The American Gas Light Journal 1861-07-15: Vol 3 Iss 38

1861 · Historical

The American Gas Light Journal 1861-07-15: Volume 3 , Issue 38. Digitized from IA1630615-03 . Previous issue: sim_pipeline-gas-journal_1861-07-01_3_37_0 .…

Public-domain full text preserved in the Mountain Man Mining Library. Original source: archive.org.

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Th

American Gas-Light Journal.

The Official Gazette Of

Light, Heat, Water-Supply, And Sewerage.

Rooms—No. 39 Nassau Street, cor. Liberty Street, ) Sppatte the Post-Office, New York.

Vou. IIL.—No. 38,

New-York, Mon “Monday,

Ju Ly “15, 1861.

Cornelius &

Baker,

Manufacturers Of

LAMPS, CHANDELIERS, CAS-FINTURES, Ac,

MANUFACTORIES 821 Cherry St., and Fifth St. and Columbia Avenue.

Store, 710 Ciiestnut Street, Philadelphia.

$3 Per ANNUM.

Warehouse,

New

Mitchell, Vance & Co.,

Manufacturers Of

Chandeliers,

AND EVERY DESCRIPTION OF GAS=FIXTURES. No. 620 BROADWAY. Manufactory, 335, 337, 339, 343 West 24th Street,

York.

AS-FIXTURES. BALL, BLACK & CO., 565 and 567 Broadway, CORNER OF Prince Street, New York, In addition to their large stock of RICH GOODS, Offer for sale a large assortment of CHANDELIERS AND GAS-FIXTURES Of every description and of the newest styles, Both FOREIGN anno DOMESTIC Manufacture.

Fellows, Ho

Ffman & Co,

(Late Starr, Fellows & Co.,)

Manufacturers Of

Gas-Fixtures and Chandeliers,

Solar, Camphene & Fluid Lamps, Girandoles, Hall-Lanterns, &e. No. 74 BEEKMAN STREET, NEW YORK.

Manuracrory, 71, And 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, and 1

C. A. Van Kirk & Co,

Manufacturers Of

Gas-Fixtures and Chandeliers,

Ambrose’s Patent Patent Paragon.C

Burners, to be used without Chimnies, Burners, Patent Improved Excelsior

Coal-Oil Burners, Hand Lamps, Columns, &c.

Manufactory At’ Frankfort, Chestnut Street.

Sales-Room, 6256

Philadelphia.

G2 Every article warranted equal in design and workmanship to any manufactured in the ne

Analytical Chemist.

Elton Buck, Analytical

e and Consulting Chemist, 39 Nassau

st., New York. Analyses. of Ores, Minerals, Soils,

Guanos, Coals, &c., and Tests of Commercial

Articles, carefully and promptly made. Consul-

tations may be had, and opinions given on Chem-

ical questions. Samples for analysis from a dis-

tance, may be sent by mail or express, directed to the Laboratory as above.

Miscellaneous.

OODEN TRAYS FOR GAS- Puririers.—Joun L. CiHeEesMAn, No. 147 Avenue C, near Tenth street, New York, manufactures his Patent Woop<n Trays for Gas- Puririers, cut out of the solid wood, superior to the ordinary iron plates, cheaper and more dur- able. The attention of Gas Companies and En- gineers is called to this improvement, which has been adopted by the following Gas-Works : Albany, N. Y. Manhattan, N. Y. City. Chicago, IIL, Philadelphia, Penn., Williamsburgh, N.Y., Worcester, Mass. See engravings on page 148, vol. IT.

ARRIS LOUDERBACK, FIRE-BRICK LAYER AND GAS RETORT SETTER, No. 1005 Clement Street, Philadelphia.

ESSRS.. J. WRIGHT & CO., ‘‘on-

SULTING ENGINEERS and So icisors

of Parents, No. 42 Bridge street, Blackfr ars,

London, E. 0. Patents for inventions obtained in all countries where Patent Laws are in fore.

OT WATER GAS STOVES, Ma- nufactured by Hunter, KELLER & Co., 144 Centre street, New York.

See Engravings on page 163, Vol. II. of ae JouRNAL.

Hotometer Apparatus

ond Room for Sale-—The Room is about 6 feet wide by 12 feet long, painted black inside and Prmetd together. Tt can be taken down pe ncthan ¥ boxed for transportation. ll the beng are complete for immediate

RTER, care of the AMERICAN

Water-Gas Works.

Ater-Gas.—Appleton & Graham,

Agents For The

NEW ENGLAND WATER-GAS CO,, UnperR THE SANDERS PaTeENT,

Are prepared to give estimates for Works, and - guarantee the cost of Gas not to exceed One Dol-

lar per 1000 cubic feet.

("Coal or Rosin Gas-Works altered at small expense. —

A. & G. continue as heretofore to erect their improved Rosin and Rosin-Oil Works for Private Dwellings, Factories, &c. For further particulars apply at 56 Washington st., Boston.

Wooden Gas-Pipe.

ag ey PREPARED WOOD-PIPE

for Gas Mains.—Wm. Stephenson would call the attention of Gas Companies and it Engineers to his Patent Prepared Wood Gas- Pipe. This Pipe is prepared in a way so as to| effectually prevent its decay, and has been proven to be superior to Iron pipe in three towns where he has erected Gas-Works.

The cost of the Pipe, and the facility with which it can be laid, and aiso its not being sub- ject to expansion and contraction by change of temperature, render it entirely free from leuk- age> there is also less condensation than in Iron pipe. These are among the advantages gained by the use of this Pipe, and are sufficient to re- commend it to the favorable consideration of Gas Companies and Engineers; and it is con- sidered, by those who have examined it, asa most valuable improvement.

A sample of this pipe may be seen at the rooms of the American Gas-Licut JournaL, No. 39 Nassau street, New York; and further informa- tion, with reference to this Pipe, may be obtained by application to the Patentee,

WM. STEPHENSON, Gas Engineer, Fremont, Ohio.

Steam-Pumps.

ORTHINGTON’S Sream Poumps extensively used by Gas- Light Companies. For Sale at greatly Reduced Prices, Also, a new and highly successful Pump, driven by water pressure, requiring no attention or re- pairs, and the most economical water motor yet constructed. Patent GATES, for Water and Steam-stops. HENRY R. besa st wy

73, 75, 77,

way, New York.

79, 81, 00 Johnston St.,

83 Boerum Street. Brooxrrn, N. Y.

V. HAUGHWOUT & CO., e 488, 499, 492 Broadway, Corner of Broome &t., New York, Gas=Fitters and Contractors for the Erection of Gas-Works. Messrs. E. V. Havcnwout & Co. have on hand a most extensive assortment of the newest and most desirable styles of CHANDELTERS, Brackets, Lamp-Posts, AND Gas- Fixtures OF Every Description, to which they would respectfully call the atten- tion of the public. ( Gas-fitting done in the most workmanlike manner, and on reasonable terms.

OLD CHANDELIERS, &c.,

M. L. Curtis, 141 Elm Street,

Manufacturer Of

Gas-Hix’Tures.

GAS=FITTING IN ALL ITS. BRANCHES. RE-FINISHED IN GIi@,.OR BRONZED,

Or Made To Appear Equal To New.

New York City,

" Gas- -Fixtures.

Niffany & Company, Jewel-|

ers and importers of elegant artistic Paris Gas CHANDELIERS, BRACKETS, PENDANTS, &c., in Bronze and Gilt. No. 550 Bro ADWAY, New York.

PHILADE LPHIA GAS FIXTURE Works.— Warner, Miskey & Merrill, Manufacturers, Store, No. 718 Chestnut street, Philadelphia. Warner, Peck & Co., No. Broadway, New York, would respectfully inform

the public that they continue to Manufacture all

kinds of Gas Fixtures, Lamps, Girandoles, Bronses &c., and that their large and varied stock com-

prises the simplest as well as the most elaborate

patterns, designed by their French artists. They

also continue to keep at their store, 376 Broad-

way, a large and full assortment of all their manu-

map Goods. Dealers and others are invited call and examine.

VNEORGE H. KITCHEN & CO., J’ Manufacturers of Fixtures for Gas Light purposes, Wood’s Building, No. 561 Broad-

Meters for the State of New York.

GASOMETER tn

HILLIPS & ALLEN, penne lvania Avenue, above 29d. street, Phila- delphia.—G \SOMETER Rivets of all kinds.

Gas-Meter Fluid.

LUID FOR GAS-METERS.—The undersigned is prepared to furnish the Glycerine Meter Fluid in quantities to suit purchasers. It does not evaporate, can bemade to stand any degree of cold liable to occur in this country or inCanada, and does not cor- rode the metals of the meter. It has been in use successfully for the last three years. For particulars, references, &c., address the manufacturer, HENRY BOWER,

61 Beekman street, N. Y,

Box 868, Philadelphia, Pa.

Office of the Inspector of Gas

Gas-Holders.

Asometers, Retort-House Roofs, Water-Tanks,

PURIFYING-BOXES, COAL-CARS, COKE BARROWS, AND ALL KINDS OF WROUGHT-IRON WORK FOR GAS AND WATER WORKS.

Manufactured by GEORGE W. KRAFT, Chest- nut street wharf, West pinitdiniéerir4:. Pa.

EORGE STACEY, Crvcrynatt, O., Manufacturer of single and Teles- copic Gasholders, Wrought-Iron Bridges, Girders, Joists and Stairways, Coke and Coal W: Rakes, Screens, and other Gas-works tools, and Cup Valves, Bolts, Nuts, Chisels, Ladles, rae other tools, Wrought-Iron Roofs, for Slate and Corrugated Iron, Gas Purifiers, Washers, Centre Seal Valves and other Gas apparatus, Boiler-plate Retort Lids. Refer to— Cincinnati Gas-Light & Coke Co. Nashville Gas-Light Co. Springfield Gas-Light Co. Columbus Gas-Light Co. Cleveland Gas-Light Co. Covington and Newport Gas-Light Co. Memphis Gas-Light Co. Indianapolis Gas-Light and Coke Co. James H. Caldwell, Esq., New Orleans. John Jeffrey, Esq., Cincinnati.

OOLE & HUNT, Barrmotorg, Mp., are prepared to execute orders for GAS-HOLDERS, IRON-ROOF FRAMING, And all other descriptions of Iron Work for Gas-Works, Water- Pipes, and Heavy Castings, and Machinery AiR

AS-HOLDER FOR SALE.—265 feet diameter, 14 feet high, ca about 6,800 feet. Has been in use but a aoe time. Good as new. Cast iron ance weights dnd chains complete. Will for $500 (which plied for

be bold is penigr em th gees if ap-

oe Post Office,

Pa.

18 American Gas-Light Journal—July 15, 1861.

Clay Retorts.

LLIMAN BROTHERS, 217 PEARL Street, New York, Commission Merchants, Importers of BELGIAN FIRE-CLAY GAS RETORTS, Dealers in Tiles, Arch-Bricks, Furnace-Doors, Movrts-Pieces, Covers,

And all other Fittings, of the most approved pat- terns, for setting Clay Retorts. Sappaton’s Parent Fursace-Doors, & Frames, Floyd’s Patent Malleable Iron Retort Covers, McKenzie’s Parent Gas EXHAUSTERS, made by Addison Smith. Compensator-Valves, &c. Gas, Water, and Steam Tubes.

HILADELPHIA FIRE-BRICK Works, corner of Vine and Twenty-

third streets, Philadelphia.

JOHN NEWKUMET," Manufacturer of all kinds of Fire-Brick, Gas- Hovss T1xgs, to suit all the different plans in use. Clay Retorts and Dentists’ Muffies. Orders filled at short notice

Iron Foundries.

Iron Foundries.

Gas-Engineers.

8. V. Merrick, J. VAUGHAN MERRICK, W. H. Merrick. OUTHWARK FOUNDRY, Philadelphia. MERRICK & SONS, Engineers, Manufacturers of every description of Gas Machinery Retorts, Bench Castings, Condensers, Washers, Scrubbers, Wet or Dry Lime Purifiers, Coke Wag- ons, Fire Tools, Wrought Iron Grate Bars, Gas- holders, either TELESCOPIC OR SINGLE, WITH SvS- PENSION FRAMES COMPLETE; Wrought Iron Roof Frames, for Iron or Slate ; Stop Cocks, Exhausters, Steam Pumps, Boilers and Tanks, Steam or Hand Air Pumps for proving Street Mains, Centre Seals, Governors, Wrought or Cast-Iron Lime Sieves for Purifiers, Purifier Hoisting Machines, &c , &c. Address— MERRICK & SONS, 5th and Washington Streets, Philadelphia.

ERGEN IRON WORKS, Established 1833. R. A. BRICK, Manufacturer of Cast Irnon WATER and Gas-Pires. Rertorts, Pires, &c., always on hand. Office, 109 Leonard Street, New York.

ATENT PYRO-CLAY GAS RE- TORTS. THOMAS HOADLEY, Patentee, wishes to call the attention of Gas- Engineers to these RETORTS,. as a very superior article. REFERENCES :—Gas-Light Works, Buffalo, N. Y. se Cleveland, 0- bad Chicago, Il. THOS. HOADLEY, Corner of Main and Mulberry Sts., Cleveland, 0.

EW YORK FIRE-BRICK Manufactory. (Branch Works at Kreischerville, Staten Island.)

B. KREISCHER & CO., office 56 Goerck street, corner Delancy street, New York.

Gas-Hovuse Ties and Fire-Brick of all shapes and sizes. Fire Mortar, Cray, and Sanp articles of every description made to order at the shortest notice. B. Kreiscuer, M. Macrer, A. WEBER.

ENNEDY’S METHOD OF SE- curing Iron Mouth Pieces to Clay Retorts.—The Retort is made in the usual form, but without any bolt-holes through the flange. An iron collar in two pieces, is placed around the Re- tort behind the flange, and bolted to the mouth- piece outside of the flange instead of through it. For engravings, see AMERICAN Gas-Liant JovR- NAL for June, 1860, page 245. Address the Pat- entee. JOHN P. KENNEDY, Trenton, N. J.

DDISON POTTER, WILLINGTON Quay, Near NEWCASTLE-UPON-T¥NE, ENGLAND, Manufacturer of Cay Retorts, Fire Bricks, and every description of Fire CLay Goons.

LIFF’S ENGLISH CLAY RETORTS, Retort-Covers, Gas-Exhausters, Furnace Doors, Castings, Implements, Pho- tometrical and Meter-Proving Apparatus.

T. W. PARMELE, Sole Agent, No. 4 Irving Place, New York. ——

Iron Retorts.

REGON FOUNDRY, Nos. 740, 742, 744 Greenwich Street, New York.

HERRING & FLOYD, proprietors, manufacture Gas Compensators of all sizes, Self-Acting Valves, Exhausters upon an improved plan, costing less than half those of English manufacture, also cast- ings of every description for Gas and Water Works.

Herring & Floyd offer for sale Sabbaton’s Patent Screening Shovels for coke and coals, made of malleable iron, of all sizes ; Sabbaton’s Patent Im- proved Cast Iron Furnace Frame and Door, ar- ranged to protect the iron work of the door and frame from direct contact with the fire; also, Floyd’s Patent Malleable Iron Retort Covers, only quarter of an inch thick, but of convex form, and of great strength, as is attested by certificates from several of the leading Gas-works in America. For engravings of all the above patents see AMERI- CAN GAS-LIGHT JOURNAL for October, 1859, pages 65 and 71.

Samples of the above castings can be seen at the Rooms of the AMERICAN GAS-LIGHT JOURNAL.

OLWELL & CO., Manufacturers, of Pig Iron and Cast Iron Gas and Water Pipes, No. 207 North Water street and 206 North Wharves, Philadelphia. STEPHEN COLWELL, W. DWIGHT BELL, THEO, TREWENDT, SAMUEL FULTON,

Raner & Mercer, 117 North

Water Street, & 124 North Wharves,

Philadelphia, AGENTS For THE MERCER FOUND- RY, AND ELK SHEET IRON WORKS.

Cast Iron Street Mains; Bends, Branches, Chemical Retorts, and all kinds of Castings for Gas-Works, either Coat or Rosin Works. SHEET Tron FoR GASOMETERS cut and punched to order. Bor.er Iron of ali descriptions, Russta SHEET Iron, Tin PLates, Biock Tix, Copper, Pic Leap, Spe.ter, and Metals generally.

LORENCE IRON WORKS.—The subscriber is prepared to execute orders and make contracts for Cast-Iron Water and Gas-Pipes, from 2 inches to 48 inches in diameter ; also, Retorts, Bench-Castings, Branch- es, Bends, and all Castings for Water or Gas- Works. Pipes and Castings coated with Smith’s Patent Coal Tar Varnish to prevent corrosion.

JOSEPH G. JONES, 205346 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.

Orris, Tasker & Co., Pascal Iron Works, {Established 1821,]

PHILADELPHIA, manufacture Wrought Iron Weld- ed Tubes for Gas, Steam or Water ; Lap-Welded Boiler Flues,

GALVANIZED Wrovcnr Iron Tunes,

Artesian Well Pipes,

of Wrought or Cast-Iron, screwed together, flush inside and out ; Gas-works Castings, Retorts and Bench Castings for Coal Gas-works,; Cast-Iron Street Mains, Bends, Branches, Drips, &c. Gas and Stream Fitrers’ Toots, &c. STEPHEN Morris, Cuas. WHEELER, Tuomas 8. TASKER, STEPHEN P. M. TASKER,

AST IRON WATER, GAS, DRAIN AND HEATER PIPES, é&c., COLUMBIAN IRON WeORKS, Orrice, No. 46 NORTH SEVENTH STREET, Below Arch Street, Philadelphia. THOS. M. ADAMS, Proprietor.

ie GAS AND WATER COM-

Panies:

The undersigned, Agent for Messrs. Thomas Edington & Sons, Phenix Foundry, Glasgow, Scot- land, is prepared to contract for all descriptions of Cast-Iron Pipes of their manufacture.

About 6,000 tons of these Pipes have lately been supplied to the Brooklyn Water-works, N. Y., and the Chief Engineer of the Works, A. P. Kirkwood, Esq., is ready to testify to their excellent quality.

ARCH’LD BAXTER, 28 Beaver 8&t., N. Y.

Sole Agent for the United States and Canada.

R. D. Wood & C0.,

a MANUFACTURERS OF \Wy CAST-IRON PIPE, RETORTS, &e, Office, 400 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA.

Ast Iron Pipes.—Earl’S

IRON WORKS, Newark, N. J.,

91, 93, 95, 97 and 99 Chestnut Street. Branch Office, 21 Centre street, New York.

The subscriber continues to manufacture Su- perior Cast-Iron Gas and Water Pipes, Branches, Bends, Angles, Bevel Hubs, Reduces, Sleeves, Drip Syphons, Plugs, Caps, Retorts, Bench Cast- ings, and Castings in general. Particular atten- tion paid to all Castings connected with Gas- Works. E. B. EARL,

S S. ASHCRAFT, Crxciynan, O., e Manufacturer of Gas and Water- Pipes, with Branches of every description; Re- torts for Gas and Oil Works; Gasholder Stands, Colums, &c.; Gas Purifiers, Condensers, and Gas Apparatus of all kinds ; Foundry Work in general. N. B.—A complete selection of Patterns on

hand. Refer to any of the Gas-Works in the Western and Southwestern States.

THEODORE ScowDeEN, Engineer, Louisville.

JouN JEFFREY, Civil Engineer, Cincinnati,

Jacos HovGurTon, Engineer, Detroit.

N. Trump, Gas-Works En-

e GINEER, No. 56 North Seventh

street, Phila. Agent for the Aubin Gas-Works.

Gas-Works erected for Towns, Villages, Facto- ries and Dwellings.

AMES RENWICK SMEDBERG, Consulting and Constructing Gas ENGINEER, SAVANNAH, GEO. REFERENCES , Cuares Roour, Esq., Pres. Man. Gas Co., N. Y. J. K. Brick, Esq., Eng’r Brooklyn Gas Co. “ Messrs. ELtiman Brotuers, New York. F. T. Wiius, Esq., Pres. Savannah Gas Co. J. A. SaBBaTon, Esq., Eng’r Man. Gas Co., N. Y. Joux B. Mornay, Proprietor Am. Gas. Lian? Jour.

