseph W. Richards, So. Bethlehem, Pa.

Miss Winifred Richards, So. Beth- lehem, Pa.

Mr. W. L. Saunders, New York, N. Y.

Miss Jean Saunders, New York, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. F. C. Smink, Read- ing, Pa.

Miss Elizabeth Smink, Reading, Pa.

Dr. Joseph Struthers, New York, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Thomas, Cata- sauqua, Pa.

Miss E. R. Thomas, Catasauqua, Pa.

Mr. A. E. Vaughan, New York, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. Eli Whitney, New Haven, Conn.

Miss E. F. Whitney, New Haven, Conn.

Miss F. P. Whitney, New Haven, Conn.

Major and Mrs. W. H. Wiley, New York, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. D. Williams, New York, N. Y.

Mr. and Mrs. Newton R. Wilson, Beaumont, Tex.

Mr. and Mrs. Philip Wiseman, Los Angeles, Cal.

Mr. P. Kenneth Wiseman, Los An- geles, Cal.

Mr. and Mrs. Otto C. Wolf, Phila- delphia, Pa.

Mrs. Rudolph H. Wolf, Philadel- phia, Pa.

[2]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 3

Itinerary and Programme.

Nov. 3rd (Friday) : Arr. Yokohama early morning.

Presentation of memorial medals by the Chamber of Commerce. Lunch at the Grand Hotel. 3 p.m. : Reception by the City of Yokohama.

Lv. Yokohama 5.12 p.m. Arr. Tokyo 5.40 p.m. Stop at Imperial Hotel. 9 p.m. : Ball by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in honor of the Em- peror's Birthday.

Nov. 4th (Saturday): Forenoon: Sightseeing. Visit to the Imperial Uni- versity, Imperial Museum, and Art Exhibition. Noon: Luncheon by the City of Tokyo at Hotel Seiyoken, Uyeno

Park. Visits to Asagusa and Wrestling Hall. 7.30 p.m. : Dinner by the Reception Committee at the Imperial Hotel.

Nov. 5th (Sunday) : Morning: Visit to the Military Museum and the Im- perial Garden at Shinjuku. Noon : Luncheon by the Mining Institute of Japan at the Maple Club. 3.30 p.m. : Reception at the Mitsui Club by the Minister of Agricul- ture and Commerce. Lv. Tokyo 10.50 p.m.

Nov. 6th (Monday) : Arr. Kyoto 1.49 p.m. Stop at the Kyoto Hotel and the Miyako Hotel.

Nov. 7th (Tuesday) : Sightseeing (including a visit to the old Imperial Palace). Luncheon at hotels. Afternoon: Imperial University of Kyoto. Evening: Dinner by City Officials at Commercial Museum.

Nov. 8th (Wednesday) : Lv. Kyoto 8.10 a.m. Arr. Nara 9.36 a.m. Sight- seeing.

.Afternoon : Reception by Mayor.

Lv- Nara 4.25 p.m. Arr. Kobe 6.45 p.m. Dinner at Oriental Hotel.

Board the steamer Umegaka-Maru by 10 p.m. A launch will leave the American " Hatoba three times between 8 and 10 p.m. Lv. Kobe at midnight.

Nov. 9th (Thursday) : Arr. Shisaka Island 9 a.m. Visit to Sumitomo Smelting Works.

Lv. Shisaka Island about noon. Arr. Miyajima 5 p.m. Sightseeing. Stay on board. Nov. loth (Friday) :

During the morning: Sightseeing. Lv. Miyajima 3 p.m. Nov. nth (Saturday) : Arr. Moji 7 a.m. Lv. Moji by steamer 8.30 a.m. Arr. Yawata 9 a.m. Visit Imperial Steel Works. Lunch on board. Lv. Yawata 2.30 p.m.

Arr. Moji 3.30 p.m. 6 p.m.: Banquet at the Moji Club by the Chiku-ho Coal Mining

Association. Lv. Moji at night, taking the 10.50 p.m. train from Shimonoseki. Nov- I2th (Sunday) : Arr. Kobe 2.35 p.m. Stop at the Oriental Hotel and the Tor Hotel

[8]

4 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Nov. 13th (Monday) : Lv. Kobe 8.40 a.m. Arr. Osaka 9.34 a.m. Sight- seeing. Presentation of memorial medals by the City of Osaka and the

Chamber of Commerce. Lunch by Baron Fujita at his residence. Lv. Osaka 1.30 p.m. Arr. Suma 2.38 p.m. Garden Party by Baron Sumitomo.

Lv. Suma 5.35 p.m. Arr. Kobe 5.50 p.m. Stop at the Oriental Hotel and the Tor Hotel. Nov. 14th (Tuesday) : Lv. Kobe 8.05 a.m. Arr. Tokyo 10.32 p.m. Stop at

Imperial Hotel. Nov. isth (Wednesday) :

4 p.m.: Reception by the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce on the

premises. 7 p.m. : Imperial Empire Theater. Theater Party by Baron Iwasaki, Baron Mitsui, and Mr. Furukawa, followed by supper in the the- ater. Nov. i6th (Thursday) : Lv. Tokyo (Uycno Station) 10 a.m. Luncheon on train. Arr. Nikko 2.05 p.m. Stop at the Nikko Hotel and the Kanaya Hotel. 2.30 p.m. : Visit to the Copper Works of the Furukawa Mining Co. Nov. 17th (Friday) : Sightseeing at Nikko. Nov. i8th (Saturday) : Lv. Nikko 8 a.m. Arr. Ofuna 1.46 p.m.

At Ofuna, the party is divided into tivo sections, A and B.

Section A:

Nov. i8th (Saturday) : Lv. Ofuna 1.50 p.m. Arr. Kamakura 2.01 p.m.

Stop at Kaihin-in Hotel.

Sightseeing at Kamakura and Enoshima. Nov. 19th (Sunday) : Lv. Kamakura 8.15 a.m. Arr. Kodzu 9.14 a.m.

Thence by the tram and rikisha to Miyanoshita. Stop at Fujiya

Hotel, Miyanoshita. Nov. 20th (Monday) : Lv. Miyanoshita in time for the 8.35 a.m. train

from Kodz.u. Arr. Ofuna 9.17 a.m. Section B:

Nov. i8th (Saturday) : Lv. Ofuna 1.54 p.m. Arr. Kodzu 2.38 p.m.

Thence by the tram and rikisha to Miyanoshita. Stop at Fujiya

Hotel, Miyanoshita. Nov. 19th (Sunday) : Lv. Miyanoshita in time for the 9.25 a.m. train

from Kodzu. Arr. Kamakura 10.20 a.m. Stop at Kaihin-in Hotel.

Sightseeing at Enoshima and Kamakura. Nov. 20th (Monday) : Lv. Kamakura 9.05 a.m. Arr. Ofuna 9.14 a.m.

At Ofuna the tzvo sections meet again. Nov. 20th (Monday) : Lv. Ofuna 9.22 a.m. Arr. Yokohama 9.58 a.m. Stop at Grand Hotel.

[4]

The Excursion To Hawau And Japan.

Fig. I. — Map, Showing Route of Excursion.

On the Manchuria.

Somewhat fatigued with excess of enjoyment and strenuous con- tinuity of movement on the trip to and through California, the mem- bers and guests of the Institute party embarked Tuesday, Oct. 17, on the Pacific Mail S. S. Manchuria for a further journey to and through Japan. The good ship displayed the flag of the Institute (blue cross-hammers on a white ground), together with the Stars and Stripes and the ensign of the company.

Uninterrupted fair weather and smooth water attended the pas- sage to Honolulu. The Manchuria proved herself most commodious, comfortable and clean ("A sweeter steamship never sailed," quoth President Hunt) ; Captain Dixon and his officers were most agree- able, as well as most efficient ; the passenger list comprised many con- genial people besides ourselves — among them a score of missionary folk, and also Mr. M. H. de Young, Vice-President of the Panama

[5]

6 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Pacific International Exposition of 191 5, who, accompanied by his wife and two daughters, was going to Asia as a Special Commissioner to interest the Oriental peoples, and secure their participation, in that great celebration; and the daily life on board soon became crowded with interesting events — an outline of which will be given later.

Sea and Sky,

The Pacific ocean more than justified its amicable name. It was not merely quiet, but brilliant and charming. Over its sparkling wa- ters the steam-ship moved swiftly on even keel, surrounded by flashing waves of her own making, crested and laced with foam, a delicate embroidery upon the infinite blue depths. Near the California coast several whales were seen — part of a school of more than a hundred

Fir.. 2. — S. S. Manchuria.

which, as the Captain told us, had been playing up and down from Acapulco to Astoria for several weeks. Afterwards dolphins leaped in shining curves and porpoises rolled their black wheels, and flying- fish scurried and skittered in the sunshine. As we approached the islands strange land-birds flew around us, and sometimes rested upon our ship. But one sight, characteristic of a sea-voyage in earlier times, was entirely absent — the sight of another vessel. With the exception of the Mongolia, the sister-ship of the Manchuria, the lights of which we made out, as she passed us after dark, we saw between San Francisco and Honolulu, and again from Honolulu to Yokohama, not a single sail or smoking funnel. Of course we knew that this was the natural consequence of the disappearance of sailing

[6]

Thb Excursion To Hawau And Japan. 7

vessels from ocean lines of commerce and travel, and of the employ- ment by their victorious steam-driven competitors of definite routes, precluding casual and unexpected encounters. Ships that pass in the night" has been quoted as a symbol of regrettably brief acquaint- ances. But, in fact, ships had better pass than actually meet one an- other! And now that wireless telegraphy permits either ship to say whatever she wants to say, and still keep her distance, it is seldom that they take pains to come within sight of each other. Even the two sis- ters, the Manchuria and the Mongolia, after a ceremonious exchange of greeting-signals, went on their several ways without any attempt at conversation by the code. What need? They had electrically talked each other out long before they became mutually visible. It is difficult to realize how speedily and widely and radically wireless telegraphy has transformed the manners and customs of the sea. One has to accept with a grain of salt the stories of an old sailor ; but Cap- tain Dixon seemed to be telling the truth when he told us that the ships of the Pacific Mail, crossing and recrossing, ordinarily held no closer communication than that we had witnessed, unless one wanted to transfer to the other a " stowaway."

But the sky had its splendors, not less entrancing than those of the sea. The brilliancy of the stars at night was startling; and the glories of sunset and sunrise were such as are viewed far less fre- quently elsewhere. It is in the tropics that the clouds habitually mass themselves so grandly, and glow with colors so various and intense. On this voyage Venus shone as the morning star with extraordinary brightness, illumining sky and wave like a moon. And an epitome of celestial magnificence was furnied just before sunrise, on the way to Honolulu, when the morning star hung above the golden horizon, and a bright comet, with streaming tail, shone between, headed to- wards the coming sun. No one who arose early enough to catch that vision will ever forget it.

Honolulu,

Before our arrival at Honolulu, an aerogram from the Hawaiian Engineering Association invited our party to visit Pearl Harbor, which is being fortified by the United States; and a delegation from the society boarded the Manchuria as soon as she reached the dock. Invitations were also received from the Country Club and the Com- mercial Club of Honolulu. But plans previously made for our short stay necessitated the postponement of these friendly schemes until our return.

[7]

8 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Arriving at 9.30 a.m., Monday, Oct. 23, we were conveyed in auto- mobiles through the town and suburbs. It was quite warm in the dty, though cooler and deliciously breezy outside. Nearly continuous rains for a week had prepared this bright, perfect " Institute " weather. The procession went to Pali, whence a superb panorama of sea and land was enjoyed ; thence to the extensive park gardens and farms of Mr. Damon, and later to the polo-field, and along the side of a huge extinct crater, now full of brackish water. A visit was made to the Aquarium, which contains a notable variety of queer, beautiful and strangely-colored fish; and another visit to the Bishop Museum of Hawaiian and South Sea antiquities and curiosi- ties. A typical Hawaiian lunch was had at the Moana Hotel, comprising, in addition to more familiar items, papaia, mullet in ti leaves, fried frogs' legs, taro cake, alligator pear and pineapple sherbet — the latter served in whole fresh pineapples. After lunch there was surf-bathing or watching the performances of the natives in the surf; shopping; further driving among the stately residences and grounds of the wealthy citizens, etc. ; and at 5 p.m. the Manchuria sailed for Yokohama. That day in Honolulu was a memorable interlude of re- freshment between the two acts of our voyage.

Sports and Entertainments.

It is probable that no ship's company ever crossed the Pacific witli such varied social, intellectual and aesthetic accompaniment. It must suffice to indicate the nature of this experience, without entering into details.

The music-room of the Manchuria contained, besides a library, a fine " Wette-Mignon " instrument, which discoursed classic music as interpreted by famous pianists.

The big boat-deck gave room for several games of " shufHe-board " at once, and this favorite ocean sport was continually in evidence, be- sides playing its part, through a grand tournament, with appropriate prizes, in the " Carnival."

But the carnival of athletic sports included almost all known vari- eties — the most unusual of which was a game of baseball, for which the deck was suitably housed with netting. There was also a tug-of- war by the Chinese crew, and a " lion-dance " performed by Chinese on the after lower deck. For the rest, there were egg-and-spoon races, potato-races, needle-threading and cigarette-lighting races, relay-races, children's races, etc. And there was bobbing for apples in water, and biting at swinging apples, and " whistling and guessing," and cock-

[8]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 9

fighting and pillow-fighting — the latter repeated on a spar over the big swimming-tank. And there were " the musical chairs " — a syno- n3rm for " Going to Jerusalem " — and innumerable other forms of merriment, extempore or prearranged. The gayeties of the voyage were crowned with a fancy-dress dinner and dance, and a dinner given by the Pacific Mail S. S. Co. in honor of the A. I. M. E., the latter be- ing characterized by brilliant adornment and illumination, a grand procession of smiling Chinese waiters headed by the bearers of a huge turkey and a little roasted pig, and appropriate toasts to the company and the gallant officers of the ship, who made brief but hearty sailors' speeches in reply.

In the saloon there were frequent addresses by the members of the missionary delegation, upon themes of general interest, such as the learning of the Chinese language, surgical experiences in China, the Chinese anti-opium movement, the present significant features of for- eign missionary enterprise, etc.

There were informal sessions of the Institute also, at which papers of interest were read and discussed.

Hawaii, by Charles W. Goodale, Butte, Mont.

The Laramie Tunnel, by David W. Brunton, Denver, Colo.

Informally discussed by W. L. Saunders, Charles W. Goodale, R. W. Raymond, H. Foster Bain, Robert W. Hunt, and H. S. Drinker.)

Electric Furnace Smelting, by Prof. Joseph W. Richards, So. Bethlehem, Pa.

The Mining Code, by Will L. Clark, Jerome, Ariz.

At one of these sessions Mrs. Sleeper, long a resident of Manila, gave a charming talk about Luzon, illustrated with numerous photo- graphs.

Several sessions were interestingly and profitably occupied by Dr. Rciji Kanda, one of the Japanese Reception Committee, who had been sent to San Francisco to meet our party and escort us to Japan, and who, in colloquial lectures on Japan, its language and its customs, gave us many useful hints and suggestions, preparatory to our sojourn there.

Religious services were held on Sundays, and an amateur double quartette acquitted itself with credit in the singing of the hymns.

The mandolin orchestra of Filipino musicians must not be forgot- ten. It filled the interstices of other entertainments, and shed upon lunch and dinner a blessing from above.

Finally, there were entertainments on the after lower deck of a kind new in the world — revolutionary Chinese mass-meetings, with orators of singular vivacity, and audiences of singular stolidity. Yet

[9]

10 The Excursion To Hawah And Japan.

the orators evidently moved the audiences; for collections amounting to $i,ooo in gold were taken in aid of the revolution from the crew, stewards and steerage passengers.

The various features above mentioned were so arranged as not to interfere with each other; and the unbroken smoothness of the sea made it possible to utilize every day, so that there was just time for all (though none to spare), in spite of the fact that a day (Friday, Oct. 27) was lost at the i8oth meridian!

On Wednesday, Nov. i, the following messages were exchanged by wireless:

Hunt: Cordial welcome to the members of the A. 1. M. E.

Shibusawa, Wada, Otagawa.

Baron Shibusawa: Our members thank you for gracious welcome. We anticipate great pleasure in visiting your country and having opportunity to pay personal respects. Hunt.

And so, merrily, yet not unprofitably, the long voyage glided away, until, at dawn of Friday, Nov. 3, we saw the lustrous snowy cone of Fuji, above the hills of Yokohama.

Yokohama.

We cannot be too grateful for the happy voyage which brought us to Japan full of strength and high spirits; for we needed such a reserve to enable us to endure the strenuous enjoyment of the eight- een crowded days which followed. From the hour when the Man- churia passed within the breakwater of the harbor we began imper- fectly to realize what kind of reception awaited us. The quarantine examination, facilitated by the unanimous and uproarious good health of the party, was a brief formality ; and as for the Custom House, an Imperial order passed all our baggage without examination, so that, bidding it farewell in our cabins on the Manchuria, we found it again, unrummaged, in our rooms at the Imperial Hotel at Tokyo that night. But in the interval came a memorable day, the begin- ning of what was well denominated " a whirlwind tour."

Delegates from the Japanese Reception Committee, the munici- pality of Yokohama and its Chamber of Commerce, had already boarded the steamship before we disembarked. We were taken ashore in launches, escorted by a fleet of " sampans," and upon land- ing at the Custom House dock we were received at once into jin- rikishas — a novel experience to most of us — and trotted away along the smooth avenue skirting the shore to the stately Grand Hotel, which fronts upon the beautiful harbor. Like all other places visited by our party in Japan, it was decorated with American and Jap- anese flags. A reception was held by the Yokohama Chamber of

[10]

The Excursion To Hawau And Japan. 11

Commerce, at which President Kahe Otani made in the Japanese language the following speech, the English translation of which was read immediately afterwards.

I have the honor to represent the Yokohama Chamber of Commerce to- day, and in that capacity I deem it my good fortune to be able to express our sincere gratitude in welcoming you here. We welcome you as the representatives of the skill and enterprise which have turned the vast resources of the American continent to the service of mankind. We are largely sharers in these benefits. America is the land of superlatives. You have the biggest of everything. True to your reputation for superlatives, there is an enterprise, the biggest the world has ever seen, which on its completion will revolutionize the lines of commercial traffic all over the

Fig. 3. — The Landing at Yokohama.

world. I allude to the Panama Canal. The Canal, when completed, will cause the commerce of the Pacific ocean to increase a thousand-fold The great Republic from which you came and the country whose guests you are border on the Pacific and will be benefited more than any other countries of the world. Therefore, I think, a commercial understanding is necessary for the two nations, Japan and America, whose interests are identical on the waters of the Pacific. If they unite, it will be the better not only for the two nations but for the world's commerce in the future.

I am sure that your visit to this country will make stronger the tie of friendship that has for so many years bound Japan and America closely to- gether. We will spare no efforts in making your stay with us a pleasant and enjo3rable one. In conclusion, I again welcome you as the representa- tives from the land of superlatives.

[11]

12 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Capt. Robert W. Hunt, Past-President, and, by appointment, Act- ing-President of the Council of the Institute during the Japan Ex- cursion, responded as follows:

President Otani, Ladies and Gentlemen: Speaking as I do fof the mem- bers of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and their accompany- ing friends, whom you have so graciously welcomed to your country and city, I beg to thank you most sincerely. We have been looking forward to our visit with bright expectations, but we had not anticipated so prompt and warm a welcome.

You have referred to our country as the land of superlatives, and I fear we are rather apt to boast of it in somewhat such terms, but if you arc giving us a sample of the kind of hospitality we are to receive while in Japan, I am certain that in that way at least we will experience larger things than America has ever known. I agree with you that the com- pletion of the Panama Canal will do much for the prosperity of both the United States and Japan; and if it will, as it should, also serve to bind the two nations in closer bonds of friendship, it will accomplish a yet higher result, and one which we in America will value as greatly as you can in Japan.

Again we thank you and the members of your organization for your early and cordial welcome.

At 3 p.m., a reception was given by the city authorities in the hand- some new municipal building, which was glorious with banners and chrysanthemums. Mayor Arakawa, at the banquet, welcomed the visitors, saying, in part :

It is my sincere pleasure to welcome the members of the American Insti- tute of Mining Engineers on behalf of the citizens of Yokohama. It is not perhaps required of me to tell you that the relations between America and Japan arc the best that we can hope for. The commercial relations be- tween our countries are securely established upon a firm foundation. Japan's export trade during the previous year amounted to 458,000,000 yen, a third of which was sent to America. On the other hand, a greater part of her import trade has been done with America. The fact that these countries can help each other in commerce accounts for exchange visits of representative men of both countries and the consequent enhancement of friendship existing between them. It is our belief that as the men of both countries engaged in commerce come in closer and more direct rela- tions with each other there will be fewer opportunities for misunderstand- ing or error of any kind in commercial dealing.

Yokohama, being the port which has direct connection with America, may claim special relations with your country. And it is beyond doubt that, upon the completion of the Panama Canal, American-Japanese rela- tions of friendship will be still more improved.

President Hunt replied as follows :

Mr. Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen: Permit me to thank you, Mr. Mayor, for your kind words of welcome.

THE KXCURSIOK TO HAWAII AND JAPaK. ,13

\Vc have been in your city but a few hours, but have had time enough to become impressed by its commercial activity and evident good govern- ment

Our party was very anxious to reach Japan in time to unite with your people in the celebration of your Emperor's birthday, and I cannot tell you how many extra tons of coal Captain Dixon, of the Manchuria, burned in order to get us here. He succeeded, and thus gave us a most auspicious beginning to our visit, and if this is the way we are to be treated, we re- gret that our ship did not sail faster.

With all due respect to the personality of most tourist parties, we are not to be classed with them, as we represent an international scientific society, and our members include representative scientific and business men, who are here to make careful inspection of your mining, metallur- gical and manufacturing methods. We expect to learn much, and hope we may in return give some suggestions which may be of value.

I am certain that the interchange of such visits must be of value to both countries, and strengthen the existing friendship between them.

We thank the citizens of Yokohama for their hospitality, and wish them and yourself personally all prosperity.

Mr. T. Sammons, the American Consul General at Yokohama, made a brief speech, in which he said that the Americans themselves were largely responsible, through their neglect to make suitable efforts to secure the Japanese trade, for the comparatively small amount of American exports to Japan. He proposed, in conclusion, the health of the citizens of Yokohama, and the Japanese officials, at the instance of the Mayor, responded by drinking the health of their American guests.

The entertainment included a geisha dance, given before the building by thirty brilliantly costumed geisha.

There was time during the day for much 'rikisha riding about the town. This being the birthday of the Emperor, Yokohama was ablaze with flags, lanterns, triumphal arches, etc.; a grand proces- sion was in progress, and the whole population, innumerable chil- dren, babies, children carrying babies, and all, was in the streets. In the crowded native and Chinese quarters we saw the city life of Japan at its brightest and best, while the architecture of the public buildings, foreign residences, modern shops and offices, etc., indi- cated the new era of commerce and progress, of which Yokohama, as the chief port of the Empire, is naturally a foremost exponent.

Tokyo.

TTie festivities at Yokohama consumed the greater part of the day, and it was after 5 p. m. when the party started by special tnun for the capital, where they were taken at once to the Imperial Hotel. The city was adorned in honor of the Emperor's birthday, and we

[13]

14 Thb Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

were in time to enjoy one of the most impressive features of the celebration, namely, the annual reception, supper and dance at the residence of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, to which we had re- ceived individual invitations — a special honor, since this is a very select affair, attended by the Imperial princes and princesses, the nobility, the diplomatic corps, high military and civil officials, and invited guests. The residence of Viscount Uchida was enlarged for the occasion by roofing the spacious courtyard, so as to create a mag- nificent suite of rooms, which were decorated with much ingenuity and splendor. The finest of all was the supper-room, the ceiling of which was hung with pendants of wistaria, while at one side a large maple in autumn colors positively illuminated the hall with its

Fig. 4. — Characteristic Street Scene, Showing Decorations.

rosy glow. Wistaria and maple were alike artificial — wonderful ex- amples of an art in which the Japanese excel all others — but the thousands of chrysanthemums were real — and so were the people, among whom we noticed many whose names were famous in war or in peace.

Saturday morning, Nov. 4, the party visited the Imperial Uni- versity, the Imperial Museum, and other institutions. At the Uni- versity President Baron Hamao delivered a short address of wel- come, to which President Hunt made an appropriate reply. Much interest was taken in the collection of engineering models and of minerals in the Engineering College, of which Prof. Wataru Wat- anabe, a member of the Institute, is Director.

At luncheon the party was entertained in the noted Seiyoken restaurant, Uyeno Park, by the municipality of Tokyo, Mayor and

[14]

The Excursion To Hawau And Japan. 15

Madame Osaki, supported by the three chief officials of the dty, receiving the guests.

After toasts in honor of the President and the Emperor, the Mayor made a few remarks, referring to his printed address, which had already been distributed. The address follows:

Ladies and Gentlemen: I thank you most heartily for your goodness in being here to-day. It gives me sincere pleasure to welcome you to this metropolitan city of the Empire of Japan.

Coming, as you do, from a country that is at the van of progress and civilization, I am afraid that the city may have little to offer that may interest you except perhaps in the way of the picturesque and poetical. I scarcely need assure you, however, that whatever there is of interest to you the dty is more than willing to place at your disposal. The gates of the city are wide open to you. Our motto is the open door, and you can freely command whatever may help to make your sojourn pleasant and profitable.

You have been here scarcely thirty hours, and yet you cannot have failed to notice that we are in the midst of a transition period. This is in fact the meeting grotmd of Old and New, East and West We are emerg- ing out of the exclusive domination of one form of dvilization and assimi- lating whatever is good in another form of civilization. We aspire to be abreast of the most advanced nations of the West in things that are new, while at the same time keeping ourselves in constant touch with our past, of which we naturally feel proud. We do not want to abandon the one in favor of the other; we mean to be loyal to both.

This we can do with perfect consistency, for both the dvilization of the East and the dvilization of the West are at bottom based on the same ideal of love and peace If Christ taught you to do unto others as you would have others do unto you, so Confucius taught us not to do unto others as we would not have others do unto us. So you see that the idea is exactly the same, only the forms are different The same is true of every other case where you notice an apparent difference between East and West The difference is only in the matter of form ; the spirit is the same in both.

Now, Ladies and Gentlemen, if we follow the precept of our respective teachers, how could there be any misunderstanding between us? You see that it is only the idle dream of the poet to suppose that the East must re- main East and the West West and the twain may never meet No, the East will not remain East, neither the West West; they are destined to meet, in fact they are already meeting. Otherwise I could not have had the pleasure of seeing you here to-day.

Of all the agendes that will hasten the process of mutual understanding between East and West, nothing is more potent than a frequent exchange of visits between intelligent men and women on both sides. Nothing helps one so much in understanding another as to meet him face to face; one may not understand the other's language, but one can hardly fail to understand the other's heart. In this sense I attach particular value to visits of men and women like you— men and women who belong to that class which molds public opinion and fashions the destiny of the com-

[15]

16 The Bxcursion To Hawaii And Japan.

munity. The city of Tokyo welcomes you as messengers of peace and good understanding between the leading nations on both sides of the Pacific

Ladies and Gentlemen, I ask you to drink the health of our honored guests.

President Hunt replied as follows:

Mr. Mayor, Your Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen: I know I am voicing the feelings of all the members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers' party when I express the fullest appreciation of your honor's most gracious and eloquent words of welcome to the capital city of your country. It is true that we have been in Japan but a few hours, but they have been very busy ones, and we would be both blind and dull if we had not been impressed by the many evidences of material progress which we have already seen, and also callous in feeling if insensible to the warmth of the welcomes extended to us.

Wc are looking forward with much interest to our coming visits to many of your historic and classical places, but with equal desire to our examina- tions of some of your more prominent mining and industrial centers. If wc had doubted Japan's modem achievement, your own city's development would have dispelled that feeling. As its Qiicf Official, you, sir, certainly have full right to be proud.

I fully agree with, you that personal intercourse is the best way for people to understand each other, and if our visit shall in any way tend to bring our respective peoples in accord, that result will be far more valuable than any personal pleasure or other advantage which we may derive from it.

With a people actuated by such broad and noble sentiments as you have so beautifully expressed there can be only a bright and glorious future; and let us hope that your country and our own may always be united in the endeavor to establish them as the guiding policies of all nations.

We highly value your welcome and hospitality, and most heartily thank you.

Mayor Ozaki then introduced Baron Uchida, who said:

In greeting the members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, I must confess at the outset that I am a layman in mining industry. But during my recent stay in Washington as a diplomatic representative it was a very great pleasure for me frequently to visit different States. Almost without exception, in every State I had the good fortune to go to, I was most profoundly impressed by the astonishing development of your com- merce and industry. In no other country in the world have I ever seen such marvelous display of human energy for the furtherance of commer- cial, economic and industrial enterprises. There all the best qualities in men seem to be fully employed in these spheres of human activities. The dominant American characteristics, therefore, unmistakably point to the fact that America was one of the foremost among the nations of the world to recognize the dignity and glory of commerce and industry, which naturally links and unites different peoples to their mutual benefit and

[16]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 17

advantage, and which thus, as on the present happy occasion, serves to promote the cause of peace and good-will among them.

I understand that the purpose of your visit to this country at this time is neither of a technical nor a business nature. Your principal object is rather social, and it is our earnest hope and expectation that our closer contact and more intimate intercourse will greatly increase and broaden that knowledge of each other which is, after all, the sure foundation of real friendship. It is therefore with peculiar pleasure that I welcome you here this afternoon; and in this meeting I trust that we are forging one more link in that chain of cordial friendship which already so happily binds together the peoples of the great Republic in the West and the Island Empire of the East. While thus welcoming 3'ou I want particularly to assure you that there is nobody in this country, I am sure, who will not in every way possible be glad to contribute to the pleasure of your sojourn among us. It is, therefore, our sincere wish that you shall have every opportunity to see this country fairly ; and, in saying this, I would express the hope that your stay in Japan may be as agreeable to you as your com- ing is welcome to us, and that you may take back with you happy memo- ries of a happy trip. I feel sure that all of you are with me when I say that the courtesies which we are extending to the guests here to-day are but modest, though sincere, expressions of the very high esteem which we in common entertain towards them and their countrymen.

At the request of President Hunt, Dr. Raymond, Secretary Emeritus, responded, in part, as follows:

In the hands of the mining engineers of Japan, not less than in those of its wise statesmen and brave soldiers, lies the future of the Empire. The Japanese themselves cannot so fully appreciate as do those of other countries the achievements of their own engineers, especially in the won- derful development of the mining and metallurgical industries of Japan.

Their American brethren, who have been glad to give them suggestions, have found them quick to learn, and even to improve by their own in- genuity the knowledge they had thus gained.

The members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers would learn many things from their Japanese colleagues — above all, the lesson of hearty co-operation and fraternal unanimity. The power of such unan- imity could have no higher illustration than it received in the late war with Russia, which exhibited an army perfect in loyal enthusiasm, from the private soldiers to the highest commander. Men so unanimous in dying, would be omnipotent if they lived !

In the afternoon visits were made to Asakusa (which has been called the Coney Island of Tokyo, though it is not on the seashore) and to the Wrestling Hall, occupied at this time by a grand chrysan- themum show. Here the party was welcomed with excellent music by the band of the Imperial Body Guard.

In the evening a dinner was given at the Imperial Hotel by the Japanese Reception Committee. The great banquet hall was splen-

[17]

18 The Excursion To Hawau And Japan.

didly and tastefully decorated with flags and flowers. Baron Shi- busawa, Chairman of the Japanese Reception Committee, presided and made the opening address of welcome, and, at his request. Viscount Kaneko subsequently assumed the duties of Toastmaster, and admirable speeches were made by Count Okuma, Baron Makino and the Toastmaster himself, of which, unfortunately, no reports have been preserved. The responses for the Institute were as fol- lows:

President Hunt.

Your Excellencies, Mr. Toastmaster, Ladies and Gentlemen: After such eloquent words of welcome to the members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and their accompanying friends who are your guests to-night, and particularly after the complimentary personal introduction, 1 hesitate in performing my pleasant duty of returning thanks for them.

Viscount Kaneko: You have referred to my personal connection with the introduction into America of the Bessemer process of making steel. It is quite true that it was my fortune to be one of the first Americans to be connected with that industry.

It is hard for any one who has only known of Bessemer steel since it became so important a factor in the world's affairs to realize that there was ever any doubt of the practicability of its manufacture, and the value of the metal. But such was the case, and many difficulties had to be overcome, and we who were connected with its early days had far from easy times.

As has so often happened in the world's history, its invention was made at a time when such a material was absolutely required. The increase of the weight of railway locomotives and cars and the speed of trains, all of which had become necessary to handle the increased and increasing business, had demonstrated that rails made of iron, no matter how manu- factured, were not equal to the requirements. In fact, they were break- ing, crushing and otherwise wearing out to such an extent that without some great improvement, further railway progress was impossible. Bes- semer steel solved the problem, and also led to many other engineering accomplishments.

Naturally, it is a personal satisfaction to have been of some use in bring- ing about such a metallurgic and economic development, and I thank you, sir, for your reference to it.

Speech is easy, but no matter how eloquent and complimentary may be the utterances, there cannot be the same value attached to them as though they told of acts already performed as well as promising others to come. We have been in Japan less than two days, but have already been given such striking examples of heartfelt welcome and hospitality that to-night, no matter how eloquent your words may be, they have al- ready been exceeded by acts.

Yesterday we landed in one of your seaports and enjoyed the freedom of that busy, prosperous and progressive city. Last night we had the privilege of joining in the celebration of your Emperor's birthday. To-

[18J

The Excursion To Hawau And Japan. 19

day we have been shown through your Imperial University and have had explained to us the broad and comprehensive lines of its curriculum and equipment. Later we visited your National Museum and Art Gallery, fol- lowed by a reception and lunch given us by the Mayor of Tokyo, where we were welcomed to this city in words eloquent and sympathetic by his Honor ; he was followed by his Excellency, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, who also most graciously and hospitably welcomed us to Japan, and while so doing gave great praise to the enterprise and energy of our own coun- trymen ; and now to-night we are being entertained by the Reception Com- mittee, and again assured of the pleasure felt in having us as guests in Japan.

We certainly have every reason to believe you want us with you. We of America think and sometimes venture to claim that we are energetic and do things, but judging from the record I have just recited, I am prepared to bow to our friends of Japan.

Why should not the two countries be friends? There together hang the two flags. Perhaps only those of us who have followed our flag through the smoke, roar and carnage of battle can fully realize what it symbolizes. Both flags have been consecrated by patriotic blood; both have been sanctified by the patient suffering of mothers, sisters and orphans; both stand for the enlightenment, progress and upHfting of hu- manity. May they ever hang together, typical of the friendship of the two nations.

Dr. R. W. Raymond.

1 thank you heartily for the terms in which you have called upon me. It is true that for forty years — since the organization of the Institute in 1871 — I have been more or less connected with its management, first as President for four years, afterwards during two terms as Vice-Presi- dent, then for nearly twenty-eight years as Secretary. During that period it has been my privilege as the official representative of the Society, with the cordial support of its members, to illustrate the great principle of modem progress — namely, the free interchange of knowledge. There is a good deal of controversy about free trade in commodities; but knowl- edge is a commodity on which there should be no tariff; and the com- munication of which enriches both him who receives and him who gives. In science he who discovers a new fact or a new law makes haste to let it be known, and every profession or trade becomes scientific in proportion as it is imbued with that spirit. In mining or metallurgy, he who jeal- ously hoards and hides his own knowledge will find that it withers or decays in his hands. We engineers have found that when we light an- other man's candle from our own, we ourselves have twice as much light as before. And of all the instances of this friendly interchange, none has been more interesting and delightful to me than the international courtesy and assistance which I have been able to extend to the engineers of Japan visiting the United States, and which they and their country- men this day so gracefully acknowledge and so royally return. I read from the good ship Manchuria one day last week an object lesson in the sky. It was just dawn. The stars hung splendid in the heavens, looking down upon the great Pacific sea with a brightness unknown, methinks,

[19]

20 THE EXCURSlOl TO HAWAII AND JA1>AN.

elsewhere. The whole firmament was the escutcheon of my country's flag — and I repeated to myself the words of our American poet:

" When Freedom from Iicr mountain height Unfurled her standard to the air, She tore the azure robe of night And set the stars of glory there ! "

But presently the dawn deepened to-day. Lo! the new banner of the Rising Sun I and I saw the two flags twined in friendship, for the stars have no quarrel with the sun — each star itself a sun — but gladly blend their rays with his, to gild the world for a new day!

But 1 saw something else — a bright comet streaming towards the sun- rise, like a messenger of greeting from the stars. Ty friends, if I were a poet, I might regard that comet as fitting symbol of this our embassy of peace and friendship. I might describe its glowing nucleus — our strong men; and its flowing adornment — our fair women. But one consideration should forbid such a comparison, even to a poet, namely, it is too long, too awfully long, before a comet comes again !

Prof. Joseph W. Richards.

Prof. Joseph W. Richards, Vice-President of the Institute, expressed the satisfaction felt at meeting personally so many professional friends heretofore known only by name, and the privilege it was to make so many new friends among our Japanese colleagues. He agreed thoroughly with the patriotic sentiments called forth by the national hymns, but hoped that such spontaneous and natural patriotism for the country of one's birth would lead up to a world patriotism, a passion for humanity, which would equally command devotion and inspire sacrifice for the greatest good of mankind. Over and above the Star Spangled Banner and the flag of the Rising Sun might we not place the emblem of the " Federation of the World," the token of universal brotherhood and the pledge of permanent international peace?

A pleasant feature of the banquet was the appearance of two hand- some albums, in which all who were present signed their names. One of these albums was given as a souvenir to the Institute and the other was retained by the Reception Committee.

Sunday, Nov. 5, the party visited the Military Museum at Kudan, and the Imperial Garden at Shinjuku, being subsequently entertained at luncheon by the Mining Institute of Japan In the celebrated Maple Club, where the guests partook of Japanese dishes with the aid of chopsticks. Prof. Wataru Watanabe, President of the Mining Institute of Japan, delivered the following address:

Ladies and Genilemeti: On behalf of the Mining Institute of Japan I have great pleasure in offering you, the visiting members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, their families and friends, a most hearty

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 21

and cordial welcome to our country. I want also to express our wamicbt thanks to you for your kind presence at this luncheon.

The entertainment which it is in our power to offer you to-day is hardly adequate to embody the warm feeling with which we welcome you; it may, I am afraid, appear especially poor to those accustomed to the opulence and magnificence of social functions in your great country. It is, however, purely in Japanese style, and it may on that account be of some interest to you.

Ever since the opening of our country to the outer world we have been honored by visits of various distinguished personalities from abroad, but this is the first time in the long history of our country that we have had the honor of receiving and entertaining such distinguished representatives of an important scientific institution. We, therefore, are very proud of this virginal honor, and venture to hope that your visit may induce other in- stitutes and societies to follow your example, and help in making America and Japan — teacher and pupil — understand each other more thoroughly.

I have been asked to give you a very brief outline of the history and the present condition of our Mining Institute, and of our mining industry in general.

Our institute was founded in February, 1885, for the express purpose of promoting the interests of our mining industry at large, for which pur- pose general meetings are held annually in Tokyo, and extraordinary meet- ings now and then in Osaka and other towns. In every case technical papers arc read and discussed, A monthly journal is also published from the institute, and it attained its three hundred and twentieth number last month. The membership numbers 1,144 at present, and includes almost all the mine-owners and mining engineers of this country. Of course, ow- ing to their profession, most of them live at the various mines in differ- ent parts of the country, which accounts for their comparatively small at- tendance to-day in this hall. Still, some of them have come from afar expressly to have the pleasure of being among the hosts of the distin- guished and rv?prcsentative guests who honor us to-day with their pres- ence.

Now let me show you how much we owe to the people of the United States in attaining to the present state of our mining industry.

It was two of the members of your institute. Prof. William P. Blake and Prof. Raphael Pumpelly, who made scientific investigations of the mineral resources of the then still-wild Yesso Island (now called Hokkaido) in 1862, the first of the kind ever attempted in our country.

It was also these two gentlemen who first taught us the art of blasting at the Yurap lead-mine on that island in September of the same year, thus initiating the introduction of the modern method of mining into this country.

It was likewise one of your fellow-nicnibers, Mr. Benjamin Smith L3rman, who first conducted the geological survey of the Yesso Island from 1872 to 1879, the embryo of the present Geological Survey of Japan.

It was again from your country that we first learnt the art of rope- boring for oil, the pan-amalgamation process for silver and gold, and the Bessemerizing of copper-matte, which have contributed so much to in- crease the output of these mineral products in this country.

[21]

22 The Excursion To Hawau And Japan.

g

P

d

H

H

H

H

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 28

It was direct from your country that wc first introduced such purely American mining-machinery as Califomian stamps, rock-crushers, Hunt- ington mills, Frue vanners, Wilfley tables, Ding's magnetic separator, water- jacketed copper blast-furnaces, etc. /

Great as is the benefit received from you in material things, greater still is the benefit we have from America, along with the countries of Europe, in the way of education relating to mining and metallurgy. In this way was laid the foundation upon which the present edifice of Japa- nese mining industry, with a yearly production exceeding in value loo,- ooaoDO yen, has been built. More than one-half of this is coal and about one-quarter copper. Our mining industry is a mere baby, it is true, in comparison with your giant industry, having an annual production of about 3,000,000,000 yen. Still, we are proud to be able to say that we have more than doubled our mineral production within the last decade, and hope, with your further kind assistance, to retain, if not to exceed, the same rate of increase in the future.

We regret very much not to be able to show you, owing to lack of time, any of the numerous mines working a very unique kind of ore-deposit, quite unknown in your country, and perhaps in the whole world, with the single exception of the so-called Grauers of Rammelsberg in the Lower Ilarz, Germany. I mean that of Kuromono, literally meaning "Black- Ore," the largest and best known example of which is to be found at the celebrated Kosaka mine in the Province of Rikuchu. The ore itself is an intimate mixture of heavy spar, zinc-blende, iron and copper pyrites and galena, assaying not more than 2 per cent, of copper and two-thirds of an ounce of silver per ton of ore, defies every known method of mechan- ical concentration, and is only fit for reduction by the genuine pyrite- smelting process.

This peculiar kind of ore-deposit is found at a great many localities in the northeastern part of Japan, and is considered as a metasomatic de- posit replacing the contact-zone between Tertiary eruptive and sedimentary rocks. Regarding its genesis, it may be worth while in this connection to mention that there is in that district a hot spring which deposits on its surface ground a crystallized sinter composed of the sulphates of lead and barium, a radio-active mineral hitherto unknown in the world. The same kind of hot spring was also discovered in the island of Formosa in 1906. Future scientific investigation on these hot springs and sinters may throw some light on the solution of problems regarding the mineral deposition of complex sulphide ores in general.

I am not going to tax your patience any more now, but will content my- self with saying that, as it is impossible to show you even a mere frac- tion of our mining industry during your very short stay this time, we may be allowed to express our sincere wish and hope to have you amongst us again in the near future with more time at your disposal.

Now I request the members of the Mining Institute of Japan to join me in drinking the health and happiness of the visiting members of the Ameri- can Institute of Mining Engineers, their families and friends. [A treble Banzai 1]

[23]

24 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

President Hunt responded as follows:

President Watanahe and Gentlemen of the Mining Institute of Japan: On behalf of our party of the American Institute of Mining Engineers

Fig. 6. — The Order of the Rising Sun (Fourth Class j.

The badge Is a star of red enamel, with rays of white and gold, above which are the private arras of the Emperor's family — the green leaves and lilac flowers of the Pauloicnia. The ribbon Is white, with scarlet edges, and bears, for this class, a chrysanthemum rosette in red and white, which indicates the rank of an ofllcer In the order. There arc eight classes : the first comprising the Emperor only, and the second and third personages of royal or otherwise exalted rank or exceptional merit. The fourth class, which is regarded as a high distinction, is sometimes bestowed upon foreigners.

and their accompanying friends, I thank you not only for your cordial words of welcome, but also for the, to us, unique and most delightful entertainment which you are giving us. It most certainly is a great treat to us and we are fully enjoying it.

L24J

THE EXCURSION tO MAWAII AND JAPAK. 25

Yesterday we reverenced you, sir, as the head of a great mining school ; to-day we respect and admire you as a most hospitable and genial host.

In your gracious words of welcome you have spoken of the natural resources of America, and the many great accomplishments of its engi- neers and business men, and with all due modesty, we will accept them as being true. But why should it have been otherwise with us? If our people had failed to utilize their opportunities and made use of their great natural wealth, they would have proved unworthy of their heritage. It is those who are surrounded by limited resources and other untoward conditions, but yet accomplish things, to whom the greatest praise is due. So we of America regard our friends and fellow-engineers of Japan, and bid them " All hail." You have also given American engineers credit and praise for their assistance to those of Japan. As an educator, you have experienced the pleasure derived from imparting knowledge to intelligent and apt students. And so if American engineers have taught anything to yours, they have already had full evidence of the intelligence of their pupils.

As yet we have not had time to see much of your country, and to visit personally any of your mines and other industries, but we know from our reading and from that which we have already seen of your modem progress, what we may expect to find, and so again say "All haill"

Again we thank you and your associates for your hospitality and the great pleasure you are giving us.

Later in the day a social reunion was given at the Mitsui Club by Baron Makino, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. A novel entertainment was here furnished by a company of skilled potters, who made cups, vases, etc., permitting each guest to paint his own inscription upon the article, which was then baked before his eyes and presented to him.

On this day the announcement was publicly made that the Em- peror had been pleased to confer upon Dr. George F. Kunz, of New York City, for his scientific work on jade and precious stones, and upon Dr. R. W. Raymond, Secretary Emeritus of the Institute, in recognition of his services to the mining industry of Japan, especially through courtesies extended in America to Japanese students and visiting engineers, the decoration of the Order of the Rising Sun (fourth class).

Kyoto.

At 10.50 p. m. Nov. 5, the party left the Shimbashi station, in Tokyo, by special train for Kyoto, arriving at 2 p. m. the next day. The sleeping-cars were new and most comfortable ; the cuisine of the dining-car was excellent, and the polite attention of the railroad servants was beyond criticism. The Japanese railways are narrow-

[25]

26 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Fig. 7.— The Kyoto Hotel.

gauge (3 ft. 6 in.), but exceedingly pleasant to travel on, the road- bed being generally good, the lines free from violent curves, and the speed never very high.

An observation-car was attached to the train, from which glimpses could be had of the highly cultivated, garden-like country. Un- fortunately the morning was misty, and Kyoto was reached in a reg- ular rain; but the travelers, welcomed at the station by Baron Kiku- chi, President of the Kyoto Imperial University, Mr. Moriko Ohne, Mayor of Kyoto, and other leading officials and business men, were

Fig. 8.— The Golden Pavilion, Kyoto. [28]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 27

Fic. 9. — Assay-Laboratory of the Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kyoto Imperial University.

speedily tucked into jinrikishas, provided with tops and waterproof coverings, and thus brought unharmed to their respective hotels, the Miyako and the Kyoto. During the afternoon nearly everybody went shopping, protected by big Japanese umbrellas. At seven the rain — the only rain that even tried to interfere with the Institute programme in Japan— ceased, and a clear moonlit evening followed. Characteristic native dances were performed at the hotels.

Tuesday, Nov. 7, the party visited the Old Imperial Palace, the

Fig. 10. — Museum of the Mining and Metallurgical Institute, Kyoto Imperial University.

[27]

28 tHE EXCURSION to HAWAII AKD JAPAN.

" Gosho," formerly the residence of the Mikados ; then Nijo Palace, built by lyeyasu in 1603, where the gorgeous decorations of some of the greatest artists of Japan were viewed and admired; a brief in- spection of the Temple Kitano-no-Tenjin and the Kinkakuji, or " Golden Pavilion/* closed the morning trip.

A reception was held in the afternoon at the Imperial University of Kyoto, where an address of welcome was made by Baron Kiku- chi, the president, to which President Hunt responded:

President Baron Kikuchi and Gentlemen of the Faculty: Permit me to thank you, Baron, for your words of welcome, and also for the op- portunity which you have given our party of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and their accompanying friends to visit your Uni- versity and see your Mining, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering de-

FiG. II. — Students' Union, Kyoto Imperial University.

partments, and also partake of your hospitality, not only in the way of bodily food, but also in receiving so unique and artistic presents.

We have been much impressed by that which we have seen, and I think particularly by the fact that you have spent your money, not on build- ings, but on the working equipment which they contain. As engineers, we appreciate the wisdom of so doing, and I fear that some of our institu- tions of learning have not been equally wise.

We have with us to-day as one of our party Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of Lehigh University, and Prof. Joseph W. Richards, of the same University, the latter also being a Vice-President of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and I feel certain you will be pleased to have some words from them.

I take pleasure in introducing President Drinker.

President H. S. Drinker made an appropriate address, expressing the fellowship of institutions of learning.

[28]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 29

Prof. Joseph W". Richards, Vice-President of the Institute, expressed tlie particular gratification felt at meeting their colleagues of Kyoto Uni- versity. It made him feel very much at home. On visiting Moscow, after being at St. Petersburg, he felt "This is really Russia"; similarly, coming to Kyoto from Tokyo, he could not but exclaim " This is really Japan."

The visit to the University was very instructive, particularly because under an unpretentious exterior, in plain but roomy buildings, were to be found a teaching staff and equipment of which any university might be proud. The practice of multiplying costly buildings, partly filled with second-class teachers and third-class equipment, was only too common abroad, and yet was absolutely inimical to true university prosperity.

With such faculty and facilities, the speaker would recommend all Japanese students to finish at home their undergraduate education, taking

Fig. 12.— The Nara Hotel.

from their own universities all they had to teach, and particularly to prepare well in the English, German and French languages. Thus pre- pared, foreign universities will be very glad to welcome them to what- ever they have to give of further training or higher inspiration.

Expert Japanese artists executed rapid sketches before the party, giving one to each guest as a souvenir.

In the evening a reception and banquet was given by the Munici- pality and the Chamber of Commerce. The dinner was preceded by a solemn performance of the ancient Japanese " tea-ceremony." The rooms, decorated with examples of tiie skill and taste of native " flow- er-artists," were much admired.

Mr. Moriko Ohne, the Mayor of Kyoto, delivered an address of welcome, to which President Hunt responded as follows :

[29]

30 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Mr, Mayor: Permit me as Acting-President of the American Institute of Mining Engineers to thank you for your most gracious words of wel- come.

We have spent a delightful day in your old and classic city. We have visited your ancient palaces and temples, and, standing in them, have tried to recall the history and scenes of past centuries, with the hopes, aspirations, accomplishments and failures, of the actors therein. As wc did so how brief seemed the span of man's life, and how puny his great- est deeds! But the temples ever speak of all men's universal recognition of a great creative power beyond their most profound comprehension.

Tter in the day wc visited Kyoto University, and there saw one of modern Japan's arsenals of thouglit, where are made ready warriors of peace, who shall help to keep your country in lier present high place among the progressive nations of the earth.

Your people honor us with their friendship, and we can assure you

Fig. 13. — First Torii at Kasuga Shrine, Nara.

that America appreciates it, and joins you in the earnest hope, and also belief, that it shall continue always.

The speechmaking was followed by admirable geisha-dancing.

Nara.

Wednesday, Nov. 8, an early special train conveyed the party to Nara, the capital of Japan in the eighth century, and the center, at that period, of the new architecture which came, with Buddhism, from China. Here the historic Shinto shrine, Kasuga-no-Miya, was visited, and the interesting old religious dance known as " Kagura " was performed by young priestesses. The Todaiji temple, with the

[30]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 31

neiboring great bronze Buddha, also received attention. This statue is the largest of its kind in the world (53 ft. 6 in. high; length of finger, 4 ft. 334 in. ; diameter of nostril, 3 ft. ; cTtCiimference of the lotus-flower, 69 ft., etc.), though the bronze Buddha at Kamakura is deemed finer as a work of art. Other temples were visited also. But perhaps. the most fascinating experience of the day was had in the temple-gardens, behind and around the temple first named above, which is surrounded by tall old cryptomeria (the stateliest and most impressive of evergreens), in the shade of which roam the tamest little Japanese deer, eager to eat from the hands of visitors. The strange

Fig. 14. — Entrance to Kasuga Fig. 15. — The Daibutsu

Shsine, Nara. at Nara.

charm of this sylvan scene is enhanced by the circumstance that the temple is approached through an avenue bordered by about 3,000 metal or stone lantern-posts.

The deer were in evidence again when, after an excellent lunch at the Nara Hotel and a visit to the Q)mmercial Museum, a reception given by the municipality was preceded by a lawn-party of a large herd of deer, which set the travelers a model example by showing how frequently they could be fed without loss of appetite. For after the deer, the human company had to be nourished again !

In connection with this banquet, the Mayor of Nara welcomed the party, gnd President Hunt responded as follows:

[81]

32 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Fig. i6. — The Oriental Hotel, Kobe.

Mr. Mayor: I know I voice the sentiments of all the members of our party in thanking you for this official and most hospitable welcome to your historic city. Undoubtedly many tourists visit Nara, but I think it justice to you and ourselves if I explain that we differ from most of them by being the accepted representatives of an international technical organization with more than four thousand members, and about forty of them honored citizens of Japan. Thus we feel as though those of us from other countries can claim a keener appreciation of the associations connected with the history of your city than most foreigners.

Most of us now visit it for the first time, and have been fairly over- whelmed by the beauty and grandeur of its setting. We have visited

Fig. 17. — The Nanko Temple, Kobe. [32]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 33

its temples and were subdued by awe; our minds being carried back to the time of the builders; and standing amid their majesty we reverently felt the spirit of adoration which caused their erection and dedication to the Great Power, and had borne in upon us, that differ as men may in their definition of that Power, all humanity recognizes it, and realizes man's littleness before it.

If our visit to Japan had shown us Nara alone, the journey would have been well taken. We thank you for adding the gracious hospitality of the city.

Kobe. At 4.25 p. m. the party resumed its train and reached Kobe, after

Fig. 18. — S. S. Umegaka-Maru.

a journey through very picturesque country, at 7. Here they were conveyed to the Oriental Hotel for dinner; and after dinner they boarded the Umegaka-Maru, the large steamer of the government Railway Board, which was to carry them through the Inland Sea, and which lay in the harbor, brilliantly outlined with electric lights, alow and aloft, and bearing amidships in glowing letters the word " Wel- come." There was no time to do any sightseeing in Kobe; but the transit through the town gave a distinct impression of its modern aspect. It is indeed a great international port, second in that respect to Yokohama only.

Shisaka and Sumitomo. Tlie Umegaka-Maru afforded, throughout this memorable voyage, excellent accommodation and a cuisine which tempted as well as sat- isfied the much-nourished company. Kobe was left at midnight, and the first stop was made at Shisaka Island in the forenoon of the fol-

[33]

34 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Fig. 19. — Sumitomo Smelting- Works of the Besshi G)pper-Mine at

Shisaka Island.

lowing day, Thursday, Nov. 9. As the anchor was dropped, volleys of fireworks saluted the guests, and from bombs exploding hundreds of feet above them American and Japanese flags were unfurled, to float over their heads. After landing in barges the party proceeded through huge arch of welcome, and up the main street between

Fig. 20. — Unloading Ore at Sumitomo Smelting- Works. [84]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 35

lines of cheering women and children. The ladies were then taken to visit the temples and schools, while the men inspected the Sumito- mo smelting-works.

The two parties subsequently united at the works, where they were welcomed by General Manager Munio Kubo, to whose address President Hunt replied:

Permit me, on behalf of the visiting members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and their accompanying friends, to thank you and

Fig. 21. — Unique Display Built of Discarded Tools, Etc, by Workmen, Sumitomo Smelting-Works.

the Sumitomo Copper Co. for your cordial welcome and the opportunity of inspecting your smelter.

We awakened this morning amid the magnificent and picturesque scen- ery of Japan's justly world-wide famed Inland Sea, and later we saw the evidences of man's indomitable progress looming against the sky-line of your own island. Soon followed the welcoming sound of your saluting bombs, resulting in the floating through the air of the united flags of our two countries. You later brought us ashore to be greeted, not only by your whole happy-looking community, but also by official representatives of the Governor of this Prefecture, which latter courtesy I assure you we duly appreciate.

Yours is the first Japanese metallurgical establishment visited by us, and it seems superfluous for me to tell you, who so well know the fact, of its £XcelIenoe and modem equipment.

[35]

36 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

As you are aware, we have of our party several gentlemen who are thor- oughly posted on copper-smelting, so to-day you have appreciative guests.

We request you to inform your artistic workmen that all of us greatly admired the ingenious designs which they constructed to add to our wel- come.

Again, we thank you, and wish your company, and yourself personally, all success.

The voyage was resumed amid renewed cheers and farevsrell fire- works.

Miyajima.

Miyajima was reached about 6.30 p.m., after a trip the picturesque beauty of which will never be forgotten. After dinner on board ship, the party went ashore in launches, and walked to the Mikado Hotel through an avenue bordered by old stone lanterns, in which, as an extraordinary honor, lights had been placed by the priests. At the hotel a geisha entertainment of special interest and grace was given, in which the use by the dancers of American and Japanese flags formed a feature. After spending the night on the steamer the party landed again on the morning of Friday, Nov. 10, to see the sights of this exquisitely lovely and sacred island. The Kagura dance was given for them at the Itsukushima shrine.

Aloji and Yaw at a, Friday evening the steamer left for Moji, where it arrived next morning, Saturday, Nov. 11, and was met by a fleet of steam-launches

Fig. 22. — The Imperial Steel-Works, Yawata. [30]

TMfi fiXctJftSlOM to HAWAII AM) JAPAN. 37

and tugs gaily bedecked with flowers and bunting, while fireworks on shore expressed a festive welcome. Mr. Takichi Aso, President of the Chiku-ho Coal Mining Association, accompanied by other leading citizens, welcomed the party, and the steamer was immediately taken to the Imperial Steel-Works at Yawata. The men inspected the works on a special works train, while the ladies were served with refresh- ments at the club attached to the establishment. At noon the party

Fig. 23. — The Moji Club.

returned to the boat which had conveyed them from Moji, and Mr. Asakichi Yasukochi, the Assistant Director of the works, delivered an address of welcome, to which President Hunt replied as follows:

Speaking for the members of our party who had the privilege of in- specting your works, and partaking of your hospitality ashore, and now again aboard of our ship, I want to thank you.

As practically all of my business life has been connected with iron- and steel-making, I personally had great interest in the visit, and take the liberty of expressing to you my appreciation of the very superior manner in which the steel was rolling. At the blooming, rail, wire, struc- tural and merchant mills the steel was everywhere showing a superior quality, of which your management have a right to feel proud.

As you well know, your various departments are of less capacity than many in our American plants, but I have no doubt when considered in relation to the requirements of your markets, they are large enough. At an events, in every one of them we saw neatness and evidence of careful majiagement.

With you we regret that official duties prevented your President, Lieu- tenant-General Baron Yujro Nakamura, meeting us, and you will please present our respects to him.

[37]

38 Thx Excursion To Hawau And Japan.

Wc thank you and your assistants for your hospitality and courtesy, and wish you and your works all success.

In the evening a gala dinner was given in our honor by the Chi- ku-ho Gml Mining Association. President Takichi Aso delivered the following address of welcome :

. Ladies and Gentlemen: As President of the Chiku-ho Coal Mining Association, I thank you sincerely for your kind presence here to-day. We arc highly gratified by your extending your visit to this part of the coun- try. 1 am sure you will not regret it, for we may assure you without offending our sense of modesty, that North Kyushu is not behind any other part of the Empire in its industrial progress, and occupies a unique position in regard to coal-mining.

The development of the coal-mining industry in North Kyushu is, in- deed, remarkable. In 1886 the whole output of coal did not much exceed

Fig. 24. — The Sea-Coast of Akasaka, Moji.

three hundred thousand tons, but by 1910 the amount leaped up to the re- spectable figure of over eight million tons; in other words, an increase of two hundred and seventy per cent, in twenty-five years. North Kyushu contributes more than half of the whole production of coal in Japan. North Kyushu's pre-eminence as a coal producing center is, indeed, such, that Moji and Wakamatsu are now the premier coal-markets of the whole Far East.

I do not mention these facts in any spirit of local self-glorification. I do so, because our guests hail from that great country which, more than any other Occidental State, has laid us under lasting obligation in con- nection with the development of our coal-mining industry. It is from the United States, especially from your Institute, that we have received most inspiration and help in the improvement of the method of mining.

It, therefore, affords us particular pleasure and satisfaction to welcome

[88]

Thb Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 39

you, the members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and their friends. We wish to take this opportunity of thanking you and through you the coal-mining concerns and experts of America for all the suggestions and assistance that have been so freely given us. I propose the health of our distinguished guests.

President Hunt responded as fallows:

President Aso and Members of the Chiku-ho Coal Mining Association, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is my pleasant duty as Acting-President of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, to thank you not only for the

Fig. 25. — Shumpanro, Shimono- Fig. 26. — Road Scene, Near

SEKI. ShIMONOSEKI.

Where treaty concluding the China- Japan War was signed.

hospitality of this evening, and your President's most gracious words of welcome, but also to thank you and the other citizens of Moji for the unexpected and impressive greeting which was accorded us on our arrival in your busy harbor this morning.

During the day we have visited the Imperial Steel- Works, and were much interested by what we saw in the works, but also by the evidences of great commercial activity which make this part of the Empire so im- pressive. Indeed, sir, we have felt all day very much at home through breathing what seemed to be an American atmosphere. Certainly in all of our boasted American push, enterprise and accomplishment it will trouble us to find an instance of faster and greater growth than is shown by the city of Moji. I am assured that thirty years ago its site was mostly a neglected swamp, with a few rice-fields scattered through it. To- day it has thousands of busy inhabitants, and millions of dollars' worth

[89]

40 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

of trade ; all due to the energy and successful enterprises of the members of your association. No wonder we have felt as though we were in a home atmosphere 1

All of our visit to Japan has been most interesting and delightful, and certainly our journey through the Inland Sea was one to be long remem- bered. We saw new Japan at Shisaka Island, and later in the same day went back to old Japan at lovely Miyajima, and again to-day we are in touch with the new and energetic enterprise and talent, which is keeping her in her acquired place with the foremost nations. So near here that you heard the sound of the gims, was fought one of the most decisive naval battles in history. By the force of arms your country won its place; by the arts of peace, you are helping to keep it, and in peace and friendship may our two nations be ever united in a common effort for the advancement and betterment of humanity !

Prof. Joseph W. Richards, Vice-President of the Institute, expressed the pleasure all felt at being in such a busy, industrial, coal-and-iron pro- ducing district. After visiting Tokyo, the " Washington of Japan," and Kyoto, the Boston of Japan," they were now in a district which could very properly be called the " Pittsburg of Japan." The visit of the morn- ing to the Yawata Iron Works was indeed a revelation of what advances the Japanese were capable, a people who only fifty years ago were a hun- dred years at least behind Europe in industrial development. If this rate of progress were maintained, fifty years hence might easily see the Japa- nese our superiors.

Speaking of the steel-works, their chief characteristic from an Ameri- can point of view was the predominance of German design and running. The blast-furnaces, for instance, were not of the modern American type, and most certainly would, in the United States, be " driven " much more rapidly. With a blast-pressure of from lo to 15 pounds per square inch, furnaces would, in the United States, be producing half again as much pig-iron as with their present pressure of from 5 to 6 pounds. Similarly, the Bessemer converters were, from the American standpoint, run at a rather leisurely pace.

On the other hand, the quality of steel produced at the works was cer- tainly beyond reproach, and reflected great credit on the skill of the engi- neers and staff of the works.

The Mayor of Moji read an address of welcome, and W. L. Saunders, past Vice-President of the Institute, made an appropriate reply, paying special tribute to the remarkable progress and the ad- mirable characteristics of the Japanese people. A photograph of the party was taken and geisha dances followed. At 9.30 p.m. the guests were conveyed to Shimonoseki in a steam launch, wondrously decorated with paper lanterns, on which the American and Japanese flags were painted. The gunwale and sides of the vessel were covered with chrysanthemums, and farewell fireworks filled the sky. The special train left Shimonoseki at 10.50, amid Banzai from both sides, and the waving, by the departing visitors, of the lanterns which they had meanwhile received as souvenirs.

[40]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 41

(4

n

H

a

Pq

[41]

42 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Osaka.

Kobe was reached on Sunday afternoon, and the party was divided between the Oriental and the Tor Hotels. Monday morning, Nov 13, the train proceeded to Osaka, where the day was spent. A recep- tion was given at the castle by the Mayor and the party was later received by the President of the Chamber of Commerce at the Osaka mint, where silver memorial medals were presented to members and guests. In reply to the Mayor's address, President Hunt said:

Mr. Mayor, President Doi: Speaking for our party, representing as we do the American Institute of Mining Engineers, it gives me great pleasure to thank you not only for your gracious expressions of welcome, and

Fia 28. — The Station at Shimonoseki.

the beautiful souvenir medals struck at your national mint, which you have given us, and which we shall highly prize, but also for your hos- pitable reception, and the opportunity given us to inspect your historic old castle. A visit we shall long remember, not only on account of its celebrity, but also as having shown us some of the marvels of old engi- neering accomplishments, and also afforded us a comprehensive view of your great city.

The sight of its many active chimneys, and recalling that our ride from the railway station to the castle gates had been through streets crowded by the press of trade, and in many places faced by tall and substantial modern commercial buildings, and several of the streets wide enough to operate safely an electric double-track street-car system, but beyond all the sight at several points of apparently good buildings being torn down to be replaced by more modern ones, made me, a resident of Chicago, fully realize why Osaka has been named the " Chicago of Japan."

142]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 43

Gentlemen, your dty has had a life of hundreds of years, while ours is only of yesterday, but revived and made prosperous by your modem civilization and accomplishments, you stand triumphant, and young Chi- cago claims brotherhood with old Chicago in her renewed youth.

Again we thank you all for your hospitality and beg to hppe for your city's continued prosperity.

The party was then taken to lunch at the magnificent residence of Baron Fujita. The Baron being unfortunately prevented by illness, his son, Mr. Heitare Fujita, and Madame Fujita received us; and Mr. Fujita welcomed us in fluent and excellent English, making spe- cial reference to Dr. Raymond, President Hunt, Past-President Brun- ton, Secretary Struthers, and Past-Manager Goodale, of the Institute, as having extended courtesies to Japanese students and engineers vis- iting the United States.

Fig. 29. — Medal Presented by MuNiaPALiTY of Osaka.

President Hunt replied as follows:

Permit me, on behalf of my fellow-members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and their friends, who are your guests to-day, to thank you for your most gracious and elegant hospitality, and also to thank you, sir, for your friendly words of welcome.

As we entered your doors we all felt the effects of the peculiar and restful feeling of being at home, and now that you have mentioned the fact of your being a fellow-member of our Institute, the cause of that feeling is made plain — we are in the home of a brother.

You were good enough to speak most appreciatively of favors extended to some of your representatives while visiting America, and named some of those who were of service to them in their professional investigations while in that country. I am happy to inform you that several of those gentlemen are your guests to-day, and I am certain they have been much gratified by your kindly words. I am also positive that it has not only

[48]

44 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

been a pleasure to those of us who have had an opportunity of trying to assist visiting Japanese friends, but I can assure you that after the wel- come and hospitable treatment which we are receiving in this coimtry we shall feel that it will be impossible for us ever to do enough for them in the future.

We are extremely sorry to learn of the illness of your father, the Baron, and request you to present our respects to him, with our best wishes for his speedy recovery.

Hoping you will soon exercise your rights as a member of the Institute by personally visiting its headquarters, and while in America letting each of us have you as our guest, I again thank you and beg to propose the health of our host and hostess.

Past-President Brunton and Dr. Joseph Struthers, Secretary of

Fig. 30. — The Chamber of Commerce, Osaka.

the Institute, being called upon, made brief remarks, acknowledging the complimentary mention which had been made of their names.

At 1.30 p.m., the train proceeded to Suma, arriving at 2.30, to at- tend a garden party given by Baron Sumitomo, who, with his daugh- ter, received and entertained us with graceful tact. Among other things, we were permitted to see the operation of seine-fishing and the work of brush-painting performed before our eyes. Then there was a dinner at which Baron Sumitomo welcomed us and President Hunt again replied :

Sumitomo, Ladies and Gentlemen: Again, as the Acting-Presi-

144]

THE BXCtJkSlOl to JIaWAII aWD JAt>AN. 46

dent of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, it is my pleasant duty to return the thanks of our party to you, Baron, for your warm welcome and most delightful hospitality.

We have been enjoying a voyage through Japan's beautiful Inland Sea, and it is a happy coincidence that our first day of it was inaugurated by partaking of your company's hospitality on Shisaka Island, where we also, as engineers, had the pleasure of examining copper-smelting works of the most complete and advanced character. And now to-day we are having our last look at that sea as your guests at this charming villa, where you are doing so much for our pleasure and entertainment, even going so far as to compel the fishes of the sea to yield up their lives by a most picturesque agency.

Fia 31. — The Amidaike (Wakoji Temple), Osaka.

Our welcomes have been frequently coupled with a hope and belief that such visits as ours must tend the more closely to unite America and Japan in commercial relation and the bonds of friendship. I can assure you, sir, that we fully concur in that sentiment, and also feel that through the courtesies which we have received we have gained a knowledge of and respect for Japan that could not have come to us in any other way.

Again I thank you, and have the honor to propose your good health, long life and happiness.

Brief remarks were also made, in response to informal calls, by Messrs. Saunders, Stnithers, Goodale, Wiley, Wolf and Richards.

[45]

46 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Tokyo Again.

The night was again spent at Kobe, and Tuesday, Nov. 14, was occupied in the return trip to Tokyo, which was reached late in the evening.

On Wednesday, Nov. 15, the Imperial garden-party took place in the spacious and beautiful grounds of the Asasaka Palace of the Crown Prince. The Emperor being absent, in attendance upon the military maneuvers in Western Japan, the Empress, together with the Crown Prince and Princess, and other members of the Imperial household, received those who had been invited to an audience, among whom were Captain and Mrs. Hunt and Dr. and Mrs. Ray- mond. All of the party had an opportunity to see the Empress and her suite as they went on foot through the garden to the marquee in which the presentations were made. A large and distinguished company of invited guests was entertained at an elaborate al fresco collation, and enjoyed the marvelous exhibition of chrysanthemums. (One truly imperial plant, a edmen of Hana Kazura, was 18 ft. wide and bore 724 blossoms upon one stem!)

At 3.30 p.m. a reception, given at the Tokyo Chamber of Com- merce, was numerously attended, and proved highly interesting. President Nakano made in Japanese an address of welcome, which was translated into English by the Secretary. President Hunt re- plied as follows:

President Nakano, Members of the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce and Gentlemen: Again it is my pleasant duty to return thanks for the members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and their friends who arc to-day your guests.

The word welcome has become a familiar one to us since we have been in Japan, but I assure you it has not possessed greater value than when used towards us by so influential an organization as your own. We have been in your country only a few days, but they have been busy ones, and everywhere we have been the recipients of great hospitality and many acts of consideration.

We have visited your most ancient and classical places and some of your modem and most progressive centers of commercial and industrial activity, and been madeto feel that we were not strangers in a strange land; and whether as we passed through your farming country or in your crowded cities, we have been everywhere impressed by the industry and apparent contentment of your people.

We thought we knew you, from our somewhat infrequent meetings in America with some of your people, and our reading of your history, but now realize as never before the truth of that which you so well stated, that it requires actual personal intercourse to make people of dif- ferent nations understand each other.

[46]

The Excursion To Hawah And Japan. 47

Wc regret that the balance of trade between our two nations is so much against our own, but the truth is that with our great natural re- sources and our rapidly increasing population, our manufacturers and merchants have been almost always satisfied with their home markets, and have as a rule only sought foreign ones when from some cause our own failed to consume their output. If they expect and want to com- mand foreign markets they must learn that they will have to give them constant attention and protection. If periods occur, as they will and must, when export trade does not pay so well as the other, they must bear the loss, and thereby retain their customers, and depend upon the profits from other seasons to recoup them. Moreover, they must learn to make that which a foreigner wants, and not try to force him to buy that which they want to make. I believe our people are learning these lessons, at least I hope so.

The Pacific ocean, to which you have so poetically referred, does sep- arate us, and it is also a means of connecting us, and when united with the Atlantic as it will soon be, our countries should be drawn yet closer together, not only commercially, but also in friendship.

Standing as they both do for the betterment and advancement of hu- manity, they are now friends, and I for one cannot see any cloud in the political sky which betokens any storm calculated to disturb that relation. Let us hope it may never come.

President Nakano then introduced Dr. Soyeda, President of the Industrial Bank of Tokyo, who delivered in English the following address:

It is my most pleasant duty to offer, on behalf of the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce and as one of its special members, a sincere word of greet- ing and welcome to our guests, who have come from the other shores of the Pacific

It was about a half century ago that our long closed sea-gate was opened to the intercourse of the world, when the country represented by our guests assembled here to-day played a most conspicuous part. We have since then been indefatigable and earnest in our efforts to promote progress and effect reforms in all fields of activity, especially political and economic.

That peace and tranquillity, for such a purpose as ours, is and has been most necessary goes without saying. If we have had, in the past, to take up arms, it has never been for any aggressive or selfish purpose, but in self- defense for the preservation of peace.

Now it is well known that peace is the result of and maintainable only through amicable relations and intimate knowledge of one another among the so-called leading Powers; but such relations and knowledge can arise only from international inter-weaving of commercial, industrial and other peaceful interests; and our desires and aspirations lie consequently most intently in those directions.

As individuals are often subject to nightmares, so are nations. Wild and groundless talk of war between the United States and Japan is one of the instances. What are we to fight for? Is it about China? But the Open Door, territorial integrity and equal opportunities are our established

[471

48 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

policy toward our western neighbor on the continent If I am not mis- taken, the same is the case with our eastern neighbor across the Pacific. Thus we both are agreed, and have nothing to quarrel about in this con- nection. What else is there to arouse their hostilities against each other? Is it the labor-question? We ourselves have gone further than all fair- minded Americans had expected in restricting the flow of Japanese im- migration into the United States. Nations will not and must not fight without a clear reason and just cause. Nothing of this nature exists be- tween us, and it is evident that the wild talk is merely an invention of mischief-makers and of people influenced by some selfish motives.

At all events, we have had till now a good deal of war scare. Let us now have sounder and fairer and truer views prevail in both countries, so that there will be no room for mischief-makers to indulge in their infamous work. For that purpose, facts are more convincing than mere words ; and our guests, being actually here and seeing for themselves how we think and what we intend to do, will do much in dispelling the mistaken views about us, when they get home and have opportunities to present facts and nothing but facts to their relations and friends.

Your coming over to us then will surely bear great and good fruit in strengthening friendly relations, existing ever since the opening of our country; nay, further, it will help much the maintenance of peace, and therefore commercial and industrial intercourse on the Pacific, to the mu- tual benefit of the innumerable population on the shores of that vast water highway, which when connected with the Atlantic by the completion of the Panama Canal, will bring together the four continents into almost direct contact with one another and assimilate the greater part of mankind into one family group, thereby ending wasteful armaments and bloody wars.

Before concluding, allow me to express again our hearty welcome to our guests, coupled with our ardent wishes that they will use their efforts and influence for the furtherance of the commercial and industrial intercourse of the United States and Japan, thereby strengthening the cordial intimacy that has existed for years in the past, and ought to last for ages to come.

President Hunt requested Dr. R. W. Raymond, Past-President and Secretary Emeritus, to rcond. Dr. Raymond spoke substan- tially as follows:

Mr. President, Your Excellencies, Japanese Friends, Fellow-Members and Guests of the Institute, Ladies and Gentlemen: I count myself happy in the privilege of replying, for my brethren as well as myself, to the wise and friendly utterances of the representatives of Japan; and am doubly grateful that the words which they have spoken, like the words which I shall speak, find utterance beneath the roof of a Chamber of Commerce. We sometimes hear commerce disparaged, as less honorable or illustrious than literature or art or war. But commerce is, in fact, the one great factor of human peace and progress. Commerce cannot exist between enemies; it demands, before and above all, as the basis of its very exist- ence, the mutual, honest friendship of men and of nations. There can be no enduring commerce of which the benefits are not felt by both par- ties. Anything else is but temporary plunder of one party by the other.

[48]

The Excursion To Hawaii Akd Japan. 49

Consequently, the rule of a true and lasting commerce is the Golden Rule of Confucius and of Christ. And, therefore, as the representative of a profession which belongs to the great army, and is engaged in the great campaign and conquest of peace, I am grateful and prpud to exchange fraternal messages with the representatives of commerce.

Just before we sailed from San Francisco, the President of the United States broke ground in San Francisco for the great Panama- Pacific Expo- sition of 191 5, which is to celebrate the completion of the greatest engineer- ing enterprise of history— the Isthmian Canal— accomplished by the energy and skill of American engineers. As Mr. Taft, with silver spade, per- formed that ceremony, the flag of our country was unfurled over his head, and at the same moment a flight of innumerable doves was let loose. As I have said on another occasion, I would now say again that, with all my heart I pray that these white birds may prove to be the symbols of count- less kradly thoughts and words, crossing and recrossing the great Pacific sea, bearing from us to our friends, and bringing from our friends to us. the olive branches of peace !

Since I first uttered this aspiration, I have learned that, in the old Japa- nese mythology, the dove was, for some mysterious reason, regarded as a messenger of the god of war. But that part of the old mythology was drowned fifty years ago, in the flood of progress; and the dove has sur- vived to fly on a better errand !

At the invitation of Mr. Nakano, President of the Tokyo Cham- ber of Commerce, Professor Baron Kanda spoke extempore as fol- lows:

Mr. Chairman, Members of the American Institute of Mining Engi- neers, Ladies and Gentlemen: After all that has been so eloquently spoken by the previous gentlemen there seems to be but little left for me to say. Besides, I am neither a mining engineer nor a business man ; nor have 1 the good fortune of being a bank president. But the fact of your dis- tinguished party visiting our city at this season of the year, when nature has put on her gorgeous robe, and the sight of the procession of your automobiles going the rounds of sightseeing with the Rising Sun happily mingling together with the Stars and Stripes— all brings back vividly to our minds our ever- to-be-remembered experience in your country two years ago, when the party of the Honorary Commercial Commissioners, headed by Baron Shibusawa, here present, made the tour through that splendid constellation of cities, viewing the wonders of nature as well as the equally wonderful works of man. As a member of that party, 1 wi.sh to tell you with what keen pleasure we cherish the memory of that tour so well planned out by Mr. J. D. Lowman, President of the Seattle Chamber of Commerce, and other gentlemen of the Committee, that there was scarcely a hitch in the whole programme, covering three months, during which we were overwhelmed with courtesies and hospitalities at the hands of your countrymen throughout the length and breadth of the great continent. If we had wanted any testimony of the traditional good-will and friendship of the people of America towards those of Japan we certainly found it then and there. And we who brought back such

[49]

50 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

delightful impressions have communicated them to our fellow-countrymen on our return, and have thus been instrumental in imparting a better knowledge of your country, of your people and how they feel towards Tis, etc., so that the two peoples have been bound in a closer bond of friendship than ever before.

Emerson says in one of his essays that as many countries as one sees, so many times is he a man. There is nothing like foreign travel for driving out of our heads the nonsense of the wigwam. Now, I do not mean to imply that when we welcomed you on our shores you were all single men in any sense of the word. You had already doubled and trebled yourselves through extended travels across the Atlantic. But I understand that this is your first trip across the Pacific. We are proud to have had the pleasure and privilege of giving you your first Asiatic coating. Let us hope that your impressions of the country and its people have been such that you may be tempted to take another coating again in the near future.

Ladies and gentlemen, I said I was not a mining engineer, and I do not know much about mining or of any of the precious products of mines, but r do know that you engineers can make the earth yield a substance which can be smelted, forged and welded in chains and cables that will hold gigantic ocean liners to their mooring, that will hold the parts of your forty-story buildings or the immense spans of your suspension bridges together. But, ladies and gentlemen, you have by your present visit forged a cable eighty strands strong — a bond far more powerful than that of iron or steel, which will hold the two nations together in the bonds of lasting peace and friendship. To-morrow you are to start for the remainder of your sight-seeing — to Nikko, the Ashio copper-mines and the Hakone mountains. Well, I can only say the best is reserved for you. We have a saying in Japan that those who have not seen Nikko cannot say "kekko" (beautiful), for they don't know what beautiful is. Besides, think of a party of mining engineers up in the mountains ! You will, like fish in water, find yourselves in congenial elements, a fitting climax to your Japan excursion of 191 1. Well, after all you have seen and done, and after you have safely returned to your dear old homes, whenever you recall your visit to Japan, may you always think of our hearts as being as red and warm towards you as those magnificent maples in the Imperial Garden, which we visited this afternoon.

Vice-President Richards, being requested to reply, remarked upon the intimate connection between the development of the mineral wealth of a country by its mining engineers and metallurgists, and the economic and political independence of the land. The amount of agricultural land in Japan being but a small proportion of its area, it appears probable that the food supply will never be more than sufficient for the needs of the Japanese, and it follows that increase of national wealth must, therefore, come from exploitation of natural mineral resources or from manufac- turing. While the latter may ultimately be the great factor in the develop- ment of Japan, yet the immediately practicable and surest extension of national activity is in the line of mining and metallurgy. It was pleasing to know that the financiers and statesmen, as well as the mining engineers and metallurgists of Japan, understood this situation, and were so actively

[50]

Thb Excursion To Hawau And Japan. 51

developing their mines and smelting-works. It was gratifying also to ob- serve that in this development they were utilizing to a large extent the ex- perience and learning of Europe and America, adapting it with great skill to their particular problems. It was to be hoped that they would continue doing this in the future as actively as in the past, for no civilized nation could afford to cut itself off from the progress of the rest of the world or pretend to develop independent of outside assistance. They should, therefore, continue to employ some foreign professors and engineers, to send their own students and engineers abroad, and so as actively as possi- ble keep up that interchange of intellect and scientific experience which is much more fundamentally important to Japan than the bags, bales and boxes of ordinary commerce.

In the evening a theater-party was given at the Imperial Theater by Baron Iwasaki, Baron Mitsui and Mr. Furakawa. The large opera-house was decorated with flags and magnificent banks of chrys- anthemums. Three plays were given, an English synopsis of which was furnished to each visitor, and after the performance a supper was served to several hundred guests, including the elite of Tokyo, as well as the visitors from America. The best actors on the Japanese stage had been specially secured for the occasion, and there was some capital acting according to our own standards, though the general impression produced by the plays — one of which might be called a comedy, another a tragedy, and the third a legendary melodrama — was strange and bewildering. Altogether this was one of the most interesting episodes of our visit.

Nikko.

On Tuesday morning at 8.50 the special train left Tokyo for Nikko, which was reached early in the afternoon. The journey lay through a fertile and highly cultivated country, gradually ascending to the Nikko moimtains.

At Utsunamiya, the capital of the Tochigi Prefecture, Messrs. S. Honiguchi, Assistant Governor; R. Honda, Mayor; H. Saida, As- sistant Mayor; K. Ishikawa, President of the City Council and the Chamber of Commerce, and other local officials, boarded the train with a cordial greeting.

Later, at Fubasami, Messrs. K. Sasaki, President, and J. Tamura, Vice-President, of the Town Council, together with several members of that body, paid a similar tribute of courtesy. A unique basket lunch, served upon the train, won universal admiration — baskets and contents alike.

At the Nikko station Messrs. K. Nagai, Chief Magistrate of the county; H. Nakatsugawa, Chief of Police, and other officials, with a large delegation from the Furukawa Co., received the party.

[61]

62 Thb Kxcursion To Hawaii And Japan.

This delegation included Messrs. S. Nishiyama, President, and U. Muramatsu, Manager, of the Nikko Electric Railway, and the fol- lowing officials of the Furukawa Co.: K. Okumura, Manager of the Nikko works; J. Kojima, Superintendent of the Ashio copper- mine; K. Nakai, Superintendent of the Engineering Department; K. Hasegawa, Superintendent of the Honzau mine (Ashio) ; U. Tsukagoshi, Assistant Superintendent of the Ashio smelter; K. Yamaguchi, Assistant Manager of the Mining and Engineering De- partment; T. Fujibayashi and S. Furusho, engineers, and N. Fuku- chi, geologist. Mr. Masayuki Otogawa, a director and consulting engineer of the company, being a leading member of the Japanese Reception Committee, was, of course, already with us.

Boarding the special cars of the Nikko Electric Railway, we were conveyed through the narrow main street of the town, lined with smiling faces and bright with flags, past the hotels and the sacred bridge, to the copper-refining works of the Furukawa Co., about 5 miles from the station. The works were adorned most in- geniously with emblems of welcome, mostly constructed of cop- per. There was an arched bridge, built of copper ingots, and thrown across an azure lake of crystals of copper sulphate. Greetings expressed in metallic copper appeared everywhere. The signs indicating the course to be followed in inspecting the establish- ment were not hands pointing with index-fingers and saying " Go that way! " but open hands, beckoning, " Come this way! — a deli- cate and characteristic difference. Our arrival at the works was sig- nalized by the firing of rockets, etc As usual, the coupled flags of Japan and America were in csiridence everywhere. After the works had been inspected a collation was served in a marquee erected for the purpose, at which President Hunt addressed Mr. Otagawa as fol- lows:

Mr. Otagawa: Speaking as I do for those who for so many days have had you for a traveling companion, and have so constantly been made more comfortable, and our visit to Japan made more profitable, through your constant thoughtfulness, I do not know how I can find words to express properly not only our thanks for this last evidence and assur- ance of your friendship, but also for all that has gone before. It is simply an impossible proposition; I cannot do it.

From what we have seen in the works just examined, and what we are now enjoying, I am inclined to suspect that during our visits together to the previous places of interest you have been carefully making notes, so that when at last this time came you might be able to give us just a little bit the best of all.

We admire your plant and have taken great'interest in the inspection

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 53

of its various departments, and desire to thank the Furukawa Mining Co. for having given us the privilege, v

Some of our members are yet to have the pleasure of visiting some of its mines and smelters, and we regret that a greater number cannot do so, but are glad that the gentlemen who will make the examination are men of large mining and smelting experience, and therefore fully competent to appreciate what is shown them.

Through you, we want to thank the other officials of your company for their attentions, and desire to compliment the workmen of this plant for the artistic welcoming arrangement which they formed from some of its products.

It is sad to think that in so short a time we must part from you, sir, whom we have learned to regard as a friend ; but grief is sometimes hid- den by forced laughter, and, that we may disguise ours by noise, I ask our party to give three cheers and tiger for you and your company.

Mr. Otagawa replied in English, expressing his thanks for the salutation given him, and explaining some of the plans prepared for the enlargement and improvement of the company's works at an early day.

Dr. Raymond spoke as follows:

Artemas Ward once said that "an occasional joke looked well in a comic paper!" In the same spirit, I venture to say that a traveling party of mining engineers and metallurgists may with propriety visit, now and then, a mine or a smelting-works ! And I am very glad that we have to-day discharged this most appropriate and pleasurable function by visiting these works of the company with which our friend and fellow- member Mr. Otagawa, is connected. I have known Mr. Otagawa longer, perhaps, than any of you other members of the Institute have known him. While he was sojourning in the United States, and gathering by study of our American practice that knowledge of which the results, with some improvements "bettering instruction," have been shown to us to-day, he was a frequent visitor at the office of the Institute, and I learned to re- gard him with an esteem and admiration which became the beginning and basis of the high opinion I have come to entertain concerning Jap- anese mining engineers and metallurgists as a class. In addition to our acknowledgment of the graceful and generous courtesy of the Furukawa Company, and of all its officers, already suitably expressed by Captain Hunt, I beg to emphasize two features of this occasion, which seem to me significant.

The first is, that we have seen this afternoon a copper-refinery embody- ing not merely the details of modern practice, but also some improvements which are original. I may mention as an instance the casting-apparatus, which impresses me as the simplest, cheapest and most satisfactory I have ever seen, and which, as Mr. Otagawa has informed us, is the in- vention of Mr. Kaku, a Japanese metallurgist.

And the second is, that we have been enabled to see the whole of this establishment— the casting of the copper electrodes their electrolytic re- finement, the manufacture of plates and rods and the drawing and testing of wire— with an unprecedented economy of time and strength oa our

[53]

54 Thb Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

[54]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 55

part. I beg to say, as an expert, that, in my judgment, a process in com- mercial operation which can be so clearly and comprehensively exhibited in so short a time has been well designed and is well managed !

Vice-President Richards, being called upon, made a few remarks:

He congratulated the Furukawa Mining Co. on their enterprise in refining their own copper, and, still further, on their policy of manu- facturing this copper into its final forms. The Japanese are particularly clever workmen, and the growth of modern manufacturing plants in Japan must be looked upon as the ultimate goal of Japanese industrial polic>. Japan is destined to become a great manufacturing nation, and when she has learned to work up her own crude material into manufac- tured articles she will follow by working up the crude materials of other countries, until she becomes the chief manufacturing country of the Orient.

Fig. 33. — Thk Nikko Copper- Works.

Referring to the copper-refining at Nikko, the operation of casting the copper, by Mr. Kaku's simple but efficient machine, was something which metallurgists could appreciate as a beautiful adaption of means to end, and worthy of high praise. At Ashio also, which some of them would see, there were " wrinkles " to be seen which would give the visi- tors something to take back home with them. Altogether, it could be said that in some respects the Japanese metallurgists were improving upon their preceptors, and who knows but that in the future we may be found coming to Japan on purpose to learn something new and useful in our own special lines.

E55]

56 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Fig. 34. — Furnace-House, Showing Casting- Apparatus, Nikko Copper- Works.

Returning to Nikko, the party was divided between the Nikko and Kanaya hotels, both of which proved exceedingly pleasant and com- fortable.

Friday, Nov. 17, was spent in visiting the splendid temples and shrines of the locality. The grand, dark groves of gigantic crypto- ineria, the autumn colors of the maples, the sparkling cascades, tu- multuous river and lofty heights formed a unique and indelible pic- ture.

Fig. 35.— Tank-Room, Nikko Copper- Works. [56J

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 57

Fig. 36. — Wire-Drawing Room, Nikko Copper- Works.

Fia 37. — Group of Members and Guests on Steps of Shrine of Toshugo,

Near Nikko. [57]

58 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Fig. 38. — Pagoda at Nikko. Fig. 39- — Cryftomeria Road, Imai-

CHi, Nikko.

Saturday morning, Nov. 18, the party left Nikko at 8 o'clock, and reached Of una at 1.46 p.m. Here it was divided into two sections, A and B, both of which visited Miyanoshita and Kamakura, though in opposite order, reuniting at Ofuna on Monday, Nov. 20.

Miyanoshita.

The Fujiya Hotel at this place was unanimously voted one of the

Fig. 40. — The Sacred Bridge, Nikko. [68]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 59

finest in Japan, and the long trip by train and jinrikisha from Odzu to M iyanoshita presented, in its Tyrolean picturesqueness and loveli- ness, the climax of scenic attraction.

Kamakura and Enoshima.

At Kamakura, the large and comfortable Kaihin-in Hotel enter- tained the party delightfully. The Temple, the Great Buddha, and the island of Enoshima were visited and admired.

Yokohama Again, and Farewell.

The reunited party reached Yokohama on Monday, Nov. 20, and was quartered at the Grand Hotel. The rest of the day was spent in

Fig. 41. — The Falls at Fig. 42.— The Daibutsu at

Hakone. Kamakura.

visiting the fine shops of the city, and in preparations for embarkation on the morrow.

On Tuesday, Nov. 21, a farewell luncheon was given by the visitors to the representatives of their hosts, a large delegation of whom came over from Tokyo and other places to be present. This was the only return-courtesy that we were permitted to extend to them; and it was only after long argument and upon strong persuasion that they surrendered the privilege of being our entertainers to the end. But

[59]

60 THfi fiXcCftSlOW to MAtVAIl AMD JAPAK.

we carried our point at last; and a strenuous day was spent in pre- paring the feast, sending telegraphic invitations, etc.

By an inspiration on the part of Mr. Manwaring, the manager of the hotel, a decoration of the great banquetinghall was devised which our Japanese friends, with all their ingenuity, had not em- ployed at any of the score of entertainments given in our honor, namely, in addition to the familiar flags, massed chrysanthemums, and trailing vines on the tables, the hall was turned into a vast bower by graceful over-arching bamboo trees. An admirable dinner and a happily sentimental and appreciative company perfected this final festivity.

President Hunt proposed a toast to the Emperor of Japan, which was drunk standing, while the orchestra played the Japanese national anthem. Baron Shibusawa replied in an eloquent address (translated by Mr. Zumoto, editor of the Japanese Times, of Tokyo, proposing the health of the President of the United States, which was similarly honored. Baron Shibusawa said :

As representative of the Welcome Committee, I feel I am highly honored to bid you good-by. Your party, which we had been awaiting with almost impatience, at last came ; but you are now to leave us before the word of welcome has died upon our lips. Your stay in Japan has not been long, but during these twenty days you have seen Tokyo, Yokohama, Kyoto, Osaka, Nikko, Hakone, Moji, some parts of Kyushu and some other places. Thus we believe the time which was at your disposal has been spent most enjoyably and economically, and we trust you have observed much.

We fear only that our reception has not been such as it might have been, and we regret that the shortcomings on the part of our Reception Com- mittee have been so many. At any rate, we believe you found satisfac- tion in two things : In the first place, you were introduced to the material side of our civilization. You saw our mines, railways, steamers, banks, hotels, theaters — not to speak of many other things. And it is our pleas- ure and pride to say that whatever we arc — that we owe largely to your country. This being the case, we trust that whatever you saw, though it might not have been so complete as could be wished, was highly gratify- ing for you, inasmuch as it is nothing but the work of your own pupils.

In the next place, you visited Japan at the best time of the year; you saw her at her best. The beauty of the country was in her best robe, and the weather was most ideal throughout your sojourn. It is true that you miss in this country such gigantic and magnificent scenic beauties as Niagara Falls, the Grand Canyon and the Colorado peaks, but Nature has not entirely forgotten to adorn us with beauty.

One other thing must be satisfactory for you to know— that is, that the sentiment of welcome and reception you met everywhere was very sin- cere. We were prompted only by our true friendship to do whatever we did. We have done what we could in the short time, and if you could not

[00]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 61

manage to take home as many presents as you wish, we have to be ex- cused from blame.

To our great regret we hear of war-talk in your country now and then, and we observe that some foolish and sensational jingoism finds its way into print. We also regret to know that our real sentiment is not known in your country so widely as may be wished. But we now know every one of you, and you know us personally; and it is our hope that upon your return home you will tell your friends and countrymen that we are always your friends.

Now, the friendly relations between two countries depend upon mutual understanding, and also upon mutual sharing of interests. For this rea- son, enterprising business men of your country are invited to invest money

Fig. 43.— Shooting the Rapids.

in our business. And when we know each other, and have common inter- ests, then there will be such friendship between us that nothing could impair it.

The toast in honor of the President was acknowledged by Hon. Charles P. Bryan, the new American Ambassador to Japan. Mr. Bryan said, in substance:

In the sight of the Rising Sun and the Star-Spangled Banner the warmest sentiments are always roused within me. I believe there has not been a better President and better friend to Japan than President Taft. When I saw him in San Francisco just before T sailed, he sent a personal message to all Japanese and all leading Japanese whom he had the privilege of meeting during his tour in Japan. Now I, as a personal friend of the President of the United States, hope that the members and guests of the American Institute of Mining Engineers will go home to proclaim the beautiful, magnilicent sceneries of Japan and the marvelous energy of the Japanese people. I am sorry that I could not receive you

[61]

62 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

at my embassy, but you received treatment such as I could not give you. And I trust that when you return you will receive the members of the Japanese Mining Institute on the threshold with outstretched hands, even as they did you. I do not doubt that the royal and princely receptions you have received will please all the people and the President of the United States.

Fig. 44. — Country Scene.

President Hunt then spoke as follows :

Baron Shibusawa, Ladies and Gentlemen: We had hoped to have tlic honor to-day of entertaining all of the officials and more private citizens who had honored us by their hospitality during our visit to Japan, but that was too much to expect from such busy men. All of them who are not with us have coupled with their regrets kindly messages to our party, and wishes for their safe and comfortable journey home.

Their excellencies, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Agriculture, are prevented from being here by a cabinet-meeting, but have honored us by most courteous messages of regret.

We have been enjoying the hospitality of our Japanese brother-mem- bers of the Institute and their friends for three weeks — a short time in number of days, but equal to many years in sentiment. To-day it is our privilege to have them as our guests, not that we are trying to cancel a debt, but only that as we have broken their bread and eaten of their salt, so shall they do of ours, and thus effectually seal the bond of friend- ship.

In all human probability it will be impossible for all of us ever to meet again together, and we of America did not feel satisfied to leave your hospitable land without collectively expressing to you our thorough appreciation of the great kindness which you have extended to us. Every- where in our journey we have been greeted by the word "Welcome" — generally wrought in your beautiful national flower, and always followed

[62]

The Excursion To Hawah And Japan. 63

by a human greeting of sincerity beyond questim*:* Your flowers were bright, but the kindly eyes of our hosts were brighter, and the grasp of their hands was warm enough to wither any flower.

Personally, on behalf of Mrs. Hunt and myself, I want to thank your " Welcome Committee " for the beautiful presents which they have given us. We recognize that they came to us because of our official position, and were therefore intended as a compliment to all of our party; never- theless we personally prize them, and shall hold them as cherished pos- sessions.

Again I want to thank all whose hospitality we have enjoyed. We wish all of them were here to-day; we realize the impossibility of our wish, but, absent or present, we thank them and beg to assure them that they have made bright spots in our lives which will remain so long as we live.

You have shown us many of your historic and ancient places; we

Fig. 45. — A Sea-Coast Road.

have realized their beauty and majesty, and often the sublimity of their environments. Standing amid them, we have striven to recall and appre- ciate old Japan. We have visited your busy commercial centers, we have inspected sqme of your mines and industrial establishments, we have passed through your agricultural sections, and everywhere seen your in- dustrious and economical people, and thus seen and learned Japan of to- day.

Through the fearful ordeal of war you have won your place among modem nations. With great wisdom you are striving to keep that place by the arts of peace.

Young America greets old Japan, and in her renewed youth hails her as an equal and desires the two nations to be ever friends.

Speaking for all of our party, we want to especially thank the "Wel- come Committee" and their representatives, who have accompanied us,

[68]

64 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

and so kindly and most considerately borne with us during all of our visit. Again, and again, we thank all of you.

Prof. Wataru Watanabe, President of the Mining Institute of Japan, being called upon, expressed his regret that Viscount Kaneko could not be present, and expressed the cordial congratulations and farewell greetings of the committee.

Vice-President Richards, at the request of President Hunt, spoke in substance as follows :

We who have had the great privilege of making this memorable visit to Japan, and who now thank you personally for your unstinted hospitality, are but a small fraction of the great society which you are honoring through us. I therefore wish to express to you, our Japanese hosts, the

Fig. 46. — The Friendly Deer of Nara.

personal thanks of the absent President of our Institute, Mr. Charles Kirchhoff, for your kindly reception, and also to assure you that more than four thousand members of the Institute, all over the world, appre- ciate and esteem the honor you have done the Institute in thus greeting and honoring us.

As professional mining engineers and mclallnrgisls. we wish, in parting, to express our great admiration of the intelligent discrimination which your engineers have shown in selecting for adoption in Japan the methods and processes best adapted to your local conditions. Speaking frankly,

[64]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 65

althoug'. you are profuse in acknowledgment of indebtedness to us in America, yet you have probably taken more from Europe, and particularly from Germany, whose conditions certainly approximate more to your own. However, I believe that in the future, as your industries grow to a larger scale, you will take more and more from us — and you will be as welcome to do so in the future as in the past.

In addition to thus adopting foreign methods with rare discrimina- tion, we have observed also in many places abundant evidences of ex- perimenting and research being carried out at your plants, resulting in novel and ingenious improvements on foreign methods. Such is highly gratifying to us, as evidence of originality and power to progress for yourselves along modem lines. Maintain this spirit, and soon you will be teachers yourselves and a source of enlightenment and information to others.

Fig. 47. — Harvest Time.

We travel primarily to enlarge our own mental horizon, but, better yet, when we can do it, to be of service to those whom we visit. Fulsome flat- tery is not the most grateful return for the kindest hospitality, and it is in this spirit that I take the liberty of formulating two questions which I beg you to reflect upon.

First, as the result of some observation of your works and professional staflF, I am led to the query: "Are your technical men as keen as they might be in keeping abreast of scientific progress abroad, and are they taking as prominent a part in the great international scientific societies as they should?" I know that such activity presupposes knowledge of the English, German and French languages and much hard study, but our technical men at home find this indispensable. Membership in the large sdentific societies puts a man in touch with the world of technical litera- ture as nothing else can do, and opens to him avenues of thought and prog- ress which would otherwise remain closed. To state the case in the con-

[661

66 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Crete, for one example, there are at least one hundred mining engineers and metallurgists in Japan who would be greatly benefited professionally by becoming members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.

Finally, speaking from the standpoint of a university professor, let me ask: "Are there not too few foreigners upon your university faculties?" Twenty years ago foreign professors were numerous in your universities; now there are comparatively few or none. Was not the great intellectual progress of that time largely due to the flood of new ideas thus brought to you, and is the rate of progress being maintained? In America we still get assistance from abroad on our university faculties; we find too much in-breeding deleterious to our best growth. Professor Munsterberg, of Harvard, is an example in point; you will allow me to say that I am an Englishman. What we have found advantageous in our American univer- sities I cannot but commend to you. Keep the intellectual door wide open and your universities will lead Japan in the upward path. Intellectual progress must precede material progress. Take to yourself and use the best intellects you can get, wherever you can get them, and they will be cheap at almost any price.

For all your hospitality and sympathetic comradeship during these few but unforgettable days, we thank you from the bottom of our hearts — Kokoro Kara arrigatol

Mr. Otani, President of the Yokohama Chamber of Commerce, who had been the first to welcome us to Japan, now spoke for his fellow- citizens the last greeting in their own tongue. His remarks were translated by Mr. Zumoto :

Mr. Otani happily described himself as the keeper of the "open door'* at Yokohama, whose duty it was to welcome the coming and speed the parting guest, and expressed the unanimous desire of his countrymen that the door might be always open. In their name, he wished for us a prosperous homeward voyage, good news from our families upon our arrival, and pleasant memories of our Japanese friends and their country.

President Hunt said that while American hostility to Japan was, as we all believed, a thing impossible, yet he must confess that the Ameri- can flag had been raised, and permanent American sovereignty asserted, over one piece of land in Japan, and introduced Mr. Thomas Sam- mons, U. S. Consul -General at Yokohama, as the man who had done the deed.

Consul-General Sammons, in responding, said that Mr. Hunt's allusion gave him a text for some pertinent suggestions. The piece of land referred to had been donated by the Imperial government to the United States, and had been accepted by our government with suitable thanks for what was an act of international courtesy, he believed, without prece- dent. The land constituted one of the most desirable building sites in Yokohama, and was given in order that the United States might accom- modate its growing commerce with Japan by the erection of suitable

[66]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 67

consular offices and buildings upon its own ground. Yet, after accepting the gift, our government had taken no steps to make appropriate and adequate use of it. He suggested that the American visitors might prop- erly use their influence at home for the appropriation by Congress of the sum required for these much-needed buildings.

Mr. Sammons, alluding to Mr. Otani's position as the keeper of the open door at Yokohama, said that his own Oriental title as a Consul- General in China had been "the open-door official" — which he deemed a happy translation, since it represented the attitude of American diplomacy in the East.

In conclusion, Mr. Sammons, as an impartial observer, assured the party that, while Japan had evidently made a most favorable impression on them, they, on the other hand, had made a correspondingly favorable impression in Japan, and quoted, amid general applause, the following stanzas from a song written many years ago, in description of a similar tourist company of members and guests of the American Institute of Mining Engineers:

" We're the most delightful party that ever you did see ! We're about as near perfection as it's possible to be! And the very best of all of it, we candidly confess, Is that each of us is conscious of his own uncommonness I

"We're beautiful and virtuous; we're witty and we're gay; We say the very brightest things that any one could say; But the very best of all of it, we candidly confess, Is that each of us is conscious of his own uncommonness I "

President Hunt then called upon Dr. R. W. Raymond, Secretary Emeritus of the Institute, to " close the exercises." Dr. Raymond said :

I regard it as a high privilege to speak for my sisters and brethren of the visiting party of the American Institute of Mining Engineers the final parting words.

You have entertained- us in a manner far surpassing our utmost expec- tations. The abundance of your courtesy has been surpassed only by its exquisite grace and artistic ingenuity and variety. At every step you have surprised as well as delighted us. We looked upon you before with admiration and respect, but our admiration has become astonishment, and our friendship, personal affection.

I must be permitted to make special acknowledgment of the favors shown to me during my stay in Tokyo, and particularly of the great honor of the decoration of the Rising Sun, conferred upon me by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, and of my reception by Her Majesty the Empress. These high distinctions were accorded to me, as the official notification declares, in recognition of my services to the mining industry of Japan. I will not, in excess of modesty, deny that I have been able during the last twenty-five or thirty years to give to Japanese engineers and students in the United States important help. But my individual services would have had little value had they not been reinforced by the

[67 1

68 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

members of this Institute, who cordially responded to my letters of intro- duction with the open door of knowledge and the open hand of fraternal aid. 1 wear my honors, therefore, as theirs.

We wish we could present to you, at this hour, some worthy symbol of our appreciation of all that you have done for us. You have laid upon us the obligation of a debt that can never be repaid — that can never be forgotten. And the token of this obligation now offered you is only a token.

This specimen of native crystallized American gold is a small thing, yet it is, like your reception of us, unique, and therefore priceless. Let it indicate our recognition of the native gold of your generous hearts, which has crystallized for us in forms of delicate beauty and enduring strength.

Frc. 48. — Picturesque Japan.

I have carried it in my pocket over sea and land for luck. But the unbroken good fortune which we have experienced here came from no amulet, and we need no such charm on our homeward way to protect us from disaster or disappointment. We shall be guarded by the memory of a happy dream — no, not a dream, but a real sojourn in Paradise!

I deliver this token, therefore, to the Japanese Reception Committee, requesting them to place it in the collection of the Imperial University of Tokyo, with this label : " Presented by Dr. R. W. Raymond, Secretary Emeritus of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, in recognition of the generous and graceful courtesy extended to the visiting party of members and guests of the Institute through the Empire of Japan."

This specimen had been for many years in Dr. Raymond's posses- sion. It is a druse of dodecahedra of native gold, remarkably massive and sharply developed, free from the effects of attrition. It was

[681

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 69

found in a gulch in Mariposa county, Cal., and while it contains by weight only about six ounces of gold, its value is enhanced tenfold by its unique character and condition.

At this point in his address Dr. Raymond handed the specimen to Professor Watanaba, who received it for the University with appro- priate recognition ; after which Dr. R. continued :

And now comes the hardest part of all. My knowledge of the Japanese tongue has been confined to two words, " Ohai O," for friendly greeting, and " Banzai," for enthusiastic praise. It is needless to say that these two words have been on my lips and in my heart continually since I landed on these shores. But to-day I have had to learn another — " Sayo- nara," farewell — the sad, sweet melody of which lingers like the deep tone of a temple bell. Sayonaral dear old friends, and new that shall be oldl

And Sayonara, fair Nippon!

O land of ancient story, long concealed,

In this new age to wondering eyes revealed.

O land of youth renewed, and flag unfurled To greet the banners of a friendly world !

O land of heroes, strong to do or die. Yet stronger still for peaceful victory !

O land of templed hills and shadowy bowers, Of fruitful fields and gardens gay with flowers. Give us thy love, as we have given thee ours ! Sayonara 1

Homeward Bound.

The Siberia, Captain Zeeder, lay in the harbor awaiting us; and, as soon as our farewell feast was over, we hurried on board the launches which conveyed us to her. A host of our Japanese friends accompanied us to the ship; rockets soared above us, letting loose balloon-borne flags as they burst in air; banzai and sayonara echoed about us; and with much waving of hats and handkerchiefs we sailed away.

