Gold dust : how to find it and how to mine it. An elementary treatise on the methods and appliances used by miners on the frontier, with other useful information.
1v. ; 22 cm
Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: archive.org.
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Placer Gold—Character; Value; How to pros- pect; Tools; How to pan; To make a horn.
Where to Prospect— River; Low bars and
rapids; Creeks; Gulches; Best claims; Hill claims;
Old channels; Vein croppings.
Geologic Formation.—Likely or not to contain gold. Black Sand as an indication.
Methods of Mining—Panning; Dry washing; Rocker; How to build and use it; Self dumper; Sluice boxes; Riffles; Bedrock drain; Sluice fork; China’ pump; Shovelling in; Setting the boxes; Quicksilver Riffle; Ground sluicing; Cleaning up the bedrock and boxes.
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Introduction.
In offering this little work, I hope to give reli- able information, of just the sort desired, by those who are going to gold fields in any part ot the world; and who have neither time nor op- portunity to gather and sift it from the various sources from which I have obtained it; nor to verify it by hard work and experience, as 1 have done, and thus to separate matters of actual faet from false theories of titled gentlemen, passing them back without comment for correction. In composing these pages, I have tried, above all things else, to be brief and truthful and to state in common language the facts and principles which I have found use for in my seven years of
experience in mining and and prospecting in the
western ‘half of the Uuited States.
There is much that might be added to the sub- ject matter, but it is difficult to make a strictly scientific matter plain without the use of technical terms, which again would involve an endless tan- gle of definition. Those, therefore, who desire technical knowledge, are respectfully referred to technical works.
There is much, also, of petty detail left out, in the belief that it is unnecessary to men of fair in-
telligence. Gold Dust.
Its Character And Value.
Gold, as found in placer mines, is scarcely ever pure, and may contain silver, copper, iron lead or any other of a dozen metals, each of which makes a change in its appearance, character and value. It is usually an alloy (that is, a mixture) of gold and silver, and is worth at the United States mint from $20.65 down to as low, in rare cases, as $5.00 per woy ounce, United States gold coin being worth $18.60 per ounce.
:
’ if there is no grease in it.
It is all shades of ae er silver white h yellow and red, to black as iron.
ars is always heavy, being from 12 to 19 1-2 times the weight of the same bulk of water; yet thin flakes of it will float after being dried, or coated with grease of any kind. ;
It is nearly always tough and malleable, but is sometimes spongy and brittle when it comes from decomposed telluride ores; such, however, 1s mal- leable after melting, and is usually high grade.
How to Prospect.
In hunting for gold, some things are indispen- sable, though experience will suggest a substitute for many very useful tools. The dirt and gravel must be taken up and separated with care from the gold, if you are to know in what quantity the gold is present; and for this work the pick, shovel and gold pan are the tools commonly used, though some experienced prospectors take a shovel, and hatchet, or knife only, when making a long eruise with a light pack; others go still lighter, with a knife and a horn spoon or a tin cup, but one cannot learn to use such an outfit successfully in a week, and they are slow at best. :
The most important tool for a beginner is a gold pan, which should be made of one piece, of Russia iron or sheet steel, pressed into shape and stiffened with a steel wire in the rim. A pressed frying pan with the handle cut off is a good substitute,
Having found dirt likely to contain gold, and water with which to test it, take about ten pounds of dirt in the pan and put it under the water; then stir it and shake it until the mud is softened, and the gravel and sand is loose and clean, wash- ing away the thin mud as fast as you make it. Next hold the pan half out of the water at ‘a low angle, and shake, roll and dip it in such a manner
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that the heavy parts will sink and the light parts will be washed over the side.
When you ‘have washed it all out but the last handful, or when you begin to see a streak of black sand along the edge of the gravel, you should take care not to wash the gold over tthe side, which can be prevented by holding the pan flat and shaking it occasionally. When you have washed out all of the white sand and taken out the pebbles, ex-
amine the black sand carefully by rolling it around’
in the pan with water; and if any portion is much heavier than the rest, examine that by crushing it in your teeth, or otherwise; if it is malleable it is metal, and unless it is a piece of a bullet, may be gold.
The horn, sometimes called the great horn spoon, is useful to test a small quantity of dirt or crushed ore with, where water is scarce. It is used in about the same manner as a pan, and for the same purpose. It is made by cutting the outer arc from a cow’s horn and scraping it down thin and smooth, making a boat-shaped tool holding about half a pint and weighing but a trifle.
Where to Prospect.
How To Follow The Trace. ©
In exploring a new country not previously pros- pected, the all-important question to be deter- mined first is: Is the object you are seeking in the region you are in? The first route of exploration, and often the main line of travel, is along the river; either on the water or along the bank. If game is your object, look for tracks at the places of easiest access. If you are seeking gold, the easiest,place to find the trace is among the boulders at the water’s edge at low water, and at the head of the rapids. Find a place on the low bars, where the current is strong enough to carry away all the lightest gravel when the water is up, but not strong enough to tear out the boulders as large as your
head. If you find a few points of rough bedrock
sticking up, it is the best in sight. Now, with a
pick or bar, turn out a few boulders and take the
and and fine gravel from among them and pan it caeetuilys If aati get a large handful of black sand, and not a color of gold, try two more such bars, and if they yield the ‘same, go down the stream, for there is but a very slim chance of any pay on any branch above. ;
If you get some gold, but not rich to satisfy you, then hunt for some place where you can dig to bedrock, and find a layer of coarse gravel on what
‘is or has been at some time the head of a rapid.
Dig there and test.the gravel, and also clean out the-crevices in the bedrock and wash the dirt. If the pay dirt is not there it is probably up the
stream; perhaps up some creek or gulch, each of *--which you should try as you pass.
‘'-\When you have found a creek that prospects “Better, or yields coarser gold than the river does
above the mouth of it, follow it up. Take notice
‘as to what kind of rock the gravel is made up of,
and the nature of the bedrock(see chapter on for- mation), and when you pass a rapid or find the channel widening out, so as to form a bar on either side of the stream, try for bedrock, the same as on a. river, at both ends of the bar, and don’t for- get the small gulches. © ;
- "The best claims on a river or large creek are most
’ likely to be where the channel is of moderate width,
‘and the bedrock has a natural grade of seven to eighteen inches to thé rod. Deep holes in a chan- ‘nel very rarely pay for cleaning out, theorists and professors’ to the contrary notwithstanding.
The best claims on a small gulch are at, and
-. just below, the ledges and veins that furnished
-the gold, due allowance being made for water.
‘ Diggings are often found on the sides and tops ‘of hills, and if water can be obtained for working, they sometimes pay wonderfully. They are of two
. ‘Sorts. That is, old channels and vein out-crops.
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The old channels are where streams have run in an earlier age of the earth, and while usually fol- lowing the same general course as the streams of the present age, they often cross nearly at right angles, and in rare cases even run the other way. They may be good, poor or indifferent; but usually have the advantage over the modern channels of having plenty of dump. Their most common form, that of high bars near present streams, are often the best paying mines in their districts.
In some parts of the world they are covered with lava or other volcanic flow, in such a way as to puzzle the oldest inhabitant; and it takes .a fine flow of speech indeed to deseribe them so that sensible people will think the speaker under-
stands them.
Vein outcrops are usually richer and more profit- able than the veins that they lead up to, but not always. Very much depends upon the character ‘of the rock, and the gold is often hard to Save, being in all shapes and sizes, and often coated with other mineral, or enclosed in rock, which makes crushing necessary.
Geologic Formation.
Likely Or Not To Contain Gold.
Nearly every miner is more or less tied to his own theory as to where gold is likely to be found, which is the result of his own observation and study, and, when he finds out, and is compelled to acknowledge to himself that his own pet theory is wrong, he usually contents himself with that proverb of the ancients that “Gold is where you find at,” yet it remains a faet, that you are more likely to find it among some kinds of rock than among others, and it may be set down as a rule that, when all the rocks you can find in a certain region lie in horizontal layers, whether they are of slate, limestone, sandstone or lava, and the boulders in the streams consists of the same mater-
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jal, it is not worth while to look for gold in that region. die
lf the hills are rounded at the top like haycocks, and boulders of porphyry and pieces of quartz are common in the streams, the, stratified rocks dip under the hills, and dykes of porphyry and other eruptive rock are common, then gold is likely to be found not far away.
And the largest and best mines are usually round near where the longest and strongest traces of eruptive rock cross that part of the country rock which carries the gold. And, sometimes it is the eruptive itself which furnishes all the gold, though its step-mother, the quartz, gets the honor.
Among old-time miners it is said that “quartz is the mother of gold,” and, as a matter of fact, when both are found in the same kind of country rock, on one hill, they are nearly always both in the same fissure, or vein; though either one may be found with scarcely a trace of the other. Veins containing gold, however, nearly always contain either quartz, iron or tale also, and often all of them, and many other metals, making a rock that almost anyone would recognize as ore, and with a little practice could readily trace it home, if n too much scattered. (See base ores.)
Among placer miners black sand is said to be an indication of gold. As a matter of fact, when beth gold and black sand are in the bed of the same stream, where the current throw one they will throw the other also, as both are much heavier than common sand. So, in prospecting a stream, if you get one in large quantities and none of the other, you can take it for granted the other is not there.
Methods and Appliances.
Panning, heretofore described, is used in pros- ‘pecting, in cleaning up and in mining, where only
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a small amount of dirt is to be handled, and the facilities are not at hand for doing it any other way.
Dry washing, practical only in very dry climates, is accomplished with machines of various sorts, which it would take a book larger than this to describe. Most of them utilize the principles of a bellows blower, or fanning mill, and screen the dirt to different sizes, and blow it away, keeping the gold. THE ROCKER.
The rocker comes next to the pan in size and
capacity, and is very useful in mining on a small scale. To build one of the ordinary size takes about 12 feet of Imber, though they may be made of any size desired, according to circumstances and maaterial at hand. For the ordinary take a ¢lear board 12 inches wide and about 30 inches Jong for the bottom. For the sides take ‘two _boards, 12 inches wide at 12 inches from one end and tapered to 1] inches at the short end, and three inches at the other, and the same length at the ‘bottom. For the higher end a board 12 inches wide, 1 inch thick, 16 inches long at the top if at the bottom, will make it the right shape.
At the lower end put on a cleat not over 1 1-2 inches high. By nailing these together in the right manner you make a scoop-shaped box, 11 inches deep at one point and two inches at the
farther end, 12 inches wide at the bottom and
14 at the top. Now take four boards each 4
‘Inches wide and scant 12 inches long, nail box
fashion 12 by 14 inches, and cover the bottom with a perforated screen, made by punching one- quarter inch holes in a piece of sheet iron. Now put cleats in the high end of your box, about 2 inches from the top, for the screen to rest on, and put another across the top to brace it. Next make the apron by tacking a piece of canvas on a frame that is made to fit inside the box on an angle, so
aE PT a AUTRE oes DAE A IRE R al Ml PS WE Hi. RR Bene Bg o je
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-that it will catch the sand and mud that comes through the screen and carry it to the back end of the box. The side bars of the frame should pro- ject about 2 inches beyond the canvas at the lower end, so that it will not choke up with sand. Now put cleats in the high end of your box, about 2 inches from the top, for the screen to rest on, and put another across the top to brace it. Next make . the apron by tacking a piece of canvas on a frame that is made to fit inside the box on an angle, so that it will catch the sand and mud that comes through the screen and carry it to the back end of the box. The side bars of the frame should pro- ject about two inches beyond the canvas at the ‘lower end, so that it will not choke’up with sand. Now put rockers under the box, about six inches from each end and about three inches high, and put a pin in the centre of each to keep it from sliding about on the foundation when tilted from side to side. Put a handle on the top of the box to shake ‘it with, and if you are going to mine fine gold, spread a piece of cloth on the bottom and fasten it down with cleats. Set it on a smooth foundation so that the open end is about three inches lower than the other, and you are ready for work.