\Y\CAMMON’S GAS-APPARATUS for Private Residences, Factories, Hotels and Cities. See engravings of Rosin and Coal Gas-Works in American Gas-Licut JowurNnaL for Dec. 1, 1860, pages 179 and 180.

STEPHEN SCAMMON, Gas-ENGINRER AND CONTRACTOR, 561 Broadway, New York.

( Y% AS-WORKS ERECTED FOR Cities and Villages. Plans and Specifications furnished for works of any desired capacity, drawings of Retort Settings for Bench- es of one, two, three or five Retorts. GAS APPARATUS of every description.

F. A. SABBATON, Gas-Engineer and Contractor, Albany, N. Y.

Vy ATERHOUSE & BOWES, Raleigh, N.C. Builders of Gas- Works in Southern States. The following Gas- Works have been built by them, and are their references. Charlotte, N. C. Raleigh, N C.

Jacksonville, Fla.

Fayetteville, N. C.

Salisbury, N. C. Staunton, Va.

Yorkville, 8. C. Greenville, 8. C. Waverly, Miss.

IMMOCK, DWIGHT & CO. En- gineers and Contractors for the erection of Coal Gas-Works. Offices 135 and 187 William street, New York City; and No,2 Elm street, Springfield, Mass. References by permission :

GrorcE D. MorGans, Esq., New York. AARON CLAFLIN, Esq., “ A. B. Woop, “ Georce Buss, Esq., N.Y., Pres. M.S & N.I.R.R.Co. Gro. M. ATWATER, Esq., Springfield, Mass. Jas. D. Brewer, Esq., Pres. Springfield Gas Co Joun I. Baker, Esq., Pres. Beverly Gas Co. Henry E. Russe, Esq., Pres. N. Britain Gas Co. J. Dunnam, Esq , Pres. Norwich, Ct. Gas Co, W. C. Street, Esq., Sec. Norwalk, Ct. Gas Co.

by AUBIN GAS-WORKS CO., or Arpany, N. Y., refer to the follow- ing Gas-Light Companies using their Works, to prove that Gas stocks can pay handsomely, and yet arich and cheap Gas be made, viz.: Platts- burgh, Whitehall, Palmyra, Waterford, Bath, Amsterdam, Fort Plain, N. Y.; Rutland, Vt.; Flemington, N. J.; Smyrna and Dover, Del. ; Jersey Shore and Pittston, Penn.; Greensboro and Salem, N. C. ; Sorel, St. Hyacinthe, and Point Levi, Canada. Agents wanted to extend the sale of the Aubin Portable Gas-Works, unsurpassed for simplicity, safety and economy.

Gas And Water-Pipe.

yw‘ GAS-RETORTS.— C. M. CRESSON’S CELLULAR Gas Retorts, Patented October 3d, 1854. Adapted to the manufacture of GAS from Rosin, Coal, Wood, &c., and now in use at the Philadelphia Gas Works. Patent Rights for sale. For infor- mation apply to HENRY 8. HAGERT, Attorney for Patentee, 8. E. cor. of Walnut and Sixth sts., Philadelphia, Pa.

OR SYMME’S PATENT RETORTS, Movutuprteces, &c., address— ELLIMAN BROTHERS, 217 Pear! st., N. Y. MORRIS, TASKER & CO., Philadelphia. Or H. K. SYMMES, Newton, Mass. See vings in American Gas-Licut Jour- wat for July 1, 1860, page 280.

Gas-Burners.

T G. ARNOLD, Manufacturer of e Gas Burners, Mercury Cups, Por- table Sockets, Burner Pillars, &c., No. 447 Broome street (second door west of Broadway), New York. In 1g Scotch Tips and Burner Plyers always on han

RNE’S PATENT FILTER-REGU- LATING Gas-Burner, admitted by fo ap and scientific men, who have exam- its movements, to be THE BEST GAS-BURNER YET INVENTED. They are self-regulating, gas-purifying, inde- , and most economical. For sale by 8. A. STETSON & CO., 850 Washington st., Boston,

ERFECTION.—This recent Im- provement in Gas-Burners embraces the great economy of the Hicks Patent Burner, a gain of over 75 per cent. in light. This Burner is now offered to the Trade and all consumers of gas, at the price of the common burner. It is anti-corrosive, gives a uniform and beautifully- shaped blaze, under any pressure, and will not get my iy been adopted by th y the Manhattan and Brooklyn, N. Y., Gas-Light Cos., for street lamps, Sam: will be sent to each Gas Co. in the U States, if eqeeet. Address, L. E. HICKS, 335 Broadway, New York.

Gas-Coal.

CLEVELAND, O., Nov. 28, 1860. HE PARTNERSHIP heretofore ex- isting under the name of Butts &

Kendall, has expired by its own limitation with the close of the business of the present season.

F. Butts & Co.,

will hereafter have the control of the mines of the Sreruinc Coat AND Mrninc Company,

and with such increased facilities, both as to im- provements perfected at the mines and transport- ation of coal, as will enable them to continue the business on a more extensive scale than hereto- fore in supplying Gas-Light Companies in the different States, both East and West.

We are now prepared to contract for the deliv- ery of the

Celebrated Sterling Coal

for the coming season; also, Pittsburg and other

varieties of GAS8-COALS.

You will therefore please to address, in relation

to such contracts, F. BUTTS & CO., Post-Office Drawer, 74 Cleveland, Ohio.

Iverpool And Newcastle Cannel & Coal,

Gas-Manufacturers and House Use.

The careful shipment of the best qualities, of Cannel and Coal, at the lowest rates current at the time of engagement guaranteed.

T. W. PARMELE, Agt., No. 4 Irving Place, New York.

Annel & Orrel Gas-Coal.—

The subscribers are constantly re- ceiving direct, from the celebrated mines of WittiaM H, Branner & Co., Newcastie, Enc., COAL of the very first quality for gas purposes, which they will sell direct from ship or from yard at the lowest market price ; and we guarantee the coal to be equal if not superior to any other coal brought to this market.

CORNELIUS BAKER & SON, 61 Leonard St. and 652 Hudson 8t., New York.

J ARREN FOUNDRY AND MA- CHINE CO., Phillipsburgh, N. J. Manufacturers of Cast-Iron Pipes, from 2 to 48 inch diameter, all pipes from 8 inch to 48 inch cast vertically, and in dry sand, in lengths of 12 feet. 2 inch pipes in lengths of 7 feet. Special Castings of all descriptions furnished at short notice. REFERENCES. Croton Aqueduct dept., N. Y. Manhattan Gas Lt. Co., N. Y. Brooklyn Water dept., N. Y. Brooklyn Gas Lt. Co., N. Y. Citizens’ Gas Lt. Co., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Drain-Pipe.

E een PIPES, ENGLISH AND

AMERICAN. Garnkirck Chimney Tops, Plumbers’ Materials, Minton’s Encaustic Tiles.

For Sale by MILLER & COATES, 279 Pearl st., New York.

McKINNY & KELLY,

Manufacturer:

Coal-Scoops And Coke-Barrows,

ty y od

Saan

FURMAN S§T., near Fulton Ferry, Brooklyn, N.Y.

As Thermometers For

ascertaining and regulating the

temperature of the gas while passing through the

urifiers into the station meters. For sale at the ms of the AMERICAN Gas-LiGHT JOURNAL,

y 7 & J. GRIFFITHS & CO.—

e City Tube Works, Malleable Iron and Brass Foundry, No. 27 North Seventh street, Philadelphia. Manufacturers of Wrought Iron Pipe, Lap-Welded Flues and Fittings ; also, Brass Work of all descriptions, for Gas, Steam and Water. Particular attention given to Heating Buildings, &c.

er PATENT

Class-Enamelled Wrought Iron Tubes, PROSSER’S PATENT LAP-WELDED IRON BOILER TUBES.

TUBES FOR ARTESIAN WELLS, CONVEYING STEAM or Water, SHartinc, &c., SCREWED OR COUPLED

TOGETHER, in various ways. THOS. PROSSER & SON, 28 Platt st., N.Y.

AST AND WROUGHT IRON Pipe, Branches, Elbows, Sleeves, &c. Lamp-Posts, Wrought-Iron Lanterns for Lamp-Posts, Gas Retorts (clay or iron), Street Mains in 9 or 12 feet lengths. Sheet-Iron cut to pattern for Gas-holders. For sale by the Manu- facturers’ Agent, HENRY G. NICHOLS, 24 Pine st., N. Y.

UNTER, KELLER & CO., Manufacturers of WROUGHT-IRON PIPES & FIXTURES, of all descriptions, for

STEAM, WATER AND GAS. 144 Centre street, New York.

IRARD TUBE WORKS—Mourpnry & ALison, Proprietors. Wrought Iron Coke-Welded Tubes, for Gas, Water, Steam, &c. Wrought, Cast and Malleable Iron Fittings, Steam and Gas Cocks, Valves. Also, Galvanized Tubes and Fittings. Office 1908 Market street, Philadelphia.

Merican Tube Works.—

W. G. Smith & Co., Forty-sixth

street, East of 10th Avenue, New York City.

Manufacturers of WELDED IRON PIPE for Steam or Gas, of all sizes, from 1-8th to 3 inches.

ey Bi ed Od Bed i i eh Re ei it, A a ts, bh cn ss

Doeh rt t et eet e ee

All

Cli:

American Gas-Light Journal.—July

15, 1861. 19

Where Gas-Works And Water-Works Are Wanted.

We are now publishing regularly the names of the thirty thousand post-towns in the United States, so that builders of gas-works and water-works, and the various manufacturers, may see where are new openings for business, And as each post-master will receive several copies of the Amertcan Gas-Lieut Journat, for distri- bution, the number thus circulated will probably exceed Three Million Copies. What a chance for advertisers !

POST-OFFICE TOWNS IN THE UNITED STATES, ARRANGED BY STATES AND COUNTIES, Showing where Gas- Works and Water-Works are Wanted.

Maine.

15 Counties, 762 Towns, 10 Gas-Works, 2 Water-Works

Androscoggin County.

Auburn, (c. h.,) Dansville, Durham,

East Livermore, East Poland, East Turner, East Wales, Greene,

Greene Corner, Leeds,

Leeds Junction, Lewistown,

Amity, Aroostook, Bancroft, Brancroft Mills, Bridgewater, Castle Hill, Conway, Easton,

Fort Fairfield, Fort Kent, Fremont, Haynesville, Hogdon,

Lisbon,

Little River Village,

Livermore, Livermore Centre, Livermore Falls, Mechanics Falls, Minot,

North Auburn, North Leeds, North Livermore, North Turner,

Sabatus,

South Durham, South Leeds, South Livermore, Turner,

Wales, Webster,

West Auburn, West Danville, West Durham, West Minot,

North Turner Bridge, West Poland.

Poland,

Aroostook County.

Houlton, (c. h.,) Limestone, Linneus, Littleton, Lyndon, Madawaska, Maple Grove, Mar’s Hill, Masardis, Monticello, Moro,

New Limerick, North Linneus,

Number Three, Orient,

Presque Isle, Rawson, Rockabema, Salmon Brook, Smyrna, Smyrna Mills, South Moluncus, Van Buren, Weston,

West Van Buren.

Cumberland County.

Bolster’s Mills, Bonny Eagle, Bridgton, Brunswick,

Harrison, Naples,

New Casco, New Gloucester,

Cape Elizabeth Depot, North Baldwin,

Casco, Cumberland,

Cumberland Centre,

East Auburn, Fast Baldwin,

Fast N’th Yarmouth,

East Otisfield, East Raymond, East Standish, East Windh@m, Edes’ Falls, Falmouth, Freeport, Gorham, Gray,

Avon,

Carthage, Chesterville,

East New Sharon, East New Vineyard, Fast Strong,

East Wilton, Farmington, Farmington Falls, Freeman,

Amherst, Aurora,

Blue Hill,

Blue Hill Falls, Brooklin, Brooksville, Buck’s Mills, Bucksport, Bucksport Centre, Castine, (c. h.,) Cranberry Isles, Dedham,

Deer Isle,

East Bucksport, East Eden,

East Sullivan, East Trenton, Eden, Ellsworth, Ellsworth Falls, Franklin,

North Bridgeton, North Gray, North Pownal, North Raymond, North Windham, North Yarmouth, Oak Hill,

Oak Hill Station, Otisfield, Portland, (c. h.,) Pownal, Raymond, Saccarappa, Sandy Beach, Scarboro’,

Sebago,

South Bridgeton. South Casco, South Freeport, South Windham, Standish,

Steep Falls, Stephens’ Plains, Upper Gloucester, Webb’s Mills, West Baldwin, West Bridgeton, West Cumberland, West Falmouth, West Gloucester, West Gorham, West Pownal, Windham, Yarmouth,

Franklin County.

Industry,

ay, Kingfield, Madrid, New Sharon, New Vineyard,

North Chesterville,

North Jay, North Wilton, Phillips, (c. h.,)

Rangeley,

Salem,

South Chesterville, Strong,

Temple Mills, Weld,

West Freeman, West’s Mills, Wilton.

Hancock County.

touldsboro’, Great Pond, Green’s Landing, Hancock, Mount Desert, North Blue Hill, Nort Bucksport, North Castine, North Ellsworth, North Hancock, North Haven, North Mariaville, North Penobscot, North Sedgwick, Oceanville, Orland, Otis, Penobscot, Prospect Harbor, Salisbury Cove, Seal Cove.

Seaport, Sedgwick,

South Brooksville, South Deer Isle, South Penobscot, South West Harbor, Sullivan,

Surry,

Swan’s Island, Tilden,

Tremont,

Trenton Point, Waltham,

West Brookville, West Eden,

West Ellsworth, West Gouldsboro’, West Sedgwick, West Trenton, Winter Harbor.

Kennebeck County.

Albion, Augusta, (c. h.,) Belgrade, Belgrade Mills, Benton, Brown’s Corners, Centre Sidney, China, Clinton, Curtis’ Corner, East Benton, East Monmouth, East Pittston, East Readfield, East Vassalboro’, East Winthrop, Fayette, Fayette Ridge,' ardiner, Hallowell,

Kent’s Hill, Litchfield, Litchfield Corners, Monmouth, Manchester, Mount Vernon, North Belgrade, North Fayette, North Monmouth, North Pittston, North Sidney, North Vassalboro’, North Vienna, North Wayne, Pishon’s Ferry, Pittston, Readfield, —— Depot,

ome, Seward’s Mills,

Sidney,

South Albion, South China, South Litchfield, South Monmouth, South Vassalboro’, South Windsor, Strickland’s Ferry, Togus Spring, Vassalboro’, Vienna, Waterville, Wayne,

Week’s Mills, West Gardiner, West Sidney, West Waterville, Windsor, Winslow, Winthrop.

Alna,

Booth Bay, Bristol,

Cooper’s Mills, Cushing, Damariscotta Mills, Dresden,

Dresden Mills, East Union, Edgecomb, Friendship, Hodgdon’s Mills, Jefferson, Matinicus, Monhegan Island, New Castle,

Albany, Andover, Bethel, Brownfield, Bryant’s Pond, Buckfield, Byron, Canton, Canton Mills, Centre Lovell, Denmark, Dixfield,

East Dixfield, East Fryeburgh, East Hebron, East Rumford, East Stoneham, East Sumner, Fryeburgh,

FKryeburgh Centre,

Gilead, Grafton, Greenwood,

Alton,

Alton Village, Argyle, Bangor, (c. h.,) Bradford, Brewer,

Brewer Village, Burlington, Carmell, Carroll, Charleston, Chester, Corinna, Corinna Centre, Corinth, Deerfield, Dexter, Dixmount, Dixmount Centre, East Bradford, East Corinth, East Dixmont, East Eddington, East Exeter, East Hampden, East Holden, East Lowell, East Newport, East Orrington, East Stetson, Eddington, Edinburgh, Enfiild,

Etna,

Lincoin County.

Noblesboro’, North Boothbay, North Edgecomb, North Newcastle, North Union, North Warren, North Waldoboro’, North Washington, North Whitefield, Owl’s Head, Pemaquid, Rockland,

South Dresden, South Jefferson, Southport,

South St. George, South Thomaston, Tenant’s Harbor, Thomaston, Union, Waldoboro’, Warren, Washington, West Jefferson,

Round Pond, Westport,

Saint George, West Washington, Sheepscott Bridge, Whitfield, Somerville, Wiscasset, (c. h.) Oxford County.

Hanover, Porter,

Hartford, toxbury, Hebron, Rumford,

Hiram, Rumford Centre, Letter B, Rumford Point, Locke’s Miils, Snow Falls, Lovell, South Andover, Mexico, South Hartford,

Milton Plantation, South Newry, Newry,

South Paris, North Albany, South Waterford,

North Buckfield, Stow, North Fryeburgh, Sumner, North Lovell, Sweden, North Newry, Waterford, North Norway, Welchville,

North Paris, North Waterford, North Woodstock, Norway,

West Bethel, Vest Paris, West Peru, West Sumner,

Oxford, Wilson’s Mills, Paris, (c. h.,) Woodstock. Peru,

Penobscot County,

Etna Centre, North Howland,

Exeter, North Newport, Exeter Mills, North Woodward, Garland, Olamon, Glenburn, Oldtown,

Great Works, Orono, Greenbush, Orrington, Hampden, Passadumkeag, Hampden Corner, Patten,

Hermon, Hermon Pond,

Plymouth, Six Mile Falls,

Holden, South Charleston, Howland, South Corinth, Hudson, South Dexter, Kenduskeag, South Exeter,

La Grange, South Levant, Lee, South Lincoln, Levant, South Newburgh, Lincoln, South Orrington, Lincoln Centre, South Winn, Lowell, Springfield, Mattawamkeag, Stetson, Makfield, Upper Stillwater, Milford, yeasie, Newburgh, West Bangor, Newburgh Centre, West Charleston, Newport, West Corinna, Nickaton, West Enfield,

North Bangor, North Bradford, North Carmel, West Great Works, North Dixmont, West Hampden, North East Dixmont, West Levant, North Hermon, Woodville,

West Garland, West Glenburn,

Piscataquis ,;County,

Abbot,

Atkinson, Blanchard, Bower Bank, Brownsville, Centre Guilford, Dover, (c. h.,) Dover South Mills, East Dover, East Sangerville, Elliottsville, Foxcroft,

Bath,

Bowdoin,

Bowdoin Centre, Bowdoinham,

East Bowdoinham,

Anson,

Athens, Bingham, Bloomfield, Brighton, Cambridge, Canaan, Canada Line, Carritunk, Concord, Cornville,

Dead River, Detroit,

East Madison, East New Portland, East Pittsfield, Embden, Embden Centre,

Belfast, (c. h.,) Belmont,

Brooks,

Burnham Village, Camden,

Carver’s Harbor, Centre Lincolnville, Centre Montville, East Knox,

East Montville, East Northport, East Palermo,

East Thorndike, Ellingwood s Corner, Frankfort, Frankfort Mills, Freedom,

Hope,

Isleboro’,

Greenville, Sangerville, Guilford, Sebec, Katahdin Iron Works,Shirley, Kilmarnock, Shirley Mills,

Kingsbery, South Atkinson, Milo, South Dover, Monson, South Parkman,

Mount Kineo, North Brownsville, Orneville, Parkman, Parkman Centre,

South Sangerville, South Sebec, Wellington,

West Dover, Williamsburgh.

Sagadahoc County.

Georgetown, Parker’s Head, Phipsburg, Richmond, Richmond Corner,

Small Point, Topsham, (c. h.,) West Bowdoin, Winnegance, Woolwich. Somerset County,

Fairfield, Fairfield Corners, Flag Staff, Harmony,

Palmyra, Parlin Pond, Pittsfield, Ripley,

Hartland, Saint Albans, Highland, Skowhegan, Kendall’s Mills, Smithfield, Larone, Solon, Lexington, Somerset Mills,

Madison, Madison Centre, Mercer.

Moose River, The Forks, New Portland, West Anson, Norridgewock, (c.h.)West Embden, North Anson, West Moscow, North Fairfield, West Ripley. North New Portland,

Waldo County.