The trip was not like our outward voyage. Many of the original party did not return with the rest, but remained in Japan, or went to Vladivostok, and so on to Europe, by the Trans-Siberian railway, or sailed for China and India. The remainder were pretty thoroughly tired by the strenuous enjoyment of the last eighteen days, and had no heart for organized entertainments, which would be tame, anyhow, after such festive climaxes. Moreover, our record of fair weather was broken by a big storm, which still further disposed many to quiet. The

[69]

.70 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Siberia took the storm with dignity and poise, and we did not consider it as a very bad one, until the Honolulu newspapers spoke of it as a typhoon — which, by the way, it was not, being, on the contrary, a per- sistent gale from one quarter, of the kind known to seamen as a " high- glass blow," i,e., a storm characterized throughout by a " high barom- eter."

Our Chinese crew and stewards had all had their pig-tails cut oflE, and wore their butchered coiflEures with half-embarrassed smiles.

At Honolulu we had a lovely day, Dec. i. Arriving early in the morning, wc were taken in charge by the Hawaiian Engineering Asso- ciation and conveyed in a government steamer to Pearl Harbor.

Fig. 49. — S. S. Siberia.

The large party receiving and accompanying us on this excursion comprised the following persons: Gov. W. F. Frear, Messrs. B. F., H. G., and W. F. Dillingham of the Hawaiian Dredging Co., which is doing work at Pearl Harbor; Captain Ellicott, U. S. N., of the Maryland; Captain Halstead, U. S. N., of the fVest Virginia; Lieu- tenant Bertholf, U. S. N., of the Colorado (these battleships were ly- ing at Honolulu) ; Civil Engineers of the U. S. N., Messrs. E. R. Gay- ler, Roy Smith, and C. S. Burrell (in charge of the dry-dock and Pearl Harbor work for the government) ; F. B. Smith (in charge for con- tractors) ; H. M. Hepburn, Vice-Chairman of the Hawaiian Engi- neering Association and Manager of the Hawaiian Electric Co. ; J. E. Sheedy, Secretary of the Hawaiian Engineering Association and Super- intending Engineer of the Hawaiian Electric Co.; C. Heidcmann, Manager of the Honolulu Iron Works ; Professor Gilmore, President

[70 1

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 71

of the College of Hawaii; and many other representatives of Hawaiian industries, including the sugar-plantations.

The party inspected first the dredging of the channel through the coral reef, which prevents other access to the coast, and the large dry- dock in process of erection. They afterwards visited Battery Selfredge, where two 12-in. guns are already in position; and finally they were taken by rail to the Honolulu Sugar Plantation, where they witnessed the whole process of sugar-manufacture, from the cane to the lump.

Returning to Honolulu, they were entertained at a luncheon given by the Engineering Association in the Commercial Club. In the ab- sence of Mr. J. M. Young, Chairman of the Association, Mr. H. M. Hepburn, Vice-Chairman, made a brief address of welcome, to which President Hunt responded.

At 5 p.m. we left the beautiful island in the glory of a gorgeous sunset.

From Honolulu to San Francisco the voyage was uneventful, except for the prevalence, much of the time, of brisk head-winds, which re- tarded our progress, so that it was the afternoon, instead of the morn- ing, of Thursday, Dec. 7, when we sailed through the Golden Gate, in trembling fear of the San Francisco Custom House!

Badges, SouvenirSj Etc.

The Japanese Reception Committee gave to Acting-President Hunt an ancient Samurai sword, of great value, and to Dr. Struthers a sil- ver cup, a picture of which is given in this report. The latter sou- venir, as the donors explained, was given to Dr. Struthers not only as the business manager of the excursion party, but also in recognition of many courtesies shown by him to Japanese engineers both before and after he succeeded Dr. Raymond as Secretary of the Institute.

Dr. Raymond himself, besides the decoration, mentioned on a pre- vious page, which was conferred upon him by the Emperor, received from the forty Japanese members of the Institute a personal testi- monial, of which a picture is herewith given, representing in gold, silver, bronze and copper (the leading products of Japanese metal- lurgy) one of the long-tailed cocks of Tosa, famous as specimens of Japanese skill in the breeding of artificial varieties, both of plants and of birds.

Aside from these and other personal attentions, the members of the party were everywhere the recipients of badges and other sou- venirs. The full-page illustration given herewith represents but im- perfectly the badges referred to, because it does not reproduce the

[71]

72 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

artistic color-schemes employed. But it may suffice to show two noticeable features, namely, that of these graceful designs no two were alike, and that all of them combined in some way the Stars and Stripes with the Rising Sun. Many of them were fine examples of the jewelers' art. Besides these, there were souvenirs of other kinds, like the silver memorial medals struck at the Imperial mint of Osaka, and presented to the visitors, or the silver card-cases and cigarette-

FiG. 50. — Silver Vase, Presented to Dr. Joseph Struthers by the Jap- anese Reception Committee.

cases given by the great Takata house to the ladies and gentlemen of the party, and the inexhaustible flood of pictorial postal-cards, albums, etc., with which they were deluged at every stage of their journey.

But, however beautiful and agreeable such graceful exhibitions of courtesy may be, there is one thing which the members of an Institute party value more — namely, such full and accurate information con- cerning the places and works visited as will satisfy their curiosity at the time and furnish them with the materials of an adequate and accurate recollection. Nothing is more unsatisfactory than to ask questions, or try to hear explanations, in a hurried crowd ; and it has been my habit for twenty-eight years to advise the Local Committees of Institute meetings to give us, first of all, clear and comprehensive

[72]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 73

Fig. 51. — Sacred Cock and Hen. Bronze, Gold and Silver Statuary Group, Presented to Dr. R. W. Raymond, Secretary Emeritus, by THE Japanese Members of the Institute.

[73]

Fig. 52. — Souvenir Badges and Medals Presented to Members of the

Party During the Excursion in Japan.

(See list on opposite page.)

Thb Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 76

accounts of what we were going to see. Since the arrangements for the Japanese excursion were begun by me, while I was still Secretary of the Institute, I presume that, as usual, I impressed this point upon our Japanese members. At all events, they far surpassed, in this respect, all reasonable demands. At our entrance into Japan, we received from the Reception Committee notebooks, upon which our several names had been printed, and in which we found all manner of useful information ; and from that day until we sailed away home- ward we were smothered with literature in the English language, comprising guide-books, monographs, maps, statistics, diagrams, gov- ernment reports, etc., as well as with flags, flowers, electric illumina- tions, artistic entertainments, banquets and speeches. In both depart- ments of hospitality — the social and the intellectual — our Japanese hosts broke the record. I brought back one piece of baggage more than I took with me, and that was a telescoping case of no small capacity, stuffed with my share of the valuable information freely bestowed upon all members of our party.

Concerning the more private manifestations of hospitality, detailed public acknowledgment would be scarcely permissible, even if it were practicable. Japanese gentlemen do not expect their friends to print descriptions of their home-interiors, family customs and afternoon teas. SuflSce it to say, therefore, that many courtesies of this kind were shown to individual guests and groups of guests, and that the little Japanese ladies, in their own homes, as well as in larger social gath- erings, bore their part with quiet dignity and charming grace.

Souvenir Medals and Badges. (See Fig. 52, opposite.)

1. General Reception Committee.

2. Yokohama Chamber of Commerce.

3. Mining Institute of Japan.

4. Imperial Steel- Works.

5. Chiku-ho Coal Mining Association.

6. Fujita Luncheon at Osaka.

7. Sumitomo Smelting- Works.

8. NiKKo Smelting- Works.

9. MnKE Colliery.

10. Theater Party, Imperial Empire Theater, Tokyo.

[751

76-80 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Postscript

The plan of an excursion to Japan was suggested first in 1909 by Mr. Reiji Kanda, of Tokyo, a member of the Institute who took part in the Spokane meeting of that year, and in the excursions to the National Yellowstone Park, Butte, Anaconda, Gur d*Alne, Seattle, Tacoma, Salt Lake, and Pueblo, Colo., which preceded and followed that meeting, and during that extended journey won the personal esteem and affection of that party, receiving, at the same time, such an impression of the social and professional benefits of such excursions as made him earnestly desire to have his own country visited in that way. In this desire, he was heartily seconded by Mr. Masayuki Otagawa, a director and consulting engineer of the great Furukawa Co., who had become a member of the Institute in 1904; had spent a considerable period in the United States; and was, to me, as well as to many other members of the Institute, an esteemed friend. The extraordinary enthusiasm with which our visiting party was afterwards received by the government, municipalities, mining and metallurgical companies or firms, educational representatives and private citizens of Japan should not eclipse the fact that these two Japanese members of the Institute kindled the fire which burned so brightly.

This excursion covered more than 12,000 miles of ocean travel, 400 miles of voyage on the Inland Sea of Japan, and 1,500 miles of railroad transportation within the Empire, with innumerable changes and transfers, both of the persons conveyed, and of some 300 pieces of their luggage. It was accomplished without serious mishap to any member of the party, or the loss of any article belonging to it. While the generous and assiduous co-operation of our Japanese friends is worthy of the highest praise, it remains true that the suc- cessful handling of the party, in these and other respects, was largely due to the skillful and unwearied labors of its own management, which was in charge of Dr. Struthers and Mr. Vaughan. The pre- liminary arrangements alone, which lasted ten months or more, were a heavy task. The individual inquiries, stipulations and changes of purpose, on the part of proposed participants in the excursion (some dropping out almost at the last moment) ; the negotiations with transportation agencies ; the communications with the Japanese Com- mittee, either by letter, taking at least six weeks for question and reply, or by expensive and too easily misunderstood cable-dispatch, made the work desperately intense and anxious, and due record should here be made of the satisfactory manner in which all details were ar- ranged for the comfort and convenience of each and every member of the party. R. W. R.

[76-80]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 81

APPENDIX A. Visit to the Ashio Mine and Smelting-Works,

A small number of our party made a side-excursion to the Ashio mine and smelter of the Furukawa Co. This is the most productive copper-mine in Japan, though the Besshi and the Kosaka, owned by other concerns, are close competitors; the output of the Ashio in 1910 being reported as 11,843,406 kin (ij4 lb. each), while the Besshi pro-

FiG. 53. — "Welcome" Gate at Office of Ashio Copper-Mine.

duced 11,131,371, and the Kosako 10,560,501 kin The Furukawa G). owns a large number of copper-mines, three silver-mines and seven coal-mines. The following sketch of the visit to Ashio is kindly fur- nished by Mr. H. F. Bain, of the Mining and Scientific Press:

After viewing the temples at Nikko, one section of the party made the 18- mile trip across the mountains to the Ashio mine, from which comes

[81]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Fig. 54. — The Tsudo Mine, Ashio.

Fig. 55. — Head-Frame of Shinnashi Shaft, Ashio. [82]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 83

600 of the 1,000 tons of copper used per month at the Nikko refinery. The mine has been described in detail recently by T. T. Read in the Mining and Scientific Press, Oct. 14, 1911, so that only a few words will be here devoted to it. The members of the party were taken in 'rikishas first to the Hosoo power house where, after lunch, they were shown the hydro- electric generating-station, which is now being doubled in capacity. A short distance beyond, at the terminus of the wire-rope tramway, saddle horses were waiting for the trip over the pass. Contrary to the general impression regarding Japanese horses, these shaggy beasts were found to be excellent, sure-footed, fast walking and good tempered mountain horses.

Fig. 56. — The Ashio Smelting-Works.

On their backs and along the well-built trail, the three-mile trip proved a delight. At the opposite tramway terminal the party was transferred to diminutive, but gaily decorated narrow-gauge passenger-cars, drawn by horses. In these the five miles to Ashio were comfortably accomplished. Ashio, which is a place of 20,000 inhabitants, was decorated in honor of the visit with miles of Japanese lanterns, and when the cars came into sight a regular bombardment of fireworks, continued at intervals through the evening, was set off. At headquarters an archway, built of the day's run of copper bars and decorated with crossed hammers of electric lights, had been erected. Company and city oflicials greeted the visitors, who shortly thereafter joined their hosts at a bountiful dinner served at the company club House. The meal was followed by a unique and interesting geisha

[83]

84 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

entertainment, which was voted by all the guests to be the pleasantest they had enjoyed in Japan. The next morning the visitors were guided through the mines, mills and smelters by K. Inouye, general manager, and his able technical staff. Among features found especially interesting were a briquetting machine of new type, a method of neutralizing acid fumes in blast-furnace gases, a method of preventing freezing in blast- furnaces by feeding coal through the tuyeres, a peculiar double settling-

FlG. 57. — CoPPER-CONVERTERS, ASHIO SmELTING-WoRKS.

cone, the process of pot-roasting, and the new mill, which is under con- struction. It was evident that the Ashio is not only at present the largest copper-mine in Japan, but that its staff is one of the most progressive any- where to be found. With all too little time for the inspection of the works, the party returned to Nikko in the afternoon, being guided clear to Tokyo and met at the station there by officers of the Furukawa Co. ; another ex- ample of the generous hospitality which everywhere met the engineers.

[84]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 85

Appendix B.

Visit to the Miike Colliery.

The firm of Mitsui consists of eleven partners, each representing one of the eleven Mitsui families. Its operations of banking, mining and commerce are carried on under four organizations, one of which includes the Mitsui Mining Department, having four working col- lieries (Miike, Tagawa, Yamano, and Hondo), one sulphur-mine (Iwaonobori), one metal-mine (Kamioka — galena and zinc-blende) and many mining concessions for coal, gold, etc., in various parts of the Empire. The total product of coal in Japan was, in 1910, ac- cording to the report of the Bureau of Mining Statistics, 13,453*783 metric tons, of which the four Mitsui collieries above named produced 3i258,530 tons, or 24.9 per cent. The Miike colliery, which yielded 1,799,489 tons, is the largest producer in Japan, and the Tagawa col- liery of this firm (661,334 tons) comes next.

The Miike mine, with its connected facilities for handling and shipping coal, is doubtless the best example of up-to-date Japanese colliery-engineering. Mr. H. F. Bain, one of those members of the Institute who visited it, Nov. 11 and 12, has kindly furnished the fol- lowing sketch :

The Miike colliery, visited by one section of the party, belongs to the Mitsui family, which, because of its wealth and age, has been not inaptly characterized as the "Vanderbilt family of Japan." The Mining Depart- ment of the Mitsui Gomel Kaisha (Mitsui firm) operates both metal- and coal-mines; and it was to the most famous among the latter that the visitors were taken. The Miike colliery is situated on the Gulf of Ariake in the island of Kyushu. Coal has been known to occur at this point for many years, and was mined a little by native methods, even before the government in 1873 took possession, and under an English engineer opened the first modem pit. In 1889 the property was transferred to the Mitsuis, who made radical and extensive changes, opening new pits in succession, until there are now six working mines, with an average daily output of 6,000 tons. ' In 1910 the total output of the Miike mines was 1,799489 metric tons, of which 41 per cent, was exported. The Miike coal has a well established and enviable reputation throughout the Far East, for both its steaming- and its coking-quality. There are eight beds on the conces- sion; but mining is, as yet, confined to the Miike or upper seam. This averages something over 9.5 ft. in thickness, has no clay bands, a hard sandstone roof and a firm fire-clay floor. The coal has been mined for a distance of nearly two miles along the strike, and is open nearly as far down the dip, which is i to 10. The deepest shaft, the Manda, which is 41 by 12 ft. in cross-section, is 900 ft. deep. From the bottom the work- ings extend down the dip to a total depth of 1,132 ft. below sea level. As the overlying material is a soft Tertiary sandstone, the amount of water

[85]

86 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

to be handled is unusually large. Only in the Pennsylvania anthracite district are there any American collieries where the ratio of water to coal is comparable, and even there it is less. At the Miike mines, 12 tons of water must be raised for each ton of coal won. At the Manda shaft alone, the ratio is 20 to i, and roughly 1,000 cu. ft. per minute were being pumped on the day we visited the pit. To raise such a quantity of water from such a depth requires large and expensive pumps, and those at the Manda shaft are said to be the largest at any colliery in the world. The most im- pressive are the 4 Davey Cornish pumps, with compound steam-cylinders, of which the high-pressure is 45 in. in diameter, the low-pressure 90, the water-ram 22 and the stroke 12 ft. The pump has a speed of 8 to 10 strokes per minute, and two of the pumps are held in reserve. In addi-

FiG. 58. — Miike Patent Coal-Loading Machines.

tion, there are 5 Janesvilles, each capable of handling 300 cu. ft. per minute against a head of 900 ft., and various smaller pumping engines. The final capacity of the pumps at this shaft is to be 3,000 cu. ft. per minute against 1,000 ft. head. An aggregate of over 16,000 h-p. is used in pumping, but, despite this, less than 10 per cent, of the coal mined is used at the colliery. Coal is also burned to generate steam for many purposes. The amount will be reduced when improvements now under way are completed. At present, coke is made in bee-hive ovens, of which 60 are in operation, burn- ing 300 tons of coal per day and making 180 tons of 48-hour coke. About one-half of the gas is now used. There are now building, however, Coppee ovens; and with the gas from these, two 2,000-kw. gas-engines will be driven to supplement the five i,ooo-kw. Curtis steam-turbine generator- sets now in the central power-station.

The coal is worked on a retreating pill ar-and- room system; the road- ways being 20 ft. wide and spaced at 130-ft. intervals. The coal has an extremely irregular cleavage, and is mined without either powder or shear- ing. The miners (called ''hewers" as in England) pick the coal from

[86]

Thb Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 87

the face with small single-pointed picks, and are paid by the ton, as in America. The coal is forked into cars holding 1400 lb. and taken to the shaft by means of horses and endless rope. The close cleavage and the system of mining give a large percentage of fine coal, there being 45 per cent, of lump over a 2-in. screen, 10 per cent, of nut, between 2 and in., and 45 per cent, under in. The lump-coal is sent over a picking-belt, where women take out the slate. Nut-coal is washed; and the fine coal is made into coke.

There are 11,700 mine-workers, of whom 33 per cent, are women. The miners work in 8-hr. shifts; but surface-workers put in 10 hr. Nominally, wages are low, miners getting 35 to 40 cents per day and women coal- pickers about half as much. This, however, does not tell the whole tale.

Fig. 59. — Loading Coal in Miike Harbor.

For example, house rent is free in some cases, and nearly so in others. Food is sold at cost or below. For rice, the staple food, the price is fixed ; varying only with the term of service of the employee. Miners who have been with the company for five years are now buying their rice at about one-third what it costs the company in open market. There is a charge of 7J4 cents per month for sanitary service; but boiled drinking-water is fur- nished to all miners* houses. Schools, hospitals, a day-nursery for chil- dren, sick-benefits, accident- and death-benefits and amusements are all provided by the company; and, to serve miscellaneous wants, a store is maintained, with prices so regulated that in three years the total profit was less than $8. This is not the American way of doing things, but quite accords with the Japanese notion of regarding a business as a family enter- prise and the employees as members of the family. The yield of coal per miner is about 2 tons per day, or i ton per day

[87]

88 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

per employee. A larger supervising staff is employed than in the United States, there being 40 bosses for 2,200 men. All the work about the shaft, and indeed the whole property, has been excellently designed and executed. A particularly commendable feature is the permanent character of the work — steel tipples, brick stations and stables, heavy rails underground, set on large ties and with rock ballast. When it is remembered that a mod- em colliery lasts 40 to 50 years and often longer, the real economy of such features, coupled with retreating mining, is apparent. That in a country of high interest charges such as Japan, the directors should go to expense in this direction, is especially striking.

The technical work at the mine is under the direction of a skilled force of engineers, graduates of the Imperial University at Tokyo. Among those at the mine may be mentioned Messrs. H. Uyeki, vice-manager of mines; J. Fujioka, mining engineer; T. Tomita, superintendent at the Manda shaft; T. Takasu, superintendent of transportation; D. Kurita, superintendent of the harbor; and K Akabane, manager of the sales de- partment. The visitors were guided to the property by Mr. Y. Ogita, man- ager of the Nagasaki branch of the Mitsui Bussan Kaisha, Ltd., the sell- ing branch of the Mitsui Rrm.

A word must be said about the Miike harbor, though no complete de- scription can be given here. The rise and fall of the tide at Miike is 18 ft., hence the new inner harbor, having an area of 32 acres and a depth of 28 ft, is closed by a tidal lock, to which a passage, 300 ft. between breakwaters, leads from the sea. Within the harbor there is room for three ships to load coal, and one merchandise, at the same time. The coal is brought to the dock over a private railway in 8-ton hopper-bottom cars. These may deliver to storage ; but when ships are coaling they dump direct into skips, which, by means of the Miike patent loader, are drawn up an inclined track to whatever may be the proper height for dumping, through a spout, into the ship's hold. The peculiarity of the loader is a telescopic rail, which permits the skip to be stopped and dumped at any point. A car per minute can be handled; and the capacity of each of the three load- ers is 5,000 tons per day. The loader was invented by Mr. Takuma Dan, the earliest Japanese member of the Institute, a member of the general Recep- tion Committee and one of the ablest engineers in Japan. He also de- signed much of the other machinery used at this mine. Last year 373 ves- sels were loaded, over one per day.

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 89

Appendix C,

The Sumitomo Mines and Works.

The brief allusion in the foregoing narrative to the visit of our party at the Sumitomo Smelting-Works, on the island of Shisaka, in the Inland sea, does not adequately describe the nature and operations of this com- pany. Like other great business enterprises in Japan, it has been developed from the enterprises of a single family. The house of Sumitomo has been known in Japanese mining since the seventeenth century. From its gen- eral office in Osaka, it controls operations in mining, banking, warehous- ing, and the manufacture of copper, steel and cables, through Baron Sumi- tomo, the present head of the house, who is assisted by a Director in each department.

The Besshi copper-mine, owned by this house, and situated about 122 miles from the sea, on the island of Shikoka, is one of the most impor- tant producers of copper in Japan. It is mainly a deposit of cupriferous pyrite, carrying about 4 per cent, of copper, 5,000 ft. long, from 2 to 25 ft wide, and developed at present to about 2,000 ft. (maximum) from the outcrop. There are 10 levels (43,000 ft. in aggregate length), and an in- cline 1,782 ft. long, besides other mine-workings. The mine-water, being heavily charged with acids and salts injurious to agriculture, is conveyed (after precipitation of most of its copper) through a 9.5-mile channel to the sea. The ore is sent to the smelting-works at Shisaka Island (visited by our party Nov. 9), where both the old process of roasting and smelt- ing and the newer pyritic smelting are in use, together with other modern improvements. The refined copper ranges from 99.7 to 99.9 in purity, and commands a specially high price in foreign markets. The mine pro- duces more than 200,000 tons of ore annually, and the annual output of refined copper exceeds 6,500 tons.

The motive power has been chiefly electric, and generated by steam ; but a hydro-electric 3,000 kw. installation is about completed. The fall is i975 t., and the water available about 25 cu. ft per second. For trans- portation, the firm employs a private railway 6 miles long, an aerial tram- way 12,276 ft long and a fleet of 80 sailing-vessels, one tug and three steamships. Some 2,300 men are employed in the mining, and 1400 in the metallurgical department; and arrangements for sanitation, education and recreation are provided by the company free of charge.

TTiis house operates also a large colliery (over 300,000 tons annually) at Tadakuma, and works at Osaka for the manufacture of sheets, rods, bars and wires of copper, as well as a steel-casting establishment, etc, etc.

[80]

90 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Appendix D.

The Imperial Steel-Works at Yawata.

These works, established by the government, began operations in 1901 for the purpose of supplying about 60,000 metric tons, or one-half of the annual demand at that time for iron and steel in Japan. That demand has greatly increased during the last ten years, and at the present time amounts to about 700,000 tons, of which the works at Yawata produce 150,000, and private establishments at other places about 50,000 tons, leaving 500,000 tons to be supplied by importation, of which England furnished in 1909 about 52 per cent., Germany over 20 per cent., and America, Belgium, France and China (in the order named) the remaining 28 per cent.

The Imperial Steel-Works were maintained at great cost of installation and an annual loss in operation of from $500,000 to $750,000, until 1910, in which year they realized a profit of $50,000. The causes of loss are said to have been the high price of coal, the insufficient supply of domestic pig-iron and iron-ore, and the lack of skilled labor. In spite of these adverse economic conditions, the works have been maintained by the gov- ernment for reasons of national policy, though the annual discussion of the subject in Parliament has developed considerable opposition. I am indebted for this general statement to an article by Mr. T. Haga, in the Mining and Scientific Press of Feb. 18, 1911. In the same journal, Dec. 16, 1911, Mr. H. Foster Bain, a member of our party, gave a description of these works, from which the following is taken:

"The output is not large, there being only three blast-furnaces, each with an average capacity of 150 tons of pig per day and a maximum of 200. An additional stack is now being built. Both Bessemer and open- hearth steel is made, as are plates, wire, bars, rails, structural steel, pro- jectiles, and a wide variety of products. The problem of steel-making in Japan is not unlike that on the Pacific Coast : there is a demand for many different things, but not enough for any one kind to keep a large plant busy. In 1910 the total steel manufactured in Japan, with over 46,000,000 population, was 79,676 metric tons. In addition, 425,758 tons was imported. Private works in Hokkaido, operated by English and Japanese in partner- ship, and the Sumitomo works at Osaka, furnish local competition to the Imperial Works in certain lines. The latter, however, must make an effort to satisfy, as far as possible, the national needs in other lines. As a result the plant is unusually complex. There are a great many small plants in the works, and the visitor can see at the same time an unusually large number of distinct processes under way. The ore used comes from China, Korea, and Japan in about the proportions of 50 to 40 to 10. The Chinese ore is from the Ta-yeh mines, near Hankow, and is of high grade, analyzing up to 64 per cent. Fe. The Korean ore is lower, 52 to 54 per cent., and the local ore still leaner. Some 50 to 52 per cent, ore is brought from Hokkaido. The coke is made at the works in Semet-Solvay ovens, the coal being 20 per cent. Miike, and 80 per cent, local washed coal. The Miike coal is strongly coking, the local coal is not, but the mixture gives a satis- factory product at reasonable cost. About 1,000 tons of coal per day is

[90]

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 91

used to produce 600 tons of coke. The ratio of pig to coke is i to 1.2. As the flux used is magnesian, the slag is not available for making cement, but instead is granulated and made into building brick. In general, the works are well kept and well run. The furnaces and converters are not driven as fast as is usual in the United States and have therefore a relatively low capacity. But the quality of the products throughout is excellent. The works were able to show a profit for the first time in 1910, when there was a surplus of $50,000. It should be remembered, though, that the loss on manufacturing in other years was more than balanced by the lower price of steel products, besides which the works accomplish the main pur- pose, that of giving the Empire an independent source of supply. The works are under the direction of Lieutenant General Baron Yujiro Naka- miira, assisted by a large staff of engineers."

Appendix E.

The following brief description of the various cities visited is taken bodily from the excellent pocket diary prepared by the Japanese Reception Committee and given to each member of the party.

Yokohama.

Yokohama, the first landing place of tourists from across the Pacific, is a city of 394,000 inhabitants, of whom about 2,000 are Occidentals — Ameri- cans about 400, British about 900. It is one of the two foremost open ports of Japan, the other being Kobe. It was a mere mud flat with a few fishing-huts when Commodore Perry anchored near it in 1854. Its growth and prosperity are due to its foreign trade. Being a modern town it can boast of only a few famous sights: Nogeyama, a hillock behind the railway station, contained several popular Shinto and Buddhist shrinti, and commands a general view of the city and of the bay. Honmoku (2 m.) is a sea-bathing resort. Necishi (2 m.) has a famous race-course, usually attended by the Emperor's representative, and commands a fine view of Mississippi bay where Perry landed.

In Yokohama are found the Consulates of all the Treaty Powers, the Pref ectural Governor's Oflice, and the branches or agencies of large banks, both foreign and Japanese.

Consulates : —

American, No. 234; British, No. 172; German, No. 81; French. No. 84.

Churches : —

Christ Church (Anglican), No. 235, Bluff; Union Church (Protestant), No. 157, Bluff; Roman Catholic Church, No. 80.

Banks: —

Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, No. 2; Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, No. 58; The Yokohama Specie Bank, Minami-Naka-dori Gochome; National Bank of China, No. 75. etc.

[91]

92 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

Tokyo,

XoKYO was made the capital of Japan, and its name changed from Yedo, in 1869. It has 2,186,079 inhabitants (1908), and comprises in area some- thing like 28 sq. miles. It is the political and administrative center of the Empire. Here resides the Emperor and here also are all the great offices of state. Nearly all the great nobles and most of the wealthy magnates live in the capital. Here are found also all the great banks — the Nippon Ginko, Japan Industrial Bank, Japan Hypothec Bank, Daichi Ginko, Mitsu Bishi Ginko, Mitsui Ginko, Dai Hyaku Ginko, Yasuda Ginko, and others.

Tokyo is now in a transitional stage. From a great feudal capital of forty years ago — with the Castle (now the Imperial Palace) as the center, the large residences of the Daimyos surrounding it and the narrow, crowd- ed streets of the business quarters — it is now being transformed into a modem and cosmopolitan city. Most of the important streets have been recently enlarged and remodeled, but the transformation process is by no means complete.

As seen from any height, Tokyo presents a semi-rural aspect, owing to the abundance of trees and foliage and lack of tall buildings. In spring when the cherry-trees blossom the whole city is transformed into a veri- table garden of bloom.

The city was founded by Tokugawa lyeyasu, the great founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate, in 1603. For 285 years (till the fall of the Sho- gunate in 1868) it remained the de facto political capital of Japan. After the Restoration (1868) the Emperor took up his abode in Yedo, at the same time changing its name to Tokyo, which means the Eastern Capital.

The most important thoroughfare in the city is the one leading from the Shimbashi station to Uyeno. The part between the station and Meganebashi (Ginza-dori and Nihonbashi-dori) particularly is worth see- ing. Near the Nihonbashi (Japan Bridge) is the famous Mitsukoshi de- partment store, which every traveler ought to visit.

Principal Sights.

The Imperial Palace, generally called Kyujo, where the Emperor and Empress reside, occupies the very center of the city. The Palace stands on the site cf the old castle of the Shogims, which was destroyed by fire in 1873, and the present palace was built in 1889. It is not accessible to the public. Nijubashi, or the two-fold bridge, is the entrance where those favored with an imperial audience are admitted. The Emperor gives audi- ence in Phoenix Hall, and the Empress in Kiri or Paulownia Hall. The Palace buildings are of choice wood and in the best Japanese style, but are so arranged as to suit the ceremonies that are conducted largely in foreign style. The decorations, in which foreign methods have been adopted in endless ways, are simple and severe in taste. Th€ ordinary brick-and-plas- ter buildings to be seen from the east side, rising behind the moat, con- tain the offices of the Imperial Household Department. The old plastered turrets, the remnants of the old castle, may still be seen here and there on the outskirts of the palace inclosure. The whole is inclosed by deep moats. On the east side of the Palace, in front of the Nijubashi is a park planted with pine-trees, in whose midst stands an equestrian statue of

[92]

The Excursion To Hawah And Japan. 93

Kusunoki Masashige, a great captain and model hero in the Imperial cause (14th century).

HiBiYA Park, a new public garden, where flowers are found nearly all the year round, is near the Palace and is separated from it only by a moat. On the east side of Hibiya is found the Daijingu, a branch of the Great Shrine in Ise. Here it is quite a fashion to have marriage rites performed according to ancient national custom. Opposite the Daijingu is the Im- perial Hotel, and right behind the hotel, the Nobles' Qub, and next to the latter the Japan Hypothec Bank. On the south side of the Park are the Houses of the Diet, which are temporary wooden structures. On the west side, are the Navy Department, the Supreme Court and Department of Justice, all somewhat imposing brick buildings, while opposite the Navy Department across the street is the Foreign Department.

Shiba Park, within a short distance of Hibiya Park, contains the fa- mous Buddhist temple, Zojoji, of the Jodo sect; and within its inclosure are found six splendid mausoleums of the Tokugawa Shoguns. Of the fifteen Shoguns, the last, Keiki, who abdicated, is still living, while the two most famous, lyeyasu and lyemitsu, lie buried in Nikko, six others at Uyeno, at the opposite end of Tokyo, and the rest at Shiba. These mausoleums and mortuary shrines are counted among the chief marvels of Japanese art — in carving, painting, gilding and lacquering as second only to the Nikko temples.

The Tombs of the Forty-Seven Ronins, are found at Sengakuji, south of and near Shiba Park. The popular reverence for these faithful re- tainers (who revenged the death by harakiri of their Lx)rd, Asano Ta- kuminokami, by killing Kira Kozukenosuke, who caused his death) is at- tested by the incense perpetually kept burning before their graves.

The Koyokwan, or Maple Qub, situated on a hill behind the Shiba Park, is a well-known restaurant where excellent dinners (Japanese style) and beautiful dances are given.

North of the Palace across the outer moat is found the Yasukuni- jiNSHA, a temple dedicated to the soldiers who sacrificed their lives in the Imperial cause in the wars since the Restoration (1868). A bronze statue of Ceneral Omura Masujiro, who laid the foundation of the present mili- tary system of Japan, stands in a wide compound in front of the large bronze torii (gateway to the temple).

YusHUKAN, within the temple compound, contains many fine specimens of Japanese swords, armor, trophies of the Chino-Japanese and Russo- Japanese wars, etc.

The Koishtkawa Arsenal (Hohei-kosho) occupies the site of the former residence of the Lord of Mito. The garden, Korakuen, still re- mains intact, and is considered one of the finest specimens of Japanese landscape gardening.

The Koishikawa Botanical Garden (Shokubutsu-en), kept up under the auspices of the Tokyo Imperial University, is open to the public.

The Tokyo Imperial University (Teikoku Daigaku), oldest and most complete of the modern universities of Japan, stands at Hongodai, not far from the Arsenal and the Botanical Garden, and has many substantial brick buildings. The University comprises Colleges of Literature, Law, Medi-

[93]

94 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

cine, Science, Engineering and Agriculture, the last being in the western outskirts of the city.

Uyeno Park, famous for its cherry-blossoms in Spring, lotus flowers in Summer, and also for the Shoguns' mausoleums, is the most popular resort in the metropolis. It is conspicuous for its temples and large trees, and is as old as the founding of the city.

Uyeno, lying due northeast of the castle, was regarded according to popular superstition as the " demon's gate," and an unlucky quarter. Hence, to ward off evil influences, splendid Buddhist temples were erected. The Shogunate government adopted the custom of inviting a member of the Imperial family from Kyoto as the chief abbot of these temples, with the secret design of setting him up as a rival Emperor, in case of neces- sity.

The Park contains Toshogu, a beautiful temple dedicated to lyeyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa family, a Zoological Garden, the Imperial Library, the Imperial Museum, and a well-known hotel and restaurant, Seiyo-ken. The library and museum are the most extensive and best equipped of the kind in Japan ; this latter especially is worth a careful in- spection.

AsAKUSA KwANNON, dedicated to Kwannon, the Goddess of Mercy, and situated in the northeast outskirts of the city, is a most popular temple; and its surrounding grounds, with cheap shows and theatricals, are a great holiday resort of the middle and lower classes. Here "nothing is more striking than the juxtaposition of pity and pleasure, of gorgeous altars and grotesque cx-votos, of dainty costumes and dingy idols, the clatter of the clogs, cocks and hens and pigeons strutting about among the worshipers, children playing, soldiers smoking, believers chaffering with dealers of charms, ancient art, modem advertisements — in fine, a spectacle than which nothing more motley was ever witnessed within the precincts of a religious edifice.'*

,MuKojiMA, a part of the left bank opposite Asakusa of the river Sumida, which cuts the city into unequal portions, is celebrated for its avenue of cherry-trees. In April, for about a week, it is densely crowded with pleasure-seekers, and the tea houses on the embankment and pleasure boats on the river present a busy scene of music and gayety. Theaters : —

Teikoku Gekijo (Imperial Theater), near Hibiya Park, a new

building in European style; Kabukiza, at Kobikicho; Meijiza, at Hisamatsu-cho ;

Kokugikan, near the Ryogoku bridge, is famous for wrestling matches "sumo," which are held in January and May. Churches: —

Church of England in Shiba, Sakaecho; American Episcopal, Union Church, Roman Catholic, all in Tsukiji ; Greek Catholic Cathedral, in Surugadai.

Nikko. NiKKo, 91 miles from Tokyo, reached by rail in five hours, is justly famous for its beautiful temples— chapels and oratories — connected with

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 95

the tombs of lyeyasu, the great founder of the Tokugawa family, and his celebrated grandson, under whom the Tokugawa Shogunate was finally established on a secure basis. As was mentioned in connection with the Shiba temples, of the remaining Shoguns some are buried in Shiba and some in Uyeno. These temples are set in the midst of exquisitely beauti- ful natural scenery, nature and art combining to heighten its charm. The temple compounds are entered after passing the Karibashi (or the Tem- porary Bridge), spanning the river Darya, about forty yards below the famous red bridge — the Mihashi — which is now closed.

The Mihashi is a sacred bridge, which was formerly opened only on the occasion of a visit of the Shogim.

Mausoleum of Iyeyasu is reached through the world-famed Yomei- mon, called also Higurashi-mon (" spending-the- whole-day gate"), mean- ing that visitors get so charmed with the exquisitely beautiful decorations of the gate that they linger at the spot for the whole day. The oratory, the chapel, storehouses, the bell-tower, the drum-tower, etc., are all dec- orated with arabesque carvings in wood of animals, plants and other objects.

Mausoleum of Iyemitsu is similarly fitted up with gates, oratory and chapel, which are only slightly less elaborate than those of the tomb of lyeyasu.

Chuzenji is a lake high up the hill (4,400 feet above the sea), eight miles from Nikko (jinrikisha, kago, or saddle horse may be hired). The lake is seven and a half miles east and west, two and a half miles north and south, being twenty miles in circumference. The water is clear and deep, abounding with salmon, trout, carp and other fish. On the lake side are found summer villas of foreign residents of Tokyo or Yokohama.

The Nikko Copper- Works, owned by the Furukawa Mining Co., is reached by electric tramway (five miles). The Ashio Copper-Mine, also owned by the same company, is eighteen miles from Nikko.

Kamakura.

Kamakura, one and a half hours' railway ride from Tokyo, is a sea- side resort with many villas. It was the site of the capital of Japan be- tween 1 192 and 1333, under the Shogun of the Minamoto family and the Hojo Regents. The place contained in the days of its prosperity a large population (said to be 1,000,000). It is now chiefly interesting for its his- torical remains and associations.

The Temple of H.achiman, where is worshiped the Emperor Ojin, who on his death was deified as the God of War, stands on a hill called Tsuru- ga-oka, facing the sea, and is approached by a stately avenue of tall pines leading from the shore. After passing through three stone torii, one ascends a broad flight of stone steps. Notice the famous icho tree (Ging- ko. or Salisburia biloba) said to be i.ooo years old. The present temple was rebuih in 1828, after it was destroyed by fire.

The Daibutsu, or Great Buddha, is in Hase, a part of Kamakura. It gives, as nothing else does, an impression of the spiritual majesty and peace which comes of perfect knowledge of the truth. The Daibutsu is 40 feet 7 inches in height and 97 feet 2 inches in circumference. The

[95]

96 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

eyes are of pure gold, and the silver boss weighs thirty pounds. The hollow interior contains a shrine, and a ladder leads up into the head.

The Temple of Kwannon, popularly known as Hase-no-Kwannon, stands on a hillock, near the Daibutsu. This famous image of the God- dess of Mercy stands behind folding-doors, which will be opened by a priest on the pajrment of a small fee. By the dim light of candles the figure is but indistinctly seen. It is of brown lacquer, gilded over, and is 30 feet $2 inches high.

Enoshima.

Enoshima is a picturesque islet, or, more properly, a small peninsula (only at full tide is it surrounded by the sea), covered with luxuriant forests, in the midst of which are several temples. On the ocean side is a cave dedicated to the Goddess Benten, the guardian deity of the island. There are several large inns, which are holiday resorts of people from Tokyo and Yokohama.

Hakone,

MiYANOSHiTA, in Hakouc, is reached by rail from Tokyo to Kodzu (two hours and forty-five minutes) ; thence by electric tram to Yumoto (one hour) ; thence by jinrikisha or on foot three and three-quarters miles up the hilly path along the Hayakawa to Miyanoshita (one hour by jinrikisha, one and a quarter hours on foot). Hakone is the general name of the mountainous district at the neck of the peninsula of Izu. It is famous for many hot springs which attract numerous visitors from all parts of the country at all seasons, but especially in summer, when the region, being several thousand feet above the sea level, is cool and refresh- ing. Miyanoshita is the best known of these hot springs, particularly among foreigners. The Hotel Fujiya, in European style, has excellent accommodation. The pure air, beautiful scenery, charming walks and delicious hot baths always attract a large number of foreign visitors.

Kyoto.

Kyoto is 328 miles from Tokyo, by rail thirteen and a half hours; from Osaka twenty-seven miles, or fifty minutes; from Kobe forty-seven miles, or one hour and forty minutes. It was founded in 794 A. D., by the Emperor Kwammu, and remained the seat of the Imperial family and the capital de jure of the Empire till 1868, although for a large part of the time the de facto administration of the country was centered either in Kamakura or Yedo (now Tokyo). The city is most beautifully situated, being bordered on three sides by well-wooded hills, and open on the south side, where flows the river Yodo, which was an important means of com- munication with Osaka before the opening of the railways. The city is unequally intersected north and south by the Kamogawa, the main part lying west of the river. The streets arc laid out very regularly, a rare thing for so old a city. It is famous for its fine embroideries, silks and velvets, and porcelain, bronze and cloisonne wares. It is noted also for its fine temples and ancient palaces (878 Buddhist and 82 Shinto temples). Though no longer the dc jure nor the de facto capital of the Empire, it

[961

Thb Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 97

Still remains the classical and the fine art metropolis of the country. The city has about j8o,ooo inhabitants.

The Old Imperial Palace, the Gosho, former residence of the Mikados, consists of several large buildings, and is inclosed by tall tileroofed mud wails, plastered on the surface, rectangular in shape and pierced by six gates. The visitors, admitted only by special permission granted by the Imperial Household Department, are first shown into an ante-chamber, formerly used as a waiting-room for Daimyos; then led into the Seiyd- den, a suite of several large apartments, used on the occasion of levees and Shinto festivals ; then into the Shishin-den, a large hall used for cor- onation ceremonies, for the New Year's audience and so on. A corridor leads from the Shishin-den to the Kogosho, or minor palace ; another long gallery leads to Ogakumonjo, or the Imperial Study; and besides these there are the Tsune Goten, or the usual residence of the Mikados; the Goza-no-ma, or the Imperial sitting-rooms; the On-mi-ma, or the August Three Rooms, where private audiences were formerly granted.

The Doshisha, situated next and north of the Palace, is the Giristian University founded by the late Rev. J. H. Neeshima, under the auspices of the American Board Mission.

KiNKAKUji, or "Golden Pavilion," a part of the Palace, was built by Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu in 1397, to serve as a retreat from the world. All the palace buildings have disappeared except this three-storied pavilion, which is much dimmed by age, most of the gilding being worn off. It stands on the edge of a pond and in the midst of an exquisite landscape garden.

The Nijo Palace, formerly the castle belonging to the Tokugawa Sbo- gans, was built by lyeyasu in 1603. The halls and apartments are most splendidly and gorgeously decorated ("a dream of golden beauty"), the paintings on the sliding screens being the work of some of the greatest artists. Admittance can be had only by the special permission of the Imperial Household Department.

Chion-in', a great Buddhist temple, the headquarters of the J6do sect. There is here a famous gigantic bell which is 10.8 feet in height, 9 feet in diameter and inches in thickness, weighing 100,000 pounds.

Maruvama Park has a number of well-known restaurants, among them the Nakamuraro, and so on.

Yasara-jinsha, or the Gion temple, is a popular shrine (mixed Shinto and Buddhist). Near the Gion temple, at Hanami-koji, is given in April for twenty nights, a fascinating kind of ballet dance called Miyako-odori.

Kivomizu-deia is a large temple of Kwannon, or the Goddess of Mercy, dating back to the eighth century. The famous potteries, the Kiyomiru, are made and sokl in the neighborhood.

ToYOKUNi-jiNSHA IS a shine dedicated to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, or the Taiko, one of Japan's greatest statesmen and warriors, who lived in the sixteenth century. The shrine stands on a hill, Amidamine, near the act- ual burial place of the hero.

Sanju-sangekdo, a large temple 398 feet long and 57 feet wide, con- tains 33333 images of Kwannon, the Goddess of Mercy.

The iMnaiAL Museum (or Teikoku Kyoto Hakubutsukwan) contains

98 The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan.

numerous Buddhist images and statues, besides ancient lacquer and em- broidery, porcelain, coins, armor, recent war tropKies, Imperial robes, pal- anquins, Kakemono, manuscripts, and so.

GiNKAKUji, or Silver Pavilion, is a summer palace built in 1479 by Ashikaga Yoshimasa, after his retirement from the Shogunate. The Sil- ver Pavilion was built in imitation of Kinkakuji (Golden Pavilion), previ- ously built by Shogun Yoshimitsu. Here was built for the first time in history a tea ceremonial room.

NiSHijiN is a district, in the northwestern corner of the city, where various silk fabrics known as Nishijin-ori " are manufactured.

Kitano-no-Tenjin, in the neighborhood of Nishijin, is a temple dedi- cated to Sugawarano-Michizane, a celebrated scholar and courtier of the tenth century.

NiSHi HoNGANji, or the Western Branch of the great Monto Sect of Buddhism, or the Honganji, was founded in the thirteenth century. The temple building, with exquisitely adorned apartments, is well worth visit- ing.

H1GA8HI Honganji, or the Eastern Branch of the Monto Sect of Budd- hism, is a rival sub-sect, having the same doctrine and cult as the Western Branch. The temple buildings are new, having been rebuilt in 1895, after being destroyed by fire.

In Kyoto are several Government institutions of learning, such as the Kyoto Imperial University, the Higher School (a college course prepara- tory for the University), the Higher Polytechnic Institute, and so on.

In the neighborhood are found several interesting sights well worth visiting, viz. : the Rapids of the Hozugawa, a day's trip down the rapids from Kameoka, a town eleven miles distant (fifty minutes by train) ; Miidera, romantically situated, commanding a fine view of Lake Biwa, can be reached by jinrikisha (about seven miles) or by train for the greater part of the way from Kyoto.

Nara.

Nara, twenty-five miles by train from Kyoto, was an ancient capital of Japan, from A. D. 709 to 789, during seven reigns, before the removal of the seat of government to the neighboring province of Yamashiro (being finally fixed at Kyoto) by the Emperor Kwammu. The eighth century in Japan was the time when Chinese Buddhism and civilization — particu- larly architecture — poured in at flood tide, and Nara, which must have been then ten times larger than at present, with palaces, temples, gardens and walks, was the center of this new civilization. All the natural beauty of the place remains unchanged, but of the proud works of man only a very small part of their former glory can be seen to-day.

Kasuga-no-Miya, founded in 767 A. D., is dedicated to the ancestor of the Fujiwara family, a powerful clan which held the reins of power at the Court for 1,000 years. A few young girls — priestesses — are in attendance at the temple to perform the ancient religious dance called Kagura, at the request (and on the payment of a small fee) of the wor- shipers. On the background is a classic hill, the Mikasano-Yama, and the temple is surrounded by tall cryptomenns, in the midst of which tame

[981

The Excursion To Hawaii And Japan. 99

deer roam, expecting to be fed by worshipers. The temple is approached through an avenue lined'by about 3,000 metal or stone lanterns or " tdro (isht-doro).

NiGATSUDO, founded in 753 A. D., is dedicated to Kwannon, or the God- dess of Mercy.

ToDAiji. founded in 728 A. D., is a temple where is found the colossal statue of Buddha, " Nara-no-Daibutsu," which, though inferior to the Dai- butsu at Kamakura in workmanship, is much larger, being in fact the largest of its kind in the world. The image was completed in 746 A. D., and its dimensions are as follows:

Feet. Inches.

Height 53 6

Length of face 16 —

Breadth 9 6 .

Diameter of each nostril 3 — ,

Length of fingers 4 3/4 ,.

Circumference of the lotos flower 69 —

HoRYUji, on the southwest suburb of Nara, was built in 607 A. D., by Shotokutaishi, a crown prince devoted to the cause of Buddhism, is of wood, as nearly all the ancient buildings were, and to-day is the oldest structure in Japan. It is still in a fine state of preservation, considering its age. The temple is not only in itself an interesting object of study as a specimen of the ancient art of China, but here is preserved an enor- mous amount of all manner of relics and antiquities,

Osaka,

Osaka, with 1,000,000 inhabitants, is the commercial metropolis of Japan. The city covers an area of more than eight square miles, is inter- sected from east to west by the river Yodo, and also by numerous canals, which are crossed by hundreds of bridges. According to tradition, the city is situated on the site of an ancient capital under the Emperor Nin- toku in the fourth century, but its actual founder was the great Taiko, or Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who ruled Japan as the Regent in the sixteenth century. Osaka is to-day a great manufacturing and commercial center — particularly in regard to trade with China. Though its harbor works have been practically completed, the actual foreign trade is still conducted through Kobe.

Osaka can boast of but few famous temples or other works of art Its chief sight is the Castle. This was built by the Taiko, Hideyoshi, in 1583, and was probably the grandest of its kind. It was burned in 1868, at the close of the Tokugawa Shogunate, and only two portions of its foun- dations remain to tell the tale of its past glory. The place is now occupied by the barracks and headquarters of the Fourth Army Division. The great inner moats, paved throughout with granite, and the huge stones (some forty by sixteen feet) used as foundations may still be seen. These stones, the contributions of different vassal Daimyos, were brought from treat dwtancc&

[89]

100 Thb Bxcursion To Hawah And Japan.

ZoHEiKYOKU, or the Mint, is where all coins are made in this country. It was established in 1871, under English directions.

Tennoji Temple, founded in A. D. 600 by Prince Shotoku-taishi, is celebrated for its five-storied pagoda. Imamiya-Koyen, or the extensive space intended for a public park, lies close to the temple.

The great interest of Osaka centers in its business and industrial activi- ties. No other city in Japan possesses so many chimneys as Osaka, while its narrow streets, such as Shinsaibashi-suji, are lined with stores, small in siie, but well stocked with goods and ware. The river is also its glory. In summer evenings the scene here is of the gayest description. " Hun- dreds ot boats float lazily on the water, filled with citizens, who resort hither to enjoy the cool river breezes, while itinerant musicians, vendors of refreshments and fireworks, etc., play amongst the merry throng, doing a thriving business."

DoTONBORi, in the south part of the city, where are found shows and theaters, restaurants and all sorts of pleasure resorts, corresponds to Asa- kusa in Tokyo.

The pleasure resorts in the neighborhood of Osaka are: Hamadera- Koyen, on the south, a sea beach covered with magnificent pines, where is a large restaurant (the place attracts many people from Osaka, especial- ly in summer) ; Takara-zuka, which is famous for the natural mineral watci-" Tansan " — and hot mineral water baths. There is an electric tramway from Osaka.

Kobe.

Kobe, which rivals Yokohama in the amount of commerce, is, like it, a child of foreign trade. When it was made a treaty port in 1868 it was a mere fishing-village. It now has a population of 378,000. The Ameri- can Consulate is at No. 15 settlement; Hongkong and Shanghai Bank at No. 2, Bund; Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China at No. 26. Churches : —

Union Church (Anglican and Congregational Services), No. 48, Roman Catholic Church, No. 37.

The Inland Sea.

The Ikland Sea is the body of water lying between the Main Island (Hondo) on the north and the two islands of Shikoku and Kyushu on the south. It communicates with the open sea by four passages: On the east by the Narub passage and Akashi strait, on the south by the Bung channel between Shikoku and Kyushu, and to the west by Shimonoseki strait. From Akashi strait to Shimonoseki it is about 240 miles long, while in width it is from eight to forty miles, the narrowest part being where the province of Bizen approaches that of Sanuki in longitude 134'. The wonderfully picturesque scenery of the Inland Sea baffles description. It is strewn with innumerable islands (more than 4,000 in all) of all sizes and shapes, nearly all inhabited by a half-farming and half-fishing popu- lation. Near the shore are seen villages, higher up on the hill sides are cultivated fields in terraces, and the waters are studded with white-sailed junks and smaller fishing-craft. In some places the steamer route is a

[1001

THB EXCURSION 1t> HAWAH AND JAPAN. 101

passage that is only a few hundred feet wide, or even still narrower, where there is scarcely room for two ships to pass.

The Shisakajima is an island lying in that part of the Inland Sea called Hiuchi Nada, off the great copper-mine of Besshi (in Shikoku). Baron Sumitomo, the owner of the Besshi copper-mine, has a refinery on this island.

MiYAjiMA, also called Itsukushima, is a sacred island and is popularly regarded as one of the three chief sights of Japan. The three chief sights are known as the " Nihon San Kei " and are : Miyajima, Ama-no-Hashi- date, and Matsushima. Miyajima is reached from the city of Hiroshima by a ferry steamer, or by steamer from Shisakajima it is a four or five hour run. The island is i,8oo feet high and thickly wooded. In the lovely valleys, leading down to the sea, among groves of maple-trees, nestle the inns and tea houses for pilgrims to the Itsukushima temple, and the houses of the inhabitants (fisherman and image carvers) of the town (popula- tion 3,000). Miyajima is a charming summer resort, the temperature never being uncomfortably high. A number of tame deer roam about the island and will feed out of the hands of strangers.

The temple is dedicated to three Shinto Goddesses, daughters of Susano-o. The first temple was built in the reign of the Empress Suiko (A. D. 593-628). It was, however, in the twelfth century that its pros- perity commenced, with its restoration in great magnificence by the then autocrat of the country, Taira-no-Kiyomori. An old custom forbade all births and deaths on the island. Should a birth unexpectedly take place, it is still usual to send the mother and child away to the mainland for thirty days. All corpses are sent across the strait for burial. No dogs are allowed on the island.

The temple enjoys wide renown and pilgrims come to it from all parts of the empire. The great torii stands in the sea ; and a part of the temple itself is built over the sea on piles, so that at high tide it appears to float upon the water.

The Great Hall of a Thousand Mats (Senjojiki) was, it is believed, built by Hideyoshi out of the wood of a single camphor-tree, and served as his council chamber on the occasion of the famous expedition against Korea at the end of the sixteenth century.

Aioji,

Moji is a fast-growing new town, which, being situated opposite Shim- onoseki across the narrow strait (one mile), practically forms one town with the latter. Its growth dates from the opening several years ago of the Kyushu railway and of the numerous coal-mines in its neighbor- hood. A steam ferry plies every twenty minutes, but the lack of adequate connections between the railway terminus at Shimonoseki and that at Moji is a great drawback to a fast-growing traffic. A scheme is now on foot for spanning the strait with an iron bridge for trains and electric trams. From Moji the Kyushu railway runs, on the one hand, to Beppu, for its mineral hot spring, while on the other it goes through the island to Kago- shtma, passing by many populous towns and cities, such as Kokura, Haka-

[101]

102 The Excursion To Hawau And Japan.

ta, Kurume and Kumamoto. From Tosu, a few stations from Hakata, a branch line runs to Nagasaki.

The Imperial Steel Works at Yawata is an extensive establishment under the control of the government, which can be reached from Moji in forty minutes by rail.

MiiKE CoAL-MiNES, owned by Mitsui & Co., are near the Omuta station, on the Kyushu railway, between Kurume and Kumamoto. The location of the mines may be detected for miles by the volume of smoke rising from them.

[102]

8Ubject To Bbvision .

[Transactions Of The American Institute Op Mining Engineers.]

The Mining Industry of Japan.

BY KEIJERO NI8HIO,* TOKYO, JAPAN. (San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.)

I. Before the Restoration.

1. First Period, — From Remote Antiquity to 1000 A.D.

At a time of great antiquity when our Yomato tribe had not yet found its way throughout the country, there lived in Japan barbarous tribes of the stone age, whose dwellings were vertical caves covered with roofs of twigs and weeds. In a cave lately discovered at the village of Morita, 10 miles west from the port of Aomori, there were found pieces of micaceous iron-ore and psilomelane, with oval holes pierced from both sides. Apparently these objects were regarded as ornaments or cnrios, without being applied to any practical use.

Among the traditions given in the Nihonshoki an ancient history of Japan, there is one relating to the mining industry. According to this tradition, in the mythological age Izanami- no-Mikoto gave birth to Kanayamahiko-no-Mikoto, god of mines, and Amaterasu-Okami (the sun-goddess) was armed with swords. It came to pass at one time that she concealed herself in Ama-no-Iwato ("Heavenly Cave"), and several gods made contrivances to entice her out. Among them, Ishikori- dome, a smith, made a mirror with copper obtained from the Ama-no-Kagoyama, by means of a pair of bellows known as the Ama-no-habuki, which was made of a deer-skin. It is re- corded also that Susano-no-Mikoto, her younger brother, ob- served the abundance of gold and silver in Korea, where his descendants were to reign, and urged them to provide them- selves with boats to convey them across the Sea of Japan. In the course of time he accomplished his object, proceeding to Korea with his son, Isotakeru-no-Mikoto. These accounts

Engineer of Bureau of Mines, Department of Agriculture and Commerce.

[1]

104 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

furnish us with a glimpse of the fact that our ancestors in the pre-historic age knew something about the mining industry.

Records for the space of 860 years from the first year of the Emperor Jimmu, 660 B.C., to the conquest of Korea by the Empress Jingu, 200 A.D., show that swords and mirrors were made early in those days, but nothing definite is given as to other metallic products. When the Empress Jingu conquered Shiragi (Sil-la), a province of Korea, the king promised an annual tribute of 80 vessels loaded with gold, silver, silk, and other treasures. This was followed by the surrender of Koma and Kudara (Ko-ku-ryo and Paik-chyoi), two other Korean provinces. The result was a sudden development of commu- nication between Korea and Japan, as a consequence of which scholars, doctors, and makers of various articles, both of utility and artistic merit, made their advent in our country from Korea, and brought the Indian civilization with them. Thus our knowledge regarding the use of metals was considerably improved by Takuso, a smith, who came from Kudara and in- troduced reforms in the manufacture of metal-wares. In 806 A.D., during the reign of the Emperor Ojin, communications with China supplied the Japanese with a splendid opportunity to bring themselves into a still closer contact with various forms of Indian civilization, which soon spread far and wide through the country. According to tradition, in the reign of the Emperor Kenso, 486 A.D., silver coins were in circulation, which were not, however, the product of Japan. In 552 A.D. Buddhism was introduced from Kudara, Korea. To this religion the Crown Prince Shotoku became a faithful and en- thusiastic convert in 583 A.D., and encouraged its propagation by building numerous temples. As a consequence, there was a large influx of carpenters, sculptors, painters, and artists, creating a demand for metals which was calculated to advance the industry. In 668 A.D., petroleum and asphaltic substances were offered to the court of the Emperor Tenji from the pro- vince of Echigo, and in 674 A.D. silver was discovered in the island of Tsushima, to the great joy of the Emperor Tenmu. Silver was offered to the Shinto deities. The governor of the province was raised to the rank of Shokinge, and honored with several particular favors belonging to that rank, while other officers were rewarded according to their merits. In

[2]

The Mining Industry Of Japan. 105

691 A.D., the fifth year of the Empress Jito, the governor of lyo presented silver and its ores from Miumayama, and Kanzei, a Buddhist priest, made a pigment of white lead.

The people directed their attention seriously to the mining industry, which was specially encouraged under the beneficent reign of Emperor Monmu, full of sagacity and wisdom, from 697 to 706 A.D. During this period the records of mineral discovery stand as follows :

Copper-ore from the provinces of Inaba and Suo; alum from Omi ; antimony and its ore from lyo ; cinnabar, realgar, and " shirome " (a speiss or alloy of antimony, arsenic, zinc, bis- muth, tin, etc.) from Ise; cinnabar from Hitachi, Bizen, lyo, Hyuga and Bungo ; azurite and copper vitriol from Aki and Nagato; orpiment from Shimotsuke; tin from Tanby, and silver from Kii.

The Emperor sent Itsuse to Tsushima to prospect for gold while Arakawa was ordered to make researches for gold in the province of Mutsu, and as a result gold was found in the mines of Tsushima, 701 A.D. This pleased the Empe- ror to such an extent that he gave to that year the title " Daihoy signifying " grand wealth," and by way of commemo- ration of this discovery, Itsuse, the discoverer, was raised in oflicial rank; but alas! to the great disappointment of all con- cerned, the alleged discoverer turned out to be a fraud. In 699 A.D., the mint, at which copper and silver coins were made, was first established. The zeal of the Emperor for the mining industry was so intense that he took the initiative in the mining-law which is known to us in the famous code, Daihoryo issued in June, 701 A.D.

The people enjoyed the liberty of mining copper and iron in all districts where the government was not itself doing so; but even where this was the case, mining was allowed to tax- payers.

In case of a discovery of gold, silver, or curious treasures likely to turn out to be useful, information to the govern- ment w8 to be at once given to that efl['ect.

In 708 A.D., the fourth year of the Empress Ganmyo, native copper was presented from the Chichibu county, Musaehi. The Empress, elated with this happy augury, went so far as to change the title of the era to " Wado," which meant " fine

[3]

106 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

copper/' The discovererB, Kusakabe-no-Oi, Tsushima-no-Ka- tawa, and Konjomu, were exalted to the honor identical with that of the governor of a province, while promotion was ex- tended to the officers concerned. The people of this region were released from taxation, while a general amnesty was granted throughout the country. It was during this year that copper money was made in Omi, and in the year following silver coin also was issued. In 710 A.D., copper money was also made at Dazaifu, Chikuzen. This money was known as " Wadokaiho " (which meant the treasure made in the era of Wado), but only a small amount of it is now extant.

The striking increase in the demand for copper encouraged its production ; and the system of using copper as a ransom for crimes was adopted. In Yororeiy a code issued in 718 A.D., it was ordained that for capital punishment was to be paid 268 lb. of copper; for the return from exile, from 98.6 to 184 lb.; and so on.

From the geographical records of the provinces, called Fu- dokiy published in 713 A.D., it was known that Yamato and Mikawa produced mica; Ise, mercury; Sagami, sulphur and alum; Omi, magnetite; Mino, Hida, Wakasa, Idzumo, and Sanuki, alum; Shinano, sulphur; Kotsuke, azurite; andMutsu, rock-crystal, mica, and sulphur.

The dissemination of knowledge regarding minerals brought numerous abuses, and at Dazaifu, where the mint was situated, the people were forbidden, in 716 A.D., to have in their houses the alloy " shirome,'' which facilitated the production of coun- terfeit coins.

According to tradition, the discovery of the Osaruzawa <5opper-mine, Rikuchu, was made in 714 A.D. Copper was produced from Ushijima, Kumage county, and Tariyama, Toshiki county, Suo, in 788 A.D., and being of good quality, it was mined and smelted as the material for the coinage of the mint in Nagato. The mining of copper- and iron-ore was freely granted to the people at large by the Daihoryo of 701 A.D., but the mines were gradually assumed by rich and powerful men, as were also the iron-mines in Omi. Thereupon, such monopolization was forbidden, so as to allow the poor to participate in the industry.

The Emperor Shomu, 724-749 A.D., was a zealous follower

[4]

The Mining Industry Of Japan. 107

of Buddhism, and built, in JSTara, 746 A.D., a large statue of Buddha in a sitting posture, which was 53.5 ft. high, and of which fine copper was required to the amount of 520.5 long tons, and 7,483.2 oz. of gold. For this purpose, the Emperor encouraged the discovery and production of the two metals. The copper was chiefly mined from the Tada mines, Settsu ; the Akenobe mine, Tajima; the Naganobori mine, ITagato, and elsewhere in Chdgoku. Placer-gold was discovered by the governor Kyofuku (descendant of the King of Kudara), at Wakuya, 25 miles NE. of Sendai. He made a present of 392 oz. to the government. Konjomu, discoverer of native copper in Mu- sashi, was a Korean ; while Kydfufu, Sumusume, and Kojozan, a smith, who were concerned in the discovery of the placer- gold, were also naturalized Koreans or their descendants. Thus the mining of Japan was greatly indebted to the Koreans.

In 750 A.D. gold was discovered on the coast of Tago, lohara county, in the province of Suruga. The governor and the discoverer were raised in rank and highly rewarded, and the inhabitants of those districts were exempted from taxes for that year. Several counties north from Taga in Mutsu pro- duced gold, and their taxes were paid in 752 A.D. with 77 oz. of gold- The Tachibana copper-mine, Settsu, became pro- ductive, and in Mimasaka magnetic sand was dug from pits. Silver and copper coins were extensively circulated in the year 767 A.D., while in 766 A.D. "shirome" from Hananamiyama, Araada county, Tanba, out of which a mirror was made, was presented to the court, and in 770 A.D. sulphur was mined at Yunotaira, Onuma county, Iwashiro.

As the knowledge of these metals and the crafts utilizing them became disseminated, gold and silver were held in high esteem, as was shown in 646 A.D., in the prohibition of the burial of these metals with corpses. The establishment of the mint at the end of the seventh century increased the demand for silver and copper, and in 815 A.D. the use of gold and silver for ornaments was restricted to the people in certain ranks ; while in 834 A.D. the same prohibition was extended to the use of foil and powder of gold and silver through all ranks. The exact amount of the output of gold and silver necessary in those days to meet the demand cannot be gauged. The

[5]

Digitized by.

108 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

provinces of Mutsu and Shimotsuke produced gold, and Tsu- shima silver, the mine for the latter descending 400 ft. below the surface. In the summer of 864 A.D. it was flooded by heavy rains, and its recovery involved heavy expenses, not supportable by the miners; so that a tax was levied for the purpose of drainage.

According to the Yengishiki published in 927 A.D., the products presented to the government from all provinces were as follows :

Tsushima, 1,168 oz. of silver ; Shimotsuke, 192 oz. of placer- gold and 112 oz. of gold-bullion, and Mutsu, 464 oz. of placer- gold. There were also other mines. Records show that in the beginning of the ninth century there were the silver-mines of Ikuno, Tajima; Hosokura, Rikuchu ; and Gamo, Inaba. In 902 A.D. gold was abundantly produced from Umegashima, Suruga, while in 970 A.D. Kanase Qoro obtained silver from the Tada mine, Settsu, which was presented to his lord, the famous Tada Mitsunaka. In those days gold and mercury formed articles of trade with the Chinese.

Copper and lead were chiefly produced from such provinces as Nagato, lyo, Chikuzen, Buzen, and Hizen in the ninth cen- tury. The government worked these mines, and built in 818 A.D. a mint for the coinage of copper money at ITagato. At that time the amount of copper minted was 15.54 long tons, and that of lead 7.77 long tons. With the declining production of copper and lead from Kagato, the mint was closed in 868 A.D. But subsequently several mines of Yoshioka, in Bitchu ; Okadayama,in Yamashiro; Kafurawariyama and Ilichinaiyama, in Mimasaka; Sasayama, in Bizen, and Maruyama, in Iwami, were opened. The government adopted every possible means for the encouragement of the production of the metals either by the impartation of knowledge concerning the art, or by the remission of taxes, or by the supply of miners and smelters. Moreover, the governor of the province was instructed to make a present of a fixed amount of copper or lead ; should he make a present of 1.4 long tons of both copper and lead for three years consecutively, he was to be raised in rank. But the supply of these metals was far from meeting the demand. In 940 A.D., the civil war broke out, and the coast of the Setouchi (the Inland) sea was hunted by roving bands of marauders,

[6]

The Mining Industry Of Japan. 109

by whom the mint of Sao was burnt down. This was followed by the suspension of the official mines.

As previously observed, iron was produced before the eighth century from the provinces of Chugoku, which were blessed with an abundance of magnetic sand, derived from decomposed granite. In 796 A.D., as the production of 'iron from Bizen was reduced, the payment of taxes in the shape of iron plows was stopped. It was at the beginning of the ninth century that famous swords made their appearance in these regions. The necessity of military equipments for the provinces on the northern coast of Japan, to guard against threatened invasions, gave birth to famous sword-smiths such as Yasutsuna and his son Sanemori of Ohara (Hoki), who made sharp swords out of the steel produced in these districts.

2. Second Period.— From 1001 A.D. to 1582 A.D.

During this period, the production of gold and silver made a gradual but steady increase, particularly in the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa. Fujiwara-no-Kiyohira, the opulent heredi- tary grand lord of these provinces, built in 1124 A.D. the Chusonji temple, a splendid building of elaborate workman- ship, near Hiraidzumi station on the Toky5-Aomori route. His grandson Hidehira annually presented 575 oz. of placer- gold to the court. In 1178 A.D., 1,557 oz. of placer-gold from the county of Kesen was presented to Taira-no-Shigemori. After" the fall of Yasuhira, son of Hidehira, the large estate, belonging to Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, formed the resources of the Kamakura Shogunate government. The rich gold-placer was discovered at Shiriuchi, Hokkaido, during the predomi- nancy of the Sh5gun Sauetomo, 1205 A.D. Araki Daigaku, the Lord of Kai, who was despatched with 800 miners to prospect the mines, obtained an immense amount of gold. The placer- gold in Nishimikawa in the Sado province was known about 1000 A.D. The Omori silver-mine, Iwami, discovered in 1810 A.D., produced a large amount of silver from the outcrop.

We may estimate from the following historic records that the industry was extraordinarily prosperous from the eleventh to the thirteenth century. In Chapter II., on the Island of Zipangu, in The Travels of Marco Poloy who was the adviser of the Grand Khan Kublai of Yuen, we find the following passage :

[7]

110 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

" They (the Japanese) have gold in the greatest abundance, its sources being inexhaustible; but the king does not allow of its being exported. Of bo great a celebrity was the wealth of this island, that a desire was excited in the breast of the grand Khan Kublai, now reigning, to make a conquest of it, and to annex it to his dominion."

This passage gives the real cause of the invasion by the Tar- tars, which was brought to an end by their fatal defeat in 1281 A.D. It is curious to note how the tales of Marco Polo at that time excited the brain of a young Genoese and induced him to the discovery of the New World. Later, peace was concluded with the Chinese, with whom Lord Ouchi entered into trade- relations in 1440 A.D. Among the articles of export were gold, copper, and sulphur. These facts, collectively, give a glimpse of the mining industry in those days.

In 1467 AD., the famous civil war of Onin broke out. From that time to the ascendency of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1587, the whole country was plunged into the scorching heat of war ; nevertheless the mining industry relating to noble metals was not only fortunately undisturbed, but was encouraged by the feudal lords in making provision for their armies. In fact, these mines formed the object of plunder among these warlike tribes. The Omori silver-mine in Iwami producing plenty of native silver about 1530 A.D., offered taxes to Lord Ouchi. The discovery of the Tsurushi silver-mine in Sado, together with the gold-placer washing of Nishimikawa, formed the very coflEers of Lord Uyesugi. In 1570 A.D., the Ikuno mine in Tajima produced an immense quantity of silver which proved the rich treasury of Lord Yamana. The Karuizawa silver-mine in Iwashiro, was discovered in 1558 A.D. ; its subsequent productiveness resulted in the making of an ofter of 17,270 oz. of fine silver to the Lord Gamo. In 1528 A.D., gold was produced from the mines of Suruga, out of which gold coins were minted by Lord Imagawa. About 1540 A.D. the Lord Takeda made 143,930 oz. of gold coin from the mines of Kai and Shinano. These are only parts of the mining industries carried on during the civil war, of which records remain.

The production of copper from the oflScial mines declined in the middle of the tenth century ; and the mint being destroyed by the civil war of Tenkei, the coinage of copper money was

[8]

THE MINING INDUSTRY OF JAPAN. Ill

suspended, which resulted in the frequent importation from China, by such dignitaries as Shdgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa, of the money necessary for circulation. These facts, however, do not go to prove the decline of the copper-mining industry in those days, since copper was exported by Lord Ouchi, and was also used to make furniture, while descriptions of the pros- perity of copper-mines at the beginning of the eleventh century are numerous. For instance, the copper-mines of Nose, in Settsu, and Ddgamaru, in Iwami, became prolific. The mine of Omodani, in Echizen, was discovered. The production of the Yoshioka copper-mine, in Bitchu, was gradually increasing in 1427 A.D. ; the Tada mine, in Settsu, produced an immense amount of copper in 1570 A.D. ; the Ani copper mine, in Ugo, commenced to be mined in 1575 A.D., and the Motoyama mine, in Mutsu, was also opened about that time. In 1195 A.D., 434.64 long tons of copper were consumed for the purpose of repairing the enormous statue of Buddha in Nara. For the casting of the ponderous bells at Kamakura, in Sagami, and Daigo, in Yamashiro, 1.21 long tons and 13.47 long tons ot copper were used respectively. The Emperor Shirakawa, from 1072 to 1128, made as many as a thousand statues of Buddha. All these facts confirm the belief that copper was abundantly produced in those days.*

It may be interesting to observe that copper-metallurgy made a wonderful progress. The method of matte-smelting, commonly called the "Mabuki" process or "Yamashitabuki," was invented — which is practiced nowadays at small copper- mines, where the Bessemer process could not profitably be applied, as the cheapest and simplest method of matte-smelt- ing. This method has been improved since the Restoration of 1867, by increasing its capacity and reducing the amount of the consumption of fuel. It was invented in the sixteenth century at the smelter of the village of Yamashita, Tada, in the province of Settsu. Formerly the copper-matte produced from the ore-smelting had been first roasted and then reduced to crude copper with charcoal in the hearth. According to the new process, the matte, without preparatory roasting, was melted in the charcoal fire, and the iron and the sulphur in it were oxidized with a strong blast, as is the case in the modern Bessemer process. The process was conducted in the hearth

[9]

112 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

in which ore-smelting was carried on. The quantity of matte treated at a time was 658 lb., the charcoal being 80 per cent, of the matte, and the laborers required were a smelter-attendant and bellows-pusher for each smelter, Being a greater econo- mizer of time and labor than the reduction process, it has been gradually adopted in the western part of Japan, to the great improvement of the copper industry.

We have but scanty and meager records of the iron industry during this period. At the Sugatani mine, lishi county, Id- zumo, the smelting-plant for magnetic sand commenced to work in 1266 A.D. The method formerly adopted was a very primitive one, called "Noro" smelting. A hearth was made in the ground, in which magnetic sand was heaped and covered with the fuel. When the latter was kindled the magnetic sand became molten and was reduced, leaving the iron mass in the bottom of the hearth. This method of smelting was crude; but the art of making swords, already prosperous in the ninth century, became more perfect than ever, in order to meet the demands of the time. The swords made by Monju in Mutsu, Masatsune in Bizen, Munechika in Kyoto and Okazaki Masa- mune in Kamakura, form valuable collections at the present day.

The discovery of the Daira lead-mine in Ugo took place about 1270 A.D., and was followed by that of the Obira mine, Bungo, 1547 A. D. This was started as a tin-mine, but later be- came a copper-mine. In 1469 A.D., at Inariyama, in Chikugo, a farmer found a coal-seam, which is worked at present as the Miike colliery; while in 1532 A.D., at Kurobeyama in the province of Etchu, sulphur was discovered, and three years later it was worked.

3. Third Period,— From 1583 A,D. to 1866 A.D. Gold and Silver. — During this period, gold- and silver-mining, which had been encouraged in earlier periods, made striking progress ; and at the time of Toyotomi Hideyoshi the levels of Hyotanmabu and Daidokoromabu of the Tada silver-fine, Settsu province, were well known for their prosperity. The former derived its name from the fact that Hideyoshi endowed Hara Tanba and Hara Awaji, the heads of miners, with his family ensign of Sennari-hyotan (Thousands of Gourds), and

[10]

The Mining Industry Op Japan. 113

allowed it to stand at the entrance of the level ii* honor of the abundant output of gold. The name " Daidokoro-mabu " (kitchen) was given because all the household expenses of Toyotomi were met by the product from this level. Hideyoshi became very opulent, and divided 21,588 oz. of gold and 154,718 oz. of silver among his numerous lords, 1585 A.D. In 1587 A.D. he made silver coins, and in the year follow- ing gold coins of different denominations were minted.

At this time Kanamori Nagachika, the Lord of Hida, ordered his vassal Modzumi Sotei to make researches for useful ores on his estate, and as a result of such efforts, he discovered, in 1589 A.D., the silver-mines of Kamioka and Modzumi and the Otani gold-mine, from which much gold and silver was obtained later. In 1598 A.D. the discovery of the Shrane gold-mine near the Osaruzawa mine, in Rikuchu, was followed by that of the gold-mines of Komagi and Gojumai in the vicinity.

It is interesting to observe that Sumitomo Jusai obtained knowledge of the liquation process from a European who visited Sakai, Idzumi province. After that, gold and silver were ex- tracted by this process from crude copper at the copper-refine- ries in Osaka. The adoption of the new process contributed a great deal to the increase of the output of silver in our country.

The demise of Hideyoshi was followed by the Regency of Tokugawa lyeyasu, who adopted the proposal of Okubo Iwami- no-Kami concerning the mining industry. He opened for the first time gold- and silver-mines in the Idzu province, at the same time having a control of the Omori silver-mine, in Iwami. In July, 1601 A.D., the gold- and silver-mine of Aikawa, in Sado, afterwards known as the Sado mine, was discovered. This mine became conspicuous by its large production of gold and silver, and was also brought under the control of Okubo to- gether with the Tsurushi silver-mine and the gold-placer of Xishiraikawa. It was during this year that gold and silver currency was coined in abundance. In 1602 A.D., the bonanza of the Waremabu of the Sado mine was prosperous, producing 1,199,327 oz. of gold and silver, which fortune was shared by the Kamayamabu level of the Omori mine, where the silver- yield amounted to 603,946 oz. Several mines in the Idzu province became strikingly productive, the Nawachi silver- mine being particularly conspicuous, since it formed an object

[11]

114 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

of lyeyasu's pride. At the Ikuno silver-mine, the Tsukimabu level was productive in 1585 A.D., and was followed by the Sanzensanbyakumai lode about 1600 A.D. The Shirane gold-mine also became productive beginning with the year 1602 A.D., and actually produced 5,277 oz. of gold in 1604 A.D. ; this year was blessed by the discovery of the famous Innai silver-mine at Ugo.

Notwithstanding the prosperity of the mines and the rich new discoveries above described, the government did not relax its eflforts to develop the mining of these valuable metals. In 1606 A.D., Watanabe Bingo and Sunimokura Genshi were ordered to prospect gold- and silver-mines throughout the country for the encouragement of the production of these metals.

The mining of gold- and silver-ores in those days was only the excavation of the enriched zone above the drainage-level, but as in the course of operations it became necessary to sink below that level, the difficulty of drainage was felt. In 1607 A.D. the productive capacity of the mines of Sado and Idzu became exceedingly diminished, in all probability on account of water, so that 86 mining-experts, selected from Omori mine and the mines of Idzu, were sent to the Sado mine to reform the operation ; but in spite of all their efforts, the mine was frequently swamped by water in the rainy season. In the course of his attempt to revive the production of noble metals, Okubo attempted to wash for placer-gold at Shiriuchi, Hok- kaido; but the effort proved abortive, owing to the objection raised by Lord Matsumaye Kimihiro, who urged that, since the excessive rigor of the cold climate prevented the cultivar tion of the land, he was not in a position to find sufficient pro- visions for the numerous miners. In 1614 A.D., as the Innai silver-mine was troubled by water, the expense for drainage was advanced by the government.

In those days, for the purpose of drainage in the Sasu silver- mine, Tsushima, a treadmill was used. In the Sado mine a well-bucket only was used, which was worked by prisoners con- victed of capital offences. In 1634 A.D., the "Supondoi" was adopted — a primitive hand-pump consisting of a wooden pipe 4 in. square and from 9 to 12 ft. long, having a valve 3 ft. below the upper mouth, and a piston 3 ft. long, with a valve

[12]

The Mining Industry Of Japan. 115

at its end. In 1637 A.D., Soho, the hydraulic engineer, who came from Osaka, designed the " Tatsudoi," which took the place of the " Supondoi:" It was an Archimedean pump of Roman style, which consisted of a wooden cylinder and screw, 9 ft. long and 1 ft. in the upper and 1.2 ft. in the lower diameter. The ruins of such a pump were lately found at the old work- ing-place, and are now preserved in the Tokyo Imperial Uni- versity.

The pumps served their turn well in those days. In 1644, the output of the Ikuno silver-mine also declined by reason of the difficulty of drainage. It was at this juncture that Tomomatsu D5han mined the levels of Kanaki and Kawato, employing 1,500 persons for pumping, and in the course of two years obtained 35,980 oz. in silver. As the expense of drainage grew enor- mously heavy in the Sado mine, various taxes were levied from the province in order to meet the deficit. In 1872 A. D., a hand-pump, introduced from Holland, was successfully worked at Aoban and Jingo in the Sado mine, saving £707 per annum from the cost of draining, which in the year following was used to cut an air-way at Seiji level, which had been abandoned on account of bad ventilation.

As the drainage grew to be a serious question for mining, the excavation of the adit was started, utilizing the topo- graphical conditions. In the Sado mine, the adit of Midzu- kane ravine, whose length was 2,880 ft. through andesite tuff, was commenced in 1629 and completed in 1639. The adit of Ogiri, begun in 1647, was completed after the constant work of 13 years. Its length was 948 ft., and that of the accompany- ing air-way 1,080 ft. Lastly the adit of Minamizawa ravine was undertaken, which remains to this day. It was commenced July 25, 1691, to drain the water in the working-places at the "Waremabu bonanzas. May 14, 1696, success was attained after five years of effort. The length of the adit was 3,014 ft. It was driven from six points, making two intermediate shafts at the Kitazawa ravine. The sections of the adit were made in several forms besides the common rectangular form, in order to reduce the upper pressure and to enlarge the flowing-area, as shown in Fig. 1.

The monthly progress at each working-face was 8.6 ft. through andesite tuff. The excavation was done with chisel

[13]

The Mining Industry Op Japan.

and hammer, making the surface of the wall and the roof very even, and leaving the traces of the chisel. A part where the trace resembles the spider's web, is celebrated as the Kumonosu- Kengiri. During the excavation the working was ventilated by brattice. The surveyor of the work was Shidzuno Yoemon who used the magnetic compass and clinometer, which are now preserved at the Tokyo Imperial University. The circum- ference of the compass is divided into 480*, and each of these into 10 min. and E and W are placed as in the modern com- pass. The clinometer is 1 ft. square, its scale being divided into 10 sun and each sun into 10 bu. The art of mine-survey- ing in those days may be inferred from a mine-map; which was made in 1695 A.D., now preserved at the Tokyo Imperial University.

A.

¥'S

C. D.

" 1

O-f'i

S

O

E.

S

Water Line.

Common form Norimonogata.

Katafaigogata

Kakagato. (SecUon in the (Section in the (Rectangle.) form of Japa- form of Japa- nese palanqulnO nese bellows.)

HyOfuigogata.

I Section in the form of Japa- nese bellows.)

ShdginokomagaUv.

ISection in the form of Japanese chess.)

Fig. 1.— The Sections op the Minazawa Adit, the Sado Mine.

In the Ikuno mine, the adit of Romabu was driven in 1608 ; and in 1638 a drainage-level was excavated from Takeharana for the whole mine. In 1715, the adit Shinkiriyama of the Omori silver-mine was commenced. At the Handa silver-mine an adit was begun in 1741, and its completion in 1746 effected a sudden increase of the output of silver. In 1786, other adits were projected. In the mines of Tada in Settsu, however, owing to typographical conditions, adits could not be effect- ively used, and the drainage had to be performed by manual labor. Consequently, even in rich bonanza, it was next to im- possible to work below certain horizons, and the work had to be abandoned.

[14]

The Mining Industry Op Japan. 117

In ancient times, much difficulty was experienced in the transportation of supplies and products. As the metal-mines were always situated in mountainous regions, the provisions for miners had to be brought from distant places ; and in sea- sons of famine, it was a serious question how to keep a vast number of working-men from starvation. In the famine of 1642 the Karuizawa silver-mine (Iwashiro) had to be abandoned, but the Ikuno mine escaped a similar fate by working the bonanza of Sanzensanbyakumai lode. In the famine of 1643 the Sado mine was a great suflFerer.

Through the efforts made by Okubo Iwamino-kami for the production of the valuable metals, the mining industry made a rapid and healthy growth. In the Ikuno mine, levels turned out to be very prosperous in 1622, yielding a rich ore (0.4 to 0.6 per cent. Ag), and the monthly output of silver was 21,588 oz. The total product of gold in Japan in 1630 was 23,061 oz., of which 11,889 was from Sado, 9,454 from Sat- puma, and 1,420 from Idzu. In 1634, the Nobezawa silver- mine, ITzen, became productive, and was converted into a gov- ernment undertaking, and in those days, there were 53 pro- ductive levels. The production of 1635 from the Ikuno mine was 143,917 oz. of silver. The province of Satsuma was known from ancient times as the chief gold producer. In 1638 the discovery of the famous Yamagano gold-mine was made, pro- ducing 31,880 oz. of gold annually ; and another discovery occurred in the well-known Serigano gold-mine in 1652. In 1664, the decline of the Sado mine became decisive. It yielded only 117,509 oz. of silver, owing to the water trouble at the Waremabu bonanza; and it was finally abandoned. Though the Ikuno mine had been thus impoverished in 1644, it gradually regained its capacity after 1668, and in 1671 it was producing 119,932 oz. of silver per annum. In 1669, the ore of the Osaruzawa gold-mine was changed into copper-ore, and it is now being worked as a copper-mine. In 1674, the working Suwamabu, in the Waremabu bonanza of the Sado mine, furnished ore containing 0.29 percent, of silver and pro- duced 5,087 oz. of silver in 10 days. The annual output of silver of that year is given as 239,599 oz. The Ikuno mine declined after the prosperity of 1671, but was fortunately checked by the flourishing condition of the Ryogokuyama

[15]

118 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

level. Thus in 1683 it produced 42,785 oz. of silver, and in 1696 the output amounted to 111,092 oz. of silver.

In the sixteenth century, the European ships visited the western shore of Kjushu, at Hirado, Goto, Hizen, and Sat- suma, and entered into commerce with the natives. The amount of gold and silver then exported by the Portuguese was enor- mous. In 1607, the Dutch ships were granted permission to trade at any ports in Japan. After the Christian massacre at Shimabara, 1638, the trade was confined solely to the Dutch, Chinese, and Koreans at Nagasaki. The decreased production of silver in Japan raised its value exceedingly, so that in No- vember, 1662, the value of 1 oz. of gold was equal to that of 12 oz. of silver. In order to decrease the amount of silver ex- ported, the gold exportation was granted in 1664, and the rate of exchange was 1 oz. of gold equal to 14 oz. of silver. The amount of silver and gold exported by the Dutch and Chinese vessels during the 20 years, 1648 to 1667, was 33,222,559 oz. of silver and 55,472 oz. of gold. The outflow of silver was not decreased, so that the exportation of gold and silver was sum- marily prohibited in 1668. In 1672, in trading with the Dutch, the use of gold and silver was permitted at the request of the latter, on the ground that unless silver were brought to their country from Japan, silver would be highly appreciated in Holland, causing great difficulty in business. In 1685 a limit was put upon the total amount of trade to be done, guarding against the reckless export of gold and silver; but the for- eigners invited the merchants of Japan to private trading on the sea.. Thus the exportation of gold and silver was not alto- gether stopped. The total amount of precious metals exported during 164 years, 1601 to 1764, was 3,763,572 oz. of gold and 135,768,918 oz. of silver. With the diminution of gold and silver currency, commerce in Japan was much disturbed, and the limited production of those metals from our mines was far from satisfying the demand. Hence, to increase the amount of currency, the recasting of the old coins, lowering their fine- ness, was commenced in 1695. This proved to be a failure, as may be seen in the rise of the price of commodities. Under the circumstances, the increase and improvement of coins formed a subject for serious debate in those days. In August, 1695, it was declared that, if one found mines of gold, silver,

[16]

The Mining Industry Op Japan. 119

or copper, he was at perfect liberty to mine the same at his discretion.

In 1697 they began to use, in the Sado mine, stamps driven by water-wheels to crush the poor ores formerly abandoned. The annual output of that mine in 1703 was 18,788 oz. of gold and 667,636 oz. of silver. The Ikuno mine was prosperous in 1709, yielding 123,496 oz. of silver. The total output of silver in Japan in 1711 was 479,731 oz., and that of gold, 7,533 oz. In 1716 the Sado mine was greatly impoverished, producing only 131,802 oz. of silver. In 1726 rich ores were produced from' the Shin- kiriyama adit of the Omori mine, and the output of that year was figured at 64,053 oz. of silver. In 1767 the Ikuno mine produced 82,920 oz. of silver.

In 1771 the Sado mine produced 5,177 oz. of gold and 621,806 oz. of silver. It is very curious to observe that the methods of rugging and concentrating the ore at that mine were identical with those of Cornwall in ancient times, as may be seen from the following description : The ore was at first brought into the rugging-room, kanaba where a slab of andesite was prepared on a base which was 3 ft. high and 3 ft. wide, at the front of the window. There it was rugged into slime with a hammer, and then was sieved with a fine screen. The slime was intro- duced into taieoke a dolly-tub, with water. After stirring with a ladle, the side of the tub was beaten to settle the deposit. The concentrates were subjected to vanning with a plate vanner. The headings were made into balls and roasted on a charcoal- fire. Then the roast was smelted with lead, 50 per cent, and iron, 5 per cent. The lead produced was cupelled ; the matte was also smelted to absorb silver into the copper; the latter was liquated ; and then the lead was also cupelled. The au- riferous silver was smelted with sulphur, producing silver-matte and silver rich in gold. From the former the sulphur was driven, and the silver was absorbed in lead, which was then cupelled. The latter was crushed fine, then piled in a conical form on a porcelain basin, mixed with common salt, and roasted. The roast was washed to separate the silver chloride from the gold. The silver chloride was filtered and cupelled. The sil- ver was considered very fine at that time, but it contained 0.61 per cent, of gold. The gold-bullion produced was 995.4 fine.

[17]

120 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

Tanuma Mototomo, a favorite of Shogun lyeharu, undertook to prospect for gold at the Mt. Kimbusen in Yamato and Chi- cbibu in Musashi. The former place was reported as rich in ancient times. After unsuccessful working for several years, the work was stopped in 1786, when the ShSgun died.

In 1804, the Aoban and Torigoye stopes of the Sado mine were impoverished, reducing the output to 578 oz. of gold and 6,623 oz. of silver. The Yamagano mine, Satsuma, also de- clined in 1805, producing only 1,775 oz. of gold annually. The Ikuno mine produced only 38,821 oz. of silver that year, but gradually recovered, and produced 85,152 oz. in 1812. In 1814, the Omori mine became prosperous, yielding annually 27,618 oz. of silver. The Innai mine was productive, yielding annually 67,251 oz. of silver from 1741 to 1817. In 1823, the Sado mine made some profit after 28 years of loss ; but its pro- duction did not exceed 1,186 oz. of gold and 30,147 oz. of silver. In 1840 the production of the Handa mine was increased by draining the water in the Okutate and by the opening of the Nikaimabu. Its annual output, for 146 years from 1719 A.D., was 17,037 oz. of silver. In 1861, the Kosaka silver- mine, Rikuchu, which is nowadays the champion copper-mine in Japan, was discovered. After five years Lord Nanbu built a shaft-furnace and a cupelling-hearth to develop this mine; but it was disturbed by the civil war of 1867.

Copper. — At the end of the sixteenth century the Kawakami mine, in Harima, and the Hitachi mine, in Hitachi, were dis- covered, and the Maruyama mine, in Iwami, was prosperous, which was followed by the discovery of the Gamo mine at Iwashiro. In 1610, the Ashio mine, in Shimotsuke, which is now the largest mine in Japan, was discovered. The Yo- shioka mine, Bitchii, was prosperous at that time, and was con- verted to be a government mine in 1642, yielding 30 long tons annually. The Ashio mine was also developed and became a government mine in 1647. In 1669 the Osaruzawa gold-mine was changed into a copper-mine as mentioned above. In 1670 the Ani copper-mine was discovered. Thus the copper-mining industry made a slow, but steady, progress.

In copper-mines, as in those of the precious metals, the working is easy when the excavation relates to the upper part near by the outcrop, but the difliculty caused by water arises

[18]

Tue Mining Industry Of Japan. 121

when depth is reached. Hence in the middle of the seven- teenth century the Naganobori mine, in Xagato, and Maruyama mine, in Iwami, which were productive, had to be suspended on account of difficulty of drainage. The Yoshioka mine was brought into working order only by the excavation of several adits.

In the fifteenth century copper was exported by Lord Ouchi to China, and this trade continued to thrive in the time of the Tokugawa Shogunate. In 1688 Sumitomo Rihei and 21 mer- chants were granted permission to trade copper with foreigners, whereby the amount of export was greatly increased. But in 1668 the export of copper was prohibited, together with that of gold and silver. Sumitomo Kichizaemon enjoyed the special privilege of exporting copper, since his ancestors had been engaged in the trade since 1573. At the time under considera- tion there were 23 copper-mines in working order, which after the lapse of 17 years, were increased to 34. Of these the Ashio mine stands conspicuous for its prosperity, as it pro- duces 1,488 long tons per annum, which is followed by the Yoshioka mine, producing 1,175 long tons annually. The total annual production of copper at that time was 5,357 long tons, from which 13,648 oz. of silver was liquated. One-ninth of the copper was consumed in Japan, while the rest was ex- ported. The laborers in copper-mines numbered 200,000, and those engaged in liquation at the copper-refineries at Osaka, 10,000. In 1688, as the Ashio mine was declining, the capital for recovering was advanced by the government, but the re- covering process involved a great amount of difficulty. In 1690 the engineers of Sumitomo Kichizaemon, who was working the Yoshioka mine, discovered the Besshi copper-mine, lyo, one of the largest mines in Japan, in which mining was com- menced in the following year under the government license As the deposit was a very extensive cupriferous pyrite bed in the crystalline schist, it produced 178.5 long tons of copper in the first year, and in 1694 595.24 long tons annually. The year 1700 was also signalized by the discovery of the Ara- kawa mine in the province of TJgo. In August, 1695, the government urged the opening of the copper-mines with the mines of gold and silver, to increase their production to satisfy the demand.

[19]

122 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

In 1689 the amount of copper to be traded was fixed, so that the Dutch used to have a certain amount of commodities left untraded. In 1689 A.D., Fushimiya, a merchant in Naga- saki, applied to the government for permission to pufbhase these goods with copper, within a specified limit, which was granted. Thereby the export of copper was raised to 5,298.8 long tons in 1697, while, at home, the supply did not meet the demand. In 1702, the government summoned Sumitomo Kichizaemon to Yedo to undertake the increase of the produc- tion of the mines of Besshi and Yoshioka, which he was working. Acting under the suggestions of this experienced miner, the government advanced 5,000 ryo as a mining capital for the Besshi mine, and the same amount for the excavation of an adit for the Yoshioka mine ; and as the former was lo- cated in a mountainous region which was handicapped in com- munication-facilities, 30,914 bushels of rice was granted by the authorities to purchase at nearly one-half of the market- price; and the products from these mines were extensively exported. It was in this wise that the so-called "govern- ment copper-mines" were brought into existence, of which the government required a certain fixed amount to be pro- duced for specific objects, leaving any surplus to the disposal of the miners.

In 1711, the total output of copper in Japan was 3,809.52 long tons, of which 2,857 long tons was exported. The amount of the exportation fell in 1715 to 2,628.60 long tons, of which 1,785.74 long tons waa exported to China and 843.60 long tons to Holland. In 1728 the exported copper amounted to only 758.83 long tons, that is to say, 245.54 long tons from the mines of Akita, 60.36 long tons from those of Nanbu, 395.33 long tons from the Besshi mine and 53.60 long tons from the Yoshioka mine. In March, 1736, the government urged the starting of the mines of copper, lead, or tin, with the purpose of increasing the production, and promised various facilities, as a consequence of which the Kune copper-mine (Totomi) and the Kusakura copper-mine (Echigo) were dis- covered.

Copper for exportation was collected by the merchants at Nagasaki, but the amount never equaled the demand. After 1738, copper was collected at the Osaka Copper Oflice and sent

[20]

Thb Mining Industry Of Japan. 128

to Nagasaki, thus affording every possible facility. In 1754 the amount of copper supplied from the government copper- mines for export was 1,586.01 long tons, of which 784.27 long tons were contributed from the mines of Akita, 428.81 long tons from those of Nanbu, and 422.94 long tons from the Besshi mine. But later the amount was necessarily decreased by reason of the diminished productive capacity of the Akita mine.

The price of copper purchased by the government from the government copper-mines was 861 oz. of silver per long ton of copper, as in the Besshi mine. In 1750, it was reduced to 279 oz, of silver, against the market-price of 420 oz. Hence Sumi- tomo, the owner of the mine, petitioned frequently to raise the purchase-price, without avail. In 1767, the government price was raised to 805 oz. of silver ; but, as the production of copper was scanty, the market-quotation was much higher. Conse- quently, such an honor or title as to be called " the government mines" was regarded as rather a sort of misplaced kindness to the owners of the mines ; but it appears that in spite of the con- trary statement made by them, the government's protection certainly went a long way to help them. The price of copper for the Chinese trade was 231 oz. of silver per long ton of cop- per, and that for the Dutch 121 oz. Hence the copper trade of those times involved heavy losses. Moreover, the " Kakeire Do" (or surplus copper to fill up the losses of transportation) was added at the rate of 1 per cent, for Dutch export and one- third of one per cent, for Chinese.

The Ashio mine, which had been included in the list of the government mines, was excluded by its decline after 1736. For five years, beginning with 1742, the mine was authorized to cast a copper money known as " The Kanyeitsuho," which was specified with a letter, Ashi, from the name of mine, on the back surface. In 1747, the annual output of copper amounted to 110.14 tons. The government spared no energy to bring about an increase of production ; and in 1768, instruc- tions were issued to the effect that copper-mines, which had been suspended or left untried, should be thoroughly investi- gated, and that the government should be informed of the results. In 1775, the government itself started to prospect copper-ore at the Mt. Kurama, near Kyoto. By such hard

[21i

124 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

work the production of copper was increased, while the de- mand for export was satisfactorily met.

At the end of the eighteenth century, the Daikoku lode of the Omodani copper-mine, in Echizen, was discovered, which offered to the government 73.8 long tons of copper. It was about this time that the excavation of an adit at the Sasagatani copper-mine, in Iwami, was started, but not meeting with ore- deposits, the attempt ended in failure. In 1821 the Ashio mine had finally to be abandoned ; but the Besshi mine was prosperous, yielding from 400 to 600 long tons of copper per annum ; and about 1840, the Tenwa copper-mine, in Tamato, and in 1865 the Homanzan copper-mine, in Idzumo, were discovered, and almost simultaneously a wide vein was found at the Gamo copper-mine, in Inaba, which proved to be quite a prosperous one. In 1860, the export copper supplied from the government copper-mines was 1,086.71 long tons, of which 852.44 tons was produced from the mines of Akita, 811.32 tons from those of Nanbu and 422.93 tons from the Besshi mine ; the mines of Tada, in Settsu, were productive for 189 years from 1662 to 1868, producing 7,152.40 tons of cop- per — with the exception of 18 years in the interval during which the work was suspended.

For 85 years, from 1755 to 1839, the copper exported by Dutch vessels was 39,042.80 long tons, and that by Chinese vessels was 61,411.87 long tons. For 257 years, from the year of the inauguration of the Tokugawa Regency, 1601 to 1857, the total amount of the exported copper was reported to be 819,922.15 long tons; that is, the annual export was 1,244.85 long tons.

The excavation of rocks and ores was formerly effected by means of chisels and hammers, but where they were hard, fire- setting was sometimes used, as at the Nawachi silver-mine, in Idzu, and in the Besshi copper-mine, to facilitate the mining of the ore. The excavation by such means must have been slow and tedious. In 1862, Raphael Pumpelly and W. P. Blake, both American engineers, and Oshima Takato, intro- duced for the first time blasting with gunpowder at the Yur- rapu lead-mine, in Hokkaido, which was considered as a fore- runner of the new working of the mining industry during the present rigime.

[22]

The Minino Industry Op Japan. 125

Iron. — Iron was formerly smelted from the magnetic sand pro- duced from decomposed granite which occupies the mountainous region of Idzumo, Iwami, Bitchii, Bingo, and Aki. Owing to the progress of society and the consequent increase of the de- mand, the iron industry has grown to be quite prosperous. In the valley of the Toj5 river, Bitchu, places worked for mag- netic sand numbered 267 in 1671, from which the inference may be drawn of the remarkable growth of the business, which must be attributed to the great protection rendered by the feudal lords. It is quite an opportune time to describe the remarkable invention of balance bellows in Iwami at the beginning of the eighteenth century.

In the iron metallurgy, the tread-bellows, "Fumidatara," was formerly used, which required eight men to operate. The new balance bellows, " Tenbindatara," which was invented in the eighteenth century, needed only two men for the pair to pro- duce the same effect. This saving of smelting-expense was conducive to the remarkable development of the industry. As a consequence of this growth a conflict of interests with far- mers began to arise. For instance, in 1846, the people in the valley of the Takahashi river (Bitchu) lodged complaints with the government to stop the washing of magnetic sand on the upper course, because the water of the river became thereby so turbid that it was utterly unfitted for irrigation, and the river- bed was raised high by sand deposits. Through the arbitra- tion of Lord Asano, the matter was brought to a successful issue on the ground that the washing was executed at the time when agriculture was inactive. Another industry was started in Tosa in 1782, and the magnetic sand on the coast of the Hokkaido became the object of attention. In 1801, permission was asked for the smelting of iron in the environs of Hokodate, but was not granted by the government. In 1855 Takenouchi Tasunori and Takeda Hisaburo built shaft-furnaces at Kobui, Oshima, Hokkaido, to smelt magnetic sand from the coast. This was the first one built in Japan. The Kamaishi iron- mine, Rikuchu, was discovered in 1823, where the smelting was commenced in 1849, and in 1860 shaft-furnaces were built by Oshima Takato to smelt the iron-ores. In 1857, the Kami- teoka (or Kamichuka) iron-mine (Iwaki) was discovered, where tread-bellows were used in smelting ores.

[23]

126 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

Other Metals. — With reference to other metals, the want of records prevents a complete description. Lead was chiefly produced from the silver-mines; the output of this metal in 1710 was 14 long tons. Tin was mainly produced from the Taniyama mine, in Satsuma: the output being 76.36 long tons in 1849, but in 1859 it was reduced to 17.62 long tons. Antimony was produced from the Ichinokawa mine, lyo, 1736 A.D., and used for the preparation of drugs and alloys.

Coal. — In the counties of Onga, Kurate, and Kaho, in Chi- kuzen, which are the important coal-fields in Japan at present, coal has been produced since 1702 in a somewhat limited de- gree. In 1721 the coal at Hiranoyama, in Miike coal-field, in Chikugo, began to be worked. This was followed by the dis- covery of the coal-seam of the Yoshinotani colliery ; and in 1800 Goheida, a native of Hirado, discovered the Takashima colliery in the province of Hizen — and in these districts coal was known as "Goheida,'' after the name of the discoverer. In those early days, coal was chiefly used for domestic pur- poses, but sometimes it was sold as a fuel in the salt>fields in Setouchi coast or to foreign steamers visiting Nagasaki. In 1843, Matsumoto Ileinai started a coal-store at the port of Ashiya, in Chikuzen, where he monopolized the business of the coal, eggs, and crude wax produced in that province. In 1856, a steamship was sent as a souvenir to the Shdgun by the King of Holland. This suspended the export of block coal from Chikuzen, since it had to be used as fuel for the steamer. The maximum output of coal from the province of Chikuzen was fixed by Lord Kuroda at 60,000 long tons annually. Coal- mining in those days was simply cutting from the outcrop, and hence there was every need for improvement. In 1856, the Oura slope of the Miike colliery (Chikugo) was started. It reached success in four years, when the coal-seam was met at 230 ft. on the slope, or 40 ft. vertically. The Taka- shima colliery introduced in 1867 the European method of mining.

Petroleum. — The petroleum in Echigo was formerly obtained from ditches excavated along the petroleum-seepage, as seen at Kurokawa. This was, however, changed in 1818 to the pit-

[24]

The Mining Industry Of Japan. 127

sinking method. The utilization of the natural gas from the oil-fields of Garameki village, Kanbara county (Echigo), was projected early in 1613, attracting but little attention on the part of the people.

At the end of the Tokugawa regency the country was in a troubled condition, whence the mining industry was also dis- turbed, and at last stopped during the civil war ending with the Restoration of 1867, which has given a happy chance for mining development.

From the earliest times on record several persons have de- voted themselves to the development of the mining industry in Japan. Especially is Modzumi Sotei, in Hida, worthy of men- tion for his great eflTorts in this cause. Naturally, after his death, he was revered and deified by the miners in that region. At the beginning of the Tokugawa regency, Okubo-Iwamino- kami-Nagayasu exerted himself, as described above, to work the gold- and silver-mines, so as to build up the natural resources. When the trade was started with foreigners, an enormous amount of gold and silver was taken from Japan, which re- duced the domestic supply to such an extent that the scarcity of coins in circulation was keenly felt, while the export of copper was no less large ; so that at the end of the seventeenth century the development of the mining industry was the most serious question of the time. At this juncture, Japan was blessed by the birth of a hero at the northeastern part of Honshu, whose name was Sato Nobukage. He was born at Nishimaonnai, Okatsu county, in Ugo, in 1673 A.D., and acquainted himself with the science of administration and agriculture after his father Nobuhide. He opened the Matsu- oka silver-mine (Ugo), and worked it, as he has explained in the Kdjbhdritsu (The Administration of Mines) 1683-1703. Later, he mined the tin-mine at Ashio, Shimotsuke, 1704-1710, and the tin-mine at Takeda, Bungo, 1716-1731. He is the author of Sansohiroku ( The Principles of the JExploitaiion of Mines), which contains epitomized accounts of his rich experience. In August, 1731, at the invitation of one of his pupils, he paid

[25]

128 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

a visit to the Ani copper-mine in Ugo, where, in the course of his examination underground, an explosion of gas ended his glorious and promising career.

There are even to these days many miners in the provinces of Mutsu, Dewa, lyo, Tajima, and Iwami who have full confi- dence in his principles of the exploration of mines. His son Nobusuye was quite equal to his father in point of scholarly attainments, and in 1781 he prospected the gold-mine at Shinjo, Uzen, and then he visited the Ashio copper-mine, where he taught a liquation process. In 1784, while he was devoting himself to reopen the tin-mine which his father had owned, he was aftected by poison from the arsenious acid, which proved fatal. His son, Sato Nobuhiro, was educated by his father and by celebrated scholars in Tedo in those days, and, accepting the request of his pupils, he examined the Ani copper-mine. Since his scholarly attainments were far in advance of the re- quirements of the time, he had to retire to Kadzusa from public life, in order to avert the suspicion of the government. Then he devoted himself to the reform of household science, and wrote 60 volumes on agricultural administration, besides re- vising his grandfather Nobukage's Sansofdroku. He reduced to writing Kojohoritsu, which was inherited from his grand- father by oral teaching, as his son was too young to understand and remember it He passed away Jan. 6, 1850.

[26]

The Minino Industry Of Japan.

Fio. 2.— Map of Japan, Showing Important Mimes.

tar]

130 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

A. The Doyu Outcrop. Fio. 8. — Tjik Sado Gold-Mine.

A. The Daikinkwa Outcrop.

B. The Mayekinkwa Outcrop.

Fig. 4. — The Kinkwaseki (told- Mink, Formosa.

[ 2H ]

The Mining Industry Of Japan. 131

Fio. 5. — The KasAKA Copper-Mine.

Fkj. 6. — Smeltino-Plant in Shisaka Island, which belongs to the Be88HI Copper-Mink.

132 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

Is

o

The Mining Industry Of Japan. 133

Ps

o

bd

s

H

134 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

Fig. 9.— The Manda Shaft, Miike Colliery.

Fig. 10. —The Nishiyama Oil-Field, Echigo.

132]

Thb Mining Industry Of Japan. 135

n. — After the Restoration.

1. Before the Japan-- China War (from 1867 to 1893). — Before the Restoration of 1867, the mining and metallurgical arts in Japan had reached the highest development which could be attained without the aid of mechanical contrivances — the only source of power available in that period having been manual labor. The condition was identical with that of Europe, 300 years ago. K in those days a further progress had been de- sired, it would have been turned towards a new direction, based on systematic science and refined economy.

