Gold geochemical anomaly in the Cortez district, Nevada
An area in the Cortez district, Nevada, previously established to be anomalous in arsenic, antimony, and tungsten has been found to be anomalous also in…
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 534 Gold Geochemical Anomaly in the Cortez District Nevada
Gold Geochemical Anomaly in the Cortez District Nevada By R. L. Erickson, G. H. Van Sickle, H. M. Nakagawa, J. H. McCarthy, Jr., and K. W. Leong GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR Washington 1966
United States Department of the Interior STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary Geological Survey William T. Pecora, Director First printing 1966 Second printing Free on application to the U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, O.C. 20242
Gold geochemical anomaly in the Cortez district, Nevada By R. L Erickson, G. H. Van Sickle, H. M. Nakagawa, J. H. McCarthy, Jr., and K. W. Leong Abstract An area in the Cortez district, Nevada, previously established to be anomalous in arsenic, antimony, and tungsten has been found to be anomalous also in mercury and gold. Samples from narrow quartz veins, calcite veins, and shear zones in partially silicified limestone in the lower plate of the Roberts thrust fault (Cortez window) contain as much as 3.4 ounces gold per ton. The richest samples are from an outcrop, about 100 feet long, surrounded by gravels. Their economic significance is yet to be established. INTRODUCTION The geochemical association of arsenic, mercury, antimony, and tungsten with gold has been recognized at several low-grade open-pit mines such as Getchell, Bootstrap, Carlin, and Gold Acres mines in northcentral Nevada (Erickson and others, 1964b; Engineering and Mining Journal, 1966). Geochemical prospecting in the Cortez district revealed anomalous amounts of arsenic, antimony, and tungsten and led to analysis of samples for mercury and gold. Development by Lakin and Nakagawa (1965) of a sensitive chemical method for rapid determination of gold in rocks and soils and by Vaughn and McCarthy (1964) of a mercury sniffer made such analysis possible in the field during geochemical prospecting. The Carlin and Bootstrap mines in the Tuscarora Mountains, Elko and Eureka Counties, and the Gold Acres mine in the Shoshone Range, Lander County, are associated with windows in the Roberts thrust, a major structural feature of north-central Nevada along which a number of mining districts are situated (Roberts, 1960). Gold ore is chiefly in the thrust zone at Bootstrap and Gold Acres and is in and below the thrust zone at Carlin (Peter N. Lancar, Newmont's Carlin gold mine: Soc. Mining Engineers Fall Mtg. Rocky Mtn. Minerals Conf., Phoenix, Ariz.,Oct. 1965). At the Getchell mine in the Osgood Mountains, Humboldt County, gold occurs in the high-angle Getchell fault zone, a zone that appears unrelated to the Roberts thrust (Hotz and Willden, 1964). In early 1966 surface-rock and drill-hole samples collected in previous geochemical studies in the Cortez district were analyzed for gold by Nakagawa, using both chemical and atomic-absorption methods. Anomalous amounts of gold 5-14 ppm (parts per million), equivalent to 0.145-0.41 ounce per ton were found in two surface rock samples; 2-8 ppm (0.06-0.23 oz per ton) gold was found in heavy-mineral concentrates of rotary-drill cuttings from two shallow holes drilled near the boundary of an arsenic-antimony-tungsten anomaly. These results prompted additional fieldwork in May 1966, which is reported here. Analyses of newly collected samples showed gold concentrations as high as 3.4 ounces per ton. The samples are from narrow quartz veins, calcite veins, and shear zones in partially silicified limestone of Silurian and Devonian age in the lower plate of the Roberts thrust (Cortez window) near the Crescent fault about 4 miles north of Cortez, Nev. (fig. 1). The highest gold assays discovered in this investigation occur in samples from an outcrop, about 100 feet long, consisting of altered Devonian limestone near the east end of an arsenic-antimony-tungsten geochemical anomaly previously reported by Erickson, Masursky, Marranzino, Oda, and Janes (1964a). The geology of the Cortez quadrangle is described by Gilluly and Masur sky (1965), and the reader is referred to their report and to reports on the geochemical investigations (Erickson and others, 1961, 1964a) for a more complete discussion of the geology and geochemistry of the area. Elwin Mosier, Howard Knight, Arthur Hubert, and Theodore Roemer, all of the U.S. Geological Survey, participated with the authors in this short but intensive field study. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION For this investigation 238 rock samples were collected from 95 localities near the Crescent fault about 4 miles north of Cortez (fig. 1). Analytical results (table 1) are given only for those samples that, by at least one analytical method, contain significant amounts of gold (0.3 ppm, or 0.09 oz per ton). To check the gold values determir ed.by colorimetric and atomicabsorption methods, 27 samples were analyzed by fire assay by C. O. Parker and Co., Denver, Colo. The results show good agreement (table 1) in view of the fact that only 1- and 2-gram samples were used in the colorimetric and atomic-absorption methods. Sample localities and localities with significant amounts of