South Norridgewock, South Solon, Stark,

Jackson, Prospect Ferry, Knox, Rockport, Liberty, Rockville,

Lincolnville, McLane’s Mills, Monroe,

Monroe Centre, Montville, Morrill,

North Appleton, North Frankfort, North Isleboro’, North Monroe,

Sandy Point, Searsmont, Searsport, Stockton,

South Brooks, South Freedom, South Hope, South Liberty, South Montville, Swanville,

North Palermo, Thorndike, Northport, Troy,

North Prospect, Troy Centre, North Searsmont, Unity,

Nort Searsport, Waldo,

Palermo, West Camden.

Palermo Centre,

Washington County.

Addison Point, Indian River, Pembroke, Alexander, Jackson Brook, Perry, Baileysville, Jonesboro’, Plantation No. 14, Baring, Jonesport, Princeton, Beddington, Lane’s Brook, Red Beach, Cajais, Lubec, Robbinston, Charlotte, Lubec Mills, South Beddington, Columbia, Machéas, (c. h.,) South Princeton, Cooper, Machias Port, Steuben, Crawford, Marion. Topsfield, Cutler, Medybemps, Waite, Debiois, Millbridge, Wesley, Dennysville, Milltown, West Lubec, East Machias, Narraguagus, Whiting, Eastport, North Cutler, Whitneyville. Harrington, Northfield,

York County. Acton, Kennebunk Port, Parsonfield, Alfred, Kear Falls, Ross’ Corners, Bar Mills, Kittery, Saco, Biddeford, Kittery Depot, Sanford, Bonny Eagle, Kittery Point, Shapleigh, Buxton, Lebanon, South Acton, Buxton Centre, Limerick, South Berwick, Cape Neddick, Limington, South Parsonfield, Centre Lebanon, Lyman Centre, South Sanford, Cornish, Newfield, Springvale, East Limington, North Acton, Waterboro’,

East Parsonfield, Elliot,

Elliot Depot, Emery’s Mills, Goodwin's Mills, Hollis,

Hollis Centre, Kennebunk, Kennebunk Depot,

North Berwick, Waterboro’ Centre, North Hollis,

Wells,

N’th Kennebunk Port, Wells’ Depot, North Lebanon, West Buxton, North Limington, West Lebanon, North Newfield, West Newfield, North Parsonfield, West Parsonfield, North Shapleigh, York, (c. h.) Ogunquit,

tO

Gas-Pires.—A Guernsey correspondent, under the name of “ Research,” asks whether earthenware pipes, as gas-mains, would expand and contract as iron ones do, Certainly not. He also asks whether such pipes have not been used in London. Not that we are aware of, although there cannot be a doubt that such pipes would be preferable to iron ones, not only in this re- spect, but also in respect to non-corrosion. The ex- pansibility and contractibility of the iron gas-mains, in the first place, destroys the integrity of the junc- tions which allows the gas to escape; and, by reaction with the materials of the subsoil in London, agencies more corrosive than the gas itself are liberated; and not only the exterior of the gas-pipes, but that of the water-pipes, is thereby rapidly corroded, while an abominable stench is produced, which Mr. Spencer, the chemist, has traced down the sewers to the black mud of the Thames, which, he says, is what gives forth so intolerable a nuisance in the summer. Earthenware pipes, so far as regards these objectionable results, would certainly obviate them; but iron pipes are themselves jointed in some towns on a different prin- ciple, which secures them, it is said, against gas leak- age.—Lonudon Builder.

gig rs

Turkish Batus.—In England considgrable attention is being paid to the introduction of Turkish baths, and our exchanges from that country contain many items in reference to them. It is said that these establish- ments are springing up everywhere, and they are highly successful. We heard recently of their introduc- tion into a lunatic asylum, and the effect on the pa- tient was said to be of a marked beneficial character. One of these baths has been lately erected in Alfred Place, Alexander Square, London, the centre of a rapidly increasing and important neighborhood, where its valne will doubtless be duly appreciated. These baths are an improvement upon any yet seen in the metropolis. Entering from a coridor, you pass at once into a frigi- darium forty feet square, tastefully and suitably deco- rated with compartments for the toilet on either side. Lantern windows running all round, which may be opened or shut as required, serve to secure ventilation. The hot rooms and lavatory are all conveniently lo- cated upon the same floor. Attention has been paid to secure proper ventilation here also, Proper ventila- tion is a first necessity. The rooms are all lofty and capacious, and paved with tiles. The lavatory is fitted up with a complete system of water apparatus ; and then there are private baths, with an entrance from the ad- joining street. The public are indebted for this estab- lishment to two of the resident members of the medical profession, in whose charge it will doubtless be suecess- ful. While it is true that this bath may not be adapted for some constitutions, yet there is no doubt of its value to many. We have every reason to suppose that Turkish baths will be soon introduced on this side of the Atlantic, and then our citizens will be able to ap- preciate the luxury which travellers have so enthu- siastically described.

20 American Gas-Light Journal.—July 15, 1861.

Water-Works Of America. Chicago, Ill.

The report of the Board of Water Commissioners of the city of Chicago, presents a variety of interesting matter. We give a brief abstract of its more important features.

INCOME OF THE WORKS FoR 1860. The total receipts of water-rents collected for the year amount to.. ees The income of the part inctatien a i the olen tax, but such small amount as is received for tap- ping the pipes in excess over the costs for the same, amounting this year to $373.61, and making the

whole income for the year +.s+eseeeeeeecees 131,536.34

The income of the year 1859 was s++s-eee0 123,600.77

The excess of the income of 1860 over that of 1859 Welmg.ccc ccc cccecccccccccccccces sree reccccese

Interest, Operating Expenses, And Repairs, 1860.

181,162.78

$7,935.57

“Interest on Water Loan Bonds, and all interest 71,474.91 Expenses at the pumping works, including $2,557.61 for the cost of the new chimneys and smoke-pipe.. secee . 20,696.78 Repairs and edeesdtionesus ‘equating ex- pemses 06 Weece coescecesoe Geneue 5,550.71 Office expenses, clerks, collectors, rent, etc. 7,810.49 Salaries of commissioners, superintendent, and secretary ..se0. 6,186.10 ‘ s-_- 40,244.08 $111,718.99 Excess of income of 1860 over its interest and ex-

PONG vccccccccccccccceccs cee co Ceccce covccccce 19,817.35 TOTAL REVENUE AND EXPENSES FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE WORKS,

Total revenue to January Ist, 1861 Seeeeveseces 613,209.09 Total interest and expenses to sametime 570,696.18 Total excess of revenue +..+++ ences codeus $42,512.91

APPLICATION OF ALL MEANS HAD FOR BUILDING THE WORKS AND PURCHASING SUPPLIES ON HAND.

We give in brief a statement of the means by which the water-works have been built, and by which the supplies of materials and machinery on hand have

been purchased. Six per cent. Water Loan Bonds issued, $1,030,000,

less by discount, $87,390.78 cesese08 - 942,609.22 Seven per cent. Water Loan Bonds issued 56,000.00 Due Quintard & Whitney 25.ceessesceeeees 485.49 Excess of revenue over interest and expenses 42,512.91

$1,041,607.62 How These Means Have Been Used.

Water-Works cost, January Ist, 1961 1,013,245.06 Water pipes on hand 26 .eeeeeee 18,031.56 STEEN vcnccweseceseccceccece e.ee. 5,019.24 Machinery, tools, etc., on hand 8,666.50

Water-meters, $500, service-cocks, $186.42. Stop-cock, ew etc., $75, office fur- SE nnednece eecesserezecceocses 282.00

27,635.72

Race, Mathews & Co ddeteteedanok: Gereate 11.60 Orrington Lunt, treasurer, balance on depost with C.

M. & F. Ins. Co.. Ceeceoecrocescoeccescoce 715.24

$1,041 607.62 Distributing Pipe Laid During 1860.

North Division e++++2+ 4,994 feet. UTES? sesdebessucesese te 4,530 “ West Pe Wdeds eeeeseseuds 22,285 West coovcteccvcccsoecee 81,799 feet, or 6 miles 119 feet.

WHOLE AMOUNT OF PIPE LAID IN THE CITY. The whole amount of main laid is.. 26,076 ft. bat - distributing pipes 454,531 “ Total of all sizes of pipes laid.. 480,607 ft., or 91 miles 127 ft.

The amount of water pumped, during the year, averaged 4,703,524 gallons daily, exceeding the daily average of 1859 by over 21 per cent., while that of 1859 exceeded the daily average of 1858 by 29} per cent.

Extending The Inlet Pipe Into The Lake.

The Board has had a good deal of examination and discussion as to whether it is practicable, at a reason- able expenditure, to furnish the water supplied to the city in a purer and clearer state than is at present distributed. Having reference chiefly to this matter, the Board, early last March, passed the following reso- lution :

“That the Chief Engineer of the Sewerage Board, Mr. E. 8. Chesbrough, be requested to submit a pro- ject and estimate for extending the inlet pipe so far out into the lake that the water thus obtained shall be free both from the wash of the lake shore and the flow of the river, and that he also take under con- sideration and report on the matter of erecting ad- ditional pumping works in such locality as shall secure a supply of pure water.”

In accordance with this resolution Mr. Chesbrough made a thorough examination of the localities con- venient to Chicago, the results of which are embodied in his interesting report to the Board.

With regard to “ extending the inlet pipe so far out into the lake that the water thus obtained shall be free both from the wash of the lake shore and the flow of the river,” there is much room for diversity of opinion as to the mode and cost of doing it.

It has been proposed to lay a wrought iron pipe, five feet in diameter, one-quarter of an inch thick, one mile in length, and with flexible joints one thousand feet apart.

One question that arises immediately in the discus- sion of this subject is, what amount of daily supply should be provided for? It is very evident that what was more than enough three years ago, is totally in- adequate now; and there is every reason to believe that the present supply will soon prove insufficient. But if a supply for a time too far distant is provided, the loss of interest on the present and proximately future unnecessary portions of the work would alone pay for the construction of new works. As no rule whatever can be relied upon to determine the future population, or demand for water of a city, something, in a case of this kind, must be assumed. It is there- fore supposed that ten years would be a suitable time to provide for, and that at the end of that period, the population and water consumption of Chicago will both be doubled. In this connection, the following tabular statement, giving the experience of other cities as well as Chicago, will be of interest.

AVERAGE NUMBER OF WINE GALLONS SUPPLIED DAILY BY DIFFERENT WATER-WORKS.

Boston, Cincinnati.| Buffalo. Detroit,

Chicago.

1857 12,726,000) 4,587,221 2,087,713) 1'900'831 8 rt 1847, 2,557 957,940) 1,981,071 2,991,412 1859 9,228, 415) 13, 175,000 4,618,567) 3,811,700) 2, 142, 071 3,877,117 1860 9,871, - 17,288, 1000) 5,000, 1000 4, 000) 1690, 673

Much of the increase shown in the foregoing table is owing to the extension of works as well as to the growth of population ; but there is also another cause of increased consumption, and that is, the growing use of water closets and private baths, the greater watering of streets, the flushing of sewers, the increase of manufacturing establishments, and the playing of public and private fountains, when they can be in- dulged in. The greater or less use of water for these purposes will account very much for the great differ- ence there is with regard to the average rate of con- sumption per inhabitant in different cities, which difference will be seen ia the following statement of the

DAILY AVERAGE NUMBER OF WINE GALLONS OF WATER SUPPLIED TO DIFFERENT CITIES,

Name of City. aoe Popul’n, Gals. sup’d. aoe Authority. nhb’t. New York 1860) 814,277) 42,000,000) 51.6 A. W. Craven. Philadelphia..| “ 568,034! 20,898,197) 35.9 H.P. M. Birkinbine. Baltimore “ 25 Jas. 8. Suter. Boston 177,902) 17,238,000) 96.9 James Slade. Cincinnat 160,060 80 R. C. Phillips. Chicago “ 109,420) 4,690,673) 42.9 B. F. Walker. i anerece 84,000; 4,000,000) 47.6 A. R. Ketcham. inane 60,855! 1,850,000) 19.3 J. St. C. Morton. Albany 0.°5T 69 Geo. W. Carpenter. — pies 1 5 a Houghton. ersey y, eo. H. Bailey and Hoboken ... 1860) 89,000) 2,005,981) 51.4 Robt. C. Bacot.

It is evident, from the above statement, that no rule

for estimating the amount of water required for any city can be based simply upon its population. In fact, the causes of consumption and waste are so numerous and variable that estimates of them have rarely, if ever, been approximately realized. With regard to waste, it has become so enormous in most cities, having.a water supply, as to be a cause of uni- versal complaint. This seems to be an incurable evil, for even in London, where the police system is so perfect, and the citizens are supplied by private com- panies having every incentive to prevent waste, it was asserted before the Institution of Civil Engineers, March 29th, 1859, “that at least two-thirds of the supply was lost,” enumerating among sources of loss, “leaky mains.”

The actual daily average quantity of water supplied per inhabitant, very rarely, if ever, diminishes in a city, Frequently it appears to remain nearly station- ary from year to year; but sometimes it increases very much. In London it was reported to be 19 wine gallons in 1828, and $7in 1856. In Boston, 64 gallons in 1853, 76 in 1857, and 97 in 1860. But the most enormous amount yet reported is that of ancient Rome, 50 cubic feet or about 375 wine gallons. (See Hughes’ Water- Works, p. 9.)

The average daily consumption of Chicago for 1860 amounts to nearly 5,000,000 gallons, But there were some days in July last, when it reached nearly 7,000,000 gallons. Twice these quantities would be respectively 10,000,000 and 14,000,000 gallons, and for these it is proposed to provide a future supply.

A 5 foot iron pipe, one mile long, would deliver 14,000,000 gallons in 24 hours under a head of 0.8 feet. But the water would not be consumed uniformly throughout the 24 hours. It is usually considered safer to estimate the required head as if it had to be all delivered in 16 hours, which in this case would 1.8 ft. It is evident, therefore, the proposed 5 ft. pipe would be abundantly large.

The estimated total cost of this pipe by the gentle- man who proposed it, is $65,791.20.

The inlet pipe of the Detroit Works is 30 inches diameter, and 327 feet long, extending from their en- gine to a point 150 feet beyond the wharf line, to 34 feet depth of water. It cost, when laid, $9,370. The laying of it was attended with considerable difficulty, on the shore as well as in the water; and fhe part in the river is protected from the dragging of anchors by piles and rubble stones. The result of laying this pipe, with regard to improving the supply, appears to have been very satisfactory.

The expansion and contraction in a wrought iron pipe one mile long, due to 30 degrees of temperature, is a little over one foot. This would have to be pro- vided for in some way, for an opening one-sixteenth of an inch wide in the pipe would let in sand very rapidly.

It would be necessary to dredge, also, sufficiently to place the pipe below the bottom of the lake, at least far enough out to prevent the keels of vessels from striking in the heaviest storms. The cost of dredging in still water may be easily estimated; but the diffi- culty of keeping a trench open on the lake shore is so well known that no one would be likely to undertake it by the cubic yard, if only the trench, when finally completed, was measured.

To avoid the various risks and uncertainties atten- dant upon the laying and maintaining of the proposed pipe, it has been thought a tunnel might be made.

Should a tunnel be made, or a pipe successfully laid, what is to prevent either of them from silting up? An arrangement might be made to prevent this, by occasionally pumping through either of them four or five times the usual quantity of water, under a very small head at the pumping works, and then wasting it. But this would be an operation likely to be for- gotten or neglected, especially if it should be con- sidered useless by those in charge of the works.

Should a point a mile out be successfully reached, is it certain that the full object the Commissioners have in view would be attained? Judging from what Capt. Prindeville, who is known to be so well acquaint- ed with the entrance to the harbor of Chicago, says, it is to be feared not. He thinks that in ordinary storms the water of the lake is turbid five miles out, and in extraordinary ones, fifteen miles out. So far

American Gas-Light Journal.—July 15, 1861.

as obtaining clear water at all times is concerned, it appears to be quite evident that the open lake is not to be relied upon at the distance of only one mile. That it would generally be freer from the wash of the shore than a point much nearer the works, is exceed- ingly probable; but that the difference would justify so large an outlay, is a matter of great doubt.

Impurities from the river would be more likely to affect the water a mile out from the pumping station than near the shore, because the prevailing winds are from the northeast, and the currents of this side of the lake strongly southward, as the character of the newly formed beach north of the north pier shows.

In order to obtain pure and clear water at all times, it is proposed fo construct a filter bed at the east end of the lot on which the present pumping works stand.

Such filter beds as it would be practicable to make and maintain for the use of a large city, could’ only be relied upon to strain and clarify the water, but not to purify it from chemical substances held in solution. In cases like that of river water in large cities, the simple removal of impurities held in suspension, how- ever, often leaves it in a very potable state.

By an Act of Parliament, passed in 1852, the Lon- don Water Companies were required, among other things, to filter all the water they furnished their tenants. They all petitioned against the passage of this act, but were defeated, and in 1856, had expended eleven millions of dollars to conform to its requirements. It may be supposed, therefore, that these companies were not extravagant in their expenditures, and that with all their advantages for planning and constructing such works, their filter beds may be considered as at least judiciously economical.

The following are the areas of the filter beds, to- gether with the daily average of water supplied by the diferent London companies, as reported by Messrs. Austin, Rayner, and Dickens, superintending inspect- ors of the General Board of Health, July, 1856:

Kind and Thickness ieelenii. Square cargiy in| of Filtering Medium, yards. wine gallons, Suud. |Shelis, Grav’l ee ft. in. tre in. ft. in, 1 Grand Junction, 25,000} 8,057,000;3 6/0 0/3 6 Southwark and Vauxhall 21,777 12,397,000'8 6/0 0/3 6 +3 West Middlesex 21,780} 8,274,000!2 9/0 0/1 6 44 Lambeth... 0000 3.555 7:330,000/0 0/0 0/0 0 5 Chelsea 9,680] 8,296,000 4/9 2/4 6 6 New River c.c0e 43,560 30,000,000 010 0/3 0 eon aa. 12,820 2,836,000/2 0/0 6/2 0 9 Hampstead 0.. 70 723,000;1 6)0 0 a 197,113.00

An inspection of the foregoing statement will show a greater diversity of opinion and practice than would have been expected under such circumstances, but much of this diversity is more apparent than real, as some of the companies made far greater preparations for the future than others.

The case of the Lambeth Company, which made one Square yard of filter bed surface answer for a daily average of upwards of 2,000 gallons, is the only one that exceeded about 1,000 gallons, and can hardly be considered a safe example to follow, as at certain times their filter beds became foul in about three days. The general expectation appears to have been, that not more than 800 or 900 gallons could be relied upon from one square yard. Mr, Hawksley, whose opinions ap- pear to have had great weight, allowed usually one square yard of filter bed surface for an average daily supply of 840 wine gallons,

The East London Company, whose filter beds are spoken of by the Government inspectors in the most approving manner, appear to have expected about 828 gallons,

On the supposition that 840 gallons to the square yard would be a proper allowance for Chicago, and that the daily consumption in summer would reach 14,000,000 gallons in 1870, there would be required a filter bed with a surface of 16,666 square yards.

Taking into account the value of land, and the saving of additional pumping works expressly for supplying

REMARKS.—*Capable of filtering 21,600,000 gallons daily.

+ When the river water is turbid, a filter bed is said to run freely only for about three days. Filter beds composed of sand and gravel together, 6 feet thick.

¢ 18 filter beds in all—seven in one circle and six in another. The filtered water appeared brighter than that of any other Lon- don company. Could filter 48,000,000 gallons daily.

In 1827, the supply from the first seven companies mentioned, was 84,800,000.

the filter beds, it would, no doubt, be the most econ- omical plan to construct the filter beds within a circu- lar area, on and near the lake shore at the present pumping works,

In order to prepare the floors, lay the drains, and complete the construction of the filter beds, and be able to make future excavations and removal of sand, it would be necessary to enclose the whole in a water- tight dam. As a part of this would be exposed to the action of storms on the lake, it would have to be very strong, or else protected by a permanent breakwater.

The clay foundation is about 18 feet below the ave- rage water level, and must be reached in order to make an impervious dam. To construct this dam, which must, unless protected by a strong breakwater on the lake side, be made in part at least of masonry, a coffer dam to enclose the whole would be required.

The outer circumference of the top of the dam or wall enclosing the filter beds, would be about 1,400 feet.