Now put a shovelful of dirt in 'the screen and peur water on it with a dipper, shaking it mean- while. When the mud is all washed through throw
. out the gravel, but save the big nuggets; also take
out your apron once in a while and save the con- tents for panning. ise ay a Rocking is the most practical method where the necessary amount of swift running water cannot be had. ahs i A self-dumping rocker will handle the dirt much faster than when two men are working together. To build the simplest of the self-dumping rockers take two boxes 3 or 4 feet long and a screen long enough to cover the’ bottom of one of them. The boxes should be 12 inehes wide and 6 incehs deep,
“ :With the end closed, and mounted in a, frame on
rockers, so that the sand and mud from the upper box. will drop into the head of the lower, while the gravel will be carried on and dumped on the ground. The boxes, being given a grade or slant of about 1 1-2 inches to the foot, brings them a foot or so apart at the front end, where the dirt and water is put on, and the mud runs out.
The screen should be mounted in the upper box, an inch from the bottom, and extending 2 inches beyond, so as to waste the gravel, water being poured on with a big dipper, as needed, to wash the mud and gold through the holes.
Shallow riftles may be put in if needed, and a blanket should be placed in the lower box to catch the fine gold, being fastened down with cleats, ot other means, as your ingenuity suggests. Such a rocker may, under favoiable conditions, be made to handle four or five yards per day of dirt.
Sluice Boxes And Riffles.
These are necessary where any large amount of dirt and gravel is to be washed and the gold taken from it. They consist of boxes cummonly 12 feet
slong, though any length may be used, and of what-
evei size the mine they are made for requires. They should never be less than 10 inches deep and the same wide, and for each 3 inches added to the width, add 2 to the depth.
A movable rough bottom, called riffles, is always used in them, to give the gold a place to lodge. Riffles may be made of any old thing, round poles, lumber, blocks and cobble stones being in common use, the best the writer ever used being 1 by 3 battens, set. on edge lengthwise of the box, one inch apart, wedged fast with small blocks. Heavy
‘rocks rolling over them soon wear them out, how-
ever, and other styles are used for economy, and
‘sometimes they are thought to be better for other , Te@sons. For long strings of
boxes, where a large amount of dirt and rock is run through, the cheapest style of good riffles, if timber grows near,
‘is the block -riffle, made by sawing six-inch blocks
and hewing two sides until they are ace ae the sluice box, say 18 oa ae them round the other way, and page ibe oa end, forcing gravel around ene Ww a ot i mn One or more boxes, at the head 7 : at ite should have riffles more open, tnoug i cael the coarse gold. ‘Lhe main ovject to be coy a view in making a set of rifties 1s to furnisa - fale where the gold can drop in and the Dene water will wash anes the sand, without haying aise the gold. ; aon nae of Taaieg, a string of Aes ot least 20 to 30 feet long should be used, ee Ss al ‘of them a mile long are used at some large mines, where they are cleaned up but once a year. ; See ane king sluice Vhen. lumber is obtainable for makin: ey an nleniOr substitute, which ye BPE sd ground sluicing purposes, may be constracte ‘follows: : Mead Make a trench, as for boxes, three ee feet wide, zn a ch Lee a lasagne peO oe a floor of sacks or canvas, S See ue end, and lapping a ae ee a ba La les of even size, laying them cro : Tee cata log about 15 inches in os at on each end of these tight against the an ee the trench, and stake them down so es . water cannot move them. Hew the inner 7: “ i that nothing can catch against it or under them, and fill the holes behind with tough clay. BED ROCK DRAIN. ' In working very flat ground it is often argo to drain the water from the mine, or pit, - e same time using the lower part of the pit for dump es this, start a ditch at the lower end, ba ing it up on a grade of one inch or ore to abe rod, until bedrock is found, the dirt being shovel ar and sluced away, and the boulders laid in the a tom of the ditch in such a way that the water a Tun under and between them. - A sluice fork shou
RESIN LENE IRE OL RII ge ETH
-be. used, and all the small rock thrown on top of the boulders, thus putting a filter over the drain.
A sluice fork, which is merely a pitch fork, with nine to twelve tines an inch apart, should be in every placer miner's outfit, it being useful in get- ting rid of the small gravel when there is not grade or dump room to wash it away. aN
CHINA PUMP. In working near large streams, it is often desira- - ble to draw off the water from a hole several feet lower than the level of the stream. In such a case the Ohina pump often serves to do the work. To Imake one, make a straight box long enough to reach from the bottom of the hole to a point from which the water will flow away, with a grade of about one foot in three. mike eke . Geta canvas belt, made of strong cloth the .Width of the box and Jong enough to pass over a pulley at each end of the box. ‘Make buckets by Tiveting pieces of wood that will just fill the box, on the belt a, foot apart. Operate it by connecting the upper. pulley with a current wheel ‘in ‘the Stream, making the current where wanted by wing dams if needed. oi A Oa eee
Sarees te Daa th
me oi, so OVeling In. s USE OF, QUICKSILVER RIFFLE. — The. common, and: :sometimes the only practical way of working low, ars. and river and .creek diggings, is by shovelling in. For this style take two or more sluice boxes 10 inches wide, fitted with ' Tiffles. of. slats; or small poles... .If the bottoms of ‘your boxes are. made two inches wider at one end than the other, they will be easier to set up and “make tight at the joints, for this style -requires frequent: moving. .You can then set the small end -of one box in the big end of the one below, making it tight by shoving them together. Bring enough water through a ditch across the ground to: be ‘Worked to fill the boxes half or two-thirds full.
a ee
‘s ¢ the boxes near the lower end of the ditch, ene take up all the water, and stop the leaks with rags, moss or sod, giving the boxes a grade of not less than one-third of an inch to the foot, a full inch to the foot is the best, if it leaves ee enough to carry away the tailings. Shovel in we dirt to be washed, not lower than the head of the lower box, and let nature do the rest. ( r
Great care should be taken at all times, ve especially when shovelling in, that the sand not become packed on top of the riffles when aps is going into the boxes, ae we eer is likely to %e it out through into the tailings. Erne qaulues at thel ena of the last box should be tested occasionally, and if much fine gold is present, a quicksilver riffle should be put in ie the thead of the last box. To make this, ta, e a straight box or piece of plank an inch ek aid ‘than the box, by two feet long, cut or saw note : across it, a ‘half inch deep and wide, an inch lees beginning four inches from the upper aoe. ae a thin svrip on each side to close the ends i notches and set in the box with the service in li with the other riffles, put some water in 4 na that it is not tilted to one side, and then es His or ten pounds of mercury in the upper no pas, and take care not to splash it out by uyepeine gravel on it. If coarse gold is going ee ae the box you are shoveling into nearly se q a give those below more grade to keep the i ; clear, and so that the dirt will be softened hefor it is carried through.
Ground Sluice.
Sghat> sa ae “ft nd sluicing is the favorite way of wor abe ‘arial bars and gulch diggings, sip a oe is not at hand or the water supply is too dee down to use one. More grade and eekly ge is needed for this than for per ae eae A more water, and the dirt can be Ey: e 2 ty tnuch faster. Bring the water across the gr
js Oo a a EE 8 ss
a3 for shovelling in, and at the lower end dig a trench on a grade of one or one and a half inches to the foot, until the head of it is two or three feet deep; set a twelve inch or larger sluice box in and stop up the leaks, filling the trench with sod and rock around the head of the box. Now turn on the water, and with a pick ‘help it to tear up the earth, throwing the large rock out of the way
when you come to them, sending the mud, sand
and gravel through the box.
If the bed rock pitches to either side, it is well to work off the higher part first, as that is hard to reach, after the lower part is stripped.
Cleaning Up.
When for any reason it is desirable to clean up, strip all gravel and loose dirt off the bed-rock, washing it down towards the boxes. When that is finished turn off the water, sending it around some other way. When the bedrock is dry take a pick and dig out all the seams and crevices and scrape them clean, shovelling the dirt always down toward the box, starting from the highest part. When the pile of dirt gets too big to handle, turn on the water and wash it through, putting in the last pile at the head of the box very slowly, to keep from clogging the riffles.
When all the gold from the race above has been washed down and is in the box, turn off all but a very little water, leaving enough to cover the bottom of the box about one fourth of an inch deep, and take up the riffle at the head of the box, washing the mud and sand down very slowly and throwing out the gravel, taking up the last of it with a small scoop and panning it. But do not take up the last riffle while there is running water in the box, unless you have a cleat over an inch high in the tail of the box to catch the gold.
SOS BE i SR ST a es ea aa
Ak Anes ASTD Ri aE) tei
TPA San SN)
Hydraulic Mining.
to ground sluicing,
; i anner similar : Ts done in am water, applied from
arth is torn up with : ‘ ea aces high pressure, the ditch supplying
the water being from 30 to 500 feet spot oe oe to be washed, the water pore hase ie pee Ms
ir rding to 5 made of cotton or iron, accorel oO Oe Ix i more in diameter. ie ¢ g eee ce same as in ground sluicing. But s ae a full description of hydraulic mining wen ante a large book, and this is a small one to be put into your pocket.
Booming Out.
ine is a very old English style of mining, i seeds to civahtage "a cleaning out ae narrow gulches, where labor 1s expensive an fen surface dirt deep. It is accomplished pee fe Hing a string of large, strong sluice boxes in t a te part of the gulch, anchoring them firmly to : rock, and building a reservoir in the upper De : sometimes as much as half a mile distant. eee gate is put in, that will let out as much e “a the boxes will carry off, usually being made au 7: matic, so that it will open when the reservoir : full, letting out a flood of water that takes ae thing with it while it lasts, and gives the Ponti a chance to build walls and shape its course — tween floods, thus doing away with picking ae piping except in cleaning up. They are also ca j self-shooters. As the gate might puzzle you to
i are the directions: é :
rained a, dam of sticks, stones and dirt, placing in the bottom of it a covered box one-half the sie of your sluice boxes: place a gate in the ed 0 it, to be opened by lifting.’ Place an overflow — Me on top of the dam, extending over the outside; place a lever there also, hanging the gate on one end of it, and a leaky box on the other, in such a
way that the overflow will fill the box and pull
the gate up; and when the reservoir is empty, the water having leaked out of the box, the gate
will slip down and close the hole, raising the box
up to catch the next overflow. Drift Mining.
Plan And Appliances.
Drifting is an old and useful method of obtain- ing the pay streak, or best portion of a bed of gravel (which is usually, but not always, near bed rock), and though very expensive, is often cheaper than washing the whole bank.
The pay streak in all placer mines will be found on what was the bottom of the channel at the time when the greatest amount of gold was carried in; usually in the part where big boulders are thickest and black sand most plentiful, and is often covered deep with a deposit containing little or no gold, though sometimes the pay is all on the gur- face.
Having found pay dirt which is to be taken out by drifting, a tunnel should be run eight or ten feet in width and as high as the pay is thick, care being taken to get all the pay off the bottom.
All of the boulders should be used in building a solid wall on one side of the tunnel or drift, both to save hauling out and to hold up the top. After building the wall in such a way as to leave a pas- svge about four feet wide on one side, a track should be laid therein on which to run a car or wooden truck, and the top cut to a convenient height, say five to seven feet,
These drifts should be run parallel and as far apart as they are wide, and when they are ex-— tended as far as desired the pillars may be taken out by starting at the back end and taking great care not to be in the way when the top gets ready to fall. A few posts may be used at intervals to give-the workmér warning, as the top starts slowly
osts will snap when danger begins, and eons a week before. By keeping a shar lockout for loose boulders in the top and sores: when the posts begin to break, fatal accidents can nearly always be avoided. In breaking ground in the drifts various pa are used, according to conditions. If the gra is cemented together with lime or other samen pewder may be used to great advantage, pie inserted by making a hole with a gopher bar, fe a being used when the cement is ‘hard enoug allow it. b A gopher bar is simply a carpenter’s steel pinch
ayer Wav. the ends bent an inch or more to one
side, and is used to make an irregular hole be- tween the boulders. wee sl If no cement or frost is present, a pick and a
bar are all that is needed, but the top is likely to
be very treacherous. oe d and not cemented - If the pay gravel is frozen hard and not ¢ it ae ‘aieaply a matter of warming it up past the melting point, as powder is very difficult to ee successfully. A mixture of clay and gravel, os a frozen ‘hard, is about the meanest stuff on ear fae eic..er drill or blast, and vey salty brine mus to the mud from freezing. j
The meleyr d euts about the same as hard beesw oe and when you strike the end of a round oo wil not cut straight with eon ite Soe een : It is also very tough, and a big ¢ ets pA i
der serves to tear off but a small ai 5 pad gant powder will not explode below 40 degrees
i heit. ? ere frozen ground the method in com-
mon use in all parts of the northern hemisphere
ing the ice is that of building fires against a ris a partial success, but 2 pio haan satisfactory, as the fire will smother itse oe . its own smoke, besides causing the top an ree the drift is long. Steam heat should give satisfac
if properly applied, as the writer used it with shin- ing success for a similar purpose at the Gold Hill ©
mill at Quartzburg, Idaho, in January, 1894.
