Gold fields of Australia. Notes on the distribution of gold throughout the world, including Australia, California, and Russia. With five maps: 1. The world, showing the gold districts; 2. The gold districts of Australia; 3. The gold district from Bathurst to Sidney; 4. The gold district of Victoria; 5. The gold districts of California

Wyld, James · 1853 · Historical

Gold fields of Australia. Notes on the distribution of gold throughout the world, including Australia, California, and Russia. With five maps: 1. The world,…

Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: archive.org.

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Gold Fields Of Australia.

Notes

On The

Distribution Of Gold

Throughout

The World,

Including

Australia,

California, And Russia.

With Five Maps:

1. The World, showing the Gold Districts.

2. The Gold Districts op Australia.

3. The Gold District from Bathurst to Sidney.

4. The Gold District of Victoria.

5. The Gold Districts of California.

Third Edition.

To Which Is Added,

A Gazetteiir

Of The

Gold Diggings Of Australia.

Eonlron :

James Wyld,

Geographer To The Queen And Prince Albert,

Model Of The Earth, Leicester Square ;

CHARING CROSS EAST, Next Door to the Post Office ;

And

2, Royal Exchange.

Price Two Sfiillings and Sixpence,

To

Sir Roderick Impey Murchison,

G.C.St.S., F.R.S.,

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{President of the Royal Geographical Society,)

The man who, using the light of Science, foretold to the English world the existence of Gold in the Australian Continent ; who, living, has seen the realization of his prediction ; and who, throughout a life of scientific usefulness, has been ever ready to put forth his hand to uphold those who laboured in the task of popular instruction , and of scientific advancement.

It,

The Following

" Notes Upon The Gold Distributed Throughout The World,"

By

His Obedient Servant,

James Wyld.

Preface.

In publishing a Third Edition of the " Notes on the Gold Fields," not only has the information been extended and carried down to the latest date, but the first complete topography of the gold regions of New South Wales and Victoria is now published.

The Gazetteer of the gold regions appended to this edition is entirely new, and with the topographical section, and the maps, will enable nearly five hundred gold diggings to be identified.

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Notes On The Gold Districts

Australia,

California, Russia, Virginia,

And America.

§ 1. Introduction On The Gold Question.

From the time when men bartered with each other, a measure of value was set up, and is to be found in most commonwealths or tribes, however rude. Whether this measure have relation to a hundred oxen, a hundred slaves, a hundred beaver skins, or a hundred cowries, the principle is alike admitted. Whenever a state of advancement is reached, and the metals are brought into use, we find the recognition of a metallic currency, either of iron, or brass, gold or silver, marked out by its intrinsic value and its great specific gravity. As the production of other metals increased, gold and silver became distinguished by their rarity, and acquiring a higher relative value, became particularly fitted to serve the purpose of a measure of value. Oxen had to be fed ; death made monthly inroads among them, and they could not be readily transported to a distance, whereas gold and silver kept their value, entailed no trouble for maintenance, and could be carried from hand to hand. Thus a hundred pieces of metal represented a with much more convenience than a hundred head of oxen. The legends of individual nations have assigned personages to whom the finding-out of money has been given ; but in this, as in other things, it is much

Sardis, in Asia Minor. It was through the produce thus obtained, that the nations on both shores of the Medi terranean Archipelago obtained that large supply of the precious metals, which had so great an influence on their advancing civilisation. It is true that individual adventurers were ever ready to engage in enterprises which promised wealth, and although the voyage of the Argonauts engaged the best blood of Hellas, yet neither gold robbing nor gold working enriched the nations of the west. At a later historical period, military expeditions brought large supplies of the precious metals into Europe, but there is no marked epoch of prosperity which can be assigned to their influence.

In modern history the case has been different. It was of little comparative importance that Columbus discovered a new world, for Vasco de Gama had done that; but he succeeded in the great end of all such expeditions of discovery, the obtaining access to regions of gold and silver. The immense quantities of these metals poured in from America, affected not merely all the commercial transactions of Europe, but w'ere felt by the farmer in distant states, the shepherd on the hill side, from the increased money value of their products ; while a vast population pouring over the western deep laid the foundation for new relations of commerce. This discovery of the western world is a marked epoch in the history of the world at a period when many great events were concurring to influence the destinies of the human race. The art of printing, the improvement of navigation, the discovery of gunpowder, gave a fresh impulse to the pi'actical arts, while the restoration of ancient learning, the toppling of the Aristotelean philosophy, and a greater extension of religious liberty, opened to the mind for a time a more independent action. On the English race in particular, that epoch had a marked influence. In England and Scotland English prin ciples began to regain their ascendancy, and the rights of freedom were restored, while our kindred in the Netherlands obtained as great a measure of emancipation : at the same time the Spanish and Gallic races were depressed by the causes which elevated us.

It is interesting to look back and to make out the development of events, but it is no less so to see them pass before our eyes — to be present and to take part in them, and we have now arrived at a period far more important than that which we have just contemplated. Circumstances external to those which we have for our special subject and consideration, have been no less in fluential than they in giving it this character. The establish ment of the locomotive and the ocean steamer, the laying down of tlie telegraphic wire, the discovery of electro-metallurgy, and the application of the daguerreotype, create a new era in the practical arts ; but never, perhaps, has the progress of science been more extraordinary. The advancement of the electro magnetic sciences, of geology, of ethnology, and of the econo mical sciences, has done much to liberate mankind from de pendence and dogmatism, and to direct them to original research, while there have been those events in politics, in religion, and in social economy, which show that some great action on the human mind is in progress. At this time, when in addition to the gold workings of Russia and Virginia, the discoveries in Australia and California have opened a new field for enter prise, which has set the nations of the world in movement, the position of the English race is still more striking than it was three centuries and a half ago. By two great empires it now keeps a great part of the world under its influence ; on the shores of the Atlantic, of the Pacific, and of the Indian Ocean, our settlements are the means of awakening enterprise, and give us the opportunity of profiting by each new event ; from the Icy Sea to the Gulf of Mexico, America belongs to our people ; Australia we have encompass*d, and marked out its destinies, and in the south of Asia hundreds of millions already own us as their masters.

Under these circumstances, it is not idle to speculate on what is going on around us, and in what way we are likely to be influenced. By events such as these, the destinies of men, of households, of whole nations, are affected. Until the expedition of Columbus, the lot of a Spaniard bound him to the Peninsula ; but from that time, the farthest regions of the

earth became a beacon to the wanderer. The mother found her offspring listening to wonderful tales of new lands of gold, which were to draw one son to Mexico, another to Guiana, and another to Peru. Our people, born to enterprise, whom neither the shores of Jutland nor of this island could keep in, spread themselves oyer the world ; and Australia and California have given a new spur to emigration. The quick invention of the poet, and the ready belief of rude populations, never gave life to a tale so wonderful as that of the city of St. Francisco. A Hindoo or a Tartar emperor drew along with him the population of a metropolis in his camp, but San Francisco became a settled city in a few months, and by astonishing energy has maintained its existence against chance conflagrations and the ravages of the incendiary. A mighty commerce has been organised, traders and immigrants resort from all parts of the world, and a line of powerful steamers keeps up constant and regular communication, bring ing it within the immediate influence of civilisation. What the destinies of Australia may be, none can tell; but the statesman, the merchant, the skilled mechanic, the under-fed husbandman, and the starving beggar, alike turn their eyes with eager glance on a scene teeming with brightest hopes : nor is there any one, who, in the progress of these great events, can feel assured that he will not be touched by their operation, in his household, his connexions, and his fortunes.

At the same time, though the action may be immense, individual expectations may be overtasked. It is now known that gold digging,* however large, in its nominal returns, is not, as a pursuit, more productive of net profit than others. If, however, the labourer has to moderate his hopes, so has the merchant. The like observations, which we made in 1849 as to California, apply now to New Holland. The Geo graphical and Mineralogical Notes published in the former year to accompany the Map of the Gold Regions of California, contained such a sketch of the development of Californian prosperity, as experience has proved. It was then said, "Our

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fathers* watched the progress of America — we ourselves have seen that of Australia, but the opening of the Pacific is one of the greatest events in social history, since, in the fifteenth century, the East Indies were made known to Europe; for we have not, as in America or Australia, to await the slow growth of infant settlements, but to witness at once the energetic action of countries already in a high state of advancement. The eastern and western shores of the great ocean will now be brought together, as those of the Atlantic are, and will minister to each other's wants. A happy coincidence of circumstances has prepared the way for these results ; every thing was ready ; the word only was wanted to begin, and it has been given." How well this description has been justified by subsequent operations, all will bear witness.

We did not, however, stop with this general prediction, but went further to point out the details. The outflow wings of Chinese emigrants and produce, which have gone towards the west, will now move to the east. The commercial enterprise of Australia and New Zealand has acquired a new field of exercise and encougement ; the markets which Chile and Peru have found in Europe only, will be opened nearer to

their doors ; the north-west shore of America will obtain all the personal and material means of organization ; the islands of the Pacific will take the place in the career of civilisation, for which the labours of the missionary have prepared them ; and even Japan will not be able to withhold itself from the commonwealth of nations. All this is worth more to our merchants and manufacturers, and to the people employed by them, than even the gold mines can be, for this is the statement of certain results ; and the workings of the gold mines, however productive they may prove, must be attended with all the incidents of irregularity and uncertainty, and great commercial disadvantages. The sketch given above, of the organization of the Pacific, shows how necessary it is to modify the views of those who think we either shall, or can

Geographical Notes to Mr. Wylcl's Map of the Gold Regions, p. 2,

derive great immediate results from California. It is fortunate for us it is not so. We shall trade with California and the Oregon, it is true, but we shall do much more in the increased trade with Valparaiso, Callao, Matanzas, Honolulu, Shanghae, Hong Kong, Canton, Singapore, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Launceston, Hobart Town, Wellington, and Auckland. Already these markets feel the movement — new goods must be sent out, and in the improvement of these markets we shall have further guarantees of permanent prosperity."

That Chinese emigration has filled San Francisco with an industrious population, as it will Sydney and Melbourne. Chile has been enormously enriched by her exports of flour to California ; Hawaii from merely exciting interest, as an example of Kanaka advancement, has become a state of importance ; an enormous and profitable trade has been carried on with the South Pacific, and even Japan feels the effect of the Americo-English advance.

The present position of Australia admits the application of the like observations. A civilised poflation was on the borders of the gold beds, trained miners were to be had from the copper shafts of Burra Burra and the coal-pits of Newcastle, while every facility was presented for throwing in a flood of immigrants ; and within a few months, 80,000 men were concentrated on the Victoria Gold Fields. To California, the passage round Cape Horn was a long and dear one ; to Australia it is shorter, and, being better organised, it is cheaper. The overland transit of the isthmuses to California was beset with difficulties, which it took some time to over come; a steam line, however, already girds the Australian shore, and the great ocean ships now approach it from the Cape of Good Hope, Singapore, and Panama, whilst the steam ships from London to Sydney ensure a regular and speedy communication between the metropolis and the rising communities of the Antipodes.

The political circumstances affecting the South Pacific are, perhaps, even more favorable than those connected with the

North Pacific. California stood almost alone, with Oregon undeveloped, and Vancouver's Island only just occupied ; but the Australian settlements form a chain of thriving provinces, including Moreton Bay, New South Wales, Victoria, Tas mania, South Australia, and Western , Australia. Close at hand is New Zealand, which, with Tasmania, will, in case of need, supply those provisions for the gold mines which San J'rancisco received from Valparaiso and Shanghae. Valparaiso, the great English emporium in the South Seas, and nil the harbours of Chile and the South American coast, are more accessible to Australia than to California. The position of China as a source of immigration is more favorable for Sydney and Melbourne than their northern rival ; and the events now taking place in China, where a new emperor besets the south, are likely to render even the wealthy classes of Qwang-tung and Fokien disposed to emigration. The coolies of Hindostan can, if there be need, be made as available for the English settlements in New Holland as for Mauritius or the West Indies ; thus, there can be no fear of the want of working population for the imines ; ,or of shepherds for the wool stations, and indeed, the finding of the gold works has already borne this good — that it has stopped the large immigration to California, which from Sydney alone was at the rate of 3,500 yearly, the passages from England of most of whom had been already paid from the land-fund of the colonies they abandoned. Immigration has indeed begun from San Francisco, and extended to every settlement of the English race, and the Chinese havg followed the movement.

The wool and other business of New Holland may be deserted for a time; but there can be no lasting want of cheap and plentiful labour. A short spell at gold digging will sicken most men of the calling; and they must fall back on the staple trade of the settlement, or they must starve. There is, moreover, the means of importing not only the Araforas and the Maoris for shepherds, but the Chinese and the Hindoos ; and it may be found useful to remove to New South Wales some of the Cape Caffres.

The one fear for New Holland is from the convicts ; but even the gold finding meets the convict question. No more convicts can now be sent to New Holland : not only is the voice of the settlers given against it, but neither convicts nor keepers can be trusted so near the gold lands. As for the emancipists and ticket-of-leave men, to some the gold diggings will open a new path of life ; but there is no ground for the same fear of them as in California. There they had no government to contend with, and the rowdies of the old world and the new, to shelter their misdeeds ; but in New Holland it is otherwise : there is a strong community and a strong government ; and the forms of the constitution and of law do not in this case give a shield to sham citizens. Already it appears likely that the Governor ►General will be able, by means of a system of legal licensing, on a moderate scale, to obtain funds for the main tenance of order, and to protect for the workman the fruits of his labour; and as the Imperial Government has relinquished all claim to the monies received for mining licences, a large fund, for the purposes of emigration, will ultimately be placed at the command of the Colonial Legislature.

In considering the probable effect of the gold diggings on existing interests, many circumstances have to be taken into consideration, which will certainly benefit them in consequence of the gold diggings. Thus, already, the home government have made arrangements for ocean steam communication, and lines of steam ships, regularly pursuing their voyages, bring Australia with ninety days sail of Great Britain. The overland route for the carriage of gold from the Victoria Gold Fields, will open a thousand miles of valuable country, and necessitate the completion of good and permanent roadways, the first and greatest necessity of a newly settled country. The convict agitation may likewise be considered as virtually settled. The introduction of a greater population will give a value to stock and sheep for meat which they did not here tofore possess, and which will go to meet enhanced charges. While the freight of treasure and the greater chance of passengers make ocean steam navigation more profitable, so

likewise are greater facilities offered for home communication. The Sydney railways will now be pushed, and the more particularly as the land-sales and other revenues of the province so greatly increase ; and roads will be opened to the upland, which will give greater vent for the transport of wool and other produce to the shipping harbours on the shore. So, too, the steam navigation of the Murray, which has long been wished for, is likely to come into operation.

§ 2. Geology Of Gold.

Gold is more abundantly found in quartz, and slaty rocks of high antiquity, particularly in those called Silurian by Murchison, which lie in contact with granite, porphyry, and other eruptive rocks. It is not, however, in such solid rocks when in their original position, that the richest gold mines have prevailed, but only in their debris or gravel, as spread out on the flanks of the mountains. Emery and quicksilver are frequently found in gold countries.

It is considered by some, that gold is not to be found as an ore, chemically united with other elements, but always in a native or pure state, even if mechanically combined with platinum, silver, palladium or other allied metals. When in rock, it is therefore found in grains, thin leaves, knobs, or even great lumps, from a grain barely to be seen, to lumps which have been met with above one hundred pounds weight, and worth some 4,000 sovereigns. The gold may be either spread everywhere, and mixed up throughout the rock, or it may be in veins or lodes, spreading about like the twigs of a tree — here thickly, there scantily. As connected with the primary formations, gold veins are sometimes found in situ ; but it is only in a few districts that they are worth working; for when followed as a mining operation, the yield of mineral is small, even if the worth is great. It is for this reason that the gold veins in the older rocks of our islands are not wrought, as a mass of rock must be crushed, and the yield of gold is insufficient to pay

the labour. Thus, Merionethshire and Wicklowshire have yielded no permanent results. Indeed, although gold veins are worked in many places, it is chiefly in the Brazils, Siberia, California and Australia that gold has been found worth working on a large scale.

It is to the heaps of old detritus, resulting from the breaking down of mountain sides by former great convulsions, as well as to the banks of the rivers which flow through such accumulations, that we have to look for the most profitable supplies of gold. There, instead of hard rock, soft sand and gravel have to be searched, and the gold is often thrown toge ther under natural arrangements; while there is a better pros pect of getting on a bunch or nugget of rich ore. The goldbearing rivers may be within the primary formations, or flow beyond them; but they derive their chief supplies from the heaps, and hills of old drift, orginally formed out of the older rocks. A grand error in all ages, and which has often diverted attention from stream washing, has been the constant endeavour to seek in the mountains for the "mother supply" of gold*. These researches have very seldom succeeded, because the object of search was beyond reach, the assumption of some large concen trated mine being false. On piercing the rocks, the superficial supply has generally been found scanty, and those who hence attempted deep workings, in the hope of reaching better veins, have been disappointed, because the gold seems to be chiefly distributed superficially.