The probable cost of such a set of filter beds must of course be doubtful. mitted in the report:

The following estimate is sub-

Excavation and dredging for coffer dam +.+. $7,500 Caer GAM. occcce. cecccsscscevccsccccceveccsccceececs 18,000 Pumping ccccccecccccvercccevercccsecess sevcceces 5,000 Wall or dam around filter beds seceeceeccees 22,000 Filter beds, including floor, drains, sand, etc +008 55,000

$107,500

The cost of the English filter beds is said by Mr. Hughes, author of a treatise on water-works, London, 1856, to range probably from $4.50 to $7.50 a square yard. At these rates, the Chicago filter beds would cost from $75,090 to $125,000; the unusual difficulties to be met with on the lake shore would seem to justify the adoption of the larger sum; but, on the other hand, the abundance of fine sand on the spot ought to cause a great saving.

In addition to the first cost of filter beds, the annual expense of keeping them in order is a considerable item, being in England from two to eight-tenths of a cent for every one thousand gallons filtered. The pro- bability is that less than the smallest of the above rates would be sufficient in Chicago for most of the year, because the water of the lake is so often, even along the shore, very nearly as clear as a filter could make it.

Some cities are so situated as to be able to take ad- vantage of natural filter beds, as Toulouse, in France, and Hamilton, C. W. These do not require periodical cleansing, as do the artificial ones; on the other hand, it is necessary to give them greater surfaces, in pro- portion to the amount of water to be filtered.

At Toulouse they excavated trenches in the natural soil, to a depth of about feet below the level of the Garronne, built collecting drains, and then covered them over, restoring the surface of the ground to its original state. In this way they obtained a supply of about 1,000,000 gallons daily of limpid and cool water for a little over $100,000. But in consequence of the want of experience, their works cost them considerable more than they ought. Admitting that they might be constructed now, at half this rate, it would then cost $700,000 to supply 14,000,000 gallons daily. Aside, however, from the greater cost of this plan over an artificial filter, the danger of being interfered with along the shore by public and private improvements, would be very great, unless very large sums were paid for reparian rights, Moreover, the land water, which would then find its way into the drains, is said to be quite inferior to that of the lake itself.

Another mode of delivering the water in a much clearer state during storms than is now done, would be to build a subsiding or settling reservoir, a method re- sorted to very frequently in England, sometimes with- out, and sometimes in connection with filter beds. Since 1852, however, compulsory filtration has caused some of the subsiding reservoirs to be discontinued as uselessly large, while others are used for storing the filtered water.

All water discolored by sedimentary matter, such as clay or pulverized sand, will become clear of itself, if allowed to stand undisturbed a sufficiently long time. No rule can be given, however, for the length of time required, as some waters are longer in becoming clear than others; and the water of the same stream or lake will at one time be longer than at another in settling.

It would seem that a subsiding reservoir that would hold a supply for five days, ought to be sufficient for two years to come, to give to the city clear water at all times, with perhaps rare exceptions. It is evident, however, that a large amount would filter through the sides of the reservoir, in case the material should. be porus, and the surface drawn down below that of the lake ; enough in five days probably, to supply the city one; thus rendering it unnecessary to give the reser- voir a capacity to hold over 40,000,000 at low water level.

The pipe, and the tunnel plans, are not only uncer- tain as to their cost, but of doubtful benefit if com- pleted, so far as clear waf@r and the injurious influences of the river are concerned, though of probable ad- vantage, in avoiding the wash of the shore.

The filter beds would undoubtedly be the most cer- tain in their action, giving the clearest water, except perhaps in the coldest weather ; but, besides their first cost, they would entail an increased, and probably, im- portant annual expenditure.

The subsiding reservoir would give water sufficient- ly clear for all ordinary domestic purposes, leaving it necessary to filter by private arrangements, only for those who feel they must have limpid water at all times; but the possibility of the water in such a reser-_ voir being at times injuriously affected by smoke, even in the distant future, is an unpleasant feature. The probable sale ofice from the subsiding reservoir, ought to equal the interest on more than half its estimated cost.

In view of the whole subject, further time should be taken to consider it; and before expenditures are made on either of the above, or any equivalent plans, there should be several analyses of the water as it is received at the pumping station, at different distances from the shore, and that which may be had by able chemists. This would show if the opinion that the water of the lake is not only purer but softer one mile out than it is along the shore, is well founded or not.

If there should be such a difference in the water taken from the points, as would affect the general health or comfort of the inhabitants, then it would, no doubt, be advisible to spend not only $100,000, but more than double that amount, to procure a purer sup- ply than the present; but if there is no appreciable difference, why should Chicago do what no other city in this country, under similar circumstances, has done. The London companies were obliged by law to make enormous expenditures on this account; but that com- pulsion was based upon theoretical views, as to the effect of certain vegetable and animal substances con- tained in the Thames, and other water supplied by those companies, The quantity of animal and vege- table substances, in the unfiltered water of the London companies, is very much greater than those of Lake Michigan.

As an instance of the wholesomeness of unfiltered river water, Philadelphia is the most healthy of all the large cities in the world, so far as we have statistics to show, and yet the most of its supply comes from the Schuylkill, which is often very turbid, seldom if ever entirely free from discoloration, and the receptacle of several large towns and of a populous region along its course,

While the water furnished to Chicago, owing to the presence of lime, undoubtedly contains more solid mat- ter than that furnished to either Philadelphia or Bos- ton, it probably contains less organic matter, and yet the idea of filtering the whole of the water supplied to either of those cities, seems never to have been serious- ly entertained, certainly never carried out.

It is evident that samples from the same body of water will vary in quality according to the time, lo- cality, depth, and other circumstances under which they may be taken. For this reason the suggestion has already been made, to have samples of Lake Michigan water from points at different distances from the shore, and taken at different times, analyzed.

Should such an analysis show any appreciable effect of the wash of the shore on the water, there is not any probability it will be detected more than two, or at the outside, three hundred yards from the shore.

The distance would just reach the line of safe navi- gation for lake vessels. It would be comparatively easy to lay a piece of pipe that distance to a permanent pier of crib work to protect its inlet, and to construct

22 American Gas-Light Journal—July 15, 1861.

a pile bridge leading to it, the piles in which bridge could be used to insure the safe laying of the pipe. If the present basin were then dredged out to a depth of ten or twelve feet, and the crib work around it made tight against the influx of waves, but not against fil- tration, the supply of water to the city, though it might not always be clear, would at least be free from the fine sand that now cuts the valves of the pumps, and threatens in some cases to obstruct the flow through the pipes. The whole of this work could probably be done, or a tunnel made that far out, like the one al- ready described, for less than $30,000.

The present means of suppying the city of Chicago consists of two steam-engines, each with two pumps. The estimated capacity of the large engine and pumps, when making ten revolutions a minute, the supposed limit of safety, is 11,750,400 gallons in 24 hours; and that of the small engine and pumps, same speed, 7,470,- 720 gallons in 24 hours, These engines and pumps are in excellent order, and will, no doubt, be kept so. They have proved abundantly sufficient for the past and present wants of the city; but if the rate of con- sumption continues to increase as it has done, the pro- bability is that the large draughts to be expected next summer, will be fully equal to, and may possibly ex- ceed the capacity of the small engine and pumps.

As the large engine, like the small one, is liable to get out of order when most needed, it is evident that the time is rapidly approaching, when a short supply may be unavoidable. This of itself, if it merely prevented useless waste, would be no great calamity, but as there is no hope of preventing waste, and as extensive fires may occur, the thought of purposely furnishing a short supply cannot be innocently entertained.

If it were not for the three reservoirs, which have a united capacity of 1,500,000 gallons, it would be im- possible to supply the city with over 7,000,000 gallons a day satisfactorily, because the draught is much larger during the day than at night.

It is very evident that the supply must come from Lake Michigan, and it is doubtful if a purer body of water exists in the Northwest. Is it, however, as now supplied to the city, so affected by the river or the wash of the shore, as to be appreciably injured? Imagination has been very busy on this point, and it would be vain to oppose individual opinions against it. The only satis- factory way of settling the matter would be by having careful analyses, as already suggested, made.

In view of all the circumstances, it is advised to make such an addition to the present engine-house as would accommodate another engine and pumps capable of supplying 14,000,000 or 15,000,000 gallons daily.

Boarp or Water Commissioners or THE Crry oF Cuicaco, Ornrineton Lunt, Epwarp Hamirroy, Bensamin CARPENTER, Superintendent, Bengamin F, Waker. Treasurer, Orrineton Lunt. Secretary, A. W. Trvxnam. Clerks, W. RR. Larrasez, F. J. Reep. Collectors, Cuas. R, VANDERCOOK, Samvuet Pokey, Anton Nieman, O. F. Wooprorp. Engineers at Pumping Works. D. C. Creeter, Chief. Fr. Trautman, Assistant. F, Wetts, Assistant.

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Repvuction iv THE Price or Gas 1x Excranp.—The gas consumers of Birmingham are asking for a reduc- tionin the price of gas. The West Malling Gas Com- pany have consented to reduce the price of their gas 1s. per 1,000 feet for the next year, and another Is, for the year following. By thus submitting to the de- mands of consumers, a threatened returning of meters was abandoned.

Jostau H. Bross,

Water 1x Mives.—From some of the mines in Corn- wall, England, nearly 1,000 gallons of water per minute are pumped from a depth of upwards of 1,000 feet. 500 gallons per minute is a common rate for many of the deep shafts, At the Devon Great Consols mine, the pumping, although moderate in quantity, is from a depth of 1,629 feet. .

On The Action Of Gases And Vapors On Radiant Heat.

An interesting paper was recently read before the Royal Institution of Great Britain, by Professor John Tyndall, “ on the action of gases and vapors on radiant heat.” The Chemical News publishes a summary of his remarks, as follows:

The discourse commenced by a reference to the re- searches of Leslie, Forbes, and Knoblauch; but more especially to the admirable investigations of Melloni, on radiant heat. These eminent men had left the gase- ous form of matter practically untouched, and to ex- tend our knowledge in this wide region, was the object of the investigation, on which the present discourse was founded.

The apparatus made use of, and which was applied in the experiments of the evening, consists of the fol- lowing parts :

1, A copper cube, C, containing water kept con- stantly boiling, and one of whose faces, covered with lamp-black, forms the source of radiant heat.

2. A brass tube, 2.4 inches in diameter, which is divided into two portions, a and 6.

a, The portion of the tube intended to receive the gases and vapors; it is stopped air-tight at its two ends by plates of rock-salt, and is attached to a good air-pump, by which it can be exhausted at pleasure. The length is four feet.

b. An air-tight chamber between the tube a and the cube C. It is kept constantly exhausted, and the cal- orific rays therefore pass from the radiating plate through a vacuum into the tube, thus retaining the quality which belonged to them at the moment of emission,

To prevent the transmission of heat by conduction from the cube C, to the tube a, the chamber 6 is partly embraced by an annular space, in which cold water continually circulates.

3. A thermo-electric pile, furnished with two coni- cal reflectors, and connected with an excellent galvan- ometer. One of the faces of the pile receives the rays which have passed through the tube a.

4, A second copper tube C’, also filled with boiling water, and whose rays fall upon the second face of the thermo-electric pile. The two cubes C and C’, thus radiating upon the opposite faces of the pile, tend, of course, to neutralize each other.

Between the tube C’ and the adjacent face of the pile, a screen S is introduced, being attached to an apparatus of Ruhmkorff’s, capable of extremely fine motion; by the partial advance or withdrawal of this screen, the two sources of heat can be caused to neu- tralise each other perfectly.

The tube a, and the chamber 8, being both exhausted, the needle of the galvanometer is brought exactly to zero by means of the screen S. The gas or vapor to be experimented with is now admitted into the tube a, and if it possesses any sensible absorbing power, it will destroy the previously existing equilibrium. The consequent deflection of the galvanometer, properly reduced, is the measure of the absorption. In this way the action of eight gases and thirteen vapors have been examined, and also the action of atmospheric air.

Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and atmospheric air, respectively absorb about 0.3 per cent. of the calorific rays; this is the feeblest action which has been ob- served.

The most energetic action is that of olefiant gas, which at the tension of one atmosphere absorbs 81 per cent, of the calorific rays, Between those extremes stand carbonic oxide, carbonic acid, nitrous oxide, and sulphuretted hydrogen.

Below a certain tension, which varies for different gases, the amount of heat absorbed is exactly propor- tional to the density of the gas. About this tension the rays on which the principal absorbtive energy is exerted become gradually exerted so that every aug- mentation of density produces a diminished effect.

In the case of olefiant gas, for example, where a unit measure of 1-50th of a cubic inch in capacity was made use of, for a series of fifteen such measures, the absorption was exactly proportional to the quantity of gas; subsequently the ratios of the successive absorp- tions approached gradually to equality. The absorp- tion produced by a single measure of olefiant gas of the above volume moved the index of the galvanometer

through an angle of 2.2 deg.; the tension of the gas being only 1-11000th of an atmosphere, In the case of vapors, the most energetic is that of sulphuric ether; the least energetic is that of bisulphide of carbon. Comparing small volumes and equal tensions, the ab- sorptive energy of sulphuric ether vapor is ten times that of olefiant gas, and ten thousand times that of oxy- gen, hydrogen, nitrogen, or atmospheric air.

On a fair November day the aqueous vapor in the atmosphere produced fifteen times the absorption of the true air itself. It is on rays emanating from a source of comparatively low temperature, that this great ab- sorptive energy is exerted. Hence the aqueous vapor of the atmosphere must act powerfully in intercepting terrestrial radiation; its changes in quantity would produce corresponding changes of climate. Subse- quent researches must decide whether this vera causa is competent to account for the climatal changes which geologie researches reveal.

Oxygen obtained from the electrolysis of water, ex- erted four times the absorptive energy of the same substance when caused to pass through iodide of po- tassium, the greater action being due to the presence of ozone.

The radiative power of gases was examined by caus- ing them to pass over a heated sphere of metal, and ascend in a column in front of the thermo-electric pile. Various precautions were taken to secure accuracy in the results. It was found that the order of radiation was exactly that “of absorption; that any atom or molecule which is capable of accepting motion from agitated ether, is capable in precisely the same degree of imparting motion to still ether. Films of gas on surfaces of polished metal were found to act like coats of varnish.

The speaker also investigates the physical connec- tion of radiation, absorption, and conduction. In the foregoing experiments, free atoms and molecules were dealt with, and upon them individually was fixed the responsibility of the effects observed. These effects are thus detached from considerations of cohesion and aggregation, which suggest themselves in the case of liquids and solids.

The reciprocity of absorption and radiation is a simple mechanical consequence of the theory of an ether.

But why is one molecule competent to stop or gen- erate a calorific flux so much more powerfully than another? The experiments prompt the following re- ply :—The elementary gases which have been exam- ined, all exhibit extremely feeble powers both of ab- sorption and radiation, in comparison with the com- pound ones, In the former case we have oscillating atoms, in the latter oscillating systems of atoms. Uniting the atomic theory with the conception of an ether, it follows that the compound molecule which furnishes points d’appui to the ether, must be capable of accepting and generating motion in a far greater degree than the single atom, which we may figure to our minds as an oscillating sphere. Thus oxygen and hydrogen, which, taken separately, or united mechani- cally, produce a scarcely sensible effect, when united chemically to form oscillating systems as in aqueous vapor, produce a powerful effect. Thus also nitrogen and hydrogen, which, when separate or mixed, produce but little action, when combined, to form ammonia, produce a great action. So, also, nitrogen and oxy- gen, which, when mixed, as in air, are feeble absorbers and radiators, when united to oscilating systems, as in nitrous oxide, are very powerful in both capacities. Comparing small volumes and equal tensions, the ac- tion of nitrous oxide is 250 times that of air; a fact which perhaps furnishes a stronger presumption than any previously existing, that air is a mixture, and not a compound. Carbonic oxide is about 100 times as powerful as its constituent oxygen; carbonic acid is 150 times as powerful, while olefiant gas, as already remarked, is 1,000 times as powerful as its constituent hydrogen. In the case of the hydro-carbon vapors, where the atomic groups attain a higher degree of complexity, the action is even greater than that of olefiant gas.

The speaker also refers to the experiments and obser- vations of Niepce, Arystrom, and Foucault ; but more especially to the admirable researches of Kirchoff and Bunsen, as regards the influence of the period of oscil-

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American Gas-Light Journal.—July

15, 1861. 23

lation on the rate of absorption. He points out how the grouping of atoms to systems in a resisting medium must tend to make their period of oscillation longer, and thus bring them into isechronism with the periods of the obscure radiations made use of in the experiments,

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On Filtration And Filtering Media.

A paper was recently read before the Society of Arts of Londen, “on Filtration and Filtering Media,” by Julius G. Dahike. From various modern works upon the civilization of the Egyptians, Chinese Japanese, and other ancient Oriental nations, we learn that at a very early period filters were used by them. These appear to have been vessels made of unglazed earthenware, or of porous stone. There is no evidence to show either that they were acquainted with the true nature of those matters which should be separated from water intended for the use of man, or that they had studied the subject of filtration in a scien- tific spirit. In this neglect Europe imitated them until near the close of the seventeenth or beginning of the eighteenth century, when the French began to pay at- tention to the subject, and employed silk, wool, cotton, sponge, and sand as their filtering media, But about the middle of last century a lias was discovered in Picardy, which, owing to its effective action, came largely into use. The mode of using it was particu- larly simple, being in the form of a false bottom placed in the cistern, through which the water descended. Afterwards the attention of Englishmen was directed to the subject, and about seventy years ago filters were introduced which contained three layers of media, viz., sand, gravel, and charcoal. These were for filtering by descent, but another system was subsequently adopted and patented for filtering by ascent; this, however, was complicated, and never became in any way largely known.

During the past seventy years, gravel, sand, and charcoal used as a mixture have been the agents most in vogue amongst filter-makers, and it is only lately that due attention has been paid to charcoal as the most efficient filtering medium. Its use is much more frequent now, because not onty has it a powerful deter-

gent effect, but it possesses also the peculiar advantage

of not becoming foul, while it protects from decom- position other bodies in contact with it. It has been often asked why animal charcoal is so effective as a filtering medium? Some attribute this to the presence of so much carbon; but that is an insufficient reason, as shown by the fact that, although coke contains more carbon than sand, yet it is not superior as a filtering agent. Animal charcoal filters about three and a half times more rapidly than either coke or sand, while it is also greatly superior in this, that it removes many inorganic impurities held in solution, over which the former substances exert no power. It appears that the more porosity a filtering medium possesses in itself, the more rapidly does it filter, and the greater is the effect it produces on the water. The latter will be still more decided when, with a greater porosity, peculiar sub- stances are combined. This leads me to believe that we may attribute the extraordinary filtering quality of animal charcoal to the fact that its principal com- ponent parts are lime and carbon, so combined as to secure a wonderfully fine porosity. Vegetable charcoal, although very porous, and containing far more carbon, has less effect on water. -

The art of filtration may be classed into three sys- tems, viz.:—I1st, where the action takes place simply on the surface of the filtering medium; 2d, where the whole bulk of the filtering medium is calculated to operate on the water, and the detergent effect in its most delicate form may be produced; and 3d, where both of these systems are conjointly employed. The first system requires a filtering medium of such a fine porosity that its pores must be smaller than the minute particles composing the impurities suspended in the water. Such an agent of course must sooner become clogged then a filtering medium of coarser porosity, and which is meant to act with its whole bulk on the water. But both systems employed together may prove to be useful in several instances, as in the case of domestic filters. The greatest failing of these is that they must become clogged, and the more they are liable to this the more effectively they act. We often

hear of self-cleansing domestic filters, but the fact is that no invention of the kind has been made yet with- out involving complications too great for the purposes of ordinary domestic use.

However, it is not difficult to make a filter for gen- eral domestic purposes—although the effective self- cleansing of such an apparatus is still a problem to be solved,

The difficulty, or rather the impossibility, of keep- ing water which is stored in cisterns entirely free from accidental contamination, should lead us to provide a domestic filter capable of removing chemical impurities, as, for example, any lead which may be held in solu- tion; in fact, the practice of filtering water preserved in cisterns, and intended for domestic use, cannot be too warmly recommended. To remove lead from water, Professor Farady recommends the practice of stirring up animal charcoal with water so contaminated, the same being then allowed to settle.

It will not be necessary to dwell upon the filtering processes required for large water-works, as the supply is generally taken from such sources that the common sand filter-bed answers the purpose; and where the water is too hard for domestic uses the beautiful pro- cess of Dr. Clark will meet and remedy the evil.