A large amount of frozen concentrates were to be prepared for treatment by the MacArthur-For- rest cyanide process, and an old rubber garden hose was attached to the boilers and the other end buried in the frozen material, contained in a tank about 30 inches deep by 10 feet square.
It was found that by moving the hose frequently the 12-ton charge could be thawed out in one to two hours. The amount of heat taken up by one pound of water in being converted into steam is nearly equal to that required to melt ten pounds ine and it will warm a much greater amount of
irt.
An excellent tool for drilling frozen clay or earth,
either to insert powder or admit a steam Pipe, is a steel twist drill made by the Prospecting Tool Company, of Stamford, Conn., for whom J. W. Bradley, of Seattle, is the Pacific coast agent. It will also give good service in prospecting in slate or limestone formation, or anywhere that there is’ not too much quartz or hard rock present, being especially suited to coal mine work. Steel bar drills must be used for getting through rock that 15 very much harder than marble, unless a diamond drill is available.
Wooden Car.
A car is often wanted in drifting, and in quartz mining places where iron trucks and trimmings are not to be had. A wooden truck built as fol- lows is better than none:
Cut two round sticks ten inches in diameter and three feet long. Find the centre of the ends and saw around them, leaving bearings two inches lone and two inches in diameter, dressing them true and smooth. Cut the flange two inches farther back, making the wheel as true as possible eight
inches in diameter, two inches tread, with flanges an inch high. Cut away the surplus wood in the middle of the sticks, leaving only enough for strength. Make a box frame of plank or split lagging three feet square, eight inches high, and cut notches in two sides, two inches deep, for bear- ings, two feet apart, and babbitt them with bacon rind. Lay a platform on top and set a tub or box on that, tipping it off to empty it. Lay a track of splié poles, with the bark and knots trimmed off, 22 inches inside gauge, and it is ready for straight ahead work.
By using only one roller and putting handles on the frame, a very handy truck is made, to carry twice the load of a wheelbarrow.
Cleaning the Gold. / ate
Preparing It For Market Taking Out Ausu, Ioiuemn, &
Cleaning up is the part of mining requiring the greatest care and attention, as many heavy and worthless minerals are found with gold which are often difficult to separate. The most common of these is the black sand, consisting of iron oxide, with many impurities. Others are lead ores, usually white or bluish in color. Ores of various other metals are also found in some places. Garnets, rubies, sapphires and diamonds are also found sometimes. A portion of the gold is usualy coated with some one of the many compounds that in- terfere with or prevent amalgamation; and, taken altogether, it requires a good deal of common sense and some scientific knowledge to save the gold and clean it well. By careful panning the greater part of the dirt may be washed away, and the iron ore may ai be taken out by stirring with a magnet under water; and by sorting and blowing carefully the other dirt may be taken out when it is dry. Or, if the gold is all bright and clean, it can be , quickly separated by amalgamation with mercury.
To amalgamate, pour in with the heavy sand in a pan about three times as much quicksilver as there is gold and rub it hard with your ‘hand, taking care first that there is no grease present, and shaking under water frequently. Then, by rolling it about in the pan, you can collect it all in one lump and slip it out into a piece of cloth, washing the sand cut or leaving it in the pan as you like.
Retorting.
To clean amalgam, grind it in a mortar and wash it until it contains no sand, then put it in a piece of clean, firm cloth or buckskin and twist and squeeze it until all the free silver is strained out. Then place it an iron retort, which has been coated
“with chalk inside, wedge tthe cover down tight and set it in the fire, placing the end of the pipe in a vessel of water. When the retort has been red-hot for five minutes, tap the pipe gently and take it away. The quicksilver will be in the water.
A small retort, suitable for reducing an ounce or less of amalgam, may be made of a Scotch clay pipe and a piece of soft brick. Cut a hole in the brick so that the bowl of ‘the pipe can be inserted over half an inch deep, and then glaze the brick by burning with salt if you like.
Wrap the amalgam in one thickness of paper, put it in ‘the pipe and cover it with the brick. Close the joint with a little soft clay and tie a cloth around the stem or mouthpiece, forming a bag. .hen burn the brick, keeping the bag wet.
If the cover of the retort does not fit tight, close the opening by putting in a thin layer of clean, stiff clay before doing the cooking. If you have no retort, put the amalgam in an old shovel, a frying pan or a hollow rock, with a Piece of paper under it, and heat it red-hot, taking care not to inhale any of the fumes, as they are very poison- ous. You can thus save nearly all the gold, but
ETB ET A SR GT a he EO
you will lose the quicksilver. Care should be taken to heat it slowly until the water is out, or it may explode.
Cleaning and Purifying Mercury.
If lead is plentiful, either as ore or metal, the mercury soon becomes foul from dissolving it, and gives all sorts of trouble, looking mouldy and stringy and turning the gold black. ‘1’o clean it,
’ keep it in contact with a strong solution of soda
or lye, shaking it up frequently when not in use, changing the solution when it gets black.
Cyanide of potassium will clean it more quickly and tnoroughly in the same manner, but must be handled with care, as it is a deadly poison, and will dissolve almost anything, from gold to boot leather.
Sodium Amalgam.
A most excellent article for cleaning foul quick-
silver is sodium amalgam, which, though very ex- " pensive, is cheaper bought than homemade. It is
a mixture of mercury with metallic sodium, about the consistency of butter, and for use should be first mixed with twice its weight or more of mer- eury. Sodium is a very light metal, obtained from eommon salt, which when dropped in water, floats and immediately begins to blaze. Burning up a part of the water, it becomes caustic soda, and the hydrogen released burns in the air, forming steam.
When a little sodium is mixed with a large
amount of mercury it has the effect of reducing
all the metallic salts present, thus causing the mer- cury to amalgamate or adhere to any metal with which it comes in contact, and when water is ad- ded it is slowly decomposed, and the caustic soda formed combines with ca et as and grease resent, making them soluble in water. ; ae seen be taken when using the. sodium
Bev ok
Sn eT SEE Tr Aisa SS
amalgam on amalgamated plates, as it is very liable to cause the gold amalgam to soften and slip off, if any is present at the time.
Gold, Silver and Other Minerals.
Practical Tests For Gold.
Gold is malleable, and can be hammered into any shape, cold. It is insoluble, except in mixed nitric and muriatic acid, nitric acid and salt, chlorine gas and. water, bromide or cyanide of potassium. It melts at a white heat, if pure, and more easily if mixed with silver or lead.
It is yellow, with a reddish or green tinge if not colored by other elements.
To test it, melt it into a button, hammer it out flat and boil it in nitric acid and water for several minutes. If it comes out black there was silver in it, but heating it red-hot will make it yellow and nearly pure. Gold, and nothing else, will stand this test.
Silver may be detected in ore in a simple way, by roasting and crushing and then boiling in nitric acid which has been diluted with an equal amount of water. The boiling must be done in glass or earthenware, as the acid will dissolve iron or cop- per before it will the ore. ;
When the acid ‘has dissolved all the soluble metal in the ore, pour it off carefully into another vessel, leaving the sand and gold, and adding an equal amount of water and a large pinch of salt. A white cloud will be seen if silver is present, which may be precipitated by putting in a piece of iron.
Several things are often mistaken for gold by the uninitiated. Among them are chalcopyrite, or copper pyrite, which is easily crushed to a dark green powder: iron pyrite, very hard, yields black powder; yellow mica, very light weight, splits in thin scales; streaks of brass from boot nails, always on the outside of the rock; shreds of copper and brass, from giant caps or elsewhere:
and also yellow silicate of lead, called packer’s gold, which is the same weight and color as fine sre, and only determined by melting with borax pr crushing to powder, which makes the water
yellow.
Scale of Specific Gravity.
When cleaning up a placer the variety of heavy material found often arouses the inquiry: “What
“is it?” The following approximate table of speci-
fic gravity, or comparative weights of an equal bulk, may help you to guess what it is:
fSaioohbisi War, psa\Aeanioreome cloderonoaccoe Be JO haubohoton ws SeeeoHdeowoor ode ododHs 6 WF AK) ae iRrigen(CriGWawegeecodencosococsocac ea (Cis CoiiieeeNaoG oAbomoe conan: : INiabivel ClOld yeu suetnaleisisietercieieltekeansae 12 to oa a Mercury eeeee eee eee ees re Sea albrcltbieg ome a ebbaceodooecocn: - - MOT Cad eT ie ee ciivcacke ofeke oreusleless 'siaretenetakaxe E Ne Silliveriesericersiceenarcccieiciees ERG OES c Sclder (about) +-e+eeeeeee ; imal ae ee ace ees cet ede kate teknekar ds ae 0.5) 9) oy) gan SOE ere heii oe Mint OTL deere re es yoke, exe ene) seinnataloushatetaiens ra (Guanes eRe rts Se ce eae encrexene icitoneyenekepokabaeds ae Tini agrde Dine One we mie ce eine steeuarae ie ZANCy.<hus Bae ee ee ot ob rerane Tron s@nenis sae coe ae taoeronere ene tekeiee 4to 5.5 Ruby and Sapphire +. 4 Garnet, cones Su ae avensreysze ctebtmens 3to 4 Diamonds 223) .26 aero es toe oetoiowsecs B15 Quartzyeye 20. ts Be hsetesescie icone OAs Other Stone, Sand and Mica 1.5 to 3 eM bShorhihhuit ree ing ceo on ono c . 2.6 1 ty eee RRO Mirch ry icc fic c 1
C2 Naga
Fire Test.
Water weighs a fraction over 64 pounds to the.
cubic foot, 32 cubic feet being a ton, equal to four feet ‘square and two feet deep.
The following fire tests may also be useful at times:
Tridium and platinum are not affected by any common fire.
Gold, silver and palladium are melted at a white heat, without loss or change.
Mercury is volatilized, or boiled away, at a low red heat.
Lead melts at a low heat and oxidizes maple :
forming a ‘blue dress, or litarge, which, if heated red, becomes yellow and gives off a thin white smoke, changing again to lead if heated with soda and carbon.
Tin melts at a low heat, oxidizing to a gray in- fusible slag if kept hot. Tin ore infusible.
Cinnabar is compesed of mercury and sulphur and passes off at a low red heat, forming a very poisonous gas.
Copper turns black, melting at a white heae, giving the fire a beautiful green color.
Zine melts at a low heat, and if kept hot tinges the flame green, volatilizing at white heat and coating the surroundings white.
Tron oxidizes at a red heat, becoming an ore similar to black sand, which melts to a black glass with borax.
Galena, or lead sulphide, melts at a red heat, giving off a blue flame of burning sulphnr. Af- ter roasting it is easily reduced to lead by melting with soda and carbon. -
Ruby and sapphire are not affected by a common fire.
Garnet is melted to a glass of the same color at a high red heat.
Diamond is not affected by a commion fire, but if made hot enough, burns like coke.
Antimony passes off in thick white smoke, at a low red heat.
Lead may be taken out of gold and silver by continued fusion at a white heat on a cupel, or cup made of pulverized bone ash; plenty of air being supplied, the lead is oxidized to yellow lith- arge and absorbed by the bone ash.
Quartz Mining.
Pan Assay Or Mill Run For Free Gold.