The Restoration wrought in every direction throughout Japan, the greatest change in accordance with the requirement of the times. It was no wonder that the new government took every opportunity to encourage the mining industry. As the commencement of this policy, an act was issued in Febru- ary, 1872, by which the Bureau of Mines was established in Osaka, which was formerly called the Osaka Copper-oflice, and which became the embryo of the present Bureau of Mines, Tokyo. A mining-law, Nippon Koho, was issued in January, 1873, according to which, whoever wanted to work a mine, had first to make application to the local oflice. If the people in that province did not lodge any complaint, the central govern- ment issued instructions to the local government to grant per- mission to work the mine during a certain term.

In order to lead the mining industry into a new trend, fresh sources of knowlege were sought in the Occident At that time, the government took some of the larger mines under its control, and also supplied to them the knowledge and capi- tal which they required. For this purpose, the Ikunos silver- and copper-mine, in December, 1868, and then the Sado gold-mine, the Kosaka silver-mine, the collieries of Takashima and Miike, the Okudzu gold-mine, the iron-mines of Kamaishi and Nakakosaka, the Innai silver-mine, and the Ani copper- mine — ten in all — were selected as the government mines suc- cessively. In 1870 the Bureau of Mines engaged Baron von Richthofen, a German geologist, to prospect mines and to pro- mote the establishment of a mining-school. Our government utilized most wisely the services of mining engineers, civil engi- neers, geologists, and other instructors, and even of miners

[33]

136 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

from England, America, France, and Germany, numbering in all 78 men, for the reformation of various industries in Japan. The foreign engineers were distributed to the government mines to direct the working, and in order to prosecute their designs, the government invested the required capital, and thus gave practical examples of mining, which aroused the people from their long sleep in this industry. Not only were the mines supplied with capital, but also the people learned the foreign arts, which were finally propagated in all the mines throughout Japan. Among the eminent mining engineers now engaged in the business, there are not a few who were directly educated by these Occidental engineers.

The government mines having undergone much improve- ment in consequence of the policy above mentioned, the govern- ment afterwards thought it high time to hand over the mines to private enterprise. Accordingly, in 1885, all the govern- ment mines, except the Miike colliery, the Ikuno, and the Sado mines, were disposed of to the people. At the same time the engineers who had been educated by the foreign engineers, took the place of the latter in working the mines. After- wards the Miike colliery was sold to a private operator in 1888 A.D., and the Sado and Ikuno mines were assigned to the Bureau of the Imperial Estate in the following year, leaving the Shinbaru and Gotoku collieries, worked for the navy, as the only mines under government control. In short, the unre- . mitting efforts of the government in the industrial sphere have been modified from time to time, as the conditions required.

The progress of society did not allow the continuation of such an arbitrary system as the mining-law, Nippon Kohd, already mentioned, which was calculated to impair seriously the advance of the mining industry. In 1890 the law was amended ; and the new regulation, Kogyo Jordy was issued two years later. The concession system, which distinctly es- tablished the right of permanent working, introduced a sound development of the mining industry in Japan.

The government did not forget the necessity of technical education. In September, 1870, it laid a base of mining edu- cation by the erection of the Mining School, Kogakuryo at the instance of Oshima Takato. Afterwards it was changed to the Engineering School, to teach not only mining, but all other

[34]

The Mining Industry Of Japan. 187

branches of engineering, by foreign instructors. In January, 1877, the courses of the school were raised, and the name was changed to the Engineering College. In September of that year other courses of lectures on mining and metallurgy were commenced in the Science Department, Tokyo College. Both were included in 1886 in the Tokyo Imperial University.

The Progress of Mining Practice.

Gunpowder was used for blasting in the Turrapu mine, Hok- kaidd, in 1862, as before mentioned, and the practice was imme- diately followed by the Sado mine discontinuing the old means of drilling and fire-setting, and in the year of the Restoration, 1868, the Ikuno mine adopted also the blasting method. During the 18 years between 1868 and 1885 there was much activity in the introduction of new Occidental technical knowledge in sev- eral departments of mining. The laying of rails both under- ground and overground, the sinking of shafts and the driving of levels, the introduction of stoping systems (including the pil- lar and long-wall systems for coal), methods of timbering, the deep boring for exploration, the application of horse-, water-, and steam-power, the use of winding-engines, pumps, and venti- lators, ore-breakers, dressing-apparatus, and reverberatory fur- naces, the methods of amalgamation and lixiviation of gold-, sil- ver-, and copper-ores, the methods of assaying, and the method of underground surveying and mapping — are the principal items of improvements introduced from foreign countries.

From 1885 to 1890, rock-drills, dynamite, and high explo- sives came into extensive use, while effective up-to-date ma- chines were adopted in rapid succession — such as aerial rope- tramways, Huntington mills, Frue vanners, and other new dressing-machines, together with Piltz furnaces, water-jacket furnaces, steam boilers of new types, water-turbines, electric deposition, etc. The adoption of electricity generated by water- power at the Ashio copper-mine, in 1889, called the attention of mining-operators to the great technical and economical ad- vantages of this agency, and greatly accelerated the progress of the mining practice. In 1893 the Bessemer process for copper was introduced, which has produced a striking effect on the copper industry.

The iron-metallurgy of Japan has very ancient records to

[35]

188 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

show. In the districts of Chugoku, pig- and wrought-iron and steel were prepared from magnetic sand to the satisfaction of all the domestic demands. In 1874 the government started ironrsmelting works after the most up-to-date method in the Kamaishi iron-mine ; but the enterprise proved, unfortunately, to be a failure. Ever since that time charcoal pig-iron has been made in Kamaishi, Hitokabe, and the environs of Morioka city. The iron necessary to supply the deficiency of the do- mestic production has been imported from abroad.

In the coal-fields of Kyushu, which furnish at present 65 per cent, of the total output of coal in Japan, the Shakano-o col- liery led others into the setting up of boilers in 1881. In Hok- kaido, coal was first worked in 1883, under Benjamin Smith Lyman, an American geologist. During the period under con- sideration, the domestic consumption of coal was quite insig- nificant. Railways were laid in 1880 between the collieries in Hokkaido and the harbor of Otaru, and in 1891 the mining- railways of Chikuho introduced a new feature in coal-mining. After the introduction of American rope-drilling into the Amaze oil field in Echigo, the oil industry achieved positive economical successes.

2. After the Japan-China War {from 1894 to 1908 A.D.).— In 1894 arose the Japan-China war, which ended in the victory of Japan. Subsequently, with the sudden uprising of various branches of industry, a new foundation of mining activity was soundly laid.

In 1897, the cyanide process was introduced into the gold- mines in Satsuma, and this method has rapidly been propa- gated throughout all the gold-mines of Japan. Mechanical roasting was introduced at the Ashio copper-mine in 1900 ; and in the same year the Kosaka mine, adapting pyritic smelting of its ores, took its place as a leading producer of copper, gold, and silver, instead of being only the largest silver-mine. These steps have practically revolutionized copper-ore smelting in Japan. Copper blast-furnaces have been gradually enlarged. For instance, the furnace at the Kosaka mine, 60 by 3.3 ft. in size, was the largest in the world when it was erected in 1907, and afterwards (June, 1908), in the Kano copper-mine, a ftirnace 65.5 by 3.3 ft. in the section at the level of the tuyeres was built. The most noteworthy recent events in the mining world are

[36]

The Mining Industry Of Japan. 139

the open working of the massive ore-deposits in the Kosaka copper-mine ; the utilization of zinc-blende, by means of mag- netic separation, in the Kamioka and the Kano mines; the adoption of lime-roasting in the copper-mines of Hitachi, Ashio, Kamioka, Osaruzawa, Kosaka, Besshi, etc., and, finally, the practice of the flotation process for zinc-ores in the Kamioka mine.

Cupriferous pyrites have begun to be used as sulphur-ore, the residue being utilized as flux in the smelting of acidic copper-ores. The demand for the pyritic ores grew larger with the increased use of phosphate fertilizers, in or about 1900 ; custom-smelters on a small scale appeared after 1890, and 12 independent smelting-works were once worked in and about the Inland Sea, when the sulphuric acid and the phosphate fertilizer manufacturing industry became more prosperous than ever. In fact, the mines of Kosaka, Hitachi, Ikuno, Toshioka, and others have actually begun to purchase ores. Thus it will be seen that the metallic mineral industry has been gradually and vigorously developed upon an independent foundation.

After the Japan-China war, popular opinion demanded the establishment of iron-works by the government. To meet this necessity, the Imperial Steel Works, in Kyushii, were opened in 1901. Their capacity was intended to be one-half of the annual demand, which was estimated to be 120,000 long tons. Since then, the plant has been gradually enlarged to 150,000 long tons at present ; one blast-furnace has been erected at the Sennin iron-mine, for the manufacture of charcoal-pig; and at the Kamaishi mine, the plant has been enlarged, and Siemens- Martin furnaces have been built. In 1909, at the harbor of Mororan, an experimental blast-furnace was blown in. Another steel-fotindry is now being built in the same place, under the co-operative efforts of the Hokkaido Colliery 4 Steamship Co. and the two firms of Armstrong and Vickers & Sons.

In 1898 coal was first exported to a certain place on the.Chi- nese coast. The collieries of Kyushu were gradually deepened, and many of the slopes in the district attained the depth of several thousand feet. The extra cost of timbering, transpor- tation, and drainage, rendered slopes uneconomical, and at the beginning of 1900, a shaft 700 ft. deep was completed in the 8hin-nyu colliery, and in 1902, the famous Manda First Shaft,

[37]

140 The Mining Industry Of Japan.

896 ft. deep, was finished in the Miike colliery, ew shafts 1,000 ft. deep are being sunk successively in the collieries of Ita and Futase. Those collieries have gradually adopted electric power, which took the place of steam-boilers in use. Since " special " pumps were first introduced in the colliery of Kyushu, they have been adopted 'in general except in the Miike. Though these pumps are uneconomical, yet they satis- fied their demand, because water is found in but a small quan- tity in all collieries in this region. However, since IHOO, other economical pumps have been adopted, such as the Evans and other electric pumps. As regards the improvement of the pumping-apparatus, the Miike was always a leader, affording great benefits to other collieries, because it requires a supply of great pumping-power (about 25,000 h-p.) for regular opera- tions and for experiments. Together with this technical progress, the amalgamation of mining concessions and the en- largement of working-plants have also induced the rapid advancement and the success of the coal industry since 1900. The progress of mining industry called for the reformation of the mining-law, Kogyo Jord. Hence, in 1905, the min- ing-law Kogyo-Ho now in force, was promulgated, but it was only a rearrangement, without essential alterations, of the Kogyo Jorei. As to technical education, though the Tokyo University supplied a considerable number of graduates., the demand of the mines was far from being satisfied, and the want was most keenly felt So the government, as well as the people, have recently endeavored to establish educational institu- tions. The result has been the opening of the Kyoto Imperial University and the three government technical high-schools in Osaka, Kumamoto, and Sendai. Another mining high-school is now being built in the city of Akita by the joint efforts* of the mine-owners and the government, besides one erected near Wa- kamatsu in Kyushu by the private enterprise of K. Tasukawa. Lately the courses of lectures on mining and metallurgy have been opened in the Waseda University, founded by Count Okuma, and the Kyushu Imperial University at the city of Fukuoka. The Koshu-Gakko or Foreman's School in Tokyo, the Technical School of Fukuoka Prefecture, and others are worthy of note. The first, being the oldest school of this class, has the largest number of graduates. Also, mines such as the

[38]

The Mining Industry Of Japan. 141

Miike colliery and others, where primary mining-education is given, have recently increased. Thus, in the future, a suffi- cient number of engineers will be supplied, and it is expected that those who are advanced in technical knowledge will be obtainable at pleasure, according to the demand.

In 1908, the motive-power utilized in all the Japanese mines and collieries amounted to 255,477 h-p. including both steam- and water-power ; but it is a conspicuous fact that there was not a single boiler at the time of the Restoration (1867) and in 1890 the steam- and water-power did not exceed 5,300 h-p. In future, it is expected that electricity generated by water will be utilized extensively, so that the amount of the motive-power will show correspondingly a great increase.

From the short description given above, it will be seen that the mining industry before the Restoration was insignificant — the mineral products in 1874 were valued at £154,690. The out- put had increased in 1908 to £11,638,667. The development of the industry is shown in Tables I. to IV., and the production of principal mines in 1908 in Tables V. to VUI. The principal causes of this great prosperity are found in the introduction of the modem civilization of Europe and America, at the time of Restoration of the present rigime with wise judgment and prudent solution, and in the revival, under the power of admin- istration and education, of the industrial genius of the early Japanese, which has thus been directed in fruitful activity.

In reporting the results of the judgment of the Fifth National Exhibition at Osaka in 1903, Prof. W. Watanabe, member of the jury, said:

" After all, the reason why the mining industry has made an incomparably rapid progress depends before any thing else upon the wise administration of the government, to which may be added the following reasons :

" (1) The establishment of typical mining-works by the gov- ernment, and the introduction of foreign technics; (2) the introduction of education regarding the mining industry with satisfactory results ; (3) the handing over of the government mines to private operation ; (4) the publication of mining-laws to meet the development of the mining industry; (5) the application of electricity generated by water-power as motive- power in the mining industry."

[39]

The Mining Industry Op Japan.

Tablb I. — Production of Gold Silver Copper y and Lead in Japan, 1874 to 1908.

Tablb II. — Production of Tin, Iron, Pyrite, and Antimony in Japan, 1874 to 1908.

Tin.

'Ou.

Value.

, Iron

Long Tons.

Pyrlte. Value.

Antimony.

Year.

Long Tons.

Value.

Long Tom.

Long Tons.

Value.

4,817

6,346

10,591.6

8,087

13,497.4

10,006

16,701.7

12,824

33,404.4

8,668.9

15,889

47,885.2

16,869

53,846.1

2,194.6

12,070

2,482

14,600

33,881.9

2,338

13,811.9

11,672

1,446

12,658.1

6,671

24,813.2

26,162,8

13,546

21,766.8

2,842

19,621.7

16,027

1,616

14,448.1

18,003

1,232

17,509.9

20,830

22,069

60,463.9

2,055

43,491.6

17,038

81,034.1

2,395.6

19,442

2,220

1,866.0

18,858.7

2,312.8

40,462.0

20,878.6

2,494.8

19,225

57,169.6

6,045

1,088.9

1,588

24,885.7

25,339

6,192

1,072.0

1,648

28,541.2

2,650.9

26,762

96,215.1

8,700

23,028.4

2,652.8

27,548

100,105.4

3,221.4

20,403.1

28,238

83,116.7

2,788.1

1,211

21,381.4

1,712.4

22,332

91,664.7

8,200

1,116.8

22.014.7

24,468

96,528.6

15,826

12,184.8

1,374.9

68,959

294,886.9

17,219

2,778.2

18,481.4

1,861.0

296,168.3

18,190

13,451.9

1,988.3

74,918

349,771.8

15,782

2,679.4

10,782.8

19W

2,607.3

74,310

388,328.0

24,363

6,308.9

8,374.4

8,315.7

721,500.8

25,032

7,600.8

9,178.4

846,495.7

9,899.6

22,862.6

5,018.5

190,577

988,650.7

54,987

20,294.7

14,383.4,

3,507.6

183,110

917,003.5

33,166

17,145.9

6.347.fT

[40]

Thb Mining Industry Of Japan.

Table HI, — Production of Zinc-OrCy Manganese-Orey Phos- phateRockj and Sulphur in Japan 1874 to 1908.

Zinc-Ore.

Manganeee-Ore.

Phosphate-Rock.

Sulphur.

Year.

Long Tons.

Value.

Long Tons.

Value.

Long Tons.

Value.

Long Tons.

Value.

£1.042.4

1,051.4

1,368

2,508.0

1,297

2,377.6

3,861.8

1,714

3,116.9

1,166

2,139.9

,

3,331

4,481.2

6,794

14,042.1

4,189

8,374.0

6,312

9,862.9

10,566

21,184

3,156

£6,053.2

21,469

34,000.4

18ft2

4,913

20,055

41,246.2

3,958

11,593.6

23,387

44,079.8

18M

18,360

16,753

7,820.1

12,265

26.113.7

15,097

8,764.2

83,693.1

11,266

10,644

29,497.8

11,098

28,866.0

33,615.6

15,928

17,806

£120.1

19,602

48,286.8

1908 ,

5,489

3,737.8

24.402

4,236

3,603.9

1,494

1,134.2

28,286

18.996 ,£2024.1

12,572

8,282.7

19,358 82,154.8 20,163

1,693

33,917

81,728.4

18,010 ' 30,877.5 1 10,897

' 34,645

79,269.1

Table IV. — Production of GhraphitCj Coalj Petroleum etc., in Japany 1874 to 1908.

Graphite.

Coal.

Petroleum.

Year.

tSSI ' value.

Long Tons.

1874 '

1877 !

558,288 637,011

Value.

£49,065.1 114,838.8 111.998.5 103,649.0

U.S. Barrels.

6,489 9,267

Value.

Other I Products.'

Value.

£2.444.6 3,836.2 6,276.8 1 8.030.5 !

Total

Mineral

Production.

Value.

£154,689.6 251,696.8 296,680.0 339.135.6

The Mining Industry Of Japan,

Table V. — Production of Principal Mines in 1908. Gold, Silver, Coppeb, and Lead.

Mines. 'Prefectures.

Concessionaires.

I I I Troy

I I I Ounces.

Poropets Hokkaido iOda Ryoji ' 6,559.2

Shlribeshi Hokkaldd 'Tokunaga 8hlgeyasu..i 1,033.2

Kosaka lAkita FuJlta&Co 110,490.8 1,110,707.217,086.21

Tsubaki jAkita. iTakeda KyOsaku i !l,244,672.8' 278.91..

Ani lAkita. Furukawa Mining Co., 44,948.311,284.6 ..

08aruzawa |Aklta Mitsubishi & Co ' )

Komaki lAkita- iMltsublshl <fe Co i /

25,219.01,858.4.

Mitsubishi Co ' 732.2'

Mitsubishi & Co ; 1 84,608.0i 689.7|

Furukawa Mining Co. , 678.5

Furukawa Mining Co.! 967.9, 94,757.9 152.71

FuJita&Co I I 279.014,078.3'

Ishida Kumakichl ] 1 14, 203.21

Fujita & Co I ; j 74.5

Fujlta&Co ' 865.9! ii,l50.8 1

Mitsubishi & Co I 48.0 89.o;- 'l,914.7|

Furukawa Mining Co. , i I 255.

, TanakaCh6bel 2,018.4' 47.5!3, 288.1

Washinosu 'lwate iTameda Buntard I 1, 846.21 83.6: ,„

Oarazawa llwate ISaIt6 TatsugorO i ! 73.8!

Unekura llwate iSatO Jlrfi ' 74.2!

Shlshlori Miyagi Tokunaga Shigeyasu..' 2,041. 7i 569.2

Nagamatsu... I Yamagata Furukawa Mining Co. [ I 12,993. 2, 259.2i

Otori Yamagata lFurukawaMiningCo.{ i 8,988.4 122.91

Yamagata Karatoya Mining Co...' , 1.4, 429.8

lYokota Ichisakull i I '1432

Arakawa lAkita..

Hisan-ichi lAkita..

Furokura Akita..

Innai lAklta.

TokitO iAkita.

fianaoka Akita.

Daijl I Akita.

Matsuoka lAkita.

Okusu I Akita.

Mldzusawa... llwate.. KamalshI Wate,

Karatoya... Yoshlno

14,787.1, 149

372.217.642

1,865

1,502

! 119

,1,747

; 758

, 378

Kand iFukushima.lKand Mining Co.

Handa ,FukU8bima,{Godai Riusaku...

Yakuki Fukushima. Yakuki Mine Co,

Sado iNilgata Miteubishi & Co,

Knsakura iNiigata '

Hirotanl iNiigata

Ashlo iTochigi

Kobyaku iTochigi

Hitachi Ibaraki

Takara 'Yamanashi.

Eune iShisuoka

Omatsuyama|Shizuoka

Kamloka. iGiAi.

Hiragane ;Gifti.

Takane Gifli.

91,624.7, 21,249.4'.

,13,740.01 113,651.9,

iis'.Hi!.'

' 65

12,181 , 109

Il,238

Furukawa Mining Co. I ' 237.7; I I 489

Furukawa Mining Co. ' 61.81 , ' 139

Furukawa Mining Co.l 75,082.4 6,972.41 |7,274

Kobyaku Mine Co , 154.0 1 150

Kuhara Fusanosuke...! 1,558.4 80,615.5|l, 871.5 , I.OIS

Mitsubishi & Co 1 1 1 109.7] I I 96

Furukawa Mining Co. 1 1 |43,018.2| ' 488

Kurotaki Ch6Jiro ' 512.4 8,608.9i ' i 44

Mitsui Mining Co j 246.41 169,529.8 38.9 2,129.8 2.251

YokoyamaTakaokl.-.j j 38.996.31 509.7' —

Asada Sanemon i 14,168.3 "'

Hatasa Glfti 0kun6 Mining Co j 25,327.

Ogoya Ilshikawa Yokoyama Takatoshi

509.7'..

ToKiir.af. lYoshinotaniCoali I I , eI

Kuratani Ilshikawa Kuratani Mine Co 1 2,415. 7i 88,585.1' 2.5|..

1,143

7.0'

624. 5|..

28,689.11

Kanahira ilshikawa iMurataSukematsu , l,066.4i .' 1 j 1 1

Ate ,l8hikawa MoriyamaSaichi ' a. 11

Omodani |Fukui iMItsubishTiCo I

Takamasa .Shiga {Osaka Mining Co 1 848.3 9.9|

limorl >Wakayama..,Nakae Taneso 1 1 75.3, I 70

KyCsel JNara Tanaka Ginnosuke 1 1 4,875.6, 180

Ikuno lHy6go iMItsubishi &Co ' 8.88I.O' 211. 866. 5,1,152,1 4,215. l' |1,919

182.8i I I 860

Kanasaka lHy6go |Xe..™..!!!:! ,

Kiwikaml ITsuchlya MIneklchi...| j 3,072.o;

Sada lHy6go IHori TdJurO 1 4,656.2, mori iShimane iFujita & Co 1.689.61 96,153.61

HOmanzan 'Shimane Hori T6jur6 1 i 1

SasagatanL-.'Shimane lHorlT6iur6 I 12,210.0

D6gamaru IShimane iHori Tdjurd 1 1 9,604.0'

Kukl IShimane Hori T6jur6 j I 20,291.6,

Wauibuchi iShlmane 'Wanibuchi Mining Co.' 1

Yoshioka Okayama Mitsubishi & Co 1 138. 8, 00,590.4i

Obiye I Okayama.. Sakamoto Co i ; 736.4

87.9| I I 79

27.9; ' 78

18.71 ! 0.5'

314.21 1 4.11 675

270.9, , 491

144.31 296

56.71 1 166

I 102.5' 106

11.111,254.2' I 111

778.6| 1 ,1,278

'-'' ' .., I 813

[42]

The Mining Industry Of Japan.

Table V. — Production of Principal Mines in 1908. — Continued. QoLD, Silver, CoppeBi and Lead. --Continued.

Output.

Mines. Prefectures. Concessionaires.

Ck>pper.

i Gold. , Silver, i -

o

Lead., ©

I Metal. Ore.

Troy ' Troy i Long I Long Long Ounces. Ounces. . Tons. Tons. Tons.

Mihara. 'okayama Uteunomlya Mining , , ,1618, 177

KokoseL |Okayama Suzuki"EkljL!.".7.V.'.'.'.' I 116.5 273.7 ! 68

K01O6 ,0kayanMu...i8akata Mitsugl 1 8,559.9 41.9 I 182

Yamatc 'Okayama , Nomura Ch6bei 1 2,880.31 31.1; 1 66

Hiaaki lOkayama KusakabeTorJl ' ' 287.2 50

Naganoborl.- Yamaguchi, Hori T6Jur6 ! 6,693.1 115.2 1 176

Yakndji YamaguchI, Kawabe Kurasaburo 1 1 53.2 871.1. 191

. &35 .2,687

and others

Mociilbe iTokushima.. Shlma Tokuzfi 1 13.816.9

HigashiyamalTokusliima..'ShimaToku£d 1 2,963.3

Chihara... lEhlme Yabuuchi 8enz6 , ! 170.5 1 165

Kanayama 'Ehlme Mitsubishi & Co ' , |7,8U.8,

Kach lEhime Selke Kumeichir6 ! ,1,988.2

Sirabaye Ehime Yamashlta Kilchiro 1 '4,136. Oi mine.. jEhime Shiraishl Watar6 1 1,956.0,

KaJitanL Ehime Shiraishi Wataro 1 2,097. ll

Takaura. Bhime Fujlno Kamenosuke..' 1 1 |1,615.1|

Oye Ehime YanoSfizaburO , ' 603.6!

. Pukuoka Yano Tomoklchl.'.! 781.9' 557.0 ' '

iNangd Tokunosuke ? 1 noo . noc o

.Olta Kojima TetsutarO ' 352.0, 231.71 i I

.Kumamoto..jNodaIClchibel i 1 71.6 ;

Hibfra. Miyazaki NaitoSeikyo I l 870.3 1

Makimine 'Miyazakl ;Mltsubishi A Co 1 1 541.6

Takaura... 5ye

Nagamine.

Yano

Tai6no.

MIsobe

Iwaya...

;' 224

J 161

., 69

.11,021

Yamagano—.tKaigoahima.. Shlmazu Tadashige... 12,167.5; Uahio.. Kag08hima..!Ushio Gold Mine Co... 8,982.6

Serigano 'Kagoshlma.. Shimazu Tadashige...' 2.496.4'

rake iEagoibIma..'Asano Micblr6.

Otani KagOBhima..|8atsunan Mining Co.

Taiwan

Kinkaseki

Botankd...

Znili6

(Formosa)

Taiwan (Formosa)

Taiwan (Formosa)

179.3, 663.5, 300.6,

33,353.3!

Tauaka Chdbei

Kimura KlntarO ! 9,193.7

Fujita ACo ' 8,961.

26,735.3 ' 1 2,219

3.426.6 , ' 477

2, 115. 2! 1 424

9,714.6; I I 618

2,847.?! ' 1 198

4,254.4 : 243

701.3 i , 87

24,271.6, I I I 98

363.0 1 212

202.1' 1 310

693.1 ' 17

I t

25,558.0 319.0 ; 904

3,873. 1! ' 1 479

3,984.4 I 550

[43]

Thb Mining Industry Of Japan.

Tablb VL — Production of Principal Mines in 1908. AimMONT, Ibon, Maitoanbbs-Ore and Sulfhub.

Mines.

Oshino

Kobui

Iwaonupuri.. Kumadomarl

Shikabe j

Uguisuzawa.. KamaiBbl i

PreflBCtares.

Hokkaido. Hokkaido. Hokkaido. Hokkaido. Hokkaido.

Iwate

Iwate

Gonoeasionaires.

Sennin Iwate.

Numajiri I

Ichinokawa. '

Fakushima.. Ehime !

KiuRan jOita..

Kano

IwOJima...

Oshino Ky6

Sensbd Kogy6 Co

Mitsui Mining Co

Endd Klchlhei

Oshima Mining Co

Sat6 Belbei and others..

Tanaka Chdbei

Sennin Iron

Foundry Co f

Japanese Sulphur Co Ichinokawa 5f ining Co.

Hhromi Nisaburft

Yamn.chl...[8n°j'Xum.JW

Eagoshima... Hiromi NisaburO,

Output.

Ix)ng Ton.

Long Tons.

1,018.6 (ore)

Long Tons. 7465.9

1,455.6

Long Tons. 9,457.8 6,574.9 3,002.0 1,790.7

14a 4,555

Table VIL — Production of Principal Petroleum Fields in 1908.

Oil-Fields.

Prefectures.

Koguchi Niigata

Nlitsu NUgata...

Kanatsu Niigata...

Kanatsu Niigata..

Asahi Niigata ..

A8ahi(19) Niigata..

ICumazawa Niigata..

Asahi (349) Niigata..

Koguchi Niigata..

Asahi 5th Niigata..

Higashiyama I Niigata..

Urase Niigata ..

Nagamine, Niigata..

Nagamine Niigata ..

Eamada Niigata ..

Makl j Niigata..

Maki Niigata..

Concessionaires.

H6den Oil Co

Nippon Oil Co

H6den Oil Co

Nakano Kanichi & others.

Uchlda Sansei

ChQ6 011Co

HddenOil Co

ChQ6 0llCo

Fuji Oil Co

Naicano Chutaro

H6denOIlCo

Nippon Oil Co

Nippon Oil Co

H6den Oil Co

HodenOil Co

Nippon Oil Co

H6denOilCo

The output is calculated as crude oil.

Output*

Barrels

(42GaUons)

247.151.6 170,280.7 129,825.0 86,018J2 54,340.0 41,001.1 31,421.6 21,349.0 19,629.5 17,008.0 234,477.3 49,886.4 881.920.5 163.690.9 47,129.5 31,343.2

Is

1,522

[44]

The Mining Industry Of Japan.

Table VHI. — Production of Principal Coal-Mirus in 1908.

Mines.

Yabarl lat

Soracpi

-TQbarl...

Horonal

YQlMtrJ 2zid

Ikushumpets..

Pompets.

Uchinogd.-

Onoda.

IriyazDA.

Suuei

Ibankl Saltan

Ibarakl Muentan..

Omlne.

Okinoyama

-ala

J14th

Mlywhl.

Iwasakl

Nakatniru

Arate

Onoura

Shinnyu

MeiiJi

Shlogasbira and )

Shakanoo )

Mitsul-hondo

Gotoku Kalsun

Koyanoee (506)

Koyanone (101)

Namazuda.

Fatase.

YoBhlo

Mitsul-yamano

Tadakuma

Mamena

Aida

Kamiyamada.

Muta

Sbimoyamada

Hlrayama.

Honaml

Mltaui-tagawa.

Kanada,... Ot6

Akaiket.

Kdkoku

H6j6

Miyazaki-hdsbu.. ..

Minei

Honsoeda.

Mlyao

Soeka

Klffyo-Komatsu- )

Got6jl.- )

Kahara.

Tsnbakaro

Shlmbaru Kaigun..

Saaakurl

UcW

Mllke

Yoahlnotani

Ochl

Kiahldake*.

AkasakaKUChf.

Ynnoklbaru

Kl8bima,2nd

KiahimA

Takaahima

Matsnabima

Matsora

Prefectures.

Hokkaido

Hokkaido

Hokkaido

Hokkaido

Hokkaido

Hokkaido

Hokkaido

Fnkaahima.. Fukushima... Fukushlma. Fukushima... Fukushima . Fukushima..,

Ibarakl

Ibarakl

Yamaguchl .. Yamagucbl... Yamagucbi..

Fukuoka..

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka ,

Fukuoka

Fukuoka ,

Fukuoka

Fukuoka.

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Fukuoka

Saga

Saga-

Saga

Saga

Saga

Saga

Saga

Nagasaki

Nagasaki

Nagasaki

Concessionaires.

Hokkaido Ck>lllery & S. S. Co... Hokkaido Colliery & 8. 8. Co...

Ishlkari Coal Co. & others. ,

Hokkaido Colliery & S. S. Co... Hokkaido Colliery & S. S. Co... Hokkaido Colliery & S. 8. Co...

Nippon Kdgy6 Co

Iwakl CkMil Sflne Co

IwakI Coal Mine Co

Iriyama Coal- Co

Yosbima Coal- Co

OJ6 Coal-Mining Co ,

Sansel Coal-Mining Co

Ibarakl Coal- Co..

Ibarakl Anthracite Mining Co.

Navy Department ,

Watanabe YOaaku

Noda Klcblbei & others

Kaliima Tasuke

Kaijima Tasuke

Miyosbi Tokumatsu

Iwasakl Kumeklchi

ltd Denyemon

ltd Denyemon

KalJlma Tasuke

Mitsualahl & Co

Meldl Mining (3o

Furukawa Mining Co

Mitsui Mining Co

Navy Department ,

Egilwaklcbi

Bfl Iwakichi

mtsublshl & Co

GK>vemment Steel Works

AsCTaklcbl

Mitsui Mining Co

Sumitomo Klchlzaemon

AsdTaklcbi

Nakano TokiIro & others

Mitsubishi & Co

ltd Denyemon

Furukawa Mining Co

Tajima Shinobu

Isbida Osamu

Mitsui MlnJnjg Co

Kanada Mining Ck)

Buzen Coal-Mining Co'

Meldl Mining Co

Meldi Mining Co

Mitsubishi & Co

Mlyaaakl Gilchi

Kashlwagi Kanpachiro

Masnya Hikosuke..

KurachlJiichl

Abe Yasujlrd

Eurachl Shigehiko

KuwaharaMasa ,

KalJlma Tasuke

Navy Department

Yonezawa Toklchl

Okada Sango

Mitsui Mining Co

Yoshinotani Coal-Mining Co...

Mitsubishi & Co

Koga Seijiro & others

Takatori Koreyoshi.

Kaliima Tasuke

Tajima Sbinobu

Hleda Ichlr6]l & others

Mlteubishi & Co

Koga Shun-

Matsura Coal-Mining Co

s-e

Output

o g

©5

Long Tons.

488,126.9

5,008

247,379.5

1,957

165,890.8

187,269.6

116,726.2

83,015.8

198,986.8

1,408

190.562.4

1,194

194,742.5

1,402

126,826.9

1,848

68.694 J2

69,698.1

69,783.6

59,042.2

96,885.7

53,282.7

58,826.8

197,115.8

167,950.6

1,447

120,653.1

85,417.7

67,656.4

771,290.8

6,195

426,621.0

4,945

419,793.6

873,198.0

2,705

196,914.8

8,084

218,888.4

1,532

46,780.8

354.985.9

2,629

243,806.0

177,698.8

168.959.8

1,697

150,178.0

1,076

97,810.8

93,850.4

1,021

105,880.9

1,108

82,720.7

16,120.2

686,290.0

4,460

290,978.6

2,442

171,546.0

l-,305

172,952.2

1,444

127,063.8

1,454

1,188

106.002.8

66,569.3

1,450

60,447.8

66,788.8

58,054.4

64,766.3

47,257.8

81,214.2

81,921.1

1,318

60,593.2

53,389.9

1,513,888.6

9,976

251,770.7

8,160

161,468.0

2,476

83,017.8

1,188

124,462.9

87,&50.7

1,149

61,926.9

1,171

71,248.3

1,892

184,816.9

78,753.7

1,826

80,719.2

[45]

No 62 FEBRUARY 1912

Bulletin of the

American Institute of

Mining Engineers.

Contents :

SECTION I.~INSTITUTE ANNOUNCEMENTS. paoi

list of Officers and Committees, ii

Institute Announcements, . . Im

Library, xvi

Mcmbcrahip, xxiv

Section Ii.->Paper8 And Discussions.

The Black Mountain Coal-Dt strict, Kentucky. By J. B. Dilworth, 14s

Blectrolytic Oxygen in Cyanide Solutions. By T. H. Aldrich, Jr., 177

The Cyanide-Plant at the Treadwell Mines, Alaska. By W. P. Lass, . 183

The Geology of the Tonopah Mining- District. By Augustus Locke, ai? Kritz Engineering and .the Coze Mining Laboratories of Lehigh

University. By Joseph Daniels, .227

COPYKIOHT, 1912. BY THE AM ERIC AIT IN8TITUTK OF MINING EnGINSBRS, TBCHNICAL JOCBNALS and OTHRBA DBBIBINO TO RKPUBLI8H ARTICLB8 CONTAINKD IK THIS

BULLSTIN SHOULD apply for permission to thb Secrktary, at 29 West 8th Street, New York, N. Y.

Jeffrey Picking Tables

at Marianna Tipple of the Pittsburgh-Buffalo Com- pany, showing receiving end and method of dis- charging from the receiving hopper. Four Jeffrey patented perfect discharge type picking tables, handle looo tons coal per hour. They are 6 ft. wide, 80 ft. long and travel at a speed of 40 ft. per minute.

The coal passing over the discharge end of the picking tables is delivered to the cars by means of Jeffrey* type of adjustable loading chutes, which are especially adapted to handle the coal with the least amount of breakage.

Jeffrey Picking Tables and Conveyers

are built in both Rubber Belt and Pan Types. They are designed for maximum service and capa- city, and to meet every practical condition of service.

Write for Catalogs on Complete Coal Mine Equipments.

THE JEFFREY MFG. CO., Columbus, Ohio

New York Montreal Charlesion, W. Va. Birmingham St. Louis Seattle

Boston Pittsburgh Atlanta, Ga. Chicago Denver v-15-12

Bulletin Of The

American Institute Of

Mining Engineers.

No. 62 FEBRUARY 1912

Published Monthly

By The American Institute Op Mining Engineers

at 134 to xa8 N. Seventh St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Guy R. Overend, Publication Manager.

Editorial Office, 29 West 39th St., New York, N. Y.

JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Ph.D., Editor.

Cable address, " Aime," Western Union Telegraph Code.

Subscription (including postage), $10 per annum ; to members of the Institute, public

"libraries, educational institutions and technical societies, $5 per annum.

Single copies (including postage), $z each; to members of the Institute, public libraries, etc., 50 cents each.

Entered as second class matter, October x6, , at the post office at Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

Table Of Contents.

SECTION I. INSTITUTE ANNOUNCEMENTS. page

List of Officers and Committees for the Year Ending Februarji 1912, ii

Institute Announcements, Iv

Library, xvi

Membership, xxiv

Section Ii. Technical Papers.

[The American Institute of Mining Engineers does not assume responsibility for any statement of fact or opinion advanced in its papers or discussions.]

No. 1. The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky. By J. B. Dil-

Worth, 149

No. 2. Electrolytic Oxygen in Cyanide Solutions. ByT. H. Aldrich, Jr., 177

No. 3. The Cyanide-Plant at the Treadwell Mines, Alaska. By W. P. Lass, 183

No. 4. The Geology of the Tonopah Mining-District. By Augustus

Locke, 21?

No. 5. The Fritz Engineering and the Coxe Mining Laboratories of Lehigh

University. By Joseph Daiiiels, 227

Comments or criticisms upon all papers given in this section, whether private corrections of typographical or other errors or communications for publication as '' Discussions," or independent papeiv on the same or a related subject, are ear- nestly invited.

All communications concerning the contents of this Bulletin should be addressed to JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Ph.D., Secretary and Editor, ag W. 39th St., New York, N. Y.

ii Monthly Bulletin, No. 62, February, 1912.

Officers.

For the year ending February, 191a.

Council*

Pbesidbnt op the Council.

CHARLES KIRCHHOFF New York, IT. Y.

(Term expires Febniaryp 1012.)

Vice-Presidents of the Counoii*.

BENJAMIN R LAWRENCE New York, N. Y.

JOSEPH W. RICHARDS South Bethlehem, Pa.

ALBERT SAUVEUR '. Cambridge, Mass.

(Term expires February, 1912.)

8. B. CHRISTY Berkeley, Cal.

W. A. LATHROP Philadelphia, Pa.

GARDNER F. WILLIAMS Washington, D. C.

(Term expires February, 191S.)

Councilors.

KARL EILERS New York, N. Y.

ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS New York, N. Y.

W. Q. MILLER , Toronto, Canada.

(Term expires February, 1912.)

ROBERT E. JENNINGS New York, N.Y.

WILLIAM KELLY Vulcan, Mich.

CHARLES F. RAND New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1913.)

A. E. CARLTON Cripple Creek, Colo*

W. J. OLCOTT DuLUTH, Minn.

E. L. YOUNG New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1914.)

Secretary of the Council and Editor.

JOSEPH STRUTHERS, 29 W. 39th St New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1912.)

Secretary Emeritus of the Council.

R. W. RAYMOND New York, N. Y.

Corporation.

JAMES GAYLEY, President; JAMES DOUGLAS, Vice-President;

FRANK LYMAN, Treasurer ;

JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Secretary and Assistant Treasurer.

Directors.

Theodore Dwight, Arthur L. Walker, Joseph Struthers.

(Term expires February, 1912.)

JAMES GAYLEY, CHARLES KIRCHHOFF, FRANK LYMAN. (Term expires February, 1918.)

JAMES DOUGLAS, JAMES F. KEMP, ALBERT R. LEDOUX. (Term expires February, 1914.)

Secretary's Note.— The (>)uncil is the professional body, having'charge of the election of members, the holding of meetings (except business meetings), and the publication of papers, proceedings, etc. The Board of Directors is the body legally responsible for the business management of the Corporation, and is there* fore, for oonyenience, composed of members residing in New York.

Ahsrican Institute of Mimimo Ensinbebs. iii

Committees.

For the year ending February, zgz2.

Council.

Membership: — Joseph Struthers, Benjamin B. Lawrence, Earl Eilers, Charles F. Band, Edward L. Young.

Publieations .-—Joseph Struthers, Ckairman, New York, N. Y. ; David W. Bnin- ton, Denver, Colo. ; Samuel B. Christy, Berkeley, Cal. ; Albert L. Colby, South Bethlehem, Pa.; Nathaniel H. Emmons, Copperhill, Tenn. ; Charles H. Fulton, Rapid City, S. D. ; James Gayley, New York, N. . Y. ; H. O. Hofman, Jamaica Plain, Mass.; Henry M. Howe, Bedford Hills, N. Y.; Walter R. Ingedls, New York, N. Y.; James F. Kemp, New York, N. Y.; R. V. Norris, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Edward D. Peters, Dorchester, Mass.; Rossiter W. Raymond, New York, N. Y.; Joseph W. Richards, South Bethlehem, Pa.; Robert H. Richards, Boston, Mass.; Albert Sauveur, Cambridge, Mass. ; Henry L. Smyth, Watertown, Mass.; Arthur L. Walker, New York, N. Y.

Corporation.

Finance : — James Douglas, Albert R. Ledoux, Theodore Dwight.

Library : — Joseph Struthers, James F. Kemp, Arthur L. Walker.

Land Fund: — James Douglas ; Theodore Dwight, Treasurer; T. F. Cole, Anton Eilers, James Gayley, John Hays Hammond, Charles Kirchhoff, Albert R. Ledoux, Frank Lyman.

Institute Representatives.

United Engineering Society Trustees :—"E})en R Olcott (1912), Joseph Struthers (1913), Theodore Dwight (1914).

Joint Conference Committee of the Four National Engineng Societies: — Charles KirchhofiF, Joseph Struthers.

John Fritz Medal Board of uwrd;— K Gybbon Spilsbury (1913), R. V. Norris (1914), Charles KirchhofiP (1916), J. F. Kemp (1916).

American Association for the Advancement of Science : — H. O. Hofman, Boston, Mass. ; John D. Irving, New Haven, Conn.

Eighth Intemalumal Congress of Applied Chemistry j New York, September j 1912 : — William L. Saunders, New York, N. Y.; Geoige C. Stone, New York, N. Y.

International Assoeiationfor Testing Materials Congress Chicago, September, 1912 : — Robert Forsyth, Chicago, 111.

Oommittee No, 24, International Association for Testing Materials : — Henry D. Hib- bard, Plainfield, N. J.

International Engineering Congress, San Francisco, 1916 : — Samue B. Christy, William C. Ralston, Edwin T. Blake.

Canadian Mining Institute, Toronto, Mar, 6, 7, 8, 1912 :— John Birkinbine, H. M. Chance, C. R. Coming, James Douglas, Theodore Dwight, W. E. C. Eustis, J. R. Finlay, F. Lynwood Garrison, W. R Ingalls, William Kelly, James F. Kemp, Benjamin B. Lawrence, Albert R. Ledoux, Ambrose Monell, Henry S. Munroe, R V. Norris, Edward W. Parker, Robert H. Richards, K Gybbon Spilsbury, H. H. Stoek, Joseph Struthers.

CoNsuLTiNo Attorneys. Blair A Rudd, New York, N. Y.

iv Monthly Bulletin, No. 62, February, 1912.

Institute Announcements.

The New York Meeting.

As already published in announcement No. 3, sent from the Institute oflSce under date of Jan. 29, 1912, the 102d meeting of the Institute for the reading and discussion of professional papers will be held in New York City, beginning Monday evening, Feb. 19, 1912. Headquarters will be at the Institute ofifice, in the Engineering Societies Building, 29 West 39th Street, where a Bureau of Information, in charge of Mr. George Buckman, OflSce Manager of the Institute, will be maintained. The sessions will be held in one of the assembly-rooms of the building. Special reception committees have been appointed for each day's proceedings.

The arrangements of the meeting, apart from the technical ses- sions, are in the hands of the New York Local Section, the Execu- tive Committee of which is Mr. Benjamin B. Lawrence, Chaimum ; Dr. James Douglas, Vice- Chairman ; Mr. Bradley Stoughton, Secre- tary-Treasurer ; Mr. C. R Perin, and Dr. George F. Kunz. AH in- quiries concerning local matters, except those referring to papers and discussions for the technical sessions, should be addressed to Mr. Bradley Stoughton. 165 Broadwav, New York, N. Y. The con- trol of the papers and ciiscussions will be exercised by the President and the Secretary of the Council, as usual.

No special reduction of railroad-fares for attendance at this meeting is practicable, nor have any hotel accommodations been reserved for visiting members, who will make individual arrange- ments in these respects.

Details of the technical sessions of the meeting will be given in the program of the Local Committee, which will be furnished to each member or guest on registration at Institute Headquarters. Members wishing to visit during the week of the meeting any in- dustrial plant or work in New York City or vicinity will be assisted to do so by means of suitable introductions and guidance, upon timely notice given by them in advance to Mr. George Buckman, 29 West 39th Street, New York City.

The following provisional program has been arranged, subject to change by the Local Committee.

Monday, Feb. 19, 1912. — 8.15 p. m. Informal social meeting and smoker at Institute Headquarters, including addresses on Institute matters by the President and the President- elect.

Tuesday, Feb. 20, 1912.— 10.00 a. m. Annual Business Meeting.

12.30 p. m. Luncheon at the Engineering Societies Building.

2.00 p. m. Technical session, at which will be presented and dis- cussed papers on " Fine-Ore Sintering," " Electro-Static Ore-Separa- tion," and '' Roll Crushing."

6.30 p.m. Reception and banquet at the Hotel Plaza, 59th Street and Fifth Avenue, New York City. Committee : James Gayley, Chairman; Albert R. Ledoux, D. M. Riordan, Theodore D wight, and Thomas Robins.

Ambrigan Institute of Mining Engineers. v

Wednesday, Feb. 21, 1912.— 10.00 a. m. Technical Session.

12.30 p. m. Luncheon at Engineering Societies Building.

2.00 p. m. Technical session.

Papers on the geology of several mining-districts and other sub- jects to be announced later will be presented and discussed at these sessions.

Annual Business Meeting.

The Annual Business Meeting of the Institute will be held at the Institute Headquarters, 29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y., on Tuesday, Feb. 20, 1912, at 10 a. m. At this meeting members pres- ent, or by proxy, will elect a President, three Vice-Presidents, Sec- retary and three members of the Council, and three Directors of the Corporation ; as required by the Constitution. A form of proxy, in the name of Dr. Leonard Waldo and Mr. Bradley Stough- ton, which may be signed, witnessed, and returned to the office of the Institute, with or without alteration, has been sent to all mem- bers of the Institute. Members and Associates in arrears for dues of 1911, or residing outside of the United States, Canada, and Mexico, are not entitled to vote. The following names, comprising all the nominations received for offices of the Council, have been recommended by the Nomination Committee, which consisted of E. Gybbon Spilsbury, Chairman, Jatnes R. Finlay, Charles P. Perin, Arthur S. Dwight, and Louis D. Huntoon. Said nominations were approved by the Council at the regular meeting, Jan. 12, 1912.

For President of the CounciL

James F. Kemp, New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1913.)

For Vice-Presidents of the Council.

Benjamin B. Thayer, New York, N. Y.

KarlEilers, New York, N. Y.

Waldemar Lindgren, Washington, D. C.

(Term expires February, 1914.) '

For Secretary of the CounciL

Joseph Struthers, New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1913.)

For Members of the CounciL

Joseph W. Richards, South Bethlehem, Pa.

John H. Janeway, Jr., New York, N. Y.

Sidney J. Jennings, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1915.)

The following members of the Council are, under the Constitu- tion, ineligible at this time for re-election to the positions they now hold, the terms of which will expire at the time of the Annual Business Meeting, Feb. 20, 1912 : Benjamin B. Lawrence, Joseph W. Richards, and Albert Sauveur as Vice-Presidents of the Council; and Karl Eilers, Alex. C. Humphreys, and W. G. Miller as Coun- cilors.

Aside from the election of officers and the presentation of the financial statement (to be subsequently published in the Bulletin

vi Monthly Bulletin, No. 62, February, 1912.

for the information of members), important issues bearing on the future development of the Institute will be presented for action, notably, the proposed Amendments to the Constitution, which, together with a special form of Proxy made out in the names of E. E. Olcott and George W. Maynard, have been published and sent, under date of Jan. 19, 1912, to all the members of the Institute.

The New York Section.

The next meeting of the New York Local Section of the Institute will be held in the Engineering Societies Building, 29 West 39th St., New York, N. Y., on Friday, Mar. 22, 1912. at 8.15 p. m.

At this meeting Prof. James F. Kemp will aeliver an illustrated address on Iron-Mining in Swedish Lapland.

Benjamin B. Lawrence, Chairman, Bradley Stoughton, Secretary.

165 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Back Volumes of the Transactions.

The Board of Directors has authorized the following offers of sets of back volumes of the Transactions, at considerably reduced prices, to Members, Libraries, and Scientific Societies :

Per Set. I. Five volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 36 (1906)

to No. 40 (1910\ $20

II. Ten volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 31 (1902)

to No. 40 (1910), including Mexican Volume, . . 35

III. Twenty volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 21

(1893) to No. 40 (1910), 50

IV. Thirty volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 11

(1883) to No. 40 (1910), 60

V. Thirty-nine volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 1 (1873) to No. 40 (1910), with the exception of No. 10 (1882), but including index for Volumes Nos. 1 to 35,

and Nos. 36 to 40, 75

VI. Nine volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 1 (1873)

to No. 9 (1881), 25

Applications should be addressed to Joseph Struthers, Secretary, 29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y.

Deferred Publication of the Year Book.

The Year Book of the Institute, which heretofore has been sent out with the January number of the Bulletin, and has covered the cal- endar year, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, will not be issued this year until after the date of the Annual Meeting of the Institute, Feb. 20, 1912, thereby conforming to the official year of the Institute.

American Institute op Mining Enginbbrs, vii

The Excursion to Japan.

BT ROaSITEB W. RAYMOND, SECRETARY EMERITUS.

Postscript.

On page 28 of the Bulletin for January, in my account of the late excursion to Japan, I mentioned the address delivered at the Im- perial University of Tokyo by Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of Lehigh University, and one of the original members of our Insti- tute. Dr. Drinker left our party a dav or two later, to proceed with his family to China, and homeward through Europe, so that I was unable to obtain the text of his address in time to publish it as a part of my story. I now print it as an important part of the record of that memorable excursion.

Remarks of Dr. Henry S. Drinker, at Kyoto, Japan.

Baron Kihuchi President — and QerUlemen of the Faculty and Teaching Force, and of the Student Body, of the Imperial Univerniy of Kyoto : — It is a great pleasure to be able, after the inspection you have invited us to make of your bnildings and equipment, and after meeting your large teaching force — to congratulate you, not as a mere matter of compliment, but intelligently and from our hearts, on the great work you are doing nere for Japan in the promotion of higher education among your people.

We can see, from this inspection, that you are wisely concentrating the expendi- ture of your available resources on your faculty and equipment, rather than in the erection of pretentious buildings, which though impressive outwardly to the eye, lack within the full complement of brainy men, by whose united work alone can your mission be properly accomplished. Your plant appears, however, to be adequate, and well adapted to the work to be done, and it is a surprise to us to see the equipment of your engineering departments so well represented and worked out.

On you, gentlemen of the faculty — leaders in your chosen work, rests a great responsibility. We envy you the privilejie of its exercise in the educational train- ing of your intelligent, earnest, forceful people, and we, who have come from our distant land across the seas, in meeting and studying your people, have learned from them lessons of love, of gentleness, of amiability, of courtesy, and of hospi- tality to the stranger and at home, that we have taken to heart, and that will abide with us as a gift and a keep-sake from the people of Nippon, more valued and more precious than much fine gold.

We have now been in your land for some days. We have seen your great sea- port of Yokohama, and have been shown your capital city of Tokyo, and have traveled through your country to this ancient capital of the realm ; I personally have been greatly impressed by the fact that in our journeyings I have yet to see an instance of discourtesy or of rudeness, or to hear an unkind word, from one of your people to another ; and their cordial reception of our party has been univer- sal. My good wife, who is with me, has noted, as I have done also, the loving care, everywhere apparent, shown to children in this wonderful land where the precept, "Love one another," is a practice, and not a theory only, of life, for while you tolerate and protect in yoar people the practice of all religions, you appear to follow and to have adopted the teachings and the practice of self-sacri- fice and of altruism, with an exalted patriotism, as the leading principles of your life.

To your young men I heartily indorse the views expressed by Professor Rich- ards, an experienced educator, that before they seek instruction in foreign lands, they avail of the excellent facilities now afforded by your own Universities in your own land, and that they go abroad only for special supplementary post-graduate studies for which special facilities may be open to them in other countries ; for to- day your progress m education has been so great, that you are no longer depend- ent on Europe and America.

To me personally, there is an intimate individual pleasure in this visit to the land of Nippon; for of all our delegation of visiting engineers, I am, I think ,

viii Monthly Bulletin, No. 62, February, 1912.

the only one who was, in any way, in touch with the events characterizing the passing of the old Japan into the new, now more than half a century ago. My father and mother were Americans living in Hongkong and in Macao from about 1840 to 1858, my father being a merchant in Hongkong, and I was born there in 1850. Commodore Perry was an intimate friend of our family, and a visitor at our home when engaged in the expedition in 1853 which resulted in the opening of your ports, and Townsend Harris, who, as the American Ambassador, negotiated with you in 1857 the original commercial treaty between our countries, was also our intimate friend.

While I was too young to receive impressions enabling me now to remember Commodore Perry, my memory of Mr. Harris is personal and loving ; and the story of his and of Commodore Perry's friendship and association with us, and of the momentous events in which those great men led, is a precious tradition in our family. It is to me, therefore, a valued privilege now to visit Ja|.>an in the companv of this delegation of Uading scientific men of America. To rejoice with you m the triumph of your efforts for national progress, and to see in the char- acter and conduct of your people the promise and potency of a further coming triumph greater than any you have achieved ; greater than even your establish- ment of modern government in your nation in place of that which descended to you from the ages of the past — greater than the triumph of your marvelously successful industrial and educational progress and development — greater than the triumphs of war — of the Yalu — and of Nihon-kai — the triumph of Universal Peace, to which the enlightened nations of the world are so surely tending, and in which you, the nation leading Asia in enlightenment and progress, should stand hand in hand with America, strengthening by our joint action in this twentieth century the ties of the friendship the foundations of which were laid by Perry and Harris ; a friendship which should be, and is, so real and abiding that it can never be weakened or broken by irresponsible agitators, or by hnsty and unfounded misconceptions.

On p. 53 of my report, I dismissed with a line or two the grace- ful and interesting address delivered in the English language by Mr. Masayuki Otagawa, director and consulting engineer of the Furukawa Co., at the Nikko refining-works of that company, visited by our party on Thursday, Nov. 16, 1912 (erroneously printed, by the way, on p. 51 as Tuesday). Mr. Otagawa kindly wrote out his remarks afterwards, and forwarded to me a copy, which was re- ceived just too late to be included in my contribution to the Janu- ary Bulletin, I publish them now, also taking this occasion to express to Mr. Otagawa the thanks of our party for his many per- sonal courtesies, and our recognition of his eminent position among the engineers of Japan.

Remarks op Mr. M. Otagawa, Nikko Copper- Works, Nov. 16, 1911.

Captain Hunt Ladies and Oendemen : — It is with much pleasure that I welcome you here on behalf of the Furukawa Mining Co., althongh I confess I am scarcely prepared to receive jron in such a manner as I could wish, having myKclf been always on the road with you since your arrival in Japan. It is a reat satisfaction that you have ventured to come up to this part of our country, when your depar- ture for fiome is so near at hand. You are r ow in the heart of Japan, and you have already touched the hearts of the Japanese people I (Cheers. ) At all events, I trust }ou may find some attraction to compensate for 'your jriurney hither. As you already know, Nikko is renowned for its beautiful temples, majestic cryto- meria trees, and romantic scenery, so much so that the saying has come down to us from old times, I)on*t say Kekko, until you have seen Nikko " ; or, in other words, until you have seen Nikko you do not know the real meaning of the word 'Nekko' (magnificence). I feel that our copper-works are not worthy to be in- cluded in the category of Nikko's attractions, and that this eulogistic saying can hardly be applied to them ; but I hope that you will find some truth in the time- honored saying, when you visit our bKeautifurtemples to-morrow.

With reference to our copper industry, it is a pleasure to say that in mining And metallurgy, we owe a vast debt to you Americans, and particularly to your

Ambrican Institute of Mining Engineers. ix

American Institute of Mining Engineers. Our coppeivworks and copper-mines are modeled after the gigantic works in your country. As an illustration. Dr. Baymond was kind enough to mention in hb eloquent address at the luncheon given by the Mayor of Tokvo, the Bessemer converters adopted at Ashio, which are perhaps in the order of their installation second only to those of Butte, with which the name of our friend Mr. Goodale, who is here at this table, has been associated for twenty-six years. Again, the series-process of electrolytic refining at the Nikko copper-works presents one of the only three examples of that thod at present existing in the world ; the other two being at the Nichols copper works, Laurel Hill, New York, and at the Baltimore copper-works, Maryland. Another interesting fact in this connection is, that the Nichols and the Itimore copper- works prmiuce one-third of the total output of the world's electrolytic copper, while I he Nikko copper-works are credited with one-third of the electrolytic-cop-

Ser production of Japan. (Cheers.) In the copper-production of the world, apan ranks third, after the United States and Mexico ; and it is most gnitifying to us to have here as our guests, the representntives of the two greatest copper- producing countries in the world. We have followed the American way ; it is indeed a pleasure to say that we are called the Yankees of the £ast" ; and I assure you we are proud of the name. (Cheers. )

The success of our copper-works, however, has not been attained by mere imita- tion, but has been the result of individual achievement It is built on men. Besides ting to adopt things suitable for our purpose from America and Europe, we make it our chief aim and purpose to originate, or at any rHte to adopt and improve methods, so as to meet our own conditions. We have alwa3rs had at the helm competent men, who have received a systematic education and training. Dr. K. Yamaguchi, our former general manager, is an American product, being a graduate of John Hopkins University in Baltimore. He built the copper- works Mr. K. OkumuFH, our present general manager, expects soon to double the out- put of the plant by the completion of a multiple process. (Cheers. )

I fear that the ladies present may not find these dry facts and figures very enter- taining, therefore I should like to refer to another side of the subject, which may be a little more interesting to them. Copper-mining in Japan is an ancient indus- try, and the metallurgy of copper has been remarkably progressive in Japan since the old days. As eany as 70t) A.D., copper coins were minted in Japan, and our people have been acquainted, from time almost immemorial, with a smelting pro- cess called "Mabuki," which presents an interesting analogy with the Bessemer process.

During my sta in New York in 1906, I was asked to write an article on Japa- nese copper in Mineral Industry. I think I started it with Boshana-Biitsu," that huge image of Buddha which we saw last week at Nara. This gigantic bronze statue was erected between 743 and 752 A.D. The finish and workmanship may serve as an illustration of the advanced state of our copper industry over twelve centuries ago. Moreover, Japan seems to have given a considerable amount of attention to the mining industry, even in the early days of her history. In the time of Marco Polo, Japan was known in Eurooe as '*The Island of Gold and Silver," and that famous voyager informed the west that there was a palace in Japan, roofed with golden tiles, and having ceilings made of the precious metals, and spangled with gold and silver ornaments. So valuable, indeed, was the trea- sure of this palace supposed to be, that it was even an attraction to Christopher Columbus, who aimed to reach Zipangu (Japan) in his voyage of discovery. While this report was greatly exaggerated, you will see to-morrow the Toshogn Temples, in the decoration of which silver and gold are lavishly employed. The copper tiles with which the temples, as well as the castle in Tokyo, are roofed, all come from the Ashio mines. Japan's copper-industry has always been in a pros- perous CO' dition ; and more than 300 years ago Japanese copper was exported to Europe thiough the medium of the Dutch.

I think 1 have said about enough on this subject — perhaps too much. At any rate, I must take this opportunity to express regrets for my shortcomings in the capacity of a host. But I hope you will remember that I have always been with you on your piUrimage ; and, not being such a versatile actor as Baiko, whom we saw last night at the Empire Theater (Teikokugekijo), I find it very hard to make the quick change from a pilgrim to a responsible host! I should like to be the **Qold-haired Fox," and able to effect sucli a brilliant change as he did in the ; hut, as it is, I have placed only the part of a Copper Haired Fox I Cheera.) I thank you for your kind attention.

X Monthly Bulletin, No. 62, February, 1912.

John Fritz,

The autobiography of John Fritz, published by Wiley & Sons, presents as a frontispiece an excellent portrait of its venerable and beloved author. But the book itself, in its quaint simplicity, trans- parent sincerity, self-respecting modesty, and hearty numan sym- pathy, is a still better picture of the man. It tells a story of patient endeavor as well as inborn genius, constituting an important chapter in the history of industrial progress through the application of sci- ence to engineering. The achievements of John Fritz as a mechani- cal engineer made the world his debtor : but the world owes him also a great debt for the example of his life.

This handsome volume contains, besides his picturesque and im- pressive story, told in his own words, contributions from several of nis friends, and reports of public testimonials oflfered to him. It is a delightful and inspiring book, and will be treasured, after it has been enjoyed, by innumerable readers. — R. W. R.

Special Notice.

The Bulletin is now entered at the Post Office at Second-Class Postage rate of one cent per pound, and in order to preserve this privilege it will be necessary that the dues of members be paid within four months of Jan. 1, 1912. If the dues are not paid within the period mentioned, a member's name must be removed from the regular subscription-list and the Bulletin mailed at the transient second-class postage rate of one cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof, prepaid by stamps affixed. It is therefore earnestly re- quested that dues be paid promptly — otherwise the Institute will be put to additional expense of postage and to added labor in re- moving and replacing names from the regular list, and maintaining an additional separate mailing-list.

Library Research- Work.

The attention of members of the Institute is again directed to the research-work done by the librarian and his assistants, which sliould attract special attention from those members who have no access to the literature of subjects in which they may be interested. A list of recent searches follows :

Combustion of coal-dust; fusibility of ash; pyritic smelting; burning small sizes of coal ; chromite-ore in Cuba ; shaft-sinking ; oil-pipe lines ; cost of producing open-hearth steel ; smoke-abate- ment; tunneling-machines; alloys of aluminum; mining asbestos ; bog ore; boron manufacture; filter-presses (cyanide process); iron- ores from Yorkshire; mineral resources of Cyprus; electrolytic re- fining of copper; copper-deposits of Maryland; iron- and copper- deposits in Cuba; liquid and gaseous fuels; graphite in Coylon; gold-dredges and dredging; graphite manufacture; Lowe gas-pro-

Amerioak Institute of Mining Engineers. xi

ducer; occurrence of magnesite; molybdenum ; acid mine-water; cold-fields in Nevada sulphur in Santo Domingo ; timbering and lining of circular shafts ; mines in Venezuela.

During the year 1911 there were 143 searches made for members and non-members of the Founder Societies, and copies of the ref- erences have been preserved for the use of others. This work has been largely based on requests sent in by mail, from Japan, South Africa, Mexico, Canada, and England, as well as from diflferent parts of the United States. The Librarian is confident that if it were more widely known that the library is equipped to undertake re- searches, the demand would increase beyond the ability of the present force to handle it. The library receives more than 700 tech- nical periodicals which are available through the indexes for this special purpose.

Local Sections.

The following regulations for the establishment of Local Sections of the Institute, issued in circular form and distributed to the mem- bership May 26, 1911, are here republished for more convenient reference.

Regulations for the Formation and Conduct of Local Sections. (Adopted May 19, 1911.)

1. A Local Section of the Institute may be authorized by the Council at the written request of ten members residing within an appropriate distance of a central point.

2. Only one Section shall be authorized in one locality or district.

3. The Council shall define the territory of a Section.

4. A Section must consist of twenty-five or more members; when its membership falls below twenty-five in number the Council may annul the Section.

5. Only members of the Institute shall be members of its Local Sections.

6. All members of the Institute, of all grades, residing within the territory of a Section shall ipso facU> constitute the membership of such Section.

7. The officers of a Section shall be elected after the formation of the Section has been duly authorized, at a meeting of the members of the Institute within the territory of said Section, called by the spon- sors of the Section, notice of said meeting and its object being given to said members at least thirty days in advance. Officers shall be elected for a term not longer than one year.

8. The officers of a Local Section shall be a Chairman, Vice- Chairman, Secretary, Treasurer (or Secretary -Treasurer), and such others as the Section may desire.

9. Whenever the Institute is financially able to do so, it shall be the policjr of its Board of Directors to contribute from its funds for the legitimate running expenses of each Local Section an amount not exceeding, in each year, 25 per cent, of the dues received from the members of said Section in said year. Requests for such appro- priations shall be signed by the Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer of the Section.

xii Monthly Bulletin, No. 62, February, 1912.

10. If the expenses of a Section exceed the appropriation made it by the Institute, the difference must be made up by voluntary con- tributions, but not by assessment upon the members of said Section. The Institute shall not be responsible for the debts of its Sections.

11. The Institute reserves the right to cancel a Section, or re-ad- just its territory.

12. Papers presented at Local Sections, and discussions thereon if reported, are the property of the Institute. They shall be sub- mitted to the Publication Committee and published in the Bulletin or TransactioTis, or both, if approved. Such papers shall not be pub- lished elsewhere without permission of the Council. The reading of a paper before a Local Section shall not carry with it the right of publication in the Bulletin or Transactions of the Institute.

13. Neither the author of a paper presented to a Local Section nor the Local Section shall have the right to reprint a paper or pub- lish it in advance of the meeting without obtaining the permission of the Publication Committee of the Institute, which shall deter- mine the details of such permission. Nothing herein shall forbid the abstracting of a paper by the press after its presentation beforer the Local Section.

14. The Institute shall print advance copies of papers offered to Local Sections, in order to facilitate discussion thereon, provided that such papers are approved for such advance publication by the Chairman or Secretary of the Local Section and by the Publication Committee of the Institute.

15. Papers read before a Local Section may also be ofifered for reading or discussion at general meetings of the Institute, and shall be given equal standing with the other papers on the program of said meeting, when approved by the Publication Committee.

16. Each Local Section shall transmit promptly to the Secretary of the Institute full announcements of its proposed meetings and an abstract of its proceedings, including the names of authors and titles of all papers read before it, for the purpose of preparing a report thereon to be published in the Bulletin of the Institute, and for the purpose of enabling the Council of the Institute to comply with articles 17 and 19 of these regulations.

17. The By-Laws and regulations of Local Sections shall be sub- ject to the approval of the Council.

18. The Council reserves the right to amend, annul, or add to these regulations.

19. No action shall be taken by a Section which shall contravene the Constitution of this Institute.

Charles Kirchhoff, President; Joseph Struthers, Secretary,

The Emmons Research Fellowship of Economic

Geology.

The Committee named below has been formed by friends of Samuel Franklin Emmons, late of the United States Geological Survey, to consider the best method of perpetuating his name. It has been decided that the memorial to him shall take the shape of

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xiii

a Research Fellowship, to be known as the Samuel Franklin Emmons Research Fellowship of Economic Geology, which is to be administered by Prof. James F. Kemp, of Columbia University, New York. Subscriptions are invited oy his friends to this fund, which the Committee has fixed at $25,000.

Members of the Institute who desire to contribute to this fund will please communicate with the Treasurer, Benjamin B, Lawrence, 60 Wall Street, New York.

The Committee consists of the following :

George Otis Smith, Director, U, S. Geological Survey, Wash- ington, D. C.

H. L. Smyth, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

James Douglas, 99 John Street, New York, N. Y.

J. A. Holmes, Director, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.

James F. Kemp, Columbia University, New York, N. Y.

F. W. Bradley, San Francisco, Cal.

J. Parke Channing, 42 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Seeley W. Mudd, 1001 Central Building, Los Angeles, Cal.

D. W. Brunton, Denver, Colo.

H. Foster Bain, 420 Market Street, San Francisco, Cal.

T. A. RiCKARD, London, England.

B. B. Lawrence, 60 Wall Street, New York, N. Y.

Regulations for the Committee on Publication.

(Adopted June 16, 1911.)

1. The formation of a Publication Committee, consisting of the Secretary-Editor of the Institute, Chairman, and of at least twelve specialists, members of the Institute, who are willing to assist in passing on all papers oflFered for publication.

2. This committee shall perform its functions as follows :

(a) On the receipt of a paper by the Secretary, he shall send it to the member oi this committee who, in his judgment, is most competent to pass upon it, accompanying the paper with his own opinion of its suitableness for publication, the history of the paper, and any other pertinent information.

(b) If the member of the committee and the Chairman agree upon the suitability or unsuitability of the paper, it shall be con- sidered accepted for publication or rejected, as the case may be.

(c) If these two do not agree, the paper shall be submitted to a third, and the opinion of two of these three shall decide the matter.

(d) If a paper has been refused publication, the author may have the right of appeal, in which case the persons previously passing on the paper, together with others of the committee (appointed by the President) making five altogether, shall decide the question.

(e) If a paper has been accepted for publication, it shall be con- sidered eligible to be placed on the program of a meeting.

3. The placing of a paper upon the program of a meeting does not give it the right to be published in the Bulletin or Transactions of the Institute ; its suitability for publication must in every case be passed upon by the Publication Committee, as provided for in Section 2.

xiv Monthly Bulletin, No. 62, February, 1912.

4. In case the Secretary is unable to secure a decision as to the suitability or unsuitability of a paper for publication, as directed in Section 2, before the time of announcing the program of a meet- ing, he may at his own discretion place the paper upon the program of the meeting, or refuse it a place thereon.

Affiliated Student Societies.

Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geol- ogy, etc., may be recognized by the Council in its discretion as an Amliated Student Society. A circular giving details of the plan of afl51iation may be obtained on application to the office of the Sec- retary of the Institute.

The following societies have been placed by authority of the Council on the above list :

Affimatbd Student Societies.

The Mining Society of the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Preddenly Karl C. Stadtmiller ; Secretary S. B. Gordy.

The University of Illinois Student Branch of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Champaign, 111. PresiderUj A. L. Voight ; Secretary M. L. Nehel.

The Engineering Society of the University of Nevada, Reno, Nev. Premdtnt Walter Harris ; Secretary E. R. Bennett.

The University of Wisconsin Mining Cluh, Madison, Wis. Prmdentj H. K Schmidt; Secretary, W. V. Bickelhaapt.

The Mining and Geological Society of Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. President, William R Fairhurst ; Secretary Carl W. Mitman.

The School of Mines Society of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. President, Emory P. Baker.

The Mining Engineering Society of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. President, L. B. Duke ; Secretary, Lionel H. Lehmaier.

The Student Auxiliary Sodetv of the American Institute of Mining Engineers of the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. President, A. H. Auingelsdorf ; Secretary, C. J. Hainbach.

The Associated Miners of the University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. President, James W. Gwinn ; Secretary, J. Wallace Strohecker.

The State College of Washington Mining and Geological Society, Pullman, Waah. President, R. V. Ageton ; Secretary, W. M. McCarty.

The Tejas Technical Society, School of Mines, University of Texas. iVcn- dent, G. C. Cartwright ; Secretary, David S. Alley.

The Ohio State University Student Branch of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Columbus, Ohio. President, Hugh B. Lee ; Secretary, E. P. Elliott

The Stanford Geology and Mining Society, Stanford University, Cal. President B. E. Parsons ; Secretary, E D. Nolan.

The Senior Mining Society of Columbia University, New York, N. Y. President Roger L. Strobel ; Secretary, Clark G. Mitchell.

Mining Association of the University of California, Berkeley, Cal. Presi' dmt, W. E. De Berry ; Secretary, J. F. Dodge.

Tufts College Chemical Society, Tufts College, Mass. President, P. G. Savage ; Secretary, W. S. Frost.

University of Washington Mining Society, Seattle, Wash. President, Horace 11. Crary ; Secretary, Clinton R. Lewis.

Student Branch of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. President, M. R Iladley ; Secretary, R. L. Hurst

American Institute op Mining Engineers. xv

MiflBOuri Mining Association of the Missouri School of Mines, Kolla, Mo. Pretident, D. L. Forrester ; Secretary , J. S. Irwin.

The Pick and Shovel Club of the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio. President L. B. Riddle ; Secretary, 8. C. Stillwagon.

Colorado School of Mines Scientific Society, Golden, Colo. President, Alan Kissock ; Secretary f George Wilfley.

How to Use the "Transactions" of the Institute.

Buy a copy of the Gomplete Analytical and Alphabetical Index of Vol- umes L to XXXV., inclusive; also the new Index of Volumes XXXVI, to

Whether you do or do not own a full set of the Transactions, these Indexes will make all of the material contained in the forty volumes available at once without detailed research into each volume sepa- rately. Moreover, an easy search will show what particular papers you need to know more about, and perhaps to study. Thus, any person possessing these Indexes can ascertain at once what has been published in the Transactimis on a given question, and can learn, by writing to the Secretary, what is its nature, whether it is still to be had in pamphlet form, where it can be consulted in a public library, at what cost it can be copied by hand, etc., etc.

In short, to those who own complete sets of the Transections, these Indexes will be a great convenience ; but to those who do not, they will be a professional necessity.

The Inaex Volumes I. to XXXV. is an octavo of 706 pages, con- taining more than 60,000 entries, duly classified with sub-headings, and including abundant cross-references. The limited edition is becoming exhausted. The new Index, Volumes XXXVI. to XL., supplementing the Index Volumes I. to XXXV., brings the classi- fied references up to the date of Volume XL., June, 1910. Prices: Index Volumes I. to XXXV., bound in cloth, $5 ; bound in half- morocco, to match the Transactions, $6. Index Volumes XXXVI. to XL., bound in cloth, $1.50; bound in half-morocco, $2.50. The delivery charges will be paid by the Institute on receipt of the above price.

Hydrographic Chart.

Owing to the great value to hydrographers of the chart contained in the paper, A Graphic Solution of Kutter's Formula, by L. I. Hewes and Joseph W. Roe {Bulletin No. 29, May, 1909, p. 454), a special edition for office or field use has been printed on durable cloth. Copies of this separate chart may be obtained, at a cost of 50 cents each, on application to the office of the Secretary of the Institute.

xvi Monthly Bulletin, No. 62, February, 1912.

Library.

American Institute op Electrical Engineers. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. American Institute of Mining Engineers. United Engineering Society.

William P. Cutter, Librarian.

The libraries of the above-named Societies are open from 9 a.m. to 9 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. during July and August.

The Library contains about 42,000 volumes, including sets of tech- nical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies.

The members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are by the very nature of their profession forced to spend a large portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To euch members the Library can render valuable service through cor- respondence, and letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects ; to determine, if possible, the existence of mining-maps, and to furnish general in- formation as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries as far as these resources are known and published.

It is hoped that the members of the Institute will avail them- selves freely of this special service. The Library will welcome in- quiries on engineering subjects, and furnish information as far as such information is to be obtained.

All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. In this wav the time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and as a result the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining-reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made avail- able to other members.

Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assur- ance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

American Institutb of Mining Engineers. xvii

Library Accessions.

Jan. 1 to Jan. 31, 1912.

[Copies of the list of additions to the Libraries of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers can be obtained on application to the Secretary of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.]

Alunite. a newly discovered deposit near Marysvale, Utah. (Bulletin No. 511, U. S. Geological Survey. ) Washington, 1912. (Exchange.)

Ahericait Electrochemical Society. Transactions. Vol. 20, 1911. South Bethlehem, 1911. (Exchange. )

American Geographical Society. Journal. Vol. 3. Albany, 1873. (Exchange.)

Applied Geology. By A. H. Brooks. (Reprinted from Journal of the Waah- irigton Academy of Science, vol. II., No. 2, Jan. 19, 1912.) N. p., n. d. (Gift of Author.)

Approximate Cost of a Canal Between Bay Head and the Shrewsbury River. Keport to the 135th Legislature. (Bulletin No. 2, New Jersey Geo- logical Survey. ) Trenton, 1911. (Exchange.)

Assaying and Metallurgical Analysis for the use op Students, Chemists, AND Assay KRS. Ed. 2. By E. L. Rhead and A. H. Sexton. London~New York. Longmans, Green & Co., 1911. (Purchase.)

Atlas General des Houilleres. By E. Gruner et G. Bousquet. Two vols. Paris, 1911. (Purchise.)

Bericht dbr Senckenbbkgischen Naturforschendbn Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main. 42, Pts. 1-i, 1911. Frankfurt am Main, 1911. (Gift of James Douglas. )

British Association for the Advancement of Science. Report, 1901909. London, 1903-1910. (Purchase.)

BuRKETOWN Mineral Field (silver-lead and zinc mines). ( Publication No. 232, Queensland Geological Survey.) Brisbane, 1911. (Exchange.)

Canada. Mines Department. Report on the Gypsum Deposits of the Mari- time Provinces. Ottawa, 1911. (Exchange.)

Cabb School of Applied Science. Catalogue, 1911-1912. Cleveland, 1911. (Gift of Case School of Applied Science.)

Chemiker-Kalender, 1912. By Rudolf Biedermann. Two vols. Berlin, 1912. (Purchase. )

CiENCiAs Pedag6oicas y Filosofia. Tomo II. (Congreso Cientifico Pan Americano) volume XIII.) Santiago de Chile, 1911. (Gift of Congreso Cientifico.)

Contributions to Economic Geology (Short Papers and Preliminary Re- ports), 1910, Part I. (Bulletin No. 470, U. S. Geological Survey. ) Wash- mtton, 1911. (Exchange.)

CoBN ell University Library. Librarian's Report, 1910-1911. Ithaca, 1911. (Exchange.)

Dbbcbiftion of the Fossil Fish Remains op the Cretaceous, Eocene and Miocene Formations of New Jersey. (Bulletin No. 4, New Jersey Geo- logical Survey.) Trenton, 1911. (Exchange.)

Dredging OF Gold Placers. By J. R Hodgson. London, 1911. (Purchase.)

Einleitung in DIB Chemische Krystallographie. By P. Groth. Leipzig, 1904. (Purchase.)

L'Elbctbochimie. Vols. 3-6. Paris, 1897-1900. (Purchase.)

Engineering Standards Committee. British Standard Definitions of Yield Point and Elastic Limit. (No. 56.) Westminster, 1911.

British Standard Specifications for Material used in the Construction of

Railway Rolling Stock. (No. 24, revised.) London, 1911.

Report on British Standard Heads for Small Screws. (No. 57.) London,

1911. (Gift of Engineering Standards Committee.)

xviii Monthly Bulletin, No. 62, February, 1912.

Febbo-Ma.ontishe. By R. Jouaust ParU, 1911. (Purchase.)

FiiOBA. OP THE RA.BITAN FoBMA.Tio>f. (Bulletin No. 3, New Jersey Geological Survey.) Trenton, 1911. (Exchange.)

Genebal Summaby of the Minebal Pboduction of Canada during 1910. (Canada Mines Department. No. 117.) Ottawa, 1911. (Exchange.)

Geological Litebatube added to the Geological Society's Libbaby dub- ING 1910. London, 1911. (Exchange.)

I Giacimenti Petboleifebi *£m[ilia. (Memorie descriptive della Carta (Teologica D'ltalia. Vol. XIV.) Bologna, 1911. (Gift of Corpo Realle della Miniere.)

Atlas.

Graphical Solution op Fault Problems. By C. F. Tolman, Jr. San Fran- cisco, 1911. (Gift of Mining and Scientific Press.)

[Note. — This compact little treatise deals in an elementary way with a subject which has received little attention in American technical literature. The author is a professor in the School of Mines of the University uf Arizona, and the book, composed of material selected from his course in structural geology, is another proof of the usefulness and raison (THre of such institutions. similar proof was given in the paper of Prof. George J. Young, of the Mackay School of Mines at Keno, Nev., on Slime-Filtration, read at the San Francisco meeting of October last, and published in the November JBu/fe/tn. ) We are receiving from these sources, located as they are in immediate contact with pressing problems of practice, most valuable contributions of accurate observations, careful experi- ments, and acute scientific discussions, concerning questions of professional im- portance. It has been said sometimes that the numerous American mining schools are turning out mining engineers in excess of the demand for them ; but, however that may be, it is certain that they are supplying professional knowledge for which the demand cannot be exceeded-

Professor To! man does me the honor to recall my paper (!ZVa7i., x, 456), read at the Washington meeting of February, 1882, on Hoefer's Method of Determin- ing Faults in Mineral Veins," as a discussion not continued, until recently, in the English langUHge. He cites only Mr. Reid's paper on The Geology of Faults," presented in December, 190S, to the Geological Society of America, and published m the Bulletin of that Society in May, 1909, aside from his own publications on the subject.

In 1882, when my paper was presented, I hoped to follow it with other essays ; but in 1883 I was aopointed Secretary of the Institute, and in 1884, and 25 subse- quent years I was elected to that office, so that for more than 27 years I was too heavily burdened with official work to realize the professional ambitions of my youth in the line of independent authorship. I am glad to see other men, better equipped for such undertakings, fulfilling my abandoned aspirations.

Professor Tolman's treatise is an excellent introduction to a complicated study. It di<cusses briefly the nomenclature of fault-niovements ; methods of projection for graphical treatment ; elementary problems in line and plane intersections ; fault-movements of pure translation along vertical and inclined planes ; and problems involving rotation as well as simple translation. — B. W. R. J

Gbeat Bbitain. Inspectors of Explosives. Annual Report, 23th-35th. Lon- don, 1904-1911. (Purchase.)

Handbook of the Minebal Resoubces of Geoboia. Atlanta, 1911. (Ex- change. )

Handbuch deb Minebalchemie. By C. Doelter. Vol. 1, No. 4. Dresden, 1911. (Purchase.)

Habvabd Univebsity. Catalogue, 1911-1912. Cambridge, 1911. (Exchange.)

EEbm ATiTE Cues of Bbazil and a Comparison with Hematite Ores of Lake Superior. By C. K. Leith and E. C. Harder. N. p., n. d. (Reprinted from Economic Geology Oct. -No v ., 19 1 1 . ) ( G if t of Authors. )

Illustrierte Technische WOrterbijcher. Band XL Eisenhiittenwesen. By A. Schlomann. MUnchen-Berlin, 1911. (Purchase.)

Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Constitution and By-laws and list of Members, 1912, London, 1912. (Exchange.)

Americak Ikstitute of Mining Enginbbrs. xxi

tion ; the limitations of the single-unit and 5-stamp anit batteries ; the history tod practice of amalgamation in connection with stamp-mills ; and the details of stamp-mill construction. — K W. K]

Surface Water Supply op the United States, 1910. Part VI. Missouri Riyer Basin. (Water Supply Paper No. 286.) Washington, 1911. (Ex- change. )

Part VII. Lower Mississippi Basin. (Water Supply Paper No. 287, U.

S. Geological Survey.) Washington, 1911. (Exchange.)

Types op Ore Deposits. Edited by H. F. Bain. San Francisco, 1911. (Gift of Mining and SderUific Press, )

[NoTE.— This book is a useful compilation of monographs by competent experts, describing ore-deposits of various types. It comprises not only articles contributed to the Mining ana Scientific Press, but also papers presented to the Canadian Min- ing Institute, and contributions based on tne TransacticTis of this Institute and the publications of the U. S. Greolocal Survey, the State Surveys, etc. Mr. H. Foster Bain of the Mining and Scientific Press, who has edited the book, deserves credit for his intelligent selection and arrangement of its materials. It contains chaptere on "The Clinton Type of Iron-Ore Deposits " (C. H. Smyth, Jr.); "The Lake Superior Type of Iron-Ore Deposits*' (C. K. Leith); " Flats and Pitches of the Wisconsin Lead- and Zinc-District"' (H. Foster Bain); "Lead and Zinc-De- posits of the Ozark Region (E. B. Buckley) ; " Native Copper- Deposits" (Alfred C. Love); "The Cobalt District. Ontario (S. F. Emmons); "The Geology of the Treadwell Mines " (Oscar H. Hershey) ; " The Saddle-Reef " (T. A . Rickard): Contact-Deposits'' (J. F. Kemp) ; "The Conglomerates of the Witwatererand " (L H. Hatch) ; " Replacement Ore-Bodies, and the Criteria by means of which They may be Recognized" (J. D. Irving); "The Outcrop of Ore-Bodies" (William H. Emmons); and '*Some Courses of Ore-Shoots" (R. A. F. Penrose, Jr.). Both the list of topics and the names of authors guarantee the interest and value of the compilation. — R. W. R]

U. a Census Bureau. Mortality Statistics, 1910. (Bulletin No. 109. ) Wash- ington, 1912. (Exchange.)

U. S. Geolooical Survey. Annual Report of the Director, 32d, 1911. Wash- ington, 1911. (Exchange.)

VeREIK FfR DIE BEROBAUIilCHEK InTERESSBN IM ObERBERGAMTSBEZIRK DoRT-

MUND. Plates to accompany Band IV, pi. 37-44, 46-47, 49-56, 58 ; Band V, pi. 63, 66, 69-71, 76-76, 81-90; Band VI, pi. 91, 92, 94-97, 99-101, 103, 106-110 ; Band IX, pi. 1-18, 2(M3, 45-51. (Gift of Maurice Deutsch.)

Washinoton Geological Survey. Bulletin No. 5. Olympia, 1911. (Ex- change. )

Yale University. General Catalogue, 1911-1912. New Haven, 1911. (Ex- change.)

Gift op Dr. Joseph Struthers.

Earning Power of Railroads, 1911. Compiled and edited by F. W. Mundy.

New York, J. H. Oliphant & Co., 1911. General Map of the Canal Zone and the Panama Canal. N. d. IsTHinAN Canal Commission. Profile showine estimated quantity of material

to be excavated after June 30, 1909, to complete the Panama Canal. July 6,

Japan. Department of Finance. Eighth and Ninth Financial and Economic

Annual. Tokyo, 1908-1909.

Mineral Production at Principal and Other Mines, 1909. N. p., n. d.

Map Showing Canal Zone, Location and Auxiliary Structures of the

Isthmian Canal. July, 1909. Statement Relative to the Panama Canal (typewritten.) N. d.

Gift of Kirby Thomas. Asbestos. A Short Talk on Asbestos. Quebec, 1909. Algoma Eastern Railway Co. Prospectus. London, 1911. Abcbisb Copper Co. Description. New York, 1910.

xxii Monthly Bullbtin, No. 62, February, 1912.

BuBCKHABDT, Carlos. Efitudio Geologico de la Region de San Pedro del Gallo,.

Durango. Mexico, 1910. California Consolidated Mines Co. Description. N. p., n. d. CoppEROSiTY Copper Co. Report on the Properties. Arizona, 1907. El Chanate Mining & Milling Co. Official Statement. Loe Angeles, N. d. Facts about tbe Eldorado Mines, Clark County, Nev. N. p., n. d. Frenzel, a. B. Report on the Tungsten Mountain Mines Co.*s Property..

Denver, 1911. Henriksen, G. Geological Notes. Christiania, 1910. Mary Mining Co. History and Prospects. N. p., n. d. Mitchell Mining Co. Description. New York, 1905. Monte Rico Mining & Milling Co. Prospectus. Washington, Pa., n. d. Nevada-Douglas Copper Co. A Book of Facts. N. p., n. d. Nickel Alloys Co. Advance Detailed Report. N. p., 1911. Past, Present and Future of Copper. An Address Delivered before the

American Mining Congress, Oct. 25, 1911. By H. J. Stevens. Production, Estimated Earnings and Dividends of the Important Copper

Mines of the United States, Mexico and Canada. April, 1911. Quebec : Its Mineral Wealth and Opportunities. Quebec Mines and Metal Co., Ltd. Prospectus. N, p., n. d. St. Julien Copper Mines on the Island of Newfoundland. Report

No. 37. N. p., n. d.

Trade Catalogues. E. R. Allen Foundry Co., Coming, N. Y. Elliott mechanical stoker. 7 pages. Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co. , New York, N. Y.

Bulletin No. 34 A. Class pneumatic steam-driven compressors. 16 pages.

Bulletin No. 34 C. Tandem gasoline-driven comprefsors. 16 pages.

Bulletin No. 34 E. " Railroad type,*' straight line, duplex tteam-driven and belted compressors. 18 pages.

Bulletin No. 34 H. General instructions for installing and operating Chicago Pneumatic " compressors. 16 pages. Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, N. Y. Imperial" valvel ess telescope-feed

hammer-drill. 16 pages. Kbnnicott Co.. Chicago Heights, 111. Water-storage purification and measure- ment for industrial purposes. 14 pages. Merbitt & Co., Camden, N. J. Priestman ejector system, using compressed air

expansively. 12 pages. Pennsylvania Crusher Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Crushers and coal- cleaners.

16 pages. Seager Engine Works, Lansing, Mich. Gas, gasoline and kerosene engines.

pages. Stromberg-Carlpon Telephone Co., Chicago, 111. Bulletin No. 1003. Tele- phone 8upi)Ues and telephone construction material for mines. 206 pages.

United Engineering Society Library. Autobiography of John Fritz. New York, 1912. (Gift of John Friiz.) Iowa Railroad Commissioners. Annual Report, 33d, 1910. Des Moines,

1910. (Gift of American Electric Railway Association.) Gbbchafts-Bericht der Deutschen Buchdrucker Berufs-Genossenschapt

tJBER DAS Rechnungsjahr 1910. Frankfurt am Main, n. d. (Gift.) Virginia State Corporation Commission. Annual Report, 8th, 1910.

Richmond, 1911.

Appendix to Annual Report, 8th, 1910. Richmond, 1911. (Gift of T. C.

Martin. ) Wisconsin Railroad Commission. Opinions and Decisions. Volume IV.

Madison, 1910. (Gift of American Electric Railway .Association.)

/ American Institute of Mining Enginsbrs. xxiii

Trade Cataloquis.

American Vanadium Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Nine photographs of vanadium-steel

machine parts. 9 pages. H. Channon Co., Chicago, III. Machinery and general supplies for railroads,

manufacturing and power-plants. 952 pages. Du Pont db Nemoubs Powder Co., Wilmington, Del.

Use of explosives on the farm. 118 pages.

Dynamiting boulders and stumps. 28 pages.

Tree planting with Du Pont dynamite. 24 pages. Fay & EoAN Co., Cincinnati, O. Wood- working machinery. 384 pages. Forbes Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Water sterilization by heat 80 pages. MuKNiNG-LoEB Co., Matawan, N. J. Belt-driven and motoivdriven electro- plating dynamos. 19 pages. Timus OiiSEN & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

Part A. — Catalogue of testing-machinery and instruments. 66 pages.

Part B. — Spring-testing machinery. 16 pages.

Part C. — Cement-testing apparatus. 19 pages.

Part D. — Fiber-, paper-, glue-, rubber-testing machinery. 12 pages.

Part E. — Wire-, chain-, anchor- testing machinery. 20 pages.

Part F. — Oil-, grease-, bearing-metal testing machinery. 10 pages.

Part G. — Transverse- testing machinery. 8 pages.

Part H. — Special testing-machinery. 24 pages.

xxi7 Monthly Bulletin, No. 62, February, 1912.

Membership.

New Members. The following list comprises the names of those persons elected as members who acceptea election during the month of January,

Members.

Arnold, Ralph, Cons. Geol. and Enr Union Oil Bldg., Los Angeles, CaL

OoTTBELL, Frederick G., Chief Physical Chem., U. S. Bureau of Mines,

506 U. S. Custom House, San Francisco, Oal.

Jur, Pag vung, Min. Engr Care U. S. Postal Agency, Shanghai, China.

Kervin, George A Asst. Supt, Mammoth Smelter, Kennett, Cal.

Laucks, Irving F., Min. Engr 95 Yesler Way, Seattle, Wash.

McGiNNis, Richard B., Min. Engr Mills Bldg., San Francisco, CaL

Paine, Francis W., Instructor in Eoon. Geol., Mich. College of Mines,

Houghton, Mich. Palmer, Charles H., Jr., Min. Engr., Nevada Cons. Copper Co.,

East Ely, Nev.

Parsons, Roscoe R. S Genl. Mgr., St Joseph Lead Co., Bonne Terra, Mo.

Thompson, Charles H., Mine Mgr Darhyville, Lee Co., Va.

Trenerrt, Edward J., Mine Officer. Moonta Mines, So. Australia.

WiLKiNs, Llewellyn H., Cons. Engr., Finshury Pavement House,

London, K C, England.

AasodaJte.

Lonsbery, George A., Mine Mgr., 1144 Title Insurance Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal.

Changes of Address of Members.

The following changes of address of members have been received at the Secretary's office during the month of January, 1912. This list, together with the foregoing list of new members and the lists printed in Bulletin Nos. 50 to 61, therefore, supplements the annual list of members corrected to Jan. 1, 1911, and brings it up to the date of Feb. 1, 1912.

Aldrich, Truman H., Postmaster Birmingham, Ala.

Almy, William F P. 0. Box 123, Nashua, N. H.

Alexander, Curtis Apartado 320, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Applegren, J. O. W 323 Ralston St, Reno, Nev.

AuBURY, Lewis E Burlingame, CaL

Bard, Darsie C Montana State School of Mines, Butte, Mont.

Batcheller, James H Care Tomboy Gold Mines, Ltd., Smuggler, Colo.

Beall, Albert S. E., Rix Compressed Air & Drill Co., 120 E. 3d St,

Los Angeles, Cal.

Beard, James T, Sr. Asso. Editor, Coed Age 505 Pearl St., New York, N. Y.

Bell, J. Mackintosh 621 Salisbury House, London, E. C, England.

Bentley, Thomas H P. O. Box 156, Carlton, Ore.

Blackmer, William D University Club, Los Angeles, Oal.

Blake, D. E 1029 CovanaSt, Denver, Colo.

Blow, A. A White Investing Co., 65 Liberty St, New York, N. Y.

Blow, John J 15 Campden Hill Court, Kensington, London, England.

BoLLBB, J. H 265 W. 8l8tSt,New York,N. Y.

Braden, William, Cons. Min. Engr., Room 1805, 27 William St,

New York, N. Y. Bradley, Philip R 1023 Crocker Bldg., San Francisco, CaL

Ambkioan Institute of iMining Enoinbbrs. xxv

Bkayton, Cobey C, Asst. Genl. Mgr., Natomas CJons. of Calif.,

701 Peoples Bank Bldg., Sacramento, Cal.

Brockckier, Samuel H Nevada City, Cal.

Brooks, Raymond Mission, Tex.

Brown, Alfred Godfrey Terrace, Leabrook, So. Australia.

Browne, Spencer C 402 Edwards St, Oakland, i'al.

BnsEY, Alfred P., Jr Penn Minine Co., Campo Seco, Cal

Bush, B. F., Prest, Missouri Pacific, and Denver Rio Grande R. R. Cos.,

St. Louis, Mo.

Caldwell, Halsted W Oxford, N. C.

Callbreath, James F., Jr., Secy., Am. Mining Congress,

725 Majestic Bldg., Denver, Colo.

Chadbourne, H. W 30 Pine St., New York, N. Y.

CHiBAit, Luis F Calvario baja 14, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.

Clark, Fred 109 Lick Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.

Cox, Herbert B Calais, Me.

Dart, Albert C P. O. Box 542, Canon City, Colo.

Davis, William J., Jr., Genl. Electric Co., 720 Rialto Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.

Dickson, A. A. C Kodarma, £. L R, India.

DoERR, Albert 1632 Fletcher Ave., So. Pasadena, Cal.

Edelsteen, Karl J., Min. and Civ. Engr., Sullivan Machinery Co.,

Mayer, Ariz. Ellis, Ralph W., Cons. Min. Engr., 195, San Martin, Buenos Aires,

Argentine Rep., So. Am.

Emmens, Newton W 606 HaatincsSt. W., Vancouver, B. C., Canada.

Eu, Siano Hye Scotland House, Penang, Straits Settlements.

Evered, Nutcombe J Care J. D. Evered, Medicine Hat, Alta., Canada.

Farrar, Benjamin L 352 Centre St., Bangor, Me.

Finletter, John R 625 St. Francis Hotel, San Francisico, Cal.

Forbes, Donald G Union Club, Victoria, B. C. Canada.

FoucAR, Edouard L 512-18 Folsom St, San Hrancisco, Cal.

Freymuth, William A., Econ. Geol Rewa State, Umaria, Central India.

Garrey, Georoe H., Min. Geol., Am. Smelt. & Refin. Co., 165 Broadway,

New York, N. Y.

GiLMAN, Charles E 406 Svndicate Bldg., Oakland, Cal.

GiRAULT, Edmundo, Min. and Met Engr., Apartado 79, PachucR, Hid., Mexico. Gleason, Frank A., Spl. Min. Engr., D. L. A W. R. R., C. M. D.,

1911 Capouse Ave., Scranton, Pa.

Gormly, Samuel J 3063 E. 6th St, Los Angeles, Cal.

Grabill, Clarence A., Cia. Metalurgica Nacional, Matehuala, S. L. P., Mexico.

Graham, Stanley N Care Geological Survey, Ottawa. Ont., Canada.

Grave, Ernest, Director de la Cia. Minera de los Reyes, S. A., Los Reyes,

Jal., Mexioo.

Guess, George A., Prof. Met Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Ont, Can.

Hamilton, Thomas M., Supt Cia. Metalurgica Nacional,

Charcas, S. L. P., Mexico.

Holmes, Frederick C P. O. Box 2, San Juan, Porto Rico.

HuNTOON, Louis D 52 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Hybinette, Victor Somerrogaden 15, Kristiania, Norway.

Inglis, J. F Eureka Windfall Mining Co., Eureka, Nev.

Irwin, David D Care W. R. Cox, Metcalf, Ariz.

Jones, Evan R Fenix Coal Co., El Fenix, Coah., Mexico.

Keller, Arthur H.. Santa Rosa, Dep. Copan, Republic of Honduras, C. A.

Eidwell, Edgar, Cons. Engr 2011 Channing Way, Berkeley, Cal.

KiRKEGAARD, Peter Quebec Bank Bldg., 2 Toronto St, Toronto, 0.t., Can.

Laird, Wilbur G Improved Equipment Co., 60 Wall St, New York, N. Y.

Leggat, Alexander Idaho Tungsten Co., Patterson, Idaho.

Lempriere, Oscar T 506 Little Collins St., Melbourne, Vic, Australia.

Lewis, J. Volney Prof, of Geol., Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J.

LiHME, Christian B 130 AstorSi., Chicago, Ul.

Lodge, Richard W P. O. Box 84, Redlands, Cal.

LooMis, Willis H Orbisenia, Pa,

McChrystal, John H Box F, Eureka, Utah.

McCrery, Charles Riverside Inn, Saranac Lake, N. Y.

MacDonald, Jesse J., Met Engr., Magna Plant, Utah Copper Co.,

Garfield, Utah.

xxvi Monthly Bulletin, No. 62, February, 1912.

Marshall, Stewart McC 134 Tioga St., Johnstown, Pa,

Martin, Nicholas J Supt, Beaver Gold Dredging Co., Loomis, Cal.

Meeks, Reginald Vinton Colliery Co., 1 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Metzger, William G Poteau Valley R. R. Co., Poteau, Okla.

Miranda, Jaguanharo de, Rua Larangeiras 304, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,

So. Amer.

Mitchell-Roberts, J. F 8 Eliot Hill, Blackheath, London, S. E., England.

Moore, George 330 W. 102dSt., New York, N. Y.

MuNRO, Duncan M Mineral de la Bonanza, Zimapan, Hid., Mexiro.

NiGHMAN, Clark E Instructed to hold all mail.

Nold, Frederick R Republic Iron & Steel Co., Republic, Fayette Co , Pa.

Peirce, William H., Vice-Prest., Baltimore Copper Smelting & Rolling Co.,

P. O. Sta. J., Baltimore, Md.

Phillips, Walter I Mogollon, N. M.

Plock, Albert F 3606 5th Ave., Pittaburg, Pa.

Potter, William C, Continental Rubber Co. of N. Y., 17 Battery PL,

New York. N. Y.

Prichard, William A Care Bank of Palo Alto, Palo Alto. Cal.

Prosser, Herman A 165 Broadway. New York, N. Y.

QuARHiE, Bertram D., Genl. Supt., Newburgh Steel Wks. '& Furnaces,

Cleveland, Ohio. Richards, George M., Care Union of London & Smith's Bank, Ltd.,

London, England.

RiOHTOR, Fred E Texas Bitulithic Co., P. O. Box 314, Austin, Texas.

ROBBINS, Charles P 1043 Third St., Santa Monica, Cal.

Rodgers, Joseph H 707 American Bank Bldg., Seattle, Wash.

Rone, Lloyd A., Cia. Minera Mateo,** S. A., Apartado 36,

Valardena, Dur , Mexico.

RuGGLEs, Guy H 404 N. Ball St., Webb City, Mo.

Samwkll, Nicholas P. O. Box 385, Rangoon, Burma.

Sanders, John 3306 Alameda Ave., El Paso, Tex.

Schradp:r, Erich J 694 Marshall Ave., St Paul, Minn.

Sawyer, Arthctr II .304 Florence St., Houghton, Mich.

Shaw, James B 41 W'icksteed St., Dangimin, New Zealand.

Siebert, Frederic J., Min. Engr Reno, Nev.

Smalley, William W P. O Box 797, Coaliuga, Cal.

Smith, William Allen St. Joseph Lead Co., Ilerculaneum, Mo.

Snow, Frederick W 17 Franklin St., Lynn. Mass.

Snyder, Baird, Jr., Cons. Ens:r Pottsville, Pa.

Starkey, Tom R Care King & Co., Fielize, British Honduras, C. A.

Stayer, William H., Min. Engr., Supt., Liberty Pell G. M. Co.,

Telluride, Colo. Stockdale, Arthur H., Mgr. Cia. Minora y Beneficiadora de " Mara villas y

San Francisco." Apartado 21, Pachuca, Hid., Mexico. Taylor, William W., Vice-Prest. and Genl. Mgr.,

Oriskanv Ore Iron Corpn., Tvvnchburff, Va.

TH0MP80X, Malcolm M P. O. Box 2M, Riiiuefield, X. .L

Toll, Rens-klaer H 410 Boston HLIp., Denver. Colo.

Tryon, Charlfs T Noria, Son., Mexico.

Tyler, Victor M P. O. Box 13,3.3, New Haven, Conn.

Ty'psowski, John Box 37, R. F. D. 4, Washington, D. C.

Uren, William J 124 CtjI lege Ave., Honghton, Mich.

Waite, Henry M., Chief Engr., Dept. of Public Service, City Hall,

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Weck, Charles A Bluestone M. A S. Co., Mason, Nev.

Weir, Charles G 21 E. H2d St, New York, N. Y.

West, Haarlem E Care Barclay & Co., Hayle, Cornwall, England.

WicKKS, George T The Montana Club, Helena. Mont.

WicKWARE, Francis G 28 W. 3d St., New York, N. Y.

Wolf, Albert G Liberty Pell Club, Telluride, Colo.

Wolf, Albert H Rooms 721-22, 206 La Salle St. Chicago, 111.

WOLF, Harry J., Min. Engr 640 Gas & Electric Bldg.. Denver, Colo.

Wolf, Martin Y 1748 Beach St., San Diego, Cal.

Wood, George R., Elec. Dept., Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.,

Arcade Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa.

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xxvii Addresses of Members and Associates Wanted.

Name. Last Address of Record, ft'om which Mail has been Retnnifd.

Cook, Edward H., Mlnas Birimoa, S. A, Birimoa, via Canelas,

Dur., Mexico.

Danforth, A. H., Cotopaxi, Colo.

Ed warda, Robert L., P. O. Box 1673, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Fitegerald, Thomas F. M., . . . .211 Sharon Bldg., Salt Lake Ciiy, Utah.

Fleming, John B., Nevada Hills Mining Co., Fairview, Nev.

Furne88, James W., Coffee, Trinity Co., Cal.

Oeiger, Arthur VV., Cortez, via Beowawe, Nev.

Goodloe, Meade, So. Ariz. Smelting Co., Sasco, Ariz.

Hagemann, WUhelm, Metates, via Tepehuanes, Dur., Mexico.

Hawkins, Tan cred, Red Bandana Gold Mine, £lizabethtown,N.M.

Johnson, Dion L., 326 Water St. , Pittsburg, Pa.

Kimball, Edwin B., Alaska-Commercial Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.

Lampshire, John C, Vulture Mine, Wickenburg, Ariz.

Leaveil, John H., Buffalo Mine, Cobalt, Ont, Canada.

Le Noir, Frank H., Hoi 16, Mt. Bullion, Cal.

Locke, Augustus, Hampton, N. H.

McDougall, Wallace D., 20 Bedford Place, Russell Sq., London, Eng.

McPherson, William B 415 S. Spring St., Los Angeles, Cal.

Mayer, Paul H., 13 Central Park W., New York, N. Y.

Moore, Roy W., P. O. Box 48, Velasco, Tex.

Munroe, Martin, Bengal Coal Co., Murulidih, Mohada, B. N.

Ry.t Bengal, India. Nelson, D.W.C., . ...'... . Baker City, Ore. Nobs, Frederick W., NegociacionMinera Santa Maria de Guadalupe

y Anexas, S. A., Minillas, Zac, Mexico.

Peareon, William R., 628 W. 114th St , New York, N. Y.

Perks, Harry JJ., 419 Board of Trade Bldg., Portland, Ore.

Prentis, Edmund A., Jr., Lluvia Oro Mine, Lluvia de Oro, Chih., Mex.

Rathborne, Merwyn R. \V., . . . Amargosa, via Las Vegas, Nev.

Rhew, James W.,Cia.Mineray Exploradorade Ventana8,S. A.,Ventanas,Dur.,Mex.

Shaler, Millard K., Dobbs heriy, N. Y.

Sheldon, Waldo, Urique, Chih., Mexico.

Short, Frank R., Carson City, Nev.

Thornton, Kdward T., Apartado 30, Matehuala, S. L. P., Mexico.

Twvnam, Henry, . . . 0. K. Copper Mine, Cairns, No. Queensland, Australia.

Watson, Ralph W., Calloo, Utah, Clifton Mail box.

Weddle, Joseph H., 100 William St, New York, N. Y.

Necrology.

The deaths of the following members were reported to the Secre- tary's office during the month of January, 1912:

Date of Slection. Name. Date of Decease.

1890. *Farrel, Franklin, January 11, 1912.

1891. *Hall, Harrv R., December 11, 191L

1892. Hartzell, H. K., . . , .

1892. *Hobson, JohnB., January 9, 1912.

1882. ♦King, Thomas M., September 13, 191L

1906. *McLaughlin, WiUiam L., , 1911.

1877. Meister, Herman C, November 27, 1911.

1898. Morris, James, 1911.

19a3. ♦Saylor, Benjamm F. A., December 2, 1911.

1871. **Squire, Joseph, October 24, 1911.

1891. *Touseau, Edward M., November 15, 1911

1904. *Wainwright, J. Howard, December 29, 1911.

Member. life Member.

xxviii Monthly Bulletin, No. 62, February, 1912.

Biographical Notice.

Francis Collingwood was born Jan. 10, 1834, at Elmira, N. Y., where he received, in the public schools and the academy of the town, his preliminary education. At the age of 13, he became an apprentice to the trade of watchmaker and jeweler, which he afterwards prac- ticed <for a few years. During this apprenticeship, however, he devoted the late evening and early morning hours to study in mathematics and engineering, and also managed to gain some ex- perience as a rodman, so that, at last, he was able to enter the Rens- selaer Polytechnic Institute, at Troy, N. Y., from which he was graduated as Civil Engineer in 1855, at the head of his class. Until 1869 he had a varied experience, comprising some railroad work in Wisconsin ; an extensive private practice as surveyor, expert, and court referee (particularly as to masonry and hydraulic work) in Elmira; service for several years as the City Engineer of that town (during which he constructed its first permanent sewer) ; and, from 1857 to 1869, in addition to his other employments, the conduct of a jewelry business, coupled with the sale of scientific instruments. Early in 1869, he made the preliminary surveys for a railroad in Pennsylvania. In July of that year, he became Assistant Engineer on the Brooklyn bridge — the fiit suspension-bridge over the East River. This position he held for fifteen years, during which he was connected, more or less intimately, with all parts of that great, and, in many respects, novel work — more especially with the sinking and equipment of the caissons, and the construction of the towers and anchorages, and the New York approach and station. The last two are reported to have been built in all details essentially after his designs. Before leaving this work, he had prepared plans for warehouses, utilizing some of the arches under the New York approach.