Experience shows that it is not prudent to adopt the same means of purification for every kind of water, and I should make a difference in the treatment of the water used for domestic and that employed for manu- facturing purposes. In the latter it will be often of the greatest. importance to have the water pure as possible, whereas certain so-called impurities in water may not be at all injurious to health. When we consider that no one would call human blood impure which contains 420 grains of saline matter per gallon, we are not, per- haps, justified (of course, speaking in relation to health) in calling water impure which contains small quantities of certain“saline matters, particularly as when we have no medical evidence that the small por- tions of them drunk in such water ever did any harm, Besides which, it should be remarked that the quantity of lime and magnesian salts drunk in water must be greatly exceeded in amount by that which enters the system in the food. Only those waters which contain much sulphate of lime and magnesia have been observ- ed to derange the process of digestion—as, for instance, the waters of the New Red Sandstone.

Too pure water is distasteful, and unfitted for drink- ing purposes. In one case the water taken from a certain well, having a flat and disagreeable taste, proved, on analysis, to be remarkably free from impu- rities. In order to make this water more fit, or per- haps only more agreeable for use, such arrangements were made that before it was filtered through a body of animal charcoal, some finely-dissolyed organic im- purities were added to it, and which were, of course, It was found that the mixed water had a pleasant taste after filtration, and even that it was somewhat sparkling, though no differ-

acted upon by the charcoal.

ence was recognized in the unmixed water after it had passed through the same filter.

Experience has demonstrated that we could not em- ploy a more powerful and efficient filtering medium than pure animal charcoal, in a well-regulated, fine, porous, and solid state. Unfortunately, however, no method has yet, to my knowledge, been discovered by which this substance can be moulded into a convenient shape without diminishing more or less its filtering qualities. will bind the particles together without glazing them. Attempts had been made to produce solid animal char- coal filters by moulding the charcoal with the aid of bitumen and carbonizing the latter; but it appears that the object in view cannot be arrived at in this way. In the first instance, as the proper consistency is not gained; next, by becoming glazed the charcoal loses many of its good qualities, and at least, its rapidity in action will be diminished from its becoming less porous. Another serious objection to this medium, which is really a mixture of charcoal and coke, is to be found in the fact that the filtering power of charcoal to coke stands as 15 to 4. Mineral bitumen (7. ¢., coal-tar and coal pitch) will produce this fatal defect in a higher degree than vegetable bitumen, as it leaves more solid residue after carbonization. But animal charcoal will not adhere to it, and will not bind sufficiently, even

What is required is some material which

when a great quantity of it is used, unless some veget- able charcoal is added. This in itself might not be looked upon as a great drawback, although it has not the filtering quality of animal charcoal, if it served to-pre- serve the latter from the glazing effects of the carbon- ized bitumen; but it does not do this,

A composition which Mr. Dahlke had used success- fully, was then described. He said: “ Being in some degree familiar with the use of the residue which the Torbane hill mineral, sometime called Boghead coal, leaves after distillation, I turned my attention to it. After some experiments, I found that this substance, when moulded with bitumen, ceased to be effective, as in the case with animal charcoal. I, however, eventu- ally discovered that this material, when saturated with oily or fatty matter, will easily adhere by the addition of a comparatively small quantity of clay, and so be readily moulded. When well burnt, this mix- ture furnishes a very powerful filtering medium; it will remove color and smell from water, and will*re- duce its hardness considerably, while at the same time its rate of filtration equals that of charcoal. In fact, recent discoveries have led me to the belief that the residue of the Torbane-hill mineral alluded to deserves more attention than has hitherto been paid to it, for it appears to possess many valuable properties which have been vainly sought in other bodies; but having not yet finished my researches, I must confine myself on this occasion to speaking of it merely with regard to its application to filtering purposes. To make the mixture more effective, I add to it bone-dust, not only for the sake of animal charcoal, but because it must necessarily shrink in the charring—an effect which en- ables me to regulate with great nicety the porosity of the filtering medium beforehand; for I find that the porosity of the mixture mainly depends upon the quantity and grain of the bone-dust which enters into its composition. I have also found that the use of oil in- stead of water for moistening the clay, prevents the too great shrinking of the moulded mass in the drying and firing process. By means of the process just de- scribed, I can produce filter blocks of considerable size and of various shapes, by the use of which I am en- abled to overcome a great many difficulties, and to work large quantities of water with a comparatively small filtering apparatus,”

If the quantity of water to be filtered be so great that avery large filter-bed is required, Mr. Dahlke prefers employing the preparation of the Torbane-hi}l mineral, as described in a granular state, rather than sand; for this reason, that it filters more than three times as quick, and is five times as light as the latter ; consequently a ton of it will, by a layer of equal thick- ness, filter about sixteen times the quantity of water that-a ton of sand would filter, with the advantage that the filtering would produce at the same time a greater decolorizing effect and a considerable softening of the water. A clogging from the precipitation of chalk is not likely to take place, as this substance is separated in a crystalline and granular state. Moreover, those particles of the material which become saturated with organic impurities may, through calcination, regain the greater part of their former efficiency.

Mr. Dahlke remarked, in conclusion, that filtration was not often resorted to on the Continent, with the exception of France and Holland. Manufacturers were very much afraid of adopting any improvements that demand an outlay of capital, and so in this case they would often prefer using impure water te spending their money upon apparatus for purifying it. As for the water used for domestic purposes in Germany, the people are so apt to look up to a paternal government, even in matters concerning their health, that they never think of purifying the water supplied to them. To this apathy of the public may be ascribed, in a great degree, the comparative failure of the English waterworks at Berlin.— London Engineer.

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Great Capacity or THE Coryisu Enerne.—The high- est duty obtained by any Cornish engine is believed to have been by an 85-inch cylinder, at Gwennap. 128,000,000 pognds were lifted one foot high by 112 pounds coal. This was for a long, continuous period. The Cornish engines are used, to a great extent, by our water companies. Their reputation, as pumping engines, is widely extended,

American Gas-Light J Ournal.—July

15, 1861. 5

HHE AMERICAN GAS-LIGHT JOURNAL in blished on the Ist and 15th of every month, and is ized official organ of LIGHT, HEAT, WATER-SUPPLY anp SEWERAGE.

Its purpose is to ascertain and make known all new discoveries in the science and economical application of Liout, and promote thereby the interests of companies and consumers; to encourage and aid the introduction of Pure Water from Lakes and Rivers into Towns and Cities, and to improve the system of Sewerace, VENTILATION, Heatine, and Drarsace everywhere.

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; The American Gas-Light Journal,

PUBLISHED ON IsT AND 15TH OF EVERY MONTH, PROPRIETOR, ; EDITOR, JOHN B. MURRAY. 7C. ELTON BUCK,

Monday, July 15, 1861.

Although the useful arts have materially advanced in this country within the past few years, and crude processess, characterized by gross ignorance of phi- losophy and profuse extravagance, have been re- placed by operations dictated by familiarity with the laws of science, yet there is much room for im- provement, and a fine field is open for the exercise of inventive genius. In making this assertion we refer more particularly to technological manufac- tures, or those branches of industry which are more directly under the control of chemistry, and which in a country teeming with such unbounded natural resources as exist in the United States, are, or should be a most important item in its annual exhibits of productive skill. Even in certain divisions of the chemical arts which have been long established, and which are naturally supposed to be perfect by those practically unacquainted with their details, there are evidences of a lack of progress--to call it by its mildest designation—which should not exist, and a disregard of that studious attention to economy in compara- tively unimportant matters, which in other countries claim a far greater share of consideration, and fully repay for the additional study which they demand.

As one instance of this lack of attention to late improvements in chemical manufactures, it is only necessary to allude to the large quantities of am- monia which are generated during the distillation of coal, a large proportion of which—in many instances the whole of it—being wasted. A few of our gas companies dispose of their ammoniacal liquors, at a nominal price, but many of them allow them to run off as if they were of no value whatever.

The ammonia which is generated during the manu- facture of coal gas, exists in a number of forms, being generally combined with sulphuretted hydro- gen, carbonic, hydrocyanic, and sulphocyanic acids, and also probably hydriodic and hydrobromic acids. These two latter, however, exist in very small quan- tity, and their presence is even denied by some ex- perimenters. We are not aware of any effort being made in this country to save the ammonia which passes through the condensers to the purifiers. A large portion of it is arrested by the lime, along with other impurities, but in this condition it is not fit for use. As a general rule it may be assumed that one ton of Newcastle coal contains ammonia suffi- cient to yield about 38 pounds of sulphate of ammonia, when treated with the proper quantity of sulphuric acid, Taking this as the average yield of gas coals, it is a very easy matter to calculate the amount of ammoniacal salts which might be extracted from the coal annually used by our large city gas companies. Thus, the estimated amount of gas coal annually

used in New York city alone, equals 160,000 tons, capable of yielding 714 tons ammonia, equiva- lent to about 2,773 tons of sulphate of ammonia. These figures serve to show the large amount of ammoniacal compounds which are eliminated during the distillation of gas coal, and of the salts which may be produced from them. Of course it would be futile to attempt to give the figures as to the cost of labor and apparatus to produce these re- sults, as such data could be obtained only by practi- cal experiment on the large scale. But we have ample evidence of the existence of these compounds in large quantities, and the fact that they are largely and profitably manufactured in England, should be an incentive to arouse our technologists to more active exertion, and to ascertain, beyond peradventure, whether the wastefulness which now characterizes this branch of the industrial arts, cannot be avoided. In the conversion of the ammonia contained in gas-liquor into saleable salts, it is usual to saturate the liquor in closed vessels with the requisite quan- tity of sulphuric or muriatic acid—usually the former —and to concentrate the solution until a pellicle forms upon the surface when it begins to deposit crystals. A flue leading from the vessel in which the saturation is performed, conveys the sulphuretted hydrogen and other evolved gases into a chimney. In other establishments the liquor slowly flows from large reservoirs on the top of coke columns, where it is met by an ascending stream of sulphur- ous acid gas, or sometimes the escaping gases from an oil of vitriol chamber are thus used. On boiling the liquor thus obtained, sulphate of ammonia is pro- duced. In both of these processes, during the ope- ration of concentrating the liquors, much tar collects on the surface, which it is necessary to remove. The crude sulphate of ammonia thus produced is exten- sively used in the arts, being an important constitu- ent of ammonia-alum and other salts. There are also many other modes of saving the ammonicial liquors which we have not space to mention. Among the processes-now successfully worked in England to extract the ammonia from the gas which has passed through the condensers, is that of Mr. Evans. In this operation oxide of iron and sul- phate of lime in a state of fine powder are mingled together, great care being taken to insure a perfect mixture, which is deposited in an ordinary dry puri- fier. A beautiful reaction takes place, in which the oxide of iron is converted into sulphuret, and car- bonate of lime and sulphate of ammonia formed. When a strong current of air is blown through this compound, the iron is oxidized, and becoming heated the carbonate of lime reacts upon the sulphate of ammonia, and a mutual interchange takes place, forming sulphate of lime and carbonate of ammonia. The latter salt becomes volatilized, and is driven through a vessel containing dilute sulphuric acid and is reconverted into sulphate of ammonia. By the re- vivifying influence of the current of air the sulphate of lime and oxide of iron are restored to their origin- al state, and again fitted for action upon other por- tions of the crude gas. In this process it is stated that the air from 16 tons of the mixture is capable of saturating about one ton of chamber acid. This, how- ever, refers only to the ammonia existing in the gas. As an evidence of the importance with which the ammonia from gas-works is regarded in England, the large number of patents relating to this special subject may be adduced, as well as the concurrent

testimony of the ablest writers and scientific men of

the day. In the early editions of Ure’s dictionary, the ammoniacal liquor from gas-works is mentioned as an important source of ammonia, and Knapp, Ronalds and Richardson, Clegg, and many other writers mention it as such, some even considering it as the most important source in that country. This being the case, it should lead American manufac- turers to devote some attention to this subject, which surely holds out some signs of encouragement for those who will examine it carefully.

We are aware that the proportion of ammonia contained in gas may seem small, and to some minds may convey the idea of being scarcely worth con- sideration, but we believe time will change these opinions. We hope at no distant day to see a greater movement made on this side of the Atlantic than has heretofore been accomplished, to turn the am- moniacal impurities in gas to a good account. Some few companies already receive a return for gas liquors which in other establishments are thoughtlessly wasted. We trust that this will soon be changed, and that a genuine reform may be inaugurated in this respect. The subject will, we believe, receive that amount of attention which it so well merits, and we do not hesitate to express our opinion that as the truths of science are more widely diffused, and are regarded in their true light, many residual products of chemical manufactures, among which we may enumerate the ammoniacal liquors of the gas- works, hitherto neglected to a great extent, will be estimated according to their real value and turned to a profitable account.

<o- FILTRATION.

The article on this subject, which we print in another column, will be found worthy of the atten- tion of all those who feel an interest in the purity of water-supply, and the importance of the sugges- tions thrown out will be appreciated. There are

‘many streams and ponds advantageously situated

for the purpose of affording an unlimited supply of water to neighboring towns in this country, but which, in their natural state, are too much contami- nated to furnish water in a wholesome condition. Some of these streams hold large quantities of foreign matter in solution, which, of course, no means of filtration could well remove; but in others, the impurities are merely suspended in the water, and a thorough system of filtration, with capacious subsiding reservoirs, would tend to remove many of the objectionable features of the supply, and would obviate the necessity of selecting sources at a greater distance from the points of consumption, and thus materially lessen the cést of the media for distributing the water.

The value of animal charcoal as a filtering agent has long been recognized, and a large demand has been created for it, not only for the purpose of re- moving impurities from water, but as a means of clarifying other liquids and effecting their purifica- tion. The recommendation of Prof. Farapay, sug- gesting its use to remove any lead which may have been dissolved in the water of a cistern or other reservoir, has been widely adopted; and lead-lined tanks, whose waters are thus treated, may be used with a feeling of greater security than before, al- though the propriety of using this poisonous metal for this purpose may be still questioned, and its utility m a practical point be doubted.

As the cities and towns in this country increase in growth, and with this increase an enlarged de- mand for pure and wholsome water is created, the necessities of the case will lead the engineers of water-works to pay a liberal meed of attention to improved means of furnishing the supply, and the importance of many innovations, whose want is not now so extensively felt, will be readily admitted. Among these we may name the subject of filtration, which, with several others, will then claim a con- siderable share of attention. Another improvement which the good sense of those interested in the sub- ject will doubtless, ere long, inaugurate, will be an equitable system of charges, by which a consumer will be required to pay for only so much water as he actually uses, and not for the extravagance of others, as is now the case. The water-meter is the instrument which will bring about this improve- ment, and we will continue to urge its claims until they are recognized, being satisfied of the propriety and equity of thus regulating consumers’ bills by its indications.

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American Gas-Light Journal.—July

15, 1861. 25

Notice To Subscribers In Great Britain.

British subscribers can procure this Journat of Messrs. Trusyer & Co., No. 60 Paternoster Row, London, at 15s. per annum, payable in advance. No other means of subscribing for it in Great Britain exist, excepting through that house, and advertise- ments can also be sent through them. our sole agents there.

They are

To Philadelphia Advertisers.

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Answers To Correspondents.

E. B. K., of N. H.—The date of Murdoch’s first practi- cal application of coal-gas for illuminating purposes, was 1192. Six years later, in 1798, he tlluminated the Soho works.

R. L., of Mass.—TZhe work is out of print. Occasionally @ copy can be procured at an auction sale, but we think tt impossible to buy one at any bookstore in this city.

F, J. C., of Conn.— The value of Boghead cannel coal as @ gas coal, is variously estimated by different author- ities, some placing the number of cubic feet of gas per ton at 11,000, while others make it above 16,000.

X. Y. Z., of N. Y.— We agree with you in your belief that it is unwise to throw away the refuse, even if no immediate use can be made of it. Hundreds of barrels are thus thrown into the Ohio, by manufacturers who will one of these days repent of their folly. It isa mixture of hydrocarbons, and chemistry will doubtless ere long, point out a way of ulilizing it.

H.S. C., of N. Y.— Oil gas is far superior in illumin- ating powers to coal gas, being much richer in olefiant gas, and containing less light carburetted hydrogen. dts specific gravity is very high, being sometimes as much as 0.906.

J.C. L., of N. J—You will have to brighten up your mathematics a little. In order to properly comprehend the flow of gas through pipes, you must be yeailiy con- versant with the extraction wf square root and sundry algebraic formule. The laws of the distribution of gas through mains are very regular, and you should make it your business to thoroughly comprehend them.

A. F. J., of Pa—The coal you speak of will not do for making oil. Cannel coal only answers for this pur- pose, and even this is considered hardly a profitable source, while petroleum abounds so extensively. Oil can be distilled from your coal, but its quantity would be small, and its quality such as to cost more than it would be worth to purify it.

A. L. J., of Md.— Procure a gas thermometer, and you will have a certatn check on such irregularities. A glance will reveal the true state of the case, and enable you to regulate your condensing apparatus, so as to avoid such trouble in future. You may rely upon it, that guess-work will not do in so important a branch of manufacture as that of gas, which should be man- aged with the greatest exactness,

J. W. T. S., of Ohio.—You will not be able to do any- thing with it until this rebellion is crushed. When peace again returns, and business revives, you may have some prospect of success. Under the present circum- stances, we advise you to allow the matter to rest.

E. L. Y., of Ind.—7he ammoniacal liquor is carefully economized in England, and used in the manufacture of various salts. IJtis a reproach to our character for enterprise that in this country it is mostly wasted.

B. 8. 0., of Ill.—1. There is nothing new in the form of retort you propose. It has been tried in England and put aside for the old-fashioned Q shape retort, which is now considered the best shape in use. 2. We decidedly recommend clay.

E. P. R., of Mo.— You will find the information in Clegg. You should by all means own a copy of this

work, Xenas, of Wis.—There is an alloy used for making re- Slectors, composed of 80 per cent. silver and 20 per cent. zinc. It is known as Déppler’s reflector metal. A. F. J., of Ky.—It will be impossible to tel! without in- stituting an exact chemical examination, which you had better authorize.

Cuemicus, of Iowa.— Yes ; if attended to at once.

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Gas-Firtrer Wantev.—The Coldspring, N. Y., Gas- Light Company want a competent man, who under- stands gas-fitting, to superintend their works, Ad- dress or apply to the Company, at Coldspring, N. Y.

CORRESPONDENCE. SANDERS’ WATER-GAS. Rooms of the American Gas-Licur Journat, 39 Nassau street, New York,

June Ist, 1861. Mr, Jutivs Severin, Aurora, Ind:

Dear Sir,—I write to make further inquiries of you in relation to the practical operation of your water- gas works, and to ask how you have succeeded with them since you wrote me on February 9th. Do you still find the process to come up to your expectation as to economy and other valuable considerations ? Any information you can give me in relation to the works—the cost of the manufacture—the illuminating power of the gas, dc., will be duly appreciated, as I desire to form an impartial opinion of the merits of the case.

If you give me any statements as to the cost, &c., of the process, I will not make them public without your permission,

An early answer will much oblige,

Yours truly, C. Exroy Buck, Editor.

Avrora, Ind., June 18th, 1861. C. Exton Buck, Esq., Editor of the American Gas-Licut Journat, New York:

Dear Sir,—Your favor of the first inst. has come to hand, and I beg your pardon for not answering it soon- er. Iam yet making water-gas successfully, although the times are very bad, and the consumers are not using much gas. In regard to economy of making water-gas, I have improved considerably. I have been using, for the last three months, refuse coal-oil as car- bonizing material, and have done away with rosin altogether. This oil produces a gas unequalled; and I have not seen the gas yet that comes up to it, in re- gard to brilliancy. Then, again, it is much easier handled than rosin, and don’t require melting. It also costs only one-half what rosin cost, as six gallons of this oil will carbonize one thousand cubic feet of gas, and the gallon of oil costs me, delivered in the yard, only 4 2-5 cents. Coke is also 3 cents less per bush. than it was last winter, and only cost me 7 cents in the yard. In regard to the exact illuminating power, I cannot give you the information you desire, as I have no apparatus to test the gas.