A drift, resulting from the former abrasion of the surface of gold-bearing rocks, is a natural mining operation, which was carried out upon a large scale, thousands of years ago ; and so far as the superficial supplies of gold are con cerned, it is likely to be more productive than any immediate working in the rocks. A gold drift is, indeed, the result of a gigantic gold washing ; and credulity might well dream it to be the labour of elfin workmen. By the action of ancient convulsions, and floods in the high mountain regions, the pri-

The Quartz veins in the Mariposa district of California are examples of superficial workings in the solid rock.

mary rocks were worn down, and the rubbings or detritus are now carried throuo-h the watercourses which drain tlie upper districts. The amount of this detritus is enormous; though the amount of gold found will not be in pro portion to the local deposit of detritus, but to the whole amount of detritus which has been carried over the spot from the time the scouring of the mountain sides began. The whole amount of detritus will, it is true, be carried down the valley, and some part into the sea; but the gold, in virtue of its greater weight, will, in a river of any length, be deposited far above the sea estuary. Thus, the accumulations of gold in the whole water basin must relatively be large, as the result either of the former great drifts, or of a constant and longcontinued action or washing of those ancient deposits.

In many cases, although the upper sand of the river bed may show no token of gold, yet it may be found plentifully below, where the coating of sand is thick, or the washing of the flood is deep. The deeper the gully the greater the chance of a deposit, and in such places the diving bell has been used with success. Diamonds have likewise been found accompanying these deposits.

The same cause which restricts the gold deposits to the water basin, further heaps it up on given spots. It may be there are several of these in the course of a river, and the deposits on each spot may be more or less thickly spread ; but every natural bar which dams the waters, will likewise dam the gold ; and it is at these places, and above them, the gold will be mostly found, though mountain freshes will some times sweep gold to a further barrier. In these natural divi sions, the gold will be found heaped together against a ledge of rocks, or spread for miles along the banks, where the stream is sluggish. In some parts, the gold is to be met with resting on a bed of rock, in others mixed up with the gravel, at the lowest bound to which the action of the river flow or freshets reach. Local observation directs the miner to the V most likely place for finding the gold ; but wherever met with, it is in the same condition as if obtained from crushing or

removing the rock, namely — pure, and in dust, scales or nuggets.

A distinction may be drawn between ancient deposits and new deposits. In ancient deposits, the gold is often found in what are no longer the watercourses of the quartz or granite mountain chains. A distinction of this kind is perhaps the basis for the difference between what in California are called the dry diggings and the wet diggings; though the dry diggings have been considered by some as less productive. The dry diggings are in the old drift on the higher banks, the wet diggings in the beds of the rivers ; but then it is to be observed in this case, what are called the wet diggings really include the old and new deposits together ; and being on the site of the old watercourses, which pass through the ancient heaps of gold drift, expose all the richest materials of the whole period of natural gold accumulation.

On the discovery of gold deposits in a given spot, it cannot be safely assumed that the whole water basin below will produce gold. Gold is found in the Goomty, at the foot of the Himalayas ; but it is not therefore to be looked for in the Hooghly, a thousand miles below. In such a distance, the bulk of the gold will be deposited at each fall or natural weir, and but a small surplus can be available for a distance ; besides, there is good reason for believing, that when once the low and flat lands are reached, a few miles of sluggish river will thoroughly sift from gold all the detritus brought down from above. For these reasons, the lower valleys of the Murray are only likely to have gold deposits in virtue of ancient geological operations, as it is little likely any gold can be carried from the junction of the Darling to Lake Alexandrina. Gold exists in the South Australian formations, near the mouth of the Murray, as it does in those of the New South Wales formations in the head waters of the Darling, both north and east of the Liverpool dividing range ; in the Flunter and its tributaries, which flow into the western seas ; and also in the Murray, at the head of its tributary streams, which flow from the Blue Mountain ranges through the

province of Victoria ; but the gold in the intermediate spaces is more likely to be found in the side creeks and feeders, than in the main stream. The deposits do not, indeed, depend upon the rivers, but on the mountain chains which contain gold-bearing rocks, and which is now the ascertained cha racteristic of the mountain system of the river basin of the Murray.

§ 3. System Of Gold-Working.

For gold workings, there are three chief methods, — wash ing, crushing, and mining,- — dependent on the locality in which the gold is found ; washing being applied to sands, crushing or stamping, and mining, to rock formations.

Gold-washing, streaming, or placer working, is a rude operation, much the same everywhere, or varying only according to the extent of labour and tlie degree of co operation acquired. Thus, the black on the Niger, the Hindoo on the Goomty, and the Englishman on the Murray or Sacramento, works singly in the same manner, digging and turning over small portions of sand ; but some, banding together, form companies, which obtain more powerful washingmachines, or which, occupying a larger district, dam up or divert the mountain streams. Still, the operation of washing rests on the same basis. It must, too, be carried on upon the spot, because, the yield of gold being small in proportion to the bulk of earth, the sand can never be carried profitably to a distance.

The gold being always found in a state nearly pure, and of high specific gravity, by its greater weight is readily separable from the earth or sand in which it is mixed, and on being well washed, even in the palm of the hand, will leave behind the metallic particles. The collecting of the sand, and the wash ing, therefore constitute the whole operation ; and in the beginning of the new discoveries, we find men working with clasp knives and wash-basins, for want of better tools. In the advanced stages of working in Australia or California,

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picks, and spades, and wheelbarrows are brought into play, bv whicli labour is made more effective. It does sometimes happen that the digger is rewarded with a lump or nugget of gold which, being of ten, twenty, forty, or fifty pounds weight, may at once yield him five hundred, a thousand, or two thou sand pounds; but most commonly the gold must be obtained by washing, being really in dust or scales. Sometimes the digger restricts hiniself to the search for the larger particles, and this is called " nuggetting."

In some of the rude districts of Hindustan, pans and win nowing baskets are still used for wasliing ; but where parties are organized, even there a 'cradle'' or washing machine is then employed. One reason, perhaps, why the attention of the Americo-English was not more called to gold streaming is, because the gold-hunters of Virginia worked singly, and the yield was so inconsiderable as to leave little profit. So it is in those districts of India where the sands are poor, and the washing is carried on singly. The cradle, however, affords a great economy of labour ; and thereby sands can be washed which would otherwise take an enormous period to sift. Some formations are, nevertheless, rich ; and in the early period of the Californian workings, Mr. Sinclair, an old settler, set fifty Indians to work on the North Fork of the Sacramento, with native-made willow baskets, and yet he got about £600 or c£700 weekly.

The cradle is very simply arranged. In its primitive form, as used by the Chinese in Borneo, the Hindoos in the Dekkan, or the English in Australia and California, it is a box on rockers, six or eight feet long, open at the foot, and having at its head a coarse grate or sieve. In the early Californian cradles the bottom was rounded, and nailed across with small cleats. This kind of machine will employ four men — one digger or excavator, to raise the sand ; another to carry it to the grate of the cradle ; a third to rock or shake it violently ; and a fourth to pour on water ; but now the mechanical arrange ments are still further improved. The use of the sieve is to keep the coarse stones from going into the cradle, while the

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current of water washes away the earthy matter, and the gravel is gradually swept out at the foot of the machine, leaving the gold mixed with a heavy, fine black sand, above the first cleats. The sand and gold mixed together are then taken away, and the sand being dried, is blown away? the gold remaining free behind. The gold thus obtained is, according to quantity, put in quills, bottles, or bags. Cradles of large size in California have peculiar names. A cradle 9 or 10 feet long is called a Long Tom, but some use the Virginia Burke Rocker, employing quicksilver to amalgamate the gold*.

It will be perceived that the cradle is only carrying out the process which nature has pointed out. As the gold thinly dis seminated in the rocks is washed out of the rubbings of the primary formations, and carried down the rivers until it lodges against some bar or ledge, where its greater weight causes it to fall to the bottom of the sand or river bed, so is the gold sand passed through the cradle, and the gold is lodged against the cleat or bar of the cradle, the gold being always at the bottom of the stream, and only able to pass in suspension when mixed up with a quantity of lighter mineral. Washing tables are used in Siberia ; but gold machinery does not admit of much complication. The use of the diving bell is but sparing as yet, but it is likely to lead to great results.

From the description of the operations, it will be seen that the effectiveness of placer work depends wholly on the quantity of rude labour employed, and that it is only suited to canal diggers, excavators, and miners. With others it can be but a matter of gambling ; for, wanting the bodily strength needful to get through the steady work, they hunt about for gold in the hope of getting a nugget which may make them rich for a time, though it cannot be for long, as the gambling itch which led to this gold hunting, leads them to stake their winnings at the play-table, and they have to begin their wanderings and hardships anew.

Quicksilver mines exist at New Almaden, in California, and the gold mines of California and Australia will be supplied with quicksilver for amalgamation at cheaper rates, and quicker than from the mines of Europe. Quicksilver is reported to be discovered in Natal.

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It may, however, be said that there is another condition which admits of gold washing, and that is, wliere a slave, as in the Brazils, or ill-fed Hindoo, works for a bare subsistence. This, however, seldom yields an income to a master, or revenue to the tax-gatherer; and the whole yearly produce of such labours is always inconsiderable, being perhaps a few thousand pounds for a large district.

Quartz crushing, which is carried on in Australia and California, is applied to rocks in which the gold is more or less thickly spread about ; and the purpose of crushing or stamping is to reduce it to the condition of sand for streaming, so that, being washed like the gold sands, the rock may be swept away, and the gold left behind. This allows of a still greater application of mechanical power, because it is worth while to carry the ore some distance to the stamping machine, whereas, though the cradle may be taken from one washing to another, yet the bulk of the cradle is kept down by this condition of being removed ; the stamping engine, however, can work for a large district round. In Californja it has been found worth while to set up steam engines, supplied with fuel from the neighbouring pine woods, or with Vancouver Island coal, but the chief difficulty is in getting together workmen to keep the engines in repair. The steam engine could not be at first worked in the inland of Australia, for though coal is wrought on the shore at Newcastle, the charge for land conveyance to the diggings became very costly. If, how ever, gold working could be established low down on the Murray, then coal from Bass's Straits could be steam-towed up the river as far as the junction of the Murray and the Darling, and perhaps higher.

The crushing is applied to superficial rocks which are seen to have gold sparkling in them, and which are broken off by picks, or blasted with gunpowder. This kind of work is therefore very much like what is carried on in Cornwall, and fitted for such a population.

Gold mining is carried on in the common way, by driving shafts, galleries and levels on lodes and veins of the ore; but

which, being very narrow, seldom pay for the working though a chance lump or pocket will sometimes encourage working for a time. As the lodes are subject to the contin gencies of other lodes, the mineral vein is often found to run down poor, or to be broken olf. The ore when obtained is broken up, crushed, and washed, to obtain the gold by its greater weight. Amalgamation with quicksilver is sometimes resorted to, but is most commonly applied in reducing silver.

§ 4. The Gold Monetary Question.

While the penniless look with hope on California and New Holland, the wealthy hear of them with dread. To the former they hold forth the chance of getting money; to the latter, fear that the value of their stores will be diminished. Among the many extraordinary incidents connected with the Californian discoveries, was the alarm communicated to many classes; which was not confined to individuals, but invaded governments. The first announcement spread alarm ; but, as the cargoes of g-old rose from a hundred thousand dollars to a million, bankers and financiers began seriously to prepare for an expected crisis. In England and the United States the panic was confined to a few ; but on the continent of Europe every government, rich or poor, thought it needful to make pro vision against the threatened evils. An immediate alteration in prices was looked for; money was to become so abundant, that all ordinary commodities were to rise, but more especially the proportion between gold and silver was to be disturbed, some thinking; that the latter mio;ht become the scarcer

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metal. The governments of France, Holland and Russia in particular turned their attention to the monetary question, and in 1850 the government of Holland availed itself of a law which had not before been put in operation, to take immediate steps for selling ofl' the gold in the Bank of Amsterdam, at what they supposed to be the then highest pr ices, and to stock themselves with silver. Palladium, which is

likewise a superior wliite metal, was held more firmly, and expectations were entertained that it would become available for plating. The stock, however, is small.

The silver operation was carried on concurrently with a supply of bullion to Russia for a loan, a demand for silver in Austria, and for shipment to India, and it did really produce an effect on the silver market, which many mistook for the influence of California. The particular way in which the Netherlands operations were carried out was especially calcu lated to produce the greatest disturbance of prices. The ten florin gold pieces were sent to Paris, coined there into Napoleons, and silver five franc pieces drawn out in their place. At Paris the premium on gold in a few months fell from nearly 2 per cent, to a discount, and at Hamburgh a like fall took place. In London, the great silver market, silver rose between the autumn and the new year from 5s. per oz. to 5s. per oz., and Mexican dollars from 4?. lOJd. to 46'. per oz. ; nor did prices recover until towards the end of the vear 1851, when the fall was as sudden as the rise.

As yet the large importations from Australia and California have produced no effect on prices, because the operations of the gold lands have opened a vent for a considerable portion of the bullion produced. In California a large amount was kept in stock, and a large amount was wanted for currency, prices being so enhanced. The trade created in the Pacific likewise took off a large amount of Californian bullion, which was absorbed into the currency. In Chile alone the value of imports to California was very large, and was paid for in gold ; indeed the gold of California went to every market of the Pacific, and gold dust was soon regularly quoted in Valparaiso, Lima, Tacna, Canton and Madras. The same cause has operated with the Australian importations. As there was no mint in Australia, a large amount of coined metal was sent from England to purchase gold, and to meet the requirements of the extended trade; and even with greater facilities of minting the imports and deposits of specie are large in the Australian provinces.

Europe and the United States were ca]:)able of taking a large amount of bullion for currency, as the banks held stocks below their full amounts; but it was noticed, that throughout 1850, 1851, and 1852, the general stock of bullion in the banks did not show any increase corresponding to the exports from the gold lands. Political distrust has caused hoarding in some districts, while in some others, where a paper currency does not prevail, greater social prosperity has created a demand for more bullion, besides the demand for purposes of luxury. Thus, hitherto, the supply of the new gold fields has met with a ready circulation, but in a time of full confidence and steady peace the results would have been otherwise.

Of' the total yearly yield of gold no accurate estimate can be made. In 1800 the whole yield of gold and silver was estimated at .£10,250,000. The following is an estimate of the yield of gold and silver for each of the following years ;

Gold. Silver. Total.

1840 ... £.5,000,000 ... .P6, 750,000

1848 ... 7,000,000 ... 6,750,000

1850 ... 17,500,000 ... 7,500,000

1851 ... 22,500,000 ... 7,500,000

1852 ... 40,000,000 ... 7,500,000

1858 ... 45,000,000 ... 7,500,000

.£11,750,000

18,750,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

47,500,000

52,500,000

The whole stock of bullion of gold and silver now in circulation, is estimated by various economists at c£500,000, 000, but complete data are wanting.

The chief supplies of gold are, at present, from Australia, 50 per cent. ; from California, about 40 per cent. ; from Russia, 5 per cent. ; Australasian Archipelago, 1 per cent. ; Mexico and South America, 1 per cent.

§ 5. Gold In Europe.

The supply of gold from Europe has never been great. In the earliest historical period, some small amounts were for a long time obtained from river washings, from Spain ; but at the present day, the supplies are from mine workings.

Ill roland, small particles of gold are sometimes found in the Cornish mines and tin streams, at Carnon Vale and at South Molton, in Devon, and in Wales they are found dissemi nated among the rocks in Merionethshire and elsewhere ; but hitherto gold has not been considered worth working — silver being the only precious metal obtained to any extent, and that of late years only, d'he gold ornaments of the Iberian and British chiefs, found in tombs, are supposed to have been got from river washings, and being rare, it is not thought that gold was at any time found on a large scale here. From the Cwmhusian mines in Merionethshire, seven pounds weight of gold have lately been obtained. Gold is said to have been found at Pollux Flill in Bedfordshire, at Little Taunton in Gloucestershire, and on Sheepstor, Dartmoor, and near North and South Molton in Devon. From the Poltimore mine. North Molton, geld gossan ore is raised. In the Lead-hills, in the south of Scotland, gold was worked under the Scotch kings, and it has been recognised in the Fifeshire mountains.

The only remarkable gold district in Ireland is on the east shore in Wicklow. The richest deposit, as usual, was found on the banks of the rivers, an accidental discovery being made in the Ballinvalley streams at Croghan Kinshela, in 1796. The total value raised did not probably exceed

0,000, and was soon worked out. Attempts were made to carry on gold mines in the primitive formations, but they did not pay. In Croghan Moira mine, about seven miles from Kinshela, gold was likewise found in small qualities. Indications of gold are said to have been found in the Miola rivulet in Ulster, and in the Shannon at Inchmore.

In France, gold is likewise found at Gardette in the Isere, but not in sufficient quantity to pay the expense of working. In the rivers of the Rhone, Rhine, and Garonne, there is auriferous sand, and in those of the mountains of Cevennes and Languedoc.

The rivers of Spain and Portugal — more particularly the Tagus, Douro and Darro — have gold sands; but they are not now wrought. At Adissa, in the St. Ubes district, a gold

mine was for some time worked : the produce in 1815 was 41 lbs. ; 1816, 18 lbs. ; 1817, 11 lbs.; 1818, 12 lbs. ; 1819 13 lbs. ; 1820, 12 lbs. ; 1821, 18 lbs. The total value of the produce in seven years was only about <£5000. In Arragon, Leon, Andalusia, Granada, and Galicia, are gold mines. It is probable dry diggings may be found in Spain. The mine of Domingo Flores, in Leon, was worked from 1639 to 1749. At Culera in Gerona is gold quartz.

Except in the Alpine regions, no considerable traces of gold are found in Italy ; nor are there any workings. There are no traces of gold in Italy. In Savoy, it is reported river depo'sits have been lately discovered ; and gold is said to be at the foot of Mount Rosa. In Sicily, a mine, stated to have been formerly worked for gold, lies in the mountains north west of Taormina. Pesterana, in the Alps, is oneof the oldest gold mines — the gold being scattered in sulphuret of iron.