gold are shown in figure 1. Sample localities and areas of anomalous concentrations of arsenic, antimony, tungsten, and mercury are shown in figures 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The highest gold assays were found in samples from locality 722 (fig. 1), an exposure of altered limestone that, as previously mentioned, is east of the area of the strong arsenic-antimony-tungsten anomaly. The limestone, which forms a dip slope on the east side of a ridge, strikes N. 5° E., dips 65° E., and is exposed for about 100 feet along strike. The base of the slope is covered by talus. The limestone is dark orange brown in overall appearance and contains nearly vertical white calcite veins and calcite-cemented breccia zones as much as 10 inches wide that strike westward into the ridge. Quartz stringer sup to 2 inches wide are parallel or subparallel to a brick-red shear zone, 8 inches wide, that strikes N. 75° W. and dips 30° SW. Samples 722 through 722-K (table 1) are selected samples from the talus; all others are from narrow veins and shear zones in the limestone. All veins, shear zones, breccia zones, and fractures sampled at this locality are gold bearing. The type of material probably constitutes less than 10 percent of the outcrop area. We have no data at present on the gold content of limestone that is not sheared, brecciated, or veined. Dark-brownish-black jasperoid masses that crop out discontinuously on the west side of the ridge above locality 722 (fig. 1, table 1) contain much smaller but nonetheless anomalous amounts of gold. Gravel deposits cover the area between these jasperoid masses and locality 722 and may conceal gold-bearing altered rocks. At sample localities 601, 600, 700, 701, and 702 (fig. 1), a conspicuous brick-red breccia zone, about 8 feet wide, in skarn and altered limestone strikes N. 10° W. and dips steeply east. Gold was detected only at locality 600 and in only 2 of 21 samples collected there. At locality 606 gold occur sin a zone of dark-maroon jasperoid and breccia that contains white calcite pods and stringers. No attempt was made to tracethis jasperoid zone along strike. Preliminary mineralogic work on one sample (722-D) suggests that most of the gold occurs as very tiny disseminated specks and fine lacework in oxidized pyrite crystals. The largest fragment of gold observed in this sample is only a few microns thick but measures 200 microns in largest dimension. The silver content of allgo Id-bear ing samples is very low (maximum assay, 0.16 oz per ton). Spectrographic analyses show that arsenic is the most abundant metal in the gold-bearing samples; arsenic and mercury contents show a direct correlation with gold content. Small amounts of antimony and tungsten may be present; although antimony and tungsten contents do not show a direct correlation with gold content, anomalously high concentrations of antimony and tungsten commonly occur in rocks in or adjacent to areas of gold mineralization. Lead, zinc, and copper are not present in significant amounts. An entirely different suite of metals was detected at locality 759 (fig. 1). Here, a light-gray, pink-weathering fine-grained limestone with finely disseminated oxidized pyrite crystals contains 5,000 ppm zinc, 300 ppm copper, and 20 ppm bismuth. A thin white pyritic quartz veinlet cutting the limestone contains 3,OOOppm zinc, 500 ppm copper, 300 ppm lead, 70 ppm tin, 200 ppm bismuth, and 200 ppm antimony. Gold was not detected in these samples. Caliche-cemented gravel was sampled at 12 localities (fig. 1) in the search for possibleplacer accumulations of gold. Gold content was below the limit of detection (0.1 ppm) in all samples. REFERENCES CITED Engineering and Mining Journal, 1966, Exploration.. .A study in ingenuity: Eng. Mining Jour., 167, 6. p. 200. Erickson, R. L.,Masursky, Harold, Marranzino, A.P., and Oda, Uteana, 1961, Geochemical anomalies in the upper plate of the Roberts thrust near Cortez, Nevada, in Short papers in the geologic and hydrologic sciences: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 424-D, p. D316-D320. Erickson, R. L., Masursky, Harold, Marranzino, A. P., Oda, Uteana, and Janes, W. W., 1964a, Geochemical anomalies in the lower plate of the Roberts thrust, near Cortez, Nevada, in Geological Survey Research 1964: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. P aper 501-B, p. B92-B94. Erickson, R. L., Marranzino, A. P., Oda, Uteana, and Janes, W. W., 1964b, Geoc hemical exploration near the Getchell mine, Humboldt County, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1198-A, 26 p. GilJuly, James, and Masursky, Harold, 1965, Geology of the Cortez quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1175, 117 p. Hotz, P. E., andWillden, C. R., 1964, Geology and mineral deposits of the Osgood Mountains quadrangle, Humboldt County, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 431. 128 p. Lakin, H. W.. and Nakagawa, H. M., 1965, A spectrophotometric method for the determination of traces of gold in geologic materials, in Geological Survey Research 1965: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 525-C, p. C168-C171. Roberts, R. J., 1960, Alinement of mining districts in north central Nevada, in Geological Survey Research 1960: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 400-B, p. B17-B19. Vaughn, W. W., and McCarthy, J. H., Jr., 1964, An instrumental technique for the determination of submicrogram concentrations of mercury in soils, rocks, and gas, in Geological Survey Research 1964; U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 501-D. p. D123-D127.