In 1883-1884 Mr. Collingwood directed extensive repairs to the Allegheny suspension-bridge at Pittsburg, Pa., which had been endangered by the rusting of the cable-wires at the anchorages. He spent the summer of 1884 in Europe and the year after his return in regaining his health, impaired by previous arduous labors. In the autumn of 1885, he became a regular contributor to the Sani- tary Engineer y to which he contributed many valuable articles on engineering subjects, especially on fire-proof construction. At this date, also, he established, as general consulting engineer, an oflSce in New York City.

Mr. Collingwood's record of ability and integrity led to his ap- pointment on many boards of inquiry, etc., and to his employment as designer or adviser in connection with many public works. Thus he was the supervising engineer of the building of the first wooden dry-dock at Newport News, Va. ; a member of the New York Commission created to examine the construction of the Second Croton aqueduct; the engineer employed to design the "intercept- ing sewer " for Elizabeth, N. J. ; and, early in 1895, he was ap- pointed an expert civil-service examiner for the city of New York — a position which he occupied for many years.

Mr. Collingwood became a member of this Institute in 1882, and maintained to the end a lively interest in its proceedings and wel- fare, although his more intimate connection with the Society of Civil

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xxix

Engineers naturally led him to give to the publications of that Society his professional communications. I find in our Transactions only one contribution from him — namely : " Remarks on Steel Cast- ings" (Trans. xiv., 357) ; but I am convinced by many personal proofs of his sincere and friendly sympathy with the Institute.

Mr. Collingwood was from 1873 to 1876, inclusive, a Director of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and from 1891 to 1894, in- clusive, the secretary of that Society, which made him also, at various times, chairman or member of important technical commit- tees ; such as the committee on rapid transit, the report of which undoubtedly hastened the building of the elevated railroads in New York, and the- committee for determining the linear compres- sion of cements under various conditions of composition, age, and load. His contributions to the Transaions of the Society include professional papers on various departments of the construction of the Brooklyn bridge ; wind-pressures ; the preservation of forests, etc. ; and remarks in discussion of the testing of cements, steel and iron, on the power of water to transport earth, etc. He contributed aleo in 1872, to the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, a paper on com- bustion in compressed air : and in 1884, he presented to the Insti- tution of Civil Engineers (London), of which he was a member, a paper on the repair of the cables of the Allegheny suspension-bridge (Minutes of Proceedings, etc., vol. 76, p. 334) for which he received (vol. 79, p. 223) the double honor of tne Telford premium and the Telford medal.

In addition to other professional and oflBcial labors for the American Society of Civil Engineers, Mr. Collingwood endowed, in 1894, a prize for " Juniors " of the Society, to be awarded, under certain conditions, to a paper describing an engineering work with which the writer had been directly connected.

Besides the bodies already mentioned, he was an honorary mem- ber of the Rensselaer Engineers' Society ; corresponding member of the American Institute of Architects and the Elmira Microscopical Society; and member of the New York Microscopical Society, the New York Academy of Science, and the Elmira Academy of Sci- ence (of which he was also one of the founders). Outside of pro- fessional and scientific connections, he discharged many duties, to which he was called by reason of the universal confidence and esteem with which he was regarded. At various times, he was School Commissioner in Elmira, Loan Commissioner of Chemung county, N. Y.; vestryman, Sunday-school superintendent or treasu- rer of churches in Elmira, Elizabeth, and New York City ; treasurer of the Episcopal mission to seamen in the latter city, etc. During the latter part of his life, he resided at Elizabeth, N. J. He died Aug. 18, 1911, at his summer home, Avon-by-the-Sea, New Jersey.

To this imperfect sketch of a long, useful, and stainless career, I would add my personal testimony, based upon a cordial and un- broken, though not closely intimate, friendsnip of many years, to the personal worth and attractiveness of this modest, quiet, thor- ough engineer, and man — so charitable in judgment, yet so firm in integrity ; so conservative, yet so sympathetic with the progress and the aspirations of " Juniors " ; so serenely strong, yet so sincerely kind and deeply dear I R. W. R.

8UBJBCT TO BaViaiON.

rTRANSACTIONS OP THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS.]

The Black Mountain Coal -District, Kentucky.

Bt J. B. Dilworth, Philadelphia, Pa.

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.)

I. Introduction.

The purpose of this paper is, first, to give a general account of a little-known coal-district of SE. Kentucky, its topography, drainage, and mineral resources, for those who may be inter- ested in its economic development; and secondly, so to de- scribe the geologic features of the field as to furnish available data to those engaged on the broader problems of Appalachian coal-geology.

The data from which the major portion of the paper has been prepared were obtained, in professional investigations for private individuals and corporations, within the last decade.

The area under review, defined by a heavy line on the map. Fig. 1, lies between Little Black and Pine mountains, and extends from Harlan on the west to a N-S. line crossing Looney creek 3 miles from its mouth on the east. This area can be divided for description into a Western and an Eastern Division.

The character of investigation pursued in the Western Divi- sion, below Fugitt creek, was very different from that em- ployed in the Eastern. In the former, only a rapid reconnois- sance was attempted : such coal-openings as had been made by prospectors or by citizens in obtaining fuel were visited, their sections measured and, in many instances, sampled. Elevations were obtained barometrically and approximate locations sketched on a small-scale map.

In a field where the coals are so well opened, the reconnois- sance method gives a very fair idea of the number and char- acter of the principal beds and their relative positions, and affords much evidence for their correlation over wide areas, without permitting the more refined work required to discover all the seams of the measures and to determine the details of geologic structure.

[1]

[2]

The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky. 151

In the Eastern Division, the territory is largely owned in fee simple by one large corporation, which had it thoroughly pros- pected prior to the inauguration of mining-operations now in progress on Looney creek of Poor fork. The greater portion of this preliminary development was conducted by me while in the employ of E. V. d'Invilliers, geologist and mining en- gineer, of Philadelphia, to whom I am indebted for permission to use the data thus obtained. In this division about 350 coal-openings on 14 different seams were measured; many were sampled for chemical analysis, and most of them were located by stadia, to determine their exact positions and eleva- tions, and to define the structure of the area. Complete geo- logic sections of outcropping strata were compiled at numerous points, the coal-seam intervals being determined from stadia- levels and the intervening strata being measured barometrically. The geologic features of this Eastern Division have been illu- minated by recorded observations so numerous as to guarantee the general correctness of deductions and correlations made within the field.

II. General Description.

The Black Mountain coal-district, as here considered, is an area approximately 20 miles long by 8 broad, lying in Harlan county, Ky., and extending IfE-SW. along the boundary be- tween that State and Virginia. A glance at any map of the eastern United States will show that this district, with the ad- joining territory to the north and northeast, forms the largest area east of the Mississippi river undeveloped by railroads and without navigable streams. Situated a short distance west of the Atlantic-Gulf divide on the rugged Cumberland plateau, it is far removed from the great industrial centers and markets of the Atlantic sea-board and the Mississippi valley, and pecu- liarly isolated from them by lack of both rail- and river-trans- portation. To this geographic isolation are due its sparse popu- lation, its industrial stagnation, and its practically undeveloped wealth of coal.

For many years the nearest railroad to the Black Mountain district was the Cumberland Valley branch of the Louisville & Nashville R. R., which followed the southern foot of the Cum- berland and Stone mountains in Virginia from Middlesboro to

[3]

152 The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky.

the town of Big Stone Gap, thence up the North fork of Powell river, 14 miles, to a connection with the Norfolk & Western R. R. at Norton. This line ran for a long distance within 10 miles of the coal-field, from entering which it was eflfectually barred, all the way, by unbroken mountain-ridges; and hence it added but little to the accessibility and value of the Ken- tucky field.

Similarly, in recent years, the railroad now known as the Virginia & Southwestern was built from Bristol and the south- east through Big Stone Gap to serve mines along the southern flank of Little Black mountain, but was never extended into Barlan county. This road passed close to the most important break in the Cumberland-Little Black Mountain barrier (Morris gap, just north of the mining town of Keokee); but owing perhaps to the absence of proven areas of thick coal on upper Clover fork, no attempt was made to enter the field by means of this gap.

In 1909, a considerable coal-territory west of Harlan, and also on upper Poor and Clover forks, was controlled by impor- tant interests, able and anxious to develop their holdings; and in the latter part of that year construction was begun by the Louisville & Nashville R. R. on a branch about 50 miles long, extending from Wasioto up the Cumberland river to Harlan, thence along Poor fork to Benham, the mining-plant of the Wisconsin Steel Co., 2 miles up Looney creek. This branch is now operating throughout its entire length.

Harlan, the county-seat, is the only village in this district. It has at present a population of but a few hundred. However, with the stimulus of the railroad and its advantageous location near the center of a large, virgin coal-field, it should become one of the more important towns of the region.

The area, as a whole, is sparsely settled. As the principal industry in the past has been farming, habitations are confined almost exclusively to the valleys, where the narrow bottoms and lower mountain-sides are under cultivation, leaving the long, steep upper slopes with much of their original forest covering.

From the forests the finer soft woods — poplar, lynn, ash, etc. — have been very generally cut and floated to the mills at Wasioto. But there still remains a vast amount of hard and

[4]

The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky. 153

semi-hard timber — the various oaks, sugar-maple, hickory, beech, and chestnut — only awaiting the advent of railroads to become valuable.

III. Topography.

Topographically, the district is one of great relief, with deep, contracted valleys separated by lofty ridges, the result of stream-erosion of an ancient, elevated, base-leveled plane. No plateaus exist; and, without exception, the level land at the mountain summits is confined to a strip from a few feet to a few hundred yards in width.

The declivities are usually very steep; the slope for hundreds of feet frequently exceeds At certain horizons — notably near the bottom of the Harlan formation — massive sandstone strata outcrop as great cliffs, forming conspicuous features in the landscape, as well as valuable guides to the position of cer- tain coal-beds.

Topography has an important bearing on the economic value of this area; for the high ridges expose an unusual thickness of coal-measures and carry several valuable beds available for cheap drift-mining. The valleys form natural avenues for the location of railroads to serve the mines.

Erosion has, of course, greatly reduced the original areas of the higher coals. From the sharp-crested character of the mountains it follows that the remaining areas of the several beds vary inversely as their heights above the main drainage- channels.

Pine mountain is one of the chief topographic features of the region. Marking a great fault-line, its upturned strata of hard sandstone and conglomerate rise northwardly from the valley of Poor fork at an angle of from 25° to 40° to a long straight crest more than 1,000 ft. above drainage. For 85 miles, from the Breaks of Sandy on the NE. to Pineville on the SW., no low gaps break this great mountain barrier. It is crossed by few roads; and it effectually separates the communities along Poor fork from those on Kentucky river to the north.

Big Black mountain, higher and even less passable than Pine, extends easterly from Harlan 40 miles to East Butte knob at the head of Poor fork, and forms the central divide, or " back bone," of the district. Throughout this distance it is from 3,000 to 4,000 ft. above tide, or 2,000 ft. above Poor and

[5]

154 The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky.

Clover forks. It is crossed by several bridle-paths but by only one wagon-road — the highway from Stonega, Va., to Whites- burg on the Kentucky river.

Thus, until the advent of the railroad, the central Poor Fork valley, in the vicinity of Looney and Clover Lick creeks, was peculiarly inaccessible, and all freight was wagoned from Stonega — a distance of 25 miles — over roads almost impassable, except in dry weather.

Benham spur and Looney ridge are the only noteworthy laterals on the Kentucky side of Big Black mountain. They are separated by Looney creek, and have the same general character and elevation as the parent mountain.

Little Black mountain, the southern boundary of the dis- trict, extends 25 miles in an almost straight line from Harlan to its junction with Big Black at "The Double," the highest knob of the region, more than 4,100 ft. above sea-level. At the west it divides the Clover and Martin forks of Cumberland river; on the east. Clover fork and the North fork of Powells river. High and rugged west of Childs creek, it sinks, along upper Clover fork, to a comparatively low ridge crossed in two places by wagon-roads. The more important of these passes is Morris gap, just north of Keokee, 2,622 ft. above sea-level, 520 ft. above Clover fork, and 590 ft. above the railroad grade at Keokee. Through this gap passes all the hauling between the railroad and the upper Clover fork country.

The following are the approximate elevations of some promi- nent points in the Eastern Division, determined by stadia-sur- veys, based upon an Interstate Railroad bench-mark on the root of a maple 100 ft. north of the railroad station at Keokee, which bears the record of an altitude of 2,028.81 ft. — presuma- bly above mean sea-level :

Altitude. Feet.

Morriaffap, 2,620

Clover fork, mouth of Left fork, 2,100

Clover, mouth of Huff creek, 1,946

Clover, mouth of Breeden creek, 1,680

Clover, mouth of Fugitt creek, 1,470

Summit Big Black, Fugitt-Pouuding Mill trail, . . 3,330

Summit Big Black, Breeden-Trace trail, 3,470

Summit Big Black, Iluff creek trail, 3,615

Clover Lick creek, mouth Huff branch, 1,820

Clover Lick creek, mouth Peal branch, 1,575

Clover Lick creek, mouth Pounding Mill, 1,460

Poor fork, mouth Clover Lick creek, 1,400

Poor fork, mouth Loonej creek, 1,420

Looney creek, mouth Maggard branch, 1,535

[6]

Thb Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky. 155

IV. Drainage.

This feature of the district can best be understood by an examination of the map, Fig. 1. In the Western Division the drainage has been taken from the rather inaccurate " Jones- ville*' sheet of the U. S. Geological Survey; but in the Eastern Division the important streams were mapped from stadia-sur- veys, made in the course of the recent development-work.

The entire area is drained westwardly by the three head- tributaries of the Cumberland river — Poor, Clover, and Mar- tin forks. To the north, beyond Pine mountain, the drainage flows in a northerly direction, and is carried to the Ohio by the widely-branching Kentucky river, while southward the Tennes- see river receives the waters through its tributaries, the Powell and the Clinch.

Poor fork, heading against Pound river of the Big Sandy, follows an almost straight course along the foot of Pine moun- tain to the town of Harlan, where it joins Clover and Martin forks to form the main river. Though generally fordable, it has an abundant flow of water at all seasons, and meanders through bottoms averaging perhaps 0.25 mile in width, with a gradual fall of less than 1 per cent. Hence, a standard railroad could be constructed practically to its source; and many sites are afforded for mining-plants and saw-mills, to de- velop the great coal- and timber-resources of this section.

Looney and Clover Lick creeks, entering Poor fork 22 miles from Harlan, are its most important tributaries. Both are per- ennial streams with gradual fall and narrow bottoms for several miles up from their mouths, giving ready access to the ex- tensive areas of flat, outcropping coal in the heart of the field.

Clover fork, about 30 miles long, occupies the geographical center of the Black Mountain district. While similar to Poor fork in rate of fall and valley-contour, it drains a larger por- tion of the area under review. It is farther from the zones of upturned strata, has more large tributaries than Poor fork, and affords access to a very large coal-territory available for the cheapest form of self-draining drifl-mining.

Martin fork skirts the field for a few miles BE. of Harlan, and is of interest chiefly as rendering a considerable area of the valuable Harlan coal-seam accessible to inexpensive mining.

[7]

156 Thb Black Mountain Coal-District, Kbntucky.

V. General Geology.

The Black Mountain district occupies the eaterii end of the Cumberland Gap coal-field, an area of coal-bearing formations 90 miles long by 10 to 20 miles wide, on the eastern margin of the great Appalachian field. Immediately south lies the wide area of older, non-coal-bearing rocks forming the Appala- chian valley, while north and northwest the almost level strata of the coal-measures stretch away for many miles towards the limestone " Blue Grass " region of central Kentucky.

The outcropping rocks of this coal-basin are all sedimenta- ries. On the evidence of their fossils, they have been assigned by the U. S. Geological Survey to the Pottsville Formation of the Pennsylvanian Series, at the base of the Coal Measures.

It is believed that the lowest strata here exposed — the Lee Conglomerate, forming the crest and southern slope of Pine mountain — are at the bottom of the Pottsville, and the highest rocks on Black mountain are near the top of that formation, giving it a total thickness in this field of over 4,000 ft. As most of the strata lie almost flat, and are well exposed on the steep mountain-sides, the district oflfers unusual opportunities for de- tailed study of the Pottsville in this, its greatly thickened southern extension.

The 8W. continuation of this district — from Harlan to Mid- dlesboro — has been mapped and studied geologically by the JSTational and State governments within recent years, and at a much earlier dat (1887) by Messrs. E. V. d'lnvilliers and A. S. McCreath.'

From Messrs. Ashley and Glenn's clear descriptions and nu- merous illustrations it has been easy to correlate the principal strata of the western field with those of the Black Mountain district, especially as the two areas overlap for a few miles just east of Harlan. The sub-divisions of the formation made by these observers have not been carried through the present de- scription, but the limits of each are generally well defined, and are indicated on the suite of vertical geologic sections, Fig. 2.

G. H. Ashley and L. C. Glenn, Profetdonal Paper No. 49, U, S, Geologiocd Survey (1906).

' Resources of the Upper Cumberland Valley: published report to Louisville & Nashville railroad (1887).

[81

The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky. 167

These sections were carefully compiled at points indicated by their headings and by letters corresponding with those on the accompanying regional map. In the case of those personally measured, intervals between coal-beds were deduced from stadia- locations and elevations, except the Jones creek section, where they were determined barometrically.

A glance at the geologic sections shows the strata to be sand- stones and shales — with all intermediate grades of sandy shales and shaly sandstone; numerous coal-seams; and one thin, but geologically interesting, bed of limestone.

Sandstones largely predominate, especially in the upper part of the column, composing perhaps two-thirds of the total sec- tion above the Harlan, or Ay coal. Though rarely conglom- eratic, these beds are frequently coarse and massive, and form prominent clifts on the mountain-sides, especially when under- lain by softer, shaly strata, which disintegrate more readily and permit the massive beds above to break in great vertical faces.

The most noteworthy sandstone-formation in the district be- gins at the top of the heavy shale-bed carrying the Fossil lime- stone and extends upward about 800 ft. to the mountain-sum- mits. This about corresponds to the Harlan sandstone of Campbell.*

The lower 300 ft., in which occur the three High Splint coals, is particularly massive and forms the bold, gray cliffs so con- spicuous on upper Clover and Poor forks along the brows of Big Black mountain and Benham spur.

Another sandstone-formation of geologic interest lies between the Harlan {A) and the B coal-beds. It has been correlated by Campbell with the Gladeville, a widely recognized key-rock in the Virginia area to the south and east; but in the light of recent developments it seems probable that this formation is much nearer the Lee conglomerate than the Gladeville sand- stone of his section. It is approximately 130 ft. thick, massive sandstone at top and shale or shaly sandstone at middle and bottom. The prominent outcrop of the sandstone member may be traced from Harlan, where it is more than 500 ft. above drainage, up Clover fork to Wynn branch. There it sinks

M. R. Campbell, BuOeiin No. Ill, U, S, Geological Survey (1893).

[91

The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky.

Bear Branch

Q)

LOWER POOR FORK (Ashley & Glenn.)

I Sandstone

_U.U.S.ConL

M.H.S. Coal L.II.S. Coal

5U'

190'

Limestone

liO' Looney Coal

F3l

Coal

Coal

CoalJ Coal'

100' DOool S

fiOoal

85' Coal , . Coal 1±

M

Piinclimlly Sandstone

Sandy Shale & Shaly Sandstone Sandstone Sandy Shale

Massive Sandstone

Shale & Sandstone

Sandstone

Sandstone (cliff) Sandstone (cllflD

Sandy Shale Sandstone

Shale Shale Sandstone

Shale

Massive Sandstone

Sandy Shale

Shaly Sandstone

Shale?

Sandstone Shale

Sandstone Sandstone Shaly Sandstone

Shale

MaasiveSaiuSatone

Shaly Sandstone

Shale

Massive Sandstone

Shale

Scale of Feel 100 200 900 400 500 600

-J 1 1 I 1 I

Fig. 2. — Comparative Geolooic Sectiojis, [10]

The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky.

CLOVER FORK between Head and Brceden Crocks.

CoeKS'reportod)

Sandstone

Sbaly Sandstone . . „ Sandstone

ffp Shaly Sandstone

Massive Sandstone

m

Tr.H.S.Coal= L.H.S. Coal

Fosail stone 15' CuiU(i'0)ao Coal

I>oon£iilqal.

u 'ii

Coal \jjL

M' Goal

*70'

Coal Goal]

Coal

Coal

COoal

%

BENHAM SPUR North Side.

Poundinq Mill Branch

Staaly Sandstone

Coal IS 180'

Bloom 190'

Sandstone

Sandy Shale Coal

Sandstone 80'

Sandstone „ o rn-i35 MasslveSM'c f £ (Prom. cUfl8)L.H.S.Coal " Massive Sandstone (Prom, cliffs)

Shale

Shale

Sandstone

Sm

5halQ V M

§l®e LooncyCoal tS Shaly Sandstone ' .

Shaly Sandstone

Shale

Sandstone

Sandy Shale Shaly Sandstone

Im

Goals",

n-

v:f Sandy Shale with coal

Shaly Sandstone Sandstone Shaly Sandstone

Shale

Sandstone

Shaly Sandstone

Shale Sandstone

Sandstone

Coal . OoalSJ.

coal 50' Goal

80' PGool

C"DWl-=ij BOoal ""

-Ooal .

Goal rrTij-

Iso

Shaly Sandstone

:i

Um

Principally Sandstone

A

CkMl

Massive Sandstone

Shale

Sandstone

Shale

Sandstone 50

Icilffsl D.H.S.Coal

Shale M. H.S.Coal 30,

Sandstone l.H.S. Coal Massive Sandstone (Prom, cliffs)

Shale

Sandstone

Shale

Sandstone

Shale

Shale

Shaly Sandstone

Sandstone

Bloom

Sandstone & Shale

Sandstone Sandy Shale Shaly Sandstone Sandstone Shaly Sandstone Shale

Shale

Sandstone

'*8U 180'

190'

Shale

r - Shale

Sandy Shale

PrinctpoUy Sandstone

Sandstone Shaly Sandstone

Massive Sandstone Shaly Sandstone

Massive Sandstone (Prom, cliffs)

Shale

Sandstone

Shale

„ -1 /1 bench

wo ijr Massive Sandstone

Shale

Sandstone

Shale

Shale Sandstone

Sandy Shale Shaly Sandstone

Sandstone

Shale Sandstone

CohI

. W'LJ Sandy Shale Coal T'-

Shale

Sandstone Sandy Shale

Sandstone Shaly Sandstone

Sandstone

Sandy Shale Sandstone

Shale A Sandstone

Shale & thin coal seams

Sandy Shale

Clover Lick Or.

Black Mountain Coal-District.

[11]

160 The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky.

beneath drainage, but, rising eastwardly about with the stream, it reappears below Head creek and formfe the valley-bottom, to and above the Left fork. Its position in the upturned strata along the south bank of Poor fork is not so easily determined ; but it is well developed on the Clover Lick and Looney tribu- taries of that stream.

Persistent shale-beds are rare in these measures. The most prominent noted is in the eastern part of the field, where it occupies an interval of about 100 ft. between the Harlan sand- stone above and a rather persistent sandstone — possibly the Reynolds of Ashley and Glenn — below. The rock is a soft yellow and gray shale, much less arenaceous than the prevail- ing rocks of the district.

The only known limestone stratum outcropping in this re- gion occurs near the bottom of the above-mentioned shale-for- mation, where it was seen at several places on upper Clover fork. A dark, impure bed about 1 ft thick, it is remarkable for its abundance of fossil shells; but unfortunately only a small sam- ple of the rock was obtained, and no careful study of its fossils has yet been made. This unique bed, if persistent, should give great assistance in correlating the strata of this district with those of Wise and Dickenson counties, Va. ; for though it is thin, and occurs high in the hills, its peculiarities render it con- spicuous, and many of its outcrops are known to the keen- sighted mountaineers.

Correlation in this region is diflSlcult, by reason of the ab- sence of any prominent and persistent key-rock. The massive sandstones frequently become shaly and insignificant or entirely disappear in short distances ; the shale-beds are few and vari- able ; and even the coal-seams — perhaps the best guides — can only be exposed by great labor and expense, and then vary be- tween wide limits in section and interval. The great varia- bility of the lower strata outcropping near the general drainage- level is well illustrated in the geologic sections. Fig. 2, where little harmony can be distinguished in the strata below the Looney coal-seam.

The coal-beds, to which this region largely owes its economi- cal value, will be discussed in a separate chapter, after a brief consideration of the geologic structure of the field.

[12]

The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky. 161

VI. Structure. '

The Cumberland Gap coal-field is structurally a great trough or syncline, lying between the Pine mountain fault and the Powell valley anticline. The axis of this Middlesboro syn- cline, as it has been called, or the central line towards which the measures on either side dip, lies near the northern or Pine mountain side of the field, and closely follows Big Black moun- tain from Harlan to the head of Pugitt creek.

In the Western Division the strata on both banks of Poor fork, along the northern margin of the syncline, are sharply upturned, but fiatten rapidly to the south as they approach the center of Big Black mountain. Along Clover fork, which drains the heart of the basin, the beds lie almost fiat, having a northward inclination so slight as to require an instrumental survey for its detection.

Only in the Eastern Division were the locations of outcrops sufficiently accurate to permit a detailed exposition of the structure. The axis was found to follow a sinuous course, coin- cident with upper Pugitt creek ; thence to extend eastward, crossing Clover Lick creek at the mouth of Cave branch, and cutting diagonally across Benham spur to intersect Looney creek about 5 miles from the river. In this distance the axis shows a decided pitch to the west, falling about 0.5 per cent, or 200 ft. in the 8 miles.

The measures along Poor fork dip southeast at angles of from 20° to 30°. The steep dips extend about 0.5 mile south from the river; then the beds fiatten quickly to an almost horizontal position.

This 0.5-mile zone of upturned strata on the south side of Poor fork seems to follow closely that stream and to be in- dependent of the position of the axis. On upper Pugitt creek, it is within 0.75 mile of the axis, towards which the strata dip somewhat rapidly, while on Looney creek the two have swung more than 2 miles apart and are separated by a wide area in which the average dip is about 2 per cent.

South of the axis the dips are somewhat irregular in direction and intensity, but never sharp. A subordinate trough appears to branch from the major one about central Pugitt creek, and to pursue a 8E. course to the mouth of Breeden creek, with

[13]

162 The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky.

gentle dips, averaging less than 2 per cent. The beds lie almost flat in the Big Black mountain between Fugitt creek and Trace branch. The valley of middle Clover Lick occupies another minor trough of the main basin. Prom Breeden creek east- ward to Hufl:' creek the rise is irregular in direction and much more rapid, averaging about 3 per cent.

The structure of a coal-field is an important economic feature, since only with a knowledge of the direction and magnitude of bed-inclinations and the position of the major lines of ele- vation and depression can mines be properly laid out. Other conditions permitting, a mine should enter the coal at the lowest point of the area to be worked, that grades may be in favor of the loaded cars, and the drainage may be handled by gravity.

Several such favorable points of attack present themselves in this field, where gentle dips are the rule, and the principal beds are above drainage and suitable for cheap drift-mining.

Vn. Geology of the Coals.

The geologic sections previously mentioned show the large number of coal-seams exposed in the 2,000 ft. of strata out- cropping between the base and summit of Big and Little Black mountains, and indicate the relative stratigraphic po- sition of each. They aggregate almost a score, of which about half have commercial value in individual parts of the field. Commencing at the lowest, these coal-beds will be dis- cussed in ascending order, and from west to east, giving them the names by which they are known in their field of best de- velopment.

In the Lee Conglomerate, coal-seams are known to occur, but they are sharply upturned and economically worthless, and therefore will receive no consideration here.

In the several hundred feet of strata between the Lee and bed A — exposed along Poor fork and around Harlan— no coals of importance are known. On lower Martin fork, a bed from 2 to 3 ft. thick, about 220 ft. beneath the Harlan, or seam has been opened in a few places; and along the south side of Poor fork, below Clover Lick creek, a coal apparently 50 ft. higher in the measures shows a generally thin and worthless section.

The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky. 163

The absence of thick coals in this interval is of interest mainly as indicating that the famous Imboden seam of Wise county, Va., which occurs in this horizon, has deteriorated northward and either vanished or become insignificant in the Poor fork area.

The Harlan seam — or bed -4, as it is named on upper Poor fork — is the lowest commercially-workable bed of the district, and the most valuable. It will furnish for many years practi- cally all the tonnage won from the western ends of Big and Little Black mountains ; and in the eastern end of the field it shows a good mining-section for a number of miles along Poor fork and tributary creeks. This seam, the outcrop of which is indicated by a dash line on the map, Fig. 1, has been opened extensively on lower Poor, Clover, and Martin 'forks, where it crops from 400 to 500 ft. above drainage, yet has more than 1,000 ft. of cover and underlies a large area in the Black mountains. West of a meridian line through the mouth of Jones creek, it shows a clean, uniform 4-ft. mining-section, below which is sometimes found another 18 in. of coal separated from the upper by several inches of shale. East of this line, along Clover fork, the bed is seriously contaminated by shale partings, and has been sparingly opened until it approaches water-level, 14 miles from Harlan. Here it presents a more attractive section, showing 3 ft. 6 in. of clean coal where it goes under the river just above the mouth of Seagrave branch.

Above this point the Harlan (A) seam does not outcrop on Clover fork, but, rising eastward almost as rapidly as that stream; its horizon is never far below water-level — perhaps 20 ft. at the mouth of Fugitt creek, and 120 ft. at the mouth of Left fork, near Morris gap.

At Keokee, on the south side of Little Black mountain, it shows 7 ft. of coal with 15 in. of shale about 1 ft. from the floor, and is mined as the "Wilson" seam.

Along the main valley of Poor fork throughout the Eastern Division, bed A outcrops well above the stream, usually near the southern edge of the zone of upturned strata. In this area it exhibits a great thickness (12 ft. in some places), but the upper portion is usually slaty. However, below Looney creek the mining-section averages from 4 to 5 ft. thick, and will eventually yield a large tonnage. Above that stream the bed

[16]

164 The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky.

is apparently split into two benches, neither of which is espe- cially valuable.

Bed jB, lying 140 ft., more or less, above the Harlan, has no importance in the Western Division. It has been doubtfully recognized at an opening 3 miles up Yocum creek on the north side, showing 3 ft. 4 in. of coal interspersed with 1 ft. of shale, and is again seen with similar sections at openings on either side of Clover fork, 1.25 miles above Seagrave branch.

In the Eastern Division this is the most persistent though not the most valuable of the lower seams. Along Clover fork it is generally too thin or carries too much intercalated shale to be commercially important. Lying 120 ft. higher than the river at Fugitt creek, and very impure, it is opened where it goes beneath drainage 0.5 mile above Wynn branch, showing 3 ft. 6 in. of coal with two 5-in, partings in the upper half. But 4 miles further up stream it appears with a 2 ft. 2 in. section, and is frequently opened close to water-level from there to the mouth of Left fork, usually showing a thick section of alternate shale and coal benches, the latter generally too thin to mine.

There is an exceptional exposure of bed B in a country-drift, just above Head creek, where it measures 9 ft. 6 in.; the mining- bench, 4 ft. 3 in. thick, is at the bottom, with a 6-in. shale part- ing 9 in. from the top.

In Looney ridge and Benham spur this seam attains its best proportions, averaging about 3 ft. 6 in. of practically clean coal. Its outcrop extends more than 4 miles up Looney creek and 8 miles up Clover Lick, offering large areas, very accessible to drift-mining. Numerous openings along the foot of Big Black mountain for several miles below Clover Lick creek indicate no value for the bed in that section.

Bed C — the Kellioka of Ashley and Glenn occurs approxi- mately 30 ft. above the B seam. Geologically the most inter- esting seam of the field, because of its great areal extent and local peculiarities of bed-section, it is also, in certain localities, one of great commercial value.

Around Harlan this coal lies high in the mountains and has been but sparingly opened, as the more accessible and probably thicker Harlan, or J., seam supplies most of the local fuel.

Professional Paper No, 49, U, S, Geological Survey (1906). [16]

Thb Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky. 165'

Passing eastward to Jones creek, where the A seam begins to deteriorate, bed Chas been opened frequently; and on Jones, lower Yocum, and Bailey creeks it shows a mining-section from 3 ft. 6 in. to 4 ft. thick, occasionally overlain by shale carrying thin layers of coal. In this area, embracing several thousand acres in Big and Little Black mountains, the C coal is better than anywhere else in the Western Division, and redeems a section practically devoid of other commercial beds.

Ascending Clover fork its horizon gradually approaches the stream; sinks beneath it 0.75 mile below Breeden creek; re- appears for a few hundred yards at the mouth of that creek ; again emerges 1.5 miles further east, and stays close above drainage from there to and beyond the Left fork.

Scattered openings in this bed along Clover fork from Sea- grave to Huff creek generally show a mining-section less than 3 ft. thick, sometimes overlain by a bench of shale and shaly coal, and occasionally by cannel or cannel slate — as at openings 0.5 mile up Fugitt creek, and on the south side of the river below Joe branch.

Above Huff creek, bed C shows a thickening section and loses its shale partings, until openings near Morris gap and opposite Keokee show over 5 ft. of practically clean, good coal. This condition is apparently maintained over large areas to the south and east ; for the C seam is certainly the principal bed mined at Keokee (there called the McConnell) and most prob- ably the Taggart, worked at Eoda in Wise county, Va. At both of these mines it is from 5 ft. to 6 ft. 6 in. thick. In the Pocket district of Virginia it is probably this seam which is mined as the Darby, and shows from 2 ft. 6 in. to 3 ft. 6 in. of clean coal.

In Looney ridge and on the east side of Benham spur, bed C attains its greatest development in the Black Mountain dis- trict. Throughout this area it is uniformly a seam of the highest commercial value, averaging 5 ft. 6 in. in thickness, and practically without partings.

In Benham spur a remarkable and geologically interesting feature is presented in connection with this bed. In tracing its outcrop around the nose of the spur, a small shale parting near the center of the section is first observed at an opening near the mouth of Looney creek; in a few hundred yards this

[17]

' 166 The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky.

parting has swelled to 1 ft. ; and when Clover Lick creek is reached the two coal-benches are separated by from 20 to 60 ft. of sandstone and shale, the former very massive and making prominent cliffs along the creek. This great parting has but slightly altered the usual 80-ft. interval between beds B below and D above; consequently the lower bench of C is found within a few feet of jB, and the upper bench close under D.

This split condition of bed C obtains on both sides of Clover Lick creek, and probably extends down Poor fork several miles. It is believed that the two benches unite under Big Black moun- tain, to form the comparatively thin seam identified, as C on Clover fork.

Bed D is an insignificant and rarely-observed seam, except along Looney and Clover Lick creeks of Poor fork. No open- ings at its horizon were noted in the Western Division, and on upper Clover fork it shows only a few inches of coal.

Along lower Looney creek it lies 60 ft, more or less, over C; but on Clover Lick, where C is split by a great parting, the interval between D and the upper bench of G varies from 10 to 36 ft. It averages about 3 ft. 6 in. of clean coal at the many openings made, indicating large commercial areas in Looney ridge and Benham spur. Throughout this part of the field the seam is characterized by a stratum of slate and coal one or more feet thick, lying just under the main mining-section.

The next coals to be noted in ascending the geologic column are a group of four beds occurring within a vertical interval of 120 ft., the lowest of which is about 130 ft. above the C, or Kellioka, seam. All are too thin to deserve more than passing notice.

In the Western Division a few scattered openings have been made in one or more of these beds ; but it is impossible to cor- relate them definitely by reason of their similar thin sections and the small interval between them. To this group belongs the Creech (?) coal of Ashley and Glenn.*

Extensive prospecting in the Eastern Division has disclosed one or more of these four seams in numerous places ; all four may be seen close to drainage on Breeden creek, near the mouth of Right fork.

Professional Paper No, 49, U. S. Geological Survey (1906). [18]

The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky. 167

The bottom bed is very persistent, and wherever opened shows about 2 ft. of clean coal. The second is some 40 ft. higher, and while showing a 3 ft. 4 in. mining-section on Looney ridge, it is generally of no value. The third is about 40 ft. still higher, and is worthless. The fourth, at the top of the group, has been recognized principally along Clover fork above Bree- den creek, where it is mined at a few country pits. This seam, or the one next below, represents the so-called " Low Splint " bed, of regional extent and commercial thickness on the south side of Little Black mountain in Virginia.

Mention may be made of an opening three-quarters of a mile up High Bank branch, a small tributary entering Poor fork 6 miles below Clover Lick creek. The seam here exposed lies about 300 ft. above C and is locally known as the " 11-foot eannel bed." In reality it consists of 7 ft. of cannel-slate or highly-bituminous shale, worthless for fuel, parted 2 ft. 10 in. from the roof by 4 ft. 4 in. of black shale, and underlain by another foot of that material. At no other place was this seam observed ; it is evidently a locally bitumenized shale-bed.

The Wallins creek coal, which attains such fine proportions on the stream of that name below Harlan, is represented in the Western Division of this district by a thick seam, sparingly opened high on the flanks of the Black mountains. It lies about 600 ft. above the Kellioka, or C, seam.

lu the head of Kitts branch, entering Clover fork 2 miles above Harlan, this bed shows an upper bench of 4 ft. 4 in. of coal with a 6-in. shale parting 8 in. from the floor, and a lower 1 ft. 2 in. coal-bench separated from the upper by 1 ft. 4 in. of shale, coal, and bone. On the left prong of Turtle branch it measures 4 ft. 8 in. of clean coal.

In the Eastern Division, near the Wallins creek horizon is usually found a mass of shales carrying two or more thin coal- beds (see geologic sections. Fig. 2). On upper Childs creek, the two seams are 15 ft. apart, the upper being 4 ft. 4 in. and the lower 3 ft. 11 in. thick, and both somewhat impure. They are again exposed near the mouth of Breeden creek, where one opening shows 8 ft. 9 in. of coal with 5 in. of shale ; but else- where this horizon has afforded no coals approaching commer- cial character.

The remaining coal-beds to be considered lie high in the

[19]

168 The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky.

mountains ; their outcrops are rather inaccessible and have been rarely opened, to supply local fuel-requirements. Consequently there is no knowledge of them in the Western Division, where they underlie relatively small areas, and can have but little eco- nomic significance.

The Looney bed, the lowest of these, is named from Looney ridge, its area of best development in the Black Mountain dis- trict. This seam occurs approximately 850 ft. above bed C and 135 ft. below the fossil limestone (page 160), and is probably equivalent to the Parsons seam of Wise county, Virginia.

In the high knob of Little Black mountain, at the heads of Yocum, Childs, and Straight creeks, the Looney seam has been opened in several places and shows from 4 ft. to 5 ft. 6 in. of coal, usually parted by a little shale. In Big Black mountain it is generally thin and worthless, though a limited area between Bear and Kelly branches will average 3 ft. of clean coal.

On the south side of Benham spur, it shows only a few inches of coal, but thickens northward until, in Looney ridge, a clean 5-ft. section is displayed.

The coals of the High Splint group are the highest and last beds to be mentioned; for though a few " blooms" or outcrops of beds have been noted in the 500 ft. of strata between this group and the mountain-tops, nothing is known of their char- acter ; and they are too inaccessible and too limited in area to have present commercial value.

The Lower High Splint bed lies from 300 to 350 ft. above the Looney seam, separated from the Middle by 30 to 60 ft. of rock — along Clover fork usually a bold clifi'-making sandstone. It varies greatly in bed-section. Valueless in Looney ridge and Benham spur, this seam shows in Big Black mountain more than 3 ft. of minabje coal, frequently overlain by from 2 to 3 ft. of slate and coal in alternate thin benches.

The Middle High Splint bed, 30 ft., more or less, beneath the Upper, is a quite clean and persistent, though uniformly thin seam, averaging about 3 ft. in Big Black mountain and some- what less in Benham spur.

The Upper High Splint bed occurs uniformly 400 ft. above the Looney, and is by far the most valuable of the high seams in the Black mountains. It is known to exist with splendid sec- tion over large areas east of this district, and, though rather in-

[20]

The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky. 169

accessible to mining-operations, will undoubtedly supply a large tonnage of superior gas- and domestic fuel. Its approximate outcrop is delineated on the map. Fig. 1.

The seam lies too high above drainage to have any appre- ciable area in Little Black mountain. Big Black mountain, by reason of its superior height and its position near the axis of the coal-basin, contains the largest and most important area of Upper High Splint in the district. It outcrops from 1,000 to 1,800 ft. vertically above the valleys of Clover and Poor forks.

In the eastern portion it averages about 6 ft. of coal, devoid of serious partings. Westwardly its section diminifehes some- what, and numerous measurements on Fugitt and neighboring creeks average slightly less than 4 ft. of clean coal. That the seam again thickens below this area is indicated by an opening on Joe branch, showing 9 ft. 5 in. of coal with a 6-in. shale parting 1 ft. from the floor. However, it is near the mountain- tops here, and probably underlies no important areas west of this point.

Benham spur carries a good acreage of this bed averaging over 4 ft. in thickness. Its condition in Looney ridge is un- known, as the portion of that mountain high enough to carry appreciable area? of the High Splint beds lies east of the field under review.

Vni. Character of the Coals.

Chemically, the coals of the Black Mountain district are very pure, high volatile gas- and coking-fuels, as evidenced by the proximate analyses, given in Table I. The samples afibrding these analyses were taken from outcrop openings by cutting a uniform amount of material from top to bottom of the bed, ex- cluding only such slate partings or coal-benches as should be discarded in mining. They were very generally obtained from freshly-prepared faces under solid roof, where the coal was hard, clean, and lustrous. The resultant analyses should fairly repre- sent the regional quality of the seams ; and, except for excessive moisture in some instances and a slightly-diminished sulphur- content, due to leaching, they should be quite comparable with those made from mine-samples.

[21]

Thb Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky.

Tablb I. — Goal Analyses: Black Mountain District Harlan County j Ky.

Bed.

Division.

Ay or Harlana

A, or Harlan

Be

C, orKelliokad

C, orKellioka<?

2)/

Looney

Lower High Splint* Upper High Splint

Western Eastern Eastern Western Eastern En stern Eastern Eastern Eastern

n

p.

o- Average analysis 21 samples. Ayerage analysis 16 samples. Avenge analysis 17 samples. 0' Average analysis 3 samples. Average analysis 11 samples.

Average analysis 6 samples, d- Sample from i ocum creek. / Average analysis 13 samples. Average analysis 7 samples.

A striking feature of Table I. is the marked similarity in analyses of coals from widely-separated geologic horizons. It will be noted that the B and Upper High Splint beds, 1,300 ft. vertically apart, yield fuels of almost identical chemical com- position.

The comparatively high ash found in the D and Looney beds is perhaps due rather to small slate binders included in the sample than to any inherent difference in the coal itself. The generally low percentage of ash and sulphur in the principal seams is noteworthy and adds greatly to their commercial value. Ash is remarkably low in the C, or Kellioka; its percentage in 18 samples falls between 1.45 and 4.25, classing this bed with the purest coals known.

Considering the seams as a whole, they are typical gas-coals in chemical composition; high in volatile hydro-carbons essen- tial for the manufacture of illuminating-gas ; low in the harm- ful ingredient, sulphur, and exceptionally free from earthy im- purities.

As domestic and steam-fuels they should rank high. Their hardness, ease of ignition, low ash, low sulphur, and high calo- rific power are all features which will commend themselves to consumers. Calorimeter-tests of carefully-selected samples

[22]

Thb Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky. 171

from the more important beds showed about 14,000 B.tu. per pound of coal.

Coking-tests of crushed coal from the lower seams have given very satisfactory results, as was to be expected, since the Roda and Keokee plants, operating the C seam in Virginia, manu- facture a highly-valued metallurgical coke.

Physically, the coals of this district are hard, lumpy, and of the block type, similar to those of the Kentucky River and Elk- horn fields. Characterized by marked vertical cleavages, they mine in large, smooth-faced blocks, very diflferent from the softer, columnar coals of the Pocahontas and New River dis- tricts in West Virginia, and better adapted to shipment and domestic use. In the Eastern Division of the district, the major cleavage-planes, or " faces," have a uniform direction of about N. 65° E.-S. 66° W.

Two varieties of coal, quite different physically, are found in varying proportions at almost every exposure in the field. One is a hard, dull gray splint that occurs in layers varying in thickness from a fraction of an inch to a foot or more. The thicker layers are exceedingly tough and hard, mining in large blocks which themselves break with a conchoidal fracture into sharp-edged fragments.

The other is a softer, black, lustrous variety, which breaks readily into small cubical pieces. It mines more easily than ' the splint; is less difficult to crush, and is more typically a coking-coal.

No one bed is all splint or all coal of the softer variety ; neither do any two openings, even in the same seam, show the same proportion of these constituents. But, as a rule, more splint is found in coals of the High Splint group, the gas- and domestic fuels, than in the lower beds, A-D which are more truly the steam- and coking-seams.

IX. General Correlations.

After the foregoing details of the several coal-beds of the dis- trict, some brief suggestions of their relations to other well- known seams in neighboring fields are pertinent. General ver- tical sections of the measures exposed in these fields are shown graphically in Fig. 3.

[23]

ii.ce

ri r§N

a e T o S X

uj n

O

o

g g

/

CD s On-

z

s

"T"

I'

aappo !s

an lAapn o

Hi

/

E

Sis

a

5oTT

ffi 8

O

tE5iai

§ -§ 111 -i 1-i TTl f

1 / / V/

/

-rIS-f

!§-

Cq

§

Qq

S

f

ui a

D O

S/

T

uoji;iO

39=

oauiK

aauiiH

[24 1

Thb Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky. 17S

Ab already remarked, there is no difficulty in correlating the coals of the Black Mountain district with those of the territory to the west, where the important A and (7 beds are represented by the persistent Harlan and Kellioka seams.

To the south, in the Pocket district, Virginia, the identifica- tion of the Darby, or No. 5 seam of Fisher,® as bed (7, is sub- stantiated by a comparison of general geologic sections on either side of Little Black mountain ; by the relative elevations of outcrop openings; and by the character of the seam in each locality. The equivalency of No. 10 and Looney, and of No* 12 and Upper High Splint, is similarly indicated.

In the Crab Orchard district, just east of the Pocket, the two principal coals, Wilson and McConnell, are, in all proba- bility, the representatives of beds A and (7.

The territory to the east, in Wise county, Va., was investi- gated by E. V. d'Invilliers and A. S. McCreath before the advent of railroads; and again by M. R. Campbell, of the TJ. S. Geolo- gical Survey, a couple of decades ago, when it was sparingly developed, and the poorly-exposed geologic horizons were trace- able only with great difficulty. The northwestern portion oi Mr. Campbell's field of investigation overlaps the present one, but it is difficult to harmonize the results obtained in each. From his descriptions it is evident that coals he finds just above and below the " Gladeville Sandstone " on (Big) Looney and Clover Lick creek are beds A and B, It is also evident that his thick coal at top of the Wise formation is the Upper High Splint.

Developments of the Virginia Coal & Iron Co. in Wise county, Va., whereby the outcrops of the High Splint (Upper, probably). Parsons (Looney), Taggart, and Imboden seams have been traced over large areas, render almost certain the identity of C and Taggart, or Eoda, coals, and place the Imboden seam 450 ft. below this horizon, or 280 ft. under bed about where Campbell locates it. Thus far there is seen to be a close agree- ment between CampbelPs general section and the one given for the Black Mountain field.

The great discrepancy appears upon comparing the interval he found between the Imboden bed and the Lee Conglomerate

GasBias A. Fisher, BuUeiin No. 341, U. S. Geological Survey (1907). ' Marios R. Campbell, Bulletin No, 111, U. S. Geological Survey (1893).

[251

174 The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky.

with that deduced from Messrs. Ashley and Glenn's measure- ments® in the Black Mountain field. The former made it 1,000 ft. ; the latter, 350 ft.

Considering now that portion of the geologic section just over the Lee Conglomerate, we find both Mr. Campbell and Mr. Stone — the latter working in the NE. extension of the Wise County field on Russell fork waters — locating the Ken- nedy bed 500 ft., more or less, above the Lee, with the Lower and Upper Banners respectively 250 and 350 ft. still higher in the measures. The correlation of these beds with the Imboden, J., and C {or B) seams of Harlan county suggests itself.

To harmonize the correlations deduced as above, it is sug- gested that the coal Campbell called the Imboden (and clearly recognized only in the central portion of his field) might be the same as the Kennedy bed (recognized only in the eastern portion), and that an error was made in connecting the geology of these two divisions of his territory.

It would follow that the Gladeville sandstone lies between the two Banner coals, or, if it be about 370 ft. above the Upper Banner, as shown in Campbell's section, the sandstone called by that name on Poor and Clover forks really lies that distance below the true Gladeville horizon.

In the Elkhorn, Ky., field, north of Pine mountain, correla- tions may be made as indicated on the plate of sections, Fig. 3, using the Lee Conglomerate, as located by Mr. Stone, as a base. The coAl-bed intervals shown in the Elkhorn general section apply particularly to the Marrowbone district, a part of the field prospected in great detail some years ago by E. V. d'Invilliers, of Philadelphia, Pa.

The last general section represents the measures on the North fork of the Kentucky river, between its head and Hazard, the county-seat of Perry county, and was compiled barometrically several years ago by me. Strangely enough, it bears but slight resemblance to the geologic section of the Black Mountain dis- trict immediately south. Though the two areas adjoin, the various geologic horizons cannot be traced from one to the

8 G. H. Ashley and L. C. Glenn, Professwnai Paper JVo. 49, U. S. Oeologiecd Survey (1906).

Ralph W. Stone, BuUetin No. 348, U. S. Oeological Survey (1908).

[26]

The Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky. 175

other, by reason of the great strata-displacement resulting from the intervening Pine Mountain fault. However, certain corre- lations are suggested on the plate of sections, carrying identi- fication via the Eussell Fork, Va., and Elkhorn, Ky., fields.

Reviewing the correlations here advanced for one of the prin- cipal coal-seams in the Black Mountain and adjoining fields, it seems most probable that the A bed of Looney and Clover Lick creeks of Poor fork is the Harlan of Ashley and Glenn ; the No. 4 of the Pocket district, as given by Fisher; the Wilson of the Crab Orchard area ; the coal recognized by Campbell on Poor fork as lying just under his Gladeville Sandstone;" and that it is represented in the Tom's Creek field, Va., by the Lower Banner seam, and in the Elkhorn field, Ky., by the Lower Elkhorn.

Additional evidence of the approximate correctness of the identifications made is furnished by fossils associated with cer- tain coal-horizons in the various fields.

It has been remarked by a competent palseobotanist that the base of the Wise formation (beds A to C) is perhaps equivalent to the Eagle coal-group of the Kanawha, W. Va., field, which group is believed to correlate with the Feds Creek seam of Kentucky, lying 230 ft. beneath the Lower Elkhorn and 400 ft., more or less, above the Lee Conglomerate. If this be even approximately true, bed A certainly lies no higher in the geologic column than the Lower Elkhorn, and could not be 1,200 ft. above the Lee, as shown in Campbell's section.

Again, David White, of the National Museum, says :

" The present state of knowledge does not justify a correlation of the Elkhorn with the coal beds in the Norton or Big Stone Gap region. It may, however, be remarked that the species of fossil plants from the Lower Elkhorn appear to bear a close relation to such material as I have been able to secure from the Banner group, at Dorchester, near Norton.'*

This agrees with the correlation suggested for the Russell Fork and Elkhorn fields.

But it must be admitted that the suggested correlations be- tween Black Mountain coals and those of the Norton, Russell Fork, and Elkhorn fields are supported by few unquestioned facts. And though all available data have been used to throw

" BvJdedn No. 348, U. S. Geological Survey, p. 32 (1908). [27]

176 Thb Black Mountain Coal-District, Kentucky.

light on the subject, and the conclusions reached seem to be supported by a preponderance of evidence, there is need of much more detailed exploration of intermediate areas before the mutual relations of the important coal-horizons in the sev- eral fields can be positively determined.

In closing, it may be noted that, if the foregoing correlations are correct, the Pocahontas and New River coal-groups occur in the Lee Conglomerate, and are represented in this region by a few sporadic and worthless seams.

[28]

gUBJECT TO BBV18I0N.

[Transactions Of The American Institute Of Mining Engineers.]

Electrolytic Oxygen in Cyanide Solutions.

BY T. H. ALDRICH, JR., BIRMINGHAM, ALA. (San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.)

There are two conditions generally prevailing upon the earth — those within atmospheric influence, tending towards oxidation, and those away from atmospheric influence, tending towards reduction. Practically all mineral substances from mines of any depth are in a reducing condition.

Since the cyanide process, in order to dissolve silver or gold, requires that the prevailing conditions under which it operates shall be oxidizing, and the materials usually acted upon being of a reducing character, it becomes necessary to supply oxygen to the solution carrying the cyanide. This oxygen is usually supplied through the medium of dissolved air in the solution, or through the medium of various chemical compounds, which upon combining with the solution or the ore give oflf a part of their oxygen.

Strange as it may seem, practically all mineral substances are partly soluble in water, especially water carrying alkali or cyanide. The greater the surface exposed and the finer the ma- terial is ground, the greater will be the rate of dissolving of the reducing agents from the ore into the cyanide solution. In most cases, if the solution carrying the ore particles is agitated with air, the air will dissolve into the solution faster than will the reducing-agents ; but in some cases the reducing-agents will dissolve more rapidly on account of easy solubility or greater surface exposed. It is a dissolving race between the oxygen from the air and the reducing-agents from the ore, and if the reducing-agents predominate, cyanide will not dissolve the gold from the ore. In many cases it will dissolve some of the gold, because in a mass of irregular shape some of the gold particles might be exposed upon the outside surface of a parti- cle of rock; but if the solution had to penetrate through cracks, the side-walls of which were lined with reducing-agent-

[1]

178 Electrolytic Oxygen In Cyanide Solutions.

producing material, before the solution carrying oxygen could reach the gold it would have lost its oxidizing power. For this reason in many cases cyanide solutions will produce only a partial extraction of the gold or silver present.

It occurred to me that since water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen, if it be decomposed by the electric current, the hydrogen would bubble away and the oxygen would be carried by the solution. This was tried in December, 1908, upon an ore carrying amorphous iron sulphides from which all the gold could not be dissolved by cyanide with simple air-agita- tion, no matter what the cyanide strength or how great the time, although the gold as revealed by the microscope was all metallic. The process was tried first in an inverted bottle with the bottom cut out, the air being forced in through a glass tube in the cork to agitate the pulp. Two lead plates were inserted in the agitated pulp at the top. These plates were about 4 in. long and 0.5 in. wide, and in. thick. Through them was passed the current of an incandescent lamp, which being in series and burning dimly gave about 0.25 ampere ol; current. The results were excellent from the beginning. The value of the ore was $4 per ton. It was ground in a tube-mill so that 60 per cent, passed a 200-mesh screen. The value of the tailings, after 48 hr. agitation with air alone, was $1.26 ; but after agitation for 2.5 hr. with air and electrodes inserted in the pulp as described above, the value was reduced to $0.40. This typical result was verified perhaps a thousand times, with uniformly good results.

In testing our solutions, a 2-lb. solution of cyanide is test 10. The alkali is tested on the basis of ten points over and above the alkali due to the cyanide, test 10 being a 2-lb. solution of caustic soda. The reducing-agents were tested with a 1 per cent, solution of potassium permanganate, 1 cc. of which in 10 cc. of the solution, after acidulating, equals test 10, it being much easier to keep track of these solutions by simple num- bers than by keeping the records in pounds per ton.

Numerous tests were made in order to determine a proper electrode. Lead was found to be the best material. Many other substances, such as carbon, worked very well, but with the alternating current, there being no consumption of the lead electrode, lead proved most satisfactory.

[2]

Electrolytic Oxygen In Cyanide Solutions.

The following tests upon the working-solution show the effect of the different electrodes. All the tests were made at the same time and with the same solution, using the direct current.

Lead electrode : Time, 4 min. ; 0.25 ampere current.

KCN. Alkalinity. Dbl. Before, . . 8 +1 5

Reducing-Agents.

After, ... 12 +2

Iron electrode ; Time, 6 min. ; 0.2o ampere current

KCN. Alkalinity. Dbl. Before, . . 8 +1 5

Reducing-Agents.

After, . . . 7J +6.}

Iron electrode : Time, 12 min. ; 0.25 ampere current.

KCN. Alkalinity. Dbl.

Reducing- Agent?.

(Showing destruction of the cyanide.)

Lead electrode : Time, 10 min. ; 0.25 ampere current

KCN. Alkalinity. Dbl.

Reducing'Agents.

There seems to be a regeneration of cyanide, and the process is certainly cheaper than any added oxidizer or even air-agita- tion of the solution.

We found by numerous experiments that the alternating current was as good as the direct current, and had the addi- tional advantage of giving no deposit on the electrodes at lower current-density, and with lead there was no consump- tion of the electrodes even where the ore-pulp flowed over the electrodes. The way I explain this result is as follows :

Under the prevailing conditions certain electro-chemical actions take place by which the particles composing a molecule of a compound are resolved into the parts that the applied cur- rent-strength would resolve them into, and go into the solution on the one wave, and they do not re-combine on the returning current wave. In other words, dissociation takes place with- out being followed by re-combination. At any rate, no matter how the action is explained, it is carried on and works satisfac- torily.

In electroplating, if the current is of low density the material deposited will be dense. If the current-density is increased,

[3]

180 Electrolytic Oxygen In Cyanide Solutions.

the material deposited will be spougy. If the current-density is still further increased, the material which should be depos- ited will be disengaged by the action of the gases, and practi- cally no deposit will result, the material going into the solution in a more or less spongy condition. We found that with a very high current-density no deposit of gold or silver accumu- lated upon the lead electrodes with direct current. Some of the electrodes after being in use six months were scraped, and the scrapings assayed, and showed only a trace of gold and silver.

Electrolyzed solution seems to be especially effective when used in connection with lead acetate or litharge added in the tube-mill during grinding. The electrolyzed solution going to the tanks shows no sulphocyanides, whereas, before the bat- teries were put in use, the solution showed a large amount.

As finally used in practice in January, 1909, a battery, sup- plied with alternating current, was placed in the barren sump. This battery consisted of 18 plates in series, each plate 6 by 6 in., with 110 volts between the two. The plates consumed 15 amperes, and produced sufficient oxidizing effect, or whatever other effect it may be, to keep the solution in condition to treat daily 40 tons of this ore. These plates, made of J-in. sheet lead, were built so as to form hollow rectangles in section, the rectangle being 6 in. high, 6 in. long, and 1.25 in. wide inside. The two ends were lapped at the top and holes punched. The plate was bolted to a paraffined plank 1 by 6 in. on the top side ; 18 of these plates were connected in series. The distance be- tween any two plates was J in., and, of course, the current would travel principally across the J-in. gap, instead of around the If-in. gap, from plate to plate. Lead wires were used from the surface of the solution down to the plates. We ground the ore in the tube-mill so that 60 per cent, would pass a 200- mesh sieve. Previous to using the batteries in the sump, the extraction in the tube-mill was 20 per cent, during grinding; after the batteries were used, the extraction in the tube-mill was 75 per cent. The effect of the batteries seemed to build up in the solution gradually and to lose from the solution gradually when the operation of the batteries was discontinued.

During two months in the fall of 1910 the mill was working coarse ground, partly-oxidized ore carrying considerable sul-

[4]

Electrolytic Oxygen In Cyanide Solutions. 181

phides. The water at the hydro-electric plant was low, and the use of the batteries was discontinued because the mill was driven with steam, and no arrangement had been made to sup- ply alternating current from any but the hydro-electric plant. During this time the tailings on $4 ore went up to $1.25 per ton, and immediately after the rains gave sufficient water to drive the hydro-electric plant, the values in the tailings dimin- ished until $0.20 per ton was reached on identically the same ore with the same head-values ; moreover, the reducing-agents dropped from 16 to 4. The time occupied in getting the work- ing-solution up to this condition was two weeks. I consider that this process owes its value almost entirely to the presence of oxygen due to electrolysis, putting the solution ahead in the race for the reducing-agents and causing the gold and silver to dissolve in spite of the reducing-agents. However, it does not stop the reducing-agents from dissolving also, and although it produces solution of the gold in spite of the reducing-agents, it does not help precipitation, and if the reducing-agents are not decomposed by the batteries — and all of them are not — they build up in the solution rapidly to a point where zinc-shavings will not precipitate the gold.

Of course, in practice the cyanide solution contains reducing- agents of many kinds. The electrolytic action seems to reduce the influence of some, but not all of them. For example, I ex- perimented on some highly-graphitic ore, and whether tlie normally-poor extraction was due entirely to the graphite or not, I do not know ; but the solution, after electrolyzing, gave a very much better extraction than before electrolyzing. The action seems to decompose the sulphocyanides and the solu- ble sulphides, but not the alkaline sulphides and all of the many others always present.

A test on the electrolyzed solution 18 months after the bat- teries were installed showed :

Working-solution with alternating current, 0.25 ampere, and lead electrode.

KCN. Alkalinity. Dbl. Reducing- Agents. Before, 8 1 16

After 10 min. electrolysis, 8 10 15

showing that the solution remained practically the same, or was electrolyzed as much as was necessary. However, testing

[5]

182 Electrolytic Oxygen In Cyanide Solutions.

some of this same solution further by placing a piece of gold leaf upon its surface and allowing it to float, the gold leaf was dissolved in 71 min. on the working-solution and in 50 min. on the re-electrolyzed solution, showing that the additional electrolysis, although it had no apparent effect on the solution, gave an increased dissolving-rate. Grease in the ore or on the surface of the barren sump seemed to dissolve very rapidly in the treated solution and slowly in the untreated solution. We tarred our tanks inside and coated them with black oil out- side, and more or less grease was frequently floating upon the surface of the solution where this effect was noticed.

Since the installation of this process it has treated success- fully at this plant 25,000 tons of ore of all kinds, oxidized, partly oxidixed, and sulphides. Previous to the use of the bat- teries, in treating sulphide ores, the average cyanide-con- sumption was 1 lb. per ton, in some months running as high as 1.1 lb. After the use of the batteries the average was 0.45 lb., running for some months as low as 0.23 lb. per ton of ore treated.

We tried using batteries in the agitated pulp and in the solu- tion, and found the result to be just as good if the plates were inserted in the barren sump as if inserted in the agitated pulp. The original lead plates placed in the barren sump are still there and in operation. They cost about $4 to insert originally and were inspected after 26 months of practically continuous service, and are to-day just as good as when they were first put in use.

I have applied for no patents on this process and do not expect to, and any one is free to use it. It should be a cyanide- saver, an accelerator, and a general solution-purifier.

[6]

Ubjbc?Tto Bevibion.

[Transactions Op The American Institute Of Mining Engineers.]

The Cyanide -Plant at the Treadwell Mines, Alaska.

BY W. p. LASS, TREADWELL, ALASKA.* (San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.)

The purpose of this article is not only to describe the plant and method of cyaniding the Treadwell concentrates, but to present some of the results of the experimental work obtained in the past three years for the Alaska-Treadwell Gold Mining Co., at Douglas Island, Alaska, under the direction of F. Bradley, Consulting Engineer, and Robert A. Kinzie, General Superintendent, of the affiliated companies.

At the time the experimental work was undertaken the con- centrates were being shipped to the smeltery at Tacoma, Wash., and the cost for treatment of 3-oz. (gold) concentrates was |11.95 per ton, divided as follows :

Smelting-charges, $4.0

Loading, freight, insurance, etc., 2.89

Interest dae to time lost in transit and in settlement, . . .0.05 Loss due to settlement for 95 per cent, of the gold at |20 per ounce, 5.01

Total, fll.95

Prom the experimental work described later, it was estimated that 96 per cent, extraction could be made by treatment on the ground, and that the cost, when treating 80 tons per day, would be |8.25 per ton, divided as follows :

Labor

Chemicals,

Power and steam-heat,

Markedng-, refining- and other charges,

Totals,

Per Day. Per Ton.

166.16 $0,827

76.60 0.960

67.60 0.845

49.36 0.617

$259.72 $3,250

Adding to this total the 4 per cent, treatment-loss, which on S-oz. concentrates amounts to $2.48, gives a total cost of |5.78 per ton. Comparing this with |11.95, the cost when shipping to the smelter, leaves a net gain of |6.22 per ton by the local

Cyanide Superintendent of the Alaska-Treadwell Gk>ld Mining Co.

[1]

184 Cyanide-Plant At The Trbadwell Mines, Alaska.

treatment. In addition to this saving, the cyanide-tailings would have an economic value due to the sulphur- and iron- content, as well as the value of the residual gold after oxi- dation.

I. Laboratory- Work.

1. Character of the Concentrates. — The concentrates, amount- ing to 1.8 per cent, of the original ore, contain : Fe, 40 ; S, 1 ; SiOj, 11 per cent., and carry from 2.5 to 4 oz. of gold and 0.75 oz. of silver per ton. The gold- and silver-values amount to about 37 per cent, of the values contained in the original ore from the mine. The figures in Table I. are assays and aver- ages of sizing-tests on concentrates from the various mills.

Table I. — Assay Sizing- Tests of Treadwell Gold- and Silver-Ores.

Size of Material.

Weight.

Per Cent.

Assay-Value Per Ton.

On 20-me8h screen I 0.44

Through 20, on 40 8.23

Through 40, on 60 10.96

Through 60, on 80 12.49

Through 80, on lOU , 10.38

Through 100, on 120 13.37

Through 120, on 1 60 7. 69

Through 160 36.46

$70.35

(In this paper, all figures, unless otherwise stated, are based on the dry ton of 2,000 lb., with gold at $20.67 per oz. Silver- value is not included. Screen-mesh is expressed in openings per linear inch.)

On account of the decrepitation of the pyritic crystals during the process of drying, as well as the tendency of the particles to adhere to one another, all sizing-tests were made in water without previous drying of the sample. Results show that the values vary directly with the degree of comminution. It being understood that the concentrates are derived from pulp after amalgamation at the mills, it seemed evident that the gold was present as metallics incased within the pyrite. Work done in the laboratory previous to the year 1909 confirmed this view, and indicated that a satisfactory extraction could be obtained by regrinding, followed by amalgamation and cyanidation.

[2]

Cyanide-Plant At The Trbadwell Mines, Alaska. 185

2. Preliminary Tests. — For the preliminary tests ordinary quart-size glass jars were used, and agitated by placing them on the distributing-boxes of the Prue vanners. In each case an excess of lime and a small amount of lead acetate were added to the solution. Sizing and assaying of the residues showed the gold to have been removed from the finely-ground particles, while the large percentage ot value remained in the coarse particles.

The next step was with 50-lb. composite samples from all the mills. A clean-up barrel was fitted with iron balls and used to grind the concentrates to a 200-me8h product, which was passed over a 2- by 4-ft. amalgamated copper plate, the pulp collected and cyanided in small agitation-vats, built on the plan of " Brown " or " Pachuca " tanks. These were 14 in. in diam- eter and 4 ft. high, with a 1.25-in. pipe suspended through the center. At the apex of the cone a needle-valve regulated the supply of air.

The 50-lb. samples were treated in these small tanks, the results given in Table II. being a fair average from one of these tests.

Table n. — Results Obtained from Treatment of SO-Lb. Composite Samples from TreadweU Mills.

Aflsay- value of original conoentrates, 177.40

Amalgamation-extraction based upon head- and tail-assays, per

cenUj 74.16

Proportion of ground product passing 200-mesh screen, per cent., 98.00

Assay- value of cyanide heads, 120.00

Assay-value of cyanide tails, 12.40

Cyanide-extraction based upon head- and tail-assays, per cent., . 88.00

Cyanide-extraction based upon solution-assays, per cent., . . 90.00

Total extraction by amalgamation and cyanide, per cent., . 96.89

Time of cyanide-treatment, hours, 12

Strength of cyanide solution (1 lb. per ton), per cent., . 0.05

Cyanide-consumption per ton of concentrates, pounds, . 2.6 Lime-coDsumption per ton of concentrates, pounds, . . .14.0

The tests in Table II. show that 75 per cent, of the gold could be obtained by fine grinding and amalgamating, or 96 per cent, by fine grinding and amalgamating followed by cyaniding.

[3]

186 Cyanide-Plant At The Trbadwbll Mines, Alaska.

II. Experimental Plant. Having proved that a satisfactory extraction could be ob- tained, the next step was to determine the most economical method of handling the material. For this purpose, an addition was built to one of the mills, in which was installed an Abb6 4- by 12-ft. tube-mill, with the necessary plates for amalgamation. The tube-mill ground 0.5 ton of concentrates per hour to pass a 200- mesh screen, or 1 ton per hour, 95 per cent, of which would pass a 200-me8h screen. With a cleaner separation of the coarse return-product, the grinding-capacity could have been increased. Various forms of classifiers were tried, the Dorr "drag" classifier proving the most satisfactory, not only making a good separation between the sands and fines, but acting as a feeder to the tube-mills. In later practice, with a duplex Dorr classifier treating 125 tons daily of concentrates discharged from a larger tube-mill, the following results were obtained :

On 100. Per Cent.

Screen Mesh,-

On200. Per Cent.

Throasfh 200. Per Cent.

Feed to daasifier,

Coarse dischargei

Fine overflow, .

As ordinarily used, the water is much in excess of the ore, so that the fines are carried over by the rising current from the rakes ; but in operating the Dorr to its fullest capacity on con- centrates, it is necessary to reduce the volume of water used, and depend upon the greater specific gravity of the pulp hold- ing the fines in suspension until carried over with the fine product.

Callow cones arranged with suspended diaphragms were used for de-watering the sands previous to cyaniding. When delivering a clear overflow, one standard 8-ft. cone was found to have an hourly capacity of 1 ton of concentrates with 15 tons of lime-water, making a spigot-product of less than 85 per cent, of moisture.

Grinding in an alkali solution equivalent to 2 lb. of lime per ton kept the amalgamation-plates in a clean, bright condition, and materially aided in the settlement of slimes. Without lime the pulp discharged from the tube-mill possessed a latent acidity equivalent to 6 lb. of lime per ton of concentrates,

[4]

Cyanidb-Plant At The Trbadwbll Minb8, Alaska. 187

which made plate-amalgamation almost impossible on account of a black surface-deposit completely coating the plates within 10 min. after being dressed.

Sea-water as a substitute for lime-water was tried, and al- though it gave better amalgamation-results than fresh water, it was not as satisfactory as the lime solution. The plates became coated with slime and the solution remained turbid in the tanks.

By fine grinding and amalgamating in 15-ton lots, an ex- traction of from 75 to 80 per cent, was obtained, the extraction varying directly with the fineness of grinding. On the original ore this amounts to an extraction of 84 per cent, by amalga- mation.

To obtain the best results by amalgamation, mercury was fed into the tube-mill with the concentrates. After having completed the amalgamation-tests, during which time 7,050 oz. of amalgam were recovered, the mill was emptied of its pebbles and the inside thoroughly cleaned, in order to deter- mine the amount of mercury or amalgam that remained. No free mercury and only 3 per cent, of the total amalgam was recovered from the tube.

Upon again feeding the concentrates to the tube-mill without either cyanide or mercury, a concentration took place inside the mill, as shown by the daily sampling of the feed and dis- charge of the mill. Table III.

Tablb m. — Results Obtained by Treatment of Concentrates in the

Tube-MIL

Fint 6 hr. grinding

Second 6 hr. grinding... Third 6 hr. grinding

Original Feed from Bins.

$48.00

Pulp as Dis-

$95.00

$88.00

Slime Finer Ihan200-Me8h.

$18.00

[5]

188 Cyanide-Plant At The Treadwbll Minks, Alaska.

Cyanide was then introduced into the grinding-solution and samples assayed as follows :

First 6 hr. grinding

Second 6 hr. grinding.. Third 6 hr. grinding... .

Strength of

Cyanide in

GrindinEf-

Solutlon.

Original

Feed from

Bins.

Tube- I Pulp as ! out. Feed (iDCludeslDlschargedp. Coarse Return 'from Tube-zSJirlrh Product). Mill. 200-Mesn.

Per Cent.

$48.00

$96.00

$80.00

$14.60

The method of grinding proving successful, the next step was to test the cyanide process on a larger scale. For this purpose a Brown or Pachuca agitation-tank, 10 ft. in diameter and 22 ft. high, with 60° conical bottom, was erected beside the tube-mill, together with four small redwood tanks. A Merrill precipitation-press was later purchased and a few filter- leaves placed on the suction of the gold-pump for clarifying the solutions. This completed the necessary equipment for cyaniding the tube-mill product in 16-ton lots. The gold-values were removed from the pulp by successive washes and decan- tations.

Table IV. — Results of Zinc-Dust Precipitation Obtained in Experimental Plant.

Cyanide Per Ton of Solution. I

Lime Per Ton of Solution.

Gold Before Precipitation.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Per Cent.

$13.60

$12.40

0,00

J.63

Gold After Precipitation.

Gold PrecipiUted.

[6]

Cyanide-Plant At The Treadwbll Mines, Alaska. 189

The figures of zintj-dust precipitation presented in Table IV. show the non-precipitation of the values when the lime-con- tent of the solutions fell much below 1 lb. per ton. With solu- tions high in lime an excess of cyanide was added to keep the filter-cloths clear. In each case an excess of zinc-dust was added.

The flow-sheet, Fig. 1, shows diagrammatically the method used for these experiments, with the exception that the filter- box shown was later superseded by a Kelly filter-press (type 1 B) of 50 tons daily capacity, which did away with the nu- merous washes and decantations previously required.

The cycle of operations of the Kelly press and the time of working, when forming a 1-in. cake of about 4 tons of con- centrates (dry weight), are as follows :

Operation of the Kelly Press.

Time. Minutes.

Filling press, 3

Forming cake, 2

Returning excess pulp, 2

Washing 12

Returning excess wash, 2

Drying, 8

Opening, discharging, and closing, . . .15

Total time of one cycle, 44

Moisture in pulp fed to press, per cent., . 35 Moisture in tailings cake discharged, per cent. , 8 to 10 Pressure of forming cake, 30 lb. per sq. in. Amount of wash-water used per ton of concen- trates, 0.5 ton.

The first 25 test-runs made in the experimental plant are summarized in Table V.

[7]

190 Cyanide-Plant At The Trbadwell Mines, Alaska.

a

o o

OCWCOeCiNMMiMCJ CI "M CCCCeCCICO'U'CCOOCCiM'M

'&4

I *sd!)VJ)adonoo aox la jaj 9V9oy PB8T g

,

i It;

: lO iH o o

jrHr-JiHiH

O

O O

d

o

pasa uonniog 9pjaXo

C 1/5 00 CO tC-*? 'Q

UWi-t-lr-lr-tOOr-li-J iH iH i-i i-li-(r-lOi-jOOOr-J'-r-Ji-<_

.ddoddoddc) d d d d

D o o Tf o C4 oc o o o o to © lO ;o 00 eo o CO ift CI r- , 'gj

H -epiuBAO

i -spBaH

jj "iHiH "i-<'ci — ci ci iH iH .-J 'iHiHCcicici 'i-IcJci

ddddoodood-' ee d d d lAooddeoci'ciciicrao

iHlH iH iH iH tH tH iH iH Ci rH IH iH

uonnios wo OHBH

iH Cvi d d CO CO CO d c4 CI CM d d CJ 00 d ci ci CI d CI CJ d

3S32B32Sa 2 2 2 2 222222222222

i9npojripunoj(r ISSS>S;8;S&8 S S 8 8 888SSSSoSS$

IOh

p.

s

si

p?

sdBJWoaoo I S88a88888 8 8 8 8 888888888888

-pdtBaJX 8U0X

iOX< tO lA lA lAtot-oOdOOsCtOi/iA

nsaxJO'OK

f-tdec'u'iftaowo

S 2 3 S2J:2S8S?Jg5?J8S

[8]

03 "

5q

Cyanide-Plant At The Treapwell Mines, Alaska. 191

The actual net value of the bullion recovered by amalgama- tion was 8.7 per cent, in excess of the theoretical extraction figured from head- and tail-assays. The actual value of the precipitate recovered was 5 per cent, in excess of the theoreti- cal extraction.

o

lt*±J

The results of the tests showed that 75 per cent, of the gold could be recovered by grinding and amalgamating, or 96 per cent, by the combined method of amalgamating and cyaniding.

[9]

192 Cyanidb-Plant At The) Trbadwbll Minbs, Alaska.

Results also showed that during the process of grinding in 1.5-lb. (0.075 per cent.) cyanide solution, a similar extraction could be obtained without amalgamation. Thus a satisfactory extraction was obtained either by amalgamating and cyaniding or by cyaniding direct.

A preliminary agitation with an alkali solution was found to shorten the time of cyanide treatment and save 25 per cent, in the cyanide-consumption.

a

By-pan line

-E

To agitators (

I'l

M

Air-receiver

lure- sauffe

SoluUoD- ffaoffe

Intake

from compresaor

:i

E-H

'for cleaning

Fig. 2.--MBTH0D op Pukifyino Air.

'sTLij Discharge

Passing the air used for agitation through a receiver filled with a solution of caustic soda or milk of lime also decreased the cyanide-consumption, presumably by the removal of oil and carbonic oxides from the air. The pipe-connections illustrat- ing the method of adding the alkali solution are shown in Fig. 2.

When grinding in cyanide solution stronger than 1 lb. per ton (0.05 per cent), followed by amalgamation, it was difficult

[10]

Gtanide-Plant At The Treadwell Mines, Alaska. 193

to keep the plates bright, due to a dull white surface-deposit, which if allowed to remain turned to a dull gray. A Muntz- metal plate was substituted for a copper plate, but as all the plates were silver coated no variation in the result was noted.

The results obtained from this extended period of investiga- tion, lasting over two years and at a cost of $27,794, justified the building of a plant of 100 tons daily capacity. This cost was largely offset by the ability of the final plant to treat the concentrates without the usual alterations necessary in starting a new mill. It also formed the nucleus of the final mill-crew.

As the abandonment of amalgamation of high free-gold values in favor of direct cyaniding seemed a somewhat radical change, the new mill was planned for operating either way, and ultimately nearly 5,000 tons were treated by each method before deciding to cast out the time-honored amalgam-plate. All of the equipment purchased for the experimental work was used in the permanent plant, which was completed in Septem- ber, 1910.

m. The 100-Ton Cyanide-Plant.

The cyanide-plant consists of three main buildings located on a hill-side 200 ft. above the stamp-mills. The upper building contains the grinding-and-amalgamating plant, with a lower floor for solution-storage tanks. The lower contains the cya- nide equipment proper, while the refinery is in a concrete building at one side, as shown in Fig. 3.

The five mills on the island contain a total of 900 stamps, and crush approximately 5,000 tons daily. The crushed ore after amalgamation is concentrated on 360 Frue vanners, yield- ing an average of 90 tons of concentrates daily, of from 2.5 to 4 oz. of gold per ton. A flow-sheet of the operations is shown in Fig. 4.

From the vanner-boxes the concentrates are shoveled into specially-constructed flat-bottomed steel cars. These cars, each holding 2 tons of concentrates, are made up into trains at the mills, and brought by locomotives to the foot of the incline below the cyanide-plant. This incline is 900 ft. long with 14° rise. A Union Iron Works geared hoist, driven by a 75-h-p. electric motor, brings the train to a switch above the upper building. Beginning with this switch, the entire plant is in

duplicate throughout.

[11]

194 Cyanide-Plant At Thb Treadwell Mines, Alaska.

U-Mim

Tom"

75-H-P. Electric Hoist. Osgood Track-Scales. Car-Tipples. Ore-Bins. Dorr Classifiers. Abbe Tube-Mills. Classifiers.

Launder Distributors. Amalgam-Plates for coarse pulp. Air-Lifts. Dorr Classifier. Abb Tube-Mill. Air- Lift. Tank.

Callow Tanks. Launder Distributors. Amalgam -Plates for fine pulp. Distributor. Callow Tanks. Callow Tanks. Pierce Amalgamators. Preliminary Agitation-Tanks. Aldrich Electric Triplex Pump. Pachuca Agitation-Tanks. Byron Jackson 4 -in. Cent. Pumps. Pulp-Tank. Wash- Water Tank. Air-Lifts.

Keller Filter-Presses. Distributor. Clarifying-Tank. Gold-Sumps. Wash-Water Sumps. Aldrich Electric Triplex Pump. Merrill Zinc-Feeder. Aldrich Electric Triplex Pump. Merrill Gold-Precipitation Presses. Acid-Tanks.

Drying-Furnace for Precipitate. Faber du Faur Furnaces. Amalgam-Barrel. Amalgam-Press.

Storage -Tanks for barren solu- tion. Air-Lift. Air-Lift.

. Bolllon to mint. V. — Blag to imelter.

-Amalgam.

—Solatlon retoraed to Pachaca tanks.

— Tailingi to dam.

3o.

Fig. 4.— Flow-Sheet op 100-Ton Cyanide-Plant.

[12]

Cyanide-Plant At The Treadwell Mines, Alaska. 195

Leaving the switch by gravity, the cars are weighed, sam- pled, and run into revolving tipples. Upon releasing the brake the tipple revolves, turning the car bottom up and dropping the load from the car. The change in the center of gravity then causes the tipple to right itself, and the empty car is weighed and returned to the main switch.

Most of the water is removed from the concentrates while in the vanner-boxes by the aid of a bumper, which is simply a large air-piston machine mounted on a truck and moved from box to box. This bumping causes the concentrates to readjust themselves and pack in the bottom of the box, while the water is run off, leaving about 12 per cent, of moisture in the concen- trates. It is considerably easier to shovel the concentrates into the cars after the bumping.

The concentrates are sampled while in the car by means of a long ship-auger. With the ordinary long spoon it was im- possible to obtain satisfactory checks in the samples, as the concentrates are usually covered with water. Unslaked lime is added to each of the empty cars as it leaves the tipple in order to reach the concentrates at the earliest possible stage. It also forms a line of cleavage, causing the concentrates to dump clean from the bottom.

From the cars the concentrates fall into 100-ton steel storage- bins, 15 ft. in diameter, with 55° conical bottoms. The con- centrates in the bins are kept covered with water, which effectually prevents oxidation of the " sulphurets " while lying in the bins. Prom this point until the cyanide treatment begins the concentrate is in strong lime solution at all times.

At the apex of the conical bottom of each bin tight-fitting gates control the outflow of concentrates, which is at once sluiced directly into Dorr classifiers, Fig. 5. The sluicing medium is the coarse return-product referred to later. There are three Dorr classifiers driven by one 7.5-h-p. electric motor, one feeding into each tube-mill and making 24 strokes per minute. This rate of speed, causing greater agitation, was found necessary to separate the large bulk of the fine from the coarse.

The coarse product of the classifiers falls into the spiral feeders of the tube-mills. These mills are of the Abbe type, 5 by 22 ft., lap-welded, trunnion bearings, with corrugated sec-

[13]

196 Cyanide-Plant At The Treadwell Mines, Alaska.

tional liners; 8-in. Danish flint pebbles are used for the grinding.

Two 75-h-p. motors on three-phase circuit at 2,200 volts are belted to an overhead central line-shaft, which in turn is belted to the pinion-shaft of the tube-mills. The tubes are driven from the discharge ends and make 27 rev. per min. The mills are controlled by friction-clutch pulleys on the central line- shaft.

For the period from May 15 to July 15, 1911, one tube-mill ground at the rate of 88.75 tons of concentrates per 24 hr. ac- tual running-time, the power-consumption averaging 64 h-p. By replacing each 75-h-p. motor with a 100-h-p. motor, and substituting leather for canvas belts on the main drive, the power-consumption was reduced to an average of 59 h-p. for the same tube duty. This was with the tube just half filled with pebbles, the normal running-load. By increasing the pebble-load to 6 in. above the center of the tube, the power- consumption rises to 75 h-p., and both the quantity of tube- feed and the fineness of the product discharged are increased.

The following is an average screen-analysis of the feed and discharge of one 5- by 22-ft. mill, when grinding an original feed of 88.75 tons per 24 hours :

OnlOO-Mesh. On 200-Me8h. Through 200-Me8h. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent.

Feed, 48.7 41.5 9.8

Discharge, . . .10.1 26.4 63.5

The pulp contained 38.5 per cent, of moiBture.

When the concentrates are amalgamated previous to cyanid- ing, the product discharged from the tubes is distributed over 10 copper amalgamating-plates, each 4 ft. 8 in. wide by 10 ft. long, plated with 2 oz. of silver per square foot.

The pulp flows from the plates into launders built into the floor. No traps are used, as they are quickly clogged by the metallic iron which accumulates in the concentrates from the wear of the various machines used in the processes of mining and milling.

This iron, if allowed to accumulate in the coarse return- product, will amount to as much as 15 per cent, of the total. Experiments are now being carried on with a magnetic device for removing the iron from the pulp.

[14]

Cyanide-Plant At The Treadwbll Mines, Alaska. 197

From a sump in the launder an air-lift elevates the pulp to a spUzlutte from which the coarse material is continuously drawn into a Dorr classifier, the coarse from which feeds a 4- by 12-ft. Abb6 tube-mill, similar to the larger ones described above. The discharge from this mill joins the overflow from the spitzlutiey and is elevated by air-lifts to two settling-cones, so situated that the spigot-discharge from them becomes the sluicing medium for the original feed referred to above.

Two points will be observed here : (1) that the Dorr classi- fiers are at present doing all the classifying for the mill ; and (2) that the concentrates are carried around in a closed circuit from which there is no escape until the particles have become fine enough to join the overflow from the back of the Dorr clas- sifiers.

The Dorr overflow, which is the product cyanided, is more than 98 per cent, through 200-mesh. The remaining 2 per cent, is silica from the wear of the pebbles. Of the concen- trates, the entire product will pass a 200-mesh screen.

The overflow of the Dorrs passes into two Callow de-water- ing-cones, the spigot-product of which is distributed over 10 amalgamating-plates similar to the coarse amalgamating-plates previously described. From the plates the pulp flows into launders, thence into a 6-in. pipe, 37 ft. long, having a fall of 0.75 in. per foot, which conveys the pulp directly to the lower or cyanide building.

In the lower building the pulp is received into a wooden distfibuting-box, from which it flows through two Pierce amal- gamators into four 8-ft. Callow cones. The spigot-product from these cones discharges into four similar ones placed lower than the first set.

The spigot-product from the lower cones enters one of four Pachuca tanks, where it receives a preliminary treatment of 3 hr. agitation in a solution containing 2 lb. of lime per ton (0.1 per cent.), after which it is allowed to settle and the clear solu- tion is decanted. The filling, agitating, settling, decanting, and discharging of a 25-ton charge of concentrates, which includes 46 tons of lime solution, requires somewhat less than 24 hr. This preliminary treatment saves in the subsequent treatment at least 1 lb. of cyanide per ton of concentrates.

The overflow lime-water from the Callow cones enters the

[15]

198 Gtanide-Plant At The Treadwell Mines, Alaska.

same sump with the decanted lime-water from the preliminary treatment, and is pumped by an Aldrich triplex 7- by 9-in. electric pump into a reservoir of 75 tons capacity situated in the upper building. The thickened pulp, ranging from 1.8 to 2.2 specific gravity, is drawn into one of eight Pachuca tanks, where it is given the cyanide treatment

All Pachuca tanks in the mill are 10 ft. in diameter and 30 ft. high, with 60° conical bottoms. Fig. 6. When filled to the level found best for agitating (which is 6 in. below the top of the central column), each tank holds a volume equivalent to 61 tons of water. This is equal to the regular charge of 80 tons of concentrates with 40 tons of solution, although as high as 40 tons of concentrates have been treated as one charge with- out any difference in extraction-results.

The floors under the Pachucas, as well as all other floors in the building, are of smooth concrete sloping to a central sump, supplied with small pumps to return any escaped solution or pump to the proper tanks.

The first cyanide treatment consists of 8 hr. agitation in a 2-lb. (0.1 per cent.) cyanide solution ; either potassium or the mixed cyanides being successfully used. Alkali is kept at 1.25 lb. (0.063 per cent.) of lime (CaO) per ton of solution. Lime is added during the treatment if the titrations show below that figure; 18 hr. is allowed for settlement and decantation of this solution.

Decantation takes place through a flexible hose, which is made as follows: Canvas coated with tar is wrapped around pieces of old boiler-tubing 3 in. in diameter and 4 in. long, spaced 0.75 in. apart. The canvas between the short lengths of tubing is wrapped with wire, making the diameter of these spaces slightly smaller than that of the tubing, thus insuring flexibility as well as avoiding the shifting of the tubing. At- tached horizontally to the top of the flexible hose is a 3-in. slotted pipe. In operation this slotted intake floats by the aid of two adjustable air-cylinders. The arrangement of these cylinders is such as to allow of the vertical adjustment of the intake-pipe to any depth of submergence desired.

The long settlement allowed, with the excessively fine condi- tion of the conceni'ates, their high specific gravity, from 4.6 to 5.0, and the high alkalinity of the solution, leaves a 30-ton

[16]

Cyanide-Plant At The Treadwell Mines, Alaska. 199

[17]

200 Cyanide-Plant At The Treadwell Mines, Alaska.

Fig. 5. — Conical Concentrates-Bin Emptying into Dorr Classifier, WHICH in turn Feeds into Spiral of Tube-Mill.

[18j

Cyanide-Plant At The Trbadwell Mines, Alaska. 201

[19]

202 Cyanide-Plant At The Treadwell Mines, Alaska.

o

s

s

g

Go

Ps

[20]

Cyanide-Plant At The Treadwell Mines, Alaska. 203

Ed

H

[21]

204 Cyanide-Plant At Thb Trbadwbll Minks, Alaska.

Fig. 10. — Installation of Merrill Gold-Presses, Showing Method Adopted to Prevent the Draining of Presses.

Fig. 11. — CuPELLATioN- Furnace in Use at Alaska-Treadwell, Show- ing Car with Test Run Out.

[22]

Cyanidb-Plant At The Trbadwbll Mines, Alaska. 205

Fig. 6.— Pachuca Tank.

[23]

206 Ctanide-Plant At The Trbadwell Mines, Alasea.

packed mass in the bottom of the Pachuca. This is brought into thorough agitation within 16 min. by a device designated as the " spider/* which is an adjustable hollow annular casting with radiating fingers, the whole encircling the central agitation- column.

When the charge is to be put into agitation the spider is lowered by a small hand-windlass until it rests on top of the set- tled charge. Air is then turned through the fingers, and at the same time the solution for the next treatment is run into the tank. The device rapidly bores its way to the bottom of the Pachuca, leaving a boiling, churning pulp above, and clearing the way to the bottom opening of the central 10-in. agitating- column. As soon as this is opened and air has been admitted to the inner-pipe the spider is raised from the tank and full agitation of the charge proceeds.

The second cyanide treatment of the charge is with solution drawn from the barren-solution storage-tanks or the wash-solu- tion storage, the cyanide strength being 1.6 lb. (0.075 per cent.) per ton of solution. After 2 hr. of agitation the air is shut off and almost immediately decantation is started. This decanted solution is pumped directly on to an incoming fresh charge, being strengthened in cyanide as it enters the tank, and becom- ing the first cyanide solution for the new charge.

This cycle in handling solution — barren to wash-solution, then to second cyanide treatment at 0.075 per cent, cyanide, then to first treatment at 0.1 per cent, cyanide, thence to pre- cipitation and back to barren — gives at each step just the con- ditions best suited for that step, and is very satisfactory in practical operation.

The settled pulp after the second decantation has a specific gravity of 1.8, and is readily agitated by means of the spider, and then discharged into the pulp-storage tank by a Byron- Jackson 4-in. centrifugal pump, from which it is drawn to the Kelly filter-press. This thick pulp holds in suspension the sands which would settle through a lighter medium.

The storage-tank is conical bottomed, 16 ft. in diameter, and situated at such an elevation that a static pressure of 30 lb. per sq. in. is exerted at the filter-presses. The pulp in the tank is kept in constant circulation by an air-lift, drawing from the conical bottom and carrying the pulp down close under the

[24]

Cyanide-Plant At The Treadwell Mines, Alaska. 207

filter-presses and back up again over the top of the tank. The pulp as pumped from the Pachuca tanks enters the bottom of this same line, and the whole is thus kept in suspension and circulation past the presses, into which it is intermittently drawn for filter-treatment. Fig. 7 shows the Kelly filter-presses in- stalled to work under a gravity head as described.

Above the pulp-storage tank is placed a similar tank for the storage of wash-water, from which a hydrostatic pressure of 25 lb. per sq. in. is obtained at the presses. This solution is kept in circulation, using the same method as applied to the pulp. The higher gravity of the pulp in the lower tank results in a greater pressure at the presses than that obtained from the wash solution, although the latter carries a higher head.

Filtering is done in two type 1 B Kelly presses. By opening valves in the circulation-lines directly under each press it is filled with either pulp or wash-solution as desired. The excess pulp or wash-solution from the press-cylinder is returned into its proper line by displacing with compressed air admitted into the cylinder. The amount of wash given depends upon the comminution of the concentrates, the usual pulp being washed with 0.5 ton of solution per ton of concentrates. The cake formed during decantation of the first-treatment solution, being very fine slime and more impervious to wash-solution than the regular pulp, is given 1 ton of wash per ton of concentrates.

When filling the press, the contained air is allowed to escape through an overhead pipe attached to the highest point of the press-cylinder. The change in sound of the exhaust indicates to the pressman when the press is full. After drying the cake with compressed air until it contains not more than 10 per cent, of moisture, the press is opened and the cakes shaken off with wooden paddles, and then sluiced with water to the tail- ings-dam.

A distributor below the press-launder sends the gold-solution to two gold-sumps and the wash-solution to the two wash-solu- tion storage-tanks. These four tanks, as well as a clarifying- tank which is in the same group, are built of 3-in. redwood, 15 ft. in diameter by 16 ft deep, and each holds 75 tons of solution.

The wash-solution is pumped to a Pachuca tank as needed, becoming a second-treatment solution. From the gold-tank

[25]

208 Ctanide-Plant At The Treadwell Mines, Alaska.

the solution is drawn into the clarifying-tank, in which are suspended vertically six canvas filter-leaves, all connected to the suction of a triplex 7- by 9-in. Aldrich electric pump, used exclu- sively for pumping gold-solution through the precipitation- presses. A traveling-belt, driven by ratchet-gears and a pair of eccentrics connected to the pump-drive, feeds zinc-dust into a cone. Here the dust is emulsified with a small stream of gold-solution tapped from the discharge-column of the same pump, and is then drawn into the suction-line. An automatic float in the cone prevents the introduction of air into the pump- suction.

The pump raises the solution with the zinc-dust to the upper part of the building and forces it through two 36-in. trian- gular, 16-frame Merrill presses, Fig. 8. An average of 145 tons of solution is precipitated daily, with a consumption of J lb. of zinc-dust per ton of solution, equivalent to 0.86 lb. of zinc-dust per ton of concentrates. The average strength of solution before precipitation is 1.25 lb. (0.0625 per cent.) of cyanide; 1 lb. (0.05 per cent.) of lime, and $9.50 (9.2 dwt) gold. The barren or precipitated solutions are kept at 10 cents (2.3 grains), or less, gold per ton, and are used for wash- solution or returned to the Pachuca tanks, as desired.

The Merrill presses are opened when filled or when the pressure exceeds 25 lb. per sq. in. Forcing the solution through at higher pressures caused a mechanical loss of pre- cipitate through the canvas. The precipitate is dropped from the press-frames into steel pans and lowered by an electric ele- vator to the floor below, and thence conveyed by trucks through a concrete passage into the refining- room.

IV. Cyaniding without Amalgamation.

On account of the work required to look after and collect the amalgam, as well as the greater danger of amalgam-loss from the pipe-lines, launders, etc., the plates were removed after the first three months' run, and the whole product is now being cyanided directly without amalgamation.

In order to handle the larger amount of solution made neces- sary when grinding in cyanide solution, two 1,800-ton steel tanks have been erected, one above and one below the plant. All the precipitated or barren solution flows by gravity from

]26]

Cyanidb-Plant At Thb Treadwell Mines, Alaska. 209

the precipitation-presses to the lower tank. This solution, having an average value of $0.08 in gold, 1.14 lb. of cyanide, and 1.70 lb. of lime per ton, is pumped to the second of these tanks, which is situated 25 ft. above the mill-bins, and acts as the mill-reservoir.

Thus at no time is there any cyanide solution run to waste, the solution discharged as moisture in the tailings, plus that absorbed or evaporated in the mill, compensating for that re- ceived as moisture in the concentrates delivered to the bins.

All the solution used in grinding and classifying is drawn directly from the mill-reservoir. The overflow of fine pulp from the back of the Dorr classifier flows at once to the Callow tanks in the lower building, the spigot-product of which empties into one of the 12 Pachuca tanks for treatment.

The specific gravity of the pulp as it enters the Pachucas is 1.5, or a ratio of 1 of concentrates to 1.18 of solution. The charge is agitated for 8 hr., the necessary cyanide and lime being added to bring the cyanide-content of the solution to 1.5 lb. (0.075 per cent.) and the lime-content to 2 lb. (0.1 per cent.) per ton. After agitation and settlement, the clear solu- tion is decanted to the gold-tank through the clarify ing-press described later, and a fresh charge of barren solution, the same as that used in the grinding, is drawn from the mill- reservoir, brought to the same strength as the previous treat- ment, and the charge agitated for 4 hr. This is then settled and the solution is decanted. Both solutions decanted from the agitators, together with the overflow from the Callow set- tling-tanks previously mentioned, are drawn by gravity through the clarifying-press before emptying into the gold-tanks.

The settled pulp in the bottom of the Pachuca tanks, having a specific gravity of two, is then agitated by means of the spider and pumped to the pulp-storage tank, from which it is drawn to the Kelly presses for filter-treatment.

This method of operation, depending upon the one barren solution for all purposes, keeps the gold-content of the solution to the lowest possible value, which, although contrary to the usual practice, is the object sought in this mill.

The solution overflowing from the Callow settling-tanks (containing gold, $10; cyanide, 1 lb.; and lime, 2 lb. per ton) flows by gravity through a special clarifying-press built in the

[27 J

210 Cyanide-Plant At The Treadwbll Mines, Alaska.

Treadwell shops, the same as receives the decanted solution. This press is of the ordinary plate-and-frame type, yet with a series of ports or channels so arranged as to allow of discharg- ing or sluicing-out a cake without the necessity of opening the press. This sluicing-out press consists of 20 square frames, each 3 in. thick, with the corresponding plates 1 in. thick. The upper and two side channels extending through the press have small holes opening into the frame side of the leaf. The upper small channel allows the introduction of compressed air behind the leaves.' The lower triangular channel connects with a 6-in. sluicing-out pipe. The press, with connections, is shown in Fig. 9, with one of the plates standing to the left.

To discharge a cake, water is introduced at the back end of the press through the large triangular opening on the bottom, and flows through the underside to the discharge end, where it empties into the launder leading to the tailings-dam. With this passage-way clear, compressed air is introduced through the port-holes on the plate side of the leaf. The plate corru- gations being depressed 0.5 in. leaves a concave surface, in which the cake forms. The air now being introduced behind the leaves by a series of separate knocks or bumps causes the cakes to drop off into the sluicing-out channel, where they are carried away by the stream of water.

For the final washing of the leaves, water is introduced through the three upper channels, and, passing through the tapered holes, is sprayed on the two filter-cloths, which bag together by reason of the compressed air introduced from the plate side.

The method of feeding the zinc-dust has been changed some- what from that originally installed. The reasons for these changes were to create a more even feed of zinc, to do away with the air previously used in the emulsion-cone, and not only to break up any lumps, but to brighten the zinc and grind it even finer. To do this, the drive from the zinc-belt was taken from the Aldrich pump to a small counter-shaft, which was, in turn, belted to a worm-gear for the drive of the zinc-belt, the belt discharging its zinc directly into a small tube-mill 6 ft. long, made from 10-in. pipe, the cast>iron caps of which were turned to run in rollers. This tube is filled with rods of cast zinc 2 in. in diameter. These rods not only grind the zinc to

[28

Ctanidb-Plant At The Trbadwell Mines, Alaska. 211

a more uniform product, but may themselves aid precipitation to a slight extent.

Considerable annoyance is occasioned by the clogging ot the cloths in the Merrill gold-presses and by the accumu- lation of precipitate in the entire line from the zinc-feeder and pump to the presses. Filter-cloths of several kinds — heavy duck at 81 cents per yard, various grades of drilling at from 9 to 15 cents, and muslin sheeting at 7 cents — have been tried. The lightest and cheapest muslin is now in use, with results no worse than obtained with the more expensive grades.

From the moment of contact of the zinc-dust with the gold- solution trouble is caused by the slimee or precipitate incrust- ing everything touched. The interior of the pipes gradually becomes smaller in area, even though the solution is driven through at a constantly increasing velocity. After three months' use a 6-in. pipe of 28 sq. in. area was so filled with caked precipitate that only a triangular opening of 4 sq. in. remained. From 80 ft. of this pipe, f 25,898 was recovered.

Being desirous of operating the Merrill presses more or less intermittently without the necessity of each time closing the cocks to retain the solution, which if allowed to drain not only oxidizes the zinc, but causes the precipitate when the pressure is removed to settle in a mass at the bottom of the press-frames, consequently not allowing the greatest amount of solution to pass through the unoxidized zinc, the discharge-cocks were re- moved from the plates, and open pipes discharging into a launder on top of the presses were substituted, as shown in Fig. 8.

The result of the several changes is a more uniformly low tail solution, with the consumption of less zinc, while the gold- value of the precipitate has been raised from fl5 to $26 per pound ; hence a corresponding lowering of refining-charges.

V. The Refinery. The refinery adjoining the mill is 30 by 76 ft. in area; con- structed of reinforced concrete with steel-truss roof covered with corrugated iron, shown in Fig. 10. The precipitate enter- ing the refinery is crushed through 0.6-in. screen, made up into lots of from 1,000 to 1,200 lb., weighed, sampled, and charged into one of two redwood tanks, 8 fk. in diameter and 9 ft. deep,

[29]

212 Cyanide-Plant At The Trbadwell Mines, Alaska.

conical bottomed and lined with sheet lead. The tanks are built on the plan of a Pachuca tank, with a central column of wood fitted with lead pipes carrying steam and compressed air for heating and agitating the solutions.

In these tanks the precipitate is treated with acid to dissolve out the zinc, lime, etc. About 1 lb. of 66° sulphuric acid is required per pound of precipitate, and is added in the follow- ing manner : About 2 tons of water is introduced into the tank, steam turned on, and the water brought to the boiling-point. Air is turned on in the central air-lift, and the acid-valve opened. The acid flows in by gravity, while the precipitate is shoveled in at the rate of 2 lb. of precipitate to each pound of acid. When all the precipitate and from 50 to 60 per cent, of the acid have been added, the acid-valve is closed and the charge agitated until the acid is entirely neutralized, which generally occurs within 30 min. The tank is then filled with water, and the charge allowed to settle for about 2 hr., after which the clear solution is siphoned off into a filter-tank. The latter is 8 ft. in diameter and 4 ft. deep, having a false bottom of 1-in. strips, placed 12 in. from the bottom of the tank and 1.5 in. apart. The strips are covered with heavy iron screen, 1-in. mesh, on which is a bed of burlap 1 in. thick, one thick- ness of mill blanket, one thickness of light canvas, and a bed 1 in. thick of quartz sand screened between 20- and 80-. The sand is divided into sections of 8 by 10 in. by a light wooden frame, covered by a single thickness of drilling, the latter forming the working-surface of the filter. The solutions filter freely through this medium, the clear filtrate being run into one of three storage-tanks, where it is held until a sample has been assayed, and then run to waste through a series of zinc-boxes. All solutions and wash-waters from the refinery are disposed of in this way.

After decanting the first acid the precipitate in the tank is given two washes of boiling water. Just enough water to en- able the charge to be agitated is then added, and the remainder of the acid run in rapidly. This gives a solution containing from 15 to 18 per cent, of acid, agitation being continued until the acidity ceases to decrease, which usually leaves about 1 per cent, of free acid. The tank is then filled with water, settled

[30]

Cyanidk-Plant At The Trbadwell Mines, Alaska. 213

and decanted as before. This solution, containing from 50 to 75 lb. of free acid, is at present run to waste.

The charge now receives three or four washes of boiling water followed by washes at about 30° C. temperature, until the wash-water gives no reaction for sulphates with barium chlo- ride, which is generally after 15 washes. After decanting the last wash, the charge is sluiced through a valve in the bottom of the tank on to the filter, which has been thinly covered with silica sand to aid filtration, where the excess water is removed by means of a vacuum-pump. The slimes are removed to a large wrought-iron pan, placed upon a 4- by 8-ft. steam-table, inclosed by a sheet-iron hood. When nearly dry but still damp enough to prevent dusting, the slimes are rubbed through a 0.5-in. screen, weighed and sampled, the weight of the acid-treated product being from 25 to 33 per cent, that of the original precipitate. Each lot of precipitate is analyzed before and after the acid treatment, which enables a close calculation to be made of the amounts of fluxes required for the monthly melting.

The percentages of the principal substances contained in an average analysis of the precipitate before and after acid treatment are :

Before. After.

Per Cent. Per Cent.

Au 6.08 17.34

Zn 42.93 5.15

Pb 8.0S 20.09

Cu 6.19 14.28

Cao 10.51 1.89

Fe 1.10 0.52

S 1.41 7.62

Insoluble,. 3.48 22.85

The high percentage of insoluble after treatment is due to the silica added to the lot just before filtering.

At the end of the month the various lots of acid-treated pre- cipitate are united and the various fluxes added. The melting is done in a specially-constructed oil-burning furnace (Fig. 11). For melting purposes the furnace is fired with a reducing flame. The crucible or hearth used for the melting is 4 by 3.5 ft., lined with either magnesite brick or fire-clay, according to the fluxes used. This hearth is placed on a steel car and run

[31]

Digitized'by

214 Cyanide-Plant At The Trbadwbll Mines, Alaska.

under the furnace. Jack-screws, operated by hand-wheels at the four corners of the car, allow of raising the hearth to form the furnace-bottom.

From the fire-box at one end of the furnace the heat is drawn across the top of the charge, being reflected downward by the arch roof and the down-draft to a dust-condensing chamber. The furnace is charged with precipitate hourly, the slag and lead-bullion being tapped off intermittently from oppo- site sides of the hearth. The month's clean-up, amounting to 1,450 lb. of acid-treated precipitate, or a total charge, including fluxes, of 2,600 lb., is melted on this hearth in 36 hr., and re- quires the attention of but one man per shift.

A typical mixture of fluxes is :

Pounds.

Acid-treated precipitate, . , 100

Borax glass, 22

Sodium carbonate, 25

Old slag, 80

Iron-turnings, 15

Powdered graphite (old retorts), 3

Such a charge will produce about 35 lb. of metal, from 10 to 15 lb. of matte, and from 160 to 180 lb. of slag.

From 150 to 300 lb. of high-grade copper-matte are produced each month. This matte is roasted and allowed to accumulate until there is sufficient to make up a charge, when it is mixed with litharge, fluxed, and melted to produce lead-bullion, which is the work-lead used for the removal of copper in cupellation

After melting either precipitate or matte, the slag is tapped into conical pots holding about 200 lb., with a tap 4 in. from the bottom, through which the molten core is drawn off. The shells, containing most of the metallic values, are dumped, crushed, and used in fluxing a later charge. The cores, consti- tuting 75 per cent, of the total slag, are sampled, sacked, and stored for shipment to the smeltery.

The cupellation is done on a limestone test the same size as the melting-hearth, it being ran under the furnace on the car previously described. For cupellation the furnace is fired with an oxidizing flame, while free air is introduced over the test by means of a connection from a compressed-air main through a needle-valve discharging into the open end of a

[32]

C7Anidb-Plant At The Trbadwell Mines, Alaska. 215

4-iii. pipe. This produces low-pressure air, which is intro- duced into the furnace on the opposite side from which the molten litharge is tapped off.