In Germany and the Germanic states, gold has been found in many localities, and was formerly extracted to a great extent in Bohemia. It is also obtained from the Hartz, the Mulda, Bavaria, and Baden. Gold is got from the arsenious ores of Silesia. In Hungary, gold is raised from the mines of Schemnitz and Kremnitz ; being the richest for this mineral in Europe. The yield is taken at 1050 lbs. of gold yearly, worth £'35,000. In 1848, 40 lbs. of gold was found in granite, in Salzburg, and 3 lbs. in Illyria. Transylvania is another rich district, and yields 1375 lbs. of gold yearly. In the Banat of Temeswar, 60 lbs. of gold was obtained in 1848. The gipsies are the chief gold washers. One estimate of the whole produce of gold in Austria is 4000 lbs. yearly ; and in twenty-six years, 85,000 lbs. In Bohemia are gold washings on the Iser. In Salzburg are gold mines, which yielded 35 lbs. of gold yearly. In the Tyrol are gold washings, two miles from Zell. In the Danube are washings between Vienna and Pesth.

In Sweden there are several gold mines. That of Adelfors, in Smaland, formerly yielded 15 to 20 lbs. of gold yearly ; but now, it is said, onlv 1 or 2 lbs. The working: began in

1,78. The Fahlun mines yield about 2 lbs. yearly. Gold is here found with copper, as in Cornwall. In Norway is the gold mine of Edswold, in the Horn marge district. Stream washing does not seem to have been tried in Scandinavia. At Kongsberg, in Norway, gold has been found, wliich was coined by Christian IV. The lode is found in quartz.

Turkey has gold in several districts. The best known deposit is that of the river washings in Bosnia, where it is found among sand and pebbles; but the country is so dis ordered that no gold is produced. It is likewise found in Thrace, Macedonia, and at Sidei'ocapso, near Salonica. Cyprus and Thasus have been already mentioned.

In Russia, the chief gold deposits are on the Asiatic side of the Ural Mountains; but in 1739 a gold mine was found and worked in Olonetz.

The total produce of Russia from Europe and Asia, was, n the beginning of this century, estimated at 42,675 lbs., or about dS* 1,800, 000 yearly. In 1830 the amount was estimated at 15,000 lbs., and at the like amount in 1831; in 1835, at 12,280 lbs. ; in 1842, at 41,000 lbs. ; in 1843, at 55,000 lbs. ; in 1847, 73,300 lbs.; in 1848, 75,600 lbs.; in 1849, 69,600 lbs.

The production of gold in Russia in 1847, was about d4,000,000 ; in 1848, something more ; and in 1849, about 03,500,000.

§ 6. Siberian Gold Regions.

The chief Russian gold districts are two — those of the Ural chain on the west, and those of Nertchinsk and Kholivan, in the Altai, on the east. The resemblance of the Ural district to California is remarkable, and has been pointed out by several eminent men. The workings are strictly gold diggings, with one small exception near Ekterinburg, The ancient gold drift has been spread over a surface of many square miles, in the basins of the rivers Grande Birussa, Upper Tongooska, Ooderei, and Pite, in the Yenissei province of Siberia. With the exception of the districts belonging

to the imperial mines of Kholivan, Voskressensk and Nertchinsk, and the country beyond the Lake Baikal, the gold findings throughout Siberia are thrown open to private enterprise. The chief discoveries in this district were made in 1829 ; but being under regulation, they did not give a general stimulus to gold washing. That was reserved for California.

The following shows the gradual produce of gold from Siberia . — lbs. lbs.

... 1,600

... 2,871

... 4,054

... 4,610

... 5,828

.. 8,460

. . . 8,025

... 11,202

... 15,720

07 7Qo

... 40,868

The difference between these amounts and the totals before

given, will pretty nearly represent the gold produce of the Ural at the several periods.

§ 8. Gold In Asia And Australasia.

The gold districts of Asia are chiefly those of Siberia, already described.

In Hindostan, gold is found in several regions, and it may be said in every river system. Hitherto operations have been carried on languidly ; but under the stimulus of Australia, more vigorous researches may be made, and extensive placer workings be discovered. In the basin of the Indus, between Attock and Kalabagh, 300 people are employed in washing the sands, the gold being chiefly in flattened grains or scales, and yielding 2,000 oz. yearly. In the basin of the Ganges gold is found, as in the Goomty, Ramgunga, and other rivers at the foot of the Himalayas, where washings are carried on. Native gold is here likewise found in the gneiss, which is traversed by veins of granite, and distinctly stratifled. On each coast, and in the heart of the Dekkan, gold is found

, and worked in several localities. Among these may be enume rated the river workings of the Paliaur and Poniaur, rivers in eastern Mysore; of Nolarnpoor, Kapoor, Srussumjee, Polwye, Tirumpaddy, and other rivers in C'alicut and on the Malabar coast ; of Malapuram in Nedingahad ; of Kadalaonely and Parpanangady, on the south shore in Sliernaad ; of Kahil, Aripanad, and the Tirumaly Hills, besides twenty river works in the Ernaad district. Of these latter, the yield was 62 lbs. in 1834.

Gold is further found in our Assam provinces, the river sands being washed. The yield is said to be about 38,000 oz.

In China, gold is worked in the river sands of Sechuen and of Yunan, near the Tibet borders, and in the Burmese rivers on the frontiers.

In Tibet, gold is found in dust in many of the rivers, and likewise scattered in lumps and grains, in quartz and other rocks. The gold is here worked, but the yearly yield is not known.

In Malacca, gold is found at Naning, Pahang, Tringanu, Calantan, Battang, Moring, and in other localities; and the yearly return is estimated at 26,000 ounces. There is gold quartz at the foot of Mount Ophir.

Gold, it is known, is produced in Japan, and in quantities sufficient for home purposes ; but the yield is supposed to be falling off. The chief gold works are in a pyritic ore of copper; but there are likewise diggings in the alluvial soils. The Japanese copper has been often found to contain gold.

Throughout Australasia gold is found, abounding most in those islands which are composed of primitive and transition rocks; being richest in the western and northern islands, and least abundant in the eastern islands, though it is met with in Java. Borneo is the richest of these gold regions ; and it is worked at Banjarmassin and Pontianak, chiefly by Chinese mining companies. The gold is found in veins and mineral strata, in the sands and beds of rivers, and in dry diggings. Above 6000 Chinese have been employed at one time in these

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workings; and the yield is estimated at 9000 lbs. yearly, or -£375, 000. In Sarawak in 1849, 5,000 men got d£'30,000 worth of gold from the detritus of Mount Trian. The yield of the Sumatra mines is taken at 3000 lbs., or <£131,000 yearly ; and of the other mines in the several islands, about 4000 lbs., of which Celebes, 800 lbs. ; Timor, 80 lbs. ; and the Philippines, 1200 lbs.

Gold is known to exist in New Guinea, but details are wanting. It is likewise said to have been discovered in New Caledonia.

Gold exists in New Zealand, but the riches of these islands are in its agricultural products.

§ 9. Topography Of The Australian Gold Regions.

The chief Australian gold diggings hitherto reported being connected with the basin of the River Murray, or rather, with the adjoining mountains from which its tributaries are derived, it becomes useful to give some account of that river system. This river may justly rank among the great ones of the world, and is the greatest on the New Holland main land, of which it may be called the Mississippi. The extent of its basin is by no means known, its western feeders being those with which we are least acquainted. To the east it reaches beyond 151° east, approaching the shores of New South Wales ; to the north a feeder has been found in 25° south lat., and on the south its mouth is in 35° south lat., though some of its feeders in the Victoria province are as far south as beyond 37°. On the west its mouth, and probably many main feeders, reach to 139° east longitude. The area of the basin at a mean is not less than 1,400 miles, from north to south, and 500 from east to west, covering between 600,000 and 700,000 square miles, or a district six times the area of these islands, and five times the extent of California. By the

This is A'ery conveniently illnstratecl on Mr. Wyld's large Model of the Earth, in Leicester Square, where the mountain chains and the river systems of Australia can be seen at one view, and on a considerable scale.

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latest accounts, gold was found over a length of 400 miles, and a breadth of 500 miles.

The shores of the Australian mainland, where chiefly settled, are girded in within 100 miles of the sea by a belt of hills, having short water-courses to the sea. On their inland, or east side, all the waters are feeders of the great Murray, and have a long course before their waters reach the sea. For a considerable distance they flow among the mountains, but after a space open out on large sandy plains, in which sometimes the waters are lost.

The Murray River system may be chiefly divided into two great parts. The rivers of the north and north-east all flow into the Darling, and those of the south and south-east, from southern New South Wales and Victoria, into, the Morumbidgee, or Upper Murray. These two great arms uniting form the Lower or main Murray, which opening near the sea into a large lagoon, called Lake Alexandrina, discharges itself by several mouths into the sea south-east of Adelaide, in South Australia.

The first shire in which gold was found, was that of Bathurst in New South Wales. This countrv was considered inaccessible until 1813, and consists generally of table land, about 2000 feet above the sea, broken up, and forming extensive treeless downs, such as Bathurst Plains, which latter have an extent of 50,000 acres, or eighty square miles. They have been compared to Brighton Downs in England ; they exliibit, however, a strange peculiarity: on the top of some of the knolls are found quagmires or bogs, sometimes resembling a pond dried up, or sometimes covered over by deep grass, and there fore are very dangerous. In 1845, Bathurstshire, which includes 2000 square miles, had already 4400 inhabitants, with about 30,000 head of cattle, and 250,000 sheep. The chief towns were Bathurst, with 2000 inhabitants, now much in creased, and Carcoar, likewise an incorporated town. Bathurst is 121 miles by road from Sydney, and ninety-five and a half by the air-line. Part of the Frederick's Valley diggings are in this shire, as are Belubela, Coombing, Pepper Creek, C.'ampbell River, and the Crook well.

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Bathurstsliire is in two valleys, that of the Macquarie, north, and that of the Lachlan, south, and in both, lare quantities of gold have been found. These valleys are divided by a tolerably high range, in which are Conobolus, 4461 feet high, and the Three Brothers.

Wellinfftonshire lies next Bathurstsliire, and its southern divisions include the famous gold districts of the Turon and of Suinmerhill. The Turon diggings include Sofala, Big and Little Oakey Creeks, and Wyagden, which are partly in Roxburgh. Meroo diggings are thirty miles to the north, but the Louisa is its most productive creek. Here are Tambaroura, Pyramul Creek, Nuggetty Gully, Cudgegong, Macquarie, and Molong. This shire contains about 1600 square miles, and before the gold discoveries, scarcely as many inhabitants. The streams feeding the Summerhill Creek, and running by the Molong to the Macquarie, rise on the sides of the high mountain, Coiiobolus, which forms a centre in this region of the gold deposits. These diggings are described in detail in the Gazetteer.

Roxburghshire lies north of Bathurstsliire and Wellingtonshire, from the latter of which it is divided by the golden stream, the Turon. Its area is about 1000 square miles, and before the gold mania, its population was about 2500. The shire town of Kelso is near Bathurst, and its population was 500. There are many high hills in this district. The diggings are Cudgegong, Turon, Winburndale, and Fish River.

South of Bathurstshire is Georgianaland, chiefly watered by the Abercrombie river ruiiniiip; throuo-li it. On this river are the Tarshish diggings, Tuenna, the Sounding Rock, IMulgunnia, Copperhannia, Mountain Run Creek, and other diggings. There are likewise Pepper Creek, the Narrawa, and the Crook well.

South of Georgianaland is Argyleshire, the seat of some important gold mines. It contains 2000 square miles, and a population of 5000, with about 300,000 sheep. It consists of many ridges, with swelling hills and irregular plains, well watered. In its south are numerous lakes and lagoons, one of

which is Iake Bathurst. This lake is from three to five miles across, its size varying according to the mountain torrents which are poured into it. To the north of Lake Bathurst are Goulburn Plains, consisting of about sixty square miles, without a tree. Here is the town of Goulburn, 125 miles from Sydney, with 1200 inhabitants. Gold is found in the Mulwaree Ponds, and the district near Lake George.

Murray shire, another gold region, is south of Argvleshire, its area is 2200 square miles, with a population of 3000, having 25,000 cattle, and 300,000 sheep. Through Murrayshire runs the Gourock Range, at the foot of which is Lake George. This lake is 2000 feet above the sea, about sixteen miles wide, and seven broad, having on its west shore a steep range of hills. Near Lake George are the diggings at Carrawang Flat and Batmaroo. There are also the Yass, Molonglo, Queanbeyan, Morumbidgee, and Shoalhaven diggings.

In the neighbouring maritime shire of St. Vincent, is Braidwood, a point in the mining district, having about 200 inhabitants. The diggings are at Araluen, Budawang, Mount Ebrington, Mongarlo, and Shoalhaven. (Further south are the diggings on the Snowy River, for which see the Gazetteer.) The Inverpool dividing range rises in a north-east and south-west direction, until it joins the great north and southern mountain chain, and the waters flow from the crests of these hills in a north eastern and south western course. The most northerly of the New South AVales gold fields is upon the northern side of the range on the branches of the Gwydir, a confluent of tlie Darling. The formation is of slate, with quartz veins. The diggings at this locality speedily enriched the adventurers. The gold is found in lumps and coarse grains, is very little worn, and one hundred ounces have been obtained by a digger in one day. No doubt exists of gold deposits at the head of the streams and creeks over the whole of the intermediate area. Seventy miles south is the great Hanging Rock gold field. At various places between

35

Bundara and Hanging Rock, gold has been found lying upon the surface of the ground.

Hanging Rock digging, situated on the Peel river, has yielded large returns ; the creeks are found to be rich in auriferous deposits, and the country for many miles around presents the same indications. The Australian Agricultual Land Company have a large estate on this district, from which gold has been reported.

There are reports of gold on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, more particularly in several parts of the Hunter river — one of the chief rivers of the coast, flowing through the colliery districts to Maitland and Newcastle. Several of the heads of the Hunter rise close to those of the Macquarie. Gold is reported as low down as Maitland. It is likewise found in the Manning, Macleay, Clarence, Brisbane, and as far north as Wide Bay, in the Moreton Bay district.

In the province of Victoria, or Australia Felix, is the seat of the richest gold region in the world, nearer to Melbourne, the head town, than Bathurst is to Sydney. The whole range of the Australian Alps, 200 miles long, is supposed to afford sites for gold diggings.

Bourkeshire, in which Melbourne is seated, contains about 3000 square miles, and above 25,000 people. Melbourne, the capital, is the largest city in New Holland, next to Sydney. Here are Ballarat, or Buninyong, Clune's diggings, Deep Creek, and Plenty diggings. Adjoining Bourkeshire is Grantshire, in which is the flourishing town of Geelong, with many diggings, including the Leigh.

Dalhousieshire, north of Bourkeshire, includes many rich mining districts. Mount Alexander, or Bendigo, is a very rich digging, producing at the rate of 1,000,000 ounces per year, including Forest Creek, Fryer's Creek, Coliban, and Campaspe.

In Anglesey, gold has been found at King Parrot Creek, and elsewhere, on the Goulburn.

In Evelvnshire, gold has been found on the Varra.

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In Murray, the Rev. Mr. Clarke discovered diggings on the Mitta Mitta, and on the Murray.

In Howeshire, gold lias been discovered in the Genore.

The whole of the Snowy River Creeks in Com berm fresh ire contain gold. To the west, gold is found in the heads of the Hopkins river, and near Portland Bay.

The gold produce of Melbourne has been more plentiful than that of Sydney, and surpassing California.

The richest yield of gold in these districts is obtained from a stratum of blue clay, which is found at a depth of from two to nine feet. The deeper it is found, the more valuable is the deposit of gold.

In 1852, a gold field was found and worked at Echunga, 25 miles from Adelaide, and many gold fields exist within 60 miles of the city. Small portions of gold have been found at Pittwater and Avoca, in Van Dieman's Land.

§ 10. History Of The Australian Gold Regions.

The resemblance of the Australian formations to those of the Ural was first remarked by Sir Roderick Murchison, who was so strongly impressed with the fact, that he felt it his duty to allude to it, in the address which he delivered to the Royal Geographical Society, as President, in May 1844. In the subsequent year he specially addressed the Cornish Miners on the subject, and adverted* particularly to the discovery of gold near Bathurst, on the western flank of what he styled the great Australian Cordillera ; and he strongly urged the propriety of a strict geological investi gation, with the view of establishing gold workings. Colonel Helmersen, of St. Petersburgh, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, also well acquainted with the Ural gold works, expressed the same opinion. The views of Sir R. Murchison obtained great publicity in Australia; but it is to be regretted the English government is not in the habit of taking counsel from men of science, so that the opportunity

See also Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, 1845 ; and Transactions of British Association of Advancement of Science, 1849.

was lost, of taking all due and timely advantage of the discovery.

'Jhe Rev. W. B. Clarke also published letters, suggesting a theory of the gold deposits, in w'hich, following Sir Roderick Murchison, and taking the Russian deposits as a basis, he predicted gold deposits in California and Australia. He likewise points out the Equator as a great gold region ; and this, too, the best practical authorities confirm.

The government surveyors, under the direction of Sir Thomas Mitchell, in 1846, discovered gold deposits in the great dividing range in the north-east part of New South Wales, but the governor-general refused to allow the searches to be followed up, alleging that he had " no funds to devote to such a visionary purpose."