It is my desire to visit the East sometime next month, and as I will come to New York city, I will give you a call, and give you all the information per- sonally. ;

You are at liberty to publish anything I may write to you, but wish you would compile it, and set it in your own style, as I am not a fluent writer of the English language. I will be in New York about the second week in July, and if I can get somewhat of an apparatus to carry gas in, I will bring you 25 feet with me.

cubic

There is very little business done here at present, and, consequently, very little gas consumed. The war works hard on us here, as our country has depended mostly on the South. There is no prospect of better times at present, and it will take a good while to re- cover, when war is at an end.

Again asking your pardon for not answering your letter sooner, I remain yours,

Respectfully, Juttus SEVERIN.

Mr. Severin is a German by birth, and, as will be seen, is an intelligent and evidently an honest man, whose statements are doubtless reliable-—Ep.

, bd

CampBrinGE, Mass.—Private water-works; cost 8300- 000. Water derived from Fresh Pond 2,700 feet from the town through 12-inch iron pipe. reservoir, 2,500,000 gallons. Average daily delivery, 900,000 gallons. The water is pumped into the reser- voir by Worthington’s pumps. Worthington’s meters are also in use and are pronounced highly satisfactory.

Capacity of

Battmore, Mp.—Water-works cost $3,000,000; ca- pacity of reservoir, 500,000,000 gallons; average daily delivery, 7,000,000 gallons. These works are not quite completed. The water is obtained from Jones’ Falls, about seven miles from the city.

Tue Sare-or-Gas Act 1x Exetranp.—The London Journal of Gas-Lighting says, that the measures for putting this act into force are proceeding. It adds: Official dies, to be impressed on the meters, have been received by several provincial inspectors from the Ex- chequer office, and they are now prepared to stamp meters, The stamp, of which the annexed wood-cut is an exact representation, of the full size, is not cal- culated to increase our national reputation in the art of design. It is simple, to the extreme of meagreness ; the meagreness of the design being carried to such excess as to grudge the introduction of the proper number of / letters to designate the object to which the stamp is to be applied. The word “gas,” in letters disproportionately large for the size of the die, is a very vague designation of the ap- paratus to be stamped, and there is ample space for “Gas Meter,” had not the designer’s skill been re- strained by economical considerations. Economy has, indeed, been practised in one respect with considerable advantage. Instead of distinguishing each district by name, which would have required a great number of dies, each one of which would have presented a differ- ent appearance from the other, the districts are to be distinguished by numbers—number 2 in the above illustration, for example, signifying the Sheffield dis- trict.

The stamp is to be impressed on molten solder; but no specific directions are given in the Act on what part of each meter the stamp is to be placed. In foreign regulations for the stamping of meters, par- ticular attention is paid to the prevention of fraud, by fixing the stamp on a part of the meter from which it cannot be removed; but, the Sales of Gas Act leaves that point optional with the authorities by whom the inspectors are appo™Mted, and, in the want of instruc- tions from them, the inspectors are to exercise their own judgment, and place the stamp where they please. If there be danger of fraud or counterfeits, the want of a regulation determining the place where the stamp is to be impressed, and the facility with which the stamp itself might be imitated, offer temptations for such practices.

The seal of the Gas Inspector of the State of New York is about the size of a hat, and if we can find room for it we may insert an engraving of it in a future number. It is placed on the front of the meter.

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tas-Work, or Guess Worx.—The following crazy advertisement appeared, the other day, in one of the Washington, D. C., papers:

Gas or Guess Worx.—To the gas consumers in particular, and the public in general, is left to de- cide that important (to me costly) question.

All those who have complaints to make, and are.

able, like myself, to show facts, are invited to appear at 10 o’clock, A. M., this (Tuesday) morning, June 11th, (no gas-light wanting then,) at Charles Werner’s— private room—No, 355 Pennsylvania avenue.

By the order of our honorable Mayor, detailed in his proclamation of last month, my guess-light went out (as easy as the steps of the parting officer of our Union-loving corporation) at half-past nine o'clock every night, and still my gas-bill is higher than ever. My opinion is, we ought to act, because those who gave the privilege have the right to take it away from a company, if they do not get the promised satisfac- tion.

However small our meeting may be, working against wrong, capital, treachery, and prejudice, still our Lord will be with us, for he has said, “‘ Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them.” CuHarLes WERNER.

Wishing to give our readers the latest intelligence, we addressed a note to Mr. Werner, requesting an ex- planation of the object of the meeting, and report of its proceedings, but have received no answer, from which is inferred that no meeting took place. The advertisement is a specimen in its way, and as such we insert it. It is not worth reading, although.

Hien Sranp-Prer.—The stand-pipe of the Southwark and Vauxhall Water-Works, London, Eng., is 185 feet high.

26 American Gas-Light Journal.—July 15, 1861.

EARLY RESEARCHES ON THE SPECTRA OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT FROM DIFFER- ENT SOURCES.

Some Experiments On Colored Flames, By H, F, Talbot, Esq.

Great progress has recently been made in investi- gating the properties of light, and yet many of them are still unexamined or imperfectly explained. Among these are the colors of flames, which not only appear very various to common observation, but are shown, by the assistance of a prism, to be entirely different in nature one from another ; some being homogeneous, or only containing one kind of light, others consisting of an infinite variety of all possible shades of color.

1, It was discovered by Dr. Brewster that the flame of alcohol, diluted with water, consists chiefly of homogeneous yellow rays. On this principle he pro- posed the construction of a monochromatic lamp, and pointed out its advantages for observations with the microscope. This must be considered a very valuable discovery. The light of such a lamp, however, is weak, unless the alcohol flame is very large. I have, therefore, made several attempts to obtain a brighter light, and I think the following is the most convenient method. A cotton wick is soaked in a solution of salt, and, when dried, placed in a spirit lamp. It gives an abundance of yellow light for a long time. A lamp, with ten of these wicks, gave a light little inferior to a wax candle ; its effect upon all surrounding objects was very remarkable, especially upon such as were red, which became of different shades of brown and dull yellow. A scarlet poppy was changed to yellow, and the beautiful red color of the Jobelia fulgens ap- peared entirely black. The wicks were arranged in a line, in order to unite their effegg for a microscope. A common blue glass has the property of absorbing the yellow light of this lamp, however brilliant, while it transmits the feeble violet rays. If these are also stopped by a pale yellow glass, the lamp becomes ab- solutely invisible, though a candle is seen distinctly through the same glasses. But the most remarkable quality of this light is its homogeneity, which is per- fect as far as I have been able to ascertain—I speak of the yellow rays, which form the mass of the light and quite overpower the feeble effects of the blue and green. The origin of this homogeneous light appears to me difficult to explain. I have found that the same effect takes place whether the wick of the lamp is steeped in the muriate, sulphate, or carbonate of soda, while the nitrate, chlorate, sulphate, and carbonate of potash agree in giving a bluish-white tinge to the flame. Hence, the yellow rays may indicate the presence of soda, but they, nevertheless, frequently appear where no soda can be supposed to be present.

2. Mr. Herschel discovered that sulphur, when burn- ing intensely, gives a homogeneous yellow light. To examine it, I inflame a mixture of sulphur and nitre behind a screen, having a narrow, vertical slit through which a flame could be seen. This opening, examined with a prism, gave a spectrum in which there was a very bright yellow line, indicating the combustion of the sulphur. I thought it at a point of considerable interest to determine whether this yellow ray was identical with that afforded by the flame of alcohol containing salt, and with that view I placed sucha flame behind the other, their light passing through the same opening, so that if the rays were of a different nature, two yellow lines should be seen in the spec- trum ; but if identical, then only one. I found, upon trial, that the rays coincided, and I obtained a further confirmation of this by inflaming the nitre and sul- phur mixed up with a quantity of salt, the effect of which was not to produce a second yellow line in the spectrum, but to increase greatly the brilliancy of the original one. The result of this experiment points out a very singular optical analogy between soda and sul- phur—-bodies hitherto supposed by chemists to have nothing in common.

8. There are other means of procuring the same light, which I shall briefly mention. If a clean piece of platina foil is held in the blue or lower part of a gas-flame, it produces no change in the flame; but if the platina has been touched by the hand it gives off a yellow light, which lasts a minute or more. If it has been slightly rubbed with soap, the light is much

more abundant; while wax, on the contrary, produces none, Salt sprinkled on the platina gives yellow light while it decrepitates, and the effect may be renewed at pleasure by wetting it. This circumstance led me to suppose that the yellow light was owing to the water of crystallization rather than to the soda; but then it is not easy to explain why the salts of potash, &e., should not produce it likewise. Wood, ivory, paper, &c., when placed in the gas-flame, give off, be- sides their bright flame, more or less of this yellow light, which I have always found the same in its characters. The only principle which these various bodies have in common with the salts of soda is water ; yet I think that the formation or presence of water cannot be the origin of this yellow light, because ig- nited sulphur produces the very same—a substance with which water is supposed to have no analogy.* It is also remarkable that alcohol burnt in an open vessel, or in a lamp with a metallic wick, gives but little of the yellow light; while, if the wick be of cotton, it gives a considerable quantity, and that for an un- limited time. (I have found other instances of a change of color in flames, owing to the mere presence of a sub- stance which suffers no diminution in consequence. Thus, a particle of muriate of lime on the wick of a spirit lamp will produce a quantity of red and green rays for a whole evening, without being itself sensibly diminished.) The bright flame of a candle is sur- rounded by the same homogeneous yellow light which becomes visible when the flame itself is screened. The following experiment shows its nature more evidently: If some oil be dropped on the wick of a spirit lamp, the flame assumes the brilliancy of a candle, surround- ed by an exterior yellow flame. lasts until the oil is consumed.

This appearance only

4, The flame of sulphur and nitre contains a red ray, which appears to me of a remarkable nature. While examining the yellow line in the spectrum of this flame, I perceived another line, situated beyond the red end of the spectrum, from the termination of which it is separated by a wide interval of darkness, In color, it nevertheless differs but little from the rays which usually terminate the spectrum. It arises, I believe, from the combustion of the nitre, as the yel- low ray does from that of the sulphur; for I have since observed it in the flame of a spirit-lamp whose wick had been soaked in nitre or chYorate of potash. It appeared that this ray was so distant from the rest that it might be less refrangible than any in solar light ; and I have been since informed by Mr. Herschel, that he had already observed it in a similar experiment, and was impressed with the same idea.

With the hope of establishing this, I admitted candle light and that of the nitre lamp, which I have just mentioned, through the same aperture, and noticed how far this isolated red ray appeared beyond the spectrum of the candle.. I then compared in the same way, the light of the candle with that of the sun, and I found that the great intensity of the solar light lengthened the red end of the spectrum about as far ; so that I was obliged to leave the question undecided, as the faintness of the lamp prevented my comparing it directly with the sun, This red ray appears to possess a definite refrangibility, and to be characteris- tic of the salts of potash, as the yellow ray is of the salts of soda, although, from its feeble illuminating power, it is only to be detected with a prism, If this should be admitted, I would further suggest that, when- ever a prism shows a homogeneous ray of any color to exist in a flame, this ray indicates the formation or the presence of a definite chemical compound. An excellent prism is, however, requisite to determine the perfect homogeneity of a ray.

5. Phosphorus, inflamed with nitre, gives a very brilliant spectrum, in which no color appears to be predominant or deficient. It, therefore, resembles the spectra of ignited lime, platina, and other solid bodies, and differs totally from the solar spectrum, in which there are now known to be innumerable’ interruptions of light.. And it is worthy of remark, that no light has been hitherto discovered at all resembling that of the sun (when analyzed with a prism), except the light of the other celestial bodies.

It may be worth remark, though probably accidental, that the specific gravity of sulphur is 1.99, or almost exactly twice that of water,

6. The red fire of the theatres, examined in the same way, gave a most beautiful spectrum, with many white lines or maxima of light. In the red these lines were numerous, and crowded with dark spaces be- tween, besides an exterior ray, greatly separated from the rest, and probably the effect of the nitre in the composition. In the orange was one bright line, one in the yellow, three in the green, a very bright one in the blue, and several that were fainter. The bright line in the yellow is caused, without doubt, by. the combustion of sulphur, and the others may be attri- buted to the antimony, strontia, &c,, which enter into this composition. For instance, the orange ray may be the effect of the strontia, since Mr. Herschel found, in the flame of muriate of strontia, a ray of that color. If this opinion should be correct, and appli- cable to the other definite rays, a glance at the pris- matic spectrum of a flame may show it to contain substances which it would otherwise require a labori- ous chemical analysis to detect.—Brewster’s Journal of Science, vol. V., 1826.

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Sulphur In Coal Gas.

Some attention has lately been directed to the fact of the existence of compounds of sulphur in coal-gas used for illuminating purposes. In an interesting re- port upon the subject, by F. Versmann, F, C. §S., it is pointed out by this chemist that, however desirable it may be to perfect the means for purifying gas, there is no occasion for any degree of alarm on the part of the public with regard to the amount in which the impu- rities in question exist, or their effect upon health, The means for determining the proportion of sulphur in gas are simple, and susceptible of great accuracy. The gas is burnt in atmospheric air contained in a close glass vessel, and in contact with a solution of ammonia. The products of combustion are further made to pass through two Woulf’s bottles; the first containing a solution of ammonia, the second a solu- tion of iodine in iodide of potassium. The latter solu- tion was employed by Mr. Versmann in case some of the sulphurous acid resulting from the combustion should escape absorption by the ammonia; but it was found that not a trace of sulphur could be detected in the second bottle. The sulphurous acid, combined with ammonia, as sulphite of ammonia is converted into sulphuric acid by a solution of iodine in iodide of potassium, precipitated by chloride of barium, and weighed as sulphate of barytes.

The following table represents the results of the ex- periments according to this process:

First Series OF EXPERIMENTS, MADE AT THE WORKS OF THE CoMMERCIAL Gas ComMPANyY.

|Durat’n Grains! Corres-| syjphur Mean of grains Commencement of of expe- Cubic ft! of BaO.|pondi’g cajculated of sulphur cal- the experiment. jrim’t in of gas|SO3 ob-| nine for 100 cu- culated for 100 hours. jburnt. |tained, jo sul- big feet of cubic ft. of gas*

May17,. . 6 8.5] 1.58] 0.21 6.00

0:98 04184! 670 635 Seconp Series OF EXPERIMENTS MADE AT THE LABORATORY OF F. VERSMANN, WITH GAS OF THE CHARTERED Gas COMPANY.

de. M1, . 4.5) 2

March 27, . 4 5 8.50) 0.48 9.60 do. 28, . 9 14 10.60} 1.46 10.43 9.41 do. 80, . 40 69 42.24) 5.80 8.40 . April4,. . 6 9 6.04] 0.83 9.22

In the experiments of Professor Hofmann, as detailed in a report to the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council on Education, the maximum amount of sul- phur found in 100 cubic feet of gas is 10.33 grains. The variation in these results is in some measure ex- plained by the fact that the formation of bisulphide of carbon greatly depends upon the following conditions : Ist, the dampness of the coals, because in very damp coals all sulphur will most probably be converted into sulphuretted hydrogen; 2d, the degree of heat to which the coals are exposed; and, 3d, upon the quan- tity of sulphur present in the coals.

It is shown, however, by Mr. Versmann, that even the largest quantity of sulphur found in coal gas, is comparatively so small that the difference becomes in- significant. Thus, according to the results obtained, 10,000 parts by weight of gas contain in three differ- ent samples, 1.2, 2.6, and 3.8 parts of sulphur respect- ively; or, if we compare the volume of the coal gas to

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American Gas-Light Journal —July

15, 1861. 27

those of the bisulphide of carbon, 10,000 parts by volume contain 0,236, 0.480, and 0.747 cubic feet re- spectively of vapors of bisulphide of carbon.

When the amount of carbonic acid gas produced by the combustion of coal gas is compared with that of the sulphurous acid gas resulting from the sulphur compounds, it becomes evident that the contamination of the atmosphere of an apartment by the former agency, must necessarily reach a very high point be- fore any inconvenience or injury can be occasioned by the sulphurous acid. To whatever extent ventilation is employed, the deterioration of the air to a serious degree is to be apprehended long before the acid gas can exert any sensible action. With every 50,000 cubic feet of carbonic acid, 4.7, 10.12, or 14.8 cubic feet of sulphurous acid only would be formed from the gas of which samples were analyzed by Mr. Versmann. In this proportion, it could have no injurious effect upon the human constitution while ventilation was sufficiently active to remove the enormous proportion- ate volume of carbonic acid. The same quantity of sulphur would be burnt by lighting three, seven, or ten of the ordinary lucifer matches, as in the con- sumption of 100 cubic feet of gas, containing 2.99, 6.35, or 9.41 grains of sulphur. These considerations may have the effect of removing any apprehensions of injury resulting from the presence of sulphur in gas, which may have been occasioned by the discussion on this subject.—London Engineer.

,

DriaTHERMANCY oF Gases.—M. Magnus read to the Academy at Berlin, the second part of his researches on the Diathermancy of Gases.

After having in his first memoir established the conductivity of gases in general, and especially that of hydrogen, he now ex- amines their power of diathermancy.

The following are, in few words, the results to which he has come:

All gases stop a portion of the calorific rays which traverse them; and absorb more in proportion as they are more dense.

The atmospheric air and the gases which compose it, are those which suffer the most heat to pass through them.

Rays coming from different sources undergo different modifications; those from boiling water present the greatest differences in traversing different gases.

Among the colorless gases, ammonia allows the least heat to pass; after ammonia, olefiant gas.

The use of a tube increases the effects of the calor- ific radiation, as it does those of luminous rays. The nature of the wall of the tube exerts a sensible influ- ence upon the proportion of rays transmitted and absorbed ; it follows that reflection from the surface, modifies the composition of the beam which is tra- versing the gas.

This latter result might have been anticipated, after the experiments of M. Knoblauch.—Cosmos.

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Cuartotte Town, Prince Epwarp’s Istanp.—Gas- works built in 1854, with a chartered capital of $72,000. Amount of capital in use $48,000. Last an- nual dividend, declared in May, 5 per cent. Use Pic- tou coal ; clay retorts ; population of gas district 3,000 ; number of consumers 198; public lamps supplied, 50; charge $3.50 per 1000 c. f.; amount of gas made in 1860, 2,905,410 c. f.

Tue Artesian WetL or Passy, France.—This well- known work, which has been six years in progress, has, according to Paris letters, now begun to flow; at least, the water is said to be within a few feet of the level of the ground. The depth bored is 577 metres, or about 1,875 English feet.

Ayn Estimate Wipe or tHe Marx.—The original contract for the Victoria street sewer, Westminster, London, was £14,000, while the actual cost of the work was upwards of £70,000, the execution of the works having been impeded by quicksands.

Brivcerort, Cony.—Water-works cost $100,000 ; 600 buildings are supplied from springs and pond two miles distant, through eighteen miles iron pipe.

Busiineton, Vt.—Private water-works; cost $21,000. Supply derived from springs a short distance from the town. Capacity of reservoir 125,000 gallons, Average daily delivery 15,000 gallons.

Foreign News.

An awkward complication has taken place at Shef- field, England, in consequence of the town council having employed the inspector of meters to analyze the gas, as a means of occupying his time while wait- ing for the standard gas-holder and other apparatus from the Exchequer Office, though a competent ana- lytical chemist was appointed by the town council to perform the same duty. The meter inspector ought to have declined undertaking so invidious an office; but, not wishing to disoblige his employers, he commenced testing the gas, though provided with very imperfect apparatus, and the results of his analyses, as might be expected, differed considerably from those of the chemi- cal examiner, and represented the gas to be deficient in illuminating power. The town council, on receiving the extra-official report, without waiting for that of their recognized analyst, passed a resolution to the effect that the gas manufactured by the gas company was neither so good nor so cheap as it ought to be, and requesting the company to reduce the price and im- prove the quality of their gas. The directors, though feeling aggrieved at such a request, as the reports of the town council’s own chemist proved that the gas had, on the average, exceeded the Parliamentary standard no less than 48} per cent., nevertheless sent a courteous reply, assuring the town council that a further reduc- tion in price would not be deferred longer than neces- sary, though an increase of illuminating power could not be expected, considering how greatly it already exceeded that required by their Act. The varying re- ports of the meter inspector and the chemical examiner formed the subject of an angry discussion at the last meeting of the town council; and Dr. Bingley, the chemical analyst, contended in his report that the mode of testing adopted by the meter inspector was very imperfect. That could scarcely fail to have been the case, as the only instrument supplied to him by the town council was Dr. Fox’s shadow meter, which is but a rude kind of photometer, that has no graduated scale to indicate variations of light between 16 candles and 25 candles. On the other hand, it must be ob- served that the employment of wax candles in Dr. Bingley’s photometrical experiments is calculated to give variable results, according to the condition of the wick, and should be discontinued. Experience has proved that sperm candles only should be used; and, for the sake of uniformity, 13.8 sperm might be adopted as the equivalent of 15.8 wax, as practised by Dr‘ Letheby. The town council were, however, bound to be guided by the report of their own examiner; and, for the conflicting reports, and the complication that has arisen from them, they have themselves alone to blame. The temperate tone of the directors of the gas com- pany, in answer to the hasty resolution of the town council, has prevented much of the inconvenience that might have been caused by that procecding; and it is to be hoped, now that the inspector of meters has been supplied with a standard gas-holder and other appa- ratus for commencing his legitimate work, that he will be more appropriately occupied than in making com-

peting analyses of the gas with the officer already ap-

pointed to do that duty.