To test quartz or other rock for free milling gold crush it in a mortar, or, if that is not at hand, pound it in a tin can or on a rock, until it is all fine enough to go through a screen, the holes of which are one-fortieth of an inch wide, called 4) mesh. Now pan it carefully and grind ‘the heavy concentrates with a little mercury, washing away the mud, until the mercury has gathered all the gold present. Next, clean, strain and retort the amalgam and refine the gold by boiling it in nitric acid. The gold will then be worth about $20 per ounce, if there is no sand in it.
Chemically pure gold, being worth $20.67 per troy ounce, and by treating a twenty- pound sam- ple of average ore, a very close estimate of the value can be made, the cents in twenty pounds equalling the dollars in a ton.
Smelting ore must be tested by assaying, which requires more apparatus than a prospector can af- ford to carry. Yet tests on a small scale can be made with a blow-pipe and a spirit lamp or candle, and a piece of charcoal. But that is a science of
itself. The Arrastra.
For milling ore on a small scale on the frontier the arrastra is the prospector’s friend. It requires more power for the work done than almost any
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other mill, but if properly handled does good work, and can be built almost any place that wood, stone, power and water can be had. To build one, set a good, solid centre post in the greund and build a tight wall of wood or stone around it, at a distance of two to six feet, accord- mg to size desired. Lay in the ring thus made a solid pavement of large cobble stones, with a
small gate in the wall near the top of the pave- ment.
Mount an upright shaft on the centre post, with a beam overhead to steady the upper end. Put arms in the shaft, to reach out almost to the wall, about two feet high. Tie large stones to the ends of the arms, so that they will drag on the pave- ment. Now connect whatever sort of power is most suitable to the circumstances in such a way
that it will pull the drags around the ring about four feet per second. 3
A great deal of ingenuity and judgment is often required to get the best results from the situation and material at hand. Having got it in shape to run, put in enough clay and small gravel to cover the bottom two or three inches deep. Pour in enough water to make it sloppy and run it for a couple of hours or more to mud up all the cracks and holes. When ready to grind ore, open the gate and let the mud run out, adding more water if needed. When empty close the gate, and without stopping the mill, put in enough ore and water to cover the bottom four or five inches deep with a mixture about as thick as mush. Grind this until the rocks are worn out, say four or five hours and then scatter it over about twice as much mer- cury as there is gold in it, and after grinding an- other hour, add enough water to make the mud about as thick as good paste; then run slowly for an hour to let the amalgam settle. After that is done, open the gate and let the mud run out washing it over riffles with plenty of clean water, so that no gold may get away. Put in another charge and repeat until the bottom gets worn
smooth. To clean up, work off the sand and mud as clean as you can, and take out what amalgam can be found in the erevices; then take up the pavement and wash the rocks and all the material between in pan or sluice box, laying another rough bed for next time.
Base Ores.
Whilh Require Roasting Or Smelting.
The base ores of most importance to prospectors are those which contain gold, silver, copper or lead, in addition to their other elements. They are near- ly always accompanied by more or less quartz, and from one to a dozen different ores are usually found in the same vein, being in separate crystals readily recognised by experienced mineralogists; color, shape, hardness and weight being the points on which they differ when found, other differences being shown when they are heated or melted. As it would make this a big book to give all the de- tails, only a few important points are given:
Gold, though usually in the state of malleable metal, also occurs as a telluride, and it is thought by many intelligent miners that it occurs in several other chemical compounds also, chloride, bromide and arsenide being most in evidence. These are doubted by professors, however. :
The most important telluride, called calaverite, is of nearly the color and weight of brass, is soft and brittle, and when scratched with a knife yields a greenish yellow powder; when heated white with
borax it yields 44 per cent. of its weight pure gold.
It is very rare.
There are about seventeen other varieties of tel- lurides, containing gold in combination with other metals, in different quantities. They are from tin white to black in color, are each very rare, and all require smelting for best results.
Silver occurs metallic or native, and also in a great variety of ores, being combined with sulphur, antimony, chlorine, bromine, tellurium, arsenic and
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other elements, and mixed with lead, copper, iron, zine and other metals. The ores of silver are of all colors, those containing much sulphur being dark.
Milling Ores—Silver
Chloride and bromide are of a light color, varying from biue to white, yellow and brown, and resem- ble hard wax.
Ruby silver is a red ore of silver and antimony, nearly always accompanied by a dark ore of simi- lar nature, which shows a bright red streak when scratched, and is sometimes called ruby silver.
Black sulphuret of silver, sometimes found in small cavities in quartz, resembles soot very much, and is nearly pure silver, combined with sulphur.
To test any of the above, heat the rock white hot in a forge, with borax, and plunge in water; beads of silver will then be visible.
Galena, the most important ore of lead, is rol blue in color, about as heavy as iron, soft, brittle, usually showing cubic crystals when broken, but when very rich in silver shows no crystals, and is called steel galena. It is a compound of 86 per cent. metal, with sulphur, and when roasted in a common fire gives off a blue blaze, metals toa gray- ish black slag and makes a hole in a frying pan very quickly if that is used to melt it in.
Smelting Ores.
Grey copper is an ore or lead, antimony and sul- phur, with a large amount of silver and copper in it. It is gray to black in color, very soft, brittle, and melts like galena, giving off a thick white smoke of antimony when roasted.
Carbonate of lead is often found on the surface, where galena will be found deeper down. It is gray to white in color, and snaps and flies away when roasted.
To test an ore for lead, if it is dark Bolored roast it to burn out the sulphur, and mix it after crushing with twice its weight. of baking soda and
carbon, which may be either sugar, flour or char- coal; melt it in a crucible or anything else you have at hand, and if it is a valuable lead ore a button of lead will be found in the slag, bright metallic at first, but soon turning dark in the air. If the button breaks on being hammered out, either bis- muth, antimony or phosphorus is present.
Copper occurs in a great variety of ores, and is usually accompanied by gold and silver, making a profitable smelting ore or rock.
Black oxide of copper is a common and very rich ore. It is soft, friable, dull, brownish black, often mixed with other minerals, and usually found near the surface only. It is soluble in nitric acid, and the solution will deposit copper on iron.
Sulphides of copper occur in a variety of colors, some like gold, some like lead and others all the colors of a peacock’s tail.
Other ores are carbonate, sulphate, phosphate, silicate and several less common which are known to miners as copper stain being green or blue.
Arsenical iron closely resembles pyrite or iron sulphide, but is of a lighter yellow, and is some- times called white iron. It is of little or no value, and is a great nuisance in milling ‘or smelting, but it often accompanies good silver and gold rock, detracting several dollars per ton from their value by adding to the cost of reduction. It is most frequently found in the neighborhood of eruptive rock of dark color.
Zine blende, also called black jack, is like arseni- eal iron in value and associations, but is often mis- taken for something else. It is yellow to red and black in color, resinous lustre, brittle and yields brown powder when scratched.
Common Groups of Rock and Ore
The following groups of rock and ore are so common that some take it for granted that those
mentioned in each group are always found asso- ciated, but there are many exceptions: —
Tulcose slate—Free gold in quartz, with traces of tellurium.
Porphyry containing many large erystals— Coarse free gold, much iron pyrite, some silver, some copper, lead, zine. SBoeohsaey. fine grained or dark colored—-Free gold and good concentrating ore, with some arsenic.
Porphyritic granite—Gold and silver in quartz, with some tellurium and other metals.
Syenite—Same as above. :
Gneiss—Gold, silver, copper, arsenic and other metals, usually smelting ore.
Limestone—Lead, silver, sometimes gold. ;
Slate and soapstone—Coal, serpentine, platinum.
Porphyry, the most important rock formation to a prospector, is of eruptive origin, having been forced into its present position by volcanic forces, being usually found in dykes between walls of other rocks, which show more or less plainly the effect of upheaval. It never contains mica, but always contains crystals of feldspar, or other min- eral, and may be of any color, from white, through yellow, red and green, to nearly black, more or less speckled or, spotted.
‘ialcose slate is distinguished from common slate by a lustrous or glossy appearance. —
Granite is a erystaline rock, consisting of quartz, mica and feldspar, in fine or coarse grains.
For other rocks consult any standard work on geology, or ask some old miner. The covers of this
“book are too small for a dictionary.
Philosophy of Glaciers.
And The Forming Of Placer Mines.
In all that region lying north of 37 degrees north latitude cn the American Continent some evidence of glacial action in forming placer mines, where such exist, is to be seen, and the farther north the plainer the evidence and the more recent the action.
A glacier is simply the ice and snow which gathers around the mountain tops, sliding down slowly of its own weight into the lower regions, where it melts or breaks off and floats away in the sea as fast as it comes. Its action serves to erush and grind down its bed and carry away the dirt.
In nearly every case a moving glacier has a stream of water under it, which serves to lubricate it and to carry away the mud and sand produced by its grinding the bedrock on which it moves.
portion of the crushed material, however, is not
reached by the stream, and this is pushed and rolled along until a convenient place is found for it to stop, where it remains, unless carried on by other forces. Deposits of this sort are often seen on the side of ridges opposite the mountain from which a glacier has come in some previous age, causing many to wonder how it got there.
The stream which runs under a glacier serves
‘quite as well for washing and concentrating as
though there was no glacier over it; hence, it is evident that, when a glacier is grinding down a gold bearing vein, the stream underneath will be
' forming a pay streak in its channel, which may or
may not remain there for all time, according to subsequent conditions.
The modern stream which follows a glacier bed may, but often does not, follow the channel of the sub-glacial stream, and hence there are surprises in store for miners who have not studied the mat-
. ter closely.
The crushed and washed or unwashed detritus produced by a glacier is usually to be seen in ridges more or less regular, one on each side of the bed called lateral moraines, and others between called medial moraines; and also heaped up where the lower end has rested, called terminal moraines, above which lakes are often seen.
This detritus nearly always contains a little gold. if any is in the country it came from, but until washed and concentrated by running streams, very
rarely pays for mining. It very often covers the rich sub-glacial pay streak, however, in such a way that no indication can be seen on the surface, and then, when found, old miners say: “Gold is where
you. find it.
The Yukon Country as Reported.
Just at the present time the most interesting subject connected with mining matters, and the one on which it is the most difficult to get reliable data, is Alaska and the Yukon basin. Many re- ports, much mingled with “moonshine,” are at hand, but it is very difficult to pan it down and save only the truth. Here are some concentrates, however, which appear to be good, and they are submitted to time for refining, the authorities for most of it being rumor and reason: :
There are three known belts of gold -bearing formation crossing the northwest country, in a direction north by west and south by east. The best known runs from the southeast coast, near Juneau, through and down the Yukon Valley to Porcupine River, and no man knows how much farther.
Another, but little known, appears to lie be- tween the upper part of the Copper River and the Tanana River basin.
The third, and least known, from Kotzebue Sound southeasterly across the western part of Alaska.
Of these last two not enough even of rumor is at hand to warrant saying anything more than that there is gold there, which is not yet claimed or owned by men or corporations.
On the eastern, or best known belt, mining has been carried on for many years, the Treadwell mine on Douglas Island, near Juneau, having the largest stamp mill in the world. It is also known that there are many other large mines in that region, which only await capital and proper management to yield much gold. A-great deal of arsenic is present in
the ore, which, with other base mineral the college-bred miners, usually sent aay ie corporations, from working it successfully, at least until they have had the conceit taken out of them and by that time the company is usually broke. i
The placer regions on the upper tri i the Yukon River have also Sete eee ficial way for several years, but owing to the short summer and the enormous cost of supplies very little has been accomplished in the way of deep mining or prospecting, except during the last year or two.
The class of work that has been doné there in past years is little more than skimming, the bed- rock having seldom been reached except where it is yery close to the surface.
In the Autumn of 1896 very rich gravel was dis- covered on the small creeks tributary to the lower part of Klondike River, and, as the surface detritus covering the bedrock is only from twelve to twenty feet deep, and frozen solid, the effect will be the opening of a new era in the development of Alaska and the far north in general. 5 :
The region known to be rich at present, according to best reports obtainable, is ten or fifteen miles square, and there are all sorts of good reports as to
a much greater area, and other regions will most
likely develop well when tested.