Mr. Francis Forbes, of Sydney, about two years ago, pub lished and circulated in New South Wales a paper, in which he affirmed in the strongest manner, on scientific data, the existence of gold formations in Australia. Mr. Forbes, not being listened to nor encouraged in his researches, went to California, where he died in 1850. About 1849, Mr. Smith tendered to the colonial secretary a piece of gold quartz, offering to disclose the site for a reward, which was refused.

Even the discoveries in California did not arouse the Australians to adequate researches, though reports were spread of wonderful discoveries in Victoria and South Australia, which were speedily discredited. It was reserved for a gentle- *man of New South Wales, Mr. Edward Hammond Flargraves, to make the definitive discoveries. He had acquired experience in California, and being struck with the resemblance between the Californian formations and those of New Holland, deter mined on a systematic search for gold, and on the 12th of February, 1851, he discovered the gold diggings in the Bathurst and Wellington districts, and ascertained the existence of gold sands in no less than twelve places.

The proceedings of Mr. Hargraves and of the government were spread about, and on the 1st of May of that year — on the day of the opening of the Great Exhibition, and six years after

Sir Roderick Murchison's Cornish address — it was made known in Sydney that great gold discoveries had been made in the interior, when a period of wild speculation immediately com menced. In the Bathurst district, active operations had already begun, and hundreds successfully proved the gold diggings. It is w'ell enough known that a Californian ex citement prevailed there, which it is unnecessary to detaiL In the beginning of June, the Governor-General made a grant of JP500 to Mr. Hargraves, and afterwards an appointment of <£350 a year ; and at the same time the " Sir Thomas Arbuthnot" sailed from Sydney for England, with £4000 worth of gold among her cargo, and the exports continue large. Subsequently the Rev. W. B. Clarke was employed in exploring, and new gold regions discovered to the north and south. These researches induced like exertions in Victoria, and towards the end of 1851, the great gold diggings of Ballarat and Bendigo were in full work.

§ 11. Canadian Gold Region.

In 1850, the discoveries of gold in La Chaudiere River, and the neighbouring brooks in Lower Canada, being confirmed, a company was formed, and in 1851 specimens of the stream gold were shown in the Great Exhibition by Mr. Logan, the Government geologist, and by the Chaudiere Mining Company. Subsequent researches have proved that this gold basin is of considerable extent, reaching into Maine, and yields auriferous quartz, and in the winter of 1852, rich and extensive gold deposits were discovered at the estate of the British American Land Company, in the district of Sherbrooke.

§ 12. Virginian Gold Region.

The eastern gold region of the United States is considered to begin in Virginia, extending all through North Carolina, along the northern part of South Carolina, and thence north westerly into Alabama, terminating in Tennessee. This dis trict has been long known, and consists chiefly of diggings, but which are supposed to be pretty well worked out, though

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very productive at times. The population of this district have long been marked as " gold hunters." A lump from a branch of the Rocky River weighed 281bs. The gold hunters here introduced the practice of making dust a currency. Quartz gold is found in Virginia, besides river gold. In con sequence of the productiveness of the Virginian region, two mints were set up in 1835, for the coinage of gold ; one at Charlotte, in North Carolina, and the other at Dahlonega, in Georgia.

The Virginian workings, which had been small, in 1830 reached $466,000, or about £*100, 000; and in 1843, $1,200,000, or a quarter of a million ; the whole up to that period being $10,000,000, or 2,000,000.

§ 13. Californian Gold Regions.

The existence of gold dust in New California was known at an early period ; having been found by Captain Shelvocke, one of the English privateers in Queen Anne's time.

Captain Shelvocke, it is to be observed, was quite forgotten ; though he affirmed that the black sands of the rivers yielded gold largely, and that the whole country abounded with gold. Nevertheless, gold workings had been carried on, though no attention was paid to the streams. In 1825, gold ore was worked by a Mexican, in a mine at St. Isidore, near St. Diego ; but, through the disturbed state of the country, Tittle was done. In 1840, a small thread of gold was wrought in the district of St. Barbara, but not to any extent. Before the annexation of California, a considerable English population had already flocked in, in connection with the events narrated above; but they were drawn only by the natural promise of the country for grazing and tillage, and by its convenient situation for extending Americo-English power and trade in the North Pacific, for which it has attracted attention from the time of Sir Francis Drake downwards. The re-discovery of the gold diggings took place by accident, and not as in the case of New Holland, from a determined investigation.

The discoverer was Mr. Marshall, who in September 1847 had contracted with Captain Sutter to build a saw-mill, near

some pine woods, on the American Fork, now a well-known feeder of the Sacramento river.

In the spring of 1848, the saw-mill was nearly ready, the dam and race being constructed ; but when the water was set on the wheel, the tail-race was found too narrow to let the water through quick enough. Mr. Marshall, to save work, let the water right into the race with a strong stream, so as to sweep the race wider and deeper. This he did, and a great bank of gravel and mud was driven to the foot of the race. One day, Mr. Marshall, on walking down the race to this bank, saw some glittering bits on the upper edge, and having gathered a few, examined them, and conjectured their value. He went down to Sutter's Fort, and told the captain ; and they agreed to keep it a secret until a certain grist-mill of the captain's was finished. The news got about, however ; a cunning Yankee carpenter having followed them in their visit to the mill-race, and found out the gold scales.

Forthwith the news spread. The first workmen were lucky, and in a few weeks some gold was sent down to San Francisco, and speedily the town was emptied of people. In three months there were four thousand men at the diggings, Indians having been hired, eighty soldiers deserted from the American posts, and runaways getting up from the ships in the harbour. Such ships as got away carried news to Europe and the States, and by the beginning of 1849 both sides of the Atlantic were in agitation. The subsequent growth of San Francisco and Sacramento, the wonderful shipments of gold dust, the establishment of California as a state of the Union, the founding of Utah as another state by the Mormons, the extension of Oregon, the impulse given to Nebraska, the throwing open of the Panama route to traffic, and the Nicaragua lake and river to navigation, and the development of the semi-English states of Hawaii and Mosquitia, are facts as familiar as household words. The red cross of St. George and the stripes and stars are now marking out a new empire for us on the Pacific, and the day is not perhaps so far off*, when we shall be able to put forward as stronghanded a claim to the lordship of the great ocean as of the narrow seas.

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The gold diggings of New or Upper California now embrace the whole basin of the Sacramento, which consists of a great northern and southern river, each flowing among the mountains, and discharging its waters through a westerly channel into the Bay of San Francisco. These two streams have many small brooks or feeders in the mountain gorges and steep dales, and all, so far as is yet known, yielding gold.

The geological formation of the country belongs to the primary series, and the chief rocks are granite and quartz. In so far the resemblance in general between California and the other gold yielding countries is complete; but whereas, in most other cases gold mining is unproductive, the veins when found, however widely spread about, and however much they may hold as a whole, being unproductive for working in detail, yet, in California the rocks are ascertained to be a fertile source of metal. It is peculiar to California, that the process of quartz-crushing has been introduced and carried out on a large scale ; and it has this advantage, that as it requires large and expensive machinery, capitalists can take part in it, though the limit of their profits is necessarily the tribute or portion at which the miner will supply the quartz rock, unless as in the case of the great companies, the quartz belong to the proprietors, when the profits made are enormous, and almost beyond belief. The success of these quartz operations has turned the attention of gold-finders in another direction, and now, where gold-stream works are discovered, researches are likewise made for gold-bearing rocks in the neighbourhood.

Some of the chief quartz workings are in Nevada and Mariposa counties, but the best known are on the rancho, or large estate bought by Colonel Fremont from Alvarado, the Mexican governor. They are those of Mariposa, Agua Fria, and Nouveau Monde. Some of the quartz has been assayed for in the ton of rock. A Mariposa specimen was in the Great Exhibition.

It may be observed here, that large deposits have been found in the neighbouring English settlement of Vancouver's

Island, and also upon Queen Charlotte's Island. In Oregon, in Utah, and all the countries bordering on California, gold is found.

14. Southern American Gold Regions.

The west coast of America is, perhaps, the region having the greatest number of gold deposits, whatever may be the most productive district, a fact which experience alone will settle. At any rate, between 20° to 45° north lat., gold is found everywhere, so far as has been tried in the valleys and ravines, and indeed over many regions of the south the same remark holds good. In Ecuador, in Bolivia, at Carabaya and other places in Peru, great gold deposits have been recognised.

The grand chain running from south to north, through the mainland of America, and which may be designated the Great Cordillera, belongs, so far as is known, chiefly to the primary formations. This immense extent includes several gold regions, which may be thus classified : New California, the Peninsula of Old California, Mexico, Central America, New Granada, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. These, as yet, have yielded to the world the largest supplies of gold.'

New or High California is separately described. Of Old California but little is known ; still the same geological formations are continued through it, and gold has been recog nised. Some believe that gold is more abundant than in the other California. At Moleje there are gold workings.

Mexico and Central America may be considered together. In the north we have the rich gold region of Sonora, the workings of which are given up since the inroads of the Indians. These districts are traversed by a chain of moun tains, in a line due north, forming part of the great back-bone of the Cordilleras, and which sends out a great number of steep spurs, running in a north-east and south-west direction, and forming deep ravines or high table lands, as may be seen on the Great Model of the Earth. The plains, or "llanos,"

Wyld's Topular Atlas.

at the base of these Rocky Mountains, are coinposeti of lime stone, overlying granite; but in lower latitudes they are superstratified with serpentine and greenstone trap. In the Sierra Nevada, another part of the chains, tlie rocks are com posed of granite, quartz, porous trap, or basalt. The granite of that region is composed of white quartz, felspar, and black mica, and like all the others is gold bearing. These granites being likewise of a granular and loose structure, readily un dergo decomposition. Some of the peaks under the line are of perpetual snow, and generally the lower levels are at such an elevation that during a great part of the year they have a thick coating of snow, which exercises an action on the granite. At the time of thaw, and in the rainy season, lasting from November to March, floods of water sweep from the mountain tops, and along their sides, through the deep gullies and ravines, into the valley, carrying with them the worn rock and the broken gold veins, with which the lower basins are yearly flooded.

Sonora and Sinaloa, in North Mexico may be considered as closely connected with California, lying in the Californian Gulf. Many mines are known there, though the working is now interrupted by the Indians and the French adventurers, but a strong body of Americo-English having gone there, they may be soon taken up again. Among the mines known are Triarte, Rosario, Corala, Alamos, Hermosillo, and Guadalupe y Calvo. It is said that in 18B9 as much gold and silver was assayed in the government establishments of Hermosillo as was worth <£400, 000. The gold work ings of Quitovac and Sonitac, to the north of Arispe, were discovered in 1836, and for three years yielded <£700 worth of gold daily. Catorce is likewise rich in gold. In Guanaxuato, in the last century, 1,000 lbs. of gold were yearly coined, but in this 300 only. In this province, where the veins are worked principally for silver, the ores are frequently found to be very rich in gold, which is separated in the grinding process by putting quicksilver with those into the arrastres, or grinding mills, thus producing a mechanical

amalgamation of the gold with the quicksilver, which amalgam ation is afterwards separated by washing. This process will probably be applied in California and Australia with good effect.

The production of gold in Mexico in 1844 and 1845, was about $1,300,000 yearly, but in what proportions obtained is not known.

In Central America gold is worked at Del Aquacato, in Costa Rica, and elsewhere. In 1823, the yield was 721bs. ; 1824, 2631bs. ; and 1825, 2601bs.

The Isthmus of Central America, from the Bay of Chiriqui to the Gulf of Darien, is a great gold field. The names of Costa Rica and Castilla del Oro, given to portions of the country by the first settlers, show the localities from which they collected gold. From the imperfect manner in which the accounts were kept of the gold produce of these districts, under the Spanish rule, no accurate result can be obtained; but from the royalties paid to the provincial govern ments, it may be assumed that, up to the year 1804, the yearly product of gold was at least one million sterling. The mines of Mineral de Veraguas, of Estrella, in Chiriqui, and of Cuna, in Darien, were .amongst the most celebrated. The sands of the beach of Panama, and the country around the city, contain particles of gold ; and when the railway across the Isthmus, and the ship canal of Darien, shall be completed, this country may again yield its mineral treasures of gold, iron and copper, to the untiring energy of an Anglo-Saxon population.

In New Granada gold is found in the Central and Western Ancles. In the basin of the Rio Cauca are river washings, and sold is to be had in the Rio Atrato, Rio Zulia, and Rio Hacha. In the mountains of Antioquia it is obtained by mineral washings ; the yield is about d'500,000 yearly. The English mines in Columbia have, however, been much mismanaged, and large capitals have been lost there.

The gold coinage of the mint of Bogota, in New Granada, is as follows : —

1810 ...

81,004,969

1818 ...

8837,494

1811 ...

1,017,753

1819 ...

785,342

1812 ...

943,573

1820 ...

1 ,207,459

1813 ...

1,146,552

1821 ...

1,293,432

1814 ...

- 1,110,507

1822 ...

1,037,007

1815 ...

1,062,650

1823 ...

759,366

1816 ...

761,220

1824 ...

576,496

1817 ...

1,034,102

573,609

The gold

coinage of Popayan in Ecuador is

as follows: —

1810 ...

#886,056

1819 ...

i;566,722

1816 ...

236,909

1823 ...

495,848

1817 ...

703,372

1824 ...

840,563

1818 ...

779,362

1825 ...

742,978

In most of the rivers of the west coast of South America and in the Cordilleras, gold is found. In Peru, gold is found in Pataz, Huailas, Ciirimayo, near Caxamarca, and Carabaya, and the average yield is cP100,000 yearly. The neighbouring country of Bolivia yields dPGO.OOO.

There are many gold mines in Chile, but silver and copper mining are preferred. In the Great Exhibition there was a lump of gold ore, weighing 3 cwt. The average yearly produce fell to dP 160,000, but was formerly dP400,000.

The amount of gold coined in the Valparaiso mint for the six months of this year, including July, is 7425 Spanish lbs., valued at dP448,000.

The basin of the Amazons has as yet been little explored, but the steam-boat will soon plough its waters, and it may be that the dreams of our fathers shall be realized, and this prove the mightiest regions of gold-

§ 15. Brazil Gold.

Gold is chiefly obtained from river washings in the Minas Geraes and Matto Grosso. In the former province, it is carried on by the Imperial Brazilian and St. John del Key Mining Companies, being obtained partly from rock ore, but chiefly from river washings. It is found scattered in grains in several primitive rocks. The chief time of working, is when the gold streams overflow their banks. A man takes his at the

edge of tlie river, and begins to open a trench with a small hoe. In this trench the water is allowed to stand through the day, being poured off* at night. The sediment, called " cascalho," is further washed, to obtain the ore. The gold mines are chiefly near St. John del Rey and Villa Rica. In Matto Grosso the chief gold workings are at Cuyaba and Jacobina, in the south-west. The yield has been estimated at 17,000 lbs. yearly, but in the last century the average yearly value was nearly c'SOOjOOO.

The produce of the quintos or fifth of the gold from Minas Geraes, in the Brazils, gives the following yearly average : — .

1752 to 1757 1758 to 1765 1766 to 1771 1772 to 1777

1778 to 1788

1784 to 1789 1790 to 1795

Quintos. lbs. Portuguese.

3,513

3,263

2,735

2,397

2,945

1,465

1,433

Yearly Total of Produce, lbs. Portuguese.

17,565

16,315

13,175

11,985

7,325

7,165

From Paraguay, a lump of gold was obtained weighing 501bs.

§ 16. Gold In Africa.

In the north of Africa, gold is found in the sands near the town of Tripoli, and, indeed, throughout the Regency. Near the town, the sands of the sea shore contain small quantities of gold, which are sifted. The people gather it up in hand fuls, put it into a wooden bowl, and wash it with several waters, till the gold is left at the bottom. Gold is found like wise near the Fezzan border.

In Morocco, in the neighbourhood of Tarudant, there is said to be gold mines in the hills, but they are not worked. In South Morocco, near a place called Shiebon, is a glen of alluvial soil, in which much gold is found, both in dust and lumps, which is gathered into ostrich or vulture quills. At Luca likewise gold is wrought.

The chief gold mines belonging to the Pasha of Egypt are in Kordofan, on the Fazangoro. In Abyssinia a little gold is found in the rivers.

Others in North Africa are in the mountains of Mandara

at Bourra on the Wassolo, in alluvial earth, and at Bambouk on the Wankaral. Of these, the yearly produce is reckoned at 5000 lbs.

The interior of Africa has long been known for producing large quantities of gold dust ; but the geography is too little known to enable the sites of production to be identified.

In Foota Jalloo, on the west border, is a gold mine, in the country of Malee ; and in Bambarra is likewise a gold mine.

The whole yearly yield of gold from Africa is perhaps ,£500,000.

Of all the African mines, the Bambouk mines are, however, supposed to be the richest. They are about thirty miles south of the Senegal river ; and the inhabitants are chiefly occupied in gold washing during the eight months of dry weather. About two miles from Natakou is a small round-topped hill, about 300 feet high, the whole of which is an alluvial formation of sand and pulverized emery, with grains of iron ore and gold, in lumps, grains and scales. This hill is worked throughout ; and it is said the richest lumps are found deepest. There are 1200 pits or workings, some forty feet deep — but mere holes, unplanned. This basin includes at least 500 square miles. Forty miles north, at the foot of the Tabwara mountains, are the mines of Semayla, in a hill. This is of quartz slate ; and the gold is got by pounding the rock in large mortars. In the river Semayla are alluvial deposits containing emery, impreg nated with gold. The earth is washed by the women, in calabashes. The mine of Nambia is in another part of the Tabwara mountains, in a hillock, worked in pits. The whole gold district of Bambouk is supposed to extend over 10,000 square miles.