The proceedings on the Elland Gas Bill are an in- stance of the manner in which the forms devised by Parliament for the protection of the public may be converted into instruments of abuse and oppression. The valley of the Calder, in the West Riding of York- shire, has lately become a favorite site for the erection of manufactories, and the townships of Elland and Stain- land, comprising about 5,800 acres out of the 75,470 acres, which form the parish of Halifax, have been,

since 1836, supplied with gas by a company established

at Elland. The district is a very peculiar one, con- sisting of straggling villages which have risen up round the factories, some of them in the valley, and others at elevations of 500 feet, none of them, how- ever, containing more than 3,000 inhabitants, and the whole requiring miles of main-pipes for the yearly distribution of 9,000,000 cubic feet of gas to about 320 consumers, and sixty-public lamps. The price charged has been 5s. per 1,000 feet, subject to discounts to large consumers, which has reduced the average to

about 4s, 6d., the minimum being 3s. 44d., with the

exception of the public lamps which have been sup-

plied at about 2s, 8d. Something like £11,000 has been expended on the undertaking since its first estab- lishment, and the proprietors, being of opinion that the time was come for their obtaining statutory powers, applied this session for an act, which they have suc- ceeded in obtaining, in spite of an opposition of an un-— usually virulent character fomented by the town clerk of Halifax, with the aid of the borough engineer and Mr. Geo, Anderson, After subjecting the promoters to all the expenses attending a threatened opposition in the Commons, and failing to present themselves when called upon, the opponents appeared in force in the Lords, and by this course have subjected the promoters to an expense which will forever add something like 4d. per 1,000 feet to the cost of gas in Elland; and it is, no doubt, in consideration of this that a departure from the usual rule of Parliament has been permitted in this case, and a dividend of 10 per cent. has been allowed on the new capital to be raised under the act, without any restrictions as to the appropriation of the new shares. We can scarcely conceive anything more humiliating than the rebuke administered to the town- clerk of Halifax by the refusal of the Lords to make any alteration in the bill as sent up by the Commons; nor will Mr. Anderson feel himself flattered by his failure to impress any of the parliamentary committees, before whom he has this session given evidence, with sufficient confidence in his judgment to warrant them in adopting his views.—London Journal of Gas-Light- ing.

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Conviction For ILteGatty Ostaryine Gas,—At the Bolton Borough Court, England, on the 8th inst., the magistrates had brought before them a most important case under the ‘“Gas-Works Clauses Acts, 1847,” section 18, which declares, “ that every person who shall lay, or cause to be laid, any pipe, to communicate with any pipe belonging to the undertakers,” meaning gas companies, “ without their consent, shall be liable to a penalty of £5, and to forfeit a sum of 40s, for every day the said pipe shall so remain.” The facts of the ease, as elicited by Mr. Hall, who appeared for the prosecution on behalf of the gas company, were con- cise and simple :—George Taylor, the company’s meter inspector, was engaged on Monday in Great Moor Street, at his ordinary duties, and called, as was his usual custom, at the place of business of William Lever, tinplate-worker, who resides at No. 40, and has his shop underneath the house. The inspector noti- fied in the house that he was about his business, and then went into the cellar to examine the meter, when he found an india-rubber tube attached, in such a man- ner as almost to defy detection, to the main-cock, and then connected with the inside gas-fittings; the con- sequence being that a supply of gas was obtained without being registered. In defence, Mr. Richardson appeared, and not denying the facts, pleaded for a mitigation of the penalty on the ground, as he was in- structed, that the defendant was not aware of what had taken place, but that his lad had been larking with the meter. The magistrates inflicted a penalty of £5 and costs, which the defendant paid.

@ oS

Tue Gas Suppry or Brienton, Enetanp.—At the last meeting of the town council, the lighting commit- tee reported that they had had an interview wit Mr. J. B. Paddon, superintendent to the Brighton and Hove General Gas Company, respecting the supply of gas to the public lamps. Mr, Alderman Sawyer said that he believed Mr. Paddon’s principal reason for coming to them arose from the remarks that had been made relative to the supply of gas to the public lamps, He said he had the means of proving that the supply was a great deal more than the specified quantity. Mr. Brigden said he did not know what Mr. Paddon might have told the committee, but he (Mr. B.) had full con- fidence that the works committee would not allow themselves to be cajoled. One fact was worth 999 ar- guments, and there was one public body in the town being supplied at 25 per cent, less than the town was. Mr. B. then referred to the towns to the east and west of Brighton where reduction had been made, and asked why areduction had not been made in Brighton ? He believed that, in less than fifty years, gas would be 2s, 6d. per 1,000, and that every municipal town would have its own gas-works. They were now put-

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28 American Gas-Light Journal.—July 15, 1861.

ting on new gas-burners, and new regulators, and were numbering all the lamps, but he did not know by whose authority! In some of the outskirts of the town, the supply was “small by degrees, and beauti- fully less.” As to saying they burnt 5 feet an hour, it was preposterous. Mr. Alderman Smithers said Mr. Brigden had implied that the railway company paid 25 per cent. less than the town did, but that was not so—the railway company paid 4s. per 1,000 for gas laid into the entrance of their premises, and Mr. Pad- don proved that the town was paying only 3s. 3d. Each lamp consumed 5 cubic feet per hour, the con- sumption for the year, from sunrise to sunset, thus being 21,635 feet per lamp; and, after deducting 10s. as the cost of lighting, cleaning, and extinguishing each lamp, they would find that not a single company in London supplied the lamps at so low arate. No London company supplied the lamps under £5 each, and it appeared that in Brighton they were only pay- ing £4. In one district in London, £6 5s. per lamp, per year, was charged. The Mayor said there were 4,327 hours in a year during which the lamps were alight, which at 5 feet per hour amounted to 21,635 feet, and, after deducting 10s. for lighting, the cost of consumption at each lamp amounted only to £3 10s. If they were paying too much, let them do justice to the town, and pay less; but if not, let them give up the controversy in justice to the gas companies. Several other concillors spoke on the subject, and the proceedings of the committee were confirmed.

Dr. J. Nortucore Viven’s Fortyicutty Report on THE Gas SUPPLIED BY THE SuRREY Consumers CoMPANY:

Week Number Maximum Minimum Average ending, of Light. Light. Light. 1861. Observations. Candles. Candles. Candles.

June8 .. 4 . . 1602. . 13.95 . 15.33

The volume of hydrocarbons averaged 4 per cent.; carbonic acid, .75 per cent.; sulphuretted hydrogen, none. Ammonia was present on June 4, 7, 10, and 14. The maximum pressure was 2 inches 3-10ths; the minimum, 2-10ths. The ordinary working pressure averaged 6-10ths of an inch.

,

Dr. Letnesy’s Report on THE GAS SUPPLIED BY THE Great Centrat Company, Lonpoy.—At a meeting of the City Commission of Sewers, held at Guildhall, on the 4th inst., Dr. Letheby reported on the illuminating power and chemical quality of the gas supplied to the city by the Great Central Gas Consumers Company, during the quarter which has just expired. He stated that the gas had been tested in two places, viz.: at the laboratory of the London Hospital, and at his labora- tory in Finsbury Square. At the first-named place, there had been 232 experiments, and at the last 109, making in all 341 experiments on the illuminating power of the gas. Each experiment was the means of ten observations, and the results are as follows: At the London Hospital, the illuminating power of the gas was equal to that of 11.37 sperm candles, or 12.99 wax; and, at Finsbury Square, it was equal to 11.38 sperm, or 13,00 wax. The gas was burnt at the rate of five cubic feet per hour, and the candles were reduced to the standard consumption of 120 grains per hour. Thesg results are satisfactory, for they show that the power of the gas has been about nine per cent. above the requirements of the Great Central Act of Parlia- ment. Dr. Letheby drew attention to the fact that the illuminating power of the gas had not suffered by the passage of the gas along a main of nearly two miles in length. This indicates a good and permanent qual- ity of gas, such as should at all times be supplied to the public. The Great Central Company have relied upon this, and have not hesitated to extend their main from the city boundary to Finsbury Square, in order that the gas may be tested as frequently as possible. The results of the testings during the last three months have justified the confidence which they had in the illuminating power of the gas, and they have estab- lished the fact that the position of the testing-place is not a matter for consideration, excepting in those cases where the gas is of inferior quality, and will not bear a journey of more than 1,000 yards from the works. He also stated that the pressure of the gas had been uniformly very good, for it had rarely been below an

inch of water. Even at Finsbury Square, which is at the extreme end of the main, it ranged in most cases between an inch and a half and an inch and a quarter of water. The chemical quality of the gas had also been good, as regards the complete absence of sul- phuretted hydrogen and the presence of but few traces of ammonia,

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Reports Of Gas-Light Companies.

CHARLOTTETOWN, PRINCE EDWARDS ISLAND. Annual Meeting of the Shareholders of the Charlotte- town Gas-Light Company, May 7, 1861.

Resotvep,—That the report, as read, be received and adopted, and published for the information of

shareholders. REPORT.

To the Shareholders of the Charlottetown Gas-Light Co.

GeENTLEMEN,—This being the usual period for your directors to submit a report of the company’s affairs, together with a copy of the accounts for the past year, they do so under more favorable circumstances than at the three previous annual meetings.

The accounts have been duly audited and found cor- rect, and are now submitted for your inspection.

You will observe that beyond the “working ex- penses” of the year, the sum of £115 13s, 7id. has been written off for bad and doubtful debts accumu- lated from the commencement of the company’s busi- ness, leaving a balance of £364 6s. 5d. upon the year’s receipts, available for the purpose of a dividend; and the directors recommend that a dividend be declared at the rate of £5 per cent. upon the capital stock of the company.

A contract has been entered into with the City Council for lighting the present street-lamps, together with some additional ones, to be erected as early as possible. In making this contract, as well as in every- thing else connected with the company’s affairs, the directors have been actuated by a desire to promote your best interests.

The agreement under which your manager was en- gaged expired on the Ist of April last ; this agreement has been renewed for a further term of three years.

The company’s works continue in a good state of preservation, with the exception of the iron roof of the retort house, which will require to be renewed.

(Signed,) James AnpERsON, Chairman.

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Water as A Fuser ry Maxine Irvun.—The vapor of water has already been utilized in metallurgy as an agent of oxidation in the roasting of certain minerals, particularly to facilitate the separation of the com- pounds of antimony and arsenic in metallic sulphurets. For several years attempts have been made to employ the calorific power of the hydrogen contained in water; and it is in the same line of invention that Messrs. Maire & Vallee have sought to utilize water as a combustible in industrial furnaces, and particu- larly in metallurgic operations. Water, fed ina regular and intermittent manner into a hot fire, is decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen. The combustion of the latter, in presence of the atmospheric air (the oxygen of the water being employed in burning the carbon), produce a considerable heat in addition to that of the principal combustible. There results, then, a con- siderable augmentation of caloric without any addi- tion of combustible, and, consequently, a more rapid fusion of metals and minerals, and an economy of fuel, which the authors of the process state varies from 40 per cent. to 50 per cent. Experiments and calcula- tions have demonstrated that the heat absorbed by the decomposition of water is less than that furnished by the combustion of the gaseous products of the water decomposed.

AvERAGE Work or Coryisn Pumpine Enornes.—Ex- periments recently made in England with twenty-seven Cornish pumping engines, exhibited an average duty of 51,100,000 pounds, lifted one foot by 112 pounds of coal.

Larce Water-WuHeEeLs.—The two iron water-wheels at the Catrine Works, Ayrshire, Scotland, are each 50 feet in diameter, and 10 feet 6 in. wide inside the buckets. These wheels work under a fall of 48 feet, and with a speed at their peripheries of 4 ft. per se- cond.

Patents.

United States,

1373.—N. A. Menaar, of Buffalo, N. Y., for an Im- provement in Railroad Signal Lanterns :

I claim the specific arrang t of the colored glass cylinder, A, the same being connected to its metallic bottom, B, with the spring, c, and slot, D, the said parts being arranged to operate relatively to each other, and to the supporting stand, lamp, and globe of white glass, for the purposes as set forth.

1,374.—Mortimer Nelson, of New York City, for an Improvement in Balloons:

I claim, first, The employment with a balloon of one or more pairs of fans, e e, revolving in opposite directions, for the purposes and as specified.

Second, I claim arranging the shafts, ff, carrying the fans so that they can be inclined to the body of the car or balloon, for the purposes set forth.

Third, I claim the awning or parachute, b, arranged at a slight inclination in relation to the car or the movement of the balloon, and forming a buoyant sail, in combination with the fans or pro- pellers, e e, for the purposes specified.

1,397.—Strickland Kneass (assignor to S. J. Cress-

well), of Philadelphia, Pa., for an Improvement in Sewer Inlets:

I claim, in combination with a sewer inlet, a ventilator that al-

lows an escape of compressed air from the sewer, and admits of

being converted into an inlet when the inlet proper is choked up, substantially as described.

1,398.—Walter Hunt, of New York City, (assignor to J. W. and G. G. Martin), of Brooklyn, N. Y., for an Improvement in Lamps:

I claim the combiffation and arrangement of the filling tubes, C and F, valves, d and I, with the bent tubes, B and G, the same being constructed, arranged, and operated substantially in the manner and for the purposes specified.

1,405.—J. B. Caldwell, of Chambersburgh, Pa., for an Improvement in Water-Wheels :

I claim the particular arrangement shown and described of the two heads, c c’, with each other and with the buckets, e, box, D, and shaft, C, when the said heads and buckets are constructed in

the peculiar form and united together in the peculiar manner set forth.

[This invention relates to an improvement in that class of water- wheels in which power is obtained both by impact and reaction. The invention consists in a peculiar manner of constructing the wheel, whereby the same may be furnished at a reasonable cost, and very readily repaired when necessary, and the water also ad- mitted to the wheel, so that it acts upon the buckets in a very efficient manner, and without incurring any loss of power by being obstructed in its passage to the buckets.]

1,440.—John M. de Bolle (assignor to himself, A. J. Husted, and Edwin Hand), of Philadelphia, Pa., for an Improvement in Valves for Hose Pipes:

I claim the combination of the valve, C, handle, D, guard, F, lugs,g g, and spring, H, arranged and operating as and for the purpose set forth.

1,460.—L. S. Bunnell, of Troy, N. Y., for an Improve- ment in Pipe Butts:

Iclaim forming the butt, A, of two parts, b c, connected by a hinge or joint, d, and provided with a catch or fastening, B, sub- stantially as and for the purpose set forth.

[The object of this invention is to enable a person to attach, while the engine is at work, pipes of different sizes, as may be re- quired, to the butt of the hose, without being exposed to the water.] 1,467.—Robert Cornelius, of Philadelphia, Pa., for an

Improved Method of Lighting Gas by Electri- city:

I claim, first, The employment of the electrophorus in connec- tion with the metallic wire attached to the gas-burner for lighting the gas, substantially as described.

Second, The attaching the metallic handle to the hard rubber

plate, the handle terminating in a small metallic button, C, sub- stantially as described.

1,481.—W. W. Robinson, of Ripon, Wis., for an Im- provement in Pumps:

I claim the combination with the hollow piston rod, D, and the pump otherwise constructed as described, of the rack, H, sector, J, rockshaft, J’, pitman, L, crank, M, and crankshaft, N, all ar- ranged as and for the purposes set forth.

[This invention relates to a novel device for operating a double- acting force-pump, having a hollow discharging piston.]

1,533.—E. F. Slocum, of Chicago, IIl., for an Improve- ment in Lamps:

I claim the combination of three or more springs with a lamp top, arranged substantially as described and for the purpose specified,

1,553.—J. G. Collins, of Boston, Mass., for an Improve- ment in the Mode of Securing Bottoms to Stills:

I claim the ring or clamp, i, in combination with the bottom, a, and the flange, b, each formed and constructed substantially as above described,

1,564.—E. G. Kelley, of New York city, and A. H. Tait, of Jersey City, N. J., for an Improvement in Apparatus for Distilling Oils:

I claim, first, The arrangement of a vertical range of retorts, A, in an upright furnace, B, in combination with the supply pipe, d, connecting overflow pipes, e, with steam pipe, D, and branch pipes, g, all constructed and operating in the manner and for the purpose shown and described.

Second, The combination of the vertical range of retorts, A, steam pipe, D, and one or more condensing chambers, E E’, sub- stantially as and for the purpose described,

Third, The arrangement of the pipes, e*, in combination with the vertical range of retorts, A, and connecting pipes, e, as and for the purpose set forth.

th

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American Gas-Light Journal.—July 15, 1861.

New Oportess Buryine Fiumw.—A peculiar burning fiuid, for which a patent was issued to Benj. F. Hebard, of Neponset, Mass., on the 19th of February last (1861), has been the occasion of considerable inquiry as to its nature, and wherein it differs from the old burning or explosive fluids, and common coal and purified earth oils. We therefore give the following description of this new burning fluid as derived from the specification of the patent. Its composition consists of—

25 gallons of fusil oil.

i “ camphene (rectified spirits of turpentine).

5 “ kerosene—either obtained from coal or shales, or oil-wells, and refined.

1 pound of essential oil of lemons or other fragrant oil.

To prepare the composition, the fusil oil and the tur- pentire are poured together into a glass or stoneware vessel furnished with a discharging valve tube at the bottom. Three gallons of water are also added and the whole stirred together for a few minutes, then al- lowed to settle. Several impurities with the water sink to the bottom. These are run off by the bottom valve-tube until the mixed fusil oil and turpentine only remain.

The kerosene and the fragrant oil are now added, with one gallon of water, and again stirred and then allowed to rest. The water and some more impurities now settle to the bottom, when they are to be run off as before described. The composition which remains is the patented burning fluid.

It is stated in the patent that this oil emits no fetid odor, is inexplosive, it burns in coal oil-lamps, and will not grease fabrics upon which it may be spilt. It is also said to be more durable in burning than the

highly refined kerosene aud earth oils, and that it gives a very soft flame. The wick of the lamp is en- crusted but very little in burning, and it may be raised quite high without smoking.

The main composition upon which this invention is based, is the fusil oil and the camphene. The essen- tial fragrant oil disguises any offensive odor belonging to the fusil and kerosene oil. This is certainly a use- ful improvement, as it converts the hitherto fetid and useless fusil oil to a good purpose. It turns over a new leaf in the book of applied industry.—Scientific American,

FILTER OF THE CHELSEA W ATER-W orks, Lonpon.—The filter of the Chelsea Water-Works, supplying a part of the city of London, consists of a reservoir 240 by 180 feet, the bottom of which is laid over with brick tun- nels, three feet in diameter, the bricks being laid with open joints. Above these are successive strata of coarse and fine gravel, pebbles and shells, coarse and fine sand, the latter forming the surface. The water to be filtered is admitted at the top, and percolates through the filtering material and the joints of the brick work, and passes into the pipes, taking the water from the reservoir. It is stated to be capable of filter- ing 72 gallons per superficial foot per day, and the ex- pense is estimated at $58,500 exclusive of land. The total annual expense, exclusive of land, to filter 3,000,- 000 gallons per day, is about $7,000.

Purity or Passatc Water.—The Passaic river, from which the water-supply of Jersey City, N. J., is ob- tained, holds in solution but 3.60 grains of saline mat- ter.