The fine bullion resulting from this cupellation is drawn off and remelted in Faber du Faur tilting-furnaces into bars of 1,000 oz. each. The average fineness of the cupelled gold is

The retorts of the Faber du Faur furnaces are supported on two 1.5-in. iron pipes built into the furnace, through which cold water is kept circulating. These pipes have proved very satisfactory.

VI. Costs.

In conclusion, the cyanide-plant has now been in operation one year, using the machines and equipment originally in- stalled, with the exception of the abandoned amalgamation- plates, the substitution of larger tube-mill motors, and the addi- tion of the " Treadwell " clarifying-press, with results summar- ized in Table VI.

For the last month, ending August 15, and not included in cost-sheet, 2,010 tons were treated, at a cost of $2.8764 per ton, and an estimated extraction of 97.025 per cent., as compared with the experimental estimates of $3.25 per ton and 96 per cent, extraction.

[33]

216 Cyanide-Plant At Thb Treadwell Mines, Alaska.

8UBJBCT TO RBViaiON.

[Transactions Of The American Institute Of Mining Engineers.]

The Geology of the Tonopah Mining-District.

BY AUGUSTUS LOCKE, GOLDFIELD, NEV. (San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.)

T\do Opposed Interpretations of the Tonopah Structure, — The important geological publications concerning the Tonopah min- ing-district are those of Spurr* and of Burgess. In these publications are presented fundamental differences of interpre- tation, which are the more interesting because both authorities have had ample opportunity for observation, and because both are geologists of proved ability. I was vastly puzzled to know which had the better of it, and in order that I might reach a conclusion in my own mind, I recently spent some time in the district going over the physical evidence. Surprising as it may seem, this evidence looks agreeably conclusive. A re- view of it will, I believe, be of interest to those who are familiar with the previous publications.

The general geological features of Tonopah are shown in Pig. 1, and the differences of interpretation referred to are out- lined in the accompanying notes. Briefly, Burgess regards the various rocks as flows, lying in the order of their deposition. Spurr regards them in part as flows, and in part as flat-lying intrusives. The disagreement, then, concerns the rocks re- garded on the one hand as intrusives, and, on the other hand, as flows. These rocks are chiefly the so-called calcitic andesite, the upper rhyolite, and the lower rhyolite.

Economic Importance of the Question of Interpretation, — The economic importance of the question of interpretation is, of course, limited to its bearing on the probable distribution of

Geologj of the Tonopah Mining District, Nevada, Professional Paper No, 42, U. S. Otclogical Survey (1905). Report on the Geology of the Property of the Montana" Tonopah Mining Co. (1910). An abstract of this report is given in the Mining and Seientifie Press, vol. ciL, No. 16, p. 560 (Apr. 22, 1911).

The Geology of the Producing Part of the Tonopah Mining District, EayMftnic Geology, vol. iv., No. 8, pp. 681 to 712 (Dec, 1909).

[1]

The Geology Of The Tonopah Mining-District.

Desert Queer Shaft

I I I I I 1 (

s

t idiiiJ

Qq ,

.a

a o

o 9

Cq

a A) CO

s-of .si

8,

Cq"

[2]

The Geology Of The Tonopah Mining-District. 219

undiscovered ore. The later andesite is generally conceded to be barren — a " cap rock," at whose lower contact the productive veins apex. The earlier andesite has so far yielded the bulk of the production. As has been already suggested, both Spurr and Burgess regard it as a flow, and both have essentially the same conception of its distribution. Above the bottom of the earlier andesite, therefore, the conception of the ore-distribution is the same, whichever interpretation be adopted.

Below the bottom of the earlier andesite, however, the matter of interpretation assumes supreme economic importance ; for, while Burgess regards all the underlying rocks as older than the earlier andesite, and older than the chief ore-mineralization, Spurr regards them as younger than both. Under Spurr's hypothesis, exploration in these rocks is emphatically discour- aged ; under Burgess's, it is to a certain extent encouraged.

Outline of the Evidence, — The important evidence appearing to favor the h3T)othesis that all the rocks occur in flows is as follows :

1. The locus of each rock is horizon-like. For example, the lower rhyolite is encountered at depths averaging about 1,000 ft., over an area of at least a square mile. Its surface, except where it is faulted, is seldom steeper than hill slopes, and is chiefly flat or horizontal.

2. Materials closely resembling stratified volcanic tufis occur abundantly on the upper contact of the lower rhyolite, and less abundantly on the upper contact of the upper rhyolite.

3- The contacts between the supposedly intrusive and in- truded rocks are, when unfaulted, most often notably straight and regular. Iowhere have the so-called intrusives been con- clusively proved to invade by means of oflfehoots the rocks which they have supposedly intruded. The interpretation of irregularities of contact as proof of intrusion is made diflicult by the abundant faulting, and by the possibility of inter-flow erosion.

4. The andesitic cover has, over a large area, rigidly confined the rocks which underlie it. The lower rhyolite, a rock hav- ing a very characteristic and unmistakable appearance, has been proved to occur on the surface only in the territory con- siderably north of the producing mines, and there in very small and scattered bodies which may be inclusions.

[3]

220 The Geology Of The Tonopah Mining-District.

5. The productive veins in certain places pass without dimi- nution either in size or richness from the earlier andesite down into the upper rhyolite.

6. In many places near the top and near the bottom of the upper rhyolite, there occurs an extraordinary igneous breccia, often many feet thick and crowded with foreign inclusions ; the matrix is rhyolitic, and the rock looks exceedingly like a flow breccia. The upper portion of the lower rhyolite has numer- ous but less abundant inclusions.

7. The rhyolites, though containing abundant inclusions, and among them some which are andesitic, have never yielded inclusions which can be positively identified as belonging to the earlier or later andesites.

8. The andesites are free from inclusions of all sorts ; there- fore their freedom from inclusions of rhyolite is no indication that they are older than the rhyolites.

The evidence supposedly favoring the hypothesis that some of the rocks are intrusive is as follows :

1. In the rhyolites, a banding resembling flow structure sometimes follows irregularities in the contact :

2. The rhyolites occasionally have on their contacts with the andesites knob-like and wedge-like projections, looking like intrusive shapes.

3. In certain places, the calcitic andesite is separated by rhyolite from the later andesite with which it is supposed by Spurr to be identical. In certain places, the earlier andesite is separated by upper rhyolite from a rock called glassy trachyte, with which Spurr supposes it to be identical.

4. The profitable veins often disappear or weaken when they reach down to the lower contact of the earlier andesite.

The Evidence Afforded by the General Distribution of the Rocks, — It must be granted at the outset that the disposition of the rocks in horizons creates the presumption that they are flows. Most of the shafts penetrate similar rocks in similar succession. Thus, the lower rhyolite, so far as is known, underlies the whole district ; the calcitic andesite almost everywhere covers the lower rhyolite ; and above these rocks come, in order, the upper rhyolite, the earlier andesite, and the later andesite. The individual sheets of rock have many irregularities in

[4]

The Geology Op Thb Tonopah Mining-District. 221

thickness; these, however, are satisfactorily attributable to inter-flow erosion and to faulting.

Again, if we conclude that the earlier andesite is the oldest rock in the district, we must conclude also that it has been floated up by the intrusive underlying rocks to a height of at least 1,000 ft., and possibly to a much greater height. (The lower contact of the lower rhyolite is not known.) During the process of floating up, the andesite has retained over an area of at least a square mile, its integrity and approximate horizon- tality.

A general view, then, of the large features of rock-distribution aflTords strong evidence in favor of the theory of extrusion. Nevertheless, it is conceivable that pseudo-flows might result from intrusion, and this evidence is therefore, by itself, in- conclusive.

The Emdence Afforded by the Supposed Tuffs. — If the large facts of rock-distribution fail to furnish conclusive evidence of the origin of the rocks, this evidence must be sought in the details of the rock-contacts.

In general, there are certain details of rock-contacts whose testimony must be accepted as unimpeachable. One such detail is the existence at contacts of volcanic tuflfe; genuine tuflfe being proved to exist between layers of volcanic rocks, it is difficult to conceive of evidence, however abundant, which would prove that the layers are not flows.

It becomes, therefore, a matter of extreme importance to de- termine whether or not in Tonopah the supposed tuffs are gen- uine. Burgess, who discovered them, believes that they are. Spurr believes that they are not.

That they are tuff-like, is beyond doubt. They are somewhat soft ; they possess stratification, marked by alternating bands of coarse and fine fragmental material ; they cleave easily along the junctions of these bands ; they lie with their structure par- allel with the rock-contacts.

If they are not true tuffs, resulting from surface deposition, then they are conceivably attributable to one or both of two processes — flow-banding (the arrangement of inclusions along flow-lines) and movement-banding. Spurr's conception of their origin is expressed in the following : " . . . brecciated and granulated rock is often layered by the fault-movement and

[5]

222 The Geology Of The Tonopah Mining-Bistrict.

fault-pressure, so that it assumes all the appearance of certain varieties of surface-formed detrital tuffs."

Microscopic examination of thin sections of specimens from the Mizpah 700-ft. level yields conclusive evidence against the possibility of the production of the supposed tuffs either by flow-banding or movement-banding. (1) The tuffs are made up of sharp-cornered fragments, often crowded closely to- gether, and are typically clastic. (2) They are distinctly lay- ered ; layers of coarse material alternate with layers of fine ma- terial, with no gradation from coarse to fine. (3) The abundant quartz phenocrysts, with one or two exceptions, when revolved in polarized light, extinguish with much suddenness. The wavy extinction, which is the invariable characteristic of strained quartzes, is strikingly absent.

That a sorting out and sharp separation of coarse from fine should result from flow- or movement-banding, is, of course, incredible. And the significance of the unstrained quartz phenocrysts cannot be questioned. Indeed, the tuflfe are so life-like and their detrital origin so obvious that their import would be ordinarily accepted without question.

The Supposedly Intrusive Contacts. — The supposedly intrusive <3ontacts of rhyolite with other rocks at no place seen by me offer incontestable evidence of intrusion. Before such proof can be accomplished, it is necessary to prove that the irregu- larities were not caused by faulting, or by inter-flow erosion, or by both. Now, in localities of extensive rock-alteration and abundant faulting, such proof is impossible ; indeed, here the proof that the irregularities were actually caused by faulting is frequently possible.

The rhyolite at certain places possesses a banding which fol- lows to some extent irregularities of the contact, and which sometimes looks like flow-banding, and might suggest intru- sion. I have failed, however, to find any such place where the evidence of intrusion was unequivocal. Usually, the banding is irregular and very discontinuous. It is quite as often ob- lique to the contact as parallel with it. Moreover, if contact- movement, as Spurr believes, can produce tuffs, it is very easy to conclude that it can produce apparent flow-structures.

' Report on the Oeology o/the Property of the MorUana-Tonopah Mining Go, (1910).

[6]

The Geology Of The Tonopah Mining-District. 22S

Evidence A forded by the Localization of the Profitable Ore-De- posits, — The usual localization of the profitable ore-deposits to the earlier andesite is one of the most interesting facts of ore- occurrence with which I am familiar. In certain cases, the ore ends abruptly when it comes down to the lower contact of the andesite. In other cases, it extends down into the under- lying rhyolite, ultimately, however, weakening and dying out. Occasionally, see Fig. 2, it survives for a time with a hanging- wall of andesite and a foot-wall of rhyolite, ceasing shortly after it passes entirely into the rhyolite. Lastly, it passes from andesite to rhyolite without change.

N Surface S

.Rhyolite

500 Feet

Fig. 2. — Vertical Cross-Section Showing Downward Extension of Typical Vein into Rhyolite.

To explain the superior productivity of the andesite, many hypotheses are possible : (1) The andesite is the earliest rock ; the chief ore-mineralization followed it and preceded the other rocks. (Spurr's hypothesis.) (2) The7 source of the ore-min- erals may have been the andesite itself or the upper rhyolite.

[7]

224 The Geology Of The Tonopah Mining-District.

(Suggested by Burgess.) (3) The ore was deposited largely by metasomatism. The various rocks, particularly the upper rhyolite and the earlier andesite, preseint great contrasts in texture. Certain textural and chemical properties possessed by the andesite caused it to be more favorable to the precipita- tion of the ore-minerals than the other rocks. Or the andesite was more favorable to the formation of initial channels than the other rocks. (4) The path of travel of transporting-agents was mainly along the andesite-rhyolite contact and upward into the andesite. (5) Ore-deposition was a superficial phenomenon, effected through the decrease of heat and pressure near the sur- face, or through other superficial agencies. The andesite, at the time of ore-deposition, was the surface-rock, and, therefore, received the bulk of the ore-mineralization. (6) Post-vein faulting at the contact between upper rhyolite and lower ande- site in some instances caused the disappearance of the vein at the contact. (7) Ore-mineralization occurred after the eruption of the earlier andesite and in cooling-shrinkage cracks in that rock.

Spurr, as has been already made clear, accepts the first of these hypotheses and, apparently, rejects the others. The fact that the ore frequently extends down into the rhyolite, he ex- plains by a supposition of several periods of mineralization, of which the first and most important was earlier, and the others later, than the rhyolite. Veins contained entirely in andesite belong, then, to the first period ; veins in rhyolite, or in both rhyolite and andesite, belong to later periods.

That several periods of mineralization did exist is probably true. The assignment, however, of a particular vein to a par- ticular period is often impossible. There is no mineralogical distinction whatever to be made between many veins which, according to the hypothesis, should belong to separate periods, and the sole apparent reason why one should assign them to separate periods is that, by so doing, he harmonizes the facts with the theory of rock-intrusion.

The remaining six hypotheses cannot be easily cast aside. To prove any one of them would be difficult; to disprove, it would be even more difficult. Yet so long as they stand as possible explanations of the localization of the ore-deposits,

[8]

The Geology Of The Tonopah Mining-District. 225

they must offer impassable barriers to the acceptance of the hypothesis just now considered.

The Structure of Siebert Mountain. — Though it can have only an indirect bearing on the subject at hand, a consideration of

(From ProfessUmal Paper No. 42, U. 8. Geological Survey.)

A. Later intrusive dacite.

B. Basalt.

C. Pumice agglomerate.

D. Basalt agglomerate.

E. White tuffi (lake-beds).

Fig. 3. — Face op Siebert Mountain, from the Southeast.

the structure of Siebert mountain, situated several miles SW. of Tonopah, will illustrate in a specific instance the wide diifer- ences in opinion produced by the difi'erences in interpretation here being discussed.

[9]

The Geology Of The Tonopah Mining-District

Siebert mountain looks like a succession of flows, Fig. 3. But Spurr's interpretation, shown in Fig. 4, regards it as partly intrusive. The fact of the matter is, however, that the suppos- edly intrusive rhyolite (or dacite), just above its contact with the basalt, has a very well-marked and nearly horizontal flow- structure — a fact scarcely compatible with the idea that the contact has the character shown in Spurr's section. Indeed, this idea would seem to be the result of a priori reasoning, were such a thing not manifestly impossible in the case of an inves- tigator of Spurr's eminence and acumen.

Nw

Se

Scale of Feet (From Professional Paper No. 42, U. S. Geological Survey.)

A. Finely-stratified Siebert tuffs (lake-beds) witli occasional layers of rounded

pumice fragments or water-worn lava.

B. Basaltic agglomerate with bombs, capped by solid basalt.

C. Basalt

I). Broughei dacite, intrusive neck. 2). Glassy marginal facies of dacite. Fig. 4.— Vertical Cross-Section op SE. Side op Siebert Mountain.

Summary of Conclusions, — That the rocks of the productive part of the Tonopah mining-district are flows lying in the order of their deposition, is proved by the occurrence of volcanic tufts at the contacts whose interpretation has been in dispute. The other available evidence in some instances supports, and in no instance contradicts, this conclusion. There is no good reason, then, for the belief that the rocks underlying the earlier andesite are younger than the chief productive mineralization. Exploration in these rocks is accordingly relieved of the dis- couragement which would attend this belief.

no]

8Ubjeot To Bevision.

[Transactions Of The American Institute Of Mining Engineers,]

The Fritz Engineering and the Coxe Mining Laboratories of Lehigh University.

BY JOSEPH DANIELS,* SOUTH BETHLEHEM, PA. (Han Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.)

L The Fritz Engineering Laboratory.

The Fritz Engineering Laboratory was built under the di- rection of John Fritz, and presented by him to the University. A view of the building, looking east, is shown in Fig. 1. The building was started in 1909, and completed in 1910, although all of the equipment was not placed until later. Mr. Fritz gave his personal attention to the details of construction and equipment, and it was his custom to drive over every day to tlie University from his home in Bethlehem, and spend some hours watching the work, offering suggestions, making changes, and planning new work. The result is a building and an equipment which embody his practical ideas.

The laboratory structure is of the steel mill-building type, of light-colored brick, 91 by 114 ft., of which a section is shown in Fig. 2 and the floor-plan in Pig. 3. The steel frame carries the roof and traveling crane-way. Ample light has been provided by numerous windows in the side and end walls, in the clerestory, and by a skylight, 84 ft. long and 9 ft. wide, in the north roof. The main aisle of the building is 49 ft. 2 in. between centers of crane-columns, and has a clear height of 40 ft. The remainder of the width is taken up by two side aisles, 18ft. high.

The laboratory consists of four sections : (1) A general test- ing-section, containing the testing-machinery, a small machine shop, and an office ; (2) a cement-testing room ; (3) a room for making and storing concrete test-specimens; (4) a hydraulic section.

Associate Professor of Mining Engineering.

[1]

228 Fritz Engineering And Goxb Mining Laboratories.

§

[2]

Fbitz Bngineerinq And Ooxb Mining Laboratories. 229

1. The Testimg-SeciUm.

This section, Figs. 4 and 5, occupies the larger part of the west- ern end of the building, and contains all of the testing-machines except the briquette-machines, whic are in the cement section. For facility in handling the test-specimens, a 10-ton crane, 47 ft.

Hi

O Ik

i t

O

Co

2 in. center to center of runway beams, operated by three direct-current motors, has been provided. A small machine- shop, containing a drill-press, lathe, milling-machine, shaper, etc., operated by a 7.5-h-p. motor, is available for general repair-work.

[3]

280 Fritz Engineering And Coxb Mining Laboratories.

The principal equipment of the testing-section proper is as follows :

Type of Capacity

Machine. in Pounds.

Universal, . . . 800,000

Universal, . . . 300,000

Universal, 100,000

Universal, 50,000

Univereal, 50,000

Universal, 50,000

Universal, 60,000

Universal, 50,000

Tension and compression, 20,000

Wire tester, 20,000

Cold bend, 1.5 in. diameter bar.

Torsion, 24,000 in. pounds.

2. The Cement- Testing Room, The cement-testing section occupies a separate room on the main floor. The equipment consists of tables for making cement specimens, storage-tanks, briquette-testing machines, and apparatus for making standard cement-tests.

3. The Concrete-Room, The concrete-room is under the cement-room, and is used for preparing cubes, beams, and cylinders. It is connected with the main testing-room by a hatchway, through which the heavy specimens may be hoisted into the main room by the crane. The equipment consists of bins for sand and stone, mixer, and molds.

4. The Hydraulic Seotion.

The hydraulic section occupies the NE. portion of the build- ing. The lower floor is 10 ft. below, and the second floor, or elevated platform, 10 ft. above, the testing-room level.

The equipment on the lower floor consists of

1 DeLaval centrifugal pump, 2,000 gal. per min. against 60 ft. head. J Atlantic Hydraulic Machinery Co. centrifugal pump, 200 gal. per min. against 255 ft. head.

1 steel pressure tank — 65.25 in. in diameter by 34 ft. 6 in. high.

2 steel calibrating-tanks — 8 ft. in diameter by 12 ft high.

3 steel weighing-tanks— 4 ft. in diameter by 3 ft. high. 1 steel Weir tank— 4 by 4 by 21 ft. long.

1 Trump turbine. 1 Pelton water-wheel. 1 Rife hydraulic ram.

[4]

Fritz Engineering And Coxe Mining Laboratories. 231

Fig. 1. — The Fritz Enoineerino Laboratory.

Fig. 6. — The Coxe Mining Laboratory.

[5]

Fig. 4.— 100,000-Lb. Riehle Testing-Machine, the Fritz Engineering Laboratory.

tJ

Fig. 5.— 300, 000- Lb. Olsen Testing-Machine, the Fritz Engineering

Laboratory.

Fig. 7. — Cyanide E<a'n*MENT, Eckley B. Coxk Mixing Lahor,

r - 1 Digitized by

/

Fig. 10. — Jigs, Trommels, and Ovkestrom Table, Eckley B. Coke Mining

Laboratory.

Fig. 11.— Classifiers and Tables, Eckley B. Coxe Mining iABORATcY,

igitizedb

Fritz Engineering And Coxe Mining Laboratories. 235

In addition, the upper platform carries

1 8teel Weir tank— 3 by 3 by 18 ft. long.

1 steel tank— 6.5 ft. wide, 3 ft. deep, 17.6 ft. long.

This equipment also includes pressure-, mercury-, oil-, and hook- gauges, meters, scales, and so on.

All electricity for lighting and for power for the testing ma- chines and for the pumps is 2-pha8e, 60-cycle, alternating cur- rent at 110 and 220 volts.

The Fritz Laboratory forms part of the equipment of the Department of Civil Engineering, in charge of Prof. F. P. McKibben, to whom I am indebted for most of the preceding data. Instruction in testing and hydraulics is given to students in Civil, Mechanical, Mining, Metallurgical, Chemical, and Electrical Engineering, and Electrometallurgy in the junior year. The equipment is also available for thesis-work in the senior year, and for commercial tests on materials of con- struction.

n. The Ecklby B. Coxe Mining Laboratory.

The Coxe Mining Laboratory is the gifl of a friend of Lehigh, and was so named by the trustees in honor of Eckley B. Coxe, at one time an honored President of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and during his life a devoted friend and trustee of Lehigh University.

Ground was broken for the building in October, 1909, and erection of machinery and equipment was begun in July, 1910. The main part of the equipment was ready for operation in the spring of 1911.

The building, designed by Furness, Evans & Co., of Phila- delphia, the architects of Drown Memorial Hall, is of dressed sandstone in broken range style* steel roof-trusses, and finished inside with light Kittanning brick, as shown in Fig. 6. Its principal dimensions are 100 by 75 ft., one story high in front, and two stories high in back in the main part of the labora- tory. The main or central part of the building contains the milling laboratory, 40 by 70 ft., built on two floors to secure proper fall for the machines ; the two wings, one east and one west, are each 80 by 40 ft. The east wing contains a recita- tion-room large enough for 40 students, the department office

[9]

286 Fritz Bngineering And Coxb Mining Laboratories.

and library, an instrument-rooni for mine-surveying outfit ; the basement contains a locker- and wash-room. The west wing contains room for a small ore-testing laboratory-equipment, such as screens, classifiers, tables, etc..; a chemical laboratory, and an assaying-room.

The laboratory is well lighted by windows extending the full height of the walls. In the milling laboratory, in the main walls under the eaves, sash-windows, operated from the floor by gearing and chains, furnish ventilation. In the wings, the direct-indirect system of heating and ventilation is employed. Flaming-arc lamps furnish artificial light, and individual lamp- sockets are provided for the various machines. Steam is used for heating and gas for auxiliary purposes.

The water-supply comes from the town mains, and is so arranged that it can be fed to a pressure-tank of 2,000 gal. capacity, or used directly from the mains. Drainage is by pump-pits and open floor-drains, all connected to a system of piping which discharges into a small creek near the building.

The framing and machinery have been painted a uniform light gray color. The concrete floors and pits have been treated with water-proofing paint.

1. Ihe Milling Laboratory,

This section occupies the two floors of the main part of the building. The diflference in elevation of these floors is 8.5 ft., the two floors being connected by steps and by ladders on the framing. The heavy crushing-machinery, stamp-battery, jigs, tables — all on the upper floor — are erected on substantial concrete foundations which extend nearly to the level of the lower floor. The upper floor, of reinforced concrete, is inter- rupted by the elevator and pump-pits. The ore-bins, feeding- platforms for the breaker, stamp-battery and grinding-pan, housings for elevators and screens, classifiers and settling-tank supports, and the supports for the motors and shafting, are all of yellow pine, framed construction. Ladders and floor-planks at convenient distances make the entire framework easily accessible.

On the lower floor of the milling laboratory is the cyaniding- department. The tanks, zinc-boxes, filter-press, and the agita- tion-pump are all carried on framing which extends in lifts up

110]

Fritz Engineering And Coxb Mining Laboratories. 237

to the level of the upper floor, thus getting a free fall to the Bump-tanks and circulating-pump placed on the lower floor- level, Fig. 7. Typical mill-arrangement and construction, as far as practicable in a mining-school laboratory, have been followed.

The present equipment of the laboratory consists of the fol- lowing machinery purchased from the Allis-Chalmers Co., and arranged as shown in Figs. 8 and 9 :

1 grizzly, 2 by 4 ft.

1 Gates breaker.

2 vertical elevators, 6 in.

1 rolls and wall feeder, 18 by 10 in. 1 set of 3 trommels, 16 by 24 in.

3 3-compartment Harz jigs, 9 by 17 in. 1 Brown conical classifier.

1 Richards 1 -spigot classifier.

1 Callow settling-Unk, 4 ft.

1 Huntington mill, 3.5 ft.

1 Challenge feeder.

1 3-stamp battery, 600 lb. .

1 Frue vanner, 4 ft.

1 Overstrom table, 7 ft.

1 grindiog-pan, 36 in.

3 Frenier pumps, 6 by 48 in.

2 centrifugal circulating-pumps, 1.6 in.

1 water-tank, 2,000 gal.

3 solution- tanks, 5 by 4 ft

3 leaching-tanks, 5 by 4 ft

2 agitation-tanks, 6.5 by 6 ft

4 gold- and sump-tanks, 4 by 3 ft 1 filter-press.

Zinc-boxes, etc.

The machinery mentioned above is supplemented by all necessary fittings, chutes, pipes, trolley-crawls, blocks, and the like.

The electrical equipment consists of five induction-motors, 2-pha8e, 220-volt, 60-cycle, with auto-starters — giving a total of 60 h-p. Current is obtained from the University Power- Station at 2,200 volts, and is stepped down to 110 and 220 volts for lighting- and power-purposes.

The general plan and equipment was intended to show by actual example the more important types of ore-dressing ma- chinery, and to give a means of demonstrating, by actual runs, the common methods of concentrating and treating the ores of

[11]

238 Fritz Engineering And Coxb Mining Laboratories.

gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc, by methods of coarse or fine concentration, amalgamation, or cyaniding. The arrangement of machinery, driven by five separate motors, permits tests to be made on one or a group of machines, or complete testa as a mill-run.

of Machioe*

I. 2x4'GriBlej

8. No. 0-D Gates Breaker

3. 6" Vertical JHU- Elevator

4. OraBln

6. 18''Style''H" Feeder

6. 18 X 10"EcoDomlc Rolls

7. Sli 30'Geared Elevator

8. iCz srRevolviag Screen

9. IC z 24"Revolvinff Screen 10. 16 X 8l"Rcvolvme Screen

II. 15 Single Gone Clnnifier 18. 3-Compartment Hartz Jig 13. S-Compartment Hartz Jig U. SCompartment Hartz Jig

15. 6 X 48''Frenier Pump

16. 3m' Hantington MiU

17. ISx 2A''0re Bin Gate

18. Challenge Ore- Feeder

19. 3 Stamp 600 lb. Battery

List of Machines

80. 31"x 48''Copper Plates

81. 6x48"Frenler Pump

88. I Spigot Richards Claasiner

83. 4 'Callow Settling Tank

84. Overstrom Table 25. 4'Fi-ue Vanner

80. fl'i48''Frenier Pump

87. 86 "Grinding- Pan

88. Leaching- "Anks

89. Agitation- Tanks

30. CirculatiniT-Pump

31. Gold- Tanks

82. Zinc- Boxes

33. Sump-Tanks

34. Hetum Solution-

85. FiUei-Preas

36. Drying & Melting Furnace

37. Strong- Solution Tank S& Weak-Solution, Tank 80. Water- Tank.

Fig. 8. — Ore-8Ino Equipment, Eckley R Coxe Mining Laboratory.

Ore is delivered at the rear end ot the laboratory, where it may be fed direct to an elevator discharging to the bins, or it may be passed over the grizzly, through the Gates breaker, and then to the elevator. The bin is divided into two parts, one for base-metal ores and one for gold-ores.

[12]

Fritz Engineering And Goxb Mining Laboratories. 239

On the coarse-concentrating side, Fig. 10, the ore is deliv- ered by a wall feeder to the rolls, then to the elevator, and to the trommels and Brown classifier. This material may be jigged, or sent by a Frenier pump to the tables, or delivered to the Huntington mill for further reduction. The three jigs are three-compartment, Harz type. The crushing-machinery, elevators, jigs, and pump are run by a 30-h-p. motor.

The gold-ores are delivered to a Challenge feeder ; then fed to the stamp-battery and plates. A 5-h-p. motor, runs the stamp-battery. An amalgam-trap will permit the pulp to pass

Shop

Aamy Kooma

pr„ri. M ®'?

U

12 13 U

30 H.P. MotorG

87©

rJ-8 H.P. Motor

0©

0©

"Front Entrance

Jl*f

Recilatiou Room

To* Basement'

07>i"H.P. Motor Instrament'Room T

/

Fig. 9.— Fi>oob-Plan, Eckley B. Coxe Mining Laboratory.

to a second Frenier pump, which delivers its material to a Richards classifier and Callow settler. The classified products may be fed to either the Frue vanner, Overstrom table, or both, Fig. 11. Material from these machines is dropped to the third Frenier pump and sent either to the grinding-pan or directly to the agitation- or leaching-tanks. These latter machines are operated by a 5-h-p. motor.

The cyanide-plant consists of three solution-tanks, three leaching-tanks, two agitation tanks connected by a 1.5-in. centrifugal circulating-pump, two gold-tanks, eight zinc-boxes, one filter-press, two sump-tanks, and a secondl.5-in. centri-

[13]

240 Fritz Engineering And Goxe Mining Laboratories.

fugal pump to return the Bolution to the upper tanks. A 2-h-p. motor runs this pump; the other, together with the grinding- pan, is run by a 7.5-h-p. motor. The tanks are all of California redwood.

Ore- Testing Laboratory.

This part of the laboratory, not yet equipped, will eventu- ally contain small crushers, rolls, and screens for the reduction and sizing of small batches of ore; laboratory-classifiers of Richards and Munroe types; hand-jigs, and small tables, together with all accessory apparatus.

Assay Laboratory. This space is divided into three parts, one for tire-assays, one for wet-afisays, and one for a balance-room. The instruction in assaying at Lehigh is in charge of the Chemistry Depart- ment, hence the room and equipment is intended only to handle the products of the laboratory. The usual outfit for assaying will be found here.

Library Museum etc.

The general library of the University contains most of the general books on mining, but in the department>office there is a small reference-library containing most of the books ordinarily required by students, all of the mining journals, and an ex- cellent collection of catalogues, photographs, and blue-prints of mining-machinery.

The department also has a collection of air-drills, coal- cutting machinery, prospecting-drill, tipple-equipment, steel- timbering, mine-lamps, and the like, part of which is housed in the new building.

Scope of Laboratory. The purpose of the laboratory is to familiarize the students with methods and practice of ore-treatment, and to develop a spirit of investigation and research. Instruction, at the present time, is given to the students of mining and metallurgy during the junior year, and will be extended to include the senior year, Lehigh has commonly been regarded as a coal-mining school ; but the present equipment places it among those schools which also emphasize the metal side of the mining industry.

[14]

No. 63 MARCH J912

Bulletin of the

American Institute of

Mining Engineers.

Contents:

SECTION l.—INSTITUTE ANNOUNCEMENTS page

Iist of Officers and Committees,. ii

Institute Announcements, iv

Library, xxxvi

Membership. xliii

SECTION II.-PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS. Present* Day Problems in California Gold-Dredging. By Charles Janin, 241 Gold- Production in California. By Charles G. Yale, ... 261 A Modification of the Lussac" Method .for Silver- Bullion Con- taining Tin. By Luis Emlynn Salas, 267 The Rational Valuation and Quality- Efficiency of Furnace -Stock. By

John Jermain Porter, . 279

The Mineral Production and Resources of China. By Thomas T. Read, 293 Proceedings of the One Hundred and Second Meeting, New York, N. Y.,

February, 191a, 345

COPTRIOHT, 1912, BY THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OP MINING ENGINEERS. TECHTflCAL JOCBNAUB AND OTHRB8 DESIBINO TO REPUBLISH ARTICLES CONTAINED IN THIS

BVLLKTIN SHOULD apply for permission to THE Secretary, at 29 West 89th Street, New York, N. Y.

Jeffrey Mine Fans

16-fL Double Inlet Exhaust Reversible High Pressure Fan, direct connected. Oapaiiy koOjOOO cubic feet against 8.S in. vxiter gauge at 178 R.P,M, This fan was built for a high-pre*8tire, low-volume mine and is only 4 ft- wide. At the usttal width for a fan of this diameter it would have a capacity of SOOOOO cubic feet.

Jeffrey Centrifugal Mine Fans

are especially designed to meet the requirements of heavy work. They arc made in sizes from two feet to twenty-four feet in diameter, with capacities from 10,000 to 600,000 cubic feet per minute. Our expert Engineers in this line are always available to take up ventilating prob- lems with you at the mine and are prepared to submit plans and speci- fications covering a properly proportioned fan guaranteed to do your work.

Our Catalog No. 26 fully describes the Jeffrey Fan together with many illustrations and formulae showing the proper application of fans to Mine Ventillation. Mailed to any Engineer or Manager on request.

THE JEFFREY MFG. CO., Columbus, Ohio

New York Montreal Charleston, VV. Va, Birmingham St. Louis Seattle

lioston Pittsburgh Atlanta, Ga. Chicago Denver 3-15-12

Bulletin Of The

American Institute Of

Mining Engineers.

No. 63 MARCH 1912

Published Monthly

By The American Institute Op Mining Engineers

at 134 to ia8 N. Seventh St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Guy R. Overend, Publication Manager.

Editorial Office, ag West agth St., New York, N. Y.

JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Ph.D., Editor.

Cable addresB, Aime,'* Western Union Telegraph Code.

Subscription (including postage), $xo per annum ; to members of the Institute, public

libraries, educational institutions and technical societies, $s per annum.

Single copies (including postage), $x each; to members of the Institute, public libraries, etc., 50 cents each.

Entered as second class matter, October z6, xgix, at the post office at Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, xijg.

Table Of Contents.

SECTION I. INSTITUTE ANNOUNCEMENTS. page

Ust'of Officers and Committees for the Year Ending February, 1913, . ii

Institute Announcements, iy

Library, xxxvi

Membership, zliii

Section Ii. Technical Papers.

[The American Institute of Mining Engineers does not assume responsibility for any statement of fact or opinion ivanced in its papers or discussions.]

No. 1. Present-Day Problems in California Grold-Dredging. By Charles

Janin, 241

No. 2. Gold-Production in California. By Charles G. Yale, . 261

No. 3. A Modification of the Lussac'* Method for Silver-Bullion

Containing Tin. By Luis Emlynn Salas, 267

No. 4. The Rational Valuation and Quality-Efficiency of Furnace-Stock.

By John Jermain Porter, 279

No. 5. The Mineral Production and Resources of China. By Thomas T.

Read, 293

No. 6. Proceedings of the One Hundred and Second Meeting, New York,

N. Y., February, 1912, 345

Comments or criticisms upon all papers given in this section, whether private corrections of typophical or other errors or communications for publication as ''Discussions," or mdependent papers on the same or a related subject, are ear- nestly invited.

All communications concerning the contents of this Bulletin should be Addressed to JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Ph.D., Secretary and Editor, 29 W. 39th St., New York, N. Y.

ii Monthly Bulletin, No, 63, March, 1912,

Officers.

For the year ending February, 1913. COUNCIL*

PRESIDKMT OF THE CoUHOECm

JAMES F. KEMP New York, N. Y.

(Term expires Febraary, 1913.)

Vice-Prbsidents of the Cottnoil.

S. B. CHKISTY Berkeley, Cal.

W. A. LATHROP Philadelphia, Pa,

GARDNER F. WILLIAMS Washington, D. C

(Term expires February, 1913.)

KARL EILERS New York, N. Y-

WALDEMAR LINDGREN Washington, D. C.

BENJAMIN B. THAYER New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1914.)

Councilors.

ROBERT E. JENNINGS New York, N. Y.

WILUAM KELLY Vulcan, Mich.

CHARLES F. RAND New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1918.) A. R CARLTON Cripple Creek, Colo.

W. J. OLCOTT DULUTH, llilNN.

R L. YOUNG New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1914.)

JOHN H. JANEWAY, Jr New York, N. Y

SIDNEY J. JENNINGS Doebs Ferry, N. y!

JOSEPH W. RICHARDS South Bethlehem, Pa.

(Term expires February, 1915.)

Secretary of the Cottncil and Editor.

JOSEPH STRUTHERS, 29 W. 39th St New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1918.)

Secretary Emeritus of the Council. R. W. RAYMOND New York, N. Y.

Corporation.

JAMES F. KEMP, President; EDMUND B. KIRBY, Vice-President;

FRANK LYMAN, Treasurer ; GEORGE C. STONE, Secretary ;

JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasurer.

Directors.

James Gayley, Charles Kirchhoff, Frank Lyman.

(Term expires February, 1918.)

James Douglas, James F. Kemp, Albert R. Ledoux.

(Term expires February, 1914.)

Edmund B. Kirby, Charles F. Rand, George C. Stone.

(Term expiree February, 1915.)

Consulting Attorneys, Blair & Rudd, New York, N. Y.

Secretary's Note.— The Council is the professional hody, having chaige of the election of members, the holding of meetings (except business meetinss), and the publication of papen, proceedings, etc The fioara of Directois is tne body legally responsible for the business management of the Corporation.

American Institute of Mining Engikeers. iii

Committees.

For the year ending February, 19x3.

Council.

Membership : — Joseph Stnithers, Benjamin B. Lawrence, Karl Eilers, Charles F. Band, Edward L. Young.

PMieaHans : — Joseph Struthers, Chairman New York, N. Y. ; David W. Brun- ton, Denver, Colo. ; Samuel B. Christy, Berkeley, Cal. ; Albert L. Colby, South Bethlehem, Pa.; Nathaniel EL Emmons, Copperhill, Tenn.; Charles H. Fulton, Bapid City, S. D. ; James Gayley, New York, N. Y. ; H. O. Hofman, Jamaica Plain, Mass.; Henry. M. Howe, Bedford Hills, N. Y.; Walter R. Ingalls, New York, N. Y.; James F. Kemp, New York, N. Y.; B. V. Norris, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Edward D. Peters, Dorchester, Mass.; Rossiter W. Raymond, New York, N. Y.; Joseph W. Richards, South Bethlehem, Pa.; Robert H. Richards, Boston, Mass. ; Albert Sauveur, Cambridge, Mass. ; Henry L. Smyth, Watertown, Mass.; Arthur L. Walker, New York, N. Y.

Corporation.

Finance : — Charles F. Rand, James Gayley, George C. Stone.

Library : — James F. Kemp, Charles KirchhofF, George C. Stone.

Land Fund: — James Douglas, Chairman; Theodore Dwight, 2Veaurer/ T. F. Cole, Anton Filers, James Gayley, John Hays Hammond, Charles Kirchhoff, Albert R. Ledouz, Frank Lyman.

Institute Representatives.

United Engineering Society Trusteea : — Joseph Struthers (1913), Theodore Dwight (1914), James F. Kemp (1915).

Joint Conference Committee of the Four National Engineering Societies: — James F. Kemp, Joseph Struthers.

John Fritz Medal Board of AtDard:K Gybbon Spilsbury (1913), R. V. Norris (1914), Charles Kirchhoff (1916), J. F. Kemp (1916).

American Association for the Advancement of Scienee : — H. O. Hofman, Boston, Mass. ; John D. Irving, New Haven, Conn.

Eighth IntenuUional Congress of Applied Chemistry, New York, Septeinbery 1912 : — William L. Saunders, New York, N. Y.; Geoige C. Stone, New York, N. Y.

International Assodationfor Testing Materials Congress, Chicago, September, 1912 : — Robert Forsyth, Chicago, 111.

Committee No, 24, LUemational Association for Testing Materials: — Henry D. Hib- banS, Plainfield, N. J.

International Engineering Congress, San Francisco, 1916 : — Samuel B. Christy, William C. Ralston, Edwin T. Blake.

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Mar, 19, 20 and 21, 1912 : — John Birkinbine, William A. Lathrop.

iv Monthly Bulletin, No. 63, March, 1912.

Institute Announcements.

Proceedings of the Board of Directors.

The following acts of the Board of Directors of the Institute during the past year are here published for the information of members and associates :

Meeting, Feb. 21, 1911. — The following officers were elected to serve during the ensuing year :

James Gayley, President. James Douglas, Vice-President R. W. Raymond, Secretary. Frank Lyman, Dreasurer.

The following Standing Committees were appointed :

Finance : Charles Kirchhoff, Theodore Dwight, Albert R. Ledoux.

Library : R. W. Raymond, James F. Kemp, Charles H. Snow.

The resignation of James Douglas, as representative of the Insti- tute on the John Fritz Medal Board of Award (term expires 1914), was received, accepted, and ordered transmitted to the Secretary of the Board of Award. Mr. R. V. Norris was appointed to fill the vacancy when created.

Mr. Charles Kirchhoflf, whose term on the John Fritz Medal Board of Award had just expired, was re-elected to succeed himself (term expires 1915).

The sum of 82,500, or as much thereof as may be needed, was appropriated for library purposes (exclusive of salaries) for the year 1911.

Meeting, Mar. 31, 1911. — The resignation of Dr. Rossiter W. Ray- mond as Secretary of the Board, member of the Board, and member of the Library Committee, was accepted and Dr. Joseph Struthers was elected to fill the vacancies thus created.

The appointment by the Council of Dr. Raymond as Secretary Emeritus of the Council was confirmed.

In joint action with the Council the following Committee of Fif- teen was appointed to prepare an official announcement of the resignation of Dr. Raymond, and the resultant change in the ad- ministrative force of the Institute, said announcement to be pub- lished in the Bulletin for the information of members :

Robert H. Richards, Past President of Council. E. G. Spilsbury, Past President of Council.

Charles Kirchhofi", president of Council, 1911.

James Douglas, Fast President of Council. E. E. 01cott,'Past President of Council.

Albert R. Ledoux, Past President of Council. James Uayley, president of Board of Directors. Robert W. Hunt, Past President of Council.

Ambbican Institute of Mining Engineers. v

John Hays Hammond, Past President of Council. D. W. rBrunton, Past President of Council.

Anton Eilers, Past Vice-President of Council.

W. L. Saunders, Past Vice-President of Council. B. B. Lawrence, Vice-President of Council. J. W. Richards, Vice-President of Council. Albert Sauveur, Vice-President of Council.

Prank Lyman, Treasurer, Board of Directors.

Meeting, April 28, 1911. — The report of the Special Committee on Increase of Dues of the Institute, appointed at the Annual Busi- ness Meeting of the Institute, Feb. 21, 1911 (Messrs. Joseph W. Richards, E. G. Spilsbury, and Theodore Dwight), was accepted.

The following Special Committee to prepare a proper form of proxy to accompany the recommendation to increase the dues of the institute was appointed : Messrs. Joseph W. Richards, E. G. Spilsburv, and Theodore Dwight.

The following Special Committee of Nine, to consider and report on the change of name of the Institute to American Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, was appointed : Messrs. James Gayley, A. R. Ledoux, and James F. Kemp, of the Board; Messrs. C. Kirch- hoflf, B. B. Lawrence and Gardner F. Williams, of the Council ; Messrs. R. W. Raymond, W. R. Ingalls, and VV. L. Saunders, of the membership at large.

A check for $10,913.30, sent by James Douglas as a contribution to the Land Fund from Phelps, Dodge & Co., was received, and an appropriate letter of thanks was ordered to be sent to Phelps, Dodge & Co. for their munificent gift.

The resignation of Prof. Charles H. Snow as member of the Board, and of the Library Committee, was accepted, and Prof. Arthur L. Walker was elected to fill the vacancies thus created.

Meeting, May 19 1911. — The report of the Special Committee of Nine recommendmg the change of name of the Institute to the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgy was approved, and ordered to be printed and distributed to the membership.

On the unanimous recommendation of the Council, Prof. R. H. Richards and Dr. R. W. Raymond were unanimously elected Hon- orary Members of the Institute.

Mr. George Buckman was appointed Office Manager and Ac- countant.

The Assistant Treasurer presented a statement of receipts and expenditures of the Institute for the current year to May 1, which was accepted and placed on file.

Meeting, June 16, 1911. — The report of the Special Committee (Messrs. J. W. Richards, E. G. Spilsbury, and Theodore Dwight), appointed Apr. 28, to prepare announcement concerning increase of dues, was accepted.

The Assistant Treasurer presented a memorandum of receipts and expenditures of the Institute for the month of May, which was accepted and placed on file.

Meeting, Aug, 29, 1911 (Special), — The reconvening of the ad- journed Annual Business Meeting of the Institute was authorized to be called for Sept. 20, 1911.

Meeting, Sept. 20, 1911 (Adjourned Annual Business Meeting), — In conformity with the provisions of Article XII. of the Constitution,

vi Monthly Bulletin, No. 68, March, 1912.

written notice was formally presented that certain proposed amend- mente to the Constitution would be oflFered for vote at the Annual Meeting, Feb. 20, 1912, as was also the additional amendment pre- sented in person by Mr. E. G. Spilsbury, namely ;

" Nominating Committee : — A Nominating Committee of five mem- bers, not members of the Council, shall be appointed by the Presi- dent within sixty days after he assumes office. It shall be the duty of the Committee to send to the Secretary on or before November 1, the names of consenting nominees for the elective offices next fall- ing vacant under the Constitution. Upon the request of any member or associate, the Secretary shall furnish to the applicant the names of such nominees."

The Secretary was instructed to print and distribute the above proposed amendment, together with the letter of ttie Committee ex- plaining the reason for the desired changes, to the entire member- ship at least thirty days before the next Annual Business Meeting, to be held on the third Tuesday in February in the year 1912. (These proposed amendments were puljlished in circular form and distributed to the entire membership as General Announcement No. 3, Sept. 1, 1911. Also a similar circular containing the same pro- posals with proxy for vote thereon was mailed to me entire mem- bership under date of Jan. 19, 1912.)

Meeting Sevt 20, 1911. — The proposed amendments to the consti- tution, as published in General Announcement No. 3, Sept. 1, 1911, and the proposed amendment by E. G. Spilsbury, individually pre- sented at the adjourned Annual' Business Meeting, Sept. 20, 1911, were approved.

The Assistant Treasurer presented a memorandum of receipts and expenditures of the Institute for June, July and August, which was accepted and placed on file.

Meeting, Oct, 20, 1911. — The matter of the proper disposal of the large stock of back volumes of the Transactions and of separate pamphlets of papers, was referred to the Library Committee, with the request to report at a later meeting of the Board.

It was voted to anticipate the adoption of the proposed rule to create a Nominating Committee.

Meeting. Nov, 17, 1911. — The following appointments to the Nomi- nating Committee were reported : Messrs. E. G. Spilsbury, R. V. Norris (later A. S. Dwight), J. R. Finlay, L. D. Huntoon, and C. P. Perin.

The form of circular prepare by the Nominating Committee for distribution to the memoership was approved.

The report of the Library Committee recommending special

5 rices for various sets of the Tranmctions (as published in Bulletins fos. 60 and 61, December, 1911, and January, 1912) was approved. The President of the Council reported that the Post Office authori- ties had placed the Bulletin of the Institute on the Second Class list, which will insure a saving in postage of approximately $1,500 per year. In connection with the action of the Post Office authorities, a special vote of thanks was passed for the friendly co-operation and active interest of Mr. Charles L. Parsons, Secretary of the American Chemical Society.

Meeting, Dec, 15, 1911.— Messrs. E. E. Olcott, and George W. May-

American Institute of Mining Engineers. vii

nard were appointed proxies for the vote on the proposed amend- ments to be acted upon at the Annual Business Meeting, Feb. 20,

The Assistant Treasurer presented a memorandum of receipts and expenditures of the Institute to Dec. 1, which was accepted and placed on file.

Meeting, Jan. 12, 1912. — The report of the Nominating Committee was accepted and ordered to be sent to every member and associate entitled to vote. Said nominations were :

For President, James F. Kemp,

For Vice-President, Benjamin B. Thayer, Karl Filers, Waldemar Lindgren.

For Councilors, Joseph W. Richards, John H. Janeway, Jr., Sidney J. Jennings.

For Secretary, Joseph Struthers.

The form of the General Announcement (No. 1 of 1912) concern- ing the proposed amendments to the Constitution, the form of the proposed amendments, and the form of proxy for vote on the pro- posed amendments, were accepted and authorized for publication.

The form of proxy for the election of officers, etc., at the Annual Meeting, Feb. 20, 1912, was accepted, and Messrs. Leonard Waldo and Bradley Stoughton were appointed to act as proxies for said election, and for such other business as may come before the An- nual Meeting, Feb. 20, 1912, excepting the action on the proposed amendments.

The report of the Treasurer giving an account of the receipts and disbursements for the year 191 1, which had been audited by Bar- row, Wade, Guthrie & Co., C. P. A., was adopted for presentation at the Annual Business Meeting of the Institute, Feb. 20, 1912.

The Treasurer was authorized to charge oflf from the Furniture and Fixtures account 10 per cent, per annum for depreciation.

The schedule of salaries for thei calendar year 1912 for employees (not including the Library service, which is administered oy the United Engineering Society), presented by the Assistant Treasurer, was accepted subject to ratification by the Board of Directors as constituted at the meeting directly following the Annual Business Meeting of the Institute, Feb. 20, 1912.

An appropriation of $1,500 (or as much thereof as may be re- quired) was authorized for Library purposes (not including salaries) for the year 1912.

Prof. James F. Kemp was elected a representative of the Insti- tute on the Board of Trustees of the United Engineering Society to succeed Mr. E. E. Olcott, who retired January, 1912, by limitation.

The report of the Land Fund Committee was presented by Theodore D wight. Treasurer, showing receipts during the year of $11,273.05, and disbursements of $11,000 on account of principal and mortgage, leaving a balance of $273.05. The original obliga- tion was $288,000, of which the Institute has paid $114,000 of the principal, besides meeting the current interest of 4 per cent, upon the unpaid amount. Outstanding bubscriptions to the amount of $6,000 and the cash on hand will reduce the debt to $67,726.95.

viii Monthly Bulletin, No. 68, March, 1912.

Messrs. Charles Kirchhoflf and James F. Kemp were appointed a Committee to consider the advisability of increasing the office force and report recommendations at the next meeting of the Board.

Meeting, Feb, 9, 1912. — The circular signed by Messrs. Stone, Corn- ing, Ingalls, and others, under date of Feb. 3 ; also a letter from Waldemar Lindgren, of Washington, concerning the proposed amendments to the Constitution, were presented, and after full de- liberation, it was the sense of the meeting to invite the signers of the circular and Mr. Lindgren to appoint a Committee with power to call for any information or documents in the possession of the officers of the Institute at as early a date as possible (and in any event, prior to the Annual Business Meeting).

The Assistant Treasurer presented a report of the receipts and disbursements of the Institute for the month of January, 1912, and the corresponding month of 1911, which was accepted and ordered on file.

The Secretary submitted a brief abstract of the acts of the Board of Directors during the past year, together with a report of the Library Committee, and a brief covering the general meetings of the Institute, publications, and membership. The publication of these reports, for the information of the memoers, was authorized

Joseph Struthers,

ISecretary.

Treasurer's Report for the Calendar Year 1911.

The following statement of receipts and expenditures from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1911, was authorized to be published for the information of members and associates by the Board of Directors Jan. 12, 1912.

Receifts. Balancefromstatement of January, 1911, . . . $3,938.17

Annual dues, 135,619.81

Life memberships, 1,930.00

Initiation fees, 1,990.26

Binding of IVatwodMww, . . , . . . 3,271.48 Sale of publications, electrotypes, advertising, and miscel- laneous receipts, 17,368.12

Interest on bank deposits, 168.23

$64,286.07

Disbursements. Printing Vol. XLI. of the Transactions, BuUeiin, extra

pamphlets, advertising expenses, etc., $15,966.73

Printing circulars and ballots, 745.18

Binding Vol. XLI. of the Transactions, 3,495.00

Binding miscellaneous volumes, 137.15

Engraving and electrotyping, 1,023.31

Secretary's department, including clerks, stenographers, and expenses of editing and proof-reading, and special assistance in connection with meetings, 10,333.91 Treasurer's department, including collection of dues, ship- ping, etc, 6,881.25

Library, 2,356.21

Carried forward, $40,938.74

American Institute of Mining Engineers. ix

Brought forward, $40,938.74

Postage, 4,470.91

Stationery, 483.09

Express and freight, 1,139.06

Telephone, 271.90

Telegrams, cables, carfares, etc., 121.94

OfSce supplies, repairs, 415.53

Refunding miscellaneous payments, 56.63

Insurance premiums (fire and surety), 369.12

Collection charges, 40.51

Extra clerical assistance, 195.67

Special stenographers and expenses of meetings, . . 1,914.38

Auditing, 115.00

Sundry expenses, 37.00

Interest at 4 per cent, for 1911, on unpaid balance of land mortrage on 25 to 33 West 39th St. ($85,000, Jan. 1, 1911, reduced to $74,000 April 27, 1911), . 3,133.00

Quota of current expenses of building 25 to 33 West 39th St., 4,500.00

Special editing, new volume of Genesis of Ore-Deposits, 150.00

Special editing, printing and binding of Index to Vols. XXXVI. to XL., 775.80

$50,569.48

7,633.00

Library additions of books, periodicals, etc., binding of exchanges, and stationery (expenditure from appropria- tion of $2,500), 811.83

Furniture and fixtures, 114.96

Balance, 4,281.00

$64,286.07 (Signed) Frank Lyman, Treasurer.

New York, N. Y., January 20, 1912.

We hare examined the above statement, compared it with the books and vouchers and find same correct.

(Signed) Barrow, Wade, Guthrie & Co.,

Certified Publie AeeoutUanU,

Special Financial Report Oonceniing the Engineering Societies Building.

Many of the members of the American Institute of Mining Engi- neers, not resident in the vicinity of New York, in spite of the regular annual reports and the detailed statements which were sent out when the gift of the Engineering Societies Building was received from Mr. Andrew Carnegie, are unfamiliar with the relations be- tween our Institute and the United Engineering Society, in whose name the title stands. It has, therefore, been deemed best by the Council and Directors to submit the following statement :

The title is held by the United Engineering Society as Trustees for our Institute, the Electrical and the Mechanical Engineers each owning one-third. Each Society appoints representatives on this Board of Trustees, and is responsible for one-third of the cost of

X MoNTHLT Bulletin, No. 63, March, 1912.

the land upon which the building is erected and up to one-third of the running expenses. So much of the building as is not needed for the purposes of the Societies is allotted to other technical or allied organizations, each contributing proportionately to the running ex- penses. All three Societies have the privilege of admitting to such part of their own floors as they do not for the present require, other societies or institutions not of a business character.

The cost of the building was $1,050,000, given by Mr. Carnegie. The land cost the three Founder Societies $540,000, and has greatly appreciated in value. It is understood that towards the cost of the land, the Electrical Engineers have received gifts covering their en- tire proportion of the land fund. The Mechanical Engineers, by gifts and by the issuing of certificates of indebtedness, have raised their entire proportion. Generous members of our Institute have subscribed $111,700 in gifts, leaving but $68,000 to be raised by us. There is a mortgage upon the land, bearing interest at 4 per cent. It is necessary that our Institute, if it does not receive further cash gifts, shall arrange to pay oflf its proportion before the expiration of the morteage. in the last resort, interest-bearing debentures might be issued, to be paid off by annual sums to be obtained from a sur- plus in the Institute's regular receipts. If extinguished in ten years, this, with interest at 4 per cent., would call for about $76,000.

It is for this reason, among others, that the Directors and Council approved of the suggestion to increase the dues. The running ex- penses alone on the present basis could be cared for by the present receipts from dues, etc. The Institute at present is required to pay to the Trustees of the Engineering Society about $4,500 annually towards the cost of maintenance, which is, for office spaceerj low for the locality and for the space required. The United Engineer- ing Society has to date accumulated from its revenues a fund for depreciation and reserve of $25,000, so that the annual assessment of $4,500 for each Founder Society may be considered the probable maximum. In addition to its regular receipts, the Institute has received from participants in the occupancy of its floor the fol- lowing sums :

1909 1910 1911

$660 $2,809.33 $1,490.46

The Institute is this year deriving on the present basis an income of $750 from this source.

The net receipts and expenditures of the Institute for 1906 to 1911, inclusive, have been as follows :

Net Receipts. Expenditures.

1906, . . $51,680.39 $41,127.24 (a)

1907, 65,649.42 65,181.45 (b)

1908 55,293.27 48,311.44 (6)

1909, 63,750.91 60,023.00 (c)

1910, 51,485.39 49,675.81 id)

1911, 57,282.18 53,856.36 (e)

$325,041.56 $298,076.29

Note.

(a) IncludiDg $2,600 rent at 99 John Street.

ib) Including $4,500 assessment considered as equivalent to rent.

ic) Including $4,500 assessment less $660 released.

id) Including $4,500 assessment less $2,809.33 released.

(e) Including$4,500 assessment less $1,490.45 released.

American Institute op Mining Enginsbbs. xi

In 1907 there was an extraordinary expenditure of $2,625.90 for the large index of our thirty-five volumes of Transactions and $3,000 additional for equipment of the new quarters, and moving.

The net receipts, 1906 to 1911, were, . $325,041.56

The ordinary expenditures, 1906 to 1911, were, . . 298,075.29

Surplus, $26,966.27

Under the conditions of revenue and outlay, covering a series of six years, the Institute finances showed a book surplus of $26,966.27.

Tne contributions from the Institute to the Engineering Building during this period of 1906 to 1911, inclusive, have been as follows :

Interest payments, $24,062.99

Total assessments, $31,700.00

Less charged for office space, . 22,600.00

Net assessments, 9,200.00

Payment on principal, 15,000.00

$4S, 262.99

These drafts upon the Institute have been met in the following manner :

Sale of securities, $18,708.76

Surplus, 26,966.27

Balance in bank reduced

From January 1, 1906, $6,818.96

To January 1, 1912, 4,231.00

2,587.96

$48,262.99

The total obligations assumed on account of the Engineering Socie- ties Building on the part of the Institute to the end of 1911 have been as follows:

One-third original mortgage, $180,000.00

Advance payment under founders' agreement, . . 8,000.00

1906 interest paid from Land Fund, 3,800.00

1907 interest paid from Land Fund, 2,600 00

Interest payments by Institute, 24,062.99

Net assessments, 9,200.00

$227,662.99

Besides the gifts of $105,700 made to us outright, there is an addi- tional $6,000 which has been pledged, and upon which the donors are paying us interest until they see their way to liquidate the prin- cipal. "

xii Monthly Bulletin, No. 63, March, 1912.

Proceedings of the Council.

The following acts of the Council of the Institute are here pub- lished for the information of members and associates :

Meeting, Feb. 21, 1911. — Messrs. W. L. Saunders and George C. Stone were appointed delegates to represent the Institute at the Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry in connection with the sessions to be held in New York in September, 1912.

Meeting, Mar, 31, 1911. — The resignation of Dr. Rossiter W. Ray- mond as Secretar}' of the Council and as a member of the Com- mittee on Membership was accepted, and Dr. Joseph Struthers was appointed to fill the vacancies thus created for the unexpired term.

Dr. Raymond was appointed Secretary Emeritus of tne Council of the Institute.

The following Committee of Fifteen was appointed to prepare an oflBcial announcement of the resignation of Dr. Raymond and the resultant change in the administrative force of the Institute, said announcement to be published in the BvUetin for the information of members :

Robert H. Richards, Past President of Council. E. G. Spilsbury, Past President of Council.

Tr;*..i,i,ff i Past President of Council. Charles Kirchhoff, psident of Council, 1911.

James Douglas, Past President of Council. E. E. Olcott, Past President of Council.

Albert R. Ledoux, Past President of Council. Torv. f Past of Councll. James Urayley, president of Board of Directors. Robert W. Hunt, Past President of Council. John Hays Hammond, Past President of Council. D. W. Brunton, Past President of Council.

Anton Eilers, Past Vice-President of Council.

W. L. Saunders, Past Vice-President of Council. B. B. Lawrence, Vice-President of Council. J. W. Richards, Vice-President of Council.

Albert Sauveur. Vice-President of Council.

Frank Lyman, Treasurer of Board of Directors.

Meeting, April 28, 1912. — The following Special Committee was appointed to consider the question of establishing Local Sections of the Institute: Charles F. Rand, E. G. Spilsbury, A. L. Walker, Joseph W. Richards, and Karl Eilers.

The following Special Committee was appointed to consider the establishment of a Committee on Publications : Joseph W. Richards, A. Sauveur, and S. B. Christy.

Meeting, May 19, 1912.— Prof. Robert H. Richards and Dr. Rossiter W. Raymond were unanimously recommended to the Board of Directors for election to Honorary Membership.

Prof. John D. Irving was appointed a representative of the Insti- tute to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Dr. S. F. Emmons.

The report of the Committee on Local Sections was approved and ordered to be printed, and sent to the membership of tne Institute.

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xiii

Permission was granted for the establishment of Local Sections of the Institute at San Francisco and at New York, under the approved regulations

Meeting, June 16, 1911. — A Committee of Five (Messrs. Charles Kirchhoff*, Joseph Struthers, James F. Kemp, Charles F. Rand, and Frank Lyman), was appointed to confer witn a similar Committee from the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, with a view to ascertaining the possibility of consolidation of the two societies.

The Regulations for the Committee on Publications, as presented by the Special Committee, Joseph W. Richards, Chairman, was ac- cepted (printed in BuUetin No. 58, September, 1911).

Meeting, Sept, 20, 1911. — The report of the Special Committee of Five appointed to confer with a similar Committee from the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, stated that two joint confer- ences had been held, and after a detailed discussion of the views and work of the A. I. M. E., and the M. & M. 8. of A., and'the po- sition taken by the latter that its identity and organization must be continued, it was resolved that for the present the proposed affilia- tion of the Institute and the Society be carried out to the extent of having joint meetings, both of Local Sections and of the parent bodies. This report was approved and accepted.

Permission was granted for the establishment of a Local Section in Boston under the approved regulations.

The following Committee on Publication was appointed :

The Secretary-Editor of the Institute, Chairman; David W. Brunton , Samuel B. Christy, Albert L. Colby, Nathaniel H. Em- mons, Charles H. Fulton, James Gay ley, H. 0. Hofman, Henry M. Howe, Walter R. Ingalls, James F. Kemp, R. V. Norris, Edward D. Peters, Rossiter W. Raymond, Joseph W. Richards, Robert H. Richards, Albert Sauveur, Henry L. Smyth, and Arther L. Walker.

The following delegates or representatives were appointed: William J. Chalmers and Robert N. Dickman, to the American Mining Congress, Chicago, Oct. 24r-28, 1911.

H. V . Winchell, Installation of George E. Vincent as President of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Oct. 18, 1911.

J. W. Malcolrason, E. E. Howard, P. E. McMuUen, and P. N. Moore, to the Third National Conservation Congress, Kansas City, Sept. 26-17, 1911.

Capt. Robert W. Hunt (twice Past President of the Council) was appomted the official representative of the Institute for the San Francisco meeting, and the excursion to Japan.

Meeting, Oct. 20, 1911. — The application for the establishment of a Local Section of the Institute in Spokane, Wash., was granted under the approved regulations.

Meeting, Dec. 15, 1911. — Applications for enrollment as Affiliated Student Societies were granted to the Scientific Society of the Colorado College of Mines, and the Pick and Shovel Club of the Case School of Applied Science.

Robert W. Forsyth was appointed to represent the Institute at the meeting of the International Association for Testing Materials, September, 1912.

Prof. James F. Kemp was elected a member of the John Fritz Medal Board of Award for the period Jan. 1, 1912, to Jan. 1, 1916.

Messrs. Charles Kirchhoff and Joseph Struthers, as President and

xiv Monthly Bulletin, No. 68, March, 1912.

Secretary of the Council, were appointed representatives of the In- stitute on the Joint Conference Committee of the Pour National Engineering Societies.

Meeting, Jan. 12, 1912. — The By-Laws of the Spokane Local Sec- tion of the Institute were approved.

Mr. Charles Kirchhoflf was elected to represent the Institute at the 1912 Congress on Accident Prevention of the Congrs Tech- nique International, at Milan, Italy.

Messrs. Samuel B. Christy, William C. Ralston, and Edwin T. Blake were appointed delegates to represent the Institute at the In- ternational Engineering Congress, San Francisco, 1915.

The following honorary delegates were appointed to represent the Institute at the annual meeting of the Canadian Mining Institute, Toronto, March 6, 7 and 8, 1912 : iMessrs. John Birkinbine, H. M. Chance, C. R. Corning, James Douglas, Theodore Dwight, W. E. C. Eustis, J. R. Finlay, P. Lynwood Garrison, Walter R. Ingalls, William Kelly, James P. Kemp, Benjamin B. Lawrence, Albert R. Ledoux, Ambrose Monell, Henry S. Munroe, R. V. Norris, Edward W. Parker, Robert H. Richards, E. Gybbon Spilsbury, H. H. Stock, Joseph Struthers.

Institute Activities,

Meetings of the Institute.

There were held during the year 1911 two meeting of the Insti- tute for the presentation and discussion of technical papers — the 100th meeting, at Wilkes-Barre, Pa., June 6-10, and the 101st meet- ing, at San Prancisco, Cal., October 10-17.

A detailed record of the proceedings of these meetings, including a description of the entertamments and excursions connected there- with, has been published and duly distributed to the membership — the Wilkes-Barre meeting in BvMetin No. 65, July, 1911, pages 575 to 594 ; the San Prancisco meeting in Bulletin No. 59, November, 1911, pages V. to xxxviii. ; and the excursion to Hawaii and Japan in BvMetin No. 61, January, 1912, pages 1 to 102.

At the Wilkes-Barre meeting there were recorded 38 papers, 7 dis- cussions, and an attendance of 188 members and quests registered at the local headquarters. This number is much less than the total number attending the sessions and participating in the excursions, due to the impossibility of getting every one to register. Special mention should be made of the group of excellent papers on anthra- cite practice which were presented at the technical sessions.

At the San Prancisco meeting there were recorded 39 papers, 2 discussions and a registered attendance (doubtless incomplete) of 214 persons. Prior to the meeting there was a special train-trio of 70 members ajid guests of the Institute, which started from Chicago, Sept. 30, 1911, visiting the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, in Ari- zona, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, and Del Monte, and arriving at San Prancisco on Oct. 10, 1911.

Subsequent to the meeting there was an excursion to Hawii and Japan, in which 82 members and guests participated. This party

American Institute of Mining Engineebs. xv

left San Francisco on Oct. 17 on the steamer Manchuria; was delightfully entertained in Japan for 18 days, and returned via steamer Siberia which arrived at San Francisco, Dec. 7, 1911.

Local Sections,

During the year, local sections have been formed at New York, Spokane, and Boston, and meetings have been held as recorded in the Bulletin. The members and associates in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and at other places also, have under consideration the ex- tension of this important activity of the Institute.

Affiliated Student Societies.

Ten organizations of undergraduates at technical schools and uni- versities were recognized as Affiliated Student Societies during the year 1911. The total number of Societies enrolled is 21, represent- me the following institutions : Yale University — Sheffield Scientific School, University of Illinois, University of Nevada, University of Wisconsin, Lehigh University, University of Minnesota, Massachu- setts Institute of Technology, University of Kansas, University of Idaho, State College of Washington, University of Texas, Ohio State University, Stanford University, Columbia University, University of California, Tufts College, University of Washington, Iowa State College, Missouri School of Mines, Case School of Applied Science, Colorado School of Mines.

Publications.

TransQjctions. — Vol. XLI. of the Transactions an octavo of 1004 pages, comprising 55 papers and 10 discussions presented during the year 1910, was issued and distributed to the membership in June.

Vol. XLII. is in process of completion, more than half the work being finished. It is now in the hands oi the printer, and it is ex- pected that the bound volume will be ready for distribution in June, 1912.

Special Posepny Volume. — This volume, to be known as the Em- mons Volume, will supplement the former Posepny volume, and comprises important papers on geology which have appeared in the Transactions subsequent to the publication of the former volume. The manuscript for this work is nearly completed, and about half of the volume is in type.

Bulletin. — Twelve numbers of the Bulletin (Nos. 49 to 60), con- taining the technical papers and discussions of the Institute (in " subject to revision " form) and announcements of general interest to the members of the Institute, such as Library accessions and re- quirements during the year 1911, notices of meetings of the Insti- tute and other societies, lists of proposed members and associates, changes of addresses, deaths of members, obituary notices, etc., have been published and distributed promptly throughout the year 1911. The number of pages occupied by technical papers and discussions amount£i to 1042, to which are to be added 400 pages of announce- ments, and 360 pages of advertising matter, making a total of 1802 pages of printed matter.

xvi Monthly Bulletin, No. 68, March, 1912.

The editorial and business management of the Bulletin Volume XLI., and the forthcoming Volume XLII. of the Iansationa con- tinues in charge of Dr. Joseph Struthers, Secretary and Editor of the Institute.

Membership.

Changes in the membership of the Institute have taken place during the calendar year 1911 as follows :

Two Honorary members, 184 members, and 13 associates have been elected ; 14 members have been reinstated, and 3 associates have become members ; a total of 216. Asainst this number should be recorded the deaths of 48 members and 3 associates; the resigna- tion of 94 members and 9 associates ; and the dropping from the roll, by reason of non-payment of dues, of 93 members and 5 asso- ciates — a total of 262, which shows a net loss in membership of 36. The net loss in membership in 1910 was 74. The total member- ship on Jan. 1, 1912, was 4,174.

The list of deaths reported during the year 1911 comprises the following names, the figures in parentheses indicating the year in which the persons named were elected to membership :

Members and Associates : William AiBBleck (1906), Rupert C. Ala- baster (1905), Louis R. Alberger (1899), Sidney M. Bamberger <1903), Roswell E. Briggs (1901), Paul K. Brill (1908), Alexander E. Brown (1876), Henry W. Bulkley (1879), Pierre Choteau (1876), Francis Collingwood (1882), Robert P. Cosby (1903), Milton T. Culbert(1906), John C. Dods (1881), James A. Diggles (1897) Samuel F. Emmons (1877), Horace H. Emrich (1903), Robert For- rester (1902), Percy Grave (1898), Julius Grille (1896), Charles B. Grubb (1887), Conrad E. Hesse (1890). Edwin M. Holmes (1903), Epenetus Howe (1886), Charles J. Hughes (1895), Charles Wallace Hunt (1891), Henry Janin (1872), J. E. Johnson (1880), Washing- ton Jones (1881), Henry M. Kurtz (1893), H. L. Lawrence (1893), J. Henry Lee (1890), K W. Lord (1875), Edward K. McCan (1903), James A. McClurg (1898), Edward P. Martin (1881), Charles A. Matcham (1897), Alfred T. Metcalf (1891), Charles H. Morgan (1874), Thomas D. Murphy (1896), John 0. Norbom (1909), A. Lanfear Norrie (1890), Francis L. Potts (1882), Ellen H. Richards (1879), Charles H. Shelby (1909), Ernest Sticht (1885), W. J. Sutherland (1899), Archibald A. Swan (1904), Heber S. Thompson (1876), M. D. Valentine (1876), Robert A. Weiss (1908), Howard Wood (1888).

Library Committee.

The following is the Report of the Library Committee for the year ending Feb. 20, 1912. R. W, Raymond, Chairman, James F. Kemp, and Charles H. Snow were appointed Feb. 21, 1911. Dr. Raymond resigned from this Committee on Mar. 31, 1911, and was succeeded by Dr. Joseph Struthers. Professor Snow resigned April 28, 1911, and was succeeded by Prof. A. L. Walker.

The general management of the Library administration was dis- cussed informally during the year, special attention being given to the disposal of the back volumes of the Transactions, of which there is a large stock on hand.

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xvii

The Library Committee presented to the Board at the meeting of Nov. 17, 1911, the following schedule of reduced prices for various sets of volumes of the TranaactionSj which was duly approved by the Board :

Per Set.

I. 200 sets of 6 volumes, bound, from No. 36 (1906)

to No. 40 (1910) $20.00 II. 75 sets rf 10 volumes, bound, from No. 31 (1902)

to No. 40 (1910) Including the Mexican Volume, $35.00

III. 50 sets of 20 volumes, bound, from No. 21 (1893)

to No. 40 (1910) $50.00

IV. 25 sets of 30 volumes, bound, from No. 11 (1883)

to No. 40 (1910) $60.00 V. 60 sets of 39 volumes, bound, from No. 1 (1873)

to No. 40 (1910) with the exception of No. 10 (1882) $75.00 VI. 50 sets of 9 volumes, bound, from No. 1 (1873)

to No. 9(1881) $25.00

This Committee has still under consideration the disposal of the large stock of pamphlet reprints of the papers of the Tyanmctions,

Committee on Membership.

The following is the report of the Committee on Membership for the year ending Feb. 20, 1912. Dr. R. W. Raymond, Chairman, Benjamin B. Lawrence, Karl Eilers, Charles F. Rand and Edward L. Young were appointed on the Committee on Membership, Feb. 21, 1911. Dr. Raymond resigned from the Committee on Mar. 31, 1911, and Dr. Joseph Struthers was elected to fill the vacancy for the unexpired term.

During the past year, the Committee met monthly, except in July and August, acted upon 224 cases, and made the following recommendations to the Council : for election as member, 194 ; for election as associate, 20; for change of status from associate to member, 7-

In addition to routine business relating to the professional and educational qualifications of candidates, which were in every case carefully and earnestly studied, the Committee has considered the

Juestion of ways and means of increasing the membership of the nstitute, the strengthening of the requirements for admission to the class of members, the form of proposal blank for candidates, and other allied matters.

Annual Business Meeting.

The annual business meeting of the Institute was held Feb. 20, 1912, at 10 a.m., at the Institute headquarters, 29 West 39th Street, New York.

A large attendance was present. The meeting was called to order by Dr. James Douglas, Vice-President of the corporation, who presided.

After the reading and approval of the minutes of the Annual Busi-

xviii Monthly Bulletin, No. 68, March, 1912.

iiess Meeting held Feb. 21, 1911, and of the adjourned meeting held Sept. 20, 1911, Dr. Douglas stated that in view of the desirability of harmonizing divergent opinions as to the advisability of adopting the proposed amendments to the Constitution, he would suggest that the regular order of business be temporarily suspended, and that a motion be considered at this point m the proceedings relat- ing to the appointment of a Committee. A motion to that effect was unanimously carried.

Mr. J. Parke Channing submitted a resolution to the effect : That action upon the proposed amendments to the Constitution, which have been circulated among the members, be deferred to an ad- journed session of this meeting, to be held June 3, 1912, or on such date thereafter as may be mutually agreed upon between the Com- mittee and the Directors of the Institute, due notice of the date to be sent to all members and associates of the Institute.

That Messrs. James F. Kemp, C. R. Corning, George C. Stone, W. H. Nichols, Jr., and A. R. Ledoux, be appointed a Committee of five, with power to fill vacancies among their number, to investi- gate all of the affairs and operations of the Institute, to see whether an increase in dues cannot be avoided, and to report to the Board of Directors by May 1, 1912, making such suggestions as they may deem best for the welfare of the Institute, and that said Board of Directors shall cause such report to be printed and distributed at once by mail to each member, so that it may be considered and acted upon at an adiournment of this meeting. Also, that this (yommittee be directed and empowered to engage, at the expense of the Institute, independent clencal and auditing assistants.

This resolution, naving been duly seconded, was put to vote and unanimously adopted.

Dr. Douglas was called away from the meeting and Dr. Albert R. Ledoux, at the request of those present, took the chair in his stead.

The following oflScers were elected :

Council.

President of ike Council,

James F. Kemp, New York; N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1913.)

Vice- Presidents of the Council,

Karl Eilers, New York, N. Y.

W. Lindgren, Washington, D. C.

Benjamin B. Thayer, New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1914.)

Secretary of the Council,

Joseph Struthers, New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1913.)

Councilors,

John H. Janeway, Jr., New York, N. Y.

Sidney J. Jennings, New- York, N. Y.

Joseph W. Richards, So. Bethlehem, Pa.

(Term expires February, 1915.)

Directors,

E. B. Kirby, St. Louis, Mo.

Charles F. Rand, New York, N. Y.

George C. Stone, New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1915.)

American Institute op Mining Engineers. xix

[Secretary's Note.— The complete list of all officers of the Institute will be found on p. ii. of this nuniber of the Bulletin, The following explanation, first published in Bi-Monthly BuiUtin, No. 8, March, 1906, p. Tiii., is here repeated in order to recall to old members, and convey to new ones, the relations of the two governing bodies as determined bj the Certificate of Incorporation of the Insti- tute) and the Constitution and By-Laws adopted in accordance therewith.

The body legally responsible for the business management is the Board of nine Directors (three elected annually to serve three jears), which elects its own offi cers. This body, for reasons of practical convenience, is composed of well-known members residing in New York City, and able to attend, without serious incon- venience or expense, the necessary meetings of the Board. The officers of this Board are legally the officers of the Institute. But, apart from business manage- ment, the Board exercises no control over the election of memben, or the pro- fessional and technical work of the Institute, except that its vote is required to elect honorary members, upon the recommendation of the Council.

The Council is a body constituted in all respects (except that it has no Treas- urer) like the Council existing before the incorporation of the Institute, in Jan- uary, 1905, and charged with all duties and powers, except those which the Boaid of Directors must legally perform. It elects members, appoints the times and places of professional meetings, and controls the publication and distribution of papers and volumes, etc. Its members (President, Vice-Presidents and Coun- cilors) are elected by the members of the Institute, voting in person or by proxy, and after publication of the nominations receivea ; and it is intended to repre- sent, as far as practicable, both the professional and the geographical distribution of the membership. Consequently, whatever professional honor attaches to offi- cial position belongs to membership in the Council, rather than in the legal Board of Directors. This remark implies no dis]Mir8gement of the members of the latter body, every one of whom has served, or is now serving, as a member of the Council. But it is only fair to explain that their election and continued re- election as Directors is simply a matter of legal convenience.]

Dr. Ledoux, towards the close of the meeting, made the following address :

The Chair ventures to congratulate all of those who are present and those who are far away, but are rei>re8ented here by proxy, on the result of this electricity" which has been in the air and has been felt by all, which has ended in such unity of action — there has been no rivalry among the candidates for officers or coun- cilors, and I am very sure that as far as I represent the management of the Institute — being a Director— that I voice the sentiment of all of them, all of the Direc- tors, and I am sure I voice the sentiment also of all the Councilors, in stating that we are very much gratified that so much interest has been taken in the annual meeting this year, especially bjr the presence of this very lare number of mem- bers attending our meeting, which indicates that greater activity may be expected in Uie future from all the membership, starting from the time of this meeting. I believe we had present some twelve members at our Annual Meeting last year, as recorded in the minutes, against some 140 odd members present here to-day.

We shall go forward feeling quite confident that this Committee which has been imijointed to look into the affairs of the Institute will learn a great many things iniich some of them do not now know, and thej will be able to give very useful advice, no doubt, in regard to some matters which possibl; have gotten somewhat into a rut, or into a system of routine, and I feel quite confident — and I emphasize that confidence, because I do not feel that I will be able to serve on the Com- mittee — I feel quite confident that the result of the deliberations of this Special Committee which has been appointed, whose report is to be presented to the next meeting, or the adjourned meeting, will be one of very great interest, and we may look forward to still greater activity and increase of membership, and a greater amount of useful work done by our members, with correspondingly greater bene- fits to be received from our gatherings.

Proxies for Vote on Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the

InstittUe.

For the information of members and associates who gave proxies to vote on the proposed amendments to the Constitution, it is here

XX Monthly Bulletin, No. 63, March, 1912.

published that at the annual business meeting of the Institute, held Feb. 20, 1912, it was voted to defer action on said amendments until an adjourned business meeting, called for June 3, 1912, prior to which time the report of the Special Committee, Messrs. C. R. Corning, James F. Kemp, Albert K. Ledoux, George C. Stone, and William H. Nichols, Jr., appointed to study the affairs of the Insti- tute, will be published and sent to the membership at large. This gives time for full discussion and consideration of that wnich will conduce to the best interest of the Institute.

United Engineering Society.

Treasurer's Report for the Year 1911.

The following is the report of the Treasurer of the United Engi- neering Society for the year 1911 :

United Engineering Society,

29 West 39th Street, New York, January 23, 1912. To THE Board of Trustees,

United Engineering Society.

I beg to submit herewith the report of vour Treasurer as of Dec. 31, 1911.

I. Finances.

As shown by the balance sheet submitted herewith, the physical property of the United Engineering Societv, over and above the value of the building and the equity in the land, consists of build- ing equipment amounting in value to $25,037.72, furniture and fixtures $5,368.45, and library books $280.62.

During the year 1911 there was added to the Furniture and Fix- tures Account an amount representing an expenditure of $1,429.06, including lens for camera in library, telephone booth, two type- writing machines for librarian, olKce furniture for library, canopy and miscellaneous items, and books for the library amounting to $75.46.

The principal of the mortgage on the land held by Andrew Car- negie, Esq., amounting originally to $540,000, has been reduced by payments from the Land and Building Funds of the Founder So- cieties to $128,000— the American Society of Mechanical Engineers has made further payments during the year of $81,000, bringing its total payments to $180,000, the mil amount of its proportion of mortgage. The American Institute of Mining Engineers has made a further payment of $11,000, reducing the balance due from it to $74,000. The American Institute of Electrical Engineers' balance of mortgage amounts to $54,000.

The gross operating expenses for the year 1911 were $38,279.35, an increase over the year 1910 of $3,773.10, mainly due to an aug- mented pay-roll.

In accordance with a resolution of the Board at the meeting held

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xxi

on Jan. 26, 1911, an appropriation of $5,000 was made out of the surplus for the year 1910, and of this amount $4,933.75 was invested in the Delaware & Hudson Company 4 per cent, bonds as an addi* tion to the Contingency and Renewal Fund, as provided for in the Founders' Agreement, bringing the invested amount of the Reserve Fund up to 120,265. It is recommended that a similar appropria- tion be made out of the available balance from this year's operations, which will then show a balance to be added to Surplus Account ot $9,979.75.

The assessments paid for the year 1911 by the Founder Societies, each occupying one entire floor, were $4,500 each, representing a total expenditure by each, including interest on its full principal of mortgage on land, of $11,700, reduced in each case to the extent the Society may have paid off part of its mortgage share. As the Asso- ciate Societies are assessea approximately $10,000 for equivalent facilities, it will be seen that the Founder Societies are still carrying more than their proportion of the carrying-charges for equivalent office space occupancy in the building.

II. Building.

Equipment. — During the year 1911 the Real Estate Equipment Ac- count has been increased to an extent of $8,270, chiefly aue to the expense of $6,196, incurred in installing the mezzanine balcony in the main library (authorized by the Board, April 27, 1911). This increased equipment is fully recognized as a useful and sesthetic addition.

There was also installed on the passenger elevators the much- needed hotel annunciator signal-system, at a cost of $1,500. The wisdom of this installation is reflected in the reduction of the cost of elevator service from $5.81 per day in 1910 to $4.30 per day in 1911 — a saving of $1.51 per day.

Office Occupancy, — Attention is called to the fact that on Jan. 1, 1912, there was no unoccupied floor space devoted to office use in the building, but that there were three rooms vacant on the 12th floor (former occupancy value of $2,000), originally designed for a museum, but first used as a storage by the Founder Societies, and later for occupancy as a lecture-room by the Columbia University Extension Course in Architecture. These rooms have been vacant since July 1, 1911, but have been temporarily used by the library staff during the installation of the mezzanine gallery and alterations in the main room of the library.

Meetings or Lectures, — The record of the number of times the rooms were used during 1911 for meetings or lectures (not for office occu- pancy) is :

Number of Times Occupied. Meeting Room. 1910. 1911. Change.

Auditorium, 3d and 4th floors, No. 1 Assembly-Boom, 5th floor, No. 2 Assembly- Eoom, 5th floor, Lecture- Room No. 5, 6th floor, Lecture- Room No. 6, 6th floor, Lecture-Room No. 7, 6th floor, Lecture-Room No. 8, 6th floor, Small Committee- Room, 2d floor.

8 more.

15 more.

1 more.

5 less.

14 less.

Hess.

23 more.

12 less.

xxii Monthly Bulletin, No. 63, March, 1912.

During the year 1911 the facilities of the building were enjoyed by 48 societies holding a total of 251 meetings, with an attendance of 42,400, as contrasted with the same number of meetings — 251 — during 1910, with an attendance of 30,722, a gain in attendance for 1911 of 11,678.

Beginning May 1, 1911, lecture-room No. 6 was withdrawn from use as a lecture-room and utilized for oj£ce occupancy.

III. Library.

During the year 1911 there were added to the Library of the three Founder Societies and the United Engineering Society 2,590 volumes and pamphlets, making a total of 47,500 volumes and pamphlets in tne liorarv.

The increase in attendance is particularly gratifying, being 11,014 in 1911 as compared with 9,320 in 1910— an increase of more than 18 per cent.

The new department of research-work is being developed as rapidly as the size of present force will permit. One hundred and forty-tnree searches were made, and copies of the references pre- served for general use. The requests for researches have been largely by correspondence from Japan, South Africa, Australia, Canada, England, and different parts of the United States. The Library receives more than 700 technical periodicals, which are available for this special reference-work.

The construction of the mezzanine gallery, authorized by the Board of Trustees of the United Engineering Society, April 27, 1911, has increased the capacity of the shelves about 10,000 volumes, and has added materially to the architectural appearance of the room.

Respectfully submitted,

JosKPH Struthers, Treasurer,

Financial Report.

Balance Sheet January 1, 1912.

Assets*.

Real estate, land, $540,000.00

Real estate, building, 1,050,000.00

Real estate, equipment, 25,037.72

Furniture and fixtures, 5,368.45

New York City bonds (cost) reserve, 5,231.25

New York City bonds (cost) reserve, 5,062.60

Baltimore & Ohio bonds (cost) reserve, 5,037.50

The Delaware & Hudson Co bonds (cost) reserve, . 4,033.75

Library books, United Engineering Society, . . 280.62

Library adjustment accounts, 169.38

Accounts receivable, : . 7,456.82

Unexpired insurance, 2,044.04

Cash:

Working balance, $5,143.37

For reserve fund, 5.0O0.00

Ways and Means Committee, , . 1,165.08

11,308 45

Petty cash, 500.00

$1,662,430.43

American Institute of Mining Engineers.

Liabilities.

Balance of land mortgage A. I. E. E., Balance of land mortgage A. I. M. E. ,

$54,000.00 74,000.00

A. I. £. E. equity in building,

A. S. M. E. equity in building,

A. I. M. £. equity in building, ,

A. I. £. E. equity in real estate equipment,

A. S. M. E. equity in real estate equipment, .

A. I. M. E. equity In real estate equipment,

A. I. R E. payments to date in liquidation of mortgage on land,

A. 8. M. E. payments to date in liquidation of mortgage on land,

A. I. M. E. payments to date in liquidation of mortgage on land.

Depreciation and reserve fund,

Ways and Means Committee, .

Library adjustment accounts,

Accounts payable,

Surplus account,

$128,000.00

850,(100.00

350,000.00

360,000.00

3,346.61

3,346.62

3,346.62

126,000.00

180,000.00

106,000.00

25,000.00

1,165.08

1,805.51

34,280.66

$1,662,430.43

Statement of Receipts and DiahurBenxenta Year Ending December 31, 1911.

Cash Becsipt1$.

Balance on hand, January 1, 1911, $16,169.30

Account of reduction of mortgage on land, 92000.00

Account of interest on mortp;a, 7,839.57

Assessment of Founder Societies, 12,375.00

Assessment of Associate Societies, offices, meetings, etc., 38,875.52

Library account, 7,625.90

Interest on bonds and deposits, 1,368.04

$176,253.33

DlBBTTBSEMENTB.

Account of reduction of mortgage on land. Account of interest on mortgage, Account of real estate equipment, Operating expense — cash expenditures, Furniture and fixtures, - Library account, Bonds purchased (reserve). Accrued interest on bonds purchased, Accounts payable (from 1910), . A. I. M. £. office space released, .

Insurance,

LibrHry adjustment, . Library books U. E S. Balance on hand, January 1, 1912,

$92,000.00

7,839.57

8,270.00

37,164.39

1,195.61

7,625.90

4,933.75

1,341.26

1,490.45

2,075.88

11,308.45

$176,253.33

xxiv Monthly Bulletin, No. 63, March, 1912.

Operating Income and Expenses, Year Ending December 31, 1911.

Income.

Assessment Founder Societies, $13,500.00 Xess: Refund for office space released, . . 1,886.45

Assessment Associate Societies,

Assessment miscellaneous (offices and meetings), .

Telephone returns,

Miscellaneous charges to societies,

U. R S. library book returns,

U. E. S. library returns.

Interest, . . , . .

$11,613.55

26,745.93

8,079.00

3,759.95

2,125.33

53,99

1,275.26

$53,728.47

Expenses.

Operating expenses, gross, .

Reserve fund,

Insurance,

Depreciation on furniture and fixtuies. Balance carried to surplus account.

$38,279.85

5,000.00

9,979.75

$53,728,47

(Signed) Joseph Struthers,

Treaaurer.

Board of Trustees for the Year 1912.

The representatives of the three Founder Societies forming the Board of Trustees for the year 1912 are :

American Society of Mechanical Engineers :

Jesse M. Smith, Alexander C. Humphreys, Fred. J. Miller. American Institute of Mining Engineers :

Joseph Struthers, Theodore Dwight, James F. Kemp. American Institute of Electrical Engineers :

Walter S. Rugg, H. H. Barnes, Jr., Gano Dunn.

The officers of the Board of Trustees for the ensuing year are:

President, Alexander C. Humphreys.

First Vice-President, Gano Dunn.

Second Vice-President, James F. Kemp.

Secretary, F. R. Hutton.

Treasurer, Joseph Struthers.

AnsiMant Treasurer, Theodore Dwight.

American Institute of Mining Engineers.

The Japan Excursion.

A recent letter from Prof. Tsunashiro Wada, representative of the Japanese Reception Committee, gives the following complete list of names of individuals and companies who participated in the recep- tion of the members and guests of the Institute during the excursion in Japan, November, 1911.

General Reception CmnmUtee.

Baron Eiichi Shibusawa,OAatV

man. Tsunashiro Wada, Repreaenta

live. Takuma Dan, Rentaro Hotta, Reiji Kanda, Keisuke Kato,

Local Cmnmittee.

Benzo Katsura, Rokusaburo Kondo, Kiugo Nambu, Kageyoshi Noro, Masayuki Otagawa, Wataru Watanabe, Shigema Yamanouchi.

Kyoto. — Jisaburo Yokobori, Rep- resentative.

Viscount Tadashiro Inouye,

Daikichi Saito,

Toshio Watanabe. Osaka. — Heitaro Fujita, Represen- tative.

Kaichiro Imaizumi,

Yoichi Katsura,

Keijiro Nakamura.

M(i. — Takichi Aso, Representative. Kiushu. — Yoshitaro Watanabe, Representative.

Susumu Hattori,

Kin-ichiro Katayama,

Sokichi Ko,

Naka Matoba,

Chusuke Suehiro. Nikko. — Rokusaburo Kondo, Rep- resentcUive.

Special Traveling Committee.

Tetsutaro Hasegawa,

Reiji Kanda,

Otohiko Matsukata,

Masayuki Otagawa. Patrons. — Chikuho Coal Mining Association,

Baron Densaburo Fujita,

Furukawa Mining Co.,

Hokkaido Colliery and Steam- ship Co., I

Fusanosuke Kuhara, i

Mitsu Bishi Co., '

Mitsui Mining Co., ,

Corporations Interested in

America's Friends Society, ' Association of Mine Owners, Bureau of Mines, ' Chikuho Coal Mining Associa- tion, I Electric Society, j Engineering Society, Furukawa Mining Co.,

Viscount Seikyo Naito, Nippon Oil Co., ToKuzo Shima, Prince Tadashige Shimazu, South Manchuria Railway Co., Sumitomo Firm, Takata & Co., Kiosaku Takeda, Takeuchi Mining Co., Heihachi Tanaka, Ginnosuke Tanaka, Yokohama Mining Depart- ment.

the Reception Committee.

Geological Society,

Hokkaido Colliery and Steam- ship Co.,

Imperial Geological Survey of Japan,

Imperial Railways Association,

Imperial Steel Works,

Industrial Club,

xxvi Monthly Bulletin, No. 63, March, 1912.

Japan Foreign Trade Associa- 1 Okura & Co.,

tion, I Osaka Chamber of Commerce,

Kobe Chamber of Commerce, Osaka Shosen Kaisha,

Kyoto Chamber of Commerce, I South Manchuria Railway Co.,

Mining Institute of Japan, i Sumitomo Firm,

Mitsu Bishi Co., I Takata <fe Co.,

Mitsui Mining Co., Tokyo Chamber of Commerce,

Morimura & Co., Tokyo Geographical Society,

Nippon Electric Association, ' Toyo Risen Kaisha,

Nippon Oil Co., Yokohama Specie Bank. Nippon Yusen Kaisha,

IndividvLals of the Reception Committee,

Jinzo Adachi, Mining Engineer.

Kotojiro Arai, Superintendent of Mining Departnent of Besshi

Copper-Mine. Nagabumi Ariga, Councilor of Mitsui Gomel Kaisha. Eiji Asabuki, Director of Mitsui Bussan Kaisha. Soichiro Asano, President of Ishikari Coal Mining Co. President of Iwaki Coal Mining Co. President of Toyo Kisen Kaisha. Takichi Aso, President of Chikuho Coal Mining Associatiop. Owner of Yoshio and Mameda Collieries. Member of House of Peers. Takuma Dan, Councilor of Mitsui Gomel Kaisha.

Director of Association of Mine Owners. Sadae Eguchi, Manager of Business Department of Mitsu Bishi Co. Jokichi Pujioka, Chief Mechanical Engineer of Miike Coal-Mine. Baron Denzaburo Fujita, President of Ftnita Co. Heitaro Fujita, Vice-President of Fujita Co. Kikusaburo Fukui, Director of Mitsui Bussan Kaisha. Kimitake Furuichi, Member of House of Peers.

Honorary Prof, of Tokyo Imperial University. Toranosuke Furukawa, President of Furukawa Alining Co. Baron Seinosuke Go, President of Iriyama Coal Mining Co. Member of House of Peers. President of Teikoku Shogio Ginko. Riusuku Godai, Representative of Shimazu Mining Department. Viscount Yoshikata Hanabusa, Vice-President of Tokyo Geological

Society. Vice-President of Japan Red Cross Society. Yoshimichi Hara, President of Tokyo Barristers Association. Shinji Harada, Manager of Mining Department of Mitsu Bishi Co. Tetsutaro Haseawa, Engineer of Nikko Copper Works. Heizaemon Hibiya, Vice-President of Tokyo Chamber of Commerce.

President of Fuji Spinning Co. Seijiro Hirai, Vice-President of Imperial Government Railways. Ritaro Hirota, Manager of Takata & Co. Rentaro Hotta, Director of Mining Institute of Japan. Giichi lida, Manap:ing Director of Mitsui Bussan Kaisha. Masashige lioka. Mining Engineer. Kaichiro Imaizumi, Mining Engineer.

Kenji Imanishi, General Manager of Yokohama Specie Bank. Kinosuke Inouye, Director of Imperial Geological Survey of Japan.

Ambrioan Institute of Mining Engineers. xxvii

Viscount Tadashiro Inouye, Prof, of Metallurgy of Kyoto Imperial

University. Nobutaro Inuzuka, Director of South Manchuria Railway Co. Masaharu Isobe, Director of Bureau of Mines. Masakatsu Isobe, General Manager of Business Department of

Takeda Mining Co. Denuyemon Ito, Owner of Muta and Nakazuru Collieries. Kenzo Iwahara, Director of Mitsui Bussan Kaisha. Shoichi Iwanaga, Managing Director of Nippon Yusen Kaisha. Baron Hisaya Iwasaki, President of Mitsu Bishi Co. Baron Koyata Iwasaki, Vice-President of Mitsu Bishi Co. Kotora Jimbo, Prof, of Mineralogy of Tokyo Imperial University.

Director of Mining Institute of Japan. Teiichi Kada, Mining Engineer. Jukuro Kadono, Director of Okura & Co. Eizaburo Kaijima, Director of Kaijima Mining Co. Kenji Kaijima, Chief Engineer of Kaijima Mining Co. Tasuke Kaijima, President of Kaijima Mining Co. Tatsuzo Kamiyama, Engineer of feureau of Mines. Baron Naibu Kanda, Vice-President of America's Friends Society.

President of English Speaking Society.

Member of House of Peers. Reiji Kanda, Mining Engineer. Viscount Kentaro Kaneko, President of America's Friend Society.

Privy Councilor. Washitaro Kasahara, Chief Engineer of Hibira Copper-Mine. Shin-ichi Kano, Inspector of Osaka Mine Inspection OflBce. Keisuke Kato, Director of Mining Institute of Japan. Masayoshi Kato, Vice-President of Nippon Yusen Kaisha. Benzo Katsura, Prof, of Metallurgy of Tokyo Imperial University. Yoiehi Katsura, Director of Fujita Co. Yasushiro Kawai, Manager of Sakito Colliery. Takeshi Kawamura, Mining Engineer of Osaruzawa Copper-Mine. Kazue Kibe, General Manager of Furokura Copper-Mine. Choshichi Kimura, Chief Director of Furukawa Mining Co. Kasuyata Kimura, Manager of General Affairs Department of Mitsu

Bishi Co. Yoji Kimura, General Manager of Kosaka Mine. President of Kosaka Railway Co. Auditor of Kitahama Bank. Junjiro Kobuse, Mining Engineer. Jintaro Kojima, Superintendent of Ashio Copper-Mine. Koroku Komura, Manager of Tanaka's Mining and Metallurgical

Department. Sankichi Komuro, Director of Mitsui Bussan Kaisha. Rokusaburo Kondo, Director of Furukawa Mining Co.

Director of Yokohama Electric Wire Works.

President of Ashio Railroad Co.

Director of Association of Mine Owners. Munio Kubo, Director of Sumitomo Firm.

General Manager of Besshi Copper-Mine. Fusanosuke Kuhara, owner of Hitachi Mine. Masa Kuwabara, owner of Kuwabara Colliery. Sukenobu Maki, Sub-Manager of Sumitomo Besshi Copper-Mine.

xxviii Monthly Bulletin, No. 63, March, 1912.

Tamaki Makita, General Manager of Miike Coal-Mine. Naka Matoba, President of Meiji Higher Technical School. Otohiko Matsukata, Managing Director of Nippon Oil Co. Kenjiro Matsumoto, Vice-President of Meiji Mining Co. Kumpei Mimura, Manager of Banking Department of Mitsii

Bishi Co. Baron Hachiroemon Mitsui, President of Mitsui Gomel Kaisha. Saburosuke Mitsui, President of Mitsui Mining Co. Ichizaemon Morimura, President of Morimura & Co. Yoshibumi Murota, Chairman of Board of Directors of Hokkaido

Colliery & Steamship Co. Kiutaro Nagai, Managing Director of Japan Sulphur Co. Hisahiro Naito, President of Nippon Oil Co. Viscount Seikyo Naito, owner of Hibira Copper-Mine. Kinkichi Nakada, Director of Sumitomo Firm. Manager of Sumitomo Bank. Jeko Nakamura, President of South Manchuria Railway Co. Keijiro Nakamura, Superintendent of Shisaka Smelting Works. Baron Yujiro Nakamura, President of Imperial Steel Works. Hisashi Nakane, Director of Kaijima Mining Co. Tokujiro Nakano, owner of Aida Colliery.

Baron Kumakichi Nakashima, President of Yokohama Electric

Wire Works. Director of Ashio Railroad Co. Kiugo Nambu, General Manager of Mitsu Bishi Co.

Director of Association of Mine Owners. Kaichiro Nezu, Vice-President of Tokyo Chamber of Commerce. Keijiro Nishio, Engineer of Bureau of Mines. Kageyoshi Noro, Director of Mining Institute of Japan. Kwan-ichi Okamoto, Director of Mitsui Mining Co. Kunisuke Okazaki, Director of Furukawa Mining Co.

Auditor of Ashio Railroad Co. Kumema Okura, Director of Okura <fe Co. Michitaro Oshima, Prof, of Metallurgy of Tokyo Imperial University.

Director of Mining Institute of Japan. Rokuro Oshima, Director of Hokkaido Colliery & Steamship Co. Masayuki Otagawa, Manager of Mining and Engineering Depart- ment of Furukawa Mining Co. Director of Ashio Railroad Co. Kahei Otani, President of Yokohama Chamber of Commerce. Hyakuju Ro, Director of Kano Mining Co.

Daikichi Saito, Prof, of Metallurgy of Kyoto Imperial University. Shigetaro Sakikawa, Director of Hasami Gold-Mine. Chotaro Seino, Director of South Manchuria Railway Co. Baron Eiichi Shibusawa, President of Dai Ichi Bank.

President of Tokio Saving Bank. President of Teikoku Gekijo, etc. Tokuzo Shima, Owner of Mochibe Copper-Mine. Prince Tadashiye Shimazu, Ownerof Yamagano and Serigano Gold-

Mines. Seijiro Sho, Manager of Privy Department of Mitsu Bishi Co. Masaya Suzuki, Chief Director of Sumitomo Firm. Chusuke Suehiro, Prof, of Metallurgy of Kiushu Imperial University.

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xxix

Michinari Suenobu, President of Toyokawa Railroad Co., Tomei Fire & Marine Insurance Co., Tokyo Marrine Insurance Co., Director of Meiji Life Insurance Co., Meiji Fire Insurance Co. Tateukichi Suganuma, Vice-President of Nippon Electric Associa- tion, President of Osaka Electric Light Co. Isuzu Sugimoto, Engineer of Bureau of Mines. Baron Kichizaemon Sumitomo, Owner of Sumitomo Firm. Kiichiro Takagi, Manager of Hondo Coal-Mine. Kamakicbi Takata, Vice-President of Takata & Co. Nobujiro Takata, Partner of Takata & Co. Shinzo Takata, President of Takata & Co. Kiosaku Takeda, Owner of Tsubaki Mine.

Director of Kano Mining Co. Korehiko Takeuchi, General Manager of Hitachi Mine. Meitaro Takeuchi, Director of Takeuchi Mining Co. Tsuna Takeuchi, President of Takeuchi Mining Co. Chobei Tanaka, Owner of Kamaishi Iron-Mine, and Kinkaseki

Gold-Mine. Ginnosuke Tanaka, Owner of Kiosei and Tomioka Mines.

Director of Hokkaido Colliery & Steamship Co. Heihachi Tanaka, Owner of Kunitomi Mine. Riuzo Tanaka, Ex-Director of Bureau of Mines. Kingo Tatsuno, Honorary Prof, of Tokyo Imperial University. Kuniichi Tawara, Prof, of Metallurgy of Tokyo Imperial University. Count Masatake Terauchi, Resident-General of Chosen. Nobukichi Toge, Director of Kaijima Mining Co. Shieeyasu Tokunaga, Prof, of Geology of Waseda University. Riohei Toyokawa, General Manager of Mitsu Bishi Co. Kennosuke Tsujimoto, Engineer of Fujita Co. Kyo Uematsu, Sub-Manager of Business Department of Mitsu

Bishi Co. Shumpei Uemura, Mayor of Osaka City.

Tsuruta Uno, Managing Director of Hokkaido Colliery & Steam- ship Co. Tsunashiro Wada, Honorary Member of American Institute of Mining Engineers, Representative of Association of Mine Owners, Ex-President of Imperial Steel Works, Ex- Director of Bureau of Mines, Ex-Prof, of Mineralogy of Tokyo Imperial University. Tosbio Watanabe, Prof, of Mining and Metallurgy of Kyoto Im- perial University. Wataru Watanabe, Dean and Prof, of Engineering College of Tokyo Imperial University, President of Mining Institute of Japan. Yoshitaro Watanabe, Prof, of Metallurgy of Kiushu Imperial Uni- versity. Naoya Yamada, Managing Director of Mitsui Mining Co. Eigo Yamawa, Director of Iriyama Coal Mining Co. Kisaburo lamaguchi, Assistant Manager of Mining and Engineer- ing Department of Furukawa Mining Co. Jotaro Yamamoto, Director of Mitsui Bussan Kaisha. Shigema Yamanouchi, Sub-Manager, Superintendent of Mining

Department of Takata & Co. Naokata Yamasaki, Secretary of Tokyo Geological Society.

XXX Monthly Bulletin, No. 68, March, 1912.

Minokichi Yanagiya, Manager of Takata & Co. Keiichiro Yasnkawa, President of Meiji Mining Co. Jisaburo Yokobori, Prof, of Metallurgy of Kyoto Imperial University Akira Yokoyama, Director of Yokoyama Mining Department. Kiutaro Yokoyama, General Manager of Kamaishi Iron-Mines. Manji Yoshimura, Mining Inspector of Tokyo Mine Inspection Office.

The New York Section.

The New York Section of the American Institute of Mining En- gineers will hold a meeting at the Engineering Societies Building, 29 West 39th Street, New York, on Tuesday, March 26, 1912, at 8.15 p. m., at which Prof. James P. Kemp will present an illustrated lecture on Iron-Mines in Swedish Lapland.

The technical session will adjourn at 10 o'clock, after which a smoker will be held in the Institute offices on the ninth floor of the building. Light refreshments will be served.

The April meeting of the Section will be held on Friday, April 12, 1912, at which Dr. Carleton Ellis will deliver an illustrated lec- ture on Flameless Combustion. This new process has been de- veloped by Dr. William A. Bone, in Enriana. and is attracting a great deal of attention in the metallurgical flela. It seems probable it will have a revolutionary effect on some furnace operations.

Benjamin B. Lawrence, Chairman. Bradley Stoughton, Secretary, 165 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Back Volumes of the Transactions.

The Board of Directors has authorized the following offers of sets of back volumes of the Transactions, at considerably reduced prices, to Members, Libraries, and Scientific Societies :

Per Set.

I. Five volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 36 (1906)

to No. 40 (1910), $20

II. Ten volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 31 ( 1902)

to No. 40 (1910), including Mexican Volume, . . 35

III. Twenty volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 21

(1893) to No. 40 (1910), 50

IV. Thirty volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No, 11

(1883) to No. 40(1910), 60

V. Thirty-nine volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 1 (1873) to No. 40 a910), with the exception of No. 10 (1882), but including index for Volumes Nos. 1 to 35,

and Nos. 36 to 40, 75

VI. Nine volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 1 (1873)

to No. 9 (1881), 26

Applications should be addressed to Joseph Struthers, Secretary, 29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y.

Ambrican Institute of Mining Engineers. xxxi

Special Notice.

The Bulletin is now entered at the Post OflBce at Second-Class Postage rate of one cent per pound, and in order to preserve this privilege it will be necessary that the dues of memoers be paid within four months of Jan. 1, 1912. If the dues are not paid within the period mentioned, a member's name must be removed from the regular subscription-list and the Bulletin mailed at the transient second-class postage rate of one cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof, prepaid by stamps affixed. It is therefore earnestly re- quested that dues be paid promptly — otherwise the Institute will be put to additional expense of postage and to added labor in re- moving and replacing names from the regular list, and in maintain- ing an additional separate mailing-list

Library Research- Work.

The attention of members of the Institute is again directed to the research-work done by the librarian and his assistants, which should attract special attention from those members who have no access to the literature of subjects in which they may be interested.

During the year 1911 there were 143 searches made for members and non-members of the Founder Societies, and copies of the ref- erences have been preserved for the use of others. This work has been largely based on requests sent in by mail, from Japan, South Africa, Mexico, Canada, and England, as well as from different parts of the United States. The Librarian is confident that if it were more widely known that the library is equipped to undertake re- searches, the demand would increase beyond the ability of the present force to handle it. The library receives more than 700 tech- nical periodicals which are available through the indexes for this special purpose.