The country rock throughout the region from Juneau north, where gold has been found, is metamorphic or sedimentary, much cut up with ee and pte upheavals of eruptive rock, slate,
‘one, diorite, andesi' others being reported. dle add cote,
On the rich gulches near the Klondike the bed- rock is reported to be slate, with plenty of evidence of voleanic upheaval to be found, especially near the summit of the divide between the Klondike River and Indian River, where the rich gulches head. It is also reported that there is but little gold in the Klondike River itself, . ie
It is also reported that the same character of rock
formation crosses the Stewart River near the fork called McQuestin Creek, and that gocd wages have been made skimming the low bars on the river im that region, only the best being worked.
No report of work on the bedrock or high bars is at hand, nor is there any report as to the hill country between there and Klondike, a distance of about 150 miles,’ having been prospected.
The whole region, where not timbered, is covered with a coat of moss averaging six inches thick, and the rocks are literally “out of sight.”
Hints on Camp Life.
When your picks are dull and there is no forge near, this may be worth doing:
Build a round furnace a foot in diameter and about three feet high, leaving a small hole at the bottom and another four inches above, using small rock and mud for the wall.
Make a fire inside and fill up the furnace to the top with dry chips and blocks. ,
Stick your axe in the top of a stump in such a way that you can use it for an anvil, and get your hatchet or hammer. When the lower part of the furnace is. full of hot coals shove the point of your pick or drill in the upper hole and do the rest as a blacksmith would.
The Chinese have a style of bellows, or air pump, for use in blacksmithing which can be made almost anywhere or of any material, and is better than none. To make it, make a straight box eight or ten inches square, about three feet long, with the inside planed smooth. Put a piston in it and an intake valve at the closed end. A truyere and pipe and a handle and guide for the piston rod makes it complete.
To temper good steel, heat it to cherry red and
plunge the part you wish toharden in water, ice or tallow, which will make it white and brittle, while the part above should be a dull red. Let the heat pass into the hard part, and as it toughens
the color will change, first to straw color or razor: temper, second to light blue, or knife and spring temper, third to drab or. pigeon blue, which bends before it breaks, and fourth, black, slightly mal- leable. ;
When you have the temper desired, plunge it again, taking care not to harden it where it should be left tough.
Outfit for Exploring.
A prospector’s outfit for taking a first look at a new district consists of clothing and bedding ac- cording to the season, provisions for the trip, allow- ing two or three pounds per day, a frying pan, with which to fry meat and bake bread, a couple of cans or very light pots for boiling, tin plate, knife, fork and cup, a gold pan, a light pick and a shovel. It is well to remember that the lighter ycur pack the more country you can examine in a given length of time, provided your supplies are sufficient to maintain health; a few fish hooks, and,
if game is plentiful, a light rifle or ‘shotgun are™
worth carrying.
By building a wickiup in a dry place, just big:
enough to roll under, leaving one side open and
making a log fire alongside, a very light bed is:
made sufficient in ordinary weather. To build the wickiup, set. up two forked sticks about two feet high and seven feet apart and lay a pole therein; gather bark or sticks and moss to roof it over, about three feet wide, using a six-inch log for the back. Put in a few inches of dry grass or leaves and spread your bedding on that. By using a lit-
tle care a bark roof can be made to keep out rain, . -and it reflects the ‘heat from the fire quite well. Make a fire opposite the middle,.and the lodging
is reaay.
very useful piece of camp furniture is a piece of heavy canvas, seven feet by eight. Some of its
many uses are, shelter tent, pack cover, cot, sail
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and blanket. It should ee loops sewn to it at rners and on the border. : Ge cae a cot of it, lace two sides together with a light rope and put in two poles for side bars. Stretch it by bracing the poles apart and rest the ners on anything handy. : “ie waterproof match box may be made by putting two brass shells together of nearly the same size; 44 and 45 calibre cartridges make the small ones, 8 and 10 gauge shotgun shells the larger ones.
Recipes for Camp Cooking.
To bake prospector’s bread, put a pint of flour in the gold pan, add a pinch of salt, a teaspoonful of baking powder, a spoonful of sugar, and mix it well together, then add a cup of cold water, mix and knead into stiff dough. Grease the frying pan and get it hot, then press half of the dough into the bottom of the pan, making it a little thin- ner in the centre than around the sides; set the pan on some hot coals until a thin crust forms on the bottom, so that it will slip in 'the pan; now set it at an angle, facing the fire, putting any old thing under the handle to hold it up, having a fire that will turn it brown in ten or fifteen minutes, tossing itas needed.
For hunter’s bread have your flour, salt and bak-
. ing powder mixed ‘together in a sack in these pro-
portions: Flour, 5 pounds; good baking powder, 2 ounces; salt, 1 ounce. Roll down the top of the sack even with the flour, press the flour down with the hand, making a hole in the middle; pour into the hole half a pint of cold water, mix and knead into a stiff dough, and bake by placing in thin loaves on clean, hot rocks, or by ‘holding it before the fire in small lumps on a ramrod. BOILED BEANS, PACKER’S STYLE.
Place a vessel of water on the fire, and when it boils put in enough clean beans for one mess. Then set it off and let it stand about five minutes. Pour in cold water until you can bear your hand
in them, and then rub the beans between your hands until the hulls come off. Pour off the hulls and water and put the beans in fresh water and boil for twenty minutes, while you are getting the other things ready. Serve with fried bacon.
Mountain baked beans—Take a kettle or tin pail, with a close-fitting cover, and fill it one-third full of clean beans. Fill it up with water and set near the fire to boil. Now dig a hole in a dry place twice the size of the pot and build a hot fire in it. When the beans have swelled and risen in the pot, pour off the water and fill it up with fresh water, adding sugar and salt to taste. Take fat bacon or sall pork, cut it into strips, while the kettle is getting hot again, and parboil it in the frying pan, and when the pot is boiling and the fire in the hole is burned down, put it in. Set the pot in the hole and fill up around it with red-hot coals; you will think the pot is going to melt, but that’s all right. Now be sure to put a bunch of green twigs and leaves on top, two or three inches, deep; green fir brush is the best, and cover up well with hot ashes and dirt, and lay a stone on top. Now go away and don’t touch it for four hours, and as much longer as you like, fourteen hours being the proper time. When you come in you will find it still warm and juicy, if the hole was hot, the cover green and the lid tight. Treat your pot roast of venison or bear the same way.
Roast Bird, Refuge Style.
First get your bird, either chicken, duck, goose or grouse. Draw the entrails and insert salt to taste; also a handful of cornmeal or bread crumbs. Fold the legs, wings and neck close, and tie them with bark, vine or string, roll it up in sticky mud an inch thick, and bury it deep in red-hot ashes, leaving it there for an hour, or until the mud gets dry and cracks open. You will then find it nicely poked, and the feathers will come off with the mud. ;
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“ Philosophy Of Fermented Bread.
The making of leavened bread is an art almost as old as, and perhaps older than history. It may be adapted to almost any circumstances, 1f the chemistry of it is understood.
"To make it good, a thick paste is made of flour and water, with such other stuff as the cook sees’ fit to add, salted to taste. This paste must be induced to ferment, which may be done in a variety
_of ways, and a part of the starch in the flour
changed to alcohol and carbonic gas, which makes it foam.. The cause of fermentation is a micros- copie vegetable growth, the germ or seed of which is found ina great variety’ of things, and is cul- tivated for use and called yeast; or may easily be caught from the atmosphere in low, warm climates; but not so easily in high mountains or very cold regions, as it thrives and works best at 80 degrees to 90 degrees F., and is killed at 180 degrees.
When making the paste adda little yeast, either fresh or from the last mess; or, if you have none, a, portion of ripe raw fruit, grape or apple preferred; ox spit on it, or put in fresh blood or urine, as the
Chinese do, and set it where it will keep moderately — warm until it foams up to nearly twice its bulk, but ‘do not let is stand too long, or the alcohol will
become vinegar, which must be neutralised by add- ing’ soda or other alkali.
Next take a suitable pan or trough and put in
as much flour as you have of the yeast or paste, making room in the centre to pour it in and mix
them. When you have them mixed, stiff enough :
to handle, take it on a board, and roll and knead it, working in all the flour you can, until it is stiff. Then put it back in the pan and let it rise until. it cracks open. Then take it out and knead it again until it is stiff, and make it up into loaves
of a size to fit your pan or oven, and about t:vo™
inches thick. Make biscuit if you like, and set
it to rise as before. When it is as light as desired,
say four to six inches thick, put it in a suitable
oven and regulate the heat to bake it brown in about an hour.
If at any stage of the rising the fermentation goes too far, acid will be formed and the bread will be sour and heavy; but a little soda will neutralise it, if well kneaded in. . A piece of the dough or a little of the past serves for yeast for the next time.
A handful of sugar put in at the last kneading will make it sweet loaf or rolls.
lf the paste or yeast becomes sour from neglect, or if it is not desired for bread when it is ready to mix, it will make good Hot cakes. Enough soda must be added to neutralise the acid, which is largely a. matter of guess work basedgon ex- perience and taste. If the first cake is sour, stir in more soda. If it is yellow, add a little vinegar.
aor more extended Cooking Recipes see the
Alaska Cook Book” specially arrranged for Camp Cooking, to be had from Thomson Stationery Co., Vancouver, B.C. Price 60c
Cures for illness.
When attacked with cramps in the bowels, which
is likely to happen as the result of exposure ‘or drinking ice water, or eating snow when hungry, avery good remedy for immediate use is Jamaica ginger, a small vial of which is carried by many mail carriers on snow-shoe routes.
If the cramps are not relieved with a couple of small doses no more should be taken, as it may cause other trouble and make a bad matter worse. The best remedy is to get to camp as soon as pos- sible and wrap up in a blanket and sit-on a very hot board until the pain is relieved, taking ‘a warm drink or two, and then go to bed. rr
_For diarrhoea, which often results from improper diet and other causes, a most effective and . per- manent cure is jack oak acorns, eaten alone in large doses. Another, which is very effective, and always
at hand, but should not be repeated often, is this:
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ve Mix a teaspoonful of black pepper and two tea-
spoonfuls of flour with water into a paste and
eat it. : é
When your blood is too thick to eireulate and your arms or feet “go to sleep,” or you feel chilled by a fog, eat half a teaspoonful of cayenne pepper in a paste, or as you like it. This will thin your plood and warm you up, but should not be taken more than once a week.
When troubled with cold feet, damp socks or toe jam, from too much sweating of the soles, give your feet a warm bath and finish by rubbing them ‘yell with snow or cold water and wiping them drv. This will induce a healthy circulation in the skin anf close the pores. The feet should never be warmed by a fire, except in cases of invalids, who are not exposed to the weather and do not take enough exercise to sweat.
When the ordinary mosquito is troublesome, gum camphor is useful, as it is offensive and poisonous to them. :
Moisten the skin where it is exposed with tine- ture of camphor, which is camphor dissolved in alcohol, and the stronger it is the better.
Bacon grease will also do some good, if the other is not at hand, and will keep off ticks, gnats and flies also. Eucalyptus oil is also very effective and
harmless. Hints on Packing.
In many parts of the world domestic animals are not available for transportation at certain sea- sons, and in some parts they are not at any season.
Under such circumstances it often becomes neces- sary to carry the load yourself, which is a tire- some job, the best that can be done with it. Nearly all men can carry a load with greatest ease if it is placed on their back, high up between their should- ers, and held there by straps or loops passing over the shoulder and under the arm in such a way that the pull comes on the breast and collar bone.
Many -ifferent styles and shapes of pack straps and man saddles have been invented caer with more or less satisfaction. The simplest of these is a grain sack with a soft rope about four feet long. Tie the ends of the rope at the lower corners of the sack, put in your load and take a double hitch around the upper part of the sack close to the load as possible with the middle of the rope, and put your arms through the loops.
A pack saddle, to be satisfactory, must be flexible, and rest as evenly as possible on the back and shoulders, with no extra weicht over the kidneys, nor below the short ribs.