Close to the Ashantee country is that of the Bunkatoos, who have rich gold workings, in pits, at Bukanti and Kentosoe.

Ill Natal, gold was discovered in 1852 on the Mooi river, and an expedition sent out to find the gold regions, from which the Portuguese at Delagoa Bay formerly obtained such large supplies. The Great Karroo, in South Africa, is a district to which research may usefully extend.

A G A Z K T T K K R

Of Thr

Gold Regions Of Austraga,

Including

NEW SOUTH WALES, MORETON BAY, VICTORIA, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, & VAN DIEMAN'S LAND.

Thk accompanying Gazetteer includes tlie names of above 500 gold diggings, topographically described, of which only 150 have appeared in any other work. These, even, have not been so fully described before : this list forms, therefore, a considerable accession to the geography of Australia. The authorities employed are the reports of Sir Thomas L. Mitchell, Surveyor-General of New South Wales; Mr. Stutchbury, Government Geologist; the Rev. W. B. Clarke, and Mr. Hargraves, Special Commissioners of Enquiry, the gold circulars, the Sydney daily, and other Australian newspapers ; Wells' Geographical Dictionai'y, Wyld's Maps of Australia, and much private information. The counties are in each case indicated (many of which have only lately been laid down), so that the locality can be ascertained on the maps.

ABERCROMBIE DIGGINGS, in New South Wales, on the Abercrombie river. A large river, which rises on Mount Werong, and flows through Georgianashire, forming the head of the Lachlan. The digging town, or encampment, on this river is named Tarshish, SO miles south-east from Carcoar, 17 miles from Mulgunnie, 50 from Bathurst, and 70 from Goulburn. The chief diggings are those on the head stream of the Abercrombie, the Tuena, the Crook well, Carcoar, Belabula, the Little Bread creek. Brown's creek, Burrangylog, or Grove creek, Isabella river, Copperhania creek, and Mulgunnia creek.

ADELAIDE HILL, a digging near Forest Creek, in Victoria, adjoining Bendigo. This is a rich digging next the Red Hill and the White Hill, and in a narrow gully opposite is the Forest creek diggers' cemetery.

ALBURY is in Murumbidgee district, New South Wales, on the borders of Victoria, and is a town with petty sessions, on the Murray, 286 miles from Sidney. The diggings are on the Mitta Mitta river, just above Albury, at Bungambrewatah ; and on the river Murray, five miles from Albury, gold is found in the alluvium of the river. The Albury diggings was discovered by Mr. Heavers in 1852.

ALEXANDER, MOUNT, Mount Alexander.

ALLYN, a river in Durhamshire, New South Wales, which flows into the Paterson.

ANAKIE, or ANUKIE HIIXS, in Grantshire, Victoria, near the Little river, SO miles north of Geelong. Gold was discovered in the end of 1851.

AMERICAN GULLY is a gold working five miles north of Bendigo, in slate, with white quartz boulders.

ANDERSON'S CREEK is a creek of the Yarra, to the east of Melbourne, in Evelynshire, Victoria.

APSIiEY, a river of Vernonshire, New Soulh Wales, flowing into the Macleay. Gold is found in the Walcha.

ARALUEN DIGGINGS, discovered August 1851, are on the Aral lien, New South Wales, a remarkably dee}) gully, near Major's Creek, and a tributary of the Duah, or Broulee, Mounyas, in St. Vincentshire, New South Wales, 180 miles from Sydney, 88 miles from Goulburn, 16 miles south-east from Braid wood, and not far from the sea coast. Three hundred diggers have been employed here. The banks are black soil to the depth of six inches, with substrata of clay and sand, intermixed with particles of quartz. There are deep workings for gold. To these diggings belong Major s Creek, Bell's Creek, Mount Ebrington, Arnprior, and Boro Flat. They are sometimes called Braid wood diggings.

ARNPRIOR is in St. Vincentshire, New' South AVales, on the Shoalhaven river, about 150 miles from Sydney, and ten miles from Braidwood. Gold has been found here.

AVISFORD DIGGINGS, in New South AVales, include Meroo and Louisa Creeks. These diggings remitted 913 ounces by one escort. Avisford is on Meroo creek, in Wellingtonshire.

AVOCA is a river of Victoria, between the Wimmera and Western Port districts, on which gold was found many years ago. It is near Bendigo.

AVOCA, a district of Cornwall, Van Diemen's Land, in which gold was found in 1851.

BADULDURRAI, a creek of the river Bell, AVellingtonshire. New South Wales, in which gold has been reported by Sir T. L. Mitchell.

BALD HILL, a digging near the Macquarie. In 1852, three men got 20 ounces in one day. This is one of the three first diggings discovered in Grantshire.

BALLARAT, one of the great diggings in Victoria, was dis covered by a blacksmith named Hiscocks. Another name for these diggings is Buninyong. They are 45 miles from Geelong, and 68 from Melbourne. Gold is found for 30 miles around. The richest yield is in a stratum of blue clay, at a depth of from two to nine feet, and chiefly on sloping banks, the strata being there thickest. Auriferous quartz is found. In some of the holes they work through tlie |)i|)ecl!iy.

and underlying quartz when they come upon a layer of gold, extending continuously, instead of as above the pipeclay in pockets. These diggings were discovered in August 1851, and in November produced 2,000 ounces per week, and later, 10,000 ounces. One young man got c£'l,000 in one week. The diggings include Buninyong Gully and Black Hill.

BANGALORE, a creek of Argyleshire, New South Wales, see Carawang and Terrago.

BARNETT, a river on the east side of the dividing range, near the Hunter river, in New South Wales, in which gold has been discovered.

.BARKER'S CREEK, a branch of the river Loddon, in Victoria, adjoining Forest Creek, and five or six miles north, mostly used for camping ground by the Forest Creek diggers.

BARRABA, a station in Liverpool Plains district. New South Wales, on Manilla river, 35 miles from Tamworth. Gold has been discovered.

BARWON, a river of Grantshire, Victoria. Gold has been found at Geelong, and in the Leigh.

BATES' CREEK, a digging near Araluen, which is worked.

BATESFORD, a place in Grantshire, Victoria, near Geelong, in which gold has been found and worked.

BATHURST, a county town in Bathurstshire, New South Wales, and a great gold digging town, 121 miles by road from Sydney, on the banks of the river Macquarie. Gold has been found in the streets of the town, and in January 1852 in the sand of a watercourse. The gold is coarse and nuggetty, found in stiff red clay, abounding with small pebbly pieces of quartz. The whole surface of Bathurst plains is composed of quartz. The land here is 2,310 feet above the level of the sea.

BATMAROO, see Butmaroo.

BELL'S CREEK is in the Araluen district, and sliire of St. Vincent, New South Wales. It is a digging well worked. Gold is found near the surface, and also in deep diggings. The gold is bright ; and 250 licences were issued in one month. n

BELL'S GULI.Y, on Bell's Creek.

BELL'S POINT, on Bell's Creek.

BELL'S RIVER, in Wellingtonshire, New South Wales, runs into the Macquarie at Wellington. 'J'he upper part is called the Molong, and the lower the Smith. Gold was reported by Sir T. L. Mitchell on the Baduldurrai Creek, and the Nubriggen, and it is worked at Summerhill, Molong, and Boreenore.

BELUBULA, a river of Bathurstshire, New South Wales, flowing into the river Lachlan, in which gold was found in May 1851, and also in Coombing Creek.

BENDIGO, one of the great diggings in Stanleyshire, Victoria. It is a creek 30 miles from Forest Creek, and to the east of Forest Creek, running from Mount Alexander. The rock is white quartz and slate. At one time there were 30,000 diggers in this field.

BENDEE, a place on Maharatta creek, in the Menaroo district, or Wellesley shire, where gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke in February 1852, about 60 miles from Twofold Bay or Boydtown.

BENDOC, or BENDOCK, a river on the borders of Victoria and New South Wales, flowing into the Delegate. Here is a digging discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke in 1852, and which has been worked. Gold is found in an alluvium of slate and quartz.

BEREDPO, a creek of the Murumbidgee, on which gold has been found.

BERRIMA, a river of New South Wales in Maneroo, on the west side, near Murrayshire, among the Australian Alps, in which gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke in December 1851, in slate and quartz shingle, lying in granite.

BERRAGON, a creek of tlie IMeroo.

BIG, or GWYDIR RIVER, a river of Liverpool Plains, New South Wales, joining the Karaula, in which gold has been found. See Gwydir river.

BILLABONG RANGE, in Wellington district. New South Wales, between the Lachlan and Bogan rivers. Gold has been found here.

BINGARA, a station on Liverpool Plains, 70 miles north of Tamworth, New South Wales, on the Carangoura creek of the Gwydir river. Sixteen men were at one time at work here for gold. A nugget of 5|- oz. was found here.

BLACK HILL, a digging worked at Ballarat, Victoria, which has yielded from one to four ounces per man per day. Gold quartz is found here, the rock being trap and slate, intermingled with quartz.

BLACK SWAMP, a digging worked near Carrawang, Argyleshire, New South Wales, which has been productive.

BLACKNESS, or BLAKENESS CREEK, a digging in New South Wales, 14 miles from Yass. The rock is quartz, granite, slate and sand.

BLACKMAN'S SWAMPS, or the Summerhill Creek, near Ophir.

BLOODY GULLY, a digging near Bendigo, Stanleyshire, Victoria, about five miles north. Gold found in slate, and white quartz boulders.

BOBUNDERA, a creek in Wellesleyshire, New South Wales, in Menaroo district, flowing into the Snowy River on the east side of the coast range, where gold has been found.

BOGOLONG, a creek in Cowleyshire, New South Wales, where gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke.

BONDI, a station on the Jenore river, in Menaroo district, New South Wales, 50 miles from Boyd Town, where gold was found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke in February 1852.

BOMBALO, a river in Wellesleyshire, New' South Wales, flowing into the Delegat.

BOREENORE, see Teatree Creek.

BORO FLAT, a digging on Boro Creek, of the Shoalhaven in Argyleshire, New South Wales, 145 miles from Sydney.

BRAIDWOOD, a mining tow n in St. Vincentshire, New' South Wales, 164 miles from Sydney, and 72 from Goulburn. The diggings in this district are Araluen, 15 miles to the south ; to the north, Shoalhaven ; to the east, Mongarlow or Budawang ; and on the Little river, 12 miles distant. This district produced <F100,000 in the first year.

BREAD CREEK, EITTLE, a feeder of the Abercrombie river, Georgianashire, New South Wales, in which gold has been worked.

BREADALBANE PLAINS, in Argyleshire, New South Wales, gold is found near Terago Lake and Carawang Plat.

BRIGHT'S POINT, a place in Tuenna Creek, New South Wales, where gold has been worked.

BRINDABELLA, a place on the Coodradigbee river, in Cowley shire, New South Wales, where gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke in 1852.

BRISBANE, a river in New South Wales, emptying into Moreton Bay, and on which gold is reported at Stanley Creek, in Canningshire.

BROGO, a river of Aucklandshire, New South Wales, on which gold has been discovered at Robinson's Hole, and which runs to the sea at Barmouth harbour.

BROOKS'S CREEK, a creek in Murrayshire, New South Wales, flowing from the range dividing Yass river from Lake George, and in which gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke in 1852.

BROULEE MOUNYAS, or DEUA, a river of Broulee district. New South Wales, into which the Araluen Creek discharges.

BROWN'S CREEK, a river of New South Wales, running towards the Abercrombie, in which gold has been discovered, as also in Mountain Run Creek.

BROWN HILLS DIGGINGS at Ballarat, Victoria, where. deep shafts have been sunk, and a long gallery has been run. The gold is very fine, but in great quantities, embedded in flakes, or laminae of earth.

BRUCEDALE, a place in Pine Ridge, eight miles from Bathurst, in which gold has been found, and lead worked in granite.

BROWN'S RUN, a digging worked at Ballarat in Victoria.

BUD A WANG, a mountain of New South Wales, in St. Vincentshire, in the range dividing the Shoalhayen waters from those that flow into the sea. It is 170 miles from

Sydney, and 12 east from Braid wood. The diggings are on the Mongarlo river.

BUDDLE, a river of New South Wales, a branch of the Gwydir.

BULLOCK CREEK, a creek about eight miles from Bendigo, in Victoria, where gold is dug.

BUNDARA, a creek in Inglisshire, New South Wales, flowing towards the Muluerindi, and to the Peel, where gold has been found.

BUNGAMBREWATAH, a place four miles from Albury, near the Mitta Mitta river, on which gold has been discovered and worked.

BUNGONIA, a township on a creek in Argyleshire, New South Wales, 25 miles from Sydney, running into the Shoalhaven. Gold was found in the Shoalhaven in September 1851, and at Shelley's Flat. The metal is found with emery and sand. These diggings are sometimes called the Shoalhaven diggings.

BUNIN YONG, a mountain in Grantshire, Victoria, 50 miles from Geelong, and 70 from Melbourne, giving name to the diggings better known as Ballarat. This is a lofty volcanic hill, 2,000 feet high, and the centre of the neighbouring mountain ranges. Deep rocky gullies branch from it.

BUNINYONG GULLY, a gully on the above mountains.

BURNBANK, or CLUNES, a digging in Talbotshire, Victoria, 75 miles north-west from Geelong.

BURRANDONG, a place in Wellingtonshire, New South Wales, near the confluence of the Cudgegong and Macquarie rivers, where gold has been discovered and worked.

BURRANGYLONG, see Grove Creek.

BURWANG, see Ovens.

BUTMAROO, or BUTMAROE, a creek in New South Wales, in Murray shire, flowing into Lake George, where gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1852, near Currandoola.

BYNG MOUNT, see Mount Byng.

BYRNE'S CREEK is a locality rc[)orted by Sir Thomas

u

L. Mitchell as bearing gold. It is a river Howing towards the Macquarie.

BYWONG, a mountain of Murravshire, in New South Wales, west of Lake George. Gold has been found in this neighbourhood, near the head of the Yass river, and in various places.

CALIFORNIA GULLY, a digging near Bendigo, about five miles north, in slate, with white quartz boulders.

CALKIN, on the Maharatta Creek, in Menaroo district. New South Wales, about 60 miles from Twofold Bay. Gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in February 1852.

CAM BELONG, or CAIVIbALONG, a creek of the Delegat river, 75 miles from Boydtown, or Twofold Bay, in Wellesleyshire, New South Wales, where gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in February 1852. The rock is slate, traversed by quartz and trap.

CAMPBELL'S CREEK is in Bathurstshire and West-' moreland, New South Wales, running towards the Macquarie and across the O'Connell Plains, east of Carcoar. Gold was discovered here in 1851, by the Rev. Mr. Walker. The digging town at this place is called Havilah. Gold is found likewise in Slaty Creek, Davis Creek, Sewell's Creek, Gilmandyke Creek, Pepper Creek, and Stony Creek.

CANGI, a creek in Inglisshire, New South Wales, running into the Macdonald river, which is a feeder of the Cockburn liver, also of the Peel. Gold was discovered here in Sep tember 1852.

CANN'S PLAINS, a station of the Australian Agricultural Company, near Hanging rock, on which gold has been worked in a quartz ridge.

CANOBOLUS, CANOBLAS, or COxNOBOLUS, a mountain on the borders of Bathurstshire and Wellingtonshire. New South Wales, about 12 miles from Buree, and 4461 feet high. From it rise the Molong and other gold creeks.

CANOWINDRA, a place near the Molong river, in AVcllingtonshirc, New South IVales.

CAPABELLA CREEK, in Cowleyshire, New South AVales, 520 miles from Yass, where gold was discovered in 1852, near Bogolong, by the Rev. W. B. Clarke.

CARANGOURA, see Courangoura.

CARCOAR, a town in Bathurstshire, New South Wales, on the Belubula river, 144 miles from Sydney, where gold was found in May 1851.

CARLISLE'S CREEK is in the neighbourhood of ]Macdonald's river, Inglisshire. Gold was found there in Sep tember 1852.

CARLTON, a river in Pembrokeshire, Van Diemen's Land, where gold was found in 1852, at Pittwater.

CARAWANG FLAT, a place in Argyleshire, New South Wales, to the north of Lake George, near the Bangalore creek, a feeder of the Mulwaree Ponds, where rich diggings have been found. On Mr. Cooper's estate the gold is coarse. There are diggings on a little flat between Mr. Badgery's station and the waterfall.

CAUDINE, a creek iiear the Turon, on which there are good diffffinffs.

o OO O

CIRCUS POINT, a digging near New Zealand Point, on the Lower Wallaby. These are dry diggings.

CLARENCE RIVER, a river in a district of the same name, emptying into the sea at Shoal Bay, where gold has been found, at Clowd's creek.

CLEAR CREEK, a creek of Winbiirndale, Roxburghshire.

CLOWD'S CREEK, a creek of Clarence river, where gold has been found.

CLUNES, on the Deep Creek, a branch of the Loddon river, in Talbotshire, Victoria. This was the digsinfir first discovered in this province, in August 1851. Gold was first found in an alluvium of decomposed quartz rock. Gold is likewise found in quartz veins or dykes. It is 7o miles north west from Geelong'.

COCK BURN, a river of New South Wales, in Inglisshire, which flows into the river Peel, near Tamworth. The rock is trap and quartz. Gold was found here by 'Mr. Hargi'caves,

in March 1852. Gold has been found in the Macdonald river, near the Cockburn.