Table 1. Analyses of rocks from the lower plate of the Roberts thrust, Cortez window, Nevada. [Spectrographic analyses oy Elwin Mosier; colorimetric analyses for gold by G. H. Van Sickle; atomicabsorption analyses for gold by H. M. Nakagawa, G. H. Van Sickle, K. W. Leong, and Arthur Hubert; and for mercury by W. W. Janes and J. H. McCarthy, Jr.; fire-assay analyses by Charles O. Parker and Co. tr., trace; n.d., not determined. Sample localities shown in fig. 1. Multiple samples from one locality indicated by letter suffix.] Locality and Sample Nos. Description Fire assay analyses Ounces per ton Au
AS Parts per million Au Ag Atomic absorption analyses in parts per million Au Hg Colorimetric analyses In parts per million Au Spectrographic analyses In parts per million As Sb
W 600-E 606-A 606-B 630-A 722-A 722-B 722-D 722-E 722-F 722 -G 722-H 722 -J 722-K 722 -M 722 -N 722 -P 722 -Q 722 -R 722-S 72U 72U-A 7U9 7U9-A Iron- rich material, yellow brown in prominent, nearly vertical Limestone, brick- red, leached; Jasperoid, yellow brown; contains Jasperoid, gray; weathers Limestone breccia, brown; cemented Limestone, silicified; contains seams of white calcite and ironrich material; weathers dark
DO Limestone, red-brown, altered Limestone, red-brown, partially Limestone, red-brown, with some faint green stain, leached; contains white calcite stringers - Limestone, red-brown; cut by 1.5-in. white quartz vein with dark-brown iron oxide ribbon Limestone, red-brown, leached; Calcite vein, white; with some Like 722-B Til me stone, red-brown; veined with Limestone, brown; partially silicified Breccia zone, red, calciteCalcite, white; veins In limestone Shear zone, brick- red; 8 in. wide Quartz vein, white; 2 in. wide; Jasperoid, gray; weathers Quartz seam, gray and red; Limestone, gray, partially silicified; with coarsely crystalline Limestone, gray; weathers brown Breccia zone in limestone, calciteLimestone, dark-gray, silicified Limestone, dark-gray, partially Like 72U-A;. float piece Jasperoid, brown, slightly vuggy; n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. 1.7U 3. to .Ok 3U .ou n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. tr. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. .11* tr. tr. tr. tr. .1U tr. tr. tr. tr. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. U.I tr. n.d. n.d. 3.U n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d 3.U 5U 3-U k.l l.U 3.U .7 3-U U.8 9-9 tr. 2.7 tr. 2.0U tr. U.I tr. U 11.56 U.8 10.2 U.I 30.6 tr. 1.36 tr. .3U tr. 3'.U tr. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
U9 5U U.5 U.5 U U .2U .1U n n n n n fy .d. .d. .d. .d. .d. 7,000 3,000 2,000 1,500 1,500 3,000 3,000 2,000 3,000 5,000 1,000 1,500 2,000 1,000 1,000 3,000 1,000 1,000 1,500 1,000 2,000 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Calcite, white, and iron-stained limestone; in shear zone n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
116°37'30 Quartz monzonite Enlargement of northeast part of map area.
EXPLANATION Intrusive rocks Quart* porphyry and latite Skarn Sample locality and number 6SS >lppmgold SS22 0.SS to 1 ppm gold O?11 <O.S5 ppm gold Samples underlined reported in Table 1 Contact Dfuhtd where approximately located Fault Dashed where approximately located; dotted where concealed. U, upthrown side; D, dtvintkrovin Bide Thrust fault Dashed where approximately located; £&, saw teeth on upper plate Siliceous clastic rocks of Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian age FIGURE 1. Geochemical and geologic map of an area in the north-central part of the Cortez quadrangle. Nevada. Geology modified from Gilluly and Masursky (1965). Gold content of underlined samples shown in Table 1.
?000 3000FEET FIGURE 2. Geochemical map showing distribution of arsenic. Samples of jasperoid, fracture fillings, and shear zones within shaded area contain at least 500 ppm. Solid circles are samples that contain at least 2,000 ppm.
FIGURE 3. Geochemical map showing distribution of antimony. Samples of jasperoid, fracture fillings, and shear zones within shaded area contain at least 100 ppm. Solid circles are samples that contain at least 1,000 ppm.
ihpipp r--"N) °t illy FIGURE 4. Geochemical map showing distribution of tungsten. Samples of jasperoid, fracture fillings, and shear zones within shaded area contain at least 50 ppm. Solid circles are samples that contain at least 500 ppm.
116*37'30" FIGURE 5. Geochemical map showing distribution of mercury. Samples of jasperoid, fracture fillings, and shear zones within shaded area contain at least 0.1 ppm. Solid circles are samples that contain at least 0.5 ppm.