Canadian Mining Laws.
In the British dome all mi i : it ‘meral-bearin land is held to belong to the Crown. The me right to work and to use it is granted for limited po Tne ee prescribed rules and regula- 'S, with such fees and ch its
Gore a 1 charges as best suits the
The ditferent provinces are under different regu- lations, as seem best suited to varying conditions,
, Which are changed from time to time.
There is no appeals from the decisions of the Gold Commissioner, but there are heavy penalties in the way of forfeitures for any disregard of his com- mands.
A quartz claim in British Columbia or the North Mage eas is ee feet square, the corners be- ing all ri angles, and ing clai one eaeeaanee ) overlapping claims are
The regulations governing placer mining pre- scribe claims of various ints ecomliag to ceecins and richness of district, and are changed from time to time to suit changing conditions.
_Development work must be carried on con- tinuously on mining claims. Absence or suspen- sion of work for more than 72 hours, except in cases of sickness, forfeits the claim, unless leave of absence has been granted by the Gold Commissioner.
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rear
rsons employed in or around mines on ia ae are ged to pay a license fee an- nually, and to keep the receipt therefor, called a miner's certificate, in their possession.
Failure to pay the license on part of owner or employee forfeits the owner’s rights in the mine.
Free miners, meaning persons over 18 years of age, and corporations, who have paid the license, are permitted to kill game, cut timber for mining and boat building purposes and to find, claim and work mines on Crown lands. ax :
he present time the free miner's license in ae ee EVest Territory, or Yukon district, is $10 per year. Notices of location must be recorded and a fee of $15 paid.
Gulch claims may cover 250 feet of the gulch, and other claims are in proportion.
Fach ‘alternate group of ten claims are reserved for use and sale by the Government.
A royalty tax of 10 per cent. must be paid on the output in excess. of $2,500 per year from each claim, the sum of $2,500: from each claim being exempt. Rryse
U. S. Mining Laws.
The following points of United States mining law are worth taking along:
A placer claim may cover twenty acres or less, and may be based on discovery of gold dust, stream tin, cinnabar or other valuable mineral not in place.
All angles in the lines of placer claims shall be plainly marked on the ground with posts or monu-
A notice shall: be placed on the claims stating: Name of claim, name of locator, date of location, and describing boundaries and landmarks, so that they may be readily found by other persons.
One hundred dollars worth of labor and improve- ments shall be expended on each claim of twenty
acres or less, each year. Expenditure of $500 must be made on each claim before a patent shall be issued.
None but citizens of the United States, or those who have declared their intention of becoming such, may locate or hold a claim on any United States Government land.
Aliens may lease mines, or other sources of wealth, on the public domain; but by purchase do not obtain valid title or claim thereto, unless patent has first been issued to a citizen or corpora- tion.
Quartz claims shall not be more than 1,500 feet long on the course of a vein, or ledge, nor more than 300 feet wide on either side thereof; nor shall more than one claim be made on one discovery of mineral-bearing rock in place.
A quartz claim is not valid unless mineral bear- ing rock is found in place.
Coal and iron ore are not subject to the laws upplying to quartz mines. ,
notice of location shall be placed at point of discovery, and shall state name of locator, name of claim, date of location, and describe boundaries and course of centre line.
Water rights may be obtained by posting a notice of intention to use at the point where the water to be diverted from its natural bed of course, . stating amount of water claimed, purpose for which it is to be used, place of use, method of diversion and name and residence of claimant; and by divert- Ing said water within a reasonable time, according to the amount thereof.
Non-use of a ditch or other method of diversion for three consecutive years forfeits the water right cennected therewith; but all improvements on the public domain are personal property of the owner.
Thomson Stationery Co., 1d.
Vancouver, B.C. © Ptospectors’ and miners’ Supplies, etc.
Thomson
STATIONERY CO., Lp.
Vancouver, B.C.
STATIONERS, PRINTERS, LITHOGRAPHERS, Etc.
“Regulations —
Governing Placer Mining i in the van sional District of Yukon, Northwest - erence, a
(Approved by Order in Council of 18th Jan., 1898.)
Interpretation. ‘ '-
- “Free miner” shall mean a male or female over the age of eighteen but not under that age, or joint stock company, named in, and. lawfully pos- sessed of, a valid existing free miner’si certificate, and no other.
“Legal post” shall mean a oe Bee not less than four feet above the ground and flatted on two sides for at least one foot from the top. Both sides so flatted shall measure at least four inches across
the face. It shall also mean any stump or tree cut
oif and flatted or faced bon the above height and size. ;
“Close season” shall mean the period of the year during which placer mining is generally suspended. The period to be fixed by “the Mining Recorder in whose uistrict the claim is situated.
“Mineral” shall include all minerals whatsoever other than coal.
“Joint Stock Company” shall mean any com- pany incorporated for mining purposes under a Canadian charter or licensed by the Government of Canada. .
“Mining Recorder” shall mean the official ap- pointed by the Gold Commissioner to record appli- cations and grant entries for claims in the Mining Divisions into which the Peroiissiones may divide the Yukon District.
Free Miners And Their Privileges.
l. Every person over, but not under eighteen years of age, and every joint steck, company, shall
be entitled to all the rights and privileges of a free miner, under these regulations and under the regu- lations governing quartz mining, and shall be con- sidered a free miner upon taking out a free miners certificate. A free miner’s certificate issued to a joint stock company shall be issued in its corporate name. A free miner’s certificate shall not be trans- ferable.
2. A free miner’s certificate may be granted for one year to run from the date thereof or from the expiration of the applicant’s then existing certifi- cate, upon the payment therefor of the sum of $10.00, unless the certificate is to be issued in favor of a joint stock company, in which case the. fee shall be fifty dollars for a company having a nominal capital of $100,000 or less, and for a,.com- pany having a nominal capital exceeding $100,000, the fee shall be one hundred dollars. Only one person or joint stock company shall be named in a certificate. : Be aa
3. A free miner’s certificate shall be on the fol-. lowing form:— rene:
.. DOMINION OF CANADA. Free Miner’s Certificate. (Non-transferable).
Valid for one year only.
This is to certify that paid me this day the sum “of entitled to all the rights and privileges of a free miner, under any mining regulations of the Gov- ernment of Canada, for one year from the day of SAIS ee
This certificate shall also grant to the holder thereof the privilege of fishing and shooting, sub- ject to the provisions of any Act which has been passed, or which may hereafter be passed for the protection of game and fish;: also the privilege of cutting timber for actual necessities, for building houses, boats, and for general mining operations; such timber, however, to be. for the exclusive use
of the miner himself, but such permission shall not extend to timber which may have been hereto- fore or which may hereafter be granted to other persons or corporations.
4. Free miner’s certificates may be obtained by applicants in person at the Department of the Interior, Ottawa, or from the agents of Dominion Lands at Winnipeg, Manitoba; Calgary, Edmonton, Prince Albert, in the North West Territories; Kam- locks and New Westminster, in the Province of British Columbia; at Dawson City in the Yukon District; also from agents of the Government at Vancouver and Victoria, B. C., and at other places which may from time to time be named by the Minister of the Interior.
5. If any person or joint stock company shall apply for a free miner’s certificate at the agent’s office during his absence, and’ shall leave the fee re- quired by these’ regulations, with the officer or other person in charge of said office, he or it shall be entitled to have such certificate from the date of such application; and any free miner shall at any time be entitled to obtain a free miner’s cer- tifieate commencing to run from the expiration of his then existing free miner’s certificate, provided that when he applies for such certificate he shall produce to the agent, or in case of his absence shall leave with the officer or other person in charge of the agent's office, such existing certificate.
6. If any free miner’s certificate be accidentally destroyed or lost, the owner thereof may, on pay- ment of a fee of two dollars, have a true copy of it, signed by the agent, or other person by whom or out of whose office the original was issued. Every such copy shall be marked “Substituted Cer- tificate”; and unless some material irregularity be shown in respect thereof, every original or sub- stituted free miner’s certificate shall be evidence of all matters therein contained. :
7. No person or joint stock company will be recognised as having any right or interest in or to any .placer claim, quartz claim, mining lease, bed:
- ae Seen! ee hah £ - ree rerio ssets
rock flume grant, or any minerals in any ground comprised therein, or in or to any water right, min- ing ditch, drain tunnel, or flume, unless he or it and every person in his or its employment shall have a free miner’s certificate unexpired. And on the expiration of a free miner's certificate the owner thereof shall absolutely forfeit all his rights and interest in or to any placer claim, mining lease, bed-rock flume grant, and any minerals in any ground comprised therein, and in or to any and every water right, mining ditch, drain, tunnel, or flume, which may be held or claimed by such own- er of such expired free miner’s certificate, unless such owner shall, on or before the day following the expiration of such certificate, obtain a new free miner’s certificate. -Provided, nevertheless, that should any co-owner fail to keep up his free miner’s certificate, such failure shall not cause a forfeiture or act as an.abandonment of the claim, but the interest of the co-owner who shall fail to keep up his free miner's certificate shall, ipso facto, be and become vested in his co-owners, pro rata according to their former interests; provided, nevertheless, that a shareholder in a joint stock company need not be a free miner, and, though not a free miner, shall be entitled to buy, sell, hold, or dispose of any shares therein.
8. Every free miner shall, during the con- tinuance of his certificate, but not longer, have the right to enter, locate, prospect, and mine for gold and other minerals upon any lands in the Yukon District, whether vested in the Crown or other- wise, except upon Government reservations for town sites, land which is occupied by any building, and any land falling within the curtilage of any dwelling house, and any land lawfully occupied for placer mining purposes, and also Indian reser- vations.
9. Previous to any entry being made upon lands lawfully occupied, such free miner shall give ade- quate security, to the satisfaction of the Mining Recorder, for any loss or damage which may be
caused by such entry; and after such entry he shall make full compensation to the occupant or owner of such lands for any loss or damage which-may be caused by reason of such entry; such compensation, in case of dispute, to be determined by a court hay- ing jurisdiction in mining disputes, with or without @ jury.
‘Nature And Size Of Claims.
10. A creek or gulch claim shall be 250 feet long measured in the general direction of the creek or gulch. The boundaries of the claim which run in the general direction of the creek or gulch shall be lines along bed or rim rock three feet higher than the rim or edge of the creek, or the lowest general level of the gulch within the claim, so drawn or marked as to be at every point three feet above the rim or edge of the creek or the lowest general level of the gulch, opposite to it at right angles to the general direction of the claim for its length, but such boundaries shall not in any case exceed 1,000 feet on each side of the centre of the stream or gulch. (See Diagram No. 1.) ees Bi
ll. If the boundaries be less than one hundred feet apart horizontally, they shall be lines traced along bed or rim rock one hundred ‘feet apart horizontally, following as nearly as practicable the direction of the valley for the length of the claim. (See Diagram No. 2.)
12. A river claim shall be situated only on one side of the river and shall not exceed 250 feet in length, measured in the general direction of the river. The other boundary of the claim which runs in the general direction of the river: shall be lines along bed or. rim rock three feet higher than the rim or ledge of the river within the claim so drawn or marked-as ‘to be at every point three feet above the rim or edge of the river opposite to it at right angles to the general direction of the claim for its length, but such boundaries shall not in any case
be less than 250 feet, or exceed a distance of 1,000 feet from low water mark of the river. (See Dia- gram No, 3.) ; 13. A “hill claim” shall not exceed 250 feet in length, drawn parallel to the main direction of the stream or ravine on which it fronts. Parallel lines ‘drawn from each end of -the-base at right, angles thereto, and running to the summit of the hill (provided the. distance does not exceed 1,000 feet), shall constitute the end boundaries of the claim.
44. All other placer claims shall be 250 feet square. Be
15. Every placer claim shal be as nearly as ‘possible rectangular in form, and marked by two legal posts firmly fixed in the ground in the manner shown in diagram No. 4: The line between the two posts shall be well cut out so that one post may, if the nature of the surface will permit, be seen from the other. The flatted side of each post shall face the claim, and on each post shall be written on the side facing the claim, a legible notice stating the name or number of the claim, or both if pos- sible, its length. in feet, the date when staked, and the full christian and surname of the locator.