The following searches were completed in the Library during the month of February, 1912:

Adirondack gold-sands. ' Grinding.

Boiler and steam-engine — books since ! Heat-insulation in building material.

Brick-burning bv the use of crude oil. Buildings — vibration in buildings.

Heating— central station heating. Herringbone gears. Lifting-magnets.

Current — alternating vs. direct current . Mines at Santa Barbara, Chihuahua.

systems. ' Oil-flotation— Eucalyptus process ; Ever-

Earth-temperatures. son process.

Electricity on the farm. i Oil gas-producers.

Engineers — licenses of engineers.

Engineering societies — Icing foreign

electrical engineering society addi Engineering ethics.

Oil-separation from condensed steam. Pattern-storage systems. Platinum and eold separation. Plows, operated by electricity.

Fuel — liquid vs. coal fuel. ; Profit-sharing.

Gas-engine — books since 1906. Pumping-costs, operation, maintenance.

Gas-flow through pipes with small diam- Railways — elevated railways in Manhat- eters and through small orifices. tan ; their history.

Gas-producers — books since 1906. Gas-producers — Lowe system. Gearing.

Gold-bullion and platinum refining and Steam -regeneration. Reparation. ' Street-cleaning systems.

Springs — light springs.

Spring motors.

Steam-engines — books since 1906.

xxxii Monthly "Bulletin, No. 68, March, 1912.

Street-sprinkling methods, water quan- tity, costs.

Sulphur-mines in Mexico.

Tesla's experiments in high frequency.

Ties— concrete railway-ties ; metal rail- way-ties.

Trackless trolleys.

Turbines — steam-turbine — books sin

Water-purification for industrial uses. Welding.

Welding — electric welding. iring — electric-wiring lxK)ks.

Local Sections.

The following regulations for the establishment of Local Sections of the Institute, issued in circular form and distributed to the mem- bership May 26, 1911, are here republished for more convenient reference.

Regulations for the Formation and Conduct of Local Sections. (Adopted May 19, 1911.)

1. A Local Section of the Institute may be authorized by the Council at the written request of ten members residing within an appropriate distance of a central point.

2. Only one Section shall be authorized in one locality or district.

3. The Council shall define the territory of a Section.

4. A Section must consist of twenty-five or more members ; when its membership falls below twenty-five in number the Council may annul the Section.

5. Only members of the Institute shall be members of its Local Sections.

6. All members of the Institute, of all grades, residing within the territory of a Section shall ipso facto constitute the membership of such Section.

7. The officers of a Section shall be elected after the formation of the Section has been duly authorized, at a meeting of the members of the Institute within the territory of said Section, called by the spon- sors of the Section, notice of said meeting and its object being given to said members at least thirty days in advance. Officers shall be elected for a term not longer tiian one year.

8. The officers of a Local Section shall be a Chairman, Vice- Chairman, Secretary, Treasurer (or Secretary-Treasurer), and such others as the Section may desire.

9. Whenever the Institute is financially able to do so, it shall be the policy of its Board of Directors to contribute from its funds for the legitimate running expenses of each Local Section an amount not exceeding, in each year, 25 per cent, of the dues received from the members of said Section in said year. Requests for such appro- priations shall be signed by the Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer of the Section.

10. If the expenses of a Section exceed the appropriation made it by the Institute, the difference must be made up by voluntary con- tributions, but not by assessment upon the members of said Section. The Institute shall not be responsible for the debts of its Sections.

11. The Institute reserves the right to cancel a Section, or re-ad- just its territory.

American Instituts of Mining Engineers, xxxiii

12. Papers presented at Local Sections, and discussions thereon if reported, are the property of the Institute. They shall be sub- mitted to the Publication Committee and published in the Bulletin or Tranmctions, or both, if approved. Such papers shall not be pub- lished elsewhere without permission of the Council. The reading of a paper before a Local Section shall not carry with it the right of publication in the Bulletin or Transactions of the Institute.

13. Neither the author of a paper presented to a Local Section nor the Local Section shall have the right to reprint a paper or pub- lish it in advance of the meeting without obtaining the permission of the Publication Committee of the Institute, which shall deter- mine the details of such permission. Nothing herein shall forbid the abstracting of a paper by the press after its presentation before the Ix)cal Section.

14. The Institute shall print advance copies of papers offered to Local Sections, in order to facilitate discussion thereon, provided that such papers are approved for such advance publication by the Chairman or Secretary of the Local Section and by the Publication Committee of the Institute.

15. Papers read before a Local Section may also be ofiFered for reading or discussion at general meetings of the Institute, and shall be given equal standing with the other papers on the program of said meeting, when approved by the Publication Committee.

16. Each Local Section shall transmit promptly to the Secretary of the Institute full announcements of its proposed meetings and an abstract of its proceedings, including the names of authors and titles of all papers read before it, for the purpose of preparing a report thereon to be published in the Bulletin of the Institute, and for the purpose of enabling the Council of the Institute to comply with articles 17 and 19 of tnese regulations.

17. The By-Laws and regulations of Local Sections shall be sub- ject to the approval of the Council.

18. The Council reserves the right to amend, annul, or add to these regulations.

19. No action shall be taken by a Section which shall contravene the Constitution of this Institute.

The Emmons Research Fellowship of Economic

Geology.

The Committee named below has been formed by friends of Samuel Franklin Emmons, late of the United States Geological Survey, to consider the best method of perpetuating his name. It has been decided that the memorial to him shall take the shape of a Research Fellowship, to be known as the Samuel Franklin Emmons Research Fellowship of Economic Geology, which is to be administered bv Prof. James F. Kemp, of Columbia University, New York. Subscriptions are invited oy his friends to this fund, which the Committee has fixed at $25,000.

xxxiv Monthly Bulletin, No. 68, March, 1912.

Members of the Institute who desire to contribute to this fund will please communicate with the Treasurer, Benjamin B. Lawrence, 60 W all Street, New York.

The Committee consists of the following :

George Otis Smith, Director, U. S. Geological Survey, Wash- ington, D. C.

H. L. Smyth, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

James Douglas, 99 John Street, New York, N. Y.

J. A. Holmes, Director, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.

James F. Kemp, Columbia University, New York, N. Y.

F. W. Bradley, San Francisco, Cal.

J. Parke Channing, 42 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Seeley W. Mudd, 1001 Central Building, Los Angeles, Cal.

D. W. Brunton, Denver, Colt).

H. Foster Bain, 420 Market Street, San Francisco, Cal.

T. A. Rickard, London, England.

B. B. Lawrence, 60 Wall Street, New York, N. Y.

Regulations for the Comihittee on Publication.

(Adopted June 16, 1911.)

1. The formation of a Publication Committee, consisting of the Secretary-Editor of the Institute, Chairman, and of at least twelve specialists, members of the Institute, who are willing to assist in passing on all papers offered for publication.

2. This committee shall perform its functions as follows :

(a) On the receipt of a paper by the Secretary, he shall send it to the member of this committee who, in his judgment, is most competent to pass upon it, accompanying the paper with his own opinion of its suitableness for publication, the history of the paper, and any other pertinent information.

(6) If the member of the committee and the Chairman agree upon the suitability or unsuitability of the paper, it shall be con- sidered accepted for publication or rejected, as the case may be.

(c) If these two do not agree, the paper shall be submitted to a third, and the opinion of two of these three shall decide the matter.

(d) If a paper has been refused publication, the author may have the right of appeal, in which case the persons previously passing on the paper, together with others of the committee (appointed by the President) making five altogether, shall decide the question.

(e) If a paper has been accepted for publication, it shall be con- sidered eligible to be placed on the program of a meeting.

3. The placing of a paper upon tne program of a meeting does not give it the right to be published in the Bulletin or Transactions of the Institute ; its suitability for publication must in every case be passed upon by the Publication Committee, as provided for in Section 2.

4. In case the Secretary is unable to secure a decision as to the suitability or unsuitability of a paper for publication, as directed in Section 2, before the time of announcing the program of a meet- ing, he may at his own discretion place the paper upon the program of the meeting, or refuse it a place thereon.

American Institute of Mining Engineers.

Affiliated Student Societies.

Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geol- ogy, etc., may be recognized by the Council in its discretion as an Amliated Student Society. A circular giving details of the plan of affiliation may be obtained on application to the office of the Sec- retary of the Institute.

The following societies have been placed by authority of the Council on the above list :

Affiliated Student Sogietiss.

The MiniDg Society of the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. President, Karl C. StadtmUler ; Secretary, S. B. Gordy.

The University of Illinois Student Branch of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Champaign, 111. President Leonard V. Newton ; Secretary, L. W. Swett

The Engineering Society of the University of Nevada, Beno, Nev. PresiderUf Walter Harris ; Secretary, £. B. Bennett

The University of Wisconsin Mining Cluh, Madison, Wis. President, H. £. Schmidt; Secretary, W. V. Bickelhanpt.

The Mining and Greological Society of Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. President, William R Fairhurst ; Secretary, Carl W. Mitman.

The School of Mines Society of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. ' President, Emory P. Baker.

The Mining Engineering Society of the Maasachusetts Institute of Technology. President, L. B. Duke ; Secretary, Lionel H. Lehmaier.

The Student Auxiliary Society of the American Institute of Mining Engineers of the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. President, A. H. Mangeisdorf ; Secretary, C. J. Hainbach.

The Associated Miners of the Universi of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. President, James W. Gwinn ; Secretary, J. Wallace Strohecker.

The State College of Washington Mining and Geological Society, Pullman, Wash. PreaiderUyH., E. Doelle; Secretary, B. R. Kinney.

The Tejas Technical Society, School of Mines, University of Texas. iVem- deni, G. C. Cartwright ; Secretary, David S. Alley.

The Ohio State University Student Branch of the American Institute of Mining ikigineeiB, Columbus, Ohio. President, Hugh B. Lee ; Secretary, E. P. Elliott.

The Stanford Geology and Mining Society, Stanford University, Gal. President, R E. Parsons ; Secretary, K D. Nolan.

The Senior Mining Society of Columbia University, New York, N. Y. President, Boger L. Strobel ; Secretary, Clark G. Mitchell.

Mining Association of the University of California, Berkeley, Cal. JFVen- dent, W. R De Berry ; Secretary, J. R Dodge.

Tufts College Chemical Society, Tufts College, Mass. President, P. G. Savage ; Secretary, W. S. Frost.

University of Washington Mining Society, Seattle, Wash. President, Horace H. Crary ; Secretary, Clinton B. Lewis.

Student Branch of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. President, M. B. Hadley ; Secretary, B. L. Hurst.

Missouri Mining Association of the Missouri School of Mines, BoUa, Mo. President, D. L. Forrester ; Secretary, J. S. Irwin.

The Pick and Shovel Club of the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio. President, L. B. Biddle ; Secretary, S. C. Stillwagon.

Colorado School of Mines Scientific Society, Golden, Colo. President, Alan Kissock ; Secretary, George Wilfley.

xxxvi Monthly Bulletin, No. 68, March, 1912.

Library.

American Institute of Electrical Engineers. American Society op Mechanical Engineers. American Institute of Mining Engineers. United Engineering Society.

WnxiAM P. Cutter, Librarian.

The libraries of the above-named Societies are open from 9 a.m. to 9 P.M. on all week-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. during July and August.

The Library contains about 42,000 volumes, including sets of tech- nical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies.

The members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are by the very nature of their profession forced to spend a large portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To such members the Library can render valuable service through cor- respondence, and letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects ; to determine, if possible, the existence of mining-maps, and to furnish general in- formation as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries as far as these resources are known and published.

It is hoped that the members of the Institute will avail them- selves freely of this special service. The Library will welcome in- quiries on engineering subjects, and furnish information as far as such information is to be obtained.

All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. In this way the time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and as a result the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Tne members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining-reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classined, indexed, and made avail- able to other members.

Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assur- ance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

American Institute of Mining Enoineers. xxxvii

Library Accessions.

Feb. 1 to Feb. 29, 1912.

[Copies of the list of additions to the Libraries of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers can be obtained on application to the Secretary of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.]

American Museum op Natural History. Bulletin. Vol. 30, 1911. New

York, 1911. (Exchange.) American Society for Testing Materials. Proceedings of 14th Annual

Meeting. Vol. XL Philadelphia, 1911. (Exchange.) Ankuaire Uniyersel des Mines et de la Metalluroie. Ed. 3. By

Robert Pitaval. Paris, 1911. (Purchase.) Asphalt Pavements. By M. S. Darrow. (Beprinted from Cornell QivU Enr

ffineer, Oct., 1911.) Ithaca, 1911. (Gift of Author. ) Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers. Transactions. Vol. 15,

partl-II. Melbourne, 1911. (Exchange.) Berg und HtJiTENMAENNiscHE Zeitung. Vols. Sl-29. Freiberg, 1862-1870.

(Gift of George W. Maynard.) Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac, 1912. Brooklyn, 1912. (Purchase.) Calcites of New York. (New York Stat Museum. Memoir No. 13.) By

H. P. Whitlock. Albany, 1910. (Exchange.) Cambria Steel. A Handbook of Information Belating to Structural Steel

Manufactured by the Cambria Steel Co. By G. R Thackray. Johnstown,

1909. (Gift of Author.)

Cements, Limes and Plasters. Their Materials, Manufacture and Properties.

By E. C. Eckel. New York, 1909. (Purchase.) Champs D*Or Rigaud Vaudreuil, I/td. Brief History of. ' Montreal, n. d.

(Gift of T. E. Helmick. ) Chemical News. Vols. 7-20, 22. London, 1863-1870. (Gift of George W.

Maynard. ) Chemische Technologie der Neuzeit. Vol. I. By Gtto Dammer. Stuttgart,

1910. (Purchase.)

Chispas Cyanide Plant, Arizpe, Sonora, Mexico. By E. L. Dufourcq.

(Reprinted from School of Mines Quarterly, Nov. ,1911.) (Gift of Author. ) Composition of Texas Coals and Lignites and the Use of Producer

Gas in Texas. By Wm. B. Phillips. (University of Texas. Bulletin,

Scientific Ser., No. 19.) Austin, 1911. (Exchange.) Cornell Civil Engineering. Class of 1911. Ithaca, n. d. (Gift of Cornell

University. ) I>BBCRipnvE Mineralogy with Especial Beference to the Occurrences

AND Uses of Minerals. By E. H. Kraus. Ann Arbor, 1911. (Pur- chase.) Dredge and Dredging. By Charles Prelini. New York, Van Nostrand, 1911.

(Purchase. ) Engineering as a Vocation By Ernest McCullough. New York, David

Williams Co., 1911. Price, $1. (Gift of Publisher.)

[Note. — The author of this book is a civil engineer of standing, and member of manv engineering societies. The book itself is a rearrangement and amplification of addresses delivered by him before technical audiences ; and it is published ''for the information of parents, in order that they may act wisely in selecting a career for their sons.'' Tne way in which parents decide this question, or let it decide itself, without adeauate knowledge or appropriate inquiry on their part, is no- torious ; and yet tney ave scarcely to be blamed if, standing helpless before the complicated novelties of modem technical education and modem professional and commercial demands, they leave largely to chance, or to the boy himself, the solu- tion of a problem which they do not dare to attack. To such dazed minds, and

xxxviii Monthly Bulletin, No. 68, March, 1912.

also to the minds of educators and practitioners — even to the mind of the boj himself— the shrewd practical suggestions of Mr. McCullough should be most valuable. He treats, in successive chapters: The Engineer; the Work of the Engineer ; the Education of the Engineer ; Home Studj-CourBes ; How to Hunt and Hold a Job ; and Does it Pay to Studj Engineering? And not the least valuable part of the book is the Appendix, which contains the views and sugges- tions of several editors of engineering journals. — B. W. R.]

Engineering Index, 1911. New York- London, 1912. (Purchase.) English-Hungabian Dictionary. 2 pts. By Franz de Paula Bizonfy. N. p.,

n. d. (Purchase.) Fabrication du Ciment. By J. Fritsch. Paris, 1911. (Purchase.)

GEMEINFASSIilCHE DaBSTELLUNG DES ElSENHtTTENWESENfl. Ed. 7. Her-

ausgegeben vom Verein deutscher Eisenhuttenleute in Diisseldorf. Dussel-

dorf, 1910. (Purchase.) Gboix)gy for Engineers. By R. F. Sorsbie. London-Philadelphia, 1911.

(Purchase.) Geology op the Coastal Plain of Georgia, Preliminary Report on.

(Bulletin No. 26, Georgia Geological Survey.) Atlanta, 1911. (Exchange.) GoLDFiELD Consolidated 'Mines Co. Annual Report, 5th, 1911. Goldfield,

1911. (Gift of Company.) History of the Precious Metals from the Earlust Time to the

Present. Ed. 2. By Alex. Del Mar. New York, Cambridge Encyclopedia

Co., 1902.

This is the second edition of a work i)ublished in 1880 in London, and which has been looked at as the great authority on the early history of the precious metals in the world. Two features in Mr. Del Mar's book appeal to the bibliog- rapher : the first is that he prefixes a complete bibliography of the subject to his book, giving not only the titles of the works referred to but the press marks of the British Museum, and second, almost every page is covered with elaborate foot- notes giving in perfect form references to all of the authorities backing the state- ments made. When we consider that there is in addition a most complete index, the book has nothing left to criticise from the librarian's stand-point It is prob- ably the only compilation relating to the subject, and should be, I suppose, in the library of almost any mining engineer. — W. P. C.

Illinois. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Industrial Opportunities. Spring- field, 191 1. (Gift of Bureau of Labor Sutistics. )

Illinois State Mining Board. Annual Coal Report, 30th, 1911. Spring- field, 1912. (Gift of Illinois State Mining Board. )

Industrial Depressions. Their Causes Analyzed and Classified, with a Prac- tical Remedy for Such as Result from Industrial Derangements or from the Barometer of Trade. By G. H. Hull. New York, 1911. (Gift of Charles Kirchhoff.)

Institute of Metaia. Journal. VoL VL London, 1911. (Exchange.)

Introduction k la Metallooraphie Microscopique. By P. Goerens. Paris, 1911. (Purchase.)

Investigations of Explosives Used in Coal Mines. (Bulletin No. 15, U.S. Bureau of Mines. ) Washington, 1912. (Exchange.)

Investigations of Fuse and Miners' Squibs. (Technical Paper No. 7, U. S. Bureau of Mines.) Washington, 1912. (Exchange.)

Iron and Steel Institute. Journal. VoL 84 (No. II, 1911.) London, 1911* (Exchange.)

E(NiGLicH Prbussischen Geologischen Landbsanstalt zu Berlin. Jahrbuch. Vol. 30, 1909, pt. 1. Vol. 32, 1911, pt 1-2. BerUn, 1909, 1911. (Exchange.)

Lead Smelting. The Construction, Equipment, and Operation of Lead Blast Furnaces. By M. W. lies. New York, 1904. (Purchase.)

Literatur der Sulpit Ablauge. By W. H. M. Miiller. Berlin, 1911. (Purchase. )

American Institute of Mining Engineers, xxxix

Metal Industry Dirkctoby, 1912. New York, 1912. (Gift of Metal In-

dastry PabllBhing Co. ) Metallurgy op the Common Metals. Gold, Silver, Iron, Copper, Lead,

and Zinc Ed. 3. By L. S. Austin. San Francisco, 1911. (Purchase.) Mineral Resources op the United States, 1910. Part I — Metals. Wash- ington. 1911. (Exchange.) Mineral Rbsourcis op Texas. (Bulletin No. 14, Texas Department of

Agriculture.) Austin, 1910. (Exchange.) Mining Industry op Idaho. Annual Report, 13th, 1911. Boise, 1912. (Gift

of State Inspector of Mines of Idaho.) New York Academy op Sciences and Apfiliated Societies Directory.

January, 1912. New York. 1912. (Exchange.) Official Directory op Mines and Estates op Mexico. Vol. XI, 1910.

Mexico, 1910. (Purchase.) Potash Bearing Rocks op the Leucite Hillb, Sweetwater County, Wy- oming. (Bulletin No. 612, U. S. Geological Survey.) Washington, 1912.

(Exchange.) Production of Spelter in the United States, 1911. Washington, 1912.

( Exchange. ) Quebec. Bureau op Mines. Glogie du Canton de Fabre Comt de Pontiac.

Quebec, 1911. (Gift.) Quebec. Department op Colonization, Mines and Fisheries. Renort on

the Glogy and Mineral Resources of the Chibougamau Region, Quebec.

Quebec, 1911. (Gift) Rate op Burning op Fuse as Influenced by Temperature and Pressure.

(Technical Paper No. 6, U. S. Bureau of Mines.) Washington, 1912. (Ex- change. ) Sitka Mining District, Alaska. (Bulletin No. 504, U. S. Geological Survey.)

Washington, 1912. (Exchange.) On Sinhalese Iron and Steel op Ancient Origin. By Sir Robt Hadfield.

{From Proceedings of the Royal Society, A, vol. 86, 1912.) N. p., n. d. (Gift

of Author. ) Statistisk Aarbok FOR Kongbriket Norge. 31 Aargang, 1911. Eristiania,

1912. (Gift of Norway Statistiske Centralbyraa. ) Stevens Institute op Technology. Annual Catalogue, 1912-1913. Hoboken,

1912. ( Gift of Stevens Institute. ) Tribune Almanac, 1912. New York, 1912. (Purchase.) U. S. Census Bureau. (Special Reports.) Manufactures, 1905. Pt. I, Wash- ington, 1907. (Exchange.)

Mines and Quarries, 1902. Washington, 1905. (Exchange.)

Abstract of the 12th Census, 1900. Ed. 3. Washington, 1904. (Ex- change. ) U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Report of the Superintendent Showing the

Progress of the Work from July 1, 1910, to June 30, 191 1. Washington, 1912.

(Exchange.) U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Results of Magnetic Observations made by

the Coast and Geodetic Survey between July 1, 1910, and June 30, 1911.

Washington, 1912. (Exchange.) United States National Museum. Bulletin Nob. 50, 77. Washington, 1911.

(Exchange.) Contributions from the National Herbarium, vol. 13, pt. 12. Washington,

1912. (Exchange.) University of Texas. Bulletin. Scientific Ser. No. 19. July, 1911. Austin,

1911. (Exchange. ) Untersuchungsbcethoden des Eisens und Stahi. By A. Riidisiile. Berlin,

1910. (Purchase.) Vein Formation at Cobalt, Ontario. By J. B. Tyrrell, Toronto, 1911.

(Reprinted from CaiMdian Mining Jounudj Aug., 1907.) (Gift of Author.)

xl MoNTQLY Bulletin, No. 63, March, 1912.

West Australian Mining Practice. By E. D. Cleland. Kalgoorlie, 1911.

World Almanac, 191 2. New York, 19 1 2. (Purchase.)

Trade Catalogues. Hazard Mfg. Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

Wire rope insulated wires. 96 pages.

Insulated wires and cables. 156 pages. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.

Bulletin No. 4904. Small plant A. C. switchboards. 7 pages.

Bulletin No. 4917. Direct current exciter panels. 8 pages.

Bulletin No. 4918. Direct current switchboards. 14 pages.

Bulletin No. 4919. Small plant D. C. switchboards. 4 pages. Ingersoll-Band Co., New York, N. Y. "Arc Valve" tappet rock drills.

16 pages.

United Engineering Society Library.

Gift of Engineering News.

American Water Works Association. Constitution, By-Laws, together with

Proceedings of ]st-6th Annual Sessions. Minneapolis, 1887. Beport of Committee on a Uniform Scheme of Accounts and Reports for

Water Supply Enterprises. 30th Annual Convention. New Orleans, 1910. Andrade, J. Chronometric. Paris, 1908. Andree, W. L. Die Statik des Kranhaues. Miinchen, 1908. Andrews, H. B. Design of Keinforced Concrete Slabs, Beams and Columns.

Boston, 1909. Appleton's Cyclopaedia op Applied Mechanics. Vols. 1-2. New York,

Architects' Directory and Specification Index, 1909. New York, 1909. Arthur, William. New Building Estimator. New York, 1910. Association of Railway Superintendents op Bridges and BuiLDiNGa

Report of Commissioner on Waterproofing of Concrete Covered Steel Floors

of Bridges. Chicago, 1908. Atcherley, L W. Some Disregarded Points in the Stability of Masonry Dams.

London, 1904. (Drapers' Company Research Memoirs, Technical Ser. II.) Bach, C. Elasticitat und Festigkeit. Ed. 3. Berlin, 1898. Bale, M. P. Gas and Oil Engine Management. Philadelphia, 1903. Bbauverie, J. Le Bois. Paris, 1905.

Benjamin, Park. Intellectual Rise in Electricity. New York, 1895. Bergh, L. de C. Safe Building Construction. New York, 1908. Bethlehem Steel Co. Special Structural Shapes for Buildings and Bridget

South Bethlehem, 1907. Black, Adolph. Hydraulic Formulse : Development and Discussion. (Re- print from School of Mines Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 4.) Blaine, R. G. Hydraulic Machinery. London, 1897. Boston Sewerage Commission. Report 1876-1884. Boston, 1876. Bowers, A. L. Vitrified Salt Glazed Pipe vs. Concrete Pipe. N. p., 1908. Brown, J. M. Lectures on the Statutory Provisions Relating to Government

Contracts. Baltimore, 1908. Cain, William. Practical Designing of Retaining Walls. New York, 1888. Chatley, Herbert. Force of the Wind. London, 1909.

Problem of Flight London, 1907.

CocQ, G. L. LE. Ponts Suspendus. Vol. 2. Paris, 1911.

Collins, H. E. Shaft Governors Centrifugal and Inertia. New York, 1908.

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xli

CoRDiER, £. Turbines k Vapeur. Paris, 1911.

Crandall, C. L. Tables for the Computation of Railway and Other Earthwork. Ed. 2. New York, 1893.

Cbusbard. L. Exploitation des Mines. Paris, 1911.

CuBiTT, Horace. Building in London. London, 1911.

Dodge, G. F. Diagrams for Designing Reinforced Concrete Structures. New York, 1910.

Drosne, p. Machines Marines. Paris, 1910.

Ells, R. W. Oil Fields of Eastern Canada. (From Proceedings Nova Scotian InstihiU of Science, Vol. 11, pt 4.) Halifax, 1908.

Ferry, E. S. Brief Course in Elementary Dynamics for Students of Engineer- ing. New York, 1908.

Fidler, T. C. Calculations in Hydraulic Engineering. Pt. I. New York,

Fletcher, Robert. Disposal of Household Wastes at Summer Resorts, En- campments and Farm Houses. Concord, 1905.

Franklin, W. S., and Macnutt, B. Elements of Mechanics. New York,

Fbizell, J. P. Water Power. New York, 1901.

Georgian Bay Ship Canal Survey. Plates 1-56 to Accompany Report, 1908.

GiLBRETH, F. B. Practical Talks on Contracting. Chicago, 1910.

GoLDiNGHAM, A. H. Design and Construction of Oil Engines. - New York,

Gould, K S. High Masonry Dams. New York, 1897.

Practical Hydraulic Formulae for the Distribution of Water Through

Long Pipes. New York, 1894.

Gray, F. J. Computation of Area. London, 1909.

Guifpart, a. Travaux Maritimes. Paris, 1911.

Helical Gears: A Practical Treatise. New York, 1894.

Henley's Encyclopedia of Practical Engineering. Vols. 3-4. New York, 1907-1908.

Howe, George. Mathematics for the Practical Man. New York, 1911.

Hughes, D. E., and Otto Von Geldern. Determination of the Plane of Ordinary High Tide for Pacific Coast Harbors, with Particular Reference to San Diego Harbor, Cal. Discussion. (Reprinted from Journal of the Asso- ciation of Engineering Societies, Vol. 44. ) N. p., n. d.

Illustrated Technical Dictionary in Six Languages. By K. Deinhardt and A. Schlomann. Vols. I, II, IV, V, VI. New York, 1906, 1908, 1909.

Jacob, Arthur. Designing and Construction of Storage Reservoirs. New York, 1873.

Jeans, J. S. American Industrial Conditions and Competition. London, 1902. (Reports of British Iron Trade Commissioners. )

Kennedy, Rankin. Principles of Aeroplane Construction. New York, 1911.

Kkrnot, W. C. Some Common Errors in Iron Bridge Design. Ed. 2. Mel- bourne, 1906.

Le Chatelier, M. H. Recherches Experimentales sur la Constitution des Mortiers Hjdraaliques. Paris, 1904.

Lenn, H. R. Power Plant Design for Gas Power. N. p., n. d.

Lordly, H. R. Subaqueous Concrete Work. (Paper Read before Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, Mar. 17, 1910.) N. p., n. d.

Meade, R K. Portland Cement Easton, 1906.

Mechanical World Pocket Diary and Year Book, 1906. Manchester, n. d.

MERCHAms' Association op New York. House Fly at the Bar Indictment- Guilty or Not Guilty. April, 1909. N. p., n. d.

Metcalfe, Henry. Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery. Ed. 2. New York, 1891.

xlii Monthly Bulletin, No. 63, March, 1912.

Morrison, C. £., and Brodie, O. L. High Masonry Dam Design. New York, 1910.

National Association of Master Sheet Metal Workers of the United States. Tin Roofer's Handbook. Philadelphia, n. d.

New York (Citt) Department of Bridges. Contract Drawings, Manhattan Bridge. 1906.

NiOTAN, E. Etude sur les Pistolets Automatiques. N. p., 1910.

Normandy, Frank. Practical Manual on Sea Water Distillation. London,

North River Bridge at New York . 1895.

NoRWELL, Alexander. Elementary Applied Mechanics. New York-London,

OwEKS, J. S., AND Case, G. O. Coast Erosion and Foreshore Protection. London, 1908.

Palmedo, D. P. How to Use Slide Rules. New York, 1907.

Ed. 2. New York, 1909.

Parham, E. C, and Shedd, J. C. Miscellaneous Tests of Electric Car Equip- ment. New York, 1910.

PsrriT, R. Le Constructeur de Petits Aeroplanes. Paris, n. d.

Pocket Dictconart op Technical Terms Used in Arts and Manufac- tures. Part 3. French-German-English. New York, 1872.

Providence (R. I.) City Engineer's Office. Proposed Plan for a Sewerage System.* Providence, 1884.

Radiguer, Charles. La Navigation Sous-Marine. Parisy 1911.

Rankine, W. J. M. Manual of Applied Mechanics. Ed. 5. London, 1869.

Roechling, H. a. Passage of Excreta Through House Drains. (From Journal of Royal Samiary InsixtuU, July, 1909.) London, 1909.

Siebf.rt, J. S., AND Biggin, F. C. Modem Stone Cutting and Masonry. New York, 1896.

SiMiN, O. Water Hammer. N. p., n. d.

Slocum, S. E. General Formula for the Shearing Deflection of Beams of Arbi- trary Cross Section, Either Variable or Constant. (From Franklin IntitUuU Journal, April, 1911.)

Synnestvedt, Paul. Evolution of the Air Brake. New York, 1896.

Trautwine, J. C. New Method of Calculating the Cubic Contents of Excava- tions and Embankments. Ed. 3. Philadelphia, 1869.

Trenton Iron Company. Wire Rope Transportation in all Its Branches. Trenton, 1896.

Twelvetrees, W. H. Concrete Steel Building. London-New York, 1907.

U. S. Engineer. Department of the District of Columbia. Annual Report of the Operations. 1882-1884. Washington, 1882.

Voith, J. M. Turbinen versuchsstationen und die Wasserkraft Zentralen mit Hydraulischer Akkumulierungsanlage. Berlin, 1909.

White, Fr. Manual for Business Corporations. Ed. 4. Albany, 1901.

Wilcox, Lute. Irrigation Farming. New York, 1895.

Wood, R. W. Physical Optics. New York, 1911.

Trade Catalogues.

Simplex Construction Co., New York, N. Y. Simplex system of concrete piling. 96 pages.

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xliii

Membership.

New Members. The following list comprises the names of those persons elected as members who accepted election during the month of February,

Members,

Bellinger, Hermann C, Met., Great Cobar, Ltd., Cobar, N. S. W., Australia.

Bennett, Artiidr F., Cons. Min. Enr 2 Bector 8t., New York, N. Y.

Gmehlino, Andreas, Prof, of Met, The University, Santiago,

Chile, So. America. McIntybe, John E., Mio. Engr., Supt, San Antonio Copper Co., S. A.,

San Antonio de la Huerta, Son., Mexico.

Macfee, Robert, Met Caucasus Copper Co., Ltd., Batum, So. Russia.

Mattievich, Emerio, Min. Engr., Mng. Partner, F. A. Mattievich & Co.,

Batum, Caucasus, Russia.

Mebrill, F. J. H., Min. Engr 610 Citizens Bank Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal.

Newbaker, Edward J., Supt, Honey Brook Div.,

Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co., Andenreid, Pa. RoDQEBS, Charles E., Assayer McKenzie, N. D.

Ryall, Georoe M., Vice-Prest, Pac. S. & M. Co., 42 Broadway,

New York, N. Y.

Schneideb, George W., Min. Engr Golden, Colo.

ScHOFiELD, William McN., Min. Engr., J. R. Gilman Interests,

Eckman, W. Va.

Willabd, Lewis L., Chief Engr., W. J. Rainey Estate Uniontown, Pa.

Associate, Sethna, Nanabhoy it., Student Columbia University, New York, N. Y.

Changes of Address of Members.

The following changes of address of members have been received at the Secretary's oflSce during the month of February, 1912. This list, together with the foregoing list of new members, therefore, supplements the annual list of members corrected to Feb. 1, 1912, and brings it up to the date of Mar. 1, 1912.

Aldasobo, Andres, Genl. Mgr., Dos Estrellas Min. Co.,

P. O. Box 34, El Oro, Mex., Mexico. Archbald, James, Jr., Engr. and Agt., Girard Estate, 405 Thompson Bldg.,

Pottsville, Pa. Armstead, Daniel McP., IngersoU-Rand Co., Farmers Bank Bldg.,

Pittsburg, Pa.

Abmstead, Henry, Jr., Cons. Engr Apartado 66, Guanajuato, Mexico.

Astley, John W 17 Manning Arcade Annex, Toronto, Ont., Canada.

Babron, Georoe D P. O. Box 596, Rye, N. Y.

Belin, Henry, Jb 710 Traders National Bank Bldg., Scranton, Pa.

Bell, J. Mackintosh Almonte, Ont., Canada.

Bebo, Haakon A Asst Supt., Carnegie Steel Co., Rankin, Pa.

Blaib, Allen F 805 Lowman Bldg., Seattle, Wash.

Blebck, Alfbbd W. G., Care The B. B. P. C. Co., Ltd.,

Yenansyoung, Upper Burma.

Blow, A. A Ware Neck P. 0., Gloucester Co., Va.

Bromly, Alfbed H.,Care Taylor Howat, Apartado 232, Mexico City, Mexico. Brooke, Henby Supt., Roanoke Coal & Coke Co., Worth, W. Va.

xliv Monthly Bulletin, No. 68, March, 1912.

Carpenter, Alvin B 1016 California Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal.

Chaney, R. Gordon, Jr., Engr Shirley Hotel, Denver, Colo.

Chase, Clarence C Apartado 12, Cananea, Son., Mexico.

Christy, Fred C Care Valley Bank of Phoenix, Phoenix, Ariz.

Cromwell, Robert H Tesiutlan Copper Co., Aire Libre, Pue., Mexico.

Crowley, Timothy I Instructed to hold all mail.

Daniel, William B 2443 Woolsey St., Berkeley, Cal.

Dewey, C. E P. O. Box 607, Denver, Colo.

DiEFFENBACH, H. M Apartado 793, Mexico City, Mexico.

DiETz, Carl F 8 Westland St., Worcester, Mass.

DizoN, James T **Duasdale," Mulgrave Rd., Sutton, Surrey, England.

Draper, Carl H Hotel Americano, Ameca, Jal., Mexico.

Draper, Fred W Favville, Mass.

Eaoan, Charles K, Min. Engr 11 Broadwav, New York, N. Y.

Edmondson, Horace W., Rio Plata Mining Co., 809 Title Insurance Bldg.,

Los Angeles, Cal.

Edsall, Burroughs Benton, Mono Co., Cal.

Emery, A. B Harvard Club, 27 W. 44th St., New York, N. Y.

Evans, Herbert A., Care London & Pacific Petroleum Co.,

Negtitos, near Paita, Peru, So. America.

EwiNO, Charles G St. Regis Apts., St Louis, Mo.

Eye, Clyde M 1012 Sahwatch St., Colorado Springs, Colo.

Fearn, Percy Le R 17 Battery PI., New York, N. Y.

Fenner, C. N Geophysical Laboratory, Washington, D. C.

Fenner, Charles H 619 Trust & Savings Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal.

Flaherty, Robert H., Mackenzie, Mann Co., 9 Toronto St ,

Toronto, Ont., Can.

Finch, H. Wynne, The Atheneum, Pall Mall, London, 8. W., England.

Franke, Rudolf, Met. Enfirr., Dir., Smelting Operations,

Mansfeld Copper Mining & Smelting Co., Eisleben, Germany.

Frasch, H , 17 Batterv PL, New York, N. Y.

Girault, Edmundo 3a Calle Prim No. 56, 1'achuca, Hid., Mexico.

Gloveb, George H., Jr 701 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.

Godshall, L. D 2892 Sunset PI., Los Angeles, Cal.

Granger, Henry G Cartagena, Colombia, So. America.

Griffith, William V P. Box 100, Miami, Ariz.

Haas, Herbert MacNamara Mining Co., P. O. Drawer P, Tonopah, Nev.

Hardy, J. Gordon 206 Mills Bldg., El Paso, Texas.

HA8EI.TINE, Richard S Coalinga, Cal.

Hawkins, Edwin N 406 Boston Bldg., Denver, Colo.

Hildreth, Thomas F., Mgr. of Mines, Davidson Ore Mining Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

HiNDSHAW. Henry H 254 Washington Ave., Alpena, Mich.

Holman, F. C 558 Lincoln Ave., Palo Alto, Cal.

HoLTER, Edwin O 62 Wall St., New York, N. Y.

Hutchinson, Rand B Toltec Club, El Paso. Texas.

Irwin, Frederic 2181 W. 30th St., Los Angeles, Cal.

Jackson, Frederick H., Care Santa Rosa Min. Co., Apartado 12,

Concepcion del Oro, Zac., Mexico. Jaques, W. H., Vice-Prest. and Genl. Mgr., United Telephone Co.,

Board of Trade Bldg.. Boston, Mass.

Jenkins, Francis Bursar, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

Jennings, Sidney J 44 R 80th St., New York, N. Y.

Johnson, Alexander T., Genl. Mgr., Yellow Pine Mining Co.,

Good Springs, Nev. Johnson, Edward H., East Rand Prop. Mines, Ltd., Box 134, East Rand,

Transvaal, So. Africa. KxDZiE, George E., Min. Engr., Dir., Cia. Minera La Constancia, Esmeralda,

via Sierra Mojada, Coah. , Mexico.

Keeney, Robert M Someraville, Conn.

Keller, Arthur H Care L. Giesken & Co., Barranquilla, Colombia, So. Am.

Kennedy, Arthur T Rep. Iron Steel Co., 1006 B. 3d St., Duluth, Minn.

Kenney, Henry S Bushtick, via Bulawayo, Rhodesia, So. Africa.

Kruttschnitt, Julius, Supt, Am. Smelt. & Refin. Co.,

AsientoB, Aguas., Mexico. Landfield, Jerome B Crocker Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xlv

Lawrence, Willis Hotel Victoria, San Francisco, Cal.

Lee, Chester F 444 Henry Bldg., Seattle, Waah.

Lindsay, Lionel Crocker Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.

Linton, Raymond A Saeinaw, Mich.

Locks, Augustus Apartado 34, El Oro, Mex., Mexico

London, Clarence J 1813 N. Bro&dSt, Philadelphia, Pa.

Lundbohm, Hjalmar P. O. Box 236, Stockholm, Sweden.

McNeill, Walter F., Secy.-Treas., Western Coal Operators Aaso.,

301 Judge Travis Bldg., Calgary, Alta., Canada.

Mackillioin, Alfred M Hurstboume Tarrant, Andover, If ants, England.

Malcolbison, James W., Cons. Engr., Lncky Tiger- Combination G. M. Co.,

1012 Baltimore Ave., Kansas City, Mo. Mann, William S., Genl. Sapt, Pilones Mining Co., La Portilla, Dur, Mexico.

Mayer, Paul H 169 N. Fulton Ave., Mt Vernon, N. Y.

Mein, Willlam W 1043 Mills Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.

Miller, Joseph Supt., Long Tunnel Mining Co., Walhalla, Vic., Australia.

MoRAN, Robert D 51 9 California St., San Francisco, Cal.

Morrison, William J., Canada Foundry Co., Ltd.,

So. Porcupine, Ont., Canada.

MuNRO, Duncan M Apartado 37, Guanajuato, Mexico.

Myers, James W., Met. Supt., North American Smelting & Mines Co.,

Golden, Colo.

Nack, Charles Clifton Hotel, Clifton, Ariz.

Otagawa, Masayuki Genl. Mgr., Ashio Copper Mines, Shimotsuke, Japan.

Parker, J. L., Min. Engr 523 Pacific Bldg., Vancouver, B. C, Canada.

Parry, Charles F., The Sub-Nigel, Ltd., Box 50, Nigel, Transvaal, So. Africa.

Parsons, Horace F The Dalles, Wasco Co., Ore.

Phillips, Walter I General Delivery, El Paso, Tex.

PoiLLON, Howard A Care C. Poillon, 99 John St, New York, N. Y.

Potter, Charles F 734 Title Insurance Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal.

Purdue, Albert H State Geol., State Geological Survey, Nashville, Tenn.

Putnam, Dana G R F. D. 1, Fallon, Nev.

Bebce, Frederick B Instructed to hold all mail.

BoHLFiNG, D. P Farrell, via Mazuma, Nev.

Bothschild, Clarence G., Min. Engr. and Operator, 43 Leonard St.,

New York, N. Y.

BuETSCHi, BuDOLP P. O. Box 626, Hammond, Ind.

BuTLEDOE, John J Bureau of Mines, 40th and Butler Sts., Pittoburg, Pa.

Sanford, Chard O Hotel Burlington, Los Angeles, Cal.

Savage, Arthur E., Care E. L. Baillieu, 70 Comhill, London, E. C, England. Saxman, Charles W., Genl. Mgr., Copper Beef Cons. Mining Co.,

San Carlos, Ariz.

ScHiERTZ, Ferdinand A 58 Cedar St, Roxbury, Mass.

Shaler, Millard K Care Forminire, Einchasa, Congo Beige, West Africa.

Shanks, David W., Bio Plata Mining Co., 809 Title Insurance Bldg.,

Los Angeles, Cal.

Shipp, Ellsworth M., Cons. Met Engr 2 Rector St, New York, N. Y.

Spence, Harold C. E West Merigonish, Pictou Co., N. S., Canada.

Stanford, H. B Bureau of Yards & Docks, Navy Dept, Washington, D. C.

Stevens, Blamey 422 Lippincott Ave., Biverton, N. J.

Stewart, Arthur J., Care C. Guzman, Oalle de la Beforma No. 8,

Jalisco, Jal., Mexico.

Stewart, Bober H Trail, B. C. Canada.

Stoltz, Guy C, Genl. Supt, Witherbee, Sherman & Co , Inc., Mineville, N. Y.

Stuckey, Leonard C Instructed to hold all mail.

Thacher, William A Lake City, Hinsdale Co., Colo.

Thomae, W. F. a.. Care Pearse, Kingston Browne, 8 Victoria Ave.,

Bishopneate St, London, E. C, England.

Thomas, Edward G 700 Union Oil Bldg., Loe Angeles, Cal.

ToNNELE, Theodore 258 W. 70th St, New York, N. Y.

TuRRELL, Harold, Care Charles Turrell, Boyal Societies Club, St James St,

London, S. W., England. Valentine, Malvern B., Taylor & Brunton Ore Sampling Co.,

P. O. Box 281, Victor, Colo. Vivian, George G Smelter Mgr., Pittsmont Smelter, Butte, Mont

xlvi Monthly Bullktin, No. 68, March, 1912.

Wauyewbight, Wilfrid B Union Oil ;., Loe Angeles, Cal.

Walker, Myron B P. O. Box 278, La Salle, N. Y.

Watters, Daniel M 2''i57 Eleventh Ave. W., Seattle, Wash.

Webber, George E Care G. A. Hare, 1569 Clay St, San Francisco, Cal.

Weekes, Frederick 71 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Wilde, Thomas B., Cons. Min. Engr., Prest, Modoc County Irrigation Co.,

301 Columbia Trust Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. Wilding, James, Jr., Smelter Supt, Kio Tinto Copper Co.,

Terrazas (L. N. de M.), Chih., Mexico. Wilkinson, Charles Dalzell, Min. Engr., 62 London Wall,

London, E. C, England. WiNMiLL, Hallett, Mgr. Northern Nigeria (Bauchi) Tin Mines, Ltd.,

Care P. O., Naragata, Northern Nigeria, West Africa.

Wood, Lee S 626 Tinken Bldg., San Diego, Cal.

Wright, Louis.A 813 Mills Bldg., El Paso, Tex.

Yamaguchi, Kisaburo 24 Hinokicho Akasakaku, Tokyo, Japan.

Yates, Jamb8 602 Ninth St., Rock Springs, Wyo.

Young, Clinton M 1227 Ohio St., Lawrence, Kan.

Addresses of Members and Associates Wanted.

Name. Last Address of Record, ftom which Mail has been Returned.

Cook, Edward IL, Minas Birimoa, S. A., Birimoa, via Canelas,

Dur., Mexico.

Danforth, A. U., Cotopaxi, Colo.

Donnelly, Thomas F., Cia. Real del monte y Pachuca, Pachuca,

Hid., Mexico.

Eatherly, Adrian D., Obev City Coal Co., Obey City, Tenn.

Edwards, Robert L., P. 6. Box 1673, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Fitzgerald, Thomas F. M., . . . .211 Sharon Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah.

Fumess, James W., Coffee, Trinity Co., Cal.

Geiger, Arthur W., Cortez, via Beowawe, Ncv.

Gocloe, Meade, So. Ariz. SmeltineCo., Sasco, Ariz.

Hagemann, Wilhelm, Metates, via Tepen nan es, Dur., Mexico.

Hawkins. Tancred, Red Bandana Gold Mine, Elizabethtown,N.M.

Hollis, R. W., Silverton, Colo.

Johnson, Dion L., 325 Water St., Pittsburg, Pa.

Kimball Edwin B., Alaska-Commercial Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.

Lampshire, John O., Vulture Mine, Wickenburg, Ariz.

Leavell, John H., Buffalo Mine, Cobalt, Ont., Canada.

Le Noir, Frank H., Box 16, Mt. Bullion, Cal.

Levensaler, Lewis A., Cordova, Alaska.

McDougall, Walkce D., 20 Bedford Place, Russell Sq., London, Eng.

Mcpherson, William B., 415 S. Spring St, Los Angeles, Cal.

Miller, EmoryT., . Minas ''La Union,'' Miramar, Costa Rica, C.A.

Moore, Rov W., P. O. Box 48, Velasco, Tex.

Munroe, Idartin, Ben Coal Co., Murulidih, Mohada, B. N.

Ry., Bengal, India.

Nelson, D.W.C-, Baker City, Ore.

Nobs, Frederick W,, NegociacionMinera Santa Maria de Guadalupe

V Anexas, S. A., Minillas, Zac, Mexico.

Pearson, William R., 628 tV. 114th St, New York, N. Y.

Perks, Harry B., 419 Board of Trade Bldg., Portland, Ore.

Prentis, Edmund A., Jr., Lluvia Oro Mine, Lluvia de Oro, Chih., Mex.

Rathborne, Merwyn R. W., . . . Amargosa, via Las Vegas, Nev.

Rhew, James W. ,Cia. Minera y Exploradora de Ventanas, S. A. , Ventanas,Dnr. , Mex .

Sheldon, Waldo, Urique, Chih., Mexico.

Short, Frank R, Carson City, Nev.

Thornton, Edward T., Apartado 30, Matehuala, S. L. P., Mexico.

Twvnam, Henry. . . . O. K. Copper Mine, Cairns, No. Queensluid, Australia.

Watson, Ralph W, Calloo, Utah, Clifton Mail box.

Weddle, Joseph H., 100 William St, New York, N. Y.

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xlvii

Necrology.

The deaths of the following members were reported to the Secre- tary's oflBce during the month of February, 1S12:

Date of Election. Nftine. Date of Decease.

1902. **BackIey, Ernest R., January 19, 1912.

1897. ♦Hemingj John B., December 17,1911.

1889. *Grant, James B., November 1, 1911.

1906. *Kane, Daniel B., January 3, 1912.

1871. *Smith, T. Guilford, February 20, 1912.

Biographical Notices.

Horace H, Emrich was born Oct. 11, 1880, in New York City, but his family removed to Colorado in 1889, and he was educated in that State, in which his uncle, Mr. Anton Eilers, was a recognized leader in the metallurgical industry. Under the advice of Mr. Eilers, he entered the School of Mines at Golden, Colo., from which he was graduated in 1903. During his vacations, he spent much time at the Colorado smelting-works directed by his uncle — an establishment to which many of the leading American metallurgists of this generation owe the training which insured their subsequent success — and, as an officer of the Colorado Smelting Co., a frequent visitor at its works in Pueblo, Colo., and a life-long friend of their director, I can bear witness that the character and conduct of young Emrich, as shown during the period of his technical education, gave the highest promise of a future honorable and useful professional career. At the same time, he was one of the most popular students at Golden, a star player " at base-ball and foot-ball, and an active participant in all college afiFairs. After his graduation, he worked for about six months at the Colorado smelter, and then (doubtless under the wise advice of his uncle) accepted employment at the Perth Amboy refinery of the American Smelting & Refining Co., where he began, in the autumn of 1903, practically at the bottom, as shift-boss in the department of the electrolytic refining of copper. His ability and fidelity rapidly won deservea recognition ; and he was promoted to the position of Assistant Superintendent, and finally to that of Superintendent, which he held from 1908 to early in 1910. His technical success in this department is evidenced by the brilliant and suggestive paper from his pen, The Refining of Copper, presented at the New York meeting of February, 1912, and also by the circumstance tliat, in 1910, he was called to be superintendent of the electrolytic refinery of the Kyshtim Corpora- tion, Ltd., in Perm, Russia — an enterprise conducted by English capitalists, who selected him on the strength of his high professional record. The duties of this new position he discharged with con- spicuous ability, and with a loyalty which probably cost him his life. For, on the evening of Oct. 17, 1911, he was killed by a shot fired through the window of his residence. According to the latest intelligence, the crime was perpetrated in individual revenge for his dismissal ot a thieving employee. Since Mr. Emrich was universally popular with his associates and workmen, as well as his employers,

Member. Life Member.

xlviii Monthly Bulletin, No. 68, March, 1912.

there seems to be no other explanation. Indeed, I understand that the Russian authorities have already arrested a man, whose previ- ous history favors this hypothesis.

Whatever its cause, Mr. Emrich's sudden death, at the age of 31, has cut short a career of great usefulness and high promise, and constitutes one of the saddest among the many tragic stories which it has been my duty, as oflScial chronicler of the Institute, to place upon record. It is made doubly pathetic for me by the circum- stance that I had to present at the recent New York meeting of the Institute, a paper of Mr. Emrich, the manuscript of which was re- ceived five days after the announcement, by cable-dispatch, of his sudden death. R. W. R.

Harry Robert Hall was born Jan. 16, 1868, at Mogadore, Ohio, and was graduated from the Ohio State University as Engineer of Mines in 1889. Having devoted special attention to analytical chemistry, be engaged himself upon graduation as chemist of the Carbon Iron & Steel Co., at Parryville, Pa. In 1891, he became chief chemist of the Crane Iron Works, at Catasauqua, Pa., but re- turned in 1892 to the Carbon Iron & Steel Co., as Superintendent — a position which he held until 1898, when the works were closed by reason of the depression of business. For a brief period, he had charge of the furnaces of the Va. Iron, Coal & Coke Co., at Middles- boro, Ky. ; and later in 1899 he became Assistant General Manager of the Dunbar Furnace Co., at Dunbar, Pa. Two years later, he became connected as engineer with the Wellman-Seaver-Mor- gan Co., of Cleveland, C, and, soon after (1902-3) was Superin- tendent of the blast-furnaces of the Algoma Steel Co., at the Sault Ste. Marie, Lake Superior. In 1904-6 he was furnace-manager, at Standish, N. Y., for the Delaware & Hudson Co., and in February, 1906, he became Superintendent of the Crane Iron Works, Catasau- qua, Pa., which position he held at the time of his death, which took place Dec. 10, 1911, in the German hospital at Philadelphia, after a surgical operation.

Mr. Hall became a member of the Institute in 1891, while he was chemist of the works of which he was afterwards Superintendent. He was highly esteemed by his employers and workmen, and by the citizens of Catasauqua. He was a leader in religious and charitable work ; and his death in his forty-fourth year is a lamentable loss to his profession and to the world.

Washington Jones was born Feb. 22, 1822 (the birth-day of George Washington, 90 years before), and doubtless received his name by reason of this coincidence, together with the circumstance that his grandfather had been an officer in the Continental army. After preliminary education in common school, and under private tutors, he became, in 1839, apprentice to Merrick & Towne, operating the Southwark foundry and machine-shop, whom he served for six years as machinist and draftsman. At the end of that period, feeling the necessity of additional professional knowledge, he took (without completely interrupting his occupation) a two years' course in higher mathematics, mechanical drawing, etc., which oualified him for further promotion. In 1849, he became chief draftsman of the Penn Works of Reancy, Neafie & Co., builders

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xlix

of marine engines, with which firm he remained until the end of 1866. Early in 1866, he became, and remained until April, 1862, General Superintendent and constructing engineer of the Port Richmond iron-works, of I. P. Morris & Co. It is a significant indication of Mr. Jones's record that his services seem to have been desired by those who had already employed him. Thus, in 1862, he returned as Assistant Superintendent to the Southwark foundrv, where he had begun as apprentice 23 years before ; and in 1866 he resumed at the Port Richmond iron-works the position of general superin- tendent, which he retained until the works were sold to Cramp <fe Sons in 1891, After that, he retired from active professional labors, except as consulting mechanical engineer, continuing to reside in Philadelphia. He died July 30, 1910.

Mr. Jones was elected a member of the Institute in 1881, and* became at once a life-member. He was also a member of the Am- erican Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mechani- cal Engineers (of which he was a Manager in 1880-81, and Vice- President in 1881-82), the Franklin Institute (of which he was Vice-President in 1905), the Engineers' Club of Philadelphia (of which he was at one time President), etc., and a director of the American Dredging Co.

Thomas D. Murphy was born Sept. 12, 1867, in Lanark county, Ontario, Canada. In 1893, he was employed in underground work (and also as assayer) at various silver-lead mines of the Neihart dis- trict, Montana. When the Neihart mines were shut down, by reason of the low price of silver, Mr. Robert M. Raymond, the Man- ager of one of the Neihart groups, having been ajppointed Manager of the Harquahala mines in Arizona, offered him a place there. The Harquahala property was already known to be on the verge of exhaustion ; and the problem presented to Mr. Raymond's manage- ment was that of thorough, intelligent and economical salvage. This involved difficult and varied work in exploration and exploita- tion, the utilization of low-grade ores and tailings, and the reali- zation of all possible assets. In this work Mr. Murphy loyally assisted his chief with credit to himself, and not without advantage in personal experience, acting at various times as custodian of ma terialS; assistant accountant, assistant survevor, assistant assayer, assayer, cyanide-foreman, cyanide- superintendent, and Assistant Manager. Finally, when Mr. Raymond was called to West Austra- lia by the company, Mr. Murphy served during his absence as acting Manager, from December, 1896, to January, 1899. In 1896 he became a member of the Institute.

Robert M. Raymond himself had begun his career by practical experience as an employee at a mine, and had continued it by a course of technical study, qualifying him for further professional advancement. I cannot but believe that he advised his young, loyal, and intelligent assistant to follow a similar course. At ail events, Mr. Murphy, when his work at Harquahala was done, spent his savings in a course of study at the University of California, where he went, between January, 1899, and June, 1901, through the principal work of the last two years of the mining curriculum, in chemistry, metallurgy, surveying, mineralogy, geology, mechanics, electricity, etc. Reinforced with this theoretical knowledge (all the

1 Monthly Bulletin, No. 63, March, 1912.

more highly valued and thoroughly digested because of the previ- ous practice which had led him to lon for it) he resumed his work. In 1901, he was temporarily employed in mines in the Cripple Creek district, Colo., the Tintic district, Utah, and the Eureka district, Nevada. Thence he went to the copper-mines of Cananea Sonora, and to mines in the State of Chihuahua. In July, 1902, his former chief, Mr. Raymond, called him to El Oro, Mexico, where he served for more than two years as Secretary of the El Oro Mining & Rail- way Co., Ltd., in charge of correspondence, statistics, etc., besides conducting operations in mine-sampling, and examinations of pros- pects. From November, 1904, to February, 1905, as shift-boss of the El Oro mine, he utilized more directly his underground experi- ence. The letter addressed to him by Mr. Raymond, when he resigned this position to accept the position mentioned below, attests the high estimate of his services entertained by that veteran mine- manager.

From February to September, 1805, Mr. Murphy, as Assistant Manager of the Guanajuato Reduction & Mines Co., had charge of the unwatering and development of a large group of old mines, and partial supervision of all other work, including the construction of an 80-stamp mill and a cyanide-plant. When, in September, 1905, he was recalled to El Oro, for service in the mill- and cyanide- department there, he received from the President of the Guana- juato Co. a letter, bearing witness to the value of his services.

In March, 1906, Mr. ftfurphy resigned his position at El Oro, to become manager of the Negociacion Minera de Maconi, in the State of Queretaro, Mex. The work of this position, and other work in vari- ous parts of Mexico, occupied him until about July, 1910, when he became General Manager of El Favor Mining Co., an American cor- poration, operating mines at Hostotipaquillo, Jalisco, Mex. While occupying this position, he was shot and killed, April 3, 1911, by a drunken Mexican miner — cut off, in his young prime, at the age of 44 years. Alas I how many such tragedies I am called to record I

R. W. R.

John 0. Norbom was born Sept. 12, 1865, in Norway, where he received his professional education at the Technical School of Hor- ten. In 1887, after some experience in copper-mining, he came to California, where he served as mining engmeer at the Union Iron Works, San Francisco, and also as consulting engineer to various mining companies. He was also, for a time. Manager of the British Columoia iron-works at Vancouver. In 1900, he went to South Africa, where he was consulting mechanical engineer of the East Rand Proprietary Mines, at Johannesburg. Returning to California in 1909, he established himself as a consulting mining engineer, residing at Berkeley. It was at this time that he became a member of the Institute, which miht have derived much benefit from his varied experience. But his life was suddenly ended Jan. 13, 1911, by an accidental explosion.

Joseph Squire was born Nov. 24, 1829 at Rochdale, Lancashire, England. Up to his 17th year, he attended excellent schools in his native town. From 1846 to 1849, he worked in underground sur- veying and mining in the Wigan coal-field, and at the " carding-

Ambricak Institutb of Mining Engineers. li

machines " of Manchester. Having come to the United States, he served as an apprentice in 1850 and 1851 at the Peabody furnace, Providence, R. I. From 1852 to 1858 he was engaged in exploring coal-lands and mining coal for sale in the Western and Southwestern States. In 1859, he oecame Superintendent and mining engineer of the Montevallo coal-mines in Alabama, and held that position until 1866. In 1866 and 1877, he was occupied with mineral sur- veys in western Alabama. In 1878, he located for the Pratt Co. the original Pratt coal-mines, afterwards acquired by the Tennessee C. & I. Co. Soon after, he commenced his work for the State Geological Survey on the Warrior coal-field, and subsequently prepared the report on the Cahaba coal-field which was pub- lished under his name. For five years he was the mining engi- neer of the Southern Railway Co.; but for some years preceding his death, Oct. 14, 1911, he was prevented by physical disabilities from active work.

Mr. [Squire was one of the earliest members of the Institute, which he joined in 1871, the year of its foundation.

;8Ubj Bct To _R1Cvi8I0N.

fTRANSACTIONS OP THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING ENGINEERS.]

Present-Day Problems in California Gold- Dredging.

BY CHARLES JANIN, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. (San Francisco Meeting. October, 1911. )

The first successful bucket-elevator dredge to operate in Cali- fornia was put in commission at Oroville in March, 1898. There had been numerous previous attempts at dredging, but none of the earlier boats proved a success. The gold-miners in California early conceived the idea of a machine to dig gravel from the beds and bars of auriferous streams that were inacces- sible by the methods then employed, and it was only a few months after the discovery of gold in California that such a machine was shipped around Cape Horn from New York to San Francisco. This was, however, but the forerunner of many failures in gold-dredging, and was soon at the bottom of the Sacramento river. During succeeding years many other unsuc- cessful attempts were made, and it was not until 1897 that a dredge of the single-lift bucket-elevator type was floated on the Yuba river. This dredge was built by the Risdon Iron Works for R. H. Postlethwaite, and would probably have been a suc- cess if it had been operated on some of the rich Oroville ground instead of in a turbulent stream, where the dredge was wrecked during a flood, and was not repaired.

Fig. 1 is a sketch-map of California, showing gold-dredging areas.

It is not my intention to narrate in detail the history of the -early failures in gold-dredging, and the various steps in the de- velopment of the modern boat, but merely to touch upon this in a general way, and to call attention to the wide difference in <5apacity and operating-cost between the first successful dredge, with an actual capacity of 600 cu. yd. per day — though its rated -capacity was in excess of this — and the present modern dredge with 15-cu. fl. buckets, and an average capacity of 250,000 cu. yd. per month. Even this enormous capacity has several times been exceeded on monthly runs. The first successful dredges

[1]

242 Prbsent-Day Problems In California Cold-Dredoing.

in California were equipped with open-connected buckets, were operated on head-lines, and had short-tray tailings-stackers. For a number of years dredges of this type were used with varying success, generally on shallow and easily-dug gravel. When at- tempts were made to work deeper ground and cemented gravel had to be handled, it was found that these first boats were too light, and it was necessary to install heavier machinery to with- stand the increased strain.

The modern California-type dredge, with close-connected buckets, spuds, and belt-conveyor for stacking tailings, was a gradual development through years of experimenting. This dredge embodies the ideas of successful operators, and it is generally conceded that dredge-construction and operating- methods in California are far ahead of those in any other coun- try in the world. The dredges built in California cost from $25,000 to $265,000 each; a standard 8.5-cu. ft. boat costing from $150,000 to $175,000, according to conditions to be met in operation. With great improvements made in dredge-con- struction, and corresponding reduction in operating-costs, areas that were at first considered too low grade to be equipped with a dredge are being profitably worked, and the gold-production from this source, according to the U. S. Geological Survey re- ports, increased from $18,847 in 1898 to $7,550,254 in 1910, being 28.3 per cent, of the total gold-production of the State from all sources for the last year, and 84.9 per cent, of the total placer-gold for the year. The production by dredging during 1911 is estimated, as closely as can be figured at this date, at $8,000,000. Table I. shows the production by years of gold won from dredging-operations in California from 1898 to 1911, being a total of over $40,000,000.

Table I. — Production by Dredges of Gold in California, Years

1898 to 1910.

Amount. $3,276,141 5,098,354 5,065,437 6,536,089 7,382,950 7,560,254 8,000,000

[2]

Year.

Amount.

Year.

1898, .

$18,847

1905,

1899, .

133,812

1906,

1900, .

200,369

1907,

1901, .

471,934

1908,

1902, .

801,296

1909,

1903, .

1,488,656

1910,

1904, .

2,187,038

1911,"

a EBtimated.

Prbsent-Day Problems In California Gold-Drbdginq. 243

California dredges vary in size from 3.5- to 15-cu. ft. buckets. In Alaska some dredges are equipped with buckets as small as 1.25 eu. ft. to dig shallow ground, and are reported to be work- ing profitably. A 15-ft. Marion dredge has recently been in- stalled on the Boyle concession in Yukon Territory. The suc- cessful operation of this boat will no doubt encourage and be followed by further installations of the larger-sized boats where conditions warrant in the Far North. While electricity is the ideal power for operating dredges, steam has been successfully used on a number of installations, and experience has proved the merits of the gasoline- and distillate-engine for this work. There seems little doubt but that the successful development of the gas-producer for the generating of electric power will prove an important factor in considering future dredging of gravel-areas in districts where electric power or water-power for the installation of hydro-electric plants is not at present avail- able. While it is unnecessary to go into the details of dredge- construction in this article, a short description of one of the modern dredges may be profitably given here. A fuller de- scription of a dredge of this character has been published, also a complete record of dredges constructed in California,* written by W. B. Winston and Charles Janin.

Yuba No. 13, one of the largest gold-dredges operating in California, was put in commission at Hammonton, in Yuba River basin, Aug. 10, 1911. This dredge. Fig. 2, was built by the Yuba Construction Co., and is one of five practically similar dredges built by the same company this year. It required 820,000 ft. of lumber for the hull and housing the hull ; its dimensions are 150 by 58.5 by 12.5 ft., with an overhang of 5 ft. on each side, making 68.5 ft. total width of housing. The digging-ladder is of plate-girder construction and designed to dig 65 ft. below water-level, and is equipped with ninety 15-cu. ft. buckets arranged in a close-connected line. The entire weight of the digging-ladder and bucketline is approximately 700,000 lb. The washing-screen is of the revolving type, roller- driven, and is 9 ft. in diameter by 50.5 ft. long and weighs 111,721 lb. Two steel spuds are used, each weighing over 44 tons. The ladder-hoist winch has a double drum, and weighs

Mining and Scientific Press, vol. ciii., No. 15, p. 446 (Oct 7, 1911).

' Gk)ld Dredging in California, Bulletin No, 67, Oalifomia State Mining Bureau,

[3]

244 Present-Day Problems In California Gold-Dr Edging.

67,016 lb. The swinging-winch consists of eight drums, and weighs 34,193 lb. The stacker-hoist winch weighs 3,732 lb. The gold-saving tables are of the double-bank type and have an approximate riflSe-area of 8,000 sq. ft. The tailings-sluices at the stern can be arranged to discharge the sand from the tables either close to the dredge or at some distance behind. The con- veyor stacker-belt is 42 in. wide and 275 ft. long, on a stacker- ladder of the lattice-girder type, 142 ft. long. Nine motors are in use on the dredge, with a total rated capacity of 1,072 h-p. The total weight of hull and equipment is 4,640,862 pounds.

Natoma No. 10 dredge, now under construction, is equipped with 15-cu. ft. buckets, and will have a steel hull, being the first dredge operating on a steel hull in California. The hull will be 150 by 56 by 10.5 ft. and will have a total weight of 920,000 lb. This will be about one-half the weight of a wooden hull to carry the same machinery, and the draft of the boat will be con- siderably lighter. This boat will be in operation in April, 1912.

Owing to the financial success of gold-dredging, most of the gravel-areas of California have been explored. It is hardly to be expected that any new fields as rich as those now being worked will be found, but it is possible that areas considered unprofitable for dredging, even within recent years, will be worked in the future.

Table II. gives in a general way the approximate extent of dredging-ground in the best-known dredging-districts in Cali- fornia, the average depth of gravel, and the value per cubic yard. Much of this ground has already been dredged, and some areas of lower-grade gravels which ultimately may be dredged are not included.

Table II. — Dredxjing- Ground in California,

Counties.

Butte

Yuba

Placer

Sacramento.. Calayeras Stanislaus...

Merced

Shasta

Siskiyou

Trinity

Total Proved

Average

Average Value Per

Dredglng-

Jepth of

Ground.

Ground.

1 Cubic Yard.

Acres.

Feet.

! Cents.

6,600

3,600

6,000

: 13

[4]

Prksbnt-Day Problbms In California Gold-Ixrbdging. 245

\norte\ i '" ' T 1 — '

lyL, SISKIYOU

Modoc I

i i SHASTA i LASSEN

-- ;. Tehama./. S I

San Fraui-iHcori W;-

X'.MONOv

Riverside

Imperial

Fig. 1. — Sketch-Map of California, Showing Gold-Dbedging Areas.

[5]

246 Present-Day Problems In California Gold-Dredging.

Fig. 2. — Yuba No. 13, a 15-cu. ft. Dredge.

Fio. 8. — Bucket-Scraper Plant at Work.

Present-Day Problems In California Gold-Dredging. 247

Fig. 4 — 3.5-ft. Risdon Dredge Operating in the American River.

Fig. 5.— Tarr Gold- Washing Plant.

Digitized by [7]

248 Present-Day Problems In California Gold-Dredging.

Fig. 6.— Harbor-Dredge ; Largest Bucket-Dredge Afloat; 54-cu. ft.

Buckets.

Fig. 7. — 5-cu. ft. Bucket and Tumbler Compared to a 54-cu. ft. Bucket FROM A Harbor-Dredge. (Lobnitz *S: Co., Renfrew, Scotland.)

[8]

Present-Day Problems In California Gold-Dredging. 249

In addition to the lower-grade gravel being worked in the future, areas considered too small for the profitable installation of an expensive modern dredge will be equipped with strong, lighter designed, and less expensive boats, and also with re- built dredges using machinery from dredges which have worked out the areas for which they were built, or that have been dis- mantled and replaced by larger boats. The machinery of some of these dismantled, and to be dismantled, dredges is in good condition, fit for many years of working-life, and can be re- fitted on a new hull on nearby property or properties not too difficult of access, and a practically new dredge built, in some cases at less than 50 per cent of the cost of the original boat. It must be recognized that these rebuilt boats may not always be adapted to handle the gravel with as low operating-costs as might otherwise be attained, but the smaller expense of instal- lation will prove a large factor in their selection and use. Dredges that were first constructed in Colorado, but proved unprofitable, were dismantled and their machinery used on hulls in California. The machinery from several California dredges has been moved to other fields, and, in some cases, to Alaska. Recent examples which may be mentioned are the Scott River dredge, formerly at Callahan, Siskiyou county, where it was unprofitable, which was dismantled and the ma- chinery moved to Trinity Center, Trinity county. The Butte dredge, having worked out the company's holdings at Oroville? was also dismantled, and the machinery is being placed on a new hull near Jenny Lind, Calaveras county. The Scott River dredge was put in commission in August, 1908, and was equipped with 7.5-cu. ft. buckets. It was not quite two years in operation, being shut down May 30, 1910. It was pur- chased by the Alta Bert Gold Dredging Co., acting on the advice of H. 6. Peake, and was moved to its ground in Trinity county. Estimated cost of building a new hull, installing the machinery on same, including a 28-mile haul, with a freight- cost of over 1 cent per pound, and building a power-transmis- sion line of 5 miles, is $80,000. The Butte dredge was put in operation during November, 1902, and dismantled in July, 1910. It was equipped with 3.5-cu. ft. buckets. The ma- chinery is being placed on a new hull, and includes a new bucket-line of 4-cu. ft. buckets. The cost of the installation,

[9]

250 Presekt-Dat Problems In California Gold-Drbdoinq.

including the new bucket-line, has been estimated at $30,000. The figures given for moving both of these boats must be con- sidered approximations only, as they are not official.

There also seems to be a field in California and elsewhere for the installation of the bucket-scraper on auriferous areas too small or otherwise unsuitable for dredges, but of sufficient gold- content to be profitably handled by the scraper. This method of handling gravel is profitably in use in Siberia, in the Kol- chan mines, at the present time, a plant built by the New York Engineering Co., having been installed by C. W. Purington. A view of a bucket-scraper plant is given in Fig. 3. In Cali- fornia one has been in successful operation near San Andreas. This machine rests upon rollers, by which it is moved on a plank track. It delivers to a set of trommels and gold- saving tables similar to those on a dredge. It has a 60-ft. boom upon which the scraper-bucket, weighing 1.5 tons and having a capacity of 1.5 cu. yd., works. The bucket is raised and lowered by means of a cable working over a sheave at the end of the boom, and is loaded by means of a drag-line traveling between sheaves in front of the fioor-plate. Dumping is accomplished by means of an equalizing-cable at- tached to the drag-line and on the front of the bucket, which passes over a sheave fastened to the bucket-bale. The exca- vator is turned by a single-drum winding-engine, having two cables attached, whereby a complete circle can be made and the scraper-bucket operated on all sides. The machine is op- erated by steam-power, wood being used as fuel. Thus equipped, it has excavated gravel to a depth of 35 ft., and, it is claimed, can be worked to a depth of 50 feet.

The material is dumped by the bucket into a hopper 12 by 12 ft., which feeds a trommel-screen 4.5 by 22 ft., the upper part of which has f-in. perforations, the perforations of the lower 18 in. being 0.75 in. The oversize discharges to a belt- conveyor stacker, the undersize passes over Hungarian riffles, and then to a riffled sluice-box in which quicksilver is deposited, and finally to a 20-ft. sluice-way in which cocoa matting is used. Water is pumped into the hopper to wash the material through the cylinder. The cylinder and stacker are operated by a 15-h-p. electric motor, and the whole washing-apparatus is mounted on rails. It requires two men on the excavator and

110]

Prk8Bnt-Day Problems In California Gold-Dredoing. 251

one on the washer. Accurate figures of operating-costs are not at present available, but are understood to approximate 16 cents per cubic yard. At the Kolchan mines it is claimed that exclusive of management-charges, which are high, the cost of washing 24,400 cu. yd. for July was 14 cents per cubic yard. While these machines cannot be compared with modern dredges in capacity and operating-costs, it is claimed by those familiar with the operation that there is a good field under suitable conditions for their use in places where it is impracticable to install dredges.

The dipper-dredge has been successfully operated on small areas at Oroville and elsewhere, but does not meet with ap- proval among dredge-operators in general, who contend that the efficiency of these boats, both as to yardage and gold-sav- ing capacity, is not up to that of the standard type. These boats have a low first-cost (about $25,000, f.o.b. factory) and are built with buckets of from 1,25- to 2.5-cu.'yd. capacity. It is claimed by the dealers and some operators that under the fol- lowing conditions there is a field for this type of dredge : (1) where the ground is somewhat shallow ; (2) where the extent of the ground is not sufficient to warrant the installation of a costly dredge ; (3) where the material is of a rough character, boulders, and stumps; (4) where the ground is mixed with more or less clay, as the dipper will relieve itself notwithstand- ing the adhesiveness of the material.

The reported successful operation of a small Risdon dredge on the middle fork of the American river near Forest Hill, Placer county, under conditions thought by many to be impossible for operation, will undoubtedly encourage other installations in rivers at times torrential. A. A. Tregidgo is now promoting a company for the dredging of gravel some distance below this place. Without attempting to pass on the merits of either of these undertakings, it is interesting to consider them as engi- neering problems, and their success will draw considerable at- tention to similar gravel-areas in this State and elsewhere. While gold-dredging in California has been mainly confined to gravel-areas some distance from the main river-channels, it is claimed that a small boat, with some modifications in the hull to suit the river conditions, and adapted for work in a swift cur- rent, with head-line and mooring-winches of greatly increased

[11]

252 Present-Day Problems In California Gold-Dredging.

strength, can be profitably operated, even in the winter months in the California rivers where not in conflict with the present debris laws. In addition to the use of a small dredge, it is pro- posed by Mr. Tregidgo to operate a hydraulic elevator on the same property, water being available at a head of 1,000 ft. This water will first be used at a head of 400 ft. to generate electric power to be transmitted to the dredge. From this point the water will have a head of 600 ft., to be used in the hydraulic elevator. In addition to these enterprises, there are several proposed dredge-installations on somewhat similar areas in this State, concerning which definite information is not available at present. Fig. 4 is a view of a 3.5-ft. Risdon dredge operating in the American river.

The suction-dredge has never been favorably considered in gold-dredging, except by the inventors and builders. It i& claimed by those interested that one is in successful operation in Shasta county, and another in Siskiyou county, though other information is to the eflfect that these boats were not a financial success and are no longer operating.

A method closely allied to dredging, which may be termed a hybrid of dredge and hydraulic mining, is attracting much attention in California. This is the plant of the Tarr Mining Co. at Smartsville, which was built to operate the old Blue Gravel hy- draulic mine. Fig. 5 is a view of the plant. This mine was a producer in early days, but was shut down by the Debris Com- mission. This company believes that it will be able to operate in compliance with the present law. From an engineering stand- point, the proposal has some interesting features. Briefly, it consists of hydraulicking the gravel-bank to a sump in front of a stationary dredge-building of concrete and sheet-iron, where a regular steel-girder dredge-ladder, equipped with fifty-twa 7-cu. ft. buckets elevates the gravel to a trommel 45 by 6 ft. with 0.5-in. holes. From the screen the undersize flows to gold- saving tables with Hungarian riffles having an approximate area of 4,600 sq. ft. The oversize passes to a belt-conveyor 570 ft. long, built in two sections, each section being driven by a 50-h-p. motor. A 100-h-p. motor is used on the digging-ladder and a 30-h-p, motor on the revolving-screen. At the end of the belt-conveyor stacker two Bleichert tramways are being con-

[12]

Prbsbnt-Day Problems In California Gold-Drbdging. 253

structed. These will afford a much larger dumping-ground for the tailing.

The fine material, after passing over the gold-saving tables, flows through a bed-rock tunnel about 0.5 mile long and is elevated to a concentrating-plant equipped with tables of the Overstrom type. The material first passes through revolving- screens, the oversize being carried outside the concentrator, and the undersize to the tables. It is the idea of the management that this plant will save black sand, which is claimed to be valu- able, and any gold and platinum that escapes the 'first tables.

The concentrator stands several hundred feet from the Yuba river, and a concrete dam will be constructed to afford a set- tling-basin for the tailings. This experiment will be watched with interest. Its success will undoubtedly mean that other properties formerly worked as hydraulic mines, which have been shut down by the Debris Commission, will be operated on somewhat similar lines. The equipment of such a property is no small matter. The operating-cost as yet is purely specula- tive. The management of the Tarr company does not believe that the cost of operating the plant will exceed 8 cents per cubic yard. '

On Bonanza creek, in the Yukon, a portable bucket-elevator arranged to elevate gold-bearing gravel to a system of portable sluices, the position of which can be changed when necessary to obtain a new dump, has been in more or less successful oper- ation by the Yukon Gold Co. for a number of years, but only one attempt, so far as is known, has been made to adjust this method to California gravels. The mode of operation is as fol- lows: A sump approximately 20 ft. square with a depth of from 14 to 16 ft. below bed-rock is excavated to receive the lower end of the elevator. A channel or bed-rock sluice empty- ing into the sump, with a grade of from 5 in. to 12 ft., is exca- vated in the bed-rock and provided with riffles. The gravel-bank to be treated is hydraulicked with two 3-in. giants, and a third giant sluices the gravel to the sump, from which the buckets elevate it to a riffled sluice about 25 ft. high. The elevator- ladder is equipped with buckets of 3 cu. ft. capacity, close-con- nected, and driven by a 50-h-p. motor. The water used in the upper sluice is pumped from the sump by one 12-in. centriftigal pump belted to a 100-h-p. motor, and one 8-in. pump driven by

[13]

254 Pre8Bnt-Dat Problems In California Gold-Dredging.

a 50-h-p. motor. A derrick with a long boom ia placed in a position convenient for handling any large boulders. Records of operating-cost have not been made public by the Yukon Gold Co., and it is understood that the use of these machines will be discontinued or considerable changes made in the method of operating them.

A somewhat similar machine was operated a few months during 1910 at Poker Bar, Trinity county. This was installed by K E. Whitcomb, at a cost of approximately $15,000. The motive-power was steam, wood being used as fuel. The expenses of operation were great, but no accurate data are obtainable at present It is said that the operation of the machinery thor- oughly demonstrated the value of the gravel-area, and it is reported that a dredge will be installed this year. The manage- ment contemplates moving a Marion dipper-dredge, formerly successfully operated at Oroville, and which had turned over the holdings of the original company. It is estimated that this dredge can be put in operation at a cost of $15,000. At the present time there are 62 bucket-elevator dredges operating in California, and five under construction. Of the six dredges put in commission in 1911, four have been built the Yuba Construction Co. and are equipped with Bucyrus machinery and 15-cu. ft. buckets, one was built by the Union Iron Works and equipped with 8.5-cu. ft. buckets, and one by the Risdon Iron Works with 4-cu. ft. buckets. One of those under con- struction has buckets of 15 cu. ft. capacity, one 7.5-, one 7-, one 5-, and one 4-cu. ft. buckets.

It is interesting to note that of the 62 dredges, which are operated by 28 companies, 80 are operated by three companies controlled by W. P. Hammon and associates, distributed among three counties, as follows : Butte county, 8 ; Yuba county, 18 ; Sacramento county, 9. It may here be mentioned that the great progress and improvement is due in a great measure to the enterprise and successful operations of Mr. Hammon and his associates. Couch dredge No. 1, the first successful bucket- elevator dredge put in commission in the State, was financed by Mr. Hammon and the late Thomas Couch, and it seems eminently fitting that Mr. Hammon should be the leading gold- dredging operator in California, and in control of the largest dredging companies in America.

[14]

Prb8Bnt-Dat Problbms In California Gold-Drbdging. 255

What seems to be a record in dredge-construction and worthy of mention is the building of the dredge for the Julian Gold Mining k Dredging Co. on Osbourn creek, near Uome, Alaska. This dredge was constructed by the Union Construc- tion Co., of San Francisco. The dredge was shipped from San Francisco on June 1, arriving at Nome June 18. On June 17 the company commenced hauling material, and on July 22 the dredge was completed and operations started. The dredge-hull is 80 by 60 by 6.5 ft. It is equipped with 34 open-connected 2.75- cu. ft. buckets, and is designed to dig 14 ft. below water-level. Power is furnished by gasoline-engines as follows : one 50-h-p. for digging-ladder, winches, and screen ; one 80-h-p. for pump ; one 7-h-p. for lighting apparatus ; a total of 87 h-p. Distillate costs at Nome 21 cents per gallon. Operating-expenses at present range from $110 to $125 per day, and the capacity of the dredge is from 1,000 to 1,800 cu. yd. per day, indicating an operating-cost of from 10 to 11 cents per cubic yard, exclusive of repairs. The cost of the dredge complete and in operation was $45,000. The Union Construction Co. also built a similar dredge for dredging tin, near Cape York, this latter being the first tin-dredging operation to be carried on in America. Its future will be watched with interest and may be followed by further installations.

With the development of the gold-dredge to its present eflSl- ciency, the question is often raised as to when the limit in size for economic dredge-installation will be reached. Much de- pends upon the conditions met in operation. There is no question as to the mechanical possibility of larger buckets. In Boston harbor a bucket-elevator dredge equipped with buckets of 2 cu. yd. capacity has been successfully operating for some years on harbor-work, and on the Danube river in Germany a bucketr-elevator dredge having 2.5-cu. yd. buckets is now in operation. Fig. 6 is a view of a harbor-dredge equipped with 2-yd. buckets, and a 5-ft. and a 54-ft. bucket are shown in Fig. 7. While the mechanical possibilities have thus been proved, to apply such radical changes in size to the gold-dredge of to-day would necessitate an entirely different arrangement of the gold-saving tables and would probably result in a general modification of the whole gravel-washing apparatus now in use. Even the most optimistic advocates for increasing the

[15]

256 Presbnt-Day Problems In California Qold-Drbdging.

size of the dredge-buckets would hesitate at recommending a 2-cu. yd. bucket, which is nearly four times the present size of the buckets on the largest gold-dredges in operation, but there are a number of engineers who believe that the bucket-eltevator dredge with buckets having a capacity of 1 cu. yd. will be con- structed before long. While a dredge of this character would necessarily be equipped with heavier machinery and a larger hull than those on the present 15-cu. ft. boats, it is, as before stated, quite possible that, with modifications of the washing- apparatus, the hull of the 1-cu. yd. dredge may not be propor- tionately larger. The present 15-cu. ft. boats have a hull 60 by 150 by 12.5 ft., with a deck overhang of 5 ft. on either side, making a total width of 70 ft. The gold-saving tables are of the double-bank type and have an approximate area of 7,000 to 8,000 sq. ft. Without some change in the washing-apparatus, it can readily be seen that 14,000 sq. ft. of table-area would either necessitate a hull of greatly increased size, or additional tiers of tables, for which an increased length of bucket-ladder would be required to elevate the gravel to the additional height, or a general change in the design of the boat. Practice has demonstrated that when digging free-washing gravel the table- area of the 15-ft. boats is considerably in excess of all require- ments, and some operators contend that it would not be neces- sary to proportionally increase the table-area when buckets of 1 cu. yd. capacity are constructed.

There may be a field for dredges of this size, for instance, in the Oroville and Polsom fields, to re-dredge the tailings-piles left from the first dredging-operations. After many of the cobbles have been removed for the rock-crushing plants, the ground, if dredged, will, in many cases, yield a fair return. Especially would this be the case in the areas where the early dredges worked, as the gold-saving apparatus of the first suc- cessful dredges was not as efficient as that in present use.

In addition to the gold recovered from* the gravel, the re- clamation of the land for agricultural purposes might be a considerable factor in estimating the total profit to be won from the installation of a mammoth dredge for this class of work. The first dredges, in turning over the ground, necessarily de- posit the top soil on the bottom, and the gravel and boulders from the tailings-stacker on top of this. After much of the coarser

[16]

Present-Day Problems In California Gold-Dredging. 257

gravel is removed for rock-crushing operations, with some such arrangement as that which is being tried out in New Zealand in re-soiling experiments, this soil now below the gravel could, in re-dredging, to a great extent be deposited on the top of the coarser material. In reclaiming the dredged land it is, no doubt, a matter worthy of consideration. In this connection it is interesting to note the successful experiments of the Natomas Consolidated and others in planting eucalyptus trees on dredged land after the larger gravel has been removed, no re-soiling being necessary. Any estimate of the operating-cost of a dredge of this character is, of course, pure speculation, but there seems every reason to expect that, under favorable conditions, or in re-dredging some of these previously-dredged areas, a very low operating-cost would be obtained.

The operating-cost of dredging is always a matter of interest, but working-costs cannot be fairly used in comparison unless uniform methods of determining them are employed, and also unless operating-conditions are somewhat simMar. As in other branches of the mining industry, it may also be said that the apparent operating-cost is in a great measure a matter of book- keeping. As the time available for preparing this article was limited, it has been found impossible to prepare new data on working-costs of dredges in California, so I have utilized a table prepared last year by me (Table IIL). Under similar conditions, the operating-costs are practically the same. The new boats have not been working long enough to make any figures of operating-cost of much value, but it is understood that they will under the same conditions appreciably lower the costs ob- tained by the 18.5-ft. boat.

It is interesting to note the following average operating-cost per cubic yard of the large companies working in California during 1910. The Yuba Construction Co., for the year ended Feb. 28, 1911, handled 13,970,728 cu. yd. at a total cost of 5.67 cents per cubic yard. The Natomas Consolidated handled, for the year ended Dec. 81, 1910, a total of 15,989,525 cu. yd. at a total cost of 4.52 cents per cubic yard, and during the six months ended June 80, 1911, a total of 10,798,891 cu. yd. at a total operating-cost of 8.78 cents per cubic yard. This company

Mining and Scientific PresSy vol. ci., No. 5, p. 151 (July 30, 1910).

[17]

258 Present-Dat Problems In California Gold-Drbdqing.

has put in commission during this year three dredges with buckets having a capacity of 15 cu. ft., one being in the Feather River division at Thermalito, and two in the Folsom division on Rebel hill. These two boats are now satisfactorily handling ground that for a long time was considered too difEcult for economical dredging. The gravel is deeper and more compact than any other in the district, and dredge No. 8 is handling ground containing much stiff clay. The Oroville Dredging, Ltd., for the year ended July 31, 1910, handled 5,661,612 cu. yd. at a total cost of 5.05 cents per cubic yard.

Lis]

Pbbsent-Day Problems In California Gold-Dredoimo.

a

n

Eh

a.

a o

f SS .1

O

g

tea to

tf

0T3 ,

3S

neavy heavy

3'3'3'3 !

Is

paci grav pact grav pact grav pact grav

fume

ium c um g lumg

i;om Com Com Com Med Med Med Med

a V

I I -aanadxapnox |a?58iDg:g,S$SgS£S§SgSg8SlgSS|gC;g

2 I 'aaawnsai pav

Or-t rooocJoooooo'oo :

s

'puaaao

'uivdan

Pd

d&oS idd id do :Sgoo :

'JdiAOd apioais

joqn

laAVJo JO qddQ 9Sni9Ay

-poipmiH iCpirBn

v-popaj So}

'uaAio sainaiji , joj poijad SuiJOM'

S5

a a aaaaaa-caa E'Saa'S

'|9iIons JO Xi)f ovdvo

coco 'lOiOiO 1/3 lOt/ttCtOh

si

Sj

D

s

[19]

Subject To Revision.

[Transactions Op The American Institute Of Mining Engineers.]

Gold- Production in California.

BY CHARLES G. YALE,* SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. (San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.)

A FEW years ago somebody connected with one of those self- constituted bodies of unofficial character, like a Chamber of Commerce, Board of Trade, or State Development Board, started a catch-phrase referring to California as " The Land of Sunshine, Fruit, and Flowers," and the railroad magazines and folders keep it steadily in use, working day and night. Yet it altogether ignores the substance which brought the State into the Union, which peopled it, and which made it famous through- out the world. You ladies and gentlemen who have come from what we here call " the East," have in your own States, no matter which one, sunshine, fruit, and flowers. But your Eastern States, having these things as we do, have not the gold that we do. Therefore, the old designation of '<The Golden State," applied to California, should be revived, as being the most distinctive term. It is worthy of remembrance, too, that during the dark days of the civil war this State handed over 172,000,000 in yellow gold, and saved the credit of the nation.

Gold-mining has been carried on in California since

The days of old, The days of gold, The days of *49,*'

and it still continues. Since that historic year, and up to the end of 1910, the State has produced, in gold alone, $1,530,214,468. Since 1792 the entire United States production of gold has been 3,261,578,500, so that the single State of California has, in that period, produced within $201,144,564 of one-half of all the gold from Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and the Southern and scattering States. In other words, all the other 25 gold-producing States of the United States combined

.Statistician of the U. 8. Geological Survey. [1]

262 Gold-Production In California.

have only produced about two hundred millions more than the single State of California has in the long period of 118 years. Moreover, it has taken California but 62 years to produce that near half, which it has done at the average rate of $24,680,878 per annum. This shows an average gold-yield of $2,056,739 per month for the last 62 years.

California therefore deserves the title of " The Golden State."

It is to be noted, moreover, that California is still the leading gold-producer among the States of the Union, and there are still a larger number of producing gold-mines here than in any other State. Gold is being mined in larger or smaller quanti- ties in 34 of the counties of the State.

Among other mining States of the Union, California has, as a gold-producing region, the distinction of holding the record on all counts. It has made by far the largest aggregate prod- uct; made the largest output in any single year; made the highest annual average, although its mines have been worked for more than 62 years ; kept the lead as a gold-producer the greatest consecutive number of years; has the largest number of individual gold-mines ; pursues the greatest number of varied branches of gold-mining; and has the widest geographical dis- tribution of its gold-deposits.

The gold-belt of the State extends its extreme length from Oregon on the north to Arizona and Mexico on the south. Gold is mined in the highest parts of the Sierra Nevada moun- tains, the foot-hills, the valleys, and on the beaches bordering the ocean. The gold is taken from quartz, placers, pockets, seam-diggings, hydraulic drift, ocean-beach sand, by dredging, wing-damming, dry-washing, and other forms of mining. The snowy ranges, the river-beds, the beaches, the desert sands, the ancient buried rivers, the superficial gravel-deposits, all yield their quota. The climatic conditions in all except the higher ranges are favorable to work the year round. In some of the foot-hill counties, the men work their orange- or olive-orchards and vineyards in the summer and drift for gold under them in the winter months. It is to be noted that to-day the three great dredging-fields are at points where citrus fruits first ripen. The county producing the most gold is in the valley, below the foot-hills, and not in the snowy mountains.

[2]

Gold-Production In California. 263

It is not my intention to read you a statistical paper or bore you with a lot of figures, but rather to convey an idea of the present condition of the gold-mining industry in the State as far as it may be done briefly. A few figures are, however, necessary. It may be said that the record year of gold-produc- tion in California was 1852, when the placer-miners produced gold to the value of $81,294,700. In 1883 the yield was $24,316,873, and then the annual product gradually declined, owing largely to the closing of hydraulic mines, until, in 1889, the output was only $11,212,413. For seven of those years, between 1883 and 1904, it was less than $13,000,000 annually. Since 1904, the gold-yield has averaged about $19,000,000, sometimes exceeding $20,000,000, and it is to be confessed there is not much prospect of an increase. With labor at $3 per day, and an 8-hr. day enforced by law, it is difficult for the quartz- miners to make much profit on ore of ordinary grade unless large ore-bodies are worked, and as a consequence many have been compelled to cease operations. Still, the tonnage from the deep mines continues to be of considerable proportions, this having been 2,697,885 tons last year, of which 1,963,296 tons were siliceous or gold-ores. The average value in gold of this ore was $5.20 per ton. In some counties, where the veins are comparatively small, the values run up to $8 per ton. Taking a typical large mine in one of these counties, where nearly 100,000 tons were milled, the average yield per ton was $13.68, and the profit $7.51 per ton, over all costs of operation and development.

In the Mother Lode counties, where the ore-bodies are very wide, the ore is low grade. In one of these counties last year, 547,873 tons of ore were milled, yielding an average of $4.69 per ton. But taking all five of the Mother Lode counties, where 1,170,497 tons were milled, the average yield per ton was only $3.78.

It may be a surprise to some to know that, contrary to general supposition, the placer-mines of the State are now yielding 45.09 per cent, and the deep or quartz-mines producing 54.91 per cent, of the entire gold-product. About this proportion has prevailed for several years. It is true that the ordinary surface-placers, where they use rocker, tom, and sluice, now cut but a small figure, but the drift- and hydraulic mines are still

[3]

264 Gold-Production In California.

yielding, and the dredgers are now producing 84.94 per cent, of all the placer-gold. This comparatively new system of sur- face-mining has given renewed life to placer-work. Owing to adverse legislation, the hydraulic mines, formerly highly pro- ductive, are now yielding only 7.15 per cent, the drift-mines 5.82 per cent., and the surface- or sluicing-mines only 2.09 per cent, of the placer-gold. Since 1899 the dredges have dug out $40,318,775, and are now producing at the rate of $7,550,000 per annum, with 71 machines in operation. The details of this dredging-work will be given in the paper, Present-Day Prob- lems in California Gold-Dredging, by Mr. Janin, presented at this meeting.

The largest production of gold in California last year came from Yuba county, mainly from dredging. The most produc- tive in gold from deep mines is Amador, one of the Mother Lode counties. The leading hydraulic-mining county is Trinity, and the leading drift-mining county is Placer. The largest pro- duction from dredge-mines was from Yuba county.

It is to be confessed that little progress is being shown in the deep mining for gold, or even in the placer fields, aside from dredging-operations. Even in the latter, in the Oroville field, a decrease in gold-output is already apparent, owing to some of the ground having been worked out, but the increased output of the Yuba field, and in outside districts, made up for the loss in the Oroville dredging-field. There are only three large dredging-fields in the State, these being at points where the Feather, American, and Yuba rivers leave the foot-hills to enter the valley-lands, after, in their course, having cut through beds of auriferous gravel and depositing the fine gold with the soil carried down, when the streams are suddenly arrested from their swift flow by reaching level ground. There are numerous isolated points, however, in other counties, where the circumstances permit the operation of one or more dredges within restricted areas. For this reason dredging is being car- ried on in 10 counties of the State.

The speculative era of gold-mining has almost entirely disap- peared from California. The stock of no single gold-mine is listed on the Stock and Exchange boards or publicly dealt in. The mining-work is now almost entirely carried on by organized companies which provide capital for the enterprise. The day

[4]

Gold-Production In California. 265

of the nomadic miner is virtually at an end, and the men are now nearly all employed at daily wages. Of course, there are Btill many prospectors, but most of the miners live in perma- nent thriving towns near the larger properties, far different from the old-fashioned primitive mining-camp. High-priced officials have been replaced, office-force and expenses reduced, and only skilled men employed. More railroads, better wagon-roads, cheaper supplies, improved methods of transportation, better machinery at lower cost, highly improved reduction-methods and appliances, adoption of proved modern processes, careful saving of concentrates, stronger powder, power-drills, electric and water-power, heavier and larger milling-plants, more exten- sive development, and generally improved systems and appli- ances, have all contributed in recent years towards a change for the better in gold-mining in California.

[5]

SUBJECT TO BEVIBIOy.

[Transactions Of The American Institute Op Mining Engineers.!

A Modification of the Gay Lussac'* Method for Silver- Bullion Containing Tin,*

BY LUIS EMYLNN SALA8, NEW YORK, N. Y. (San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.)

If the ordinary wet method be attempted for silver-bullion containing tin, much trouble is experienced, varying with the amount of tin present. Even with a percentage as low as 0.05, the end-point is masked by a persistent turbidity, while with amounts ranging from 0.5 per cent, upward, the deter- mination of the exact end-point is impossible, owing to the finely divided or colloidal metastannic acid resisting all eftbrts to cause it to settle, or to give a clear supernatant liquid.

The object of the following experiments was to seek a remedy for these difficulties, and to find the conditions whereby the Gay Lussac method might be applied directly to these bullions. Material containing tin is met with frequently in bullion from Mexico or Bolivia ; and tin is carried (sometimes in large quantities) in jewelers' sweeps.

1. A bullion was prepared containing Ag, 74; Cu, 25; and Sn, 1 per cent.

A weighed amount was treated by the humid assay-method as if it were an ordinary bullion free from tin. Ten cc. of HNO, (1.21) was added, and the bottle was heated until all traces oi red fumes had been expelled. Before heating, the solutions were moderately turbid; and after heating, the turbidity greatly increased.

One hundred cc. of normal NaCl solution was added and the bottle was shaken vigorously at intervals during 30 min. The turbidity persisted. The bottle was allowed to stand over

Submitted in part falfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Applied Science, Columbia University, and accepted for publication in the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Contribution from the Havemever Laboratories, Columbia University. No. 198.

[1]

268 The "Gay Lussac" Method.

night, and the next day it was found to be only moderately clear.

A slight agitation reproduced the troublesome turbidity, the precipitate failing to clear during the afternoon.

2. Various attempts were made to cause the precipitate ta settle.

(a) The bottles were placed in a centrifugal machine and

whirled for several minutes, but no appreciable settling took place.

(b) Mixtures of ether and alcohol were added, and the bottle

was agitated. No desirable result was obtained.

(c) Several other assays were weighed out and treated as

above with similar results. A small amount of egg albumen, in water solution, was added and heat ap- plied to coagulate the albumen. Little or no clearing took place after shaking and allowing to stand. Froth- ing gave trouble, and the idea was abandoned.

(d) The production of heavy precipitates, such as BaSO

etc., to carry down the tin failed to give good results. Other attempts were made to cure the trouble, but none gave satisfaction.

It became evident that to seek a " prevention " would be more likely to lead to success.

3. Trials were made with many substances to keep the tin in solution, and the best results were obtained with the organic acids, tartaric and citric ; but oxalic acid failed.

Two rows, A and J5, of nine test-tubes each were arranged, and into each tube was placed a piece of tin weighing approxi- mately 50 milligrams.

To 1, 2, 3 of set A was added . . 0. 1 g. of tartaric acid.

To 4, 5, 6 of set was added . . 0.26 g. of tartaric acid.

To 7y Sy 9 of set A was added . . 0.5 g. of tartaric acid.

To 1, 2, 3 of set was added . 0.1 g. of citric acid

To 4, 5, 6 of set f was added . . . 0.25 g. of citric acid.

To 7, 8, 9 of set B was added . . . 0.5 g. of citric acid.

Five cc. of HXO3 (1.21) was added to each of the 18 tubes and in every case the contents were warmed.

To check the above results, three tests were made without the addition of an organic acid. The liquid remained clear where either tartaric or citric acid was used; whereas, those tests

[2]

The "Gay Lussac" Method. 26

containing neither tartaric nor citric acid became turbid on solution in the cold, and the turbidity increased on heating.

Even after considerable heating the tests Nos. 4 to 9 in each set remained clear.

But little difference could be noticed between the effects of tartaric and citric acids; if any, tartaric acid gave a slightly more satisfactory solution.

4. Further tests with tartaric acid were then made. A bul- lion containing Ag, 74; Sn, 2; and Cu, 24 per cent, was prepared, and three convenient quantities (-A, J5, and C) were taken for assaying. To each lot was added a small amount of tartaric acid (approximately 0.5 g.), and then 10 cc. of HXOj (sp. gr. 1.21). C alone gave a solution sufficiently clear for titration. (It was noted that C had not been heated as strongly as or B.)

Two other tests, D and Ey were made, 1 g. of tartaric acid being added to each, the bullion and crystal of acid being dissolved in HKO3, before. D became turbid on heating. It was observed that the turbidity greatly increased just before the red fumes disappeared. Test JE also became turbid even in the cold. The precipitate appeared " silky " on rotating the bottle, and on warming to about 60° C. it diminished consider- ably, the solution becoming almost clear. Titration was at- tempted, but on diluting the silver solution with the 100 cc. of NaCl solution, the liquid would not clarify, even after prolonged agitation. The titration to the end-point was impossible with this assay.

5. It was observed that with regard to turbidity, the results obtained depended upon the ' heat-treatment. Therefore an- other series of experiments was undertaken upon ordinary bullion free from tin, with the object of testing the effects produced with and without tartaric acid, and with and without the application of heat. It was found that the presence of the tartaric acid and the omission to remove the red fumes (which removal is generally recommended and sometimes insisted upon) had no observable effect upon the accuracy of the assay. This last point being contrary to general practice, additional experiments were made to confirm it, giving the following results :

[3]

The " Gay Lussac Method.

Assay.

No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4,

Sliver (c. p.) Taken. Milligrams.

. 1005.55

. 10a5.81

. 1005.49

. 1005.71

Silver Found. Milligrams.

Amount of c. p. Taken. Milligrams.

Silver Found, Using th

Standard Mentioned

Above.

Milligrams.

In all of these assays, c.p. silver was dissolved in HNO, (1 : 1) in the cold and titrated ; all with tartaric acid ; no heat applied.

6. A solution of NaCl was prepared and standardized the standard equaling 1004.33 mg. of silver.

This solution was checked, and gave the following results :

Assay.

No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6,

These tests were finished with NaCl.

To assays Nos. 5 and 6 there was a-dded 2.5 cc. excess of decime NaCl,and the solutions were titrated back with decime AgNOj, in the endeavor to ascertain the difference in end-point, finishing with NaCl and with AgNOy The solutions were agitated vigorously, but did not clear readily, and the end- point was obscure. This confirms the eflFect noticed by Aaron.

7. In the calculations the decime solution, as noted, was added 0.5 cc. at a time, and one-half of the last addition that gave a precipitate was counted.

Thus, 0.5 cc. 0.5 cc.) QO precipitate, equals 1.25 cc.

In order to determine if the addition of the decime solution in smaller amounts would make the end-point more exact, two tests were made, using 0.2 cc. decime NaCl.

A. 1005.21 mg. Ag. NaCl, 100 cc B. 1005.54 mg. Ag. NaCl, 100 cc

-I- 0.2 + 0.2 4- 0.2 + 0.2 -r 0.2. 0.2 + 0.2 -h 0.2 0.2 -j- 0.2 -f 0.2.

No precipitate. No precipitate.

1004.33 -f 0.7. I 1004.33 + 0.9.

1005.03 Ag fouud. 1005.23 Ag found.

[4]

The "Gay Lussac" Method. 271

The end-point was possibly less sharp, and the results were not improved.

8. In some of the previous assays certain effects were thought to be due to the amount of free HNO3 present.

Two tests, A and were made to determine this point.

The c. p. silver was in each case dissolved in 10 cc. of HNOj without tartaric acid.

A was evaporated to incipient dryness. B was evaporated so that, on cooling, crystals of AgN03 separated. To each assay 100 cc. of NaCl solution was added, and the bottles briskly agitated. Neither of these solutions cleared well. A was especially cloudy. It was re-agitated and allowed to stand for 15 min., and titration continued, giving the following results :

A. Amount of silver taken, 1005.92 mg. ; amount found, 1005.58 mg.

B, Amount of silver taken, 1005.50 mg. ; amount found, 1005.83 mg.

Excess of AgNOg was then added to each test, but the solu- tion did not clear well even after prolonged agitation, A being especially troublesome. To each, 5 cc. of HNO3 ('l) was added, and the agitation was repeated. Both solutions cleared perceptibly. The clearance was not complete in j4, but B was very good. It appears, therefore, that the assay is best con- ducted in such a manner that considerable free HNO3 remains after solution of the silver has taken place, and that excessive evaporation is disadvantageous even with tin-free bullions.

9. To determine the best strength of HNOg, the following experiments were made :

About 250 mg. of bullion D (similar to C) was added to each of six test-tubes.

Results. Few bubbles, dissolved after 5 hr. Similar.

Quick action, clear solution. Quick action, white sediment. Quick action, white sediment, g yy r No action at first. Ultimately

heavy white sediment.

From the above tests, it was concluded that (1 : 1) HNO3 (ordinary strong parting-acid) gives the best results.

[5]

0.

HsO Added.

Cubic Ceutimeters.

Cubic Centimeters.

272 The "Gay Lussac" Method.

The results obtained with bullion D were :

Amount Weighed Out. Milligrams.

Tartaric

Grams.

NaCl.

+ 0.75 dec.

Ag Equiva- lent. Milligrams.

Fineness.

+ 0.75

-f 0.75

10. It was found desirable, in assaying silver bullion con- taining tin, that the tartaric acid should be immediately avail- able for the dissolution of the tin. We therefore proposed to dissolve the 2 g. of tartaric acid (a convenient quantity for bullions containing about 5 per cent, of Sn) in about 3 cc. of water in the assay-bottle before adding the HNO3.

11. Bullion A was prepared containing 0.1 per cent, of tin; fineness, 750. The copper used was found to contain a little silver (this was discovered later when looking for the reason of the high results).

S'o.

Amount oi

Bullion. Milligrams.

Tartaric

Acid.

Grams.

NaCl.

Ag Equiva- lent. Milligrams.

Finenes

4- 0.75 dec

-f 0.75 dec.

+ 1.0 dec.

-h 1.0 dec.

A cloudiness appeared in the above tests when bringing the silver into solution, but this cloud disappeared on warming. No. 3 was actually brought to the boiling-point without special trouble occurring, the percentage of tin being small. But this heating is not permissible with bullions containing large amounts of tin.

Additional experiments, Xos. 5 and 6, were carried out as follows : No. 5 contained no tartaric acid, and the solution was heated till the red fumes were expelled. The solution did not clear well, and the end-point could not be ascertained with certainty.

No. 6 contained 1 g. of tartaric acid, and was dissolved at room-temperature. The solution remained clear till the end, and gave a sharp end-point. The fineness found was 750,8.

12. Bullion B contained 1 per cent, of Sn, and was approxi- mately 750 fine.

[6]

The "Gay Lussac" Method. 273

The results obtained were similar to those of Bullion A in experiment 11, except that the turbidity, where occurring, due to lack of tartaric acid, was more marked.

Bullion G contained 5 per cent, of Sn, and was approxi- mately 750 fine. In accordance with the observation made in experiment 6, with regard to the better clearing of the liquid when finishing with NaCl rather than with AgNOj, in all these assays an amount of bullion was weighed out, so that excess of silver remained in the assay-bottle after adding the 100 cc. of NaCl. Citric and tartaric acid were tried. The assay containing citric acid would not settle at all, the liquid retain- ing its milky appearance for a whole day; moreover, the AgCl did not granulate well. Other tests confirmed the fact that citric acid is useless for the purpose. Tartaric acid, how- ever, gave exceedingly good results so far as the clearing of the solution was concerned.

The experiments with this bullion containing 5 per cent, of Sn seemed to indicate :

(1) That the best clearance was obtained when few additions of decime NaOl were necessary.

(2) That the bullion must be dissolved in the cold. (In some cases the bottles were cooled under the tap with advantage, after dissolving the tartaric acid, and before adding the HNO3).