COGHILL'S CREEK, a gold working at Ballarat, in Victoria.

COLE MOUNT, Mount Cole.

COLIBAN, a river of Victoria, in Western Port district, which is a branch of the Campaspe, 15 miles from Forest Creek, where gold diggings have been found.

CONDAMINE, a river flowing into the Darling, New South Wales. Gold is found in Rocky Creek.

CONO BOLUS, see Canobolus.

COODRADIGBEE, a river of Cowleyshire, New South Wales, flowing into the Murrumbidgee, in which gold was found at Brindabella by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1852.

COOMBING CREEK is in Bathurstshire, New South Wales, and falls into the Belubula river. It was one of the first gold discoveries in New South Wales, in May 1851.

COPPERHANIA CREEK, a creek of the Abercrombie, in Georgianashire, New South Wales, in which rich diggings have been worked, also at its source at Limestone Hut.

COURONGOURA, or CARANGOURA CREEK, run ning into the Gwydir, or Big river, is in Liverpool Plains district. Gold was reported by Sir T. L Mitchell, and has been found at Bingara.

COVEN, a creek in Kingshire, near Sunning, in which gold was found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1852.

COWARA, a creek running into the Murrumbidgee river in which gold has been found.

CRANEY, a river in Brisbaneshire, New South Wales, near the Isis, where gold has been worked.

CRES WICK'S CREEK, a creek at Ballarat, in Victoria, where gold has been worked.

CROKER, a branch of Apsley river, in Hawesshire, New South Wales.

CROOKWELL, a river in New South Wales, in which gold has been found. It flows between Georgianashire and Kingshire, and joins the Narrawa.

o

CllUDINO, a creek in the Turon district, in which gold has been discovered.

CUDGEGONG CREEK, in New South Wales, flowing between Wellingtonshire and Roxburghshire, into the Cudgegong river, where gold was reported by Sir Thomas L. Mitchell.

CUDGEGONG RIVER flows between AVellington shire and Roxburghshire, Philipshire and Blighshire, into the Macquarie at Burrandong, where gold has been discovered and worked ; and likewise at Mudgee, as well as in the Louisa, Lawson's and Meroo Creeks.

CULLARIN, a range of mountains between Kingshire and Argyleshire, in which rise the gold creeks of the Gunning, Narrawa and Wolondilly.

CUNNINGHAM'S CREEK divides Roxburghshire and Wellingtonshire, in New South Wales, and flows into the Turon river. Gold has been found here.

CURRAGURRA, or CURRUNGARAH, a creek in Wellingtonshire, flowing into the Macquarie, where gold has been reported by Sir T. L. Mitchell.

CURRANDOOLA, or CURRADULLA, a creek in Argyleshire, New South Wales, 130 miles from Sydney, where gold has been discovered at Butmaroo.

DAISY HILL, a digging at Pyrenees, near Mount Cole, in Victoria.

DANDENONG, a mountain 2180 feet high, giving name to a range in Evelynshire, Victoria, near the Yarra, 40 miles east of Melbourne, and reported as auriferous. A creek of the same name runs down to Port Philip.

DAVIS, or REDFERN'S CREEK, a creek of Campbell's river, 25 miles south of Bathurst, New South Wales, and six miles east of Gilmandyke, in which there are good diggings. Slaty Creek is a gold creek of Davis Creek.

DEAD MAN'S CREEK, a creek of the Yass river. New South Wales, near Lake George, in which gold \vas discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1852.

DEEP BANK, a digging at Sheep Station Point, Turon, which, see

o

DEEP CREEK, a creek of the Turon, in Roxburghshire, New South Wales, worked for gold.

DEEP CREEK, a creek in Rourkeshire, Victoria, rising in the High Timbered range, and flowing towards Melbourne. This was one of the earliest discoveries. Gold was found in August 1851, 16 miles from Melbourne, in slate rock.

DEEP CREEK, a creek of the Loddon, in Talbotshire, Victoria, rising in l.ava Hills, south of Ballarat, 75 miles north-west of Geelong, in which are the Clunes diggings.

DELEGAT, a river 74 miles west of Boydtown, in Wellesley shire, on the borders of New South Wales, Victoria, in which gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in February 1852, and in which it has been worked. Gold is found in an alluvium of slate and quartz, overlying schistose, and covered by very fine sand. It is found also in Slaughterhouse Creek, in the Bombalo, and at Quedong, near the junction of the Delegat with the Snowy river.

DERWENT HILL, on the Bendoc, a hill of the Mount Alexander range, Victoria, in which gold has been worked at a depth of 40 feet.

DEUA, see Duah.

DEVIL'S HOLE, a digging of the Turon, which, see , DEVIL'S RIVER, a river of Victoria, in which gold was found and worked in 1852.

DILIGANEA, a creek running into the Jenore, on the borders of Aucklandshire, New South AVales, and Howesliire, Victoria, in which gold was found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in February 1852.

DIRT HOLE CREEK, a digging near the Upper Wallaba, in New South Wales, where, in February 1852, nearly 1,000 diggers were making good earnings.

DISAPPOINTMENT MOUNT, a mountain in Bourkeshire, and near Anglesey, Victoria, 40 miles north of Melbourne, at the head of the Plenty Creek, Kilmore Creek, and Kinjr Parrot Creek. It is a dark rocky mass, covered with high timber, and thick vine scrub. As early as 1847 it was reported that gold was found, both in ore and sand, and

At the eiul of 1852 the

very likely was secretly worked, workings on the Plenty were began.

DONKEY GULLY, a digging at Forest Creek, Victoria, where a nuffset of 22 lbs. weight was found.

DUBBO, a station and seat of petty sessions on the Macquarie, in Lincolnshire, New South Wales, where gold has been found. It is 28 miles west from Montefiore.

DU AH or DEUA, a river rising in Dampiershire, New South Wales, and flowing by the borders of St. Vincentshire into the Moruya Estuary, and so to the sea at Moruya Bay. On it are the Araluen diggings. It is about 200 miles south of Sydney, and 50 south-west of Braidwood.

EAGLE BEAGLE, a creek of Wellingtonshire, New South Wales, in which gold is reported by Sir T. L. Mitchell, at Benada.

EAGLE HAWK GULLY, a digging near Bendigo, Victoria, about six miles north-west. The gold is found in slate and white quartz boulders.

EBBINGTON MOUNT, see Mount Ebrington.

ECHUNGA, a river in Adelaideshire, South Australia, in which gold was found in 1852.

EMU CREEK, a creek of the Summerhill river, Bathurstshire. New South Wales, about 165 miles from Sydney, in which gold was early discovered.

EMU CREEK, a creek adjoining Bendigo, on which there are diggings.

ENGLAND, see New England.

EUCUMBENE, a river flowing into the Snowy river, 204 miles from Sydney, in Wallaceshire, New South Wales. Gold is found in this river, in the Bombalo Creek and the Mowambah river.

EUMBAR ALLA, or UMARALLA, a river in Beresfordshire. New South Wales, in which, and in the Kybean and Winifred Creeks, gold was found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1852.

EUREKA DIGGINGS, rich diggings opened in 1852, at Ballarat.

FIERY CREEK rises near Mount Cole, among the Prenees in Riponshire, Victoria, and flows into Lake Bolok. Gold was found in this river in 1852.

FINGAL, a town giving name to a hundred in Cornwall, Van Diemen's Land, 70 miles from Launceston, where there are gold diggings.

FISH RIVER is in Westmoreland, New South Wales, flowing through the O'Connell Plains, towards the Campbell, and forms the head of the Macquarie, 90 miles from Sydney, and 15 miles from Bathurst. There are gold diggings on it. The head of the Fish River, in the Blue Mountains, four miles E.S.E. from Mobrin, is 3472 feet high.

FISH RIVER, a branch of the Narrawa,' in which gold was found at Maroonalong, in September 1851.

FOOT'S FOREST, a place near the Gwydir river, in New South Wales, where gold has been discovered.

FOREST CREEK, one of the heads of the Loddon river, rising in Mount Alexander, Victoria, 100 miles north-west of Melbourne. The rocks are of slate, and the diggings, discovered in 1851, extend 10 or 12 miles along the river, and also along the Upper Forest Creek. A nugget was obtained from the surface weighing sixty ounces, and one, two, three and four pounds weight were common. A party of four obtained cPllOO in one day. Seven thousand people were at one time at work here.

FOX'S STATION, a digging on the Tuena, which, see

FREDERICK'S VALLEY, a creek in Bathurstshire, New South Wales, 153 miles from Sydney. This is another name for the Summerhill gold district, and includes Summerhill, Orange, Gosling Creek, Emu Creek, Wentworth diggings and Lewis Ponds. Gold was found here by Mr. Hargreaves, in April 1851, and was the first site discovered.

FRYER'S CREEK, a creek adjoining Forest Creek in Victoria, and a tributary of the Loddon. The diggings extend about eight or ten miles from the junction with Forest Creek. Three men made £1250 each in a fortnight. Red Hill, Adelaide Hill, ajid White Hill arc on this creek.

GAMBOOLA, see Teatree Creek.

GEBUR MOUNT, see Mount Macedon.

GEELONG, a town 54 miles from Melbourne, and G41 from Sydney, in Grantshire, Victoria. In Port Philip, gold was found in 1851 a mile from the town.

GEELONG GULLY, a digging near Bendigo, Victoria.

GENORE, see Jenore.

GEORGE, see Lake George.

GIBBO, a river and mountain of Murrayshire, Victoria, flowing into the Mitta Mitta, and in which gold was found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, on the south-west side near the mouth, in December 1851.

GTLMANDYKE, a creek of Campbell's river, New South Wales, in which gold is worked in the rich alluvial flats, bearing thick grass to the water's edge. In the neighbourhood are quartz and schistose rocks ; it is about 25 miles south of Bathurst, and about one mile from a copper mine (at Summerhill). The diggers in 1852 got about 205. per man per day. At one time there were about 50 or 60 diggers.

GINNING DERRY, a creek of the Murrurnbidgee river, in Murrayshire, New South Wales, near Mount Ainslie, and One-Tree Hill, in which gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1852.

GIPP'S LAND or BRUCESHIRE, Victoria. Gold was discovered in 1851, by Mr. Oakden.

GOLDEN GUITuY, a digging west of the Turon, in which gold is found in the pipeclay.

GOLDEN GULLY,or VALLEY, a digging near Bendigo, Victoria.

GOLDEN POINT, a digging on a branch of the Loddon in Victoria. It had at one time 7000 men working on it ;

and 7000 ounces were sent bv escort in one week. The

holes were in some places sunk 25 feet deep.

GOLDEN GULLY, NEW, a digging about five miles north of Bendigo, Victoria, in slate, with white quartz boulders.

GOSLING CREEK, a creek of Bathurstshire, New South

Wales, 150 miles from Sydney, falling into the Frederick's Valley Creek, and on which are the Wentworth diggings.

GOULBURN, a large town in Argyleshire, New South Wales, 125 miles from Sydney, at which gold has been found, and at the junction of the Mulwaree and Wolondilly, in a rich gold district.

GOULBURN, a river of Victoria, flowing into the Murray. Gold has been found in King Parrot Creek, and Kilmore Gully.

GRATTI CREEK, near Mudgee, and the Cudgegong, in New South Wales, in which gold is dug.

GREEN VALLEY, near the Turon, New South Wales. At these diggings, men have made oz. per man per week.

GREEN SWAMP, a digging near Winburndale.

GREEN'S PINCH, a digging on the Sydney road, crossing the Ranges near Kilmore, Dalhousieshire, Victoria.

GROVE CREEK, or BURRANGYLONG, a creek of the Abercrombie, opposite the Tuena, in Georgianashire, on which there are gold diggings.

GROWLER'S GULLY, a digging near Bendigo, so named from the number of squabbles.

GUNDAGAI, a town 244 miles from Sydney in Clarendonshire, New South Wales, on the Murrumbidgee river, from which 13 oz. were remitted in one week.

GUNDAROO CREEK, between Kingshire and Murrayshire. New South Wales, flowing into the Yass river, and in which gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1852.

GUNNING CREEK, a creek of the Narrawa, in King shire, New South Wales, 150 miles from Sydney, and in which gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1852.

G WYDIR, BIG, or KINDER, a river joining the Karaula, and rising in Hardingeshire, New South Wales, 20 miles west of Armidale. Gold has been worked at Bingara and Rocky Creek, Carangoura Creek, Myall's Creek, Keera Creek, Foot's Forest and Manilla Creek.

HANGING ROCK CREEK, rises in the Liverpool range, and flows into the Duno*owan Creek, and so into the Peel river

in Parryshire. These diggings, 25 miles south of Tamworth, were discovered in the beginning of 1852, and were soon frequented by about 200 diggers. The soil is a dry black loam, and has yielded from <iP10 to £12 per man per week.

The gold is very dirty, and mixed with ironstone. The rocks are granite, ironstone and syenite, and trap with quartz vains.

HAVILAH, a dio;o;ino; town on the O'Connell Plains, New South Wales, where gold was discovered by the Rev.

Mr. Walker in 1851.

HONEY CREEK, a digging near Araluen, discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke.

HOPKIN'S RIVER, a river in Hampdenshire, Victoria, rising near Mount Cole, and flowing into Lady Bay. Gold has been found here and in Fiery Creek.

HORTON RIVER, a feeder of the Gwvdir river. Gold is reported in Oakey C'reek.

HUME RIVER is the upper Murray, flowing between New South Wales and Victoria. Gold is found in the Goulburn and at Albury.

HUNTER'S POINT, a digging on the Peel river. HUNTER RIVER, Isis.

INVERLOCHY, a station in Argyleshire, New South ' Wales, 18 miles from Goulburn, where gold has been found in a quartz range.

IRON BARK GULLY, a digging about five miles north of Bendigo, Victoria.

IRON-POT CREEK, or KARA, a creek in Brisbane Downs, running to the Snowy river, and in which gold wa discovered in 1851.

ISABELLA, a river of Georgianashire, New South Wales, flowing into the Abercrombie river, in which gold was re ported by Sir Thomas Mitchell.

ISIS, a river in Brisbaneshire, New South Wales, flowing into Pcige's river, and so into the Hunter. Gold has been reported here.

JACOB'S RIVER, or TONGARO, a river on the south-

west side of the great basaltic plateau of Maneroo, in which gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in Dec. 1851, in pebbly alluvium.

JARRAWA, a creek in Kingshire, New South Wales, rising near Mount Dixan, and flowing into the Narrawa. Gold is found in the Gunning Creek.

JEM CROW, a digging near Mount Alexander, Victoria.

JENORE, a river in Aucklandshire, New South Wales, and flowing through Howeshire, Victoria, to the sea at Mallagoota. Gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke in the river, in February 1852, and likewise at Nangutta and Diliganea.

JEW'S GULLY, a digging adjoining Bendigo, Victoria.

JINDEBEIN, a place on the Snowy river, on the borders of New South Wales and Victoria, where gold was discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in December 1851.

JUGION, a creek in Hardenshire, New South Wales, flowing into the Murrumbidgee, and in which gold was found nqar the junction with the latter, by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1852.

JUGLYMUNGEE, a creek flowing into the Mitta Mitta river, in Murrayshire, Victoria, in which gold was found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in December 1851.

KANGAROO GULLY, a digging near Bendigo, Victoria, in slate, with white quartz boulders.

KARA, see Iron-pot Creek.

KEERA, a creek flowing to the Gwydir river, New South Wales, in which gold is reported.

KILMORE, a digging in Anglesey, Victoria, 60 miles north of Melbourne, and 30 east of Bendigo, where gold has been discovered at Green's Pinch, where the Sydney road crosses the ranges five miles distant. There is much quartz here.

KILMORE GULLY, in Kilmore township, Anglesey, Victoria, flowing towards Mollison's Creek and the Goulburn. The gold is found in grains on a strong blue clay, with a mixture of quartz.

Go

KINDUR RIVER, see the Gwydir.

KING'S RIVER, see Ovens.

KING PARROT CREEK, a branch of the Goulburn river, in Anglesey, Victoria, rising in the dividing range. Gold was found here in August 1851.

KIORA, a place near the Moruya river, on the borders of St. Vincentshire and Dampiershire, New South Wales, where o'old has been found.

KYBEAN RIVER, a branch of the Eumbaralla river, in Beresfordshire, New South Wales, where gold was found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1852.

KYNETON, a town 60 miles west of Melbourne, in Talbotshire, Victoria, close to the Bendigo diggings.

LACHLAN, a great river of New South Wales, flowing towards the Murray. Gold is found on its headstreams, in the Abercrombie, Crook well, Narrawa, Belubula and their creeks, and also in those of the Murrumbidgee.

LAKE GEORGE, a lake between Argyleshire and Murray shire. New South Wales, 2000 feet above the sea, 16 miles long from north to south, and seven miles broad. Gold has been found in the neighbourhood, to the north of Carowang Flat, and Mulwaree ponds, to the south in the creek of Batmaroo, on the west at Gundaroo. Lake George gap is 2151 feet above the level of the sea.

LAMBTON, a creek of the Narrawa, in Kingshire. New South Wales.

LAWSON'S CREEK, a creek in Phillipshire, New Soutli Wales, running into the Cudgegong river, near the town of Mudgee, and in which there are gold workings.

LEANING OAK CREEK runs into Meroo creek, in Wellingtonshire, New South Wales. Gold is worked here.