16. Every alternate ten claims shall be reserved for the Government of Canada. That is to say when a-claim is located, the discover’s claim and .nine additional claims adjoining each other and numbered consecutively will be open for registra- tion. Then the next ten claims of 250 feet each will be reserved for the Government, and so’ on. The alternate group of claims reserved for the Crown shall be disposed of in such manner as may be decided by the Minister of the Interior.
‘17. The penalty for trespassing upon a claim reserved for the Crown, shall be immediate ‘ean- tellation by the Mining Recorder of any entry or entries which the person trespassing may have ob- tained, whether by original entry or purchase,, for a mining claim, and the refusal by the Mining ‘Recorder of the ‘acceptance of .any application which the person.trespassing may at any time
make for.a claim. In addition to such penalty, the Mounted Police, upon a requis:tion from the Mining Recorder to that effect, shall take the necessary steps to eject the trespasser. F BE ere Ge 18. In defining the size of the claims, they shall
be measured horizontally irrespective of inequali- ties on the surface of the ground.
' 19. If any free miner or party of free miners discover a new mine, and such discovery shall be established ‘to the satisfaction of the Mining Re- corder, creek, river, or hill, claims of the following size shall be allowed, namely :— ie ;
' To one discoverer, one claim, 500 feet in length.
To a party of two discoverers, two claims,
amounting together to 1,000 feet in length. To each member of a party beyond two in num- ber, -a claim of the ordinary size only. - 20. A new stratum of auriferous earth or gravel situated in a locality where the claims have been abandoned. shall for this purpose be deemed -a new mine, although the same locality shall have been previously worked at ‘a different level. + 21. The forms of application for a grant ‘for placer mining, and the grant of the same, shall be those contained in Forms “H”“and “I” in the ‘s¢hedule hereto... ,. BORE 2 Sms eo 522. A claim shall be-recorded with the Mining Recorder in whose district it is situated, within ten lays after, the locaition thereof, if it is located with- in ten miles of the Mining Recorder’s office.” One extra.day shall be allowed. for every additional ten ami'es or fraction thereof. pane 3
. 23. In. the event of the claim being more thah . one. hundred miles from a Recorder's office, and
situated where other claims are being located, the free miners, not. less than. five in number ; are authorised , to meet and appoint one of their num- ber, a. “Free Miners’ Recorder,’ who shall act in
that capacity until a Mining Recorder is appointed
by the Gold Commissioner.
, P4...Phe “Free Miners’ Recorder” shall at the
partiest, ‘possible. date after, his appointment, notify
H : !
Ae Ts Etat Roe
ie nearest . Government Mining. Recorder thereof, a aipot the arrival of the Government Mining Recorder, he shall deliver to him his records and the fees received, for recording the claims. The Gov- ernment Mining Recorder shall then grant to each free miner whose name appears in the records, an entry for his claim on form “I” of these regulations, provided an application has been made by him in form “H” thereof. The entry to
accordance with . 0 date from, the ‘time the “Free Miners’ Recorder
recorded’ the application. . 25._-If.the “Free Miners’ Recorder” fails within three. months to notify the nearest Government Mining Recorder ‘of his appointment, the claims which he may ‘have recorded will be cancelled: 26. During the absence of the Mining Recorder from his office, the entry. for a claim may be granted by, any person whom he may appoint to perform his duties in his absence. i 27., Entry shall not. be granted for a claim which has not.,been staked by. the applicant in person in the manner specified in these regulations. An affidavit that the claim was staked out by the applicant shall be embodied .in form “H” in the schedule hereto. : ; 98,.-An entry fee. of fifteen dollars: shall be charged the first year, and an annual fee of fifteen dollars for each of the following years. This pro- vision shall apply to claims for which entries have already been granted. sea Ss a 29. A statement of the entries granted and fees eollected shall. be rendered by the Mining Recorder to the Gold..Commissioner at least every three months, which shall be accompanied by the amount collected. 2 - ee ee eee : 30... A-royalty of ten per cent.'on the gold mined shall be levied and collected on the gross output of each claim. The royalty may be paid at banking offices to be established under the auspices of the Government of Canada, or to the Gold Commissioner, or to.any Mining Recorder
authorised by him. The sum of $2,500.00 shall be
IEEE Sera a NT owe a ae SS ae SE ee pee BE at ea RR Ee IS ee OS cel EO 3 Psat
net
deducted from the gross annual output of a claim when' estimating the amount upon which royalty is to be calculated, but this exemption shall not be allowed unless the royalty is paid at a banking office or to the Gold Commissioner or Mining Re- corder. When the royalty it paid monthly ‘or at longer periods, the deduction shall be made rateable on the basis of $2,500 per annum for the claim. If not paid to.the bank, Gold Commissioner or Mining Recorder, it shall be collected by the cus- toms officials or police officers when. the miner passes the posts established at the boundary of a district. Such royalty, to, form. part of the con- solidated revenue, and to be.accounted for by the officers who. colleet the: same in due course. The time and manner in which such royalty shall be collected shall-be provided for. by regulations to be made: vy. the Gold Commissioner.
° 31. Default in payment of such royalty, if con-
tinued for ten days after notice has’ been posted
oa ‘the ‘claim, in respect -of which it is demanded, or in the vicinity of such claim, by the Gold Com- misstoner or his agent, shall be followed by can- cellation of the claim. Any attempt to defraud the Crown. by withholding any part of the revenue thus provided for, by making false ‘statements of the amount: taken out, shall be punished by cancella- tion of the claim in respect of which fraud or false statements have been,committed or made. In
respect to the facts.as to such fraud or false
statements or non-payment of royalty, the decision of the Gold Commissioner shall .be final.
‘32. .After the recording of a claim the removal of any post by the holder thereof or by any person acting’ in his’ behalf for the purpose of changing the boundaries of his claim, shall act as a forfeiture ‘33. The entry of every holder of a grant for pager eee ah be renewed and his receipt relinquished and replaced eve ear, the entry fee being paid each time. nee ey
- 34. rhe holder of a creek, gulch or river claim
Dag ari oft Sl
muy, within sixty days after staking out the claim, obtain an entry for a hill claim adjoining it, by paying tovthe Mining Recorder the sum of one hundred dollars. This permission shall also be given ‘to the holder of a creek, gulch or river claim obtained under former regulations, provided that the hill claim is available at the. time an applica- tion is made therefor. te ; ne
35. No miner shall receive a grant of more than one mining claim in a mining district, the boun- daries of which shall be defined by the Mining Re- corder, but the same miner may also hold a hill
' claim, acquired by him under these regulations in
connection with a creek ,gulch, or river claim, and any number of claims by purchase; and any num- ber of miners may unite to work their claims in
‘common; upon such terms as they may arrange,
provided such’ agreement is registered with the Mining Recorder and a fee of five dollars paid for each registration. ARM os ge 36. Any free miner or miners may sell, mort- gage, or dispose of his or their claims, provided such disposal be registered with, and a fee of two dollars paid to the Mining Recorder, who shall thereupon give the assignee a certificate in the form “, im the schedule hereto. BS : 37.—Every free miner shall during’ ‘the con- tinuance of his grant have the exclusive right of entry upon his own claim for the miner-like work-
ing thereof, and the construction of a residence °
thereon, and shall be entitled exclusively to all the proceeds realised therefrom, upon which, however, the royalty prescribed by these regulations shall he payable: provided that the Mining Recorder may grant to the holders of other claims such right of entry thereon as may be absolutely necessary for the working of their claims, upon such terms as may to- him: seem reasonable. He- may ‘also grant permission to miners to cut timber thereon for their own use. : :
38. Every free miner shall: be entitled to the use of so much, of the water naturally flowing
“AS asses Sse Sees ss FIRE SSI INS a Pree: eR ee
through or past his claim, and not already lawfully appropriated, as shall, in the opinion of the Mining Recorder be necessary for the due working thereof, and snall be entitled: to drain his own claim free of charge. € ASA . apa See 39. A claim may be deemed to be abandoned and open to occupation and entry by any person when the same shall have remained unworked on working days, excepting during the close ‘season, by the grantee thereof or by some person; on his behalf for the space of seventy-two hours, unle:s sickness or other reasonable cause be: shown to the satisfaction of the Mining Recorder, or unless the grantee is absent on‘leave given by the Mining Recorder, and the Mining Recorder, upon obtaining evidence satisfactory to himself, that this provision is not being complied with,:may cancel the entry given for a claim. £ miso it 40. If any cases arise for which no provision is made in these regulations, the provisions of the regulations governing the disposal of mineral lands other than coal lands, approved by His Excellency the Governor in Council on the 9th of November, 1889, or such other regulations as may be substitut- ed therefor, shall apply. ° eS FORM H.—APPLICATION FOR GRANT’ FOR PLACER MINING, AND AFFIDAVIT OF APPLICATION. ee T(One Wea cc oe eee of 2 hereby apply, under the Yukon’Placer Mining Regula- ‘tions, for a grant.of a claim’ for placer mining as defined in the said regulations, in (here deseribe locality) and I (or we) solemnly swear:— 1. That’ from indications I (or we) have ob- served on the claim applied for, I (or we) have reason to believe that there is therein a deposit of gold. - ; '.2. That I (or we) am (or are) to the best: of my (or our) knowledge and belief the first to. ob- serve such indications, or:— . ..1: .. cs. . 8... That the said claim was previously granted
[Wee
to (here name the last grantee) but has remained unworked by the said grantee for not less theming. peru ueis 21> 0 pismo - 4. That I (or we) am (or are) unaware that the land is other than vacant Dominion Lands. §; That I (or we) did on the day of B sischeuceei gore mark out on the ground ,in accor- dance in every particular with the provisions of the mining regulations for the Yukon District, the claim 1or which I (or we) make this application, and in so doing I (or we) did not encroach on any other claim or mining location previously laid out by any other person. : : hours means three consecutive days of 24 hours each. °°
6. That the length of the said claim, as nearly as I (or.we) could measure is feet, and that the description of this date hereto attached, signed by- me (or us) sets (or set) forth in detail, to the best of my (or our) knowledge and ability, its. position. cae
7..:That I (or we) make this application in good faith, to acquire the claim for the sole pur-
e of mining to be prosecuted by myself (or us) or by myself and associates, or by my (or our)
assigns.
Sworn before me AN ie Seen aera NN Ne this ses as day OL Hirose 18a
a . (Signature) hb AER Coenen aa. ee eat Ee This form is printed and for sale by the Thomson Stationery a te mae Law Form Publishers, Vancouver, B. C , publishers of all kinds of Mining Forms. : ' FORM I—GRANT FOR PLACER MINING.
ee en PAR ENCY cies 2fn, ciziaie 0's xinjeinials) ites a In consideration of the payment of the fee of fif-
(or their) application No TS. 5 10Gb Inne Claim in...
description of locality.) The Minister of the Interior hereby grants to the
SAG ee ee (AS Bayes en wee for the term of one year from the date hereof, the exclusive right of entry upon the claim (here describe in
detail the claim granted) for the miner-like work- ing thereof, and the construction of a residence thereon, and the exclusive right to all the proceeds realised therefrom, upon which, however, the royalty prescribed by the regulations shall be paid,
The side ies ee (AceB pice. 28 shall be ertitled to the use of so much of the water natural- ly, flowing through or past his (or their) claim, and not already lawfully appropriated, as shall be necessary for the due working thereof, and to drain his (or their) claim, free of charge. :
This grant does not convey to the said (A. B.) any right of ownership in the soil covered by the said claim, and the said grant shall lapse and be forfeited unless the claim is continuously and in good faith worked by the said (AQIB Ee ee or his (or their) associates.
The rights hereby granted are those laid down in the aforesaid mining regulations, and no more, and are subject to all the provisions of the said regu- lations, whether the same are expressed herein or not.
eee ee sees eee eee ee eee eee eee eeeneenee
Mining Recorder.
Form J.—Certificate Of The Assign- Ment Of A Placer Mining Claim.