(3) That 2 g. of tartaric acid gave satisfactory results ; 1 g. appeared insufficient, and 3 g. indicated some interference with the end-point.

Above all, the best results were obtained when sufficient bullion was taken to provide an excess of silver, the titration taking place entirely on the salt side.

13. Bullion E, made up of similar composition to that of D (5 per cent, of Sn), was granulated, and, after granulation, was found to be thickly coated with oxides. Bullions that are oxi- dized to a considerable extent give trouble in dissolving, as heat, necessary for complete dissolution, causes the separation of metastannic acid. Moreover, it was observed that although a clear solution (strongly acid) might sometimes be obtained, an intense turbidity was produced on diluting with the 100-cc. NaCl solution, and that settling was impossible even after prolonged agitation, due to the alteration of the state of hydra- tion of the tin oxide.

[7]

The "Gay Lussac" Mbthod.

It is to be noted here that all bullions that had been heated strongly gave precipitates (on dilution) which did not settle.

14. Bullion Fy containing approximately Ag, 75 ; Cu, 20 ; and Sn, 5 per cent., was poured into the form of a conical button, which was flattened and rolled, thus increasing the chances of obtaining a uniform assay-piece.

The bullion was first placed in the bottle, then 2 g. of crys- tals of tartaric acid, then 3 or 4 cc. of distilled water was added, and the liquid heated till the crystals had dissolved. The solu- tion was well cooled, and then was added 10 cc. of HNO3 of a strength slightly greater than (1 : 1) to counterbalance the water added to dissolve the tartaric acid.

The bullion was allowed to dissolve in the cold, and com- plete solution took place in about 20 min. The following results were obtained :

No.

Bullion Taken.

NaCl.

Ag Equivalent. Milligrams.

Fineness.

Milligrams.

+ 1.75 dec.

+ 1.75 dec.

+ 1.60 dec.

4-1.25 dec.

+ 1.0 dec.

+ 0.25 dec.

+ 0.25 dec.

+ 0.25 dec.

+ 0.25 dec.

+ 0.25 dec.

+ 1.26 dec.

+ 0.25 dec.

Average,

The above results are very concordant, but there was a pos- sibility of a uniform error existing. To check this point known weights of Ag (c.p.), Cu, and Sn were taken and placed loosely in assay-bottles, A and J5.

A contained Ag (c. p.), 1005.66; Cu, 250.80; and Sn, 60.46 mg.

5 contained Ag, 1005.52; Cu, 250.44, and Sn, 77.66 mg.

These assays were treate'd by the method given in the risumi at the end of this paper.

Amount of NaCl required in 100 cc. NaCl + 1.50 dec.

B 100 cc. XaCl + 1.25 dec.

Ag equivalent oi 1005.83.

Ag equivalent of 1005.58.

[8]

The "Gay Lussac" Method. 275

The above method of treatment is the proper one for bullions containing tin.

15. An attempt was made to apply the method given in Ex- periment 14 directly to a 20-per cent. Sn alloy.

The tests were prepared thus :

Ag (c. p.). Cm. 8n.

MUliRnuns. Milligrams. Milligrams.

Bottle A contained 1005.20 250.25 200.15

Bottle J? contained 1005.52 250.61 200.30

The assays were treated by the method given in the risumi.

Good clear solutions were obtained while the HNO, re- mained relatively concentrated ; but on dilution with the 100- cc. NaCl solution a heavy cloud was produced, which did not clear by agitation and standing. If the percentage of tin in the bullion is so great that it interferes with this method, de- crease the amount of bullion taken and make up the deficit of silver by adding c. p. Ag.

16. As a check upon the method it was desirable to make a fire-assay.

Bullion F having been exhausted, another bullion, (r, was prepared of the following composition :

Ag, 22.5; Cu, 5; and Sn, 1.5 g., having a fineness of 750, and containing 5 per cent, of tin.

The strong NaCl solution was re-standardized. The stan dard had not altered 1004.33 mg. of Ag). The bullion was treated by the method indicated in the risumi. The results were :

Bullion. NaCl 100 cc. Ag Equivalent. Fineness.

Milligrams. Milligrams.

. f 1339.66 4- 0.25 cc. dec. 1004.58 749.9

1 1339.78 + 0.25 cc dec 1004.58 749.9

1340.14 + 0.75 cc dec 1005.08 760.0

1341.04 + 1.25 cc. dec 1005.58 749.8

1340.21 + 1.25 cc dec 1005.58 750.3

1341.47 + 1.75 cc dec 1006.08 750.0

Average, 749.98

The bullion-assays marked A were titrated by an inde- pendent assayer, the amounts of bullion taken being " un- known."

Other results obtained by independent assayer upon unknown

[9]

The "Oay Lussac" Method.

quantities of alloy were : 749.9; 750.3; 749.8; 750.1; 750.4; averaging 705.1.

17. To check the results of experiment 16, the following fire-assays were made :

Three bullion assay-pieces were weighed out :

(1) 500.05 mg. (2) 500.44 mg. (3) 500.19 mg.

Three checks were made up containing tin :

(4) 375.12 mg. Ag. (5) 375,26 mg. Ag. (6) 375.12 mg. Ag.

100.10 mg. Cu. 100.12 mg. Cu. 100.08 mg. Cu.

24.95 mg. Sn. 25.16 mg. Sn. 25.06 mg. Sn.

Three checks containing no tin (these were run in order to determine if the tin had any effect upon the results for silver):

(7) 375.30 mg. Ag. (8) 375.00 mg. Ag. (9) 375.00 mg. Ag. 100.42 mg. Cu. 100.20 mg. Cu. 100.34 mg. Cu.

The nine cupels were surrounded on all sides by old cupels, and a bar of fire-brick was placed at the door of the furnace. None of the beads sprouted. The relative positions of the bul- lions and checks were as shown in diagram :

Back

Weight of prills obtained (1) 368.39 mg. (8)

(6) 368.88 mg. (2)

(7) 370.32 mg. (5) Loss on (8) 6.40 mg, ; Loss on (6) 6.42 mg. ; Loss on (7) 4.98 mg. ; Mean loss on back row Mean loss on middle row Mean loss on front row

Front

368.60 mg, (4) 368.90 mg. 369.70 mg. (9) 369.02 mg. 368.52 mg. (3) 370.07 mg. loss on (4) 6.22 mg. loss on (9) 5.98 mg. loss on (5) 6.74 mg. 6.31 mg. (add to assay 1). 6.11 rag. (add to assay 2). 5.86 mg. (add to assay 3).

[10]

The "Gay Lussac" Method. 277

Therefore,

368.39 + 6.31 374.70 mg. corrected Ag found in (1). 369.70 + 6.11 375.81 mg. corrected Ag found in (2). 370.07 + 5.86 375.93 mg. corrected Ag found in (3).

Fineness as determined by (1) 749.3

(2) 750.9 I Average, 750.4 (3)= 751,1 J

Since the checks 7, 8, 9 contained no tin, they are not strictly comparable with the bullion-assays 1, 2, 3.

Calculating from 4, 5, 6, containing tin, the results are :

Prill No. 1 : 368.39 + loss on 4 (6.22 mg.) 374.61 749.1 fine).

Prill No. 2: 369.70 + loss on 6 (6.42 mg.) 376.12 751.1 fine).

Prill No. 3: 370.07 + loss on 5 (6.74 mg.) 376.81 753.3 fine).

Other checked fire-assays were run on the same bullion. Amounts weighed out: A, 500.05; B, 500.13; C, 500.12.

Prill from A (367.46) + loss on check (7.01 mg.) 374.47 748.9 fine).

Prill from B (366.26) + loss on check (8.17 mg.) 374.43 748.7 fine).

Prill from C (367.60) -h loss on check (7.54 mg.) 375.14 750.1 fine).

The average fineness calculated from these six fire-assays was 750.2.

Note. — The tests without tin were run as checks upon those containing tin. If the abnormal results obtained in 5 and 7 be discarded, the average losses on the assays with and without tin agree closely, indicating that the presence of tin has little or no elfect upon the results of the fire-assay.

Resume of Method.

1. Place a weighed amount of bullion in assay-bottle and

add tartaric acid crystals. Then add 3 or 4 cc. of distilled water. Apply heat until the tartaric acid is dissolved.

2. About 2 g. of tartaric acid is a convenient quantity to

use with 1 g. of a bullion containing up to 5 per cent, of tin. After dissolution of the tartaric acid, cool thoroughly.

[11]

278 The " Gay Lu8Sac " Method.

3. 10 cc. of HNO3 (1 : 1, or a little stronger) is now added,

and the bottle rotated slightly to mix the two acids thoroughly. Keep the solution cool.

4. The amount of bullion to be taken must be such as to

leave an excess of silver in the solution after the 100 cc. of NaOl has been added.

5. The bullion must be dissolved in the cold. It is not

necessary to boil off the nitrous fumes.

6. The assay must not be heated after the HNO3 has been

added.

[12]

BUBJaCT TO BVI8IO N.

[Transactions Of The American Institute Of Mining Engineers.]

The Rational Valuation and Quality-Efficiency of Furnace- Stock.

BT JOHN JERMAIN PORTER,* CINCINNATI, OHIO. (San Francittco Meeting, October, 1911.)

The value of any particular ore, coke, or limestone, for iron- making, depends upon its effect, first, upon the quality or value of the resultant product ; and second, upon the cost of smelt- ing. The factors under the first head are the percentages of phosphorus, manganese, and other elements, which remain in the pig-iron ; while those under the second head are the per- centages of iron, carbon, or lime, the slag-forming constituents, which must be fluxed, and any other ingredients which give rise to variations in cost of fuel and flux.

The first of these criteria of value is perhaps not capable of being reduced to a general formula embracing all cases, since it must vary to a great extent with market-fluctuations. For example, Bessemer pig is worth sometimes more and some- times less than foundry-pig ; and the premium paid for high manganese varies within wide limits. The second, or smelt- ing-value, however, can be expressed numerically with a fair degree of accuracy; and it is with this phase of valuation that the present paper is concerned.

The utility of a means of comparing numerically the relative smelting-values of different ores, cokes, and limestones, is self- evident, although it may not have importance in Northern practice, where materials are largely standardized. On the other hand, there are, especially in the South, many furnace- managers who must use a great variety of materials of widely varying grade ; and it is with special reference to this district, and in connection with the efficiency-methods which I have elsewhere proposed, that the methods herein described were devised.

UniTenity of Cincinnati.

Cost Reduction in the Iron Industry, Maniifa/ilurerff Record, vol. lix., No. 5 (Feb. 9, 1911).

[1]

280 Valuation And Efficibncy Of Furnacb-Stock.

Previous work along this line has been confined chiefly to the valuation of ores. Moreover, none of the methods which I have examined have met the requirements of my own par- ticular needs. The methods which follow lack somewhat in scientific completeness, and depend to a regrettable extent upon factors which must be chosen empirically by experience. Nevertheless, I claim for them the two requisites of practical usefulness, namely, simplicity and substantial accuracy.

Method for Iron-Ores. The basis of this method is the percentage of iron, silica plus alumina, lime plus magnesia, and the ease of reduction as measured by the burden-ratio which can be carried in average practice.

Let Fe percentage of iron.

RO percentage of lime plus magnesia.

V value of iron per unit.

V value of coke per short ton. q value of RO per unit.

Ac percentage of silica plus alumina.

n percentage of Ac in coke -j- 100.

m long tons of coke per ton of ore.

, , ,. ore + stone

r burden-ratio , (1)

The term "unit" refers to 1 per cent, of a long ton, or 22.41b.

Value of ore per ton value of Fe + value of RO — value of

RO to flux Ac — value of coke to smelt. (2)

' The Valuation of Iron-Ores, by M. Drees. Stahl und Eiseiij vol. xxvii., No. 10, p. 330 (Mar. 6, 1907).

The Valuation of Ores, by A. Rzehulka. Zeitsehrift filr ongevxindte Cheinie, vol. xxiii.. No. 11, p. 481 (Mar. 38, 1910).

Observations on the Purchase of Ore, by C. Chordot. Bevue de Metallurgie vol. viii, No. 3, p. 289 (Mar., 1911).

Comparison of Some Southern Cokes and Iron Ores, by A. S. McCreath and £. V. D'Invillers. Trajis., xv, 734 (1886-87).

Notes on the Selection of Iron-Ores, Limestones and Fuels for the Blast-Fumacey by F. W. Gordon. 2Von., xxi., 61 (1892-93).

Bules for Adjusting Premiums and Penalties on Lake Superior Iron Ores, by Geo. Smart. Iron Trade BevieWf vol. xlviii., No. 10, p. 496 (Mar. 9, 1911.).

The Blast Furnace and the Manufacture of Pig Iron by Robert Forsythe. Ist ed., pp. 47, 85 and 89 (1908).

The Calculation of the Value of the Raw Material in Pig Iron Making, by A. P. Gaines. The Iron Age, vol. Ixxiii., No. 16, p. 12 (Apr. 14, 1904).

[2]

Valuation And Efficiency Of Furnace-Stock. 281

From (1), long tons of coke to smelt 1 ton of ore

1 + stone per ton of ore

r

Assume that in the slag Ac RO. This is so nearly true as to introduce only an inappreciable error, even with widely varying practice. Also assume that two tons of stone give one ton of RO.

Then tons of stone to flux coke-ash 2 nm ; and tons of stone per ton of ore

Hence, substituting (4) in (3), Long tons of coke per ton of ore

(5)

r

and short tons of coke per ton of ore

nm VJ

(6)

Hence, substituting in (2),

Value of ore V Fe + q RO — q Ac — v

1+ 2 1 - 1+2 nm\ VIOO 100/ I

1.12 r

(7)

This method gives the true smelting-value of an ore, except that it does not take into account differences in the desirability of the slag made, due to the ratio of lime to magnesia, or of silica to alumina, or to the presence of titanium. K desired, account can be taken of the exact relation between the per cent, of bases and acids in the slag, and of the exact number of tons of limestone to give one ton of RO. However, these re- finements make the formula considerably more cumbersome to use, and are unnecessary for substantial accuracy.

[3]

282 Valuation And Bffioiency Of Furnace-Stock.

It will be noted that n ia the percentage of acids (silica and alumina) in the coke, not the per cent, of ash. A considerable proportion of coke-ash is usually iron, which does not need fluxing. Occasionally there is a large amount of lime and magnesia in the ash; and in such cases it would be proper to consider n as the difierence between the acids and the bases, or in other words, as the unfluxed acids. However, this is a matter of minor importance. Such changes as are likely to occur in q, n, and m have but little effect on the results, the two important factors being the value given to the unit of iron and the price of coke. Since the value of the iron-unit varies some- what in different iron-making districts and at different times, it is my custom, when starting to compare a series of ores in this way, to try several values of V on some typical ore, finally adopting that value which gives results approximating actual prices. The following values for the various constants gen- erally give good results :

V 0.07 to 0.09. v $2 to $3.

q 0.01. n 0.10.

r 1.5 to 2.5. m 0.6.

The following is a comparison by this method of typical ores used in leading manufacturing centers of the world. In order to compare them, I have assumed that they are smelted under the same conditions and have used the following constants: V $0.08, V f 8, q $0.01, n 0.10, m 0.6. In one sense this assumption is misleading, since commercial value is very largely a function of cost of fuel and market for product. Hence an ore may be worth considerably more than indicated here, if located adjacent to cheap coke and a good market. This objection does not, of course, apply to the use of the method in comparing ores for any given furnace or district.

Ore.

r.

Fe.

Ac.

Ro.

Value.

Lake Superior, Meaabi, .

S)S.O

$2.70

Alabama, hard red ore, .

Brown hematite, Virginia,

Magnetic concentrates,

''Ironetone," Oeveland, Eng.,

Minette " ore, Germany, .

[4]

Valuation And Bfficibncy Of Furnacb-Stock. 288

Method for Coire.

The value of coke for use in the blast-furnace depends on :

1. The percentage of carbon, since it is only the carbon which by its combustion produces heat.

2. The ease with which the coke is dissolved by carbon dioxide, since this determines in part the amount of carbon reaching the hearth of the furnace.

3. The percentage of ash, since the ash not only displaces carbon, but requires lime to flux it, and additional carbon to melt the slag formed from it.

The percentages of sulphur and of phosphorus may be disre- garded in this connection, as not affecting the heating-value of the coke, although, of course, they affect the quality of the iron made from it. It may be objected here that the presence of much sulphur necessitates the use of a more basic slag and a higher temperature in the hearth, and in this way increases the amount of necessary fuel. Yet, while the truth of this state- ment must be admitted, its consideration in a workable formula does not seem practicable, and it is not often a matter of great importance.

A general expression for the value of coke is : Value per short ton value of carbon reaching hearth — value of carbon to smelt slag from ash — value of RO to flux ash.

Let FC percentage of fixed carbon in coke. Ac percentage of silica + alumina in coke, f factor of solubility of coke in carbon dioxide, r' red ucibility -factor of ore. RC03 pounds of lime and magnesia carbonates per ton of iron. P fuel-consumption in short tons of coke per ton of iron. Ha heat available in hearth of furnace per pound of carbon burned. U value of each unit of available carbon, q value of each unit of RO (long-ton units). The term unit refers to 1 per cent, of one short ton, or 20 lb., except where otherwise noted.

The units of carbon reaching the hearth FC — carbon- loss between throat and hearth.

[5]

284 Valuation And Efficiency Of Furnace-Stock.

The carbon-loss between throat and hearth I have shown elsewhere* to equal, per ton of iron, 0.12 X pounds of car- bonates per ton of iron X size, factor of stone X factor of solu- bility of coke 4- 700 X reducibility, factor of ore X factor of solubility of coke. The size-factor of stone is unimportant and may be neglected.

Hence, units of carbon lost per short ton of coke

(0.12 X RC03 X f) + (700 X r' X f) X

20 F

or, simplifying J-. (0.12 RC03 + 700 r').

Hence, value of carbon reaching hearth

U FC — - - (0.12 RC03 + 700 t')\ per short ton.

The slag resulting from the ash is 2 Ac units per ton of coke. The carbon to smelt one unit of slag is (from the paper previ- ously cited) - -. Ha

Hence the value of the carbon to melt the slag from the coke-ash

Finally, the short tons of RO required to flux the coke-ash Ac (if we assume, as in the case of ores, that in the slag the per cent, of Ac equals the per cent, of RO), or the long ton units of RO 1.12 Ac, and the value of the RO q X 1.12 Ac.

Hence the value of the coke per short ton

Values of constants which I have found to give good results are as follows :

The Fuel-Efficiency of the Iron Blast-Furnace, Bulkiin No. 53, May, 1911 p. 373.

[6]

Valuation And Efficiency Of Furnace-Stock. 285

U 0.04 to 0.06.

q 0.01.

f 0.5 for the best Connellsville coke.

0.6 to 0.7 for good Pennsylvania and West Virginia

coke. 0.8 to 0.9 for fair Virginia and Alabama coke. 1.0 for the softest Pocahontas and Alabama coke, r' 0.1 for Mesabi ore.

0.2 for brown hematites.

0.8 for soft red hematites and roasted carbonates.

0.4 for hard red hematites.

0.6 for Alabama hard red ore.

1.0 for magnetites and mill-cinders.

The factor f simply represents that proportion which the car- bon actually dissolved bears to that which could be possibly dis- solved by the COg present. For example, if there are 700 lb. of carbon present as COg per ton of iron, then according to the reaction C -[- COj 2 CO, 700 lb. is the maximum amount of carbon which can be dissolved per ton of iron. K good Con- nellsville coke with a solubility-factor of 0.5 is used, the amount of carbon actually dissolved and thereby wasted will be 700 X 0.5= 350 lb., while with fair Alabama coke the amount lost would be 700 X 0.8 560 lb. The values given for this factor are based on no experimental evidence (except in a quali- tative way), but were chosen because they give good results in furnace-calculations. I believe they are a fair approximation to the truth.

The factor r' represents that proportion of the oxygen of the ore which is only removed at such high temperatures that the resulting COj has power to dissolve carbon. It requires ap- proximately 700 lb. of carbon to reduce the iron in one ton of pig-iron by the reaction Yefi + 3 CO Fe + 8 CO. If this COj were produced at such a high temperature that it all re- acted thus : CO2 -h C 2 CO, there would be 700 lb. of carbon dissolved in this way, and r' is the proportion of this maximum loss which actually occurs. The values used are in qualitative accordance with laboratory-experiments, and give good results when used in furnace-calculations; otherwise they have no scientific basis.

[7J

286 Valuation And Efficiency Of Purnacb-Btock.

It will be noted that another kind of reducibility-factor is

used here than in the case of iron-ores. It must be admitted

that this is a very unscientific procedure ; but the use of the

burden-ratio to express relative reducibility finds its justificar

tion in the much greater simplicity of the calculations in the

case of iron-ores. I have not as yet worked out the scientific

relationship between r and r', but an approximate empirical

relation is given by the expression r' — .

Ha, the heat available in the hearth of the furnace per pound of carbon, has been discussed by Johnson* and by me.* Its calculation is very lengthy, but by means of the diagrams in the two papers just referred to it can be read oft directly. Ha is usually about 1,500 for Alabama practice, 1,600 for Virginia practice, and 1,400 for Northern practice.

Method for Limestones. Let q' value of lime and magnesium carbonates per unit of 22.4 lb. V value of coke in dollars per short ton. Ac per cent, of silica plus alumina in the stone. Ha heat available in the hearth of the furnace per

pound of carbon. FC per cent, of fixed carbon in the coke. Relative value value of available carbonates — value of

coke to flux slag from siliceous impurities. Available carbonates 100 per cent. — per cent. Ac — per

cent carbonates to flux Ac. Per cent, carbonates to flux Ac (assuming RO Ac in slag) 1.785 Ac if pure calcium carbonate, or 1.911 if pure dolomite. Say 1.8 Ac for average practice. Hence available carbonates 100 — Ac — 1.8 Ac. 100

— 2.8 Ac. Short tons of coke to melt slag per ton of stone pounds of slag per ton stone X 600

2 Ac Pounds of slag per ton of stone — - X 2240.

♦ TraiM. xxxvi., 476 (1906).

BtdUtin No. 53, May, 1911, p. 37.3.

[a]

Valuation And Bfficibncy Of Furnacb-Stock. 287

Therefore the short tons of coke to smelt the slag per ton of

stone

2 Ac

-'- X2240 X600

Ha X - -- — X 2000

. . 1344 Ac

or simplifying, -—

Therefore value of stone

, , 1344 Ac

q/ X (100 2.8 Ac) — V X

Examples of the Use of these Formula. During a portion of the year 1909 a certain Southern fur- nace used materials of which the following are the extremes in composition, as shown by the best and poorest analyses on the furnace-books.

Iron. Silica + Alumina. Lime + Magnesia.

Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent.

Ore 1, hard red ore, best, 46.54 6.90 11.54

poorest, 33.00 23.40 12.50

Ore 2, haid red ore best, 36.30 19.40 12.25 .

poorest, 33.03 26.92 11.29

Ore 3, soft red ore, best, 50.70 19.10 2.40

poorest, 38.60 34.80 2.00

Ore 4, soft red ore, best, 49.20 27.60

poorest, 35.77 45.00

Ore 6, brown ore, best, 44.10 21.00

poorest, 39.29 28.30

Ore 6, brown ore, best, 41.10 26.05

poorest, 30.10 46.30

Ore 7, brown ore, best, 49.60 18.20

poorest, 36.04 34.02

Limestone 1, . . . best, 3.01

poorest, 9.57

Silica + Alumina.

Fixed Carbon. Ash. (Approximate).

Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent.

Coke 1, . . . . best, 86.80 13.75 10.75

poorest, 75.66 22.25 19.25

Coke 2, . . . . best, 82.22 16.58 13.68

poorest, 77.80 20.58 17.58

[9]

Valuation And Efficiency Of Furnace-Stock.

The various constants entering into the calculation of the relative values of these materials maybe taken as follows:

V 0.09

V 13.00

q 0.01

n 0.15 (average.)

ra 0.6

U 0.05

r 1.7 for hard red ore.

1.7

r 2.0 for soft red ore.

Ha 1500

r 2.3 for brown ores.

0.9

"C 80 per cent, (average.)

r' 0.5 (average of

used.)

q' 0.008

Rco, 2600

Hence the equations for this particular furnace and period may be simplified to the following:

Value of ore

0.09 Fe + 0.01 (RO — Ac) —

3.9 + 6 (-39)

1.12 r

Value of coke 0.05 (FC — 17.5 — 0.8 Ac) — 0.0112 Ac. Value of limestone 0.012 (100 — 2.8 Ac) — 0.0836 Ac.

The relative values of these materials, figured on this basis, together with the approximate actual costs delivered at the furnace, are as follows :

Relative Value. Beet Poorest Material. Material.

Approximate

Actual

Cost.

Relative Desirability

{i. e. Value -+- by Cost).

Best Poorest

Material. Material.

Per Cent Per Cent.

Ore 1, . .

$0.60

$1.20

Ore 2, . .

Ore 3, . .

Ore 4, . .

zero

Ore 5, . .

Ore 6, . .

zero

Ore 7, , .

Limestone 1,

Coke 1, .

Coke 2, .

As a matter of fact in this particular case, the ore-situation was such that almost anything was welcome that would help keep the furnace going; and the operating officials were fully aware of the inefficiency of some of the material used. Never-

[10]

Valuation And Efficiency Of Furnace-Stock. 289

thelesfl, I think that the value of such a comparison as the above will be generally admitted.

One of the great difficulties in the way of economical pro- duction is the frequent lack of co-ordination between different departments. It is quite commonly the case that foremen have as their ideals the good of their own departments rather than the good of the whole organization ; and it is indeed an effi- cient executive who can hold all the details of a large opera- tion so firmly as to eliminate all waste due to friction between the parts.

In the South especially, a considerable amount of unneces- sary waste is often due to wrong ideals on the part of the miners and mine-foremen. Finding that success is gauged almost entirely by the elements of cost and output, it is natural that they should devote all their energies to making a good showing along these lines, while quality is neglected, except perhaps spasmodically when the blast furnace superintendent makes some particularly strenuous objection. The latter is usually the only person who is particularly interested in this question of quality ; and he is seldom in a position to determine what standards are proper and how much of the poor material used was really unnecessary.

It appears to me that, in such cases, efficiency-reports, if properly constructed, should be of special value in giving a true basis upon which to evaluate the work of each depart- ment, and in helping each member of the organization to more useful ideals. My idea for carrying out this plan, as worked out in connection with other phases of furnace-effi- ciency, involves the use of three reports. The first, Table L, is a periodic, preferably daily, blast-furnace stock-efficiency report, made up from the analyses of the materials as shipped, and preferably sampled at the furnace. The second, not shown, is the daily operation-report of each mine-washer and coking-plant, and would have to vary in its make-up according to the nature of the operation. The third. Table U., is a weekly or monthly comparative mine-efficiency report. It will be noted that on this the efficiency as to cost, output, and quality is shown separately, while the total efficiency is the product of these three. Of course there are many possible variations in carrying out this idea, and every case will probably need a

[U]

290 Valuation And Efficiency Of Furnace-Stock.

little different treatment. Bonus-payments for high efficiency to those in charge are a very desirable, though not absolutely necessary, corollary to the plan.

It is not within the province of the present paper to con- sider the question of standards for cost and output ; but the matter of quality-standards can, in the case of coal, limestone, and bedded ores, be handled as follows : At regular periods, say once a week, a careful and reliable man goes through the mine and takes an adequate sample representing all, or a majority, of the working-faces. This sample excludes all partings which should theoretically be thrown out in mining, and its analysis, representing the best quality possible if the mining is perfectly done, becomes the standard for that week and affords the basis for calculating the standard for relative value. In the cases of brown-ore deposits, ore- and coal- washers, and coke-ovens, special methods of sampling must be devised for each individual case.

It may be objected that this plan calls for an undue amount of analytical work. This, however, need not be the case if the work is carefully planned; and, in any event, the benefits which are usually to be derived will warrant a considerable addition to the laboratory expense. As an example, I may cite the case of a company which has been using coke averaging 18 per cent, in ash, although it was demonstrated, when special attention was given to this feature, that their coal is capable of making a coke of only from 13 to 14 per cent, of ash. This increased ash is responsible, in that case, for an increase of approximately 300 lb. of fuel per ton of iron and an increased cost of about 40 cents per ton of iron.

On the other hand, I am acquainted with a coal-operation where the adoption of methods somewhat similar to, though less complete than, those I have advocated, has led to a de- crease in the average ash in the coal shipped from 16 to 12.60 per cent, within a period of three months. Finally, it is well known that a leading Southern producer has been able to attain most remarkable results both as to low ash and uni- formity of composition in its coke by the use of methods which contain the spirit, if not the outward form, of those I have here described.

[12]

Valuation And Efficiency Of Furnace-Stock.

Flux. No. 1.

Table I. — Daily Stocks Efficiency Report,

Daily Stock Efficiency Report. , Furnace. Date,

Ore.

Ko. 1.

Standard. Actual.

No. 2.

Standard. Actual.

No. 5.

Standard. Actual.

Standard. Actual.

Iron.

Per CentT

In.luble. I Bases. Relative Value.

Per Cent.

Per Cent.

Efficiency.

Per Cent

Coke.

No. 1.

No. 2.

Ash. Fixed Carbon. Relative Value.

I Percent.

Standard 13 76

Actual ; 22.25

Standard i 16.58

Actual I 20.58

Per Cent.

Efficiency.

Per Cent.

83.1'

Note. — It is contemplated that the relation between the percentage of silica plus alumina and the per cent, of insoluble, and the per cent of silica plus alumina in the ash be detennined and occasionally checked, and that a suitable instruction- sheet be furnished whereby the chemist can calculate the relative value with the minimum of labor.

Table II. — Weekly Comparative Mine- Operation Report.

We

Operation.

JEKLY Comparative Mn

Cost. c

je-Operation Report.

ieek endinir

mtput Quality. j

ij

Efficiency. jTons.

Efficiency. ' Efficiency.

No.

1 Standard.! Actual. '

Dollars. Per Cent Percent Per Cent 0.80 , 300, 1.78 1 090 88.9 ' 310 1 103.3 1.10 61.8

No.

9 Standard. Actual.

No.

Q Standard.

[13]

Bubjbct To Bevi8I0N.

[Transactions Of The American Institute Of Mining Engineers.]

The Mineral Production and Resources of China.

BY THOMAS T. READ,* SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. (San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.)

I. Introduction.

When so much has been written upon a subject on which so little definite information is available as upon this, some rea- son must needs be assigned for adding to the volume of litera- ture. A sufficient reason is found in the probable great future importance of China as a producer of mineral wealth. The present undeveloped state of mining in the Empire is due to many causes, among which the most important are the rela- tively simple needs of the population, the lack of transportation- facilities, the inelastic regulations governing the industry, and the superstitious reluctance of the people to make excavations which might disturb the spirits of the earth and air, or of ancestors.

Iron is the metal most in demand, yet the needs of the popu- lation, until recently, only made necessary a production of approximately 0.5 lb. of iron per capita per year. The present annual production of iron for domestic consumption, in the United States, is nearly 600 lb. per capita. The curious state of development of transportation in this interesting country has been a greater handicap upon the mining industry than upon any other. The point upon which it hinges is the absence of a road-system. Except for a few military roads, now almost impassable, there are no roads in China ; that is to say, there is no land which is set aside as a right of way, belonging to the commonwealth. Throughout the agricultural districts, gener- ally speaking, the entire area is in private ownership, and the lines of travel are between fields. There is a constant struggle for existence between the owners of the land and the- traveling public, with the natural result that the so-called roads usually

Formerly Professor of Metallurgy, Imperial Pel- Yang University, Tientsin, China.

[1]

294 Thb Mineral Production And Resources Of China.

are simply lines along which i1> is merely possible to travel. Most merchandise is carried in baskets over the shoulder, pushed in wheelbarrows, or transported on pack-animals, to the nearest stream. Really cheap and efficient transportation is confined to the rivers, and great ingenuity is exhibited in utiliz- ing them to the fullest extent. On the Lan river, for example, the boats, to use an expressive colloquialism, " can float in a heavy dew." The regions where mineral wealth is abundant are naturally but poorly supplied with navigable streams, and it is only where Nature has been so kind as to gather together in one place all the materials necessary for the extraction and reduction of the minerals that any considerable industry has been able to develop. Now railroads are penetrating all parts of the Empire, the streets built in the cities are being extended as roads through the surrounding territory, and the mineral industry is taking on a new aspect.

Theoretically the mineral wealth of the Empire is the property of the central government, and is only worked by permission upon a royalty basis. Practically this is difficult to enforce, and there have grown up relationships between the operators and the government which are complicated in the extreme. The de- velopment of the mining industry is correspondingly hampered, and it is to be hoped that a simple and direct code of mining- regulations may be put in force at no far distant date. The importance of the superstitions regarding graves and " Feng- Shui " has been over- emphasized. It has undoubtedly operated to restrict prospecting-work, but where valuable deposits are found it is always possible to have graves moved for a reason- able sum, and it is but seldom that a regard for " spirits " is allowed to operate to financial disadvantage. With the spread of education this factor will lose the limited importance it now possesses.

Easily first in the mineral wealth of China are coal and iron. Willis " (reference is to bibliography given at the end of this paper) has estimated that the anthracite-resources of Shansi and adjacent territory are equal to those of Pennsylvania, and while no estimate is possible of the total amount of bituminous coal, it is safe to say that it is also comparable with that of the United States. It is impossible as yet to estimate the iron-re- sources, for reasons given under the discussion of that metal,

[2]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 295

but there is every reason to believe that they are extensive and valuable ; some progress has already been made in their utili- zation on a modern scale. The Empire is the most important producer of antimony, and ranks high in the production of tin. The production of copper and zinc is already appreciable, and the production of petroleum, while as yet small, seems to have much of promise. The production of gold, silver, mercury, and other metals, while worthy of notice, seems to offer less hope of great increase by the introduction of improved methods of working. It will be evident from the following pages that the mineral production of China is at present of no little im- portance, and her known resources are great enough to offer ground for the belief that considerable development can be expected in the fiiture.

During three years of residence in North China, I visited a large number of districts of which the mineral production is now considerable. It was not possible, of course, to visit all, and for the extreme south and southwestern parts of the Em- pire I have been dependent upon the statements of others, but especially upon the published reports of the notable group of French explorers and engineers who have extended their study of Indo-China to cover the adjacent areas. The report of Duclos," and that of LeClere,** are especially important. Rich- thofen's monumental work is of permanent value, as is that of the Carnegie Institution exploring party." This latter deals only with general geology, but is of great interest as marking the first attempt to carry on topographic and geologic surveys in China with the precision attained in the United States. A very important paper is that of Willis," who has made an ad- mirable summary of the literature bearing upon the mineral resources of the Chinese Empire.

The bibliography which concludes this paper is not com- plete, nor has any effort been made to include all references to the subject. All the more important papers are included, but if any have escaped attention the correction will be welcome. Those who have carried on investigation in the Orient will appreciate the difficulty of the work. Important papers have been published in journals that are difficult or impossible to obtain, the native reports are entirely unreliable, and many areas of importance have never been adequately described. In

[3]

296 The Mineral Production And Resources Of China.

addition, there is much conflict between reports upon a single area, and often complete disagreement between figures as to present production. The following represents merely as close an approximation to the truth as now seems possible, and will re- quire extensive revision in the light of future development. But having acquired, with much effort, an imperfect knowledge of the mineral resources of this great Empire, it appears a pro- fessional duty to place it in a form which may be of assistance to later workers in this broad field. Erroneous statements have probably been included, and it is hoped .that the many engineers who have visited China will contribute further data.

In quoting from the reports of others the almost insurmount- able obstacle of identification of place-names is constantly met. This is especially true of the French and German authors, whose spellings are often unrecognizable. Wherever possible I have given the latitude and longitude of the localities men- tioned, except in the case of well-known places. Even this is unsatisfactory, for the most accessible accurate maps of south- western China are French and the longitude is given in degrees east of Paris, which is approximately 2° 20' east of Greenwich. The French notation has been followed in the case of points in Ssu-chuan, Yunnan, and Kweichou. This should be borne in mind in consulting the maps. In some cases where the spell- ing is obviously incorrect, or it has been impossible to iden- tify the places, I have placed them within a semi-quotation mark ' thus,' and turned over the difliculty to the reader.

For convenience, reference is made by number in the text to the bibliography given at the end of the paper ; " is a good geography of the Empire and ® is a fairly complete bibliog- raphy of China.

n. Coal.

Coal is easily the first of the mineral resources of China. The great extent of the deposits has already been indicated and a conservative estimate of the present production is 15,000,000 tons annually. The casual visitor to North China, where the winter climate is rigorous, seeing the children of the villagers, armed with rake and basket, engaged in collecting every scrap of vegetable material that can be utilized as fuel, is likely to wonder why coal is not more generally used.

[4]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 297

The reason is not recondite : the low cost of labor, the high cost of transportation, and the low scale of living put coal be- yond the reach of the population in many regions. It is prob- ably safe to estimate that one-half the cost of the food of an ordinary workman is chargeable to the fuel used in cooking it, and where the otherwise unemployed children can be sent out to gather grass and pull up the roots of the larger cereals, such as corn and kao-liang, there is little market for coal, except for industrial purposes. Near the mines, where coal is abundant and cheap, it is freely employed. The development of rail- roads, steamships, and industrial plants will not only create a greater market for coal, per se, but, by raising the scale of living through the higher wages paid for labor, will increase the consumption of coal for household purposes. The annual consumption of coal in the United States is approximately 8.6 tons per capita per annum ; the consumption in China is ap- proximately 1/26 ton per capita per annum. An approximate estimate of the present coal-production in China is given in Table I.

Table I. — Approximate Estimate of the Present Coal- Production of China.

Province.

Manchuria

ChiU

Shansi

Shenai

Eaosn

Shantung

Honan

Ssu-chuan

Eweichou

Yunnan

Chekiang

Eiangsi

Hunan

Euangtung

Euangsi

Other provinces-

Total.

Anthracite.

Tons.

840,000 4,000,000

300,000 1,000,000

Grand total..

13,190,000

6,140,000 6,900,000 1,160,000

Bituminous.

Tons.

25,000

2,090,000

25,000

500,000

500,000

500,000

500,000 250,(00 300,000

10,000 700,000 200,000

50,000 100,000 100,000

5,900,000

Sub-Bituminous and Lignite.

Tons. 1,000,000 150,000

1,150,000

[5]

298 The Mineral Production And Resources Of China.

The sketch-map, Fig. 1, shows in general the coal areas of China. This map, as well as Fig. 2, has some misspelled names, as it was impossible to arrange for revision of the proofs.

The coals of China are as varied in quality as those of the United States, but this diflference should be noted : the amount of lignite is comparative ly small, and the proportion of anthra- cite to bituminous is relatively larger than in the United States. As previously noted, Willis has estimated that the anthracite-

[6]

The Mineral Production And Rbsoubges Of Ohina. 299

resources of Shansi and the adjacent fields are practically equal to those of Pennsylvania. K this is in error it is probably upon the safe side, and the total coal-resources of the Chinese Empire seem likely, upon careful mapping, to compare favor- ably with those of the United States.

In the space at my command it would not be possible to give

Q. Arthur p

180* 185

Fig. 2. — Coat.-Fields and Gold-Fields op Manchuria. (After Purington.)

more than a brief outline of each of the important fields. The number of fields is so great that an attempt at classification would lead to too great complexities, and it will be simplest to consider them briefly by provinces.

In Manchuria one large mine is now in operation atFushun. This field, seen just above the word " Mukden " on the sketch-

[7]

800 The Mineral Production And Resources Of China.

map, Fig. 2, has been described in detail, ", ", so nothing further will be given here than to state that the coal is a sub-bituminous of excellent quality. The mines, owned and operated by the South Manchuria railway, had a production in 1910 of 830,328 tons, and are expected to reach 1,000,000 tons per year when the second of the two pairs of deep shafts (18 and 20 ft. in diameter) are in full working-order. More recently the mines at Pen-hsi-hu, on the Antung-Mukden rail- way, have been developed ; but, although I passed through the town in the autumn of 1910, I have been unable to obtain figures as to the production, which is probably small as yet, but is likely to develop when the standard-gauge line between Mukden and Antung is in operation. The chief engineer at Fushun stated in 1909 that the Pen-hsi-hu coal is a friable semi- bituminous, occurring in Jurassic strata, and not of especially good grade, but more extensive development may have disclosed seams of better quality. The same remarks will apply to Sai-ma-chi (126° E., 41° 30' N.); owing to its distance from the railroad no very serious attempts have been made to de- velop these mines. All mines in the South Manchuria railway zone are to be developed jointly by Japanese and Chinese.

Just east of Kwan-cheng-tze (125° E., 44° N.), coal similar to that at Fushun occurs in several places, and though the at- tempts at working have not been very successful as yet, the seams at this place are likely to become of great importance, as the branch railroad to Kirin cuts directly across them. West of the Liao river (somewhere about 122° E., 48° N.) a valuable and important field is said to exist, but I have not visited the locality and have no definite knowledge of it. Some time since the Imperial Railways of North China attempted to exploit some seams of a true lignite a short distance north of the Great Wall, but they proved to be of too poor quality. Other locali- ties where coal occurs are Tentai and Wu-hu-tsui, but the pro- duction is unimportant. Thin seams of coal can be seen in the cuts along the trans-Siberian railroad, and the Bureau of Mines for Manchuria has published a long list of places where coal occurs in Manchuria. The coals of the southern part of the province were described by K. Inouye in 1905.* Coal occurs widely throughout the area; that at Fushun and near Kwan-cheng-tze is sub-bituminous and of Tertiary

[8]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 301

age; in the other districts the coal is semi-bituminous and of Jurassic age. No closer classification can be attempted as yet. The native consumption is generally supplied by small local mines. The South Manchuria railway and a considerable portion of the shipping-trade of Dalny (Tairen) are supplied by the Fushun mines. As the workable coal in the Fushun field has been estimated at 800,000,000 tons, Manchuria is well supplied with coal. But the Manchurian coals are very friable, furnishing but a small proportion of lump-size, and no good coking-coal has yet been found. The composition of the coals of Manchuria is given in Table 11.

Table II

. — Analyses of Manchurian Coals.

No.

Locality.

d

a

"Per" Ct.

Per

ct.

Ash. Sulphur.

Analyst.

Remarks.

Fu-shun

Fu-shun

Wu-hu-lttui... Pen-hsi-hu...

Yen-t'ai

Sai-ma-chl

Per Ct.

Per Per ct. Ct.

3.18 0.27 6.35 1.00

9.19 0.50 11.32 0.&4

9.75 0.66

12.25 0.80

C. H. Wane 1 Geological

Surrey of J Japan.

Average of 7 published analyses.

Ayerage of 8 published analyses. Average of 3 published analyses. Average of 3 published analyses.

Chili, which immediately adjoins Manchuria on the south- west and is the metropolitan province, is now the most impor- tant producer of coal, as can be seen from Table HI., which gives a summary of the coal-output of Chili province for 1909 by K. Y. Kwong, chief mining engineer for the Chili Province Bureau of Mines, Tientsin. The composition of some Chili coais is give in Table IV.

Table III. — Production of Coal in Chili Province for 1909.

Jehol dlBtrict (US'" E. 410 N.) coal-fields.

i Shih-t'<

lAgniie,

Yen-pao-shan, ;nia-tze, *ou-fen,

Totallignite..

Tons. 150,000

150,000

[9]

802 The Mineral Production And Rbsouecbs Op China.

Ein-Han railway district coal-fieldfl

Peking -Shanhaikwan railway district coal-field,

Peking-Kalgan railway district coal-fields

Anthracite Coed. ' Tai-an,

Fangshan-hsien (116

Sha-ho-hsien (114° 40

37° N.), Lin-ming-kwan, Han-tan-hsien,

E.,

I Shi-i

men-tsai,

f Sin-pao-an,

Peking Western Hills ( (116° 46' E., 40° 15' N.),

Total anthracite..

600,000

60,000

20,000

150,000

840,000

Peking-Shanhaikwan railway district coal- fields

Kin-Han railway district coal-fields

Peking-Kalgan railway district coal-fields

Lan-Ho and Jehol dis- tricts coal-fields.

Chow-yang-fu coal-fields

BUuminous Coal.

( fC. E. & M. Co.,

i Kaipingj Ltd., mines,

Co., )

les, V ines, J

( Lanchow mines, E E

Lingshan,

Ching-hsing (114°

38° N ) Lincheng'(il4°30'

37°30'N.),

Tze-chow (114° 20' E.,

36° 30' N.),

Hsuen-hua-fu (116° 10 E.,

40°60'N.), ;

Total bituminous coal.

1,400,000

50,000

160,000

100,000

100,000

40,000

100,000

140,000

2,090,000

Table IV. — Analyses of Some ChUi Goals.

No.

locality.

Tong8han,C.E.& M.Co. Tongshan,C.E.& M.Co.

Tong8han,C.E.& M.Co.

Tongshan,C.E.& M.Co. Tong8han,C.E.& M.Co.

Tongshan,C.E.&M.Co.

Llnsi.C. E.&M. Co

Ching-Hsing

Chal-t'ang

114>80'E.,38O45'N

Per Ct.

i.s:

Per Ct.

18. 0*2

[7I2I.72

;0.98l

0.77'

Per I Per Ct. ' Ct.

56.7825.55 57.19,23.95

53.81 23.10 12.29;59.75!27.03 13.55 70. 33115.22

53.28|27.40i]

51.97!28.05!c 61. 16,24. 81 12

2. Ill 6.67i68.23|22.99j

1.20 12.97180.50 5.43;

g

a

tf

Ui

M

s

Per

Ct.

e8

Remarks.

Coking, bitaminous.

C.H.Wang.,

C. H.Wang. 'Bituminous.

mil

C.H.Wang.

C.H.Wang.

C.H.Wang. ( Average I company r Average ( company

C.H.Wang.

C.H.Wang. C.H.Wang.

if Non-coking, bltu- ' minous. Coking, bituminous. Coking, bituminous, analysis furnished by

analysis Airnished by

Coking, bituminous.

i Non-coking, bitu- minous, ard, dry anthracite.

The lignite and bituminous coal of the Jehol district is pro- duced by native methods, the nature of which can be inferred from the photographic views, Figs. 3 and 4, taken in the

[10]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 803

Western Hills. The Kin-Han (Peking-Hankow) railway dis- trict anthracite-field and the Peking-Kalgan railway district field are northern and southern portions of one field lying a short distance west of Peking. Hoover and Woo have de- scribed the Chinese Engineering & Mining Co. mines at Tong- shan and Linsi in detail. These are the largest and most important coal-mines in China. They are owned by an English company, but it has been proposed by the gentry of the prov- ince that the concession be purchased by the Provincial gov- ernment. Since the descriptions were written, the mines have been much developed and improved. They produce nearly all of the total of the 1,400,000 tons estimated above, as the semi- official Lanchow mines, in the same field, have only recently been started and, though well equipped, seem unable to operate at a profit. The net profit of the Chinese Engineering & Mining Co. mines for the year ending February, 1910, is given as £243,300. The Ching-Hsing mines, on the railroad from Shih-chia-chuang to Tai-yuan-fu, are worked under German supervision, and have both Chinese and German capital. The production in 1910 was 150,000 tons. The Lincheng mines are operated to supply the Kin-Han railway with fuel, and are under the supervision of K. Y. Kwong. They have an output of 800 tons per day. The coal-field at Tze-chou has been de- scribed by Drake.*® The mines at Hsuen-hua-fu have only re- cently been opened to supply the Peking-Kalgan railway with fuel, and their production will probably increase considerably during the next few years ; there is already a considerable pro- duction by native methods in this and adjacent districts. It is obvious that it would be possible to devote much space to a description of the mines of this one province, but they are bo accessible and comparatively well known that, in spite of their great importance, I shall not discuss them further. The analy- ses in Table IV. show the characteristics of these coals, and it will at once be noticed that they grade by degrees from bitu- minous into anthracite.

In Shantung coal occurs in many places, but the larger part of the production comes from the mines owned by the Shan- tung Bergbau Gesellschaft, at Po-shan (118° 0' E., 36° 45' N.) and Fang-tze; 262,816 tons of anthracite coal having been produced at the former place in 1910, and 230,064 tons of

[11]

304 THE MINERAL PRODUCTION AND RBSo'uRCES OF CHINA.

bituminous at the latter. These mines have washing-plants. Some difficulty has been found in working, owing to the fault- ing and disturbance of the beds, and the native papers say that there is little profit in their operation. In this, as in every other coal-field in China, there is a large amount of native min- ing upon a small scale. Farther to the southeast, near Yi-hsien (118° 86' E., 85° 0' K), is a bituminous field which is said to be larger and better, but which I have not visited. The pro- duction of the native mines is already important. A large native company, called the Chung Hsing Kung Ssu, has been formed, machinery procured from Germany, and a railroad con- structed from the mines 85 miles to the Grand Canal. This will probably be extended to connect with the Tientsin-Pukou railroad, and when the latter road is in operation the produc- tion of coal in this district should become important.

Much has been written concerning the coal-fields of Shansi, and having spent some time in visiting the more important localities, the temptation is strong to describe them fully. But since others, have discussed them in more or less detail, I shall only refer to them briefly. These anthracite- seams are the most striking coal-beds in the Empire, as they are so thick, so little disturbed, so well exposed, and so widely distributed, having an extent of nearly 200 miles north and south, and from 25 to 80 miles east and west. There are several seams, one of which is especially thick and persistent. Kich- thofen " estimated the area of the field as 18,500 sq. miles, and Drake estimated the average workable thickness of the seams as 22 ft. As the beds are frequently but slightly in- clined, this corresponds to a yield of over 22,000,000 tons per square mile of workable area, so it is safe to estimate that the anthracite-resources of this part of China are at least equal to those of the United States. Mining in this field is under the control of the Pao-Chin Mining Co., which was formed by the gentry of the province to repurchase the concession of the Peking Syndicate. Several shafts are making a small produc- tion, most of the present output coming from native workings. The area controlled by the Pao-Chin Mining Co. is of im- mense importance, and it is to be regretted that so little prog- ress is being made. There were, in 1910, no trained engi- neers in the employ of the company, though there are numbers

[12]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 805

of properly qualified Chinese engineers available. The analyses given in Table V., most of which were made by C. H. Wang, exhibit the character of the coals. An interesting feature is the high content of phosphorus, and the importance which this has had in the native metallurgy of iron is discussed in the section devoted to that metal. Shansi also possesses con- siderable resources in bituminous and. semi-anthracite coal, which is produced both to the east and west of Tai-yuan-fu and sold in considerable quantity in that city. Analyses are given in Table V.

Table V. — Analyses of Shansi Coals,

No.

Locality.

1 I Chuanfir-cliuang-kou,

2 Hon-ho-kou

8 ,Han-ho-koii

4 :Tuan-chla-kou

6 JLao-hsien--kou,

6 ] Nan-t'len-m6ng

7 MoDg-tsen-chang

8 !Chuang-chuang-kou,

9 |chang-tfial-kou

10 Tung-cbia-chuang

11 i.,

Per ' Per I Per I Per

a. I ct. ; ct. I a.

0.911 8.20 78.75 12.14

Sp. Gr.

Remarks.

Per , Per Ct. ct.

0.67j0.476

0.94| 6.15 85.70 7.21' 0.59 n.d.

0.38| 8.55]84.0o! 6.72,0.4091 0.28 F. N. Lu.

( Semi-anthra-

C. H.Wang. -jclie, does not

! , (coke.

0.76 6.44 79.10 13.66 0.661 4.49 89.50J 5.46 2.01' 7.05 81.36 9.61 0.33 4.89 89.25 6.03

0.6831 1.80 F. N.Lu. 0.509i 2.531 F. N.Lu. 0.867 n.d. F. N.Lu.

0.405' 2.15

14.75jl9.28 52.42ll3.45 0.890 n. d.

0.5014.20 75.89, 9.41 0.258'n. d.

1.7810.72 84.221 3. J

1.93 3.45 81.4414.17 2.91. 86 I 9.88

F. N. Lu. F. N. Lu.

C.H.Wang.

1.150 n.d. C.H.Wang.

0.35 n.d. .

0.4l'n. d.l.

( tbraeite. 1.35-1.38

1.8bigb

iCokled in crucible, proba blydue to oxida- tion. Remi-bitumi- nous, coked in crucible. 8emi-an tbra- eite, does not coke.

Averi by Drafce."

age of 6 analyses Average of 6 analyses

by Shockley.

Samples lto8 were taken tbronghout:tbe district (113° 30' £.,38 N.) ; sample 9 from (112<' 40 E. , VP 55' N.) ; and sample 10 from (112° 40' E., 37° SO' N.).

In Shensi, which adjoins Shansi on the west, extensive coal- fields are known to exist, and Richthofen, thought that the bituminous-fields to the west of Tai-yuan-fu were of equal ex- tent and importance as the anthracite-fields to the eaat. This is possibly too optimistic, but they are certainly very great. I have estimated the production of this province as 500,000 tons, but this is problematical, as the area is so little known. The same remarks apply to Kansu, which adjoins Shensi on the west I have, for this reason, omitted Mongolia from Table I., on page 297, though it is known to possess coal-seams in

[18]

806 The Mineral Production And Resources Of China.

those portions which a4Join Chili and Shansi. Passing directly south, to Ssu-chuan, Kwei-chou, and Yunnan, our knowledge is in a similarly unsatisfactory state. Richthofen,** who only traversed the northeastern part of Ssu-chuan, says, in substance, that coal is very generally worked throughout the province, as the Mesozoic strata are extensively folded and are cut across by the rivers, thus conveniently exposing the seams. So far as I can learn, the coal here is not of as good quality as other deposits more favorably situated with respect to the larger markets, which, together with the diflSiculties of transportation on the Yangtze, restricts production to the amount required for local needs. A few years ago, a British company secured a concession at Wan-hsien (108° 30' E., 31° 0' N.) and installed modern machinery, but it has now been handed over to a native company and is worked by native methods. Baber, Hosie,'® Duclos," LeClere,** and others have noted many places where coal is worked in Ssu-chuan. Duclos has discussed at some length the occurrence and methods of working coal in Ssu-chuan ; his remarks are best summarized by a quotation from his report : " Le charbon se trouve presque partout dans le province, donnant lieu k de petites exploitations qui sub- viennent aux besoins locaux." LeClere,** who has a favorable opinion of the coal-resources of southwestern China, says that coal occurs at four horizons, from lower Palaeozoic to Rh6tic, and is widely distributed over a quadrilateral area bounded by ' Lao-Kay ' (101° 31' E., 22° 30' K), ' Yunnan-hsien ' (100° 30' E., 28° 0' N.), 'Tchao-toung' (101° 31' E., 27° 30' K), and ' Kouei-Yang-hsien ' (104° 20' E., 26° 20' K). He thought that the field most favorable for exploration is that lying to the west of Mengtze (101° 0' E., 22° 45' N.). Duclos men- tions four places in Kwei-chou where coal is produced; 'Mao-py ', *TchenJin' (108° 15' E., 26 0' K), ' Choui-tang-pou ', and Ma-lou-kio (102° 27' E., 26° 58' N.).

The anthracite-field of Shansi extends southward into Honan province and at Ching-hua-hsien, 113° 40' E., 35° 15' N. ap- proximately, the Peking Syndicate has several shafts, equipped with modern machinery, in operation. This company has had a good many vicissitudes, but is now meeting with success ; the production during 1910 is given as 357,205 tons. There is a good deal of production by native methods in this province.

[14]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 307

The great southern coal-field lies to the east of the Hsiang river, in Hunan and Kiangsi provinces. The greater part of the field is in the former province, but the most important pro- ducer, the collieries of the Han-Yeh-P'ing Iron & Coal Co., are at Fing-hsiang (113° 50' E., 27° 30' N.), in Kiangsi. A view of the P'ing-hsiang colliery, showing two banks of coke-ovens and the washing-plant, is given in Fig. 5, and a nearer view of one bank of ovens is shown in Fig. 6. The steel head-frame of the shaft is shown in Fig. 7. This coal is a bituminous coking variety (with associated thin seams of anthracite), which con- tains 28 per cent, of ash as mined, but after washing and dry- ing an average analysis furnished by the company gave :

Per Cent.

Volatile hydrocarbons, 22.35

Fixed carbon, 68.90

Ash 8.70

Sulphur, 0.10

It yields excellent coke, which supplies the blast-furnaces at Han-Yang and the general market; more than 107,000 tons having been produced in 1909. Further details can be found by consulting " and The production for 1910 is given as 610,000 tons. The coal-fields extend west and south from this point for a great distance, and Richthofen says that southward the coal is anthracite and of better quality. Transportation is difficult, owing to the shallowness of the rivers ; so development has lagged ; but when the Canton-Hankow railway, now under construction, is in operation, this field, which I regard as only second in importance to the Shansi field, is likely to develop greatly. Some of the most important mineral regions in China lie to the west of the projected railway-line, and the transpor- tation-facilities thus afforded should lead to a great increase in mineral production.

The coal-fields of Chekiang are of little importance. In Kwangtung and Kwangsi coal is mined at a number of places, but I have no personal knowledge of this area. My impression that these coal-deposits are worked because of their proximity to important centers of trade, rather than because of their superior quality, is not improbably correct.

Despite the importance of the coal-fields of China, it is impos- sible to afford more space to their discussion. Reference should

[15]

808 Thb Mineral Production And Resourgbs Of China.

be made to the papers quoted for further details. In conclusion, it should be said that the coal-fields of China are of great ex- tent, the coal is generally of good quality and the fields are widely scattered, so that no parts of the Empire are far distant from the sources of supply. In extent and quality the coal-re- sources of the Empire compare favorably with those of the United States. As a rough comparison, it may be said that Chinese coals are slightly younger than those of North America, most of the fields being upper Carboniferous or Permian. In the north, Jurassic and Tertiary coals occur, but excifept for the Fushun field, are of little importance as yet. There has been a good deal of controversy over the exact age of these coals, but it is of little interest to mining engineers. Bituminous coking- coal is very common ; coke made by native methods can be obtained almost anywhere in the Empire. When made from washed coal, the resulting coke is of excellent quality, and will afford an abundant supply for the smelting-industries which are likely to develop. The anthracite is of excellent quality, but the bituminous is often friable, yielding an excessive pro- portion of fine coal. When worked on a large scale this can be washed and converted into coke. The Chinese custom is to make the dust into briquettes with clay as a binder, which are dried and burned. In recent years the number of mines equipped with modern machinery has become comparatively great, and the present supply amply meets the demand. The mines of the Fushun Co. and the Chinese Engineering & Mining Co. now chiefly supply the railway- and shipping-trade of North China, because of the superior transportation-facilities which they enjoy. These two companies also send coal to the cities along the SE. coast, competing with Japanese coal. Coal- production throughout China exhibits a healthy and vigorous growth. The annual production of the Empire, as shown in Table I., is estimated at 15,000,000 tons; but this amount is only approximate. The amounts given for Yunnan and Ssu-chuan, for example, should be designated as guesses rather than estimates, and the figures occasionally seen in statistical tables giving the production of the Empire to the nearest thou- sand tons are totally misleading in the false appearance of accuracy which they present.

[16]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 309

Fig. 3. — Mouth op a Coal-Mine Worked bv Native Methods. The small boy illustrates the size op the openings.

Fig. 4. — Baskets used in Transporting Coal prom Working -Packs to Pit-Mouth in Mines Worked by Native Mfh'hods.

[17]

810 The Mineral Production And Resources Of China.

H

o

2

Si

S o

as tf

o g S

. M

o o

[18]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 311

Fig. 6. — Coke-Ovens, P'ing-hsiang Colliery, Kiangsl

Fig. 7. — He ad- Frame, Fing-hsiang Colliery.

[19]

312 The Mineral Production And Resources Op China.

S4 H

H

O

o

as

o SB

o

[20]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 313

Fig. 9.— Hoisting Iron-Ore from a Shallow Circular Shaft, North of P'ing-t'ing chou, Shansl

Fig. 10. — A Battery of Crucibles Reducing Iron-Ore, Shansl When the front has been closed it will be ready to light.

[21]

314 The Mineral Production And Resources Of China.

Fkj. II. — Furnace for Remelting the Pig-Iron for Casting, Shansi. The unused crucibles are on the bottom and piled at the

BACK, used crucibles ARE SEEN AT THE SIDE ; THE BLOWING-APPA- RATUS 18 AT THE BACK.

Fio. 12.— Transporting Kuo (Cast-Iron Pans) to Market. Clay for

CRUCIBLES IS placed IN THE ROAD TO BE PULVERIZED BY THE MULES.

The heaps on each side are waste from the smelters.

[22]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 316

in. Iron.

Iron is the second in importance of all the mineral resources of China, and the security of the future of China as a mineral- producing nation is easily appreciated, since it is founded upon an abundant supply of coal and iron, the two bases of indus- trial development. In the case of other minerals it may be inferred, without falling into serious error, that practically every occurrence of importance has been worked, to a slight extent at least, by native methods. But this is not true of iron- ore deposits. The great importance of the lack of transporta- tion-facilities upon the development of mineral wealth has already been mentioned, and it is in the case of iron that its influence has been most marked. In the native method of iron-smelting such large quantities of coal are used that it is necessary to have both coal and iron-ore in close proximity in order to permit the development of a smelting industry. This condition obtains in several provinces, but most notably in Shansi, where it has been described by Richthofen, and Shockley.* But while these deposits are adapted to the native methods of working, they are not at all suited to modern methods, where a large supply of iron-ore of uniform quality and high iron-content is necessary. It is reasonably certain that such deposits exist in numerous places ; but, except in the case of the Ta-yeh mine, to be described later, they have not yet been developed because the necessary supply of coal does not exist near-by. A sketch-map showing the iron-centers in China is given in Fig. 8. A description of the deposit at Ta-yeh will be given, followed by a list of the principal locali- ties throughout the Empire where iron-ore is known to occur. I will preface this by a description of the P'ing-t'ing-chou dis- trict in Shansi, the principal one in which iron is produced by native methods. The accounts of this by Richthofen have already been mentioned; what is here given, however, is based upon notes made during the winter of 1910. The analy- ses given of the raw materials and products have been made by my former students, C. F. and C. H. Wang and F. K Lu.

The iron-ores of Shansi are limonite and hematite, occurring in shales and sandstones of Carboniferous age ; the varieties of method of occurrence are so numerous that to attempt their

[23]

316 The Mineral Production And Resources Of China.

description would require too much space. Usually they are in masses of no great size, commonly in or near a disturbed zone in the strata, or else in beds or flat veins, from a few inches to not more than 3 fl. thick, of limited extent. It fol- lows, therefore, that no sufficient supply of uniform enough quality can be obtained from the Shansi deposits, so far as yet explored, to form the basis of blast-furnace work on a large scale. More recently it has been reported that on the southern border of this district, in Honan province, a suitable deposit has been found, and it has been proposed to erect there another government iron-works, similar to the one described later. Two analyses of the ore from T'ai-yang, near Tze-chou-fu, as given by Shockley,* are shown in Table VI.

Table VI. — Analyses of Iron-Ore from TaUYavg.

e .

SiO,

AlA

MnO,

CaO

MgC)

trace

Pa .

S .

Co,

H,0

An

alvsU

E

dward Riley.

Pattinson and Stead

The ore, mined through shallow round or rectangular shafts. Fig. 9, is broken into small pieces and hand-sorted into several grades, which are sold to the smelting-plants. Here it is mixed with 50 per cent, of its volume of coal and packed into cylindrical crucibles, 5 in. in inner diameter, and usually 45 in. high. Fig. 10. From 250 to 275 of these crucibles are set up- right in a rectangular furnace, about 12 by 6 by 4 ft. Air-space is secured at the bottom by a layer of broken crucibles, over which is placed a layer of coal ; then the crucibles are set in place, with coal between them; the front side is closed, the whole is covered over with coal and allowed to burn by natural draft for three days. The crucibles are then removed and the contents taken out. This operation usually involves breaking the bottom part of the crucible, which now contains an irregu- lar "bloom" of iron of very variable composition (Table VII.),

[24]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 317

irregular fragments of iron, earthy residues, and a certain amount of coke. The bloom is sold to the makers of wrought- iron, the small pieces of iron are sold to the makers of cast-iron, and the coke is used in the manufacture of crucibles. It should be noted that the product of this method ot melting is not pig-iron, in the ordinary sense of the word, as it contains very little carbon, and is malleable. The bloom is worked into wrought-iron by heating in a wood fire and hammering until it is worked down into a rectangular ingot, which is then sold, and either manufactured locally into yarious objects and uten- sils, or shipped in the ingot form to all parts of the Empire. The small pieces of iron are mixed with coal and placed in crucibles, about 7 by 14 in., and from 50 to 80 of these are placed in a smaller furnace. Fig. 11, blown by hand. When the iron is melted the covering of the furnace is removed, the crucibles are taken out, the contents of several crucibles are poured into one, and this is then poured into molds, which have previously been prepared with extraordinary skill. In this way various cooking-utensils, especially Arwo, are cast, often of remarkable thinness, as the castings contain as much as from 5 to 7 per cent, of phosphorus, which has been taken up from the coal during the reduction and remelting.

Table VII. — Average Phosphorus- and Sulphur-Content of Native Pig-iron of PHng-tHng-chou Shansij China.

Sample No.

reality. pS-

Li-chia-chuang

T'aop*o

Yang-chia-chnang. .

Nan-jao-kou

Chien-mii-p' ing

San-ch'uaD

Percent.

Yang-shu-kou

San-tn

iD&r-Yinflr

Han-ho- lou

Wu-tu

YaDg;chu Hsien ...

Average

Sulphur.

Per Cent.

0.3480!

Remarks on Samples.

Clean, malleable.

Dirty, malleable.

Eather clean, brittle.

Dirty, globular.

Dirty, porous, brittle.

Clean, porous, brittle.

Dirty, porous, slightly malleable.

Dirty, porous, slightly malleable.

Clean, nard, massive. i Clean, hard. I Clean, malleable.

From a cast-iron bar.

Analyses by Cheng-Fu Wang.

Note in Table VII,, sample No. 12, the high percentage of phosphorus in the cast-iron bar. It is not at all improbable

[25]

318 The Minbeal Production And Resources Of China.

that the high phosphorus-content of the Shansi coals, Table v., samples Nos. 5 and 7, has been the chief factor in the great development of the industry, as it has afforded an easy means of securing the high-phosphorus iron necessary in mak- ing thin castings. Fig. 12 shows the method of transporting cast-iron pans, kuo to market ; the heaps on each side of the road are waste products from the smelter; and the road be- tween is filled with lumps of clay. Formerly the iron-products of this locality found their way through the channels of trade to nearly all parts of the Empire. Now the trade in native iron exists chiefly in the interior, as foreign scrap-iron and steel, especially old horse-shoes, are imported in large quanti- ties into all the treaty-ports; and because of their superior quality and low price tend to drive out the native product. The native industry, therefore, is steadily dwindling, though it will continue to exist until foreign cooking-utensils displace the high-phosphorus cast-iron kuo. Shockley has called attention to the amount of decrease between the time of Rich- thofen's visit and his own. Table VIII. gives the production, as estimated by Shockley, of the chief districts of Shansi in 1901.

Table VIII. — Annual Prodvxition of Native Iron in the Chief Districts of Shansi,

Tons.

Yu-hsien, 4,500

Fing-ting-chou, 18,000

Yiu-ch'eng, . . . 6,000

Kao-p'ing-hsien, 4,000

Tse-chou-fou, 13,333

Yang-ch'eng, 2,000

Chin-fihui, 1,416

Tai-yuan-fu, 2,000

Total, 618

The following notes of the only modern steel-works existing in China at present were made during a visit to its iron-mines and metallurgical plant during the summer of 1908.

The blast-furnace and steel-plant of the Han-Yeh-P'ing Iron & Coal Co. is situated at Hanyang, just across the Han river from Hankow, in Central China. Its iron-ores are mined at Ta-Yeh, about 50 miles SW., and its coke is obtained from its colliery of P'ing-hsiang, in Kiang-si province, more than 300

[26]

The Mineral Production And Resources Op China. 319

miles distant. The relative positions of the properties are shown on the sketch-map, Fig. 13.

The iron-ores at Ta-Teh occur about 15 miles west of the Yangtze river, and lie along the contact between a marble and an intrusive body of a dark gray syenitic rock. Fig. 14. There is no direct evidence in the neighborhood as to the age of the

Fig. 13. — Sketch-Maf Showing the Relative Positions op the Proper- ties OP the Han-Yeh-P'ing Iron & Coal Co.

marble, but on lithological grounds it seems identical with the limestone occurring near Nanking, which Richthofen has called the Sihia.' (He has translated the Chinese characters incorrectly; it is properly Hsi-hsieh.') Richthofen has sug- gested the age as Devonian, but the closely-associated coal in

[27]

320 TfiB MINERAL PRODUCTION AND RESOURCES OP CHINA.

both localitieB makes it much more probable that it is rather to be regarded as Carboniferous, since the Devonian is gener- ally very poorly developed in China. There is much doubt as to exact correlation of China fossil fauna with that of other coun- tries, and in nearly all cases coals in China belong to the Car- boniferous, or the immediately overlying series. If these two are identical, it would then appear that this limestone is a hori- zon for iron-ores in the Yangtze valley, as they are associated with it in notable amount near Nanking, as will be noticed later.

Marble Qxiai'ry

Iron Ore

Fig. 14.— -Iron-Ore Deposit at Ta-yeh.

The ore is a good quality of hematite of about the following range of composition, furnished by the Han-Yeh-P'ing Iron & Coal Co. :

Iron Ore Ta-Yeh.

Per Cent.

Fe 60 to 62

P 0.05 to 0.25

S 0.05 to 0.12

SiO, 3 to 5

AljOa 1 to 2

Mn 0.2 to 0.4

Cu 0.05 to 0.25

At one place it is slightly magnetic, apparently having been partly reduced to the magnetic oxide by the action of reducing solutions, which have deposited small amounts of copper and iron sulphides along the foot-wall. During the Ming dynasty,

[28]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 321

H

[29]

322 The Mineral Production And Resources Of China.

Fio. 16. — Stripping the Over-Burde in the Open-Cuts at Ta-shih-men, Tayeh Iron-Mines. The iron-ore is handled in the same way.

Fig. 17.— Loading Ore in Cars, Ta-yeh Iron-Mines.

[30]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 323

efforts were made to work this deposit as a copper-mine, but could scarcely have been very successful. The iron-ore is opened up over a length of more than 2 miles, but apparently is not continuous over that extent. The contact runs nearly east and west, and for considerable distances to each side of the present workings the ores can be traced. Where it is worked the ore-body is about 200 ft. thick and is nearly ver- tical, dipping slightly to the north. Fig. 15 is a view of the loading-plant at the Ta-Yeh mines, and Figs. 16 and 17 illus-

Hankow

Wuchang

7. Blast- furnacea

2. Blou/lng-enginea

3. Neiv Blast-furnace

4. Steel-furnaces

5. Rolllng-Mm e. Foundry

7. Brick sheds

8. Power-House

9. Offices

Scale Of Meters

500 H>00

Fig. 18. — Plan of Steel- Works, Hanyang.

trate the method of stripping the over-burden and loading the ore into cars. The syenite lies to the north of the marble, and a few miles farther north the marble again appears, iron-ore again being present along the contact. It would be entirely impossible to estimate the amount of ore available in this dis- trict, as in the workings only open-cuts are made, and the ore is nowhere blocked out in such a way that it can be accurately

[31]

324 The Mineral Production And Resources Op China.

measured ; however, the officers of the mining company believe that they have many millions of tons of good ore on their property, and there seems no reason to doubt this.

At the metallurgical works at Hanyang, a plan of which is given in Fig. 18, two blast-furnaces, each of 100 tons daily capacity, are in operation, and a third unit of 250 tons capacity has just been completed. Three Siemens-Martin open-hearth furnaces are in operation, two are under construction, and five more are projected. The rolling-mill has a capacity of 800 tons per day ; the larger part of it is devoted to rolling railway- material, as the greatest demand in China is for material of this nature. During 1909 there was produced 307,500 tons of iron- ore, of which a large part was exported to Japan and America, and the remainder smelted at Hanyang. Of the resulting pig- iron, 44,300 tons was sold as such, and the remainder con- verted into 28,500 tons of steel, chiefly steel rails ; 3,600 tons of manganese-ore of good quality was produced in 1908 at P'ing-hsiang, in the province of Kiangsi. In several other places the company owns deposits of manganiferous limonite which contains about 20 per cent, of manganese, which can also be utilized if necessary. The company has a contract with the Japanese government iron-works at Wakamatsu to supply them with ore of Bessemer grade, and has recently made a contract with the Western Steel Corporation to furnish it yearly with 36,000 tons of ore and 36,000 tons of basic pig- iron.

The occurrence of iron-ore throughout the Empire is given in the following list of the places where deposits of iron-ore are known to exist, beginning at the north.

In Manchuria quite an amount of iron is produced by na- tive methods at T'ieh-ling, 44 miles north of Mukden, the ore coming from an adjacent range of hills. Recent Japanese re- ports are to the effect that iron-ores containing about 50 per cent, of iron exist along the line of the Mukden- Antung rail- road, and also at 8ai-ma-chi, Tung-hua, and 'Puaijin.' The NE. part of the province is only sparsely settled, and no other deposits have yet been opened.

Practically nothing is known of the iron-resources of the vast extent of Mongolia. At present the lack of transportation removes them from consideration, but it is not unlikely that

[32]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 325

the Peking-Kalgan railroad will be extended to meet the Trans- Siberian road, and the coal- and iron-resources of this great area may have to be considered in the future.

The iron-ores of Shansi have already been described. Rich- thofen states that in Shensi the conditions as regards iron-ores are probably similar to those in Shansi, and assigns their lack of development to the character of the coal, which is not so suitable for the native methods of smelting. The fact that Shansi lies much nearer the markets for iron is also of impor- tance, for where transportation is so expensive it would be impossible to ship across a producing district and compete with it, unless conditions were immensely more favorable in the more remote district. At any rate, Shensi must also be in- cluded as an area of which but little information is available at present, but which may become of importance in the future.

In the province of Chili iron-ore occurs at several places, notably in the NE. part ; but I do not regard any of these as likely to become the basis of a permanent industry.

Magnetite occurs in the province of Shantung, at P'ao-shan, about 50 li south of T'ung-chou. Not far from this locality, at *King-kwo-shan,' a different ore occurs, according to William- son. " Near Chefoo specular ore occurs. It is not probable that the ores at these and numerous other places in the prov- ince offer much promise of success by development on a large scale, otherwise the German interests which have been so active in stimulating the growth of industry in the province would have undertaken their exploitation.

In Kiang-su province iron-ores are widely distributed, occur- ring chiefly in the region about Nanking in association with the limestone previously mentioned. Richthofen seems to regard these of little promise because of the absence of coal of suitable quality in the neighborhood. But when the distance to which iron-ores are transported in the United States is con- sidered, and the fact that the ores in question are conveniently adjacent to the Yangtze river, it seems much more probable that these ores will be the next to be developed on a modern scale. The ore is probably of similar character to that at Ta-yeh, previously described.

In the province of An-hwei the geological conditions are similar to those in Kiang-su and Hu-pei. A concession was

[33]

826 The Mineral Production And Resources Of China.

granted to the London & China Syndicate to exploit copper- mines in this province. A few years since, when the Chinese government was about to cancel the concession, the company claimed to have developed ore of a value of more than $4,000,000. But I have been unable to secure any accurate information regarding this concession.

The iron-ores of Hu-pei province have already been described. A recent report made by some students sent out by the pro- vincial government is to the effect that workable deposits exist at six localities.

The province of Ho-nan is largely alluvial plain. In the NW. part the conditions are similar to those existing in Shansi, and similar ores occur. These ores have not been the basis of a flourishing native industry, but some large deposits are known to occur, and it has recently been proposed to develop them by modern methods.

In Ssu-ch'uan iron-ore is widely distributed, and both Baber and Hosie " mention numerous places in which it is the basis of a native industry ; but neither of these authors gives enough details upon which to base a judgment as to the future of the industry.

In regard to Yun-nan and Kuei-chou information is even more meager. Numerous travelers and explorers agree that iron- ores are widely distributed throughout Yun-nan, but there is an entire absence of definite information. A similar statement may be made in regard to Kuei-chou. The native industry in these provinces must be in a flourishing state, judging by the exports of native material.

On the maps prepared by La Mission Lyonnaise the follow- ing places are marked as productive of iron : Ssu-chuan (105° 50' K, 82° 10' K), (105° 40' E., 29° 45' K), (104° 40' K, 29° 15' K), (104° 50' E., 29° 05' N.), (104° 30' E., 28° 48' N.), (102° 05' E., 29° 40' K). Kweichou (103° 0' E., 26° 10' K), (102° 50' E., 26° 50' K), (103° 30' E., 27° 15' K), (104° 0' E., 25° 20' N.), (104° 50' E., 29° 0' K), (104° 50' E., 29° 20' N.), (106° 05' E., 27° 0' K). Yunnan (99° 45' E., 24° 20' K). Kwangtung (109° 20' E., 24° 40' K), (111° 05' E., 24° 25' K), (111°. 05' E., 23° 50' N.), (112° 0' E., 23° 45' N.), (113° 30' E., 23° 0' K). LeClere " says that iron-deposits are common in Yunnan, and are worked in places where the

[34]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 327

supply of charcoal is abundant. He also refers to the iron industry in the northeastern part of Kweichou. Duclos " re- ports what is almost incredible, that the Chinese smelt iron- ores in blast-furnaces in Ssu-chuan.

Iron-ore of inferior quality occurs in Hunan, but is only worked by the natives at Chin-chou, near the southern border of the province, where the quality is much better. Very probably exploratory surveys would disclose valuable deposits at points not convenient for the application of native methods.

The manganese-ores at P'ing-hsiang, in the province of Kiang-si, have already been mentioned. Manganiferous limo- nites also occur along the Yang-tze, in the NW. part of the province, and it is not improbable that ores occur in other parts of the province, but are not worked by the natives.

In Che-kiang province there is a native industry in an area extending from near Ning-po down into the province of Fu-kien. But as the ores consist of grains of hematite which are washed by hand from the sands of the streams, this district may be dismissed as of no future importance.

At An-Khoe,' in Fu-kien province, about 60 or 70 miles from Amoy, there is a large deposit of magnetite, estimated to contain 10,000,000 tons of ore, according to a report given to me by consular officials. It is favorably situated for working, but unfortunately the report says nothing as to the amount of titanium present in the ore.

In Kuang-tung and Kuang-si provinces, iron-ore is produced in Hsin-hui-hsien, and is both produced and smelted at Hsin- hui-hsien and Yang-an-hsien ; the annual production at the latter place amounting in value to $250,000 gold.

The cost per ton of production of iron-ore in the open-cut workings at Tayeh is approximately as follows :

Mexican Currency.

Stripping, 10.08

Mining, 0.18

Tramming, 0.03

Powder, steel, etc., 0.015

Superintendence, 0.06

Loading cars, freight to Yang-tze, etc. , . . 0.30

Total, $0,665

From these data the probable cost of the ore delivered at the blast-furnace would amount to a little more than $1, Mex., per

[35]

328 Thb Mineral Production And Resources Op China.

ton. The cost of limestone is about two-thirds of this; the cost of coke $15, Mex., and coal about $8, Mex. These low costs are largely due to the low cost of labor. Ordinary un- skilled labor receives from 200 to 300 cash per day, or from J0.08 to $0.12 gold. Skilled labor receives from $5 to $25 gold per month, and the efficiency of this labor is remarkably high. As a result, pig-iron and steel can be produced at a very low cost ; pig-iron from this plant is not only sold in Japan, but also in New York and San Francisco. But as there is a growing market for the present output in China, it is scarcely likely to become a serious competitor in other markets, at least for the present.

In conclusion, it may be said that, while our knowledge of the iron-resources of the Chinese Empire is still inadequate, yet the general features appear to be these: Iron-ores are widely distributed throughout the Empire, from north to south. In many places these have been the source of a more or less considerable native industry, which is steadily waning, because of the unsatisfactory quality of the product. Owing to the peculiar features of the native methods it is not to be supposed that modern industries will necessarily develop in the same localities; on the contrary, the one modern plant is utilizing ores not previously worked by the natives, and this will not improbably be the policy of its successors. In this develop- ment of the iron and steel industry it is most probable that the Yangtze valley will have a leading place, as there seems good reason to believe that iron-ores of satisfactory ijuality, and in sufficient quantity, occur along a considerable portion of its length, and it also possesses the great commercial advantage of easy and cheap transportation, and a situation in the commer- cial center of the Empire. The extremely low cost of labor permits a low cost of production, making tariff for the protec- tion of the industry entirely unnecessary. The low price of silver in recent years has operated to benefit China in a two- fold manner : both by stimulating export trade and by discour- aging imports. The resultant increase of wealth will give increased ability to meet the initial large expenditures necessary to develop modern plants. A large and increasing market is assured by the Imperial regulation that all materials required in the construction of railroads and other public works shall

[36]

.

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 329

be purchased from the Chinese plants, so far as these are able to furnish them. As a result, it is to be expected that the iron and steel industry of China will have a large and healthy growth.

IV. Gold.

Gold in China has unusual interest at this time, since the proposal to place the coinage of the Empire upon a gold basis is now receiving more serious consideration. The fact that the gold-production is so small has always acted as a strong deter- rent to the establishing of a gold coinage. Since China produces but little of either gold or silver, and must purchase them with exports of merchandise, the advantage of buying silver at its present low price is apparent At present silver and copper are the media of exchange; the former passing at an approximation to its bullion value, while the copper Vung-tz'erh and cash are subject to daily fluctuations of value. As each province now issues coins, which pass only at a dis- count, or perhaps not at all, in other provinces, the transac- tion of business is subjected to a wholly unnecessary burden. The central government, having acquired control of the rail- ways, will doubtless next proceed to complete its present shadowy control of banking, and a gold standard may be intro- duced, as large amounts of foreign capital are now invested in China, and interest payments are at present subject to sudden and extensive changes in the rate of exchange.

The absence of records of mineral production renders it dif- ficult to obtain any knowledge of the gold-production of the Empire. The best approximation can be made from the cus- toms-records of gold exported, since the amount used annually in the arts is but small. The export for 1908 was approxi- mately J6,500,000 ; that for 1907 was J3,200,000. The occur- rence of gold in China has been noted by Baber, Garnier, " Duclos, " LeClere, Jack, Verschoyle, Hoover, Hosie,

19 anrl rkfViAi<a 9 U 20 26 2T 28 29 SS 84 86 86 89 48 44 00 01 62 54 S7 . , UIJU UtUtrB, J ) , , 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

but the most notable descriptions are by Hoover, " Hosie, and Purington. The last has described at length the occur- rences of alluvial gold in northern Manchuria, along the Amur, Sungari, Tumen, Urga, and N'onni rivers and their tributaries, and its recovery by primitive washing-methods.

[37]

330 Thb Mineral Production And Resources Of China.

Gold also occurs in southern Manchuria, both in alluvial de- posits and in narrow veins, frequently of the gash type. The Bureau of Mines of Manchuria has compiled a list of 10 locali- ties where gold is worked in Fengtien province, and 40 others where it is known to occur.

Bogdanovitch has published an excellent study of the de- posits of the Liao-tung peninsula, dividing them into four classes: (1) existing stream-beds; (2) Pleistocene high-level gravels ; (3) ancient valley alluvials ; (4) marine placers. The northern area is of much greater importance. It will perhaps be safe to estimate that Manchuria produces from 75 to 80 per cent, of an annual output of from $5,000,000 to $7,000,000 for the whole Empire.

The gold-deposits of Chili have been described by Hoover. " These are widely scattered, the most notable being veins at Chin-Chang-K'ou (119° 56' E,, 42° 20' K), and at Chuan- Shan-tze (119° 12' E., 42° 26' K). In 1910 the former was producing at the rate of $150,000 per year, and the latter $15,000 annually. There are numerous placers throughout the province, and Hoover estimated the total production for 1908 as $1,000,000. In Shantung similar conditions prevail, except that the deposits are not so abundant.

The best-known mine in China is that of Chou-Yuen, about 40 miles SW. of Chefoo, where a quartz vein from 40 to 90 fl. wide has been uncovered for more than a mile in length. Curie reports that 200,000 tons of ore, worth $10 per ton, has been developed. The ore is about 40 per cent, free milling, and many years ago a chlorination-plant was in operation upon the tailings from the stamps. The mine has been closed for many years by government order ; but there has been constant effort on the part of foreign companies to secure the concession, and recently the Governor of Shantung petitioned the Peking government to allow the Chinese owners to operate the mine, fearing lest it might otherwise be lost. The near-by mines at P'ing-tu are probably of considerable value. In spite of the government prohibition of mining a certain amount of work is carried on quietly, and Hoover estimated the gold production of Shantung at $12,000 annually. With the few exceptions noted there seems little probability that deposits of sufficient size can be developed to justify the construction of modern

[38]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 331

milling-plants, the cost of labor being so low that primitive methods give cheaper working-costs. The tailings from the chlorination-plant, mentioned above, were bought by the neigh- boring farmers, who carried the material home, and, in the dull agricultural season, ground it in native mills and panned it. The deposits near Wei-hai-wei have been described by Ver- Bchoyle, but are of little importance. In northern Manchuria, which has not been adequately prospected, large-scale workings may perhaps be developed; but throughout the rest of the Empire progress is likely to take the form of increase and im- provement of native mines, efficient and inexpensive pumps being the most-needed equipment of native mines. Hansen has recently reported that between Lanchow, on the western border of Kansu, and the border of Thibet, numerous placer- workings exist, carrying as much as 2 g. of gold per cubic yard. A modern gold-milling plant is in course of erection at this place. Quartz veins also occur, containing from 1.5 to 2 oz. of goXd per ton ; but as these statements are apparently based upon the reports of natives, they must be received with cau- tion. A recent Russian report is to the eflfect that on the areas of the Tushetvohanovsky and Tzentzenhanovsky concerns, Mongolia, between January 14 and September 2 this year, the gold-production was 84.25 poods (1 pood of placer gold equals J9,000 approximately), as compared with 88 poods in the cor- responding period of 1910.

Throughout the rest of the Empire quantities of gold are produced in many places, most of which are known to be of little importance. Ssu-chuan and Yunnan have been of much interest, since they are but little known. The upper waters of the Yang-tze are known as the Chin-sha, or golden sand,' but this does not necessarily indicate, as has been assumed, that especially rich alluvials exist along its course. Many travelers have mentioned the known or rumored existence of gold- deposits in these two provinces, LeClere, Duclos, Baber, Hosie, Gamier, Jack, and Johnston, to name but a few, but definite information is only meager. At Mo-Lo, in Ssu-chuan (102° 05' E., 15' K), important quartz-deposits have been worked since 1880 by a combination of foreign and native methods. Small quantities of alluvial gold are reported from a great number of places, but in nearly every case the name of the

[39]

332 The Mineral Production And Resources Of China.

district is given in such a way that identification is difficult or impossible. In giving the native names of little-known places, either the Chinese characters should be employed, or else the latitude and longitude should be given. In Yunnan the most notable mines are at Ta-lan-tung (101° 45' E., 23° 30' N.) at an elevation of 7,300 ft. (LeClere These quartz veins in Palceozoic rocks are worked by native methods, yielding some $60,000 per year. At Kin-Kiang, 60 miles from Ta-li-fu, rich conglomerate beds are worked by the natives. On the maps prepared by La Mission Lyonnaise the following places are marked as productive of gold : Ssu-chuan (99° 36' E., 30° 55' K), (99° 45' E., 30° 40' K), (99° 55' E., 30° 20' X.), (101° 50' E., 32° 40' X.), (101° 40' E., 32° 0' K), (102° 15' K, 31° 40' X.), (102° 0' E., 29° 0' K). Yunnan (98° 45' K, 23° 45' K), (99° 60' E., 23° 20' X.). Numerous other localities are mentioned in the references given, and with the great recent increase of transportation-facilities in Yunnan it is not at all impossible that the gold-mining industry will greatly develop.

Gold is known to occur in Kansu, and there are quartz veins in the upper valley of the Han-ho, in Shensi. Along the lower reaches of the Han-ho, in Hupei, there is a small amount of gold-washing constantly carried on. The same is true of Fukien, where, in the 8hao-wu district, 150 miles NW. of Foo- <jhow, valuable deposits are said to exist. In Anhwei mines were formerly worked, and deposits are known to exist in Hunan and Kuangsi, but they are not much worked. The mines in Kuangtung are said to be valuable ; but in all these cases, it is probable that the deposits are limited in extent and of no great richness. It may be said, in conclusion, that with the exception of Manchuria and the SW. provinces of China (Yunnan, and Ssu-chuan), the gold-mining industry gives but little promise of growth. In the districts mentioned the intro- duction of modern pumping-machinery and the removal of the restrictions which the authorities and superstition have placed upon the industry are likely to lead to a considerable develop- ment.

V. Silver.

Silver is of great interest in China, since it is the chief medium of exchange. But the domestic production of silver

[40]

THE MINERAL PRODUt!TION AND RBSOUROBS OF CHINA. 833

is small, and China is, accordingly, a heavy buyer of the metal. An interesting subject for speculation is found in the source of supply of this metal during the period when China maintained but little communication with the outside world. About the time of the beginning of the Christian era there was a great deal of traffic with the countries on the S W. border, where the mining and smelting of argentiferous galena seems to have been a considerable industry. The best-known silver-mines are those in the northern part of Chili province, near Jehol. At the time when Li Hung-Chang was viceroy, foreign engi- neers were employed in their exploitation. Woo, " who has described the native methods of mining and smelting these silver-lead ores, which occur as veins in quartz-porphyry asso- ciated with Palaeozoic sediments, says that the lack of success of the foreign enterprise was due to the high cost of the coke used and to the unsuitable character of the milling-machinery employed. The general and probably correct impression is that these veins are too limited in extent and too irregular in character to allow of their being worked with a profit upon a larger scale than that employed by the natives. The produc- tion in 1903 was estimated, ", at from 80,000 to 100,000 oz. per year. In the mountains to the west of the line of the Peking-Hankow railroad numerous small occurrences are known, but the production is probably insignificant. Refer- ences to the occurrence of silver-ores in nearly every province may be found, but do not seem to warrant much attention. Duclos " mentions numerous places in Yunnan where silver is produced, being usually associated with lead and zinc. The production at Pei-cha-po he estimated as 10,000 oz., and says that small amounts are produced at Koung-chan,' Fou-lay- tchang,' 8iao-in-tchang,' Tchou-tsin-tchang,' Sin-pao-tong,' Ta-lang-tchang,' Tchen-pien-tchang,' Mo-lay-tchang,' and ' Sin-tchang,' in Yunnan. At Tsai-tsc-chang,' in Kweichou, silver is obtained from an argentiferous galena. At Mou-pin,' in Ssu-chuan, an argentiferous galena containing a little gold occurs ; silver is also found toward the north of the province, at Pe-tsoa-pa ' and Hou-koua-tou.'

On the maps prepared by La Mission Lyonnaise the follow- ing places are marked as productive of silver : Ssu-chuan (101° 45' E., 82° 10' N.). Kweichou (104° 20' E., 25° 12' K),

[41]

834 The Mineral Production And Rbsourcbs Of China.

(104* 35' E., 25 05' K), (104° 15' E., 28° 10' K). Yunnan (98° 45' K, 23° 45' N.), (99° 50' E., 23° 20' K), (101° 0' E., 26° 30' N.). Kwangsi (106° 55' E., 23° 0' K), (107° 50' E., 21° 30' K). Kwangtung (108° 20' E., 21° 40' K), (109° 45' K, 22° 20' K), (110° 50' E., 25° 10' K), (111° 0' E., 24° 50' K), (111° 05' E., 22° 20' K), (112 15' K, 22 50' K), (114° 05' K, 23° 25' K),(114° 05' E., 24° 15' K). A Chinese com- pany is now mining silver at Kwei-Hsien, in Kwangsi. The Jun Wah Sut Yip Co. was organized a few years ago with native capital to develop silver- and other mines in Kwangsi, and is carrying on extensive exploration- and development-work. Several foreign companies have attempted the development of silver-mines in southern China, but without much success. It must be admitted that, on the whole, silver-mining in China is of no great importance.

VI. Copper.

Copper has always been an important metal in China, brass and bronze, used for objects of use and adornment and as media of exchange, having played a prominent part in the na- tional life from the earliest times. But in the case of copper, tin, nickel, zinc, and lead, the discussion of the metals separately ofiers difficulties, since the ores are associated and are often smelted together, giving rise to natural alloys. By far the most important supply of these metals is derived from the southwest. Yunnan is the most important, but copper also occurs in the neighboring regions. Duclos " gives a long list of places where copper is produced in Yunnan, and describes in some detail the work at San-Kia-Chang (99° 35' E., 24° 40' N.), where he estimated a yearly production of 42 tons. LeClere has summarized as follows :

The total production obtained by reduction with charcoal was, in the 17th cen- tury, at least 6,000 tons, but has decreased to from 1,000 to 1,500 tons. The de- crease is not due to the impoverishment of the deposits, but to the disappearance of the forests, the scarcity of fuel permitting only the exploitation of deposits of unusual richness at the places most favorably situated in respect to transportation. The copper minerals are various. Phillipsite, cantonite, and more rarely cupriferous pyrite, are found in veins in the Carboniferous schists, but are almost abandoned. Sheets of cuprite with barite, and of native copper, intercalated in porphyrite, are highly esteemed, but the lack of explosives often makes it impossible to work them. Sandstones impregnated with copper carbonate are often found in the Trias. The principal deposits are in Triassic limestones, the net-work of veins

[42]

Thb Mineral Production And Rbsouroes Of China. 385

have been conyerted into carbonates, with only a trace of pyrite. The principal mining centers are : (1) Toung-tchouan (101® (/ E., 26*' 30' N. ), the mines in Ssu-chuan, near the Blue river are connected with these; (2) 'Oui-si,' near Li-Kiang (97® 15' R, 27*' 15' N.) ; (3) the neighborhood of *Ouei-ning' (102° 15' £., 26° 45' N.) in Eweichou produces zinc and lead principally, and is directly governed by the mining official of Yunnan-hsien. The works will not take ores of lower grade than will give a smelting mixture of from 20 to 30 per cent, of copper ; the latter is more common. This richness is obtained by careful hand- sorting at the mines. The ores lower in grade than 15 per cent are piled up and form large dumps. The old slag-dumps are common near the old smelting centers and contain about 3 per cent, of copper. These facts demonstrate that Yunnan has extremely large resources of copper minerals, especially in the parts not work- able by native methods.''

The present chief source of supply from Ssu-chuan, accord- ing to Fox, is at Hwei-li-chon, though an important mine ex- ists at Pai-shui-ho.

Copper occurs in many other parts of China. While in Kiangsi in 1908, the. local officials told me of a large copper-mine at Chang-pai-ling in the west-central part, which had recently been extensively developed, but was not successful. Clark* has described the copper-ores at Lao-Pao-chi in Anhwei ; this is probably the area which was subsequently granted as a conces- sion to Eord Lister Kaye. Considerable work was done upon this concession by the English company, but without conspicu- ous success, and in 1910 the concession was surrendered. Clark also describes the production of copper by native methods near Jehol (118** E., 40° N.), and I have seen unimportant native workings in many other places. C. H. Hansen, who has re- cently been engaged in the work of constructing a 50-ton cop- per-smelting plant under government auspices at Yaokai, 70 miles west of Lan-chow, on the western border of Kansu, says that there are numerous mines within a radius of 80 miles from that point

The mining of copper has always been rigorously under the control of the government, probably because of the importance of the metal as a medium of exchange. The native supply has not been equal to the demand recently, and considerable amounts are imported, chiefly from Japan.

VII. Nickel.

Nickel is of much technical interest because of the ingenious way the Chinese have of smelting mixtures of nickeliferous

[43]

836 The Mineral Production And Rbsourobs Of China.

copper-oreB with tin, lead, and zinc-ores, forming the alloy " pai-t'ung," or " pakfong," as it is called in southern China. This is a kind of German silver, which is extensively used in the manufacture of candlesticks and other household objecta. Nickel is never produced separately, and the entire supply is apparently drawn from southwestern China, where in Yunnan (at 100° 20' K, 26° 50' K), and in Ssu-chuan (100° 20' E., 26° 45' N".), Duel OS " has noted the occurrence of nickelifer-

ous copper-ores.

VIII. Tin.

China is an important producer of tin, furnishing at present about 5 per cent, of the total production of the world. A cer- tain amount of the product comes in native boats down the Yuen and Hsiang rivers, probably originating at some point in Kweichou. Kwangtung also produces a notable amount, which is exported through Wuchow. On the maps prepared by La Mission Lyonnaise the following places in Kwangsi and Kwangtung are marked as productive of tin: (105° 10' E., 24° 12' K), (110° 15' E., 24° 46' K), (110° 45' E., 32° 15' K), (112° 0' E., 23° 30' N,), (112° 45' E., 22° 50' K), (114° 10' E., 23° 40' N.). There are also deposits in Fukien, and a small amount is shipped from Foochow. But by far the larger part of the production comes from the well-known mines at Ko-ch'iu-ch'iang (100° 50' E., 23° 20' K), in Meng-tze-hsien, Yunnan. Here the deposits, which LeClere says " ne sont nullement alluvionnels : leur orig6ne filonienne est des plus evidentes,'' are scattered over an area 25 miles long and 20 miles broad, and 30,000 workers are engaged in mining and smelting the product of 150 mines. The workings are both surface and underground and only native methods are em- ployed. Collins, Duclos, " and LeOlere, have described these deposits in detail. Theoretically the deposits belong to the central government, which, according to the mining-regula- tions, exacts a royalty of 25 per cent., but the amount actually paid is somewhere between 12.5 and 18 per cent. The reports as to the production of these mines do not agree, but the cus- toms return for 1909 was 4,700 tons, corresponding to about 90 per cent, of the total production for the Empire. The crude tin, in slabs, each weighing 74 lb., is exported to Hongkong, where it is refined. A large part of the tin was formerly

[44]

The Mineral Pbodugtion And Resources Of China. 837

shipped down the Yang-tze and West rivers, but now it is shipped over the French raikoad. Recent newspaper reports are to the effect that efficient smelting- and mining-machinery is to be installed, about $1,200,000 having been subscribed for the purpose, and the erection of a slag-cleaning plant has been proposed. It is not unlikely, therefore, that the production of tin in China will considerably increase in the near future.

IX. Lead.

There is a considerable demand for lead in China, which is largely met by imports, 10,707 metric tons of pig-lead having been imported in 1908. The domestic production is not incon- siderable, lead-ores occurring in 8 of the 18 provinces; Kwei- chou, Ssu-chuan, and Yunnan are the most important; but about 1,500 tons of ore were derived from Hengchou and Yangchou prefectures, in Hunan province, in 1908. The larger part of this is exported to Great Britain and Belgium, but con- siderable quantities are smelted at the works of Carlowitz A; Co. at Wu-chang. About 850 tons of pig-lead was brought down the Yangtze through I-chang in 1907, and 300 tons in 1909. A good deal of lead-ore comes down the Yuen and Hsiang rivers, both from Hunan and Kweichou. Duclos " has described the production of lead at ' Tcha-tze-tchang ' (102° 50' E., 26° 45' N.), in Kweichou, and notes its occurrence at (102° 40' E., 26° 80' N.). In Yunnan the mines contain mixed ores of lead, zinc, copper, and silver. In the neighborhood of 101° 0' E. 26° 80' K, at Kong-Chan-tchang ' 1,450,000 lb. of lead is produced, at Pe-cha-po ', 700,000 lb. of lead, at Koung-chau ' the lead produced is cupelled for silver. Near 102° 20' E., 26° 45' N. there is a considerable production, both of lead and zinc. In many places argentiferous lead-ores are worked (see " Silver "), the bullion being cupelled ; the resulting litharge often being thrown away. LeClere estimated the annual production in southwestern China at around 8,000 tons. The lead-ores of Kwantung and Kwangsi are mentioned under "Silver." On the maps prepared by La Mission Lyonnaise the following points in Kwangtung are marked as productive of lead: (109° 50' E., 21° 58' K), (110° 16' E., 28° 57' K), (114° 05' E., 28° 58' K). The native methods of metallurgy are so imperfect that it is not improbable that in many cases

[45]

838 The Mineral Production And Resources Of China.

deposits exist which could be worked by modem methods. But, as mentioned under " Silver," it has not infrequently been found that the veins are too narrow and irregular to yield a profit when exploited on a large scale.

X. Zinc.

The whole domestic supply of zinc in China is derived from the SW. provinces, chiefly Kweichou. Duclos has described the native metallurgical method followed at Ma-lou-kio ' (102® 50' E., 26® 45' N".), and mentions the occurrence of zinc in Yunnan at (102° 20' E., 26® 45' K) and (101® 40' E., 25® 80' N.). LeClere says that the workings are only superficial, and that the distillation-methods are so imperfect that much ore which could be utilized by modern methods has been discarded. He estimated the annual production at about 2,500 tons. The spelter from Kweichou, which I have seen, was obviously im- pure, but it is used in the provincial mints in making brass coins, without any attempt at refining. Large quantities of zinc-ore are produced in HSng-chou and Yang-chou prefectures, Hunan, and exported to Belgium and Holland. The export for 1908 waS more than 15,000 tons, but for 1909 was very small.

XI. Antimony.

China possesses the distinction of being first in the produc- tion of this metal. The condition of the industry has been changing rapidly of recent years. My notes were made on a visit to the chief center of production in 1908. The ore comes from a number ot places to TSW of T'ung-t'ing lake in Hunan, I-yang being the chief center (110® E., 29® N., approximately). It is carefully hand-sorted at the mines, and is brought in native boats to Changsha (112® '45' E., 28® 15' K), where it is liquated in pots about 15 in. in diameter. The methods were entirely Chinese at that time, but I understand that furnaces of modern construction have since been installed. The regu- lus is sent to Hankow, and so much as desired is converted into metal. The residues have been exported to France, Germany, and the Netherlands for ftirther treatment; more recently large quantities have been sent to the United States. Carlowitz & Co., who operate a smelter at Hankow, are also engaged in the work of smelting and refining both antimony

[46]

The Mineral Pboduotion And Resources Of China. 839

and lead, but as strict secrecy is observed, details are not ob- tainable. The production for 1907 from this district in Hunan, according to customs returns, was 3,957 tons of regulus and 14,810 tons of ore. In 1908 the production of regulus in- creased to more than 8,000 tons, and the ore-shipments decreased to less than 2,000 tons. The native company which operates the smelter has trained metallurgists in its employ, and the industry is likely to further increase in importance.

Antimony also occurs in Kiangsi, Kweichou, and Ssu-chuan, but Kwangtung is the next most important province after Hunan. Recently a smelter under government auspices was established at Wuchou (111* 30' E., 23° 30' K), but was not a success, and has since been closed. A more extended dis- cussion can be found in the Mineral Industry for 1908 and 1909, and in the volume Antimony by C. Y. Wang (London, 1909).

XTT. Quicksilver.

Quicksilver has a steady demand in China, most of the metal being used in the production of vermilion, which enjoys higli favor as a pigment, a less important use being in gilding by the Chinese method. The native production fluctuates greatly, the amount reported by the customs authorities being 30 tons in 1907, and 66 tons in 1908. It is impossible to determine what relation exists between the total amount produced and that reported by the customs. Most of the demand is supplied by imports, largely from California. The occurrence of quick- silver is reported from many parts of the Empire, but the deposits in the province of Kuei-chou are, apparently, the only ones of commercial importance. As I have not visited these districts, my information is entirely derived from published statements. Duclos" has noted several places in Kweichou where quicksilver is produced; ' Oartchouan ' (105° 50' E., 28° 80' ?f.), Pei-mart'ong (104* 15' E., 26° 48' N.), Lan-mou-chang (103° 15' E., 25° 28' K), and Yang-li (104° 20' E., 15° 0' N.) are the most important. He estimated the production at Pei- ma-t'ong as 6,500 lb. per year, and says that at Yang-li there is " une enarme exploitation" He also mentions the occurrence of quicksilver in Yunnan (101° 10' E., 23° 30' K). LeClere" was not favorably impressed by the mercury-deposits, and re- marks, accurately enough, that the native methods of work can

[47]

340 Thb Minebal Production And Rb80Ubcbs Of China.

treat ore of quite as low grade as would be profitable by foreign methods. Brelich says that the deposits at Wan Shan Chang, in Toon Yen prefecture, are the largest and most extensively worked in Kuei-chou. They occur in nearly horizontal beds of magnesian limestone : (1) impregnating well-defined beds ; (2) along joints and planes of stratification ; (3) in isolated bunches and vugs ; (4) irregularly disseminated. The ore is hand-sorted and retorted in native furnaces. Brelich says the miners work for daily wage, which is unusual. The Anglo- French Quicksilver & Mining Co. began work at Kwei-yang in 1899, with a capital of £310,000, operating the Wen Shan Chiang mines, which are 12 miles north of the Yuen river. These are apparently the mines which Brelich describes. The area of the concession was 4 sq. miles. Two 12-ton Granitza furnaces were constructed, and the production from 1899 to the end of 1902 was 82,500 lb. of quicksilver and 500 lb. of cin- nabar. The company has had a somewhat checkered career, and little progress is now being made.

Xm. Arsenic. Arsenic is of no little importance in China, but detailed and accurate information regarding its occurrence and production is not obtainable. According to the customs returns, 5,000 tons was produced in 1908, but only 400 tons in 1909. Apparently the ore occurs in or near the principal antimony district (111® E., 29° K), since the product passes through the same custom- house. About 700 tons of arsenic-ore from China was imported into Germany in 1908. A recent French report estimates the annual production of orpiment and realgar in Yunnan at 600 tons. This comes from near Chao-chou and Meng-hua, in Tali prefecture.

XIV. Petroleum.

The most notable petroleum-producing district is in Ssu- chuan, where, according to Coldre,' there are in the neighbor- hood of Yun-hsien (102° 10' E., 29° 38' K) and Fu-chuan (102° 43' E., 29° 27' K) from 30 to 40 wells, from 1,000 to 3,500 ft. deep, in which petroleum occurs associated with gas and brine. The gas is employed in evaporating the brine, and the petroleum, which varies from blanc de petit lait to noir,* is burned in crude lamps without any attempt at refining.

[48]

The Mineral Production And Resources Of China. 841

Buclos " describes the wells at Tse-liou-tsin,' which is between Yun-hsien and Fu-chuan, nearer the latter, giving the number as about 150; but probably this refers to the total number rather than those which actually produce petroleum. But neither gives any estimate of the amount of actual production. Eichard refers to the occurrence of petroleum in Kansu, but does not give the locality. Recent press reports are to the effect that petroleum has been found near the Kanchou coal- mine, in Kansu, but no definite information is available.

A field that is of present importance occurs near Ten-chang (110° 0' E., 36° 80' N.), in Shensi. A native company has been at work there for some years, has recently constructed a refinery, and is now selling oil throughout Shensi in active competition with the foreign product. I have been unable to obtain reliable detailed information regarding this field, but it is probably of a great deal of importance, since it is rumored that the company is considering the construction of a light railway from the wells to Singan-fu, 200 miles distant. Appa- rently petroleum occurs only in the western and SW. parts of the Empire, but in these places a considerable native industry is likely to develop when the areas are provided with adequate transportation-facilities.

In concluding this paper, it should be added that the develop- ment of the mineral resources of the Chinese Empire would be greatly aided by the creation of an Imperial Geological Survey. The nucleus of such an organization already exists in the many Chinese geologists and engineers who have been trained abroad, and with proper organization and sufficient funds, this important and necessary work would redound to the immense benefit of the mineral industry.

XV. Bibliography.

Baser, £. Colbobne : Travels and Besearches in Western China, Rayed Oeo-

graphieal Society Supplementary Paper i. Vol. I, Pt I. ' fiooDANOYiTCH : Materialen zur Geologie Busslands, Zeitschrift fur praktUehe

Oeoloffie, Vol. VII, p. 240 (1899). ' Brelich : Chinese Methods of Mining Qoicksilyer, Transactions of the Institution

of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. XIV, p. 483 (1904-05).

Clabk, Ellis : Notes on the Progress of Mining in China, Trans,, XIX, 571

(1890-91).

CoLDBE, Louis : Les Salines et les Puits de Feu de la province du Se-Tchoan,

Annates des Mines, Ser. 8, Vol. XIX, p. 441 (1891).