LEIGH RIVER runs into the Barwon, and divides Grantshire and Granvilleshire, Victoria. It rises at Buninyong Gold has been worked here at Russell's and Brown's stations.

LEWIS HILL, a digging near the Turon, in Roxburgh shire, at the foot of a range of hills

LEWIS PONDS are in Bathurstshire, New South Wales.

E

They join Emu Swamp, and run into Frederick's Valley, and so into the Macquarie. They are about 140 miles from Sydney. The Cornish settlement is on these ponds, which are a chain of waterholes; these when full form a continuous stream. This was one of the first gold discoyeries of Mr. Hargreayes, in April 1851.

LEWIS CREEK, a digging near Mudgeeand the Cudgegong.

LIMESTONE HUT, a gold digging near the source of the Copperhania Creek of the Abercrombie, in Georgianashire, New South Wales.

LITTLE RIVER, or CREEK, or MONGARLO, 12 miles from Braid wood, where diggings were found in February 1852. The gold is nuggetty and coarse, and found embedded in schist rock. One hundred licences were at one time granted, and the riyer was flumed. At Nuggetty Point a nugget of 54 oz. 2dwts. was found, in 1852. The creek flows into the Shoalhayen at Marlow, and there are diggings at the source at Budawang Mountain. The gold district is about 13 miles across.

LITTLE RIVER, a riyer of Grantshire, Victoria, flowing from the Anakie Hills into Port Philip.

LOUDON, a riyer in Victoria, rising in many heads in the high mountains between Talbotshire and Bourkeshire, in cluding Mount Byng, Mount Alexander, Mount Dromedary, and Mount Greenock, and flowing into the Murray river due north. Sir Thos. L. Mitchell called it the Yarra. The creeks and gullies of the sources constitute the richest gold field yet known, including Mount Alexander, Forest Creek, Deep Creek, and Barker's Creek.

LONDON BRIDGE, a place in Murrayshire, New South Wales, where gold was found by the Rey. W. B. Clarke in 1852, in the Queen bey an.

LONG CREEK, a feeder of the Moroo Creek, in Wellingtonshire, which flows into the Cudgegong. Five or six hundred people were at one time at work here, and doing well- Holes were sunk to the depth of 14 feet.

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LONG GULLY, a digging about five miles north of Bendioro.

o

LOUISA CREEK, a creek on the south bank of the Moroo, about 20 miles west of Mudgee, and 170 from Sydney? in Wellingtonshire, New South Wales. The country is thickly sprinkled with quartz-boulders and pebbles, and gold quartz is found. There are likewise rocks of slaty formation. Some of the dig-tj-inffs are in clay. This district is famous for the largest nuggets in the world, including Dr. Kerr's "hundredweight of gold," valued at <£4000 ; Brennan's nugget, found 25 yards off, and sold in December 1851 for £1155, weighing 336 oz., and nine inches broad; and nuggets weighing 312 oz., 240 oz. and 157 oz.

LUCKY POINT, a digging on the Turon, which, sae

MACDONALD, a river of Inglisshire, New South Wales, flowing from New England range to the Muluerindie and to the Peel. Gold has been found in the Cangi Creek.

MACDONALD'S CREEK, a digging near Mudgee, which, see

MACEDON MOUNT, see IMount Macedon.

MAC ION'S CREEK, a digging in Victoria.

MACIiACHLAN, a river of Wellesleyshire, New South Wales, flowing into the Snowy river, where gold was found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke in 1852, on the Punchbowl Creek, and at the junction with the Snowy and Delegat rivers.

MACLEAY, a river of New South Wales, rising in Sandonshire, and flowing through Vermontshire to the sea at Trial Bay. Gold is found in the Walcha.

MACQUARIE, a great river of New South Wales, one of the main feeders of the Murray, and a great gold river. At its source the first diggings were opened by Mr. Hargreaves, in April 1852. Gold is found in Mookerw'ae, Campbell's river, the Fish river, Winburndale, Turon, Summerhill, Cudgegong and Bell rivers, and it has been ascertained in its bed at Nelly's Corner, Walgumbulla, and at various points for 200 miles, as low down as Dubboo.

MAHARATTA CREEK, 60 miles from Twofold Bay,

K 2

is near Bendoc Creek, and near the borders of New South Wales and Victoria, in Wellesley shire. Gold was found here by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in February 1852.

MAITLAND POINT, a digging on the Turon, which, see

MAJOR'S CKEEK, is near Araluen, in St. Vincentshire, New South Wales, and flows into the Duah. Gold was discovered in November 1851. It is a slow, sluggish stream, making its way through a narrow flat, not more than two miles long. The top soil, one foot deep, yields gold, but the great yield is from a vein of decomposed granite, at the depth of from 10 to 20 feet, under a stratum of rich black soil, and another of stiff clay, with boulders. The granite has been tunnelled, and the holes flumed. Three hundred and fiftyseven licences were granted in one month, 1200 people were at once at work. Some men made as much as 3 oz. per day ; one 11 oz.in a day ; and another 44 oz. in a week. The gold is rather finer than that of some of the neighbouring diggings, and very bright. There is a digging likewise at Stony Creek, near Wells Creek.

MALLE SCRUB, 12 miles north from Bendigo, Victoria. Gold is worked in Whipstick Gully.

MALOON CREEK, is in Murray shire. New South Wales, near Queanbeyan, north-west of Braidwood. Gold was discovered here in 1852, by the Rev. W. B. Clarke.

MANEROO, see Moneroo.

MANILLA RIVER is in New England, New South Wales, 50 miles from Tam worth, and ,one and-a-half from Piedmont. Gold has been found here.

MANNING, a river 225 miles from Sydney, rising in the dividing range east of the Peel, and flowing between Hawesshire, Macquarieshire and Glostershire to the sea at Farquhar inlet. Gold was found here by Mr. Hargreaves, in March 1852.

MARKS POINT, a digging on the Tuenna, where a man has got 4 oz. of gold per day.

MAROONALONG or MAROORALONG, a place on tlie Fish river of the Narrawa, where s:old was discovered in

September 1851, and where there are diggings at the depth of 12 feet. The ruby and turquoise have likewise been found here.

MARRIED MAN'S CREEK, a digging in Wellingtonshire, New South Wales.

MARULAN, a town and mountain in Argyleshire, 110 miles from Sydney. Gold has been found at Shelley's flat, four miles distant.

MELBOURNE, a city, the capital of Victoria, in Bourkeshire. Gold has been found in the streets, [and in many parts of the neighbourhood.

, MENAROO, Monaroo.

MERGES MOUNT, see Mount Merces.

MERINDA, a creek in Wellingtonshire, New South Wales, flowing into the Moroo Creek, and so into the Cudgegong, 20 miles west of Mudgee, 30 south-east from Wellington, and 53 from Bathurst. This is a gold digging, and Dr. Kerr's nugget hundredweight of gold" was found near tlie junctions with the Moroo.

MEROO, see Moroo.

MITCHELi;S CREEK, in Wellingtonshire, New South Wales. Gold was reported by Sir T. L. Mitchell, and after wards found.

MITTA MITTA RIVER is in Victoria, and falls into the Murray near Albury, rising in the Australian Alps. Gold was found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in December 1851, in Juglymungee Creek, at Lake Omeo, near the source, and at Mount Gibbo.

MOAMBI or MOWAMBAH RIVER, a stream in Wallaceshire, New South Wales, flowing towards the Snowy river. Gold was found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in Decem])er 1851 .

MOLLISON'S CREEK, a branch of the Goulburn, in Victoria, near which gold has been found at Kilmore Gully.

MOLONG,a river rising in Mount Canoblas,in Wellington shire, and dividing the latter from Ashburnliamshire. It is joined by the Saw-pit Creek, Ploughman's Creek, Nandillp

Ponds, Boreenore, or Teatree Creek, Nubrygen and Baduldurrai Creeks, and forms the head of the Bell river. All these are rich diggings. The town of Molong, lower down, is 163 miles from Sydney.

MONDAY, see Mundy.

MOLONG LO, a creek in Murray shire, joining the Queenbeyan, and flowing into the Murrumbidgee. Gold was found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1852.

MONAROO, MANEROO, or MENEROO, is the name of large plains in the south of New South Wales, on the borders of Victoria, and many of the rivers of which, as the Snowy river, are gold bearing.

MONGARLO, see Little River.

MOOKERWAE, or OAKEY CREEK, a creek in WeL lingtonshire. New South Wales, flowing into the Macquarie, 30 miles south-east of Wellington. Here are gold diggings in schistose rock.

MOONLIGHT FLAT, a digging at Forest Creek, Victoria.

MOROO or MEROO, a creek in Wellingtonshire, New South Wales, flowing into the Cudgegong. It is a rich gold district, to which belong Merinda Creek, Leaning Oak and Long Creek. On it, the " hundred weight of gold " nugget was found ; and here are the World's End diggings.

MORUYA, a river and estuary, between St. Vincentshire and Dampiershire, New South Wales, which receives the Duah, the Araluen Creek, and the Kiora.

MOUNTAIN RUN, a tributary to Brown's Creek, which see. Fifty men have been at work on this stream.

MOUNT ALEXANDER is in Dalhousieshire, Victoria, in the Alexandrine range near Bendigo. From it flow the heads of the Loddon, and Campaspe rivers to the north. Here are the richest diggings in the world, including Bendigo, Forest Creek, Coliban, Fryer's Creek, Red Hill, White Hill and Adelaide Hill. Gold is found near the surface, and likewise in deep diggings in clay, quartz and ironstone. One man found 80 ihs. ill one hour.

MOUNT ANDERSON, a mountain near Buninyong.

MOUNT BLACKWOOD, a mountain about 40 miles south of Mount Alexander, in Bourkeshire, Victoria. A rich digging was found here.

MOUNT BUNINYONG, see Buninyong.

MOUNT BYNG, a mountain in Victoria, near Mount Alexander, and having diggings.

MOUNT CAMPBELL,amountainnear Mount Alexander.

MOUNT CANOBLAS, see Canoblas.

MOUNT COLE, is in the Pyrenees, Victoria, between the sources of the Loddon and the Wimmera. Gold is said to have been discovered here.

MOUNT DISAPPOINTMENT, see Disappointment Mount.

MOUNT EBRINGTON, six miles from Araluen, in St. Vincentshire, New South Wales. In the diggings here, gold is found in nug:ets.

MOUNT EMU CREEK, in the neighbourhood of Hopkins river, and Fine river, Hampdenshire, Victoria. Gold has been found here.

MOUNT FORBES, a mountain in Anglesey, Victoria, near which, gold has been found at Kilmore.

MOUNT GREENOCK, a mountain near Burn Bank, in Victoria.

MOUNT GIBBO, see Gibbo.

MOUNT MACEDON, or GEBUR, is a mountain in Bourkeshire, Victoria, 30 miles south-east of Mount Alexander. There are gold workings here.

MOUNT MERGES, a mountain in Victoria, where gold has been found.

MOUNT WELLINGTON, a mountain in Victoria, where gold has been found.

MOUNT WILLIAM, a mountain of Riponshire, Victoria, 4500 feet high, near the heads of the Glenelg, and Hopkins rivers, where gold is said to have been discovered.

MOWANBAH, see Moamba.

MUCKEWE, see Mookerwae.

MUDGEE, a town in Wellingtonshire, New South AVales, on the Cudgegong river. Gold has been found in this neighbourhood, at Lawson's creek.

MULGUNNIA CREEK, a creek of the Abercrombie river in Georgianashire, New South Wales, on which there are gold diggings ; and at Trunkey Valley creek.

MULLAMURRA, a creek joining Winburndale, in Roxburghshire, New South Wales.

MULUERINDI, a river which flows to the Peel, in New England, and in which gold is found in the Macdonald river, Bundara river, and Swamp Oak river.

MULWAREE PONDS, a feeder of the river Wolondilly, near Goulburn, and which receives the waters of the Merrijah rivulet, 146 miles from Sydney in Georgianashire, New South Wales. Gold has been found at Carawang Flat.

MUNDY POINT, a digging on the Turon, whence a race or flume has been cut to Oakey creek.

MURRAY, the great river of Australia, which flows for some distance between New South Wales and Victoria; its head is called the Hume. Gold has been found in the Ovens, Mitta Mitta, in the river near Albury, in the Goulburn, the Campaspe, the Loddon, and the heads of its great northern feeders, the Lachlan and the Darling.

MURRUMBIDGEE, one of the great rivers of New South Wales, rising in Beresfordshire, and flowing towards the Lachlan. Gold has been found in the Vass river, Queanbeyan, Molonglo, Cowara, Coodradigbee, Jugion, Bololong, Eininderry, Tarcutta, Beredpo, and other head streams.

MURRUBUNDI, a creek running into Page's river, Brisbaneshire, and so into the Hunter. It rises in the dividing range of Liverpool Plains.

M US WELL BROOK, a small brook flowing into the Hunter, near the town of Muswellbrook in Durhamshire, New South Wales. At these diggings one man got oz. in one week.

MYALL CREEK runs into the Gwydir river, 120 iiiiles from Tam worth.

MYERS STATION, near Rendigo. Here is a digging at York Gully.

NAMOI or NAMOY, the native name for the Peel.

NANGUTTA, a place on the Jenore river, near Aucklandshire, where gold was found by the Rev. W. R.. Clarke, in Februarv 1852.

j

NARRAWA, a river in Kingshire, New South Wales, rising in the Cullarin range, and flowing towards the Crookwell. Gold has been found here, and at Maroonalong in September

NEAL'S POINT, a digging on the Turon.

NELLY'S CORNER, or NEELI, a place on the Macquarie, where Mr. Stutchbury found scale gold in 1851.

NEW CHUM GULLY, a digging five miles north of Rendigo.

NEW ENGLAND, the district in New South Wales, in which Inglisshire and Hardingeshire are now included. Gold has been found at Swamp Oak Creek, the Macdonald, the Cockburn, and Walcha.

NEW ZEALAND POINT, a digging near the Turon.

NIMITAREL or NIMITYRELLE, are mountains in the Monaroo district, on the east side of the coast range, where gold was found by the Rev. W. R. Clarke.

NURRYGEN, a river of Wellingtonshire, New South Wales, running into the Rell river, and in which gold was reported by Sir T. L. Mitchell, and found, as also in the Raduldurrai Creek.

NUGGETTY POINT or CREEK, is on the Little or Mongarlo river. It was worked out in 1851, but a nugget was afterwards found, weighing 54 oz. 2 dwts.

NUGGETTY GULLY, a digging near Rendigo, Victoria.

OAKENVILLE CREEK, an estate of the Australian Agricultural Company, in New England, New South Wales. Here is an auriferous quartz vein.

OAKEY CREEK is a name for the Mookerwae, in Wellingtonshire, which see

OAKEY CREEK flows into the Horton, and so into the

Gwydir or Big river, New South Wales. On this river are several important diggings. The rock is trap, with quartz veins.

OAKEY CREEK (BIG), a digging on the Turon, in Roxburghshire, New South Wales.

OAKEY CREEK (LITTLE), a digging on the Turon, in Roxburghshire, which has yielded many nuggets.

O'CONNELL PLAINS, a district in Westmoreland and Roxburghshire, New South Wales, 115 miles from Sydney. Gold is found in the Fish river and Campbell's river.

OMEO, a lake near the Mitta Mitta and Livingstone rivers, in the Australian Alps, in Murrayshire, Victoria. Gold is found here. This district is 3800 feet above the level of the sea.

OPHIR, a gold digging station. These diggings are on Summerhill Creek, approaching the Macquarie, in Wellingtonshire. New South Wales. The gold was discovered in April 1851 by Mr. Hargreaves. The escort was established 12th of August, 1851.

ORANGE, a place in Bathurstshire, New South Wales, near Frederick's Valley, where gold is worked.

OVENS, a river in Murray, Victoria, flowing from snowy ranges towards the river Murray, or Hume. Gold is worked here at Reed Creek.

PAGE'S RIVER is in Brisbaneshire, New South Wales, rising in the Liverpool range, and flowing towards the Hunter at Aberdeen. Gold is found in the Murrurundi, near its source, and in the Isis.

PATERSON'S POINT, a digging on the Turon, which see

PEEL, or NAMOI RIVER rises in the Liverpool range in Parryshire, and flows to the Macquarie and Darling. Gold has been found at Hanging Rock, in the Cockburn, the Macdonald, the Swamp Oak Creek, and the Bundara.

PEG LEG GULLY, a digging near Bendigo, named from a wooden legged digger.

J'EPPER CREIvK (bMdes Georginanashirc and Baihurst-

shire, New South Wales, and Hows into the Campbell river. Gold has been worked here.

PICKANINNY CREEK, a digging in Victoria.

PIEDMONT, a station 60 miles from Tamwortli, New England, 1 miles from which, on the Manilla river, gold has been discovered.

PIENBONE CREEK, a digging near Mudgee.

PITTWATER, or SORELL, a town in Pembrokeshire, Van Diemen's Land, on the Iron Creek, near which gold was worked in 1852.

PLENTY, a river between Bourkeshire and Evelynshire, Victoria, rising in Mount Disappointment, and flowing south to the Yarra. Gold is found in sandstone and slate, intersected by perpendicular veins of quartz.

PLOUGHMAN'S CREEK runs into the Nandillo Ponds, in Wellingtonshire, New South Wales.

POOR MAN'S CREEK, a digging on the Upper Wallaba.

PORCUPINE, a river near Forest Creek, Victoria, on which rich diggings have been found.

PORTLAND GULLY, a digging adjoining Bendigo.