Artesian Wetis.— The famous Artesian well of Grenelle, in Paris, is nearly 1,800 feet deep, was several years in process of construction, and cost the Govern- ment of France upwards of $60,000. It yields, accord- ing to one account, 500,000 gallons,*and another, 900,000 gallons in 24 hours. The water has a tem- perature of 82°, and gives off a perceptible vapor at its surface. There are several Artesian wells in Hanover and Bavaria, which are from 1,800 to 2,000 feet deep, and yield water holding in solution a large quntity of saline matter. The deepest Artesian well in this country is at St. Louis, Mo., which was sunk for the use of a sugar refinery. It was commenced in 1849, and was completed in two years and nine months actual working time. It is 2,200 feet deep, and dis- charges 108,000 gallons in 24 hours. The water from this well is unfit for use, being contaminated with sulphuretted hydrogen and saline impurities, The well at Charleston, 8. C., was commenced in 1848, and occupied seven years in sinking. It is 1,250 feet deep, and discharges 28,000 gallons in 24 hours. The water is very disagreeable to the taste.

Capacious Weti.—The well at Reid & Co.’s brew- ery, London, Eng., is 259 feet deep, 136 feet of which is cut through the tertiary strata, and 123 feet through chalk. The shaft cost $145 per foot, equal to $37,270.

This well supplies 277.200 gallons of water daily.

DiscHarGE or Frurs.—If the number of cubic feet of water, or other fluid, discharged per minute, from any opening, be multiplied by 9,000, the product will express the number of gallons discharged, at the same rate in 24 hours,

Portable Gas-Works.

Bemzes PATENT PORTABLE ROSIN GAS-WORKS,

FOR Dwellings, Churches, Country Villages, As well as for Consumers in Large Cities. JOHN BUTLER, No. 112 Fulton st. and 15 Henry st., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Po LIGHTING RAILROAD CARS AND STEAMBOATS wwitit GAS. The whole process of Filling the Gas-Molders of a Railway Train, requires but Three Minutes. Apply to the NEW YORK CAR & STEAMBOAT GAS. CO., No. 117 Fulton st., N. Y.

ORTABLE GAS WORKS.—S. T. McDoveatt’s Patent Portable Gas Works, for making Gas from Rosin, Rosin Oil, Coal Oil, Naptha, Grease, etc. These Works com- bine the latest improvements in gas making, and are guaranteed to be superior to any in market. They are made of all sizes, suitable for either country or city use. No county house is complete without its Gas-Works. Gas Stoves of every de- scription on hand and madetoorder. For sale by 8. T. McDougall, 170 Center St., New York. Agents wanted in other cities to sell rights or machines.

Ppleton’S Improved Gas-

Works, for Factories, Hotels, Dwell-

ings and Towns. The most simple and economi-

cal works in use, furnishing a superior light to

coal-gas at a cost of one-half a cent per burner

per hour. It does not injure trees, or plate, and

is not affected by cold. For Circular and Terms, apply to APPLETON & GRAHAM,

56 Washington street, Boston. For Engravings, see AMERICAN Gas-Licut Jour- NAL for April, 1860, page 213.

Union Wire-Works.

Scientific Books.

Special Notice.

OBERT McMURRAY & CO., No. 29 Fulton Street, New York, Manufacturers of Copper, Brass, and Iron Wire Cloth for Gas Works, all kinds of Foundry Rid- dles, Sieves, and Screens. Improved Wire Win- dow Shades, Wire Bolting Cloth, Duster-Wire, Wire Cloth for fanning machines, Rosin, &c., Locomotive Wire, Fire Guards, Ornamental Wire Work of every description. Patent Improved Wove and Laid made, repaired and designed to order.

Heating Apparatus.

OSEPH NASON & CO., Construc- tors of Apparatus for Warming Pub- lic and Private Buildings by Steam and Hot Water. Improved Fans for Ventilating Hospitals and other Public Buildings. JOSEPH NASON, HENRY R. WORTHINGTON, No. 61 Beekman street, corner of Gold street, New York.

Plumbers & Gas-Fitters.

OCKE & CRAIGIE, Piumsers and Gas-Firrers, No. 12 East 20th street, New York.

LOCKE, CRAIGIE & CO., Gas-Fittings, Chan- deliers, Brackets, Globes, &c., No. 927 Broadway, New York.

(ee Particular attention paid to country work.

AMES HELME’S CuanpeELrer AnD

Gas-Fitting Establishment, No. 58 East Thirteenth street, between Broadway and University Place, New York.

N ARSH’S PATENT ROSIN OR Bi, Sun-Light Gas-Works, for Private Dwellings, Hotels, Factories, Railway stations, Sugar-houses, Towns, &c. By the peculiar con- struction of the Retorts, the largest amount of decomposing surface is obtained in the smallest space. 2d. Gas is manufactured from crude rosin, without the least deposit of carbonaceous‘matter in the retorts or pipes: thus enabling them to be operated continuously, generating rapidly the best and cheapest illuminating gas obtained from this material. ALFRED MARSH & CO. 241 Broadway, New York.

Aryland Gas Company

are constantly constructing their superior Patent PORTABLE GAS-WORKS, of any capacity, from that required for Private Dwellings, Public Buildings, &c., to such as will supply Cities and Towns, complete in all their arts, for the manufacture of Gas from either osin, Oil, Coal, or Rosin.

P. 8.—This Company also manufacture a supe- rior article of ROSIN-OIL, especially for Gas purposes. Their experience for the last nine years has secured for them a perfect success of their Gas-Works. Address

Maryland Gas Company, Baltimore, Md.

R. WOO a:

DW ORTH, Manufac-

turer of

PORTABLE GAS WORKS, 74 WALL STREET, New York Ciry,

RADBURY M. JOHNSON, GAS- Fitter and Piumser, No, 111 East Eighteenth street, New York. A large and elegant assortment of CHANDELIERS, Brackets, &c. Gas-Pipe and Posts made for Gas Companies on favorable terms.

Stop-Cocks, &C.,

Lae THOMPSON, Machinist and Manufacturer of Stop-Cocks, Fire-Plugs, &c., for Water-Works, Stop-Cocks, Valves, Drip Pumps, &c.- for Gas- Works, No. 133 Elfreth Alley, Philadelphia.

OSEPH NASON & CO., 61 Berex- MAN StrREEt, corner of Gold Street, New-York, Manufacturers of Wrought and Cast- Iron Pipes, and every description of Steam and Gas-Fittings used by Engineers, Manufacturers, and Gas-Fitters. Boiler Flues, Steam Boilers, Boiler Pumps, Steam Pumps, Steam Gauges, Safety Valves, Stop Valves,

Back Pressure Valves,

Steam Traps,

Steam Whistles,

Gauge Cocks,

Gas Cocks,

Gas Meters,

Fitters’ Tools,

Check Valves, Proving Pumps,

Governor Valves, Screwing Machines. ' JOSEPH NASON,

Henry R. Worthington.

GY ENGINEERS’ LIBRARY.— A few works indispensable to En- gineers, Contractors, and others engaged in the construction of Gas-Works and manufacture of Gas, have been selected, out of a large stock of chemical and other works, and are recommended to the attention of those interested. See page 208, vol. II, of this Journat.

For sale at the Rooms of the AMERICAN Gas- Licut JourNaL, New York.

Gas Works

TO LET, For particulars, address

D. CONGDON. Sac Harpor, June 10th. 1861.

Water-Meters.

H R. WORTHINGTON’S Parent e Water-Meter.—This Meter com- bines accuracy, simplicity and remarkable dura- bility, with such ease and certainty of motion, as to offer no appreciable obstructions to the flow of water in the pipes to which it is connected, as it runs and registers upon three inches head, or when delivering the smallest stream. These qualities, with its low cost, have caused its exten- sive adoption by corporations and individuals, in many of our largest cities. HENRY R. WORTHINGTON, 61 Beekman street, N. Y.

FISHKILL GAS-LIGHT COMPANY. R. B. Cary, Pres’t. - - Ave. Hucuson, Sec’y.

FJ HE undersigned Directors of the

Fishkill Gas-Light Co. hereby give notice, that neither they, nor the Company, will be held responsible or liable for any debts con- tracted by any person on its account, unless made through James E. Van Steenbergh, the Treasurer thereof; and all payments to the Company for Gas-bills or anything else, are required to be made to him only.

The Directors intend to conduct the business— as near as may be—on the CASH PRINCIPLE, and payments for Gas-bills, due the Company, and bills against it, will be settled on or about the first of each month.

Directors :

RicwarD B. Cary, H. F. Watcort, Samvue.L A. Hayrt, Avcustus HuGuson, Norris BAXTER.

Fishkill, N. Y., August 1, 1859.

Anti-Freezing Apparatus.

REEZING OF GAS-PIPES.— Walton’s Patent Anti-Freezing Ap- paratus illustrated by Engravings in the AMERICAN Gas-Licut JourNAL, of Jan. 1, 1861, page 212, is the most simple, durable and efficient of any known process.

See also certificates from Cincinnati, 0., and Louisville, Ky. Gas-Works in same number, page 208. Address, JOHN WALTON,

Sup’t Gas-Works, Louisville, Ky.

vt are x

The Old Tube Works, Wednesbury, And

welded Tubes for Locomotive and Marine Boilers. Gas, Steam, or Water.. Galvanized and Composit work for Gas and Steam.

All Goods

Mesis JON RUSSELL & CO, eSea PATENT TUBE MAKERS,

Stocks, Dies, And Taps Of All Sizes.

The Alma Works, Walsal, Staffordshire,

69 UPPER THAMES ST., & 5 CHARLES ST., SOHO, LONDON; AND 35 GRANBY ROW, MANCHESTER, ENGLAND. The original Manufacturers of WROUGHT-IRON GAS TUBES, and the Inventors of the Lap-

All kinds of TUBES and FITTINGS, whether for ion Tubes. Chandeliers, and every kind of Brass

CAST-IRON PIPE AND GAS-METERS. Warranted,

Gas, Steam, Smoke, Pure Water & Soil Pipe,

- JOSEPH CLIFF, Wortley Fire-Brick Works, Leeds, England. T. W.

From

PARMELE, Asgt., No, 4 Irving Place, N, Y,

30 American Gas-Light Journal—July 15, 1861.

MEDALS AWARDED TO THOMAS. GLOVERS PATENT DRY GAS-METERS ., SUFFOLK ST. GLERKENWELL-GREEN. @ ALLEN ST. GOSWELL ST. LONDON. BOSTON, Mass., 1 Barrerr Srreet,—August 2, 1860.

RICHARD GLOVER begs to inform Gas Companies and Contractors that he has always on hand a large assortment of Toomas Giover’s (of London) celebrated Dry Gas Meters.

Tomas Gtover’s Meters have now been in use in the United States and British Provinces, for the last Fourteen YEARS, and are extensively used by many Gas Companies, to their entire satisfaction; and R. Giover can with all confidence refer to them in proof that Taomas GLover’s Meters are— the most Perrect in PrrycipLes— the most Correct in ReaistRation—and more Duraste than any other Dry Gas Meter made in the United States or Great Britain. R. Grover will at all times be glad to repair any Gas Meters sent him at the above factory. If any of them are of THomas Giover’s manufacture, and of a more recent date than Tree years, he will make no charge.

Down & Merrifield,

Nos. 340, 342, 344 and 346 West Twenty-second Street, North River, NEW YORK CITY, MANUFACTURERS OF

Wet And Dry Patent Cas-Meters,

Pressure-Registers, Pressure-Indicators and Gauges, Station, Show, Customer, and Experimental Gas-Meters, Centre or Hydraulic Valves, Governors, Compensators for Exhausters, and the Standard, Testing Gas-Holders* for Proving Meters, now used in the State of New York in compliance with an Act of the Legislature. ALSO, BUNSEN’S PHOTOMETER, WITH COMPLETE APPARATUS FOR WORKING THE SAME

The standard of measurement of this Gas-Holder is given by Professors Torrey, of the U. S. Assay Office; Joy, of Columbia College; Gunss, of the Free Academy, and several other distinguished scientific gentlemen.

John J. Griffin & Co.,

76 West Thirty-Seventh St., New York City,

Manufacturers Of Wet And Dry Cas-Meters,

Station-Meters, Proving-Machines, Show-Meters, Test-Meters, Pressure Indicators, &c.

All of our Work is Guaranteed to be of the First Quality, as well as the material, and for this we can refer to numerous Gas-Light Companies.

Joseph Lennig & Co.,

Nos. 313 & 315 NEW MARKET &t., above Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa.,

Manufacturers Of

Wet And Dry Photometers,

Gas-Meters, Indicators,

Show, Customer,

Gauges, Governors, Meter-Provers,

And

Experimental Meters.

The flattering Testimonials we are receiving from Gas Officers, accompanied with expressions of such general satisfaction, and the fact of a tried experience for fourteen years, must present itself as a security to parties desirous of securing the most reliable Instruments. We therefore recommend our Patent Dry Gas-Meter, believing it superior to any Meter manufactured. Messrs, J. Lexstc & Co. confine their sole attention to the business of Gas-Mrerer making.

Our materials are the best in use; the strictest attention is given to workmanship, and we guarantee entire satisfaction to all purchasers.

Purchasers may at any time inspect our Works, and the materials of which our Meters are manufactured. We are fully prepared to execute all orders, upon the shortest notice, and it will be to the interest of parties to call upon us.

ta Each Meter Tested Separately by a Sworn Inspector, and Sealed when desired..21 METERS REPAIRED AND FORWARDED WITH DISPATOH.

CENTRE-SEALS, FLUID GAUGES, &o,

Aah Pri

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a, we

American Gas-Light Journal—July 15, 1861. 31

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The Two Great Patents Of The Day.

ea .

1—Improved Mode of Setting Gas-Meters in the Walls of Buildings, x.—Cast-Iron Mail-Stations for Public Lamp-Posts.

Adopted by the UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT for the Principal Cities.

ALBERT POTTS, Philadelphia, Patentee.

by the r1rst 1wprovement the Meters may be inspected at any time from without, by the agents of the Gas-Company having keys for that purpose. Thus burglars need no longer gain admittance to dwellings under pretense of examining the meters, while they, in fect, examine the fastenings. The meter-box. being neatly and securely imbedded in the front wall, the meter is protected against frost by means of a thick pad on the back of the door. It has been satisfactorily tested in long continued severe weather and found to be eminently successful.

The skconp Improvement speaks for itself. The cities of New York and Philadelphia are already supplied wis. these boxes, and the convenience to the citi- zens and increase of revenue to the Post-Office Department are most marked. Always in sight. securely fastened to the most public objects, protected by light, day and night, they have become the most popular of all modern improvements and will be immediately adopted throughout the country. '

Both of these improvements are to be seen at the Rooms of the American Gas-Licut Jovrnat, New-York City. For further informstion address the Pro prietor of this Jovanav. who is authorised to contract for the use of both Improvements, or

' ALBERT POTTS, Philadelphia.

32 American Gas-Light Journal.—July 15, 1861.

STERLING GAS-REGULATOR Improves the Light and Saves a Large Per Centage of Gas, MANUFACTURED BY THE

Wheeler & Wilson Sewing Machine Company.

It is well known that Printers require the best and most brilliant light In proof of the superiority of these Machines over all others, the following New York establishments are using them, and testify to their excellence :—New York Times, New York Herald, New York World, New York Tribune, New York Sun, Journal of Commerce, Courier & Enquirer, Evening Post, The Zietung, Dispatch, Leader, Scientific American, Advertiser and Spectator, Independent, Daily News, Harper’s Monthly and Weekly, Transcript, Mercury, Atlas, Life Illustrated, Albion, Spirit of the Times, American Gas- Licut Journat, Christian Saber. Churchman, Church Journal, Christian Advocate, Christian Ambassador, Christian Intelligencer, Observer, Sunday Times, Sunday Courier.

By order of the New York and Brooklyn Common Councils, these Regulators are now used in the City Halls, Police Stations, Markets, and other Public Buildings in both cities.

They are Warranted by the WHEELER & WILSON SEWING-MACHINE Co., 505 BROADWAY, NEW YORK,

To keep in order, and always maintain the pressurs of the Gas at the lowest point for a brilliant light and ical bustion. They are so constructed that wnder no circumstances can the

b]

Warren'S Patent Water & Alarm Gauge,

For Protecting the Flues and Preventing Steam-Boiler Explosions.

This is a reliable High and Low Water D®&- tector, arranged so as to render it one of t2¢ best Water Gauges ever attached to a Steag- Boiler; always presenting before the Engin €er at sight the exact height of the water, and if, by oversight or by sudden leakage, the water gets low in the boiler, it will cause an alarm before the water gets below the flues, thereby prevent- ing an explosion. This Gauge can be made to alarm at any point desired as a High Water Detector, thereby preventing the water from getting to that height as to be forced into the cylinder of the engine, often causing serious accidents. Thus it is a High as well as a Low water Detector. For sale by

WARREN & BANKS, 153 Centre st., corner of Canal st., New York,

Mercury get into the Meters, or in any way injure them.

Where a Gauge is constantly in operation.

dM

Section

KING BROTHERS beg especially to call the attention of Gas Companies to the superiority of their Retorts, which are made from the celebrated STOURBRIDGE FIRE-CLAY. Mr. King has patented a Kiln for Burning Retorts, by which Patent all Cold Air is excluded from the Kiln while burning, thus rendering them Free from Cracks and Correct in Form. By great care in Manufacturing, combined with the advantages in Burning, a VERY SMOOTH SURFACE is obtained, rendering them less liable to carbonize. RETORT OVENS, FIRE-BRICKS, GUARDS, SADDLES, RABITTED BURS, FLUES, AND QUARRIES, ARE ALL MANUFACTURED OF THE SAME QUALITY OF CLAY.

EVERY RETORT AND BRICK IS BRANDED “KING BROTHERS, STOURBRIDGE.” Apply to E. W. Barsrow, 83 Maiden Lane, New York, where samples can be seen.

Harris & Pearson,

Proprietors Of

ABest Glass-House Pot & Crucible Clay. .

Manufacturers of Fire-Bricks, Gas-Retorts, and Glass-House Furnace-Bricks of every description. AMBLECOTE FIRE-CLAY AND BRICK WORKS, STOURBRIDGE, ENGLAND.

Code, Hopper &® Gratz,

1500, 1502 and 1504 FILBERT Sr., PHILADELPHIA. . MANUFACTURERS OF Pressure Registers, Pressure Indicators, Pressure Gauges, Photometers, Governors, Station Meters, Customer Meters, (Wet and Dry,) Experimental Meters. (Wet and Dry,) Show Meters, (Wet and Dry,) Meter Provers, Centre Seals, &c.

The high reputation which we have enjoyed for more than twenty-two years, and the fact that we have manufactured a greater number of Gas-Meters than all other manufacturers in this country combined, must present itself as a security to parties desirous of securing the most reliable instruments. Having completed a most extensive addition to our Factory, and added many important improvements to our machinery, we are enabled to fill orders entrusted to us with despatch, and in all cases guarantee entire satisfaction. Our Patent Rotary-Valve Dry Gas-Meter is now used by upwards of Two Hundred Gas Companies, giving general satisfaction; we

oo recommend it, believing it superior to any other Dry Gas-Meter manufactured. All Meters tested separately by a sworn Meter-Inspector, and sealed when esired, ;

Cowen’S Patent Fire-Clay Retorts.

(a

JOSEPH COWEHKN & CoO.,

BLAYDON BURN, near Newcastle-on-Tyne, England,

Have always been, and are still, the most extensive manufacturers of FIRE-CLAY RETORTS in the United Kingdom, and were the only parties to whom a Prize Medal was awarded at the Great Exhibition, in London, 1851, for

“Gas Retorts, And Other Objects In Fire-Clay.”

J. C. & CO. make Fire-Clay Retorts of all shapes and dimensions, and to fit existing mouth-pieces.

Orders for FIRE-CLAY RETORTS, TILES, BEARERS, and other articles in Fire-Clay, receive immediate attention, and are promptly executed at their Works, as above. Drawings of Settings adapted for Cowen’s Patent Fire-Clay Retorts supplied.

AGENTS, MESSRS. MEAD & BELL, 13 CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK, N. B.—J. C. & CO”S RETORTS are well adapted for small Gas-Works, as they can be used without an Exhauster.