[49]

342 Thb Mineral Produotion And Besourobs Of China.

Collins, W. R : Tin Production in the Province of Yunnan, China, Tranaac-

Hans of the InstihiHon of Mining and Metallurgy Vol. XIX, p. 187 (19010). T Collins, W. F. : Mineral Industry, Vol. XVIH, p. 672 (1909). ' CoRDiBB, Henbi : Bibliothea Sinica (1904). CUBLE, J. H. : QoldMines of the World (1899). " Drake, N. F. : The Coal-Fielda around Tsfi-Chou, Shansi, China, Trans., XXX,

261 (1900). " Drake, N. F. : The Coal-Fields of Northeastern China, Trans., XXXI, 492

(1901). " DucLOS : La Mission Lyonnaise d? exploration eommerciale en Chine 1895-7. Pp.

283 to 314 (Lyons, 1898). " Garrison, P. Lynwood : Mining and Metallurgy, Feb. 16, 1901, p. 106. " Garnieb : Voyage exploration en Indo-Ckine, Vol. I, p. 230 (1867). Hoover, H. C. : Metal Mining in the Provinces of Chi-li and Shantung, China,

Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. VIII, p. 324

(1899-1900). " Hoover, H. C. : Kaiping Coal Mines and Coal Field, Chile Province, North

China, Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. X, p. 419

(1901-02). " HosiE, Alexander : Three Years in Western China. HosiE, Alexander : Manchuria, Its People, Resources and Recent History. Hue, E. R. : Travels in Tartary, Tibet, and China. Inouye, K. : Geology of the Southern Part of ShHg-ching Province (Tokyo,

1905). " Jack : Back Blocks of China. " Johnston : From Peking to Mandalay. Jameson, C. D. : (Ik)al and Iron in Eastern China, Engineering and Mining

Journal, Vol. LXVI, p. 365 (1898). Kwano, K. Y. : The Kaiping Coal-Mine, North China, Trane., XVI, 95

(1887-88). LeClebe, M. a. : &tnde Glogique et Minidre des Provinces Cinoises

voisines du Tonkin. Paris, 1902. Annales des Mines, Ser. 9, Vol. XX,

p. 287 (1901). Le Prince-Ringuet : fetude Geologique sur le nord de la Chine, Annales dee

Mines, Ser. 9, Vol. XIX, p. 393 (1901). Lorenz, Th. : Beitrage zur Geologic von Ostasien, Deuteehe OeologiKhe Oesell-

schaft, Vol. LVII, p. 475 (1905). Maclaren, Malcolm : Gold, p. 270 et seg. (1908). Mabgaby, a. R. : Journey from Shanghai to Bhamo (1876). MoLLEB, W. A. : The Fushun Colliery, South Manchuria, Trans. , XLI, 241

(1911). " MoNOD, G. H. : Coal Fields of Indo-China, Reirue MetaRurgiqwi (Sept. 19, 1904). " MuBDOGH, J. V. B. : Brine and Oil Wells in Western China, Transaetums of

the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol. IX, p. 362 (1900-01). " Pebvinqui±be: Revue Seientifique, Ser. 5, Vol. I, p. 547 (1904). Pbejevalski : Travels in Mongolia. PuMPELLY, Raphael : Geological Researches in China, Smithsonian Contnbu'

tions, Vol. XV, p. 118. PuBiNGTON, C. W. : Northern Manchuria, Mining Magazine, Vol. IV, p. 63

(1911). " Read, T. T. : Coal Mining in China, Mining and Scientific Press, Vol. XCVIII,

p. 44 (1909).

[60]

The Minbbal Production And Rbsourobs Of Ohina. 848

Bbad, T. T. : Goal Mining in Manchnria, Mining Magagine, Vol. I, p. 215

(1909). Bead, T. T. : Mineral Besonrces of Manchuria, Mining Maganne, Vol. II, p.

121 (1910). Bead, T. T. : Steel Making in China, Mining Magazine, Vol. II, p. 199 (1910). Bead, T. T. : Iron Ore Beflonrces of the Chinese Empire, in The Iron Ore lU-

sources of the World, pp. 915 to 924 (Stockholm, 1910). The Lanchow Mining Co., Ltd. Far Eoitem BemeWy Vol. VIII, p. 41 (July,

1911). Bichasd, L. : Oomprehentive Geography of the CMneee Empire (Shanghai, 1908). BiCHTHOFEN, F. F. YON : CkinOf Ergebnisee eigener Eeieen und doaroiuf gegrun"

deter Studien (1877). BiCHTHOFEN, F. F. YON: Letters to the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce,

1872 (Shanghai, 1903). BoGHEB : La Province Chinoiee du Yunnan (1879). Shockley, W. H. : Notes on the Coal- and Iron-Fields of Southeastern Shansi,

Trans., XXXIV., 841 (1904). SwENSEN, K. P. : The Pinghsiang Colliery, Mining and Scieniifie Press, Vol.

CI, p. 564 (1910). Vebschoyle, W. D. : Told Mining at Wei-hai-Wei, China, Engineering and

Mining Journal, Vol. LXXXII, p. 919 (Nov. 17, 1906). " Vogelsang : Peiermanns MiUheilungen, Vol. XLVII, p. 245 (1901). " Von Cholnoki : Foldtani KosUmi, Vol. XXIX, p. 289 (1900). Williamson, Alexandeb : Journeys in North China, Manchuria, and Eastern

Mongolia, 1870. Willis, Blackweldeb, and Sargent : Besearch in China, 1907. (Published

by the Carnegie Institution.) Willis, Bailey : The Mineral Besources of China, Economic Geology, VoL

UI, pp. 1 and 118 (1908). Woo, Y. T. : Silver-Mining and Smelting in Mongolia, Trans,, XXXIII, 755

(1903). Woo, Y. T. : The Manufacture of Coke in Northern China, Trans., XXXVI,

661 (1906). " Yule, Sib Hbnby: The Book ofSer Marco Polo, the Venetian (1875). Fox, H. H. : Memorandum on Chinese Mines, Diplomaiic and Consular Be-

ports, No. 680 (London, 1911).

[51]

Subject To Revision.

[Transactions Of The American Institute Of Mining Engineers.]

Proceedings of the One Hundred and Second Meeting, New York, N. Y., February, 1912.

COMMITTEES. Be4septiony Monday, Feb. 19. — Benjamin B. Lawrence, Chairman.

W. A. BoBtwick, W. DeL. Benedict, J. Parke Channing, W. B. Kunhardt, A. B. Ledoux,

Edwin Ludlow, Charles F. McKenna, Ambrose Monell, H. S. Munroe, C. P. Perin, Pope Yeatman.

Charles Band,

D. M. Biordan, P. de P. Bickette, Thomas Bobins,

E. G. Spilsbury,

Beeeptiony Tuesday, Feb. 20.— Arthur S- Dwight, Chairman, Lawrence Addicks, J. H. Banks, William Campbell,

A. C. Carson,

B. £. Eldred, H. W. Hardinge, L. D. Hontoon,

J. H. Janeway, Jr., W. McA. Johnson, C. H. Jouet, E. L. Kurtz, J. F. McClelland, R G. Moldenke, W. H. Nichols, Jr., H. A. J. Wilkens.

Charles Of, H. A. Prosser, E. Bandolph, G. C. Stone, F.W.C.Schniewirid, Leonard Waldo , A. L. Walker,

BeeepHonf Wednesday, Feb. 21. — John D. Irving, Chairman.

A. Chester Beatty,

A. A. Blow, William Braden,

J. Morgan Clements,

B, A. Cook,

K L. Diifourcq, Theodore Dwight,

L. W. Francis,

E. O. Hovey, Sidney J. Jennings, Joseph W. Boe, W. L. Saunders,

J. M. Sherrerd,

F. M. Simonds.

H. Souther, E. S. Sperry, J. B. Stanton, Knox Taylor, H. S. Washington, J. E. Woodman,

Dinner f Feb. 20. — James Grayley, Chaimum. Albert B. Ledoux, D. M. Biordan,

Theodore Dwight, Thomas Bobins.

Finance. — George D. Barron, Chairman ; Theodore Dwight.

The 102d meeting of the Institute was held at the Institute headquarters in the Engineering Societies Building, New York, KT., on Feb. 19, 20 and 21, 1912. A Bureau of In- formation, in charge of Mr. George Buckman, was maintained during the meeting.

The proceedings opened with an informal social meeting on Monday evening, Feb. 19, in Assembly-Room No. 1, on the

[1]

846 Prooebdings Of The New Tobk Meeting.

fifth floor of the building. The meeting waa in charge of the New York Section of the Institute, and Mr. Benjamin B. Lawrence, Chairman of the Reception Committee for the day, delivered the address of welcome, after which Mr. Charles Kirchhoff, President of the Institute, addressed the gathering on Institute Aims and Ideals, as follows :

During the past few years there have been far-reaching and notable develop- ments in the work of many of the national and local technical societies. The Carnegie gift has stimulated enthusiasm, and has fostered co-operation among en- gineers through the completion of the Engineering Building on the professional side, and through the enlargement of the Engineers' Club on the social side. While the splendid results thus obtained have been most noticeable locally, their influ- ence is penetrating slowly throughout the country, and combined efforts are being made to make them available in an increased measure to all. In these aims the Institute is actively participating.

I have observed that with wider opportunities and enlarged facilities, the ambi- tions of the national engineering societies have grown. They are beginning to go beyond the collection and distribution of technical data; they are seeking to directly promote progress through research committees, backed, if necessary, by adequate appropriations. Some magnificent work has been done in this direction abroad, a striking example being the study of the power-requirements of rolling- mills, by a commission of the Verein deutscher Eisenhuettenleute, under the direction of Dr. Puppe.

There are elements in every national engineering society which affect to a varying degree the attainment of its principal objects, which are the accumulation of facts and thoughts, the exchange and discussion of experience and practice ; the fostering of acquaintance and friendship, and the promotion of the solidarity of the profession. These elements are the tendency towards specialization, and the scattering of the membership geographically. So far as both tendencies are con- cerned, the Institute is affected perhaps more than any other society. Specializa- tion in mining and metallurgy, and the cognate sciences, has gone very far since the days of the organization of the Institute, and has had its deep effect upon it. That part of our membership which is directly connected with operating mines, mills, and works, is very much scattered in the nature of things.

To a greater or less extent, the principal technical societies have endeavored to meet these conditions in two ways, by the organization of Local Sections, and by the establishment of professional divisions. Particularly in the mining and metallurgical industries, local sections bring together members who have identical or closely allied professional interests, and a keen appreciation of the opportuni- ties and advantages of social intercourse. This is true notably where the distrac- tions of a large city are missing. During the past year a movement in the direction of the organization of local sections has been initiated, and while it has had a measure of success, there are often special conditions which must be worked out. The experience of other societies who have gone further in this direction would indicate that such organizations often need financial support, which in the aggre- gate involves considerable demands upon the resources of the parent body. But they should prove a powerful factor for mutual advantage. They offer to the ac- tive member of a local section the opportunity to obtain for his professional work an international audience where his paper has been accepted for publication in

[2]

Procbbdings Of The New York Meeting. 847

the TraosactioDs of the Society, which local engineering bodies cannot offer. They stimulate the presentation of information on practice in one field which is valuable to those in other sections and in other brancheB, and give the younger men oppor- tunities for training in collecting and presenting facts and meeting comment and discussion.

The feeling that the tendency towards specialization must be reflected in some modification in the organization of the societies has existed for a long time, and has in one conspicuous instance led to the formation of a relatively large series of topical divisions.

Meetings at which a series of papers covering many parts of the field are brought up in succession can rarely be of sustained interest to more than a few of those in attendance. If the number of those present qualified to discuss or supple- ment a paper on a special subject is small, the author feels himself chilled by an indifierent or unsympathetic audience. In the Institute effort has been repeat- edly made — taking advantage of the fact that the meeting was being held in a locality where particular industries predominated — to bring out papers connected with those industries, and induce attendance of members identified with them. Such efforts have been crowned with a measure of success, but they could not then be persistently followed up. I believe the time has come when they should be systematized by providing the facilities for the organization of topical sections. The mission of these would be the intense cultivation of their respective fields, in the place of the casual representation of different branches of the whole range of mining and metallurgy, to which the present methods cannot help being restricted. There must be a concentration of effort which shall bring to the members inter- ested in each division the conviction that the Institute is not alone keeping abreast of progress in that field, but is leading it.

In an able address, delivered at the annual meeting in 1889, by the President of the Institute, Prof. W. B. Potter, he suggested for a grouping the following : I, Iron and Steel ; II. The Precious and Base Metals ; lU. Geology and Mining ; IV. Chemistry. Probably we might to-day be inclined to split the third group into Economic Geology and Metal- and Coal-Mining, but it is much more strikingly true to-day than it vras in 1889 that we must adjust the organization of the Insti- tute to the changes in the relations of the individual members to the work which it is to perform. The Institute has a splendid mission before it in this direction, but if it does not rise to that mission, the inevitable result will be that a series of gocieties will be formed which will aim to carry out the work. From the stand- point of efficiency such an outcome should be deeply deplored. The advantages of one powerful organization in charge of interests which after all are interloclced at so many points, with the prestige and success of forty years of splendid achieve- ments, should not be lightly surrendered to a series of bodies, each singly weak

While doing more intense work in special fields, the Institute has missions in other directions which would be common to all interests, and would tie them to- gether. Besides, its central organization could more effectively and cheaply carry on the purely administrative functions, and the editorial and publication work.

While the Institute could depend upon the voluntary efforts of many members now leaders in the different groups or sections, it would probably soon develop that the services of special officers, fairly compensated, would be required. The volume of the publications would be greatly enlarged, but the accessions to the membership at large, or to affiliates of special groups, would meet all additional outlays after a probable period of development One leading society has gone so far as to print three separate sets of publications.

Another field of endeavor should be given close consideration, which the

[3]

848 Proceedings Of The New Tore Meeting.

founders of the Institute put forward with striking emphasis. Let me quote from the first circular sent out by Eckley B. Coxe, R. P. Bothwell, and Martin Coryell, dated Wilkes-Barre, April, 1871) which led to the organization of the Institute at the meeting of May 16, 1871 :

''The great development of the mines and metallurgical work of this country during the last few years, accompanied as it has been by the inyestment of enor- mous sums of money in purchasing lands and in the erection of improvements, re- quires that advantage should be taken of the accumulated knowledge of engi- neers, superintendents and others in mastering the problems which are constantly presenting themselves for our action. Among those may be mentioned, the con- sideration of more economical systems of mining in our coal and metalliferous mines — improved methods of transportation above and below ground ; unwatering and ventilating mines ; the mechanical preparation of coal and other minerals ; the various metallurgical processes, and in fact, every question tending to the at- tainment of the two great objects :

" 1st. The more economical production of the useful minerals and metals.

" 2d. The greater safety and welfare of those employed in these industries."

It will be observed that the signers of the first invitation laid particular stress upon the duty to safeguard the men employed in the mining and metallurgical in- dustries ; a mission of the Institute which has not received the attention which it deserved It has, however, engaged public interest keenly in recent years, and splendid progress has been made by governmental and private agencies. These should have the active co-operation of the Institute, notably in the direction of discussing the many questions of a strictly technical nature, with which the mem- bers are so eminently qualified to deal.

This leads to the question, to what extent the Institute may and should partici- pate in the discussion of public questions generally. Our Constitution provides that special committees may be appointed to make investigations and reports for presentation to the Institute, but specifically forbids that any action shall be taken binding the Institute for or against the conclusions embodied in any such reports. "While that prohibition is beyond a doubt a very wise one, and avoids serious dan- gers, it would seem that a powerful influence for good may be exerted by com- mittees' reports, and by the discussions to which they might lead.

The past achievenfents of the Institute justify the expectation that the highest estimate of its mission may be attained if the membership will co-operate heartily in its work. It is only by general participation in its enlarged activities that there can be realized the splendid possibilities for good to the profession, to the indus- tries which it represents, and to the individual members themselves.

Prof. James F. Kemp related some humorous experiences in mountain-climbing as a prelude to his illustrated discourse on The Formation of Mineral Veins, which terminated the pro- gram. The members then adjourned to the Institute rooms on the ninth floor of the building for further social intercourse.

The Annual Business Meeting of the Institute was held on Tuesday morning, February 20, 1912. An account of the business transacted is given on p. xvii of the Bulletin,

The technical sessions were held in Assembly-Room No. 1, on the fifth floor of the Engineering Societies Building. Mr.

[4]

Proobbdinus Of The New York Meetino. 349

Charles Kirchhoft' presided at all of the sessions. The first session, Tuesday, Feb. 20, at 2 p.m., was allotted to papers on the sintering and briquetting of fine ores, flue-dust, etc. The following papers were presented in oral abstract by the authors, with the exceptions noted :

♦The Sintering of Fine Iron-Ore, by B. G. Klugh, Birds- boro. Pa. (Read by George W. Maynard. Illustrated by samples of sintered material. Discussed by J. L. W. Birkin- bine, Alfred H. Cowles, H. M. Chance, Arthur 8. Dwight, Anton Filers, Henry M. Howe, N. 8. Keith, Charles Kirchhoft', George W. Maynard, Joseph W. Richards, F. W. C. Schnie- wind, E. Gybbon Spilsbury, J. W. Tudor, and F. A. Vogel.)

♦Agglomeration of Fine Materials, by W. S. Landis, South Bethlehem, Pa. (Read by Joseph W. Richards.)

♦Sintering and Briquetting of Flue-Dust, by Felix A. Vogel, New York, N. Y. (Mr. Vogel displayed a collection of bri- quettes and nodulized materials. The paper was discussed by Arthur S. Dwight, F. W. C. Schniewind, Otto Sussmann, Felix A. Vogel, and Arthur L. Walker.)

♦The Schumacher Briquetting Process, by Joseph W. Richards, South Bethlehem, Pa. (Discussed by Alfred H. Cowles, Arthur S. Dwight, Henry M. Howe, Joseph W. Richards, and F. W. C. Schniewind.

The Grondal Briquetting Process, by N. V. Hansell, New York, N. Y. (Discussed by Alfred H. Cowles, N. V. Hansell, and George W. Maynard.)

♦Electrostatic Concentration or Separation of Ores, by H. A. Wentworth, Boston, Mass. (Discussed by Robert H. Richards.)

The second session was held on Wednesday, Feb. 21, at 10 a. m.

The following papers were presented in oral abstract by the authors :

The James Diagonal-Plane Slimer, by S. Arthur Krom, New York, N. Y. (Illustrated by lantern-elides. Discussed by Robert H. Richards.)

♦Progress in Roll-Crushing, by C. Q. Payne, New York, N. Y. (A pair of Frazee crushing-rolls showing the even

Pamphlet copies distributed.

[5]

850 Pbogeedinos Of The New York Meeting.

effect of wear was exhibited. The paper was discussed by C. Q. Payne, Robert H. Richards, and E. Gybbon Spilsbury.)

Gold Hill Mining-District in Western Utah, by James F. Kemp, New York, N. Y. (Dlustrated by lantern-slides.)

Geology of the New Catskill Aqueduct, by Charles P. Berkey, New York, N. Y. Illustrated by lantern-slides.)

The Geology of Certain Salt-Deposits in Western Germany, by F. F. Hahn, New York, N. Y.

The third technical session was held on Wednesday, Feb. 21, at 2 p. ra. The following papers were presented in oral abstract by the authors, with the exceptions noted :

Electrolytic Refining of Impure Copper, by Horace H. Em- rich, Kyshtim, Russia. (Read by R. W. Raymond. Discussed by Anton Filers, N. 8. Keith, and Albert R. Ledoux.)

♦Geology and Ore-Deposits of the Silverbell Mining-District, Arizona, by C. A. Stewart, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. (Read by James F. Kemp.)

Stagnant Mine- Waters, by Alfred C. Lane, Tufts College, Boston, Mass.

The Decomposition of Some Metallic Sulphates at an Ele- vated Temperature in a Current of Air, by H. 0. Hofman and W. Wanjukow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass. (Read by H. 0. Hofman. Discussed by H. 0. Hofinan, W. McA. Johnson, and Albert R. Ledoux.

Concise Method of Showing Ore-Reserves, by N. H. Emmons, Copperhill, Tenn. (Read by J. D. Irving. Discussed by John D. Irving, N. S. Keith, William Kelly, E. W. King, Charles Kirchhoff*, and Alfred C. Lane.

*Fume-Precipitation, by F. G. Cottrell, San Francisco, Cal. (Illustrated by lantern-slides. Discussed by F. G. Cottrell, A. H. Elliott, L. C. Graton, F. W. C. Schniewind, and E. Gybbon Spilsbury.)

A new portable electric mine-lamp and a few photographs showing it in use as a miner's head-light and as a hand-lantern were exhibited at the close of the session. These exhibits were sent by David B. Rushmore to illustrate his paper on Mine- Lamps.

Pamphlet copies distribated. [6]

Proceedings Of The New York Meeting. 851

The following papers were read by title for future publica- tion by the Institute :

Vanadium in Pig-iron, by Porter W. Shimer, Easton, Pa.

Temperature Conversion-Tables, by Leonard Waldo, New York, N. T.

♦Treatment of Copper Mine-Water, by Joseph W. Richards, South Bethlehem, Pa.

♦Rational Valuation and Quality-Efficiency of Furnace-Stock, by John Jermain Porter, University of Cincinnati, Cincin- nati, Ohio.

Bearing of the Theories of the Origin of Magnetic Iron-Ores on Their Possible Extent, by Frank L. Nason, West Haven, Conn.

Geology of Harrison Gulch in Shasta County, Cal., by H. E. Kramm, Ithaca, N. Y.

♦Direct Determination of Small Amounts of Platinum in Ores and Bullion, by F. P. Dewey, Washington, D. C.

An Early Discovery of Fuller's Earth in Arkansas, by J. C. Branner, Stanford University, Cal.

Occurrence of Silver-, Copper- and Lead-Ores at the Veta Rica Mine, Sierra Mojada, Coahuila, Mexico, by Frank R. Van Horn, Cleveland, Ohio.

Study of Pre-Cambrian Rocks of the Harney Peak District, South Dakota, by Gordon S. Duncan, London, England.

Treatment of Complex Silver-Ore at the Lucky Tiger Mine, El Tigre, Sonora, Mexico, by D. L. H. Forbes, Toronto, Ont., Canada.

Gold in Certain Copper-Alloys, Soluble in Nitric Acid, by Edward Keller, Perth Amboy, K J.

Fuel-Economy of Dry-Blast, by R. S. Moore, New York,N. Y.

The St. Helen's Mining District, Skamania County, Wash., - by Horace V. Winchell, Minneapolis, Minn.

The San Nicolas Mining-District, by I. H. Wentworth, Matehuala, Mexico.

♦Abrasion and Dust-Losses in Ore-Drying, by Carl F. Dietz and Dyke V. Keedy, Boston, Mass.

The Smokeless Coal-Field of West Virginia, by Edwin Ludlow, Ecclee, W. Va.

Mine-Lamps, by David B. Rushmore, Schenectady, N. Y.

Pamphlet copies distributed. [7]

852 Proceedings Of The New York Meeting.

The Institute Banquet. The dinner at the Plaza, on Tuesday evening Feb. 20, was a brilliant and enjoyable affair. The retiring President, Mr. Charles Kirchhoff, presided. Addresses were made by George Otis Smith, Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, who emphasized the cordial relations between that bureau and the Institute, and the mutual helpfulness of their work; Mr. W. L. Saunders, who, having just returned from a journey round the world, spoke interestingly of his observations in the industrial establishments of Europe; and Mr. H. Mortimer Lamb, Secretary of the Canadian Mining Institute, who grace- fully expressed the congratulations of his Society. Col. Alex- ander M. Hay, a Canadian member of the Institute, recited amid laughter and applause a clever poetic burlesque, describ- ing the discovery of the North Pole by a submarine vessel. Dr. Raymond, in responding to the toast of " The Ladies," claimed for the Institute the honor of having been the first national society to have ladies at its banquets, and quoted the following passage from a speech delivered by Alexander L. Holley at the first occasion of this kind, the Pittsburg banquet of 1879 :

''Young man of the school) full of lore and anxious for hire, what is the vista of probabilities that fills your eye ? Will you map out the metalliferous veins under the fair landscape from the rugged outcrops of the upturned rocks ? Will you span the cafion, eroded throughout eeons, with your gossamer steel bridge of yesterday? Will you compel a river which denudes a continent to build out its own ship-canal through its own delta with its own ? Will you sever conti- nents to make a highway for commerce ? WMll you coax out of ores with your deft alchemy the metals which the evolution of ages put in ? Will you drive a train from the Orient to the Occident, following the sun and keeping company with the hours? Ah, my dear boy I these things you may do, but they are only means to an end. And that end you shall see down the long vista of the inevitable. There, with eloquent eyes and folded arms, sits a dear little woman ! And, my boy, when those tender arms shall enfold you, and those eloquent eyes shall flash into your soul the potential caloric of a whole life, — tlien you will know what it is to be the lord of a fellow's wife I

''Two thousand years ago, the philosopher Cullimachus, wandering in the ceme- tery of Corinth, was arrested by a vision of prophetic beauty. It was only an acanthus plant, confined in a basket and covered with a tile, the struggling leaves curling through the meshes and wreathing themselves in graceful vulutes under the covering stone. This was the decoration of a child's grave ; but it was the prototype of the Corinthian capital. As out of a little grave grew the glory of decorative art, so out of ah ! how many little graves, struggling through the meshes and repressed by the cold marble, perennially bloom the graces and the virtues of the higher life — that long-suffering, that patience, that elasticity, that sweetness, that association of the good and the beautiful, which is but another name for the fellows' wives !"

[8]

Procbbbings Of The Nbw Tork Mbbting.

List of Members and Guests {Doubtless Incomplete) Registered at Institute Headquarters.

Adams, Geoi I., Washington, D. C. Addicksy Lawrence, Chrome, N. J. Ahbe, F. B., Athena, Pa. Apgar, Frederick W., Jamaica, N. Y. Atwater, R M., Jr., New York, N. Y. Ayres, W. S., Hazleton, Pa. Ajres, Mrs. W. S., Hasleton, Pa. Baker, David, Philadelphia, Pa. Barbour, Percy E., Candor, N. C. Barlow, Alfred E., Montreal, Canada. Barron, George D., New York, N. Y. Barron, Mr8.Greorge D., New York, N. Y. Beatty, A. C, New York, N. Y. Benedict, W. Deli., New York, N. Y. Bennett, A. F. Berggreen, Paul.

Berkey, Charles P., New York, N. Y. Birkinbine, John, Philadelphia, Pa. Birkinbine, J. L. W., Mexico City,Mez. Blair, John N., New York, N. Y. Blair, Mrs. John N., New York, N. Y. Blow, A. A., New York, N. Y. Bohn, C. A , New York, N. Y. Braden, William, New York, N. Y. Campbell. WUIiam, New York, N. Y. Channing, J. Parke, New York, N. Y. Ciardi, Mrs. Edward. Clark, Edward A. Clark, J. M., Toronto, Canada. Cogswell, W. B., Syracuse, N. Y. Cogswell, Mrs. W. B., Syracuse, N. Y. Conner, Eli T., Philadelphia, Pa. Cook, Robert A., New York, N. Y. Cottrell, F. G., San Francisco, Cal. Cowle, Alfred H., Sewaren, N. J. Cowles, Mrs. A. H,, Sewaren, N. J. Crosby, W. C, Boston, Mass. Cumings, W. L., Bethlehem, Pa. Darlington, Homer T. D'Audiffret, F., New York, N. Y. D'Audiffret, Mrs. F., New York, N. Y. Davis, D. Ashmore. Davis, L. K., New York, N. Y. Day, David T., Washington, D. C. Deiffenbach, E. E., Newark, N. J. Devereux, W. B., Jr., New York, N. Y. Doolittle, C. H., Salt Lake City, Utah. Douglas, James, New York, N. Y. Drinker, Henry S., Bethlehem, Pa.

DuBois, Howard W., Philadelphia, Pa. Dufourcq. E. L., New York, N. Y. Dwight, Arthur S., New York, N. Y. Dwight, Mrs. A. S., New York, N. Y. Dwight, Theodore, New York, N. Y. Earle, R. R Edwards, E. J.

Eilers, Anton, Brooklyn, N, Y. Elliot, A. H., New York, N. Y. Emanuel, L. V., Perth Amboy, N. J. Emmons, N. H., Knoxville, Tenn. Eustis, F. A., Boston, Mass. Enstis, Mrs. F. A., Boston, Mass. Ferrier, W. F., Toronto, Canada. Finlay, James R., New York, N. Y. Foote, W. B., Geneva, N. Y. Foucar, E. L., San Francisco, Cal. Francis, L. W., New York, N. Y. Freeman, S. S., Parry ville. Pa. French, L. H., New Rochelle, N. Y. Garrison, F. L.. Philadelphia, Pa. Gouyard, G. M., New York, N. Y. Graton, L. C, New York, N. Y. Griffith, William, Scranton, Pa Hahn, F. F., New York, N. Y. Hansen, N. V., New York, N. Y. Hardinge, H. W., New York, N. Y. Hardinge, Mrs. E.W., New York, N.Y. Hay, Alexander M., Haileybury, Can. Hermann, Charles E., New York, N. Y. Hewett, D. F., Washington, D. C. Hey, H. A., New York, N. Y. Hibbard, Henry D., Plainfield, N. J. Hibbard, Mrs. H. D., Plainfield, N.J. H of man, H. O., Boston, Mass. Holmes, J. A., Washington, D. C. Holter, R O., New York, N. Y. Hothorn, E. G.

Hovey, E. O., New York, N. Y. Howe, Ernest, Newport, R. I. Howe, H. M., Bedford Hills, N. Y. Howe, Mrs. H. M., Bedford Hills, N. Y. Humphrey, Charles, New York, N. Y. Humphrey, Mrs. Charles, New York, N. Y. Humphrey, George S., New York, N.Y. Humphreys, Alex. C, New York, N. Y. Ihlseng. A. O., New York, N. Y. Ingalls, W. R, New York, N. Y. Irving, J. D., New Haven, Conn.

[9]

Proceedings Op The New York Meeting.

Janeway, J. H., Jr., New York, N. Y. Jennings, R. K, New York, N. Y. Johnesse, Frank E., Boise, Idaho. Johnson, W. McA., Hartford, Conn. Jouet, C. H., New York, N. Y. Kahn, Julius. New York, N. Y. Keith, N. S., Philadelphia, Pa. Keith, Miss Vivian, Philadelphia, Pa. Keller, H. A., New York, N. Y. Keller, Mrs. H. A., New York, N. Y. Kelly, William, Vulcan, Mich. Kemp, J. F., New York, N. Y. Kennedy, John 8., Stanhope, N. J. Kent, William, Montclair, N. J. King, £. W., Bozeroan, Mont. King, Paul S., Philadelphia, Pa. Kirchhofl, Charles, New York, N. Y. Knight, H. B., New York, N. Y. Kurtz, R L., New York, N. Y Lamb, H. Mortimer, Montreal, Canada. Lane, A. C. . Tufts College, Mass. Lane, J. S., New York, N. Y. Lawrence, Benjamin B. , New York, N. Y. Lawrence, Mrs. B. B., New York, N.Y. Ledoux, A. D., New York, N. Y. Ledoux, Mrs. A. D., New York, N. Y. Ledoux, A. R., New York, N. Y. Leer, I. W. von. Lidner, P. G., New York, N. Y. Ludlow, Edwin, Eccles, W. Va, Lyman, F., New York, N. Y. Lyon, D. A., Cambridge, Mass. McClelland, J. F., New Haven, Conn. Mcllvain, E. M., New York, N. Y. Mclntire, R. Marsters, V. F.

Masters, H. K., Salt Lake City, Utah. Mathewson, E. P., Anaconda, Mont. Maynard, George W., New York, N.Y. Meier, R D., New York, N. Y. Meier, Miss, New York, N. Y. Miller, D. I., Allen's Creek, Tenn. Miller, W. G., Toronto, Canada. Moldenke, Richard , Watchung, N. J. Montgomery, J. C. Moore, George, Joplin, Mo. Moore, L. D. , Chatham, N. J. Moore, R. S., New York, N. Y. Morris, H. C, New York, N. Y. Mosman, P. A., New York, N. Y. Nash, H. P., New York, N. Y. N6wland, D. H., Albany, N. Y.

[

Nichols, W. H., Jr., New York, N. Y. Norris, R. V., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Of, Charles, Palisade, N. J. Olcott, E. E., New York, N. Y. Ormrod, George, Emaus, Pa, Ormrod, J. D., Emaus, Pa. Paddack, L. E. , Duluth, Minn. Partz, J. L., Philadelphia, Pa. Patterson, S. B., Robesonia, Pa. Payne, C. Q., New York, N. Y. Prosser, H. A., New York, N. Y. Raymond, R. W., New York, N. Y. Raymond, Mrs. R. W., New York, N.Y. Rice, Calvin W., New York, N. Y. Richards, Joseph W., S. Bethlehem, Pa. Richards, Robert H., Boston, Mass. Ridgway, Robert. Riordan, D. M., New York, N. Y. Roeber, K F., New York, N. Y. Rogers, William B., New York, N. Y. Rowands, Lewis G., New York, N. Y. Ruhl, Louis, New York, N. Y. Ryall, George M. Sanders, R H., Philadelphia, Pa. Saunders, W. L., New York, N. Y. Sauveur, Albert, Cambridge, Mass. Scaife, H. L., Clinton, S. C. Scallon, William, New York, N. Y. Schniewind, F., New York, N. Y. Sears, Stanley C. , Parral, Mexico. Semple, C. C, New York, N. Y. Sharpless, F. F., Westbury Sta., N. Y. Sharple88,Mr8.F. F., Westbury Sta., N.Y. Shaw, S. F., New York, N.Y. Shenstone, A. C, New York, N. Y. Sherrerd, J. M., Easton, Pa. Shipp, E. M., Newburgh, N. Y. Shurick, H. E., New York, N. Y. Shurick, A. T., New York, N. Y. Sinclair, J. H.

Smith, E. P., New York, N. Y. Smith, George O., Sydney, Australia. Smith, H. I., Pittsburg, Pa. Smyth, H. L., Watertown, Mass. Spilsbury, E. Gybbon, New York, N.Y. Stanton, Robert B., New York, N. Y. Stevens, Blarney, Penticton, Canada. Stone, George C, New York, N. Y. Stoughton, Bradley, New York, N. Y. Stoughton, Mrs. B., New York, N. Y. Strong, A. H., New York, N. Y. Struthers, Joseph, New York, N. Y.

Proceedings Of The New York Meeting.

Snssmann, Otto, New York, N. Y. Taylor, H. B., Kansas City, Mo. Taylor, Knox, High Bridge. N. J. Taylor, Mrs. Knox, High Bridge, N. J. Taylor, S. A., Pittsburg, Pa. Thompson, A. P.

Tillson, Benj.F., Franklin Fumace,N. J. Torrey, H. G., New York, N. Y. Torrey, Mrs. H. G., New York, N. Y. Vail, Richard H., New York, N. Y. Van Mater, J. A., New York, N. Y. Van Winkle, Edward. Vogel, F. A., New York, N. Y. Vogelstein, Ludwig, New York, N. Y. Von Banr, C. H., New York, N. Y. Waldo, Leonard, New York, N. Y.

Walker, Arthur L., New York, N. Y. Weed, Walter H., New York, N. Y. Wentworth, Henry A., Boston, Mass. Wethey, A. H., New York, N. Y. Weisenburg, Andrew. White, James, New York, N. Y. Wilcox, George, Bridgeport, Conn. Wilkins, H. A. J., New York, N. Y. Wilkes, S. M.

Williams, Gtirdner F., Washington, D.C. Willis, H. T., Champaign, 111. Winslow, Arthur, Boston, Mass. Witherell, C. S., Newark, N. J. Woodman, J. E., New York, N. Y. Worth, John G., New York, N. Y. Worth, Mrs. John G., New York, N. Y.

[11]

No. 64 APRIL I9I2

Bulletin of the

American Institute of

Mining Engineers.

Contents :

Section i.— institute announcements. peB

JAsx of Olftcers and Committees, ii

Institute Announcements, iv

Library, . . . xviii

Membership, xxiv

Section Ii.— Papers And Discussions.

Notes on the Laramie Tunnel. By D. W. Brunton, 357

Present Conditions in the California Oil- Fields. By Mark L. Requa, 377

The Parral-Tank System of SIime>Agitation. By Bernard MacDonald, 387

Examination of Dredging-Properties. By Francis J. Dennis, 407

The Laws of Igneous Emanation Pressure. By Blarney Stevens, 4x1

Physical Data of Igneous Emanation. By Blarney Stevens, 429

The Direct Determination of Small Amounts of Platinum in Ores and

Bullion. By Frederic P. Dewey, 430 Discuss of Mr. Conner's paper, MineCaves Under the City of

Scranton. By Rufus J. Foster; ' . -443

Discussion of Mr. Riter's paper, Mine-Survey Notes. By E. R. Rice, . 447

- CorrasaaT. 191, bt the AvmjfyUtvnrvTZ 0w Miking Enoinxxrs.

TBCBNICAL JOUBNAU AMD OTRXBS DE8IBING TO ltf:PVBU8H ABTICLB8 CONTAINBO IN TmS

BVLLSTUf SHOULD apply fob pebmission to the Skcbbtaby, at 29 West 89tb Street, New Yobk, N. Y.

Jeffrey

Electric Locomotives

For efficient and Economical Mine Haulage

They are superior in electrical and mechanical design, accu- rate in workmanship, and are built to withstand the most severe service. Motor capacities are proportional to the weight which permits the locomotive to operate up to the slipping point of its wheels without overheating or burning out any part of the motor.

The mechanical arrangement of the details has been worked out to make every part accessible for inspection and repairs.

Catalogs and Bulletins on Jeffrey Locomotives furnished on request.

THE JEFFREY MFG. CO., Columbus, Ohio

New York Montreal Charleston, W. Va. Binningham St. Louis Seattle

Boston Pittsburgh Atlanta, Ga. Chicago Denver 4-13-12

Bulletin Of The

American Institute Of

Mining Engineers.

r;o. 64 APRIL 1912

Published Monthly

By The American Institute Op Mining Enqinbbr8

at 134 to laS N. Seventh St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Guy R. Overend, Publication Manager.

Editorial Office, ag West 39th St., New York, N. Y.

JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Ph.D., Editor.

Cable address, " Aime,*' Western Union Telegraph Code.

Subscription (including postage), $zo per annum ; to members of the Institute, public

libraries, educational institutions and technical societies, $5 per annum.

Single copies (including postage), $z each; to members of the Institute, public libraries, etc., 59 cents each.

Entered as second class matter, October x6, , at the post office at Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

Table Of Contents.

SECTION I. INSTITUTE ANNOUNCEMENTS. paok

List of Officers and Committees for the Year Ending February, 1913, . ii

Institute Announcements, It

Library, xviii

Membership, zziy

Section Ii. Technical Papers.

[The American Institute of Mining Engineers does not assume responsibility for any statement of fact or opinion advanced in its papers or discussions.]

No. 1. Notes on the Laramie Tunnel. By D. W. BBtTNTON, . . . 357

No. 2. Present Conditions in the California Oil-Fields. By Mark L.

Rbqua, 377

No. 3. The Parral-Tank System of Slime- Agitation. By Bernard Mao- Donald, 387

No. 4. Examination of Dredging- Properties. By Francis J. Dennis, . 407

No. 5. The Laws of Igneous Emanation Pressure. By Blamet Stevens, 411

No. 6. Physical Data of Igneous Emanation. By Blamet Stevens, . 429

No. 7. he Direct Determination of Small Amounts of Platinum in Ores

and Bullion. By Frederic P. Dewey, 439

No. 8. Discussion of Mr. Conner's paper, Mine-Caves Under the City of

Scranton. By Rufus J. Foster, 443

No. 9. Discussion of Mr. Riter's paper, Mine-Survey Notes. By E. R.

Rice, 447

All communications concerning the contents of this Bulletin should be addressed to JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Ph.D., Secretary and Editor, ag W. 39th St., New York, N. Y.

ii Monthly Bulletin, No. 64, April, 1912.

Officers.

For the yer ending February, 1913.

Council*

Pbesidemt of the CoimciL.

JAMES F. KEMP New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1918.) -

Vicb-Pbebidentb of the Cotjnoeu

8. B. CHRISTY Berkeley, Cal.

W. A. LATHROP Philadelphia, Pa-

GARDNER F. WILLIAMS Washington, D. a

(Term expires February, 1918.)

KARL EILERS JBW Yobk, N. Y.

WALDEMAR LINDGREN WAfiHiNOTON, D. C.

BENJAMIN B. THAYER New Yobk, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1914.)

Ck>UN0IL0B8.

ROBERT E. JENNINGS New Yobk, N.jY.

WILLIAM KELLY Vulcan, Mich.

(Term expires February, 1918.)

A. R CARLTON Cbepple Creek, Colo.

W. J. OLCOTT DuLUTH, Minn.

E. L YOUNG New York, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1914.)

JOHN H. JANEWAY, Jb New York, N. Y.

SIDNEY J. JENNINGS New York, N. Y.

JOSEPH W. RICHARDS South Bethlehem, Pa.

(Term expires February, 1915.) SeCBETABT OF THE COXTNOIL AND EdITOB.

JOSEPH STRUTHER8, 29 W. 39th St New Yobk, N. Y.

(Term expires February, 1918.)

Secbetaby Ehebitus of the Council.

R W. RAYMOND New Yobk, N. Y.

Corporation.

JAMES F. KEMP, President; EDMUND R KIRBY, Vice-Piesident ;

FRANK LYMAN, Treasurer ; GEORGE C. STONE, Secretary ;

JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasarer.

Dibegtobs.

James Gayley, Charles Kirchhoff, Frank Lyman.

(Term expiree February, 1918.)

James Douglas, James F. Kemp, Albert R. Ledoux.

(Term expires February, 1914. ) .

Edmund B. Kirby, Charles F. Rand, George C. Stone.

(Term expires February, 1915.)

Consulting Attorneys, Blair & Radd, New York, N. Y.

Secbetaby' 8 Note.— The Council is the professional hody, having charge of the election of members, the holding of meetinffs (except business meetings), and the publication of papers, proceedings, etc The Board of Directors is the body legally responsible for the business management of the Corporation.

American Institute of Mininq Engineers. iii

Committees.

For the year ending February, 19x3.

COUNCIL. MemberMp. — Joseph Stnithen, Karl Eilers, Sidney J. Jennings, Benjamin B.

Thayer,

PMieoHons : — Joseph Struthers, Chmrmanf New York, N. Y. ; David W. Brun- ton, Denver, Colo. ; Samuel B. Christy, Berkeley, Cal. ; Albert L. Colby, South Bethlehem, Pa.; Nathaniel H. Emmons, CopperhiU, Tenn.; Charles H. Fulton, Kapid City, S. D. ; James Gayley, New York, N. Y. ; H. O. Hofman, Jamaica Plain, Mass.; Henry M. Howe, Bedford Hills, N. Y.; Walter R. Ingalls, New York, N. Y.; James F. Kemp, New York, N. Y.; R. V. Norris, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.; Edward D. Peters, Dorchester, Mass.; Rossiter W. Raymond, New York, N. Y. ; Joseph W. Richards, South Bethlehem, Pa. ; Robert H. Richards, Boston, Mass. ; Albert Sauveur, Cambridge, Mass. ; Henry L. Smyth, Watertown, Mass.; Arthur L. Walker, New York, N. Y.

Corporation.

Finance : — Charles F. Rand, James Bayley, George C. Stone.

Library : — James F. Kemp, Charles Kirchhoff, George C Stone.

Land Fund: — James Donglas, Chairman; Theodore Dwight, Treasurer; T. F. Cole, Anton Eilers, James Gayley, John Hays Hammond, Charles Kirchhoff, Albert R. Ledouz, Frank Lyman.

Institute Representatives.

United Engineering Society Truateee Joseph Struthers (1913), Theodore Dwight (1914), James F. Kemp (1915).

Jwni Oonferenee Oommittee of the Four Naiional Engineering Soeietiee: — James F. Kemp, Joseph Struthers.

John FritM Medal Board of Award:— K Gybbon Spilsbury (1913), R. V. Norris (1914), Charles Kirchhoff (1916), J. F. Kemp (1916).

American AsaoeiaHon for the Advancement of Science : — H. O. Hofman, Boston, Mass. ; John D. Irving, New Haven, Conn.

Eighth Intemational Congress of Applied Chemistry New York, September, 1912 : — William L Saunders, New York, N. Y.; George C. Stone, New York, N. Y.

International Associationfor Testing Materials Congress, Chicago, September, 1912 : — Robert Forsyth, Chicago, 111.

Committee No. 24, International Association for Teng Materials: — Henry D. Hib- baid, Plainfield, N. J.

International Engineering Congress, San Francisco, 1915 : — Samuel R Christy, William C. Ralston, Edwin T. Blake.

iv Monthly Bulletin, No. 64, April, 1912.

Institute Announcements.

Newly-Elected Officers of the Board of Directors and the Council.

James Furman Kemp, President of the Board of Directors and President of the Council,

James Furman Kemp was born in the city of New York, Aug. 14, 1859, and is therefore in his fifty -third year. Soon after his first birthday his parents moved to Brooklyn. In time he was placed in the Adelphi Academy of that city and practically remained in it until his graduation in 1876. A year later, in the fall of 1877, he entered Amherst College, and was graduated in 1881. Amherst was one of the first of the New England colleges to give to the various branches of science a prominent place in the curriculum. Edward Hitchcock, one of its earlier presidents, was State Geologist of Massachusetts, and brought out, in 1831, the first of the compre- hensive State reports. The tradition of geological instruction was maintained in Amherst College by his successors, and when the subject of this sketch came under the instruction of Prof. B. K. Emerson, the present inspiring incumbent of the Chair of Geology, he determined to follow the science as a profession. During his undergraduate days a wave of mining excitement swept through the little town of Amherst, and in subsiding left the usual financial wreckage behind. So much loss and hardship were occasioned by it, that young Kemp was led towards the mining and economic side as a special Tine of work. To find ultimately a teacher's chair and to disseminate sound views on ore-deposits and the useful minerals became a fixed purpose while he was yet in college. On leaving Amherst. Kemp entered the Columbia School of Mines, and, while taking tne full course in mining engineering, spent such spare hours as he could command in the collection of ores and in special work under Prof. J. S. Newberry, who was then one of the two or three American professors who gave instruction in this side of geology. Professor and student became profoundly attached to each other, and in 1885, a year after Kemp had taken his degree of Engineer of Mines, the two traveled to Europe together for the In- ternational Geological Congress in Berlin. Professor Newberrv returned in the fall, and his old student remained for work in geol- ogy and petrography, settling at Munich as a pupil of v. Groth, V. Zittel, and trieir younger colleagues.

An instructorship opening at Cornell the following year, Kemp received the call and, as assistant in the department with Prof. H. S. Williams, began instructing engineers and giving work in petrog- raphy to graduate students. Ultimately mineralogy was trans- ferred from the Department of Chemistry and was also taught by him.

American Institutb of Mikikg Enginbbrs. v

After five years' service at Cornell, the illness of Professor New- berrv made a younger man necessary at Columbia, and Assistant- Processor Kemp was called to the position. The next year he became full Professor and has remained in this capacity for the past twenty years. Professor Kemp's great interest has been on the min- ing and economic side of the subject. He has taught mining engi- neers and graduate students more particularly in these lines. He has traveled extensively, as one must to teach the subject properly, and has been repeatedly in the West, Canada, and Mexico. In his early instruction, finding no book which was available for his stu- dents as a text-book, he prepared the Ore-Deposits of the United States, endeavoring to make for American students a work anal- ogous to the text-book of v. Cotta, or more particularly the later one of V. Groddeck. The results of travel and reading for the prepara- tion of the book convinced its author that igneous rocks were ex- tremely important factors in the formation of veins, even though his earlier instruction from Professor Newberry tended in the oppo- site direction. Time has, hoivever, abundantly proved the sound- ness of these conclusions. Indeed, it is diSicult to see any other possible conclusion when an observer is familiar with the phenom- ena as displayed in western North America.

Professor Kemp became a member of the Institute in 1891, was a Vice-President in 1903-04, Manager, 1896-98, and Director from 1906 to date. He was one of the nine incorporators when the Institute took out its charter in 1905. He has been a frequent contributor to the Transactions, and for twenty years has been profoundly interested in the welfare and progress of the society. He has been twice President of the New York Academy of Sciences, and of the Alumni Association of the Columbia School of Mines, and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences last year.

Edmund B. Kirby, Vice-PresideTii of the Board of Directors.

Edmund B. Kirby was graduated from Washington University, Bt. Louis, in 1884, as a mining engineer and metallurgist, receiving the degree of M. E.

For several years after graduation he worked as assayer and chemist at smelting-plants in Arizona and Colorado, and as an ore- buyer in Leadville and Denver. Later he built the lead-smelting plant of the Philadelphia Smelting & Refining Co. at Pueblo, Colo., while Superintendent of that company. He was Superin- tendent of the Russell Process Silver Lixiviation Mill at Aspen, Colo.

Subsequently he was engaged in consulting engineering practice throughout the West, with headquarters at Denver, and for two years he delivered lectures on mining and metallurgy at the State School of Mines at Golden, Colo. Later, during a period of five years he was General Manager of the War Eagle & Center Star Mining Co. at Rossland, B. C, followed by independent business in Nevada, and for about two years in the service of the American Smelters & Securities Co. as Manager of the Federal Lead Co., operating lead- mines, mills and a railroad at Flat River, Mo.

vi Monthly Bulletin, No, 64, April, 1912.

At the present time Mr. Kirby is in consulting practice, and has an office at 701 Security Building, St. Louis, Mo.

He has been a member of the Institute since 1884, and is also a member of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America, the Canadian Mining Institute and the Colorado Scientific Society.

George C. Stone,

Secretary of the Board of Directors,

George Cameron Stone, after preparation in the schools near New York, entered the School of Mines of Columbia University and was graduated in the course in Chemistry in the class of 1879. For a year he served as chemist in the Booth & Edgar sugar refinery and then entered the service of Potter & Riggs, St. Louis, of which William B. Potter, past President of the Institute, was senior partner. Mr. Stone remained three years in St. Louis, acquiring a varied ex- perience in metallurgical chemistry. In 1882 he became chemist with the New Jersey Zinc Co., at the plant then and for many years active in Newark, N. J. Two years later he was advanced to the position of Superintendent of blast-furnaces, and had the oversight of the difficult process of smelting spiegeleisen from the clinker of the zinc-oxide furnaces, working on franklinite and associated minerals. Ten years later he became Superintendent for the com- pany, and remained in this position during the consolidation of all the interests operating the mines at Franklin Furnace and Ogdens- burg, N. J. In 1900 Mr. Stone became Chief Engineer. The old works at Newark and on the meadows west of Jersey City were abandoned, and a very extensive new plant was built at Palmerton in the Lehigh valley. Affiliated interests of the New Jersey Co. also have works in the Mississippi valley and in Colorado, so that Mr. Stone's duties have taken him as far west as the Rocky mountains. In former years he has contributed to the Transactions upon sub- jects related to zinc and manganese. He has also been active in the American Chemical Society. Mr. Stone joined the Institute in

Waldemar Lindgren,

Vice-President of the Council.

Waldemar Lindgren was born in Kalmar, Sweden, Feb. 14, 1860. After the usual training, he entered the famous old Mining Academy at Freiberg, in Saxony and received the degree of mining engineer in 1883. Having decided to cast his lot in the Unitea States, he came to this country and found his first engagement on the Northern Trans-Continental Survey, which, under the direction of Raphael Pumpelly, and in the interests of the Northern Pacific R. R., was investigating the mineral resources, especially coal, along the railway's line. The results were afterward published in Vol. XV. of the Tenth Census. Part of the following year Mr. Lindgren was chemist of the Gregory smelter, in Montana, but before its close entered the service of the U. S. Geological Survey as assistant geologist. Mr. Lindgren 's preparation at Freiberg naturally led him into the mining side of tne Survey's work, and as the years passed his name appeared more and more frequently as the author

American Institute op Mining Engineers. vii

of independent papers. He became an accomplished petrographer from his studies of Western rocks. In 1895 he was made geologist, and in 1907 was placed in charge of all the investigations of the Survey in metalliferous deposits and metal statistics. All members of the Institute are familiar with the valuable services rendered in these publications in later years. In November, 1911, he was ap- pointed Chief Geologist of the Survey, under the Director, succeed- ing Dr. C. W. Hayes. Mr. Lindgren has been a prolific writer upon a wide range of mining-districts in the West, embracing the gold-belt of the Sierras ; various camps in Idaho ; Cripple Creek, Colo.; Morenci, Ariz. ; New Mexico as a whole, and at present, Tintic, Utah. He has also served as Associate Professor of Mining and Metallurgy in Stanford University, 1898, and as Lecturer on Economic Geology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1908-12. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences,'a Fellow of the Geological Society of America, and is connected with other scientific societies. Mr. Lindgren has been a frequent contri- butor to our Transactions. His two papers, Metasomatic Processes in Fissure- Veins, 1901, and The Geological Features of the Gold- Production of North America, 1903, are in their department among the most important in our publications. Mr. Lindgren became a member of the Institute in 1900.

Benjamin B. Thayer,

Vice-President of the Council.

Benjamin Bowditch Thayer was born in San Francisco, Cal., in the year 1862. He was prepared for Harvard University at Quincy, Mass., and was graduated from the Lawrence Scientific School in 1886. On leaving college the call of the West drew him into mining in the Rocky mountains of the United States and the Sierra Madre in Mexico. After years of experience in underground work and in administrative relations in a number of mining-dis- tricts, he became especially identified with copper-mining in Butte and has been in later years President of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. Thoroughly familiar with both the workings under- ground and the operations on the surface, and with all phases of the mining profession, and further provided with a knowledge of what good team-work means in an organization, Mr. Thayer has infused into his great company a loyalty and an efficiency that are exceptional. Mr. Thayer is one of the advisory committee upon the conduct and development of mining education at Harvard, and has served as Presiaent of the New York Society of Harvard En- gineers. In the matters afiecting the alumni of his alma mater he has been very active. Mr. Thayer became a member of the In- stitute in 1887.

John H. Janeway, Jr., Member of the Oouncil,

John H. Janeway, Jr., obtained his technical education at the School of Mines, Columbia College, and was graduated therefrom, with the class of 1886, in the course of mining engineering, receiv- ing the degree of E. M. Following his graduation, he was for five

viii Monthly Bulletin, No. 64, April, 1912.

years employed by Cooper, Hewitt <fe Co. and the Trenton Iron Co., and from 1891 to 1905, ne occupied the position of engineer and metallurgist for the firm of John A. Roebling's Sons. From 1905 to date he has been the General Manager of uie Mineral Point Zinc Co. Mr. Janeway became a member of the Institute in 1886.

Sidney J. Jennings,

A Member of the CoundL

Mr. Sidney J. Jennings was born at Hawesville, Hancock county, Ky., Aug. 13, 1863. His early education was obtained in France and Germany, and he was graduated from the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard University, in 1885 with the degree of C. E. During the next four years Mr. Jennings worked as surveyor for the New Almaden Quicksilver Co. and the Anaconda Copper Co. For a time he was assistant superintendent of a syndicate which was engaged in the interesting experiment of tunneling along the bed-rock of the Feather river at Oroville, keeping the water out of the gravel-tunnels by means of compressed air. In 1889 he went to South Africa as Manager of the Willows Copper Argentiferous Syndicate. At this property he erected the first two reverberator furnaces for the smelting of copper-ores in South Africa. Owmg to the change of the ore in depth from copper car- bonate, carrying a large quantity of silver to an iron caroonate, carrying a small quantity of silver, the enterprise was not a financial success, and Mr. Jennings resigned and shortly afterwards was ap- pointed Assistant General Manager of the De Beers Consolidated Mines the corporation which controls the major portion of the out-

Sut of diamonds of the world. Under the general management of [r. Gardner F. Williams, Mr. Jennings introduced manv economies in working the blue ground, and greatly increased the speed of sinking shafts and driving rock and cuts that obtained at that date. Mr. Jennings left Kimberley in 1893 to accept the position of Manager of the Crown Deep, Ltd., one of the subsidiary " Deep Level " companies of the Rand mines, at Johannesburg. Here Mr. Jennings established a record for the fast driving of tunnels in rock which was not excelled in South Africa for many years. In 1896 Mr. Jennings was appointed General Manager of the Crown Reef Gold Mining Co., a position which he held for three years. Mr. Jen- nin during his management, with Mr. Hennen Jennings as Con- sulting Engineer, more than doubled the profits of the company by introducing tne sorting-out of waste rock, and extending the contract-system of paying for work.

In 1899 Mr. Jennings was appointed Consulting Engineer to the Robinson Gold Mining Co., at that time the largest gold-producing mine in South Africa, and also was appointed Assistant Consulting Engineer to Messrs. H. Eckstein & Co., the largest mining firm in South Africa.

On the outbreak of the Boer War Mr. Jennings went to Europe, but returned to South Africa in time to accompany the first party of consulting engineers who were allowed to go to JohannesDurg. Owing to the lamented death of Mr. Louis Seymour, who was killed at the battle of Sand River, the position of Consulting Engineer to

Ambrioak Institutb of Mining Enginbbrs. ix

Messrs. H. Eckstein & Co. was vacant, and Mr. Jennings was ap- pointed to fill it. Later on Mr. Jennings was made chief technical adviser to that firm. At the time Mr. Jennings left South Africa, in 1907, Messrs. Eckstein & Co. controlled the technical administra- tion of companies that contributed almost 40 per cent, of the gold- output of South Africa, and these companies employed 48,000 Chinese and KaflSrs, and 6,000 white men. The building-up of this vast industry from the practical shut-down caused by Sie war was an immense task, and required the enthusiastic co-operation of the capitalist, the engineer, and the worker.

Mr. Jennings was appointed by Lord Milner to the Town Coun- cil of Johannesburg, and was elected Chairman of the Works Com- mittee. This committee had charge of the works that provided Johannesburg with an adequate water-supply, sewers, a munici- pally-owned electric tramway, and helped to change it from an overgrown village into an up-to-date city.

In 1907 Mr. Jennings left South Africa and returned to America, where he establisjied himself as a consulting engineer in New York. He was for almost two vears Consulting Engineer of the Boston Consolidated up to its absorption by the Utah Copper Co. He is now Vice-President of the United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co., and has charge of the Exploration Department of that company, and passes upon the acquisition of all properties.

Mr. Jennings was President of the South African Association of Engineers, Vice-President of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, and he is a member of the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa, corresponding member of the Council of the Mining and Metallurgical Institute of London, member of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy of the United States, and a life member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.

Acts of the Council.

The following notes from the minutes of the meeting of the Council, Mar. 22, 1912, are here published for the information of the members :

Appointment of Committee on Membership for the ensuing year : Joseph Struthers, Chairman B. B. Thayer, Karl Eilers, S. J. Jen- nings (one additional member yet to be appointed).

Additional appointments on the Kelvin Memorial Committee: Dr. James Douglas and Prof. Samuel B. Christy (the complete committee being Prof. James P. Kemp, Chairman Dr. James Doug- las, Prof. Samuel B. Christy, and Dr. Joseph Struthers).

X Monthly Bulletin, No. 64, April, 1912.

By-Laws of the Spokane Local Section, American Institute of Mining Engineers.

{Approved Jan, 12, 1912.) Article I. — Membership.

All members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers residing or doing basinets within the boundaries of the following described territory are members of the Spokane Local Section :

Beginning at the International boundary (49th parallel north) and the 115th Meridan west ; thence south to parallel 45 north ; thence west to Snake river ; thence southerly along said mer to the southern city-limits of Huntington, Oregon ; thence west to the 120th Meridan west ; thence north to the Columbia river ; thence westerly to the western city-limits of White Salmon, Wash. ; thence north to the summit of the Cascade mountains ; thence northerlv along said sum- mit to a point directly east of the south city-limits of Hope, 6. C.; thence west to the west bank of Frazer river ; thence northerly and easterly along the main- line of the Canadian Pacific railway, including all points on that line to the sum- mit of the Rocky mountains ; thence southerly along said summit to the United States boundary -line ; thence west to the point of beginning.

Article II. — Officers Ain) Committees.

The officers of this Section shall be a Chairman, a Vice-Cliairman, and a Secre- tary-Treasurer.

The above officers, together with the Chairman of the year preceding and one other member, chosen by these four, shall constitute the Executive Committee of the Section.

The Secretary and two other members of the Executive Committee shall consti- tute a Program Committee.

Article III.— Election of Officers.

The officers shall be elected for a period of one year, at the annual meeting of the Section in September or October. The Secretary shall invite nominations for these officers in sending out notices of the said meeting ; such nominations mav be mailed to the Secretary, or handed to him in writing at the meeting. Each member shall make only one nomination for each office.

At the annual meeting, the Secretary shall post and announce a tabulation of the nominations. The members present shall then elect the officers by ballot, upon slips distributed for the purpose.

Article IV. — Vacancies.

Vacancies in the offices, or in the Executive Committee, shall be filled by the Committee.

Article V. — Expenses.

Any expenses incurred in a year in excess of the appropriations which may be made to the Section in that year by the Institute, shall be made up by voluntary subscriptions.

Article VI. — Meetings.

The regular meetings of the Section shall be the annual meeting as hereabove provided, and three other meetings during the year, dates of which will be fixed oy the Executive Committee. Other meetings may be arranged bv the Executive Committee or shall be called upon the written request of five members.

The annual meeting shall be held in Spokane, place of other meetings to be determined bv the Executive Committee.

At all meetings, properly announced, those present shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

The Secretaipr shall announce the program of the meetings, for the annual meet- ing two weeks in advance, and to include announcement of elections to take place, and for other meetings one week in advance.

Special meetings may be called at any time by any two members of the Execu- tive Committee.

The Executive Committee may omit a meeting for satisfactory reasons.

American Institute of Mining Enginebes. xi

ABTiciiE VII. — Budget.

The newly-elected Executive Committee, at its first meeting after the annual meeting, shall make an estimate of the probable necessary running expenses of the Section for the coming year, and communicate this to the Secretary of the Institute.

Article VIII.— Order of Procedure.

1 . Beading of Minutes.

2. Beports of Officers and Committees.

3. Unfinished Business.

4. Election of Officers at Annual Meetings. 6. New Business and Communications.

6. Beading of Papers and Discussions.

7. Adjournment.

Article IX. — Amendments.

Amendments and alterations to these By-Laws may be made by a two-thirds vote of the members votinff at a regular meeting, provided the text of the proposed change be sent with the notice of the meeting.

Article XL — Organization.

At the first meeting of the Spokane Section, called for organization and the election of officers, the members present shall elect a Chairman Vice-Chairman, Secretary-Treasurer, and the two other members of the Executive Committee, to serve until the next annual meeting. Signed by the Committee Nov. 24, 1911.

Francis A. Thomson. (Signed) : C A. Stewart. G. A. Collins. Adopted by unanimous vote of members present at meeting, Spokane, Nov. 24, 1911.

L. E. Armstrong, Secretary, Approved by the Chairman.

BiCHARD S. McCAFFERY.

By-Laws of the Boston Section, American Institute of Mining Engineers.

(Approved March 22, 1912.)

Article I. — Name.

The name of this Section shall be, the Boston Section of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.

Article II. — Membership.

All the members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers residing or doing business in the New England States, except Connecticut, are members of this Section.

Article III. — Officers and Committees.

The officers of this Section shall be a Chairman, a Vice-Chairman, and a Secre- tary-Treasurer.

The above officers, and two members chosen by them, shall constitute the Exec- utive Committee.

The Secretary and two other members of the Executive Committee shall consti- tute a Program Committee.

Article IV.— Election of Officers.

1. The officers shall be elected for a period of one year at the annual meetinff of the Section. The Secretary shall invite nominations for these officers in sencung oat notices of the said meeting ; such nominations may be mailed to the Secretary,

xii Monthly Bulletin, No. 64, April, 1912.

or handed to him in writing at the meeting. Each member shall make only one nomination for each office.

2. At the annual meeting, the Secretary shall post and announce a tabulation of the Nominations. The members present shall then elect the officers by ballot, upon slips distributed for this purpose.

Abticle V. — Vacancies. Vacancies in the offices shall be filled by the Executive Committee.

Abticlk VI.— -Msstings.

1. A regular meeting shall be held on the first Monday of each month, except June, July, August, and September. The place of meeting shall be arranged by the Executive Committee.

2. The regular meeting in March shall be the annual meeting.

3. At all regular meetings, properly announced, one officer and four other mem- bers shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business,

4. The Secretary shall send written notice of all ordinary meetings, includinff the program, to each member, at least one week in advance. Notice of the annual meeting shall be sent at least two weeks in advance.

5. Special meetings may be called at any time by any two members of the Exec- utive Committee.

6. The Executive Committee may omit a regular meeting for sufficient reason.

Akticlk VII.— Budget.

The newly-elected Executive Committee, at its first meeting after the annual meeting, shall make an estimate of the probable necessary running expenses of the Section for the coming year, and communicate this to the Secretary of the Institute.

Articie VIIL — Order of Procedure.

1. Beading of Minutes.

2. Reports of Officers and Committees.

3. Unfinished Business.

4. Election of Officers at Annual Meeting.

5. New Business and Communications.

6. Reading of Pap er s and Biaeossions.

7. Adjournment

Article IX. — Aicendments.

Amendments and alterations to these Bjr-Laws may be made by a two-thirds vote of the members voting at a regular meeting, provided the text of the proposed change |)e sent with notice of that meeting.

R H. Richards, Chairman,

H. O. Hofman.

A. Sauveur. H. L. Smyth. A. C. Lane. A. H. EUBTI&

Library Research-Work.

The attention of members of the Institute is again directed to the research-work done by the librarian and his assistants, which should attract special attention from those members who have no access to the literature of subjects in which they may be interested.

During the year 1911 there were 143 searches made for members and non-members of the Founder Societies, and comes of the ref- erences have been preserved for the use of others. This work has been largely based on requests sent in by mail, from Japan, South

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xiii

Africa, Mexico, Canada, and England, as well as from dififerent parts of the United States. The Librarian is confident that if it were more widely known that the library is equipped to undertake re- searches, the demand would increase beyond the ability of the present force to handle it. The library receives more than 700 tech- nical periodicals which are available through the indexes for this special purpose.

Back Volumes of the Transactions.

The Board of Directors has authorized the following ofiFers of sets of back volumes of the Transactions, at considerably reduced prices, to Members, Libraries, and Scientific Societies :

Per Set.

I. Five volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 36 (1906)

to No. 40 (1910), $20

II. Ten volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 31 (1902)

to No. 40 (1910), including Mexican Volume, . . 35

III. Twenty volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 21

(1893) to No. 40 (1910), 50

IV. Thirty volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 11

(1883) to No. 40(1910), 60

V. Thirty-nine volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 1 (1873) to No. 40 (1910), with the exception of No. 10 (1882), but including index for Volumes Nos. 1 to 35,

and Nos. 36 to 40, 75

VI. Nine volumes, bound in half-morocco, from No. 1 (1873)

to No. 9 (1881), 25

Applications should be addressed to Joseph Struthers, Secretary, 29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y.

Special Notice.

The Bulletin is now entered at the Post Office at Second-Class Postage rate of one cent per pound, and in order to preserve this privilege it will be necessary that the dues of members be paid within four months of Jan. 1, 1912. If the dues are not paid within the period mentioned, a member's name must be removed from the regular subscription-list and the BvMetin mailed at the transient second-class postage rate of one cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof, prepaid bv stamps affixed. It is therefore earnestly re- quested that dues be paid promptly — otherwise the Institute will be put to additional expense of postage and to added labor in re- moving and replacing names from the regular list, and in maintain- ing an additional separate mailing-list.

xiv Monthly Bullbtin, No. 64, April, 1912.

Local Sections.

The following regulations for the establishment of Local Sections of the Institute, issued in circular form and distributed to the mem- bership May 26, 1911, are here republished for more convenient reference.

Regidations for the Formation and Conduct of Local Sections. (Adopted May 19, 1911.)

1. A Local Section of the Institute may be authorized by the Council at the written request of ten members residing within an appropriate distance of a central point.

2. Only one Section shall be authorized in one locality or district

3. The Council shall define the territory of a Section.

4. A Section must consist of twenty-five or more members ; when its membership falls below twenty-five in number the Council may annul the Section.

5. Only members of the Institute shall be members of its Local Sections.

6. All members of the Institute, of all grades, residing within the territory of a Section shall ipso facto constitute the membership of such Section.

7. The oflBcers of a Section shall be elected after the formation of the Section has been duly authorized, at a meeting of the members of the Institute within the territory of said Section, called by the spon- sors of the Section, notice of said meeting and itis object oeing given to said members at least thirty days in advance. Officers shall be elected for a term not longer than one year.

8. The officers of a Local Section shall be a Chairman, Vice- Chairman, Secretary, Treasurer (or Secretary-Treasurer), and such others as the Section may desire.

9. Whenever the Institute is financially able to do so, it shall be the policy of its Board of Directors to contribute from its funds for the legitimate running expenses of each Local Section an amount not exceeding, in each year, 25 per cent, of the dues received from the members of said Section in said year. Requests for such appro- priations shall be signed by the Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer of the Section.

10. If the expenses of a Section exceed the appropriation made it by the Institute, the difierence must be made up by voluntary con- tributions, but not by assessment upon the members of said Section. The Institute shall not be responsible for the debts of its Sections.

11. The Institute reserves the right to cancel a Section, or re-ad- just its territory.

12. Papers presented at Local Sections, and discussions thereon if reported, are the property of the Institute. They shall be sub- mitted to the Publication Committee and published in the BuUetin or Transactions, or both, if approved. Such papers shall not be pub- lished elsewhere without permission of the Council. The reading of a paper before a Local Section shall not carry with it the right of publication in the Bulletin or Transactions of the Institute.

13. Neither the author of a paper presented to a Local Section nor the Local Section shall have the right to reprint a paper or pub- lish it in advance of the meeting without obtaining the permission

American Institutb of Mining Enoinbers. xv

of the Publication Committee of the Institute, which shall deter- mine the details of such permission. Nothing herein shall forbid the abstracting of a paper by the press after its presentation before the Local Section.

14. The Institute shall print advance copies of papers offered to Local Sections, in order to facilitate discussion thereon, provided that such* papers are approved for such advance publication by the Chairman or Secretary of the Local Section and by the Publication Committee of the Institute.

15. Papers read before a Local Section may also be offered for reading or discussion at general meetings of the Institute, and shall be given equal standing with the other papers on the program of said meeting, when approved by the Publication Committee.

16. Each Local Section shall transmit promptly to the Secretary of the Institute full announcements of its proposed meetings and an abstract of its proceedings, including the names of authors and titles of all papers read beiore it, for the purpose of preparing a report thereon to be published in the Bulletin of the Institute, and for the ijurpose of enabling the Council of the Institute to comply with articles 17 and 19 of these regulations.

17. The By-Laws and regulations of Local Sections shall be sub- ject to the approval of the Council.

18. The Council reserves the right to amend, annul, or add to these regulations.

19. No action shall be taken by a Section which shall contravene the Constitution of this Institute.

The Emmons Research Fellowship of Economic

Geology.

The Committee named below has been formed by friends of Samuel Franklin Emmons, late of the United States Geological Survey, to consider the best method of perpetuating his name. It has been decided that the memorial to him shall take the shape of a Research Fellowship, to be known as the Samuel Franklin Emmons Research Fellowship of Economic Geology, which is to be administered by Prof. James F. Kemp, of Columbia University, New York. Subscriptions are invited dv his friends to this fund, which the Committee has fixed at $25,000.

Members of the Institute who desire to contribute to this fund will please communicate with the Treasurer, Benjamin B. Lawrence, 60 Wall Street, New York.

The Committee consists of the following :

George Otis Smith, Director, U. S. Geological Survey, Wash- ington, D. C.

H. L. Smyth, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

James Douglas, 99 John Street, New York, N. Y.

J. A. Holmes, Director, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.

James F. Kemp, Columbia University, New York, N. Y.

F. W. Bradley, San Francisco, Cal.

J. Parke Channing, 42 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Seeley W. Mudd, 1001 Central Building, Los Angeles, Cal.

D. W. Brunton, Denver, Colo.

H. Foster Bain, 420 Market Street, San Francisco, Cal.

T. A. RiCKARD, London, England.

xvi Monthly Bulletin, No. 64, April, 1912.

Regulations for the Committee on Publication.

(Adopted June 16, 1911.)

1. The formation of a Publication Committee, consisting of the Secretarj'-Editor of the Institute, Chairman, and of at least twelve specialists, members of the Institute, who are willing to assist in passing on all papers offered for publication. '

2. This committee shall perform its functions as follows :

(a) On the receipt of a paper by the Secretary, he shall send it to the member of this committee who, in his judgment, is most competent to pass upon it, accompanying the paper with his own opinion of its suitableness for publication, the history of the paper, and any other pertinent information.

(6) If the member of the committee and the Chairman agree upon the suitability or unsuitability of the paper, it shall be con- sidered accepted for publication or rejected, as the case may be.

(c) If these two do not agree, the paper shall be submitted to a third, and the opinion of two of these three shall decide the matter.

(d) If a paper has been refused publication, the author may have the right of appeal, in which case the persons previously passing on the paper, together with others of the committee (appointed by the President) making five altogether, shall decide the question.

(e) If a paper has been accepted for publication, it shall be con- sidered eligible to be placed on the program of a meeting.

3. The placing of a paper upon the program of a meeting does not give it the right to be published in the Bulletin or Transactions of the Institute; its suitability for publication must in every case be passed upon by the Publication Committee, as provided for in Section 2.

4. In case the Secretary is unable to secure a decision as to the suitability or unsuitability of a paper for publication, as directed in Section 2, before the time of announcing the program of a meet- ing, he may at his own discretion place the paper upon the program of the meeting, or refuse it a place thereon.

Affiliated Student Societies.

Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geol- ogy, etc., may be recognized by the Council in its discretion as an Affiliated Student Society. A circular giving details of the plan of affiliation may be obtained on application to the office of the Sec- retary of the Institute.

The following societies have been placed by authority of the Council on the above list :

Affiliated Student Societies.

The Mining Society of the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. PresvdetU, Karl C. Stadtmiller ; Secretary S. R Gordy.

The University of Illinois Student Branch of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Champaign, 111. Presidenty Leonard V. Newton ; Secretary L. W. Swett

The Engineering Society of the University of Nevada, Reno, Nev. Preddentf D. E. Bruce ; Secretary, R. M. Seaton.

Ambrioan Institute of Mining Enqinsbbs. xvii

The University of WiBconsin Mining Club, Madison, Wi& PresideiU, H. £. Schmidt ; Secretary W. V. Bickelhaupt.

The Mining an<l Greological Society of Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. President, William R Fairhorst ; Secretary, Oarl W. Mitman.

The School of Mines Society of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. President, Emory P. Baker.

The Mining Engineering Society of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. President, L. B. Eke ; Secretary, Lionel H. Lehmaier.

The Student Auxiliary Society of the American Institute of Mininff Eneineers of the University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan. President, A. H. ngelsdorf ; Secretary, C. J. Mainbach.

The Associated Miners of the University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. President, James W. Gwinn ; Secretary, J. Wallace Strohecker.

The State College of Washington Mininji: and Geological Society, Pullman, Wash. President, H. R Doelle ; Secretary, B. R. Kinney.

The Tejas Technical Society, School of Mines, University of Texas. Presi- dent, G. C. Cartwright ; Secretary, David S. Alley.

The Ohio State University Student Branch of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Columbus, Ohio. President, Hugh B. Lee ; Secretary, R P. Elliott

The Stanford Geology and Mining Society, Stanford University, Cal. President, B. £. Parsons ; Secretary, R D. Nolan.

The Senior Mining Society of Columbia University, New York, N. Y. President, Boger L. Strobel ; Secretary, Clark G. Mitchell.

Mining Association of the University of California, Berkeley, Cal Presi- dent, Frank L. Wilson ; Secretary, Stanley L. A mot.

Tufts College Chemical Society, Tufts College, Mass. President, P. G. Savage ; Secretary, W. S. Frost.

University of Washington Mining Society, Seattle, Wash. President, Horace H. Crary ; Secretary, Clinton R. Lewis.

Student Branch of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. President, M. B. Hadley ; Secretary, B. L. Hurst

Missouri Mining Association of the Missouri School of Mines, BoUa, Mo. President, D. L. Forrester ; Secretary, J. S. Irwin.

The Pick and Shovel Club of the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio. President, L. B. Riddle ; Secretary, S. C. Stillwagon.

Colorado School of Mines Scientific Society, Golden, Colo. President, Alan Kissock ; Secretary, George Wilfley.

Hydrographic Chart.

Owing to the great value to hydrographers of the chart contained in the paper, A Graphic Solution of Kutter's Formula, by L. I. Hewes and Joseph W. Roe (Bulletin No. 29, May, 1909, p. 464), a special edition for office or field use has been printed on durable cloth. Copies of this separate chart may be obtained, at a cost of 60 cents each, on application to the oflBice of the Secretary of the Institute.

xviii Monthly Bulletin, No. 64, April, 1912.

Library.

American Institute of Electrical Engineers. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. American Institute of Mining Engineers. United Engineering Society.

WiXiMAM P. Cutter, Librarian.

The libraries of the above-named Societies are open from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. on all week-days, except holidays, from September 1 to June 30, and from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. during Jul) and August.

The Library contains about 42,000 volumes, including sets of tech- nical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies.

The members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are by the very nature of their profession forced to spend a large portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To such members the Library can render valuable service through cor- respondence, and letters requesting information will receive special attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects ; to determine, if possible, the existence of mining-maps, and to furnish general in- formation as to the geology and mineral resources of all countries as far as these resources are known and published.

is hoped that the members of the Institute will avail them- selves freely of this special service. The Library will welcome in- quiries on engineering subjects, and furnish information as far as such information is to be obtained.

All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may nqt be of interest. In this way the time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and as a result the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

The members of the Institute can be of service to the Library by forwarding copies of mining-reports, maps privately issued, and similar material, which will be classified, indexed, and made avail- able to other members.

Suggestions for additions to the Library, either by purchase or personal solicitation as gifts, will be welcomed. It is hoped that members while in the city will use the Library freely, and assur- ance is given that most careful service will be rendered to them.

American Institute of Mining Engineers. xix

Library Accessions.

Mar. 1 to Mar. 31, 1912.

[Copies of the list of additions to the Libraries of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers can be obtained on application to the Secretary of the American Institute of Mining ibgineers.]

Amebican Institute of Mining Engineers. Transactions, Vol. 41, 1910.

New York, 1911. Amebican Telephone & Telegraph Co. Annual Report of the Directors to

the Stockholders, 1911. New York, 1912. (Gift of American Telephone &

Telegraph Co. )

AnUARIO DE MiNERIA METALrRGIA ± InBUSTBIAS QuIMICAS DE ESPAIA,

1911. Madrid, 1911. (Purchase.)

Les Applications des Acters au Nickel avbc un appendice sub la Theorie DBS Aciers au Nickel. By Ed. Guillaume. Paris, 1904. ( Purchase. )

Art Club op Philadelphia. Charter, Constitution and By-Laws, 1912. N.p.,

1912. (Gift of Art Club of Philadelphia. )

Die AsPHALTMATERIALIEN, DEREN GeWINNUNG, ZuSAMMENSETZUNG, PBtJFUNO

UND Anwendung im Batjwesen. Wien, 1910. (Purchase.) Basic Open Hearth Steel Process. By Carl Dichmann. Translated and Edited by A. Reynolds. New York, 1911. (Purchase.)

BeITRAO ZUM StUDIUM DEB ElSENCHROMLEGIERUNGEN UNTER BESONDEREB

Berucksichtigung der Saurebestandigkeit. Dissertation zur Erlanung der wiirde eines Doktor Ingenieurs. By P. Monnartz. Halle a/S., 1911. (Purchase.)

British Columbia. Bureau of Mines. Preliminary Review and Estimate of Mineral Production for Year 1911. Victoria, 1912. (Exchange.)

Canada. Mines Department. Report of the Commission Appointed to In- vestigate Turtle Mountain, Frank, Alberta, 1911. (Memoir No. 27.) Ottawa, 1912. (Exchange.)

Century Diction aby and Cyclopedia. Vols. 1-12. New York, Century Co., 1911. (Purchase.)

Chbonology op Anthbacite Coal. By Wm. Griffith. Scranton, n. d. (Re- printed from the Scranton Truth Feb.* 24, 1908.) (Gift of Author.)

Codes Miniers recueil des Lois Relatives a L' Industrie des Mines DANS LES Divers Pays Publies Sous les Auspices du ComitA Central des Houilleres DE FRANCE. Espague. By A. Stvenin. Paris, 1911. (Purchase.)

Etats-Unis du Mexique. Paris, 1911. (Purchase.)

Prusse et Alsace-Lorraine. By E. Langrogne. Paris, 1911. (Purchase.)

Connecticut. Geological and Natural Histoby Subvey. Bulletin No. 18. Hartfoiti, 1911. (Exchange.)

De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd. Annual Report, 23d, 1911. Kimberley, 1911. (Gift of A. F. Williams.)

Depreciation or Factobies. Mines and Industrial Undertakings and Their Valuation. Ed. 4. By Ewing Matheson. London, 1910. (Purchase.)

Dictionnaibe AsBto: de Six Langues Slaves. By F. Miklosich. St. Petersbourg-Moscou, 1885. (Purchase.)

Engineebino and Mining Journal. Vol. 43, Nos. 15-26 ; Vol. 44, Nos. 1- 16; Vol. 49, Nos. ia-26 ; Vols. 50-53 ; Vol. 54, Nos. 1-16. 18, 20, 22-27; Vol. 55, Nos. 2-24 ; Vol. 56, Nos 3-27 ; Vol. 57, Nos. 1, 7-13 ; Vol. 71, No. 8 ; Vol. 72, Nos. 12, 17-21 ; Vol. 73, Nos. 2, 14, 18, 25 ; Vol. 74, No. 6; Vol. 78, No. 3 ; Vol. 80, No. 20. New York, 1887, 1890-1894, 1901- 1902, 1904-1905. iGift of Otto F. Hordte. )

Engineers' Society op Pennsylvania. Directory, 1912. Harrisburg, 1912. (Exchange.)

XX Monthly Bulletin, No. 64, April, 1912.

FoBTSCHRiTTE DER Pbaktische Geoloote, Vol. 2, 1903-1909. By Max Erahmann. Berlin, 1910. ( Purchase. )

Geologic Beconnaissakce of the Iliamna Begion, Alaska. (Bulletin Ko. U. S. Geological Survey.) Washington, 1912. (Exchange.)

Geology and Coal Fields of the Lower Matakttbka Valley, Alaska. (Bulletin No. 500, U. S. Geological Survey.) Washington, 1912. (Ex- change. )

Handbook for Mining Invebtors. 1905-1910. Denver, 1905-1910. (Pur- chase.)

Intern ationaleb Eongbess fb Bebgbau, HtJTTENWESEN. Diisseldorf, 1910. (2 vols. ) Busseldorf, 191 0. ( Purchase. )

Deb Eupfebbergbau in den Vebeinioten Staaten. By H. Fraenkel. Tubingen, 1911. (Purchase.)

La Metallubqie a L' Exposition univebselle et intebnationale de Bbuxelles de 1910. By Pierre Breuil. Paris, 1911. (Purchase.)

Die Metallubqie des Zinnr mit spezielleb BEBtJCKSicHTiouNO deb Elektbometallubgie. By Hans Mennicke. Halle a/S., 1910. (Pur- chase. )

Milwaukee Smoke Inspectob. Annual Report, 1911. Milwaukee, 1911. (Gift of Milwaukee Smoke Inspector.)

MiNEBAL PbODUCTION OF THE PBOVINCE OF QuEBEC, PbELIMINABY STATE- MENT, DuBiNO THE Yeab 1911. Quebec, 1912. (Gift of Quebec Depart- ment of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries.)

Mining Industby in Nobth Gabolina Dubing 1908, 1909 and 1910. (Economic Paper No. 23, North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey.) Raleigh, 1911. (Exchange.)

New Madbid Eabthquake. (Bulletin No. 494, U. S. Geological Survey.) By M. L. Fuller. Washington, 1912. (Exchange.)

New Zealand. Ministeb of Mines : Papers and Reports Relating to Minerals and Mining, 1911. Wellington, 1911. (Exchange.)

North Gabolina Geological and Economic Subvey. Bulletin Nos. 20, 23. Raleigh, 1911. (Exchange.)

Economic Paper No. 23. Raleigh, 1911. (Exchange.)

Ontabio. Bubeau of Mines. Report on the Mining Accidents in Ontario in

1911. (Bulletin No. 9.) Toronto, 1912.

Mineral Production of Ontario. (Bulletin No. 8.) Toronto, 1912. (Gift

of Ontario Department of Mines. ) Phelps, Dodge & Go. Annual Report, 1911. New York, 1911. (Gift of

Phelps, Dodge & Go.) Phenomenes SpiAux accompagnant la Rupture des Filaments In-

CANDESCENTS DES LaMPES ELECTRiqUES DANS LES MELANGES DAlR ET

DB Gaz Combustibles. By H. Couriot and J. Meunier. Paris, 1912.

(Gift.) Preliminary Report on the Mineral Production of Canada, 1911.

Ottawa, 1912. (Exchange.) Results of Trianoulation and Primary Traverse for the Years 1909

AND 1910. (Bulletin No. 496, U. 6. Geological Survey.) Washington,

1912. (Exchange.)

8ocii:Tt CHiMiquE de France. Liste des Membres, 1912. Paris, 1912. (Ex- change. )

Southern Industries. The Tradesman Classified Directory and Buyers* Guide, 1910. Chattanooga, 1910. (Gift of R. W. Raymond.)

Surface Geology of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan. (Publica- tion 7, Geological Series 5, Michigan Geological and Biological Survey.) Lansing, 1911. (Exchange).

Tasmania. Secretary for Mines. Report, 1910. Tasmania, 1911. (Ex- change. )

Ambrican Institute of Mining Engineers. xsi

TiMBEBiNO OF MiNES, Pabticuiablt WITH Steel. By R B. Woodworth.

(Paper read before the Kentucky Mining Institute, Deo. 11| 1911.) N. p.,

n. d. (Gift of Author.) U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Results of Observations made at the

Coast and Geodetic Survey Magnetic Observatory at Cheltenham, Maryland,

1909 and 1910. Washington, 1912. (Exchange.) U. S. Commissioner of Corporations. Report on the Steel Industiy. Part II.

—Cost of Production, Preliminary Report, Jan. 22, 1912. Washington, 1912.

(Gift of Commissioner of Corporations.) U. S. Geological Survey. Bulletin. Nos. 486, 494, 496, 500. Washington,

1912. (Exchange.) Mineral Resources. Part 11.— Nonmetals, 1910. Washington, 1911.

(Exchange. )

Folio Nos. 179, 180. Washington, 1912. (Exchange.)

U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission. Annual Report on the Statistics of Express Companies, 2d, 1910. Washington, 1911. (Gift of Interstate Com- merce Commission.)

Annual Report on the Statistics of Railways in the United States, 23d,

1910. Washington, 1912. (Gift of Interstate Commerce Commission.) University OF Arizona. Register, 1911-1912. Tucson, 1912. (Gift of Uni- versity of Arizona. )

University op Wisconsin. Engineering Series. Bulletin. Vol. 4, No. 6 ; Vol. 6, No. 6 ; Vol. 6, Nos. 1-2, 4-7 ; Vol. 7, No. 1. Madison, 1908, 1909,

1911. (Exchange.)

Science Series. Bulletin. Vol. 3, Nos. 5-10 j Vol. 4, Nos. 1-4. Madi- son, 1906-1911. (Exchange.)

University Extension Series. Bulletin. Vol. 1, Nos. 2, 4. Madison,

1909, 1911. (Exchange.)

Die Untbrsuchuno und Bewertung von ErzlagerstItten. Ed. 2. By P. Krusch. Stuttgart, 1911. (Purchase.)

Walker's Loose Leaf Pocket Book for Engineers. By N. R. Corke. Lon- don, n. d. (Purchase.)

Washington Geological Survey. Bulletin No. 7. Olympia, 1912. (Ex- change.)

Washington University, St. Louis. 55th Annual Catalogue. St. Louis, 1911. (Exchange. )

Water Powers of Canada. By L. G. Denis and A. V. White. Ottawa, 1911. (Exchange.)

Water Powers of North Carolina. (Bulletin No. 20, North Carolina Geo- logical and Economic Survey.) Ealeigh, 1911. (Exchange.)

West Virginia Geological Survey. Report on Jackson, Mason and Putnam Counties, with Maps, 1911. Wheeling, 1911. (Exchange.)

Western Australia. Topographical Map of Meekatharra. 1911. (Ex- change. )

Wist:oNSiN Geological and Natural History Si:rvey. Economic Series, No. 14. Bulletin No. 23. Madison, 1911. (Exchange.)

Soil Series, No. I. Bulletin No. 24. Madison, 1911. (Exchange.)

Gift of Hill Publishing Co.

Billiter, Jean. Die Elektrochbmische Verfahren der Chemischen

Gross-Industrie. I. Band. Halle a/S., 1909. Boletin de la Sociedad de Fomento Fabril. <3ct.-Nov., 1911. N. p., 1911. De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd. Annual Report, 22d. 1910. Eimber-

ley, 1910. Finland. ComcissiON G±ologique de Finlande. Bulletin No. 24-30. Hel-

singfors, 1910-1911. Geotekniska Meddelanden. Nos. 1-9. Helsingfors, 1906-1911.

xxii Monthly Bulletin, No. 64, April, 1912.

GoLDFiELD Consolidated Mikes Co. Annual Report, 5th, 1911. Gold fields

Greece. Ministers des Finances. Balletin Trimestriel du Commerce Special

delaGrdce. No. 1, prier trimestre, 1911. Athenes, 1911. Italy. Ministero delle Finanze. Statistics del Commercio Speciale, Oct,

1911. Roma, 1911. Mexico. Secretaria de Estado y del Despacho de Hacienda. Boletin de

Estadistica Fiscal, April, 1911. Mexico, 1911. Mining Journal (Russian), August-Oct., 1911. N. p., 1911. Mount Lyell Mining & Railway Co., Ltd. Reports and Statements of Ac- count, Sept 30, 1911. Melbourne, 1911. Om Sveriges grundvattenf5rdhallanden. By J. J. Sederholm. K. p.,

n. d. U. S. Commissioner or Labor. Annual Report, 26th, 1910. Washington, 1911. U. S. Department of Commerce and Labor. Bureau of Statistics. Statistical

Abstract, 1906. Washington, 1907. Waddell and Harrington. Addresses to Engineering Students. Kansas

aty, 1911. ZuiD Afrikaanse Spoorwegen en Havens. Verslag van do Algemene Be-

stuurder van Spoorwegen en Havens. Dec. 31, 1910. Pretoria, 1911.

ifafaps.

Map of Mining Claims, Butte and Vicinity, Montana. 1907.

Map of the Main Section, Globe Mining-District, Gila Co., Arizona.

Map of the National Railways of Mexico.

Map of the Tonopah Mining-District of Nevada.

Map of California, Showing the Approximate Location of the Principal Min- eral Deposits.

Map of Marquette County, Michigan. 1903.

Map of the Empire Mike.

CcEUR D*ALtNE Mining-District, Idaho. (Blue-print)

Atlantic Mine, Houghton County, Michigan, Section of.

Mining and Agricultural District of Western Arizona and Southeast- ern California.

London- Arizona Copper Co. Plan of the Mining Property.

Plan of the Smelter Site.

Capital Coal Co. Surface Arrangement 1911.

Longitudinal View of Tipple.

: — End Elevation of Wagon Bin.

Trade Catalogues.

Electric Amalgamator Co., Oakland, Cal. Electro-chemical amalgamation process. 10 pages.

Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Chicago, 111. Rockford magnetic cars. 3 pages.

Cinch Expansion Bolt Co., New York, N. Y. Expansion-bolts for anchorage. 24 pages.

RuGGLES Machine Co., Poultney, Vt Aerial carrier and latest improved mill and quarry equipments. 30 pages.

John A. Roebling's Sons Co., Trenton, N. J. Wire rope and wire rope fasten- ings. 184 pages.

Sturtevant Mill Co., Boston, Mass. Sturtevant ring roll mill. 8 pages.

Weboter Manufacturing Co. , Tiffin, Ohio. Webster Method, Jan. , 1912. Pub- lished in the interests of the company, and containing articles on 'Handling Anthracite at Duluth Dock" and "Four Rope Drives and a Jackshaft" 24 pages.

American Institutb of Mining Enqinebrs. xxiii

United Engineering Society Library.

Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency. Water Works System of the City of Chicago, Dec, 1911. Chicago, 1911. (Gift of Chicago Bureau of Public Ef- ficiency. )

International Association of Fire Engineers. Proceedings of Annual Con- vention, 39th, 1911. Boanoke, 1911. (Gift of International Association of Fire Engineers.)

Lake Michigan Water Combossion. Second Report Urbana, 1911. (Gift of Lake Michigan Water Commission. )

Lecture Notes on Some of the Business Features of Engineering Prac- tice. By Alex. C. Humphreys. Hoboken, 1912. (Gift of Stevens Institute of Technology.)

Lieber's International Directort. Jan., 1912. New York, 1912. (Gift of Lieber Code Co. )

Map of Central Asia Showing Extensions op Transcasfian Railway, East of Tashkent. (With Mas. Notes.) (Gift of L. Goldmerstein.)

Milwaukee Sewerage Commission. Summary of the Report of, 1911. Mil* waukee, 1911. (Gift of Sewerage Commission of Milwaukee.)

Virginia. State Highway Commissioner. Annual Report, 5th, 1911. Rich- mond, 1912. (Gift of State Highway Commissioner.)

Gift of American Electric Railway Association.

Connecticut. Railroad Commissioners. Annual Report, 56th-57th, 1908- 1909. Hartford, 1909-1910.

Maine. Railroad Commissioners. Annual Report, 48th, 1906. Augusta,

Massachusetts. Railroad Commissioners. Annual Report, 40th. Boston,

Kew Hampshire. Railroad Commissioners. Annual Report, 61st. Concord,

Kew York (State) Railroad Commissioners. General Railroad Laws. Vol. 3, 1906. Albany, 1907.

Rhode Island. Railroad Commissioners. Annual Report, 1907-1908. Provi- dence, 1908-1909.

XXiv MONTHLT BULLBTIN, 10. 64, APRIL, 1912.

Membership.

New Members.

The following list comprises the names of those persons elected as members who accepted election during the month of March,

Members,

Baxter, Charlisb H SuDt, Lovetto Iron Co., Lovetto, Mich.

Bedford, Bobebt H., Min. Enr .Iorth Star Mines, Grass Valley, Cal.

Bent, Quincy Asst. to Prest, Maryland Steel Co., Sparrow's Point, Md.

BoNiTYMAK, James, Prest., Bonnyman Norman C. & L Co.,

907 Brown-Marx Bld., Birmingham, Ala.

Clapp, Lawrence R., Min. Engr. Silver Lake Mines, Silverton, Colo.

Davis, Walter W., Vice-Prest. and Qenl. Mgr., Yak Min., Mill. & Tunnel Co.,

Leadville, Colo. FRix::HBTTE, HowELiA, Min. Engr., Mines Branch, Dept of Mines,

Ottawa, Qnt., Canada.

FuRNiss, Thomas A State Mine Inspector, Punzsutawney, Pa.

Gerhardt, Reginald B., Mech. Engr Felton, Oriente, Cuba.

GiBBS, George H., Steel Wks. Engr. and Mgr., Glany Mor, Bafflan,

Briton Ferry, So. Wales, G. B.

Hamilton, John W. H., Cons. Engr 29 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Jones, Archie H Supt, Belmont Milling Co., Tonopah, Nev.

McKat, Richard V Supt., Blast Furnaces, Penna. Steel Co., Steelton. Pa,

McKiNNis, Charles, Mining Wallace, Idaho.

MacCarthy, Marion S., Genl. Mgr., Manhattan Exploration Co.,

Alamos, Son., Mexico. Obr, John F., Eastern Mgr., Chalmers & Williams, Inc.,

149 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Patterson, Seely B., Jr., Min. Engr P. O. Box 713, Douglas, Ariz.

Rio, Jose P., Chief Engr., Irrigation & Water Supply of Brazil,

Bahia, Brazil, So. Am.

Salas, Luis E., Anal. Chem 1922 Daly Ave., New Y'ork, N. Y.

Siebenthal, Claude E., Geol U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington, D. C.

Slosson, Henry L., Jr., Min. Engr 265 RussBldg., San Francisco, Cal.

Stakel, Charles J., Min. Engr Cleveland Clifls Iron Co., Ishpeming. Mich.

Strohecker, John W., Min. Ensr Roasland, B. C, Canada.

Van Valkenburg, Ralph D., Mgr., Colonial Steel Co., 620 N. State St.,

Chicago, 111.

Wakber, GdstavusR., Anal. Chem Iron River, Mich.

Wheelwright, Orville W., Geol Florence, Wis.

Whiting, Lowe, Supt of Mines Iron River, Mich.

Wilson, John Byron, Min. Enp;r Wallace, Idaho.

Wolf, Otto C, Engr. and Architect, 511 Dunckla Bldg.,

11th and Market Sts., Philadelphia, Pa.

Changes of Address of Members.

The following changes of address of members have been received at the Secretary's ofl&ce during the month of March, 1912. This list, together with the list published in BiUktin No. 63, March, 1911, and the foregoing list of new members, therefore, supplements the annual list of members corrected to Feb. 1, 1912, and brings it up to the date of Apr. 1, 1912.

Ambrican Institute of Mining Engineers. xxv

Ashley, GeorobH U.S. Geological Surrey, Washington, D. C.

Bates, Mowby Hughes Porcupine Mines, Ltd., Porcupine, Ont, Canada.

Bentlet, Thomas H., Min. and Civ. Engr., 603 Blake-McFall BIdg.,

Ponland, Ore. Bbooks, John McM , Jr., Apartado 25, Jesus Maria, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico. Bbown, Gilmour R, Care J. Snodgrass, 3a Finlayson Green,

Singapore, Straits Settlements. Brown, William N., Min. Engr., Brown & Clarkson, 812 Southern Bldg.,

Washington, D. C.

Braden, Charles L 1015 Myrtle Rt, Scranton, Pa.

BuRCH, H. Kenyon 503 Union Oil BIdg., Lois Angeles, Cal.

Cole, Frank L P. O. Box 475, Manila, P. I.

Collier, John H., Min. Engr 1228 E. 37th St., Oakland, Cal.

Collins, Glenville A., Cons. Engr., Prest.,

Anaconda Gold Mining & Reduction Co. , 2i2 Columbia Bldg., Spokane, Wash.

CoMSTOCK, Theodore B 827 Beacon St., Los Angeles, Cal.

CoRBiN, J. Ross, Cons. Engr 421 Boston Bldg., Denver, Colo.

Cranston, Robert E 701 First National Bank Bldg., San Francisco, Cal-

Crowell, Benedict, Min. Engr., Crowell & Murray, 407 Perry- Payne Bldg.,

Cleveland, Ohio.

Daggett, Ellsworth Cumings Apts., Salt Lake City, Utah.

Davis, Charles H 18 Old Slip, New Yorfe, N. Y.

Demond, Charles D 704 Main St., Anaconda, Mont

DoBLE, William A., Chief Engr, Pelton Water Wheel Co.,

19th and Harrison Sts., San Francisco, Cal.

Donnelly, Thomas F P. O. Box 82, Sudbury, Out., Canada.

Drake, Francis P. O. Box 249, Bulawayo, Rhodesia, So. Africa.

Draper, Fred W Care Verk Isetz Corpn., Ekaterinburg, Russia.

Eatherly, Adrian D 521 Fatherland St, Nashville, Tenn.

Edelbteen, Karl J Tromsoe, Norway.

Edwards, Robert L., Min. Engr Ulysses, Idaho.

Ellis, Ralph W Care British Consulate, Mexico City, Mexico.

Elmer, William W 614 Wilcox Bldg., Portland, Ore.

Gilchrist, Archibald D., Royal Military College, Duntroon, N. S. W.,

Australia. Grace, William F., Genl. Mgr., Waihi Grand Jc. Gold Co., Ltd.,

Waihi, Auckland, New Zealand.

Grave, Ernest 2a Allende 20, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Gripari, George N. de 6 rue Cleopatre, Alexandria, E$rypt.

Haas, Herbert 2217 Clinton Ave., AlaraedH, Cal.

Harris, Arthur L., Min. Engr Apartado 12, Huauchinango. Pue., Mexico.

Hbrzio, Charles S 412 Salisbury Rouse, London, E. C, England.

HosKiN, Arthur J., Western Editor, Mines and MiJieraU,

1822 First National Bank ., Denver, Colo.

Huntoon, Louis D 165 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Huston, Harry L., Atbasar Copper Fields, Fort No. 2, Seer Darinska Oblast,

Turkestan Territory, Siberia.

Inoersol, John W P. O. Box 504, Tonopah, Nev.

InouyA, Koji, Chief of Commercial Dept, Furukawa A Co.,

Marunpuchi, Tokyo, Japan. Jabman, Arthur, Asst GenL Mgr., Waihi Grand Jc. Gold Co., Ltd.*,

Waihi, Auckland, New Zealand.

Eeady, Lynn Y 926 Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Portland, Ore.

Kimball, Edwin 6 1205 Alaska-Commercial Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.

Laird, George A., Cons. Engr., Mgr., Candelaria Mining Co.,

San Pedro, Chih., Mexico.

Laird, Wilbur G Care H. L. Doherty, 60 Wall St., New York, N. Y.

Lewis, Francis B., Genl. Mgr., Witwatersrand G. M. Co., Ltd.,

Box 1, Knights, Transvaal, So. Africa. Low, V. F. Stanley, Care Natl. Bank of Australasia, Bishopsgate St.,

London, E. C, Eneland.

Ludlow, Edwin 2d Vice-Prest., Lehigh Coal & Nav. Co., Lansford, Pa.

McPheeson, William B 2301 W. 20th St., Los Angeles, Cal.

Manley, Frank A 1121 Union Pacific Bldg., Omaha, Neb.

Masters, Harris K Henderson, Ky.

xxvi Monthly Bulletin, No. 64, April, 1912,

Masters, John E 240 W. 6th St, Tucbod Ariz.

Mather, Thomas W Lewiston, CaL

Messlek, Eugene L., Asst to Prest., Riter-Conlej Mfg. Co., 55 Water St.,

Pittftburg, Pa,

Meter, WitxiamG 54 £. Division St., Chicago, 111.

Miller, Emory T 414 W. St. Catherine St, Louiaville, Ky.

Murphy, Fkancis J., Wks. Mgr., Great Cobar, Ltd., Cobar, N. 8. W., Australia.

Nebeker, Aquila C Scranton Mines, Lehi, Utah.

KioHMAN, Clare £ Kerr Lake Minine Co., Ltd., Cobalt, Ont, Can.

Ofib, Kicholas The Pines,'' Moonta, So. Australia.

Osgood, Samuel W Jefferson City, Tenn.

Park, Mungo Kawang, Selangor, Federated Malay States.

Parsons, Lewis A Dome Mines Co., Ltd., So. Porcupine, Ont, Canada.

PoiLLON, Howard A., Min. Engr., Poillon & Poirier, 25 firoad St,

New York. N. Y. PoLKiNOHORNE, JoHN, Inspector of Mines, P. O. Box 58, Cobar, N. S. W.,

Australia.

Porter, Jese C, Min. Engr Aguacaie Mines, San Mateo, Costa Rica, C. A.

pRENTis, Edmund A., Jr., Ventanas Min. Expl. Co., Ventanas, Dur., Mexico. Prince, Ernest, Student, Min. Engrg., AUis-Chalmers Co., P. O. Box 172,

Chicago, 111. Pringle, Robert W., Care B. W. Jameson, The Club, Bulawayo,

Rhodesia, So. Africa.

Pritchard, De V. G P. O. Box 135, Cape Town, So. Africa.

Ragaz, Ivan Andeer, Orison, Switzerland.

Rambo, William C. J 923 First NaU. Bank Bldg., Denver, Colo.

Ray, Frank A., . Min. Engr 6 Deshler Bldg., Columbus, Ohio.

Richards, George M., Chief Min. Engr., Companie des Chemin de Fer du Congo Superieur aux Grand Lacs Africains, Kasindi, via Mombasa,

Belgian Congo, Africa.

Robinson, Sanford 1477 Ridge Way, Los Angeles, 1 al.

Sales, Reno H., Geol., Anaconda Copper Min. Co., 524 Hennessey Bldg.,

Butte, Mont Schlereth, C. Quinby, Examining Engr., Penoles Exploration Co.,

Apartado 2b6, Mexico City, Mexico. Scott, Cyrus E., Chief of Testing Dept, Consolidation Coal Co.,

Fairmont, W. Va.

Shaler, Millard K 923 Ohio St, Lawrence, Kan.

Skelley, Robert D 135 Orange St, Riverside, CaL

Spurr, J. Edward Bullitt Bldg. , Philadelphia, Pa.

Stewart, P. Charteris A 51 Redcliffe Sq., London, S. W., £ng)and.

Stickney, Alfred \V., Geol., Kyshtim Mining Wks.. Ltd.,

Kyshtim, Govt, of Perm, Russia.

Stock ett, Alfred W P. O. Box 6393, Johannesburg. Transvaal, So. Africa.

Stock ett, Lewis, Genl. Supt, Coal Mines, Canadian Pacific Ry.,

Calgara, Alta. , Canada.

Stow, Audley H., Cons. Civ. and Min. Engr Pocahontas, Va,

SwEirrsER, Arthur L Leadville, Colo.

Tainter, F. S 5o Wall St, New York, N. Y.

Thompson, Capt. C. Henry 1127 W. 27th St, Los Angeles, CaL

Tom, Isidore, African & European Investment Co., Ltd., Box 2o()7,

Johannesburg, Transvaal, So. Africa. Trengote, Samuel R., Supt of Mines, Cons. Arizona Smelting Co., Mayer, Ariz.

Turner, Scott GenL Mgr., Arctic Coal Co., Tromso, Norway.

Ward, Osmer B., Care Broken Hill Prop. Block 10 Co.,

Broken Hill, N. S. W., Australia. Wescott, William P., Mng. Dir., Galena Signal Oil Co., Broadwav Court,

Broadway, Westminster, London, S. W., England. Wilkinson, Bernard A., Cia. Minera San Felipe de Jesus, Apartado 7,

Real del Monte, Hid., Mexico.

WoAKES, Ernest R 6 Queen St PL, London, E. C, England.

W'OLFLiN, Hugh M., Engr., U. S. Bureau of Mines, Mine Rescue Sta.,

University Campus, Seattle, Wash. Yukg, Morrison B., Min. Engr., Yale Club, 30 W. 44th St, New York, N. Y.

American Institute op Mining Engineers. xxvii Addresses of Members and Associates Wanted.

Name. Last Address of Record, from which Mail has beeo Returned.

Baxter, Francis K.. Jr., 423 Wells Fargo Bldg., tSan Francisco, Cal.

Cook, Edward Q., Minas Biriinoa, S. A , Birimoa, via Canelas,

Dur., Mexico.

Danforth, A. H., Cotopaxi, Colo.

Fitzgerald, Thomas F. M., 211 Sharon Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah.

Fumess, James W., Cofifee, Trinity Co., Cal.

Geiger, Arthur W., Cortez, via Beowawe, Nev.

Goodloe, Meade, So. Ariz. Smelting Co., Sasco, Ariz.

Hagemann, Wilhelm, Metates, via Tepehuanes, Dur., Mexico.

Hollis, R. W., Silverton, Colo.

Johnson, Dion L., 326 Water St., Pittsburg, Pa.

Laropshire, John O., Vulture Mine, Wickenburg, Ariz.

Leavell, John H., Buffalo Mine, Cobalt, Ont, Canada.

Le Noir, Frank H., Box 16, Mt. Bullion, Cal.

Levensaler, Lewis A., Cordova, Alaska.

McDougall, Wallace D., 20 Bedford Place, Russell Sq., London, Eng.

Mills, Ronald Van A., Imperial Pei Yang University, Tientsin, China