PORTLAND BAY is in Normanbyshire, Victoria. Gold was discovered within 10 miles of the bay in 1851.

PUNCHBOWL CREEK runs into Winifred Creek, and so into the Eumaralla river in Beresfordshire, New South Wales. Gold w'as found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke in 1852.

PYRAMUL, a river of Wellingtonshire, New South Wales, flowing into the Macquarie. Gold is found in a slaty formation at a depth of three feet.

PYRENEES, a range of mountains in Talbotshire,Victoria. Gold has been found at Clunes, Mount Cole, in the Hopkins river. Fiery Creek, and Daisy Hill.

QUEANBEYAN, a river in Murrayshire, New South '\V ales, flowing from the Gourock range to the Molonglo Creek, and thence to the Murrumbidgee. Gold was found in 1852 at London Bridge and another place by the Rev. W. B. Clarke.

QUEDO.NG, a place near the junction of the Maclachlan

river with the Snowy river, on the Delegat river, where gold was found by the Rev. W. R. Clarke in 1852.

RATION HILL, a digging near the Turon. Claims have been sold here for dfSOO or cf'SOO.

RED BANK CREEK, a digging near Mudgee and the Cudgegong.

REDFERN'S CREEK, see Davis's Creek.

RED HILL, a digging at Mount Alexander, Victoria, on Forest Creek. The base is freestone rock, on which lies a concrete of ironstone.

REED CREEK, or REEDY CREEK, a tributary of the Ovens, flowing from the east, in Murray, Victoria, where gold was discovered in March 1852. The diggings are 16 miles in length, and gold is obtained by surface washing.

REUBEN'S RACE, a dam made on the Turon.

RICHARDSON'S POINT, a digging on the Moroo.

RICH RED SURFACE GULLY, or TATIARA, a digging north-west of Bendigo.

ROBINSON'S HOLE, a creek running to the Brogo river, Aucklandshire, New South Wales.

ROCKY RIVER, a branch of the Condamine, in Aubignyshire, New South Wales, in which gold has been discovered.

ROSEHILL, a bar on the Turon, where large earnings have been made.

RUN OF WATER, a place in which gold has been discovered north-east of Goulburn, in Argyleshire, New South Wales.

RUSSELL'S STATION, a digging in Victoria, SAWPIT CREEK is near the head of Molong creek, in Wellingtonshire. Here are diggings.

SAWYER'S CREEK is between Sofala, and the head of Little Oakey Creek on the Turon, in Roxburghshire, and and is a very rich digging.

SECTION CREEK is in Wellingtonshire. This is re ported by Sir T. L. IMitchell, as auriferous.

SEWELL'S CREEK, a creek of Campbell's river, on

the borders of Bathiirstshire, New South Vales, six miles east of Gilmandyke. Here are good diggings.

SHALLOW GULLY, a digging near Bendigo, Victoria.

SHEEP STATION POINT, a digging on the Turon, yielding three or four ounces per man per day.

SHEEPWASH CREEK, a digging adjoining Bendigo.

SHELLEY'S FLAT, four miles from Marulan, and 118 from Sydney, in Argyleshire, New South Wales. Gold has been discovered here.

SHOALHAVEN, a river rising in Beresfordshire, Dam-

piershire. New South Wales, and flowing through several

counties. Gold is found at Arnprior, Bungonia, Warri, Boro

/

Creek, and Mongarlo river.

SLAUGHTER-HOUSE CREEK, a branch of the Delegat river, in which gold was found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in February 1852. The rock is slate, traversed by quartz and trap, with patches of granite.

SLATY CREEK, a branch of Davis's Creek, which runs into Campbell's river, and in which gold has been worked.

SLEWED GULLY, a digging near Bendigo.

- SMITH'S RIVER is the lower part of the Bell river, in W ellingtonshire.

SNOWY MOUNTAINS. Gold has been discovered by the Rev. W. B. Clarke in the branches of the Australian Alps.

SNOWY RIVER, a river rising in Wallaceshire, New South Wales, and flowing into the sea in Combermereshire, Victoria. Gold has been found in this river at Jindebein, and in the Delegat river, Winifred Creek, Maclachlan river, Bobundara Creek, Moambo river. Slaughter-house Creek, Bombalo river, Bendoc river, and Woolwye river.

SOFALA, a digging town on the Turon river, near Lewis Hill and Cunningham's Creek, in Roxburo-h shire. New South Wales. The escort was established 12th Aiio-ust,

SORRELL, see Pittwater.

SOUNDING ROCK, a digging of the Abercrombie.

SPICEirS CHEEK is near the Moroo. The first digger with his wife made in five weeks. There were after

wards 200 men at work.

SPRING GULLY, a digging at Bendigo, Victoria. It is a tributary of the Loddon, between Forest and Fryer's Creeks. One hundred pounds of gold was got out of one hole.

SPRING HILL, a digging at Ballarat, Victoria.

STANFIELD'S NOOK, a place 14 miles from Avoca, in Cornwall, Van Diemen's Land. Gold has been found here in very small quantity.

STARVATION GULLY, a digging near Bendigo, Victoria.

STIEGLITZ'S RUN, a digging in Victoria, where a hundred men were at work in 1852.

STOCKYARD CREEK, a gold digging near the Turon and the Dirt Hole, where about a thousand men were at work in February 1852, making good earnings.

STONY CREEK, a creek of the Campbell river, near O'Connell Plains, where gold was found by Mr. Stutchbury and the Rev. Mr. Walker. It is in . Westmoreland, New South Wales.

STONY CREEK, a feeder of Bell's Creek, Araluen, very 'rich in gold.

STONY CREEK, a feeder of the Snowy river, in which gold was found by the Rev. AV. B. Clarke, in Dec. 1851.

STRATHLODDEN, a station in Victoria, where gold was discovered in 1851.

SUCCOMBOCO, a district on the east side of the coast range, in New South' Wales, on the borders of Victoria, where* gold was found by the Rev. AV. B. Clarke, in 1852.

SUMMERHILL, a plain in Bathurstshire New South Wales, 145 miles from Sydney, and 30 miles from Bathurst, near the Frederick's Valley, or Summerhill Creek. This was the first gold field discovered by Mr. Hargreaves, in April 1851. By the 25th of May, there were a 1000 people at Summerhill. The rock is clay slate, formino: the bed of the

creek, acl in the high lands basalt traversed by quartz veins, as are also the sides of the creek. Large nuggets are found here. The lower diggings are called Ophir. Summerhill includes a large district, between Moloiig Creek and Lewis Ponds. The escort was established 12th May, 1851. Suminerhill is 3010 feet above the level of the sea.

SURVEYOR''S CREEK, a branch of the Macdonald river, in which gold was found by Mr. Hargreaves, in September

SUTTOR'S STATION, Brucedale.

SWALLOW CREEK, a feeder of the Macquaiie river in Bathurstshire. Gold has been found here.

SWAiMP OAK CREEK, flows towards the Macdonald, and so to the Peel in Darlingshire, New South AVales. Gold was found here by Mr. Hargreaves, in March 1852. The rocks are trap and quartz.

SYDNEY GULLY, a digging near Bendigo, Victoria.

TATE'S GABOK CREEK, flows into the Macquarie in Roxburghshire.

TALLIMANGEA CREEK, a digging near Mudgee.

TAMBEROORA CREEK, is in Wellington, New South Wales, between the Turon and Pyramul Creek. It yielded 458 oz. in one week, and at the rate of £14- per man per week.

TAM WORTH, a town on the Peel river, and the estate of the Australian Agricultural Company, 155 miles from Maitland in Parryshire. Gold is worked in the Peel and Cockburn rivers.

TARAGO LAKE, see Terrago.

T ARC ATT AH, a feeder of the Murrumbidgee river in Wynyardshire, New. South Wales, where gold has been found.

TARS HI SH, a digging station on the Abercrombie river, in Georgianashire, 20 miles south-east from Carcoar, and 17 miles from Mulgunnie.

TATIARA GULLY, see rich Red Surface Gully.

TEATREE ('REEK, or Boreenore, in Wellingtonshire,

New South Wales, runs into the Molong near Tangrain, and so into the Macquarie. Gold is found in limestone.

TEMPLAR'S CROSSING CREEK, is a digging near Summerhill.

TERRAGO, a lake on Breadalbane Plains, Argyleshire, New South Wales, in a creek near which gold was found by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1852. It is 2264 feet above the level of the sea.

THOMPSON'S POINT, a digging on the Turon.

THREE BROTHERS, a mountain in Bathurstshire, where gold has been found.

TIPPERARY GULLY, a digging near Bendigo, Victoria.

TONGARO, see Jacob's river.

TRUNKEY VALLEY CREEK, a continuation of Mulgunnie Creek, where the diggers have made £1 per man per day. It is in Georgianashire, New South Wales.

TUENA, a creek of the Abercrombie in Bathurstshire, New South Wales. These diggings are very rich ; and one party got net <sP400 in one week. The gold is heavy and coarse.

TURL TURL, is a good digging near Tuena.

TURON, a river of Roxburghshire, New South Wales, rising near Hartley and Cullen Cullen, and flowing into the Macquarie in Wellingtonshire. These diggings were opened early in 1851 , and have proved very rich. The gold requires to be sunk for. The rocks in the neighbourhood include compact porphyry, succeeded by clay-slate, with veins of gold quartz. The gold is clean and pure. Many nuggets have been found. The escort was established, 12th August, 1851. Part of the course has been diverted by a race or flume. Sofala is on these diggings, as are Little Oakey and Big Oakey Creek, Stockyard Creek, Sawyer's Creek, Cunning ham's Creek and Deep Creek.

UMARALLA, sec Eumeralla.

UMBY CREEK, a digging near Mudgee.

URAL CREEK is in the Maneroo district, near the Snowy river. Gold was discovered here by the Rev. W. Clarke, in December 1851.

WALCHA, a creek of the river Apsley, wliich is a

feeder of the jMacleay river, in Vernonshire, New Soutli Wales.

WALGAMBALI.A, a bar at the junctions of the Tamberoora and Macquarie.

AVALLABY or AVALLABA CREEK, a creek of the Macquarie in Gordonshire, New South AVales, 32 miles from Montefiores, and where there are good diggings, as well as at Poor Man's Creek, on the Upper Wallaba, and at Circus Point, on the Lower Wallaba, and at Dirthole Creek.

WARDY YALLOCK, a river in Grantshire, Victoria, rising near Mount Buninyong, and flowing south to the lakes.

There are diggings in this river and likewise in the neighbor u ring range.

WARRI is a place in the Shoalhaven river, where gold has been worked.

AVARWICK, a place in Moreton Bay district, where tliere

are diggings from which one man has got 7oz. of gold in a week.

WATILE FOREST CREEK runs into Major's Creek, in Saint Vincentshire, New South AVales. The diggings are

WATTLE bLEET, a table land between Wyagden and

the Turon ranges, near Bathurst, in which there are diggings.

WENTAVORTH DIGGINGS are in Bathurstshire, New South Wales, 140 miles from Sydney, at the junction of Gosling Creek, with the Frederick's Valley Creek. Gold has been picked up from the surface of the ground prin cipally m fragmentary quartz and ochreous loam. In one day a miner raised .£>500 worth of gold from what is termed

the " golden lode." A company has been formed in Sydney to work these mines.

AA ESI BURN, a place near Bathurst, copper have been found.

WHIPSTICK GULLY is in the Malle

where gold and Scrub, 12 miles

north of Bendigo, Victoria, where there are rich diggings, first worked by Germans.

WHITE HILL, a rich digging adjoining Bendigo, in Victoria.

WHITE HORSE GULLY, a digging adjoining Bendigo, Victoria, in which a 451b. nugget was found.

WINBURNDALE, a river in Roxburghshire, New South Wales, and falling into the Macquarie. Gold is found in the river at Green Swamp, and in the Mulla-murra Creek. At one time 50 men were at work. Gold is met with from 10 to 20 feet below the surface.

WINIFRED CREEK, flows into the Maclachlan river, in Beresfordshire, New South Wales. Gold was found in Punch-bowl Creek, by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in 1852.

WOLONDILLY RIVER, rises in the Cullarin range, New South Wales, flowing through Argyleshire, and between Camdenshire and Westmoreland, to the Warragamba river. Gold is found in the Mulwaree Ponds, at Carowang Flat, and near Terrago Lake, in the run of water north-east of Goulburn.

WOOL WYE CREEK, gold was discovered here by the Rev. W. B. Clarke, in December 1851. It flows into the Snowy river, in Wallaceshire, New South Wales.

WORLD'S END, a digging at Moroo Creek, 18 miles from Mudgee, and 30 from Wellington, in Wellingtonshire, New South Wales.

YALWELL CREEK, a digging near the Shoalhaven river, where gold was discovered in March 1852. Men have got per day.

YANKEE GULLY, a digging five miles north of Bendigo.

YARRA YARRA, a river of Victoria, near the mouth of which, is Melbourne. Gold has been found at Melbourne and on the head streams, and in the Plenty and Anderson's Creeks.

YARRA, see Loddon.

YASS, a river of New South Wales, rising in Mount Ainslie, and flowing between Kingshire and Murrayshire, to the Murrumbidgee. Gold has been found in various places and at Gunderoo Creek.

YORK GULLY, a digging at Bendigo, near Myer's Station, Victoria, where are diggings in pipeclay, three feet

below the surface. Nuggets are found in a layer of two inches of soil.

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Table Of Contents.

Phenomena of theUniverse

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Summary Of The Contents.

Origin of Gold Workings, p. 3 ; Ancient Gold Mining, p. 5; Phaeniciana, Carthaginians, Greeks. Effect of the Discovery of the American Mines, p. 6 , Corresponding epoch in 1848 ; Influence of California and Australia on . Europe and Asia, p. 8 ; Emigration; Supply of Population, p. 11. !

GEOLOGY OF GOLD, p. 13 ; Quartz crushing, pp. 13 to 20 ; Gold ! veins; Stream working; Nuggetting, pp. 13 to 18; River washings,, p. 15 ; Bars — Dry Diggings,Wet Diggings, p. 16 ; Formation of the Murray river basin, p. 16.

GOLD WORKING, p. 17 ; Streaming, Placer working, Nuggetting, Cradle, p. 18 ; Quicksilver amalgamation, p. 19 ; Washing tables. Diving Bell, p. 19; Use of Slaves, p. 20; Quartz crushing, p. 20; Stamping engines. Steam power. Gold Mining, p. 21.

GOLD MONETARY QUESTION.— Silver panic of 1850, p. 21 ; Palla dium, p. 22 ; Price of Silver, ditto of Gold, p. 22 ; Stock of Bullion, p. 23 ; Annual Produce of Gold and Silver, p. 23.

GOLD MINES OF EUROPE, p. 23 ; England, Ireland, Scotland, p. 24 ; France, Spain, pp. 4, 5, 25 ; Italy, pp. 5, 25 ; Germany, Austria, pp. 5, 25 ; Sweden, p. 25 ; Turkey and Greece, pp. 5, 25 ; Russia, p. 26.

SIBERIAN GOLD REGIONS. — Ural yearly produce, p. 26.

GOLD IN ASIA. — Siberia and Tartary, pp. 26, 27 ; Asia Minor, Cj'prus, p. 5 ; India, p. 27 ; Assam, p. 28 ; China, Tibet, Malacca, Japan, Borneo, p. 28 ; Sumatra, Celebes, Timor, Philippines, p. 29 ; New Guinea, New Caledonia, New Zealand, p. 29. I

AUSTRALIAN GOLD REGIONS, p. 29 ; Topography of the river Bain, of the Murray, p. 29.

GOLD DISTRICTS OF NEW SOUTH WALES.— Bathurstshire, p. 30 ; Wellingtonshire, p. 31 ; Roxburghshire, p. 31 ; Georgianaland, p. 31 ; i Argyleshire, p. 31 ; Murrayshire, p. 32 ; St. Vincentshire, p. 32 ; Southern Gold Diggings, p. 32 ; Northern Gold Diggings, Peel river, p. 32 ; ! Hunter river, p. 33 ; Moreton Bay, p. 33.

GOLD DISTRICTS OF VICTORIA. — Bourkeshire, p. 33 ; Grantshire, Dalhousieshire, p. 33 ; Eastern Diggings, p. 34 ; Western Diggings, p. 34 ; South Australia, p. 34 ; Van Diemen's Land, p. 34.

HISTORY OF THE AUSTRALIAN GOLD REGIONS.— Murchison, p. 34 ; Clarke, p. 35 ; Hargreaves, p. 35. .

NORTH AMERICAN GOLD REGIONS.— Canada, p. 36; Virginia, p. 36-

CALIFORNIA, p. 37 ; History, Discovery, p. 38 ; Geology, p. 39 ; Quartz workings, p. 39 ; Vancouver's Island, p. 40 ; Oregon, Utah.

SOUTHERN AMERICAN GOLD REGIONS. — California, p. 40; Mexico, pp. 40, 41 ; Central America, pp. 40, 41, 42 ; Costa Rica, New Granada, p. 42 ; Ecuador, p. 43 ; Peru, Bolivia, Chile, p. 43 ; Brazil, p. 43 ; Paraguay, p. 44.

AFRICAN GOLD REGIONS. — Barbary, p. 44 ; Egypt, p. 44 ; Guinea, p. 45 ; Natal, p. 45.

GAZETTEER OF THE GOLD REGIONS OF AUSTRALIA, pp. 4( to 83.

Printefl by \V. J. Gotboiirii, H. Prititcs Street, Leicester Square.