Department of the Interior, DEES 1k ESSE ROO DO ee § ome This is to certify that (BS iC.) nicteatite. (0) ete samt has (or have) filed an assignment in due form dated.> 18 , and accompanied by a registration fee of two dollars, of the grant to Terai: aise ool 3 eee erie QE. cng ee 2s -\-Okn Ene
ine 1 i scription of rizht to mine in (here insert descrip olin for one year from the a as
to all the rights and privileges of the sai
‘no thereof and the construction of a residence pis hea and the exclusive right to all the pro- ceeds realised therefrom (upon which, however, ie royalty prescribed by the regulations shall be paic Hs for the remaining portion of the year for which the
id claim was granted to the said (A. B.) cn ce ene that is to say, until the poe .day GEL 2 alate ts AS eit! eS
Iie ‘SalG joer. sot 1 He Cs) shall be en-
flowing through or past his (or their) claim and not already lawfully appropriated, as shall be necessary for the due working thereof and to drain his claim, free of charge. ; ms “This grant does not convey to the said CECH ere lew ex any right of ownership in the soil covered by the said claim, and the said. grant shall lapse and be forfeited unless'the claim is con- tinuously and in good faith worked by the SAU ae ea etree (13). (Of) anouneece or his (or their)’
Mining Recorder.
‘homson Stationery Go., [rd
, BOOKSELLERS, PRINTERS, LITHOGRAPHERS, RUBBER STAMPS SEALS, ETC., ETC.
eure ON —VANCOUVER, B,C,
SLL TS Le a RS IE a seats
Regulations
Governing the issue of Leases to dredge for
Minerals in the beds of rivers in the Provisional District of Yukon ‘Northwest Territories.
(Approved of by Order in Council No. 125, of the 18th ; January, 1898) Lelie
The following regulations are adopted for the issue of leases to persons or companies who have obtained a free miner’s certificate in accordance with the provisions of the regulations governing placer mining in the Provincial District of Yukon, to dredge for minerals other than coal in the sub- miergea beds or bars of rivers in the Provisional District of Yukcn, in the’North West Territories: —
1. The lessee shall be given the exclusive right to subaqueous mining and dredging for all minerals with the exception of coal in and along an un- broken extent of five miles of a river following its sinuosities, to be measured down the middle there- of, and to be described by the lessee in such man- ner as to be easily traced on the ground; and al- though the lessee may also obtain as many as five other leases, each for an unbroken extent of five miles of a river, so measured and described, no more than six such leases will be issued in favor of an individual or company;'so that the maximum extent of river in and along which any individual or company shall be given the exclusive right. above mentioned, shall ‘under no circumstances exceed thirty miles. The lease shall provide for the survey of the leasehold under instructions from‘ the Sur- veyor General, and for the filing of the returns ‘of survey in the Department of the Interior within one year from the date of the lease.
' 2. The lease shall be for a term of twenty years,
ee
at the end of which time all rights vested in, or which may be claimed by the lessee under his lease, are to cease and determine. The lease may be renewable, however, from time to time thereafter in the discretion of the Minister of the Interior.
3. The lessee’s right of mining and dredging shall be confined to the submerged beds or bars in the river below low water mark, that boundary to be fixed by its position on the first day of August in the year of the date of the lease.
4. The lease shall be subject to the rights of all
persons who have received or who may receive en- tries for claims under the Placer Mining Regula- tions. ae Smad we! ake , 5. The lessee shall have at least one dredge in operation upon the five miles of river leased to him, within two seasons from the date of his lease, and if, during one season when operations can be carried on, he fails to efficiently work the same to the satisfaction of the Minister of the Interior, the lease shall become null and void unless the. Minis- ter of the Interior shall otherwise decide. Pro- vided that when any company or individual has obtained more than one lease, one dredge for each fifteen miles or portion thereof shall be held to be compliance with this regulation.
6. The lessee shall pay a rental of $100.00 per annum for each mile of river so leased to him. The lessee shall also pay to the Crown a royalty of ten per centum on the output in excess of $15.000 00, as shown by sworn returns to be furnished monthly by the lessee to the Gold Commissioner during the period that dredging operations are being carried on; such royalty, if any, to be paid with each return. '
6. The lessee who is the holder of more than one lease shall be entitled to the exemption as to royalty provided for by the next proceeding regula- tion to the extent of $15,000.00 for each five miles of river for which he is the holder of a lease: but the lessee under one lease shall not be entitled to the exemption as to royalty provided by the next
two proceeding regulations, where the dredge or dredges used by him have been used in dredoing by another lessee, or in any case in respect of more than thirty miles.
7. The lessee shall be permitted to cut free of all dues, on any land belonging to the Crown, such timber as may be necessary for the purposes of his lease, but such permission shall not extend to tim- ber which may have been heretofore or may here-
after be granted to other persons or corporations.
8. The lessee shall not interfere in any way with the general right of the public to use the river in which he may be permitted to dredge, for navigation and other purposes; the free navigation of the river shall not be impeded by the deposit of tailings in such manner as to form bars or banks in the channel thereof, and the current or stream shall not be obstructed in any material degree by the accumulation of such deposit.
9. The lease shall provide that any person who has received or who may receive entry under the Placer Mining Regulations shall be entitled to run tailings into the river at any point thereon, and to construct all works which may be necessary for properly operating and working his claim. Pro- vided that it shall not be lawful for such person to construct a wing-dam one thousand feet from the place where any dredge is being operated, nor to obstruct or interfere in any way with the operation of any dredge.
10. The lease shall reserve all roads, ways, bridges, drains, and other public works, and all improvements now existing, or which may here- after be made in, upon or under any part of the river, and the power to enter and construct the same, and shall provide that the lessee shall not damage nor obstruct any public ways, drains, bridges, works and improvements now or hereafter to be made upon, in, over, through, or under the river; and that he will substant‘allv bridge or cover and protect all the cuts, flumes, ditches and sluices, and all pits and dangerous places at all points
hey may be crossed by a public highway ila pe ae or trail, to the satisfaction of the Minister of the Interior. hy - 11. That the lessee, his executors, administra- tors, or assigns, shall not nor will assign, transfer or sublet the demised premises, or any part thereof, without the consent in writing of the Minister first
had and obtained.
£2°The Thomson Stationery Co., Ld., Vancouver, B. C., publish all the Mining and Conveyancing Forms for use in the Northwest Territories of Canada, among others the following are largely used by Miners:
Law Form
For The
Northwest Territories
Published By
THOMSON STATIONERY CoO., LD. VANCOUVER, B.C. *O:
MINING FORMS. hundred doz 621 % Cap Application for Grant for Placer Mining : Location Notice, Post Nor a Sw Ost INGi2 Bill of Sale Mineral Claim Option on Mining Claim.. 124 Bond for Mineral Claim 127 % Cap Mineral Claims Listed for Sale 132 Demy Pay Roll Sheets for Mining Companies 134 &% Cap Proxy Form for Joint Stock Companies
——Price List——
THOMSON STATIONERY CO., Ltd.
No. Size
502 14 Cap
528 X% Cap
531 Cap 532 ce
533 4% Cap
536 ce 5 87a hat 539 Cap 545 % Cap 550 4 Cap
“ec
560 % Cap
Vancouver. B. C.
Conveyancing Forms.
Transfer of Land Mortgage, long form
‘¢ short form Chattel Mortgage (to secure Promissory Note) Chattel Mortgage (to secure the sum of) Lease, short form Quit Claim Deed Bill of Sale Deed of Co-Partnership, toc Assignment for benefit of Creditors Assignment in Trust Assignment Chattel M’gage Agreement for Sale of Land Agreement for Sale of Land short form Bond to Convey Power of Attorney (gen form) Power of Attorney (short form, general) Power of Attorney (short form, special Discharge of Chattel M’rtge
Rei Mortgage
Building Contract, toc ea. Notice of Sale under M’rtge Affidavit for Witness
M Attorney
“. Secretary of a
hund red doz.
2F ——PRICE List——
——Price List——
THOMSON STATIONERY CO., Ld. THOMSON STATIONERY Co., Ltd Vancouver, B. C. Megs Vancouver, B.C. : Customs Forms. 3 ae hundred doz 162 Cap Appointment of Attorncy or eee oe
135 i Cap For Duty, Ee es Heeperete sic Seo 2S no Be making Customs
135 cc 66 oods imported nty, Alereter halere Pech ae
‘ 5 from Great Balai ak. OO 25 165 44 Cap ute Outwards for chase 2 el
136 UACap Free, Bs oon. aces. 100 25 to the Yukon Dist, N.W.T.
137 Settler’s Effects, Free, B4 I 00 25 164 Cap Bill of Health % Rowiciaye) are - ; a
138 ‘¢ For Warehouse, B 5 I 00 25 5 15
ea cen oes ae publish all the Supreme
burt, Sma ebt Court, and man ale
r 2 special
unig Forms. These forms have all an care- i y Ereuated and may be relied on as correct and in eo ance with the Statute. See that each.form as Our Imprint in the corner,
Thomson Stationery Co., Dd.,
Vancouver, B.C. And Calgary, Alta.
horsemen
ee ee we ee wee ew ee ow ee ee
140 se For Duty Ex-Warehouse B7 1
14! Free Ex-Warehouse B 8.. 1 00 25
her
142 ‘¢ For Export Ex-Warehouse B9
143 sf For Removal Ex-W., Bio.
146A Entry Outwards. goods tne
produce or manufacture of
Garyadas ts) 1a eles) ole -1- I 00 25
146 sc - Export Entry I 00 25 147 ee Entry Outwards, goods not . the produce or manufacture
Te OE aN ee
of Canada, B14 I 00 25 148 ss Bill of Sale in Bond, (cus-
toms transfer invoice) B15 I 00 25 149 s Report Inwards, A 6 I 00 25 150 Ef s Outwards, A7 I 00 25
ISI For Duty, spirits, D 4, excise I 00 25 155 % Cap Collector’s Warrant for De-
livery of Goods ex ship. C 1 75 15 156 Collector’s Landing Warrant
for Bonded Warehouse, C 2 75 15 157 ‘© Locker’s Receiving Order, C3 75 15
158 a “© Delivery Order, C 4 75 15 159 “¢ Permission Required, C 6.. 75 15 160 ss Report Inwards, Coastwise, Jy odin o..40%) GO oC CoeOG 75 15 Report Outwards, Coastwise,
TNR) in CaO ODD DT oO OURO
"MINERS “SUPPLIES FORSALE BY — ae Thomson Stationery Co, ie Es
VANCOUVER, B. c.
mers? i enen Cotimaicr Magnifying Clases ees x sizes, from $1.20 to $2.50." This“is one of the “73>. rongest and best makes of glasses made. We have_ eighties 78 sag a large line at from 35 cents upwards. an a Sa ae
" Companses:-Pocket size, from the picts to the. - finest srewelcd glasses, from 25c. to $3. 00. pa are
Steel’ Tapes---From the small vest feck ‘size at -75c. to the 100 ft., 200 fiz, -300. ft. and ee ft. ae 3 alum minum lated. eyes ; sa ee
Engineer’s Tapes---We nee have a “full wreck of these and having the agency for Justus Roe! s cele- prated Steel Tape ae :
aa Dust Bags At 25c., 35¢. and soc. Gold + Dust and Money Belts, to be worn next the body, large. gange.
Purses---Pocket its Wallets, ‘all kinds, styles and sie, from the cheapest to the finest. ae io 4 ee Memorandum Books... Winnie ‘in alt sizes, dsb A from the vest pocket midget to ie eet, andinall : grades of bindings. . A ee Bee ss f eos:
7% ‘
he Alaska Thermometer---Is a small but ‘feliable self regestering thermometer to BS" elo ZE10, in a, poe tin case. ae SFE Se ws #
+
—— aoe ES oe ee SET FEET Ee ae
Pam:622.271:(*430) GDM
Gold dust : how to find it and how to mine it. An elementary treatise on the methods and appliances used by miners on th
Pam:622.271:(*430) GDM
i i how Gold dust : how to find it and to mine it. An elementary treatise on the methods and appliances used by miners on th